Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.14 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3039 893682 878647 2026-08-09T16:16:50Z Asiya Garba 46242 893682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Zea mays - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-283.jpg|thumb|right|260px|<span style="color:grey;">Masara</span>]] [[File:Zea mays fraise MHNT.BOT.2011.18.21.jpg|thumb|''Zea mays "fraise"'']] [[File:Dent Corn 'Oaxacan Green' (Zea mays) MHNT 2.jpg|thumb|''Zea mays "Oaxacan Green"'']] [[File:Zea mays 'Ottofile giallo Tortonese' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.1.jpg|thumb|''Zea mays 'Ottofile giallo Tortonese''']] [[File:Roasted maize in husks.jpg|thumb|gasasshiyar masara]] [[File:09937jfFarm Resorts Adventure River Maize San Rafael Bulacanfvf 02.JPG|thumb|gonar masara tayi kyau ta fara fidda kai]] [[File:Zea mays 'vacquiers' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.37.jpg|thumb|sa hoto]] [[Fayil:Zea mays 'millette du Lauragais' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.8.jpg|thumb|Masara]] [[Fayil:Zea mays 'Ottofile giallo Tortonese' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.1.jpg|thumb|masara]] '''Masara''' (''Zea mays'') wani nau'in [[abinci]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.premiumtimesng.com/2024/06/shirin-samar-da-abinci-gwamnan-kano-zai-sayo-wa-manoman-kano-takin-zamani-na-naira-biliyan-5/&ved=2ahUKEwjB04XAi_eGAxW9T0EAHYWbCQoQxfQBKAB6BAgFEAI&usg=AOvVaw33ahKAHlMMMWmYGM6UrmJc</nowiki></ref> ne da ake sarrafawa ta hanyoyi da dama. [[Fayil:Tsabobi na Masara.jpg|thumb|haka masara take]] Ita dai masara tana da ɗanɗano me gamsarwa, sannan kuma akan gasa ta domin aci, a kan kuma surfa ta domin ayi tuwon [[masara]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c97vdj952g6o.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiRsZXki_eGAxWgQUEAHRdzAw8QyM8BKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw0sVkPdsdDmO8_lYpNdk9I9</nowiki></ref>, sannan akanyi gugguru mai [[sukari]] da mai [[gishiri]]. ana sarrafa ta ta hanyar mai da ta [[semonvita]], conflaks, custard, da kuma abincin [[kaji]].<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c97vdj952g6o.amp?amp_js_v=a6&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#aoh=17217128545564&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fc97vdj952g6o</ref> [[Fayil:Zea mays 'millette du Lauragais' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.8.jpg|thumb|Haka masara take in'andata]] [[Fayil:Masu gasa masara.jpg|thumb|Masara gasanshiya]] Ana kuma shuka masara a duk faɗin duniya; ana samar da nauyin masara mafi girma a kowace shekara fiye da kowane hatsi. A cikin shekarar (2020), samar da duniya ya kai tan biliyan 1.1. Yana fama da [[Kwayar cuta|kwari]] da [[Jerin cututtukan masara|cututtuka]] da yawa; manyan [[kwari]] guda biyu, masara na Turai da [[Diabrotica|Tushen masara]], kowannensu ya haifar da asarar shekara-shekara na dala biliyan a Amurka. Kiwon shuke-shuke na zamani ya ƙara yawan fitarwa da halaye kamar abinci mai gina jiki, fari da kuma haƙuri ga kwari da cututtuka. Yawancin masara yanzu an canza su ta hanyar kwayar halitta. ==Asali== Masara<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c97vdj952g6o.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17216372126292&csi=1&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fc97vdj952g6o</ref> tana buƙatar sa hannun mutum don ya bazu. Kwayoyin kakanninsu masu yaɗuwa na halitta sun faɗi daga cob da kansu, yayin da wadanda ke cikin masara ba su da. Dukkanin masara sun fito ne daga gida daya a kudancin Mexico kimanin shekaru 9,000 da suka gabata. Tsohon nau'ikan masara da suka tsira sune na tsaunuka na Mexico. Masara ta bazu daga wannan yankin zuwa kaskanci da kuma kasar Amurka tare da manyan hanyoyi guda biyu. Cibiyar domestication mai yiwuwa ita ce kwarin Kogin Balsas na kudu maso tsakiyar Mexico. Masara ta kai tsaunuka na Ecuador akalla shekaru 8000 da suka gabata. Ya kuma kai kananan Amurka ta tsakiya da shekaru 7600 da suka gabata, da kwarin Andes na Colombia tsakanin shekaru 7000 da 6000 da suka gabata<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC122905</ref> [[Fayil:Zea mays 'Ohcholi Sunul' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.10.jpg|thumb|masara ta konee]] ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} 0fu77431klnxh11092rd9rzsuh2mcai 893683 893682 2026-08-09T16:17:18Z Asiya Garba 46242 893683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Zea mays - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-283.jpg|thumb|right|260px|<span style="color:grey;">Masara</span>]] [[File:Zea mays fraise MHNT.BOT.2011.18.21.jpg|thumb|''Zea mays "fraise"'']] [[File:Dent Corn 'Oaxacan Green' (Zea mays) MHNT 2.jpg|thumb|''Zea mays "Oaxacan Green"'']] [[File:Zea mays 'Ottofile giallo Tortonese' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.1.jpg|thumb|''Zea mays 'Ottofile giallo Tortonese''']] [[File:Roasted maize in husks.jpg|thumb|gasasshiyar masara]] [[File:09937jfFarm Resorts Adventure River Maize San Rafael Bulacanfvf 02.JPG|thumb|gonar masara tayi kyau ta fara fidda kai]] [[File:Zea mays 'vacquiers' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.37.jpg|thumb|sa hoto]] [[Fayil:Zea mays 'millette du Lauragais' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.8.jpg|thumb|Masara]] [[Fayil:Zea mays 'Ottofile giallo Tortonese' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.1.jpg|thumb|masara]] '''Masara''' (''Zea mays'') wani nau'in [[abinci]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.premiumtimesng.com/2024/06/shirin-samar-da-abinci-gwamnan-kano-zai-sayo-wa-manoman-kano-takin-zamani-na-naira-biliyan-5/&ved=2ahUKEwjB04XAi_eGAxW9T0EAHYWbCQoQxfQBKAB6BAgFEAI&usg=AOvVaw33ahKAHlMMMWmYGM6UrmJc</nowiki></ref> ne da ake sarrafawa ta hanyoyi da dama. [[Fayil:Tsabobi na Masara.jpg|thumb|haka masara take]] Ita dai masara tana da ɗanɗano me gamsarwa, sannan kuma akan gasa ta domin aci, a kan kuma surfa ta domin ayi tuwon [[masara]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c97vdj952g6o.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiRsZXki_eGAxWgQUEAHRdzAw8QyM8BKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw0sVkPdsdDmO8_lYpNdk9I9</nowiki></ref>, sannan akanyi gugguru mai [[sukari]] da mai [[gishiri]]. ana sarrafa ta ta hanyar mai da ta [[semonvita]], conflaks, custard, da kuma abincin [[kaji]].<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c97vdj952g6o.amp?amp_js_v=a6&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#aoh=17217128545564&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fc97vdj952g6o</ref> [[Fayil:Zea mays 'millette du Lauragais' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.8.jpg|thumb|Haka masara take in'andata]] [[Fayil:Masu gasa masara.jpg|thumb|Masara gasanshiya]] Ana kuma shuka masara a duk faɗin duniya; ana samar da nauyin masara mafi girma a kowace shekara fiye da kowane hatsi. A cikin shekarar (2020), samar da duniya ya kai tan biliyan 1.1. Yana fama da [[Kwayar cuta|kwari]] da [[Jerin cututtukan masara|cututtuka]] da yawa; manyan [[kwari]] guda biyu, masara na Turai da [[Diabrotica|Tushen masara]], kowannensu ya haifar da asarar shekara-shekara na dala biliyan a Amurka. Kiwon shuke-shuke na zamani ya ƙara yawan fitarwa da halaye kamar abinci mai gina jiki, fari da kuma haƙuri ga kwari da cututtuka. Yawancin masara yanzu an canza su ta hanyar kwayar halitta. ==Asali== Masara<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c97vdj952g6o.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17216372126292&csi=1&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fc97vdj952g6o</ref> tana buƙatar sa hannun mutum don ya bazu. Kwayoyin kakanninsu masu yaɗuwa na halitta sun faɗi daga cob da kansu, yayin da waɗanda ke cikin masara ba su da. Dukkanin masara sun fito ne daga gida daya a kudancin Mexico kimanin shekaru 9,000 da suka gabata. Tsohon nau'ikan masara da suka tsira sune na tsaunuka na Mexico. Masara ta bazu daga wannan yankin zuwa kaskanci da kuma kasar Amurka tare da manyan hanyoyi guda biyu. Cibiyar domestication mai yiwuwa ita ce kwarin Kogin Balsas na kudu maso tsakiyar Mexico. Masara ta kai tsaunuka na Ecuador akalla shekaru 8000 da suka gabata. Ya kuma kai kananan Amurka ta tsakiya da shekaru 7600 da suka gabata, da kwarin Andes na Colombia tsakanin shekaru 7000 da 6000 da suka gabata<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC122905</ref> [[Fayil:Zea mays 'Ohcholi Sunul' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.10.jpg|thumb|masara ta konee]] ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} a4s35n8dd2bpg5g5cqx7w125n37clp3 0 4467 893876 892369 2026-08-09T20:15:31Z Der-Wir-Ing 14522 Replaced content with "{{Databox}} [[Fayil:MartinAllenESPN.jpg|thumb|Martin Allen]] '''Martin Allen''' (an haife shi a Ingila) ya kasance ƙwararren dan wasa ne na [[ƙwallon ƙafa]] daga ƙasar [[Ingila]].shi danwasan ya buga wasa fiye da wasa 100. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Allen, Martin}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila]]" 893876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:MartinAllenESPN.jpg|thumb|Martin Allen]] '''Martin Allen''' (an haife shi a Ingila) ya kasance ƙwararren dan wasa ne na [[ƙwallon ƙafa]] daga ƙasar [[Ingila]].shi danwasan ya buga wasa fiye da wasa 100. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Allen, Martin}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila]] inqh8verwxxpk4qp4w9tm4pg9k7f98p 0 4603 893865 893340 2026-08-09T20:09:51Z Der-Wir-Ing 14522 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/893340|893340]] by [[Special:Contributions/Baffa ali|Baffa ali]] ([[User talk:Baffa ali|talk]]) 893865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dick Richard Johnstone Armstrong''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1909 - ya mutu a shekara ta 1969) shi ne dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila.<ref>"Bristol City. Forward line strengthened". Sunday Dispatch Football Guide. London. 23 August 1936. p. xi – via Newspapers.com.</ref> Ya yi wasa a matsayin ɗan dama. Ya bayyana fiye da 130 a cikin shekaru kafin Yakin Duniya na Biyu.<ref>Joyce, Michael (2004). Football League Players' Records 1888 – 1939. Tony Brown. <nowiki>ISBN 1-899468-67-6</nowiki>.</ref> == Aiki == Dick Armstrong ya yi wasa a yankin Easington Colliery da Willington. Armstrong ya shiga ƙasar Nottingham Forest a watan Janairu na shekara ta 1930 a matsayin mai taimako ga Billy McKinlay da ya daɗe yana hidima a hannun dama. Armstrong ya yi nasara a matsayin ' yan Forest da suka kai ƙarshe a Central Combination a shekara ta 1934–35.<ref>Woods, David; Leigh Edwards (1997). Bristol City FC The First 100 years. Redcliffe Press. <nowiki>ISBN 1-900178-26-5</nowiki>.</ref> Bob Hewison ya ɗauki armstrong a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1935 zuwa birnin Bristol.<ref name=":0">Woods, David (1994). Bristol Babe The First 100 years of Bristol City FC. Yore Publications. <nowiki>ISBN 1-874427-95-X</nowiki>.</ref> Armstrong ya fara ƙarshensa a ɗari na dama a wasan farko na shekara ta 1935-36 a nasara 2–0 a Watford a ranar 31 ga Agusta, 1935. Armstrong ya yi wasa a matsayin dama na ciki a shekara ta 1935-36 ya nuna 36 ya yi ƙwallo 11 har da ƙarfe 2 a 5-0 win v Swindon Town a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 1936. <ref name=":0" /> Bob Caldwell ya yi ƙarshen tsawon ƙarshe daga Doncaster Rovers ya soma a cikin tsawon da ya biyo baya amma Armstrong ya koma wajen a watan Oktoba kuma ya nuna 21 ya yi ƙwallo 5. Armstrong ya yi wasa a hannun hagu a ƙarshen shekara ta 1937-38 kuma ya nuna 23 ba tare da yin launin ba yayin da Bristol City ta gama ƙarshe a Jamus na Uku na Kudu. Armstrong shi ne ɗan hagu na kullum da ya yi ƙwallo 32 da ya yi ƙwallo biyu a shekara ta 1938-39.<ref name=":0" /> Ya yi ƙwallo uku da ya yi ƙwallo guda a shekara ta 1939-40, a lokacin da aka daina ƙungiyar domin yaƙin, amma ya yi ƙwallo 9 a ƙwallon 14 a ƙungiyar da aka ɗauki matsayinsa.<ref name=":0" /> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category: Mutuwan 1969]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Armstrong, Dick}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila]] m6rbos39j6ixycjtn2xsxzzcfa3jzip 0 5039 893856 893355 2026-08-09T20:03:19Z Der-Wir-Ing 14522 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/893355|893355]] by [[Special:Contributions/Baffa ali|Baffa ali]] ([[User talk:Baffa ali|talk]])wrong language 893856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nick Awford''' (an haife a shekara ta 1995), shi ne dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Awford, Nick}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila]] 6ez2ynymofgoe3crlfk8x6rv0lzxzey 0 5079 893811 441255 2026-08-09T18:53:18Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Manazarta */ 893811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Richie Barker''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1939) dan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar [[Ingila]] ne. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Barker, Richie}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila]] Barker was born in [[Loughborough]] and began his career with non-league [[Burton Albion F.C.|Burton Albion]] in 1960. In the summer of 1965 he played abroad in the [[Eastern Canada Professional Soccer League]] with [[Hamilton Primos]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=May 5, 1965|title=Ukes Win 4-1 Against Hellas In NSL Opener|page=31|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]}}</ref> He spent seven years with the "Brewers" and scored a club record 159 goals before joining [[Derby County F.C.|Derby County]] in 1967 as one of [[Brian Clough]]'s first signings. He played 31 times in [[1967–68 in English football|1967–68]] scoring 12 goals and after scoring just twice in 14 in [[1968–69 in English football|1968–69]] he was sold to [[Notts County F.C.|Notts County]] in December 1968. He enjoyed a far more successful career with the "Magpies" scoring 20 goals in [[1969–70 in English football|1969–70]] and 13 in [[1970–71 in English football|1970–71]] helping [[Jimmy Sirrel]]'s side win the [[Football League Fourth Division|Fourth Division]] title. After falling out of favour at [[Meadow Lane]] he ended his playing career with a season at [[Peterborough United F.C.|Peterborough United]] before moving into coaching. ==Managerial career== Barker began his coaching career with [[Shrewsbury Town F.C.|Shrewsbury Town]] working alongside [[Alan Durban]] and once Durban left for [[Stoke City F.C.|Stoke City]] in February 1978 Barker took over as manager of the "Shrews".<ref name="The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City"/> He remained at Shrewsbury for nine months before taking up the position of assistant manager to [[John Barnwell]] at [[Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.|Wolverhampton Wanderers]] and helped Wolves to lift the [[Football League Cup|League Cup]] in [[1980 Football League Cup Final|1980]].<ref name="The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City"/> In the summer of 1981 Stoke manager Alan Durban left for [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]] and he recommended Barker for the job and the Stoke board duly went with his advice and appointed Barker.<ref name="The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City"/> His time at Stoke got off to a great start as Stoke beat [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] on the opening day of the [[1981–82 Stoke City F.C. season|1981–82]] season.<ref name="The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City"/> However it was a tough season for Stoke as they battled against relegation finishing just two places above the drop zone.<ref name="The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City"/> The [[1982–83 Stoke City F.C. season|1982–83 season]] saw Barker bring in some quality players such as [[George Berry (footballer)|George Berry]], [[Mickey Thomas (footballer)|Mickey Thomas]], [[Sammy McIlroy]] and [[Mark Chamberlain]] as Stoke enjoyed a good season with a number of exciting matches. However, in the summer of 1983 Barker decided to change his tactics to be a more direct team using the [[long ball]] style of play.<ref name="The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City"/> It did not go down well with supporters or indeed players and results were not good and Barker was sacked in December 1983.<ref name="The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City"/> He spent a year out of the game before making a return to former club [[Notts County F.C.|Notts County]] and then managed Greek side [[Ethnikos Piraeus F.C.|Ethnikos Piraeus]] and Egyptian giants [[Zamalek SC|Zamalek]] with whom he helped win the [[CAF Champions League|African Cup of Champions Clubs]] in [[1986 African Cup of Champions Clubs|1986]]. He returned to England and became assistant manager at Luton Town before taking up the position of Assistant Manager at [[Sheffield Wednesday F.C.|Sheffield Wednesday]] under Ron Atkinson in 1989. He remained there until 1998 helping coach the team which won the Rumbelows league cup in 1991 and made it to both league and FA Cup finals in 1993. He latterly became Director of Football after David Pleat was appointed manager. Shortly before retirement he helped his former player [[Paul Bracewell]] at [[Halifax Town A.F.C.|Halifax Town]]. In addition, he served [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]] as chief scout (taking over as caretaker manager for one game following the departure of [[Ray Harford]]).<ref>{{cite book|last=Matthews|first=Tony|title=The Who's Who of West Bromwich Albion|year=2005|publisher=Breedon Books|isbn=1-85983-474-4}}</ref> hd322xtikorf065gh27gr7ofmhqnuh7 893815 893811 2026-08-09T18:58:21Z NDG 37615 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contribs/Baffa ali|Baffa ali]] ([[User talk:Baffa ali|talk]]) to last version by BnHamid: Wrong language 441255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Richie Barker''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1939) dan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar [[Ingila]] ne. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Barker, Richie}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila]] thxlibsj031btj7pk24tzwa0xbodybs 0 5839 894046 442120 2026-08-10T07:12:44Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Manazarta */ 894046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Elijah Oluwagbemiga Adeboye''' ko '''Gbenga Adeboye''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1959 - ya mutu a watan Afirilu a shekara ta 2003) mawakin Nijeriya ne. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Adeboye, Gbenga}} [[Category:Mawaƙan Najeriya]] {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Adeboye, Gbenga}} [[Category:1959 births]] [[Category:2003 deaths]] [[Category:Nigerian male comedians]] [[Category:People from Osun State]] [[Category:Yoruba comedians]] [[Category:20th-century Nigerian male singers]] [[Category:Yoruba radio personalities]] [[Category:Nigerian radio presenters]] [[Category:Deaths from kidney disease]] [[Category:20th-century comedians]] jey8flld1p78xah1py8f4jqroq1d29i 0 6110 893938 380616 2026-08-09T23:06:57Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Manazarta */ 893938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gaya''' ƙaramar hukuma ce a [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] a Najeriya. Hedikwatarta tana a cikin garin Gaya daga arewacinta. Tana da faɗin ƙasa 613&nbsp;km{{sup|2}} da yawan jama'a 201,016 a lissafin kidayar 2006. Lambar akwatin gidan wayarta ita ce 713.<ref>{{cite web | title = Post Offices- with map of LGA | work = | publisher = NIPOST | url = http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx | accessdate = 2009-10-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx | archive-date = 2009-10-07 | url-status = dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Kananan Hukumomin Jihar Kano}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gaya}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin Jihar Kano]] *[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NI/29/Gaya.html Gaya, Nigeria Page]. Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. 1996–2004. Retrieved 2009-03-25. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091212074524/http://www.kanostate.net/origin.html] {{Kano State}} [[Category:Local government areas in Kano State]] [[Category:Cities in Nigeria]] pbx3kq3m9b73daryogk61h2ctejbwrw 0 6152 893860 893351 2026-08-09T20:06:21Z Der-Wir-Ing 14522 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/893351|893351]] by [[Special:Contributions/Baffa ali|Baffa ali]] ([[User talk:Baffa ali|talk]]) 893860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Place Saint-André-Grenoble.jpg|thumb|250px|Unguwan Saint-André a Grenoble.]] [[Fayil:Grenoble, France 007.jpg|thumb]] '''Grenoble''' [lafazi : /grenobl/ ko /gerenobel/] birnin kasar [[Faransa]] ce. A cikin birnin Grenoble akwai mutane {{formatnum:690548}} a kidayar shekarar 2014. Lille a kan iyaka tsakanin Faransa da [[Beljik]] ce. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Palais_de_justice_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_nord.JPG|Palais de justice, côté Nord File:Rue_Malakoff_-_Grenoble.JPG|Wani babban titin birnin File:Porte_Drac.JPG|Grands boulevards de Grenoble, boulevard Joseph Vallier vu vers l'Est. File:Grenoble_Saint-Louis_church_2012.jpg|Coci a birnin File:Grenoble_Chorier_Joya_1909_archives_Isere.jpg|Grenoble Chorier Joya 1909 File:Fontaine_trois_ordres_-_Grenoble.JPG|Fontaine des trois ordres, Grenoble File:H%C3%B4pital_Michallon_-_Grenoble.JPG File:C%C3%A9cile,_trait%C3%A9e_%C3%A0_l%27antique-1.jpg|Cecile, wanda aka bi da shi a cikin tsohuwar hanya File:Grenoble_trainstation_2006-03-07.jpg|[[Fayil:Grenoble 01.JPG|thumb|gadar '''Grenoble''' ]]Tashar jiragen Ruwa ta Grenoble </gallery> {{stub}} {{Commons}} [[Category:Biranen Faransa|Grenoble]] 9msonagg76b64n2y0hh7mpfln38hzip 0 6898 894020 291662 2026-08-10T05:15:09Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 894020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Munchen collage.jpg|thumb|right|250px|München.]] '''Munich''' babban birnin kasar Bavaria (jiha), kudancin Jamus. Birni ne mafi girma a Bavaria kuma birni na uku mafi girma a Jamus (bayan [[Berlin]] da [[Hamburg]]). Munich, birni mafi girma a kudancin Jamus, yana da nisan mil 30 (kilomita 50) arewa da ƙarshen tsaunin Alps da kuma gefen kogin Isar, wanda ke ratsa tsakiyar birnin. Pop. (2011) 1,348,335; (2015 mai zuwa) 1,450,381.<ref>https://www.tripadvisor.com/Tourism-g187309-Munich_Upper_Bavaria_Bavaria-Vacations.html</ref> ==Tarihi== Munich, ko München ("Gidan Sufaye"), ya samo asali ne daga gidan sufi na Benedictine da ke Tegernsee, wanda an kafa shi a cikin 750 CE. A cikin 1157 Henry the Lion, Sarkin Bavaria, ya ba sufaye 'yancin kafa kasuwa inda hanyar Salzburg ta haɗu da Kogin Isar. An gina gada a Isar Saboda a Kara bunk as a kasuwar, kuma kasuwar ta kasance tana da ƙarfi.<ref>https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/germany/munich</ref> A 1255 Munich ta zama gidan dangin [[Wittelsbach]], wanda ya yi nasara zuwa duchy na Bavaria a 1180. Sama da shekaru 700 Wittelsbachs za su kasance da alaƙa ta kud da kud da makomar garin. A farkon karni na 14 na farkon layin Wittelsbach na sarakunan Romawa masu tsarki, Louis IV (Louis the Bavarian), ya fadada garin zuwa girman da ya kasance har zuwa karshen karni na 18. A karkashin zaɓen Bavarian Maximilian I (1597–1651), shugaba mai ƙarfi da inganci, Munich ta ƙaru cikin wadata da girma kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa Yaƙin Shekaru Talatin. Swedes ne suka mamaye shi a ƙarƙashin Gustav II Adolf (Gustavus Adolphus) a shekarar 1632, kuma a cikin 1634 annoba ta yi sanadin mutuwar kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na al'ummarta.<ref>https://www.germany.travel/en/cities-culture/munich.html</ref> Wittelsbach na uku wanda ya bar alamarsa a cikin al'umma shine Louis I, Sarkin Bavaria daga 1825 zuwa 1848. Louis ya tsara kuma ya kirkiro Munich ta zamani, kuma masu ginin gine-ginensa sun kafa halayen birnin a cikin gine-ginen jama'a da suka tsara. Karni na 19 shine mafi girman lokacin girma da ci gaba na Munich. Furotesta  sun zama 'yan ƙasa a karon farko a cikin abin da ya kasance har zuwa lokacin ƙauyen Roman Katolika. Yawan jama'ar birnin 100,000 a 1854 ya karu zuwa 500,000 zuwa 1900. Muhimmancin al'adun Munich a Turai ya kasance da ɗa Louis II, ta gwarzon mawakin [[Richard Wagner]], ya farfado da shahararsa a matsayin birnin kiɗa da wasan kwaikwayo. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:München Panorama.JPG|München_Panorama File:Stadtbild München.jpg|Stadtbild_München File:Luftbild München Innenstadt.jpg|Luftbild_München_Innenstadt File:Justizpalast München.jpg|Justizpalast_München File:Detail of Neues Rathaus, München D.jpg|Detail_of_Neues_Rathaus,_München_D File:München4.jpg|München4 File:Jugendstilhaus Leopoldstraße 77 in München.jpg|Jugendstilhaus_Leopoldstraße_77_in_München File:Propyläen München 1993.jpg|Propyläen_München_1993 File:Wilhelm I. Herzog Rathaus München.jpg|Wilhelm_I._Herzog_Rathaus_München File:Asamkirche - München - 2022-04-28 - 295a.jpg|Asamkirche_-_München_-_2022-04-28_-_295a </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Munchen}} [[Category:Biranen Jamus]] 21th1758m9qtyca4b4628xl9idh2up3 0 8347 893643 659733 2026-08-09T13:29:53Z Martin Macha 2111 12677 /* */ 893643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Tour Colombia 2.1 Etapa 4 - vista aérea.jpg|thumb|Kasar kwolambiya]] '''Kolombiya''' (lafazi: /kolombiya/) ko '''Kwalambiya'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> ko '''Colombia''' (da harshen Hispaniya, da harshen Turanci), ƙasa ce da ke a nahiyar [[Amurka ta Kudu]]. Tana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita arba'in 1,141,748. da yawan jama'a, kimanin, 53,399,000 .m171, bisa ga jimillar kidayar shekara ta 2026<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/demografia-y-poblacion/proyecciones-de-poblacion |title=Proyecciones de Población DANE |access-date=9 August 2026}}</ref>. Kolombiya yana da iyaka da [[Panama]], [[Peru]], [[Venezuela]], [[Brazil]] da kuma Ekweita. Babban birnin Kolombiya shine [[Bogotá]]. == Tarihi == == Mulki == [[File:Colombia cancellation.jpg|thumb|Kudin kasar kwolombiya]] == Arziki == [[File:ARGENTINA vs COLOMBIA SUDAMERICANO SUB 20 (32520867812).jpg|thumb|Wasan kwallon kafa a kwolambiya]] == Wasanni == [[File:COPES Policía Colombia.jpg|thumb|Yan sandan kasar kwolombiya]] == Fannin tsaro == == Kimiya == == Al'adu == == Addinai == == Mutane == == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Taganga.jpg|Taganga, Colomiya File:Christmas2004inMedellín.JPG| Bikin kirismati a Jihar Medellin File:Santuario de Las Lajas, Ipiales, Colombia, 2015-07-21, DD 21-23 HDR.jpg|Santuario de Las Lajas wani Gini a Cikin kasar Kolombiya File:Chile v Colombia 20190519 92.jpg|Yar wasan kasar Kolombiya File:Lama, Ipiales, Colombia, 2015-07-21, DD 04.JPG|Rakumi cikin kwalliya irin na kasar Kolombiya File:Encuentro Presidencial y V Gabinete Binacional Perú-Colombia.jpg|Tawagan kasar Kolombiya File:Barranquilla_Catedral.jpg|Catedral María reina de Barranquilla, Atlantico, Kolombiya </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kolombiya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Amurka]] 6cw196fnet91iu2onpuvbe2uzig8oga 0 8698 893880 877481 2026-08-09T20:30:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox religious biography | name = Usman Ɗan fodiyo<br>عُثْمَانْ طَࢽْ ࢻُودِیُواْ (Hausa)<br>عثمان بن فوديُ (Larabci) | title = [[Sarkin Musulmi]], [[Amir al-Mu'minin]], [[Shehu]] | image = Usman Ibn Fodiyo Calligraphy 02.png | reign = | coronation = | Predecessor =[[None]] | successor =''([[Mohammad Bello]])'':<br /> [[Muhammed Bello]], Yaro.<br />''Gabashi ([[Gwandu]])'':<br /> [[Abdullahi dan Fodio]], Dan uwa. | spouse = | spouse 1 = | spouse 2 = | spouse 3 = | spouse 4 = | issue = | dynasty = Masarautar Sokoto | royal house = | father = Mallam Muhammadu Fodio | mother = Maimuna | birth_date = 15 December 1754 | birth_place = [[Marratta, Niger Republic]] | death_date = 20 April 1817 | death_place = [[Sokoto]] | place of burial= Hubbare, Sokoto |module= |religion=[[Islam]] |denomination = [[Sunna]] |creed = Athari<ref>{{cite book|title=Islam and the Problem of Black Suffering|first=Sherman A.|last=Jackson|isbn=978-0195382068|page=81|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|date=2009}}</ref> |Maddhab = [[Malikiyya]] |Sufi_order = [[Ƙadiriya]]<ref>[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/Uthm_Fodiyo.html University of Pennsylvania African Studies Center: "An Interview on usman dan Fodiyo" by Shireen Ahmed]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 22 June 1995</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Islamic Reform and Political Change in Northern Nigeria|last=Loimeier|first=Roman|isbn=978-0810128101|date=2011|page=21|publisher=Northwestern University Press}}</ref> |founder=Ƙasar Musulunci|honorific prefix=Shehu Usumanu|children=*[[Nana Asma'u]] *[[Muhammadu Bello]]|native_name=عثمان بن فودي|jurisprudence=[[Malikiyya]]}} [[Fayil:مقدمة نانا أسماء بنت عثمان فودي.png|thumb]] [[Fayil:The tomb of Usman dan Fodiyo.png|thumb|Gidan usman dan fodiyao]] [[Fayil:Usman Ibn Fodiyo Calligraphy 02.png|thumb|Hoton Zanen sunan Usman Dan Fodiyo]] [[Fayil:مقدمة نانا أسماء بنت عثمان فودي.png|thumb|muqaddimar yar usman dan fodio]] Shehu '''Usman Dan Fodiyo:''' An haife shi ne a ranar Lahadi ta karshen watan Safar, 15 ga watan Disamba shekara ta (1754) a garin [[Marratta]], [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marratta, a yankin Madawa, ta Jamhurriyar Nijar.]{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Ya rasu a ranar 20, ga watan [https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/april Afrilu] shekara ta (1817 ) a cikin garin [[Sokoto]] Dake arewa maso yammacin kasar Nigeria. Sunan shehin malamin Usman bin Fodiyo da {{Lang-ar|عثمان بن فودي}} ) Fodiyo kalmar fullatanci ce wato Mujaddadi. Sunan mahaifin sa Malam Muhammadu fodiyo, mahaifiyar sa Hauwa'u. Yana da yara sama da (27) da matan da ya aura hudu (4) da kuyanga daya (1)ba a samu bayanin yadda ya auri mata sama da hudu ba. Ƴaƴayen sa biyu, wadanda aka fi sani sune: ɗan sa namiji mai suna [[Muhammadu Bello|Muhammadu Bello,]] da kuma ƴarsa mai suna [[Nana Asma'u]].<ref>Hunwick, John O. 1995. "Arabic Literature in Africa: the Writings of Central Sudanic Africa (pp.</ref> <ref>Hunwick, John O. 1995. "Arabic Literature in Africa: the Writings of Central Sudanic Africa </ref> Ana masa laƙabi da Mujaddadi ko Shehu. Shi ne kuma jagoran jihadi na jaddada addinin [[Musulunci]] a ƙasar [[Hausa]], tunda ya taso yaga an daɗe da [[musulunci]] a wajen sama da shekar, 400 kafin a haife shi amma a daidai wannan lokacin al'ummar kasar hausa suna sukar addinin [[musulunci]] da gargajiya. Domin karin bayanin ka karanta littafinsa na [[Wasikatul Ikhwan]]. Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo Malamin addinin [[Musulunci]] ne, [[Marubuci]], kuma wanda ya kafa daular [[Musulunci]] cikin ƙasar Hausa a Sokoto.Ya kasance malamin [[Fulani]], malamin addini, mai son kawo sauyi, kuma shi ne ya kafa Daular [[Daular Sokoto|Khalifancin Sokoto]].<ref>I. Suleiman, ''The African Caliphate: The Life, Works and Teachings of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodiyo (1757-1817)'' (2009)</ref>. Dan Fodio ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin wayayyun mutane a cikin [[Fulani]] na farko. Shehu Usman Ɗan fodiyo malamin [[Sunnah]] ne mabiyin koyarwa akan tsarin Babban Malamin nan wato [[Malik Ibn Anas|Imam Malik]] wanda ake ƙira da Maliki. Yayi duk rayuwarsa ne a ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. Ana masa laƙabi da Amir-al-mumin<ref>citation needed</ref> Usman Ɗan Fodiyo kuma jagoran Daular Usmaniyya [[Sakkwato|da afrika gaba daya]] . A matsayin sa na malamin addinin [[musulunci]] kuma mai karantarwa akan [[Malikiyya|Mazhabar Malikiyya]] ya rayu a garin [[Gobir]] har zuwa shekara ta (1802) ya zama Sarkin Gobir Bawa Jangwarzo ya riƙe shi tamkar ɗan da ya haifa.<ref>I.Suleiman, ''The African Caliphate: The Life, Works and Teachings of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodiyo (1757-1817)'' (2009).</ref>. <ref>https://religiondocbox.com/Islam/68196378-University-of-maiduguri-centre-for-distance-learning.html{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yayi yaki a tsakanin shekara ta (1804) har zuwa shekara ta (1812) ya fito ne daga ƙabilar Toronkawa na fulani.<ref>Miles, William F. S. (1994). ''Hausaland divided: colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger''.p.46</ref> [[Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo]] ya kasance daga zuriyar ɗaya daga cikin dangin (Toronkawa) na ƙabilar [[Fulanin]] dake zaune a cikin [[Hausa Bakwai|Masarautun Hausa]] tun daga farkon shekara ta (1400). <ref>{{Cite book|title=a Short history of WEST AFRICA A.D 1000-1800|last=T. A. Osae & S. N. Nwabara|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton|year=1968|isbn=0-340-07771-9|location=Great Britain|pages=80}}</ref> A yankin da ke [[Arewacin Najeriya|arewacin]] [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] a yanzu, ya kasance yana bin karantarwar [[Malikiyya]] makaranta ta [[Fiƙihu|fiƙhu]] (Islamic fikihu) da kuma nuni wajen bin tsarin Musulunci haka nan kuma yana bin [[ɗarikar ƙadiriyya]] a ɗarikun sufaye. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya rubuta littattafai sama da ɗari waɗanda suka shafi [[addini|addini musulunci]], [[Gwamnati|mulki]], [[Al'ada|al'adu]], da kuma zamantakewar al'umma. Bayan haka Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya ci gaba da sukar manyan musulman Afirika da ke akwai saboda abin da ya gani a matsayin son zuciyarsu da maguzanci da keta [[Shari'a|dokokin Shari'a]] da amfani da haraji mai yawa.date=May 2020}}. Ya ƙarfafa karatu ga mata har da maza, saboda haka 'ya'yansa mata da yawa sun zama malamai marubuta. An ci gaba da kawo rubuce-rubucensa Usman Dan Fodiyo ne da kuma maganganunsa a yau. Wasu mabiyan suna daukar Usman Ɗan Fodiyo a matsayin [[Mujaddidi|mujaddadi]] mai wahayi daga Allah "mai gyara addinin Islama" har suna neman kai shi matsayi kamar wani annabi da Allah ya aiko saboda jahilci.<ref>John O. Hunwick. African And Islamic Revival in Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Sources : #6 (1995).</ref> Karin cigaban Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yayi wani yunkuri ne da aka bayyana a matsayin masu jihadi na Fulani a ƙarni na goma sha bakwai (17) da sha takwas (18) har zuwa na sha tara. Ya biyo bayan jihadi cikin nasara da akayi a Futa Bundu, Futa Tooro da kuma Futa Djallon a tsakanin shekarar ta (1650) zuwa ta (1750) wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙirar waɗannan ƙasashe guda uku na musulunci. A nasa bangaren Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yi wa wasu da dama daga cikin jihadin Afirika ta yamma wanda daga baya, ciki har da na Shehu Ahmadu, wanda ya kafa daular Massina da Umar Sa'idu Tall, wanda ya kafa daular Toucouleur wanda ya auri ɗaya daga cikin jikokin ɗan Fodiyo da kuma Modibbo Adama wanda ya kafa ta, a masarautar Adamawa cikin Najeriya. == Farkon rayuwa: == An haifi Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ne a cikin garin Maratta a (garin gobir) a ranar lahadi 29 ga watan [[Safar]] a shekarar ta 1168 H.J wanda yayi dai-dai da ranar 15 ga watan [[Disamban]] shekarar ta 1754, kuma ya fito ne daga cikin tsatson Fulanin Jakolo ne.<ref name=":0">Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, [[Kano]]. [[Kano]] Millennium,100 years in History. p38</ref> Ya kasance Fikihu ne kuma Ɗan ɗariƙa ne a farkon rayuwar sa, Bayan haka kuma yana bin mazahaban [[malikiyya]] ne a fannin [[ilmi|ilimi]] na [[addini]] da [[Faqihi|Fikihu]]. == Ilimi: == Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya haddace Qur'ani yana da ƙananan shekaru a rayuwarsa a ƙarƙashin kulawar mahaifinsa.<ref name=":1" />Ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin malamai irinsu: Shakh Jibril B.Umar, Shakh Uthman Biddur ibn Al-amin, Shakh Ahmad ibn Muhammad da kuma Shakh Al-Hajj Muhammad Raj.<ref name=":1">Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, [[Kano]]. Millennium:100 years in History. p39</ref>Ɗan Fodiyo ya fara karantarwa ne yana da kimanin shekara 20 a rayuwarsa.<ref name=":1" /> Ɗan Fodiyo yana bin ɗarikar Shakh [[Abdulƙadir Gilani|Abd-al-Qadir Al-jaylani]], wanda shi ne ya samar da ɗarikar [[Ƙadiriya]]. == Jihadin Shehu Dan Fodiyo: == Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yi jihadi ne ta hanyar ƙira zuwa ga [[Musulunci]], da kuma yaƙan sarakunan [[Haɓe]], bayan Sarkin [[Gobir]] mai suna [[Yumfa]] ya yi masa barazanar kawar da shi saboda da'awar da yake yi zuwa ga '''[[Musulunci]]''', hakan ne ya tirsasa Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yayi hijira zuwa wani guri, Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yi yaƙi da Yumfa Sarkin Gobir na wancan lokacin a shekarar ta 1804 a watan (Yuli miladiya) wanda [[Abdullahi]] ne ya kasan ce kwamandan yaƙin, an karya mulkin Yumfa ne a ranar 3 ga watan Oktobar ta 1808, inda aka ci garin da yaki aka kuma ƙwace garin [[Alƙalawa]], wanda a lokacin garin Alƙalawa shi ne babban birnin Gobir. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yaƙi garin Gobir a dalilin tabbatar da addinin [[Musulunci]] a shekarar ta 1804.^(p249) Bayan shekara takwas, yawancin ƙasashen Hausa Fulani sun cisu da yaƙi. Masu sarauta ƴan Haɓe Fulani sun karɓe mulki daga gurinsu. An yaƙi Gobirawa ne a tafkin kwatto, shi yasa ake kiran yaƙin da yaƙin kwato ko kwatto.<ref>Furniss, Graham. (1996). ''Poetry, prose and popular culture in Hausa''.p.349</ref><ref>Miles, William F. S. (1994). ''Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger''.p.249</ref><ref>Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, [[Kano]]. Millennium:100 years in History. p.p, 44-45.</ref>. === [[Kano|Kano:]] === Fulanin Kano sun wakilta Ɗan Zabuwa na ƙabilar [[Fulani]] na Daneji. Da yaje [[Sokoto]] ya karɓo tuta, an bashi tuta amman ba a wakilta sarki ba. A wannan lokacin sarkin Haɓe na [[Kano]] mai suna Alwali an yaƙe shi a Ɗan Yahaiya, wani gari ne mil 25 arewa dake garin kano, sai Alwali ya gudu [[Zaria]], da yaga bai samu matsugunni ba sai ya gudu Burum, a inda aka kai masa farmaki aka kashe shi. Mallam Jemo ne ya hallaka shi, bayan mutanenshi ƙabilar [[Fulani]] suka je gurin Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo suka buƙace shi da ya naɗa sarki a [[Kano]], sai Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya naɗa musu Suleiman Ɗan Modibawa a matsayin sarki a shekara ta 1809. Bayan rasuwar sa ne aka naɗa Mallam Jemo, wanda sananne ne kuma mayaƙi, wanda yake da ɗa mai suna Ibrahim Dabo.<ref>Being a tradition letters found in the house of waziri of sokoto,Bohari,in 1703, Edited by H.F Backwell.p.4</ref> A ƙarni na goma 10th wasu mafarauta sun zauna  a [[Dutsen Dala]], [[Gwauron Dutse]], Magwan da Fanisau.<ref>Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, [[Kano]]. Millennium:100 years in History.p.73.[[ISBN]]: [tel:978-881-0958-6 978-881-0958-6]</ref> Waɗannan mutanen suna yin tsafi ne da kuma bautawa aljanu ko gunki mai suna [[Tsunburbura]], [[Barbushe]] shi ne babban malamin wannan bauta. Duk farkon shekaran kalandan Hijira, [[Barbushe]] yana shiga cikin wannan gidan tsafin yazo ma mutane da sabon saƙo, inda jama’a suke taruwa kewaye da gidan suna jiran saƙo, idan aka gaya musu saƙon, sai suyi yanke-yanke na akuyoyi da karnika ga Tsunburbura. Wata rana sai [[Barbushe]] ya fito yace ma jama’a za ayi wani lokaci da wani zai yaƙe mu yaci garinmu da yaƙi ya gina masallatai ya kawo [[Musulunci]].<ref>Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, [[Kano]]. Millennium:100 years in History.p.74. [[ISBN]]: [tel:978-881-0958-6 978-881-0958-6]</ref> === [[Katsina (jiha)|Katsina]]: === '''A Katsina''' kuma sai Shehu ya naɗa [[Ummarun Dallaje]] shugaban [[Fulani]] a matsayin mariƙin tutar [[Musulunci]] kuma sarki. [[Magaji Halidu]] shine sarkin Haɓe na ƙarshe, wanda Malam Ummaru Dallaje ya amshi garin [[Katsina]] a gurinshi a shekarar ta 1807. Bayan rasuwar Ummaru a shekarar ta 1835, wani ɗan tsatsan ƙabilar [[Haɓe]] mai suna Ɗan Mari ya haɗa kai da [[Rumawa]], domin ƙwace garin [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]], inda ya kafa sansaninsa a [[Matazu]], ammah an yaƙe shi.<ref>Being a tradition letters found in the house of waziri of [[sokoto]], Bohari, in 1703, Edited by H.F Backwell.p.4</ref> === [[Daura]]: === Sarkin Daura [[Gwari Abdu]] sarki ne na [[Haɓe]] a shekara ta 1800 a masarautar Daura, a shekara ta 1805 har zuwa Shekara ta 1807, sarkin [[Daura]] [[Gwari]] Abdu ya gudu ya bar [[Daura]] saboda samame da Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya kawo a [[Daura]]. Hakan yasa aka samu sabon sarki mai suna [[Isiyaku|Malam Ishi'aku]], Abdu Gwari ya gudu ne tare da tawagarsa, inda ya ɓoye a cikin Ƙasar [[Hausa]], da niyyar zai dawo ya ƙwace ƙasar [[Daura]] daga hannun [[Fulani]].<ref>Miles, William F. S. (1994). ''Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger''.p.70</ref> Daga baya sai ya zauna a Yekuwa.<ref>Miles, William F. S. (1994). ''Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger''.p.72</ref> == Mulki: == == Iyali da dangi; == Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo tsatson [[Musa Jakolo]] ne.<ref>Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, [[Kano]].Kano Millennium:100 years in History.p. 38. [[ISBN]]: [tel:978-881-0958-6 978-881-0958-6]</ref>. An bayyana cewa Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya wuce ƙafa shida tsawo, ya yi kama da mahaifiyarsa Sayyida Hauwau Hisan, dan uwansa [[Abdullahi dan Fodiyo|Abdullahi Ɗan Fodiyo]] (a shekara ta 1761 zuwa shekara ta1829) shi ma ya wuce ƙafa shida a tsayi kuma an bayyana shi da kamannin mahaifinsu Muhammad Fodiyo, tare da launin fata mai duhu da kuma kyakkyawar ma'amala a rayuwarsa. A cikin Rawd al-Janaan (Makiyayan Aljanna), Waziri Gidado Ɗan Laima (a shekara ta 1777 zuwa shekara ta 1851) ya lissafa matan Ɗan Fodiyo kamar haka: Ta farko Maimuna wacce ta haifa masa yara 11, ciki har da Aliyu ashekara ta (1770s zuwa shekara ta 1790s) da tagwayen Hassan (a shekara ta 1793 zuwa Nuwamban shekara ta 1817) da [[Nana Asma'u]] (a shekara ta 1793 zuwa shekara ta 1864). Maimuna ta rasu wani lokaci bayan haihuwar ƙaramar yarta. '''Aisha ƴar Muhammad Sa'ad ;An''' kuma san ta da suna "Gaabdo" (Farin Ciki a Fulfulde) da kuma "Iyya Garka" (Uwar gida). Iyya Garka ta shahara ne saboda ilimin addinin Musulunci da kasancewarta 'yar dangi. Ta haifi 'ya'ya da yawa. Daga cikin wasu, ita ce mahaifiyar: * Muhammad Sa'ad a shekara ta (1777zuwa shekara ta 1804). Babban ɗan Shehu ɗan Fodiyo da ya rage, an san shi da neman ilimi. * Khadija shekara ta(1778 zuwa shekara ta 1856). Mai kula da yar' uwarta Asma'u da Aisha al-Kammu, matar ɗan uwanta [[Muhammadu Bello|Muhammad]] Bello. Ta auri Malam Mustafa a shekara ta (1770 zuwa shekara ta 1855), babbar sakatariyar Shakh Usman ɗan Fodiyo. Itace mahaifiyar Sheikh Abdul Qadir ɗan Tafa a shekara ta (1803 zuwa shekara ta 1864), Sufi, malamin addinin Musulunci kuma masanin tarihi. * Muhammad Sambo a shekara ta(c.1780 zuwa Shekara ta 1826). Babban malamin Ɗarikar Sufanci na Kadiriyya, Sambo shi ne na farko da yayi mubayi'a ga ƙanensa Bello lokacin da ya zama Khalifa a shekara ta 1817. * Muhammad Buhari (a shekara ta 1785 zuwa shekara ta 1840). Buhari ya kasance masani kuma Laftana ga Sarakunan Sokoto. Ya kasance Sarkin hamayyar [[Tambuwal]], kuma ya shahara da kamfen a Nupe tare da Sarakunan Gwandu. Muhammad Buhari shine kakan Sarkin Musulmi [[Ibrahim Dasuki]]. '''Hauwa: wacce''' aka fi sani da "Inna Garka" (Uwar Gida a Hausance) da Bikaraga. An bayyana ta a matsayin mai saukin kai ga ina [[Zuhudu]]. Daga cikin ‘ya’yanta akwai: * [[Muhammadu Bello|Muhammad Bello]] ( a shekara ta 1781 zuwa shekara ta 1837) Sarkin Musulmi na biyu. Mawallafin littafin tarihin Jihadin Fulani (Infaq al-Maysur) kuma shahararren malami. * [[Abubakar Atiku|Abu Bakr Atiku]] a shekara ta (1783 zuwa shekara ta 1842), Sarkin Musulmi na uku. An san Atiku saboda ya gaji yawancin sirrin mahaifinsa. Ya yi mulki a shekara ta 1837 zuwa shekara ta 1842 kuma ya mutu biyo bayan haɗari a tsibiri. * Fatima a shekara ta (1787 zuwa shekara ta 1838), wacce aka fi sani da "Mo 'Inna" ('yar Inna, don rarrabe ta da wata Fatima). Ta auri Sarkin Yaƙi Aliyu Jedo, janar na sojojin Sokoto '''Hajjo''', wanda mahaifinsa ne ya yi wa Abdulqadir a shekara ta (1807 zuwa shekara ta 1836) wanda aka fi sani da ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mawaqan Sokoto'''.''' AbdulQadir ya mutu ne sakamakon raunin da ya samu a lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓen Sultan Bello, a Zamfara. An binne shi a Baraya Zaki. '''Shatura''', wanda ya kasance shi ne mahaifin [[Ahmadu Rufai|Ahmadu Rufa'i]] (a shekara ta 1812 zuwa shekara ta 1873). Rufa'i shi ne Sarkin [[Silame]] sannan daga baya ya zama Sarkin Musulmi (a shekara ta 1867 zuwa shekara ta 1873). Ta wurin ƙwaraƙwaran sa Mariyatu, Shekh Ɗan Fodiyo ya haifi: * Amina. * Ibrahim Dasuki. * Hajara. * ''Uwar Deji'' Maryam a shekara ta (c.1808 zuwa shekara ta 1880s). Maryam yar Shehu malama ce kamar 'yan uwanta Khadija, Fatima da Asma'u. Bayan rasuwar waɗannan, ta jagoranci kungiyar 'Yan Taru wacce ta bunƙasa ilimin mata. An daura aurenta da Muhammad Adde ɗan Waziri Gidado, wanda ta haifa masa 'ya'ya mata biyu. Bayan rasuwar marigayin, ta auri Sarkin Kano Ibrahim Dabo a shekara ta (1819 zuwa shekara ta 1846). Ba ta da yara a cikin ƙungiyarta ta biyu. Maryam tayi tasiri sosai bayan dawowarta Sokoto a cikin shekara ta 1840s. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara mai tasiri ga ƴaƴanta wadanda suka zama Sarakuna, kuma galibi tana aiki a matsayin mai tuntuɓar mu'amala da Kano. A shekara ta 1880 lokacin mulkin Sarkin Musulmi Umar ɗan Ali dan Bello (1881 zuwa 1892), ta rubuta wasiƙa zuwa ga ɗan uwanta Sarkin Kano Muhammad Bello (a shekara ta 1883 zuwa 1893) na Kano, tana mai yin tir da abin da ɗan uwanta Hayatu ya yiwa ɗan Sai'd ɗan Sultan Bello (a shekara ta 1840 zuwa shekara ta 1898), wanda ke tallata yawan kaura zuwa Adamawa, a matsayin "amil" na Sudan din [[Muhammad Ahmad]]. * Malam Isa a shekara ta (1817 zuwa shekara ta 17070), wanda ya kasance ɗan ƙarami kuma ɗan Shakh Usman Ɗan Fodiyo.Tare da Asma'u, ya fassara cikin harsunan Hausa da Larabci, yawancin ayyukan mahaifinsa waɗanda aka rubuta da Fulfulde. Shi ma Malam Isa ya kasance ɗan uwansa Sultan Bello ya sanya masa suna Yammah. Ya mutu wani lokaci a lokacin mulkin Sultan Rufa'i (a shekara ta 1867 zuwa shekara 1873). == Ayyuka: == Shehu Usman Ɗan fodiyo ya wallafa littatafai da yawa, musamman domin karantar da mutane haƙiƙanin addinin musulunci. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya rubuta littatafai da yawa kuma ya umurci mutanensa da su rubuta littatafai, akan addini da kuma tarihinsu. Daular Usman Ɗan Fodiyo tayi mulki ne na tsawon shekara Ɗari (100), daga shekara ta 1804 zuwa shekara ta 1903, bayan Zuwan turawan mulkin mallaka.<ref>Furniss, Graham. (1996).''Poetry,prose and popular culture in Hausa.p.349''</ref> A garin Alƙalawa dake masarautar Gobir ne inda Usman yake zuwa domin ganin ya Bawa.<ref name=":5">Furniss, Graham (1996).''Poetry,prose and popular culture in Hausa.p.372''</ref> Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya rubuta littatafai da yawa, kuma yana umurtar mutanen sa da su rubuta littatafai.<ref name=":5" /> A ƙarni na 20 musulman ƙasar Hausa sun samu tsaiko da naƙasu a kan ilmantar da mata, bayan Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo a ƙarni na 19 ya nuna muhimmancin bama mata ilimi, a inda ya fara kira ga neman ilimi.<ref name=":6">Furniss, Graham. (1996).''Poetry,prose and popular culture in Hausa.p.373''</ref> Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yana cewa, “shaidancin Illar barin mata a cikin jahilci, ba tare da sun samu ilimi akan kawunansu ba har ma ya zamana cewa basu san addini kwata-kwata ba, yafi girman munin shaiɗanci fiye da cakuɗasu tare da maza.”<ref name=":6" /> Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yana da littatafai kimanin 73.<ref>Bobboyi,H.,Yakubu Mahmood. 1st Ed, p.385-387</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ !s/n !Suna |- |1 |Al-madkhal<ref name=":1" /> |- |2 |Wathiqat ahl al-|Wathiqat ahl al-Sudan |- |3 |Al-farq<ref>Bobboyi, H.,Yakubu Mahmood. 1st Ed, p.351 </ref> |- |4 |Bayan Wujub al-Hijra |- |5 |Ihya' us Sunnah wa Ikhmad al-Bid'ah |}{{s-start}} {{succession box|before=Babu kowa|title=[[Sarkin Musulmi]] na Farko|years=1804–1815|after=[[Muhammed Bello]]}} {{s-end}}. == Karatu: == {{refbegin}} * Writings of Usman dan Fodiyo, in The Human Record: Sources of Global History, Fourth Edition/ Volume II: Since 1500, {{ISBN|978-12858702-43}} (page:233-236) * Asma'u, Nana. ''Collected Works of Nana Asma'u''.Jean Boyd and Beverly B. Mack,eds. East Lansing, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1997. * Omipidan Teslim [https://oldnaija.wordpress.com/2016/02/04/usman-dan-fodiyo-1754-1817/ Usman Dan Fodiyo (1754–1817)]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} OldNaija * Mervyn Hiskett. The Sword of Truth: The Life and Times of the Shehu Usuman Dan Fodiyo. Northwestern Univ Pr; 1973, Reprint edition (March 1994). {{ISBN|0-8101-1115-2}} * Ibraheem Sulaiman. The Islamic State and the Challenge of History: Ideals, Policies, and Operation of the Sokoto Caliphate. Mansell (1987). {{ISBN|0-7201-1857-3}} * Ibraheem Sulaiman. A Revolution in History: The Jihad of Usman dan Fodiyo. * Isam Ghanem. The Causes and Motives of the Jihad in Northern Nigeria. in Man, New Series, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Dec., 1975), pp.&nbsp;623–624 * Usman 6 Bugaje. ''The Tradition of Tajdeed in West Africa: An Overview''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webstar.co.uk/~ubugaje/tradtajdid.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-12-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121114859/http://www.webstar.co.uk/~ubugaje/tradtajdid.html |archive-date=21 January 2008 }} </ref> International Seminar on Intellectual Tradition in the Sokoto Caliphate & Borno. Center for Islamic Studies, University of Sokoto (June 1987) * Usman Muhammad Bugaje. The Contents, Methods and Impact of Shehu Usman Dan Fodio's Teachings (1774–1804)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.webstar.co.uk/~ubugaje/udfcontmethimpact.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=28 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928083049/http://www.webstar.co.uk/~ubugaje/udfcontmethimpact.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Usman Muhammad Bugaje. ''The Jihad of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodiyo and its Impact Beyond the Sokoto Caliphate''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webstar.co.uk/~ubugaje/beyond.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-12-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121114841/http://www.webstar.co.uk/~ubugaje/beyond.html |archive-date=21 January 2008}}</ref> A Paper read at a Symposium in Honour of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodiyo at [[International University of Africa]], Khartoum, Sudan, from 19 to 21 November 1995. * Usman Muhammad Bugaje. ''Shaykh Uthman Ibn Fodiyo and the Revival of Islam in Hausaland'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webstar.co.uk/~ubugaje/shyri.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-12-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121114850/http://www.webstar.co.uk/~ubugaje/shyri.html |archive-date=21 January 2008}}</ref> (1996). * Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Nigeria: A Country Study.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.country-studies.com/nigeria/usman-dan-fodiyo-and-the-sokoto-caliphate.html|title=Nigeria Usman Dan Fodiyo and the Sokoto Caliphate|access-date=8 October 2014}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991. * B. G. Martin. Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa. 1978. * Jean Boyd. The Caliph's Sister, Nana Asma'u, 1793–1865: Teacher, Poet and Islamic Leader. *Lapidus, Ira M. A History of Islamic Societies. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2014. pg 469–472 * Nikki R. Keddie. The Revolt of Islam, 1700 to 1993: Comparative Considerations & Relations to Imperialism. in Comparative Studies in Society & History, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Jul., 1994), pp.&nbsp;463–487 * R. A. Adeleye. Power and Diplomacy in Northern Nigeria 1804–1906. 1972. * Hugh A.S. Johnston . Fulani Empire of Sokoto. Oxford: 1967. {{ISBN|0-19-215428-1}}. * S. J. Hogben and [[A. H. M. Kirk-Greene]], ''The Emirates of Northern Nigeria'', Oxford: 1966. * J. S. Trimgham, ''Islam in West Africa'', Oxford, 1959. * 'Umar al-Nagar. The Asanid of Shehu Dan Fodiyo: How Far are they a Contribution to his Biography?, Sudanic Africa, Volume 13, 2002 (pp.&nbsp;101–110). * Paul E. Lovejoy. Transformations in Slavery – A History of Slavery in Africa. No 36 in the African Studies series, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-78430-1}}. * Paul E. Lovejoy. Fugitive Slaves: Resistance to Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate, In Resistance: Studies in African, Caribbean, & Afro-American History University of Massachusetts. (1986). * Paul E. Lovejoy, Mariza C. Soares (Eds). Muslim Encounters With Slavery in Brazil. Markus Wiener Pub ( 2007) {{ISBN|1-55876-378-3}}. * F. H. El-Masri, "The life of Uthman b. Foduye before the Jihad", Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria (1963), pp.&nbsp;435–48. * M. A. Al-Hajj, "The Writings of Shehu Uthman Dan Fodiyo", Kano Studies,Nigeria (1), 2(1974/77). * David Robinson. "Revolutions in the Western Sudan," in [[Levtzion, Nehemia]] and Randall L.Pouwels (eds).The History of Islam in Africa Oxford: James Currey Ltd, 2000. * ''Bunza''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arewahouseabung.org/Bunza.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-06-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714082345/http://www.arewahouseabung.org/Bunza.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2010}}</ref> {{refend}}. == Mutuwarsa == A shekarar ta 1815, Usman ya koma [[Sokoto (Birni)|Sokoto]], inda Bello ya gina masa gida a yankunan yamma. Daga lokacin Usman ɗan Fodiyo zuwa [[Tarihin mulkin mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya|Nasarar Burtaniya]] a farkon karni na 20 akwai Khalifofi goma sha biyu. == Bibiliyo == * Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmud.(2006). The Sokoto Caliphate: history and legacies, 1804-2004, 1st Ed. Kaduna, Nigeria:Arewa House. [[ISBN]] [tel:978-135-166-7 978-135-166-7] * Hamman, Mahmoud, 1950- (2007). ''The Middle Benue region and the Sokoto Jihad, 1812-1869 : the impact of the establishment of the Emirate of Muri''. Kaduna: Arewa House, Ahmadu Bello University. <nowiki>ISBN 978-125-085-2</nowiki>. OCLC 238787986. *Asma'u, Nana, 1793-1865. (1999). ''The collected works of Nana Asma'u, daughter of Usman ɗan Fodiyo, (1793-1864)''. Boyd, Jean., Mack, Beverly B. (Beverly Blow), 1952- (Nigerian ed ed.). Ibadan, Nigeria: Sam Bookman Publishers. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2165-84-0</nowiki>. OCLC 316802318. *Staudinger, Paul. (1990). ''In the heart of the Hausa states''. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International Studies. <nowiki>ISBN 0-89680-160-8</nowiki>. OCLC 21559544. * Writings of Usman ɗan Fodiyo, in The Human Record: Sources of Global History, Fourth Edition/ Volume II: Since 1500, <nowiki>ISBN 978-12858702-43</nowiki> (page:233-236) * Asma'u, Nana. ''Collected Works of Nana Asma'u''. Jean Boyd and Beverly B. Mack, eds. East Lansing, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1997. * Omipidan Teslim Usman Ɗan Fodiyo (1754-1817) OldNaija. * Mervyn Hiskett. The Sword of Truth: The Life and Times of the Shehu Usuman Ɗan Fodiyo. Northwestern Univ Pr; 1973, Reprint edition (March 1994). <nowiki>ISBN 0-8101-1115-2</nowiki> * Ibraheem Sulaiman. The Islamic State and the Challenge of History: Ideals, Policies, and Operation of the Sokoto Caliphate. Mansell (1987). <nowiki>ISBN 0-7201-1857-3</nowiki> * Ibraheem Sulaiman. A Revolution in History: The Jihad of Usman ɗan Fodio. * Isam Ghanem. The Causes and Motives of the Jihad in Northern Nigeria. in Man, New Series, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Dec., 1975), pp. 623–624 * Usman Muhammad Bugaje. ''The Tradition of Tajdeed in West Africa: An Overview'' International Seminar on Intellectual Tradition in the Sokoto Caliphate & Borno. Center for Islamic Studies, University of Sokoto (June 1987) * Usman Muhammad Bugaje. The Contents, Methods and Impact of Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo's Teachings (1774-1804) * Usman Muhammad Bugaje. ''The Jihad of Shaykh Usman Ɗan Fodiyo and its Impact Beyond the Sokoto Caliphate''. A Paper read at a Symposium in Honour of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodiyo at International University of Africa, Khartoum, Sudan, from 19 to 21 November 1995. * Usman Muhammad Bugaje. ''Shaykh Uthman Ibn Fodiyo and the Revival of Islam in Hausaland'', (1996). * Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Nigeria: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991. * B. G. Martin. Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa. 1978. * Jean Boyd. The Caliph's Sister, Nana Asma'u, 1793–1865: Teacher, Poet and Islamic Leader. * Lapidus, Ira M. A History of Islamic Societies. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2014. pg 469-472 * Nikki R. Keddie. The Revolt of Islam, 1700 to 1993: Comparative Considerations & Relations to Imperialism. in Comparative Studies in Society & History, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Jul., 1994), pp. 463–487 * R. A. Adeleye. Power and Diplomacy in Northern Nigeria 1804–1906. 1972. * Hugh A.S. Johnston . Fulani Empire of Sokoto. Oxford: 1967. <nowiki>ISBN 0-19-215428-1</nowiki>. * S. J. Hogben and A. H. M. Kirk-Greene, ''The Emirates of Northern Nigeria'', Oxford: 1966. * J. S. Trimgham, ''Islam in West Africa'', Oxford, 1959. * 'Umar al-Nagar. The Asanid of Shehu Ɗan Fodiyo: How Far are they a Contribution to his Biography?, Sudanic Africa, Volume 13, 2002 (pp. 101–110). * Paul E. Lovejoy. Transformations in Slavery - A History of Slavery in Africa. No 36 in the African Studies series, Cambridge University Press, <nowiki>ISBN 0-521-78430-1</nowiki>. * Paul E. Lovejoy. Fugitive Slaves: Resistance to Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate, In Resistance: Studies in African, Caribbean, & Afro-American History. University of Massachusetts. (1986). * Paul E. Lovejoy, Mariza C. Soares (Eds). Muslim Encounters With Slavery in Brazil. Markus Wiener Pub ( 2007) <nowiki>ISBN 1-55876-378-3</nowiki> * F. H. El-Masri, "The life of Uthman b. Foduye before the Jihad", Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria (1963), pp. 435–48. * M. A. Al-Hajj, "The Writings of Shehu Uthman Dan Fodiyo", Kano Studies, Nigeria (1), 2(1974/77). * David Robinson. "Revolutions in the Western Sudan," in Levtzion, Nehemia and Randall L. Pouwels (eds). The History of Islam in Africa. Oxford: James Currey Ltd, 2000. * ''Bunza''<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100714082345/http://www.arewahouseabung.org/Bunza.pdf</ref> *Lapidus, Ira M.(2014) A History of Islamic Societies. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. *Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, [[Kano]].Kano Millennium:100 years in History. [[ISBN]]: [tel:978-881-0958-6 978-881-0958-6] *Miles, William F. S. (1994). ''Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8014-7010-3</nowiki>. OCLC 624196914. *·''Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate : historical and sociological perspectivesISBN0-521-21069-0OCLC2371710.'' *·''The Sokoto Caliphate : history and legacies, 1804-2004''. Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmood. (1st ed ed.). Kaduna, Nigeria: Arewa House. 2006. <nowiki>ISBN 978-135-166-7</nowiki>. OCLC 156890366. * == Diddigin bayanai == * [http://www.africanlegends.info African Legends] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201140357/http://www.africanlegends.info/ |date=2018-12-01 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140514005248/http://siiasi.org/?page_id=21 SIIASI Uthman Dan Fodiyo] * [http://www.webpulaaku.net/ubf/index.html WebPulaaku] * [http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/SIV_SOU/SOKOTO.html Sokoto Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028181919/http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/SIV_SOU/SOKOTO.html |date=2011-10-28 }} * [[Arewa House]] == Hadin waje: == * [http://www.africanlegends.info/ African Legends] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201140357/http://www.africanlegends.info/ |date=2018-12-01 }}. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140514005248/http://siiasi.org/?page_id=21 SIIASI Uthman Dan Fodiyo] * [http://www.webpulaaku.net/ubf/index.html WebPulaaku] * [http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/SIV_SOU/SOKOTO.html Sokoto Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028181919/http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/SIV_SOU/SOKOTO.html |date=2011-10-28 }} == Manazarta: == {{Reflist|4}} {{Authority control}} {{Sarakunan Sokoto}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dan Fodiyo}} [[category:Haifaffun 1754]] [[category:Mutuwan 1817]] [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Sarakunan Hausawa]] [[Category:Sarakuna]] [[Category:Sarakunan Sakkwato]] [[Category:Hausa Fulani]] [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Marubuta]] [[Category:Khalifa]] 0oipmbhoagslkzwq43xzwn4zdqdn35p 0 8750 894184 870665 2026-08-10T10:38:42Z Aisha SM 47788 894184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[File:Decorated Col by Governor Shema and His Royal Highness Abdulmumini Kabir Usman Emir of Katsina in Oct 2009.jpg|thumb]] Sarki '''Abdulmumini Kabir Usman''' (An haife shine a shekara ta alif dari tara da hamsin da ɗaya (1951). Shine sarkin Katsina mai ci, da ne kuma ga tsohon Sarki Muhammad Kabir, jika ne kuma ga Sarki Usman Nagogo da Muhammad Dikko. ==Tarihi== Alhaji [[Abdulmumini Kabir Usman]] shi ne sarki na arba’in a jerin sarakunan Katsina, sannan kuma sarki na goma (10) a jerin sarakunan Fulani, kuma sarki na huɗu a zuriyar Sulluɓawa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Buhari, Dimeji in Katsina for Emir's Coronation |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200807070778.html |work=[[AllAfrica]] |date=6 July 2008 |accessdate=7 June 2010 }}</ref> {{Ana bukatan hujja} Alhaji Abdulmumini Kabir Usman, mutum ne mai matuƙar son karatu, a saboda haka ya kasance mai ilimin addini da na zamani kamar mahaifinsa. Haka nan kuma shi mutum ne mai son jama’arsa, wannan abu ne mai sauƙin tantancewa, da isar ka fadar [[Katsina]] ka ga yadda mutane ke kaiwa-da-komawa ba tare da wata fargaba ko ɗari-ɗari ba. Jagora ne shi kuma abin koyi, mutum ne mai fasaha, jarumtaka da kuma gogewa a harkar mulki. Shi ne sarkin [[Katsina]] na farko wanda ke da digiri a kansa.<ref>{{cite news|title=Yar’Adua accuses lecturers of corruption |url=http://www.punchng.com/Articl.aspx?theartic=Art200812214233018 |work=[[The Punch]] |date=21 December 2008 |accessdate=7 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413072803/http://www.punchng.com/Articl.aspx?theartic=Art200812214233018 |archivedate=13 April 2009 }}</ref> ==Haihuwa== Am haifi Alhaji Abdulmumini Kabir Usman a ranar tara 9 ga watan Janairun shekarar alif dari tara da hamsin da daya 1951. Shi ɗa ne ga sarkin [[ Katsina]] Alhaji Muhammadu Kabir Usman, wanda shi kuma ɗa ne ga sarkin Katsina Usman Nagogo, shi kuma ɗa ga sarkin [[Katsina]] Alhaji Muhammadu Dikko ==Karatu== Alhaji (Dr.) Abdulmumini Kabir Usman, ya yi karatunsa na firamare a makarantar firamaren kwana (Dutsinma Boarding Primary School) ta Dutsinma, daga shekara ta alif 1959 zuwa shekara ta alif 1964. Daga nan kuma ya cigaba da zuwa makarantar sakandiren gwamnatin Katsina (Government Secondary School, Katsina) wacce daga baya ta koma kwalejin gwamnati ta Katsina (Government College Katsina), daga shekara ta alif 1965 zuwa shekara ta alif 1969. Bayan kammala wannan makaranta ya samu zarcewa zuwa Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya daga shekara ta alif 1972 zuwa shekara ta 1974. A ƙarshe ya samu nasarar samun digiri a fannin soshiyoloji (Bachelor's Degree in Sociology) daga Jami’ar Ɗanfodiyo da ke jihar Sakkwato. ==Gogayyar Aiki== Alhaji [[Abdulmumini Kabir Usman]] ya zama Magajin Garin [[Katsina]] Hakimin Birni da kewaye lokacin yana ɗan shekara 30 a duniya. Yana kan wannan muƙami na Hakimin Birni da kewaye wanda a lokacin Katsina tana matsayin ƙaramar hukuma a Jahar [[Kaduna]], sai aka ɗaukaka darajar Katsina zuwa jaha a shekarar 1987. Ya riƙe muƙamai da dama, daga ciki akwai zamowarsa shugaban Jami’ar Oba-Femi Awolowo tun daga shekarar 2008 har zuwa shekarar 2015 inda aka canja shi zuwa shugabancin Jami’ar Ilorin. Ya yi aiki a matsayin chairman na wasu ƙungiyoyi da ma’aikatun gwamnati da hukumomi da aka yarda cewa sun haura 71. ==Zamowarsa Sarki== A ranar 13 ga watan Maris na shekarar 2008 aka ayyana sunan Alhaji (Dr.) Abdulmumini Kabir Usman a matsayin sarkin Katsina, bayan da masu zaɓen sarki suka zaɓe shi a matsayin sabon sarkin Katsina bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa Alhaji Muhammadu Kabir Usman. An yi bikin naɗinsa aranar 5 ga watan Yuli na shekarar 2008. ==Gudunmawa== Mutum mai son jama’a da kuma yi musu hidima kamar Alhaji (Dr.) Abdulmumini Kabir Usman, abu ne mai wuya a iyakance irin gudunmawar da yake baiwa jama’a. Alƙaluma sun kasa ƙididdige ɗimbin mutanen daya ya samawa guraben karatu a jami’o’in ciki da wajen [[Nijeriya]]. Sakamakon irin ayyukan taimakon al’umma da yake yi, ya samu kyaututtuka na girmamawa, kamawa tun daga ƙaramar hukumar [[Katsina]], har zuwa matakin jaha har zuwa matakin tarayya inda aka bashi lambar yabo mai taken “Commander of the Federal Republic (CFR)”.<ref>https://www.myheritage.com/names/kabir_usman%20nagogo</ref> <ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/200803140804.html</ref> <ref>https://peoplepill.com/people/abdulmumini-kabir-usman/</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kabir Usman, Abdulmumini}} [[category:Haifaffun 1951]] aoz0bve3g1zufj1yeb735z4s53bo5rr 0 9145 893941 889507 2026-08-09T23:09:31Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Manazarta */ 893941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} {{databox}} [[File:Shanono.wav|thumb|saka sauti]] [[Fayil:Shanono.wav|thumb|shanono]] '''Shanono karamar,''' [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|hukuma]] ce a [[Kano (jiha)|jahar Kano a]] [[Najeriya]]. Hedikwatar karamar hukumar Shanono ce. Asalin garin Shanono, karamar hukumar Shanono (garin) ana iya samo shi ta tarihi zuwa ga sanannun 'yan'uwa ''Jaulere da'' Shanu''.'' ''Wadannan 'yan'uwan biyu suna zuwa dasar.'' ''Domin yin kiwo da kiwo, ana kyautata zaton sun fito ne daga garin [[Haɗejiya|Hadejia]] a [[Jigawa|jahar Jigawa]] a yanzu.'' ''Ganin cewa kasar tana da tile kuma tana da kyau ga dabbobinsu suna kiwo manyansu sun zauna a wurin, akalla shekara daya/shekara kafin su ci gaba, amma da lura da yanayin yankin daya dace sai suka yanke shawarar ci gaba da zama a wurin.kuma haka wasu suke zuwa su zauna dasu'' Bayan samun wurin daya fi dacewa sai SHANU ya yanke shawarar komawa baya kadan don gabatar da garin Shanono ya bar Jaulere dan uwansa a wurin (Jaulere na yanzu) ya zo ya kafa aikin sa (Riga) a garin Shanono na yanzu har zuwa yanzu Rijiyar Taushe a Shanono. Garin a halin yanzu ana ganinsa kuma a zahiri. Ga jerin mutanen da Sarakunan da suka yi mulkin yankin zuwa wannan lokacin taken shine Dan Shanono. Kabiru Isyaku (lokacin Dan Shanono na yanzu Dagaci garin Shanono). Haka nan kuma muna da hakimi (Hakimi) tunda Shanono ya zama karamar hukuma sun fita daga [[Gwarzo|karamar hukumar Gwarzo]] a shekarar 1989 Sunansa Alhaji Bello Abubakar Kambun Bunun Kano, da Alh Ibrahim Sani Gaya Uban Doman Kano daga shekarar (2004) zuwa yau. Yana da yanki na 697&nbsp;km2 da yawan jama'a {{Sup|2}} a ƙidayar shekarar (2006). Lambar gidan waya na yankin ita ce (704).<ref>{{cite web | title = Post Offices- with map of LGA | publisher = NIPOST | url = http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx | accessdate = 2009-10-20 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx | archivedate = 2012-11-26 }}</ref> Manyan mutanen garin sun hada da Marigayi Alhaji Ibrahim aka Ibrahim (Dan kasuwa), Marigayi Alhaji Barau (Dan kasuwa), Marigayi Alhaji Haruna Muhammad Shanono, Marigayi Alhaji Bawa Mashin (Manomi), Late Dan Ani (Dan siyasa), Late Alhaji Haruna Naganga (cocas chairman). ), Marigayi Alhaji Shehu Shanono, Farfesa Nura Magaji, Sani Inusa Maijama'a, Abdul Jarimi Shanono (Masan Kwamfuta) Dandalin matasa na shanono (Ungiyar Ci gaba) da sauran fitattun mutane a shanono.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Al'ummarmu ce a gabanmu|url=https://www.zumunci.name.ng/|access-date=2020-09-21|website=Al'ummarmu ce a gabanmu}}{{Dead link|date=November 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Mazabu == Akwai mazabu guda 10 a karamar hukumar Shanono.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wards in Shanono Local Government Area|url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/wards-in-lga/441/shanono|access-date=2021-08-18|website=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref> * Alajawa * Dutsen-bakoshi * Faruruwa * Goron Dutse * Kadamu * Kokiya * Leni * Shakogi * Shanono * Tsaure == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == [[Category:Kananan hukumomin Jihar Kano]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Kananan Hukumomin Jihar Kano}} {{Reflist}} {{Kano State}} [[Category:Local government areas in Kano State]] {{kano-geo-stub}} sftbdo47g4jdto7caijkyrtufqfd7sr 0 9277 893869 892768 2026-08-09T20:12:47Z Der-Wir-Ing 14522 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/892768|892768]] by [[Special:Contributions/Baffa ali|Baffa ali]] ([[User talk:Baffa ali|talk]]) 893869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gwiwa'''({{ Audio|Gwiwa, Jigawa.ogg|Pronunciation}}) [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|karamar hukuma]] ce dake a Jihar [[Jigawa]], Arewa maso yamman [[Nijeriya]]. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Jigawa]] jx5gyw2ve6demfszh7udyzt1wp3jte9 0 9676 894029 442054 2026-08-10T05:22:06Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Manazarta */ 894029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dagema''' [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya| Karamar Hukuma]] ce dake a [[Jihar Rivers]] a shiyar kudu maso kudancin [[Nijeriya]]. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Rivers]] {{Reflist}} {{LGAs of Rivers State}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Local government areas in Rivers State]] [[Category:Populated coastal places in Rivers State]] [[Category:1967 establishments in Nigeria]] [[Category:1960s establishments in Rivers State]] {{RiversNG-geo-stub}} ggsoo40r1lqti6lrkbwlxez0e289lww 0 9732 894051 267395 2026-08-10T07:26:22Z Baffa ali 47435 894051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{hujja}} '''Egor''' Nadaga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan Hukumomin]] [[Jihar Edo]] dake kudu masu kudancin [[Nijeriya]]. {{Stub}} [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Edo]] '''Bold text''' Manazarta{{Reflist}} {{LGAs and communities of Edo State}} [[Category:Local government areas in Edo State]] {{edoNG-geo-stub}} 4cbqpr85i0n9zgscy8tyls2zfgwhxm2 0 9804 893875 892371 2026-08-09T20:15:08Z Der-Wir-Ing 14522 893875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{hujja}} [[Fayil:Bosa, bordo di fileto òrulu de filè, randa osìnca, 1890-1910 ca. 02.jpg|thumb|Kayan sawarsu]] '''Orolu''' [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya| Karamar Hukuma]] ce, dake a [[Jihar Osun]], kudu maso,yammacin [[Nijeriya]]. Sunada yawan fili kamar haka 80km . {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Osun]] 3zhco8ajsqq6d4p9j8c3vbf46zusye9 0 9918 894187 185237 2026-08-10T10:39:42Z Aisha SM 47788 894187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad Abu Ali''' (Yarayu daga watan Augusta 15, 1980 zuwa watan Nuwamba 4, 2016) ya kasance [[Sojan Najeriya]] ne, mai matsayin Laftanan Konel, kafin rasuwarsa, shine babban hafsan dake kula da bataliya na 272 Tank. An kashe shi a wani gumurzu tsakanin [[sojojin Najeriya]] da ta ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a garin Mallam Fatori, dake [[Jihar Borno]].<ref name="Naij">{{cite web|last1=Akinrujomu|first1=Akinyemi|title=Pres. Buhari salutes late Army commander Lt. Col. Abu Ali|url=https://www.naij.com/1037518-buhari-reacts-gallantly-death-top-army-commander-killed-boko-haram.html|website=Naij.com|accessdate=20 December 2016}}</ref> == Anazarci == {{DEFAULTSORT:Ali Abu, Muhammad}} [[Category:Mutanen Nijeriya]] cfg7bdh668lul5hmd5n61x46wc38sn2 0 9987 894045 891790 2026-08-10T07:10:42Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Manazarta */ 894045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Orlu''' na daya daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan hukumomi]]n dake a [[Jihar Imo|jihar Imo]] a kudu maso Gabas, [[Nijeriya]]. Sannan a kwai lambar aika sako kamar haka 473211 . <gallery> File:Orlu_town_2_Imo_state_Nigeria.jpg|Orlu File:Orlu_town,_Imo_State,_Nigeria.jpg|Garin Orlu </gallery> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Imo]] ==Further reading== * Chuku, Gloria (2004) ''Igbo Women and Economic Transformation in Southeastern Nigeria, 1900-1960'' (Routledge) ==External links== {{wikivoyage inline|Orlu}} * [http://www.umunaonline.com/ Umuna Town Development Union] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216143333/http://umunaonline.com/ |date=2009-02-16 }} * [http://www.orlutownusa.com/ Orlu Town, USA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329112032/http://orlutownusa.com/ |date=2007-03-29 }} * [http://www.amike.org.uk/ Amike Development Union - Orlu, (UK & Ireland Chapter)]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.fadama.net/HTML/state_details.php?state=Imo/ Mgbee Autonomous Community - Orlu LGA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311185801/http://www.fadama.net/HTML/state_details.php?state=Imo/ |date=2012-03-11 }} * [http://www.geopostcodes.com/index.php?pg=browse&grp=1&sort=1&niv=5&id=127903&l=0/ Towns in Orlu Local Government Area] * [http://mycyberict.com/nigeria_zip_codes/orlu_1/ Orlu L.G.A List of Towns and Villages Zip Codes] {{Coord|05|47|47|N| 07|02|20|E|region:NG_type:city(9636)|display=title}}{{LGAs and communities of Imo State}}{{Populated places of Imo State}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Local government areas in Imo State]] [[Category:Cities in Imo State]] [[Category:Cities in Nigeria]] kvaarfil8l15etcykmwun8745uwu8c2 0 11259 893879 892366 2026-08-09T20:16:48Z Der-Wir-Ing 14522 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/892366|892366]] by [[Special:Contributions/Baffa ali|Baffa ali]] ([[User talk:Baffa ali|talk]]) 893879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Lens_-_Girondins_de_Bordeaux_(19-09-2020)_73.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Youssouf Sabaly]] '''Youssouf Sabaly''' (an haife shi a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da uku 1993). Agarin [[Le Chesnay]], a ƙasar [[Faransa]]) shi ne ɗan wasan [[ƙwallon ƙafa]] ta ƙasar [[Senegal]]. Ya buga wasan ƙwallo ma Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙasar Senegal daga shekara ta dubu biyu da sha bakwae 2017. [[File:Youssouf_Sabaly.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Youssouf Sabaly]] {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Sabaly, Youssouf}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Senegal]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1993]] ijo3yyi10s81afksyrmklg075trwybv 0 11938 893931 446729 2026-08-09T22:54:50Z Baffa ali 47435 893931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Liverpool vs. Chelsea, UEFA Super Cup 2019-08-14 35.jpg|thumb|tomori in action ]] [[File:Chelsea 1 Liverpool 2 (48782246973).jpg|thumb|fikayo tomori a wasan su da Liverpool ]] [[File:Chelsea 2 Sheffield Utd 2 (48655105763).jpg|thumb|fikayo tomori a wasan su da shieffle utd]] '''Oluwafikayomi Oluwadamilola "Fikayo" Tomori''' (an Haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Disamba a shekra ta 1997) ya kasance kwararren ɗanwasan [[ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne,wanda ke buga wasa a ƙungiyar kulub din [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]].Ya wakilci ƙasar Canada da England a matakan wasan matasa. ==Matakin wasa== ===Chelsea=== ====2005–16: Matakin matasa==== [[File:Tomori vs Liverpool 2019.jpg|thumb|Tomorrow a cikin filin wasa]] Tomori ya fara wasa a [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] a matakin under-8 level inda ya kai ga har zuwa matakin akademy.<ref name="Fikayo Tomori">{{Cite news |title=Fikayo Tomori |url=http://thechels.info/wiki/Fikayo_Tomori |publisher=TheChels.info}}</ref> Ya kasance daga cikin matasan Chelsea waɗanda suka lashe gasar [[UEFA Youth League]] har sau biyu a jere kuma da lashe [[FA Youth Cup]] a 2015 da 2016.<ref name="Fikayo Tomori"/> A 11 Mayu 2016, Tomori an sanya shi a cikin yan wasan na benci na Kulub din Chelsea tare da abokin wasansa, kamar [[Tammy Abraham]] da [[Kasey Palmer]], a wasan da Chelsea ta buga 1–1 da [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]. Duk da haka, bai sami damar buga wasa na biyu ba a [[Anfield]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Liverpool 1–1 Chelsea |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/35738639 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=11 May 2016}}</ref> A 15 Mayu 2016, A wasan Chelsea na karshen kakar 2015/16, Tomori ya samu daman buga wasa da sukayi 1–1 da [[Premier League]] champions [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]], inda ya canji [[Branislav Ivanović]] a minti na 60th.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chelsea 1–1 Leicester City |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36240331 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=15 May 2016}}</ref> Tomori ya samu shiga cikin waɗanda suka je ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka dan yin wasannin gabanin kaka, amma bai samu ya buga wasa ko ɗaya ba Tamuri ya koma kungiyan AC Milan a matsayin aro inda har yanzu Yana buga Wasa a chan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/international/world/international-champions-cup/2016/north-america/r34980/ |title=Summary: International Champions Cup |accessdate=15 September 2016}}</ref> A 1 Augusta 2016, Tomori ya sanya hannu a kwantaragi na shekara huɗu a 2016–17.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tomori new deal on tour|url=http://www.chelseafc.com/news/latest-news/2016/07/tomori-signs-new-deal-on-tour.html |publisher=Chelsea F.C. |date=1 August 2016 |accessdate=1 August 2016}}</ref> A 12 Augusta 2016, Tomori ya sanya riga lamba 33 gabanin fara kakar shekarar wanda canji ne daga 43 da ya fara sawa da farko.<ref>{{cite web|title=Squad list announced|url=http://www.chelseafc.com/news/latest-news/2016/08/squad-list-announced.html|publisher=Chelsea F.C.|accessdate=12 August 2015}}</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Tomori, Fikayo}} j2kftisznezrfepsihjjj6nhvvsjpz2 893934 893931 2026-08-09T22:56:34Z Baffa ali 47435 893934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Liverpool vs. Chelsea, UEFA Super Cup 2019-08-14 35.jpg|thumb|tomori in action ]] [[File:Chelsea 1 Liverpool 2 (48782246973).jpg|thumb|fikayo tomori a wasan su da Liverpool ]] [[File:Chelsea 2 Sheffield Utd 2 (48655105763).jpg|thumb|fikayo tomori a wasan su da shieffle utd]] '''Oluwafikayomi Oluwadamilola "Fikayo" Tomori''' (an Haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Disamba a shekra ta 1997) ya kasance kwararren ɗanwasan [[ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne,wanda ke buga wasa a ƙungiyar kulub din [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]].Ya wakilci ƙasar Canada da England a matakan wasan matasa. ==Matakin wasa== ===Chelsea=== ====2005–16: Matakin matasa==== [[File:Tomori vs Liverpool 2019.jpg|thumb|Tomorrow a cikin filin wasa]] Tomori ya fara wasa a [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] a matakin under-8 level inda ya kai ga har zuwa matakin akademy.<ref name="Fikayo Tomori">{{Cite news |title=Fikayo Tomori |url=http://thechels.info/wiki/Fikayo_Tomori |publisher=TheChels.info}}</ref> Ya kasance daga cikin matasan Chelsea waɗanda suka lashe gasar [[UEFA Youth League]] har sau biyu a jere kuma da lashe [[FA Youth Cup]] a 2015 da 2016.<ref name="Fikayo Tomori"/> A 11 Mayu 2016, Tomori an sanya shi a cikin yan wasan na benci na Kulub din Chelsea tare da abokin wasansa, kamar [[Tammy Abraham]] da [[Kasey Palmer]], a wasan da Chelsea ta buga 1–1 da [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]. Duk da haka, bai sami damar buga wasa na biyu ba a [[Anfield]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Liverpool 1–1 Chelsea |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/35738639 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=11 May 2016}}</ref> A 15 Mayu 2016, A wasan Chelsea na karshen kakar 2015/16, Tomori ya samu daman buga wasa da sukayi 1–1 da [[Premier League]] champions [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]], inda ya canji [[Branislav Ivanović]] a minti na 60th.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chelsea 1–1 Leicester City |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36240331 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=15 May 2016}}</ref> Tomori ya samu shiga cikin waɗanda suka je ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka dan yin wasannin gabanin kaka, amma bai samu ya buga wasa ko ɗaya ba Tamuri ya koma kungiyan AC Milan a matsayin aro inda har yanzu Yana buga Wasa a chan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/international/world/international-champions-cup/2016/north-america/r34980/ |title=Summary: International Champions Cup |accessdate=15 September 2016}}</ref> A 1 Augusta 2016, Tomori ya sanya hannu a kwantaragi na shekara huɗu a 2016–17.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tomori new deal on tour|url=http://www.chelseafc.com/news/latest-news/2016/07/tomori-signs-new-deal-on-tour.html |publisher=Chelsea F.C. |date=1 August 2016 |accessdate=1 August 2016}}</ref> A 12 Augusta 2016, Tomori ya sanya riga lamba 33 gabanin fara kakar shekarar wanda canji ne daga 43 da ya fara sawa da farko.<ref>{{cite web|title=Squad list announced|url=http://www.chelseafc.com/news/latest-news/2016/08/squad-list-announced.html|publisher=Chelsea F.C.|accessdate=12 August 2015}}</ref> sannan baiyi karatuba. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Tomori, Fikayo}} bsvdlz49uaboo2dyolqfm9yxlmbjbhf 0 12563 893877 892370 2026-08-09T20:16:14Z Der-Wir-Ing 14522 wrong language 893877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kauyanci''' (Lipkanci ko Kariya ko Vinahe ko Wiihe) harshen Chadic a [[Nijeriya]] ne. {{Stub}} *[[Harsunan Najeriya]] ==Manazarta== {{Kauyanci}} [[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]] [[Category:Harsunan Chadic]] 7314b0pryzzbbmpsjzhhl27q2mpfxzu 0 13440 894058 467341 2026-08-10T07:52:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ümmü Kiraz''' (an haife ta a Satumbar 27, 1982 a Acıpayam, Lardin Denizli, Turkiya) mace ce mai tseren gudu ta [[Turkiyya|Turkiya]], wacce ta kware a tseren fanfalaki . Ta kuma kasance memba na Denizli Belediyespor kafin ta koma Kasımpaşaspor a Istanbul, inda Öznur Hatipoğlu ke horar da Kiraz.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.24dakika.com/news_detail.php?id=3117 |newspaper=24 Dakika |title=Denizlili milli atletin büyük başarısı |language=Turkish |accessdate=2012-03-30 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305052008/http://www.24dakika.com/news_detail.php?id=3117 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Na {{Convert|163|cm|ftin}} tsalle-tsalle mai tsayi a {{Convert|48|kg|lb}} dalibi ne na ilimin motsa jiki da motsa jiki a kwalejin koyar da sana'a ta Jami'ar Pamukkale . <ref name="gsb">{{cite web |url=http://www.gsb.gov.tr/londra2012/site/sporcular.asp?nameid=372 |publisher=Gençlik ve Spor Bakanlığı-Türk Sporcular 2012 Londra Olimpiyatlarında |title=Sporcular/Atletizm-Ümmü Kiraz |language=Turkish |accessdate=2012-05-25 |archive-date=2013-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005101614/http://www.gsb.gov.tr/londra2012/site/sporcular.asp?nameid=372 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2012 Marathon na Adana Half na 2012, Kiraz ta zo na biyu bayan [[Bahar Doharan]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://spor.haberler.com/adana-da-yagmura-ragmen-maraton-buyuk-ilgi-gordu-3249134-haberi/ |newspaper=Spor Haberler |title=Adana'da Yağmura Rağmen Maraton Büyük İlgi Gördü |date=2012-01-08 |language=Turkish |accessdate=2012-03-30 |archive-date=2014-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714183239/http://spor.haberler.com/adana-da-yagmura-ragmen-maraton-buyuk-ilgi-gordu-3249134-haberi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta gama gudun fanfalaki na Tarsus na shekarar 2012 a matsayi na uku..<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.milligazete.com.tr/haber/yazdir/233900 |newspaper=Milli Gazete |title=Etiyopya damgası |date=2012-03-26 |language=Turkish |accessdate=2012-03-30 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ümmü Kiraz ta cancanci shiga gasar gudun fanfalaki a gasar olimpics ta shekarar 2012 a [[Landan|London]], inda ta gama a matsayi na 89. <ref>http://www.olympic.org/olympic-results/london-2012/athletics/marathon-w</ref> A wasan rabin marathon na wasannin Gasar Rum a 2013 a Mersin, ta kare a matsayi na uku (3)(1:16:51) <ref>[http://info.mersin2013.gov.tr/pdf/AT/ATW098101..C73K.ENG.1.0.pdf Official result of Mediterranean Games]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[File:Rasa Drazdauskaitė.jpg|thumb|Ümmü Kiraz]] A shekarar 2015 ta dakatar da 2 shekaru 2011 nazarin halittu fasfo magudi. == Kokarin kanta == Dangane da bayanan All-Athletics da IAAF, mafi kyawun lokutan ta daga watan Afrilun shekarar 2015 sune:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.all-athletics.com/node/149687 |publisher=All-Athletics |title=Profile of Ümmü Kiraz |accessdate=2012-03-20 |archive-date=2017-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312070305/http://www.all-athletics.com/node/149687 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/turkey/ummu-kiraz-241613</ref> * 1500 m 4: 44.85 - [[Ankara]] (TUR), 20.05.2006 * 3000 m 10: 28.48 - Ankara (TUR), 21.05.2006 * 10,000 m 33: 10.85 - Skopje (MKD), 07.06.2014 * 15 &nbsp; km hanya 54:42 - [[Istanbul]] (TUR), 28.10.2007 * Marathon 1:12:19 - Tarsus, Mersin (TUR), 25.03.2012 * [[File:Women's Marathon London 2012 002 (cropped2).jpg|thumb|Ümmü Kiraz]]Marathon 2:32:52 - Istanbul (TUR), 16.11.2014 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} jq75nyarmalnd33e8roiszwyjjm3055 0 13573 893943 892981 2026-08-09T23:11:22Z M I Idrees 13015 /* */ 893943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Maryam Bukar Hassan''' (an haife ta ranar 25 ga Watan Disamba shekarar 1996), wanda kuma aka fi sani da '''Alhanislam'''<ref>https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/32044</ref> (mawakiyar baka) a [[Najeriya]], mawakiyar magana, mai fafutukar zaman lafiya, mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata da yara mata, kuma mai ba da shawara. Maryam tana daga cikin masu fafutukar [[Wanyewar Zaman Lafiya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], kodinetan kamfe na [[Change.org]] a Najeriya, kuma mai cimma burin [[Gidauniyar Bill & Melinda Gates]]. Tana amfani da muryarta a wajen kawo canjin zamantakewa da kuma adalci, musamman akan matsaloli da suka shafi zaman lafiya da [[Mutuwar uwa|Mutuwa a dalilin naƙuda]]. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Maryam Bukar a [[borno]], kuma ta girma a jihar Kaduna a [[Najeriya]]. ’yar asalin garin [[Biu]] ce ta Jihar [[Borno]]. Ita kadai ce ‘ya a wajan Hauwa Maina( jaruma a masana'antar fim ta Hausa kanniwud). Ta yi karatun sakandare a makarantar Uncle Bado [[Memorial]] College Kaduna, sannan ta karanci fasahar sadarwa a Jami’ar Radford University College Ghana, wacce ke da alaka da Jami’ar Kwame [[Nkrumah]]. == Sana'a da nasarori == Maryam ta yi magana a wurare daban-daban da dandamali, kamar Aké Arts and Book Festival, Kaduna Book and Arts Festival, Harmony for [[Humanity]] concert wanda Ofishin Jakadancin [[Amurka]] ya shirya don girmama Daniel Pearl, Taro na Ci Gaban Ci Gaba (SDGs), Taron Gine-ginen Gudanar da Mulkin [[Afirka]], bikin cika shekaru 75 na ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Babban taron tattaunawa na Tarayyar Afirka 8th 2019 a Kampala, Uganda, Global Citizen Live, da kari da yawa. [[Fayil:Maryam Bukar Hassan.jpg|thumb|Maryam Bukar Hassan]] A cikin 2017, ta fitar da kundi na kalmar magana a cikin Zuciyar Silence, wanda ke magance batutuwan zamantakewa daban-daban na rayuwa. == Duba kuma == * [[List of Nigerian musicians|Jerin mawakan Najeriya]] * [[:en:List_of_female_poets|Jerin mawakan mata]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1996]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ay4yn5cf19r2z2jdm3nbvwjrt0fdip7 0 13761 893944 824930 2026-08-09T23:12:53Z M I Idrees 13015 /* */ 893944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Aisha Augie-Kuta''' {{Audio|Ha-Aisha Augie-Kuta.ogg|Aisha Augie-Kuta}} (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta alif 1980) ta kuma kasance mai daukar [[hoto]] ce a [[Najeriya]] kuma mai shirya fim mazauniyar [[Abuja]].<ref name="gotevbe">{{cite news|last=Gotevbe|first=Victor|title=I see opportunities everywhere|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/01/i-see-opportunities-everywhere-aisha-augie-kuta/|accessdate=17 July 2013|newspaper=Vanguard Nigeria Newspaper|date=21 January 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://leadership.ng/entertainment/376592/augie-kutas-quest-entrepreneurship-development "Augie-Kuta’s Quest For Entrepreneurship Development"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402130125/http://leadership.ng/entertainment/376592/augie-kutas-quest-entrepreneurship-development|date=2 April 2015}}. ''Leadership''. 1 July 2014</ref> Ita bahaushiya ce, [[Hausawa|Hausa]] daga [[Argungu]] ƙaramar hukuma a Jihar [[Kebbi]] a arewacin Nijeriya.<ref name="ynaija">{{cite web|last=Inyang|first=Ifreke|title=From the Magazine: Picture Perfect!|url=http://www.ynaija.com/from-the-magazine-picture-perfect/|publisher=Ynaija|accessdate=17 July 2013}}</ref> Ta lashe lambar yabo na ''Creative Artist of the year a shekarar 2011 The Future Awards.'' Augie-kut itace har ila yau mai bada shawara ga ''Special Adviser (Digital Communications Strategy) Federal Minister of Finance, Budget and National Planning.'' Kafin wannan mukamin ita ce ''Senior Special adviser'' ga gwamnan jihar Kebbi akan labarai da kafafen sadarwa na jihar. == Tarihi == An haifi Aisha Adamu Augie a Garin [[Zariya|Zaria]], [[Kaduna (jiha)|Kaduna State]], Nigeria, Augie-Kuta ita yarinyar Senator Adamu Baba Augie (politician/broadcaster), da mamanta Justice Amina Augie (JSC). Augie-Kuta ta fara son ɗaukar hoto ne tun sanda babanta ya bata kamera tun tana yarinya.. Augie-Kuta ta samun digiri a fannin Mass Communication daga [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Ahmadu Bello University]] Zaria Kuma ta karanta MSc a Media and communication at the Pan African University, Lagos (Now Pan Atlantic University). Ta yi aure tana da yara uku. Augie-Kuta nada certificates a digital filmmaking daga New York Film Academy da kuma gudanar da Chelsea College of Arts, London, UK. Augie-Kuta ta zama Mataimakiyar Shugaban Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Shugabancin Najeriya (NLI) a watan Mayu shekarar 2011. Ita ce kuma mataimakiyar shugabar Mata a Fim da Talabijin a Najeriya (WIFTIN) babi ta Yammacin Afirka na cibiyar sadarwar Amurka. Ta haɗa gwiwa da Photowagon, wata ƙungiyar ɗaukar hoto ta Najeriya, a shekara ta 2009.<ref>{{cite web|last=McKenzie|first=Sheenah|title=Filmmaker aims to explode Africa 'bombs and bullets' myth|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/25/world/africa/africa-stereotypes-kickstarter|publisher=CNN|accessdate=18 July 2013}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, an hada Augie-Kuta, tare da wasu matan Najeriya guda 50, a cikin wani littafi da kuma nune-nunen bikin kasa da shekaru 50 @ 50 da goyan bayan Mata suka Canji. A cikin shekarar 2014, Augie-Kuta ta gudanar da bikin bajinta na farko mai daukar hoto, mai suna ''Alternative Evil'' . <ref>[http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/168433-augie-kuta-focuses-on-alternative-evil-in-first-solo-exhibition.html "Augie-Kuta focuses on Alternative Evil in first solo exhibition"]. ''Premium Times''. 23 September 2014.</ref> Ta ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban yarinya / samari da ginin al'umma. Ta kasance wani m gudanarwa a shekara-shekara taro na daukan hoto, Najeriya Photography nuni & Conference.   wani mai gabatar da kara da mai magana a cikin al'amuran daban-daban;   kuma ta yi magana a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na TEDx a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/23813|title=TEDxMaitama {{!}} TED|website=www.ted.com|access-date=20 November 2018}}</ref> An rantsar da Augie-Kuta a matsayin babbar mai ba da shawara ga mata ta UNICEF a fannin Ilimi tare da mai da hankali kan 'yan mata da matasa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kebbi inaugurates Hilwa group tomorrow – faces international magazine|url=http://facesinternationalmagazine.org.ng/?p=9358|website=facesinternationalmagazine.org.ng|accessdate=16 October 2017|archive-date=8 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508033110/https://facesinternationalmagazine.org.ng/?p=9358|url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2018, Augie-Kuta ita ce wakilin wakilin sashin zane-zane na Najeriya wanda ta sadu da mai martabarsa ta Royal Highness [[Charles, Yariman Wales|Charles, Yarima na Wales]] a majalissar Burtaniya da ke Legas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/KBStGovt/status/1061929463351599104|title=Last week, Aisha Augie Kuta @AishaAK49, the SSA to the Kebbi State Governor on New Media met with HRH Prince Charles as a representative for the Nigerian Visual Arts sector at the British Council in Lagos. #RoyalVisitNigeria @ClarenceHousepic.twitter.com/NNZu4pImqw|last=Government|first=Kebbi State|date=12 November 2018|website=@KBStGovt|access-date=14 April 2019}}{{Primary source inline|date=October 2019}}</ref> Augie-Kuta ita ce mace mace ta farko da ta fara takarar kujerar majalisar wakilai a karkashin babbar jam’iyya a zaben Majalisar Tarayya ta Argungu-Augie a jihar Kebbi, Najeriya. Augie-Kuta ita ce mai gabatarwa a kai a kai yayin taron masu daukar hoto na shekara-shekara, Nigeria Expo Expo & Conference; mai gabatar da kara da mai magana a taron daban-daban; ya kuma yi magana a taron TEDx a Najeriya. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimaki na Musamman ga Gwamnan Jihar [[Kebbi]], Najeriya a Sabuwar Media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/195725-kebbi-governor-appoints-female-photojournalist-ssa-new-media.html|title=Kebbi Governor appoints female photojournalist SSA new media|last=Lere|first=Mohammed|date=25 December 2015|website=Premium Times|access-date=18 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@TEDxMaitama/speaker-profile-aisha-augie-kuta-29edb6527ab3|title=Speaker Profile, TEDx|date=2 August 2017|website=Medium|access-date=18 October 2017}}</ref> A yanzu haka tana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman ga ministar kudi, kasafin kudi da tsare-tsare na kasa, [[Zainab Ahmed|Misis Zainab Shamsuna Ahmed]] . == Kyaututtuka == * 2011: Nasara, Kirkirar Mawakiyar Kyauta na shekarar a kyaututtuka masu zuwa. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://thefutureafrica.com/awards/winners-2011/|title=Winners 2011 The Future Awards|publisher=[[The Future Awards|The Future Project]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624145622/http://thefutureafrica.com/awards/winners-2011/|archivedate=24 June 2013|url-status=dead|accessdate=17 July 2013}}</ref> * 2014: Kyautar 'yar uwa ga mai daukar hoto na shekarar. <ref>{{cite web|title=See fun photos of Mo Abudu's 50th birthday party|url=http://thenet.ng/2014/09/see-fun-photos-of-mo-abudus-50th-birthday-party/|website=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]]|accessdate=16 October 2017|date=14 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016180356/http://thenet.ng/2014/09/see-fun-photos-of-mo-abudus-50th-birthday-party/|archive-date=16 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2014: Winner, British Council 'Ta hanyar-My-Eyes' gasar.<ref>{{cite web|title=The British Council announces the winners of its Through my Eyes competition.|url=http://ebonylifetv.com/the-british-council-announces-the-winners-of-its-through-my-eyes-competition/|publisher=EbonyLife TV|accessdate=16 October 2017|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092649/http://ebonylifetv.com/the-british-council-announces-the-winners-of-its-through-my-eyes-competition/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Shekarar 2015: Ambasada, Makon Sati na Legas * Shekarar 2016: Kyautar Kyauta, (Jagoranci & Bauta ga Al'umma), Junior Chamber International * 2016: Manyan Youngan kasuwar Nigerianan Najeriyar bakwai, ''Shugabanci'' * Shekarar 2016: HiLWA: Babban Mai Taimakawa Mata, (Ilimin Yaran Mace da Karamin Lafiya) Hukumar UNICEF / Kebbi State Government * 2016: ellowan ellowungiyar, Fungiyar Haɗin Kai na Koriya ta Arewa == Nunin Nunin == * ''Shekaru 50 kafin ta gaban matan Najeriya'', Legas, (Schlumberger, Ofishin Jakadancin Masarautar Netherlands, Gidauniyar Mawakan Afirka).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/others/how-female-artists-view-nigeria-at-50/3702.html|title=How female artists view Nigeria at 50|last=Offlong|first=Adie|date=3 April 2010|website=Daily Trust|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215622/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/others/how-female-artists-view-nigeria-at-50/3702.html|archive-date=19 October 2017|access-date=19 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''Shekaru 50 A Gabatar Da Idon Matan Najeriya'', Abuja, Nigeria; Afrilu 2010 (Transcorp Hilton, Ofishin Jakadancin Masarautar Netherlands, Gidauniyar Mawakan Afirka).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/weekly/index.php/arts-extra/6158-nigerian-art-seen-through-womens-eyes|title=Nigerian art seen through women's eyes|last=Offiong|first=Adie Vanessa|date=23 April 2010|newspaper=Daily Trust|accessdate=19 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019163500/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/weekly/index.php/arts-extra/6158-nigerian-art-seen-through-womens-eyes|archive-date=19 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''Anan da Yanzu: Artical na Najeriya da Ghana'', New York City, Oktoba 2010 (Iroko Arts Consultants, Ronke Ekwensi).   * ''Takaitaccen Tsarin: Ciwon Canjin'', Nunin Nazarin, Abuja, Nigeria, Oktoba 2010 (Kayan bincike na Medicaid, Tsarin Pinc, Aisha & Aicha)   * ''Ni Najeriya; Hotunan Photowagon'', Abuja, Nigeria, Disamba 2010 (Hoto na Photowagon, Tsinkayen Pyramid) * ''Ruwa da Tsabta'', Gidauniyar ''Mawakan'' Afirka, Legas, Nigeria, Satumba 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africanartists.org/exhibition/water-and-purity|title=Water and Purity: A conceptual art exhibition featuring seven female artists|website=African Artists' Foundation|access-date=19 October 2017|archive-date=6 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306163924/http://www.africanartists.org/exhibition/water-and-purity|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''Nunin Hoton daukar hoto na ƙarni na Najeriya'', Yuli 2014 <ref>[http://artcentron.com/2014/07/20/photography-exhibition-details-nigerias-centenary-history-and-heritage/ "Photography Exhibition Details Nigeria’s Centenary History and Heritage"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914062440/http://artcentron.com/2014/07/20/photography-exhibition-details-nigerias-centenary-history-and-heritage/ |date=2014-09-14 }}. ''ArtCentron''</ref> * ''Al'adun kayan tarihi'', Hotunan Hoto na Legas, Oktoba-Nuwamba 2014<ref>{{cite web|title=International art festival of photography in Nigeria|url=http://www.lagosphotofestival.com/exhibit/material-culture-|website=LagosPhoto|accessdate=16 October 2017}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lagos photo festival: Turning negatives into positives|url=http://www.aquila-style.com/focus-points/global-snapshots/lagos-photo-festival-2014/87009/|website=aquila-style.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref> * ''Muguwar mugunta,'' Nuna M Shahararriyar Watsa Labarai, IICD Abuja, Nigeria 2014 * ''Miloli marasa yawa'', Nunin Jirgin Najeriya, Miliki Legas, Najeriya 2016 * ''Kafin, Kafin & Yanzu, Yanzu,'' Mira Forum, Art Tafeta Porto, Portugal, 2016 * ''Don alamar sabbin abubuwan farawa'' : Afirka Steeze na Los Angeles, Amurka, 2016 * ''Amfani da hasken rana,'' Tsarin Muhalli na tarin Abuja, Najeriya, 2015 * ''Hotunan Neman hoto'', Tsarin Kirkirar zane a Cibiyar Fina-Finan Abuja, Najeriya, 2015 == Littattafai data buga == * 50@50 Nigerian Women: The journey so far . Najeriya: Rimson Associates. 2010. pp.   32-35. ISBN   <bdi> 50@50 Nigerian Women: The journey so far </bdi> 50@50 Nigerian Women: The journey so far * List of Nigerian film producers == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Augie-Kuta, Aisha}} 9k0mi05kn9oi1dq2iy7s8f7l1i0yga3 0 13779 893878 892367 2026-08-09T20:16:33Z Der-Wir-Ing 14522 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/892367|892367]] by [[Special:Contributions/Baffa ali|Baffa ali]] ([[User talk:Baffa ali|talk]]) 893878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sammy Oziti''' (an haife ta ne a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu, [[1983]] ) - [[Nijeriya|Yar'wasan Najeriya]] ce wacce take fafatawa a gasar daukar nauyi a [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] . Ta dauki matsayi na 23 a gasar cin kofin duniya a 2006 . Gasar Zakarun Afirka a 2003 da ta biyu a 2007 . Sau shida tana lashe lambobin zakarun Afirka a shekarun 2006 - 2012 . Gwarzon kungiyar kasashen Afirka a 2005 da 2013 . {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mata]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1983]] 5ghm5mypa0r3npud357hk4ib1ehbbih 0 13881 893741 866958 2026-08-09T16:35:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Toke Makinwa''' (an haife ta ne a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar ta alif 1984) yar asalin gidan rediyo ce na [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]], mai watsa shirye-shiryen a talabijin, mai watsa bidiyo kuma a yanar gizo, 'yar kasuwa mai rayuwa da marubuciya. An san ta da zazzabin ''The Morning Drive'' akan Rahthm 93.7 FM da kuma jerin shirye-shiryen bidiyo na YouTube na ''Toke Moments'' . Ta saki littafinta ''On Becoming'' a watan Nuwamban shekarar 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lailasblog.com/court-dissolves-toke-makinwas-marriage/|title=Court finally dissolves Toke Makinwa’s marriage|publisher=lailasblog.com|accessdate=6 October 2017|archive-date=8 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008130718/http://www.lailasblog.com/court-dissolves-toke-makinwas-marriage/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/01/21/official-photos-toke-makinwa-maje-ayidas-surprise-wedding/|title=Toke and Maje surprise wedding ceremony|publisher=bellanaija.com|accessdate=7 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.informationng.com/2015/07/toke-makinwas-husband-maje-makes-first-public-appearance-alone-weeks-marriage-crisis.html|title=Toke Makinwa’s Husband, Maje Makes First Public Appearance ‘ALONE’ Weeks After Marriage Crisis - INFORMATION NIGERIA|website=INFORMATION NIGERIA|access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uberstyle.org/2016/03/01/toke-makinwa-is-the-new-brand-ambassador-for-mecran-cosmeticsget-the-scoop/|title=TOKE MAKINWA IS THE NEW BRAND AMBASSADOR FOR MECRAN COSMETICS…GET THE SCOOP!|access-date=30 May 2016|archive-date=10 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610035102/http://uberstyle.org/2016/03/01/toke-makinwa-is-the-new-brand-ambassador-for-mecran-cosmeticsget-the-scoop/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/06/17/meet-lipton-teas-new-nigerian-ambassadors-darey-toke-makinwa-dan-foster-osas-ighodaro-photos-video-clips-from-their-promo-shoot/|title=Toke, Foster & Osas becomes Lipton ambassandors|publisher=bellanaija.com|date=17 June 2013|accessdate=7 June 2014}}</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da karatu == [[File:NdaniTV Fashion Insider special Toke Makinwa OAP Nov 2018.png|thumb|Toke Makinwa]] An haifi Toke Makinwa a ranar 3 ga Watan Nuwamba shekarar 1984, a [[Lagos (jiha)|jihar Legas]] . Ta halarci Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya da ke [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]] . Daga baya Makinwa ta halarci [[ Jami'ar Legas|Jami'ar Legas]], inda ta sami digiri na biyu a Turanci da [[ Littattafai|adabi]] .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/gist/from-radio-to-tv-toke-makinwa-to-get-her-own-tv-show/8ztmxrb|title=Toke Makinwa To Get Her Own TV Show|date=2014-01-10|website=www.pulse.ng|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-31|archive-date=2020-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119223815/https://www.pulse.ng/gist/from-radio-to-tv-toke-makinwa-to-get-her-own-tv-show/8ztmxrb|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2018/10/29/laura-ikeji-set-to-buy-toke-makinwas-bag/|title=Laura Ikeji Set To Buy Toke Makinwa’s Bag|date=2018-10-29|website=P.M. News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mediaguide.ng/watch-a-new-episode-of-toke-makinwas-toke-moments/|title=Watch A New Episode Of Toke Makinwa‘s ‘Toke Moments’|last=MGA1|date=2019-02-01|website=MediaGuide.NG|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-31|archive-date=2019-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327212119/https://www.mediaguide.ng/watch-a-new-episode-of-toke-makinwas-toke-moments/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ynaija.com/you-are-totally-fake-toke-makinwas-rhythm-fm-co-host-lashes-out/|title='You are totally fake' - Toke Makinwa's Rhythm FM co-host lashes out » YNaija|date=2014-02-22|website=YNaija|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Toke Makinwa|date=2019-03-27|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toke_Makinwa&oldid=889763630|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2019-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/toke-makinwa-launches-glow-by-tm/|title=Toke Makinwa launches skincare product 'Glow by TM'|date=2018-08-13|website=TheCable Lifestyle|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thenet.ng/toke-makinwa-explains-her-absence-on-3-live-chicks/|title=Toke Makinwa explains her absence on 3 Live Chicks|last=Says|first=Weapon|date=2013-03-04|website=Nigerian Entertainment Today|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-03-31}}</ref> == Aiki == [[File:Runcie C.W. Chidebe, Executive Director, Project PINK BLUE with Sen. Aisha J. Alhassan, Minister of Women Affairs & Social Dev.; Dr. Ramatu Hassan, Rep. Minister of Health, Chidinma Ekile, Toke Makinwa, Annie Idibia at World Cancer Day.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:NdaniTV Fashion Insider special Toke Makinwa OAP Nov 2018.png|thumb|Toke Makinwa]] A cikin shekarar 2010, Makinwa ta fara babban taronta na kafofin watsa labarai a Rhythm 93.7 FM ' ''The Morning Drive'' show a zaman mai ''ɗaukar'' hoto. A shekarar 2012, ta fito ta hanyar talabijin a matsayin mai karbar bakuncin kyakkyawar yarinya a Najeriya (MBGN), wacce aka watsa ta a duk fadin Najeriya. Ta yi aiki tare da Flytime TV's ''3 Live Chicks'', tare da Tosyn Bucknor da Oreka Godis. Nunin da aka gabatar a matsayin jerin shirye-shiryen yanar gizo kafin fadada zuwa talabijin mai faɗi a ƙarshen shekarar 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://koko.ng/photos-toke-makinwas-becoming-south-africa-book-tour/|title=Photos From Toke Makinwa's 'On Becoming' South Africa Book Tour|last=KOKO|date=2017-06-27|website=KOKO TV Nigeria {{!}} Nigeria News & Breaking Naija News|access-date=2019-04-01|archive-date=2021-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028140723/https://koko.ng/photos-toke-makinwas-becoming-south-africa-book-tour/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/06/18/toke-makinwas-vlog-mr-shy-guy/|title=Watch Toke Makinwa's Vlog of the week|publisher=bellanaija.com|date=18 June 2014|accessdate=17 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/spice/essence/my-relationship-with-maje-ayida-over-toke-makinwa/|title=My relationship with Maje Ayida over- Toke Makinwa|publisher=punchng.com|accessdate=2 June 2014|archive-date=2 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602200539/http://www.punchng.com/spice/essence/my-relationship-with-maje-ayida-over-toke-makinwa/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/spice/lifestyle-spice/my-wedding-idea-came-when-i-was-five-toke-makinwa/|title=My Wedding Idea came when I was 5|publisher=punchng.com|accessdate=2 June 2014|archive-date=5 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605051148/http://www.punchng.com/spice/lifestyle-spice/my-wedding-idea-came-when-i-was-five-toke-makinwa/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Makinwa ba ta sabunta kwangilarta tare da Flytime TV ba don wasan na biyu kuma daga baya takwararta ta rediyo Omalicha ta maye gurbinsa. A shekara ta 2012, Makinwa ta gabatar da jerin ''faifan'' bidiyo na YouTube na ''Toke Moments'' . A cikin watan Janairu shekarar 2014, ''Hip Hop World Magazine ta ba da'' sanarwar Makinwa a matsayin wacce ta karbi bakuncin hirar ta da kuma jerin ''gwano'' . Ta kuma samu tabo a gidan talabijin din EbonyLife a matsayin hadin gwiwar tutocin ta na nuna lokacin. Makinwa ta dauki bakuncin manyan abubuwan da suka shahara, wadanda suka hada da Kyautar shekarar 2013 Future da City People Awards, da kuma 2014 Headies Awards . Makinwa ta rasa iyayenta biyu a sanadiyar gobara lokacin da ta cika shekara 8 da haihuwa. Ta fito da rubutunta mai taken ''On Becoming'' in November 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stargist.com/2013/12/09/toke-makinwa-wins-outstanding-female-presenter-of-the-year-at-the-nigerian-broadcasters-merit-awards/|title=Toke Makinwa wins Best OAP of the year|accessdate=2 June 2014|archive-date=2 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602210742/http://stargist.com/2013/12/09/toke-makinwa-wins-outstanding-female-presenter-of-the-year-at-the-nigerian-broadcasters-merit-awards/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/toke-makinwa-launches-glow-by-tm/|title=Toke Makinwa launches skincare product 'Glow by TM'|date=2018-08-13|website=TheCable Lifestyle|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lailasblog.com/read-toke-makinwas-on-becoming-book-why/|title=Read Toke Makinwa’s ‘On Becoming’ book: Why Maje didn’t get her pregnant, begged her for money & more|publisher=lailasblog.com|date=28 November 2016|accessdate=8 October 2017|archive-date=8 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008182023/http://www.lailasblog.com/read-toke-makinwas-on-becoming-book-why/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/movies/toke-makinwas-vlog-toke-moments-marriage-the-unnecessary-pressure-from-society-id3025693.html|title=Toke Makinwa's Vlog: Toke Moments : Marriage & the Unnecessary Pressure from Society|last=Mix|first=Pulse|website=pulse.ng|access-date=30 May 2016|archive-date=30 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630112127/http://pulse.ng/movies/toke-makinwas-vlog-toke-moments-marriage-the-unnecessary-pressure-from-society-id3025693.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/11/exclusive-babygirlforlife-toke-makinwa-launches-luxury-bag-line/|title=EXCLUSIVE: #BabyGirlForLife! Toke Makinwa launches Luxury Bag Line|last=BellaNaija.com|date=2017-11-03|website=BellaNaija|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/naija-fashion/245253-toke-makinwa-maje-ayida-finalise-divorce.html|title=Toke Makinwa, Maje Ayida finalise divorce|last=Augoye|first=Jayne|date=2017-10-06|website=Premium Times Nigeria|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-04-01}}</ref> Littafin ya yi tsokaci game da gwagwarmayarsa ta sirri da kuma magance cin amanar tsohon mijinta, Maje Ayida. Makinwa ya tafi yawon shakatawa don inganta littafin. Ziyarar ta hada da Najeriya, [[Afirka ta Kudu]], Amurka, [[Birtaniya|Ingila]], da wasu sassan gabashin Afirka. A cikin shekarar 2017, Makinwa ta ƙaddamar da layin jaket a ƙarƙashin babbar alamarta, Toke Makinwa Luxury. Hakanan ta ƙaddamar da samfurin fata na fata wanda ake kira Glow by TM a cikin shekarar 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mediaguide.ng/just-one-day-launch-toke-makinwa-becomes-amazons-best-selling-author/|title=Just One Day After Launch, Toke Makinwa Becomes Amazon's Best Selling Author|last=MediaGuide|date=2016-11-29|website=MediaGuide.NG|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-01|archive-date=2020-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615172353/http://www.mediaguide.ng/just-one-day-launch-toke-makinwa-becomes-amazons-best-selling-author/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/12/toke-makinwas-on-becoming-book-launch-in-abuja-was-so-emotional-see-all-the-photos-on-bn/|title=Toke Makinwa’s “On Becoming” Book Launch in Abuja was so Emotional! See all the Photos on BN|last=BellaNaija.com|date=2016-12-20|website=BellaNaija|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gistmania.com/talk/topic,324349.0.html|title=Toke Makinwa Takes Her Book Tour To Kenya Despite Her Estranged Husband's Threat To Sue - Gistmania|date=2017-02-09|website=www.gistmania.com|access-date=2019-04-01}}</ref> == Goyon baya == A cikin shekarar 2013, Makinwa ta zama jakada a Kamfanin Kamfanin Afirka na Najeriya, tare da [[Osas Ighodaro]], Dare Art Alade da Dan Foster . Ta kuma sanya hannu kan kwangilar miliyoyin naira tare da [[ Nestlé|Nestlé]] Nigeria don zama sabuwar fuskar [[ Maggi|Maggi]] . A cikin 2016, ta zama jakadan alama da fuskar Mecran Cosmetics. Hakanan ta kasance jakadan Payporte da [[ Ciroc|Ciroc]] .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://olorisupergal.com/2017/03/27/toke-makinwa-becomes-first-female-ambassador-ciroc-nigeria/|title=Toke Makinwa becomes the first female ambassador for Ciroc in Nigeria|date=2017-03-27|website=Olori Supergal|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-01|archive-date=2019-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401061009/https://olorisupergal.com/2017/03/27/toke-makinwa-becomes-first-female-ambassador-ciroc-nigeria/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Iyabo Aina|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/04/tiwa-savage-toke-makinwa-bag-mouth-watering-deals/|title=Tiwa Savage, Toke bagg mouth watering deals with Maggi|publisher=vanguardngr.com|date=12 April 2014|accessdate=7 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/01/tayo-faniran-toke-makinwa-unveiled-payporte-ambassadors/|title=Tayo Faniran, Toke Makinwa unveiled as Payporte ambassadors|last=alexsamade|date=2015-01-29|website=Vanguard News Nigeria|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/97824-rhthymn-93-7-oap-toke-makinwa-and-maje-ayida-cancel-engagement.html|title=Toke Makinwa and Maje cancel engagement|publisher=premiumtimesng.com|accessdate=7 June 2014}}</ref> == Rayuwan ta == A ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2014, Makinwa ta auri Maje Ayida, wacce ta shafe shekaru takwas tare da ita. A shekarar 2015, ta rabu da Ayida bayan ta gano cewa ya yiwa budurwarsa tsohuwar budurwa. A ranar 5 ga Watan Oktoba shekarar 2017, wata Kotun Legas ta rusa auren Makinwa ga Ayida bisa dalilin cewa Ayida ta yi zina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stargist.com/entertainment/lists/read-10-shocking-revelations-from-toke-makinwas-book-on-becoming/|title=Read 10 Shocking Revelations From Toke Makinwa's Book, 'On Becoming' {{!}} Nigerian Celebrity News + Latest Entertainment News|website=stargist.com|access-date=2019-04-01|archive-date=2019-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327162116/https://stargist.com/entertainment/lists/read-10-shocking-revelations-from-toke-makinwas-book-on-becoming/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/toke-makinwa-parents-killed-fire/|title=How gas cylinder explosion killed Toke Makinwa's parents|date=2016-11-29|website=TheCable Lifestyle|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/12/toke-makinwa-vector-to-host-the-2013-future-awards-tonight-in-port-harcourt/|title=Toke Makinwa & Vector to Host the 2013 Future Awards Tonight in Port Harcourt|last=BellaNaija.com|date=2013-12-20|website=BellaNaija|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/09/bovi-toke-makinwa-are-the-hosts-of-the-2014-headies/|title=Bovi & Toke Makinwa are the Hosts of the 2014 Headies!|last=BellaNaija.com|date=2014-09-18|website=BellaNaija|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/01/toke-makinwa-to-host-new-show-trending-on-hip-tv-to-debut-this-january/|title=Toke Makinwa to Host New Show “Trending” on Hip TV {{!}} To Debut this January|last=BellaNaija.com|date=2014-01-10|website=BellaNaija|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thenet.ng/toke-makinwa-and-chris-okenwa-to-host-mgbn-2012/|title=Toke Makinwa and Chris Okenwa to host MGBN 2012|date=2012-05-01|website=Nigerian Entertainment Today|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Hip TV|title=TRENDING HOST TOKE MAKINWA GETS SPECIAL BIRTHDAY TREAT (Nigerian Entertainment News)|date=2014-11-05|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zDAovEgN94|access-date=2019-03-31}}</ref> == Lamban yabo == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" |- !Shekaran bada lamban girma !Lamban yabo !Aji !Sakamako !Bayanai |- |rowspan="1"|2012 | [[The Future Awards Africa|The Future Awards]] <ref>{{cite web | url=http://rhythm937.com/entertainment/d-banj-banky-w-toke-makinwa-and-others-nominated-future-awards-2012 | title=Toke Makinwa nominated for Future Awards | accessdate=6 June 2014 | archive-date=14 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714194302/http://rhythm937.com/entertainment/d-banj-banky-w-toke-makinwa-and-others-nominated-future-awards-2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/07/18/for-leaders-entrepreneurs-innovators-the-2012-future-awards-nominees-list-unveiled-wizkid-ini-edo-p-square-clarence-peters-dolapo-oni-don-jazzy-toolz-make-the-coveted-list/ |author= Damilare Aiki| title=Future Awards nominees unveiled |publisher=bellanaija.com |date=18 July 2012|accessdate=6 June 2014}}</ref> | On Air Personality of the Year (Radio) | {{nominated}} | lost to [[Tolu Oniru]] of [[The Beat 99.9 FM]] <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jaguda.com/2012/08/27/the-future-awards-2012-the-winners/ | title=2012 Future Awards Winners | publisher=jaguda.com | accessdate=6 June 2014 | archive-date=14 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162816/http://www.jaguda.com/2012/08/27/the-future-awards-2012-the-winners/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |rowspan="2"|2013 | Nigeria Broadcasters Awards <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/12/12/adora-oleh-uti-nwachukwu-karen-igho-toke-makinwa-at-the-2013-nigerian-broadcasters-merit-awards-in-lagos-full-list-of-winners/ | title=Nigeria Broadcasters Awards list of winners | publisher=bellanaija.com | date=12 December 2013|accessdate=6 June 2014}}</ref> | Outstanding Female Presenter of the Year | {{won}} | {{n/a}} |- | [[2013 Nigeria Entertainment Awards]] | Radio OAP of the Year | {{nom}} | Lost to [[Daddy Freeze|Freeze]] of Cool FM |- |rowspan="3"|2014 | [[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards]] <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/02/25/toolz-freeze-wana-wana-toke-makinwa-nominated-in-favourite-nigerian-on-air-personality-slot-for-2014-nickelodeon-kids-choice-awards/ |title=Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards nominees | publisher=bellanaija.com |date=25 February 2014| accessdate=6 June 2014}}</ref> | Favourite Nigerian On Air Personality | {{nominated}} | Lost to Freeze of Cool FM <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/02/toke-makinwa-toolz-and-others-nominated-for-the-2014-nickelodeon-kids-choice-awards.html |title=Toke Makinwa, Toolz and others for Nicklelodeon Kids Choice Awards |publisher=informationng.com |date=26 February 2014|accessdate=6 June 2014}}</ref> |- |rowspan="2"|[[2014 Nigeria Entertainment Awards]] | Entertainment Personality of the Year | {{nom}} |Lost to [[Denrele Edun|Denrele]] |- | Best OAP of the Year | {{nom}} |Lost to Yaw of Wazobia FM |- |2014 |ELOY Awards<ref>{{cite web|title=Exquisite Lady of the Year (ELOY) Awards Seyi Shay, Toke Makinwa, Mo’Cheddah, DJ Cuppy, Others Nominated|url=http://pulse.ng/events/exquisite-lady-of-the-year-eloy-awards-seyi-shay-toke-makinwa-mo-cheddah-dj-cuppy-others-nominated-id3211248.html|website=Pulse Nigeria|publisher=Chinedu Adiele|accessdate=20 October 2014|archive-date=3 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703235859/http://www.pulse.ng/events/exquisite-lady-of-the-year-eloy-awards-seyi-shay-toke-makinwa-mo-cheddah-dj-cuppy-others-nominated-id3211248.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |TV Presenter of the Year & Brand Ambassador ([[Maggi]]) | {{nom}} | |- |2017 |Glitz Awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/08/toke-makinwa-wins-style-influencer-year-glitz-style-awards-2017/|title=Toke Makinwa wins Style Influencer of the Year at Glitz Style Awards 2017|last=BellaNaija.com|date=2017-08-20|website=BellaNaija|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-01}}</ref> |Style Influencer of the Year | {{won}} |- |2017 |Avance Media<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://avancemedia.org/toke-makinwa-voted-2017-most-influential-young-nigerian-in-media-2/|title=Toke Makinwa voted 2017 Most Influential Young Nigerian in Media|last=pakpah|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-01|archive-date=2022-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702163815/https://avancemedia.org/toke-makinwa-voted-2017-most-influential-young-nigerian-in-media-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Most Influential Young Nigerian in Media | {{won}} |- |2018 |Africa Youth Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legit.ng/1190923-falz-davido-toke-makinwa-ahmed-musa-listed-100-influential-young-africans.html|title=Falz, Davido, Ahmed Musa listed among 100 most influential young Africans|last=Amodeni|first=Adunni|date=2018-09-07|website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en|access-date=2019-04-01|archive-date=2019-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401061007/https://www.legit.ng/1190923-falz-davido-toke-makinwa-ahmed-musa-listed-100-influential-young-africans.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |100 Most Influential Young Africans<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/africa-youth-awards-davido-toke-makinwa-mohammed-salah-falz-named-on-100-most/f56tklp|title=Davido, Toke Makinwa. Mohammed Salah, Falz named on 100 most influential young Africans list|date=2018-09-06|website=www.pulse.ng|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-01|archive-date=2022-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627214644/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/africa-youth-awards-davido-toke-makinwa-mohammed-salah-falz-named-on-100-most/f56tklp|url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{won}} |- |} == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Ebuka and Toke Makinwa presenting at the 2020 AMVCA.jpeg File:Ebuka and Toke Makinwa presenting at the 2020 AMVCA 21 09 06 546000.jpeg File:NdaniTV Fashion Insider special Toke Makinwa OAP Nov 2018.png File:Runcie C.W. Chidebe, Executive Director, Project PINK BLUE with Sen. Aisha J. Alhassan, Minister of Women Affairs & Social Dev.; Dr. Ramatu Hassan, Rep. Minister of Health, Chidinma Ekile, Toke Makinwa, Annie Idibia at World Cancer Day.jpg File:Ebuka and Toke Makinwa presenting at the 2020 AMVCA 21 09 09 460000.jpeg </gallery> == Manazarta == inet9mcv9xbgk6bqeu79iw9358c40gn 0 15004 893942 720397 2026-08-09T23:09:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Werewere-Liking.jpg|thumb|Werewere Liking]] [[Fayil:Were Were Liking 10.jpg|thumb|Marubu ciyace]] '''Werewere Liking''' (an haife ta a shekarar 1950, a [[Cameroon]]) wata marubuciya ce, playwright da kuma mai shirye-shirye daga [[Abidjan]], [[Côte d'Ivoire]]. Ta kafa Ki-Yi Mbock theatre troupe a 1980 da kuma kirkira Ki-Yi village a 1985 domin ilmamtar da adabin ƙirƙira na matasa. Novel din ta ''Elle sera de jaspe et de corail'' novel ne na waka da ''misovire'' yake bada labari akan yanayin rubutu guda tara. Itace mawallafiyar [[African feminism|African feminis]]<nowiki/>t theory "misovirism''."''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zabus|first=Chantal J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_GPlAgAAQBAJ|title=Out in Africa: Same-sex Desire in Sub-Saharan Literatures & Cultures|date=2013|publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd|isbn=978-1-84701-082-7|location=|pages=148|language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Were Were Liking.jpg|thumb|Werewere Liking]] Ta samu kyautar [[Prince Claus Awards|Prince Claus Award]] a 2000 domin taimakawarta ga al'adu da alumma, da kuma kyautar [[Noma Award]] a 2005 dan littafin ta ''La mémoire amputée''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nomaaward.org/press2005.shtml |title=Noma Award 2005 |access-date=2007-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304195616/http://www.nomaaward.org/press2005.shtml |archive-date=2007-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rubutu == Littafan ta sun hada da: * ''La mémoire amputée'', Nouvelles Editions Ivoiriennes (2004), {{ISBN|2-84487-236-0}} * ''Elle sera de jaspe et de corail'', Editions L'Harmattan (1983), {{ISBN|2-85802-329-8}} - trans. Marjolijn De Jager, ''It shall be of jasper and coral; and, Love-across-a-hundred-lives'' (two novels), University Press of Virginia (2000), {{ISBN|0-8139-1942-8}} * ''La puissance de Um'' (1979) and ''Une nouvelle terre'' (1980) - trans. Jeanne Dingome, ''African Ritual Theatre: The Power of Um and a New Earth'', International Scholars Pubs. (1997), {{ISBN|1-57309-066-2}} == Karin karatu == * Simon Gikandi, ''Encyclopedia of African Literature'', Routledge (2002), {{ISBN|0-415-23019-5}} - pp.&nbsp;288–9 * Katheryn Wright, ''Extending generic boundaries: Werewere Liking's L'amour-cent-vies'', in Research in African Literatures, June 2002 accessed at [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb265/is_200206/ai_n5663530]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} March 5, 2007 * Don Rubin, ''World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: Africa'', Routledge (2000), {{ISBN|0-415-22746-1}} * Nicki Hitchcott, ''Women Writers in Francophone Africa'', Berg Publishers (2000), {{ISBN|1-85973-346-8}} - focuses on [[Mariama Bâ]], [[Aminata Sow Fall]], Werewere Liking and [[Calixthe Beyala]]: see publisher's details [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927062232/http://www.bergpublishers.com/us/book_page.asp?BKTitle=Women%20Writers%20in%20Francophone%20Africa] * Peter Hawkins, ''Werewere Liking at the Villa Ki-Yi'', in African Affairs, Vol.90, No.359 (Apr. 1991), pp.&nbsp;207–222 - accessed at [https://www.jstor.org/stable/722779] March 1, 2007 == Manazarta == <references/> == Hadin waje == * [http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/WerewereLikingEng.html Werewere Liking Gnepo, University of Western Australia] * [http://www.usp.nus.edu.sg/post/africa/cameroon/liking/1.html ''Werewere Liking and Aesthetics of Necessity'', Postcolonial Web] {{DEFAULTSORT:Liking, Werewere}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] dmntgehcfyfyqfubznek1vaoouvxjjw 0 16403 894033 821993 2026-08-10T06:03:10Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Masana Ilimin Musulunci */ 894033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Flag of the Hausa people AoE3DE.svg|thumb|Tutar Hausawa]] Wannan jeri ne na mutanan [[Hausawa]], jerin ya kuma ƙunshi waɗanda suka shahara ne tun a ɓangaren ilimin [[addini]], ma'ana sanannu ne a ƙasar [[hausa]]. == Masana [[Addinin Musulunci|Ilimin Musulunci]] == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Sheikh Ibrahim Khaleel]] * [[Ahmad Abubakar Gumi]] * [[Dahiru Usman Bauchi]] * [[Isa Ali Pantami]] * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] * [[Kabiru Gombe]] * [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] * [[Sani Yahaya Jingir]] * [[Abubakar Gumi]] * [[Ahmad Sulaiman Ibrahim|Alaramma Ahmad Sulaiman]] * [[Aminu Ibrahim Daurawa]] * [[Qaribullah Nasiru Kabara]] * [[Ibrahim Ahmad Maqari]] * [[Atiku Sanka]] * [[Ahmad Tijjani Zango Bare-Bari]] * [[Umar Sani Fagge]] * [[Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemo|Dr Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemu]] {{colend}} * [[Muhammad Bello Yabo|Sheikh Bello Yabo]] * [[ Sheikh Aliyul-khawwas]] *[[Sheikh Isiaka Rabiu]] *[[Abduljabbar Nasiru Kabara]] == Sarakuna == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Abdulmumini Kabir Usman]] * [[Daurama]] * [[Faruk Umar Faruk]] * [[Amina|Queen Amina]] * [[Muhammad Rumfa]] * [[Yaji I]] * [[Yunfa]] * [[Shehu Idris]] * [[Ahmad Garba Gunna]] * [[Muhammad Bara'u Mu'azu]] * [[Sa'idu Namaska]] {{colend}} == Masana [[Ilmi|ilmin]] zamani == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} *[[Attahiru Jega]] *[[M. S. Zahraddeen]] *[[Abba Gumel]] *[[Dandatti Abdulkadir]] *[[Sarki Abba Abdulkadir]] *[[Abubakar Adamu Rasheed]] *[[Muhammad Yahuza Bello]] *[[Abdalla Uba Adamu]] *[[Rabia Salihu Sa'id]] *[[Tanko Muhammad]] *[[Abdullahi Mustapha]] *Prof. Ango Abdullahi * [[Ibrahim Garba]] {{colend}} == 'Yan [[Kasuwa (wuri)|Kasuwa]] == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Aliko Dangote]] * [[Alhassan Dantata]] [[Murtala MURG]] *[[Aminu Dantata|Alhaji Aminu Dantata]] *[[Isyaku Rabiu|Alhaji Isyaku Rabiu]] *[[Abdul Samad Rabiu|Alhaji Abdulsamad Rabiu]] *[[Bashir Dalhatu]] *[[A.A Rano]] {{colend}} * [[Alh.Nafiu Rabiu]] == [[Marubuta]] == * [[Zaynab Alkali]] * [[Abdulbaqi Jari]] * [[Fauziyya D Sulaiman]] * [[Hauwa Ali]] * [[Abubakar Imam]] * [[Sharifa Ibrahim Zarma]] * Aliyu Kamal * Danladi Zakariyya Haruna * Auwalu Salisu Ringim * Rahama Abdulmajid * Zahra,u Baba Yakasai * Shafi,U Dauda Giwa * Zuwaira gire == 'Yan Jarida == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Mallam Usman Usman]] * [[Jamilah Tangaza]] * [[Nasiru Salisu Zango]] * [[Ahmed Abba Abdullahi]] * [[Aminu Abdulkadir]] * [[Ibrahim Mijinyawa]] * [[Sulaiman Ibrahim Katsina]] * [[Elhadji Diori Coulibaly]] * [[Imam Saleh]] * [[Aisha Sharif Baffa]] * [[Auwal Ahmad Janyau]] * [[Badariya Tijjani Kalarawi]] * [[Bilkisu Babangida]] * [[Halima Umar Saleh]] * [[Haruna Shehu Tangaza]] * [[Haruna Ibrahim Kakangi]] * [[Raliya Zubairu]] * [[Sani Aliyu]] * [[Umayma Sani Abdulmumin]] * [[Umar Rayyan]] * [[Yusuf Ibrahim Yakasai]] * Khalifa Shehu Dokaji * [[Umar Shehu Elleman]] * [[Ahmad Idi Sumaila]] * [[Abdurrahman Nuraini]] * [[Umar Sa'id Tudun Wada]] * [[Ahmad Garzali Yakubu]] {{colend}} == Masana shari'a == * [[Sidi Bage]] * [[Tanko Muhammad]] == Gidan [[Soja]] == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} *[[Abdulrahman Bello Dambazau]] *[[Abdulsalam Abubakar]] *[[Ibrahim Babangida]] *[[Muhammadu Buhari]] *[[Murtala Mohammed]] *[[Sani Abacha]] *[[Mansur Dan Ali]] *[[Mamman Kontagora]] {{colend}} *[[wushishi]] == Mawaƙa == # [[Ali jita]] # [[Hamisu breaker]] # Nura m Inuwa # Umar M Shariff # Ado isa gwanja # Aminu ladan Aka # Hussaini Danko # Isah ayagi # Auta waziri === [[Gargajiya|Na Gargajiya]] === {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Mamman Shata|Alhaji Mamman Shata]] * [[Dan Maraya|Dan Maraya Jos]] *[[Dan Anace]] *[[Garba Supa]] *[[Aliyu Dandawo]] *[[Sani Aliyu Dandawo]] *[[Ibrahim Narambada]] *[[Mahammadu Dahiru - Makaho]] *[[Salihu Jan kiɗi]] *[[Kurna Maradun]] *[[Musa Ɗan Ƙwairo Maradun]] *[[Mamman Sarkin Taushin Katsina]] *[[Illan Kalgo]] *[[Sa'idu Faru]] *[[Ahmadu Ɗan Matawalle]] *[[Mu'azu Ɗan Alalo]] *[[Gawo Filinge]] *[[Ɗan Giwa Zuru]] *[[Garbaliyo Mai Goge]] *[[Audu Karen Gusau]] *[[Audu Wazirin Ɗan Duna]] *[[Adamu Ɗan Maraya Jos]] *[[Ibrahim Ɗan Mani]] *[[Mammalo Shata]] *[[Muhammadu Ganga-ganga]] *[[Uwaliya Mai Amada]] *[[Uwani Zakirai]] *[[Barmani Coge]] *[[Assha Fallatiyya]] *[[Kaka Dawa]] *[[Huruna Uji Hadeja]] *[[Sabo Sayasaya]] *[[Hasan Wayam]] *[[Daɓalo Sarkin Taushin Sarkin Kano]] *[[Sani Mai Bango]] *[[Sani Sabulu Kanowa]] *[[Sani Ɗan Indo]] *[[Ali Mai Mandula]] *[[Shehu Ajilo Ɗanguzuri]] *[[Shana Ɗan Kama]] *[[Rabo Hausawa Makaɗin Maza na Sale]] *[[Gambu Makaɗin Maza]] *[[Hamisu Sarkin Kiɗi]] *[[Adhama mai Kidan Gangi]] *[[Shafi'u Mai Gangi]] *[[Musa Ɗan Ba'u]] *[[Ibrahim Jikan Mujaddadi]] *[[Sale Gambara]] *[[Musa Dan Goma]] *[[Ibrahim Na Habu]] *[[Musa Gumel mai Gurmi]] *[[Surajo Mai Asharalle]] *[[Audu Karakara]] *[[Usman Muhammad Rabiu A.D.]] === Na Zamani === {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Nazifi Asnanic]] * [[Naziru M Ahmad]] * [[Nura M Inuwa]] * [[Sadiq Zazzabi]] * [[Ali Jita]] * [[Abubakar Sani]] {{colend}} == Ƴan Siyasa == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} *[[Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa|Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] *[[Ahmadu Bello|Ahmadu Bello Sardauna]] *[[Maitama Sule]] *[[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] *[[Isa Kaita|Alhaji Isa Kaita]] *[[Yakubu Dogara]] *[[Aminu Tambuwal]] *[[Hadiza Bala Usman]] *[[Kabir Tukur Ibrahim]] *[[Mahamadou Issoufou]] *[[Muhammadu Buhari]] *[[Mustapha Baba Shehuri]] *[[Rabiu Kwankwaso]] *[[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje|Umar Ganduje]] *[[Namadi Sambo]] *[[Umaru Dikko]] *[[Sule Lamido]] *[[Nasir Ahmed El-rufa'i]] *[[Ibrahim Shekarau]] *[[Aminu Kano]] *[[Bello Matawalle]] *[[Aminu Masari]] {{colend}} * [[Suleiman Hunkuyi]] == 'Yan sanda == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Hafiz Ringim]] * [[Suleiman Abba]] * [[Mohammed Dikko Abubakar]] * [[Suleiman Abba]] * [[Muhammad Wakili]] {{colend}} == Jaruman fina-finai == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Ali Nuhu]] * [[Adam A Zango]] * [[Hadiza Aliyu]] * [[Hafsat Idris]] * [[Rahama Sadau]] * [[Shehu Hassan Kano]] * [[Rabilu Musa]] * [[Sani Musa Danja]] * [[Saratu Gidado]] * [[Aisha Tsamiya]] * [[Momi Gombe]] {{colend}} == 'Yan Ƙwallon Ƙafa == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} *[[Ahmed Musa|Ahmed Musa (ɗan kwallo]] *[[Amadou Moutari]] *[[Habib Mohamed]] *[[Haruna Babangida]] *[[Masahudu Alhassan]] *[[Mohammed Abu]] *[[Mohammed Rabiu]] *[[Moussa Maâzou]] *[[Sani Kaita]] *[[Shehu Abdullahi]] *[[Tijani Babangida]] *[[Umar Sadiq]] *[[Mubarak Wakaso|Wakaso Mubarak]] {{colend}} ==Manazarta== * http://www.gumel.com/hausa/wakoki/wakoki.htm * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Ibrahim_Khaleel * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayero_University_Kano * https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminu_Daurawa * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanko_Muhammad * https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauziyya_D_Sulaiman * https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallam_Usman_Usman{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * https://www.bbc.com/hausa/game-da-mu-37377088 {{Reflist}} [[Category:Hausa people]] [[Category:Lists of people by ethnicity]] 2turwx47id93g33tv4r4msxkg7bo3k9 894035 894033 2026-08-10T06:07:27Z Hamza DK 12444 /* 'Yan Jarida */ 894035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Flag of the Hausa people AoE3DE.svg|thumb|Tutar Hausawa]] Wannan jeri ne na mutanan [[Hausawa]], jerin ya kuma ƙunshi waɗanda suka shahara ne tun a ɓangaren ilimin [[addini]], ma'ana sanannu ne a ƙasar [[hausa]]. == Masana [[Addinin Musulunci|Ilimin Musulunci]] == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Sheikh Ibrahim Khaleel]] * [[Ahmad Abubakar Gumi]] * [[Dahiru Usman Bauchi]] * [[Isa Ali Pantami]] * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] * [[Kabiru Gombe]] * [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] * [[Sani Yahaya Jingir]] * [[Abubakar Gumi]] * [[Ahmad Sulaiman Ibrahim|Alaramma Ahmad Sulaiman]] * [[Aminu Ibrahim Daurawa]] * [[Qaribullah Nasiru Kabara]] * [[Ibrahim Ahmad Maqari]] * [[Atiku Sanka]] * [[Ahmad Tijjani Zango Bare-Bari]] * [[Umar Sani Fagge]] * [[Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemo|Dr Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemu]] {{colend}} * [[Muhammad Bello Yabo|Sheikh Bello Yabo]] * [[ Sheikh Aliyul-khawwas]] *[[Sheikh Isiaka Rabiu]] *[[Abduljabbar Nasiru Kabara]] == Sarakuna == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Abdulmumini Kabir Usman]] * [[Daurama]] * [[Faruk Umar Faruk]] * [[Amina|Queen Amina]] * [[Muhammad Rumfa]] * [[Yaji I]] * [[Yunfa]] * [[Shehu Idris]] * [[Ahmad Garba Gunna]] * [[Muhammad Bara'u Mu'azu]] * [[Sa'idu Namaska]] {{colend}} == Masana [[Ilmi|ilmin]] zamani == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} *[[Attahiru Jega]] *[[M. S. Zahraddeen]] *[[Abba Gumel]] *[[Dandatti Abdulkadir]] *[[Sarki Abba Abdulkadir]] *[[Abubakar Adamu Rasheed]] *[[Muhammad Yahuza Bello]] *[[Abdalla Uba Adamu]] *[[Rabia Salihu Sa'id]] *[[Tanko Muhammad]] *[[Abdullahi Mustapha]] *Prof. Ango Abdullahi * [[Ibrahim Garba]] {{colend}} == 'Yan [[Kasuwa (wuri)|Kasuwa]] == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Aliko Dangote]] * [[Alhassan Dantata]] [[Murtala MURG]] *[[Aminu Dantata|Alhaji Aminu Dantata]] *[[Isyaku Rabiu|Alhaji Isyaku Rabiu]] *[[Abdul Samad Rabiu|Alhaji Abdulsamad Rabiu]] *[[Bashir Dalhatu]] *[[A.A Rano]] {{colend}} * [[Alh.Nafiu Rabiu]] == [[Marubuta]] == * [[Zaynab Alkali]] * [[Abdulbaqi Jari]] * [[Fauziyya D Sulaiman]] * [[Hauwa Ali]] * [[Abubakar Imam]] * [[Sharifa Ibrahim Zarma]] * Aliyu Kamal * Danladi Zakariyya Haruna * Auwalu Salisu Ringim * Rahama Abdulmajid * Zahra,u Baba Yakasai * Shafi,U Dauda Giwa * Zuwaira gire == 'Yan Jarida == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Mallam Usman Usman]] * [[Jamilah Tangaza]] * [[Nasiru Salisu Zango]] * [[Ahmed Abba Abdullahi]] * [[Aminu Abdulkadir]] * [[Ibrahim Mijinyawa]] * [[Sulaiman Ibrahim Katsina]] * [[Elhadji Diori Coulibaly]] * [[Imam Saleh]] * [[Aisha Sharif Baffa]] * [[Auwal Ahmad Janyau]] * [[Badariya Tijjani Kalarawi]] * [[Bilkisu Babangida]] * [[Halima Umar Saleh]] * [[Haruna Shehu Tangaza]] * [[Haruna Ibrahim Kakangi]] * [[Raliya Zubairu]] * [[Sani Aliyu]] * [[Umayma Sani Abdulmumin]] * [[Umar Rayyan]] * [[Yusuf Ibrahim Yakasai]] * Khalifa Shehu Dokaji * [[Umar Shehu Elleman]] * [[Ahmad Idi Sumaila]] * [[Abdurrahman Nuraini]] * [[Umar Sa'id Tudun Wada]] * [[Ahmad Garzali Yakubu]] *[[Zaharaddin {{colend}} == Masana shari'a == * [[Sidi Bage]] * [[Tanko Muhammad]] == Gidan [[Soja]] == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} *[[Abdulrahman Bello Dambazau]] *[[Abdulsalam Abubakar]] *[[Ibrahim Babangida]] *[[Muhammadu Buhari]] *[[Murtala Mohammed]] *[[Sani Abacha]] *[[Mansur Dan Ali]] *[[Mamman Kontagora]] {{colend}} *[[wushishi]] == Mawaƙa == # [[Ali jita]] # [[Hamisu breaker]] # Nura m Inuwa # Umar M Shariff # Ado isa gwanja # Aminu ladan Aka # Hussaini Danko # Isah ayagi # Auta waziri === [[Gargajiya|Na Gargajiya]] === {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Mamman Shata|Alhaji Mamman Shata]] * [[Dan Maraya|Dan Maraya Jos]] *[[Dan Anace]] *[[Garba Supa]] *[[Aliyu Dandawo]] *[[Sani Aliyu Dandawo]] *[[Ibrahim Narambada]] *[[Mahammadu Dahiru - Makaho]] *[[Salihu Jan kiɗi]] *[[Kurna Maradun]] *[[Musa Ɗan Ƙwairo Maradun]] *[[Mamman Sarkin Taushin Katsina]] *[[Illan Kalgo]] *[[Sa'idu Faru]] *[[Ahmadu Ɗan Matawalle]] *[[Mu'azu Ɗan Alalo]] *[[Gawo Filinge]] *[[Ɗan Giwa Zuru]] *[[Garbaliyo Mai Goge]] *[[Audu Karen Gusau]] *[[Audu Wazirin Ɗan Duna]] *[[Adamu Ɗan Maraya Jos]] *[[Ibrahim Ɗan Mani]] *[[Mammalo Shata]] *[[Muhammadu Ganga-ganga]] *[[Uwaliya Mai Amada]] *[[Uwani Zakirai]] *[[Barmani Coge]] *[[Assha Fallatiyya]] *[[Kaka Dawa]] *[[Huruna Uji Hadeja]] *[[Sabo Sayasaya]] *[[Hasan Wayam]] *[[Daɓalo Sarkin Taushin Sarkin Kano]] *[[Sani Mai Bango]] *[[Sani Sabulu Kanowa]] *[[Sani Ɗan Indo]] *[[Ali Mai Mandula]] *[[Shehu Ajilo Ɗanguzuri]] *[[Shana Ɗan Kama]] *[[Rabo Hausawa Makaɗin Maza na Sale]] *[[Gambu Makaɗin Maza]] *[[Hamisu Sarkin Kiɗi]] *[[Adhama mai Kidan Gangi]] *[[Shafi'u Mai Gangi]] *[[Musa Ɗan Ba'u]] *[[Ibrahim Jikan Mujaddadi]] *[[Sale Gambara]] *[[Musa Dan Goma]] *[[Ibrahim Na Habu]] *[[Musa Gumel mai Gurmi]] *[[Surajo Mai Asharalle]] *[[Audu Karakara]] *[[Usman Muhammad Rabiu A.D.]] === Na Zamani === {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Nazifi Asnanic]] * [[Naziru M Ahmad]] * [[Nura M Inuwa]] * [[Sadiq Zazzabi]] * [[Ali Jita]] * [[Abubakar Sani]] {{colend}} == Ƴan Siyasa == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} *[[Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa|Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] *[[Ahmadu Bello|Ahmadu Bello Sardauna]] *[[Maitama Sule]] *[[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] *[[Isa Kaita|Alhaji Isa Kaita]] *[[Yakubu Dogara]] *[[Aminu Tambuwal]] *[[Hadiza Bala Usman]] *[[Kabir Tukur Ibrahim]] *[[Mahamadou Issoufou]] *[[Muhammadu Buhari]] *[[Mustapha Baba Shehuri]] *[[Rabiu Kwankwaso]] *[[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje|Umar Ganduje]] *[[Namadi Sambo]] *[[Umaru Dikko]] *[[Sule Lamido]] *[[Nasir Ahmed El-rufa'i]] *[[Ibrahim Shekarau]] *[[Aminu Kano]] *[[Bello Matawalle]] *[[Aminu Masari]] {{colend}} * [[Suleiman Hunkuyi]] == 'Yan sanda == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Hafiz Ringim]] * [[Suleiman Abba]] * [[Mohammed Dikko Abubakar]] * [[Suleiman Abba]] * [[Muhammad Wakili]] {{colend}} == Jaruman fina-finai == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Ali Nuhu]] * [[Adam A Zango]] * [[Hadiza Aliyu]] * [[Hafsat Idris]] * [[Rahama Sadau]] * [[Shehu Hassan Kano]] * [[Rabilu Musa]] * [[Sani Musa Danja]] * [[Saratu Gidado]] * [[Aisha Tsamiya]] * [[Momi Gombe]] {{colend}} == 'Yan Ƙwallon Ƙafa == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} *[[Ahmed Musa|Ahmed Musa (ɗan kwallo]] *[[Amadou Moutari]] *[[Habib Mohamed]] *[[Haruna Babangida]] *[[Masahudu Alhassan]] *[[Mohammed Abu]] *[[Mohammed Rabiu]] *[[Moussa Maâzou]] *[[Sani Kaita]] *[[Shehu Abdullahi]] *[[Tijani Babangida]] *[[Umar Sadiq]] *[[Mubarak Wakaso|Wakaso Mubarak]] {{colend}} ==Manazarta== * http://www.gumel.com/hausa/wakoki/wakoki.htm * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Ibrahim_Khaleel * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayero_University_Kano * https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminu_Daurawa * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanko_Muhammad * https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauziyya_D_Sulaiman * https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallam_Usman_Usman{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * https://www.bbc.com/hausa/game-da-mu-37377088 {{Reflist}} [[Category:Hausa people]] [[Category:Lists of people by ethnicity]] s5vrja4o509wg37g4ipn5v40z70h47c 894036 894035 2026-08-10T06:08:19Z Hamza DK 12444 /* 'Yan Jarida */ 894036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Flag of the Hausa people AoE3DE.svg|thumb|Tutar Hausawa]] Wannan jeri ne na mutanan [[Hausawa]], jerin ya kuma ƙunshi waɗanda suka shahara ne tun a ɓangaren ilimin [[addini]], ma'ana sanannu ne a ƙasar [[hausa]]. == Masana [[Addinin Musulunci|Ilimin Musulunci]] == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Sheikh Ibrahim Khaleel]] * [[Ahmad Abubakar Gumi]] * [[Dahiru Usman Bauchi]] * [[Isa Ali Pantami]] * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] * [[Kabiru Gombe]] * [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] * [[Sani Yahaya Jingir]] * [[Abubakar Gumi]] * [[Ahmad Sulaiman Ibrahim|Alaramma Ahmad Sulaiman]] * [[Aminu Ibrahim Daurawa]] * [[Qaribullah Nasiru Kabara]] * [[Ibrahim Ahmad Maqari]] * [[Atiku Sanka]] * [[Ahmad Tijjani Zango Bare-Bari]] * [[Umar Sani Fagge]] * [[Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemo|Dr Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemu]] {{colend}} * [[Muhammad Bello Yabo|Sheikh Bello Yabo]] * [[ Sheikh Aliyul-khawwas]] *[[Sheikh Isiaka Rabiu]] *[[Abduljabbar Nasiru Kabara]] == Sarakuna == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Abdulmumini Kabir Usman]] * [[Daurama]] * [[Faruk Umar Faruk]] * [[Amina|Queen Amina]] * [[Muhammad Rumfa]] * [[Yaji I]] * [[Yunfa]] * [[Shehu Idris]] * [[Ahmad Garba Gunna]] * [[Muhammad Bara'u Mu'azu]] * [[Sa'idu Namaska]] {{colend}} == Masana [[Ilmi|ilmin]] zamani == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} *[[Attahiru Jega]] *[[M. S. Zahraddeen]] *[[Abba Gumel]] *[[Dandatti Abdulkadir]] *[[Sarki Abba Abdulkadir]] *[[Abubakar Adamu Rasheed]] *[[Muhammad Yahuza Bello]] *[[Abdalla Uba Adamu]] *[[Rabia Salihu Sa'id]] *[[Tanko Muhammad]] *[[Abdullahi Mustapha]] *Prof. Ango Abdullahi * [[Ibrahim Garba]] {{colend}} == 'Yan [[Kasuwa (wuri)|Kasuwa]] == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Aliko Dangote]] * [[Alhassan Dantata]] [[Murtala MURG]] *[[Aminu Dantata|Alhaji Aminu Dantata]] *[[Isyaku Rabiu|Alhaji Isyaku Rabiu]] *[[Abdul Samad Rabiu|Alhaji Abdulsamad Rabiu]] *[[Bashir Dalhatu]] *[[A.A Rano]] {{colend}} * [[Alh.Nafiu Rabiu]] == [[Marubuta]] == * [[Zaynab Alkali]] * [[Abdulbaqi Jari]] * [[Fauziyya D Sulaiman]] * [[Hauwa Ali]] * [[Abubakar Imam]] * [[Sharifa Ibrahim Zarma]] * Aliyu Kamal * Danladi Zakariyya Haruna * Auwalu Salisu Ringim * Rahama Abdulmajid * Zahra,u Baba Yakasai * Shafi,U Dauda Giwa * Zuwaira gire == 'Yan Jarida == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Mallam Usman Usman]] * [[Jamilah Tangaza]] * [[Nasiru Salisu Zango]] * [[Ahmed Abba Abdullahi]] * [[Aminu Abdulkadir]] * [[Ibrahim Mijinyawa]] * [[Sulaiman Ibrahim Katsina]] * [[Elhadji Diori Coulibaly]] * [[Imam Saleh]] * [[Aisha Sharif Baffa]] * [[Auwal Ahmad Janyau]] * [[Badariya Tijjani Kalarawi]] * [[Bilkisu Babangida]] * [[Halima Umar Saleh]] * [[Haruna Shehu Tangaza]] * [[Haruna Ibrahim Kakangi]] * [[Raliya Zubairu]] * [[Sani Aliyu]] * [[Umayma Sani Abdulmumin]] * [[Umar Rayyan]] * [[Yusuf Ibrahim Yakasai]] * Khalifa Shehu Dokaji * [[Umar Shehu Elleman]] * [[Ahmad Idi Sumaila]] * [[Abdurrahman Nuraini]] * [[Umar Sa'id Tudun Wada]] * [[Ahmad Garzali Yakubu]] *[[Zaharaddin Umar Dutsenkura]] {{colend}} == Masana shari'a == * [[Sidi Bage]] * [[Tanko Muhammad]] == Gidan [[Soja]] == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} *[[Abdulrahman Bello Dambazau]] *[[Abdulsalam Abubakar]] *[[Ibrahim Babangida]] *[[Muhammadu Buhari]] *[[Murtala Mohammed]] *[[Sani Abacha]] *[[Mansur Dan Ali]] *[[Mamman Kontagora]] {{colend}} *[[wushishi]] == Mawaƙa == # [[Ali jita]] # [[Hamisu breaker]] # Nura m Inuwa # Umar M Shariff # Ado isa gwanja # Aminu ladan Aka # Hussaini Danko # Isah ayagi # Auta waziri === [[Gargajiya|Na Gargajiya]] === {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Mamman Shata|Alhaji Mamman Shata]] * [[Dan Maraya|Dan Maraya Jos]] *[[Dan Anace]] *[[Garba Supa]] *[[Aliyu Dandawo]] *[[Sani Aliyu Dandawo]] *[[Ibrahim Narambada]] *[[Mahammadu Dahiru - Makaho]] *[[Salihu Jan kiɗi]] *[[Kurna Maradun]] *[[Musa Ɗan Ƙwairo Maradun]] *[[Mamman Sarkin Taushin Katsina]] *[[Illan Kalgo]] *[[Sa'idu Faru]] *[[Ahmadu Ɗan Matawalle]] *[[Mu'azu Ɗan Alalo]] *[[Gawo Filinge]] *[[Ɗan Giwa Zuru]] *[[Garbaliyo Mai Goge]] *[[Audu Karen Gusau]] *[[Audu Wazirin Ɗan Duna]] *[[Adamu Ɗan Maraya Jos]] *[[Ibrahim Ɗan Mani]] *[[Mammalo Shata]] *[[Muhammadu Ganga-ganga]] *[[Uwaliya Mai Amada]] *[[Uwani Zakirai]] *[[Barmani Coge]] *[[Assha Fallatiyya]] *[[Kaka Dawa]] *[[Huruna Uji Hadeja]] *[[Sabo Sayasaya]] *[[Hasan Wayam]] *[[Daɓalo Sarkin Taushin Sarkin Kano]] *[[Sani Mai Bango]] *[[Sani Sabulu Kanowa]] *[[Sani Ɗan Indo]] *[[Ali Mai Mandula]] *[[Shehu Ajilo Ɗanguzuri]] *[[Shana Ɗan Kama]] *[[Rabo Hausawa Makaɗin Maza na Sale]] *[[Gambu Makaɗin Maza]] *[[Hamisu Sarkin Kiɗi]] *[[Adhama mai Kidan Gangi]] *[[Shafi'u Mai Gangi]] *[[Musa Ɗan Ba'u]] *[[Ibrahim Jikan Mujaddadi]] *[[Sale Gambara]] *[[Musa Dan Goma]] *[[Ibrahim Na Habu]] *[[Musa Gumel mai Gurmi]] *[[Surajo Mai Asharalle]] *[[Audu Karakara]] *[[Usman Muhammad Rabiu A.D.]] === Na Zamani === {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Nazifi Asnanic]] * [[Naziru M Ahmad]] * [[Nura M Inuwa]] * [[Sadiq Zazzabi]] * [[Ali Jita]] * [[Abubakar Sani]] {{colend}} == Ƴan Siyasa == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} *[[Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa|Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] *[[Ahmadu Bello|Ahmadu Bello Sardauna]] *[[Maitama Sule]] *[[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] *[[Isa Kaita|Alhaji Isa Kaita]] *[[Yakubu Dogara]] *[[Aminu Tambuwal]] *[[Hadiza Bala Usman]] *[[Kabir Tukur Ibrahim]] *[[Mahamadou Issoufou]] *[[Muhammadu Buhari]] *[[Mustapha Baba Shehuri]] *[[Rabiu Kwankwaso]] *[[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje|Umar Ganduje]] *[[Namadi Sambo]] *[[Umaru Dikko]] *[[Sule Lamido]] *[[Nasir Ahmed El-rufa'i]] *[[Ibrahim Shekarau]] *[[Aminu Kano]] *[[Bello Matawalle]] *[[Aminu Masari]] {{colend}} * [[Suleiman Hunkuyi]] == 'Yan sanda == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Hafiz Ringim]] * [[Suleiman Abba]] * [[Mohammed Dikko Abubakar]] * [[Suleiman Abba]] * [[Muhammad Wakili]] {{colend}} == Jaruman fina-finai == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Ali Nuhu]] * [[Adam A Zango]] * [[Hadiza Aliyu]] * [[Hafsat Idris]] * [[Rahama Sadau]] * [[Shehu Hassan Kano]] * [[Rabilu Musa]] * [[Sani Musa Danja]] * [[Saratu Gidado]] * [[Aisha Tsamiya]] * [[Momi Gombe]] {{colend}} == 'Yan Ƙwallon Ƙafa == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} *[[Ahmed Musa|Ahmed Musa (ɗan kwallo]] *[[Amadou Moutari]] *[[Habib Mohamed]] *[[Haruna Babangida]] *[[Masahudu Alhassan]] *[[Mohammed Abu]] *[[Mohammed Rabiu]] *[[Moussa Maâzou]] *[[Sani Kaita]] *[[Shehu Abdullahi]] *[[Tijani Babangida]] *[[Umar Sadiq]] *[[Mubarak Wakaso|Wakaso Mubarak]] {{colend}} ==Manazarta== * http://www.gumel.com/hausa/wakoki/wakoki.htm * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Ibrahim_Khaleel * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayero_University_Kano * https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminu_Daurawa * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanko_Muhammad * https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauziyya_D_Sulaiman * https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallam_Usman_Usman{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * https://www.bbc.com/hausa/game-da-mu-37377088 {{Reflist}} [[Category:Hausa people]] [[Category:Lists of people by ethnicity]] 4kbw4qjwibg0k0up48taiy89ahx47du 894037 894036 2026-08-10T06:10:14Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Mawaƙa */ 894037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Flag of the Hausa people AoE3DE.svg|thumb|Tutar Hausawa]] Wannan jeri ne na mutanan [[Hausawa]], jerin ya kuma ƙunshi waɗanda suka shahara ne tun a ɓangaren ilimin [[addini]], ma'ana sanannu ne a ƙasar [[hausa]]. == Masana [[Addinin Musulunci|Ilimin Musulunci]] == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Sheikh Ibrahim Khaleel]] * [[Ahmad Abubakar Gumi]] * [[Dahiru Usman Bauchi]] * [[Isa Ali Pantami]] * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] * [[Kabiru Gombe]] * [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] * [[Sani Yahaya Jingir]] * [[Abubakar Gumi]] * [[Ahmad Sulaiman Ibrahim|Alaramma Ahmad Sulaiman]] * [[Aminu Ibrahim Daurawa]] * [[Qaribullah Nasiru Kabara]] * [[Ibrahim Ahmad Maqari]] * [[Atiku Sanka]] * [[Ahmad Tijjani Zango Bare-Bari]] * [[Umar Sani Fagge]] * [[Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemo|Dr Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemu]] {{colend}} * [[Muhammad Bello Yabo|Sheikh Bello Yabo]] * [[ Sheikh Aliyul-khawwas]] *[[Sheikh Isiaka Rabiu]] *[[Abduljabbar Nasiru Kabara]] == Sarakuna == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Abdulmumini Kabir Usman]] * [[Daurama]] * [[Faruk Umar Faruk]] * [[Amina|Queen Amina]] * [[Muhammad Rumfa]] * [[Yaji I]] * [[Yunfa]] * [[Shehu Idris]] * [[Ahmad Garba Gunna]] * [[Muhammad Bara'u Mu'azu]] * [[Sa'idu Namaska]] {{colend}} == Masana [[Ilmi|ilmin]] zamani == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} *[[Attahiru Jega]] *[[M. S. Zahraddeen]] *[[Abba Gumel]] *[[Dandatti Abdulkadir]] *[[Sarki Abba Abdulkadir]] *[[Abubakar Adamu Rasheed]] *[[Muhammad Yahuza Bello]] *[[Abdalla Uba Adamu]] *[[Rabia Salihu Sa'id]] *[[Tanko Muhammad]] *[[Abdullahi Mustapha]] *Prof. Ango Abdullahi * [[Ibrahim Garba]] {{colend}} == 'Yan [[Kasuwa (wuri)|Kasuwa]] == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Aliko Dangote]] * [[Alhassan Dantata]] [[Murtala MURG]] *[[Aminu Dantata|Alhaji Aminu Dantata]] *[[Isyaku Rabiu|Alhaji Isyaku Rabiu]] *[[Abdul Samad Rabiu|Alhaji Abdulsamad Rabiu]] *[[Bashir Dalhatu]] *[[A.A Rano]] {{colend}} * [[Alh.Nafiu Rabiu]] == [[Marubuta]] == * [[Zaynab Alkali]] * [[Abdulbaqi Jari]] * [[Fauziyya D Sulaiman]] * [[Hauwa Ali]] * [[Abubakar Imam]] * [[Sharifa Ibrahim Zarma]] * Aliyu Kamal * Danladi Zakariyya Haruna * Auwalu Salisu Ringim * Rahama Abdulmajid * Zahra,u Baba Yakasai * Shafi,U Dauda Giwa * Zuwaira gire == 'Yan Jarida == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Mallam Usman Usman]] * [[Jamilah Tangaza]] * [[Nasiru Salisu Zango]] * [[Ahmed Abba Abdullahi]] * [[Aminu Abdulkadir]] * [[Ibrahim Mijinyawa]] * [[Sulaiman Ibrahim Katsina]] * [[Elhadji Diori Coulibaly]] * [[Imam Saleh]] * [[Aisha Sharif Baffa]] * [[Auwal Ahmad Janyau]] * [[Badariya Tijjani Kalarawi]] * [[Bilkisu Babangida]] * [[Halima Umar Saleh]] * [[Haruna Shehu Tangaza]] * [[Haruna Ibrahim Kakangi]] * [[Raliya Zubairu]] * [[Sani Aliyu]] * [[Umayma Sani Abdulmumin]] * [[Umar Rayyan]] * [[Yusuf Ibrahim Yakasai]] * Khalifa Shehu Dokaji * [[Umar Shehu Elleman]] * [[Ahmad Idi Sumaila]] * [[Abdurrahman Nuraini]] * [[Umar Sa'id Tudun Wada]] * [[Ahmad Garzali Yakubu]] *[[Zaharaddin Umar Dutsenkura]] {{colend}} == Masana shari'a == * [[Sidi Bage]] * [[Tanko Muhammad]] == Gidan [[Soja]] == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} *[[Abdulrahman Bello Dambazau]] *[[Abdulsalam Abubakar]] *[[Ibrahim Babangida]] *[[Muhammadu Buhari]] *[[Murtala Mohammed]] *[[Sani Abacha]] *[[Mansur Dan Ali]] *[[Mamman Kontagora]] {{colend}} *[[wushishi]] == Mawaƙa == # [[Ali jita]] # [[Hamisu breaker]] # Nura m Inuwa # Umar M Shariff # Ado isa gwanja # Aminu ladan Aka # Hussaini Danko # Isah ayagi # Auta waziri # Naziru M Ahmad === [[Gargajiya|Na Gargajiya]] === {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Mamman Shata|Alhaji Mamman Shata]] * [[Dan Maraya|Dan Maraya Jos]] *[[Dan Anace]] *[[Garba Supa]] *[[Aliyu Dandawo]] *[[Sani Aliyu Dandawo]] *[[Ibrahim Narambada]] *[[Mahammadu Dahiru - Makaho]] *[[Salihu Jan kiɗi]] *[[Kurna Maradun]] *[[Musa Ɗan Ƙwairo Maradun]] *[[Mamman Sarkin Taushin Katsina]] *[[Illan Kalgo]] *[[Sa'idu Faru]] *[[Ahmadu Ɗan Matawalle]] *[[Mu'azu Ɗan Alalo]] *[[Gawo Filinge]] *[[Ɗan Giwa Zuru]] *[[Garbaliyo Mai Goge]] *[[Audu Karen Gusau]] *[[Audu Wazirin Ɗan Duna]] *[[Adamu Ɗan Maraya Jos]] *[[Ibrahim Ɗan Mani]] *[[Mammalo Shata]] *[[Muhammadu Ganga-ganga]] *[[Uwaliya Mai Amada]] *[[Uwani Zakirai]] *[[Barmani Coge]] *[[Assha Fallatiyya]] *[[Kaka Dawa]] *[[Huruna Uji Hadeja]] *[[Sabo Sayasaya]] *[[Hasan Wayam]] *[[Daɓalo Sarkin Taushin Sarkin Kano]] *[[Sani Mai Bango]] *[[Sani Sabulu Kanowa]] *[[Sani Ɗan Indo]] *[[Ali Mai Mandula]] *[[Shehu Ajilo Ɗanguzuri]] *[[Shana Ɗan Kama]] *[[Rabo Hausawa Makaɗin Maza na Sale]] *[[Gambu Makaɗin Maza]] *[[Hamisu Sarkin Kiɗi]] *[[Adhama mai Kidan Gangi]] *[[Shafi'u Mai Gangi]] *[[Musa Ɗan Ba'u]] *[[Ibrahim Jikan Mujaddadi]] *[[Sale Gambara]] *[[Musa Dan Goma]] *[[Ibrahim Na Habu]] *[[Musa Gumel mai Gurmi]] *[[Surajo Mai Asharalle]] *[[Audu Karakara]] *[[Usman Muhammad Rabiu A.D.]] === Na Zamani === {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Nazifi Asnanic]] * [[Naziru M Ahmad]] * [[Nura M Inuwa]] * [[Sadiq Zazzabi]] * [[Ali Jita]] * [[Abubakar Sani]] {{colend}} == Ƴan Siyasa == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} *[[Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa|Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] *[[Ahmadu Bello|Ahmadu Bello Sardauna]] *[[Maitama Sule]] *[[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] *[[Isa Kaita|Alhaji Isa Kaita]] *[[Yakubu Dogara]] *[[Aminu Tambuwal]] *[[Hadiza Bala Usman]] *[[Kabir Tukur Ibrahim]] *[[Mahamadou Issoufou]] *[[Muhammadu Buhari]] *[[Mustapha Baba Shehuri]] *[[Rabiu Kwankwaso]] *[[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje|Umar Ganduje]] *[[Namadi Sambo]] *[[Umaru Dikko]] *[[Sule Lamido]] *[[Nasir Ahmed El-rufa'i]] *[[Ibrahim Shekarau]] *[[Aminu Kano]] *[[Bello Matawalle]] *[[Aminu Masari]] {{colend}} * [[Suleiman Hunkuyi]] == 'Yan sanda == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Hafiz Ringim]] * [[Suleiman Abba]] * [[Mohammed Dikko Abubakar]] * [[Suleiman Abba]] * [[Muhammad Wakili]] {{colend}} == Jaruman fina-finai == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Ali Nuhu]] * [[Adam A Zango]] * [[Hadiza Aliyu]] * [[Hafsat Idris]] * [[Rahama Sadau]] * [[Shehu Hassan Kano]] * [[Rabilu Musa]] * [[Sani Musa Danja]] * [[Saratu Gidado]] * [[Aisha Tsamiya]] * [[Momi Gombe]] {{colend}} == 'Yan Ƙwallon Ƙafa == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} *[[Ahmed Musa|Ahmed Musa (ɗan kwallo]] *[[Amadou Moutari]] *[[Habib Mohamed]] *[[Haruna Babangida]] *[[Masahudu Alhassan]] *[[Mohammed Abu]] *[[Mohammed Rabiu]] *[[Moussa Maâzou]] *[[Sani Kaita]] *[[Shehu Abdullahi]] *[[Tijani Babangida]] *[[Umar Sadiq]] *[[Mubarak Wakaso|Wakaso Mubarak]] {{colend}} ==Manazarta== * http://www.gumel.com/hausa/wakoki/wakoki.htm * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Ibrahim_Khaleel * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayero_University_Kano * https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminu_Daurawa * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanko_Muhammad * https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauziyya_D_Sulaiman * https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallam_Usman_Usman{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * https://www.bbc.com/hausa/game-da-mu-37377088 {{Reflist}} [[Category:Hausa people]] [[Category:Lists of people by ethnicity]] jh7x8nkrb3nk5se93zvvb9rjs3yqua7 894038 894037 2026-08-10T06:14:11Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Na Gargajiya */ 894038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Flag of the Hausa people AoE3DE.svg|thumb|Tutar Hausawa]] Wannan jeri ne na mutanan [[Hausawa]], jerin ya kuma ƙunshi waɗanda suka shahara ne tun a ɓangaren ilimin [[addini]], ma'ana sanannu ne a ƙasar [[hausa]]. == Masana [[Addinin Musulunci|Ilimin Musulunci]] == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Sheikh Ibrahim Khaleel]] * [[Ahmad Abubakar Gumi]] * [[Dahiru Usman Bauchi]] * [[Isa Ali Pantami]] * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] * [[Kabiru Gombe]] * [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] * [[Sani Yahaya Jingir]] * [[Abubakar Gumi]] * [[Ahmad Sulaiman Ibrahim|Alaramma Ahmad Sulaiman]] * [[Aminu Ibrahim Daurawa]] * [[Qaribullah Nasiru Kabara]] * [[Ibrahim Ahmad Maqari]] * [[Atiku Sanka]] * [[Ahmad Tijjani Zango Bare-Bari]] * [[Umar Sani Fagge]] * [[Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemo|Dr Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemu]] {{colend}} * [[Muhammad Bello Yabo|Sheikh Bello Yabo]] * [[ Sheikh Aliyul-khawwas]] *[[Sheikh Isiaka Rabiu]] *[[Abduljabbar Nasiru Kabara]] == Sarakuna == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Abdulmumini Kabir Usman]] * [[Daurama]] * [[Faruk Umar Faruk]] * [[Amina|Queen Amina]] * [[Muhammad Rumfa]] * [[Yaji I]] * [[Yunfa]] * [[Shehu Idris]] * [[Ahmad Garba Gunna]] * [[Muhammad Bara'u Mu'azu]] * [[Sa'idu Namaska]] {{colend}} == Masana [[Ilmi|ilmin]] zamani == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} *[[Attahiru Jega]] *[[M. S. Zahraddeen]] *[[Abba Gumel]] *[[Dandatti Abdulkadir]] *[[Sarki Abba Abdulkadir]] *[[Abubakar Adamu Rasheed]] *[[Muhammad Yahuza Bello]] *[[Abdalla Uba Adamu]] *[[Rabia Salihu Sa'id]] *[[Tanko Muhammad]] *[[Abdullahi Mustapha]] *Prof. Ango Abdullahi * [[Ibrahim Garba]] {{colend}} == 'Yan [[Kasuwa (wuri)|Kasuwa]] == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Aliko Dangote]] * [[Alhassan Dantata]] [[Murtala MURG]] *[[Aminu Dantata|Alhaji Aminu Dantata]] *[[Isyaku Rabiu|Alhaji Isyaku Rabiu]] *[[Abdul Samad Rabiu|Alhaji Abdulsamad Rabiu]] *[[Bashir Dalhatu]] *[[A.A Rano]] {{colend}} * [[Alh.Nafiu Rabiu]] == [[Marubuta]] == * [[Zaynab Alkali]] * [[Abdulbaqi Jari]] * [[Fauziyya D Sulaiman]] * [[Hauwa Ali]] * [[Abubakar Imam]] * [[Sharifa Ibrahim Zarma]] * Aliyu Kamal * Danladi Zakariyya Haruna * Auwalu Salisu Ringim * Rahama Abdulmajid * Zahra,u Baba Yakasai * Shafi,U Dauda Giwa * Zuwaira gire == 'Yan Jarida == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Mallam Usman Usman]] * [[Jamilah Tangaza]] * [[Nasiru Salisu Zango]] * [[Ahmed Abba Abdullahi]] * [[Aminu Abdulkadir]] * [[Ibrahim Mijinyawa]] * [[Sulaiman Ibrahim Katsina]] * [[Elhadji Diori Coulibaly]] * [[Imam Saleh]] * [[Aisha Sharif Baffa]] * [[Auwal Ahmad Janyau]] * [[Badariya Tijjani Kalarawi]] * [[Bilkisu Babangida]] * [[Halima Umar Saleh]] * [[Haruna Shehu Tangaza]] * [[Haruna Ibrahim Kakangi]] * [[Raliya Zubairu]] * [[Sani Aliyu]] * [[Umayma Sani Abdulmumin]] * [[Umar Rayyan]] * [[Yusuf Ibrahim Yakasai]] * Khalifa Shehu Dokaji * [[Umar Shehu Elleman]] * [[Ahmad Idi Sumaila]] * [[Abdurrahman Nuraini]] * [[Umar Sa'id Tudun Wada]] * [[Ahmad Garzali Yakubu]] *[[Zaharaddin Umar Dutsenkura]] {{colend}} == Masana shari'a == * [[Sidi Bage]] * [[Tanko Muhammad]] == Gidan [[Soja]] == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} *[[Abdulrahman Bello Dambazau]] *[[Abdulsalam Abubakar]] *[[Ibrahim Babangida]] *[[Muhammadu Buhari]] *[[Murtala Mohammed]] *[[Sani Abacha]] *[[Mansur Dan Ali]] *[[Mamman Kontagora]] {{colend}} *[[wushishi]] == Mawaƙa == # [[Ali jita]] # [[Hamisu breaker]] # Nura m Inuwa # Umar M Shariff # Ado isa gwanja # Aminu ladan Aka # Hussaini Danko # Isah ayagi # Auta waziri # Naziru M Ahmad === [[Gargajiya|Na Gargajiya]] === {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Mamman Shata|Alhaji Mamman Shata]] * [[Dan Maraya|Dan Maraya Jos]] *[[Dan Anace]] *[[Garba Supa]] *[[Aliyu Dandawo]] *[[Sani Aliyu Dandawo]] *[[Ibrahim Narambada]] *[[Mahammadu Dahiru - Makaho]] *[[Salihu Jan kiɗi]] *[[Kurna Maradun]] *[[Musa Ɗan Ƙwairo Maradun]] *[[Mamman Sarkin Taushin Katsina]] *[[Illan Kalgo]] *[[Sa'idu Faru]] *[[Ahmadu Ɗan Matawalle]] *[[Mu'azu Ɗan Alalo]] *[[Gawo Filinge]] *[[Ɗan Giwa Zuru]] *[[Garbaliyo Mai Goge]] *[[Audu Karen Gusau]] *[[Audu Wazirin Ɗan Duna]] *[[Adamu Ɗan Maraya Jos]] *[[Ibrahim Ɗan Mani]] *[[Mammalo Shata]] *[[Muhammadu Ganga-ganga]] *[[Uwaliya Mai Amada]] *[[Uwani Zakirai]] *[[Barmani Coge]] *[[Assha Fallatiyya]] *[[Kaka Dawa]] *[[Huruna Uji Hadeja]] *[[Sabo Sayasaya]] *[[Hasan Wayam]] *[[Daɓalo Sarkin Taushin Sarkin Kano]] *[[Sani Mai Bango]] *[[Sani Sabulu Kanowa]] *[[Sani Ɗan Indo]] *[[Ali Mai Mandula]] *[[Shehu Ajilo Ɗanguzuri]] *[[Shana Ɗan Kama]] *[[Rabo Hausawa Makaɗin Maza na Sale]] *[[Gambu Makaɗin Maza]] *[[Hamisu Sarkin Kiɗi]] *[[Adhama mai Kidan Gangi]] *[[Shafi'u Mai Gangi]] *[[Musa Ɗan Ba'u]] *[[Ibrahim Jikan Mujaddadi]] *[[Sale Gambara]] *[[Musa Dan Goma]] *[[Ibrahim Na Habu]] *[[Musa Gumel mai Gurmi]] *[[Surajo Mai Asharalle]] *[[Audu Karakara]] *[[Usman Muhammad Rabiu A.D.]] *[[Alhaji Atta Dabai]] === Na Zamani === {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Nazifi Asnanic]] * [[Naziru M Ahmad]] * [[Nura M Inuwa]] * [[Sadiq Zazzabi]] * [[Ali Jita]] * [[Abubakar Sani]] {{colend}} == Ƴan Siyasa == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} *[[Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa|Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] *[[Ahmadu Bello|Ahmadu Bello Sardauna]] *[[Maitama Sule]] *[[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] *[[Isa Kaita|Alhaji Isa Kaita]] *[[Yakubu Dogara]] *[[Aminu Tambuwal]] *[[Hadiza Bala Usman]] *[[Kabir Tukur Ibrahim]] *[[Mahamadou Issoufou]] *[[Muhammadu Buhari]] *[[Mustapha Baba Shehuri]] *[[Rabiu Kwankwaso]] *[[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje|Umar Ganduje]] *[[Namadi Sambo]] *[[Umaru Dikko]] *[[Sule Lamido]] *[[Nasir Ahmed El-rufa'i]] *[[Ibrahim Shekarau]] *[[Aminu Kano]] *[[Bello Matawalle]] *[[Aminu Masari]] {{colend}} * [[Suleiman Hunkuyi]] == 'Yan sanda == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Hafiz Ringim]] * [[Suleiman Abba]] * [[Mohammed Dikko Abubakar]] * [[Suleiman Abba]] * [[Muhammad Wakili]] {{colend}} == Jaruman fina-finai == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Ali Nuhu]] * [[Adam A Zango]] * [[Hadiza Aliyu]] * [[Hafsat Idris]] * [[Rahama Sadau]] * [[Shehu Hassan Kano]] * [[Rabilu Musa]] * [[Sani Musa Danja]] * [[Saratu Gidado]] * [[Aisha Tsamiya]] * [[Momi Gombe]] {{colend}} == 'Yan Ƙwallon Ƙafa == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} *[[Ahmed Musa|Ahmed Musa (ɗan kwallo]] *[[Amadou Moutari]] *[[Habib Mohamed]] *[[Haruna Babangida]] *[[Masahudu Alhassan]] *[[Mohammed Abu]] *[[Mohammed Rabiu]] *[[Moussa Maâzou]] *[[Sani Kaita]] *[[Shehu Abdullahi]] *[[Tijani Babangida]] *[[Umar Sadiq]] *[[Mubarak Wakaso|Wakaso Mubarak]] {{colend}} ==Manazarta== * http://www.gumel.com/hausa/wakoki/wakoki.htm * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Ibrahim_Khaleel * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayero_University_Kano * https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminu_Daurawa * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanko_Muhammad * https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauziyya_D_Sulaiman * https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallam_Usman_Usman{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * https://www.bbc.com/hausa/game-da-mu-37377088 {{Reflist}} [[Category:Hausa people]] [[Category:Lists of people by ethnicity]] tgagj9brvk775wwpgxh08t0h2oqk4u3 894039 894038 2026-08-10T06:15:53Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Ƴan Siyasa */ 894039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Flag of the Hausa people AoE3DE.svg|thumb|Tutar Hausawa]] Wannan jeri ne na mutanan [[Hausawa]], jerin ya kuma ƙunshi waɗanda suka shahara ne tun a ɓangaren ilimin [[addini]], ma'ana sanannu ne a ƙasar [[hausa]]. == Masana [[Addinin Musulunci|Ilimin Musulunci]] == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Sheikh Ibrahim Khaleel]] * [[Ahmad Abubakar Gumi]] * [[Dahiru Usman Bauchi]] * [[Isa Ali Pantami]] * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] * [[Kabiru Gombe]] * [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] * [[Sani Yahaya Jingir]] * [[Abubakar Gumi]] * [[Ahmad Sulaiman Ibrahim|Alaramma Ahmad Sulaiman]] * [[Aminu Ibrahim Daurawa]] * [[Qaribullah Nasiru Kabara]] * [[Ibrahim Ahmad Maqari]] * [[Atiku Sanka]] * [[Ahmad Tijjani Zango Bare-Bari]] * [[Umar Sani Fagge]] * [[Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemo|Dr Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemu]] {{colend}} * [[Muhammad Bello Yabo|Sheikh Bello Yabo]] * [[ Sheikh Aliyul-khawwas]] *[[Sheikh Isiaka Rabiu]] *[[Abduljabbar Nasiru Kabara]] == Sarakuna == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Abdulmumini Kabir Usman]] * [[Daurama]] * [[Faruk Umar Faruk]] * [[Amina|Queen Amina]] * [[Muhammad Rumfa]] * [[Yaji I]] * [[Yunfa]] * [[Shehu Idris]] * [[Ahmad Garba Gunna]] * [[Muhammad Bara'u Mu'azu]] * [[Sa'idu Namaska]] {{colend}} == Masana [[Ilmi|ilmin]] zamani == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} *[[Attahiru Jega]] *[[M. S. Zahraddeen]] *[[Abba Gumel]] *[[Dandatti Abdulkadir]] *[[Sarki Abba Abdulkadir]] *[[Abubakar Adamu Rasheed]] *[[Muhammad Yahuza Bello]] *[[Abdalla Uba Adamu]] *[[Rabia Salihu Sa'id]] *[[Tanko Muhammad]] *[[Abdullahi Mustapha]] *Prof. Ango Abdullahi * [[Ibrahim Garba]] {{colend}} == 'Yan [[Kasuwa (wuri)|Kasuwa]] == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Aliko Dangote]] * [[Alhassan Dantata]] [[Murtala MURG]] *[[Aminu Dantata|Alhaji Aminu Dantata]] *[[Isyaku Rabiu|Alhaji Isyaku Rabiu]] *[[Abdul Samad Rabiu|Alhaji Abdulsamad Rabiu]] *[[Bashir Dalhatu]] *[[A.A Rano]] {{colend}} * [[Alh.Nafiu Rabiu]] == [[Marubuta]] == * [[Zaynab Alkali]] * [[Abdulbaqi Jari]] * [[Fauziyya D Sulaiman]] * [[Hauwa Ali]] * [[Abubakar Imam]] * [[Sharifa Ibrahim Zarma]] * Aliyu Kamal * Danladi Zakariyya Haruna * Auwalu Salisu Ringim * Rahama Abdulmajid * Zahra,u Baba Yakasai * Shafi,U Dauda Giwa * Zuwaira gire == 'Yan Jarida == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Mallam Usman Usman]] * [[Jamilah Tangaza]] * [[Nasiru Salisu Zango]] * [[Ahmed Abba Abdullahi]] * [[Aminu Abdulkadir]] * [[Ibrahim Mijinyawa]] * [[Sulaiman Ibrahim Katsina]] * [[Elhadji Diori Coulibaly]] * [[Imam Saleh]] * [[Aisha Sharif Baffa]] * [[Auwal Ahmad Janyau]] * [[Badariya Tijjani Kalarawi]] * [[Bilkisu Babangida]] * [[Halima Umar Saleh]] * [[Haruna Shehu Tangaza]] * [[Haruna Ibrahim Kakangi]] * [[Raliya Zubairu]] * [[Sani Aliyu]] * [[Umayma Sani Abdulmumin]] * [[Umar Rayyan]] * [[Yusuf Ibrahim Yakasai]] * Khalifa Shehu Dokaji * [[Umar Shehu Elleman]] * [[Ahmad Idi Sumaila]] * [[Abdurrahman Nuraini]] * [[Umar Sa'id Tudun Wada]] * [[Ahmad Garzali Yakubu]] *[[Zaharaddin Umar Dutsenkura]] {{colend}} == Masana shari'a == * [[Sidi Bage]] * [[Tanko Muhammad]] == Gidan [[Soja]] == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} *[[Abdulrahman Bello Dambazau]] *[[Abdulsalam Abubakar]] *[[Ibrahim Babangida]] *[[Muhammadu Buhari]] *[[Murtala Mohammed]] *[[Sani Abacha]] *[[Mansur Dan Ali]] *[[Mamman Kontagora]] {{colend}} *[[wushishi]] == Mawaƙa == # [[Ali jita]] # [[Hamisu breaker]] # Nura m Inuwa # Umar M Shariff # Ado isa gwanja # Aminu ladan Aka # Hussaini Danko # Isah ayagi # Auta waziri # Naziru M Ahmad === [[Gargajiya|Na Gargajiya]] === {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Mamman Shata|Alhaji Mamman Shata]] * [[Dan Maraya|Dan Maraya Jos]] *[[Dan Anace]] *[[Garba Supa]] *[[Aliyu Dandawo]] *[[Sani Aliyu Dandawo]] *[[Ibrahim Narambada]] *[[Mahammadu Dahiru - Makaho]] *[[Salihu Jan kiɗi]] *[[Kurna Maradun]] *[[Musa Ɗan Ƙwairo Maradun]] *[[Mamman Sarkin Taushin Katsina]] *[[Illan Kalgo]] *[[Sa'idu Faru]] *[[Ahmadu Ɗan Matawalle]] *[[Mu'azu Ɗan Alalo]] *[[Gawo Filinge]] *[[Ɗan Giwa Zuru]] *[[Garbaliyo Mai Goge]] *[[Audu Karen Gusau]] *[[Audu Wazirin Ɗan Duna]] *[[Adamu Ɗan Maraya Jos]] *[[Ibrahim Ɗan Mani]] *[[Mammalo Shata]] *[[Muhammadu Ganga-ganga]] *[[Uwaliya Mai Amada]] *[[Uwani Zakirai]] *[[Barmani Coge]] *[[Assha Fallatiyya]] *[[Kaka Dawa]] *[[Huruna Uji Hadeja]] *[[Sabo Sayasaya]] *[[Hasan Wayam]] *[[Daɓalo Sarkin Taushin Sarkin Kano]] *[[Sani Mai Bango]] *[[Sani Sabulu Kanowa]] *[[Sani Ɗan Indo]] *[[Ali Mai Mandula]] *[[Shehu Ajilo Ɗanguzuri]] *[[Shana Ɗan Kama]] *[[Rabo Hausawa Makaɗin Maza na Sale]] *[[Gambu Makaɗin Maza]] *[[Hamisu Sarkin Kiɗi]] *[[Adhama mai Kidan Gangi]] *[[Shafi'u Mai Gangi]] *[[Musa Ɗan Ba'u]] *[[Ibrahim Jikan Mujaddadi]] *[[Sale Gambara]] *[[Musa Dan Goma]] *[[Ibrahim Na Habu]] *[[Musa Gumel mai Gurmi]] *[[Surajo Mai Asharalle]] *[[Audu Karakara]] *[[Usman Muhammad Rabiu A.D.]] *[[Alhaji Atta Dabai]] === Na Zamani === {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Nazifi Asnanic]] * [[Naziru M Ahmad]] * [[Nura M Inuwa]] * [[Sadiq Zazzabi]] * [[Ali Jita]] * [[Abubakar Sani]] {{colend}} == Ƴan Siyasa == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} *[[Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa|Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] *[[Ahmadu Bello|Ahmadu Bello Sardauna]] *[[Maitama Sule]] *[[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] *[[Isa Kaita|Alhaji Isa Kaita]] *[[Yakubu Dogara]] *[[Aminu Tambuwal]] *[[Hadiza Bala Usman]] *[[Kabir Tukur Ibrahim]] *[[Mahamadou Issoufou]] *[[Muhammadu Buhari]] *[[Mustapha Baba Shehuri]] *[[Rabiu Kwankwaso]] *[[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje|Umar Ganduje]] *[[Namadi Sambo]] *[[Umaru Dikko]] *[[Sule Lamido]] *[[Nasir Ahmed El-rufa'i]] *[[Ibrahim Shekarau]] *[[Aminu Kano]] *[[Bello Matawalle]] *[[Aminu Masari]] *[[Ibrahim Shehu Shema]] {{colend}} * [[Suleiman Hunkuyi]] == 'Yan sanda == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Hafiz Ringim]] * [[Suleiman Abba]] * [[Mohammed Dikko Abubakar]] * [[Suleiman Abba]] * [[Muhammad Wakili]] {{colend}} == Jaruman fina-finai == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Ali Nuhu]] * [[Adam A Zango]] * [[Hadiza Aliyu]] * [[Hafsat Idris]] * [[Rahama Sadau]] * [[Shehu Hassan Kano]] * [[Rabilu Musa]] * [[Sani Musa Danja]] * [[Saratu Gidado]] * [[Aisha Tsamiya]] * [[Momi Gombe]] {{colend}} == 'Yan Ƙwallon Ƙafa == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} *[[Ahmed Musa|Ahmed Musa (ɗan kwallo]] *[[Amadou Moutari]] *[[Habib Mohamed]] *[[Haruna Babangida]] *[[Masahudu Alhassan]] *[[Mohammed Abu]] *[[Mohammed Rabiu]] *[[Moussa Maâzou]] *[[Sani Kaita]] *[[Shehu Abdullahi]] *[[Tijani Babangida]] *[[Umar Sadiq]] *[[Mubarak Wakaso|Wakaso Mubarak]] {{colend}} ==Manazarta== * http://www.gumel.com/hausa/wakoki/wakoki.htm * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Ibrahim_Khaleel * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayero_University_Kano * https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminu_Daurawa * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanko_Muhammad * https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauziyya_D_Sulaiman * https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallam_Usman_Usman{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * https://www.bbc.com/hausa/game-da-mu-37377088 {{Reflist}} [[Category:Hausa people]] [[Category:Lists of people by ethnicity]] 5pe6as5ck007ay1c8vcv5vge0oetbxk 894040 894039 2026-08-10T06:17:43Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Ƴan Siyasa */ 894040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Flag of the Hausa people AoE3DE.svg|thumb|Tutar Hausawa]] Wannan jeri ne na mutanan [[Hausawa]], jerin ya kuma ƙunshi waɗanda suka shahara ne tun a ɓangaren ilimin [[addini]], ma'ana sanannu ne a ƙasar [[hausa]]. == Masana [[Addinin Musulunci|Ilimin Musulunci]] == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Sheikh Ibrahim Khaleel]] * [[Ahmad Abubakar Gumi]] * [[Dahiru Usman Bauchi]] * [[Isa Ali Pantami]] * [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] * [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]] * [[Kabiru Gombe]] * [[Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria]] * [[Sani Yahaya Jingir]] * [[Abubakar Gumi]] * [[Ahmad Sulaiman Ibrahim|Alaramma Ahmad Sulaiman]] * [[Aminu Ibrahim Daurawa]] * [[Qaribullah Nasiru Kabara]] * [[Ibrahim Ahmad Maqari]] * [[Atiku Sanka]] * [[Ahmad Tijjani Zango Bare-Bari]] * [[Umar Sani Fagge]] * [[Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemo|Dr Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemu]] {{colend}} * [[Muhammad Bello Yabo|Sheikh Bello Yabo]] * [[ Sheikh Aliyul-khawwas]] *[[Sheikh Isiaka Rabiu]] *[[Abduljabbar Nasiru Kabara]] == Sarakuna == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Abdulmumini Kabir Usman]] * [[Daurama]] * [[Faruk Umar Faruk]] * [[Amina|Queen Amina]] * [[Muhammad Rumfa]] * [[Yaji I]] * [[Yunfa]] * [[Shehu Idris]] * [[Ahmad Garba Gunna]] * [[Muhammad Bara'u Mu'azu]] * [[Sa'idu Namaska]] {{colend}} == Masana [[Ilmi|ilmin]] zamani == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} *[[Attahiru Jega]] *[[M. S. Zahraddeen]] *[[Abba Gumel]] *[[Dandatti Abdulkadir]] *[[Sarki Abba Abdulkadir]] *[[Abubakar Adamu Rasheed]] *[[Muhammad Yahuza Bello]] *[[Abdalla Uba Adamu]] *[[Rabia Salihu Sa'id]] *[[Tanko Muhammad]] *[[Abdullahi Mustapha]] *Prof. Ango Abdullahi * [[Ibrahim Garba]] {{colend}} == 'Yan [[Kasuwa (wuri)|Kasuwa]] == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Aliko Dangote]] * [[Alhassan Dantata]] [[Murtala MURG]] *[[Aminu Dantata|Alhaji Aminu Dantata]] *[[Isyaku Rabiu|Alhaji Isyaku Rabiu]] *[[Abdul Samad Rabiu|Alhaji Abdulsamad Rabiu]] *[[Bashir Dalhatu]] *[[A.A Rano]] {{colend}} * [[Alh.Nafiu Rabiu]] == [[Marubuta]] == * [[Zaynab Alkali]] * [[Abdulbaqi Jari]] * [[Fauziyya D Sulaiman]] * [[Hauwa Ali]] * [[Abubakar Imam]] * [[Sharifa Ibrahim Zarma]] * Aliyu Kamal * Danladi Zakariyya Haruna * Auwalu Salisu Ringim * Rahama Abdulmajid * Zahra,u Baba Yakasai * Shafi,U Dauda Giwa * Zuwaira gire == 'Yan Jarida == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Mallam Usman Usman]] * [[Jamilah Tangaza]] * [[Nasiru Salisu Zango]] * [[Ahmed Abba Abdullahi]] * [[Aminu Abdulkadir]] * [[Ibrahim Mijinyawa]] * [[Sulaiman Ibrahim Katsina]] * [[Elhadji Diori Coulibaly]] * [[Imam Saleh]] * [[Aisha Sharif Baffa]] * [[Auwal Ahmad Janyau]] * [[Badariya Tijjani Kalarawi]] * [[Bilkisu Babangida]] * [[Halima Umar Saleh]] * [[Haruna Shehu Tangaza]] * [[Haruna Ibrahim Kakangi]] * [[Raliya Zubairu]] * [[Sani Aliyu]] * [[Umayma Sani Abdulmumin]] * [[Umar Rayyan]] * [[Yusuf Ibrahim Yakasai]] * Khalifa Shehu Dokaji * [[Umar Shehu Elleman]] * [[Ahmad Idi Sumaila]] * [[Abdurrahman Nuraini]] * [[Umar Sa'id Tudun Wada]] * [[Ahmad Garzali Yakubu]] *[[Zaharaddin Umar Dutsenkura]] {{colend}} == Masana shari'a == * [[Sidi Bage]] * [[Tanko Muhammad]] == Gidan [[Soja]] == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} *[[Abdulrahman Bello Dambazau]] *[[Abdulsalam Abubakar]] *[[Ibrahim Babangida]] *[[Muhammadu Buhari]] *[[Murtala Mohammed]] *[[Sani Abacha]] *[[Mansur Dan Ali]] *[[Mamman Kontagora]] {{colend}} *[[wushishi]] == Mawaƙa == # [[Ali jita]] # [[Hamisu breaker]] # Nura m Inuwa # Umar M Shariff # Ado isa gwanja # Aminu ladan Aka # Hussaini Danko # Isah ayagi # Auta waziri # Naziru M Ahmad === [[Gargajiya|Na Gargajiya]] === {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Mamman Shata|Alhaji Mamman Shata]] * [[Dan Maraya|Dan Maraya Jos]] *[[Dan Anace]] *[[Garba Supa]] *[[Aliyu Dandawo]] *[[Sani Aliyu Dandawo]] *[[Ibrahim Narambada]] *[[Mahammadu Dahiru - Makaho]] *[[Salihu Jan kiɗi]] *[[Kurna Maradun]] *[[Musa Ɗan Ƙwairo Maradun]] *[[Mamman Sarkin Taushin Katsina]] *[[Illan Kalgo]] *[[Sa'idu Faru]] *[[Ahmadu Ɗan Matawalle]] *[[Mu'azu Ɗan Alalo]] *[[Gawo Filinge]] *[[Ɗan Giwa Zuru]] *[[Garbaliyo Mai Goge]] *[[Audu Karen Gusau]] *[[Audu Wazirin Ɗan Duna]] *[[Adamu Ɗan Maraya Jos]] *[[Ibrahim Ɗan Mani]] *[[Mammalo Shata]] *[[Muhammadu Ganga-ganga]] *[[Uwaliya Mai Amada]] *[[Uwani Zakirai]] *[[Barmani Coge]] *[[Assha Fallatiyya]] *[[Kaka Dawa]] *[[Huruna Uji Hadeja]] *[[Sabo Sayasaya]] *[[Hasan Wayam]] *[[Daɓalo Sarkin Taushin Sarkin Kano]] *[[Sani Mai Bango]] *[[Sani Sabulu Kanowa]] *[[Sani Ɗan Indo]] *[[Ali Mai Mandula]] *[[Shehu Ajilo Ɗanguzuri]] *[[Shana Ɗan Kama]] *[[Rabo Hausawa Makaɗin Maza na Sale]] *[[Gambu Makaɗin Maza]] *[[Hamisu Sarkin Kiɗi]] *[[Adhama mai Kidan Gangi]] *[[Shafi'u Mai Gangi]] *[[Musa Ɗan Ba'u]] *[[Ibrahim Jikan Mujaddadi]] *[[Sale Gambara]] *[[Musa Dan Goma]] *[[Ibrahim Na Habu]] *[[Musa Gumel mai Gurmi]] *[[Surajo Mai Asharalle]] *[[Audu Karakara]] *[[Usman Muhammad Rabiu A.D.]] *[[Alhaji Atta Dabai]] === Na Zamani === {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Nazifi Asnanic]] * [[Naziru M Ahmad]] * [[Nura M Inuwa]] * [[Sadiq Zazzabi]] * [[Ali Jita]] * [[Abubakar Sani]] {{colend}} == Ƴan Siyasa == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} *[[Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa|Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] *[[Ahmadu Bello|Ahmadu Bello Sardauna]] *[[Maitama Sule]] *[[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] *[[Isa Kaita|Alhaji Isa Kaita]] *[[Yakubu Dogara]] *[[Aminu Tambuwal]] *[[Hadiza Bala Usman]] *[[Kabir Tukur Ibrahim]] *[[Mahamadou Issoufou]] *[[Muhammadu Buhari]] *[[Mustapha Baba Shehuri]] *[[Rabiu Kwankwaso]] *[[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje|Umar Ganduje]] *[[Namadi Sambo]] *[[Umaru Dikko]] *[[Sule Lamido]] *[[Nasir Ahmed El-rufa'i]] *[[Ibrahim Shekarau]] *[[Aminu Kano]] *[[Bello Matawalle]] *[[Aminu Masari]] *[[Ibrahim Shehu Shema]] *[[Ahmad Muhammad Makarfi]] {{colend}} * [[Suleiman Hunkuyi]] == 'Yan sanda == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Hafiz Ringim]] * [[Suleiman Abba]] * [[Mohammed Dikko Abubakar]] * [[Suleiman Abba]] * [[Muhammad Wakili]] {{colend}} == Jaruman fina-finai == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} * [[Ali Nuhu]] * [[Adam A Zango]] * [[Hadiza Aliyu]] * [[Hafsat Idris]] * [[Rahama Sadau]] * [[Shehu Hassan Kano]] * [[Rabilu Musa]] * [[Sani Musa Danja]] * [[Saratu Gidado]] * [[Aisha Tsamiya]] * [[Momi Gombe]] {{colend}} == 'Yan Ƙwallon Ƙafa == {{colbegin|colwidth=30em}} *[[Ahmed Musa|Ahmed Musa (ɗan kwallo]] *[[Amadou Moutari]] *[[Habib Mohamed]] *[[Haruna Babangida]] *[[Masahudu Alhassan]] *[[Mohammed Abu]] *[[Mohammed Rabiu]] *[[Moussa Maâzou]] *[[Sani Kaita]] *[[Shehu Abdullahi]] *[[Tijani Babangida]] *[[Umar Sadiq]] *[[Mubarak Wakaso|Wakaso Mubarak]] {{colend}} ==Manazarta== * http://www.gumel.com/hausa/wakoki/wakoki.htm * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Ibrahim_Khaleel * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayero_University_Kano * https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminu_Daurawa * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanko_Muhammad * https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauziyya_D_Sulaiman * https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallam_Usman_Usman{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * https://www.bbc.com/hausa/game-da-mu-37377088 {{Reflist}} [[Category:Hausa people]] [[Category:Lists of people by ethnicity]] hruapq56xda5j0gqie0fkb87ak1t2u7 0 17415 894181 866185 2026-08-10T10:34:37Z Aisha SM 47788 894181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Tanta-1.jpg|thumb|hoton birnin tanta]] '''Tanta''' ya kasan ce wani birni ne a cikin [[Misira]], tare da yanki mafi girma na biyar a ƙasar, kuma yana da mazauna kimanin 658,798 kamar na 2018<ref>https://archive.ph/20121208211630/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&des=gamelan&geo=-69&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&</ref>. Tanta yana tsakanin [[Alkahira]] da [[Alexandria]]: kilomita 94 (58 mi) arewacin Alkahira da kuma kilomita 130 (81 mi) kudu maso gabashin Alexandria. Babban birnin Gharbia Governorate<ref>http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/10/21/tanta-receives-3-million-visitors-participating-moulid-al-sayed-al-badawy-festival/</ref>, cibiya ce ta masana'antar [[auduga]]<ref>https://archive.ph/20121208211630/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&des=gamelan&geo=-69&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&</ref>. Kuma daya daga cikin manyan titunan/layikun jirgin ƙasa ya ratsa ta garin Tanta<ref>http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2015/07/27/siemens-egyptian-railway-sign-mou-to-develop-major-lines-sign-lighting/</ref><ref> Seif, Ola R (October 12, 2015). "Train of thoughts". ahram online. Retrieved 17 November 2016.</ref>. Ana gudanar da bukukuwa na shekara-shekara a cikin garin Tanta na tsawon mako guda wanda zai fara daga ranar 11 ga watan Oktoba don murnar zagayowar ranar haihuwar [[Ahmad al-Badawi]], wani adinin Sufaye na karni na 13, wanda kuma ya kafa [[Badawiyya Tariqa]] a [[Misira]] kuma aka binne shi a [[Masallacin Ahmad Al-Badawi]], babban masallacin Tanta. Tanta gari ne daya shahara wajen sayarda kayan makulashe (alawa) a shaguna da kuma gasasshen kaji<ref> Dan, Richardson; Jacobs, Daniel (February 1, 2013). The Rough Guide to Egypt. Penguin. ISBN 9781409324263. Retrieved 17 November 2016.</ref>. == Yadda garin yake == Sunan babban garin shine <nowiki><big>Tandata<big> wanda ya zo daga sunanta na Koftik. </nowiki> Tare da manyan gonakin auduga, a cikin 1856, Tanta ya zama tasha a kan hanyar [[jirgin ƙasa]], da farko don amfanin fitar da audugar zuwa kasuwannin [[Turai]]. Yankin da ke kusa da Tanta galibi filaye ne amma Tanta ya girma ya zama babban birni mai cunkoson jama'a. Wannan birni cibiya ce ta biki a ƙarshen Oktoba a ƙarshen girbin auduga. Mutane miliyan uku, daga kewayen Delta da sauran sassan [[Larabawa]], sun zo don Moulid na Sayid Ahmed el-Badawi, wanda ke da launuka iri-iri, na [[addini]], na kwana takwas. Moulid din yana tsakiyar masallaci da kabarin sayyid Ahmad al-Badawi, wanda ya kafa daya daga cikin manyan darikun Sufaye na [[Masar]] da aka fi sani da [[Ahmadiyyah]] ko [[Badawiyya]]. An haife shi a [[Maroko]], amma ya yi hijira zuwa [[Arabiya]], daga baya aka tura shi zuwa Tanta a AD 1234 a matsayin wakilin umarnin daga [[Iraki]]. An ba shi izini don fara sabon tsari a cikin Tanta kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan brotheran uwantaka ta Sufi a Masar. ==Sanannu wurare a Tanta== *Lambun muntazah *Filin wasa na Tanta *Jami'ar Tanta *KUlob din malamai *Kulob din wasanni *Saint George Cathedral *Saint Peter Catholic basilica *Gidan Tarihi na Tanta wanda ya tattaro kayan tarihi tun na kaka da kakanni File:Tanta-1.jpg|Tanta's city center, Elgeish street. File:Mehata1-Tanta.jpg|Tanta's railway station at night File:Mosque of St. Ahmed El-Badawi.jpg|Mosque of Elsayyed Elbadawi File:كنيسة مارى جرجس بطنطا.jpg|Saint George Cathedral Church File:Tanta Railway Station.jpg|Tanta Railway Station File:TantaFerialPalace.jpg|palace in Tanta which was used as a primary school named flowers school File:TantaPark.jpg|Tanta Montaza park File:متحف أثار طنطا.jpg|Tanta museum File:صورة جامعة طنطا.jpg|Tanta university administration </gallery> ==Manazarta== https://web.archive.org/web/20120325090557/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&des=gamelan&geo=-69&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&geo=434865100 0cyg15nqc1ty4ji7tibyps557ud6go5 0 18137 894155 489772 2026-08-10T10:22:14Z Aisha SM 47788 894155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:"زاوية سيدي علي بومرداسي" في "قرية أولاد بومرداس" ضمن "بلدية تيجلابين" في "ولاية بومرداس الجزائرية" (2).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Zawiyet Sidi Ali Boumerdassi" a ƙauyen "Ouled Boumerdas" a cikin "Tidjelabine" na lardin "Boumerdès" na Aljeriya.]] '''Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi''' ( {{Lang-ar|زاوية سيدي البومرداسي}} ), wanda ya kasance ko '''Zawiyet Ouled Boumerdès''' ne zawiya da ke cikin Lardin Boumerdès a [[Aljeriya]] . == Gina == An kuma gina zawiya na Ouled Boumerdès a cikin shekarar 1714 a tsaunin kudu na garin Boumerdès na yanzu a cikin yankin Kabylia. Wanda ya kafa wannan [[Sufiyya|makarantar Sufi]] shi ne babban malamin nan ''Sidi Ali bin Ahmed bin Muhammad al-Boumerdassi'', wanda ya kafa wannan zawiyya ta ilimi, wacce ta zama fitila ga mutanen yankin tsaunukan Khachna, kuma haskenta na kimiyya da haske ya kai har zuwa gefen ƙasar. == Manyan ayyuka == [[Fayil:"زاوية سيدي علي بومرداسي" في "قرية أولاد بومرداس" ضمن "بلدية تيجلابين" في "ولاية بومرداس الجزائرية" (7).jpg|thumb|Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]] [[Fayil:"زاوية سيدي علي بومرداسي" في "قرية أولاد بومرداس" ضمن "بلدية تيجلابين" في "ولاية بومرداس الجزائرية" (6).jpg|thumb|Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]] [[Fayil:"زاوية سيدي علي بومرداسي" في "قرية أولاد بومرداس" ضمن "بلدية تيجلابين" في "ولاية بومرداس الجزائرية" (3).jpg|thumb|Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]] [[Fayil:"زاوية سيدي علي بومرداسي" في "قرية أولاد بومرداس" ضمن "بلدية تيجلابين" في "ولاية بومرداس الجزائرية" (5).jpg|thumb|Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]] Zawiya ta Sidi Ali Boumerdassi a ƙauyen Ouled Boumerdès ana ɗauke da mashahurin malamin addini wajen haddacewa da koyar da [[Al Kur'ani|Alƙur'ani]] da hukunce-hukuncensa na yau da kullun ga matasa da kuma samar da masallatai daban-daban na Lardin Boumerdes a cikin watan Ramadan a kowace shekara tare da tanadin da ke kai wa ga Sallar Tarawih ta hanyar karatun Alqurani tare da karatun Warsh . == Duba kuma == * Tunanin Islama na Aljeriya * Zawiyas a Aljeriya * [[Ƙadiriya|Qadiriyya]] * Rahmaniyya * Ouled Boumerdès * Cheikh Boumerdassi * Tawayen Mokrani * Yaƙin Col des Beni Aïcha * Yaƙin Alma (Aljeriya) * Dar Es-Soltane [ ar ] * East Beylik [ ar ] * Oued Boudouaou [ ar ] * Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg * Harin kan Reghaïa (1837) * Balaguro na Col des Beni Aïcha * Yaƙin Farko na Boudouaou == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * {{YouTube|dVCsM_r8Yxw|Official ceremony in the Zawiya of Sidi Boumerdassi during 2020}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Rahmaniyya]] [[Category:Sufiyya]] rr5za8n62qybg9uy3xkm9ncp2a6lk4z 894157 894155 2026-08-10T10:22:32Z Aisha SM 47788 894157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:"زاوية سيدي علي بومرداسي" في "قرية أولاد بومرداس" ضمن "بلدية تيجلابين" في "ولاية بومرداس الجزائرية" (2).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Zawiyet Sidi Ali Boumerdassi" a ƙauyen "Ouled Boumerdas" a cikin "Tidjelabine" na lardin "Boumerdès" na Aljeriya.]] '''Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi''' ( {{Lang-ar|زاوية سيدي البومرداسي}} ), wanda ya kasance ko '''Zawiyet Ouled Boumerdès''' ne zawiya da ke cikin Lardin Boumerdès a [[Aljeriya]] . == Gina == An kuma gina zawiya na Ouled Boumerdès a cikin shekarar 1714 a tsaunin kudu na garin Boumerdès na yanzu a cikin yankin Kabylia. Wanda kuma ya kafa wannan [[Sufiyya|makarantar Sufi]] shi ne babban malamin nan ''Sidi Ali bin Ahmed bin Muhammad al-Boumerdassi'', wanda ya kafa wannan zawiyya ta ilimi, wacce ta zama fitila ga mutanen yankin tsaunukan Khachna, kuma haskenta na kimiyya da haske ya kai har zuwa gefen ƙasar. == Manyan ayyuka == [[Fayil:"زاوية سيدي علي بومرداسي" في "قرية أولاد بومرداس" ضمن "بلدية تيجلابين" في "ولاية بومرداس الجزائرية" (7).jpg|thumb|Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]] [[Fayil:"زاوية سيدي علي بومرداسي" في "قرية أولاد بومرداس" ضمن "بلدية تيجلابين" في "ولاية بومرداس الجزائرية" (6).jpg|thumb|Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]] [[Fayil:"زاوية سيدي علي بومرداسي" في "قرية أولاد بومرداس" ضمن "بلدية تيجلابين" في "ولاية بومرداس الجزائرية" (3).jpg|thumb|Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]] [[Fayil:"زاوية سيدي علي بومرداسي" في "قرية أولاد بومرداس" ضمن "بلدية تيجلابين" في "ولاية بومرداس الجزائرية" (5).jpg|thumb|Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]] Zawiya ta Sidi Ali Boumerdassi a ƙauyen Ouled Boumerdès ana ɗauke da mashahurin malamin addini wajen haddacewa da koyar da [[Al Kur'ani|Alƙur'ani]] da hukunce-hukuncensa na yau da kullun ga matasa da kuma samar da masallatai daban-daban na Lardin Boumerdes a cikin watan Ramadan a kowace shekara tare da tanadin da ke kai wa ga Sallar Tarawih ta hanyar karatun Alqurani tare da karatun Warsh . == Duba kuma == * Tunanin Islama na Aljeriya * Zawiyas a Aljeriya * [[Ƙadiriya|Qadiriyya]] * Rahmaniyya * Ouled Boumerdès * Cheikh Boumerdassi * Tawayen Mokrani * Yaƙin Col des Beni Aïcha * Yaƙin Alma (Aljeriya) * Dar Es-Soltane [ ar ] * East Beylik [ ar ] * Oued Boudouaou [ ar ] * Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg * Harin kan Reghaïa (1837) * Balaguro na Col des Beni Aïcha * Yaƙin Farko na Boudouaou == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * {{YouTube|dVCsM_r8Yxw|Official ceremony in the Zawiya of Sidi Boumerdassi during 2020}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Rahmaniyya]] [[Category:Sufiyya]] pg94h26fxiakumlb31iqfnk8fu02d9f 894158 894157 2026-08-10T10:23:32Z Aisha SM 47788 894158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:"زاوية سيدي علي بومرداسي" في "قرية أولاد بومرداس" ضمن "بلدية تيجلابين" في "ولاية بومرداس الجزائرية" (2).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Zawiyet Sidi Ali Boumerdassi" a ƙauyen "Ouled Boumerdas" a cikin "Tidjelabine" na lardin "Boumerdès" na Aljeriya.]] '''Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi''' ( {{Lang-ar|زاوية سيدي البومرداسي}} ), wanda ya kasance ko '''Zawiyet Ouled Boumerdès''' ne zawiya da ke cikin Lardin Boumerdès a [[Aljeriya]] . == Gina == An kuma gina zawiya na Ouled Boumerdès a cikin shekarar 1714 a tsaunin kudu na garin Boumerdès na yanzu a cikin yankin Kabylia. Wanda kuma ya kafa wannan [[Sufiyya|makarantar Sufi]] shi ne babban malamin nan ''Sidi Ali bin Ahmed bin Muhammad al-Boumerdassi'', wanda kuma ya kafa wannan zawiyya ta ilimi, wacce ta zama fitila ga mutanen yankin tsaunukan Khachna, kuma haskenta na kimiyya da haske ya kai har zuwa gefen ƙasar. == Manyan ayyuka == [[Fayil:"زاوية سيدي علي بومرداسي" في "قرية أولاد بومرداس" ضمن "بلدية تيجلابين" في "ولاية بومرداس الجزائرية" (7).jpg|thumb|Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]] [[Fayil:"زاوية سيدي علي بومرداسي" في "قرية أولاد بومرداس" ضمن "بلدية تيجلابين" في "ولاية بومرداس الجزائرية" (6).jpg|thumb|Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]] [[Fayil:"زاوية سيدي علي بومرداسي" في "قرية أولاد بومرداس" ضمن "بلدية تيجلابين" في "ولاية بومرداس الجزائرية" (3).jpg|thumb|Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]] [[Fayil:"زاوية سيدي علي بومرداسي" في "قرية أولاد بومرداس" ضمن "بلدية تيجلابين" في "ولاية بومرداس الجزائرية" (5).jpg|thumb|Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]] Zawiya ta Sidi Ali Boumerdassi a ƙauyen Ouled Boumerdès ana ɗauke da mashahurin malamin addini wajen haddacewa da koyar da [[Al Kur'ani|Alƙur'ani]] da hukunce-hukuncensa na yau da kullun ga matasa da kuma samar da masallatai daban-daban na Lardin Boumerdes a cikin watan Ramadan a kowace shekara tare da tanadin da ke kai wa ga Sallar Tarawih ta hanyar karatun Alqurani tare da karatun Warsh . == Duba kuma == * Tunanin Islama na Aljeriya * Zawiyas a Aljeriya * [[Ƙadiriya|Qadiriyya]] * Rahmaniyya * Ouled Boumerdès * Cheikh Boumerdassi * Tawayen Mokrani * Yaƙin Col des Beni Aïcha * Yaƙin Alma (Aljeriya) * Dar Es-Soltane [ ar ] * East Beylik [ ar ] * Oued Boudouaou [ ar ] * Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg * Harin kan Reghaïa (1837) * Balaguro na Col des Beni Aïcha * Yaƙin Farko na Boudouaou == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * {{YouTube|dVCsM_r8Yxw|Official ceremony in the Zawiya of Sidi Boumerdassi during 2020}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Rahmaniyya]] [[Category:Sufiyya]] n6d3snojgtdop20c1a47j6l7jwotw9n 894164 894158 2026-08-10T10:26:01Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ Ƙaramin gyara 894164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:"زاوية سيدي علي بومرداسي" في "قرية أولاد بومرداس" ضمن "بلدية تيجلابين" في "ولاية بومرداس الجزائرية" (2).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Zawiyet Sidi Ali Boumerdassi" a ƙauyen "Ouled Boumerdas" a cikin "Tidjelabine" na lardin "Boumerdès" na Aljeriya.]] '''Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi''' ( {{Lang-ar|زاوية سيدي البومرداسي}} ), wanda ya kasance ko '''Zawiyet Ouled Boumerdès''' ne zawiya da ke cikin Lardin Boumerdès a [[Aljeriya]]. == Gina == An kuma gina zawiya na Ouled Boumerdès a cikin shekarar 1714 a tsaunin kudu na garin Boumerdès na yanzu a cikin yankin Kabylia. Wanda kuma ya kafa wannan [[Sufiyya|makarantar Sufi]] shi ne babban malamin nan ''Sidi Ali bin Ahmed bin Muhammad al-Boumerdassi'', wanda kuma ya kafa wannan zawiyya ta ilimi, wacce ta zama fitila ga mutanen yankin tsaunukan Khachna, kuma haskenta na kimiyya da haske ya kai har zuwa gefen ƙasar. == Manyan ayyuka == [[Fayil:"زاوية سيدي علي بومرداسي" في "قرية أولاد بومرداس" ضمن "بلدية تيجلابين" في "ولاية بومرداس الجزائرية" (7).jpg|thumb|Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]] [[Fayil:"زاوية سيدي علي بومرداسي" في "قرية أولاد بومرداس" ضمن "بلدية تيجلابين" في "ولاية بومرداس الجزائرية" (6).jpg|thumb|Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]] [[Fayil:"زاوية سيدي علي بومرداسي" في "قرية أولاد بومرداس" ضمن "بلدية تيجلابين" في "ولاية بومرداس الجزائرية" (3).jpg|thumb|Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]] [[Fayil:"زاوية سيدي علي بومرداسي" في "قرية أولاد بومرداس" ضمن "بلدية تيجلابين" في "ولاية بومرداس الجزائرية" (5).jpg|thumb|Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]] Zawiya ta Sidi Ali Boumerdassi a ƙauyen Ouled Boumerdès ana ɗauke da mashahurin malamin addini wajen haddacewa da koyar da [[Al Kur'ani|Alƙur'ani]] da hukunce-hukuncensa na yau da kullun ga matasa da kuma samar da masallatai daban-daban na Lardin Boumerdes a cikin watan Ramadan a kowace shekara tare da tanadin da ke kai wa ga Sallar Tarawih ta hanyar karatun Alqurani tare da karatun Warsh . == Duba kuma == * Tunanin Islama na Aljeriya * Zawiyas a Aljeriya * [[Ƙadiriya|Qadiriyya]] * Rahmaniyya * Ouled Boumerdès * Cheikh Boumerdassi * Tawayen Mokrani * Yaƙin Col des Beni Aïcha * Yaƙin Alma (Aljeriya) * Dar Es-Soltane [ ar ] * East Beylik [ ar ] * Oued Boudouaou [ ar ] * Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg * Harin kan Reghaïa (1837) * Balaguro na Col des Beni Aïcha * Yaƙin Farko na Boudouaou == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * {{YouTube|dVCsM_r8Yxw|Official ceremony in the Zawiya of Sidi Boumerdassi during 2020}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Rahmaniyya]] [[Category:Sufiyya]] mhx0qi8nbjwpxah24ebq604mo7ldrwt 0 18139 894179 308785 2026-08-10T10:33:51Z Aisha SM 47788 894179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Dan siyasar Aljeriya Mohamed Seghir Boushaki (1869-1959).]] '''Zawiyet [[Sidi Boushaki|Sidi Brahim Boushaki]]''' ( {{Lang-ar|زاوية سيدي إبراهيم البوسحاقي}} ), ya kasan ce ko '''Zawiyet Thénia''' zawiya ce ta 'yan uwantakar [[Rahmaniyya Sufi]] da ke lardin Boumerdès a cikin ƙananan Kabylia na [[Aljeriya|Algeria]]. == Gina == [[File:فتحة ينبوع "ثالة يوس" قرب زاوية سيدي بوسحاقي.jpg|200px|left|thumbnail|Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki]] An gina zawiya na Soumâa a cikin shekarar 1442 a cikin Col des Beni Aïcha a cikin kudu maso gabas na garin Boumerdès na yanzu a cikin yankin Kabylia. Wanda ya kafa wannan [[Sufiyya|makarantar Sufi]] shi ne babban malamin nan Sidi Brahim bin Faïd al-Boushaki (1394-1453), wanda ya kafa wannan zawiyya ta ilimi, wacce ta zama fitila ga mutanen yankin tsaunukan Khachna, da hasken kimiya da hasken ta. miƙa zuwa gefen ƙasar. == Duba kuma == * [[Sidi Boushaki]] * [[Brahim Boushaki]] * [[Mohamed Seghir Boushaki]] == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * {{YouTube|4GFksPnZ21M|1- Biography of Sidi Boushaki (1394-1453)}} * {{YouTube|nasJ0roDFac|2- Biography of Sidi Boushaki}} * {{YouTube|7a-kVGdR1rY|3- Biography of Sidi Boushaki}} * {{YouTube|gEpddqSnvwY|4- Biography of Sidi Boushaki}} * {{YouTube|iPO12bLkbe4|5- Biography of Sidi Boushaki}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Rahmaniyya]] [[Category:Sufiyya]] nxf8qlien7p9d119n30oakgoq44nuvj 0 18888 893823 479283 2026-08-09T19:04:26Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Manazarta */ 893823 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Aswan,_Elephantine,_west_bank,_Egypt,_Oct_2004.jpg|thumb]] '''Elephantine''' tsibiri ne a cikin [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]], wanda ya zama wani yanki na garin Aswan, [[Misra|Misira]] . Yana da kusan {{Convert|1200|m|}} ta {{Convert|400|m|}} a cikin girma. An zauna cikin tsibirin tun zamanin Masar na d. A. A yau, akwai wasu kango a tsibirin. Hakanan yana ɗauke da lambun tsirrai tare da tarin itacen dabino. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Assuan-Museum_01.JPG|Gidan adana kayan Tarihi na Assuan, Euphantine File:Egypt,_Verdant_Euphantine_Island.jpg|Tsibirin Verdant Euphantine , Misra File:Aegypten1959-025_hg.jpg|Euphantine File:Aswan_Elephantine_Island_R03.jpg|Aswan Elephantine File:Sanakadakheto_kir%C3%A1lyn%C5%91_%C3%A9s_f%C3%A9rfi_k%C3%ADs%C3%A9r%C5%91j%C3%A9nek_szobra.jpg|Mutum-mutumin Sarauniya Sanakadakheto da ma'aikacinta namiji File:Satet_Temple_(8612400526).jpg|Wurin bauta na Satet </gallery> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Biranen Misra]] [[Category:Wuraren shaƙatawa]] [[Category:Wuraren bude ido]] [[Category:Misra]] l'Égypte.jpg|thumb|left|Elephantine, as published in the 1809 [[Description de l'Égypte]].]]Most of the present day southern tip of the island is taken up by the ruins of the Temple of Khnum. These, the oldest ruins still standing on the island, are composed of a granite [[step pyramid]] from the Third Dynasty and a small temple built for the local [[Sixth Dynasty of Egypt|Sixth Dynasty]] [[nomarch]], [[Heqaib]]. In the Middle Kingdom, many officials, such as the local governors [[Sarenput I]] or [[Heqaib III]], dedicated statues and shrines into the temple. [[File:Khnum temple at Elephantine island, New kingdom.png|thumb|Khnum temple at Elephantine island, New kingdom, Reconstruction]] [[File:IlhaElefantina.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Aswan Museum]], and a [[nilometer]] (lower left)]] ====Nilometers==== A [[nilometer]] was a structure for measuring the Nile River's clarity and the water level during the annual flood season. There are two nilometers at Elephantine Island.<ref name="bunson1995" /> The more famous is a corridor nilometer associated with the Temple of Satis, with a stone staircase that descends the corridor.<ref name="bunson1995" /> It is one of the oldest nilometers in Egypt, last reconstructed in [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] times and still in use as late as the nineteenth century AD. Ninety steps that lead down to the river are marked with [[Arabic numerals|Arabic]], [[Roman numerals|Roman]], and [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|hieroglyphic]] numerals. Visible at the water's edge are inscriptions carved deeply into the rock during the [[Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt|Seventeenth Dynasty]]. The other nilometer is a rectangular basin located at the island's southern tip, near the Temple of Khnum and opposite the Old Cataract Hotel. It is probably the older of the two. One of the nilometers, though it is not certain which, is mentioned by the Greek historian [[Strabo]]. Many sources claim that the fabled "Well of Eratosthenes", famous in connection with [[Eratosthenes]]' presumed calculation of the [[Earth's circumference]], was located on the island. [[Strabo]] mentions a well that was used to observe that Aswan lies on the [[Tropic of Cancer]], but the reference is to a well at [[Aswan]], not at Elephantine. Neither nilometer at Elephantine is suitable for the purpose, while the well at Aswan is apparently lost.<ref>{{cite book|last=Meyboom|first=P. G. P. |title=The Nile Mosaic of Palestrina: Early Evidence of Egyptian Religion in Italy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jyTFEJ56iTUC|year=1995|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-10137-3|page=52}}</ref> === Elephantine triad === The Elephantine Triad is between [[Khnum]], [[Satis (goddess)|Satis]], and [[Anuket]]. It is debated whether Anuket is the daughter of Khnum and Satis, or the sister of Satis.<ref name="bunson1995" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Parikh |first=Amee |date=2023-05-24 |title=Anuket: The Ancient Egyptian Goddess of the Nile {{!}} History Cooperative |url=https://historycooperative.org/anuket/ |access-date=2024-02-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> Elephantine was the dwelling place of Khnum, the ram-headed god of the cataracts, who guarded and controlled the waters of the Nile from caves beneath the island.<ref name="bunson1995" /> Satis was worshipped from very early times as a [[war goddess]] and protector of this strategic region of Egypt. When seen as a [[fertility goddess]], she personified the bountiful annual flooding of the Nile. The cult of Satis originated in the ancient city of [[Aswan]]. Later, when the triad was formed, Khnum became identified as her consort and, thereby, was thought of as the father of Anuket. His role in myths later changed; another deity was ascribed duties with the river. At that time his role as a potter enabled him to be assigned a duty in the creation of human bodies. Anuket was the Goddess of the first cataract and is referred to as the personification of the Nile.<ref name="bunson1995" /> A cult is formed on the Island for Anuket.<ref name=":12" /> ==Jewish presence== The [[Elephantine papyri and ostraca]] are caches of legal documents and letters written in [[Imperial Aramaic]] dating to sometime in the fifth century BC.<ref name="Botta2">{{cite book |last=Botta |first=Alejandro |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQKll2gTg4kC&pg=PA16 |title=The Aramaic and Egyptian Legal Traditions at Elephantine: An Egyptological Approach |publisher=T&T Clark |year=2009 |isbn=978-0567045331 |pages=15–116}}</ref><ref name="Grabbe2">{{cite book |last=Grabbe |first=Lester L. |author-link=Lester L. Grabbe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQNlslA72SkC&pg=PA193 |title=A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period (vol. 2) |publisher=Bloomsbury T&T Clark |year=2011 |isbn=978-0567541192 |page=103}}</ref> These papyri document the presence of a community of Judean mercenaries and their families on Elephantine, starting in the seventh century BC. The mercenaries guarded the frontier between Egypt and [[Nubia]] to the south.<ref name="Schama2">{{cite episode |title=In the Beginning |series=The Story of the Jews |last1=Schama |first1=Simon |network=PBS |date=September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Toorn |first=Karel Van Der |title=Becoming a Diaspora Jew: Behind the Story of Elephantine |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-300-24949-1 |pages=1–88}}</ref> Following the [[Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)|587 BC destruction of Jerusalem]], some [[Kingdom of Judah|Judean]] refugees traveled south and, in what may be called an "exodus in reverse", settled on Elephantine. They maintained their own temple (the [[House of Yahweh (biblical term)|House of Yahweh]]), in which [[Land of Onias#Legitimacy of its sacrificial cult|sacrifices were offered]], evincing [[Canaanite religion|polytheistic beliefs]], which functioned alongside that of [[Khnum]].<ref>[[A. van Hoonacker]], ''Une Communauté Judéo-Araméenne à Éléphantine, en Egypte, aux vi et v siècles avant J.-C,'' London 1915 cited, [[Arnold J. Toynbee|Arnold Toynbee]], ''[[A Study of History]],'' vol.5, (1939) 1964 p125 n.1</ref> It is not clear when or why the Jewish community settled in Elephantine.<ref name="smith1908" /> The temple may have been built in reaction to [[Manasseh of Judah|Manasseh]]'s reinstitution of pagan worship or simply to serve the needs of the Jewish community.<ref name="Botta2" /> === Conflict Between Jews and Egyptians === There is bias that surrounds the Jewish and Egyptian interactions that occurred on Elephantine, but the findings show that there was often culture interchange.<ref name="smith1908" /> Conflict began due to a stone that was originally the Egyptians', but turned up in the hands of the Jews.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toorn |first=Karel van der |date=2021-12-16 |title=Previously, at Elephantine |url=https://lockwoodonlinejournals.com/index.php/jaos/article/view/1053 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=138 |issue=2 |doi=10.7817/jameroriesoci.138.2.0255 |issn=2169-2289}}</ref> The earliest recount of the Jewish temple is from 525 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gordon |first=Cyrus H. |date=1955 |title=The Origin of the Jews in Elephantine |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/542551 |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=56–58 |doi=10.1086/371243 |jstor=542551 |issn=0022-2968}}</ref> In 410 BC, the Jewish temple, the [[House of Yahweh (biblical term)|House of Yahweh]], was burned down by a Persian military commander due to bribery from Khnum priests.<ref name="bunson1995" /><ref name=":4" />{{r|rosenberg2004}} While no explicit reasoning has been given for this lash out, it has been suspected that the priests did this because of the Jewish rituals of sacrificing of sheep, especially during Passover.{{r|rosenberg2004}} Papyri records that have been collected from this time show Jewish letters asking [[Bagoas]] for help rebuilding the temple.{{r|rosenberg2004}} The standard reference collection of the Aramaic documents of the [[Elephantine papyri and ostraca|Elephantine Papyri and Ostraca]] is the [[Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt]].<ref name="cook2022"/> ==Other features== The [[Aswan Museum]] is located at the southern end of the island. Ongoing excavations by the [[German Archaeological Institute]] at the island's ancient town site have uncovered many findings that are now on display in the museum, including a [[mummy|mummified]] ram of Khnum. A sizable population of [[Nubians]] live in three villages in the island's middle section. A large luxury hotel is at the island's northern end. The Aswan Botanical Garden is adjacent to the west on [[el Nabatat Island]]. == Primary Scholarly Documents == * [[Arthur Ungnad]], [[iarchive:aramischepapyr00ungnuoft/page/26/mode/2up|Aramäische Papyrus aus Elephantine]] * [[Eduard Sachau]], 1908, [[iarchive:dreiaramaischepa00sach_0|Drei aramäische papyrusurkunden aus Elephantine]] * [[Eduard Sachau]], 1911, [[iarchive:aramaischepapyru01sach|Aramäische Papyrus und Ostraka aus einer jüdischen Militär-Kolonie zu Elephantine]] <gallery> Naos votivo di Kasa 1 0147115g.tif|Votive [[Cella|naos]] with sledge and pronaos supported by [[hathor]]ic columns, dedicated by the artisan Kasa to the Elephantine Triad. [[Museo Egizio|Museo Egizio, Turin]]. </gallery> ==Gallery== <gallery> Nubian village Elephantine Island.JPG|[[Nubia]]n houses on central Elephantine Island View 071, Verdant Euphantine Island, opposite Assuan, Egypt, 1908.jpg|Verdant Elephantine Island, opposite Assuan, Egypt", 1908. Lantern slide. [[Brooklyn Museum]] Brooklyn Museum - Island of Elephantine (Egypt) - Edwin Howland Blashfield - overall.jpg|Island of Elephantine, by [[Edwin Blashfield|Edwin Howland Blashfield]]. [[Brooklyn Museum]] Ruins on Elephantine Island, Aswan, Egypt.jpg|Ruins on Elephantine Island in 2000 </gallery> ==See also== {{Commons category|Elephantine}} *[[Sehel Island]] *[[Temple of Satet]] == References == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="bunson1995">{{Citation |last=Bunson |first=Margaret |chapter=K |date=1995-11-23 |title=A Dictionary of Ancient Egypt |pages=130–141 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195099898.003.0011 |access-date=2024-03-01 |publisher=Oxford University PressNew York, NY |doi=10.1093/oso/9780195099898.003.0011 |isbn=978-0-19-509989-8|chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref> <ref name="cook2022">{{Cite book |last=Cook |first=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kdCIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 |title=Biblical Aramaic and Related Dialects: An Introduction |date=2022-09-29 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-78788-8 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="muller2016">{{Cite journal |last=Müller |first=Matthias |date=2016 |title=Among the Priests of Elephantine Island Elephantine Island Seen from Egyptian Sources |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24887875 |journal=Die Welt des Orients |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=213–243 |doi=10.13109/wdor.2016.46.2.213 |jstor=24887875 |issn=0043-2547}}</ref> <ref name="oxford-history"> {{ cite encyclopedia | editor = Shaw, Ian | isbn = 978-0-19-280458-7 | location = Great Clarendon Street, Oxford 0x2 6DP | publisher = Oxford University Press | title = The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt | year = 2000 }} </ref> <ref name="rosenberg2004">{{Cite journal |last=Rosenberg |first=Stephen G. |date=2004 |title=The Jewish Temple at Elephantine |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4149987 |journal=Near Eastern Archaeology |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=4–13 |doi=10.2307/4149987 |jstor=4149987 |issn=1094-2076}}</ref> <ref name="project-rosette"> {{cite web | access-date = July 16, 2025 | title = Project Rosette: Page : page 2, rang : 15, Mot : Abw | url = https://projetrosette.info/popup.php?Id=1012&idObjet=423 }} </ref> <ref name="smith1908">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=John Merlin Powis |date=1908 |title=The Jewish Temple at Elephantine |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3141839 |journal=The Biblical World |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=448–459 |doi=10.1086/474061 |jstor=3141839 |issn=0190-3578}}</ref> <ref name="unesco">{{cite web |url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/88 |title = Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref> <ref name="merriam-webster"> {{cite encyclopedia | edition = 3rd | encyclopedia = Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary | isbn = 0877795460 | location = Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S.A. | publisher = Merriam-Webster | title = Elephantine | url = https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersg1998merr/ }} </ref> }} == Further reading == * {{cite encyclopedia | title = ELEPHANTINE | last = Bresciani | first = Edda | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/elephantine | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 4 | pages = 360–362 | year = 1998 }} *André J. Veldmeijer (with contributions by Felix Arnold & Cornelius von Pilgrim), [https://www.sidestone.com/openaccess/9789088903717.pdf Leatherwork from Elephantine (Aswan, Egypt). Analysis and Catalogue of the Ancient Egyptian & Persian Leather Finds], 2016. 208 pages [https://web.archive.org/web/20240305053608/https://www.sidestone.com/openaccess/9789088903717.pdf PDF] {{History of Nubia footer|state=collapsed}}{{Kushite religion footer}}{{Ancient Egypt topics}} {{Islands of Egypt}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Elephantine| ]] [[Category:Aswan]] [[Category:Islands of the Nile]] [[Category:River islands of Egypt]] [[Category:Archaeological sites in Egypt]] [[Category:Historic Jewish communities in North Africa]] [[Category:Khnum]] jythjrq0z0e0ks4cpsfdtev9956j0q1 893824 893823 2026-08-09T19:04:52Z NDG 37615 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contribs/Baffa ali|Baffa ali]] ([[User talk:Baffa ali|talk]]) to last version by BnHamid: Wrong language 479283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Aswan,_Elephantine,_west_bank,_Egypt,_Oct_2004.jpg|thumb]] '''Elephantine''' tsibiri ne a cikin [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]], wanda ya zama wani yanki na garin Aswan, [[Misra|Misira]] . Yana da kusan {{Convert|1200|m|}} ta {{Convert|400|m|}} a cikin girma. An zauna cikin tsibirin tun zamanin Masar na d. A. A yau, akwai wasu kango a tsibirin. Hakanan yana ɗauke da lambun tsirrai tare da tarin itacen dabino. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Assuan-Museum_01.JPG|Gidan adana kayan Tarihi na Assuan, Euphantine File:Egypt,_Verdant_Euphantine_Island.jpg|Tsibirin Verdant Euphantine , Misra File:Aegypten1959-025_hg.jpg|Euphantine File:Aswan_Elephantine_Island_R03.jpg|Aswan Elephantine File:Sanakadakheto_kir%C3%A1lyn%C5%91_%C3%A9s_f%C3%A9rfi_k%C3%ADs%C3%A9r%C5%91j%C3%A9nek_szobra.jpg|Mutum-mutumin Sarauniya Sanakadakheto da ma'aikacinta namiji File:Satet_Temple_(8612400526).jpg|Wurin bauta na Satet </gallery> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Biranen Misra]] [[Category:Wuraren shaƙatawa]] [[Category:Wuraren bude ido]] [[Category:Misra]] nzktexir41xgq5uo6j2izgtbwultqn0 2 18972 893973 485863 2026-08-10T00:55:20Z M I Idrees 13015 /* */ 893973 wikitext text/x-wiki sunana Muhammad Idrees cikakken dan Najeriya kuma bahaushe, mutumin garin Katsina mazaunin garin Kaduna. Tuntuɓa 07062340997 abuxahra070@gmail.com egak5jlfnjsji81sttiu29nve3iakrs 0 20683 894186 220421 2026-08-10T10:39:13Z Aisha SM 47788 894186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bassa Nge''' wata ƙabila ce a Najeriya wacce ke da tarihin ta zuwa shekarar 1805. Asalinsu suna zaune a Gbara wacce a da can ita ce babban birnin [[Masarautar Bida|Masarautar Nupe]] . Bassa Nge sun yi ƙaura daga ƙasarsu ta asali a cikin [[Bida]] saboda rikicin sarauta a kusan 1820. Su ne manyan [[Nufawa|ƙungiyoyin Nupe]] a da, tare da mutane kusan 15,000 a 1820 kafin su watse ko'ina cikin [[Najeriya|Nigeria]] . <ref>The people called Bass a Nge, Y.H. (2006). Tamaza ''Publishing Company United: Wusasa Zaria'': Nigeria</ref> Yarensu yana cikin rukunin harsunan [[Nupenci|Nupe]] tare da Kakanda, Zitako Dibo, Kupa da Cekpa, waɗanda duka na Nigeran Nijar-Kongo da Kwa na Yaren Afirka Ta Yamma . A cikin shekarar 2017, Al'ummar Bassa Nge Arewacin Amurka (BNC) sun gudanar da taron shekara-shekara a [[Philadelphia]] wanda ya tattauna ci gaban al'umma tare da mambobi sama da 54 da baƙi da ke halartar taron. Tarihinsu ya samo asali ne lokacin da BNC suka ba da gudummawa na magunguna (OTC) a asibitin shalkwatarsu da ke Gboloko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Habi|first=Yaʼakub Hassan|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_people_called_Bassa_Nge.html?id=H4kuAQAAIAAJ|title=The people called Bassa-Nge|date=2006|publisher=Tamaza Pub. Company Limited|isbn=978-978-2104-64-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mu'azu, Mohammed Aminu, 1968-|title=A descriptive grammar of the Bassa-nge language|date=2012|publisher=Lincom Europa|isbn=978-3-86288-163-5|oclc=793585119}}</ref><ref>The people called Bass a Nge, Y.H. (2006). Tamaza ''Publishing Company United: Wusasa Zaria'': Nigeria</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/03/ogbeha-wife-begged-babangida-create-kogi-state/|title=How Ogbeha and wife begged Babangida to create Kogi State|last=Eric, Teniola|date=2018-03-06|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-17}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201001220550.html|title=Nigeria: You can't fill a Pick-Up (Story of BassaNge|date=2010-01-22|website=ThisDay- Daily Trust|via=Allafrica.com|access-date=17 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://opinion.premiumtimesng.com/2019/11/14/why-bello-is-coming-back-and-bayelsa-may-fall-by-azu-ishiekwene/|title=Why Bello Is Coming Back, And Bayelsa May Fall, By Azu Ishiekwene - Premium Times Opinion|last=Azu, Ishiekwene|date=2019-11-14|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-17}}</ref> A wata hira da Ma'ade Yaila, wata ƴar Bassa-Nge ta bayyana cewa yarenta ya samo asali ne daga Nupe. Sun kasance daga reshen Benuwe-Congo na dangin Neja-Congo, ana kiran basaraken Basge da Etsu sabanin [[Masarautar Bida|Etsu Nupe da]] ake kira a Nupe shi ma, yaren bai yi kama da na [[Yaren Basa a Nijeriya|Bassa Nkomo]] wanda suka rayu a wuri guda ba. . Ana iya samun Bassa-nge a cikin [[Neja (kogi)|kogin Neja]] da rikicin [[Benue (kogi)|kogin Benuwai]], sun rayu a cikin [[Bassa (Kogi)|ƙaramar hukumar Bassa]] kuma mafi rinjaye a [[Lokoja]] . Etsu na Bassa-nge na yanzu a Bassa shine Brig. Abu Ali . Ɗaya daga cikin yaran Etsu Bassa-Nge Col. [[Muhammad Abu Ali]], wanda ya jagoranci tankokin yaki na 221 a yaƙi da [[Boko Haram]] a [[Borno]] ya mutu a shekarar 2016 tare da sojoji biyar, Gwamnan Jihar Kogi, [[Yahaya Bello]] yayi ta’aziyya ga dangin Etsu na masarautar Bassa-Nge Brig Gen. Abu Ali (Mai ritaya) kan mutuwar Col. Muhammed Abu Ali dansa na fari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/11/governor-bello-mourns-death-lt-col-abu-ali/|title=Governor Bello mourns death of Lt. Col Abu Ali|date=2016-11-06|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mu'azu|first=Mohammed Aminu|url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/9742041|title=A descriptive grammar of the Bassa-nge language /|date=2012|publisher=Lincom Europa|isbn=978-3-86288-163-5|location=Muenchen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mu'azu, Mohammed Aminu, 1968-|title=A descriptive grammar of the Bassa-nge language|date=2012|publisher=Lincom Europa|others=Juma'a, Jidda Hassan., Tebu, Suleman.|isbn=978-3-86288-163-5|location=Muenchen|oclc=793585119}}</ref> Akwai tarihin Bassa Nge a cikin ɗakunan karatu na Jami'ar Stanford . ==Manazarta== [[Category:Al'ummomin Nijeriya]] [[Category:Harsuna]] [[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]] [[Category:Al'ummomi]] [[Category:Al'adun Najeriya]] f3g5oey4sfywfuk55trkp3xqnlx1py8 0 21813 893994 622577 2026-08-10T04:48:38Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 893994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:World Heritage and Tentative List Sites - Metropolitan France - fr.svg|thumb|yankin Tentative World Heritage Site]] '''Karamin''' '''Fort na Kikombo''' yana cikin garin Kikombo a gabar tekun Atlantika na [[Angola]], inda Rio Kikombo ya isa teku, a lardin Kwanza-sul. == Tarihi == Ana sanya shi a cikin ƙaramin mashigar ruwa ta Kikombo, a Kudancin Lardin Kwanza-Sul. Fortananan garun "Kikombo" suna da nasaba da tarihin mamayar ƙasashe da kuma sake neman talakoki. An kafa ƙungiyar Taimako na Gwamna Francisco Soto Magajin gari a cikin 1645 kuma daga baya a cikin 1648, ƙungiyar 'yan wasan Salvador Correia, wanda, daga can ya bar don maido da [[Luanda]] da Angola. Hakanan ƙaramin sansanin yana da kuma alaƙa da fataucin bayi, don haka ya taka rawar Deposit da fara aikin bayi waɗanda aka kama a cikin masana'antun cikin gida, suna matsayin kariya daga hare-haren da 'yan ƙasar ke yi, yana nuna juriya ga mamayar yankin Angolan kuma sama da komai akan cinikin bayi (bayi). An tsara shi a zaman Tarihin ƙasa ta Yankin. 12 na Janairu na 1924. Yana da kwatankwacin tsari kuma yana da mallakar ƙasa. Hakkin kulawa da kiyayewarta ya shafi Ma'aikatar Al'adu.<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/929/ Little Fort of Kikombo - UNESCO World Heritage Centre]</ref> == Matsayin al'adun duniya == An saka wannan rukunin a yanar gizo a cikin jerin tantattun kaya na Tarihi na Duniya na [[UNESCO]] a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 1996 a cikin nau'in Al'adu.<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/929/ Little Fort of Kikombo - UNESCO World Heritage Centre]</ref> == Bayanan kula == # Little Fort of Kikombo - UNESCO World Heritage Centre # Little Fort of Kikombo - UNESCO World Heritage Centre == Manazarta == 5wrxfm1fwrfp6hod7utgf4j5vyrrtcg 4 21908 893913 893246 2026-08-09T21:27:36Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 893913 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. 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|[[Special:Contributions/Hamimh2|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 6 ga Augusta 2026 |- |41 |[[User:Gowhar Nabi Wani|Gowhar Nabi Wani]] |[[Special:Contributions/Gowhar Nabi Wani|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 6 ga Augusta 2026 |- |42 |[[User:VolodymyrShcherban|VolodymyrShcherban]] |[[Special:Contributions/VolodymyrShcherban|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 6 ga Augusta 2026 |- |43 |[[User:Buacement|Buacement]] |[[Special:Contributions/Buacement|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 6 ga Augusta 2026 |- |44 |[[User:Squidfam|Squidfam]] |[[Special:Contributions/Squidfam|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 6 ga Augusta 2026 |- |45 |[[User:وسيم|وسيم]] |[[Special:Contributions/وسيم|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 6 ga Augusta 2026 |- |46 |[[User:Aisha DM|Aisha DM]] |[[Special:Contributions/Aisha DM|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 6 ga Augusta 2026 |- |47 |[[User:AGibberishUsername|AGibberishUsername]] |[[Special:Contributions/AGibberishUsername|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 6 ga Augusta 2026 |- |48 |[[User:Neoptolemos7|Neoptolemos7]] 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2026 |- |57 |[[User:Ila.dic|Ila.dic]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ila.dic|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 7 ga Augusta 2026 |- |58 |[[User:MarkHunt|MarkHunt]] |[[Special:Contributions/MarkHunt|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 7 ga Augusta 2026 |- |59 |[[User:Farhood714|Farhood714]] |[[Special:Contributions/Farhood714|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 7 ga Augusta 2026 |- |60 |[[User:Mesopotamiainc|Mesopotamiainc]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mesopotamiainc|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 7 ga Augusta 2026 |- |61 |[[User:Seniorman.ng|Seniorman.ng]] |[[Special:Contributions/Seniorman.ng|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 7 ga Augusta 2026 |- |62 |[[User:SZLysms|SZLysms]] |[[Special:Contributions/SZLysms|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 7 ga Augusta 2026 |- |63 |[[User:LucaNővérem|LucaNővérem]] |[[Special:Contributions/LucaNővérem|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 7 ga Augusta 2026 |- |64 |[[User:Bobomoney|Bobomoney]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bobomoney|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 7 ga Augusta 2026 |- |65 |[[User:Desk-7006|Desk-7006]] |[[Special:Contributions/Desk-7006|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 7 ga Augusta 2026 |- |66 |[[User:Tukur Umar|Tukur Umar]] |[[Special:Contributions/Tukur Umar|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 7 ga Augusta 2026 |- |67 |[[User:Clapam|Clapam]] |[[Special:Contributions/Clapam|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 7 ga Augusta 2026 |- |68 |[[User:YaBoi Cribby|YaBoi Cribby]] |[[Special:Contributions/YaBoi Cribby|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 8 ga Augusta 2026 |- |69 |[[User:Melcous|Melcous]] |[[Special:Contributions/Melcous|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 8 ga Augusta 2026 |- |70 |[[User:Kyh148|Kyh148]] |[[Special:Contributions/Kyh148|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 8 ga Augusta 2026 |- |71 |[[User:Dyrekcja|Dyrekcja]] |[[Special:Contributions/Dyrekcja|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 8 ga Augusta 2026 |- |72 |[[User:Elena Patrise|Elena Patrise]] |[[Special:Contributions/Elena Patrise|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 8 ga Augusta 2026 |- |73 |[[User:Luki 096|Luki 096]] |[[Special:Contributions/Luki 096|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 8 ga Augusta 2026 |- |74 |[[User:Fresh Shila|Fresh Shila]] |[[Special:Contributions/Fresh Shila|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 8 ga Augusta 2026 |- |75 |[[User:Zarteemarh|Zarteemarh]] |[[Special:Contributions/Zarteemarh|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 8 ga Augusta 2026 |- |76 |[[User:Haleemaah93|Haleemaah93]] |[[Special:Contributions/Haleemaah93|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 8 ga Augusta 2026 |- |77 |[[User:Umar aliyu abdullahi|Umar aliyu abdullahi]] |[[Special:Contributions/Umar aliyu abdullahi|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 8 ga Augusta 2026 |- |78 |[[User:Bilkeesu62|Bilkeesu62]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bilkeesu62|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 8 ga Augusta 2026 |- |79 |[[User:Hauwarh Abdullahi|Hauwarh Abdullahi]] |[[Special:Contributions/Hauwarh Abdullahi|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 8 ga Augusta 2026 |- |80 |[[User:Fateema abubakar|Fateema abubakar]] |[[Special:Contributions/Fateema abubakar|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 8 ga Augusta 2026 |- |81 |[[User:Commonwealth of Halbert|Commonwealth of Halbert]] |[[Special:Contributions/Commonwealth of Halbert|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 8 ga Augusta 2026 |- |82 |[[User:Ժաննա Սուլթանյան|Ժաննա Սուլթանյան]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ժաննա Սուլթանյան|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 8 ga Augusta 2026 |- |83 |[[User:Guidkaya|Guidkaya]] |[[Special:Contributions/Guidkaya|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 8 ga Augusta 2026 |- |84 |[[User:CronicasNobiliarias01|CronicasNobiliarias01]] |[[Special:Contributions/CronicasNobiliarias01|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 8 ga Augusta 2026 |- |85 |[[User:Vinitborde|Vinitborde]] |[[Special:Contributions/Vinitborde|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 8 ga Augusta 2026 |- |86 |[[User:Magnetic Chutney|Magnetic Chutney]] |[[Special:Contributions/Magnetic Chutney|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 8 ga Augusta 2026 |- |87 |[[User:CAlbon (WMF)|CAlbon (WMF)]] |[[Special:Contributions/CAlbon (WMF)|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 8 ga Augusta 2026 |- |88 |[[User:Cervus nippon|Cervus nippon]] |[[Special:Contributions/Cervus nippon|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 8 ga Augusta 2026 |- |89 |[[User:Abdulbaqi1|Abdulbaqi1]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abdulbaqi1|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 8 ga Augusta 2026 |- |90 |[[User:Namorlei|Namorlei]] |[[Special:Contributions/Namorlei|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 8 ga Augusta 2026 |- |91 |[[User:Schreiber123qwer|Schreiber123qwer]] |[[Special:Contributions/Schreiber123qwer|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 8 ga Augusta 2026 |- |92 |[[User:Riggerzack|Riggerzack]] |[[Special:Contributions/Riggerzack|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 8 ga Augusta 2026 |- |93 |[[User:HaliluIbrahim sabo|HaliluIbrahim sabo]] |[[Special:Contributions/HaliluIbrahim sabo|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 8 ga Augusta 2026 |- |94 |[[User:Arminnius|Arminnius]] |[[Special:Contributions/Arminnius|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 9 ga Augusta 2026 |- |95 |[[User:RAPTOR7762|RAPTOR7762]] |[[Special:Contributions/RAPTOR7762|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 9 ga Augusta 2026 |- |96 |[[User:MoviesandTelevisionFan|MoviesandTelevisionFan]] |[[Special:Contributions/MoviesandTelevisionFan|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 9 ga Augusta 2026 |- |97 |[[User:Chitiniuous|Chitiniuous]] |[[Special:Contributions/Chitiniuous|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 9 ga Augusta 2026 |- |98 |[[User:Bipinkumar345|Bipinkumar345]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bipinkumar345|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 9 ga Augusta 2026 |- |99 |[[User:Vavachaplin|Vavachaplin]] |[[Special:Contributions/Vavachaplin|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 9 ga Augusta 2026 |- |100 |[[User:Charutha04|Charutha04]] |[[Special:Contributions/Charutha04|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 9 ga Augusta 2026 |- |101 |[[User:Abdallah5194|Abdallah5194]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abdallah5194|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 9 ga Augusta 2026 |- |102 |[[User:Abbasule01|Abbasule01]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abbasule01|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 9 ga Augusta 2026 |- |103 |[[User:Hajiya ihsana|Hajiya ihsana]] |[[Special:Contributions/Hajiya ihsana|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 9 ga Augusta 2026 |- |104 |[[User:Escanor247|Escanor247]] |[[Special:Contributions/Escanor247|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 9 ga Augusta 2026 |- |105 |[[User:Marcas.oduinn|Marcas.oduinn]] |[[Special:Contributions/Marcas.oduinn|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 9 ga Augusta 2026 |- |106 |[[User:Rumex12|Rumex12]] |[[Special:Contributions/Rumex12|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 9 ga Augusta 2026 |- |107 |[[User:Jaizinosaurus|Jaizinosaurus]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jaizinosaurus|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 9 ga Augusta 2026 |- |108 |[[User:WalnutBloom|WalnutBloom]] |[[Special:Contributions/WalnutBloom|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 9 ga Augusta 2026 |- |109 |[[User:SillyCS|SillyCS]] |[[Special:Contributions/SillyCS|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 9 ga Augusta 2026 |- |110 |[[User:FilipJZ2004|FilipJZ2004]] |[[Special:Contributions/FilipJZ2004|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 9 ga Augusta 2026 |- |111 |[[User:Aliyuhaydarr|Aliyuhaydarr]] |[[Special:Contributions/Aliyuhaydarr|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 9 ga Augusta 2026 |- |112 |[[User:Jalkapallotekijä|Jalkapallotekijä]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jalkapallotekijä|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 9 ga Augusta 2026 |- |113 |[[User:NNajib abdullahi|NNajib abdullahi]] |[[Special:Contributions/NNajib abdullahi|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 9 ga Augusta 2026 |- |114 |[[User:Sarifhafijurrahman|Sarifhafijurrahman]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sarifhafijurrahman|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 9 ga Augusta 2026 |- |115 |[[User:Rachaelly01|Rachaelly01]] |[[Special:Contributions/Rachaelly01|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 9 ga Augusta 2026 |- |116 |[[User:Михаил Михайлович Михайлов-Михайловский|Михаил Михайлович Михайлов-Михайловский]] |[[Special:Contributions/Михаил Михайлович Михайлов-Михайловский|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 9 ga Augusta 2026 |- |117 |[[User:JotGeKa|JotGeKa]] |[[Special:Contributions/JotGeKa|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 9 ga Augusta 2026 |- |} azw1y15ewcv6yhm3kijs8mud696sv1e 0 26343 893966 718719 2026-08-10T00:35:12Z M I Idrees 13015 /* Aure */ 893966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Saude Abdullahi-Aliyu''' (An haife ta a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da biyu 1952), ta fito daga gidan masarautar [[Wudil]], ma'aikaciyar fannin ilimi na boko da na addinin Islama ce, wacce ta fara zama mace ta farko daga Jihar Kano da ta rike shugabancin makarantar Gwamnatin tarayya kuma ta rike Darakta a Ma'aikatar ilimi ta Gwamnatin tarayya, ta kasance mace ta farko da ta samu digiri daga Karamar Hukumar [[Wudil]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sumaila|first=Ahmed|title=The making of a Principal: Saude Abdullahi|publisher=Kadawa Gaskiya Press|year=2014|location=Kano}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Saude Abdullahi - Aliyu yar asalin [[Jihar Kano]] ce, da aka haifa ranar 25 ga watan Satumban shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da biyu 1952, mahaifin ta mai suna Abdullahi- Maikano Mahmoud ya kasance mai rike da sarautar gargajiya ta Sarkin [[Fulani]] dagacin Tsibiri a Karamar Hukumar [[Wudil]], Kakanta sunansa Shaykh al Islam Mahmoud, Kakan-Kakanta mai suna Dawaki Bello ya rike sarautar Sarkin [[Wudil]], wanda yake bafulatani ne da ya taho daga Gidan [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shehu Ɗan fodio]] a [[Sokoto|Kasar Sokoto]] zuwa [[Wudil]] ya zauna a garin Ginsau a wajen [[Wudil]], Kafin ya shigo cikin garin [[Wudil]] tunda daga gidan [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shehu Dan Fodio]] ya zo ana saka zuriarsa a matsayin [[Fulani]] Torankawa,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sadi|first=Badamasi|title=Sarkin Fulani Abdullahi Maikano|year=1980|publisher=Cipsco Press|location=Kano}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sumaila|first=Ahmed|title=Usman dan Fodio|date=2007|publisher=Aurora Kano|location=Kano}}</ref>sunan Mahaifiyarta Hajiya Rabi bint Shehu-Usman ibn Abdussalam(Inna) jikar Alkalin Gano mai suna Alkali Isiyaka ta wajen mahaifiyarta mai suna Hama a garin Gano na Karamar Hukumar [[Dawakin Kudu]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Annual Volumes of the laws of Kano State |date=1987 |publisher=Government Printer}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Abubakar|first=Aliyu|title=The Torankawa Danfodio Family|year=2005|publisher=Fero Publishers|location=Kano,Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ibrahim|first=Muhammad|title=The Hausa-Fulani Arabs: A Case Study of the Genealogy of Usman Danfodio|year=1987|publisher=Kadawa Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ibrahim|first=Muhammad|title=The Hausa-Fulani Arabs: A Case Study of the Genealogy of Usman Danfodio|year=1987|publisher=Kadawa Press}}</ref> ==Ilimi== Ta samu shedar takardar Grade II Teachers Certificate daga Women Teachers College Kano, Nigeria Certificate in Education (NCE) English / Islamic Studies daga makarantar Advanced Teachers College, Institute of Education, [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da takardar digiri ta Bachelors of Arts English/Islamic Studies daga [[Jami'ar Bayero]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Adnanu|first=Sammani|title=Wudil Local Government Graduates|publisher=Cipsco Press|year=2003|location=Kano}}</ref> ==Aiki== Ta fara aiki a Dorayi Primary School da Kwalli Primary School daga shekara ta, 1971 da kuma shekara ta, alif ɗari tara da saba'in da biyu 1972, ta yi aiki a Kano Local Education Authority a matsayin malamar makaranta ta Grade II daga shekara ta, alif ɗari tara da saba'in da uku 1973 zuwa shekara ta,alif ɗari tara da saba'in da tara 1979, a makarantun Shekara Boarding Primary School, [[Wudil]] Primary School da Magwan Primary School, ta yi aikin bautar ƙasa National Youth Service Corps daga shekara ta,alif ɗari tara da saba'in da tara 1979 zuwa alif dari tara da tamanin 1980, a Women Teachers College Kano, ta yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Jihar Kano daga shekara ta, 1984 zuwa shekara ta, 1995,a makarantun Women Arabic Teachers College Goron Dutse da Government Senior Secondary School Gwammaja II, ta rike matsayin Senior Mistress a Government Girls College Dala, Vice Principal a Women Arabic Teachers College Goron Dutse da Principal Shekara Government Girls Secondary School, a ma'aikatar ilimin gwamnatin tarayya ta yi aiki daga shekara ta, alif ɗari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995 zuwa shekara ta, 2014, ta rike Principal a Federal Government Girls College Kazaure, Federal Government Girls College Minjibir, Inspector of English Language Federal Inspectorate Service Kano, Co-ordinating Inspector Federal Inspectorate Service Kano, Principal Federal Government Girls College Potiskum, Principal Federal Government College Kiyawa, Director of Education Federal Ministry of Education.<ref>{{cite book |title=Annual Volumes of the laws of Kano State |date=1995 |publisher=Government Printer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Babangida|first=Asmau|title=Kano Female Educationist|year=2015|publisher=Kadawa Gaskiya Press|location=Kano}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Adamu|first=Saidu|title=Women Education in Kano State|year=2001|publisher=Sabon Titi Press|location=Kano}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Yahaya|first=Bala|title=Access to Education and Social Justice: A case study of Kano State|year=2005|publisher=Sanda Press|location=Kano}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Muhammadu|first=Baba|title=Women's Access to Higher Education in Nigeria: A case study of Kano State|year=2018|publisher=Cipsco Press|location=Kano}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kabiru|first=Binta|title=Education and Kano Women|year=2013|publisher=Ferota Press|location=Kano}}</ref> ==Aure== Ta auri Alhaji [[Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila]] a shekara ta 1973, auren ya samu albarkar yara guda bakawai.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shazalli|first=Santali|title=The Torankawa of Wudil |publisher=Kadawa Gaskiya Press|year=2003|location=Kano}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1952]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci]] [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Mutane daga Kano]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Kano]] [[Category:Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] [[Category:Mutanen Afirka]] coz7xiey4sg3rjlv0eb470umac7pnlt 893967 893966 2026-08-10T00:35:38Z M I Idrees 13015 /* Aure */ 893967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Saude Abdullahi-Aliyu''' (An haife ta a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da biyu 1952), ta fito daga gidan masarautar [[Wudil]], ma'aikaciyar fannin ilimi na boko da na addinin Islama ce, wacce ta fara zama mace ta farko daga Jihar Kano da ta rike shugabancin makarantar Gwamnatin tarayya kuma ta rike Darakta a Ma'aikatar ilimi ta Gwamnatin tarayya, ta kasance mace ta farko da ta samu digiri daga Karamar Hukumar [[Wudil]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sumaila|first=Ahmed|title=The making of a Principal: Saude Abdullahi|publisher=Kadawa Gaskiya Press|year=2014|location=Kano}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Saude Abdullahi - Aliyu yar asalin [[Jihar Kano]] ce, da aka haifa ranar 25 ga watan Satumban shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da biyu 1952, mahaifin ta mai suna Abdullahi- Maikano Mahmoud ya kasance mai rike da sarautar gargajiya ta Sarkin [[Fulani]] dagacin Tsibiri a Karamar Hukumar [[Wudil]], Kakanta sunansa Shaykh al Islam Mahmoud, Kakan-Kakanta mai suna Dawaki Bello ya rike sarautar Sarkin [[Wudil]], wanda yake bafulatani ne da ya taho daga Gidan [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shehu Ɗan fodio]] a [[Sokoto|Kasar Sokoto]] zuwa [[Wudil]] ya zauna a garin Ginsau a wajen [[Wudil]], Kafin ya shigo cikin garin [[Wudil]] tunda daga gidan [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shehu Dan Fodio]] ya zo ana saka zuriarsa a matsayin [[Fulani]] Torankawa,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sadi|first=Badamasi|title=Sarkin Fulani Abdullahi Maikano|year=1980|publisher=Cipsco Press|location=Kano}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sumaila|first=Ahmed|title=Usman dan Fodio|date=2007|publisher=Aurora Kano|location=Kano}}</ref>sunan Mahaifiyarta Hajiya Rabi bint Shehu-Usman ibn Abdussalam(Inna) jikar Alkalin Gano mai suna Alkali Isiyaka ta wajen mahaifiyarta mai suna Hama a garin Gano na Karamar Hukumar [[Dawakin Kudu]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Annual Volumes of the laws of Kano State |date=1987 |publisher=Government Printer}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Abubakar|first=Aliyu|title=The Torankawa Danfodio Family|year=2005|publisher=Fero Publishers|location=Kano,Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ibrahim|first=Muhammad|title=The Hausa-Fulani Arabs: A Case Study of the Genealogy of Usman Danfodio|year=1987|publisher=Kadawa Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ibrahim|first=Muhammad|title=The Hausa-Fulani Arabs: A Case Study of the Genealogy of Usman Danfodio|year=1987|publisher=Kadawa Press}}</ref> ==Ilimi== Ta samu shedar takardar Grade II Teachers Certificate daga Women Teachers College Kano, Nigeria Certificate in Education (NCE) English / Islamic Studies daga makarantar Advanced Teachers College, Institute of Education, [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da takardar digiri ta Bachelors of Arts English/Islamic Studies daga [[Jami'ar Bayero]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Adnanu|first=Sammani|title=Wudil Local Government Graduates|publisher=Cipsco Press|year=2003|location=Kano}}</ref> ==Aiki== Ta fara aiki a Dorayi Primary School da Kwalli Primary School daga shekara ta, 1971 da kuma shekara ta, alif ɗari tara da saba'in da biyu 1972, ta yi aiki a Kano Local Education Authority a matsayin malamar makaranta ta Grade II daga shekara ta, alif ɗari tara da saba'in da uku 1973 zuwa shekara ta,alif ɗari tara da saba'in da tara 1979, a makarantun Shekara Boarding Primary School, [[Wudil]] Primary School da Magwan Primary School, ta yi aikin bautar ƙasa National Youth Service Corps daga shekara ta,alif ɗari tara da saba'in da tara 1979 zuwa alif dari tara da tamanin 1980, a Women Teachers College Kano, ta yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Jihar Kano daga shekara ta, 1984 zuwa shekara ta, 1995,a makarantun Women Arabic Teachers College Goron Dutse da Government Senior Secondary School Gwammaja II, ta rike matsayin Senior Mistress a Government Girls College Dala, Vice Principal a Women Arabic Teachers College Goron Dutse da Principal Shekara Government Girls Secondary School, a ma'aikatar ilimin gwamnatin tarayya ta yi aiki daga shekara ta, alif ɗari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995 zuwa shekara ta, 2014, ta rike Principal a Federal Government Girls College Kazaure, Federal Government Girls College Minjibir, Inspector of English Language Federal Inspectorate Service Kano, Co-ordinating Inspector Federal Inspectorate Service Kano, Principal Federal Government Girls College Potiskum, Principal Federal Government College Kiyawa, Director of Education Federal Ministry of Education.<ref>{{cite book |title=Annual Volumes of the laws of Kano State |date=1995 |publisher=Government Printer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Babangida|first=Asmau|title=Kano Female Educationist|year=2015|publisher=Kadawa Gaskiya Press|location=Kano}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Adamu|first=Saidu|title=Women Education in Kano State|year=2001|publisher=Sabon Titi Press|location=Kano}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Yahaya|first=Bala|title=Access to Education and Social Justice: A case study of Kano State|year=2005|publisher=Sanda Press|location=Kano}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Muhammadu|first=Baba|title=Women's Access to Higher Education in Nigeria: A case study of Kano State|year=2018|publisher=Cipsco Press|location=Kano}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kabiru|first=Binta|title=Education and Kano Women|year=2013|publisher=Ferota Press|location=Kano}}</ref> == Aure == Ta auri Alhaji [[Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila]] a shekara ta 1973, auren ya samu albarkar yara guda bakawai.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shazalli|first=Santali|title=The Torankawa of Wudil |publisher=Kadawa Gaskiya Press|year=2003|location=Kano}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1952]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci]] [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Mutane daga Kano]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Kano]] [[Category:Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] [[Category:Mutanen Afirka]] qail9jkhzbdf4gf7m91iapig5ycb5v5 893968 893967 2026-08-10T00:37:08Z M I Idrees 13015 /* Aure */ 893968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Saude Abdullahi-Aliyu''' (An haife ta a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da biyu 1952), ta fito daga gidan masarautar [[Wudil]], ma'aikaciyar fannin ilimi na boko da na addinin Islama ce, wacce ta fara zama mace ta farko daga Jihar Kano da ta rike shugabancin makarantar Gwamnatin tarayya kuma ta rike Darakta a Ma'aikatar ilimi ta Gwamnatin tarayya, ta kasance mace ta farko da ta samu digiri daga Karamar Hukumar [[Wudil]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sumaila|first=Ahmed|title=The making of a Principal: Saude Abdullahi|publisher=Kadawa Gaskiya Press|year=2014|location=Kano}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Saude Abdullahi - Aliyu yar asalin [[Jihar Kano]] ce, da aka haifa ranar 25 ga watan Satumban shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da biyu 1952, mahaifin ta mai suna Abdullahi- Maikano Mahmoud ya kasance mai rike da sarautar gargajiya ta Sarkin [[Fulani]] dagacin Tsibiri a Karamar Hukumar [[Wudil]], Kakanta sunansa Shaykh al Islam Mahmoud, Kakan-Kakanta mai suna Dawaki Bello ya rike sarautar Sarkin [[Wudil]], wanda yake bafulatani ne da ya taho daga Gidan [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shehu Ɗan fodio]] a [[Sokoto|Kasar Sokoto]] zuwa [[Wudil]] ya zauna a garin Ginsau a wajen [[Wudil]], Kafin ya shigo cikin garin [[Wudil]] tunda daga gidan [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shehu Dan Fodio]] ya zo ana saka zuriarsa a matsayin [[Fulani]] Torankawa,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sadi|first=Badamasi|title=Sarkin Fulani Abdullahi Maikano|year=1980|publisher=Cipsco Press|location=Kano}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sumaila|first=Ahmed|title=Usman dan Fodio|date=2007|publisher=Aurora Kano|location=Kano}}</ref>sunan Mahaifiyarta Hajiya Rabi bint Shehu-Usman ibn Abdussalam(Inna) jikar Alkalin Gano mai suna Alkali Isiyaka ta wajen mahaifiyarta mai suna Hama a garin Gano na Karamar Hukumar [[Dawakin Kudu]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Annual Volumes of the laws of Kano State |date=1987 |publisher=Government Printer}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Abubakar|first=Aliyu|title=The Torankawa Danfodio Family|year=2005|publisher=Fero Publishers|location=Kano,Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ibrahim|first=Muhammad|title=The Hausa-Fulani Arabs: A Case Study of the Genealogy of Usman Danfodio|year=1987|publisher=Kadawa Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ibrahim|first=Muhammad|title=The Hausa-Fulani Arabs: A Case Study of the Genealogy of Usman Danfodio|year=1987|publisher=Kadawa Press}}</ref> ==Ilimi== Ta samu shedar takardar Grade II Teachers Certificate daga Women Teachers College Kano, Nigeria Certificate in Education (NCE) English / Islamic Studies daga makarantar Advanced Teachers College, Institute of Education, [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da takardar digiri ta Bachelors of Arts English/Islamic Studies daga [[Jami'ar Bayero]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Adnanu|first=Sammani|title=Wudil Local Government Graduates|publisher=Cipsco Press|year=2003|location=Kano}}</ref> ==Aiki== Ta fara aiki a Dorayi Primary School da Kwalli Primary School daga shekara ta, 1971 da kuma shekara ta, alif ɗari tara da saba'in da biyu 1972, ta yi aiki a Kano Local Education Authority a matsayin malamar makaranta ta Grade II daga shekara ta, alif ɗari tara da saba'in da uku 1973 zuwa shekara ta,alif ɗari tara da saba'in da tara 1979, a makarantun Shekara Boarding Primary School, [[Wudil]] Primary School da Magwan Primary School, ta yi aikin bautar ƙasa National Youth Service Corps daga shekara ta,alif ɗari tara da saba'in da tara 1979 zuwa alif dari tara da tamanin 1980, a Women Teachers College Kano, ta yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Jihar Kano daga shekara ta, 1984 zuwa shekara ta, 1995,a makarantun Women Arabic Teachers College Goron Dutse da Government Senior Secondary School Gwammaja II, ta rike matsayin Senior Mistress a Government Girls College Dala, Vice Principal a Women Arabic Teachers College Goron Dutse da Principal Shekara Government Girls Secondary School, a ma'aikatar ilimin gwamnatin tarayya ta yi aiki daga shekara ta, alif ɗari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995 zuwa shekara ta, 2014, ta rike Principal a Federal Government Girls College Kazaure, Federal Government Girls College Minjibir, Inspector of English Language Federal Inspectorate Service Kano, Co-ordinating Inspector Federal Inspectorate Service Kano, Principal Federal Government Girls College Potiskum, Principal Federal Government College Kiyawa, Director of Education Federal Ministry of Education.<ref>{{cite book |title=Annual Volumes of the laws of Kano State |date=1995 |publisher=Government Printer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Babangida|first=Asmau|title=Kano Female Educationist|year=2015|publisher=Kadawa Gaskiya Press|location=Kano}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Adamu|first=Saidu|title=Women Education in Kano State|year=2001|publisher=Sabon Titi Press|location=Kano}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Yahaya|first=Bala|title=Access to Education and Social Justice: A case study of Kano State|year=2005|publisher=Sanda Press|location=Kano}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Muhammadu|first=Baba|title=Women's Access to Higher Education in Nigeria: A case study of Kano State|year=2018|publisher=Cipsco Press|location=Kano}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kabiru|first=Binta|title=Education and Kano Women|year=2013|publisher=Ferota Press|location=Kano}}</ref> == Aure == Ta auri Alhaji [[Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila]] a shekara ta 1973, Allah ya azurta su da yara 2.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shazalli|first=Santali|title=The Torankawa of Wudil |publisher=Kadawa Gaskiya Press|year=2003|location=Kano}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1952]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci]] [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Mutane daga Kano]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Kano]] [[Category:Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] [[Category:Mutanen Afirka]] 6v1r91m171hd4qnyyzc6i5er0o96air 893969 893968 2026-08-10T00:38:18Z M I Idrees 13015 /* Aiki */ 893969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Saude Abdullahi-Aliyu''' (An haife ta a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da biyu 1952), ta fito daga gidan masarautar [[Wudil]], ma'aikaciyar fannin ilimi na boko da na addinin Islama ce, wacce ta fara zama mace ta farko daga Jihar Kano da ta rike shugabancin makarantar Gwamnatin tarayya kuma ta rike Darakta a Ma'aikatar ilimi ta Gwamnatin tarayya, ta kasance mace ta farko da ta samu digiri daga Karamar Hukumar [[Wudil]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sumaila|first=Ahmed|title=The making of a Principal: Saude Abdullahi|publisher=Kadawa Gaskiya Press|year=2014|location=Kano}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Saude Abdullahi - Aliyu yar asalin [[Jihar Kano]] ce, da aka haifa ranar 25 ga watan Satumban shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da biyu 1952, mahaifin ta mai suna Abdullahi- Maikano Mahmoud ya kasance mai rike da sarautar gargajiya ta Sarkin [[Fulani]] dagacin Tsibiri a Karamar Hukumar [[Wudil]], Kakanta sunansa Shaykh al Islam Mahmoud, Kakan-Kakanta mai suna Dawaki Bello ya rike sarautar Sarkin [[Wudil]], wanda yake bafulatani ne da ya taho daga Gidan [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shehu Ɗan fodio]] a [[Sokoto|Kasar Sokoto]] zuwa [[Wudil]] ya zauna a garin Ginsau a wajen [[Wudil]], Kafin ya shigo cikin garin [[Wudil]] tunda daga gidan [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shehu Dan Fodio]] ya zo ana saka zuriarsa a matsayin [[Fulani]] Torankawa,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sadi|first=Badamasi|title=Sarkin Fulani Abdullahi Maikano|year=1980|publisher=Cipsco Press|location=Kano}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sumaila|first=Ahmed|title=Usman dan Fodio|date=2007|publisher=Aurora Kano|location=Kano}}</ref>sunan Mahaifiyarta Hajiya Rabi bint Shehu-Usman ibn Abdussalam(Inna) jikar Alkalin Gano mai suna Alkali Isiyaka ta wajen mahaifiyarta mai suna Hama a garin Gano na Karamar Hukumar [[Dawakin Kudu]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Annual Volumes of the laws of Kano State |date=1987 |publisher=Government Printer}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Abubakar|first=Aliyu|title=The Torankawa Danfodio Family|year=2005|publisher=Fero Publishers|location=Kano,Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ibrahim|first=Muhammad|title=The Hausa-Fulani Arabs: A Case Study of the Genealogy of Usman Danfodio|year=1987|publisher=Kadawa Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ibrahim|first=Muhammad|title=The Hausa-Fulani Arabs: A Case Study of the Genealogy of Usman Danfodio|year=1987|publisher=Kadawa Press}}</ref> ==Ilimi== Ta samu shedar takardar Grade II Teachers Certificate daga Women Teachers College Kano, Nigeria Certificate in Education (NCE) English / Islamic Studies daga makarantar Advanced Teachers College, Institute of Education, [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da takardar digiri ta Bachelors of Arts English/Islamic Studies daga [[Jami'ar Bayero]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Adnanu|first=Sammani|title=Wudil Local Government Graduates|publisher=Cipsco Press|year=2003|location=Kano}}</ref> ==Aiki== Ta fara aiki a Dorayi Primary School da Kwalli Primary School daga shekara ta, 1971 da kuma shekarar 1972, ta yi aiki a Kano Local Education Authority a matsayin malamar makaranta ta Grade II daga shekara ta, alif ɗari tara da saba'in da uku 1973 zuwa shekara ta,alif ɗari tara da saba'in da tara 1979, a makarantun Shekara Boarding Primary School, [[Wudil]] Primary School da Magwan Primary School, ta yi aikin bautar ƙasa National Youth Service Corps daga shekara ta,alif ɗari tara da saba'in da tara 1979 zuwa alif dari tara da tamanin 1980, a Women Teachers College Kano, ta yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Jihar Kano daga shekara ta, 1984 zuwa shekara ta, 1995,a makarantun Women Arabic Teachers College Goron Dutse da Government Senior Secondary School Gwammaja II, ta rike matsayin Senior Mistress a Government Girls College Dala, Vice Principal a Women Arabic Teachers College Goron Dutse da Principal Shekara Government Girls Secondary School, a ma'aikatar ilimin gwamnatin tarayya ta yi aiki daga shekara ta, alif ɗari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995 zuwa shekara ta, 2014, ta rike Principal a Federal Government Girls College Kazaure, Federal Government Girls College Minjibir, Inspector of English Language Federal Inspectorate Service Kano, Co-ordinating Inspector Federal Inspectorate Service Kano, Principal Federal Government Girls College Potiskum, Principal Federal Government College Kiyawa, Director of Education Federal Ministry of Education.<ref>{{cite book |title=Annual Volumes of the laws of Kano State |date=1995 |publisher=Government Printer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Babangida|first=Asmau|title=Kano Female Educationist|year=2015|publisher=Kadawa Gaskiya Press|location=Kano}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Adamu|first=Saidu|title=Women Education in Kano State|year=2001|publisher=Sabon Titi Press|location=Kano}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Yahaya|first=Bala|title=Access to Education and Social Justice: A case study of Kano State|year=2005|publisher=Sanda Press|location=Kano}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Muhammadu|first=Baba|title=Women's Access to Higher Education in Nigeria: A case study of Kano State|year=2018|publisher=Cipsco Press|location=Kano}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kabiru|first=Binta|title=Education and Kano Women|year=2013|publisher=Ferota Press|location=Kano}}</ref> == Aure == Ta auri Alhaji [[Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila]] a shekara ta 1973, Allah ya azurta su da yara 2.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shazalli|first=Santali|title=The Torankawa of Wudil |publisher=Kadawa Gaskiya Press|year=2003|location=Kano}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1952]] [[Category:Malaman Musulunci]] [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Malami]] [[Category:Mutane daga Kano]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Kano]] [[Category:Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] [[Category:Mutanen Afirka]] 2ozr8giqk77grjckm22z8uxw6s2ax8e 0 27426 893673 891256 2026-08-09T16:07:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   Fim ɗin '''''Thy Will Be Done''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2015, wanda Tobe Osigwe ya rubuta, [[Mary Njoku]] ta shirya, [[Obi emelonye|Obi Emelonye]] ne ya shirya kuma ya ba da umarni tare. Tauraruwarsa [[Ramsey Nouah]], [[Mercy Johnson]], [[Jide Kosoko]], Mary Njoku da [[Enyinna Nwigwe]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Thy Will Be Done Nollywood trailer |url=http://naijagists.com/watch-thy-will-be-done-nollywood-movie-trailer-mercy-johnson-ramsey-nouah-star-in-obi-emelonye-film/ |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=naijagists}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2015 |title='Thy Will Be Done' Premiere – Mercy Johnson to make Nollywood History in London – Buy Tickets Now! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2015/02/23/thy-will-be-done-premiere-mercy-johnson-to-make-nollywood-history-in-london-buy-tickets-now/ |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=bellanaija}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood Director/Producer Obi Emelonye's latest feature 'THY WILL BE DONE' Premieres Feb 26th! |url=http://africandazzle.com/index.php?p=794&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=African dazzle |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081611/http://africandazzle.com/index.php?p=794&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Labari == ''Labarin'' Pius ne, wani fasto mai farin ciki da aure wanda ke kula da babban coci a Legas, Najeriya. Amma lokacin da matarsa ta farko da ya binne shekaru bakwai da suka gabata ta bayyana ba zato ba tsammani, duniyarsa ta shiga cikin rudani. Matarsa ta yanzu tana ƙoƙarin yaƙi da ɓangarenta amma Pius yana da zaɓi da zai yi tsakanin kiransa da matansa; tsakanin tsoffin zunubai da sabbin aminci; tsakanin ɗaukar mataki mai ƙarfi da miƙa wuya ga nufin Allah. Saboda raunin laifi da kuma wahayi masu ban mamaki da ya mamaye shi, babu abin da zai shirya Pius ga yadda abubuwa za su koma cikin rudani mai tsanani da sauri, domin jahannama ba ta da fushi kamar yadda aka raina mace. == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Ramsey Nouah]] ya zama Pius * [[Mercy Johnson]] kamar Lucy * Olivia Gilbert kamar yadda Amara * Rachel Ishaku a matsayin Ma'aikaciyar Jinya * Theodore Clinton a matsayin Papa * [[Jide Kosoko]] a matsayin Janar Dele * Joseph Thomas a matsayin Kwanza * Gabriel Okorie a matsayin Dattijo Ebiye * Stanley Immanuel a matsayin Hassan Dele * [[Mary Njoku|Mary Remmy Njoku]] a matsayin Mochunu * [[Enyinna Nwigwe]] a matsayin T.Rugged * T. Temple Ikeji a matsayin Dattijo Ugwu * Anthony Aclet kamar yadda Tony * Frank M. Ahearn a matsayin Oro * Ifeanyi Attamah a matsayin Dr. Ugo * Dozie Eboh a matsayin Deacon * Zduak Fidelis a matsayin Angela * Fi son Ihezue a matsayin Toyin == Fitowa == An fara nuna shirin ''Thy Will Be Done'' a duniya a BFI IMAX da ke [[Landan]] a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2015 |title='Thy Will be Done' Premiere – Mercy Johnson to make Nollywood History in London – Buy Tickets Now! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2015/02/23/thy-will-be-done-premiere-mercy-johnson-to-make-nollywood-history-in-london-buy-tickets-now/}}</ref> Ya fara nunawa a gidajen sinima na Najeriya a ranar 15 ga Mayu 2015, <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2015 |title=Nollywood movie hits Nigerian cinemas on May 15 |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/thy-will-be-done-nollywood-movie-hits-nigerian-cinemas-on-may-15-id3693094.html |access-date=22 November 2021 |archive-date=16 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216052830/http://pulse.ng/movies/thy-will-be-done-nollywood-movie-hits-nigerian-cinemas-on-may-15-id3693094.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sodas 'N' Popcorn Movie Blog |url=http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2015/05/26/here-are-the-10-movies-that-will-be-screened-at-this-years-nollywood-week-paris/ |access-date=2021-11-22 |archive-date=2023-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815202901/http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2015/05/26/here-are-the-10-movies-that-will-be-screened-at-this-years-nollywood-week-paris/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma FilmOne ya rarraba shi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2015 |title=Nollywood movie hits Nigerian cinemas on May 15 |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/thy-will-be-done-nollywood-movie-hits-nigerian-cinemas-on-may-15-id3693094.html |access-date=22 November 2021 |archive-date=16 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216052830/http://pulse.ng/movies/thy-will-be-done-nollywood-movie-hits-nigerian-cinemas-on-may-15-id3693094.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Liyafar maraba == Sharhin ''Sodas da Popcorn'' : "Abu mafi kyau game da wannan fim ɗin shine wasan kwaikwayo. ''Your Will Be Done'', yana bayar da labari na asali wanda ke jan hankali da ban sha'awa. Labari ne da kowa zai iya fahimta da shi" ==Manazarta lhgec4lmo7jovbpd1lw5r4kb0yl22oe 0 27533 893833 450922 2026-08-09T19:36:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ereme Abraham''' (an haife shi ranar 28 ga watan Yuli, 1992), an fi saninsa da sunan '''Twyse''' ɗan wasan barkwanci ne na Najeriya kuma jarumin Finafinai.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-02|title=Americans still want us to be slaves – Twyse|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/06/02/americans-still-want-us-to-be-slaves-twyse/|access-date=2021-07-30|website=P.M. News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Features|first=BellaNaija|date=2017-10-03|title=Becoming a Successful Instagram Comedian in Nigeria|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/10/becoming-successful-instagram-comedian-nigeria/|access-date=2021-07-30|website=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref> An fi sanin sa da rawar da yake takawa a Finafinai na barkwanci.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2020 100 Most Influential Young Nigerians announced by Avance Media|url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/35987/2020-100-most-influential-young-nigerians-announce.html|access-date=2021-07-30|website=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == '''Twyse''' ya taso ne a [[Ibadan|garin Ibadan]] kuma ɗan asalin [[Edo|jihar Edo ne a]] [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=dnbstories|date=2020-09-10|title=Updated net worth and biography of Instagram comedian Twyse Ereme|url=https://dnbstories.com/2020/09/comedian-twyse-ereme-updated-net-worth-and-biography.html|access-date=2021-07-30|website=DNB Stories Africa|language=en-US}}</ref> Twyse ya kasance a cikin ƙasar [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] na ɗan lokaci. A cikin wata hira ta bidiyo da akayi da shi, Twyse ya bayyana cewa yana nazarin doka na ɗan lokaci kaɗan kafin ya daina.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=BellaNaija.com|date=2021-07-28|title=Bigi x Silverbird Cinemas: Eniola Badmus, Kunle Remi, Tobi Bakre, Uzor Arukwe thrill fans with Cinema Tickets & Rewards|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/07/bigi-x-silverbird-cinemas/|access-date=2021-07-30|website=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri da jayayya == A cikin 2016, akwai labari mai yaduwa game da Twyse yana son kashe kansa. Twyse ya fara tweeting game da tunaninsa na kashe kansa kuma magoya bayansa, abokai da dangi sun damu sosai.<ref name=":0"/> [[Toyin Abraham|Jaruma Toyin Abraham]] tare da wasu fitattun ‘yan Najeriya sun fara yada bidiyonsa a shafukan sada zumunta da dama. Baya ga wasan barkwanci, Twyse ma mawaki ne. Yana rubuta waƙarsa a lokacin hutunsa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-02-18|title=Actress in tears as comedian threatens to commit suicide|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/toyin-aimakhu-actress-in-tears-as-comedian-threatens-to-commit-suicide/rqh32be|access-date=2021-07-30|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730032755/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/toyin-aimakhu-actress-in-tears-as-comedian-threatens-to-commit-suicide/rqh32be|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1992]] [[Category:Ƴan Fim]] [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] n7lta7kaerhr05angeznjeg3zxwfvr3 0 30154 894066 677415 2026-08-10T08:13:06Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 /* */ 894066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Legal-Aid-Commission-Burnie-20150529-001.jpg |thumb|Legal Aid Commission Burnie]] [[File:The_Legal_Aid_Society_logo.svg |thumb|Tambari]] [[Fayil:This is the logo owned by Russian Maritime Law Association.jpg|thumb]] '''Taimakon shari'a,''' shi ne bayar da taimako ga mutanen da ba su da Ikon samun wakilcin doka da samun damar shiga tsarin kotu. Ana kallon taimakon shari'a a matsayin jigon samar da damar yin adalci ta hanyar tabbatar da [[Bin doka kafin kafa doka (Equality before the law)|daidaito a gaban doka]], '[[Haƙƙin Bada Shawara|yancin bayar da shawara]] da, 'yan[[Ƴancin gwaji|cin yin shari'a na gaskiya]]. Wannan labarin ya bayyana ci gaban taimakon shari'a da ka'idodinsa, da farko kamar yadda aka sani a [[Turai]], Commonwealth of Nations da kuma a [[Amurka ta Kudu|Amurka]]. Taimakon shari'a yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da daidaiton samun adalci ga kowa, kamar yadda sashi na 6.3 na [[Yarjejeniyar Muhalli ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa|Yarjejeniyar]] Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ta tanada game da shari'ar laifuka. Musamman ga ƴan ƙasa waɗanda ba su da isassun hanyoyin kuɗi, ba da tallafin doka ga abokan ciniki da gwamnatoci ke ƙara yuwuwa, a cikin shari'ar. Yawancin nau'ikan isarwa don taimakon doka sun fito, gami da lauyoyi masu aiki, asibitocin shari'a na al'umma, da biyan lauyoyi don tunkarar shari'o'i ga mutanen da suka cancanci taimakon shari'a. Hakanan za'a iya bayar da ƙarin nasiha da shawarwari na doka na yau da kullun ko na gaba ɗaya kyauta ko a farashi mai rahusa ta hanyoyin kamar cibiyoyin doka (Birtaniya), cibiyoyin shari'a na al'umma (Ostiraliya) ko wasu ƙungiyoyi daban-daban waɗanda ke ba da nau'ikan taimakon doka a ciki da waje. na kotu. == Tarihi == Taimakon shari'a yana da alaƙa da ƙasan jindaɗi, kuma ba da taimakon shari'a ta wata jiha yana da tasiri akan halayen walwala. Taimakon shari'a wani tanadi ne na jindadi da gwamnati ke yi ga mutanen da ba za su iya ba da shawara daga tsarin shari'a ba. Taimakon shari'a yana taimakawa wajen tabbatar da cewa an aiwatar da tanadin jin daɗi ta hanyar samar wa mutanen da ke da haƙƙin samar da jin daɗi, kamar gidajen jama'a, samun shawarwarin doka da kuma kotuna.<ref name="regan">{{Cite book| last = Regan| first = Francis| title = The Transformation of Legal Aid: Comparative and Historical Studies| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 1999| pages =89–90 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=khG_4Dk96J4C&q=legal+aid| isbn = 978-0-19-826589-4 }}</ref> A tarihi, taimakon shari'a ya taka rawa sosai wajen tabbatar da mutunta haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu waɗanda ke da alaƙa da tsaro na zamantakewa, gidaje, kula da zamantakewa, samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya da ilimi, waɗanda za a iya ba da su a bainar jama'a ko a ɓoye, da kuma dokar aiki da dokar hana wariya. Masana shari'a irin su ''Mauro Cappelletti'' suna jayayya cewa taimakon shari'a yana da mahimmanci wajen samarwa mutane damar samun adalci, ta hanyar ba da damar tilasta wa kowane mutum tilasta doka ta haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu . Ra'ayinsa ya ci gaba a cikin rabin na biyu na ƙarni na 20, lokacin da dimokiradiyya tare da tattalin arzikin jari-hujja suka kafa jihohi masu sassaucin ra'ayi waɗanda suka mayar da hankali ga mutum. Jihohi sun yi aiki a matsayin 'yan kwangila da masu ba da sabis a cikin falsafar tushen kasuwa wacce ta jaddada ɗan ƙasa a matsayin mabukaci . Wannan ya haifar da mai da hankali kan aiwatar da ɗaiɗaikun mutane don cimma haƙƙin kowa.<ref>Regan (1999), ''The Transformation of Legal Aid'', pp. 90–91</ref> Kafin tsakiyar ƙarni na 20, wallafe-wallafe kan taimakon shari'a sun jaddada aiwatar da haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu tare . Kamar yadda aka gina jihohin jindaɗi na gargajiya a cikin shekara ta 1940s da kuma bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, ƙa'idar da ke ƙunshe da ita ita ce 'yan ƙasa suna da alhakin gama kai na haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu; kuma jihar ta dauki alhakin wadanda ba za su iya ciyar da kansu ta hanyar rashin lafiya da rashin aikin yi ba. Aiwatar da haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu dole ne a haɗa kai, ta hanyar manufofi maimakon matakin shari'a na mutum ɗaya. An kafa dokoki don tallafawa tanadin jin daɗi, koda yake ana ɗaukar waɗannan a matsayin dokoki na masu tsarawa, ba lauyoyi ba.<ref>Regan (1999), ''The Transformation of Legal Aid'', p. 91</ref> A cikin 1950s da 1960s, aikin jindadin jama'a ya canza, kuma ba a ɗauka cewa burin zamantakewar jama'a shine burin gama-gari. Mutane suna da 'yanci don cimma burinsu. Ƙasar jindaɗi a wannan lokacin ta faɗaɗa, tare da tanadin taimakon doka, yayin da damuwa ta bayyana kan ƙarfin masu ba da jin daɗi da ƙwararru. A cikin shekara ta 1960s da 1970s, buƙatu ya tashi na haƙƙin daidaikun mutane don aiwatar da haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu bisa doka da tanadin jindadin da suka dace da su. Hanyoyi sun bayyana ta hanyar da 'yan ƙasa za su iya tilasta musu haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu bisa doka, kuma lauyoyin jin daɗi sun yi amfani da taimakon shari'a don ba da shawara ga masu karamin karfi lokacin da suke mu'amala da jami'an jihohi. An ba da taimakon shari'a daga dokar iyali zuwa nau'ikan haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. <ref>Regan (1999), ''The Transformation of Legal Aid'', pp. 90–91</ref> A cikin shekara ta 1980s, ba a sake ganin rawar da jihar jindadin ta ke takawa a matsayin mai inganci ba, kuma ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna ƙara samar da jin daɗi. Ana ƙara ba da taimakon shari'a ta hanyar masu zaman kansu, amma sun ci gaba da mayar da hankali kan ba da taimako a shari'ar kotu. An ƙara ɗaukar 'yan ƙasa a matsayin masu amfani, waɗanda yakamata su iya zaɓar tsakanin sabis. Inda ba zai yiwu a samar da irin wannan zaɓin ba, an bai wa 'yan ƙasa 'yancin bayyana rashin jin daɗinsu ta hanyar tsarin korafe-korafen gudanarwa. Wannan ya haifar da tashin hankali, saboda ba a tsara taimakon shari'a don ba da shawara ga waɗanda ke neman gyara ta hanyoyin tafiyar da korafe-korafe ba. Har ila yau, tashin hankali ya fara bayyana a matsayin jihohin da suka jaddada tilasta aiwatar da ɗaiɗaikun mutane na haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, maimakon aiwatar da aiki tare ta hanyar manufofi, rage kuɗin tallafin doka a matsayin tanadin jihar jindaɗi. Aiwatar da ɗaiɗaikun jama'a na haƙƙin jin daɗi na buƙatar nau'in tallafin doka na jihohin da ke jaddada tilasta aiwatar da ayyukan gama gari. <ref>Regan (1999), ''The Transformation of Legal Aid'', p. 91</ref> == Ƙungiyoyin taimakon shari'a == Taimakon shari'a a tarihi ya samo asali ne daga ' [[Haƙƙin Bada Shawara|yancin ba da shawara]] da [[Ƴancin gwaji|'yancin gudanar da shari'a]] ta gaskiya na kasashen nahiyar Turai na karni na 19. " Dokokin talaka " sun yi watsi da kudaden kotu ga talakawa tare da nada lauyoyi ga wadanda ba za su iya biyan kuɗin lauya ba . Da farko abin da ake tsammani shi ne cewa ''lauyoyin'' da ke aiki za su yi aiki bisa ga fa'ida. A farkon ƙarni na 20, yawancin ƙasashen Turai ba su da hanyar da za ta bi don ba da agajin shari'a, kuma talakawa sun dogara ga taimakon lauyoyi. Yawancin ƙasashe sun ci gaba da kafa dokoki waɗanda suka tanadi biyan matsakaicin kuɗi ga lauyoyin aiki. Don hana buƙatar, taimakon shari'a an iyakance shi ga farashin lauyoyi a cikin shari'ar da ake buƙatar lauya. Ƙasashe da ke da tsarin shari'a na dokar farar hula da tsarin shari'a na gama gari suna ɗaukar hanyoyi daban-daban ga ' [[Haƙƙin Bada Shawara|yancin ba da shawara]] a cikin shari'ar farar hula da na laifuka . Ƙasashen dokokin farar hula sun fi jaddada yancin yin shawara a cikin shari'ar jama'a, don haka ba da taimakon shari'a inda ake buƙatar lauya. Ƙasashen dokokin gama gari sun jaddada yancin yin shawara da ba da agajin shari'a musamman dangane da shari'ar laifuka. <ref name="Regan 1999 p. 114">Regan (1999), ''The Transformation of Legal Aid'', p. 114</ref> Dangane da saurin haɓaka masana'antu a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 na Turai, ƙungiyar kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata sun fito waɗanda suka ƙalubalanci manufofin zamantakewa na gwamnatoci. Sun sami ra'ayi na doka don baiwa ma'aikata haƙƙin doka a cikin yanayin rashin lafiya ko haɗari, a ƙoƙarin hana ayyukan masana'antu daga ma'aikatan masana'antu. Ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata sun fara ba wa ma'aikata shawarwarin doka game da sababbin haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu . Bukatar waɗannan ayyuka ya yi yawa kuma a ƙoƙarin samarwa ma'aikata shawarwarin da ba na bangaranci ba, gwamnatoci da yawa sun fara ba da taimakon doka tun farkon ƙarni na 20. <ref name="Regan 1999 p. 114">Regan (1999), ''The Transformation of Legal Aid'', p. 114</ref> == Kwanan nan == A cikin ƙarni na 20, taimakon doka ya haɓaka tare da ƙa'idodin ci gaba; sau da yawa ana samun goyon bayan waɗancan ma’aikatan lauyoyi waɗanda suke ganin alhakinsu ne su kula da waɗanda ba su da kuɗi. Taimakon shari'a ya zama abin da [[Lauya|lauyoyi]] za su iya bayarwa don biyan "bukatun shari'a" na waɗanda suka gano a matsayin matalauta, wariya. A cewar Francis Regan a cikin 1999, ba da agajin doka yana haifar da wadata, ba buƙatu ba ne, yana haifar da faffadan gibi tsakanin tanadin da ya dace da buƙatu da kuma ainihin buƙata. Shirye-shiryen sabis na doka, kamar sasanci na unguwanni da sabis na doka, akai-akai suna rufewa saboda rashin buƙata, yayin da wasu ke cika da abokan ciniki. <ref name="Regan 1999 p. 114">Regan (1999), ''The Transformation of Legal Aid'', p. 114</ref> == Ta ƙasa == === Asiya === Yawancin ayyukan taimakon shari'a na ci gaba ana ba da su ta ƙungiyoyin asali, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam (NGOs), ko kuma wasu gwamnatocin Asiya sun tsara su bisa dokokin tsarin mulki. ==== Hong Kong ==== Hukunce-hukuncen yanki, Hong Kong yana ba da taimakon doka ta hanyar Sashen Ba da Agaji na Shari'a, wanda Majalisar Sabis na Ba da Agajin Shari'a ke kula da ita. A Gudanarwa Sashen Ba da Agajin Shari'a yana ƙarƙashin sashin gudanarwa na Ofishin Babban Sakatare . A cikin shekara ta 2007 an koma da shi zuwa Ofishin Harkokin Cikin Gida, wanda ke kula da al'amuran al'adu da gudanarwa na gida. Wannan dai ya sha suka sosai daga sansanin masu rajin kare dimokuradiyyar 'yan adawa saboda yin illa ga tsaka-tsaki na samar da agajin doka. Sun kada kuri'ar kin amincewa da duk ƙunshi sake tsara ofisoshin tsare-tsare, wanda canjin Sashen Taimakon Shari'a ya kasance ɓangare kamar haka: ==== Indiya ==== Mataki na ashirin da 39A na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, ya tanadi adalci dai-dai da taimakon doka kyauta kamar haka:<blockquote>Gwamnati za ta tabbatar da cewa gudanar da tsarin shari'a yana inganta adalci, bisa ga dama iri ɗaya, kuma za ta ba da taimakon shari'a kyauta, ta hanyar doka ko tsare-tsare ko ta kowace hanya, don tabbatar da adalci. ba a hana kowane ɗan ƙasa ta dalilin tattalin arziƙi ko nakasa. </blockquote>Wannan labarin ya jaddada cewa sabis na shari'a abu ne da ba za a iya raba shi ba na 'ma'ana, adalci da adalci', domin idan ba tare da shi ba za a hana mutumin da ke fama da nakasa tattalin arziki ko wasu nakasu damar samun adalci. A cikin farar hula, Order XXXIII. R.18 na Code of Civil Procedure 1908 da sharadin cewa jihohi da gwamnatocin tsakiya na iya yin ƙarin tanadi kamar yadda suke ganin ya dace don ba da sabis na shari'a kyauta ga waɗanda aka ba su izinin kai ƙara a matsayin matalauta. Dokar Hukumomin Ayyukan Shari'a,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://law.gsu.edu/ccunningham/fall03/India%20-%20Constitution-Part4.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-02-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030910131643/http://law.gsu.edu/ccunningham/fall03/India%20-%20Constitution-Part4.htm |archive-date=2003-09-10 }}</ref></blockquote><ref>{{cite web|title=''Hussainara Khatoon & Ors vs Home Secretary,'' State of Bihar (1979 AIR 1369, 1979 SCR (3) 532)|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1373215/|website=Indiankanoon.org|access-date=2016-07-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nalsa.gov.in/actrules.html|title=NALSA|website=Nalsa.gov.in|access-date=16 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729091927/http://nalsa.gov.in/actrules.html|archive-date=29 July 2016}}</ref> ==== Philippines ==== Taimakon shari'a na ci gaba ko taimakon shari'a na ci gaba, kamar yadda ake kira shi sau da yawa a cikin Philippines, ya yi nisa tun lokacin mulkin kama-karya na Marcos . A lokacin dokar soja, uban kare hakkin dan Adam Sen. An aika Jose W. Diokno gidan yari sa’ad da Ferdinand Marcos ya kama duk ’yan adawar siyasa. Da zarar an saki Diokno kwanaki 718 bayan haka, lauya kuma tsohon dan majalisar dattawa ya kafa kungiyar Taimakon Shari'a ta Kyauta, mafi tsufa kuma mafi girma ga kare Haƙƙin dan adam tun 1974. Ta hanyar sabbin hanyoyin amfani da FLAG na taimakon shari'a na ci gaba, wanda ya haɗa da sabis na shari'a na bono da kuma ba da alawus kyauta ga abokan cinikin da ba su da isasshen kuɗi, sabis na shari'a na kyauta ya zama daidaitaccen aiki a ƙasar. Daga baya, an bullo da dokokin da za su buƙaci sabbin lauyoyi masu lasisi su ba da sabis na shari'a kyauta ga matalauta na ƙayyadaddun lokaci da ƙayyadaddun lokaci. Shahararriyar doka akan taimakon shari'a na ci gaba ana kiranta Dokar Sabis na Taimakon Shari'a (CLAS). Dokar CLAS ta shafi lauyoyin da ke cikin shekarar farko ta aikinsu. Yawancin ayyukan shari'a na ci gaba ana ba da su ta yawancin kamfanonin lauyoyi da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai a Philippines. . A cikin shekara ta 2020, Duterte ya ƙirƙiro wata sabuwar doka da ake kira Dokar Yaƙi da Ta'addanci, wacce za ta kama duk wani mai adawa saboda rashin ma'anoni a cikin dokar kan wanda za a iya yiwa alama "'yan ta'adda". Hakan ya tunzura jama'a da kuma shugaban FLAG Atty. Jose Manuel "Chel" Diokno . FLAG, tare da takwarorinsu ƴan jarida, ƴan jahohi, da ƴan siyasa da ake tsare da su sun mayar da martani tare da fitar da ƙalubalen doka mai lamba GR No. 252741 akan Sakataren Zartarwa na Duterte Salvador Medialdea bisa dalilai da ma'anar dokar. Daga cikin tanade-tanaden da ake tantamawa har da sashe na 29 na tsarewa ba tare da sammacin kama shi ba, inda za a iya kama wanda ake tuhuma ko da ba tare da sammacin kama shi ba kuma a tsare shi har na tsawon kwanaki.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gavilan|first=Jodesz|title=No cause more worthy: Ka Pepe Diokno's fight for human rights|url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/jose-ka-pepe-diokno-human-rights|date=2017-09-21|access-date=2020-10-14|archive-date=2020-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921041516/https://rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/jose-ka-pepe-diokno-human-rights|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Te|first=Theodore|title=ANALYSIS-Deep Dive, Community legal aid service: Too much, too soon?|url=https://www.rappler.com/voices/thought-leaders/analysis-deep-dive-community-legal-aid-service-too-much-soon|date=2018-12-20|access-date=2020-10-15|archive-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422150007/https://www.rappler.com/voices/thought-leaders/analysis-deep-dive-community-legal-aid-service-too-much-soon|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ressa's cyberlibel conviction not yet final — FLAG|url=https://mb.com.ph/2020/06/15/ressas-cyberlibel-conviction-not-yet-final-flag/|date=2020-06-15|access-date=2020-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Petitions Versus Anti-Terror Law Now 16: 'It Will Terrorize Our People, Not the Terrorists'|url=https://www.onenews.ph/petitions-versus-anti-terror-law-now-16-it-will-terrorize-our-people-not-the-terrorists|date=2020-07-24|access-date=2020-10-15}}</ref> === Turai === Mataki na 47 na kundin dokokin Tarayyar Turai ya tanadi cewa za a ba da agajin shari'a ga wadanda ba su da isassun kayan aiki, muddin irin wannan taimako ya zama dole don tabbatar da samun adalci. ==== Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai, da kuma Rasha ==== A cewar PILnet: Cibiyar Sadarwar Duniya don Dokar Sha'awar Jama'a, tana da Wasu abubuwa kamar haka:<blockquote>Sama da shekaru goma ƙasashen tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai da kuma [[Rasha]] ke ci gaba da yin garambawul da sake fasalin tsarinsu na doka . Yayin da aka gudanar da sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci a fannin shari'a a ko'ina cikin yankin, hanyoyin da za a tabbatar da samun damar yin amfani da bayanan shari'a da taimako galibi ba su da inganci kuma ba su da inganci. Saboda haka, mutane da yawa—musamman waɗanda matalauta ne ko kuma waɗanda ba su da ƙarfi—an bar su ba tare da samun ainihin lauyoyin ba a cikin al’amuran da suka shafi laifuffuka da waɗanda ba na laifi ba.</blockquote>A cikin [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]], mutanen da suka cancanta (yawanci waɗanda ke nuna rashin isashen kuɗi) na iya neman kotuna ko Ƙungiyar lauyoyin Czech don a naɗa musu lauya. ==== Denmark ==== A Denmark, masu nema dole ne su cika waɗannan sharuɗɗa don karɓar taimakon doka don shari'ar jama'a: Mai nema ba zai sami fiye da kr. ba. 289,000 ($ 50,000) a shekara kuma da'awar jam'iyyar dole ne ya zama dai-dai. Game da shari'o'in laifuka, wanda aka yanke wa hukuncin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.domstol.dk/saadangoerdu/sagsomkostninger/Pages/default.aspx|title=domstol.dk – Sagsomkostninger|website=Domstol.dk|access-date=16 July 2016|archive-date=19 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219120536/http://www.domstol.dk/saadangoerdu/sagsomkostninger/Pages/default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== Jamus ==== A cikin shari'o'in jama'a da suka haɗa da aiki, gudanarwa, tsarin mulki da shari'o'in zamantakewa, ana ba da taimako a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsarin Ba da Shawara ta Shari'a (a cikin hanyar shawara kuma, inda ya cancanta, wakilci). A cikin shari'o'in da ake tuhuma, wanda ake tuhuma yana da haƙƙin ya ba da shawara, kuma a wasu lokuta idan hukuncin ya kai akalla shekara guda na tsare, ana iya ba wanda ake tuhuma shawara ko da ba ya so ba.<ref>{{cite web|title=Legal aid – Germany|date=22 March 2005|publisher=[[European Commission]]|url=http://ec.europa.eu/civiljustice/legal_aid/legal_aid_ger_en.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.howtogermany.com/pages/legal.html|title=How To Germany – German Law and the German Legal System|website=Howtogermany.com|access-date=16 July 2016}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==== Italiya ==== Wanda aka sani da ''Patrocinio a spese dello Stato,'' ana ba da taimakon doka ta Dokar Italiyanci DPR n. 115/2002 - Labarai. 74-141. An yi niyya don aiwatar da Mataki na ashirin da 24 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Italiya da kuma tabbatar da samun dama ga haƙƙin tsaro (a cikin shari'o'in farar hula, gudanarwa da na laifuka) ga mutanen da ba za su iya samun sabis na lauya da kansu ba saboda rashin iya biyan su daga gare su. kudin shiga (ƙasa da €10,776.33 ga kowane mutum).<ref>{{cite web|title=Legal aid – Italy|date=8 December 2012|publisher= Associazione Art. 24 Cost. |url=http://www.avvocatogratis.com/2012/10/guida-al-gratuito-patrocinio-iii%c2%b0-edizione/}}</ref> Kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Italiya, Sashe na 24 ya ce Abubuwa kamar haka:<blockquote>ɗaukarkowa damar daukar matakin shari'a don kare hakkinta da halalcin bukatunsa. Tsaro hakki ne da ba za a tauye shi ba a kowane mataki na shari'ar. Hanyoyin aiki da tsaro a gaban dukkan Kotuna suna da garantin ga marasa galihu ta cibiyoyin gwamnati. Doka ta ƙayyade sharuɗɗa da hanyoyin shari'a don magance rashin adalci.</blockquote>Taimakon shari'a a Italiya sabis ne don ba da izini ga kowa ya taimaka wa lauya ko kuma mashaidi ƙwararre ba tare da kowane kuɗaɗen doka ko farashi ba a cikin duk wani laifi, farar hula, gudanarwa, lissafin kuɗi ko aiwatar da kasafin kuɗi da kuma "hukuncin son rai" kuma a duk lokacin da kasancewar doka ta buƙaci lauya ko ƙwararren shaida. Ana ba da taimakon shari'a ga duk maki ko matakan gwaji, gami da duk wasu abubuwan da suka faru na haɗari da na ɗan lokaci. Ana ba da ita a gaban Kotuna, Kotunan ɗaukaka kara, Kotun Koli, kotunan sa ido da alkalai, Kotunan Gudanarwa na Yanki, Kwamitocin Bitar Shari'a, Hukumomin Kuɗi na Lardi da Yanki da Kotun Audit na Jiha. ==== Ƙasar Ingila ==== ===== Ingila da Wales ===== Dokar Taimakon Shari'a da Shawara ta 1949 ta samo asali ne ta hanyar taimakon doka. A cikin shekara ta 2009, taimakon shari'a a Ingila da Wales sun kashe mai biyan haraji £ 2bn a shekara - wanda ya fi kowane mutum kashewa fiye da ko'ina a duniya - kuma yana samuwa ga kusan kashi 29% na manya. Koyaya, samuwa da matakin samar da taimakon shari'a ya ragu sosai tun 2012 sakamakon matakan tsuke bakin aljihu a cikin Dokar Taimakon Shari'a, Hukunci da Hukuncin Masu Laifin 2012 . Hukumar Bayar da Agaji ta Legal (har zuwa 31 ga Maris na shekara ta 2013 ta Hukumar Sabis ta Shari'a ) tana ba da taimakon shari'a a Ingila da Wales, kuma ana samunta don yawancin shari'o'in laifuka, da nau'ikan shari'o'in farar hula. Keɓancewa sun haɗa da cin zarafi, mafi yawan shari'o'in rauni na mutum (waɗanda ake magance su a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Kuɗaɗen Sharadi, nau'in kuɗin da ake buƙata ), da shari'o'in kamfanoni. Har ila yau, wasu lokuta ana rufe shari'ar iyali. Dangane da nau'in shari'ar, taimakon shari'a na iya ko a'a yana nufin gwadawa kuma a wasu lokuta taimakon shari'a na iya zama 'yanci ga waɗanda ke da fa'idodi, marasa aiki kuma ba su da tanadi ko kadara. Gaba ɗaya ana ba da taimakon shari'a ta hanyar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na lauyoyi a cikin ayyukan sirri. Ƙayyadadden adadin masu kare jama'a ana ɗaukar su kai tsaye ta Hukumar Ba da Agaji ta Shari'a a ofisoshin ''Sabis na Tsaron Jama'a'' ; suna ba da shawarwari a ofisoshin 'yan sanda da bayar da shawarwari a majistare da kotunan rawani. Ana ba da taimakon taimakon shari'a ta hanyar lauyoyi a cikin aiki na sirri amma kuma ta lauyoyin da ke aiki a Cibiyoyin Shari'a da hukumomin shawarwari masu zaman kansu. ====== LASPO ====== Bayar da taimakon shari'a yana ƙarƙashin Dokar Samun Shari'a ta 1999 da ƙarin dokoki, kwanan nan Dokar Taimakon Shari'a, Hukunci da Hukuncin Masu Laifin 2012 (LASPO), wacce ta fara aiki a cikin shekara ta 2013. LASPO ta haifar da raguwar kashi 46 cikin 100 na adadin shari'o'in da aka ba da taimakon shari'a, daga 925,000 a shekara ta 2012 zuwa shekara ta 497,000 kawai a cikin shekara mai zuwa. Dokar Taimakon Shari'a, Hukunci da Hukuncin Masu Laifin 2012 (LASPO) ta dakatar da taimako ga wuraren doka da suka haɗa da iyali, jin daɗi, gidaje da bashi. Akwai ƙorafe-ƙorafen da ke cewa rage tallafin lauyoyi daga LASPO ya hana talakawa samun adalci. . LASPO ta kuma yi tasiri a kan masu ba da agajin doka, waɗanda suka ce suna "damuwa da... irin wannan zurfin yanke hukunci" ga taimakon doka. Akwai masu ba da agaji 37 da suka ruguje tun Afrilu 2020, wanda ya fi ofisoshi 70. Wannan ya sa lauyoyin da ke ba da agajin shari'a jin cewa aikinsu ya "gure" saboda asarar aiki. Misali, a cikin Exeter yanzu babu masu ba da agajin doka don ƙaura ko mafaka, tare da mai ba da mafi kusa shine {{Convert|37.6|mi}} nesa ( Plymouth ) daga tsakiyar gari. An bayyana cewa waɗannan masu samarwa suna karɓar matsakaicin matsakaiciyar kuɗin shiga na shekara-shekara na £ 27,000, wanda bai kai albashin farawa ga manajan da ya kammala karatun digiri a Aldi ba. Ƙungiyar Shari'a ta yi imanin cewa ya kamata a sanya wannan matakin na albashi mafi kyau. Yayin da lauyoyin da ke ba da tallafin shari'a suna samun tallafi daga hukumar ba da agajin shari'a, wani lokaci yana iya ɗaukar shekaru kafin biyan su. Wannan shi ne saboda matsalolin tsabar kuɗi tare da hukumar ba da agaji ta doka, wani abu da Ƙungiyar n Ƙwararwa na Ƙarfafawa suna ɗauka don jagoranci da bayani daga. ===== Scotland ===== Tsarin ba da agajin doka a New Zealand yana ba da tallafin shari'a da Gwamnati ke bayarwa ga waɗanda ba su da ikon mallakar lauya. Ana samun taimakon shari'a don kusan duk ayyukan kotu a duk matakan tsarin kotu. Wannan ya haɗa da tuhume-tuhumen laifuffuka, batutuwan jama'a, rigingimun iyali, ƙararraki da iƙirarin Kotun Kolin Waitangi . Ana gwada taimakon shari'a. A aikace yana samuwa ga ƙasa da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yawan jama'a. Hukumar Taimakon Shari'a ta Scotland ce ke gudanar da ita. Hakanan ana samun Taimakon Shari'a a Scotland a cikin Laifukan Laifuka, inda sama da 90% na aikace-aikacen Takaitawa ake ba da su. Ana amfani da jarrabawar Interests of Justice, da kuma gwajin ma'ana. A cikin shari'a mai tsanani (Jury Trials) Kotu tana tantance Taimakon Shari'a. === Afirka === ==== Afirka ta Kudu ==== Afirka ta Kudu ƙasa ce da ta sake gina tsarinta na shari'a a wani yunƙuri na yin koyi da ƙasashen yammacin turai, tare da samar da tsarin adalci da adalci. Afirka ta Kudu tana da tsarin shari'a na ƙasa da kuma, a wasu yankuna, tsarin gudanar da shari'a na kabilanci. Ana bayyana wannan a matsayin " jam'i na shari'a ". “Dokokin cikin gida” na yau da kullun sun sha bamban sosai da sauran dokoki da al'adun ƙasar, suna hana ba da shawarar doka. Koyaya, tsarin shari'a na 'yan asalin Afirka ta Kudu baya buƙatar wakilci, don haka da gaske yana kawar da buƙatar taimakon doka. A kwaikwayi tsarin shari'a na Burtaniya, Afirka ta Kudu tana da lauyoyi, wadanda ke aiki a manyan kotuna, da lauyoyi, waɗanda ke ba da shawarwari ba tare da kotu ba kuma suna aiki a ƙananan kotuna. A shekara ta 1969 gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta amince da bukatar taimakon shari'a, kuma ta mayar da martani ta hanyar samar da hukumar ba da agajin shari'a ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce ta fara aikinta a shekarar 1971 kuma a yanzu tana ba da mafi yawan taimakon shari'a a duk faɗin kasar. Hukumar tana da 'yancin kai kuma tana da 'yancin kai daga gwamnati wajen yanke shawara, kuma tana da hurumin yanke shawarar ba da taimakon doka. Hukumar tana ba da taimakon shari'a ga duk "masu cancanta" masu samun kudin shiga na R600.00 ko ƙasa da haka. Idan mutane ba su cika wannan cancantar ba ana ba su wasu hanyoyin samun lauya, kamar ɗaukar ɗaya ko, idan wannan bai dace da su ba, nemo wanda zai yi aiki ''pro bono'' . <ref name=":4" /> A wani misali na tarihin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu, kusan kashi 85% na dukkan lauyoyi a Afirka ta Kudu farar fata ne. Gwamnati ta yanke shawarar cewa bambancin launin fata a fannin shari'a shine fifiko kuma akwai "cibiyoyin kula da lafiya" masu balaguro don taimakawa wajen samar da ilimi a kan dokokin Afirka ta Kudu a duk fadin kasar, da nufin yada ilimi a duk faɗin mai yiwuwa, ko da yake musamman a yankunan da ke fama da talauci<ref name=":3">{{cite journal|last1=Tamanaha|first1=Brian Z.|date=September 2008|title=Understanding Legal Pluralism: Past to Present, Local to Global|journal=Sydney Law Review|volume=30|issue=3|pages=375–411}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last=McQuoid-Mason|first=David J.|date=2000|title=The Delivery of Civil Legal Aid Services in South Africa|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/frdint24&div=69&g_sent=1&casa_token=&collection=journals|journal=Fordham International Law Journal|volume=24|issue=Symposium Issue|pages=S111–S142|via=Heinonline.org}}</ref><ref name=":4">https://www.lawsociety.org.uk/en/topics/research/laspo-4-years-on</ref><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Maisel|first=Peggy|date=January 2007|title=Expanding and Sustaining Clinical Legal Education in Developing Countries: What We Can Learn from South Africa|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/frdint30&id=389|journal=Fordham International Law Journal|volume=30|issue=2|pages=374–420|via=HeinOnline}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Scott|first1=Craig|last2=Macklem|first2=Patrick|date=1992|title=Constitutional Ropes of Sand or Justiciable Guarantees? Social Rights in a New South African Constitution|jstor=3312396|journal=University of Pennsylvania Law Review|volume=141|issue=1|pages=1–148|doi=10.2307/3312396|url=https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3634&context=penn_law_review}}</ref> Fiye da kashi 80% na kuɗaɗen Hukumar Taimakon Shari'a ana ba da umarni ne ga samar da masu ba da kariya a cikin lamuran aikata laifuka. An bayyana wannan gabaɗaya a Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin sakamakon dalilai guda biyu: galibin laifukan da matalauta ke aikatawa, da kuma samar da tsaro a cikin laifukan da ke zama fifiko idan aka kwatanta da ƙararrakin farar hula. Kafin aiwatar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1994, kashi 80% na duk mutanen da suka yi ƙoƙari a matsayin masu aikata laifuka ba su da wakilci, saboda babu haƙƙin tsaro kuma babu wani wajibci ga gwamnati na samar da wannan kariya. Bayan amincewa da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1994, gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta wajaba a samar da kungiyoyi irin su Hukumar Ba da Agaji ta Legal don taimakawa wajen samun damar samun taimakon doka. Ga waɗanda ke neman taimako kuma suna sane da rawar da suke takawa a cikin tsarin shari'a, ana samun taimakon doka a Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar abubuwa kamar haka: * Mai ba da shawara mai zaman kansa wanda ba a biya shi ba ( pro bono work) * Lauyoyin 'yan takara a kamfanonin lauyoyi na karkara da gwamnati ke ba da tallafi * Lauyan mai zaman kansa wanda gwamnati (ma'aikatar shari'a) ke ba da tallafi * Dakunan shan magani na jami'a masu zaman kansu * Dakunan shan magani na jiha * Cibiyoyin adalci na jiha (cibiyoyin bayar da agajin shari’a) * ƙwararrun kamfanoni na doka * Ofisoshin shawarwari na Paralegal * Tsarin inshora na doka Duk waɗannan ayyukan suna wanzu kuma ana kiyaye su ta hanyar tallafi da ƙarfafawa. Duk da haka, waɗannan ayyuka sun kasance a buɗe ga zargi, wasu na cewa waɗannan ayyuka masu yawa da suka bambanta da Afirka ta Kudu ba su da mahimmanci idan babu isasshen ilimi da waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan suna samuwa ga mutane. Dangane da mayar da martani, gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta karfafawa makarantun shari'a na Afirka ta Kudu kwarin gwiwar fadada isarsu tare da kafa "dakunan shan magani" masu balaguro da karfafawa makarantu gwiwa da su kara " manhajar karatu ta doka" don yaɗa ilimin wannan fanni. === Amirka ta Arewa === ==== Kanada ==== A Kanada, tsarin taimakon shari'a na zamani ya samo asali ne bayan da gwamnatin tarayya ta kafa tsarin raba farashi tsakanin gwamnatocin tarayya da na larduna a farkon shekara ta 1970. An saita gudunmawar kuɗin tarayya a asali a kashi 50% na farashin tsarin ba da agajin doka, amma matakin kuɗin ya canza a cikin shekaru. Ainihin isar da taimakon shari'a na matakin gwamnati na lardi ne, a matsayin wani yanki na hukumcin lardi kan gudanar da shari'a. Misali, Legal Aid Ontario yana ba da sabis na shari'a ga mazauna Ontario, Legal Services Society yana ba da shi ga mazaunan British Columbia, ==== Amurka ==== Taimakon shari'a a cikin shari'o'in aikata laifuka haƙƙi ne na duniya wanda Kwaskwarima na Shida ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya lamunce. Yawancin samfuran isarwa don taimakon doka sun fito a cikin Amurka. An ba Hukumar Ayyukan Shari'a izini a matakin tarayya don kulawa da waɗannan shirye-shiryen. A cikin tsarin "lauyoyin ma'aikata", [[Lauya|lauyoyi]] suna aiki da matakan gwamnati akan albashi kawai don ba da taimakon shari'a ga abokan ciniki masu ƙaramin karfi, kama da likitocin ma'aikata a asibitin gwamnati. A cikin tsarin "judicare", ana biyan lauyoyi masu zaman kansu da kamfanonin lauyoyi don kula da shari'o'i daga abokan cinikin da suka cancanta tare da shari'o'in abokan ciniki masu biyan kuɗi, kamar yadda ake biyan likitoci don kula da marasa lafiya na Medicare a ƙasar Amurka Tsarin " asibitin shari'a na al'umma " model. ya ƙunshi ɗakunan shan magani masu zaman kansu da ke yiwa wata al'umma hidima ta hanyar hidimomin shari'a da yawa (misali wakilci, ilimi, sake fasalin doka) da lauyoyi da waɗanda ba lauyoyi ba ne suka bayar, kama da asibitocin kiwon lafiya na al'umma. Waɗanda ake tuhumar da ake tuhuma a ƙarƙashin laifuffukan da ba za su iya ba da damar ɗaukar lauya ba kawai an ba su tabbacin taimakon shari'a da ke da alaƙa da tuhume-tuhumen, amma an ba su tabbacin wakilci na shari'a, ko dai ta hanyar masu kare jama'a, ko kuma in babu tanadi na irin wannan ko kuma saboda yawan lokuta. lauyan da kotu ta nada . Tattaunawar da ta shafi taimakon shari'a da kuma wanda ke da gata a irin wannan sabis ɗin ya sha suka daga masana ilimin shari'a waɗanda ke tabbatar da cewa waɗanda ke mamaye da kuma rubuta labaran mutanen da ke neman taimakon shari'a mutane ne da ke cin gajiyar labarin abokin ciniki na kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin talauci da rashin tabbas. na mutum. Sharhi sun tabbatar da cewa ana buƙatar waɗannan bayanan abokin ciniki na asymmetrically, na tsari na shirye-shiryen taimakon shari'a a cikin tsarin jari hujja na Amurka a matsayin kayan aiki don yin kira ga masu ba da gudummawa da sauran hanyoyin samun kuɗi. Wadannan wakilci da tantance waɗanda ke neman kuma suka cancanci taimakon shari'a ana bayar da hujjar bayar da gudummawa ga al'adar zargi waɗanda ke fama da talauci, kamar yadda labaran ba su da rawar da jihar da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki ke takawa wajen samar da waɗannan yanayi na abokan ciniki. Duk da haka, ba a bayar da taimakon shari'a a cikin ƙararrakin farar hula, ko hanyoyin kora, saboda waɗannan ba shari'ar laifi ba ne. === Oceania === ==== Ostiraliya ==== [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] tana da tsarin gwamnatin tarayya wanda ya ƙunshi ikon tarayya, jiha da yanki. Ostiraliya (Commonwealth) da gwamnatocin jahohi da yanki kowanne suna da alhakin samar da taimakon doka don abubuwan da suka taso a ƙarƙashin dokokinsu. Bugu da ƙari akwai hanyar sadarwa mai zaman kanta Kusan guda 200, ba don riba ba, cibiyoyin shari'a na al'umma . Taimakon shari'a na al'amuran Commonwealth da na jihohi ana ba da su ne ta hanyar hukumomin ba da agajin shari'a na jiha da ƙasa (LACs), waɗanda hukumomi ne masu zaman kansu waɗanda aka kafa ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa. Gwamnatin Ostiraliya tana ba da tallafin doka don dangin Commonwealth, shari'ar farar hula da na laifuka ƙarƙashin yarjejeniya da gwamnatocin jihohi da ƙasa da LACs. Yawancin al'amuran Commonwealth sun shiga cikin Iƙon dokar iyali. Kwamitocin ba da agajin doka suna amfani da gauraya samfurin don sadar da ayyukan wakilcin doka. Ana iya ba da gudummawar taimakon wakilcin doka ga ko dai lauyan cikin gida mai albashi ko kuma a tura shi ga wani mai zaman kansa. Haɗaɗɗen ƙirar yana da fa'ida musamman don samar da sabis ga abokan ciniki a yankunan yanki kuma a lokuta inda rikici na sha'awa yana nufin lauya ɗaya ba zai iya wakiltar ɓangarorin biyu ba. Ta hanyar tarihi, Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta kafa Ofishin Sabis na Shari'a a cikin shekara ta 1942 don haɓaka tsarin ƙasa. A cikin shekara ta 1973 Babban Mai Shari'a a cikin gwamnatin Labour ta Whitlam, Lionel Murphy, ya kafa Ofishin Ba da Agajin Shari'a na Australiya. Murphy ya fahimci buƙatar gaggawar taimakon doka domin adalci ya kasance dai-dai da kowa ga kowa. Murphy ya gane cewa: "Daya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin daidaiton 'yan ƙasa a gaban dokoki shine rashin isassun shirye-shiryen ba da agajin doka cikakke a cikin Ostiraliya. . . Babban abin da gwamnati ta sa a gaba shi ne cewa taimakon shari'a ya kasance cikin sauƙi kuma dai-dai da samuwa ga 'yan ƙasa a ko'ina cikin Ostiraliya kuma a ba da tallafin don shawarwari da taimakon ƙararraki da kuma shari'a a duk nau'ikan shari'a da kuma a duk kotuna." (Sanata Honarabul Lionel Murphy AO QC, Attorney General) Kafa Ofishin Ba da Agajin Shari'a na Australiya a shekara ta 1973 ya biyo bayan kafa kwamitocin ba da agajin shari'a na jihohi. Waɗannan ofisoshin yanzu suna ba da mafi yawan tallafin shari'a kyauta ko kuma mai rahusa ga mabukata. A cikin shekara ta 1977, Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta kafa ''Dokar Taimakon Shari'a ta Commonwealth 1977'' (LAC Act), wacce ta kafa shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Gwamnatin Ostiraliya da gwamnatocin jihohi da na ƙasa, waɗanda za a ba da taimakon doka ta kwamitocin ba da agajin doka masu zaman kansu da za a kafa a ƙarƙashin ƙasa. da dokokin yanki. Tsarin kafa LACs ya ɗauki fiye da shekaru goma. Ya fara ne a cikin shekara ta 1976 tare da kafa Hukumar Taimakon Shari'a na Yammacin Ostiraliya, wanda ya biyo baya a cikin shekara ta 1978 Hukumar Taimakon Shari'a ta Victoria (LACV), kuma ta ƙare a 1990 tare da kafa Hukumar Taimakon Shari'a ta Tasmania . Shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwar da aka kafa ta Dokar LAC ta samar da yarjejeniyar ba da tallafin doka ta Commonwealth da jiha da ƙasa, A cikin Yulin shekara ta 1997, Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta canza shirye-shiryenta don ba da kuɗi kai tsaye sabis na taimakon doka don al'amuran dokar Commonwealth. A ƙarƙashin wannan tsari, jihohi da yankuna suna ba da tallafi ga nasu dokokin. A cikin shekara ta 2013, an jinkirta shari'ar kisan kai a Kotun Koli ta Victoria saboda ba a samun taimakon doka. An ambaci wannan a matsayin sakamakon raguwar tallafin gwamnati ga hukumomin ba da agajin doka a Ostiraliya kuma ya haifar da karuwar shahara ga albarkatun taimakon shari'a na kan layi kamar Littafin Jagoran Shari'a . An tattauna taimakon shari'a a Ostiraliya a cikin batun <nowiki><i id="mwAZ0">Dietrich v The Sarauniya</i></nowiki> (1992) . <ref>''Dietrich v The Queen'' [1992] HCA 57.</ref> An gano cewa, duk da cewa babu cikakkiyar dama ta samun lauya a bainar jama'a, a mafi yawan lokuta alƙali ya kamata ya ba da duk wata bukata ta a dage shari'a ko kuma a tsaya a lokacin da wanda ake tuhuma ba ya wakilci. ==== New Zealand ==== Tsarin ba da agajin doka a ƙasar New Zealand yana ba da tallafin shari'a da Gwamnati ke bayarwa ga waɗanda ba su da Iƙon mallakar lauya. Ana samun taimakon shari'a don kusan duk ayyukan kotu a duk matakan tsarin kotu. Wannan ya haɗa da tuhume-tuhumen laifuffuka, batutuwan jama'a, rigingimun iyali, ƙararraki da iƙirarin Kotun Kolin Waitangi . == Duba kuma == * Samun damar Shirye-shiryen Adalci * Avocats Sans Frontières * Asusun warware rikicin muhalli * Sanin doka * Asibitin shari'a * Pro Bono Net * Mai kare jama'a * Dokar Muhalli ta Yamma == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Curlie|Society/Law/Organizations/Legal_Aid/}} * [https://www.mygov.scot/legal-aid/ Taimakon shari'a a Scotland] (www.mygov.scot) * [https://www.legalaid.on.ca Shirin Taimakon Shari'a Ontario] [[Category:Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam]] [[Category:Haƙƙoƙi]] [[Category:Haƙƙoƙin Mata]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6s05gztzlqctqnvt7alsj31an9guhtx 894067 894066 2026-08-10T08:13:46Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 /* */ 894067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Legal-Aid-Commission-Burnie-20150529-001.jpg |thumb|Legal Aid Commission Burnie]] [[File:The_Legal_Aid_Society_logo.svg |thumb|Tambari]] [[Fayil:This is the logo owned by Russian Maritime Law Association.jpg|thumb]] '''Taimakon shari'a,''' shi ne bayar da taimako ga mutanen da ba su da Ikon samun wakilcin doka da samun damar shiga tsarin kotu. Ana kallon taimakon shari'a a matsayin jigon samar da damar yin adalci ta hanyar tabbatar da [[Bin doka kafin kafa doka (Equality before the law)|daidaito a gaban doka]], '[[Haƙƙin Bada Shawara|yancin bayar da shawara]] da, 'yan[[Ƴancin gwaji|cin yin shari'a na gaskiya]]. Wannan labarin ya bayyana ci gaban taimakon shari'a da ƙa'idodinsa, da farko kamar yadda aka sani a [[Turai]], Commonwealth of Nations da kuma a [[Amurka ta Kudu|Amurka]]. Taimakon shari'a yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da daidaiton samun adalci ga kowa, kamar yadda sashi na 6.3 na [[Yarjejeniyar Muhalli ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa|Yarjejeniyar]] Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ta tanada game da shari'ar laifuka. Musamman ga ƴan ƙasa waɗanda ba su da isassun hanyoyin kuɗi, ba da tallafin doka ga abokan ciniki da gwamnatoci ke ƙara yuwuwa, a cikin shari'ar. Yawancin nau'ikan isarwa don taimakon doka sun fito, gami da lauyoyi masu aiki, asibitocin shari'a na al'umma, da biyan lauyoyi don tunkarar shari'o'i ga mutanen da suka cancanci taimakon shari'a. Hakanan za'a iya bayar da ƙarin nasiha da shawarwari na doka na yau da kullun ko na gaba ɗaya kyauta ko a farashi mai rahusa ta hanyoyin kamar cibiyoyin doka (Birtaniya), cibiyoyin shari'a na al'umma (Ostiraliya) ko wasu ƙungiyoyi daban-daban waɗanda ke ba da nau'ikan taimakon doka a ciki da waje. na kotu. == Tarihi == Taimakon shari'a yana da alaƙa da ƙasan jindaɗi, kuma ba da taimakon shari'a ta wata jiha yana da tasiri akan halayen walwala. Taimakon shari'a wani tanadi ne na jindadi da gwamnati ke yi ga mutanen da ba za su iya ba da shawara daga tsarin shari'a ba. Taimakon shari'a yana taimakawa wajen tabbatar da cewa an aiwatar da tanadin jin daɗi ta hanyar samar wa mutanen da ke da haƙƙin samar da jin daɗi, kamar gidajen jama'a, samun shawarwarin doka da kuma kotuna.<ref name="regan">{{Cite book| last = Regan| first = Francis| title = The Transformation of Legal Aid: Comparative and Historical Studies| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 1999| pages =89–90 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=khG_4Dk96J4C&q=legal+aid| isbn = 978-0-19-826589-4 }}</ref> A tarihi, taimakon shari'a ya taka rawa sosai wajen tabbatar da mutunta haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu waɗanda ke da alaƙa da tsaro na zamantakewa, gidaje, kula da zamantakewa, samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya da ilimi, waɗanda za a iya ba da su a bainar jama'a ko a ɓoye, da kuma dokar aiki da dokar hana wariya. Masana shari'a irin su ''Mauro Cappelletti'' suna jayayya cewa taimakon shari'a yana da mahimmanci wajen samarwa mutane damar samun adalci, ta hanyar ba da damar tilasta wa kowane mutum tilasta doka ta haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu . Ra'ayinsa ya ci gaba a cikin rabin na biyu na ƙarni na 20, lokacin da dimokiradiyya tare da tattalin arzikin jari-hujja suka kafa jihohi masu sassaucin ra'ayi waɗanda suka mayar da hankali ga mutum. Jihohi sun yi aiki a matsayin 'yan kwangila da masu ba da sabis a cikin falsafar tushen kasuwa wacce ta jaddada ɗan ƙasa a matsayin mabukaci . Wannan ya haifar da mai da hankali kan aiwatar da ɗaiɗaikun mutane don cimma haƙƙin kowa.<ref>Regan (1999), ''The Transformation of Legal Aid'', pp. 90–91</ref> Kafin tsakiyar ƙarni na 20, wallafe-wallafe kan taimakon shari'a sun jaddada aiwatar da haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu tare . Kamar yadda aka gina jihohin jindaɗi na gargajiya a cikin shekara ta 1940s da kuma bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, ƙa'idar da ke ƙunshe da ita ita ce 'yan ƙasa suna da alhakin gama kai na haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu; kuma jihar ta dauki alhakin wadanda ba za su iya ciyar da kansu ta hanyar rashin lafiya da rashin aikin yi ba. Aiwatar da haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu dole ne a haɗa kai, ta hanyar manufofi maimakon matakin shari'a na mutum ɗaya. An kafa dokoki don tallafawa tanadin jin daɗi, koda yake ana ɗaukar waɗannan a matsayin dokoki na masu tsarawa, ba lauyoyi ba.<ref>Regan (1999), ''The Transformation of Legal Aid'', p. 91</ref> A cikin 1950s da 1960s, aikin jindadin jama'a ya canza, kuma ba a ɗauka cewa burin zamantakewar jama'a shine burin gama-gari. Mutane suna da 'yanci don cimma burinsu. Ƙasar jindaɗi a wannan lokacin ta faɗaɗa, tare da tanadin taimakon doka, yayin da damuwa ta bayyana kan ƙarfin masu ba da jin daɗi da ƙwararru. A cikin shekara ta 1960s da 1970s, buƙatu ya tashi na haƙƙin daidaikun mutane don aiwatar da haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu bisa doka da tanadin jindadin da suka dace da su. Hanyoyi sun bayyana ta hanyar da 'yan ƙasa za su iya tilasta musu haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu bisa doka, kuma lauyoyin jin daɗi sun yi amfani da taimakon shari'a don ba da shawara ga masu karamin karfi lokacin da suke mu'amala da jami'an jihohi. An ba da taimakon shari'a daga dokar iyali zuwa nau'ikan haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. <ref>Regan (1999), ''The Transformation of Legal Aid'', pp. 90–91</ref> A cikin shekara ta 1980s, ba a sake ganin rawar da jihar jindadin ta ke takawa a matsayin mai inganci ba, kuma ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna ƙara samar da jin daɗi. Ana ƙara ba da taimakon shari'a ta hanyar masu zaman kansu, amma sun ci gaba da mayar da hankali kan ba da taimako a shari'ar kotu. An ƙara ɗaukar 'yan ƙasa a matsayin masu amfani, waɗanda yakamata su iya zaɓar tsakanin sabis. Inda ba zai yiwu a samar da irin wannan zaɓin ba, an bai wa 'yan ƙasa 'yancin bayyana rashin jin daɗinsu ta hanyar tsarin korafe-korafen gudanarwa. Wannan ya haifar da tashin hankali, saboda ba a tsara taimakon shari'a don ba da shawara ga waɗanda ke neman gyara ta hanyoyin tafiyar da korafe-korafe ba. Har ila yau, tashin hankali ya fara bayyana a matsayin jihohin da suka jaddada tilasta aiwatar da ɗaiɗaikun mutane na haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, maimakon aiwatar da aiki tare ta hanyar manufofi, rage kuɗin tallafin doka a matsayin tanadin jihar jindaɗi. Aiwatar da ɗaiɗaikun jama'a na haƙƙin jin daɗi na buƙatar nau'in tallafin doka na jihohin da ke jaddada tilasta aiwatar da ayyukan gama gari. <ref>Regan (1999), ''The Transformation of Legal Aid'', p. 91</ref> == Ƙungiyoyin taimakon shari'a == Taimakon shari'a a tarihi ya samo asali ne daga ' [[Haƙƙin Bada Shawara|yancin ba da shawara]] da [[Ƴancin gwaji|'yancin gudanar da shari'a]] ta gaskiya na kasashen nahiyar Turai na karni na 19. " Dokokin talaka " sun yi watsi da kudaden kotu ga talakawa tare da nada lauyoyi ga wadanda ba za su iya biyan kuɗin lauya ba . Da farko abin da ake tsammani shi ne cewa ''lauyoyin'' da ke aiki za su yi aiki bisa ga fa'ida. A farkon ƙarni na 20, yawancin ƙasashen Turai ba su da hanyar da za ta bi don ba da agajin shari'a, kuma talakawa sun dogara ga taimakon lauyoyi. Yawancin ƙasashe sun ci gaba da kafa dokoki waɗanda suka tanadi biyan matsakaicin kuɗi ga lauyoyin aiki. Don hana buƙatar, taimakon shari'a an iyakance shi ga farashin lauyoyi a cikin shari'ar da ake buƙatar lauya. Ƙasashe da ke da tsarin shari'a na dokar farar hula da tsarin shari'a na gama gari suna ɗaukar hanyoyi daban-daban ga ' [[Haƙƙin Bada Shawara|yancin ba da shawara]] a cikin shari'ar farar hula da na laifuka . Ƙasashen dokokin farar hula sun fi jaddada yancin yin shawara a cikin shari'ar jama'a, don haka ba da taimakon shari'a inda ake buƙatar lauya. Ƙasashen dokokin gama gari sun jaddada yancin yin shawara da ba da agajin shari'a musamman dangane da shari'ar laifuka. <ref name="Regan 1999 p. 114">Regan (1999), ''The Transformation of Legal Aid'', p. 114</ref> Dangane da saurin haɓaka masana'antu a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 na Turai, ƙungiyar kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata sun fito waɗanda suka ƙalubalanci manufofin zamantakewa na gwamnatoci. Sun sami ra'ayi na doka don baiwa ma'aikata haƙƙin doka a cikin yanayin rashin lafiya ko haɗari, a ƙoƙarin hana ayyukan masana'antu daga ma'aikatan masana'antu. Ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata sun fara ba wa ma'aikata shawarwarin doka game da sababbin haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu . Bukatar waɗannan ayyuka ya yi yawa kuma a ƙoƙarin samarwa ma'aikata shawarwarin da ba na bangaranci ba, gwamnatoci da yawa sun fara ba da taimakon doka tun farkon ƙarni na 20. <ref name="Regan 1999 p. 114">Regan (1999), ''The Transformation of Legal Aid'', p. 114</ref> == Kwanan nan == A cikin ƙarni na 20, taimakon doka ya haɓaka tare da ƙa'idodin ci gaba; sau da yawa ana samun goyon bayan waɗancan ma’aikatan lauyoyi waɗanda suke ganin alhakinsu ne su kula da waɗanda ba su da kuɗi. Taimakon shari'a ya zama abin da [[Lauya|lauyoyi]] za su iya bayarwa don biyan "bukatun shari'a" na waɗanda suka gano a matsayin matalauta, wariya. A cewar Francis Regan a cikin 1999, ba da agajin doka yana haifar da wadata, ba buƙatu ba ne, yana haifar da faffadan gibi tsakanin tanadin da ya dace da buƙatu da kuma ainihin buƙata. Shirye-shiryen sabis na doka, kamar sasanci na unguwanni da sabis na doka, akai-akai suna rufewa saboda rashin buƙata, yayin da wasu ke cika da abokan ciniki. <ref name="Regan 1999 p. 114">Regan (1999), ''The Transformation of Legal Aid'', p. 114</ref> == Ta ƙasa == === Asiya === Yawancin ayyukan taimakon shari'a na ci gaba ana ba da su ta ƙungiyoyin asali, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam (NGOs), ko kuma wasu gwamnatocin Asiya sun tsara su bisa dokokin tsarin mulki. ==== Hong Kong ==== Hukunce-hukuncen yanki, Hong Kong yana ba da taimakon doka ta hanyar Sashen Ba da Agaji na Shari'a, wanda Majalisar Sabis na Ba da Agajin Shari'a ke kula da ita. A Gudanarwa Sashen Ba da Agajin Shari'a yana ƙarƙashin sashin gudanarwa na Ofishin Babban Sakatare . A cikin shekara ta 2007 an koma da shi zuwa Ofishin Harkokin Cikin Gida, wanda ke kula da al'amuran al'adu da gudanarwa na gida. Wannan dai ya sha suka sosai daga sansanin masu rajin kare dimokuradiyyar 'yan adawa saboda yin illa ga tsaka-tsaki na samar da agajin doka. Sun kada kuri'ar kin amincewa da duk ƙunshi sake tsara ofisoshin tsare-tsare, wanda canjin Sashen Taimakon Shari'a ya kasance ɓangare kamar haka: ==== Indiya ==== Mataki na ashirin da 39A na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, ya tanadi adalci dai-dai da taimakon doka kyauta kamar haka:<blockquote>Gwamnati za ta tabbatar da cewa gudanar da tsarin shari'a yana inganta adalci, bisa ga dama iri ɗaya, kuma za ta ba da taimakon shari'a kyauta, ta hanyar doka ko tsare-tsare ko ta kowace hanya, don tabbatar da adalci. ba a hana kowane ɗan ƙasa ta dalilin tattalin arziƙi ko nakasa. </blockquote>Wannan labarin ya jaddada cewa sabis na shari'a abu ne da ba za a iya raba shi ba na 'ma'ana, adalci da adalci', domin idan ba tare da shi ba za a hana mutumin da ke fama da nakasa tattalin arziki ko wasu nakasu damar samun adalci. A cikin farar hula, Order XXXIII. R.18 na Code of Civil Procedure 1908 da sharadin cewa jihohi da gwamnatocin tsakiya na iya yin ƙarin tanadi kamar yadda suke ganin ya dace don ba da sabis na shari'a kyauta ga waɗanda aka ba su izinin kai ƙara a matsayin matalauta. Dokar Hukumomin Ayyukan Shari'a,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://law.gsu.edu/ccunningham/fall03/India%20-%20Constitution-Part4.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-02-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030910131643/http://law.gsu.edu/ccunningham/fall03/India%20-%20Constitution-Part4.htm |archive-date=2003-09-10 }}</ref></blockquote><ref>{{cite web|title=''Hussainara Khatoon & Ors vs Home Secretary,'' State of Bihar (1979 AIR 1369, 1979 SCR (3) 532)|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1373215/|website=Indiankanoon.org|access-date=2016-07-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nalsa.gov.in/actrules.html|title=NALSA|website=Nalsa.gov.in|access-date=16 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729091927/http://nalsa.gov.in/actrules.html|archive-date=29 July 2016}}</ref> ==== Philippines ==== Taimakon shari'a na ci gaba ko taimakon shari'a na ci gaba, kamar yadda ake kira shi sau da yawa a cikin Philippines, ya yi nisa tun lokacin mulkin kama-karya na Marcos . A lokacin dokar soja, uban kare hakkin dan Adam Sen. An aika Jose W. Diokno gidan yari sa’ad da Ferdinand Marcos ya kama duk ’yan adawar siyasa. Da zarar an saki Diokno kwanaki 718 bayan haka, lauya kuma tsohon dan majalisar dattawa ya kafa kungiyar Taimakon Shari'a ta Kyauta, mafi tsufa kuma mafi girma ga kare Haƙƙin dan adam tun 1974. Ta hanyar sabbin hanyoyin amfani da FLAG na taimakon shari'a na ci gaba, wanda ya haɗa da sabis na shari'a na bono da kuma ba da alawus kyauta ga abokan cinikin da ba su da isasshen kuɗi, sabis na shari'a na kyauta ya zama daidaitaccen aiki a ƙasar. Daga baya, an bullo da dokokin da za su buƙaci sabbin lauyoyi masu lasisi su ba da sabis na shari'a kyauta ga matalauta na ƙayyadaddun lokaci da ƙayyadaddun lokaci. Shahararriyar doka akan taimakon shari'a na ci gaba ana kiranta Dokar Sabis na Taimakon Shari'a (CLAS). Dokar CLAS ta shafi lauyoyin da ke cikin shekarar farko ta aikinsu. Yawancin ayyukan shari'a na ci gaba ana ba da su ta yawancin kamfanonin lauyoyi da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai a Philippines. . A cikin shekara ta 2020, Duterte ya ƙirƙiro wata sabuwar doka da ake kira Dokar Yaƙi da Ta'addanci, wacce za ta kama duk wani mai adawa saboda rashin ma'anoni a cikin dokar kan wanda za a iya yiwa alama "'yan ta'adda". Hakan ya tunzura jama'a da kuma shugaban FLAG Atty. Jose Manuel "Chel" Diokno . FLAG, tare da takwarorinsu ƴan jarida, ƴan jahohi, da ƴan siyasa da ake tsare da su sun mayar da martani tare da fitar da ƙalubalen doka mai lamba GR No. 252741 akan Sakataren Zartarwa na Duterte Salvador Medialdea bisa dalilai da ma'anar dokar. Daga cikin tanade-tanaden da ake tantamawa har da sashe na 29 na tsarewa ba tare da sammacin kama shi ba, inda za a iya kama wanda ake tuhuma ko da ba tare da sammacin kama shi ba kuma a tsare shi har na tsawon kwanaki.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gavilan|first=Jodesz|title=No cause more worthy: Ka Pepe Diokno's fight for human rights|url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/jose-ka-pepe-diokno-human-rights|date=2017-09-21|access-date=2020-10-14|archive-date=2020-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921041516/https://rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/jose-ka-pepe-diokno-human-rights|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Te|first=Theodore|title=ANALYSIS-Deep Dive, Community legal aid service: Too much, too soon?|url=https://www.rappler.com/voices/thought-leaders/analysis-deep-dive-community-legal-aid-service-too-much-soon|date=2018-12-20|access-date=2020-10-15|archive-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422150007/https://www.rappler.com/voices/thought-leaders/analysis-deep-dive-community-legal-aid-service-too-much-soon|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ressa's cyberlibel conviction not yet final — FLAG|url=https://mb.com.ph/2020/06/15/ressas-cyberlibel-conviction-not-yet-final-flag/|date=2020-06-15|access-date=2020-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Petitions Versus Anti-Terror Law Now 16: 'It Will Terrorize Our People, Not the Terrorists'|url=https://www.onenews.ph/petitions-versus-anti-terror-law-now-16-it-will-terrorize-our-people-not-the-terrorists|date=2020-07-24|access-date=2020-10-15}}</ref> === Turai === Mataki na 47 na kundin dokokin Tarayyar Turai ya tanadi cewa za a ba da agajin shari'a ga wadanda ba su da isassun kayan aiki, muddin irin wannan taimako ya zama dole don tabbatar da samun adalci. ==== Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai, da kuma Rasha ==== A cewar PILnet: Cibiyar Sadarwar Duniya don Dokar Sha'awar Jama'a, tana da Wasu abubuwa kamar haka:<blockquote>Sama da shekaru goma ƙasashen tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai da kuma [[Rasha]] ke ci gaba da yin garambawul da sake fasalin tsarinsu na doka . Yayin da aka gudanar da sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci a fannin shari'a a ko'ina cikin yankin, hanyoyin da za a tabbatar da samun damar yin amfani da bayanan shari'a da taimako galibi ba su da inganci kuma ba su da inganci. Saboda haka, mutane da yawa—musamman waɗanda matalauta ne ko kuma waɗanda ba su da ƙarfi—an bar su ba tare da samun ainihin lauyoyin ba a cikin al’amuran da suka shafi laifuffuka da waɗanda ba na laifi ba.</blockquote>A cikin [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]], mutanen da suka cancanta (yawanci waɗanda ke nuna rashin isashen kuɗi) na iya neman kotuna ko Ƙungiyar lauyoyin Czech don a naɗa musu lauya. ==== Denmark ==== A Denmark, masu nema dole ne su cika waɗannan sharuɗɗa don karɓar taimakon doka don shari'ar jama'a: Mai nema ba zai sami fiye da kr. ba. 289,000 ($ 50,000) a shekara kuma da'awar jam'iyyar dole ne ya zama dai-dai. Game da shari'o'in laifuka, wanda aka yanke wa hukuncin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.domstol.dk/saadangoerdu/sagsomkostninger/Pages/default.aspx|title=domstol.dk – Sagsomkostninger|website=Domstol.dk|access-date=16 July 2016|archive-date=19 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219120536/http://www.domstol.dk/saadangoerdu/sagsomkostninger/Pages/default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== Jamus ==== A cikin shari'o'in jama'a da suka haɗa da aiki, gudanarwa, tsarin mulki da shari'o'in zamantakewa, ana ba da taimako a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsarin Ba da Shawara ta Shari'a (a cikin hanyar shawara kuma, inda ya cancanta, wakilci). A cikin shari'o'in da ake tuhuma, wanda ake tuhuma yana da haƙƙin ya ba da shawara, kuma a wasu lokuta idan hukuncin ya kai akalla shekara guda na tsare, ana iya ba wanda ake tuhuma shawara ko da ba ya so ba.<ref>{{cite web|title=Legal aid – Germany|date=22 March 2005|publisher=[[European Commission]]|url=http://ec.europa.eu/civiljustice/legal_aid/legal_aid_ger_en.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.howtogermany.com/pages/legal.html|title=How To Germany – German Law and the German Legal System|website=Howtogermany.com|access-date=16 July 2016}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==== Italiya ==== Wanda aka sani da ''Patrocinio a spese dello Stato,'' ana ba da taimakon doka ta Dokar Italiyanci DPR n. 115/2002 - Labarai. 74-141. An yi niyya don aiwatar da Mataki na ashirin da 24 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Italiya da kuma tabbatar da samun dama ga haƙƙin tsaro (a cikin shari'o'in farar hula, gudanarwa da na laifuka) ga mutanen da ba za su iya samun sabis na lauya da kansu ba saboda rashin iya biyan su daga gare su. kudin shiga (ƙasa da €10,776.33 ga kowane mutum).<ref>{{cite web|title=Legal aid – Italy|date=8 December 2012|publisher= Associazione Art. 24 Cost. |url=http://www.avvocatogratis.com/2012/10/guida-al-gratuito-patrocinio-iii%c2%b0-edizione/}}</ref> Kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Italiya, Sashe na 24 ya ce Abubuwa kamar haka:<blockquote>ɗaukarkowa damar daukar matakin shari'a don kare hakkinta da halalcin bukatunsa. Tsaro hakki ne da ba za a tauye shi ba a kowane mataki na shari'ar. Hanyoyin aiki da tsaro a gaban dukkan Kotuna suna da garantin ga marasa galihu ta cibiyoyin gwamnati. Doka ta ƙayyade sharuɗɗa da hanyoyin shari'a don magance rashin adalci.</blockquote>Taimakon shari'a a Italiya sabis ne don ba da izini ga kowa ya taimaka wa lauya ko kuma mashaidi ƙwararre ba tare da kowane kuɗaɗen doka ko farashi ba a cikin duk wani laifi, farar hula, gudanarwa, lissafin kuɗi ko aiwatar da kasafin kuɗi da kuma "hukuncin son rai" kuma a duk lokacin da kasancewar doka ta buƙaci lauya ko ƙwararren shaida. Ana ba da taimakon shari'a ga duk maki ko matakan gwaji, gami da duk wasu abubuwan da suka faru na haɗari da na ɗan lokaci. Ana ba da ita a gaban Kotuna, Kotunan ɗaukaka kara, Kotun Koli, kotunan sa ido da alkalai, Kotunan Gudanarwa na Yanki, Kwamitocin Bitar Shari'a, Hukumomin Kuɗi na Lardi da Yanki da Kotun Audit na Jiha. ==== Ƙasar Ingila ==== ===== Ingila da Wales ===== Dokar Taimakon Shari'a da Shawara ta 1949 ta samo asali ne ta hanyar taimakon doka. A cikin shekara ta 2009, taimakon shari'a a Ingila da Wales sun kashe mai biyan haraji £ 2bn a shekara - wanda ya fi kowane mutum kashewa fiye da ko'ina a duniya - kuma yana samuwa ga kusan kashi 29% na manya. Koyaya, samuwa da matakin samar da taimakon shari'a ya ragu sosai tun 2012 sakamakon matakan tsuke bakin aljihu a cikin Dokar Taimakon Shari'a, Hukunci da Hukuncin Masu Laifin 2012 . Hukumar Bayar da Agaji ta Legal (har zuwa 31 ga Maris na shekara ta 2013 ta Hukumar Sabis ta Shari'a ) tana ba da taimakon shari'a a Ingila da Wales, kuma ana samunta don yawancin shari'o'in laifuka, da nau'ikan shari'o'in farar hula. Keɓancewa sun haɗa da cin zarafi, mafi yawan shari'o'in rauni na mutum (waɗanda ake magance su a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Kuɗaɗen Sharadi, nau'in kuɗin da ake buƙata ), da shari'o'in kamfanoni. Har ila yau, wasu lokuta ana rufe shari'ar iyali. Dangane da nau'in shari'ar, taimakon shari'a na iya ko a'a yana nufin gwadawa kuma a wasu lokuta taimakon shari'a na iya zama 'yanci ga waɗanda ke da fa'idodi, marasa aiki kuma ba su da tanadi ko kadara. Gaba ɗaya ana ba da taimakon shari'a ta hanyar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na lauyoyi a cikin ayyukan sirri. Ƙayyadadden adadin masu kare jama'a ana ɗaukar su kai tsaye ta Hukumar Ba da Agaji ta Shari'a a ofisoshin ''Sabis na Tsaron Jama'a'' ; suna ba da shawarwari a ofisoshin 'yan sanda da bayar da shawarwari a majistare da kotunan rawani. Ana ba da taimakon taimakon shari'a ta hanyar lauyoyi a cikin aiki na sirri amma kuma ta lauyoyin da ke aiki a Cibiyoyin Shari'a da hukumomin shawarwari masu zaman kansu. ====== LASPO ====== Bayar da taimakon shari'a yana ƙarƙashin Dokar Samun Shari'a ta 1999 da ƙarin dokoki, kwanan nan Dokar Taimakon Shari'a, Hukunci da Hukuncin Masu Laifin 2012 (LASPO), wacce ta fara aiki a cikin shekara ta 2013. LASPO ta haifar da raguwar kashi 46 cikin 100 na adadin shari'o'in da aka ba da taimakon shari'a, daga 925,000 a shekara ta 2012 zuwa shekara ta 497,000 kawai a cikin shekara mai zuwa. Dokar Taimakon Shari'a, Hukunci da Hukuncin Masu Laifin 2012 (LASPO) ta dakatar da taimako ga wuraren doka da suka haɗa da iyali, jin daɗi, gidaje da bashi. Akwai ƙorafe-ƙorafen da ke cewa rage tallafin lauyoyi daga LASPO ya hana talakawa samun adalci. . LASPO ta kuma yi tasiri a kan masu ba da agajin doka, waɗanda suka ce suna "damuwa da... irin wannan zurfin yanke hukunci" ga taimakon doka. Akwai masu ba da agaji 37 da suka ruguje tun Afrilu 2020, wanda ya fi ofisoshi 70. Wannan ya sa lauyoyin da ke ba da agajin shari'a jin cewa aikinsu ya "gure" saboda asarar aiki. Misali, a cikin Exeter yanzu babu masu ba da agajin doka don ƙaura ko mafaka, tare da mai ba da mafi kusa shine {{Convert|37.6|mi}} nesa ( Plymouth ) daga tsakiyar gari. An bayyana cewa waɗannan masu samarwa suna karɓar matsakaicin matsakaiciyar kuɗin shiga na shekara-shekara na £ 27,000, wanda bai kai albashin farawa ga manajan da ya kammala karatun digiri a Aldi ba. Ƙungiyar Shari'a ta yi imanin cewa ya kamata a sanya wannan matakin na albashi mafi kyau. Yayin da lauyoyin da ke ba da tallafin shari'a suna samun tallafi daga hukumar ba da agajin shari'a, wani lokaci yana iya ɗaukar shekaru kafin biyan su. Wannan shi ne saboda matsalolin tsabar kuɗi tare da hukumar ba da agaji ta doka, wani abu da Ƙungiyar n Ƙwararwa na Ƙarfafawa suna ɗauka don jagoranci da bayani daga. ===== Scotland ===== Tsarin ba da agajin doka a New Zealand yana ba da tallafin shari'a da Gwamnati ke bayarwa ga waɗanda ba su da ikon mallakar lauya. Ana samun taimakon shari'a don kusan duk ayyukan kotu a duk matakan tsarin kotu. Wannan ya haɗa da tuhume-tuhumen laifuffuka, batutuwan jama'a, rigingimun iyali, ƙararraki da iƙirarin Kotun Kolin Waitangi . Ana gwada taimakon shari'a. A aikace yana samuwa ga ƙasa da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yawan jama'a. Hukumar Taimakon Shari'a ta Scotland ce ke gudanar da ita. Hakanan ana samun Taimakon Shari'a a Scotland a cikin Laifukan Laifuka, inda sama da 90% na aikace-aikacen Takaitawa ake ba da su. Ana amfani da jarrabawar Interests of Justice, da kuma gwajin ma'ana. A cikin shari'a mai tsanani (Jury Trials) Kotu tana tantance Taimakon Shari'a. === Afirka === ==== Afirka ta Kudu ==== Afirka ta Kudu ƙasa ce da ta sake gina tsarinta na shari'a a wani yunƙuri na yin koyi da ƙasashen yammacin turai, tare da samar da tsarin adalci da adalci. Afirka ta Kudu tana da tsarin shari'a na ƙasa da kuma, a wasu yankuna, tsarin gudanar da shari'a na kabilanci. Ana bayyana wannan a matsayin " jam'i na shari'a ". “Dokokin cikin gida” na yau da kullun sun sha bamban sosai da sauran dokoki da al'adun ƙasar, suna hana ba da shawarar doka. Koyaya, tsarin shari'a na 'yan asalin Afirka ta Kudu baya buƙatar wakilci, don haka da gaske yana kawar da buƙatar taimakon doka. A kwaikwayi tsarin shari'a na Burtaniya, Afirka ta Kudu tana da lauyoyi, wadanda ke aiki a manyan kotuna, da lauyoyi, waɗanda ke ba da shawarwari ba tare da kotu ba kuma suna aiki a ƙananan kotuna. A shekara ta 1969 gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta amince da bukatar taimakon shari'a, kuma ta mayar da martani ta hanyar samar da hukumar ba da agajin shari'a ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce ta fara aikinta a shekarar 1971 kuma a yanzu tana ba da mafi yawan taimakon shari'a a duk faɗin kasar. Hukumar tana da 'yancin kai kuma tana da 'yancin kai daga gwamnati wajen yanke shawara, kuma tana da hurumin yanke shawarar ba da taimakon doka. Hukumar tana ba da taimakon shari'a ga duk "masu cancanta" masu samun kudin shiga na R600.00 ko ƙasa da haka. Idan mutane ba su cika wannan cancantar ba ana ba su wasu hanyoyin samun lauya, kamar ɗaukar ɗaya ko, idan wannan bai dace da su ba, nemo wanda zai yi aiki ''pro bono'' . <ref name=":4" /> A wani misali na tarihin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu, kusan kashi 85% na dukkan lauyoyi a Afirka ta Kudu farar fata ne. Gwamnati ta yanke shawarar cewa bambancin launin fata a fannin shari'a shine fifiko kuma akwai "cibiyoyin kula da lafiya" masu balaguro don taimakawa wajen samar da ilimi a kan dokokin Afirka ta Kudu a duk fadin kasar, da nufin yada ilimi a duk faɗin mai yiwuwa, ko da yake musamman a yankunan da ke fama da talauci<ref name=":3">{{cite journal|last1=Tamanaha|first1=Brian Z.|date=September 2008|title=Understanding Legal Pluralism: Past to Present, Local to Global|journal=Sydney Law Review|volume=30|issue=3|pages=375–411}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last=McQuoid-Mason|first=David J.|date=2000|title=The Delivery of Civil Legal Aid Services in South Africa|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/frdint24&div=69&g_sent=1&casa_token=&collection=journals|journal=Fordham International Law Journal|volume=24|issue=Symposium Issue|pages=S111–S142|via=Heinonline.org}}</ref><ref name=":4">https://www.lawsociety.org.uk/en/topics/research/laspo-4-years-on</ref><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Maisel|first=Peggy|date=January 2007|title=Expanding and Sustaining Clinical Legal Education in Developing Countries: What We Can Learn from South Africa|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/frdint30&id=389|journal=Fordham International Law Journal|volume=30|issue=2|pages=374–420|via=HeinOnline}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Scott|first1=Craig|last2=Macklem|first2=Patrick|date=1992|title=Constitutional Ropes of Sand or Justiciable Guarantees? Social Rights in a New South African Constitution|jstor=3312396|journal=University of Pennsylvania Law Review|volume=141|issue=1|pages=1–148|doi=10.2307/3312396|url=https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3634&context=penn_law_review}}</ref> Fiye da kashi 80% na kuɗaɗen Hukumar Taimakon Shari'a ana ba da umarni ne ga samar da masu ba da kariya a cikin lamuran aikata laifuka. An bayyana wannan gabaɗaya a Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin sakamakon dalilai guda biyu: galibin laifukan da matalauta ke aikatawa, da kuma samar da tsaro a cikin laifukan da ke zama fifiko idan aka kwatanta da ƙararrakin farar hula. Kafin aiwatar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1994, kashi 80% na duk mutanen da suka yi ƙoƙari a matsayin masu aikata laifuka ba su da wakilci, saboda babu haƙƙin tsaro kuma babu wani wajibci ga gwamnati na samar da wannan kariya. Bayan amincewa da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1994, gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta wajaba a samar da kungiyoyi irin su Hukumar Ba da Agaji ta Legal don taimakawa wajen samun damar samun taimakon doka. Ga waɗanda ke neman taimako kuma suna sane da rawar da suke takawa a cikin tsarin shari'a, ana samun taimakon doka a Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar abubuwa kamar haka: * Mai ba da shawara mai zaman kansa wanda ba a biya shi ba ( pro bono work) * Lauyoyin 'yan takara a kamfanonin lauyoyi na karkara da gwamnati ke ba da tallafi * Lauyan mai zaman kansa wanda gwamnati (ma'aikatar shari'a) ke ba da tallafi * Dakunan shan magani na jami'a masu zaman kansu * Dakunan shan magani na jiha * Cibiyoyin adalci na jiha (cibiyoyin bayar da agajin shari’a) * ƙwararrun kamfanoni na doka * Ofisoshin shawarwari na Paralegal * Tsarin inshora na doka Duk waɗannan ayyukan suna wanzu kuma ana kiyaye su ta hanyar tallafi da ƙarfafawa. Duk da haka, waɗannan ayyuka sun kasance a buɗe ga zargi, wasu na cewa waɗannan ayyuka masu yawa da suka bambanta da Afirka ta Kudu ba su da mahimmanci idan babu isasshen ilimi da waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan suna samuwa ga mutane. Dangane da mayar da martani, gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta karfafawa makarantun shari'a na Afirka ta Kudu kwarin gwiwar fadada isarsu tare da kafa "dakunan shan magani" masu balaguro da karfafawa makarantu gwiwa da su kara " manhajar karatu ta doka" don yaɗa ilimin wannan fanni. === Amirka ta Arewa === ==== Kanada ==== A Kanada, tsarin taimakon shari'a na zamani ya samo asali ne bayan da gwamnatin tarayya ta kafa tsarin raba farashi tsakanin gwamnatocin tarayya da na larduna a farkon shekara ta 1970. An saita gudunmawar kuɗin tarayya a asali a kashi 50% na farashin tsarin ba da agajin doka, amma matakin kuɗin ya canza a cikin shekaru. Ainihin isar da taimakon shari'a na matakin gwamnati na lardi ne, a matsayin wani yanki na hukumcin lardi kan gudanar da shari'a. Misali, Legal Aid Ontario yana ba da sabis na shari'a ga mazauna Ontario, Legal Services Society yana ba da shi ga mazaunan British Columbia, ==== Amurka ==== Taimakon shari'a a cikin shari'o'in aikata laifuka haƙƙi ne na duniya wanda Kwaskwarima na Shida ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya lamunce. Yawancin samfuran isarwa don taimakon doka sun fito a cikin Amurka. An ba Hukumar Ayyukan Shari'a izini a matakin tarayya don kulawa da waɗannan shirye-shiryen. A cikin tsarin "lauyoyin ma'aikata", [[Lauya|lauyoyi]] suna aiki da matakan gwamnati akan albashi kawai don ba da taimakon shari'a ga abokan ciniki masu ƙaramin karfi, kama da likitocin ma'aikata a asibitin gwamnati. A cikin tsarin "judicare", ana biyan lauyoyi masu zaman kansu da kamfanonin lauyoyi don kula da shari'o'i daga abokan cinikin da suka cancanta tare da shari'o'in abokan ciniki masu biyan kuɗi, kamar yadda ake biyan likitoci don kula da marasa lafiya na Medicare a ƙasar Amurka Tsarin " asibitin shari'a na al'umma " model. ya ƙunshi ɗakunan shan magani masu zaman kansu da ke yiwa wata al'umma hidima ta hanyar hidimomin shari'a da yawa (misali wakilci, ilimi, sake fasalin doka) da lauyoyi da waɗanda ba lauyoyi ba ne suka bayar, kama da asibitocin kiwon lafiya na al'umma. Waɗanda ake tuhumar da ake tuhuma a ƙarƙashin laifuffukan da ba za su iya ba da damar ɗaukar lauya ba kawai an ba su tabbacin taimakon shari'a da ke da alaƙa da tuhume-tuhumen, amma an ba su tabbacin wakilci na shari'a, ko dai ta hanyar masu kare jama'a, ko kuma in babu tanadi na irin wannan ko kuma saboda yawan lokuta. lauyan da kotu ta nada . Tattaunawar da ta shafi taimakon shari'a da kuma wanda ke da gata a irin wannan sabis ɗin ya sha suka daga masana ilimin shari'a waɗanda ke tabbatar da cewa waɗanda ke mamaye da kuma rubuta labaran mutanen da ke neman taimakon shari'a mutane ne da ke cin gajiyar labarin abokin ciniki na kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin talauci da rashin tabbas. na mutum. Sharhi sun tabbatar da cewa ana buƙatar waɗannan bayanan abokin ciniki na asymmetrically, na tsari na shirye-shiryen taimakon shari'a a cikin tsarin jari hujja na Amurka a matsayin kayan aiki don yin kira ga masu ba da gudummawa da sauran hanyoyin samun kuɗi. Wadannan wakilci da tantance waɗanda ke neman kuma suka cancanci taimakon shari'a ana bayar da hujjar bayar da gudummawa ga al'adar zargi waɗanda ke fama da talauci, kamar yadda labaran ba su da rawar da jihar da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki ke takawa wajen samar da waɗannan yanayi na abokan ciniki. Duk da haka, ba a bayar da taimakon shari'a a cikin ƙararrakin farar hula, ko hanyoyin kora, saboda waɗannan ba shari'ar laifi ba ne. === Oceania === ==== Ostiraliya ==== [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] tana da tsarin gwamnatin tarayya wanda ya ƙunshi ikon tarayya, jiha da yanki. Ostiraliya (Commonwealth) da gwamnatocin jahohi da yanki kowanne suna da alhakin samar da taimakon doka don abubuwan da suka taso a ƙarƙashin dokokinsu. Bugu da ƙari akwai hanyar sadarwa mai zaman kanta Kusan guda 200, ba don riba ba, cibiyoyin shari'a na al'umma . Taimakon shari'a na al'amuran Commonwealth da na jihohi ana ba da su ne ta hanyar hukumomin ba da agajin shari'a na jiha da ƙasa (LACs), waɗanda hukumomi ne masu zaman kansu waɗanda aka kafa ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa. Gwamnatin Ostiraliya tana ba da tallafin doka don dangin Commonwealth, shari'ar farar hula da na laifuka ƙarƙashin yarjejeniya da gwamnatocin jihohi da ƙasa da LACs. Yawancin al'amuran Commonwealth sun shiga cikin Iƙon dokar iyali. Kwamitocin ba da agajin doka suna amfani da gauraya samfurin don sadar da ayyukan wakilcin doka. Ana iya ba da gudummawar taimakon wakilcin doka ga ko dai lauyan cikin gida mai albashi ko kuma a tura shi ga wani mai zaman kansa. Haɗaɗɗen ƙirar yana da fa'ida musamman don samar da sabis ga abokan ciniki a yankunan yanki kuma a lokuta inda rikici na sha'awa yana nufin lauya ɗaya ba zai iya wakiltar ɓangarorin biyu ba. Ta hanyar tarihi, Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta kafa Ofishin Sabis na Shari'a a cikin shekara ta 1942 don haɓaka tsarin ƙasa. A cikin shekara ta 1973 Babban Mai Shari'a a cikin gwamnatin Labour ta Whitlam, Lionel Murphy, ya kafa Ofishin Ba da Agajin Shari'a na Australiya. Murphy ya fahimci buƙatar gaggawar taimakon doka domin adalci ya kasance dai-dai da kowa ga kowa. Murphy ya gane cewa: "Daya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin daidaiton 'yan ƙasa a gaban dokoki shine rashin isassun shirye-shiryen ba da agajin doka cikakke a cikin Ostiraliya. . . Babban abin da gwamnati ta sa a gaba shi ne cewa taimakon shari'a ya kasance cikin sauƙi kuma dai-dai da samuwa ga 'yan ƙasa a ko'ina cikin Ostiraliya kuma a ba da tallafin don shawarwari da taimakon ƙararraki da kuma shari'a a duk nau'ikan shari'a da kuma a duk kotuna." (Sanata Honarabul Lionel Murphy AO QC, Attorney General) Kafa Ofishin Ba da Agajin Shari'a na Australiya a shekara ta 1973 ya biyo bayan kafa kwamitocin ba da agajin shari'a na jihohi. Waɗannan ofisoshin yanzu suna ba da mafi yawan tallafin shari'a kyauta ko kuma mai rahusa ga mabukata. A cikin shekara ta 1977, Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta kafa ''Dokar Taimakon Shari'a ta Commonwealth 1977'' (LAC Act), wacce ta kafa shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Gwamnatin Ostiraliya da gwamnatocin jihohi da na ƙasa, waɗanda za a ba da taimakon doka ta kwamitocin ba da agajin doka masu zaman kansu da za a kafa a ƙarƙashin ƙasa. da dokokin yanki. Tsarin kafa LACs ya ɗauki fiye da shekaru goma. Ya fara ne a cikin shekara ta 1976 tare da kafa Hukumar Taimakon Shari'a na Yammacin Ostiraliya, wanda ya biyo baya a cikin shekara ta 1978 Hukumar Taimakon Shari'a ta Victoria (LACV), kuma ta ƙare a 1990 tare da kafa Hukumar Taimakon Shari'a ta Tasmania . Shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwar da aka kafa ta Dokar LAC ta samar da yarjejeniyar ba da tallafin doka ta Commonwealth da jiha da ƙasa, A cikin Yulin shekara ta 1997, Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta canza shirye-shiryenta don ba da kuɗi kai tsaye sabis na taimakon doka don al'amuran dokar Commonwealth. A ƙarƙashin wannan tsari, jihohi da yankuna suna ba da tallafi ga nasu dokokin. A cikin shekara ta 2013, an jinkirta shari'ar kisan kai a Kotun Koli ta Victoria saboda ba a samun taimakon doka. An ambaci wannan a matsayin sakamakon raguwar tallafin gwamnati ga hukumomin ba da agajin doka a Ostiraliya kuma ya haifar da karuwar shahara ga albarkatun taimakon shari'a na kan layi kamar Littafin Jagoran Shari'a . An tattauna taimakon shari'a a Ostiraliya a cikin batun <nowiki><i id="mwAZ0">Dietrich v The Sarauniya</i></nowiki> (1992) . <ref>''Dietrich v The Queen'' [1992] HCA 57.</ref> An gano cewa, duk da cewa babu cikakkiyar dama ta samun lauya a bainar jama'a, a mafi yawan lokuta alƙali ya kamata ya ba da duk wata bukata ta a dage shari'a ko kuma a tsaya a lokacin da wanda ake tuhuma ba ya wakilci. ==== New Zealand ==== Tsarin ba da agajin doka a ƙasar New Zealand yana ba da tallafin shari'a da Gwamnati ke bayarwa ga waɗanda ba su da Iƙon mallakar lauya. Ana samun taimakon shari'a don kusan duk ayyukan kotu a duk matakan tsarin kotu. Wannan ya haɗa da tuhume-tuhumen laifuffuka, batutuwan jama'a, rigingimun iyali, ƙararraki da iƙirarin Kotun Kolin Waitangi . == Duba kuma == * Samun damar Shirye-shiryen Adalci * Avocats Sans Frontières * Asusun warware rikicin muhalli * Sanin doka * Asibitin shari'a * Pro Bono Net * Mai kare jama'a * Dokar Muhalli ta Yamma == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Curlie|Society/Law/Organizations/Legal_Aid/}} * [https://www.mygov.scot/legal-aid/ Taimakon shari'a a Scotland] (www.mygov.scot) * [https://www.legalaid.on.ca Shirin Taimakon Shari'a Ontario] [[Category:Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam]] [[Category:Haƙƙoƙi]] [[Category:Haƙƙoƙin Mata]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mr1ma1rluiexxlmpni4s9xgls6g4nva 0 30318 894059 391222 2026-08-10T07:53:35Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 /* */ 894059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Coin article with no obverse image]] [[Category:Coin article with no reverse image]] '''Yancin dokar azurfa ta Tower''' tsabar kudin "dala ɗaya" ce da aka haƙa a ƙarƙashin lasisin Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) a shekarata 2004, koda yake CNMI ba ta da ikon wata doka don bayarwa ko ba da izini a cikin dokar . Duk da maganganun da ba su dace ba a cikin tallace-tallace, sannan ba a fitar da shi daga Mint na Amurka ba kuma ba a la'akari da ita dokar, kuma ba a la'akari da shi mara yawo na doka . CNMI tana karɓar kuɗin sarauta daga abin da aka samu na siyar da tsabar kuɗi wato azurfa. A zahiri SoftSky ne ya kera tsabar kudin, mai yin tsabar tunawa da [[Wyoming]] . == Bayani == Bangaren tsabar kudin yana da hoton da aka yi na ainihin tsari na ƙira don Hasumiyar 'Yanci ta Daniel Libeskind da za a gina a tsohon wurin Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]]. Har ila yau, a kan abin da ya faru akwai taken kasa na Amurka "Ga Allah Mun Dogara" da kalmomin "Hasumiyar 'Yanci, Yuli 4, 2004." A baya yana nuna hoton tsohuwar Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya da kalmomin "Ba za mu taɓa mantawa ba", tare da ƙaramin alamar tauraro akan ginshiƙin dutse a cikin da'irar. Kuma Wannan alamar ta ƙarshe da ba a tantance ba ita ce rigar makamai na Arewacin Mariana Islands. == Shari'a == Mai rarraba tsabar kudin, Mint mai tara kuɗi na ƙasa, yana tallata abu a matsayin "batun gwamnati da aka ba da izini bisa doka" kuma ya sanya tsabar kudin tare da ƙimar "Dala Daya". Kuma Ana kallon wannan a matsayin ƙoƙari na gangan don yaudarar masu amfani da Amurka don yarda cewa tsabar kudi ce ta doka ta ƙasar Amurka Mint ta samar kuma tana da darajar dalar Amurka ɗaya. Dangane da tallan wannan samfurin, Mint na Amurka, da kuma manyan lauyoyin jihohin Amurka daban-daban, sun fitar da wata sanarwa cewa tsabar kudin ba batun gwamnatin Amurka ba ne. Bugu da ƙari kuma, tun da Tsibirin Mariana na Arewacin ƙasae Amurka Commonwealth ne, ba zai iya fitar da kuɗin ku na doka ba (yana amfani da kuɗin Amurka na yau da kullun). Masu rarrabar sun kuma yi zargin cewa an buga su ne ta hanyar amfani da azurfa da aka kwato daga wani rumbun da ke cikin baraguzan cibiyar kasuwanci ta duniya. Ba a tabbatar da ingancin wannan da'awar ba. Kuma Masu rarrabawa sun yi gargadin cewa za a daina sarrafa tsabar kudin da zarar adadin kuɗin da aka kwato ya ƙare, don haka sun sanya iyaka akan adadin kuɗin da za a iya oda kowane mutum. Tsabar kudi ba azurfa ce mai ƙarfi ba, amma sanye take da azurfa (0.0001&nbsp;inch (2.5 micrometer ) Layer. Ainihin abun ciki na azurfa shine 45&nbsp;MG, ko 0.00145 troy oz. Gwamnatin yanki ta CNMI ta sami kuɗi daga ƙaddamar da abubuwan tunawa, tsabar kuɗi marasa kyauta ta hanyar SoftSky da Mint na Mai Tarin Kasa a baya, amma ba ta da'awar yin haƙƙin ƙaddamar da tsabar kuɗi na doka. Wasu tsabar kudi na baya da SoftSky ya bayar, kamar tsabar kudin Gold Double Eagle na shekarata 1933, suma sun haifar da takaddamar tallace-tallace. A cikin Oktoba shekarata 2004 babban lauya na New York, Eliot Spitzer, ya sami umarnin kotu a kan National Collectors Mint (wani kamfani na Port Chester, New York ) don dakatar da tallace-tallace na tsabar kudin "Freedom Tower Silver Dollar", yana ambaton shi a matsayin tallace-tallace na yaudara. Spitzer ya kuma yi zargin cewa abokan huldar tallace-tallace na kamfanin sun tabbatar da cewa tsabar kudin na doka ne. A ranar 13 ga Oktoba, shekarar 2004, Spitzer ya sami odar wucin gadi ta dakatar da kamfani daga talla ko siyar da tsabar kudin. A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, Alkalin Kotun Koli na Jihar Joseph R. Cannizzaro ya yanke hukuncin cewa kamfanin ya aikata ayyukan yaudara da yaudara, kuma ya umurci kamfanin da ya dakatar da tallan da yake yi na yaudarar tsabar kudin. An fara bincike kan abin da ke cikin azurfa da kuma asalin azurfar da ke cikin tsabar kudi. Ofishin babban lauyan gwamnati cikin sauki ya tabbatar da cewa tsabar azurfa ce kawai, amma har zuwa shekara ta 2005 ba a tantance sahihancin iƙirarin cewa wannan azurfar ta fito daga asusun ajiyar banki na Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya ba. Sakamakon cece-kuce da matakin shari'a kan tsabar kudin na Freedom Tower, gwamnan CNMI Juan N. Babauta ya dakatar da kwangilar SoftSky a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, shekarata 2004. A ranar 2 ga Disamba, Babauta ya ƙare kwangilar. Kafin wannan lamarin, gwamnatin CNMI ta yi kusan dala 160,000 daga yarjejeniyar. <ref name="ended" /> Sauran kungiyoyi kuma sun fitar da tsabar kudi na Freedom Tower na azurfa, amma ba tare da kimar darika ko tallata su azaman batun gwamnati ba. An sanya wa tsabar CNMI suna "Stupid Investment of the Week" ta ''CBS MarketWatch'' a ranar 24 ga Satumba, shekarata 2004. == 2005 Freedom Tower dollar == A cikin shekarar 2005, an sayar da kwatankwacin tsabar kudin CNMI ƴancin azurfa, tare da irin wannan ƙira da kuma da'awar da aka yi daga azurfa "an dawo " daga Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya, amma suna ɗauke da sunan tsibirin Cook maimakon CNMI. Tsibirin Cook dimokuradiyya ce mai cin gashin kai, kuma suna yin nasu kudin (daidai da dalar [[Sabuwar Zelandiya|New Zealand]] ), kodayake ana siyar da wannan tsabar a matsayin "tsabar da ba ta zagaya doka ". Tun daga ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, shekarata 2014 wannan Kamfanin har yanzu yana da kasida yana siyar da "Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya 'Mai da Azurfa' Dalar Gilashin Azurfa" akan $99.00 tare da da'awar cewa duk azurfa an tabbatar da kanta da kanta daga Ground Zero ta wani tsohon Asst. Daraktan FBI. == 2001–2006 Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya Zinariya da Tunawa da Azurfa == Kamar yadda na shekarata 2006, National Collectors Mint yana ba da abin da aka kwatanta daban-daban a matsayin Na shekarar ''2001-2006 Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya ta Zinariya da Zinariya da Azurfa'', ''2001-2006 Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya'', da ''5th Anniversary World Trade Center Memorative'' . Ana tallata shi a matsayin "batun da ba na kuɗi ba" wanda "ba za a taɓa saki don yadawa ba." Wannan tsabar saitin tsabar zinare guda biyu ne tare da saitin azurfar da za'a iya cirewa na cibiyar kasuwanci ta duniya kuma ta yi iƙirarin cewa tana ɗauke da "15 MG na zinari 24 KT da 15 MG na .999 Pure silver clad," kuma ya cigaba da da'awar cewa an gano azurfar a cikin wani banki da aka binne a karkashin baraguzan Ground Zero. Don kwatanta, tsabar kuɗin dalar Amurka 8.1 g kuma dime dime shine 2.268 g, ma'ana cewa abun ciki mai daraja na ƙarfe na tsabar kuɗin yana da yuwuwa tsakanin 0.4% da 1.3% na jimlar taro. An gano cewa, azurfar da aka tantance, hakika, ba azurfa ba ce, kuma tana da kusan centi 32 kawai.{{When|date=February 2011}} <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D;</sup> Kamfanin ya yi iƙirarin cewa "$ 5 na kowane shekara 2001-2006 Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya ana ba da odar tunawa ga ƙungiyoyin agaji na iyali na 9/11 da abubuwan tunawa."{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2011}} da wannan da'awar ba. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.nationalcollectorsmint.com/category_landing.jsp?path=-1&id=4688&promotion=web-wtc&ext=y 2001–2006 Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya Zinariya da Tunawa da Azurfa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927224333/http://www.nationalcollectorsmint.com/category_landing.jsp?path=-1&id=4688&promotion=web-wtc&ext=y |date=2021-09-27 }} ''(na kasuwanci)'' * [http://www.nationalcollectorsmint.com/uploaded/CNMI_Freedom_Tower.htm National Collectors Mint - Freedom Tower Silver Dollar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516030036/http://www.nationalcollectorsmint.com/uploaded/CNMI_Freedom_Tower.htm |date=2021-05-16 }} ''(na kasuwanci)'' * [http://www.usmint.gov/pressroom/index.cfm?action=press_release&ID=535 Rahoton da aka bayar na Mint na Amurka akan Dollar Azurfa na Freedom Tower] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200039/http://www.usmint.gov/pressroom/index.cfm?action=press_release&ID=535 |date=2016-03-03 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061210062836/http://www.oag.state.ny.us/press/2004/oct/oct13a_04.html Umurnin Kotu Ya Dakatar da Siyar da 'Dalar Azurfa na Freedom Tower'], Ofishin Babban Lauyan Jihar New York, Oktoba 13, 2004 * [http://www.oag.state.ny.us/press/2004/nov/nov9a_04.html Kotu Ta Gano Tallace-tallacen 'Yanci Hasumiyar Azurfa' Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420162327/http://www.oag.state.ny.us/press/2004/nov/nov9a_04.html |date=2008-04-20 }}, Ofishin Babban Lauyan Jihar New York, Nuwamba 9, 2004 * [http://www.designscomputed.com/coins/resume.html Daniel Carr ya ci gaba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125030023/http://www.designscomputed.com/coins/resume.html |date=2021-01-25 }} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ebebwqlptcvpozdfmk72xn0y4ded5u9 894061 894059 2026-08-10T07:54:11Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 /* */ 894061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Coin article with no obverse image]] [[Category:Coin article with no reverse image]] '''Yancin dokar azurfa ta Tower''' tsabar kuɗin "dala ɗaya" ce da aka haƙa a ƙarƙashin lasisin Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) a shekara ta 2004, koda yake CNMI ba ta da ikon wata doka don bayarwa ko ba da izini a cikin dokar . Duk da maganganun da ba su dace ba a cikin tallace-tallace, sannan ba a fitar da shi daga Mint na Amurka ba kuma ba a la'akari da ita dokar, kuma ba a la'akari da shi mara yawo na doka . CNMI tana karɓar kuɗin sarauta daga abin da aka samu na siyar da tsabar kuɗi wato azurfa. A zahiri SoftSky ne ya kera tsabar kudin, mai yin tsabar tunawa da [[Wyoming]] . == Bayani == Bangaren tsabar kudin yana da hoton da aka yi na ainihin tsari na ƙira don Hasumiyar 'Yanci ta Daniel Libeskind da za a gina a tsohon wurin Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]]. Har ila yau, a kan abin da ya faru akwai taken kasa na Amurka "Ga Allah Mun Dogara" da kalmomin "Hasumiyar 'Yanci, Yuli 4, 2004." A baya yana nuna hoton tsohuwar Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya da kalmomin "Ba za mu taɓa mantawa ba", tare da ƙaramin alamar tauraro akan ginshiƙin dutse a cikin da'irar. Kuma Wannan alamar ta ƙarshe da ba a tantance ba ita ce rigar makamai na Arewacin Mariana Islands. == Shari'a == Mai rarraba tsabar kudin, Mint mai tara kuɗi na ƙasa, yana tallata abu a matsayin "batun gwamnati da aka ba da izini bisa doka" kuma ya sanya tsabar kudin tare da ƙimar "Dala Daya". Kuma Ana kallon wannan a matsayin ƙoƙari na gangan don yaudarar masu amfani da Amurka don yarda cewa tsabar kudi ce ta doka ta ƙasar Amurka Mint ta samar kuma tana da darajar dalar Amurka ɗaya. Dangane da tallan wannan samfurin, Mint na Amurka, da kuma manyan lauyoyin jihohin Amurka daban-daban, sun fitar da wata sanarwa cewa tsabar kudin ba batun gwamnatin Amurka ba ne. Bugu da ƙari kuma, tun da Tsibirin Mariana na Arewacin ƙasae Amurka Commonwealth ne, ba zai iya fitar da kuɗin ku na doka ba (yana amfani da kuɗin Amurka na yau da kullun). Masu rarrabar sun kuma yi zargin cewa an buga su ne ta hanyar amfani da azurfa da aka kwato daga wani rumbun da ke cikin baraguzan cibiyar kasuwanci ta duniya. Ba a tabbatar da ingancin wannan da'awar ba. Kuma Masu rarrabawa sun yi gargadin cewa za a daina sarrafa tsabar kudin da zarar adadin kuɗin da aka kwato ya ƙare, don haka sun sanya iyaka akan adadin kuɗin da za a iya oda kowane mutum. Tsabar kudi ba azurfa ce mai ƙarfi ba, amma sanye take da azurfa (0.0001&nbsp;inch (2.5 micrometer ) Layer. Ainihin abun ciki na azurfa shine 45&nbsp;MG, ko 0.00145 troy oz. Gwamnatin yanki ta CNMI ta sami kuɗi daga ƙaddamar da abubuwan tunawa, tsabar kuɗi marasa kyauta ta hanyar SoftSky da Mint na Mai Tarin Kasa a baya, amma ba ta da'awar yin haƙƙin ƙaddamar da tsabar kuɗi na doka. Wasu tsabar kudi na baya da SoftSky ya bayar, kamar tsabar kudin Gold Double Eagle na shekarata 1933, suma sun haifar da takaddamar tallace-tallace. A cikin Oktoba shekarata 2004 babban lauya na New York, Eliot Spitzer, ya sami umarnin kotu a kan National Collectors Mint (wani kamfani na Port Chester, New York ) don dakatar da tallace-tallace na tsabar kudin "Freedom Tower Silver Dollar", yana ambaton shi a matsayin tallace-tallace na yaudara. Spitzer ya kuma yi zargin cewa abokan huldar tallace-tallace na kamfanin sun tabbatar da cewa tsabar kudin na doka ne. A ranar 13 ga Oktoba, shekarar 2004, Spitzer ya sami odar wucin gadi ta dakatar da kamfani daga talla ko siyar da tsabar kudin. A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, Alkalin Kotun Koli na Jihar Joseph R. Cannizzaro ya yanke hukuncin cewa kamfanin ya aikata ayyukan yaudara da yaudara, kuma ya umurci kamfanin da ya dakatar da tallan da yake yi na yaudarar tsabar kudin. An fara bincike kan abin da ke cikin azurfa da kuma asalin azurfar da ke cikin tsabar kudi. Ofishin babban lauyan gwamnati cikin sauki ya tabbatar da cewa tsabar azurfa ce kawai, amma har zuwa shekara ta 2005 ba a tantance sahihancin iƙirarin cewa wannan azurfar ta fito daga asusun ajiyar banki na Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya ba. Sakamakon cece-kuce da matakin shari'a kan tsabar kudin na Freedom Tower, gwamnan CNMI Juan N. Babauta ya dakatar da kwangilar SoftSky a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, shekarata 2004. A ranar 2 ga Disamba, Babauta ya ƙare kwangilar. Kafin wannan lamarin, gwamnatin CNMI ta yi kusan dala 160,000 daga yarjejeniyar. <ref name="ended" /> Sauran kungiyoyi kuma sun fitar da tsabar kudi na Freedom Tower na azurfa, amma ba tare da kimar darika ko tallata su azaman batun gwamnati ba. An sanya wa tsabar CNMI suna "Stupid Investment of the Week" ta ''CBS MarketWatch'' a ranar 24 ga Satumba, shekarata 2004. == 2005 Freedom Tower dollar == A cikin shekarar 2005, an sayar da kwatankwacin tsabar kudin CNMI ƴancin azurfa, tare da irin wannan ƙira da kuma da'awar da aka yi daga azurfa "an dawo " daga Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya, amma suna ɗauke da sunan tsibirin Cook maimakon CNMI. Tsibirin Cook dimokuradiyya ce mai cin gashin kai, kuma suna yin nasu kudin (daidai da dalar [[Sabuwar Zelandiya|New Zealand]] ), kodayake ana siyar da wannan tsabar a matsayin "tsabar da ba ta zagaya doka ". Tun daga ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, shekarata 2014 wannan Kamfanin har yanzu yana da kasida yana siyar da "Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya 'Mai da Azurfa' Dalar Gilashin Azurfa" akan $99.00 tare da da'awar cewa duk azurfa an tabbatar da kanta da kanta daga Ground Zero ta wani tsohon Asst. Daraktan FBI. == 2001–2006 Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya Zinariya da Tunawa da Azurfa == Kamar yadda na shekarata 2006, National Collectors Mint yana ba da abin da aka kwatanta daban-daban a matsayin Na shekarar ''2001-2006 Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya ta Zinariya da Zinariya da Azurfa'', ''2001-2006 Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya'', da ''5th Anniversary World Trade Center Memorative'' . Ana tallata shi a matsayin "batun da ba na kuɗi ba" wanda "ba za a taɓa saki don yadawa ba." Wannan tsabar saitin tsabar zinare guda biyu ne tare da saitin azurfar da za'a iya cirewa na cibiyar kasuwanci ta duniya kuma ta yi iƙirarin cewa tana ɗauke da "15 MG na zinari 24 KT da 15 MG na .999 Pure silver clad," kuma ya cigaba da da'awar cewa an gano azurfar a cikin wani banki da aka binne a karkashin baraguzan Ground Zero. Don kwatanta, tsabar kuɗin dalar Amurka 8.1 g kuma dime dime shine 2.268 g, ma'ana cewa abun ciki mai daraja na ƙarfe na tsabar kuɗin yana da yuwuwa tsakanin 0.4% da 1.3% na jimlar taro. An gano cewa, azurfar da aka tantance, hakika, ba azurfa ba ce, kuma tana da kusan centi 32 kawai.{{When|date=February 2011}} <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D;</sup> Kamfanin ya yi iƙirarin cewa "$ 5 na kowane shekara 2001-2006 Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya ana ba da odar tunawa ga ƙungiyoyin agaji na iyali na 9/11 da abubuwan tunawa."{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2011}} da wannan da'awar ba. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.nationalcollectorsmint.com/category_landing.jsp?path=-1&id=4688&promotion=web-wtc&ext=y 2001–2006 Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya Zinariya da Tunawa da Azurfa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927224333/http://www.nationalcollectorsmint.com/category_landing.jsp?path=-1&id=4688&promotion=web-wtc&ext=y |date=2021-09-27 }} ''(na kasuwanci)'' * [http://www.nationalcollectorsmint.com/uploaded/CNMI_Freedom_Tower.htm National Collectors Mint - Freedom Tower Silver Dollar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516030036/http://www.nationalcollectorsmint.com/uploaded/CNMI_Freedom_Tower.htm |date=2021-05-16 }} ''(na kasuwanci)'' * [http://www.usmint.gov/pressroom/index.cfm?action=press_release&ID=535 Rahoton da aka bayar na Mint na Amurka akan Dollar Azurfa na Freedom Tower] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200039/http://www.usmint.gov/pressroom/index.cfm?action=press_release&ID=535 |date=2016-03-03 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061210062836/http://www.oag.state.ny.us/press/2004/oct/oct13a_04.html Umurnin Kotu Ya Dakatar da Siyar da 'Dalar Azurfa na Freedom Tower'], Ofishin Babban Lauyan Jihar New York, Oktoba 13, 2004 * [http://www.oag.state.ny.us/press/2004/nov/nov9a_04.html Kotu Ta Gano Tallace-tallacen 'Yanci Hasumiyar Azurfa' Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420162327/http://www.oag.state.ny.us/press/2004/nov/nov9a_04.html |date=2008-04-20 }}, Ofishin Babban Lauyan Jihar New York, Nuwamba 9, 2004 * [http://www.designscomputed.com/coins/resume.html Daniel Carr ya ci gaba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125030023/http://www.designscomputed.com/coins/resume.html |date=2021-01-25 }} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] emkyviqv29xy96jh1ls1qb3zs5mli0d 0 31209 894068 839559 2026-08-10T08:14:43Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 /* */ 894068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox}} [[Fayil:UN Fight for Freedom Leslie Ragan 1943 poster.jpg|thumb|Hadinkai domin samu adalci]] {{databox}} '''Samun adalci''' wata ƙa'ida ce ta asali a cikin doka wacce ke bayyana yadda '[['Yan kasuwan shakka|yan ƙasa]] ke samun daidaitaccen damar yin amfani da tsarin doka a cikin mahallinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rashid |first=Norul Mohamed |title=Access to Justice |url=https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/thematic-areas/access-to-justice-and-rule-of-law-institutions/access-to-justice/ |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=United Nations and the Rule of Law |language=en-US}}</ref> Yawancin mahallin suna da yunƙuri da shirye-shirye an tsara su don samar da sabis na doka ga al'ummomin da ƙila in ba haka ba suna da wahalar samun shawarar doka da wakilci. Idan ba tare da samun adalci ba, mutane ba za su iya yin cikakken amfani da haƙƙinsu ba, ƙalubalantar wariya, ko ɗaukar masu yanke shawara kan ayyukansu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Access to Justice |url=https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/thematic-areas/access-to-justice-and-rule-of-law-institutions/access-to-justice/ |website=United Nations and the Rule of Law |publisher=United Nations |access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref> Yadda al'ummomi ke taimakawa ƴan kasarsu wajen samun adalci ya sha banban da kasa. Ana iya ƙara samun damar yin adalci ta hanyar samun kuɗi da kyau da ƙungiyoyin taimakon doka waɗanda ke ba da sabis na shari'a kyauta ga matalauta,<ref>{{cite web |title=Resource Center for Access to Justice Initiatives |url=https://www.americanbar.org/groups/legal_aid_indigent_defendants/resource_center_for_access_to_justice/ |website=American Bar Association |access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref> da kuma ta hanyar shirye-shiryen pro bono ta hanyar da lauyoyin sa kai ke ba da sabis da wakilci a cikin kotu,<ref>{{cite web |title=Pro Bono and Volunteer Programs |url=https://www.ncsc.org/microsites/access-to-justice/home/Topics/Pro-Bono-and-Volunteer-Programs.aspx |website=Center on Court Access to Justice for All |publisher=National Center for State Courts |access-date=12 May 2019 |archive-date=12 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512014054/https://www.ncsc.org/microsites/access-to-justice/home/Topics/Pro-Bono-and-Volunteer-Programs.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> ko ta wasu shirye-shiryen da aka tsara. don taimaka wa mutane su sami magunguna ta hanyar kotu ko wasu cibiyoyin shari'a.<ref>{{cite web |title=Necessary Condition: Access to Justice |url=https://www.usip.org/guiding-principles-stabilization-and-reconstruction-the-web-version/rule-law/access-justice |website=United States: Institute of Peace |access-date=12 May 2019 |archive-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405222628/https://www.usip.org/guiding-principles-stabilization-and-reconstruction-the-web-version/rule-law/access-justice |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen ƙasa da kasa == === Samun Kyautar Harkar Shari'a ===   An kafa ƙungiyar Free Access to Law Movement (FALM) a cikin 1992, tare da burin samar da damar yanar gizo kyauta ga ainihin bayanan doka da albarkatu. A cikin 2002, FALM ta karɓi Sanarwa kan Samun Doka Kyauta. Manufar motsi shine tabbatar da cewa bayanan doka suna samuwa ga kowa da kowa. Sanarwar ta ayyana bayanan shari'a na jama'a a matsayin gadon gama gari na ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://oceanfdn.org/ha/bambance-bambancen-%C3%A3dalci-hada-da-damar-samun-adalci/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-07-23 |archive-date=2025-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251028104522/https://oceanfdn.org/ha/bambance-bambancen-%C3%A3dalci-hada-da-damar-samun-adalci/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin memba na FALM, da farko ta hanyar Intanet, sun tsunduma cikin yada bayanan shari'a na farko da na sakandare. Misalai na farko sun haɗa da Cibiyar Ba da Bayanin Shari'a a Makarantar Shari'a ta Cornell da Cibiyar Ba da Bayanin Shari'a ta [[Austriya|Australasia]], aikin haɗin gwiwa na Jami'ar Fasaha ta Sydney da Jami'ar New South Wales<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://oceanfdn.org/ha/bambance-bambancen-%C3%A3dalci-hada-da-damar-samun-adalci/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-07-23 |archive-date=2025-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251028104522/https://oceanfdn.org/ha/bambance-bambancen-%C3%A3dalci-hada-da-damar-samun-adalci/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Ƙarshen ya haɗa da farkon fara amfani da fasahar rubutu don wakiltar dokoki azaman hanyar sadarwar nodes, kowanne yana wakiltar sashe. <ref name="nyulawglobal.org">[http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Legal_Information_Institutes.htm Legal_Information_Institutes.htm]</ref><ref name="austlii.edu.au">{{cite web|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/austlii/articles/libs_paper.html|title=AustLII - Publications: AustLII - Libs Paper|work=austlii.edu.au|access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> A cikin 2013, Makarantar Shari'a ta Cornell ta kafa ''Journal of Open Access to Law'', don inganta bincike na ƙasa da ƙasa kan batun buɗe damar yin amfani da doka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ojs.law.cornell.edu/index.php/joal|title=Journal of Open Access to Law|work=cornell.edu|access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> == Ƙaddamarwa ta ƙasa == === Myanmar === MyJustice wata ƙungiyar [[Tarayyar Turai]] ce da Tarayyar Turai ke ba da tallafin samun damar samun Adalci da nufin wadata al'ummar [[Myanmar]] da ilimi, kwarin gwiwa da damar magance rikice-rikice cikin adalci, adalci da adalci.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myjusticemyanmar.org/about|title=About {{!}} MyJustice Myanmar|website=myjusticemyanmar.org|access-date=2020-04-17|archive-date=2021-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129190757/https://www.myjusticemyanmar.org/about|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2015 sun kafa "cibiyoyin shari'a" da dama a fadin Myanmar don inganta damar yin adalci ta hanyar ba da shawarwarin shari'a kyauta ga masu ƙaramin ƙarfi da masu zaman kansu, da kuma shiga cikin ayyukan da suka shafi gabatar da taimakon shari'a da horar da doka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/news/union-legal-aid-board-provide-help-poor-people-pilot-project.html|title=Union Legal Aid Board to provide help for poor people in pilot project|date=2018-05-07|website=The Myanmar Times|access-date=2020-04-17|archive-date=2021-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129192658/https://www.mmtimes.com/news/union-legal-aid-board-provide-help-poor-people-pilot-project.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Pakistan === '''Samun damar Adalci Initiatives (AJI)''' wani gungu ne na ayyukan da Sarhad Rural Support Programme (SRSP) ke aiwatarwa a Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, [[Pakistan]], da nufin haɓaka wayar da kan doka da ƙarfafa ƴan ƙasa a matakin tushe ta hanyar ba su damar yin amfani da su don gudanar da ayyukan. [[Haƙƙoƙi|hakkokinsu]] da kuma neman maganin matsalolinsu na shari'a.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://epaper.dawn.com/print-textview.php?StoryImage=26_07_2016_152_006|title=Call to enhance role of paralegals for protection of human rights|last=Kundi|first=Asma|date=26 July 2016|newspaper=DAWN|access-date=16 April 2022|archive-date=30 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030000500/http://epaper.dawn.com/print-textview.php?StoryImage=26_07_2016_152_006|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/glei-description-092712.pdf|title=Global Legal Empowerment Initiative|date=2014|publisher=Open Society Justice Initiative}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/174699-Training-in-basic-laws-alternative-dispute-resolution-concludes|title=Training in basic laws & alternative dispute resolution concludes|date=27 December 2016|publisher=The News International}}</ref> ==== Ƙaddamarwa ==== Samun damar Ƙaddamar da Adalci ya ƙunshi ayyuka masu zuwa:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.srsp.org.pk/srsp-main/index.php/our-projects/access-to-justice-initiative|title=Access to Justice Initiatives|date=2016|publisher=Sarhad Rural Support Programme|access-date=2022-04-16|archive-date=2017-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819124228/http://srsp.org.pk/srsp-main/index.php/our-projects/access-to-justice-initiative|url-status=dead}}</ref> # Ƙarfafa Doka # Aitebaar Madadin Rikicin Rigima # Aitebaar Fadakarwa # Ƙarfafa Doka a Malakand # Maganganun Rikici Tsakanin Al'umma ==== Siffofin ==== Alamar gamayya ta ayyukan ita ce, dukkansu suna da manufar ƙarfafa ƙwarin gwiwar al'ummomin da ba su da galihu don kare [[Haƙƙoƙin Asali da haƙƙin shari'a|haƙƙinsu]] da shiga da kuma ɗaukar nauyin hukumomin gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sarhad Rural Support Programme Annual Review 2014-2015|publisher=M.R Printers, Islamabad|year=2015|location=Islamabad|pages=16}}</ref> A cikin al'ummomi masu matsayi na gargajiya, ƙungiyoyin jama'a suna fuskantar ƙalubale wajen haɓaka damar yin amfani da sabis ga ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da masu rauni.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wanainstitute.org/sites/default/files/files/Conference%20program%20-%20FINAL%20VERSION%20FOR%20PRINT.pdf|title=Legal Empowerment: A platform for resilence, innovation and growth.|date=12 June 2014|publisher=WANA Institute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/openglobalrights/lotta-teale/how-to-pay-for-legal-empowerment-alternative-structures-and-sources|title=How to pay for legal empowerment: alternative structures and sources|last=Teale|first=Lotta|date=2016-12-01|website=Open Democracy|access-date=2022-04-16|archive-date=2017-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224212200/https://www.opendemocracy.net/openglobalrights/lotta-teale/how-to-pay-for-legal-empowerment-alternative-structures-and-sources|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ayyukan na neman magance batutuwan da ke da rauni a tsakanin hanyoyin adalci da kuma rashin ingantaccen goyon bayan doka.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/542254/conference-practical-steps-to-protect-legal-rights-of-rural-communities/|title=Conference: Practical steps to protect legal rights of rural communities.|date=2013-04-30|newspaper=The Express Tribune|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1134253/newspaper/column|title=Initiative to strengthen alternative dispute resolution system|date=25 September 2014|newspaper=DAWN}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/pakistan/marc-andr%C3%A9-franche-country-director-undp-pakistan-visited-swat|title=Marc-André Franche, Country Director, UNDP in Pakistan visited Swat|date=2013-07-08|newspaper=Relief Web|language=en}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin ayyukan sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan cibiyoyin shari'a na yau da kullun ta yadda za a iya amfani da wasu hanyoyin warware takaddama don warware takaddama a matakin al'umma, tare da taimakawa wajen samar da dandalin tattaunawa tsakanin hanyoyin yau da kullun da na yau da kullun. An horar da mambobin al’ummomin a matsayin ƴan sanda don cike gibin da ke tsakanin masu rauni a cikin al’umma da cibiyoyin gwamnati. A yankuna masu nisa da kuma baya na [[Pakistan]] jama'a gaba daya ba sa son amincewa da [[Ɗan sanda|'yan sanda]] ko [[Lauya|lauyoyi]] amma suna nuna babban sha'awar amincewa da manyan al'ummominsu, wadanda sukan warware taƙaddama ta hanyar tsarin Jirga.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1273271/call-to-enhance-role-of-paralegals-for-protection-of-human-rights|title=Call to enhance role of paralegals for protection of human rights|last=Kundi|first=Asma|date=2016-07-26|newspaper=DAWN}}</ref> Ana sanar da 'yan sanda da masu shiga tsakani game [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|da haƙƙin ɗan adam]], tsarin shari'a da iyakokin ikonsu wajen magance rikice-rikice masu rikitarwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/khyber-pakhtunkhwa/24-Dec-16/srl-arranges-workshop-for-capacity-building-of-drcs-representatives|title=SRL arranges workshop for capacity building of DRCs representatives|date=24 December 2016|publisher=Daily Times}}</ref> Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa ba a rasa haƙƙin mahalarta ba.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1303978/drcs-members-briefed-about-legal-system|title=DRCs’ members briefed about legal system|date=2016-12-23|newspaper=DAWN}}</ref> Ana bukatar Majalisar sasanta rikicin (DRC) da aka kafa ta wannan fanni da su yi aiki tare da ‘yan sandan yankin don tabbatar da gaskiya da inganci.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1304211/dir-nazim-assures-drcs-of-his-support|title=Dir nazim assures DRCs of his support|date=2016-12-24|newspaper=DAWN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/28-Dec-2016/role-of-drcs-highlighted|title=Role of DRCs highlighted|date=28 December 2016|newspaper=The Nation|language=en-US}}</ref> An horar da mata da yawa a matsayin masu shiga tsakani da kuma ’yan sanda don ganin shirin ya kasance mai karbuwa ga [[Mace|mata]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1304684/training-for-drc-members-concludes|title=Training for DRC members concludes|date=27 December 2016|newspaper=DAWN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1305639/work-of-shangla-drcs-reviewed|title=Work of Shangla DRCs reviewed|date=1 January 2016|newspaper=DAWN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1305317/role-of-drcs-in-peoples-access-to-justice-highlighted|title=Role of DRCs in people’s access to justice highlighted|date=30 December 2016|newspaper=DAWN}}</ref> Ana ba da [[Taimakon Shari'a|taimakon shari'a]] ga mutanen da ba za a iya magance matsalolinsu ta hanyar shawarwari, sulhu, sulhu ko wata hanyar da ba ta dace ba.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/771086/step-aside-men-women-mediators-trained-in-alternative-dispute-resolution/|title=Step aside men: Women mediators trained in alternative dispute resolution.|date=2014-10-04|newspaper=The Express Tribune|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://pakobserver.net/dispute-resolution-council-training-workshop-ends/|title=Dispute Resolution Council training workshop ends|date=31 December 2016|newspaper=Pakistan Observer|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102171936/http://pakobserver.net/dispute-resolution-council-training-workshop-ends/|archive-date=2 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sau da yawa, shari'ar da ta cancanci taimakon shari'a ta ƙunshi batutuwan auren yara, auren dole, zaluncin aure, riƙon yara, hana gado, wariya da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/voices/how-access-justice-helping-women-northern-pakistan|title=Starting a New Story: How Access to Justice Is Untangling Women's Lives in Northern Pakistan|date=28 May 2014|website=Open Society Foundations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/voices/delivering-access-justice-mountains-pakistan|title=Linking Justice to Development in Northern Pakistan|date=9 June 2014|website=Open Society Foundations}}</ref> === Amurka === Domin tsarin gargajiya na sabis na isarwa ya buƙaci duk aikin doka da a yi ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba wadatar ayyukan doka gabaɗaya ba ta da ƙarfi.<ref name="DeliveryReport">{{cite web|url=http://www.abanet.org/legalservices/delivery/deltech.html|title=Standing Committee on the Delivery of Legal Services - Standing Committee / Delivery of Legal Services|work=abanet.org|access-date=26 December 2016|archive-date=14 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214004408/http://www.abanet.org/legalservices/delivery/deltech.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Iyalan da ba su cancanci [[Taimakon Shari'a|taimakon shari'a]] ba amma ba za su iya samun sauƙin biyan sabis na shari'a ba suna cikin rashin kulawa sosai ta tsarin gargajiya. Wani rahoto da Kwamitin Tsare-tsare na Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Amurka ya yi game da Ba da Sabis na Shari'a ya gano cewa "a cikin gidaje masu matsakaicin matsakaici, kashi 39% sun yi amfani da tsarin shari'a don ƙoƙarin warware matsalolinsu na shari'a, 23% sun yi ƙoƙarin warwarewa ba tare da taimakon shari'a ba, kuma 26% sun dauka. babu wani aiki." ==== Hanyoyin fasaha ==== Lauyoyi, masu zane-zane, da masana kimiyyar kwamfuta sun yi la'akari da hanyoyin da za a yi amfani da fasaha don inganta damar da ba lauyoyi ba don samun adalci. <ref>See CodeX Techindex. Stanford Law School, n.d. Web. 16 June 2017. <https://techindex.law.stanford.edu/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331081439/https://techindex.law.stanford.edu/ |date=2022-03-31 }}>.</ref> Cibiyar Fasaha ta Illinois (IIT's) Cibiyar Zane-zane da Kwalejin Shari'a ta Chicago-Kent sun haɗu a kan sake fasalin shekaru da yawa na ƙwarewar kotuna masu wakiltar kansu. Rahoton su na 2002 ya rubuta bincikensu na tsarin taimako na yanzu, ƙirƙirar sabuwar ƙa'idar ƙira, da shirin sabon ƙirar tsarin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kentlaw.iit.edu/Documents/Institutes%20and%20Centers/CAJT/access-to-justice-meeting-the-needs.pdf |title=Charles L. Owen, Edward B. Pedwell, and Ronald W. Staudt, "Access to Justice: Meeting the Needs of Self-Represented Litigants", 2002 |access-date=2019-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232805/http://www.kentlaw.iit.edu/Documents/Institutes%20and%20Centers/CAJT/access-to-justice-meeting-the-needs.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rahoton ya kuma gabatar da wasu tsare-tsare na ra'ayi, yana sake yin tunanin yadda tsarin kotun zai yi aiki kuma mutane za su iya shiga. Wasu daga cikin shawarwarinsu sun haɗa da: * "CourtNet", cibiyar sadarwa a cikin ginin kotun, don haɗa haɗin gwiwar ma'aikatan shari'a da jama'a; * "Interactive Translator", kayan aikin software wanda za'a iya amfani da shi wajen yin hira da musanyar kotu, mai iya fassara hanyoyin sadarwa na magana da rubutu zuwa harsuna daban-daban; * "Archetypes", wani dandalin bincike wanda ke ƙera matsalolin shari'a na masu amfani, yana rarraba su, kuma yana ba da sabis na neman aiki; * "Pursuit Evaluator", kayan aiki na kan layi don ba da damar masu yuwuwar masu kara su tantance ko bin shari'ar zai cancanci lokacinsu, kuɗi, da ƙoƙarinsu. * "Formulator Formulator", na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa don barin masu shigar da kara su cire bayanai daga halin da suke ciki da kuma tattara su cikin takardun shari'a daban-daban; * "Mai ba da labari", software da ke amfani da samfurin shari'o'in don taimakawa masu ƙararrakin su tsara nasu fom kuma suna koya musu yadda ake rubutawa daidai; kuma * "Case Tracker", ma'auni mai ma'amala da bincike na tarihin shari'a, wanda ke ba da fayyace tsarin lokaci da kuma nuni ga ayyukan da suka gabata.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/node/6853|title=Technology and Access to Justice - Berkman Klein Center|work=harvard.edu|access-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140205134041/http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/node/6853|archive-date=5 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cibiyar Berkman a Harvard Law School tana aiki tare da alkali Dina Fein a Massachusetts don tsara hanyar samun damar yin adalci a cikin jihar don masu gabatar da kara, masu ƙaramin ƙarfi, masu kara da ba su iya Turanci, da masu naƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://law.stanford.edu/codex-the-stanford-center-for-legal-informatics/|title=CodeX {{!}} Stanford Law School|last=School|first=Stanford Law|website=Stanford Law School|access-date=May 31, 2016}}</ref> Codex, Cibiyar Stanford don Asusun Lafiya na Lafiya, da dokar bakuncin dokokin shari'a don samun damar masu bincike, 'yan kasuwa,' yan kasuwa da fasaha-da fasaha -gefe don ciyar da iyakokin fasahar doka. == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 90xavv9jth54h0z680r1hfxpl5zvqac 894069 894068 2026-08-10T08:16:15Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 894069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox}} [[Fayil:UN Fight for Freedom Leslie Ragan 1943 poster.jpg|thumb|Hadinkai domin samu adalci]] {{databox}} '''Samun adalci''' wata ƙa'ida ce ta asali a cikin doka wacce ke bayyana yadda '[['Yan kasuwan shakka|yan ƙasa]] ke samun daidaitaccen damar yin amfani da tsarin doka a cikin mahallinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rashid |first=Norul Mohamed |title=Access to Justice |url=https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/thematic-areas/access-to-justice-and-rule-of-law-institutions/access-to-justice/ |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=United Nations and the Rule of Law |language=en-US}}</ref> Yawancin mahallin suna da yunƙuri da shirye-shirye an tsara su don samar da sabis na doka ga al'ummomin da ƙila in ba haka ba suna da wahalar samun shawarar doka da wakilci. Idan ba tare da samun adalci ba, mutane ba za su iya yin cikakken amfani da haƙƙinsu ba, ƙalubalantar wariya, ko ɗaukar masu yanke shawara kan ayyukansu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Access to Justice |url=https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/thematic-areas/access-to-justice-and-rule-of-law-institutions/access-to-justice/ |website=United Nations and the Rule of Law |publisher=United Nations |access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref> Yadda al'ummomi ke taimakawa ƴan kasarsu wajen samun adalci ya sha banban da kasa. Ana iya ƙara samun damar yin adalci ta hanyar samun kuɗi da kyau da ƙungiyoyin taimakon doka waɗanda ke ba da sabis na shari'a kyauta ga matalauta,<ref>{{cite web |title=Resource Center for Access to Justice Initiatives |url=https://www.americanbar.org/groups/legal_aid_indigent_defendants/resource_center_for_access_to_justice/ |website=American Bar Association |access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref> da kuma ta hanyar shirye-shiryen pro bono ta hanyar da lauyoyin sa kai ke ba da sabis da wakilci a cikin kotu,<ref>{{cite web |title=Pro Bono and Volunteer Programs |url=https://www.ncsc.org/microsites/access-to-justice/home/Topics/Pro-Bono-and-Volunteer-Programs.aspx |website=Center on Court Access to Justice for All |publisher=National Center for State Courts |access-date=12 May 2019 |archive-date=12 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512014054/https://www.ncsc.org/microsites/access-to-justice/home/Topics/Pro-Bono-and-Volunteer-Programs.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> ko ta wasu shirye-shiryen da aka tsara. don taimaka wa mutane su sami magunguna ta hanyar kotu ko wasu cibiyoyin shari'a.<ref>{{cite web |title=Necessary Condition: Access to Justice |url=https://www.usip.org/guiding-principles-stabilization-and-reconstruction-the-web-version/rule-law/access-justice |website=United States: Institute of Peace |access-date=12 May 2019 |archive-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405222628/https://www.usip.org/guiding-principles-stabilization-and-reconstruction-the-web-version/rule-law/access-justice |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen ƙasa da kasa == === Samun Kyautar Harkar Shari'a ===   An kafa ƙungiyar Free Access to Law Movement (FALM) a cikin Shekara ta 1992, tare da burin samar da damar yanar gizo kyauta ga ainihin bayanan doka da albarkatu. A cikin 2002, FALM ta karɓi Sanarwa kan Samun Doka Kyauta. Manufar motsi shine tabbatar da cewa bayanan doka suna samuwa ga kowa da kowa. Sanarwar ta ayyana bayanan shari'a na jama'a a matsayin gadon gama gari na ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://oceanfdn.org/ha/bambance-bambancen-%C3%A3dalci-hada-da-damar-samun-adalci/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-07-23 |archive-date=2025-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251028104522/https://oceanfdn.org/ha/bambance-bambancen-%C3%A3dalci-hada-da-damar-samun-adalci/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin memba na FALM, da farko ta hanyar Intanet, sun tsunduma cikin yada bayanan shari'a na farko da na sakandare. Misalai na farko sun haɗa da Cibiyar Ba da Bayanin Shari'a a Makarantar Shari'a ta Cornell da Cibiyar Ba da Bayanin Shari'a ta [[Austriya|Australasia]], aikin haɗin gwiwa na Jami'ar Fasaha ta Sydney da Jami'ar New South Wales<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://oceanfdn.org/ha/bambance-bambancen-%C3%A3dalci-hada-da-damar-samun-adalci/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-07-23 |archive-date=2025-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251028104522/https://oceanfdn.org/ha/bambance-bambancen-%C3%A3dalci-hada-da-damar-samun-adalci/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Ƙarshen ya haɗa da farkon fara amfani da fasahar rubutu don wakiltar dokoki azaman hanyar sadarwar nodes, kowanne yana wakiltar sashe. <ref name="nyulawglobal.org">[http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Legal_Information_Institutes.htm Legal_Information_Institutes.htm]</ref><ref name="austlii.edu.au">{{cite web|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/austlii/articles/libs_paper.html|title=AustLII - Publications: AustLII - Libs Paper|work=austlii.edu.au|access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> A cikin 2013, Makarantar Shari'a ta Cornell ta kafa ''Journal of Open Access to Law'', don inganta bincike na ƙasa da ƙasa kan batun buɗe damar yin amfani da doka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ojs.law.cornell.edu/index.php/joal|title=Journal of Open Access to Law|work=cornell.edu|access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> == Ƙaddamarwa ta ƙasa == === Myanmar === MyJustice wata ƙungiyar [[Tarayyar Turai]] ce da Tarayyar Turai ke ba da tallafin samun damar samun Adalci da nufin wadata al'ummar [[Myanmar]] da ilimi, kwarin gwiwa da damar magance rikice-rikice cikin adalci, adalci da adalci.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myjusticemyanmar.org/about|title=About {{!}} MyJustice Myanmar|website=myjusticemyanmar.org|access-date=2020-04-17|archive-date=2021-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129190757/https://www.myjusticemyanmar.org/about|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2015 sun kafa "cibiyoyin shari'a" da dama a fadin Myanmar don inganta damar yin adalci ta hanyar ba da shawarwarin shari'a kyauta ga masu ƙaramin ƙarfi da masu zaman kansu, da kuma shiga cikin ayyukan da suka shafi gabatar da taimakon shari'a da horar da doka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/news/union-legal-aid-board-provide-help-poor-people-pilot-project.html|title=Union Legal Aid Board to provide help for poor people in pilot project|date=2018-05-07|website=The Myanmar Times|access-date=2020-04-17|archive-date=2021-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129192658/https://www.mmtimes.com/news/union-legal-aid-board-provide-help-poor-people-pilot-project.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Pakistan === '''Samun damar Adalci Initiatives (AJI)''' wani gungu ne na ayyukan da Sarhad Rural Support Programme (SRSP) ke aiwatarwa a Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, [[Pakistan]], da nufin haɓaka wayar da kan doka da ƙarfafa ƴan ƙasa a matakin tushe ta hanyar ba su damar yin amfani da su don gudanar da ayyukan. [[Haƙƙoƙi|hakkokinsu]] da kuma neman maganin matsalolinsu na shari'a.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://epaper.dawn.com/print-textview.php?StoryImage=26_07_2016_152_006|title=Call to enhance role of paralegals for protection of human rights|last=Kundi|first=Asma|date=26 July 2016|newspaper=DAWN|access-date=16 April 2022|archive-date=30 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030000500/http://epaper.dawn.com/print-textview.php?StoryImage=26_07_2016_152_006|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/glei-description-092712.pdf|title=Global Legal Empowerment Initiative|date=2014|publisher=Open Society Justice Initiative}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/174699-Training-in-basic-laws-alternative-dispute-resolution-concludes|title=Training in basic laws & alternative dispute resolution concludes|date=27 December 2016|publisher=The News International}}</ref> ==== Ƙaddamarwa ==== Samun damar Ƙaddamar da Adalci ya ƙunshi ayyuka masu zuwa:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.srsp.org.pk/srsp-main/index.php/our-projects/access-to-justice-initiative|title=Access to Justice Initiatives|date=2016|publisher=Sarhad Rural Support Programme|access-date=2022-04-16|archive-date=2017-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819124228/http://srsp.org.pk/srsp-main/index.php/our-projects/access-to-justice-initiative|url-status=dead}}</ref> # Ƙarfafa Doka # Aitebaar Madadin Rikicin Rigima # Aitebaar Fadakarwa # Ƙarfafa Doka a Malakand # Maganganun Rikici Tsakanin Al'umma ==== Siffofin ==== Alamar gamayya ta ayyukan ita ce, dukkansu suna da manufar ƙarfafa ƙwarin gwiwar al'ummomin da ba su da galihu don kare [[Haƙƙoƙin Asali da haƙƙin shari'a|haƙƙinsu]] da shiga da kuma ɗaukar nauyin hukumomin gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sarhad Rural Support Programme Annual Review 2014-2015|publisher=M.R Printers, Islamabad|year=2015|location=Islamabad|pages=16}}</ref> A cikin al'ummomi masu matsayi na gargajiya, ƙungiyoyin jama'a suna fuskantar ƙalubale wajen haɓaka damar yin amfani da sabis ga ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da masu rauni.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wanainstitute.org/sites/default/files/files/Conference%20program%20-%20FINAL%20VERSION%20FOR%20PRINT.pdf|title=Legal Empowerment: A platform for resilence, innovation and growth.|date=12 June 2014|publisher=WANA Institute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/openglobalrights/lotta-teale/how-to-pay-for-legal-empowerment-alternative-structures-and-sources|title=How to pay for legal empowerment: alternative structures and sources|last=Teale|first=Lotta|date=2016-12-01|website=Open Democracy|access-date=2022-04-16|archive-date=2017-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224212200/https://www.opendemocracy.net/openglobalrights/lotta-teale/how-to-pay-for-legal-empowerment-alternative-structures-and-sources|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ayyukan na neman magance batutuwan da ke da rauni a tsakanin hanyoyin adalci da kuma rashin ingantaccen goyon bayan doka.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/542254/conference-practical-steps-to-protect-legal-rights-of-rural-communities/|title=Conference: Practical steps to protect legal rights of rural communities.|date=2013-04-30|newspaper=The Express Tribune|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1134253/newspaper/column|title=Initiative to strengthen alternative dispute resolution system|date=25 September 2014|newspaper=DAWN}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/pakistan/marc-andr%C3%A9-franche-country-director-undp-pakistan-visited-swat|title=Marc-André Franche, Country Director, UNDP in Pakistan visited Swat|date=2013-07-08|newspaper=Relief Web|language=en}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin ayyukan sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan cibiyoyin shari'a na yau da kullun ta yadda za a iya amfani da wasu hanyoyin warware takaddama don warware takaddama a matakin al'umma, tare da taimakawa wajen samar da dandalin tattaunawa tsakanin hanyoyin yau da kullun da na yau da kullun. An horar da mambobin al’ummomin a matsayin ƴan sanda don cike gibin da ke tsakanin masu rauni a cikin al’umma da cibiyoyin gwamnati. A yankuna masu nisa da kuma baya na [[Pakistan]] jama'a gaba daya ba sa son amincewa da [[Ɗan sanda|'yan sanda]] ko [[Lauya|lauyoyi]] amma suna nuna babban sha'awar amincewa da manyan al'ummominsu, wadanda sukan warware taƙaddama ta hanyar tsarin Jirga.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1273271/call-to-enhance-role-of-paralegals-for-protection-of-human-rights|title=Call to enhance role of paralegals for protection of human rights|last=Kundi|first=Asma|date=2016-07-26|newspaper=DAWN}}</ref> Ana sanar da 'yan sanda da masu shiga tsakani game [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|da haƙƙin ɗan adam]], tsarin shari'a da iyakokin ikonsu wajen magance rikice-rikice masu rikitarwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/khyber-pakhtunkhwa/24-Dec-16/srl-arranges-workshop-for-capacity-building-of-drcs-representatives|title=SRL arranges workshop for capacity building of DRCs representatives|date=24 December 2016|publisher=Daily Times}}</ref> Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa ba a rasa haƙƙin mahalarta ba.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1303978/drcs-members-briefed-about-legal-system|title=DRCs’ members briefed about legal system|date=2016-12-23|newspaper=DAWN}}</ref> Ana bukatar Majalisar sasanta rikicin (DRC) da aka kafa ta wannan fanni da su yi aiki tare da ‘yan sandan yankin don tabbatar da gaskiya da inganci.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1304211/dir-nazim-assures-drcs-of-his-support|title=Dir nazim assures DRCs of his support|date=2016-12-24|newspaper=DAWN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/28-Dec-2016/role-of-drcs-highlighted|title=Role of DRCs highlighted|date=28 December 2016|newspaper=The Nation|language=en-US}}</ref> An horar da mata da yawa a matsayin masu shiga tsakani da kuma ’yan sanda don ganin shirin ya kasance mai karbuwa ga [[Mace|mata]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1304684/training-for-drc-members-concludes|title=Training for DRC members concludes|date=27 December 2016|newspaper=DAWN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1305639/work-of-shangla-drcs-reviewed|title=Work of Shangla DRCs reviewed|date=1 January 2016|newspaper=DAWN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1305317/role-of-drcs-in-peoples-access-to-justice-highlighted|title=Role of DRCs in people’s access to justice highlighted|date=30 December 2016|newspaper=DAWN}}</ref> Ana ba da [[Taimakon Shari'a|taimakon shari'a]] ga mutanen da ba za a iya magance matsalolinsu ta hanyar shawarwari, sulhu, sulhu ko wata hanyar da ba ta dace ba.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/771086/step-aside-men-women-mediators-trained-in-alternative-dispute-resolution/|title=Step aside men: Women mediators trained in alternative dispute resolution.|date=2014-10-04|newspaper=The Express Tribune|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://pakobserver.net/dispute-resolution-council-training-workshop-ends/|title=Dispute Resolution Council training workshop ends|date=31 December 2016|newspaper=Pakistan Observer|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102171936/http://pakobserver.net/dispute-resolution-council-training-workshop-ends/|archive-date=2 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sau da yawa, shari'ar da ta cancanci taimakon shari'a ta ƙunshi batutuwan auren yara, auren dole, zaluncin aure, riƙon yara, hana gado, wariya da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/voices/how-access-justice-helping-women-northern-pakistan|title=Starting a New Story: How Access to Justice Is Untangling Women's Lives in Northern Pakistan|date=28 May 2014|website=Open Society Foundations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/voices/delivering-access-justice-mountains-pakistan|title=Linking Justice to Development in Northern Pakistan|date=9 June 2014|website=Open Society Foundations}}</ref> === Amurka === Domin tsarin gargajiya na sabis na isarwa ya buƙaci duk aikin doka da a yi ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba wadatar ayyukan doka gabaɗaya ba ta da ƙarfi.<ref name="DeliveryReport">{{cite web|url=http://www.abanet.org/legalservices/delivery/deltech.html|title=Standing Committee on the Delivery of Legal Services - Standing Committee / Delivery of Legal Services|work=abanet.org|access-date=26 December 2016|archive-date=14 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214004408/http://www.abanet.org/legalservices/delivery/deltech.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Iyalan da ba su cancanci [[Taimakon Shari'a|taimakon shari'a]] ba amma ba za su iya samun sauƙin biyan sabis na shari'a ba suna cikin rashin kulawa sosai ta tsarin gargajiya. Wani rahoto da Kwamitin Tsare-tsare na Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Amurka ya yi game da Ba da Sabis na Shari'a ya gano cewa "a cikin gidaje masu matsakaicin matsakaici, kashi 39% sun yi amfani da tsarin shari'a don ƙoƙarin warware matsalolinsu na shari'a, 23% sun yi ƙoƙarin warwarewa ba tare da taimakon shari'a ba, kuma 26% sun dauka. babu wani aiki." ==== Hanyoyin fasaha ==== Lauyoyi, masu zane-zane, da masana kimiyyar kwamfuta sun yi la'akari da hanyoyin da za a yi amfani da fasaha don inganta damar da ba lauyoyi ba don samun adalci. <ref>See CodeX Techindex. Stanford Law School, n.d. Web. 16 June 2017. <https://techindex.law.stanford.edu/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331081439/https://techindex.law.stanford.edu/ |date=2022-03-31 }}>.</ref> Cibiyar Fasaha ta Illinois (IIT's) Cibiyar Zane-zane da Kwalejin Shari'a ta Chicago-Kent sun haɗu a kan sake fasalin shekaru da yawa na ƙwarewar kotuna masu wakiltar kansu. Rahoton su na 2002 ya rubuta bincikensu na tsarin taimako na yanzu, ƙirƙirar sabuwar ƙa'idar ƙira, da shirin sabon ƙirar tsarin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kentlaw.iit.edu/Documents/Institutes%20and%20Centers/CAJT/access-to-justice-meeting-the-needs.pdf |title=Charles L. Owen, Edward B. Pedwell, and Ronald W. Staudt, "Access to Justice: Meeting the Needs of Self-Represented Litigants", 2002 |access-date=2019-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232805/http://www.kentlaw.iit.edu/Documents/Institutes%20and%20Centers/CAJT/access-to-justice-meeting-the-needs.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rahoton ya kuma gabatar da wasu tsare-tsare na ra'ayi, yana sake yin tunanin yadda tsarin kotun zai yi aiki kuma mutane za su iya shiga. Wasu daga cikin shawarwarinsu sun haɗa da: * "CourtNet", cibiyar sadarwa a cikin ginin kotun, don haɗa haɗin gwiwar ma'aikatan shari'a da jama'a; * "Interactive Translator", kayan aikin software wanda za'a iya amfani da shi wajen yin hira da musanyar kotu, mai iya fassara hanyoyin sadarwa na magana da rubutu zuwa harsuna daban-daban; * "Archetypes", wani dandalin bincike wanda ke ƙera matsalolin shari'a na masu amfani, yana rarraba su, kuma yana ba da sabis na neman aiki; * "Pursuit Evaluator", kayan aiki na kan layi don ba da damar masu yuwuwar masu kara su tantance ko bin shari'ar zai cancanci lokacinsu, kuɗi, da ƙoƙarinsu. * "Formulator Formulator", na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa don barin masu shigar da kara su cire bayanai daga halin da suke ciki da kuma tattara su cikin takardun shari'a daban-daban; * "Mai ba da labari", software da ke amfani da samfurin shari'o'in don taimakawa masu ƙararrakin su tsara nasu fom kuma suna koya musu yadda ake rubutawa daidai; kuma * "Case Tracker", ma'auni mai ma'amala da bincike na tarihin shari'a, wanda ke ba da fayyace tsarin lokaci da kuma nuni ga ayyukan da suka gabata.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/node/6853|title=Technology and Access to Justice - Berkman Klein Center|work=harvard.edu|access-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140205134041/http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/node/6853|archive-date=5 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cibiyar Berkman a Harvard Law School tana aiki tare da alkali Dina Fein a Massachusetts don tsara hanyar samun damar yin adalci a cikin jihar don masu gabatar da kara, masu ƙaramin ƙarfi, masu kara da ba su iya Turanci, da masu naƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://law.stanford.edu/codex-the-stanford-center-for-legal-informatics/|title=CodeX {{!}} Stanford Law School|last=School|first=Stanford Law|website=Stanford Law School|access-date=May 31, 2016}}</ref> Codex, Cibiyar Stanford don Asusun Lafiya na Lafiya, da dokar bakuncin dokokin shari'a don samun damar masu bincike, 'yan kasuwa,' yan kasuwa da fasaha-da fasaha -gefe don ciyar da iyakokin fasahar doka. == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dnqbx0m7xosl5xy2rmah9t2ykg6rszf 894116 894069 2026-08-10T10:02:42Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 /* */ 894116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox}} [[Fayil:UN Fight for Freedom Leslie Ragan 1943 poster.jpg|thumb|Hadinkai domin samu adalci]] {{databox}} '''Samun adalci''' wata ƙa'ida ce ta asali a cikin doka wacce ke bayyana yadda '[['Yan kasuwan shakka|yan ƙasa]] ke samun daidaitaccen damar yin amfani da tsarin doka a cikin mahallinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rashid |first=Norul Mohamed |title=Access to Justice |url=https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/thematic-areas/access-to-justice-and-rule-of-law-institutions/access-to-justice/ |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=United Nations and the Rule of Law |language=en-US}}</ref> Yawancin mahallin suna da yunƙuri da shirye-shirye an tsara su don samar da sabis na doka ga al'ummomin da ƙila in ba haka ba suna da wahalar samun shawarar doka da wakilci. Idan ba tare da samun adalci ba, mutane ba za su iya yin cikakken amfani da haƙƙinsu ba, ƙalubalantar wariya, ko ɗaukar masu yanke shawara kan ayyukansu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Access to Justice |url=https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/thematic-areas/access-to-justice-and-rule-of-law-institutions/access-to-justice/ |website=United Nations and the Rule of Law |publisher=United Nations |access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref> Yadda al'ummomi ke taimakawa ƴan kasarsu wajen samun adalci ya sha banban da ƙasa. Ana iya ƙara samun damar yin adalci ta hanyar samun kuɗi da kyau da ƙungiyoyin taimakon doka waɗanda ke ba da sabis na shari'a kyauta ga matalauta,<ref>{{cite web |title=Resource Center for Access to Justice Initiatives |url=https://www.americanbar.org/groups/legal_aid_indigent_defendants/resource_center_for_access_to_justice/ |website=American Bar Association |access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref> da kuma ta hanyar shirye-shiryen pro bono ta hanyar da lauyoyin sa kai ke ba da sabis da wakilci a cikin kotu,<ref>{{cite web |title=Pro Bono and Volunteer Programs |url=https://www.ncsc.org/microsites/access-to-justice/home/Topics/Pro-Bono-and-Volunteer-Programs.aspx |website=Center on Court Access to Justice for All |publisher=National Center for State Courts |access-date=12 May 2019 |archive-date=12 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512014054/https://www.ncsc.org/microsites/access-to-justice/home/Topics/Pro-Bono-and-Volunteer-Programs.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> ko ta wasu shirye-shiryen da aka tsara. don taimaka wa mutane su sami magunguna ta hanyar kotu ko wasu cibiyoyin shari'a.<ref>{{cite web |title=Necessary Condition: Access to Justice |url=https://www.usip.org/guiding-principles-stabilization-and-reconstruction-the-web-version/rule-law/access-justice |website=United States: Institute of Peace |access-date=12 May 2019 |archive-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405222628/https://www.usip.org/guiding-principles-stabilization-and-reconstruction-the-web-version/rule-law/access-justice |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen ƙasa da kasa == === Samun Kyautar Harkar Shari'a ===   An kafa ƙungiyar Free Access to Law Movement (FALM) a cikin Shekara ta 1992, tare da burin samar da damar yanar gizo kyauta ga ainihin bayanan doka da albarkatu. A cikin 2002, FALM ta karɓi Sanarwa kan Samun Doka Kyauta. Manufar motsi shine tabbatar da cewa bayanan doka suna samuwa ga kowa da kowa. Sanarwar ta ayyana bayanan shari'a na jama'a a matsayin gadon gama gari na ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://oceanfdn.org/ha/bambance-bambancen-%C3%A3dalci-hada-da-damar-samun-adalci/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-07-23 |archive-date=2025-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251028104522/https://oceanfdn.org/ha/bambance-bambancen-%C3%A3dalci-hada-da-damar-samun-adalci/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin memba na FALM, da farko ta hanyar Intanet, sun tsunduma cikin yada bayanan shari'a na farko da na sakandare. Misalai na farko sun haɗa da Cibiyar Ba da Bayanin Shari'a a Makarantar Shari'a ta Cornell da Cibiyar Ba da Bayanin Shari'a ta [[Austriya|Australasia]], aikin haɗin gwiwa na Jami'ar Fasaha ta Sydney da Jami'ar New South Wales<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://oceanfdn.org/ha/bambance-bambancen-%C3%A3dalci-hada-da-damar-samun-adalci/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-07-23 |archive-date=2025-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251028104522/https://oceanfdn.org/ha/bambance-bambancen-%C3%A3dalci-hada-da-damar-samun-adalci/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Ƙarshen ya haɗa da farkon fara amfani da fasahar rubutu don wakiltar dokoki azaman hanyar sadarwar nodes, kowanne yana wakiltar sashe. <ref name="nyulawglobal.org">[http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Legal_Information_Institutes.htm Legal_Information_Institutes.htm]</ref><ref name="austlii.edu.au">{{cite web|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/austlii/articles/libs_paper.html|title=AustLII - Publications: AustLII - Libs Paper|work=austlii.edu.au|access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> A cikin 2013, Makarantar Shari'a ta Cornell ta kafa ''Journal of Open Access to Law'', don inganta bincike na ƙasa da ƙasa kan batun buɗe damar yin amfani da doka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ojs.law.cornell.edu/index.php/joal|title=Journal of Open Access to Law|work=cornell.edu|access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> == Ƙaddamarwa ta ƙasa == === Myanmar === MyJustice wata ƙungiyar [[Tarayyar Turai]] ce da Tarayyar Turai ke ba da tallafin samun damar samun Adalci da nufin wadata al'ummar [[Myanmar]] da ilimi, kwarin gwiwa da damar magance rikice-rikice cikin adalci, adalci da adalci.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myjusticemyanmar.org/about|title=About {{!}} MyJustice Myanmar|website=myjusticemyanmar.org|access-date=2020-04-17|archive-date=2021-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129190757/https://www.myjusticemyanmar.org/about|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2015 sun kafa "cibiyoyin shari'a" da dama a fadin Myanmar don inganta damar yin adalci ta hanyar ba da shawarwarin shari'a kyauta ga masu ƙaramin ƙarfi da masu zaman kansu, da kuma shiga cikin ayyukan da suka shafi gabatar da taimakon shari'a da horar da doka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/news/union-legal-aid-board-provide-help-poor-people-pilot-project.html|title=Union Legal Aid Board to provide help for poor people in pilot project|date=2018-05-07|website=The Myanmar Times|access-date=2020-04-17|archive-date=2021-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129192658/https://www.mmtimes.com/news/union-legal-aid-board-provide-help-poor-people-pilot-project.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Pakistan === '''Samun damar Adalci Initiatives (AJI)''' wani gungu ne na ayyukan da Sarhad Rural Support Programme (SRSP) ke aiwatarwa a Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, [[Pakistan]], da nufin haɓaka wayar da kan doka da ƙarfafa ƴan ƙasa a matakin tushe ta hanyar ba su damar yin amfani da su don gudanar da ayyukan. [[Haƙƙoƙi|hakkokinsu]] da kuma neman maganin matsalolinsu na shari'a.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://epaper.dawn.com/print-textview.php?StoryImage=26_07_2016_152_006|title=Call to enhance role of paralegals for protection of human rights|last=Kundi|first=Asma|date=26 July 2016|newspaper=DAWN|access-date=16 April 2022|archive-date=30 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030000500/http://epaper.dawn.com/print-textview.php?StoryImage=26_07_2016_152_006|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/glei-description-092712.pdf|title=Global Legal Empowerment Initiative|date=2014|publisher=Open Society Justice Initiative}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/174699-Training-in-basic-laws-alternative-dispute-resolution-concludes|title=Training in basic laws & alternative dispute resolution concludes|date=27 December 2016|publisher=The News International}}</ref> ==== Ƙaddamarwa ==== Samun damar Ƙaddamar da Adalci ya ƙunshi ayyuka masu zuwa:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.srsp.org.pk/srsp-main/index.php/our-projects/access-to-justice-initiative|title=Access to Justice Initiatives|date=2016|publisher=Sarhad Rural Support Programme|access-date=2022-04-16|archive-date=2017-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819124228/http://srsp.org.pk/srsp-main/index.php/our-projects/access-to-justice-initiative|url-status=dead}}</ref> # Ƙarfafa Doka # Aitebaar Madadin Rikicin Rigima # Aitebaar Fadakarwa # Ƙarfafa Doka a Malakand # Maganganun Rikici Tsakanin Al'umma ==== Siffofin ==== Alamar gamayya ta ayyukan ita ce, dukkansu suna da manufar ƙarfafa ƙwarin gwiwar al'ummomin da ba su da galihu don kare [[Haƙƙoƙin Asali da haƙƙin shari'a|haƙƙinsu]] da shiga da kuma ɗaukar nauyin hukumomin gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sarhad Rural Support Programme Annual Review 2014-2015|publisher=M.R Printers, Islamabad|year=2015|location=Islamabad|pages=16}}</ref> A cikin al'ummomi masu matsayi na gargajiya, ƙungiyoyin jama'a suna fuskantar ƙalubale wajen haɓaka damar yin amfani da sabis ga ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da masu rauni.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wanainstitute.org/sites/default/files/files/Conference%20program%20-%20FINAL%20VERSION%20FOR%20PRINT.pdf|title=Legal Empowerment: A platform for resilence, innovation and growth.|date=12 June 2014|publisher=WANA Institute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/openglobalrights/lotta-teale/how-to-pay-for-legal-empowerment-alternative-structures-and-sources|title=How to pay for legal empowerment: alternative structures and sources|last=Teale|first=Lotta|date=2016-12-01|website=Open Democracy|access-date=2022-04-16|archive-date=2017-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224212200/https://www.opendemocracy.net/openglobalrights/lotta-teale/how-to-pay-for-legal-empowerment-alternative-structures-and-sources|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ayyukan na neman magance batutuwan da ke da rauni a tsakanin hanyoyin adalci da kuma rashin ingantaccen goyon bayan doka.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/542254/conference-practical-steps-to-protect-legal-rights-of-rural-communities/|title=Conference: Practical steps to protect legal rights of rural communities.|date=2013-04-30|newspaper=The Express Tribune|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1134253/newspaper/column|title=Initiative to strengthen alternative dispute resolution system|date=25 September 2014|newspaper=DAWN}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/pakistan/marc-andr%C3%A9-franche-country-director-undp-pakistan-visited-swat|title=Marc-André Franche, Country Director, UNDP in Pakistan visited Swat|date=2013-07-08|newspaper=Relief Web|language=en}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin ayyukan sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan cibiyoyin shari'a na yau da kullun ta yadda za a iya amfani da wasu hanyoyin warware takaddama don warware takaddama a matakin al'umma, tare da taimakawa wajen samar da dandalin tattaunawa tsakanin hanyoyin yau da kullun da na yau da kullun. An horar da mambobin al’ummomin a matsayin ƴan sanda don cike gibin da ke tsakanin masu rauni a cikin al’umma da cibiyoyin gwamnati. A yankuna masu nisa da kuma baya na [[Pakistan]] jama'a gaba daya ba sa son amincewa da [[Ɗan sanda|'yan sanda]] ko [[Lauya|lauyoyi]] amma suna nuna babban sha'awar amincewa da manyan al'ummominsu, wadanda sukan warware taƙaddama ta hanyar tsarin Jirga.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1273271/call-to-enhance-role-of-paralegals-for-protection-of-human-rights|title=Call to enhance role of paralegals for protection of human rights|last=Kundi|first=Asma|date=2016-07-26|newspaper=DAWN}}</ref> Ana sanar da 'yan sanda da masu shiga tsakani game [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|da haƙƙin ɗan adam]], tsarin shari'a da iyakokin ikonsu wajen magance rikice-rikice masu rikitarwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/khyber-pakhtunkhwa/24-Dec-16/srl-arranges-workshop-for-capacity-building-of-drcs-representatives|title=SRL arranges workshop for capacity building of DRCs representatives|date=24 December 2016|publisher=Daily Times}}</ref> Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa ba a rasa haƙƙin mahalarta ba.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1303978/drcs-members-briefed-about-legal-system|title=DRCs’ members briefed about legal system|date=2016-12-23|newspaper=DAWN}}</ref> Ana bukatar Majalisar sasanta rikicin (DRC) da aka kafa ta wannan fanni da su yi aiki tare da ‘yan sandan yankin don tabbatar da gaskiya da inganci.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1304211/dir-nazim-assures-drcs-of-his-support|title=Dir nazim assures DRCs of his support|date=2016-12-24|newspaper=DAWN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/28-Dec-2016/role-of-drcs-highlighted|title=Role of DRCs highlighted|date=28 December 2016|newspaper=The Nation|language=en-US}}</ref> An horar da mata da yawa a matsayin masu shiga tsakani da kuma ’yan sanda don ganin shirin ya kasance mai karbuwa ga [[Mace|mata]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1304684/training-for-drc-members-concludes|title=Training for DRC members concludes|date=27 December 2016|newspaper=DAWN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1305639/work-of-shangla-drcs-reviewed|title=Work of Shangla DRCs reviewed|date=1 January 2016|newspaper=DAWN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1305317/role-of-drcs-in-peoples-access-to-justice-highlighted|title=Role of DRCs in people’s access to justice highlighted|date=30 December 2016|newspaper=DAWN}}</ref> Ana ba da [[Taimakon Shari'a|taimakon shari'a]] ga mutanen da ba za a iya magance matsalolinsu ta hanyar shawarwari, sulhu, sulhu ko wata hanyar da ba ta dace ba.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/771086/step-aside-men-women-mediators-trained-in-alternative-dispute-resolution/|title=Step aside men: Women mediators trained in alternative dispute resolution.|date=2014-10-04|newspaper=The Express Tribune|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://pakobserver.net/dispute-resolution-council-training-workshop-ends/|title=Dispute Resolution Council training workshop ends|date=31 December 2016|newspaper=Pakistan Observer|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102171936/http://pakobserver.net/dispute-resolution-council-training-workshop-ends/|archive-date=2 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sau da yawa, shari'ar da ta cancanci taimakon shari'a ta ƙunshi batutuwan auren yara, auren dole, zaluncin aure, riƙon yara, hana gado, wariya da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/voices/how-access-justice-helping-women-northern-pakistan|title=Starting a New Story: How Access to Justice Is Untangling Women's Lives in Northern Pakistan|date=28 May 2014|website=Open Society Foundations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/voices/delivering-access-justice-mountains-pakistan|title=Linking Justice to Development in Northern Pakistan|date=9 June 2014|website=Open Society Foundations}}</ref> === Amurka === Domin tsarin gargajiya na sabis na isarwa ya buƙaci duk aikin doka da a yi ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba wadatar ayyukan doka gabaɗaya ba ta da ƙarfi.<ref name="DeliveryReport">{{cite web|url=http://www.abanet.org/legalservices/delivery/deltech.html|title=Standing Committee on the Delivery of Legal Services - Standing Committee / Delivery of Legal Services|work=abanet.org|access-date=26 December 2016|archive-date=14 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214004408/http://www.abanet.org/legalservices/delivery/deltech.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Iyalan da ba su cancanci [[Taimakon Shari'a|taimakon shari'a]] ba amma ba za su iya samun sauƙin biyan sabis na shari'a ba suna cikin rashin kulawa sosai ta tsarin gargajiya. Wani rahoto da Kwamitin Tsare-tsare na Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Amurka ya yi game da Ba da Sabis na Shari'a ya gano cewa "a cikin gidaje masu matsakaicin matsakaici, kashi 39% sun yi amfani da tsarin shari'a don ƙoƙarin warware matsalolinsu na shari'a, 23% sun yi ƙoƙarin warwarewa ba tare da taimakon shari'a ba, kuma 26% sun dauka. babu wani aiki." ==== Hanyoyin fasaha ==== Lauyoyi, masu zane-zane, da masana kimiyyar kwamfuta sun yi la'akari da hanyoyin da za a yi amfani da fasaha don inganta damar da ba lauyoyi ba don samun adalci. <ref>See CodeX Techindex. Stanford Law School, n.d. Web. 16 June 2017. <https://techindex.law.stanford.edu/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331081439/https://techindex.law.stanford.edu/ |date=2022-03-31 }}>.</ref> Cibiyar Fasaha ta Illinois (IIT's) Cibiyar Zane-zane da Kwalejin Shari'a ta Chicago-Kent sun haɗu a kan sake fasalin shekaru da yawa na ƙwarewar kotuna masu wakiltar kansu. Rahoton su na 2002 ya rubuta bincikensu na tsarin taimako na yanzu, ƙirƙirar sabuwar ƙa'idar ƙira, da shirin sabon ƙirar tsarin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kentlaw.iit.edu/Documents/Institutes%20and%20Centers/CAJT/access-to-justice-meeting-the-needs.pdf |title=Charles L. Owen, Edward B. Pedwell, and Ronald W. Staudt, "Access to Justice: Meeting the Needs of Self-Represented Litigants", 2002 |access-date=2019-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232805/http://www.kentlaw.iit.edu/Documents/Institutes%20and%20Centers/CAJT/access-to-justice-meeting-the-needs.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rahoton ya kuma gabatar da wasu tsare-tsare na ra'ayi, yana sake yin tunanin yadda tsarin kotun zai yi aiki kuma mutane za su iya shiga. Wasu daga cikin shawarwarinsu sun haɗa da: * "CourtNet", cibiyar sadarwa a cikin ginin kotun, don haɗa haɗin gwiwar ma'aikatan shari'a da jama'a; * "Interactive Translator", kayan aikin software wanda za'a iya amfani da shi wajen yin hira da musanyar kotu, mai iya fassara hanyoyin sadarwa na magana da rubutu zuwa harsuna daban-daban; * "Archetypes", wani dandalin bincike wanda ke ƙera matsalolin shari'a na masu amfani, yana rarraba su, kuma yana ba da sabis na neman aiki; * "Pursuit Evaluator", kayan aiki na kan layi don ba da damar masu yuwuwar masu kara su tantance ko bin shari'ar zai cancanci lokacinsu, kuɗi, da ƙoƙarinsu. * "Formulator Formulator", na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa don barin masu shigar da kara su cire bayanai daga halin da suke ciki da kuma tattara su cikin takardun shari'a daban-daban; * "Mai ba da labari", software da ke amfani da samfurin shari'o'in don taimakawa masu ƙararrakin su tsara nasu fom kuma suna koya musu yadda ake rubutawa daidai; kuma * "Case Tracker", ma'auni mai ma'amala da bincike na tarihin shari'a, wanda ke ba da fayyace tsarin lokaci da kuma nuni ga ayyukan da suka gabata.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/node/6853|title=Technology and Access to Justice - Berkman Klein Center|work=harvard.edu|access-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140205134041/http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/node/6853|archive-date=5 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cibiyar Berkman a Harvard Law School tana aiki tare da alkali Dina Fein a Massachusetts don tsara hanyar samun damar yin adalci a cikin jihar don masu gabatar da kara, masu ƙaramin ƙarfi, masu kara da ba su iya Turanci, da masu naƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://law.stanford.edu/codex-the-stanford-center-for-legal-informatics/|title=CodeX {{!}} Stanford Law School|last=School|first=Stanford Law|website=Stanford Law School|access-date=May 31, 2016}}</ref> Codex, Cibiyar Stanford don Asusun Lafiya na Lafiya, da dokar bakuncin dokokin shari'a don samun damar masu bincike, 'yan kasuwa,' yan kasuwa da fasaha-da fasaha -gefe don ciyar da iyakokin fasahar doka. == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sntmnhv1gyy6q9s13qakmuowis91mx4 894121 894116 2026-08-10T10:03:40Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 /* */ 894121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ Databox}} [[Fayil:UN Fight for Freedom Leslie Ragan 1943 poster.jpg|thumb|Hadinkai domin samu adalci]] {{databox}} '''Samun adalci''' wata ƙa'ida ce ta asali a cikin doka wacce ke bayyana yadda '[['Yan kasuwan shakka|yan ƙasa]] ke samun daidaitaccen damar yin amfani da tsarin doka a cikin mahallinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rashid |first=Norul Mohamed |title=Access to Justice |url=https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/thematic-areas/access-to-justice-and-rule-of-law-institutions/access-to-justice/ |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=United Nations and the Rule of Law |language=en-US}}</ref> Yawancin mahallin suna da yunƙuri da shirye-shirye an tsara su don samar da sabis na doka ga al'ummomin da ƙila in ba haka ba suna da wahalar samun shawarar doka da wakilci. Idan ba tare da samun adalci ba, mutane ba za su iya yin cikakken amfani da haƙƙinsu ba, ƙalubalantar wariya, ko ɗaukar masu yanke shawara kan ayyukansu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Access to Justice |url=https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/thematic-areas/access-to-justice-and-rule-of-law-institutions/access-to-justice/ |website=United Nations and the Rule of Law |publisher=United Nations |access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref> Yadda al'ummomi ke taimakawa ƴan ƙasarsu wajen samun adalci ya sha banban da ƙasa. Ana iya ƙara samun damar yin adalci ta hanyar samun kuɗi da kyau da ƙungiyoyin taimakon doka waɗanda ke ba da sabis na shari'a kyauta ga matalauta,<ref>{{cite web |title=Resource Center for Access to Justice Initiatives |url=https://www.americanbar.org/groups/legal_aid_indigent_defendants/resource_center_for_access_to_justice/ |website=American Bar Association |access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref> da kuma ta hanyar shirye-shiryen pro bono ta hanyar da lauyoyin sa kai ke ba da sabis da wakilci a cikin kotu,<ref>{{cite web |title=Pro Bono and Volunteer Programs |url=https://www.ncsc.org/microsites/access-to-justice/home/Topics/Pro-Bono-and-Volunteer-Programs.aspx |website=Center on Court Access to Justice for All |publisher=National Center for State Courts |access-date=12 May 2019 |archive-date=12 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512014054/https://www.ncsc.org/microsites/access-to-justice/home/Topics/Pro-Bono-and-Volunteer-Programs.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> ko ta wasu shirye-shiryen da aka tsara. don taimaka wa mutane su sami magunguna ta hanyar kotu ko wasu cibiyoyin shari'a.<ref>{{cite web |title=Necessary Condition: Access to Justice |url=https://www.usip.org/guiding-principles-stabilization-and-reconstruction-the-web-version/rule-law/access-justice |website=United States: Institute of Peace |access-date=12 May 2019 |archive-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405222628/https://www.usip.org/guiding-principles-stabilization-and-reconstruction-the-web-version/rule-law/access-justice |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen ƙasa da kasa == === Samun Kyautar Harkar Shari'a ===   An kafa ƙungiyar Free Access to Law Movement (FALM) a cikin Shekara ta 1992, tare da burin samar da damar yanar gizo kyauta ga ainihin bayanan doka da albarkatu. A cikin 2002, FALM ta karɓi Sanarwa kan Samun Doka Kyauta. Manufar motsi shine tabbatar da cewa bayanan doka suna samuwa ga kowa da kowa. Sanarwar ta ayyana bayanan shari'a na jama'a a matsayin gadon gama gari na ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://oceanfdn.org/ha/bambance-bambancen-%C3%A3dalci-hada-da-damar-samun-adalci/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-07-23 |archive-date=2025-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251028104522/https://oceanfdn.org/ha/bambance-bambancen-%C3%A3dalci-hada-da-damar-samun-adalci/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin memba na FALM, da farko ta hanyar Intanet, sun tsunduma cikin yada bayanan shari'a na farko da na sakandare. Misalai na farko sun haɗa da Cibiyar Ba da Bayanin Shari'a a Makarantar Shari'a ta Cornell da Cibiyar Ba da Bayanin Shari'a ta [[Austriya|Australasia]], aikin haɗin gwiwa na Jami'ar Fasaha ta Sydney da Jami'ar New South Wales<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://oceanfdn.org/ha/bambance-bambancen-%C3%A3dalci-hada-da-damar-samun-adalci/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-07-23 |archive-date=2025-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251028104522/https://oceanfdn.org/ha/bambance-bambancen-%C3%A3dalci-hada-da-damar-samun-adalci/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Ƙarshen ya haɗa da farkon fara amfani da fasahar rubutu don wakiltar dokoki azaman hanyar sadarwar nodes, kowanne yana wakiltar sashe. <ref name="nyulawglobal.org">[http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Legal_Information_Institutes.htm Legal_Information_Institutes.htm]</ref><ref name="austlii.edu.au">{{cite web|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/austlii/articles/libs_paper.html|title=AustLII - Publications: AustLII - Libs Paper|work=austlii.edu.au|access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> A cikin 2013, Makarantar Shari'a ta Cornell ta kafa ''Journal of Open Access to Law'', don inganta bincike na ƙasa da ƙasa kan batun buɗe damar yin amfani da doka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ojs.law.cornell.edu/index.php/joal|title=Journal of Open Access to Law|work=cornell.edu|access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> == Ƙaddamarwa ta ƙasa == === Myanmar === MyJustice wata ƙungiyar [[Tarayyar Turai]] ce da Tarayyar Turai ke ba da tallafin samun damar samun Adalci da nufin wadata al'ummar [[Myanmar]] da ilimi, kwarin gwiwa da damar magance rikice-rikice cikin adalci, adalci da adalci.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myjusticemyanmar.org/about|title=About {{!}} MyJustice Myanmar|website=myjusticemyanmar.org|access-date=2020-04-17|archive-date=2021-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129190757/https://www.myjusticemyanmar.org/about|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2015 sun kafa "cibiyoyin shari'a" da dama a fadin Myanmar don inganta damar yin adalci ta hanyar ba da shawarwarin shari'a kyauta ga masu ƙaramin ƙarfi da masu zaman kansu, da kuma shiga cikin ayyukan da suka shafi gabatar da taimakon shari'a da horar da doka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/news/union-legal-aid-board-provide-help-poor-people-pilot-project.html|title=Union Legal Aid Board to provide help for poor people in pilot project|date=2018-05-07|website=The Myanmar Times|access-date=2020-04-17|archive-date=2021-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129192658/https://www.mmtimes.com/news/union-legal-aid-board-provide-help-poor-people-pilot-project.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Pakistan === '''Samun damar Adalci Initiatives (AJI)''' wani gungu ne na ayyukan da Sarhad Rural Support Programme (SRSP) ke aiwatarwa a Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, [[Pakistan]], da nufin haɓaka wayar da kan doka da ƙarfafa ƴan ƙasa a matakin tushe ta hanyar ba su damar yin amfani da su don gudanar da ayyukan. [[Haƙƙoƙi|hakkokinsu]] da kuma neman maganin matsalolinsu na shari'a.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://epaper.dawn.com/print-textview.php?StoryImage=26_07_2016_152_006|title=Call to enhance role of paralegals for protection of human rights|last=Kundi|first=Asma|date=26 July 2016|newspaper=DAWN|access-date=16 April 2022|archive-date=30 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030000500/http://epaper.dawn.com/print-textview.php?StoryImage=26_07_2016_152_006|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/glei-description-092712.pdf|title=Global Legal Empowerment Initiative|date=2014|publisher=Open Society Justice Initiative}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/174699-Training-in-basic-laws-alternative-dispute-resolution-concludes|title=Training in basic laws & alternative dispute resolution concludes|date=27 December 2016|publisher=The News International}}</ref> ==== Ƙaddamarwa ==== Samun damar Ƙaddamar da Adalci ya ƙunshi ayyuka masu zuwa:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.srsp.org.pk/srsp-main/index.php/our-projects/access-to-justice-initiative|title=Access to Justice Initiatives|date=2016|publisher=Sarhad Rural Support Programme|access-date=2022-04-16|archive-date=2017-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819124228/http://srsp.org.pk/srsp-main/index.php/our-projects/access-to-justice-initiative|url-status=dead}}</ref> # Ƙarfafa Doka # Aitebaar Madadin Rikicin Rigima # Aitebaar Fadakarwa # Ƙarfafa Doka a Malakand # Maganganun Rikici Tsakanin Al'umma ==== Siffofin ==== Alamar gamayya ta ayyukan ita ce, dukkansu suna da manufar ƙarfafa ƙwarin gwiwar al'ummomin da ba su da galihu don kare [[Haƙƙoƙin Asali da haƙƙin shari'a|haƙƙinsu]] da shiga da kuma ɗaukar nauyin hukumomin gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sarhad Rural Support Programme Annual Review 2014-2015|publisher=M.R Printers, Islamabad|year=2015|location=Islamabad|pages=16}}</ref> A cikin al'ummomi masu matsayi na gargajiya, ƙungiyoyin jama'a suna fuskantar ƙalubale wajen haɓaka damar yin amfani da sabis ga ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da masu rauni.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wanainstitute.org/sites/default/files/files/Conference%20program%20-%20FINAL%20VERSION%20FOR%20PRINT.pdf|title=Legal Empowerment: A platform for resilence, innovation and growth.|date=12 June 2014|publisher=WANA Institute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/openglobalrights/lotta-teale/how-to-pay-for-legal-empowerment-alternative-structures-and-sources|title=How to pay for legal empowerment: alternative structures and sources|last=Teale|first=Lotta|date=2016-12-01|website=Open Democracy|access-date=2022-04-16|archive-date=2017-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224212200/https://www.opendemocracy.net/openglobalrights/lotta-teale/how-to-pay-for-legal-empowerment-alternative-structures-and-sources|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ayyukan na neman magance batutuwan da ke da rauni a tsakanin hanyoyin adalci da kuma rashin ingantaccen goyon bayan doka.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/542254/conference-practical-steps-to-protect-legal-rights-of-rural-communities/|title=Conference: Practical steps to protect legal rights of rural communities.|date=2013-04-30|newspaper=The Express Tribune|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1134253/newspaper/column|title=Initiative to strengthen alternative dispute resolution system|date=25 September 2014|newspaper=DAWN}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/pakistan/marc-andr%C3%A9-franche-country-director-undp-pakistan-visited-swat|title=Marc-André Franche, Country Director, UNDP in Pakistan visited Swat|date=2013-07-08|newspaper=Relief Web|language=en}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin ayyukan sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan cibiyoyin shari'a na yau da kullun ta yadda za a iya amfani da wasu hanyoyin warware takaddama don warware takaddama a matakin al'umma, tare da taimakawa wajen samar da dandalin tattaunawa tsakanin hanyoyin yau da kullun da na yau da kullun. An horar da mambobin al’ummomin a matsayin ƴan sanda don cike gibin da ke tsakanin masu rauni a cikin al’umma da cibiyoyin gwamnati. A yankuna masu nisa da kuma baya na [[Pakistan]] jama'a gaba daya ba sa son amincewa da [[Ɗan sanda|'yan sanda]] ko [[Lauya|lauyoyi]] amma suna nuna babban sha'awar amincewa da manyan al'ummominsu, wadanda sukan warware taƙaddama ta hanyar tsarin Jirga.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1273271/call-to-enhance-role-of-paralegals-for-protection-of-human-rights|title=Call to enhance role of paralegals for protection of human rights|last=Kundi|first=Asma|date=2016-07-26|newspaper=DAWN}}</ref> Ana sanar da 'yan sanda da masu shiga tsakani game [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|da haƙƙin ɗan adam]], tsarin shari'a da iyakokin ikonsu wajen magance rikice-rikice masu rikitarwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/khyber-pakhtunkhwa/24-Dec-16/srl-arranges-workshop-for-capacity-building-of-drcs-representatives|title=SRL arranges workshop for capacity building of DRCs representatives|date=24 December 2016|publisher=Daily Times}}</ref> Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa ba a rasa haƙƙin mahalarta ba.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1303978/drcs-members-briefed-about-legal-system|title=DRCs’ members briefed about legal system|date=2016-12-23|newspaper=DAWN}}</ref> Ana bukatar Majalisar sasanta rikicin (DRC) da aka kafa ta wannan fanni da su yi aiki tare da ‘yan sandan yankin don tabbatar da gaskiya da inganci.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1304211/dir-nazim-assures-drcs-of-his-support|title=Dir nazim assures DRCs of his support|date=2016-12-24|newspaper=DAWN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/28-Dec-2016/role-of-drcs-highlighted|title=Role of DRCs highlighted|date=28 December 2016|newspaper=The Nation|language=en-US}}</ref> An horar da mata da yawa a matsayin masu shiga tsakani da kuma ’yan sanda don ganin shirin ya kasance mai karbuwa ga [[Mace|mata]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1304684/training-for-drc-members-concludes|title=Training for DRC members concludes|date=27 December 2016|newspaper=DAWN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1305639/work-of-shangla-drcs-reviewed|title=Work of Shangla DRCs reviewed|date=1 January 2016|newspaper=DAWN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1305317/role-of-drcs-in-peoples-access-to-justice-highlighted|title=Role of DRCs in people’s access to justice highlighted|date=30 December 2016|newspaper=DAWN}}</ref> Ana ba da [[Taimakon Shari'a|taimakon shari'a]] ga mutanen da ba za a iya magance matsalolinsu ta hanyar shawarwari, sulhu, sulhu ko wata hanyar da ba ta dace ba.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/771086/step-aside-men-women-mediators-trained-in-alternative-dispute-resolution/|title=Step aside men: Women mediators trained in alternative dispute resolution.|date=2014-10-04|newspaper=The Express Tribune|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://pakobserver.net/dispute-resolution-council-training-workshop-ends/|title=Dispute Resolution Council training workshop ends|date=31 December 2016|newspaper=Pakistan Observer|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102171936/http://pakobserver.net/dispute-resolution-council-training-workshop-ends/|archive-date=2 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sau da yawa, shari'ar da ta cancanci taimakon shari'a ta ƙunshi batutuwan auren yara, auren dole, zaluncin aure, riƙon yara, hana gado, wariya da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/voices/how-access-justice-helping-women-northern-pakistan|title=Starting a New Story: How Access to Justice Is Untangling Women's Lives in Northern Pakistan|date=28 May 2014|website=Open Society Foundations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/voices/delivering-access-justice-mountains-pakistan|title=Linking Justice to Development in Northern Pakistan|date=9 June 2014|website=Open Society Foundations}}</ref> === Amurka === Domin tsarin gargajiya na sabis na isarwa ya buƙaci duk aikin doka da a yi ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba wadatar ayyukan doka gabaɗaya ba ta da ƙarfi.<ref name="DeliveryReport">{{cite web|url=http://www.abanet.org/legalservices/delivery/deltech.html|title=Standing Committee on the Delivery of Legal Services - Standing Committee / Delivery of Legal Services|work=abanet.org|access-date=26 December 2016|archive-date=14 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214004408/http://www.abanet.org/legalservices/delivery/deltech.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Iyalan da ba su cancanci [[Taimakon Shari'a|taimakon shari'a]] ba amma ba za su iya samun sauƙin biyan sabis na shari'a ba suna cikin rashin kulawa sosai ta tsarin gargajiya. Wani rahoto da Kwamitin Tsare-tsare na Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Amurka ya yi game da Ba da Sabis na Shari'a ya gano cewa "a cikin gidaje masu matsakaicin matsakaici, kashi 39% sun yi amfani da tsarin shari'a don ƙoƙarin warware matsalolinsu na shari'a, 23% sun yi ƙoƙarin warwarewa ba tare da taimakon shari'a ba, kuma 26% sun dauka. babu wani aiki." ==== Hanyoyin fasaha ==== Lauyoyi, masu zane-zane, da masana kimiyyar kwamfuta sun yi la'akari da hanyoyin da za a yi amfani da fasaha don inganta damar da ba lauyoyi ba don samun adalci. <ref>See CodeX Techindex. Stanford Law School, n.d. Web. 16 June 2017. <https://techindex.law.stanford.edu/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331081439/https://techindex.law.stanford.edu/ |date=2022-03-31 }}>.</ref> Cibiyar Fasaha ta Illinois (IIT's) Cibiyar Zane-zane da Kwalejin Shari'a ta Chicago-Kent sun haɗu a kan sake fasalin shekaru da yawa na ƙwarewar kotuna masu wakiltar kansu. Rahoton su na 2002 ya rubuta bincikensu na tsarin taimako na yanzu, ƙirƙirar sabuwar ƙa'idar ƙira, da shirin sabon ƙirar tsarin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kentlaw.iit.edu/Documents/Institutes%20and%20Centers/CAJT/access-to-justice-meeting-the-needs.pdf |title=Charles L. Owen, Edward B. Pedwell, and Ronald W. Staudt, "Access to Justice: Meeting the Needs of Self-Represented Litigants", 2002 |access-date=2019-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232805/http://www.kentlaw.iit.edu/Documents/Institutes%20and%20Centers/CAJT/access-to-justice-meeting-the-needs.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rahoton ya kuma gabatar da wasu tsare-tsare na ra'ayi, yana sake yin tunanin yadda tsarin kotun zai yi aiki kuma mutane za su iya shiga. Wasu daga cikin shawarwarinsu sun haɗa da: * "CourtNet", cibiyar sadarwa a cikin ginin kotun, don haɗa haɗin gwiwar ma'aikatan shari'a da jama'a; * "Interactive Translator", kayan aikin software wanda za'a iya amfani da shi wajen yin hira da musanyar kotu, mai iya fassara hanyoyin sadarwa na magana da rubutu zuwa harsuna daban-daban; * "Archetypes", wani dandalin bincike wanda ke ƙera matsalolin shari'a na masu amfani, yana rarraba su, kuma yana ba da sabis na neman aiki; * "Pursuit Evaluator", kayan aiki na kan layi don ba da damar masu yuwuwar masu kara su tantance ko bin shari'ar zai cancanci lokacinsu, kuɗi, da ƙoƙarinsu. * "Formulator Formulator", na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa don barin masu shigar da kara su cire bayanai daga halin da suke ciki da kuma tattara su cikin takardun shari'a daban-daban; * "Mai ba da labari", software da ke amfani da samfurin shari'o'in don taimakawa masu ƙararrakin su tsara nasu fom kuma suna koya musu yadda ake rubutawa daidai; kuma * "Case Tracker", ma'auni mai ma'amala da bincike na tarihin shari'a, wanda ke ba da fayyace tsarin lokaci da kuma nuni ga ayyukan da suka gabata.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/node/6853|title=Technology and Access to Justice - Berkman Klein Center|work=harvard.edu|access-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140205134041/http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/node/6853|archive-date=5 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cibiyar Berkman a Harvard Law School tana aiki tare da alkali Dina Fein a Massachusetts don tsara hanyar samun damar yin adalci a cikin jihar don masu gabatar da kara, masu ƙaramin ƙarfi, masu kara da ba su iya Turanci, da masu naƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://law.stanford.edu/codex-the-stanford-center-for-legal-informatics/|title=CodeX {{!}} Stanford Law School|last=School|first=Stanford Law|website=Stanford Law School|access-date=May 31, 2016}}</ref> Codex, Cibiyar Stanford don Asusun Lafiya na Lafiya, da dokar bakuncin dokokin shari'a don samun damar masu bincike, 'yan kasuwa,' yan kasuwa da fasaha-da fasaha -gefe don ciyar da iyakokin fasahar doka. == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ad4eof6ytshuyegvul6n3ecmroo6v3w 0 32026 894159 570386 2026-08-10T10:24:26Z Aisha SM 47788 894159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{hujja}} '''Lawal Jafaru Isa''', Soja ne Mai ritaya, Birgediya Janar na sojojin Najeriya, kuma ya zama shugaban mulkin soja na [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] a watan Disambaa na shekarar 1993 zuwa watan Agusta shekarata 1996 a lokacin mulkin Janar [[Sani Abacha]] . A shekarar alit 1996, ya ƙirƙiro masarautu da dama ga mutanen kudancin Zariya ko Kaduna domin a samu zaman lafiya a jihar ta Kaduna. A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2000, ya kasance jigo a sabuwar kungiyar [[Arewa Consultative Forum|tuntuba ta Arewa]], wata kungiya mai fafutukar neman siyasa ta yankin arewa. Ya zama shugaban "United Nigerian Development Forum" kungiyar da ke da alaka da yakin neman sake zaben Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] a takarar shugaban kasa a watan Afrilun shekara ta 2003. Ya kuma zama darakta na bankin PHB. Ifeanyi Nwolisa yayi rubutu game da shi: “A gaskiya zai wuya na iya tunawa da dukkan gwamnonin jihar Kaduna da suka wuce, amma akwai wanda na fi so wato '''Laftanar Kanal.''' Lawal Jafaru Isa wanda ya mulki jihar Kaduna daga watan Disamba shekara ta 1993 zuwa watan Satumba 1996. A lokacin mulkin sa ne Kaduna ta fi samun rashin tsaro domin lokacin akayi rikicin Zongon Kataf wato 1992. Saurin da ya yi da kyakkyawar fahimtar shugabanci sun tabbatar da cewa rikicin bai ta’azzara ba”. Nwolisa ya kara da cewa, “Na tuna wata haduwa danayi da Laftanar Kanar, a lokacin ina a birged na yara a lokacin tare da mabiya darikar Anglican, a daya daga cikin tarukan da aka shirya a cocin ''St Michael’s Anglican Church.'' Lt Col. Lawal Jafaru Isa, duk da cewa musulmi bai da matsala da wajen halartar taro. Hakan yana da kyau domin matakin ya tabbatar da cewa Kiristoci sun soma amincewa da shi kuma sun amince sosai da gwamnatinsa don ta kāre rayukan ’yan ƙasa ba tare da la’akari da addini ba. Kyakkyawar niyyar da Lt Col. Lawal Jafaru Isa yake da ita wajen hada kan daukacin mazauna jihar Kaduna ya samar da abin koyi ga gwamnonin da suka biyo baya, wato yin gaggawar daukar mataki a duk wani abu da ya faru ko da ‘yar karamar matsala ce.” == Rikicin siyasa == Isa, babban mai goyon bayan shugaban kasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] na Najeriya ne, ya tsaya takarar gwamnan jiharsa ta Kano sau biyu, tun bayan dawowar mulkin dimokradiyya a Najeriya a shekara ta 1999. Da farko dai ya tsaya takara ne a karkashin sabuwar jam’iyyar CPC ta Buhari a shekarar 2011 Zaben da ya shiga karo na biyu a kan karagar mulki a karkashin jam’iyyar APC shine a shekara ta 2015 bai ga hasken rana ba, bayan da gwamnan jihar na yanzu, Dakta [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje]] ya kada shi a zaben fidda gwani na yan takarar jam’iyyar. == Zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa == A lokuta biyu mabanbanta Isa ya tsaya takarar gwamna, ya shirya yakin neman zabensa akan gaskiya. Da yawa daga cikin abokan takararsa da suka hada da Yakubu Ya'u Isa sun yi ikirarin cewa shi tsaftatacce ne kamar Muhammadu Buhari wanda wasu 'yan Najeriya ke yiwa lakabi da mai gaskiya. Sai dai a ranar 6 ga watan Janairu, na shekarar 2015, Hukumar Yaki da yi wa Tattalin Arzikin Kasa Ta’annati wato (EFCC), ta kama shi a gidansa da [[Abuja|ke Abuja,]] dangane da binciken da ake yi na yadda aka karkatar da makudan kudade daga ofishin tsohon mai ba shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro. Isa ya kasance jigo na farko a jam'iyyar APC da (EFCC) ta kama tun bayan fara bincike kan zargin karkatar da dala biliyan 2.1 da aka ware don sayen makamai da jami'an tsohuwar gwamnatin tsohon shugaban kasa [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Ebele Jonathan]] ta yi. An yi amannar cewa Isa babban aminin tsohon mai baiwa shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro (NSA) ne wato Col. [[Sambo Dasuki]] (Rtrd). An ce misalin karfe 9 na dare ne jami’an hukumar (EFCC) suka mamaye gidansa, sannan suka tafi da shi bayan ‘yan mintoci. Mako guda kafin a kama Birgediya-Janar, an aike masa da takardar gayyata da ya bayyana a gaban hukumar, a ranar 6 ga watan Janairu don sharewa daga “wasu tambayoyi akan rasidai” daga tsohon NSA. Masu bincike sun yi imanin ya karbi sama da Naira miliyan 100 daga hannun Col. Dasuki. An gano cewa maimakon girmama gayyatar, majiyoyin sun ce, Janar. Isa ya rubutawa hukumar (EFCC) wasika ta hannun lauyansa, yana neman a dage ranar bayyanarsa bisa dalilin mutuwar dan uwansa. Da alama dai hukumar ba ta gamsu da uzurin nasa ba, sai dai (EFCC) ta kama shi domin ya fayyace "rasidun da ake tambaya a kai". A baya ma dai an kama shugaban kamfanin <nowiki><i>Daar Communications</i></nowiki> Plc, wato Cif [[Raymond Dokpesi]] akan kudi naira biliyan 2.1 da aka gano a asusun sa na banki. Ya ce kudaden da ya karba daga ofishin mai ba shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro a lokacin mulkin Goodluck Jonathan na biyan kudin yakin neman zabe da kuma yakin neman zabe na 2015 ne. Shima haka Alhaji Attahiru Bafarawa tsohon gwamnan Sokoto yana fuskantar bincike akan kudi har naira miliyan 100 da ya ce ya karba ne domin addu'o'in neman samun nasarar jam'iyyar PDP a zaben shekara ta 2015 mai zuwa. Hakanan ma an kama tsohon ministan kudi, Bashir Yuguda bisa zargin karbar naira biliyan 1.5 daga ofishin tsohon NSA ta hannun wani kamfani da ba a bayyana sunansa ba, kan wani dalili da shima ba a bayyana ba. Ba da dadewa ba, kakakin jam’iyyar PDP, Cif Olisa Metuh, shi ma an gayyace shi hukumar (EFCC) domin ya amsa tambayoyi akan wasu makudan kudade a asusun wani kamfani da yake da hannayen 0jari masu yawa. Wani ma’aikacin hukumar (EFCC) da ya tabbatar da wani kamfani mai suna ''Destra Investment Limited'' wanda Metuh ke da hannun jari a cikinsa, ya karbi kudi har naira biliyan 1.4 daga ofishin mai baiwa shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro. Sauran wadanda ake tsare da su sun hada da dan Bafarawa, Sagir Bafarawa, da na tsohon ministan tsaro, Bello Mohammed, Abba Mohammed. Jerin sunayen ‘yan Najeriya da hukumar (EFCC) ta gayyato na karuwa a duk rana. Da alama ƙarshen binciken ba nan kusa yake ba. Jafaru Isa, jigon APC na farko, ya zama babban kifi a jikkar (EFCC). == Manazarta == {{KadunaStateGovernors}} [[Category:Gwamnonin Jihar Kaduna]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pdf4s5elketgk9d151f5gjqdk9nidag 894160 894159 2026-08-10T10:24:46Z Aisha SM 47788 894160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{hujja}} '''Lawal Jafaru Isa''', Soja ne Mai ritaya, Birgediya Janar na sojojin Najeriya, kuma ya zama shugaban mulkin soja na [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] a watan Disambaa na shekarar 1993 zuwa watan Agusta shekarata 1996 a lokacin mulkin Janar [[Sani Abacha]] . A shekarar alit 1996, ya ƙirƙiro masarautu da dama ga mutanen kudancin Zariya ko Kaduna domin a samu zaman lafiya a jihar ta Kaduna. A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2000, ya kasance jigo a sabuwar kungiyar [[Arewa Consultative Forum|tuntuba ta Arewa]], wata kungiya mai fafutukar neman siyasa ta yankin arewa. Ya zama shugaban "United Nigerian Development Forum" kungiyar da ke da alaka da yakin neman sake zaben Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] a takarar shugaban ƙasa a watan Afrilun shekara ta 2003. Ya kuma zama darakta na bankin PHB. Ifeanyi Nwolisa yayi rubutu game da shi: “A gaskiya zai wuya na iya tunawa da dukkan gwamnonin jihar Kaduna da suka wuce, amma akwai wanda na fi so wato '''Laftanar Kanal.''' Lawal Jafaru Isa wanda ya mulki jihar Kaduna daga watan Disamba shekara ta 1993 zuwa watan Satumba 1996. A lokacin mulkin sa ne Kaduna ta fi samun rashin tsaro domin lokacin akayi rikicin Zongon Kataf wato 1992. Saurin da ya yi da kyakkyawar fahimtar shugabanci sun tabbatar da cewa rikicin bai ta’azzara ba”. Nwolisa ya kara da cewa, “Na tuna wata haduwa danayi da Laftanar Kanar, a lokacin ina a birged na yara a lokacin tare da mabiya darikar Anglican, a daya daga cikin tarukan da aka shirya a cocin ''St Michael’s Anglican Church.'' Lt Col. Lawal Jafaru Isa, duk da cewa musulmi bai da matsala da wajen halartar taro. Hakan yana da kyau domin matakin ya tabbatar da cewa Kiristoci sun soma amincewa da shi kuma sun amince sosai da gwamnatinsa don ta kāre rayukan ’yan ƙasa ba tare da la’akari da addini ba. Kyakkyawar niyyar da Lt Col. Lawal Jafaru Isa yake da ita wajen hada kan daukacin mazauna jihar Kaduna ya samar da abin koyi ga gwamnonin da suka biyo baya, wato yin gaggawar daukar mataki a duk wani abu da ya faru ko da ‘yar karamar matsala ce.” == Rikicin siyasa == Isa, babban mai goyon bayan shugaban kasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] na Najeriya ne, ya tsaya takarar gwamnan jiharsa ta Kano sau biyu, tun bayan dawowar mulkin dimokradiyya a Najeriya a shekara ta 1999. Da farko dai ya tsaya takara ne a karkashin sabuwar jam’iyyar CPC ta Buhari a shekarar 2011 Zaben da ya shiga karo na biyu a kan karagar mulki a karkashin jam’iyyar APC shine a shekara ta 2015 bai ga hasken rana ba, bayan da gwamnan jihar na yanzu, Dakta [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje]] ya kada shi a zaben fidda gwani na yan takarar jam’iyyar. == Zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa == A lokuta biyu mabanbanta Isa ya tsaya takarar gwamna, ya shirya yakin neman zabensa akan gaskiya. Da yawa daga cikin abokan takararsa da suka hada da Yakubu Ya'u Isa sun yi ikirarin cewa shi tsaftatacce ne kamar Muhammadu Buhari wanda wasu 'yan Najeriya ke yiwa lakabi da mai gaskiya. Sai dai a ranar 6 ga watan Janairu, na shekarar 2015, Hukumar Yaki da yi wa Tattalin Arzikin Kasa Ta’annati wato (EFCC), ta kama shi a gidansa da [[Abuja|ke Abuja,]] dangane da binciken da ake yi na yadda aka karkatar da makudan kudade daga ofishin tsohon mai ba shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro. Isa ya kasance jigo na farko a jam'iyyar APC da (EFCC) ta kama tun bayan fara bincike kan zargin karkatar da dala biliyan 2.1 da aka ware don sayen makamai da jami'an tsohuwar gwamnatin tsohon shugaban kasa [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Ebele Jonathan]] ta yi. An yi amannar cewa Isa babban aminin tsohon mai baiwa shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro (NSA) ne wato Col. [[Sambo Dasuki]] (Rtrd). An ce misalin karfe 9 na dare ne jami’an hukumar (EFCC) suka mamaye gidansa, sannan suka tafi da shi bayan ‘yan mintoci. Mako guda kafin a kama Birgediya-Janar, an aike masa da takardar gayyata da ya bayyana a gaban hukumar, a ranar 6 ga watan Janairu don sharewa daga “wasu tambayoyi akan rasidai” daga tsohon NSA. Masu bincike sun yi imanin ya karbi sama da Naira miliyan 100 daga hannun Col. Dasuki. An gano cewa maimakon girmama gayyatar, majiyoyin sun ce, Janar. Isa ya rubutawa hukumar (EFCC) wasika ta hannun lauyansa, yana neman a dage ranar bayyanarsa bisa dalilin mutuwar dan uwansa. Da alama dai hukumar ba ta gamsu da uzurin nasa ba, sai dai (EFCC) ta kama shi domin ya fayyace "rasidun da ake tambaya a kai". A baya ma dai an kama shugaban kamfanin <nowiki><i>Daar Communications</i></nowiki> Plc, wato Cif [[Raymond Dokpesi]] akan kudi naira biliyan 2.1 da aka gano a asusun sa na banki. Ya ce kudaden da ya karba daga ofishin mai ba shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro a lokacin mulkin Goodluck Jonathan na biyan kudin yakin neman zabe da kuma yakin neman zabe na 2015 ne. Shima haka Alhaji Attahiru Bafarawa tsohon gwamnan Sokoto yana fuskantar bincike akan kudi har naira miliyan 100 da ya ce ya karba ne domin addu'o'in neman samun nasarar jam'iyyar PDP a zaben shekara ta 2015 mai zuwa. Hakanan ma an kama tsohon ministan kudi, Bashir Yuguda bisa zargin karbar naira biliyan 1.5 daga ofishin tsohon NSA ta hannun wani kamfani da ba a bayyana sunansa ba, kan wani dalili da shima ba a bayyana ba. Ba da dadewa ba, kakakin jam’iyyar PDP, Cif Olisa Metuh, shi ma an gayyace shi hukumar (EFCC) domin ya amsa tambayoyi akan wasu makudan kudade a asusun wani kamfani da yake da hannayen 0jari masu yawa. Wani ma’aikacin hukumar (EFCC) da ya tabbatar da wani kamfani mai suna ''Destra Investment Limited'' wanda Metuh ke da hannun jari a cikinsa, ya karbi kudi har naira biliyan 1.4 daga ofishin mai baiwa shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro. Sauran wadanda ake tsare da su sun hada da dan Bafarawa, Sagir Bafarawa, da na tsohon ministan tsaro, Bello Mohammed, Abba Mohammed. Jerin sunayen ‘yan Najeriya da hukumar (EFCC) ta gayyato na karuwa a duk rana. Da alama ƙarshen binciken ba nan kusa yake ba. Jafaru Isa, jigon APC na farko, ya zama babban kifi a jikkar (EFCC). == Manazarta == {{KadunaStateGovernors}} [[Category:Gwamnonin Jihar Kaduna]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3j1qo7fnqusm8mfmx56sl4fezjv3xk5 894162 894160 2026-08-10T10:25:04Z Aisha SM 47788 894162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{hujja}} '''Lawal Jafaru Isa''', Soja ne Mai ritaya, Birgediya Janar na sojojin Najeriya, kuma ya zama shugaban mulkin soja na [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] a watan Disambaa na shekarar 1993 zuwa watan Agusta shekarata 1996 a lokacin mulkin Janar [[Sani Abacha]] . A shekarar alit 1996, ya ƙirƙiro masarautu da dama ga mutanen kudancin Zariya ko Kaduna domin a samu zaman lafiya a jihar ta Kaduna. A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2000, ya kasance jigo a sabuwar kungiyar [[Arewa Consultative Forum|tuntuba ta Arewa]], wata kungiya mai fafutukar neman siyasa ta yankin arewa. Ya zama shugaban "United Nigerian Development Forum" kungiyar da ke da alaka da yakin neman sake zaben Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] a takarar shugaban ƙasa a watan Afrilun shekara ta 2003. Ya kuma zama darakta na bankin PHB. Ifeanyi Nwolisa yayi rubutu game da shi: “A gaskiya zai wuya na iya tunawa da dukkan gwamnonin jihar Kaduna da suka wuce, amma akwai wanda na fi so wato '''Laftanar Kanal.''' Lawal Jafaru Isa wanda ya mulki jihar Kaduna daga watan Disamba shekara ta 1993 zuwa watan Satumban shekarar 1996. A lokacin mulkin sa ne Kaduna ta fi samun rashin tsaro domin lokacin akayi rikicin Zongon Kataf wato 1992. Saurin da ya yi da kyakkyawar fahimtar shugabanci sun tabbatar da cewa rikicin bai ta’azzara ba”. Nwolisa ya kara da cewa, “Na tuna wata haduwa danayi da Laftanar Kanar, a lokacin ina a birged na yara a lokacin tare da mabiya darikar Anglican, a daya daga cikin tarukan da aka shirya a cocin ''St Michael’s Anglican Church.'' Lt Col. Lawal Jafaru Isa, duk da cewa musulmi bai da matsala da wajen halartar taro. Hakan yana da kyau domin matakin ya tabbatar da cewa Kiristoci sun soma amincewa da shi kuma sun amince sosai da gwamnatinsa don ta kāre rayukan ’yan ƙasa ba tare da la’akari da addini ba. Kyakkyawar niyyar da Lt Col. Lawal Jafaru Isa yake da ita wajen hada kan daukacin mazauna jihar Kaduna ya samar da abin koyi ga gwamnonin da suka biyo baya, wato yin gaggawar daukar mataki a duk wani abu da ya faru ko da ‘yar karamar matsala ce.” == Rikicin siyasa == Isa, babban mai goyon bayan shugaban kasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] na Najeriya ne, ya tsaya takarar gwamnan jiharsa ta Kano sau biyu, tun bayan dawowar mulkin dimokradiyya a Najeriya a shekara ta 1999. Da farko dai ya tsaya takara ne a karkashin sabuwar jam’iyyar CPC ta Buhari a shekarar 2011 Zaben da ya shiga karo na biyu a kan karagar mulki a karkashin jam’iyyar APC shine a shekara ta 2015 bai ga hasken rana ba, bayan da gwamnan jihar na yanzu, Dakta [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje]] ya kada shi a zaben fidda gwani na yan takarar jam’iyyar. == Zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa == A lokuta biyu mabanbanta Isa ya tsaya takarar gwamna, ya shirya yakin neman zabensa akan gaskiya. Da yawa daga cikin abokan takararsa da suka hada da Yakubu Ya'u Isa sun yi ikirarin cewa shi tsaftatacce ne kamar Muhammadu Buhari wanda wasu 'yan Najeriya ke yiwa lakabi da mai gaskiya. Sai dai a ranar 6 ga watan Janairu, na shekarar 2015, Hukumar Yaki da yi wa Tattalin Arzikin Kasa Ta’annati wato (EFCC), ta kama shi a gidansa da [[Abuja|ke Abuja,]] dangane da binciken da ake yi na yadda aka karkatar da makudan kudade daga ofishin tsohon mai ba shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro. Isa ya kasance jigo na farko a jam'iyyar APC da (EFCC) ta kama tun bayan fara bincike kan zargin karkatar da dala biliyan 2.1 da aka ware don sayen makamai da jami'an tsohuwar gwamnatin tsohon shugaban kasa [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Ebele Jonathan]] ta yi. An yi amannar cewa Isa babban aminin tsohon mai baiwa shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro (NSA) ne wato Col. [[Sambo Dasuki]] (Rtrd). An ce misalin karfe 9 na dare ne jami’an hukumar (EFCC) suka mamaye gidansa, sannan suka tafi da shi bayan ‘yan mintoci. Mako guda kafin a kama Birgediya-Janar, an aike masa da takardar gayyata da ya bayyana a gaban hukumar, a ranar 6 ga watan Janairu don sharewa daga “wasu tambayoyi akan rasidai” daga tsohon NSA. Masu bincike sun yi imanin ya karbi sama da Naira miliyan 100 daga hannun Col. Dasuki. An gano cewa maimakon girmama gayyatar, majiyoyin sun ce, Janar. Isa ya rubutawa hukumar (EFCC) wasika ta hannun lauyansa, yana neman a dage ranar bayyanarsa bisa dalilin mutuwar dan uwansa. Da alama dai hukumar ba ta gamsu da uzurin nasa ba, sai dai (EFCC) ta kama shi domin ya fayyace "rasidun da ake tambaya a kai". A baya ma dai an kama shugaban kamfanin <nowiki><i>Daar Communications</i></nowiki> Plc, wato Cif [[Raymond Dokpesi]] akan kudi naira biliyan 2.1 da aka gano a asusun sa na banki. Ya ce kudaden da ya karba daga ofishin mai ba shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro a lokacin mulkin Goodluck Jonathan na biyan kudin yakin neman zabe da kuma yakin neman zabe na 2015 ne. Shima haka Alhaji Attahiru Bafarawa tsohon gwamnan Sokoto yana fuskantar bincike akan kudi har naira miliyan 100 da ya ce ya karba ne domin addu'o'in neman samun nasarar jam'iyyar PDP a zaben shekara ta 2015 mai zuwa. Hakanan ma an kama tsohon ministan kudi, Bashir Yuguda bisa zargin karbar naira biliyan 1.5 daga ofishin tsohon NSA ta hannun wani kamfani da ba a bayyana sunansa ba, kan wani dalili da shima ba a bayyana ba. Ba da dadewa ba, kakakin jam’iyyar PDP, Cif Olisa Metuh, shi ma an gayyace shi hukumar (EFCC) domin ya amsa tambayoyi akan wasu makudan kudade a asusun wani kamfani da yake da hannayen 0jari masu yawa. Wani ma’aikacin hukumar (EFCC) da ya tabbatar da wani kamfani mai suna ''Destra Investment Limited'' wanda Metuh ke da hannun jari a cikinsa, ya karbi kudi har naira biliyan 1.4 daga ofishin mai baiwa shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro. Sauran wadanda ake tsare da su sun hada da dan Bafarawa, Sagir Bafarawa, da na tsohon ministan tsaro, Bello Mohammed, Abba Mohammed. Jerin sunayen ‘yan Najeriya da hukumar (EFCC) ta gayyato na karuwa a duk rana. Da alama ƙarshen binciken ba nan kusa yake ba. Jafaru Isa, jigon APC na farko, ya zama babban kifi a jikkar (EFCC). == Manazarta == {{KadunaStateGovernors}} [[Category:Gwamnonin Jihar Kaduna]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1oxejuaz1iqnhyhuwwc0xk23vkz2m9y 894163 894162 2026-08-10T10:25:36Z Aisha SM 47788 894163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{hujja}} '''Lawal Jafaru Isa''', Soja ne Mai ritaya, Birgediya Janar na sojojin Najeriya, kuma ya zama shugaban mulkin soja na [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] a watan Disambaa na shekarar 1993 zuwa watan Agusta shekarata 1996 a lokacin mulkin Janar [[Sani Abacha]] . A shekarar alit 1996, ya ƙirƙiro masarautu da dama ga mutanen kudancin Zariya ko Kaduna domin a samu zaman lafiya a jihar ta Kaduna. A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2000, ya kasance jigo a sabuwar kungiyar [[Arewa Consultative Forum|tuntuba ta Arewa]], wata kungiya mai fafutukar neman siyasa ta yankin arewa. Ya zama shugaban "United Nigerian Development Forum" kungiyar da ke da alaka da yakin neman sake zaben Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] a takarar shugaban ƙasa a watan Afrilun shekara ta 2003. Ya kuma zama darakta na bankin PHB. Ifeanyi Nwolisa yayi rubutu game da shi: “A gaskiya zai wuya na iya tunawa da dukkan gwamnonin jihar Kaduna da suka wuce, amma akwai wanda na fi so wato '''Laftanar Kanal.''' Lawal Jafaru Isa wanda ya mulki jihar Kaduna daga watan Disamba shekara ta 1993 zuwa watan Satumban shekarar 1996. A lokacin mulkin sa ne Kaduna ta fi samun rashin tsaro domin lokacin akayi rikicin Zongon Kataf wato 1992. Saurin da ya yi da kyakkyawar fahimtar shugabanci sun tabbatar da cewa rikicin bai ta’azzara ba”. Nwolisa ya kara da cewa, “Na tuna wata haduwa danayi da Laftanar Kanar, a lokacin ina a birged na yara a lokacin tare da mabiya darikar Anglican, a daya daga cikin tarukan da aka shirya a cocin ''St Michael’s Anglican Church.'' Lt Col. Lawal Jafaru Isa, duk da cewa musulmi bai da matsala da wajen halartar taro. Hakan yana da kyau domin matakin ya tabbatar da cewa Kiristoci sun soma amincewa da shi kuma sun amince sosai da gwamnatinsa don ta kāre rayukan ’yan ƙasa ba tare da la’akari da addini ba. Kyakkyawar niyyar da Lt Col. Lawal Jafaru Isa yake da ita wajen hada kan daukacin mazauna jihar Kaduna ya samar da abin koyi ga gwamnonin da suka biyo baya, wato yin gaggawar daukar mataki a duk wani abu da ya faru ko da ‘yar karamar matsala ce.” == Rikicin siyasa == Isa, babban mai goyon bayan shugaban kasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] na Najeriya ne, ya tsaya takarar gwamnan jiharsa ta Kano sau biyu, tun bayan dawowar mulkin dimokradiyya a Najeriya a shekara ta 1999. Da farko dai ya tsaya takara ne a karkashin sabuwar jam’iyyar CPC ta Buhari a shekarar 2011 Zaben da ya shiga karo na biyu a kan karagar mulki a karkashin jam’iyyar APC shine a shekara ta 2015 bai ga hasken rana ba, bayan da gwamnan jihar na yanzu, Dakta [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje]] ya kada shi a zaben fidda gwani na yan takarar jam’iyyar. == Zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa == A lokuta biyu mabanbanta Isa ya tsaya takarar gwamna, ya shirya yakin neman zabensa akan gaskiya. Da yawa daga cikin abokan takararsa da suka hada da Yakubu Ya'u Isa sun yi ikirarin cewa shi tsaftatacce ne kamar Muhammadu Buhari wanda wasu 'yan Najeriya ke yiwa lakabi da mai gaskiya. Sai dai a ranar 6 ga watan Janairu, na shekarar 2015, Hukumar Yaƙi da yi wa Tattalin Arzikin Kasa Ta’annati wato (EFCC), ta kama shi a gidansa da [[Abuja|ke Abuja,]] dangane da binciken da ake yi na yadda aka karkatar da makudan kudade daga ofishin tsohon mai ba shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro. Isa ya kasance jigo na farko a jam'iyyar APC da (EFCC) ta kama tun bayan fara bincike kan zargin karkatar da dala biliyan 2.1 da aka ware don sayen makamai da jami'an tsohuwar gwamnatin tsohon shugaban kasa [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Ebele Jonathan]] ta yi. An yi amannar cewa Isa babban aminin tsohon mai baiwa shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro (NSA) ne wato Col. [[Sambo Dasuki]] (Rtrd). An ce misalin karfe 9 na dare ne jami’an hukumar (EFCC) suka mamaye gidansa, sannan suka tafi da shi bayan ‘yan mintoci. Mako guda kafin a kama Birgediya-Janar, an aike masa da takardar gayyata da ya bayyana a gaban hukumar, a ranar 6 ga watan Janairu don sharewa daga “wasu tambayoyi akan rasidai” daga tsohon NSA. Masu bincike sun yi imanin ya karbi sama da Naira miliyan 100 daga hannun Col. Dasuki. An gano cewa maimakon girmama gayyatar, majiyoyin sun ce, Janar. Isa ya rubutawa hukumar (EFCC) wasika ta hannun lauyansa, yana neman a dage ranar bayyanarsa bisa dalilin mutuwar dan uwansa. Da alama dai hukumar ba ta gamsu da uzurin nasa ba, sai dai (EFCC) ta kama shi domin ya fayyace "rasidun da ake tambaya a kai". A baya ma dai an kama shugaban kamfanin <nowiki><i>Daar Communications</i></nowiki> Plc, wato Cif [[Raymond Dokpesi]] akan kudi naira biliyan 2.1 da aka gano a asusun sa na banki. Ya ce kudaden da ya karba daga ofishin mai ba shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro a lokacin mulkin Goodluck Jonathan na biyan kudin yakin neman zabe da kuma yakin neman zabe na 2015 ne. Shima haka Alhaji Attahiru Bafarawa tsohon gwamnan Sokoto yana fuskantar bincike akan kudi har naira miliyan 100 da ya ce ya karba ne domin addu'o'in neman samun nasarar jam'iyyar PDP a zaben shekara ta 2015 mai zuwa. Hakanan ma an kama tsohon ministan kudi, Bashir Yuguda bisa zargin karbar naira biliyan 1.5 daga ofishin tsohon NSA ta hannun wani kamfani da ba a bayyana sunansa ba, kan wani dalili da shima ba a bayyana ba. Ba da dadewa ba, kakakin jam’iyyar PDP, Cif Olisa Metuh, shi ma an gayyace shi hukumar (EFCC) domin ya amsa tambayoyi akan wasu makudan kudade a asusun wani kamfani da yake da hannayen 0jari masu yawa. Wani ma’aikacin hukumar (EFCC) da ya tabbatar da wani kamfani mai suna ''Destra Investment Limited'' wanda Metuh ke da hannun jari a cikinsa, ya karbi kudi har naira biliyan 1.4 daga ofishin mai baiwa shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro. Sauran wadanda ake tsare da su sun hada da dan Bafarawa, Sagir Bafarawa, da na tsohon ministan tsaro, Bello Mohammed, Abba Mohammed. Jerin sunayen ‘yan Najeriya da hukumar (EFCC) ta gayyato na karuwa a duk rana. Da alama ƙarshen binciken ba nan kusa yake ba. Jafaru Isa, jigon APC na farko, ya zama babban kifi a jikkar (EFCC). == Manazarta == {{KadunaStateGovernors}} [[Category:Gwamnonin Jihar Kaduna]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7vy3k84d8s4sppowfuohz3gvipe6iqk 894165 894163 2026-08-10T10:26:07Z Aisha SM 47788 894165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{hujja}} '''Lawal Jafaru Isa''', Soja ne Mai ritaya, Birgediya Janar na sojojin Najeriya, kuma ya zama shugaban mulkin soja na [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] a watan Disambaa na shekarar 1993 zuwa watan Agusta shekarata 1996 a lokacin mulkin Janar [[Sani Abacha]] . A shekarar alit 1996, ya ƙirƙiro masarautu da dama ga mutanen kudancin Zariya ko Kaduna domin a samu zaman lafiya a jihar ta Kaduna. A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2000, ya kasance jigo a sabuwar kungiyar [[Arewa Consultative Forum|tuntuba ta Arewa]], wata kungiya mai fafutukar neman siyasa ta yankin arewa. Ya zama shugaban "United Nigerian Development Forum" kungiyar da ke da alaka da yakin neman sake zaben Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] a takarar shugaban ƙasa a watan Afrilun shekara ta 2003. Ya kuma zama darakta na bankin PHB. Ifeanyi Nwolisa yayi rubutu game da shi: “A gaskiya zai wuya na iya tunawa da dukkan gwamnonin jihar Kaduna da suka wuce, amma akwai wanda na fi so wato '''Laftanar Kanal.''' Lawal Jafaru Isa wanda ya mulki jihar Kaduna daga watan Disamba shekara ta 1993 zuwa watan Satumban shekarar 1996. A lokacin mulkin sa ne Kaduna ta fi samun rashin tsaro domin lokacin akayi rikicin Zongon Kataf wato 1992. Saurin da ya yi da kyakkyawar fahimtar shugabanci sun tabbatar da cewa rikicin bai ta’azzara ba”. Nwolisa ya kara da cewa, “Na tuna wata haduwa danayi da Laftanar Kanar, a lokacin ina a birged na yara a lokacin tare da mabiya darikar Anglican, a daya daga cikin tarukan da aka shirya a cocin ''St Michael’s Anglican Church.'' Lt Col. Lawal Jafaru Isa, duk da cewa musulmi bai da matsala da wajen halartar taro. Hakan yana da kyau domin matakin ya tabbatar da cewa Kiristoci sun soma amincewa da shi kuma sun amince sosai da gwamnatinsa don ta kāre rayukan ’yan ƙasa ba tare da la’akari da addini ba. Kyakkyawar niyyar da Lt Col. Lawal Jafaru Isa yake da ita wajen hada kan daukacin mazauna jihar Kaduna ya samar da abin koyi ga gwamnonin da suka biyo baya, wato yin gaggawar daukar mataki a duk wani abu da ya faru ko da ‘yar karamar matsala ce.” == Rikicin siyasa == Isa, babban mai goyon bayan shugaban kasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] na Najeriya ne, ya tsaya takarar gwamnan jiharsa ta Kano sau biyu, tun bayan dawowar mulkin dimokradiyya a Najeriya a shekara ta 1999. Da farko dai ya tsaya takara ne a karkashin sabuwar jam’iyyar CPC ta Buhari a shekarar 2011 Zaben da ya shiga karo na biyu a kan karagar mulki a karkashin jam’iyyar APC shine a shekara ta 2015 bai ga hasken rana ba, bayan da gwamnan jihar na yanzu, Dakta [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje]] ya kada shi a zaben fidda gwani na yan takarar jam’iyyar. == Zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa == A lokuta biyu mabanbanta Isa ya tsaya takarar gwamna, ya shirya yakin neman zabensa akan gaskiya. Da yawa daga cikin abokan takararsa da suka hada da Yakubu Ya'u Isa sun yi ikirarin cewa shi tsaftatacce ne kamar Muhammadu Buhari wanda wasu 'yan Najeriya ke yiwa lakabi da mai gaskiya. Sai dai a ranar 6 ga watan Janairu, na shekarar 2015, Hukumar Yaƙi da yi wa Tattalin Arzikin Kasa Ta’annati wato (EFCC), ta kama shi a gidansa da [[Abuja|ke Abuja,]] dangane da binciken da ake yi na yadda aka karkatar da makudan kudade daga ofishin tsohon mai ba shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro. Isa ya kasance jigo na farko a jam'iyyar APC da (EFCC) ta kama tun bayan fara bincike kan zargin karkatar da dala biliyan 2.1 da aka ware don sayen makamai da jami'an tsohuwar gwamnatin tsohon shugaban kasa [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Ebele Jonathan]] ta yi. An yi amannar cewa Isa babban aminin tsohon mai baiwa shugaban ƙasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro (NSA) ne wato Col. [[Sambo Dasuki]] (Rtrd). An ce misalin karfe 9 na dare ne jami’an hukumar (EFCC) suka mamaye gidansa, sannan suka tafi da shi bayan ‘yan mintoci. Mako guda kafin a kama Birgediya-Janar, an aike masa da takardar gayyata da ya bayyana a gaban hukumar, a ranar 6 ga watan Janairu don sharewa daga “wasu tambayoyi akan rasidai” daga tsohon NSA. Masu bincike sun yi imanin ya karɓi sama da Naira miliyan 100 daga hannun Col. Dasuki. An gano cewa maimakon girmama gayyatar, majiyoyin sun ce, Janar. Isa ya rubutawa hukumar (EFCC) wasika ta hannun lauyansa, yana neman a dage ranar bayyanarsa bisa dalilin mutuwar dan uwansa. Da alama dai hukumar ba ta gamsu da uzurin nasa ba, sai dai (EFCC) ta kama shi domin ya fayyace "rasidun da ake tambaya a kai". A baya ma dai an kama shugaban kamfanin <nowiki><i>Daar Communications</i></nowiki> Plc, wato Cif [[Raymond Dokpesi]] akan kudi naira biliyan 2.1 da aka gano a asusun sa na banki. Ya ce kudaden da ya karba daga ofishin mai ba shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro a lokacin mulkin Goodluck Jonathan na biyan kudin yakin neman zabe da kuma yakin neman zabe na 2015 ne. Shima haka Alhaji Attahiru Bafarawa tsohon gwamnan Sokoto yana fuskantar bincike akan kudi har naira miliyan 100 da ya ce ya karba ne domin addu'o'in neman samun nasarar jam'iyyar PDP a zaben shekara ta 2015 mai zuwa. Hakanan ma an kama tsohon ministan kudi, Bashir Yuguda bisa zargin karbar naira biliyan 1.5 daga ofishin tsohon NSA ta hannun wani kamfani da ba a bayyana sunansa ba, kan wani dalili da shima ba a bayyana ba. Ba da dadewa ba, kakakin jam’iyyar PDP, Cif Olisa Metuh, shi ma an gayyace shi hukumar (EFCC) domin ya amsa tambayoyi akan wasu makudan kudade a asusun wani kamfani da yake da hannayen 0jari masu yawa. Wani ma’aikacin hukumar (EFCC) da ya tabbatar da wani kamfani mai suna ''Destra Investment Limited'' wanda Metuh ke da hannun jari a cikinsa, ya karbi kudi har naira biliyan 1.4 daga ofishin mai baiwa shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro. Sauran wadanda ake tsare da su sun hada da dan Bafarawa, Sagir Bafarawa, da na tsohon ministan tsaro, Bello Mohammed, Abba Mohammed. Jerin sunayen ‘yan Najeriya da hukumar (EFCC) ta gayyato na karuwa a duk rana. Da alama ƙarshen binciken ba nan kusa yake ba. Jafaru Isa, jigon APC na farko, ya zama babban kifi a jikkar (EFCC). == Manazarta == {{KadunaStateGovernors}} [[Category:Gwamnonin Jihar Kaduna]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sq58bke78hve9f56szpqec94taps17o 0 32477 894021 511627 2026-08-10T05:15:40Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 894021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Sarah%26Johnny.jpg |thumb| Sarah da Jonny]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Sarah Lee Guthrie''' (an Haife ta a Fabrairun shekarar 17, 1979) shi kuma '''Johnny Irion''' (an Haifa shi a Fabrairu 3, 1969) duo ne na kiɗa. Guthrie da Irion sun yi aure a ranar 16 ga Oktoban shekarata 1999 <ref>Internet Movie Database. [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1711993/bio Biography for Sarah Lee Guthrie.]</ref> kuma sun fara yin wasa tare a matsayin duo mai sauti a cikin faɗuwar 2000. Waƙarsu ta haɗu da ƙaunar Irion na rock da blues tare da tushen Guthrie na jama'a da ƙasa . == Kuruciya == === Guthrie === Guthrie ita ce ƙaramar 'ya ga mawaki Arlo Guthrie kuma jikanyar Woody Guthrie . A matsayin mawaƙa na ƙarni na uku Guthrie ta fito da kundi na farko mai taken kanta akan dangin mallakar Rising Son Records a cikin 2002. Tun tana karama ta shiga harkar wasan kwaikwayo da rawa. Sha'awarta ga kiɗa ya samo asali ne lokacin da ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da hanya na mahaifinta a kan yawon shakatawa na Ƙari na 1997 kuma ta ga sauran membobin ƙungiyar yawon shakatawa suna jin daɗi a cikin dare. Ta ɗauki guitar ta fara wasa a matsayin hanyar shiga cikin nishaɗin. "A koyaushe ina rubuta wakoki, don haka bai yi nisa ba don in mayar da waccan waƙa." <ref name="nelligan">Nelligan, Tom. Three generations of Guthries: an American musical family. ''Dirty Linen'', June/July 2002, p. 36-43.</ref><blockquote>"Mahaifi na ya yi farin ciki sosai, kuma yana koya mani kaya kowace rana idan muna kan hanya tare. Wannan hanya ce mai daɗi don sanin mahaifina, domin ban taɓa saninsa haka ba. Kuma wannan wani abu ne da ya sauƙaƙa: mahaifina yana ba da taimako sosai.” <ref>Alarik, Scott.[http://www.scottalarik.com/index.php?page=stories&category=01--Featured_Stories&display=1 "The Guthries & Seegers Are At It Again!"] Retrieved July 30, 2007.</ref></blockquote> === Irion === Irion ya samo asali ne daga dangin masu fasahar waka. Kawunsa marubuci ne Thomas Steinbeck, babban kawunsa marubuci ne John Steinbeck, <ref>Internet Movie Database.[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1019806/bio Biography for Johnny Irion].</ref> kuma kakarsa, Rubilee Knight, ɗan wasan violin ne na gargajiya. Marigayi kakansa, Fred Knight, ya rera waka a wurare da dama. Irion da Guthrie sun hadu ta hanyar abokin juna ( Chris Robinson na Black Crowes ) yayin da su biyu ke aiki tare a [[Los Angeles]]. A cikin 1999 Guthrie da Irion sun haɗu da ɗan wasan jita wato Tao Rodríguez-Seeger, jikan Pete Seeger, kuma sun yi aiki azaman uku a ƙarƙashin sunan RIG. <ref name="nelligan">Nelligan, Tom. Three generations of Guthries: an American musical family. ''Dirty Linen'', June/July 2002, p. 36-43.</ref> == Sana'a == [[File:Sarah_Lee_Johnny_Live_Color.jpg|thumb| Sarah Lee Guthrie da Johnny Irion suna yin kai tsaye don Ranar soyayya ta 2008 a Tales From The Tavern a The Maverick Saloon a Santa Ynez, CA.]] Guthrie da Irion sun bayyana a wasan Newport Folk Festival, [[Philadelphia]] Folk Festival, da kuma Hillside Festival, da kuma gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na kasa, dakunan sauraron, wuraren wasanni, da makarantu. Lokacin da ba su yin wasan kwaikwayon nasu ba, suna yawon shakatawa a cikin ƙasa tare da Arlo Guthrie, suna buɗe wasan kwaikwayon, sa'an nan kuma tare da shi a kan dandalin wasan kwaikwayo na iyali, kwanan nan tare da shi a Carnegie Hall tare da Pete Seeger da Dillards . <ref>Alive with the Arts.[http://www.alivearts.com/sarahjohnny_page.htm Sarah Lee Guthrie and Johnny Irion.] Retrieved November 19, 2007.</ref> ''Go Waggaloo'', CD ɗinsu na yara na farko, an sake shi ne a watan Oktoban shekara ta 2009 akan lambar yabo na Smithsonian Folkways. Sarah Lee Guthrie tana tare da Irion da 'ya'yansu mata biyu, da kuma abokai da dangi da yawa ciki har da Arlo Guthrie, Pete Seeger da Tao Rodriguez-Seeger. Kundin ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi guda uku waɗanda ke nuna waƙoƙin Woody Guthrie waɗanda ba a taɓa sanya wa kiɗa ba da waƙoƙi takwas waɗanda Sarah Lee da dangi suka rubuta. <ref>Smithsonian Folkways. [http://www.folkways.si.edu/albumdetails.aspx?itemid=3238 ''Go Waggaloo'': Sarah Lee Guthrie & Family.] Retrieved October 22, 2009.</ref> Gidauniyar Zaɓin Iyaye ta ba ''Go Waggaloo'' lambar yabo ta Zinariya. Shirin bayar da lambar yabo ta iyaye yana girmama mafi kyawun abu ga yara a cikin nau'ikan: littattafai, kayan wasan yara, kiɗa da ba da labari, mujallu, software, wasannin bidiyo, talabijin da gidajen yanar gizo. <ref>Parents' Choice Foundation. [http://www.parents-choice.org/product.cfm?product_id=27689&award=xx&from=Smithsonian%20Folkways%20Recordings Parents' Choice Award: Go Waggaloo.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306081020/http://www.parents-choice.org/product.cfm?product_id=27689&award=xx&from=Smithsonian%20Folkways%20Recordings |date=2016-03-06 }}</ref> A shekara ta 2011, Sarah Lee da Johnny sun rattaɓa hannu tare da lakabin rikodin rikodin zaman kanta na Berkeley, Titin Titin Opus kuma sun fito da ''Misalai masu haske.'' Ayyukan haɗin gwiwarsu sun haɗa da furodusoshi Andy Cabic (jagorancin mawaƙa-mawaƙa a cikin ƙungiyar Vetiver (band) ) da Thom Monahan ( Devendra Banhart, Vetiver (band) ). A shekara ta 2012 - an saki sabon albam dinsu wato : ''Sabbin Multitudes'' . A wani taron karramawa na shekara ɗari da aka gudanar a ranar 10 ga Maris, 2012, a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Brady a Tulsa, Oklahoma, Sarah Lee da Johnny sun yi tare da John Mellencamp, Arlo Guthrie, Del McCoury Band da Flaming Lips . Jeff Tweedy ya samar da kundi na Sarah Lee Guthrie da Johnny Irion, ''Wassaic Way'', wanda aka saki a shekara ta 2013. An yi rikodin shi ne a [[Chicago]] - garin Tweedy - kuma ya ba shi kyautar Grammy a matsayin furodusa. Guthrie da Irion sun daina yin wasa tare tun daga 2014. A cikin 2018, kowanne ya fara wakokinsa na daban, tare da Guthrie yana aiki a matsayin buɗe aikin mahaifinta " Alice's Restaurant : Back by Popular Demand" yawon shakatawa da Irion yana fitar da kundin dutsen ''Tuki Aboki'' . == Wakoki == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.sarahleeandjohnny.com/ Sarah Lee Guthrie & Johnny Ironion gidan yanar gizon] * [http://www.myspace.com/sarahleeandjohnny Sarah Lee Guthrie da Johnny Irion] akan MySpace * [http://www.cmt.com/artists/az/guthrie_sarah_lee/bio.jhtml Biography on Country Music Television (CMT)] * [http://ninthstreetopus.com/artist/sarah-lee-guthrie-and-johnny-irion Sarah Lee da Johnny Irion a Opus Street Opus] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Iyalan Guthrie]] [[Category:Kungiyar mawaka daga South Carolina]] g97zcjugbjrho8mi0bc9wtfmgylwynj 0 33068 893698 852372 2026-08-09T16:22:01Z Asiya Garba 46242 893698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gurunsi''', ko '''Grunshi''', ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu ne masu alaƙa da ke zaune a arewacin [[Ghana]] da kudanci da tsakiyar Burkina Faso. == Tarihin mulkin mallaka da asali == [[File:Gourounga,_Gurunsi_sacred_building,_late_19th_century.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gourounga,_Gurunsi_sacred_building,_late_19th_century.jpg|thumb|Gourounga, Gurunsi gini mai tsarki, ƙarshen karni na 19]] Al'adun baka na Gurunsi sun yi ittifaqin cewa sun samo asali ne daga yammacin [[Sudan]] da ke ratsa yankin Sahel. Duk da yake ba a san lokacin da hijirar ta faru ba, an yi imanin cewa Gurunsi sun kasance a wurin da kuma suke a yanzu kafin 1100 AD. Bayan karni na 15, lokacin da aka kafa jihohin Mossi a arewa, mahaya dawakan Mossi sukan kai hari yankunan Gurunsi domin bayi, amma al'ummar Gurunsi ba su taba samun galaba a kansu ba, sun kasance masu cin gashin kansu. A cewar likita Salif Titamba Lankoande, a cikin ''Noms de famille (Patronymes) au Burkina Faso'', sunan Gurunsi ya kuma fito ne daga yaren Djerma na Nijar kalmomin "Guru-si", wanda ke nufin "ƙarfe ba ya shiga". An ce a lokacin da Djerma ta mamaye yankunan Gurunsi a karshen ƙarni na 19, wani jagoran jihadi na Djerma mai suna Baba Ato Zato (wanda aka fi sani da cin hanci da rashawa da sunan sa na Hausa: Babatu) ya dauki bataliyar ’yan asalin kasar aikin soja. sannan kuma wadanda bayan sun sha magungunan gargajiya, an ce ba sa iya kamuwa da iron. Sun kafa Masarautar Zabarima a cikin Gurunsiland, wadda ta kunshi arewacin Ghana da kudancin Burkina Faso. == Rarraba == Mutanen da ke magana da harsunan Gur da yaruka masu alaƙa da Mossi a ƙarƙashin laima na Gurunsi sun kafa ƙauyen ƙauye waɗanda akasari aka tsara a matsayin mafakar tsaro daga mazaunin Koudougou yamma da arewa maso yammacin Ouagadougou a lokacin mulkin mallaka zuwa arewa maso gabashin Ghana a halin yanzu. A tarihi, waɗannan ƙabilun sun kasance talakawan masarautun Mossi. Wannan yanki ya zama a karshen shekarun 1890 na wani bangare uku na gasar da aka yi tsakanin sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa, Birtaniya, da Jamusawa, inda suke kokarin fatattakar shugabannin yaki na Djerma da kuma yakar al'ummar yankin masu fama da yaki wadanda suka yi tsayin daka don tabbatar da 'yancin cin gashin kansu, yayin da suke kokarin ganin sun yi nasara. yunƙurin mamaye yankuna da yawa gwargwadon iko tare da kashe abokan hamayyar 'yan mulkin mallaka. Kowanne daga cikin ukun ya yi ikirarin wani yanki na yankin da kauyukan Gurunsi suka mamaye, amma ba a kawo karshen gasar da ake yi tsakanin ‘yan mulkin mallaka ba sai a shekarar karshe ta karni na 19. Bayan kafa kariyar Yatenga (1895) da Ouagadougou (1896), Faransa ta mamaye ƙasar Gurunsi a cikin 1897. Daga ƙarshe Jamusawa sun janye zuwa Togoland (Gana na zamani da Togo), kuma yarjejeniyar 1898 Anglo-Faransa ta kafa iyaka da Zinariya a hukumance. Coast (yanzu Ghana). Wannan bangare ya raba al'ummar Gurunsi tsakanin tsarin gudanarwa na Faransa da Biritaniya, tare da sauƙaƙe bambancin siyasa da al'adu na ƙananan ƙungiyoyi a kowane gefen iyaka. == Ƙungiyoyin Gurunsi == Ana amfani da kalmar Gurunsi azaman kalmar meta don komawa ga ƙungiyar mutane masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Ƙungiyoyin da aka ware a matsayin Gurunsi ba su da harshe ɗaya kuma suna da al'adu daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin manyan kabilun Gurunsi sun hada da Frafra, Nabt da Talensi a Ghana da kuma Ko, Lyele, Nuni da Sisaala a Burkina Faso. Ƙungiyoyin Kassena da Nankani suna zaune a Ghana da Burkina Faso. == Fasaha da gine-gine == An kuma san mutanen Kassena da gidajen yumbu waɗanda maza suka gina kuma mata suka yi musu ado a waje tare da tsarin geometric.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/hg/index.ssf/2013/02/from_the_home_front_flintstone.html|title=From the Home Front: 'Flintstones' architecture; decorated cob homes; architectural jewelry; Roof House|last=Jeffiries|first=Pat|date=7 February 2013|work=Oregon Live|access-date=8 October 2016}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> == Littafi Mai Tsarki == * Bayili, Blaise. ''Religion, droit et pouvoir au Burkina Faso. Les Lyele du Burkina Faso''. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1998. * Duperray, Anne M. ''Les Gourounsi de Haute Volta.'' ''Conquête et colonisation, 1896-1933''. Stuttgart: Steiner, 1984. * Jacob, Jean-Pierre. ''Le sens des limites: maladie, sorcellerie, religion et pouvoir chez les Winye, Gourounsi du Burkina Faso''. Neuchâtel: Faculté des lettres [Thèse de doctorat], 1988. * Levtzion, Nehemia. ''Muslims and Chiefs in West Africa''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968. * Tauxier, Louis. ''Le noir du Soudan, pays mossi et gourounsi''. Paris: Emile Larose, 1912. * Tauxier, Louis. ''Nouvelles notes sur le Mossi et le Gourounsi''. Paris: Emile Larose, 1924. [[category:Kabilu a Ghana]] [[category:Kabilu a Burkina faso]] 3t0cir02ekhj4fvaq6wsl3kwj79npjl 893699 893698 2026-08-09T16:22:32Z Asiya Garba 46242 893699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gurunsi''', ko '''Grunshi''', ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu ne masu alaƙa da ke zaune a arewacin [[Ghana]] da kudanci da tsakiyar Burkina Faso. == Tarihin mulkin mallaka da asali == [[File:Gourounga,_Gurunsi_sacred_building,_late_19th_century.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gourounga,_Gurunsi_sacred_building,_late_19th_century.jpg|thumb|Gourounga, Gurunsi gini mai tsarki, ƙarshen karni na 19]] Al'adun baka na Gurunsi sun yi ittifaqin cewa sun samo asali ne daga yammacin [[Sudan]] da ke ratsa yankin Sahel. Duk da yake ba a san lokacin da hijirar ta faru ba, an yi imanin cewa Gurunsi sun kasance a wurin da kuma suke a yanzu kafin 1100 AD. Bayan karni na 15, lokacin da aka kafa jihohin Mossi a arewa, mahaya dawakan Mossi sukan kai hari yankunan Gurunsi domin bayi, amma al'ummar Gurunsi ba su taba samun galaba a kansu ba, sun kasance masu cin gashin kansu. A cewar likita Salif Titamba Lankoande, a cikin ''Noms de famille (Patronymes) au Burkina Faso'', sunan Gurunsi ya kuma fito ne daga yaren Djerma na Nijar kalmomin "Guru-si", wanda ke nufin "ƙarfe ba ya shiga". An ce a lokacin da Djerma ta mamaye yankunan Gurunsi a karshen ƙarni na 19, wani jagoran jihadi na Djerma mai suna Baba Ato Zato (wanda aka fi sani da cin hanci da rashawa da sunan sa na Hausa: Babatu) ya dauki bataliyar ’yan asalin kasar aikin soja. sannan kuma wadanda bayan sun sha magungunan gargajiya, an ce ba sa iya kamuwa da iron. Sun kafa Masarautar Zabarima a cikin Gurunsiland, wadda ta kunshi arewacin Ghana da kudancin Burkina Faso. == Rarraba == Mutanen da ke magana da harsunan Gur da yaruka masu alaƙa da Mossi a ƙarƙashin laima na Gurunsi sun kafa ƙauyen ƙauye waɗanda akasari aka tsara a matsayin mafakar tsaro daga mazaunin Koudougou yamma da arewa maso yammacin Ouagadougou a lokacin mulkin mallaka zuwa arewa maso gabashin Ghana a halin yanzu. A tarihi, waɗannan ƙabilun sun kasance talakawan masarautun Mossi. Wannan yanki ya zama a karshen shekarun 1890 na wani bangare uku na gasar da aka yi tsakanin sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa, Birtaniya, da Jamusawa, inda suke kokarin fatattakar shugabannin yaki na Djerma da kuma yakar al'ummar yankin masu fama da yaki wadanda suka yi tsayin daka don tabbatar da 'yancin cin gashin kansu, yayin da suke kokarin ganin sun yi nasara. yunƙurin mamaye yankuna da yawa gwargwadon iko tare da kashe abokan hamayyar ƴan mulkin mallaka. Kowanne daga cikin ukun ya yi ikirarin wani yanki na yankin da kauyukan Gurunsi suka mamaye, amma ba a kawo ƙarshen gasar da ake yi tsakanin ‘yan mulkin mallaka ba sai a shekarar karshe ta karni na 19. Bayan kafa kariyar Yatenga (1895) da Ouagadougou (1896), Faransa ta mamaye ƙasar Gurunsi a cikin 1897. Daga ƙarshe Jamusawa sun janye zuwa Togoland (Gana na zamani da Togo), kuma yarjejeniyar 1898 Anglo-Faransa ta kafa iyaka da Zinariya a hukumance. Coast (yanzu Ghana). Wannan bangare ya raba al'ummar Gurunsi tsakanin tsarin gudanarwa na Faransa da Biritaniya, tare da sauƙaƙe bambancin siyasa da al'adu na ƙananan ƙungiyoyi a kowane gefen iyaka. == Ƙungiyoyin Gurunsi == Ana amfani da kalmar Gurunsi azaman kalmar meta don komawa ga ƙungiyar mutane masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Ƙungiyoyin da aka ware a matsayin Gurunsi ba su da harshe ɗaya kuma suna da al'adu daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin manyan kabilun Gurunsi sun hada da Frafra, Nabt da Talensi a Ghana da kuma Ko, Lyele, Nuni da Sisaala a Burkina Faso. Ƙungiyoyin Kassena da Nankani suna zaune a Ghana da Burkina Faso. == Fasaha da gine-gine == An kuma san mutanen Kassena da gidajen yumbu waɗanda maza suka gina kuma mata suka yi musu ado a waje tare da tsarin geometric.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/hg/index.ssf/2013/02/from_the_home_front_flintstone.html|title=From the Home Front: 'Flintstones' architecture; decorated cob homes; architectural jewelry; Roof House|last=Jeffiries|first=Pat|date=7 February 2013|work=Oregon Live|access-date=8 October 2016}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> == Littafi Mai Tsarki == * Bayili, Blaise. ''Religion, droit et pouvoir au Burkina Faso. Les Lyele du Burkina Faso''. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1998. * Duperray, Anne M. ''Les Gourounsi de Haute Volta.'' ''Conquête et colonisation, 1896-1933''. Stuttgart: Steiner, 1984. * Jacob, Jean-Pierre. ''Le sens des limites: maladie, sorcellerie, religion et pouvoir chez les Winye, Gourounsi du Burkina Faso''. Neuchâtel: Faculté des lettres [Thèse de doctorat], 1988. * Levtzion, Nehemia. ''Muslims and Chiefs in West Africa''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968. * Tauxier, Louis. ''Le noir du Soudan, pays mossi et gourounsi''. Paris: Emile Larose, 1912. * Tauxier, Louis. ''Nouvelles notes sur le Mossi et le Gourounsi''. Paris: Emile Larose, 1924. [[category:Kabilu a Ghana]] [[category:Kabilu a Burkina faso]] drxf7hivqntq6hixczbsry9rycqpj58 893700 893699 2026-08-09T16:22:41Z Asiya Garba 46242 893700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gurunsi''', ko '''Grunshi''', ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu ne masu alaƙa da ke zaune a arewacin [[Ghana]] da kudanci da tsakiyar Burkina Faso. == Tarihin mulkin mallaka da asali == [[File:Gourounga,_Gurunsi_sacred_building,_late_19th_century.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gourounga,_Gurunsi_sacred_building,_late_19th_century.jpg|thumb|Gourounga, Gurunsi gini mai tsarki, ƙarshen karni na 19]] Al'adun baka na Gurunsi sun yi ittifaqin cewa sun samo asali ne daga yammacin [[Sudan]] da ke ratsa yankin Sahel. Duk da yake ba a san lokacin da hijirar ta faru ba, an yi imanin cewa Gurunsi sun kasance a wurin da kuma suke a yanzu kafin 1100 AD. Bayan karni na 15, lokacin da aka kafa jihohin Mossi a arewa, mahaya dawakan Mossi sukan kai hari yankunan Gurunsi domin bayi, amma al'ummar Gurunsi ba su taba samun galaba a kansu ba, sun kasance masu cin gashin kansu. A cewar likita Salif Titamba Lankoande, a cikin ''Noms de famille (Patronymes) au Burkina Faso'', sunan Gurunsi ya kuma fito ne daga yaren Djerma na Nijar kalmomin "Guru-si", wanda ke nufin "ƙarfe ba ya shiga". An ce a lokacin da Djerma ta mamaye yankunan Gurunsi a karshen ƙarni na 19, wani jagoran jihadi na Djerma mai suna Baba Ato Zato (wanda aka fi sani da cin hanci da rashawa da sunan sa na Hausa: Babatu) ya dauki bataliyar ’yan asalin kasar aikin soja. sannan kuma wadanda bayan sun sha magungunan gargajiya, an ce ba sa iya kamuwa da iron. Sun kafa Masarautar Zabarima a cikin Gurunsiland, wadda ta kunshi arewacin Ghana da kudancin Burkina Faso. == Rarraba == Mutanen da ke magana da harsunan Gur da yaruka masu alaƙa da Mossi a ƙarƙashin laima na Gurunsi sun kafa ƙauyen ƙauye waɗanda akasari aka tsara a matsayin mafakar tsaro daga mazaunin Koudougou yamma da arewa maso yammacin Ouagadougou a lokacin mulkin mallaka zuwa arewa maso gabashin Ghana a halin yanzu. A tarihi, waɗannan ƙabilun sun kasance talakawan masarautun Mossi. Wannan yanki ya zama a karshen shekarun 1890 na wani bangare uku na gasar da aka yi tsakanin sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa, Birtaniya, da Jamusawa, inda suke kokarin fatattakar shugabannin yaki na Djerma da kuma yakar al'ummar yankin masu fama da yaki wadanda suka yi tsayin daka don tabbatar da 'yancin cin gashin kansu, yayin da suke kokarin ganin sun yi nasara. yunƙurin mamaye yankuna da yawa gwargwadon iko tare da kashe abokan hamayyar ƴan mulkin mallaka. Kowanne daga cikin ukun ya yi ikirarin wani yanki na yankin da kauyukan Gurunsi suka mamaye, amma ba a kawo ƙarshen gasar da ake yi tsakanin ‘yan mulkin mallaka ba sai a shekarar karshe ta karni na 19. Bayan kafa kariyar Yatenga (1895) da Ouagadougou (1896), Faransa ta mamaye ƙasar Gurunsi a cikin 1897. Daga ƙarshe Jamusawa sun janye zuwa Togoland (Gana na zamani da Togo), kuma yarjejeniyar 1898 Anglo-Faransa ta kafa iyaka da Zinariya a hukumance. Coast (yanzu Ghana). Wannan bangare ya raba al'ummar Gurunsi tsakanin tsarin gudanarwa na Faransa da Biritaniya, tare da sauƙaƙe bambancin siyasa da al'adu na ƙananan ƙungiyoyi a kowane gefen iyaka. == Ƙungiyoyin Gurunsi == Ana kuma amfani da kalmar Gurunsi azaman kalmar meta don komawa ga ƙungiyar mutane masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Ƙungiyoyin da aka ware a matsayin Gurunsi ba su da harshe ɗaya kuma suna da al'adu daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin manyan kabilun Gurunsi sun hada da Frafra, Nabt da Talensi a Ghana da kuma Ko, Lyele, Nuni da Sisaala a Burkina Faso. Ƙungiyoyin Kassena da Nankani suna zaune a Ghana da Burkina Faso. == Fasaha da gine-gine == An kuma san mutanen Kassena da gidajen yumbu waɗanda maza suka gina kuma mata suka yi musu ado a waje tare da tsarin geometric.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/hg/index.ssf/2013/02/from_the_home_front_flintstone.html|title=From the Home Front: 'Flintstones' architecture; decorated cob homes; architectural jewelry; Roof House|last=Jeffiries|first=Pat|date=7 February 2013|work=Oregon Live|access-date=8 October 2016}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> == Littafi Mai Tsarki == * Bayili, Blaise. ''Religion, droit et pouvoir au Burkina Faso. Les Lyele du Burkina Faso''. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1998. * Duperray, Anne M. ''Les Gourounsi de Haute Volta.'' ''Conquête et colonisation, 1896-1933''. Stuttgart: Steiner, 1984. * Jacob, Jean-Pierre. ''Le sens des limites: maladie, sorcellerie, religion et pouvoir chez les Winye, Gourounsi du Burkina Faso''. Neuchâtel: Faculté des lettres [Thèse de doctorat], 1988. * Levtzion, Nehemia. ''Muslims and Chiefs in West Africa''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968. * Tauxier, Louis. ''Le noir du Soudan, pays mossi et gourounsi''. Paris: Emile Larose, 1912. * Tauxier, Louis. ''Nouvelles notes sur le Mossi et le Gourounsi''. Paris: Emile Larose, 1924. [[category:Kabilu a Ghana]] [[category:Kabilu a Burkina faso]] sgd5mk2fizu6zklvjil16qta7zx7l2d 0 35085 893984 729272 2026-08-10T03:47:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q61694716}} Dokta '''Yaw Osei Adutwum'''' ɗan siyasan [[Ghana]] ne kuma ɗan majalisar dokoki ta bakwai a jamhuriya ta huɗu ta Ghana mai wakiltar mazabar Bosomtwe a yankin Ashanti akan tikitin New Patriotic Party.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90|title=Parliament of Ghana|access-date=2022-08-08|archive-date=2023-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214022812/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90|url-status=dead}}</ref> An san shi da ziyarar koyarwa ba tare da sanarwa ba a makarantu duk da cewa ba ya cikin aikin koyarwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yaw Adutwum teaches Kwaso JHS students in an unannounced visit|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/education/yaw-adutwum-teaches-kwaso-jhs-students-in-an-unannounced-visit/|access-date=2020-12-07|website=MyJoyOnline.com|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105112617/https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/education/yaw-adutwum-teaches-kwaso-jhs-students-in-an-unannounced-visit/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=14 May 2019|title=Leading by example: Dep Education Minister takes students through Maths class|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/leading-by-example-dep-education-minister-takes-students-through-maths-class/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-30|website=MyJoyOnline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Maris 2021, Nana Akufo-Addo ya nada shi a matsayin Ministan Ilimi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Akufo-Addo-swears-in-the-first-batch-of-Ministers-1196833|website=Akufo-Addo swears in the first batch of Ministers|access-date=19 March 2021|title=Akufo-Addo swears in the first batch of Ministers|date=5 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-19|title=We're on course with TVET promotion – Education Minister|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2021/05/were-on-course-with-tvet-promotion-education-minister/|access-date=2021-05-21|website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=STEM education key feature in model schools — Education Minister|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/education/ghana-news-stem-education-key-feature-in-model-schools-education-minister.html|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == [[File:Yaw Osei Adutwum.jpg|thumb|Yaw Osei Adutwum]] Ya fito daga Jachie a yankin Ashanti na Ghana.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Osei Adutwum, Yaw|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5317|access-date=2020-12-07|website=www.ghanamps.com|archive-date=2020-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714062701/http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5317|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dr. Yaw Osei Adutwum ya sami digiri na farko a cikin tattalin arzikin kasa (Gudanar da Kasuwanci tare da manyan a Real Estate) daga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah kafin ya yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka kuma yana da digiri na biyu a cikin Gudanar da Ilimi daga Jami'ar La Verne da PhD a cikin Manufofin Ilimi, Tsara da Gudanarwa daga Jami'ar Kudancin California.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name="Hon. Dr. Yaw Osei Adutwum">{{Cite web|url=http://moe.gov.gh/index.php/profile/hon-dr-yaw-osei-adutwum/|title=Hon. Dr. Yaw Osei Adutwum|website=Ministry of Education|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-25|archive-date=2019-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525204406/http://moe.gov.gh/index.php/profile/hon-dr-yaw-osei-adutwum/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Haka kuma tsohon dalibi ne a Makarantar Sakandare ta Kumasi da ke yankin Ashanti-Ghana, inda ya samu takardar shaidar kammala karatunsa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-03|title=PERSONALITY PROFILE. CoEWJ Interview with Dr. Yaw Osei Adutwum, Deputy Minister for Education. MP, Bosomtwe Constituency. » Colleges of Education News Portal|url=https://coenewsportal.com/?p=972|access-date=2020-12-29|website=Colleges of Education News Portal|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003205939/https://coenewsportal.com/?p=972|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Aiki == Ya kafa New Designs Charter Schools amma kafin nan, ya yi aiki a matsayin malamin Lissafi da Fasahar Sadarwa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Manual Arts na tsawon shekaru goma kuma a cikin wannan lokacin, ya kafa Kwalejin Nazarin Kasa da Kasa wacce ta kasance karamar cibiyar koyo ga ɗalibai. don bunƙasa ilimi da zamantakewa. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin jagoran koyar da lissafi a cikin USC/ Manual Arts Neighborhood Academic Initiative (NAI). Hakanan ya kasance cikin rukunin aikin da Cibiyar Bincike ta Kasa da Fasaha ta kafa don haɓaka ƙirar ƙasa don aiki da ilimin fasaha a cikin Makarantar Sakandare da Kwaleji.<ref name="Hon. Dr. Yaw Osei Adutwum" /> == Siyasa == Shi ne dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Bosomtwe a yankin Ashanti na Ghana. A zaben 2016, ya samu kuri'u 46,238 daga cikin jimillar kuri'u 54,144 da aka kada wanda ke wakiltar kashi 85.82% yayin da dan takararsa na kusa da shugaban gundumar Bosomtwe Veronica Antwi-Adjei na jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress (NDC) ya samu kuri'u 7,215. ya canza zuwa 13.39%.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2016 Election - Bosomtwe Constituency Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/parliament/ashanti/bosomtwe/|access-date=2020-12-30|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2021-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129115017/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/parliament/ashanti/bosomtwe/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yana cikin kwamitin ayyuka da gidaje da kuma kwamitin dabarun rage talauci a majalisar dokoki ta 7 ta jamhuriya ta 4 ta Ghana.<ref name=":1" /> A watan Maris na 2017, [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Shugaba Nana Akufo-Addo]] ya nada Adutwum a matsayin mataimakin ministan ilimi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-15|title=Akufo-Addo names 50 deputies, 4 ministers of state|url=https://citifmonline.com/2017/03/akufo-addo-names-50-deputies-4-ministers-of-state/|access-date=2020-12-30|website=Citi 97.3 FM - Relevant Radio. Always|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108143347/https://citifmonline.com/2017/03/akufo-addo-names-50-deputies-4-ministers-of-state/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A halin yanzu yana rike da mukamin mataimakin ministan ilimi mai kula da ilimin gaba da sakandare.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Baidoo|first=Felix A.|date=11 September 2020|title=Govt to end double track system — Dep Education Minister|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/education/govt-to-end-double-track-system-dep-education-minister.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-30|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-28|title=There will be 'no review' of PTA's participation in Free SHS - Dr. Adutwum|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/There-will-be-no-review-of-PTA-s-participation-in-Free-SHS-Dr-Adutwum-1120862|access-date=2020-12-30|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet Dr. Yaw Osei Adutwum, A Renowned Educationist|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/898129/meet-dr-yaw-osei-adutwum-a-renowned-educationist.html|access-date=2020-12-30|website=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Cudjoe|first=Joyceline Natally|date=2020-02-24|title=Create enabling environment for children to unleash potential - Dr Adutwum|url=https://www.ghanaiantimes.com.gh/create-enabling-environment-for-children-to-unleash-potential-dr-adutwum/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-30|website=Ghanaian Times|language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2019 an zabe shi mafi kyawun Mataimakin Ministan Shekara ta shekara ta ƙungiyoyin bincike guda biyu: Alliance for Social Equity and Public Accountability (ASEPA) da FAKS Investigative Services.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kale-Dery|first=Severious|date=27 January 2020|title=Adutwum voted Best Dep Minister 2019|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/adutwum-voted-best-dep-minister-2019.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-07|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ya yi aure tare da yaro. Shi Kirista ne kuma yana bauta a Cocin Fentikos.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] gj3ahrzec2skmmye3h5gxxve9jg2wyi 0 36940 893662 267828 2026-08-09T15:44:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''The Wildflower''' fim din [[Najeriya]] ne na 2022 wanda Vincent Okonkwo ya shirya kuma Biodun Stephen ya ba da umarni a karkashin kamfanin rarraba Film One Entertainment. Fim din ya bayyana irin cin zarafin da mata ke fuskanta a cikin gida a cikin al'umma.<ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/05/29/the-wildflower-goes-to-cinemas/amp/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921071415/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/05/29/the-wildflower-goes-to-cinemas/amp/ |date=2022-09-21 }}</ref> Tauraruwar tauraruwar tauraruwar ce Toyin Abraham, Deyemi Okanlawon, Etinosa Idemudia, Nosa Rex da Zubby Michael.<ref>https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/the-wildflower-topgun-10-movies-you-should-see-this-weekend/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/the-wildflower-wraps-theatrical-run-with-n40-million-in-box-office/tpev55e |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-09-21 |archive-date=2022-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921073315/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/the-wildflower-wraps-theatrical-run-with-n40-million-in-box-office/tpev55e |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} orc6seo80l0km85ui6nq7uvw8dzlw43 893663 893662 2026-08-09T15:44:08Z KiranBOT 35988 cire bin AMP daga URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|cikakkun bayanai]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|rahoton kuskure]]) v2.2.9s 893663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''The Wildflower''' fim din [[Najeriya]] ne na 2022 wanda Vincent Okonkwo ya shirya kuma Biodun Stephen ya ba da umarni a karkashin kamfanin rarraba Film One Entertainment. Fim din ya bayyana irin cin zarafin da mata ke fuskanta a cikin gida a cikin al'umma.<ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/2022/05/29/the-wildflower-goes-to-cinemas/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921071415/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/05/29/the-wildflower-goes-to-cinemas/amp/ |date=2022-09-21 }}</ref> Tauraruwar tauraruwar tauraruwar ce Toyin Abraham, Deyemi Okanlawon, Etinosa Idemudia, Nosa Rex da Zubby Michael.<ref>https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/the-wildflower-topgun-10-movies-you-should-see-this-weekend/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/the-wildflower-wraps-theatrical-run-with-n40-million-in-box-office/tpev55e |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-09-21 |archive-date=2022-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921073315/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/the-wildflower-wraps-theatrical-run-with-n40-million-in-box-office/tpev55e |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 44716gqnjb15hqoyib4h6ouoyyqgh90 0 39056 893664 747177 2026-08-09T15:54:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Theresa Joyce Baffoe''' ta kasance 'yar siyasar Ghana ce kuma tsohuwar 'yar majalisa ce ta gundumar New Edubease na yankin Ashanti na Ghana. Har ila yau, ta kasance mamba a kwamitin zaɓen majalisar don [[kasuwanci]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs - List of 2013 - 2017 (6th Parliament) MPs|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps-by-year-group/index.php?group=2463|access-date=2020-09-02|website=www.ghanamps.com|archive-date=2020-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803144702/http://www.ghanamps.com/mps-by-year-group/index.php?group=2463|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Members of Parliament of Greater Accra Region|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/members_parliament.php|access-date=2020-09-02|website=www.ghanaweb.com|archive-date=2020-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621050058/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/members_parliament.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 January 2001|title=Members Of Parliament In The Various Select Committees|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Members-Of-Parliament-In-The-Various-Select-Committees-13314|access-date=2020-09-04|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Baffoe a ranar 24 ga Yuli 1954 a New Edubiase, yankin Ashanti. Ta halarci Kwalejin Horar da Yara ta Holy Child inda ta sami horo a matsayin malami kuma ta sami takardar shedar horar da malamai (Certificate A).<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Ghana Parliamentary Register 1993-1996 Session|publisher=The Office of Parliament of Ghana|pages=119}}</ref> == Siyasa == Baffoe ta karbi mukamin ne a matsayin 'yar majalisa ta 1 ta jamhuriya ta 4 ta Ghana a watan Oktoban shekarar 1993 bayan ta samu nasarar lashe zaben fidda gwani da aka gudanar bayan rasuwar 'yar majalisar dattawan New Edubiase a lokacin, Mary Eugenia Ghann. An sake zaben Baffoe a matsayin majalisar dokoki kan tikitin jam'iyyar Democratic Congress a lokacin zaben 1996. Ta samu kuri'u 17,114 daga cikin 24,500 da aka kada wanda ke wakiltar kashi 55.50% a yayin da George Kwasi Boadu dan jam'iyyar New Patriotic Party ya samu kuri'u 5,206 wanda ke wakiltar 16.90%, Sophia Afrakoma Owusu 'yar CPP, ta samu kuri'u 1,678 Adei- 5. Aboagye memba na PNC, kuma ya sami kuri'a 502 yana wakiltar 1.60%.<ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=Ghana Election 1996 Results - New Edubiase Constituency|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/1996/ashanti/29/index.php|access-date=2020-10-05|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2022-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121150952/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/1996/ashanti/29/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Baffoe ta kasance mamba a majalisar dokoki ta 3 a jamhuriya ta 4, bayan an zabe ta a karo na uku a jere a babban zaben Ghana na shekara ta 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ashanti Region|url=http://www.ghanareview.com/parlia/Ashanti.html|access-date=2020-09-04|website=www.ghanareview.com}}</ref> Ta zama ta farko a tikitin takarar jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress a shekarar 1992 kuma an zabe ta ne bayan kammala babban zaben kasar Ghana na shekarar 1996 inda ta samu kuri'u 11,908 na rinjaye. Ta rasa kujerar a babban zaben Ghana na shekara ta 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=Parliament - Ashanti Region Election 1996 Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/1996/parliament/ashanti/index.php|access-date=2020-09-02|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2024-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127043305/http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/1996/parliament/ashanti/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta yanke shawarar yin murabus ne ga wani mutum, Ernest Kofi Yankah wanda ya samu kuri'u 14,732 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 54.45% na wakilci a shekarar 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=Ghana Election 2008 Results - New Edubiase Constituency|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/ashanti/29/index.php|access-date=2020-10-05|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2022-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121151001/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/ashanti/29/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> ta wakilci mazabar New Edubease sau uku.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 May 2004|title=Four people to contest NDC primaries for New Edubiase|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Four-people-to-contest-NDC-primaries-for-New-Edubiase-58847|access-date=2020-09-05|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en}}</ref> == Sana'a == Baffoe malami ne ta hanyar sana'a. Ta yi shekara ashirin da takwas tana koyarwa kafin ta shiga siyasa. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugabar makaranta na tsawon shekaru goma sha hudu, da kuma babbar mai kula da sashen ilimin [[Ghana]].<ref name=":03">{{Cite book|title=Ghana Parliamentary Register 1993-1996 Session|publisher=The Office of Parliament of Ghana|pages=119}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Baffoe Kirista ne, kuma memba ne na [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Katolika]] na [[Ghana]].<ref name=":04">{{Cite book|title=Ghana Parliamentary Register 1993-1996 Session|publisher=The Office of Parliament of Ghana|pages=119}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] p48uyf6w9mwyjrt0n6ycrxm3nvwwbo2 0 39158 894169 217448 2026-08-10T10:28:25Z Aisha SM 47788 894169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Botriana''' yanki ne kuma wurin binciken kayan tarihi a [[Tunisiya]] <ref>R.B. Hitchner, [https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/329195/botriana Botriana]]. at Pleiades name resource.</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:Roman_Empire_-_Africa_Proconsularis_(125_AD).svg|right|thumb| Afirka Proconsularis (125 AD)]] A lokacin daular Romawa. Botriana ɗan gari ne a lardin Roman na Afirka Proconsolaris . An kuma san garin ya bunƙasa daga 30BC zuwa kusan AD640. Garin kuma shine, wurin zama na tsohon bishop,na Katolika, <ref>[[Auguste Audollent]], v. Botrianensis in ''Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques'', vol. IX, (1937), col. 1420.</ref> suffragan ga Archdiocese na Carthage . <ref>[[Joseph Bingham]], ''Origines ecclesiasticæ'' vol 2. (William Straker, 1834) p447.</ref> <ref>[[Pius Bonifacius Gams]], Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, (Leipzig, 1931) p. 464</ref> <ref>Stefano Antonio Morcelli, ''Africa christiana'', Volume I, (Brescia, 1816), pp. 106–107,</ref> <ref>Auguste Audollent, v. Botrianensis in ''Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques'', vol. IX, (1937), col. 1420.</ref> Bishop ɗaya ne kawai daga tsohuwar Botriana an san shi kuma shine Donatist Bishop Donatus wanda ya wakilci bishop a Majalisar,Carthage (411) . Ya yi iƙirarin cewa babu wani ɗan takarar Katolika a cikin diocese ɗin sa. <ref>''[[Patrologia Latina]]'', vol XI, col. 1321 e seguenti.</ref> A yau Botriana ya rayu a matsayin bishop na titular kuma bishop na yanzu shine Renzo Fratini, na [[Ispaniya|Spain]] da [[Andorra]] . <ref>David Cheney, [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/d2b86.html Diocesi di Botriana], at Catholic-Hierarchy.org.</ref> <ref>[http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0340.htm Titular Episcopal See of Botriana], at gcatholic.org</ref> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Botriana]] hia33vbs2z4bucejrpc8v3bhd8w5i8e 894170 894169 2026-08-10T10:28:53Z Aisha SM 47788 894170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Botriana''' yanki ne kuma wurin binciken kayan tarihi a [[Tunisiya]] <ref>R.B. Hitchner, [https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/329195/botriana Botriana]]. at Pleiades name resource.</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:Roman_Empire_-_Africa_Proconsularis_(125_AD).svg|right|thumb| Afirka Proconsularis (125 AD)]] A lokacin daular Romawa. Botriana ɗan gari ne a lardin Roman na Afirka Proconsolaris . An kuma san garin ya bunƙasa daga 30BC zuwa kusan AD640. Garin kuma shine, wurin zama na tsohon bishop,na Katolika, <ref>[[Auguste Audollent]], v. Botrianensis in ''Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques'', vol. IX, (1937), col. 1420.</ref> suffragan ga Archdiocese na Carthage . <ref>[[Joseph Bingham]], ''Origines ecclesiasticæ'' vol 2. (William Straker, 1834) p447.</ref> <ref>[[Pius Bonifacius Gams]], Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, (Leipzig, 1931) p. 464</ref> <ref>Stefano Antonio Morcelli, ''Africa christiana'', Volume I, (Brescia, 1816), pp. 106–107,</ref> <ref>Auguste Audollent, v. Botrianensis in ''Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques'', vol. IX, (1937), col. 1420.</ref> Bishop ɗaya ne kawai daga tsohuwar Botriana an san shi kuma shine Donatist Bishop Donatus wanda ya wakilci bishop a Majalisar,Carthage (411) . Ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa babu wani ɗan takarar Katolika a cikin diocese ɗin sa. <ref>''[[Patrologia Latina]]'', vol XI, col. 1321 e seguenti.</ref> A yau Botriana ya rayu a matsayin bishop na titular kuma bishop na yanzu shine Renzo Fratini, na [[Ispaniya|Spain]] da [[Andorra]] . <ref>David Cheney, [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/d2b86.html Diocesi di Botriana], at Catholic-Hierarchy.org.</ref> <ref>[http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0340.htm Titular Episcopal See of Botriana], at gcatholic.org</ref> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Botriana]] f2511fl2o3iypw4gdpyle61eebl4wdn 0 39175 894171 458160 2026-08-10T10:29:34Z Aisha SM 47788 894171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ausafa''' ko '''Uzappa''' ,<ref>Charles Monchicourt. Kalaat-Senane. "Note sur l'orthographe et le sens de ce dernier mot." ''Revue Tunisienne''. 1906; 13: p213–216</ref> [[Birnin Luxembourg|birni]] ne na [[Zamanin Zinare na Musulunci|zamanin]] [[Romanticism|Roman]], a [[Ciki|cikin]] lardin [[Romainiya|Roman]] na [[Afirka]] Proconsularis [[Kumawood|kuma]] a [[Ƙarshen harshe|ƙarshen]],[[Zamanin Zinare na Musulunci|zamanin]] Byzacena . Garin yana da rugujewar Ksour-Abd-El-Melek kusa da garin Maktar a,gundumar Siliana a arewacin Tunisiya. A zamanin da, garin shi ne wurin zama na tsohon majami'a na lardin Byzacena na ,Romawa . <ref>[[Pius Bonifacius Gams]], Series Episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, (Leipzig, 1931), p. 464.</ref> <ref>Stefano Antonio Morcelli, ''Africa Christiana'', Volume I, (Brescia, 1816) pp. 87-88.</ref> <ref>Auguste Audollent, v. Ausafa in ''Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques'', vol. V, 1931, col. 765.</ref> Mun san bishops guda biyu na Ausafa. Na farko shine Felix, wanda ya kasance a Majalisar Carthage (256), inda ya tattauna matsalar Lapsi . <ref>''Patrologia Latina'', t. III, col. 1110.</ref> Na biyu '''Salvius Ausafensis''' ya kuma shiga Majalisar Cabarsussi, wanda Maximianus ya yi a cikin 393, ƙungiyar masu adawa da Donatists, kuma ya sanya hannu kan ayyukan majalisar. <ref>''Patrologia Latina'', XXXVI, col. 380. </ref> A yau Ausafa ya rayu a matsayin bishop mai titular, bishop na yanzu shine Warlito Cajandig y Itcuas, Vicar Apostolic na Calapan. <ref>[http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0240.htm Ausafa] at www.gcatholic.org</ref> <ref>[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/d4a28.html Ausafa], at catholic-hierarchy.org.</ref> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist|2}} [[Category:Ausafa]] 38ijtrttocy3a9uimhteadac53o4gac 0 39273 893627 873826 2026-08-09T12:40:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{mukala mai kyau}}{{Databox}} Dangantakar dake a tsakanin [[Najeriya|Tarayyar Najeriya]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka da kasar Amurka ta]] kasance a hukumance lokacin da [[Najeriya]] ta samu yancin kai daga kasar [[Birtaniya]] a shekarar alif 1960. A cikin karni na 21, sun haifar da ƙawance mai mahimmanci, a wani lokacin kuma basa jin daɗi, bayan wani ɗan lokaci na diflomasiyya da aka bincika. A al'adance [[Najeriya]] na ɗaya daga cikin manyan abokan hulɗar [[Amurka]] a Afirka, kuma tare da yawan al'ummar ƙasashen sun kai sama da rabin biliyan. {{Sfn|United Nations|2022}} Duk da cewa Najeriya ta samu ’yancin kanta ne tare da fa’ida, ko da yake ba bisa ka’ida ba, a ra’ayin kasashen yamma, dangantakarta ta farko da [[Amurka]] ta yi matukar takarkararew sakamakon tallafin jin kai da Amurka ke baiwa masu fafutukar neman kafa ƙasar [[Biyafara|Biafra]] a lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya, da kuma yakin cacar baka a wasu wurare a [[Afirka]]. A ƙarƙashin gwamnatin shugaban Amurka Gerald Ford, an tada hankali ne sakamakon goyon bayan da ƙasashen ke baiwa ɓangarorin da ke adawa da juna a yakin basasar Angola, da kuma yadda Amurka ke ci gaba da nuna goyon bayanta ga gwamnatin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu, wadda ta kasance mai ɗaukar hankali a tsawon shekarun 1980. Dangantaka ta inganta sosai a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, saboda tsare-tsaren manufofin harkokin waje na gwamnatin Jimmy Carter da kuma yadda Najeriya ta ƙara yawan man fetur da take fitarwa ga [[Amurka]] bayan rikicin OPEC na 1973 . Ziyarar da Carter ya kai [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] a shekarar 1978 ita ce ziyarar aiki ta farko da wani shugaban Amurka ya kai a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara . A cikin shekarun 1980, dangantakar kasuwanci da zuba jari da ke ci gaba da gudana tare da tashe-tashen hankula na diflomasiyya kan gazawar gwamnatin Najeriya wajen dakile laifuffukan kan iyaka da safarar miyagun kwayoyi, da kuma ƙarin rahotanni na [[Haƙƙin ɗan Adam a Najeriya|take hakkin dan Adam]] a cikin Najeriya. Duk da cewa a baya Amurka ba ta cika nuna adawa da mulkin sojan Najeriya ba, amma haƙurinta ya ƙare a lokacin mulkin Janar [[Sani Abacha]] wanda ya karbi mulki a lokacin juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a shekarar 1993 . Tsawon shekaru biyar masu zuwa Najeriya na fuskantar ƙarin takunkumai da kuma kusan wargaza huldar diflomasiyya. Sai dai Amurka ta yi gaggawar maraba da komawar Najeriya mulkin farar hula a shekarar 1999. A zamanin mulkin shugaban [[Olusegun Obasanjo|Najeriya Olusegun Obasanjo]], huldar kasuwanci da taimako ta ƙara haɓɓaka, kuma alaƙar ƙasashen ta dawo da zafi a baya. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin ƙasashen biyu ta ta'allaka ne kan haɗin gwiwar soji, da tsaro, da yaki da ta'addanci a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]], musamman shirye-shiryen da suka shafi ɓangarori daban-daban a mashigin tekun [[Tekun Guinea|Guinea]] da ISIS da [[Rikicin Boko Haram|Boko Haram]] . A yayin gudanar da wadannan tsare-tsare, tashe-tashen hankula da rashin yarda da juna a tsakanin sojojin Amurka da [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|na Najeriya]], wasu lokuta kan shiga cikin rikicin diflomasiyya. Da yake fitowa daga al'adar diflomasiyyar mai tsakanin kasashen biyu a baya, ƙasashen biyu sun bunƙasa cinikin mai a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, amma Amurka ta kasance babbar kasuwa don fitar da ɗanyen man Najeriya zuwa kasashen waje, kusan gaba ɗaya na danyen mai . Har ila yau, Amurka ita ce ta farko da ke saka hannun jari daga ketare a Najeriya kuma babbar hanyar samun agaji daga ketare. Sama da 'yan Najeriya miliyan ɗaya da Amurkawa 'yan Najeriya suna zaune, karatu, aiki a Amurka. Yayin da sama da Amurkawa 25,000 ke zaune, kuma suna aiki a Najeriya. Akwai ƙungiyoyin ƙasashen Nijeriya da dama a ƙasar Amirka, da ke taimaka wa harkokin siyasa da tattalin arzikin al’ummar Nijeriya, a wajen Nijeriya. Haɓaka waɗannan hanyoyin haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziƙi na yau da kullun shine adadi mai yawa na kuɗi ga iyalai daga yawancin al'ummar Amurkawa mazauna Najeriya . Amma duk da haka albarkatun man fetur na Najeriya da muhimmancinsa ga zaman lafiyar yankin sun yi ƙoƙarin dakile duk wani karfi na dogaro ga Amurka, tare da rage karfin da ake samu da kuma kulla alaƙa da mutunta juna da kuma cin moriyar juna. {{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979}} {{Sfn|Ayam|2008}} {{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998}} Dangane da kuri'ar shekarar 2019 daga Cibiyar Bincike ta Pew, kashi 62% na 'yan Najeriya suna da ra'ayi mai kyau game da Amurka. {{Sfn|Pew Research Center|2022}} == Tarihi == [[File:President_John_F._Kennedy_with_Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa,_Prime_Minister_of_Nigeria_(06).jpg|left|thumb| Fira Ministan Najeriya na farko kuma daya tilo, [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa|Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]], a [[White House|fadar White House]] tare da shugaban kasar Amurka John F. Kennedy a shekarar 1961, jim kadan bayan 'yancin kan Najeriya.]] === A shekara ta 1960 zuwa shekarar 1966: Farkon dangantakar diflomasiyya === An kulla huldar diflomasiyya ta yau da kullum tare da bude ofishin jakadancin Amurka a Legas da na ofishin jakadancin Najeriya a Washington, a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1960, a daidai lokacin da Najeriya ta samu 'yancin kai daga Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya.{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022a}} Shugaban ƙasar Amirka, [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], ya wakilce shi a bukukuwan 'yancin kai daga [[Nelson Rockefeller]], Gwamnan New York.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=118}} A cikin sakonsa ga sabuwar gwamnati a ranar 2 ga watan Oktoba,{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022a}} Eisenhower ya yi wa Najeriya alƙawarin goyon bayan Amurka (Amurka), amma kuma ya yi gargadin game da barazanar da za a iya samu daga wajen iyakokinta - wanda aka fahimta a matsayin abin rufe fuska ga Tarayyar Soviet., don haka ne majibincin yanayin yaƙin cacar -baki wanda zai daidaita dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka a farkon wannan lokacin.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=|pp=117-118}} Bayan shigar Najeriya Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) daga baya a cikin shekara ta 1960, Firayim Minista [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] ya sanar da cewa, a fagen siyasa, Najeriya za ta ci gaba da kasancewa cikin tsaka mai wuyar shiga tsakani na yakin cacar baka, kuma ba za ta sadaukar da ‘yancinta ga Gabas ba. –Kishiyoyin Yamma.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=118}} Duk da haka, cewa gwamnatin farar hula ta Jamhuriyar Farko ta Najeriya ba ta kasance a hukumance ba, amma ta kasance "a bayyane, ko da yake ba bautar ba, mai goyon bayan Yamma".{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1976|p=14}} Wannan wani ɓangare ne na tsarin diflomasiyya da tattalin arziki, sakamakon ci gaba da kusancin Najeriya da Birtaniya, amma kuma ya shafi alakar akida.{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=577}} Kamar yadda Balewa ya nuna a cikin jawabin shekarar 1961 ga 'yan majalisar dokokin Najeriya, "Mun yaba da salon rayuwar Amurka, kuma muna girmama mutanen Amurka saboda son 'yanci".{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=578}} Baya ga ɗaukar yaɗuwar tsarin gurguzu na Tarayyar Soviet, wani daga cikin manufofin farko na Amurka a Najeriya shi ne ƙarfafa dangantakar tattalin arziki tsakanin kasashen biyu.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=118}} Ta nuna sha'awarta ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin Najeriya kafin shekara ta 1960, ta ba da taimakon raya kasa ta hanyar Biritaniya, kuma, a shekarar 1958, ta ba da gudummawar dala 700,000 don samar da ayyuka goma a Najeriya, galibi a fannin noma.{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=576}} Jim kadan bayan 'yancin kai na Najeriya, an aika da wata manufa ta musamman ta tattalin arziki mai mutum biyar domin ta yi nazari kan shirin ci gaban Najeriya da kuma neman hanyoyin da za a iya hada kan tattalin arziki.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=118}} A shawarar manufa, Amurka ta himmatu wajen samar da dala miliyan 225 a cikin taimakon raya ƙasa sama da shekaru biyar, farawa daga shekara ta 1962 tare da dala miliyan 25 na lamuni da tallafi.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=118}}{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=576}} [[File:President John F. Kennedy with Parliamentary Delegation from Nigeria (05).jpg|thumb|Shugaba Kennedy a fadar White House tare da tawagar 'yan majalisar Najeriya, Yuni 1962.]] A cikin shekara ta 1964, wata takardar manufofin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta bayyana cewa, "Babban sha'awar Amurka a Najeriya ita ce ganin ta sami ci gaba, a cikin kasashen Duniya, a matsayin jagora kuma kyakkyawan misali ga sauran kasashen Afirka."{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=118}} Duk da haka, wannan shirin ya wargaje a shekarar 1966, lokacin da sojoji suka yi juyin mulki a Najeriya ya kawar da kwanciyar hankali na siyasa. A cikin hargitsin da ya biyo baya, an kori rundunar zaman lafiya ta Amurka gaba daya daga Najeriya.'''{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=97}}''' ===A shekara ta 1967 zuwa shekarar 1970: Yakin Basasa na Najeriya=== A watan Yulin , shekarar 1967, yakin basasa ya barke a Najeriya, sakamakon yunkurin ballewar ƙasar Biafra. Nan da nan Amurka ta ɗauki "tsakiyar tsaka-tsaki mai ban sha'awa",{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1976|p=14}} ko da yake duka 'yan awaren Biafra da gwamnatin mulkin soja ta tarayya ta Janar [[Jack Gowon]] sun nemi taimakon sojan Amurka da diflomasiyya.{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=579}} Kwanaki huɗu bayan barkewar rikici, Amurka ta ba da sanarwar cewa ba za ta sayar ko ba da makamai ga kowane ɓangare ba, "don kada a zurfafa rikici".{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1976|p=18}} A bisa ga al'ada yana mai da hankali ga rawar da tsoffin turawan mulkin mallaka suka taka a Afirka, kuma ya shiga cikin Vietnam sosai, Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson ya ɗauki yakin a matsayin "al'amarin Biritaniya" wanda ba a keɓance muradun Amurkawa ba.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=119}}{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1976|p=18}} Ko da yake wannan manufar ta fusata jami'an Najeriya,{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=580}} gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta yi wata sanarwa ta sasantawa, inda ta sake jaddada matsayinta na rashin hadin kai a yakin cacar-baka tare da bayyana cewa Amurka da Birtaniya "har yanzu sun kasance a matsayin farko na Najeriya. zabi don siyan makamai saboda dalilai da yawa" - ko da yake kuma yana gargadin cewa yana sa ran "abokanta, musamman a Yamma" ba za su kawo cikas ga kokarinta na yaki ba.{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1976|p=18}} Ba tare da goyon bayan Amurka ba, gwamnatin tarayya ta nema, kuma ta karɓi taimakon sojan Soviet.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=119}} Duk da haka, Amurka ba ta kallon wannan ƙawance a matsayin mai barazana musamman ga muradunta - wani ɓangare saboda kasancewar tarayyar Soviet ta kawar da kasancewar Birtaniyya, kuma wani ɓangare saboda manyan 'yan Najeriya sun nuna ra'ayin mazan jiya: a cikin taƙaitaccen bayanin Oye Ogunbadejo, "Janar Gowon ya kasance. da wuya [[Bolshevik]] ".{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1976|p=18}} Wannan kiyasi ya tabbata: ko da a lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet ta ba da taimako, kuma ko da yake Najeriya ta ci gaba da ba da taimako da haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci tare da Tarayyar Soviet bayan an gama yaƙin,{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=104}} aƙidar Tarayyar Soviet ba ta taɓa mamaye shugabannin Najeriya sosai ba.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=117}} A lokacin da shugaban kasar Amurka [[Richard Nixon]] ya shiga ofis a shekarar 1969, ya goyi bayan shiga tsakani kai tsaye a Najeriya domin tallafawa masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra. Wannan tallafin ya ragu, duk da haka - mai yiyuwa ne saboda [[Henry Kissinger]] da sauran jami'an Ma'aikatar Jiha sun nuna goyon baya ga gwamnatin tarayya,{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1976|p=19}} kuma mai yiyuwa, kamar yadda a cikin tunawa da Kissinger, saboda Firayim Ministan Burtaniya [[Harold Wilson]] ya karkatar da ra'ayoyin Nixon.{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=580}} Duk da haka, ko da ba tare da tsoma baki kai tsaye ba, Amurka ta gaza a yunƙurinta na kiyaye "ƙananan bayanan martaba".{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1976|p=19}} A wani kwarin gwiwa na wata babbar fage mai fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra a Washington,{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1976|p=19}} ƙasar Amirka ta ba da taimako mai mahimmanci, wanda aka kiyasta fiye da dala miliyan 9, don magance rikicin bil adama da ya taso daga dogon lokaci na hana Biafra.{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=580}}{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=119}} Jakadan Amurka a Najeriya, ya ce a cikin wata sanarwa da ya fitar, Amurka na fatan ganin an samu “haɗin kai kuma ba za a raba” Nijeriya ba.{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=580}} Duk da haka, gwamnatin sojan tarayya ta yi fushi da goyon bayan Amurka ga Biafra, wanda ya kasance siyasa ba tare da wata shakka ba a kai tsaye ta amince da ikon gwamnatin Biafra.{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1976|p=19}} Har ila yau, ta ji haushin Amurka don ba da izini - har ma, wasu jami'an Najeriya da ake zargi, da haɗa kai - yakin farfagandar Biafra a Yamma.{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=91}} Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen ta amince a cikin rahoton shekarar 1971 cewa takunkumin makamai da ayyukan agaji na Biafra ya "dagula" dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka.{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1976|p=20}} ===A shekara ta 1970 zuwa shekarar 1977: Sabani akan Kudancin Afirka=== Lokacin da kasar Biafra ta ruguje a watan Janairun shekarar 1970, Nixon na daga cikin shugabannin duniya na farko da suka taya gwamnatin mulkin sojan tarayya murnar nasarar da ta samu. Sakataren harkokin wajen kasar, [[William Rogers]], ya ziyarci Najeriya a ranakun 19 zuwa 20 ga watan Fabrairu, kuma ya mika wata wasika ta sirri daga Nixon, inda ya nuna jin daɗin shugabancin Gowon.{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1976|p=|pp=19-20}}{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=581}} Duk da haka, lokacin da Gowon ya ziyarci Amurka na kwanaki biyar a shekara ta 1973, bai gana da Nixon ba.{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=581}} Gabaɗaya, dangantakar Amurka da Najeriya ta kasance "ta yi kyau sosai" a yawancin shekarun 1970,{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=91}} kuma ta haɗa da lokacin "ɓangarorin" a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin shugaban Amurka [[Gerald Ford]] (a shekara ta 1974 da shekarar 1977).{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|p=119}} Wannan ya faru ba kawai don bacin rai da ya rage daga yakin basasar Najeriya ba, har ma da karuwar rashin jituwar da ke tsakanin kasashen game da yadda ya kamata a tunkari tashe-tashen hankula a kasashen Kudancin Afirka a karkashin mulkin fararen fata. Duk da cewa Amurka ba ta dauki Najeriya da kanta a matsayin mai rauni ga yaduwar gurguzu ba, manufofinta na kamewa a wasu wurare a Afirka sun haifar da tashin hankali a shekarun 1970, musamman yadda kasancewar Tarayyar Soviet da Cuban ke karuwa a Kudancin Afirka, sabuwar kan iyaka da Afirka ta koma mulkin mallaka.{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|p=126}} Akwai dalilai masu karfi da yawa game da wannan: Juriya da Najeriya ta yi wa mulkin Afirka ta Kudu da dabarun Afirka ta Kudu na neman kafa gwamnatocin abokan ciniki a cikin jihohin da ake kira gaba ; yunƙurinsa na akida na gaske don kwato Afirka gaba ɗaya daga mulkin mallaka da mulkin farar fata masu rinjaye; da kuma imaninta cewa ya kamata a samu 'yantar da Afirka tare da mutunta diyaucin kasashen Afirka, wanda ke nuna fifiko kan tsarin kungiyar hadin kan Afrika (OAU) da kuma 'yancin cin gashin kai na jihohi don gayyatar taimako daga duk wani kawaye na yunƙurin 'yantar, ciki har da Tarayyar Soviet. Union da Kuba.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=120}} Taimakon Najeriya ga Angolan a yakin yancin kai na Angolan, sannan ga Movimento Popular da Libertação de Angola (MPLA) a yakin basasar Angolan, ya yi kira ga wannan cakuda na motsa jiki. Matsayin Najeriya gaba daya game da Kudancin Afirka da Angola ya kasance a bayyane, amma a karkashin Janar Murtala Muhammed - wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 1975 - Najeriya ta kaddamar da farmakin diflomasiyya na goyon bayan MPLA, wanda ya kai ga amincewa da gwamnatin karshen a hannun yawancin kasashe mambobin kungiyar, na OAU.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=119}} Bugu da ƙari, Nijeriya ta ba da taimako ga ƙungiyoyi masu 'yanci, ta hanyar OAU da kuma taimakon soja da tattalin arziki kai tsaye, wanda aka kiyasta kimanin dala miliyan 5 a kowace shekara a tsakiyar shekarun 1970.{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=94}} Wannan agajin ya haɗa da samar da makamai da kuma amfani da jiragen sojin Najeriya, kuma a shekara ta 1977 gwamnati ta sanar da aniyarta ta tura sojojin Najeriya don tallafawa 'yantar da yankin kudancin Afirka, ko da kuwa cikin haɗarin da za a iya fuskanta na ramuwar gayya daga Afirka ta Kudu.{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=94}} A Angola – kamar yadda ake yi a wasu lokuta a ƙarni na 20 – wannan matsayi ya sa Najeriya ta yi hannun riga da Amurka, saboda manufofin kame na karshen, kusanci da tsoffin ‘yan mulkin mallaka, da alaka da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=121}} A cikin watan Janairun shekarar 1976, Ford ya rubuta wa Muhammad wasika a cikinta ya yi alkawarin karfafa Afirka ta Kudu don kawo karshen shisshigin da take yi a yakin basasar Angola, amma sai idan Muhammad ya gaya wa MPLA ya nemi ficewar sojojin Soviet da Cuban. "Ba za mu iya... tsaya kyam ba idan Tarayyar Soviet da Cuban suka ci gaba da sa baki," Ford ya kammala.{{Sfn|Anon.|1976a}}{{Sfn|Noer|1993|p=777}} An bayar da rahoton cewa ya rubuta irin wannan wasiƙu zuwa ga wasu shugabannin ƙasashen Afirka, yana matsa musu don kada su goyi bayan ko amincewa da MPLA da kuma ba da shawarar cewa 'yancin kai na Afirka ta Kudu maso yammacin Afirka ( Namibiya mai mulkin Afirka ta Kudu) zai kasance da sharadi ga janyewar Cuba. daga Angola.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=|pp=120-121}} Muhammed ya mayar da martani da vitriol, a cikin wata sanarwa a hukumance yana kwatanta wasikar a matsayin "cin mutunci ga shugabannin Afirka".{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=91}} Ƴan Jaridu da jama'a a Najeriya ma sun fusata sosai: [[Daily Times (Nigeria)]] ta gudanar da labarin a karkashin taken "Shut Up", yayin da shafin farko na jaridar Najeriya ''Nigerian Herald'' ya rubuta, "To Hell With America", a farkon shafin jaridar. Tuni dai ra'ayin jama'a a Najeriya ya bijire wa Amurka a lokacin, musamman saboda shigo da sinadarin chromite daga kasar Rhodesia karkashin mulkin Byrd, wanda ya kaucewa takunkumin da aka kakaba wa Rhodesia.{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|p=91}} Kuma a cikin watan Fabrairun shekarar 1975, alal misali, sojojin Najeriya - sanye da tankokin yaki - sun tilasta wa Hukumar Raya Cigaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka daga ofisoshinta a tsibirin Legas.{{Sfn|Ottaway|1978}} Amma, a watan da ya biyo bayan wasiƙar Ford, a cikin watan Fabrairu,shekara ta 1976, tashin hankali ya ƙara tsananta lokacin da aka kashe Muhammed a wani yunƙurin juyin mulkin da gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi zargin cewa akwai hannun hukumar leƙen asiri ta Amurka.{{Sfn|Kaufman|1978}} An yi zanga-zangar kyamar Amurkawa da dalibai suka yi a Legas da sauran wurare a Najeriya: masu zanga-zangar sun kona tutocin Amurka, sun kai hari kan ofisoshin diflomasiyya na Amurka, kuma sun bukaci a mayar da man fetur na Gulf na Amurka kasa.{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=91}}{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=582}}{{Sfn|Darnton|1976a}} Wannan ya haifar da "barkewar dangantakar diflomasiyya" tsakanin ƙasashen biyu.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=|pp=119-120}} Sau biyu a cikin shekarar 1976, gwamnatin mulkin soja ta tarayya ta ki amincewa Sakataren Gwamnati Kissinger ya ziyarci Legas,{{Sfn|Anon.|1976b}}{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=91}} jaridar (New York Times) sun ruwaito zargin cewa ita ma ta matsa wa Ghana ta soke ziyarar da Kissinger ya shirya zuwa [[Accra]].{{Sfn|Darnton|1976b}} A cikin watan Oktoba,shekara ta 1976, Najeriya ta yi watsi da shawarar Anglo-Amurka don sasantawa na Rhodesian,{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=91}} kuma, a cikin Maris, shekara ta 1977, an kama wakilin jaridar ''New York Times'' na Afirka ta Yamma, [[John Darnton]] a Legas, sannan aka kore shi daga Najeriya. a cikin ci gaba da jin daɗin hukuma da jama'a game da 'yan leƙen asirin Amurka.{{Sfn|Darnton|1977}} [[File:Jimmy Carter with Lt. Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo of Nigeria - NARA - 176455.tif|thumb|Shugaban Amurka [[Jimmy Carter]] tare da shugaban Najeriya Laftanar Janar [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] a fadar White House, Oktoba 1977.]] [[File:Olusegun Obasanjo and Jimmy Carter-02.jpg|thumb|Shugaba Carter da Janar Obasanjo a [[Legas]], Afrilu 1978. "Na fito daga babbar al'umma don ziyarci babbar kasa," Carter ya gaya wa masu sauraron sa na Najeriya.{{Sfn|Carter|1978}}]] ===A shekara ta 1977 zuwa shekarar 1981: Haɗin kai a ƙarƙashin Carter=== Dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka ta inganta sosai tun daga shekarar 1977, musamman saboda zaben Jimmy Carter a matsayin shugaban kasar Amurka. Manufofin Carter na waje game da Afirka an kwatanta su da bambanta sosai da na magabata - ba wai kawai a cikin mahimmancin Afirka ba,'''{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=95}}''' amma har ma da tsayin daka ga yakin cacar baka a Angola.{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=93}}'''{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|p=118}}''' na zamanin Kissinger, wanda, a cikin kalmomin Cyrus. Vance, Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Carter, ya ɗauki Afirka "a matsayin filin gwaji na gasar Gabas da Yamma".'''{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|p=118}}'''{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=121}} Maimakon haka, Carter ya nemi ya zayyana hoton 'yancin kai na Amurka a waje, yana mai da hankali kan ka'idodin adalci na duniya da 'yancin ɗan adam; ya kuma yi tir da wariyar launin fata a bainar jama'a, ya kuma soki dabarun gwamnatin Ford a yakin basasar, Bugu da ƙari, Carter ya nada a matsayin jakadan Amurka a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wani matashi bakar fata dan majalisa, [[Andrew Young]], wanda ke abota na sirri da Laftanar Janar [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], shugaban Najeriya, da Birgediya [[Joe Garba]], kwamishinan harkokin waje na Najeriya.'''{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=582}}{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|p=119}}'''{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=93}} Gabaɗaya, ƙasar Amirka, da Jakadanta a Nijeriya, [[Donald B. Easum]], sun jaddada aniyar ƙasar Amirka, na tuntubar Nijeriya sosai, game da manufofinta na ƙetare, a wasu wurare a Afrika.'''{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|p=119}}{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=95}}''' Tasirin sauye-sauyen biyu shine "damar sake farawa" a cikin dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka.'''{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|p=119}}''' Bugu da ƙari, yanayi na iya sa shugabannin Najeriya su sake yin la'akari da matsananciyar manufofinsu na ketare: duka tabarbarewar tattalin arzikin Najeriya, da kuma rashin ci gaban yunƙurin 'yantar da Afirka ta Kudu, sun sanya dangantakar diflomasiyya da Amurka ta zama abin sha'awa kuma har ma da mahimmanci.{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=94}} Ƙudurin da Carter ya yi na hana dogaro da shigo da mai daga ƙasashen waje, haɗe da faɗuwar faɗuwar da ake samu a cikin man Nijeriya saboda ƙarancin wadatar da man fetur a duniya, ya sa ya zama mahimmanci don haɓaka dangantakar tattalin arzikin Najeriya da Amurka{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|pp=122-123}} (Kuma, lalle ne. a shekara ta 1977, fiye da kashi 80% na man da Najeriya ke fitarwa ya tafi Amurka{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=96}} Dangantakar diflomasiyya tsakanin kasashen biyu ta inganta cikin sauri, kuma shugabannin kasashen sun yi musanyar ziyarar aiki. Obasanjo ya ziyarci Washington a watan Oktoba,shekara ta 1977, kuma Carter ya ziyarci Legas a watan Maris zuwa Afrilun shekarar 1978. Ziyarar ta Obasanjo ita ce ta farko da wani shugaban Najeriya ya kai Amurka tun bayan samun 'yancin kai,'''{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=91}}''' yayin da Carter's ita ce ziyarar farko da wani shugaban Amurka ya kai wata kasa da ke kudu da hamadar Sahara.'''{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|p=|pp=120-121}}''' alfanun waɗannan ziyarce-ziyarcen ita ce Yarjejeniyar Horar da Ma'aikata ta Najeriya da Amurka, wadda a ƙarƙashinta dubban 'yan Najeriya za su sami horon fasaha a Amurka;'''{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=96}}{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|p=124}}''' da yarjejeniyoyin kafa ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa guda huɗu, game da zuba jari da ciniki, fasaha, noma, da haɓaka karkara da ilimi.{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|pp=|p=121}} A cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, tawagogin kasuwanci na hukuma sun yi tafiya akai-akai tsakanin kasashen don shawarwari masu girma.{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|p=124}} Har ila yau, a cikin shekara ta 1977, gwamnatin Najeriya ta sanya hannu kan manyan kwangiloli guda biyu tare da kamfanonin Amurka don tsara sabon babban birninta a [[Abuja]], sanannen ficewa daga al'adar haɗin gwiwar Najeriya da Birtaniya kan irin waɗannan batutuwa.{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=584-585}} Har ila yau, taimakon soja ya karu: yayin da Amurka ta sayar wa Najeriya kayan aikin soja kusan na dala miliyan 12.6 ne kawai tsakanin shekara ta 1950 zuwa shekarar 1976, a shekara ta 1977 Amurka ta amince da dala miliyan 45.5 a irin wannan siyayyar.{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=97}} A karshe, Carter da Obasanjo sun yi gaggawar cimma matsaya na wani bangare na sabanin da ke tsakanin kasashensu kan Kudancin Afirka. A cikin watan Satumba na shekarar 1977, Obasanjo ya fito fili kuma ya amince da sabon shawarwarin Anglo-Amurka na sasantawa a Rhodesia, kuma ya zaburar da su a wani taro a [[Lusaka]] tare da shugabannin jihohi. {{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=92}}'''{{Sfn|Ottaway|1978}}''' Wannan ya biyo bayan ganawa da matasa da gwamnatin Amurka game da cikakkun bayanai game da shawarwarin, kuma, bayan haka, an shawarci Najeriya sosai game da abubuwan da suka faru - bayan da tattaunawar ta rushe a cikin watan Janairu,shekara ta 1978, Amurka da sauran wakilan yammacin Turai sun tashi zuwa Legas don shawarwari. da gwamnatin Najeriya.{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=95}} Lokacin da Najeriya ta koma kan tsarin dimokuradiyya a karkashin jamhuriya ta biyu, dangantakar diflomasiyya ta kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali. Hakika, kundin tsarin mulkin dimokaradiyyar Najeriya na shekara ta 1979 ya yi sako-sako da tsarin tsarin shugaban kasa na tarayya na Amurka,{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=583}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=104}} da 'yan majalisar dokokin Najeriya goma sha shida sun ziyarci majalisar dokokin Amurka domin nazarin yadda tsarin ya gudana a karkashin hadadden al'ada na kabilanci da addini wanda ya haifar da rikici. Amurka da Najeriya sun yi daya.{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=584}}{{Sfn|Aka|2002|p=250}} Mataimakin shugaban kasa [[Walter Mondale]] ya ziyarci Najeriya a watan Yulin 1980 a wani ɓangare na rangadin Afirka, kuma ya jaddada muradin Amurka na karfafa alaƙar tattalin arziki da Najeriya.{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=583}} Shugaban Najeriya [[Shehu Shagari]] ya ziyarci Amurka a watan Oktoban shekarar 1980.{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=583}} Koyaya, ra'ayin cikin gida na Najeriya game da haɗin gwiwar Najeriya da Amurka ya bambanta. Wasu mazabu na cikin gida, ciki har da sassan 'yan jaridu, sun nuna rashin amincewa da ci gaban da aka samu tare da adawa da goyon bayan gwamnati ga shirin Anglo-Amurka a Rhodesia.{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=100}} A matakin hukuma, Afirka ta Kudu ta kasance abin da ya dace. Ayyukan gwamnatin Carter na manufofinta na Afirka wani lokaci yana bayyana "rashin kuskure" ga jami'an Najeriya,{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|p=124}} yana nuna shakku game da gaskiyar alkawurran Amurka na yin adalci da 'yancin kai a Kudancin Afirka.{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=101}} Kwanciyar hankalinta game da faɗaɗa tsarin gurguzu bai kawar da tunanin Amurka ba - a idanun 'yan Najeriya - don "masu fushi".{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|pp=|p=125}} A ziyarar da Carter ya kai a birnin Legas, Obasanjo ya “ki yarda” gayyatar da Carter ya yi masa na yin Allah wadai da shigar Tarayyar Soviet da Cuba a Afirka.{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|pp=|p=125}} Najeriya ba ta goyi bayan shigar Amurka a [[Shaba II]] ko, daga baya, a cikin [[Horn of Africa]],{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|p=124}} kuma dangantakarta da Afirka ta Kudu ba ta da farin jini musamman. A cikin Oktoban shekarar 1977, alal misali, ko da yake Amurka ta goyi bayan takunkumin takunkumin makamai na tsawon watanni shida a Afirka ta Kudu a kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta kuma shiga cikin Birtaniya da Faransa wajen yin watsi da daftarin kudurin Afro-Asiya wanda ya bukaci takunkumin tattalin arziki da na soja.{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=101}} A ziyarar da Carter ya kai Legas a watan Afrilun shekarar 1978, Obasanjo ya fito fili ya caccaki Amurka da kasashen Yamma saboda ra'ayinsu na lumana a kan wariyar launin fata da kuma ci gaba da hadin gwiwa da [[Pretoria]] kan harkokin soji da tattalin arziki.{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|pp=121-122}} Irin wannan tashe-tashen hankula sun ta'azzara a ƙarƙashin magajin Carter, [[Ronald Reagan]], wanda gwamnatinsa ta yi "hankali mai ma'ana" tare da Pretoria tare da yin watsi da kudurin Kwamitin Tsaro kan takunkumi.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=122}} Mai goyon bayan takunkumin da aka kaƙaba wa Afirka ta Kudu, Najeriya ta yi maraba da rashin amincewar Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ga Reagan na kin amincewa da dokar hana wariyar launin fata ta 1986.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=122}} ===A shekara ta 1981 zuwa shekarar 1993: Rashin jin daɗi=== A shekarun 1980, yayin da tattalin arzikin cikin gida ya tabarbare, Najeriya ta zama cibiyar safarar miyagun kwayoyi ta kan iyaka da kuma zamba, musamman abin da ake kira damfarar yan 419.{{Sfn|Aka|2002|pp=|p=249}}{{Sfn|Obot|2004|p=18}}'''{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|pp=|p=104}}''' Ko da yake ba babban mai samar da narcotics ba ne, babban wurin jigilar kayayyaki ne a kan da'irar narcotics na duniya, musamman ga ''opiates'' da hodar iblis da ake jigilar su zuwa Arewacin Amurka da Turai - a tsakiyar 1990s, hukumomin tilasta yin amfani da kwayoyi na Amurka, sun kiyasta cewa cibiyoyin sadarwa na Najeriya sun kai fiye da rabin maganin tabar (heroin) da ake samu a Amurka{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|pp=|p=104}}{{Sfn|Hoffman|1996|pp=|p=150}}{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=124}} Wannan ya ba da ingiza hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashen biyu da kuma tushen tada hankali. A shekarar 1987, kasashen sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta tabbatar da doka da oda, sannan kuma yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna ta musamman kan yaki da miyagun kwayoyi.{{Sfn|Aka|2002|pp=|p=250}} Jami'an tsaron Najeriya suma sun sami horon yaki da miyagun kwayoyi na Amurka.{{Sfn|Moose|1995|p=604}} Duk da haka, ƙasar Amirka ma ta ƙara jin takaici game da abin da ta ɗauka a matsayin "halayen halattar da gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi game da cin hanci da rashawa da rashin bin doka".{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|pp=104-105}} A shekarar 1985 ne Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] na Najeriya ya karɓi mulki ta hanyar juyin mulki, ya kuma yi alkawarin kyautata alaka tsakanin kasashen biyu, yana mai nuni da irin horon da ya samu a fannin soji a Amurka{{Sfn|Weller|1985}} Hasali ma, a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Babangida, an kara nuna damuwa a Amurka game da take hakkin dan Adam da ake tafkawa. gwamnatin soja.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=124}} A watan Disambar 1989, gwamnatin Amirka ta janye bashin dala miliyan 80.5 daga Nijeriya, duk da cewa an soke ziyarar da Babangida ya shirya zuwa Amirka a wata mai zuwa.{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|pp=590-591}} ===A shekara ta 1993 zuwa shekara 1998: Tsamin dangantakar diflomasiya a mulkin Abacha=== ====Martanin diflomasiyya==== Daga karshen shekarun 1980, kamar yadda Najeriya ke shirin komawa mulkin farar hula a karkashin jamhuriya ta Uku da ake sa ran, Amurka ta goyi bayan wadannan yunƙurin, na kuɗi - ta hanyar tallafawa lamuni na Bankin Duniya - da kuma diflomasiyya.{{Sfn|Moose|1995|p=603}} Ƙasar Amirka ta kasance abokiyar tarayya ga Nijeriya wajen tsara wannan sauyi, saboda tsarin mulkin dimokraɗiyya na ƙarshe na Nijeriya an yi shi ne da kansa, da kuma saboda shugaban Amirka Bill Clinton ya shiga ofis a 1993 da nufin aiwatar da manufofin shiga tsakani a Afirka. da kuma wanda, a cikin yanayin duniya bayan yakin cacar baka, zai inganta kyakkyawan shugabanci da dimokuradiyya.{{Sfn|Aka|2002|p=|pp=226, 255}}{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=124}} A watan Yuni 1993, duk da haka, an gudanar da zaɓen dimokuradiyya a Najeriya, sannan Janar Babangida ya soke nan da nan. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta soki soke sokewar a matsayin "abin takaici", sannan ta kuma nuna damuwa game da "ci gaba da danniya da 'yan jaridu da dakarun dimokuradiyya" a cikin rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da ya biyo baya.{{Sfn|Campbell|1994|p=313}} Yayin da yake gargaɗin cewa za ta ɗauki ƙarin matakai idan sojoji ba su mika wuya ga farar hula ba, Amurka ta aiwatar da wasu matakai na farko don "yi rijistar damuwa da rashin jin daɗinta", ciki har da soke tallafin dala miliyan 11 na kasafin kuɗi ga ma'aikatar Najeriya. na Lafiya ; dakatar da duk wasu taimakon raya kasa, sai dai taimakon jin kai da ake bi ta hanyar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu; da kuma dakatar da duk wani taimako da horon soji na ƙasashen biyu, sai dai horon da ya shafi yaki da muggan kwayoyi.{{Sfn|Moose|1995|p=604}} An janye jami'in dake ba da taimakon tsaro na Amirka daga Najeriya, yayin da jami'in tsaro na Amurika ya dakatar da tafiyarsa zuwa Najeriya, sannan aka buƙaci hadimin sojin Najeriya ya bar birnin Washington. A ƙarshe, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da bita-bi-uku, "tare da zato na ƙaryatawa", don duk sabbin takardun lasisi don fitar da tsaro na kasuwanci zuwa Najeriya.{{Sfn|Moose|1995|p=604}} Wanda ake kyautata zaton ya lashe zaben watan Yuni, [[Moshood Abiola]], ya je Amurka da Biritaniya domin samun goyon bayan ƙasashen waje kan shugabancinsa.{{Sfn|Campbell|1994|p=314}} A cikin watan Nuwamba,shekara ta 1993, amma, aka naɗa Janar [[Sani Abacha]] a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a juyin mulkin da ba a zubar da jini ba. A wata mai zuwa, Shugaba Clinton ta fitar da wata shela a karkashin Dokar Shige da Fice da Kasa, inda ta takaita shiga Amurka ga "'yan Najeriya da suka tsara, aiwatarwa, ko kuma amfana daga manufofin da ke hana Najeriya sauya sheka zuwa dimokuradiyya" da kuma ga dangin wadannan mutane.{{Sfn|Moose|1995|p=604}} A farkon shekarar 1994, an kuma haramta wa Najeriya takardar shedar a ƙarƙashin Dokar Taimakawa Waje ta Amirka saboda gazawa wajen shawo kan fataucin muggan kwayoyi a cikin iyakokinta, tare da yin tasiri mai tsanani ga taimakon ƙasashen waje da za ta iya samu.{{Sfn|Obot|2004|p=20-21}} An ci gaba da aiwatar da ƙarin takunkumi a cikin watanni da shekaru masu zuwa, musamman ma dangane da rahotannin da ake samu na tauye hakkin ɗan adam a cikin [[Najeriya]]. Gwamnatin Amurka ta yi Allah-wadai da hukuncin kisa da aka yankewa tsohon shugaban kasa Obasanjo, da wasu, bisa zargin yunkurin juyin mulki. Ta fitar da abin da jami'in diflomasiyyar [[George E. Moose]] ya kira "bayyani mai kakkausar murya" inda ya bukaci a yi hakuri,{{Sfn|Moose|1995|p=605}} kuma an ce Clinton ta yi waya da Abacha da kansa don ya gargade shi kan aiwatar da hukuncin kisa.{{Sfn|Hoffman|1996|p=151}} Bayan takaita hukuncin kisa na [[Ken Saro-Wiwa]] da sauran mutanen [[Ogoni Nine]] a watan Nuwamba 1995, an karfafa takunkumi da hana tafiye-tafiye, gami da hana zirga-zirgar jami'an diflomasiyya da jami'an Najeriya da ke ziyartar Amurka.{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=|pp=105-106}} Amurka kuma ta kira Jakadanta a Najeriya.{{Sfn|Hartman|1995}} An gabatar da kudurori guda biyu masu ba da izinin ƙarin takunkumi a cikin Majalisar Dattawa da ta Wakilai, amma ba su sami ƙuri'a ba.{{Sfn|Payne|1995}}{{Sfn|Kassebaum|1995}} Yazo a farkon shekarar 1996, dangantakar Najeriya da kasashen Yamma ta kasance "mafi ƙarancin lokaci".{{Sfn|Hoffman|1996|p=146}} Wannan ya kasance duk da ƙoƙarin [[Donald McHenry]], jami'in diflomasiyya da ake mutuntawa sosai a Najeriya, wanda aka naɗa shi a matsayin wakilin Clinton a shekara ta 1994 kuma wanda ya kai ziyara Najeriya akai-akai don tattaunawa da Abacha ta hanyar tashoshi.{{Sfn|Hoffman|1996|p=146}}{{Sfn|Lippman|1995}} Jakadan Amurka mai ci a Najeriya [[Walter Carrington]], ya kasance mai sukar gwamnatin Abacha, kuma ya zama "virtually ''persona non grata''" a Najeriya.{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=106}} Duk da haka, duk da ci gaba da aikace-aikacenta na "cakudadden diflomasiyya mai natsuwa da kuma takunkumi mai iyaka", masu sharhi sun lura cewa Amurka ba ta son yankewa ko lalata dangantakarta da Najeriya ba tare da gyarawa ba,{{Sfn|Hoffman|1996|p=146}} musamman dangantakar tattalin arziki da tsaro.{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=106}} Ko da yake an yi la'akari da dakatar da kadarorin gwamnatin Najeriya, shawarar ta ci tura lokacin da Najeriya ta yi barazanar mayar da martani ta hanyar dakatarwa ko bata kadarorin Amurka a Najeriya.{{Sfn|Hoffman|1996|p=157}} Watakila mahimmanci, takunkumin Amurka bai kai ga ɓangaren man Najeriya ba. A wani ra'ayi, wannan ya faru ne saboda Amurka ta ƙididdige cewa babu isassun tallafin siyasa - musamman a Turai - don takunkumin hana mai na bangarori daban-daban, kuma takunkumin bai ɗaya ba zai yi tasiri ba.{{Sfn|Hoffman|1996|p=|pp=156-157}}{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|pp=|p=128}} A wani ra'ayi kuma, ƙasar Amirka ta ci gaba da cinikin man fetur don kare muradunta na ƙasa da na kasuwanci.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|pp=118, 128}} Kamfanonin mai na Amurika da wasu da ke da manyan jari a Najeriya rahotanni sun nuna cewa, sun yi adawa da tsauraran takunkumai, musamman ma na batun hana man fetur.{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=106}} [[File:Dele Momodu and President Bill Clinton.jpg|thumb|Tsohon shugaban kasar Amurka Bill Clinton a shekarar 2008 tare da Dele Momodu, wani dan fafutuka da ya yi fafutukar tabbatar da dimokradiyyar Najeriya a lokacin gwamnatin Clinton.|left|210x210px]] ====Martanin jama'a==== Goyon bayan da jama'a ke baiwa Abacha saniyar ware a duniya ya samo asali ne daga tarin 'yan fafutuka, wadanda a tsakanin shekara ta 1993 zuwa shekarar 1999, suka jagoranci fafutukar tabbatar da dimokuradiyyar Najeriya mai dorewa, daga cikin ƴan Najeriya da yan gudun hijira.{{Sfn|Hoffman|1996|p=149}}{{Sfn|Booker|Minter|2003|pp=|p=49}} Ƙungiyar National Democratic Coalition (Nadeco), ƙungiyar adawa ta Najeriya, ta yi aiki musamman a Amurka, inda da dama daga cikin shugabanninta ke gudun hijira.{{Sfn|Hoffman|1996|p=|pp=153-154}} Amurka ta karɓi irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi tare da "taimako da maraba".{{Sfn|Aka|2002|p=278}} A cikin watan Yulin shekarar 1997, ‘yan sandan Nijeriya sun bayyana aniyarsu ta yi wa jami’an diflomasiyyar Amurka tambayoyi dangane da wasu hare-haren bama-bamai da aka kai a cikin Nijeriya da ƙungiyar (Nadeco) ke da hannu a ciki.{{Sfn|Anon|1997}} Sauran ƙungiyoyin masu aiki sun haɗa da [[Amnesty International]], [[Human Rights Watch]], [[TransAfrica]], wani yanki na [[Congressional Black Caucus]], da kuma wasu kungiyoyi na Najeriya-Amurka, Waɗanda suka ɗauki nauyin "siyasa ta adawa", ciki har da samun mashahuran mutane sun amince.{{Sfn|Hoffman|1996|p=149}} A cikin 1997, masu fafutuka sun yi nasarar lallasa majalisar birnin New York don sanya sunan wani kusurwar titin Second Avenue, a wajen ofishin jakadancin Najeriya, bayan Kudirat Abiola, mai fafutukar tabbatar da dimokuradiyya wanda aka danganta kisan gillar da gwamnatin Abacha ta yi.{{Sfn|Adebanwi|2012|pp=650-652}} (Bayan makonni biyu, Abacha ya mayar da martani ta hanyar canza sunan titin karamin ofishin jakadancin Amurka da ke Legas zuwa sunan ''Louis Farrakhan'', sunan wani mai sukar gwamnatin Amurka.){{Sfn|Adebanwi|2012|pp=|p=654}}, baya ga haka yan siyasar Amerika masu goyan bayan mulkin Abacha, kamar irin su [[Carol Moseley Braun]], ya ce ganganci ne zagin jama'a.{{Sfn|Booker|Minter|2003|p=52}} ===A shekara ta 1998 zuwa shekarun 2000s: Taimakawa ga dimokradiyyar Najeriya=== Bayan mutuwar Abacha a watan Yunin shekarar 1998, dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka ta daidaita cikin sauri. Magajin Abacha, Janar Abdulsalami Abubakar, ya sassauta takunkumin siyasa na cikin gida tare da bayyana kudurinsa na tabbatar da dimokradiyya. Amurka ta bude huldar diflomasiyya da '''Abubakar''' da gwamnatin mulkin soja, sannan kuma ta tuntubi '''Abiola''' mai fatan shugaban kasa, duk da cewa ya fadi ya mutu yayin ganawarsa da jami’an ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka.{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=106}} kuma ta dage takunkumin hana zirga-zirgar tafiye-tafiyen Najeriya, agaji, kasuwanci, da haɗin gwiwar sojoji.{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=|pp=106-107}} Jim kaɗan bayan Najeriya ta gudanar da zabukan dimokuradiyya a watan Fabrairun shekarar 1999, Sakataren Yada Labarai na Clinton ya sanar da cewa za a sake tabbatar da Najeriya a ƙarƙashin Dokar Taimakon Kasashen Waje. Wannan ba domin Najeriya ta samu ci gaba a fannin sarrafa muggan kwayoyi ba, amma saboda “muhimman muradun kasa” na Amurka, ganin cewa, “muhimmancin Najeriya ga zaman lafiyar yankin, da kuma yuwuwar misali na sake fasalin siyasa da tattalin arziki a Afirka, yana ba da muhimmiyar ma'ana ta musamman. zuwa canji a halin yanzu yana gudana".{{Sfn|Obot|2004|p=23}} Daga baya a cikin shekarar 1999, ƙasar Amirka ta sassauta wani oda, wanda, tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a shekara ta 1993, ta haramta duk wani zirga-zirga a tsakanin Amurika zuwa Legas ko legas zuwa Amurika daga [[filin jirgin saman Murtala Muhammed]] saboda rashin tsaro.{{Sfn|Fainberg|2009}} [[File:Olusegun Obasanjo with George Bush March 29, 2006.jpg|thumb|Shugaban Najeriya Obasanjo tare da Shugaban Amurka [[George W. Bush]] a Ofishin Oval, Maris 2006.]] Lokacin da Obasanjo ya hau kan karagar mulki a watan Mayun wannan shekarar, tawagar Amurka ta halarci bikin rantsar da shi.{{Sfn|Aka|2002|p=254}} Shugaba Clinton ya ziyarci Najeriya ba da dadewa ba - ziyarar farko da wani shugaban kasar Amurka ya kai tun lokacin Carter a shekara ta 1979, lokacin da, a kwatsam, Obasanjo ya kasance shugaban kasa, duk da cewa ba a zaɓe shi ta hanyar dimokradiyya ba.{{Sfn|Aka|2002|p=272}} Dangantaka ta sirri tsakanin Obasanjo da Clinton ta haifar da kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin kasashen biyu, kuma yanayin ya ci gaba a karkashin magajin Clinton, [[George W. Bush]], daga shekara ta 2001 - Obasanjo shi ne shugaban Afrika na farko da Bush ya karɓi bakuncin a Fadar [[White House]], kuma ya ci gaba da yin ziyara bayan haka.{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=109}} Lallai Obasanjo ya ziyarci Amurka sau tara tsakanin shekara ta 1999 zuwa shekarar 2006.{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}} Wani muhimmin batu a dangantakar ƙasashen biyu a lokacin Bush da Obasanjo na farko shi ne muradin Najeriya na samun abin da ake kira ("democracy dividend"), ta hanyar taimako da soke bashi ko raguwa. A cikin shekara ta 2001, da jaridar Los Angeles Times ta tambaye ta yadda Amurka za ta goyi bayan dimokradiyyar Najeriya, Obasanjo ya lura da cewar: <blockquote>“Mun amince da dimokuradiyya ba wai don ainihin kimar dimokuradiyya ba ne, a’a, domin mutanenmu sun yi imanin cewa dimokuradiyya na iya inganta rayuwarsu. . . Suna tsammanin, daidai, rabon dimokradiyya. Idan hakan bai zo ba, za su ji bacin rai. Amurka za ta iya taimaka mana da hakan.”{{Sfn|Aka|2002|p=256}}</blockquote> Obasanjo ya ci gaba da maganganu don a soke basussuka a ganawarsa da gwamnatin Amurka,{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=|pp=102, 111}} kuma al'amarin a wasu lokuta ya zama "mai rikitarwa".{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=85}} Clinton ba ta “karɓi” wannan shawara ba,{{Sfn|Aka|2002|p=260}} kuma Amurka a ƙarƙashin Bush ta ci gaba da ƙudiri aniyar ba za ta ba da yafe bashi ba tare da ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwaƙƙwaran Nijeriya na sake fasalin tattalin arziki ba.{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=111}} A wa'adi na biyu na mulkin Obasanjo, daga 2003, ya ƙara habaka manufofin cikin gida da yunƙurin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, kuma ta haka ne ya tabbatar da yarjejeniyar da [[Paris Club]] ta yi na soke bashi mai yawa.{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=111}} Duk da haka, masu lura da al'amura sun lura cewa rabe-raben dimokuradiyyar Amurka ga Najeriya ba shi da kyau a cikin 'yan shekarun farko bayan zaɓen shekara ta 1999 {{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=110}}{{Sfn|Aka|2002|p=261}} Taimakon da Amurka ke baiwa Najeriya daga ƙasashen waje ya ƙaru tsakanin shekara ta 1998 zuwa shekarar 2001, daga kasa da dala miliyan 7 zuwa dala miliyan 109,{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=107}} amma ya sake raguwa a shekarun baya, kuma a shekarar 2004 an kiyasta ya kai dala miliyan 65.{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=110}} Har ila yau, an ƙara yawan fakitin agaji ta hanyar ƙara kayan agajin jin kai da ake bayarwa, da kuma sauye-sauyen siyasa da tattalin arziki, gami da mulki, noma, da dimokuradiyya.{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=110}} [[File:Nigerian President Jonathan Greets Secretary Kerry Upon Arrival At State House in Lagos for Election Conversation (16177696837).jpg|left|thumb|Sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka [[John Kerry]] tare da shugaban Najeriya [[Goodluck Jonathan]] a Legas, Janairu 2015. Kerry ya gana da Jonathan domin samun kudurinsa na ganin an gudanar da zaɓe cikin lumana.]] Bugu da ƙari, kusantar dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka ta gamu da wani gagarumin liyafa a cikin Najeriya. Kamar yadda suka yi a lokacin gwamnatin Carter, masu sukar sun yi zargin sahihancin goyon bayan da Amurka ke ba wa ‘yancin ɗan adam da dimokuradiyya a Afirka, suna zargin cewa hakan ya kasance abin fakewa da muradun ƙasa da ba su dace ba, kuma suna jayayya cewa Nijeriya ta zama wata ƙasa ta Yammacin Turai, ba ta bambanta da ita ba. bin manufofin kasashen waje karkashin jagorancin Afirka da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka.{{Sfn|Aka|2002|p=|pp=243, 254}} Duk da haka, a cikin shekarun baya, Amurka ta kasance a shirye ta ba da tallafi na siyasa don tabbatar da mulkin farar hula na dimokuradiyya a Najeriya.{{Sfn|Gordon|2015}} Tun bayan zaben [[Muhammadu Buhari]] a matsayin shugaban Najeriya a shekarar 2015, wannan ya hada da babban goyon baya ga yunƙurin Buhari na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa a cikin gida - cin hanci da rashawa na ɗaya daga cikin ajandar taron da Buhari ya yi a fadar [[White House]] da shugaban Amurka [[Barack Obama]], Yulin shekarar 2015.{{Sfn|White House Press Secretary|2015}} {{Sfn|Page|2016|p=1}} Buhari ya yi kira ga gwamnatin Amurka da ta maido da kuɗaɗen almundahana da jami'an gwamnatin Najeriya suka yi, kuma a watan Afrilun shekarar 2016 [[Ibrahim Magu]] shugaban [[hukumar yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa]], ya ziyarci [[Washington]] domin mika bukatarsa ga, gwamnatin Amurka don ƙarin taimakon fasaha, horo, da musayar bayanan sirri.{{Sfn|Page|2016|p=3}} ===A shekara ta 1998 zuwa yau: Alaƙa=== ====Haɗin gwiwar tsaro==== Shugaba Clinton da mai ba shi shawara kan harkokin tsaro, [[Anthony Lake]], sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan magance tashe-tashen hankula a Afirka, kuma suna sane da irin tasirin da Najeriya ke da shi a fannin tsaro.'''{{Sfn|Hoffman|1996|pp=|p=150}}''' [[Najeriya]] ta dade tana zama ɗan wasan tsakiya a cikin ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya na Afirka,{{Sfn|Booker|Minter|2003|p=|pp=43}} kuma ta ɗauki nauyin jagoranci a - tare da samar da mafi yawan dakarun - ayyukan [[ECOMOG]] waɗanda suka kasance masu mahimmanci a farkon yaƙin basasar ƙasar [[Laberiya]] da [[Saliyo]] a cikin shekarun 1990.'''{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|pp=|p=102}}{{Sfn|Hoffman|1996|pp=|p=150}}{{Sfn|Aka|2002|pp=|p=248}}''' Bayan an zabi Obasanjo, ƙasar Amirka ta yi ƙoƙarin ba Nijeriya damar ci gaba da taka wannan rawar:{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=129}} Ma'aikatar tsaron ƙasar Amirka, ta ƙaddamar da wani shirin horar da bataliyoyin sojan Nijeriya biyar, kan ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya,,'''{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|pp=|p=107}}''' kuma a cikin 2000 Amurka ta ba wa Najeriya sama da dala miliyan 10 na taimakon soja da sama da dala miliyan 30 na sayar da makamai.{{Sfn|Booker|Minter|2003|p=|pp=50-51}} Wani muhimmin abu na hadin gwiwar sojojin Najeriya da Amurka shi ne magance tashe-tashen hankula da aikata laifuka a mashigin tekun Guinea.{{Sfn|Akpuru-Aja|2003|p=255}} buƙatun Wannan yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci ga mai na Amurka: a cikin 2003, alal misali, rikici a yankin Neja Delta ya tilasta wa kamfanin mai na Amurka [[Chevron]], dakatar da yawancin albarkatun da yake haƙowa a Najeriya.{{Sfn|Veney|2019|p=120}} Wani muhimmin abu shi ne kokarin yaki da ta'addanci. Bayan harin ta'addanci na ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001, Amurka ta kara kaimi wajen yaki da ta'addanci da kasancewar sojojinta a Afirka, tare da ƙaddamar da haɗin gwiwar tsaro da Najeriya.'''{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|pp=|p=109}}{{Sfn|Aka|2002|pp=|p=272}}''' A cewar wasu rahotanni, goyon bayan da Najeriya ke bawa yakin da Amurka ta yi da ta'addanci - musamman bayan da Amurka ta mamaye Afganistan - ba ta da farin jini ga wasu sassan cikin gida, wanda yawancinsu [[musulmi]] ne; sannan an samu munanan fadan addini a zanga-zangar da aka gudanar a Najeriya domin nuna adawa da hare-haren da Amurka ke kaiwa a Afghanistan.'''{{Sfn|Aka|2002|pp=274-275|p=}}''' Haka kuma an samu wasu turjiya daga cikin sojojin Najeriya, waɗanda aka ce manyan hafsoshinsu sun gwammace su yi aiki tare da Biritaniya.'''{{Sfn|Aka|2002|pp=|p=258}}''' [[Victor Malu]] ya yi iƙirarin cewa Obasanjo ya kore shi a matsayin babban hafsan soji ne saboda kakkausan harshe da adawa da haɗin gwiwar soja da Amurka.'''{{Sfn|Aka|2002|pp=|p=258}}''' [[File:20160920 POTUS Bilat with President Buhari of Nigeria HD.webm|thumb|Shugaban Amurika [[Barack Obama]] da na Najeriya [[Muhammadu Buhari]] update the press following a bilateral meeting in Washington in September 2016.]] ====Saka Dokar Leahy==== Tun a farkon shekarun 2010, hadin gwiwar yaki da ta'addanci ya mayar da hankali ne kan hadin gwiwa wajen yaki da ta'addancin [[Boko Haram]] da ke addabar Najeriya a yammacin Afirka, musamman bayan sace 'yan matan makarantar [[Chibok]] da aka yi a shekarar 2014. A ƙarƙashin Amurka. Shugaba Obama, wannan haɗin gwiwar ya iyakance ne ta hanyar zargin cin zarafin bil adama da sojojin Najeriya suka yi, ciki har da kan fararen hula, wanda ya haifar da Dokar Leahy don haka ya iyakance sayar da makamai na Amurka ga Najeriya{{Sfn|Veney|2019|p=125}}. Wannan ya haifar da tashin hankali a Najeriya.{{Sfn|Opeyemi|2015}} Gwamnatin Najeriya da jakadan Amurka a Amurka sun fito fili sun soki shawarar Amurka, a tsakiyar shekarar 2014, don toshe sayar da jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu na Cobra da Amurka suka yi zuwa Najeriya daga Isra'ila saboda damuwar da ake yi game da take hakkin Dan-Adam – jakadan Najeriya ya zargi Washington da kawo cikas a yaki da ta'addanci{{Sfn|Cooper|2015}}. A takaice, jami'an Amurka sun fito fili sun soki mutuncin da karfin sojojin Najeriya yayin sauraron ƙarar majalisar dattijai, sannan jami'in diflomasiyyar Amurka [[Johnnie Carson]] ya amince da shi a karshen shekarar 2014 cewa, "Tashin hankali a cikin Amurka – Dangantakar Najeriya tabbas suna da mafi girman matakin su a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Akwai babban matakin takaici a ɓangarorin biyu.{{Sfn|Schmitt|2014}} Ya zuwa watan Agusta na shekarar 2015, an ba da rahoton cewa Amurka tana yunƙuri don cire takunkumin Dokar Leahy a Najeriya.{{Sfn|Kokim|2015}} ====Haramcin tafiye-tafiye da saka ido akan 'yancin addini==== A ranar 18 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2019, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta saka Najeriya a cikin jerin gwamnatocin da suka tsunduma ko kuma suka jure "mummunan take hakkin 'yancin addini".{{Sfn|Anon.|2019}} An cire shi daga jerin a cikin watan Nuwamban shekarar 2021, kwanaki kafin Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka [[Antony Blinken]] ya isa Najeriya a wani bangare na rangadinsa na Afirka. Korar da Najeriya ta yi ya saba wa shawarar da Hukumar Yaki da ‘Yancin Addinai ta Amurka ta bayar, inda ta ce ta yi matukar kaduwa da matakin.{{Sfn|Lewis|2021}} A cikin watan Janairun shekarar 2020, makonni kacal bayan sanarwar Special Watch List, an ba da sanarwar cewa Najeriya na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe da yawa da aka ƙara wa dokar hana tafiye-tafiye na Shugaban Amurka Donald Trump a ƙarƙashin Dokar Zartaswa mai lamba 13780.{{Sfn|Kanno-Youngs|2020}} Trump ya bayyana matsalolin tsaro, ciki har da cewa Najeriya "tana gabatar da babban hadari, dangane da sauran kasashen duniya, na balaguron ta'addanci zuwa Amurka",{{Sfn|Trump|2020}} amma majiyoyi sun shaida wa jaridar [[New York Times]] cewa gwamnatinsa ta damu da hakan. 'Yan Najeriya da suka tsallaka zuwa can ba bisa ka'ida ba.{{Sfn|Kanno-Youngs|2020}} Wannan ya tuna da kalaman Trump a wani taro a watan Yunin shekarar 2017, inda rahotanni suka ce 'yan Najeriya ba za su taɓa "komawa zuwa gidan su na asali ba" bayan sun ziyarci Amurka.{{Sfn|Shear|Davis|p=2017}} Ministan Harkokin Wajen Najeriya, [[Geoffrey Onyeama]], ya ce nasa Sanarwar ta yi watsi da gwamnatin - Amurka ta bayar da bizar bakin haure sama da 7,920 ga 'yan Najeriya a cikin kasafin kuɗin shekarar 2018, wanda shi ne na biyu a kowace kasa a Afirka - amma tana kokarin magance matsalolin tsaron Amurka.{{Sfn|Jakes|2020}} ==Alaƙar tattalin arziki== Wani muhimmin abin da ya shafi dangantakar Amurka da Najeriya shi ne zaman lafiyar hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki tsakanin kasashen biyu, wanda akasarin ya yi tsayin daka kan tabarbarewar diflomasiyya da siyasa. Zamanin mafi sanyi na dangantakar diflomasiyya - musamman tsakiyar shekarun 1970 da tsakiyar shekarar 1990 - ba abin mamaki ba ne ya haifar da illa ga dangantakar tattalin arziki, kuma, hakika, jarin Amurka a Najeriya ya fadada a wasu sassa a ƙarƙashin Janar Abacha.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=|pp=117-118}}'''{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=106|pp=}}''' Ɗaya daga cikin bayanin shi ne cewa dangantakar ba ta da zurfin akida ko tushen tashin hankali, wanda ya ba da damar kasashen su gyara rashin jituwa cikin sauri ko kuma su ci gaba da yin hadin gwiwa a cikin ƙananan matakan a lokacin manyan matakan diplomasiyya.'''{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=84|pp=}}'''{{Sfn|Aka|2002|p=257}} Saboda haka, kasashen biyu sun ba da fifikon abubuwan da suka shafi zahiri a cikin dangantakarsu, musamman tun daga shekara ta 1975.'''{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=105|pp=}}''' '''{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=575|pp=}}{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=118}}''' Daga cikin abubuwan da ke damun su akwai babbar kasuwan masu amfani da kayayyaki a Najeriya da kuma “yawan albarkatun kasa da karfin tattalin arziki”.{{Sfn|Moose|1995|p=603}} Musamman, Nijeriya ta kasance tushen albarkatun man fetur ga Amurka{{Sfn|Hoffman|1996|p=149}} Hakika, masanin kimiyya Peter Lewis ya koka a cikin 2006 cewa, "tsakanin ciniki da zuba jari a bangaren man fetur abu ne da ba za a iya kaucewa ba wanda ya rufe wasu la'akari a Manufofin Amurka, don haka suna tauye tsarin tsarin manufofin."{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=|pp=109-110}} [[File:Oil imports by country.webp|thumb|Graph na masu samar da mai na Amurka bisa ga girma, tare da nuna Najeriya da launin toka.]] ===Mai da gas=== Masu sharhi sun yi la'akari da dangantakar [[Najeriya]] da [[Amurka]] a matsayin abin da ake kira diflomasiyyar man fetur: an lura da [[man fetur]] a matsayin babban abin da Amurka ke da sha'awar dangantakar, tare da Amurka ta kasance babbar mai amfani da man fetur kuma Najeriya ita ce babbar kasa a Afirka.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=122}}'''{{Sfn|Aka|2002|p=247}}{{Sfn|Booker|Minter|2003|p=|pp=43-44}}''' Ƙasashen Amirka da dama, tare da wasu kamfanoni na Yamma, sun mamaye aikin hako mai a yankin Neja-Delta - a shekarar 2003, kamfanin [[ChevronTexaco]] da [[ExxonMobil Corp]] tare suna haƙo kusan rabin man da ake haƙowa.{{Sfn|Booker|Minter|2003|p=44}}'''{{Sfn|Aka|2002|p=248}}''' Ƙasar Amirka na da sha'awar iskar gas ta Najeriya tun aƙalla a shekarar 1973, lokacin da Kamfanin Guadalupe Gas Products Corporation na Amurka ya kulla yarjejeniya ta amfani da iskar gas tare da gwamnatin tarayya, ya raba 60-40 a karshen.{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1976|p=21}} A cikin shekara ta 1977, kamfanonin Amirka sun sami izini don gina masana'antar iskar gas a Najeriya, wanda zai iya samar da iskar gas biliyan biyu a kowace rana.{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=96}} Bugu da kari, Najeriya ta zama mai samar da mai ga Amurka a cikin shekarun 1970s, sakamakon rashin samun sauyi a Gabas ta Tsakiya musamman kauracewa mai na Larabawa a 1973. Najeriya dai ta ki shiga kauracewa taron, duk da kasancewarta a cikin kungiyar kasashe masu arzikin man fetur ta OPEC.{{Sfn|Hoffman|1996|p=149}} A shekara ta 1980, Najeriya ita ce kasa ta biyu mafi yawan kai man fetur a Amurka, bayan Saudiyya:'''{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=583|pp=}}{{Sfn|Ottaway|1978}}''' a waccan shekarar, akalla kashi 46% na man da Najeriya ke fitarwa ya tafi Amurka, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 12% na man dake shiga ƙasar Amurka.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=122}}.Ƙarin mahimmancin Nijeriya ga samar da makamashin Amurka ya ba ta damar inganta matsayi a manufofin harkokin waje na Amurka daga tsakiyar 1970s.{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1976|p=21}}'''{{Sfn|Aka|2002|p=248}}''' Bayan 11 ga Satumba, lokacin da Amurka ta sake samun sha'awar gaggawa ta ficewa daga masu samar da mai na Gabas ta Tsakiya,'''{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|p=102|pp=}}'''{{Sfn|Veney|2019|p=119}} Gwamnatin '''Bush''' ta ayyana albarkatun man Najeriya a matsayin "hanyoyi masu mahimmanci", kuma rahotanni sun bayyana cewa ya bi sahun manyan ‘yan kasuwan man fetur wajen fafutukar ganin Najeriya ta fice daga ƙungiyar OPEC.{{Sfn|Booker|Minter|2003|p=44}} Sai dai kuma kasashen biyu sun karkata akalar cinikin man fetur a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. A shekarar 2020, Najeriya ta bai wa Amurka sama da ganga miliyan 24 na danyen mai, kusan kashi 1.1% na man da Amurka ke shigowa da shi da kuma kashi 4.8% na yawan man da Najeriya ke fitarwa.{{Sfn|United States Energy Information Administration|2022}}{{Sfn|OPEC|2021}} Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna yadda dogaron Amurka kan man Najeriya ya ragu tun shekara ta 1993: {| class="wikitable" |+Amurka ta shigo da ɗanyen mai daga Najeriya, 1993-2021{{Sfn|United States Energy Information Administration|2022}} !Shekara !1993 !1995 !2000 !2005 !2010 !2015 !2019 !2020 !2021 |- !'''Ganga miliyan''' |263.5 |226.5 |320.1 |393.0 |358.9 |19.9 |68.1 |24.4 |39.4 |- !'''Share of total''' |10.6% |8.6% |9.6% |10.6% |10.7% |0.7% |2.7% |1.1% |1.8% |} ===Kasuwanci=== A farkon shekarun bayan Najeriya ‘yancin kai a shekarar 1960, kason Amurka na kasuwanci da zuba jari a Najeriya kadan ne, wanda Birtaniyya ta yi kasa da shi.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=118}} A shekara ta 1974, Biritaniya ta kasance babbar abokiyar cinikayyar Najeriya, amma Amurka tana daya daga cikin manyan kasuwanninta guda uku na shigo da kaya da fitarwa;{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1976|p=31}} da kuma shekara mai zuwa, wanda ya haifar da ruri na kasuwancin mai, Amurka ta mamaye Biritaniya a matsayin babbar kasuwa mafi girma a Najeriya.{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=96}} Har ila yau, cinikin mai ya haifar da gibin ciniki mai ban sha'awa ga Amurka: sama da dala biliyan 6.1 a shekara ta 1977,{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|p=123}} kuma aƙalla dala biliyan 9 a 1980{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=123}}{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=583}} galibi ta hanyar ƙara kayan da take fitarwa zuwa kasuwa mai girma a Najeriya, amma waɗannan yunƙurin sun sami cikas sosai sakamakon sake fasalin tattalin arziki a Najeriya, wanda ya zama dole bayan rikicin tattalin arziki {{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=123}} Musamman rashin farin ciki shine dokar hana shigo da alkama da Najeriya ta aiwatar tsakanin shekara ta 1986 zuwa shekarar 1993. Amurka, wadda a da ita ce babbar hanyar shigo da alkama a Najeriya, ta dage wajen nuna rashin amincewa da dokar a duk tsawon rayuwarta, tare da daukar matakin a matsayin rashin adalci na kasuwanci da kuma barazanar daukar matakin ramuwar gayya.{{Sfn|Nwachuku|1998|p=591}} [[File:Obasanjo with Bush.jpg|thumb|Shugaba Bush da Shugaba Obasanjo a lokacin taron G8 na aiki a Evian, Faransa, 2003.]] Jim kadan bayan mulkin dimokuradiyyar Najeriya, a shekara ta 2000, Najeriya da Amurka sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kasuwanci da zuba jari, kuma Najeriya ta cancanci cin moriyar ciniki a ƙarƙashin dokar ci gaban Afirka da dama, wadda aka kafa a wannan shekarar.{{Sfn|United States International Trade Administration|2021}} A cikin shekara ta 2019, Amurka ita ce kasuwa ta uku mafi girma don fitar da Najeriya zuwa waje, bayan China da Indiya, akan darajar shekara ta dala biliyan 4.7 (9.9% na jimillar kayan da Najeriya ke fitarwa).{{Sfn|World Bank|2022}} Kamar yadda yake a ƙarni na 20, yawan man da Najeriya ke fitarwa zuwa Amurka ya mamaye fitar da mai, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 97% na abin da ake fitarwa zuwa Amurka a shekarar 2019.{{Sfn|World Bank|2022}} wanda ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 3.2, wanda ya maida Najeriya kasa ta biyu wajen fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara,{{Sfn|United States International Trade Administration|2021}} kuma ya haifar da gibin cinikayyar Amurka a tarihi na dala biliyan 1.4.{{Sfn|United States Trade Representative|2022}} Lallai, idan aka ba da rarar dalar Amurka biliyan 1.7 na cinikayyar ayyuka, Amurka ta samu rarar ciniki gaba daya da Najeriya.{{Sfn|United States Trade Representative|2022}} ===Zuba jari=== A tarihi Amurka ta kasance muhimmiyar tushen saka hannun jari kai tsaye daga ketare a Najeriya. A cikin karni na ashirin, jarin da Amurka ta zuba a Najeriya na da yawa kuma sun ta'allaka sosai a fannin mai.{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1976|p=21}} A cikin 1972, jarin waje na Amirka ya kai kusan fam miliyan 250, fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimillar jarin waje a Nijeriya da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimlar jarin masu zaman kansu na Amirka a duk ƙasashen Afirka masu tasowa.{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1976|p=21}} Wannan ya ƙaru zuwa dala biliyan 1 a shekarar 1974 da kuma kimanin dala biliyan 1.5 a shekarar 1977.{{Sfn|Aluko|1979|p=96}} A daidai wannan lokacin ne Najeriya ta ci gaba da bunkasa manufofinta na 'yan asalin kasar, da nufin rage mamayar tattalin arzikinta daga hannun kamfanonin kasashen waje. An ƙaddamar da manufar a cikin shekarar 1972 a ƙarƙashin Gowon kuma an tsawaita sosai yayin da shekaru goma ke ci gaba. A shekarar 1976, gwamnati ta sanar da wajabta kaso na 40% zuwa 100% na kuɗaɗen da ake amfani da su a Najeriya.{{Sfn|Darnton|1976c}} Manufofin sun rage yawan jarin Amurka a Najeriya, kuma wasu kamfanoni na Amurka da suka riga sun yi aiki a Najeriya, musamman [[Citibank]], sun janye daga kasar maimakon bin ka'ida.{{Sfn|Ogunbadejo|1979|p=123}} Wasu sun yarda: misali, [[Chase Manhattan]], [[First National Bank of Chicago]], da [[Bank of America]] kowanne ya sayar da kashi 60% na hannun jarin su ga Babban Bankin Najeriya, wanda hakan ya samu hannun jari a kan allunan gida.{{Sfn|Darnton|1976c}} An yi amfani da manufar musamman ga bankunan Amurka, saboda gwamnatin tarayya ta ji haushin cewa suna aiki a matsayin bankunan kasuwanci amma a ƙarƙashin lasisin ciniki.{{Sfn|Darnton|1976c}} Duk da haka jarin Amurka a Najeriya ya kasance mai matukar muhimmanci a tsawon shekarun 1980. Duk da tashe-tashen hankulan siyasa na shekarar 1989 zuwa 1995, Najeriya ta kasance kasa mafi samun riba ga hannun jarin Amurka a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara a wancan lokacin, wanda ya kai kashi 71.4% na yawan ribar da Amurka ke samu a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=125}} Amurka ya ƙaru zuwa dala biliyan 3.9 a shekarar 1995, har yanzu ya fi mayar da hankali kan mai.{{Sfn|Moose|1995|p=603}}{{Sfn|Hoffman|1996|p=149}} Bayan kaddamar da jamhuriya ta huɗu a shekarar 1999, Najeriya ta nuna sha'awar fadadawa da rarrabuwar kawuna na babban birnin kasar Amurka,{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=123}} amma ci gaban ya yi tafiyar hawainiya - wanda Amurka ta danganta shi da rashin kyakkyawan yanayi don samar da yanayi mai kyau, don zuba jari a Najeriya.{{Sfn|Ayam|2008|p=123}}{{Sfn|Aka|2002|p=275}} A shekarar 2019, hannun jarin Amurka kai tsaye a Najeriya ya kai dala biliyan 5.5, wanda ya ƙaru da kashi 21.5 cikin ɗari idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata.{{Sfn|United States Trade Representative|2022}} Jari na waje kai tsaye na Najeriya a Amurka ya kai dala miliyan 105.{{Sfn|United States Trade Representative|2022}} A cewar Hukumar Kula da Kasuwanci ta Amurka, ƙasar Amirka ta kasance mafi yawan masu saka hannun jari a Nijeriya har zuwa 2021, tare da zuba jari kai tsaye a cikin harkokin man fetur, ma'adinai, da cinikayya.{{Sfn|United States International Trade Administration|2021}} ===Taimakon kasashen waje=== Najeriya ita ce babbar hanyar samun tallafin Amurka daga ketare - a shekarar 2021, an kiyasta cewa Najeriya ta kasance cikin kasashe goma da suka fi samun tallafi bisa ga adadi.{{Sfn|McConville|2022}} Tsakanin 2012 zuwa 2021, wajibcin agaji na shekara-shekara na Amurka a Najeriya ya kai tsakanin dala miliyan 624 da, a shekarar 2020, dala biliyan 1.11.{{Sfn|United States Government|2022}} Ana yawan bazuwar agaji a fannin jin kai, da zaman lafiya da tsaro, da kuma fannin kiwon lafiya – a cikin na biyu, musamman a ƙarƙashin shirin gaggawa na shugaban ƙasa don magance cutar kanjamau, wanda ya ayyana Nijeriya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin kasashe goma sha biyar masu samun fifiko.{{Sfn|United States Government|2022}} ==Alakar al'adu da diflomasiyya== ===Yan Najeriya mazauna Amurka=== An bambanta Najeriya da sauran ƙasashen Afirka ta hanyar girman alakar yawan jama'arta da Amurka'''{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|pp=|p=103}}{{Sfn|Aka|2002|pp=|p=249}}''' Baya ga yawan ɗimbin ƴan Afirka da suka samo asali daga zuriyarsu zuwa Najeriya, muhimmiyar alaƙar "al'adu da al'umma" ta taso daga babban al'ummar Amurkawa na Najeriya a Amurka,'''{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|pp=|p=103}}''' wanda aka sani da kasancewa mai fafutuka na siyasa da al'adu.{{Sfn|Booker|Minter|2003|p=52}} A cikin 2000, ƙidayar Amurka ta ƙididdige mazauna 87,000 haifaffen Najeriya, waɗanda 'ya'yan da aka haifa a Amurka sun kai ƙarin mazauna 100,000 ko 200,000 - kodayake ana ɗaukar wannan a matsayin ƙima.{{Sfn|Booker|Minter|2003|p=52}} Wani bincike da aka gudanar a wancan lokacin ya kiyasta cewa ’yan Najeriya na aika sama da dala biliyan 1.3 a duk shekara zuwa ga iyalansu a Nijeriya, adadin da ya kawo naƙasun tallafin da ake samu daga kasashen waje.{{Sfn|Booker|Minter|2003|p=52}} Har ila yau, an daɗe akan hakan - musamman a cikin shekarun 1970s da 1980 - saboda yawancin 'yan Najeriya manema ilimi a ƙasar Amurka.{{Sfn|Aka|2002|pp=|p=250}} A farkon 2000s, wannan ya haifar da damuwa game da "[[Human capital flight|brain drain]]" daga Najeriya zuwa Amurka.{{Sfn|Aka|2002|pp=251-252}} ===Ra'ayin al'ummar Najeriya=== Kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa Najeriya kasa ce mai goyon bayan Amurka. A shekarar 2019, shekarar da ta gabata da Cibiyar Bincike ta Pew ta gudanar da zaɓen ɗabi'un ta a duniya, kashi 62% na 'yan Najeriya suna da ra'ayi mai kyau game da Amurka, tare da 23% suna nuna ra'ayi mara kyau. Ko da yake wannan ya haifar da raguwar fa'ida daga 81% a cikin 2010, shekarar farko da aka gudanar da zaɓen.{{Sfn|Pew Research Center|2022}} A cikin 2018, 69% na 'yan Najeriya sun yi imanin cewa Amurka tana mutunta 'yancin jama'arta.{{Sfn|Pew Research Center|2022}} Abin da ya dace a harkokin duniya, ya ragu zuwa kashi 53 cikin 100 tsakanin 2013 da 2014, ya ƙaru zuwa kashi 73 cikin 100 a shekarar 2015, ya kuma ragu zuwa kashi 63% a ƙarshen shugabancinsa.{{Sfn|Pew Research Center|2022}} Bayan zaɓen [[Donal J. Trump]] a Amurka, wani bincike da ƙarar yaɗa labarai '''BBC''' ta gudanar a shekarar 2017 ya nuna cewa ra'ayi mai kyau game da Amurka ya ƙaru a tsakanin 'yan Najeriya daga kashi 59% (2014) zuwa kashi 68 cikin dari maimakon raguwa kamar sauran kasashe.{{Sfn|Globescan|2017}} Jaridar [[The Washington Post]] da [[The Guardian]] sun ruwaito wani gagarumin sha'awar jama'ar Najeriya game da shugaba Trump, musamman tsakanin Kiristocin kudu da masu fafutukar ɓallewar daga ƙasar don kafa ƙasar [[Biafra]]. <ref>{{cite news |title='He just says it as it is': why many Nigerians support Donald Trump |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/31/he-just-says-it-as-it-is-why-many-nigerians-support-donald-trump |work=the Guardian |date=31 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Perspective {{!}} Trump trashes Nigeria and bans its immigrants. Nigerians love him for it. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/trump-trashes-nigeria-and-bans-its-immigrants-nigerians-love-him-for-it/2020/02/07/ed985a4c-4853-11ea-ab15-b5df3261b710_story.html |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref> [[Ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra]] sun gudanar da faretin nuna goyon baya ga [[Donald Trump]] a watan Janairun 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Biafran pro-Trump rally turns violent in Nigeria |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38688798 |work=BBC News |date=20 January 2017}}</ref> A watan Nuwamban 2020, shugaban IPOB [[Nnamdi Kanu]] ya amsa gayyatar halartar taron Trump a Iowa a matsayin babban bako na musamman na VIP.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump's rally: IPOB commends US over Kanu's VIP invitation |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/02/ipob-commends-us-over-kanus-vip-invitation-to-trumps-rally-says-leader-not-a-terrorist/ |work=Vanguard News |date=3 February 2020}}</ref> A tsawon shugabancinsa, '''Pew Research''' ya gano cewa kashi 58-59% na ƴan [[Najeriya]] sun amince da Trump don yin abin da ya dace a harkokin duniya,{{Sfn|Pew Research Center|2022}} kashi na hudu mafi girma a duniya bayan [[Isra'ila]], [[Philippines]], da kuma [[Kenya]].{{Sfn|Akinwotu|2020}} A cikin 2020 ra'ayin Gallup, kashi 56% na 'yan Najeriya sun amince da shugabancin Amurka - fiye da amincewar Turai ga shugabancin Amurka, wanda na Turai ya samu kashi 24%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scorned by Trump, many Nigerians love him all the same |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-nigeria/scorned-by-trump-many-nigerians-love-him-all-the-same-idUSKBN27J0S2 |website=Reuters |language=en |date=3 November 2020}}</ref> ===Ofishin jakadanci=== Najeriya na da ofishin jakadanci a Washington DC da kuma karamin ofishin jakadanci a [[New York]] da [[Atlanta]].{{Sfn|Nigerian Consulate|2022}} Ƙasar Amirka na da ofishin jakadanci a [[Abuja]], babban birnin tarayyar [[Nijeriya]], da kuma wani ofishin jakadancin a birnin [[Legas]]. A karshen watan Maris din shekarar 2022, an fara ginin wani sabon harabar ofishin jakadancin da ke Legas, wanda ake sa ran kammala shi a shekarar 2027, kuma zai kasance karamin ofishin jakadancin Amurka mafi girma a duniya.{{Sfn|United States Consulate|2022}} Masanin ilimi Peter Lewis ya koka da yadda aka rufe cibiyoyin Amurka a wasu sassan ƙasar, yana mai cewa hakan ya rage ƙarfin leƙen asiri da wakilcin Amurka.{{Sfn|Lewis|2006|pp=|p=110}} An kafa hukumar hadin gwiwa tsakanin Amurka da Najeriya a shekarar 2010 kuma tana haɗuwa akai-akai.{{Sfn|United States Department of State|2020}} Amurka da [[Najeriya]] dukkansu membobi ne na [[Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya]], [[Bankin Duniya]], da [[Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya]], da sauransu. Najeriya kuma ta kasance mai sanya ido ga Kungiyar Kasashen Amurka.{{Sfn|United States International Trade Administration|2021}} ==Hadin gwiwar soja== [[File:US Navy 110808-N-XK513-331 Rear Adm. Kenneth J. Norton, along with other U.S. Navy personnel, ride with a Nigerian visit, board, search and seizure.jpg|thumb|Sojojin ruwa na Amurika suna tafiya tare da jirgin ruwan Najeriya a wani ɓangare na atisayen tashar hadin gwiwa ta Afirka, 2011.]] Hadin gwiwar sojojin Najeriya da na Amurka ƙarƙashin gwamnatin [[George W.Bush]] ya ta'allaka ne kan cibiyar nazarin dabarun Afirka da kuma shirin mayar da martani kan rikicin Afrika.{{Sfn|Aka|2002|pp=257-258}}'''{{Sfn|Veney|2019|p=119}}''' A cikin shekara ta 2007, gwamnatin Bush ta kafa tashar haɗin gwiwa ta Afirka, wadda ta kasance cibiyar hadin gwiwa don yaki da fashin teku, safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi, satar mai, da zamba a kan iyaka a cikin [[Gulf of Guinea]].{{Sfn|Veney|2019|p=119}} A halin yanzu, [[Najeriya]] memba ce ta Kungiyar Hadin Kai ta Duniya don yaƙar ƙungiyar ISIS (D-ISIS), kuma Amurka da [[Najeriya]] sun ɗauki nauyin taron D-ISIS a watan Oktoban shekarar 2020. Har ila yau, tana karɓar tallafin sojan Amurka a matsayin memba na Shirin Ilimin Soja na Afirka kuma a matsayinta na memba tun shekara ta 2005{{Sfn|Solomon|2013|p=437}} na Ƙungiyar Ta'addanci ta Trans-Sahara; kuma a shekarar 2020 ta sayi kayan tsaro sama da na dalar Amurka miliyan 1.2 daga hannun Amurka.{{Sfn|United States Department of State|2022}} Bugu da kari, wani memba na Sojojin Amurka na Injiniya ya tsaya na dindindin a tashar jirgin saman Kainji da ke Najeriya, domin kula da muhimman ayyukan Rundunar Sojojin Amurka na Afirka a can.{{Sfn|Barraza|2021}} ===Sace 'yan matan makarantar Chibok=== A cikin fushin kasa da kasa da ya biyo bayan sace 'yan matan makarantar Chibok a arewacin Najeriya a watan Afrilun 2014, Obama a ranar 6 ga watan Mayu cewar; Amurka za ta yi duk abin da za mu iya don ba da taimako " ga Najeriya.{{Sfn|Hudson|2014}} ƙasar Amirka ta aike da wata tawaga daban-daban don taimakawa sojojin Nijeriya,{{Sfn|Ahmad|2014}} da farko sun ƙunshi mambobi 38, ciki har da ƙwararrun Jami'an Bincike na Tarayyar Amurika guda biyu da wai ƙwararrun na musamman da sauran wasu da dama.{{Sfn|Parkinson|Henshaw|p=2021}} An tura sojojin Amurka 80 jim kadan bayan haka.{{Sfn|Miller|2014}} A farkon aikin, tawagar ƙasar Amirka ta samu hotunan tauraron dan adam na kasuwanci, kuma ta yi ta zirga-zirga da jiragen leken asiri, da kuma bincike a kan Nijeriya.{{Sfn|Sherwood|2014}} [[File:Michelle-obama-bringbackourgirls.jpg|thumb|A shafin [[Twitter]] a watan Mayun 2014, Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka, [[Michelle Obama]], tabi sahun masu yaɗa kudirin "yunkurin dawo da 'yan matanmu" ("bring back our girls") bayan sace 'yan matan Chibok ɗin.|220x220px]] Sai dai jami'an Amurka sun yi ƙorafin cewa [[Najeriya]] ta mayar da martani sannu a hankali wajen karɓa tare da aiwatar da tallafin da Amurka ta yi mata,{{Sfn|Zengerle|2014}} kuma daga baya an ce an samu rashin jituwa tsakanin tawagar Amurka da jami'an [[Najeriya]].{{Sfn|Parkinson|Henshaw|p=2021}} Daga cikin tushen waɗannan tashe-tashen hankula, a farkon watannin wannan aiki, akwai ƙin yarda da Amurka ta yi na raba bayanan sirrinta ga sojojin Najeriya, saboda damuwa game da cin hanci da rashawa, da kuma yiwuwar kutsawa cikin sassan Najeriyar na [[Boko Haram]].{{Sfn|Anon.|2014}} [[Foreign Policy]] ta ruwaito cewa jami’an Amurka ma sun damu da cewa za a yi amfani da bayanan sirrin wajen murkushe farar hular Najeriya, idan aka yi la’akari da abin da wani jami’in Amurka ya kira da hazakar sojojin Najeriya na yin “heavy-handed” da “rashin gaskiya”.{{Sfn|Lubold|2014}} Ko da yake an amince da ƙayyadaddun ka'idojin raba bayanan sirri da yawa,{{Sfn|Stewart|2014}} Daga baya ma'aikatar [[Pentagon]] ta yi korafin cewa Najeriya ta gaza bin mahimman bayanai da ke fitowa daga leken asirin Amurka.{{Sfn|Cooper|2015}} Yazo a shekarar 2021 manufar ceto 'yan matan da aka sace bai yi nasara ba. ===Matakin Sojoji akan Boko Haram=== An gudanar da zaman taron farko na [[Majalisar Dokokin Amurka]] kan Boko Haram a watan Nuwambar shekarar 2011, bayan harin bam na [[Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da aka kai a Abuja da kuma harin bam da aka kai a hedikwatar 'yan sandan [[Abuja]], da kuma kiran dan majalisa [[Pat Meehan]] da 'yar majalisa [[Jackie Speier]].{{Sfn|Solomon|2013|p=437}}{{Sfn|Veney|2019|p=122}} Gwamnatin Obama ta sanya kungiyar a matsayin kungiyar ta'addanci a shekarar 2013.{{Sfn|Veney|2019|p=122}} Sai dai kuma tashin hankalin da ya kunno kai a lokacin aikin ceto '''ƴan matan makarantar Chibok''' ya ci gaba da kawo cikas ga hadin gwiwa tsakanin sojojin Amurka da na [[Najeriya]]. Jaridar [[New York Times]] ta ruwaito "raguwar amana" a tsakanin su,{{Sfn|Gordon|2015}} musamman saboda ci gaba da damuwar [[Amurika]] game da '''cin hanci da rashawa''', rashin aminci, da kuma '''take hakin bil'adama''' da jami'an [[Najeriya]] ke yi, wanda ya sa ma'aikatar tsaron Amurka ta ƙara ba da haɗin kai ga jami'ai. kasashe makwabta - Chadi, Kamaru, da Nijar - yayin da suke kaucewa tuntubar 'yan [[Najeriya]].{{Sfn|Cooper|2015}} An fusata da ci gaba da kin raba bayanan sirri na Amurka, a cikin watan Disamba ,shekara ta 2014 Najeriya ta soke matakin karshe na wani shiri wanda a ƙarƙashin sa jami'an Amurka suka horar da sojojin Najeriya kan yaki da ta'addanci.{{Sfn|Cooper|2015}} A karshen shekarar 2015, Amurka ta tura dakaru zuwa kasar Kamaru domin tallafawa yaki da Boko Haram a kan iyakar Najeriya da Kamaru.{{Sfn|Crawford|2015}} ==Ziyarar jihohi== Ga jerin ziyarce-ziyarcen da shugabannin Najeriya suka kai Amurka da kuma ziyarar da shugabannin kasashen Amurkan suka kawo a Najeriya. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+Visits by Nigerian and U.S. heads of state, 1960–2021 !Head of state !Country !Year !Dates !Description |- |<small>Prime Minister [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>1960</small> |<small>October 8</small> |<small>Met with President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] during a visit to the [[United Nations General Assembly|UN General Assembly]].{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>Prime Minister [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>1961</small> |<small>July 25–28</small> |<small>Official visit.{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>Lieutenant General [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>1977</small> |<small>October 10–13</small> |<small>State visit with President [[Jimmy Carter]].{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Jimmy Carter]]</small> |<small>{{flag|U.S.}}</small> |<small>1978</small> |<small>March 31–April 3</small> |<small>Met with head of state [[Olusegun Obasanjo]].{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022c}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Shehu Shagari]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>1980</small> |<small>October 3–8</small> |<small>Official visit.{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>President-elect [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>1999</small> |<small>March 30</small> |<small>Met with President [[Bill Clinton]] during a private visit.{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>1999</small> |<small>October 27–30</small> |<small>Official working visit.{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Bill Clinton]]</small> |<small>{{flag|U.S.}}</small> |<small>2000</small> |<small>August 26–28</small> |<small>Met with President [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] and addressed the [[National Assembly]].{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022d}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>2001</small> |<small>May 10–12</small> |<small>Working visit.{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>2001</small> |<small>November 2</small> |<small>Met with President [[George W. Bush]] during a private visit.{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>2002</small> |<small>June 20</small> |<small>Met with President [[George W. Bush]] during a private visit.{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>President [[George W. Bush]]</small> |<small>{{flag|U.S.}}</small> |<small>2003</small> |<small>July 11–2</small> |<small>Met with President [[Olusegun Obasanjo]].{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022e}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>2004</small> |<small>June 10–11</small> |<small>Met with President [[George W. Bush]] during the [[G8]] Economic Summit; attended the funeral of former President [[Ronald Reagan]].{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>2004</small> |<small>December 2–3</small> |<small>Working visit.{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>2005</small> |<small>May 5</small> |<small>Working visit.{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>2006</small> |<small>March 28–29</small> |<small>Working visit.{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>2007</small> |<small>December 12–15</small> |<small>Working visit.{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>Acting President [[Goodluck Jonathan]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>2010</small> |<small>April 11–13</small> |<small>Attended the [[2010 Nuclear Security Summit|Nuclear Security Summit]].{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Goodluck Jonathan]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>2011</small> |<small>June 8</small> |<small>Working visit.{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Goodluck Jonathan]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>2013</small> |<small>September 23</small> |<small>Met with President [[Barack Obama]] at the [[United Nations General Assembly|UN General Assembly]].{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Goodluck Jonathan]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>2014</small> |<small>August 5–6</small> |<small>Attended the [[United States–Africa Leaders Summit|U.S.–Africa Leaders Summit]].{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Muhammadu Buhari]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>2015</small> |<small>July 20–21</small> |<small>Official working visit.{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Muhammadu Buhari]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>2016</small> |<small>March 31–April 1</small> |<small>Attended the [[2016 Nuclear Security Summit|Nuclear Security Summit]].{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |- |<small>President [[Muhammadu Buhari]]</small> |<small>{{flag|Nigeria}}</small> |<small>2018</small> |<small>April 29–May 1</small> |<small>Official working visit.{{Sfn|Office of the Historian|2022b}}</small> |} ==Duba kuma== * [[Foreign relations of Nigeria]] * [[Foreign relations of the United States]] * [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Nigeria|List of United States ambassadors to Nigeria]] == Manazarta == {{reflist|20em}} ==Bibliography== === Academic === {{refbegin|20em|indent=yes}} * {{Cite journal |last=Adebanwi |first=Wade 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Moose|volume=6|issue=31|pages=603–606}} * {{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Missions in the US |last= Nigerian Consulate| date=2022| url=https://www.nigeriaconsulateatlanta.org/diplomatic-missions-in-the-us/ |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=Nigerian Consulate, Atlanta U.S.A. |language=en-US}} * {{Cite web |last=Office of the Historian |title=Nigeria: A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776 |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/nigeria |date=2022a |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=United States Department of State|author-link=Office of the Historian}} * {{Cite web |last=Office of the Historian |title=Nigeria: Visits by Foreign Leaders |url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/visits/nigeria |access-date=2022-06-08 |date=2022b| website=United States Department of State}} * {{Cite web |last=Office of the Historian |title=Jimmy Carter: Travels of the President |date=2022c |url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/carter-jimmy |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=United States Department of State}} * {{Cite web |last=Office of the Historian |title=William J. Clinton: Travels of the President |date=2022d |url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/clinton-william-j |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=United States Department of State}} * {{Cite web |last=Office of the Historian |title=George W. Bush: Travels of the President |date=2022e |url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/bush-george-w |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=United States Department of State}} * {{Cite web |last=OPEC|date=2021 |title=Annual Statistical Bulletin |url=https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/publications/202.htm |access-date=2022-06-08 |author-link=OPEC}} * {{Cite web |last=Payne |first=Donald M. |author-link=Donald M. 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''[https://books.google.co.za/books/about/Nigeria_Africa_and_the_United_States.html?id=vW3fDQAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y Nigeria, Africa, and the United States: Challenges of Governance, Development, and Security]''. Lexington Books. {{ISBN|978-1-4985-4536-5}}. * {{Cite book |last=Abegunrin |first=Olayiwola |url=https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781498573771/Nigeria%E2%80%93United-States-Relations-1960%E2%80%932016 |title=Nigeria–United States Relations, 1960–2016 |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-4985-7378-8 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book |last=Ate |first=Bassey E. |title=Decolonization and Dependence: The Development of Nigerian–U.S. Relations, 1960–1984 |publisher=Routledge |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-429-03568-5 |location=New York |doi=10.4324/9780429035685|s2cid=239592345 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780429035685/decolonization-dependence-bassey-ate}} * Bach, Daniel C. (1983). [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-06301-7_3 "Nigerian-American Relations: Converging Interests and Power Relations"]. In Shaw, Timothy M.; Aluko, Olajide (eds.). ''Nigerian Foreign Policy.'' London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp.&nbsp;35–55, {{doi|10.1007/978-1-349-06301-7_3}}. {{ISBN|978-1-349-06303-1}}. * {{Cite book |last1=Rowell |first1=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=17GFAAAAIAAJ |title=The Next Gulf: London, Washington and Oil Conflict in Nigeria |last2=Marriott |first2=James |last3=Stockman |first3=Lorne |publisher=Constable |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-84529-259-1}} ==Adireshin waje== * [https://www.usnigeria.org/ U.S.–Nigeria Trade Council] * [https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c7530.html U.S.–Nigeria trade statistics] * [https://foreignassistance.gov/cd/nigeria/ U.S. foreign assistance to Nigeria] * [https://www.dsca.mil/search/node?keys=nigeria U.S. defense equipment sales to Nigeria] * [https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-nigeria/ U.S.–Nigeria relations fact sheet] * [https://www.nigeriaembassyusa.org/ Website of the Nigerian Embassy] * [https://ng.usembassy.gov/ Website of the U.S. Embassy] * [https://www.usnigeria.org/trade-and-diplomatic-statistics/history-of-nigeria-ambassadors-to-us/ List of Nigerian ambassadors to the U.S.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125085441/https://www.usnigeria.org/trade-and-diplomatic-statistics/history-of-nigeria-ambassadors-to-us/ |date=2022-11-25 }} * {{Cite episode |title=U.S. Assistance to Nigeria, with E.J. Hogendoorn, Deputy Program Director for Africa, International Crisis Group |work= |access-date= |date=2014-05-27 |url=http://thekojonnamdishow.org/shows/2014-05-27/us-assistance-nigeria |series=The [[Kojo Nnamdi]] Show}} agfmjsiyghn3mq805s64tb42wajwww4 0 40917 894026 553654 2026-08-10T05:18:56Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 894026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Naissance du Wetr.jpg|thumb|culture]] [[Fayil:Sri Mariamman Temple Singapore 3 amk.jpg|thumb|culture]] '''Juyin juya halin al'adu''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Babban juyin al'adun gargajiya na Proletarian''', ya kasance yunkuri ne [[Harkar Zamantakewa|na zamantakewar al'umma]] a [[Sin|Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin]] (PRC) wanda [[Mao Zedong|Mao Zedong ya]] ƙaddamar a shekarar 1966, kuma ya dade har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 1976. Manufarta ita ce kiyaye tsarin gurguzu na ƙasar Sin ta hanyar kawar da ragowar abubuwan [[jari-hujja]] da na gargajiya daga al'ummar kasar Sin. Juyin juya halin ya nuna yadda Mao-wanda har yanzu shi ne shugaban jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin (CCP) ya dawo karagar mulki, bayan wani lokaci na ƙauracewa kai da mika kai ga jagoranci maras tushe bayan Mao. Ya jagoranci Great Leap Forward debacle da Great Chinese famine (1959-1961). juyin juya halin ya kasa cimma manyan manufofinsa. Kaddamar da wannan yunƙuri a watan Mayun 1966 tare da taimakon kungiyar juyin juya halin al'adu, Mao ya yi zargin cewa 'yan burguza sun kutsa cikin gwamnati da al'umma da nufin dawo da tsarin jari-hujja. Mao ya yi kira ga matasa da su "dana bama-bamai a hedkwatar", ya kuma yi shelar cewa "to rebel is justified". Matasan sun mayar da martani ta hanyar kafa Red Guards da "kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye" a duk fadin kasar. An tattara zaɓin maganganun Mao a cikin little red book , wanda ya zama rubutu mai tsarki ga ɗabi'ar Mao. Sun gudanar da "taro na tozarta" kan masu bita akai-akai, kuma sun karbe mulki daga [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] da rassan CCP, inda suka kafa kwamitocin juyin juya hali a shekarar 1967. Kwamitocin sukan rabu gida biyu suna gaba da juna sannan suka shiga fadan da aka fi sani da "gwagwarmayar tashin hankali", wanda dole ne a tura sojoji domin dawo da zaman lafiya. Mao ya ayyana juyin juya halin Musulunci a shekarar 1969, amma aikin juyin juya halin Musulunci zai kasance har zuwa akalla 1971, lokacin da Lin Biao, wanda ake zargi da yunkurin juyin mulkin da aka yi wa Mao, ya gudu ya mutu a hadarin jirgin sama. A cikin shekarar 1972, Gang of Four ya hau kan karagar mulki kuma juyin juya halin al'adu ya ci gaba har zuwa mutuwar Mao da kama Gang of Four a 1976. Juyin juya halin al'adu ya kasance da tashin hankali da hargitsi. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya banbanta sosai, inda kiyasin wadanda suka mutu a lokacin juyin juya halin ya kai daga dubunnan daruruwan zuwa miliyoyi. Tun daga watan Agustan nan na birnin [[Beijing]], an yi kisan kiyashi a duk fadin kasar, ciki har da kisan kiyashi na Guangxi, wanda a cikinsa ma aka yi kisa mai yawa; lamarin da ya faru a Mongoliya ta ciki; Kisan Kisan Guangdong; Kisan kiyashin Yunnan; da Kisan Hunan. Jami'an tsaro na Red Guard sun lalata kayan tarihi da kayan tarihi, tare da lalata wuraren al'adu da na addini. Rashin gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Bankiao na shekarar 1975, daya daga cikin manyan bala'o'in fasaha na duniya, shi ma ya faru a lokacin juyin juya halin al'adu. A halin da ake ciki, an tsananta wa dubun-dubatar mutane: manyan jami'ai, musamman shugaban kasar Sin Liu Shaoqi, tare da Deng Xiaoping, da Peng Dehuai, da He Long, an wanke su ko kuma a yi gudun hijira; miliyoyin da ake zargi da kasancewa mambobi ne na biyar Black Categories, fama da wulakanci jama'a, kurkuku, azabtarwa, wahala, kwace dukiya, da kuma wani lokacin kisa ko hargitsi a cikin kashe kansa; an dauki masu hankali a matsayin "Tsohowar Tsohuwar Wari" kuma an tsananta musu sosai manyan malamai da masana kimiyya irin su Lao She, Fu Lei, Yao Tongbin, da Zhao Jiuzhang an kashe su ko kuma suka kashe kansu. An rufe makarantu da jami'o'i tare da soke jarabawar shiga kwalejin. Sama da 10&nbsp;Miliyoyin matasa masu ilimi na gari an tura su karkara a cikin Harkar Down zuwa Karkara. A watan Disamba na shekarar 1978, Deng Xiaoping ya zama sabon shugaban kasar Sin, inda ya maye gurbin shugabar Hua Guofeng, kuma ya fara shirin "Boluan Fanzheng" wanda sannu a hankali ya wargaza manufofin Maoist da ke da alaka da juyin al'adu, kuma ya dawo da kasar cikin tsari. Daga nan sai Deng, tare da abokansa, suka fara wani sabon mataki a kasar Sin, ta hanyar kaddamar da shirin yin gyare-gyare da bude kofa ga kasashen waje. A cikin shekarar 1981, CCP ta bayyana kuma ta yarda cewa juyin juya halin al'adu ba daidai ba ne kuma "yana da alhakin koma baya mafi girma da kuma asarar mafi girma da mutane, kasa, da jam'iyyar suka fuskanta tun lokacin da aka kafa Jamhuriyar Jama'a." <ref name=":10">Sixth [[Plenary session|Plenary Session]] of the [[11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party]]. June 27, 1981. "Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China." ''Resolution on CPC History (1949–81)''. Beijing: [[Foreign Languages Press]]. p. 32.</ref> A kasar Sin ta zamani, akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da juyin juya halin al'adu. A cikin wasu, ana kiranta da "shekaru goma na hargitsi". == Fage == === Great Leap Forward === [[File:Iron_smelting_in_1958_China,_from-_Backyardfurnace5_(cropped).jpg|alt=|left|thumb| Mutanen da ke karkara suna aiki da daddare don samar da ƙarfe a lokacin Babban Leap Forward.]] A shekara ta 1958, bayan shirin farko na shekaru biyar na kasar Sin, Mao ya yi kira da a kafa tsarin gurguzu mai tushe domin kara habaka shirinsa na mayar da kasar Sin kasa mai ci gaban masana'antu na zamani. A cikin wannan ruhi, Mao ya ƙaddamar da Babban Babban Haɓaka, ya kafa ƙungiyoyin jama'a a cikin karkara, kuma ya fara tattara jama'a zuwa ga ƙungiyoyi. An ba wa al'ummomi da yawa damar samar da kayayyaki guda karfe. Mao ya sha alwashin kara yawan noma zuwa ninki biyu na matakan 1957. Great Leap ya kasance gazawar tattalin arziki. Yawancin manoma da ba su yi karatu ba an janye su daga noma da girbi, maimakon haka aka ba su umarnin su samar da karafa a ma'auni mai yawa, wani bangare na dogaro da tanderun bayan gida don cimma burin samar da kayan aikin da 'yan sanda suka gindaya. Karfe da aka samar ba shi da inganci kuma galibi mara amfani. Great Leap ya rage girman girbi kuma ya haifar da raguwar samar da mafi yawan kayayyaki banda baƙin ƙarfe da ƙarfe mara inganci. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ƙananan hukumomi suna yawan wuce gona da iri na yawan kayan da ake samarwa, suna ɓoyewa da tsananta matsalar shekaru da yawa. {{Rp|25–30}}A halin da ake ciki, hargitsi a cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a, rashin kyawun yanayi, da fitar da abinci da ake buƙata don tabbatar da kuɗi mai wuya ya haifar da Great Chinese famine. Abinci ya kasance cikin matsananciyar rashin ƙarfi, kuma samarwa ya ragu sosai. Yunwa ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane fiye da 30&nbsp;mutane miliyan, musamman a yankunan da suka fi fama da talauci. Rashin nasarar great Leap ya rage darajar Mao a cikin CCP. A shekarar 1959, Mao ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na shugaban kasar Sin, kuma shugaban kasar Sin Liu Shaoqi ''ya'' gaje shi, yayin da Mao ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin kuma babban kwamanda. A watan Yuli, manyan jagororin jam'iyyar sun yi taro a filin wasa na Dutsen Lu don tattauna manufofin. A wajen taron, Marshal Peng Dehuai, Ministan Tsaro, ya soki manufofin Great Leap a cikin wata wasika ta sirri ga Mao, inda ya rubuta cewa yana fama da rashin kulawa da kuma yin taka tsantsan game da daukaka akidar siyasa a kan dokokin tattalin arziki. Duk da madaidaicin sautin wasiƙar Peng, Mao ya ɗauki ta a matsayin hari na kashin kai ga shugabancinsa. {{Rp|55}}Bayan taron, Mao ya cire Peng daga mukamansa, kuma ya zarge shi da kasancewa "right opportunist". An maye gurbin Peng da Lin Biao, wani janar na sojan juyin juya hali wanda ya zama babban mai goyon bayan Mao daga baya a cikin aikinsa. Yayin da taron na Lushan ya kasance tamkar kisa ga Peng, babban mai sukar Mao, ya kai ga sauya mulki zuwa masu sassaucin ra'ayi karkashin jagorancin Liu Shaoqi da Deng Xiaoping, wadanda suka dauki nauyin tafiyar da tattalin arzikin kasar sosai bayan 1959. A farkon shekarun 1960, yawancin manufofin tattalin arziki na great Leap sun koma baya ta hanyar yunƙurin da Liu, Deng, da Firimiya Zhou Enlai suka jagoranta. Wannan matsakaita rukuni na masana ilimin tunani ba su da sha'awar ganin Mao na utopian. A shekara ta 1962, yayin da Zhou, Liu da Deng ke gudanar da harkokin gwamnati da tattalin arziki, Mao ya janye daga yanke shawara kan tattalin arziki yadda ya kamata, kuma ya mai da hankali sosai a lokacinsa wajen kara yin la'akari da gudummawar da ya bayar ga ka'idar zamantakewar Marxist-Lenin, gami da ra'ayin " ci gaba da juyin juya hali". {{Rp|55}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} dppywxjag26xgzfkpmvv2rmr5kv5ek4 0 41918 893727 841051 2026-08-09T16:31:08Z Asiya Garba 46242 893727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Souk Al Milh, Sana, Yemen (4324865585).jpg|thumb|sanaa Babar Abune a rayuwan Dan Adam]] '''Sanaa''' ( {{Lang-ar|صَنْعَاء}} , ''{{Transl|ar|Ṣanʿāʾ}}'' [sˤɑnʕaːʔ], <small>Yaman Larabci :</small> [ˈsˤɑnʕɑ] ; Tsohon Larabawa ta Kudu : 𐩮𐩬𐩲𐩥 ''Ṣnʿw'' ), wanda kuma ake rubutawa da '''Sana'a''' ko '''Sana''', babban birni ne kuma birni mafi girma a ƙasar [[Yemen|Yaman]] kuma tsakiyar lardin Sanaa. Garin ba ya cikin mulki, amma ya kafa gunduma na musamman na "ʾAmanat al-ʿĀṣima" ( {{Lang|ar|أمانة العاصمة}} ). A ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Yemen, Sanaa ita ce babban birnin ƙasar,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dpa-international.com/news/international/yemens-embattled-president-declares-southern-base-temporary-capital-a-44650685-img-2.html|agency=DPA International|title=Yemen's embattled president declares southern base temporary capital|date=21 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711155806/http://www.dpa-international.com/news/international/yemens-embattled-president-declares-southern-base-temporary-capital-a-44650685-img-2.html|archive-date=11 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> ko da yake kujerar gwamnatin Yemen ta koma Aden, tsohon babban birnin Yaman ta Kudu bayan mamayar Houthi. Shugaba [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi]] ya ayyana Aden a matsayin babban birnin wucin gadi a watan Maris shekarar 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dw.de/yemens-president-hadi-declares-new-temporary-capital/a-18332197|agency=Deutsche Welle|title=Yemen's President Hadi declares new 'temporary capital'|date=21 March 2015|access-date=21 March 2015|archive-date=5 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605210805/http://www.dw.de/yemens-president-hadi-declares-new-temporary-capital/a-18332197|url-status=live}}</ref> A tsayin {{Convert|2300|m|ft}},<ref name="Laughlin2008">{{cite book |last=McLaughlin |first=Daniel |title=Yemen |publisher=[[Bradt Travel Guides]] |chapter=3: Sanaʽa |page=67 |isbn=978-1-8416-2212-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQvhZaEVzjcC&q=jabal+nuqum |year=2008 |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-date=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214213150/https://books.google.com/books?id=eQvhZaEVzjcC&q=jabal+nuqum |url-status=live }}</ref> Sana'a na ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen duniya kuma birnin dake kusa da tsaunin Sarawat na Jabal An-Nabi Shu'ayb da Jabal Tiyal, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin tsaunuka mafi tsayi a ƙasar kuma daya daga cikin mafi girma a cikin ƙasar. [[Gabas ta Tsakiya|Yankin]] Sana'a tana da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 3,937,500 (2012), hakan ya birnin zama mafi girma a Yemen. Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, mafi girman yankin birnin Sanaa ya kai kusan kashi 10% na yawan al'ummar Yemen.<ref name="UN-Habitat">{{cite book |last1=United Nations Human Settlements Programme in Yemen |title=Sana'a City Profile |date=2020 |url=https://yemenportal.unhabitat.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/01-Sanaa-City-Profile.pdf |access-date=27 February 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414041009/https://yemenportal.unhabitat.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/01-Sanaa-City-Profile.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Tsohon birnin Sanaa, Gidan Tarihi na Duniya [[UNESCO|na UNESCO]], yana da gine-gine na musamman, wanda aka fi sani da shi a cikin gine-ginen masu yawa da aka yi wa ado da siffofi na geometric. A rikicin da ya barke a shekarar 2015, bama-bamai sun afkawa wuraren UNESCO a tsohon birnin.<ref>{{cite web|last=Young|first=T. Luke|title=Conservation of the Old Walled City of Sanaʽa Republic of Yemen|url=http://web.mit.edu/akpia/www/AKPsite/4.239/sanaa/yemen.html|publisher=MIT|access-date=7 April 2011|archive-date=3 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803125725/http://web.mit.edu/akpia/www/AKPsite/4.239/sanaa/yemen.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="HestlerSpilling2010">{{cite book|author1=Anna Hestler|author2=Jo-Ann Spilling|title=Yemen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JNJiTaTaEocC&pg=PA16|year=2010|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-4850-1|page=16|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=14 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214213152/https://books.google.com/books?id=JNJiTaTaEocC&pg=PA16|url-status=live}}</ref> Masallacin Al Saleh, mafi girma a Sana'a, yana cikin tsohon birni. Sana'a na fuskantar matsalar ruwa mai tsanani, inda ake dibar ruwa daga magudanar ruwan da gaugawa. An yi hasashen cewa birnin zai kare gaba daya daga cikin ruwa nan da shekara ta 2030, wanda zai zama babban birnin kasa na farko a duniya. Samun ruwan sha yana da wahala a Sanaa, kuma ana samun matsalolin ingancin ruwa.<ref name="Al-Hamdi">{{cite book |last1=Al-Hamdi |first1=Mohamed I |title=Competition for Scarce Groundwater in the Sana'a Plain, Yemen. A Study of the Incentive Systems for Urban and Agricultural Water Use. |date=2000 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=90-5410-426-0 |pages=1–8 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Competition_for_Scarce_Groundwater_in_th/eOCcu2VAfDQC |access-date=15 February 2021}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Zamanin da === Bisa ga sanannun [[Addinan Ibrahimiyya|addinan Ibrahim]], an kafa Sana'a a gindin tsaunin Jabal Nuqum ta Shem, ɗan [[Nuhu]], <ref>Al-Hamdāni, al-Ḥasan ibn Aḥmad, ''The Antiquities of South Arabia - The Eighth Book of Al-Iklīl'', Oxford University Press 1938, pp. 8-9</ref> <ref>Minaret Building and Apprenticeship in Yemen, by Trevor Marchand, Routledge (27 April 2001), p.1.</ref> <ref name="Aithe30">Aithe, p.30.</ref> bayan mutuwar karshe. Wataƙila sunan ''Sanaa'' ya samo asali ne daga tushen Sabaic ''ṣnʿ'', ma'ana "ƙarfi mai kyau". <ref name="Smith 1997">{{Cite book|edition=E.|url-access=Lecomte}}</ref><ref>Albert Jamme, inscriptions from Mahram Bilqis p.440</ref> An tabbatar da sunan a cikin tsofaffin rubutun Sabae, galibi daga ƙarni na 3 AZ, kamar yadda '''''ṣnʿw''''' . <ref name="Smith 1997" /> A halin yanzu, sanannen ilimin ilimin al'umma ya ce sunan ''Sana'a'' yana nufin "kyakkyawan sana'o'insa da sana'o'insa (watakila sifar mata ta larabci ''aṣnaʿ'' )". <ref name="Smith 1997" /> Masanin tarihin [[Larabawa]] na ƙarni na 10 al-Hamdani ya rubuta cewa tsohon sunan Sanaa '''''Azāl''''' ne, wanda ba a rubuta shi a cikin wasu rubuce-rubucen Sabae na zamani ba. <ref name="Smith 1997">{{Cite book|edition=E.|url-access=Lecomte}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSmith1997">Smith, G.R. (1997). "ṢANʿĀʾ". In Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P.; Lecomte, G. (eds.). [https://ia600603.us.archive.org/14/items/EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13/09.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.BosDonHeinLec.etc.UndPatIUA.v9.San-Sze.Leid.EJBrill.1997..pdf ''The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. IX (SAN-SZE)''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Leiden: Brill. pp.&nbsp;1–3. [[ISBN (mai ganowa)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Musamman: Madogaran Littattafai/90-04-10422-4|<bdi>90-04-10422-4</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Sunan "Azal" yana da alaƙa da Uzal, ɗan Qahtan, babban jikan Shem, a cikin labaran Littafi [[Baibûl|Mai]] Tsarki na Littafin Farawa . Al-Hamdani ya rubuta cewa Sana'a ta kasance katangar da Saba'awa suka yi a karkashin sarkinsu Sha'r Awtar, wanda kuma za a iya cewa ya gina fadar Ghumdan a birnin. Saboda wurin da yake, Sana'a ta kasance cibiyar birni ga kabilun yankin da ke kewaye da ita kuma a matsayin cibiyar kasuwancin yanki a kudancin Larabawa . An sanya shi a mararrabar manyan hanyoyin kasuwanci guda biyu da suka haɗa Ma'rib a gabas zuwa Bahar Maliya a yamma. <ref name="Aithe30">Aithe, p.30.</ref> === Zamanin Musulunci === [[File:SanaaQuoranDoubleVersions.jpg|thumb| Rubutun Sana'a, wanda aka samo a Sana'a a cikin shekarar 1972, yana ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubucen [[Alqur'ani mai girma|kur'ani]] da aka samu.]] Tun daga zamanin Muhammadu (wato kimanin shekara ta 622 AZ) har zuwa kafuwar kananan hukumomi masu zaman kansu a sassa da dama na [[Khalifofi|Khalifancin]] Musulunci na Yaman, Sana'a ta dage da samun matsayin kujerar mulki. Mataimakin [[Khalifofi|Halifa]] ya kula da al'amuran daya daga cikin Makhalif din Yemen guda uku: Mikhlaf Sana'a, Mikhlaf al-Janad, da Mikhlaf Hadhramaut . Birnin Sanaa na ci gaba da samun wani muhimmin matsayi a kai a kai, kuma dukkan kasashen Yaman sun fafata da su wajen sarrafa shi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2019}} Imam [[Imam Al-Shafi'i|Al-Shafi'i]] masanin fikihu na Musulunci a karni na 8 kuma wanda ya assasa mazhabar [[Shafi`iyya|Shafi'iyya]] ya ziyarci birnin Sanaa sau da yawa. Ya yaba wa birnin, ya kuma rubuta ''La budda min Shanʻāʼ'', ko kuma "Dole ne a ga Sanaa." A cikin karni na 9-10, masanin tarihin kasar Yemen, al-Hamdani, ya lura da tsaftar birnin, yana mai cewa “Mazauni mafi kankanta a can yana da rijiya daya ko biyu, lambu da dogayen ramukan rabe da juna, babu kamshi ko sharri. yana jin ƙamshi, saboda ƙaƙƙarfan kankare ( adobe da cob, mai yiwuwa) da filin kiwo mai kyau da tsaftataccen wuraren tafiya." Daga baya a cikin karni na 10, ɗan ƙasar Farisa Ibn Rustah ya rubuta game da Sanaa: "Garin Yemen ne - ba za a iya samun ... wani birni mafi girma, mafi yawan jama'a ko mafi wadata, na asali ko abinci mai dadi fiye da shi. ." ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} 8icuaxhdvtumw0m2n9czokfcu06w6dp 893728 893727 2026-08-09T16:31:29Z Asiya Garba 46242 893728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Souk Al Milh, Sana, Yemen (4324865585).jpg|thumb|sanaa Babar Abune a rayuwan Dan Adam]] '''Sanaa''' ( {{Lang-ar|صَنْعَاء}} , ''{{Transl|ar|Ṣanʿāʾ}}'' [sˤɑnʕaːʔ], <small>Yaman Larabci :</small> [ˈsˤɑnʕɑ] ; Tsohon Larabawa ta Kudu : 𐩮𐩬𐩲𐩥 ''Ṣnʿw'' ), wanda kuma ake rubutawa da '''Sana'a''' ko '''Sana''', babban birni ne kuma birni mafi girma a ƙasar [[Yemen|Yaman]] kuma tsakiyar lardin Sanaa. Garin ba ya cikin mulki, amma ya kafa gunduma na musamman na "ʾAmanat al-ʿĀṣima" ( {{Lang|ar|أمانة العاصمة}} ). A ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Yemen, Sanaa ita ce babban birnin ƙasar,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dpa-international.com/news/international/yemens-embattled-president-declares-southern-base-temporary-capital-a-44650685-img-2.html|agency=DPA International|title=Yemen's embattled president declares southern base temporary capital|date=21 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711155806/http://www.dpa-international.com/news/international/yemens-embattled-president-declares-southern-base-temporary-capital-a-44650685-img-2.html|archive-date=11 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> ko da yake kujerar gwamnatin Yemen ta koma Aden, tsohon babban birnin Yaman ta Kudu bayan mamayar Houthi. Shugaba [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi]] ya ayyana Aden a matsayin babban birnin wucin gadi a watan Maris shekarar 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dw.de/yemens-president-hadi-declares-new-temporary-capital/a-18332197|agency=Deutsche Welle|title=Yemen's President Hadi declares new 'temporary capital'|date=21 March 2015|access-date=21 March 2015|archive-date=5 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605210805/http://www.dw.de/yemens-president-hadi-declares-new-temporary-capital/a-18332197|url-status=live}}</ref> A tsayin {{Convert|2300|m|ft}},<ref name="Laughlin2008">{{cite book |last=McLaughlin |first=Daniel |title=Yemen |publisher=[[Bradt Travel Guides]] |chapter=3: Sanaʽa |page=67 |isbn=978-1-8416-2212-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQvhZaEVzjcC&q=jabal+nuqum |year=2008 |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-date=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214213150/https://books.google.com/books?id=eQvhZaEVzjcC&q=jabal+nuqum |url-status=live }}</ref> Sana'a na ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen duniya kuma birnin dake kusa da tsaunin Sarawat na Jabal An-Nabi Shu'ayb da Jabal Tiyal, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin tsaunuka mafi tsayi a ƙasar kuma daya daga cikin mafi girma a cikin ƙasar. [[Gabas ta Tsakiya|Yankin]] Sana'a tana da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 3,937,500 (2012), hakan ya birnin zama mafi girma a Yemen. Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, mafi girman yankin birnin Sanaa ya kai kusan kashi 10% na yawan al'ummar Yemen.<ref name="UN-Habitat">{{cite book |last1=United Nations Human Settlements Programme in Yemen |title=Sana'a City Profile |date=2020 |url=https://yemenportal.unhabitat.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/01-Sanaa-City-Profile.pdf |access-date=27 February 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414041009/https://yemenportal.unhabitat.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/01-Sanaa-City-Profile.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Tsohon birnin Sanaa, Gidan Tarihi na Duniya [[UNESCO|na UNESCO]], yana da gine-gine na musamman, wanda kuma aka fi sani da shi a cikin gine-ginen masu yawa da aka yi wa ado da siffofi na geometric. A rikicin da ya barke a shekarar 2015, bama-bamai sun afkawa wuraren UNESCO a tsohon birnin.<ref>{{cite web|last=Young|first=T. Luke|title=Conservation of the Old Walled City of Sanaʽa Republic of Yemen|url=http://web.mit.edu/akpia/www/AKPsite/4.239/sanaa/yemen.html|publisher=MIT|access-date=7 April 2011|archive-date=3 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803125725/http://web.mit.edu/akpia/www/AKPsite/4.239/sanaa/yemen.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="HestlerSpilling2010">{{cite book|author1=Anna Hestler|author2=Jo-Ann Spilling|title=Yemen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JNJiTaTaEocC&pg=PA16|year=2010|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-4850-1|page=16|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=14 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214213152/https://books.google.com/books?id=JNJiTaTaEocC&pg=PA16|url-status=live}}</ref> Masallacin Al Saleh, mafi girma a Sana'a, yana cikin tsohon birni. Sana'a na fuskantar matsalar ruwa mai tsanani, inda ake dibar ruwa daga magudanar ruwan da gaugawa. An yi hasashen cewa birnin zai kare gaba daya daga cikin ruwa nan da shekara ta 2030, wanda zai zama babban birnin kasa na farko a duniya. Samun ruwan sha yana da wahala a Sanaa, kuma ana samun matsalolin ingancin ruwa.<ref name="Al-Hamdi">{{cite book |last1=Al-Hamdi |first1=Mohamed I |title=Competition for Scarce Groundwater in the Sana'a Plain, Yemen. A Study of the Incentive Systems for Urban and Agricultural Water Use. |date=2000 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=90-5410-426-0 |pages=1–8 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Competition_for_Scarce_Groundwater_in_th/eOCcu2VAfDQC |access-date=15 February 2021}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Zamanin da === Bisa ga sanannun [[Addinan Ibrahimiyya|addinan Ibrahim]], an kafa Sana'a a gindin tsaunin Jabal Nuqum ta Shem, ɗan [[Nuhu]], <ref>Al-Hamdāni, al-Ḥasan ibn Aḥmad, ''The Antiquities of South Arabia - The Eighth Book of Al-Iklīl'', Oxford University Press 1938, pp. 8-9</ref> <ref>Minaret Building and Apprenticeship in Yemen, by Trevor Marchand, Routledge (27 April 2001), p.1.</ref> <ref name="Aithe30">Aithe, p.30.</ref> bayan mutuwar karshe. Wataƙila sunan ''Sanaa'' ya samo asali ne daga tushen Sabaic ''ṣnʿ'', ma'ana "ƙarfi mai kyau". <ref name="Smith 1997">{{Cite book|edition=E.|url-access=Lecomte}}</ref><ref>Albert Jamme, inscriptions from Mahram Bilqis p.440</ref> An tabbatar da sunan a cikin tsofaffin rubutun Sabae, galibi daga ƙarni na 3 AZ, kamar yadda '''''ṣnʿw''''' . <ref name="Smith 1997" /> A halin yanzu, sanannen ilimin ilimin al'umma ya ce sunan ''Sana'a'' yana nufin "kyakkyawan sana'o'insa da sana'o'insa (watakila sifar mata ta larabci ''aṣnaʿ'' )". <ref name="Smith 1997" /> Masanin tarihin [[Larabawa]] na ƙarni na 10 al-Hamdani ya rubuta cewa tsohon sunan Sanaa '''''Azāl''''' ne, wanda ba a rubuta shi a cikin wasu rubuce-rubucen Sabae na zamani ba. <ref name="Smith 1997">{{Cite book|edition=E.|url-access=Lecomte}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSmith1997">Smith, G.R. (1997). "ṢANʿĀʾ". In Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P.; Lecomte, G. (eds.). [https://ia600603.us.archive.org/14/items/EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13/09.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.BosDonHeinLec.etc.UndPatIUA.v9.San-Sze.Leid.EJBrill.1997..pdf ''The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. IX (SAN-SZE)''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Leiden: Brill. pp.&nbsp;1–3. [[ISBN (mai ganowa)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Musamman: Madogaran Littattafai/90-04-10422-4|<bdi>90-04-10422-4</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Sunan "Azal" yana da alaƙa da Uzal, ɗan Qahtan, babban jikan Shem, a cikin labaran Littafi [[Baibûl|Mai]] Tsarki na Littafin Farawa . Al-Hamdani ya rubuta cewa Sana'a ta kasance katangar da Saba'awa suka yi a karkashin sarkinsu Sha'r Awtar, wanda kuma za a iya cewa ya gina fadar Ghumdan a birnin. Saboda wurin da yake, Sana'a ta kasance cibiyar birni ga kabilun yankin da ke kewaye da ita kuma a matsayin cibiyar kasuwancin yanki a kudancin Larabawa . An sanya shi a mararrabar manyan hanyoyin kasuwanci guda biyu da suka haɗa Ma'rib a gabas zuwa Bahar Maliya a yamma. <ref name="Aithe30">Aithe, p.30.</ref> === Zamanin Musulunci === [[File:SanaaQuoranDoubleVersions.jpg|thumb| Rubutun Sana'a, wanda aka samo a Sana'a a cikin shekarar 1972, yana ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubucen [[Alqur'ani mai girma|kur'ani]] da aka samu.]] Tun daga zamanin Muhammadu (wato kimanin shekara ta 622 AZ) har zuwa kafuwar kananan hukumomi masu zaman kansu a sassa da dama na [[Khalifofi|Khalifancin]] Musulunci na Yaman, Sana'a ta dage da samun matsayin kujerar mulki. Mataimakin [[Khalifofi|Halifa]] ya kula da al'amuran daya daga cikin Makhalif din Yemen guda uku: Mikhlaf Sana'a, Mikhlaf al-Janad, da Mikhlaf Hadhramaut . Birnin Sanaa na ci gaba da samun wani muhimmin matsayi a kai a kai, kuma dukkan kasashen Yaman sun fafata da su wajen sarrafa shi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2019}} Imam [[Imam Al-Shafi'i|Al-Shafi'i]] masanin fikihu na Musulunci a karni na 8 kuma wanda ya assasa mazhabar [[Shafi`iyya|Shafi'iyya]] ya ziyarci birnin Sanaa sau da yawa. Ya yaba wa birnin, ya kuma rubuta ''La budda min Shanʻāʼ'', ko kuma "Dole ne a ga Sanaa." A cikin karni na 9-10, masanin tarihin kasar Yemen, al-Hamdani, ya lura da tsaftar birnin, yana mai cewa “Mazauni mafi kankanta a can yana da rijiya daya ko biyu, lambu da dogayen ramukan rabe da juna, babu kamshi ko sharri. yana jin ƙamshi, saboda ƙaƙƙarfan kankare ( adobe da cob, mai yiwuwa) da filin kiwo mai kyau da tsaftataccen wuraren tafiya." Daga baya a cikin karni na 10, ɗan ƙasar Farisa Ibn Rustah ya rubuta game da Sanaa: "Garin Yemen ne - ba za a iya samun ... wani birni mafi girma, mafi yawan jama'a ko mafi wadata, na asali ko abinci mai dadi fiye da shi. ." ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} q4sn5zi5flg7fytzn766sl3j1qim9w7 893729 893728 2026-08-09T16:31:45Z Asiya Garba 46242 893729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Souk Al Milh, Sana, Yemen (4324865585).jpg|thumb|sanaa Babar Abune a rayuwan Dan Adam]] '''Sanaa''' ( {{Lang-ar|صَنْعَاء}} , ''{{Transl|ar|Ṣanʿāʾ}}'' [sˤɑnʕaːʔ], <small>Yaman Larabci :</small> [ˈsˤɑnʕɑ] ; Tsohon Larabawa ta Kudu : 𐩮𐩬𐩲𐩥 ''Ṣnʿw'' ), wanda kuma ake rubutawa da '''Sana'a''' ko '''Sana''', babban birni ne kuma birni mafi girma a ƙasar [[Yemen|Yaman]] kuma tsakiyar lardin Sanaa. Garin ba ya cikin mulki, amma ya kafa gunduma na musamman na "ʾAmanat al-ʿĀṣima" ( {{Lang|ar|أمانة العاصمة}} ). A ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Yemen, Sanaa ita ce babban birnin ƙasar,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dpa-international.com/news/international/yemens-embattled-president-declares-southern-base-temporary-capital-a-44650685-img-2.html|agency=DPA International|title=Yemen's embattled president declares southern base temporary capital|date=21 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711155806/http://www.dpa-international.com/news/international/yemens-embattled-president-declares-southern-base-temporary-capital-a-44650685-img-2.html|archive-date=11 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> ko da yake kujerar gwamnatin Yemen ta koma Aden, tsohon babban birnin Yaman ta Kudu bayan mamayar Houthi. Shugaba [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi]] ya ayyana Aden a matsayin babban birnin wucin gadi a watan Maris shekarar 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dw.de/yemens-president-hadi-declares-new-temporary-capital/a-18332197|agency=Deutsche Welle|title=Yemen's President Hadi declares new 'temporary capital'|date=21 March 2015|access-date=21 March 2015|archive-date=5 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605210805/http://www.dw.de/yemens-president-hadi-declares-new-temporary-capital/a-18332197|url-status=live}}</ref> A tsayin {{Convert|2300|m|ft}},<ref name="Laughlin2008">{{cite book |last=McLaughlin |first=Daniel |title=Yemen |publisher=[[Bradt Travel Guides]] |chapter=3: Sanaʽa |page=67 |isbn=978-1-8416-2212-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQvhZaEVzjcC&q=jabal+nuqum |year=2008 |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-date=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214213150/https://books.google.com/books?id=eQvhZaEVzjcC&q=jabal+nuqum |url-status=live }}</ref> Sana'a na ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen duniya kuma birnin dake kusa da tsaunin Sarawat na Jabal An-Nabi Shu'ayb da Jabal Tiyal, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin tsaunuka mafi tsayi a ƙasar kuma daya daga cikin mafi girma a cikin ƙasar. [[Gabas ta Tsakiya|Yankin]] Sana'a tana da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 3,937,500 (2012), hakan ya birnin zama mafi girma a Yemen. Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, mafi girman yankin birnin Sanaa ya kai kusan kashi 10% na yawan al'ummar Yemen.<ref name="UN-Habitat">{{cite book |last1=United Nations Human Settlements Programme in Yemen |title=Sana'a City Profile |date=2020 |url=https://yemenportal.unhabitat.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/01-Sanaa-City-Profile.pdf |access-date=27 February 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414041009/https://yemenportal.unhabitat.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/01-Sanaa-City-Profile.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Tsohon birnin Sanaa, Gidan Tarihi na Duniya [[UNESCO|na UNESCO]], yana da gine-gine na musamman, wanda kuma aka fi sani da shi a cikin gine-ginen masu yawa da aka yi wa ado da siffofi na geometric. A rikicin da ya barke a shekarar 2015, bama-bamai sun afkawa wuraren UNESCO a tsohon birnin.<ref>{{cite web|last=Young|first=T. Luke|title=Conservation of the Old Walled City of Sanaʽa Republic of Yemen|url=http://web.mit.edu/akpia/www/AKPsite/4.239/sanaa/yemen.html|publisher=MIT|access-date=7 April 2011|archive-date=3 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803125725/http://web.mit.edu/akpia/www/AKPsite/4.239/sanaa/yemen.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="HestlerSpilling2010">{{cite book|author1=Anna Hestler|author2=Jo-Ann Spilling|title=Yemen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JNJiTaTaEocC&pg=PA16|year=2010|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-4850-1|page=16|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=14 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214213152/https://books.google.com/books?id=JNJiTaTaEocC&pg=PA16|url-status=live}}</ref> Masallacin Al Saleh, mafi girma a Sana'a, yana cikin tsohon birni. Sana'a na fuskantar matsalar ruwa mai tsanani, inda ake dibar ruwa daga magudanar ruwan da gaugawa. An kuma yi hasashen cewa birnin zai kare gaba daya daga cikin ruwa nan da shekara ta 2030, wanda zai zama babban birnin kasa na farko a duniya. Samun ruwan sha yana da wahala a Sanaa, kuma ana samun matsalolin ingancin ruwa.<ref name="Al-Hamdi">{{cite book |last1=Al-Hamdi |first1=Mohamed I |title=Competition for Scarce Groundwater in the Sana'a Plain, Yemen. A Study of the Incentive Systems for Urban and Agricultural Water Use. |date=2000 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=90-5410-426-0 |pages=1–8 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Competition_for_Scarce_Groundwater_in_th/eOCcu2VAfDQC |access-date=15 February 2021}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Zamanin da === Bisa ga sanannun [[Addinan Ibrahimiyya|addinan Ibrahim]], an kafa Sana'a a gindin tsaunin Jabal Nuqum ta Shem, ɗan [[Nuhu]], <ref>Al-Hamdāni, al-Ḥasan ibn Aḥmad, ''The Antiquities of South Arabia - The Eighth Book of Al-Iklīl'', Oxford University Press 1938, pp. 8-9</ref> <ref>Minaret Building and Apprenticeship in Yemen, by Trevor Marchand, Routledge (27 April 2001), p.1.</ref> <ref name="Aithe30">Aithe, p.30.</ref> bayan mutuwar karshe. Wataƙila sunan ''Sanaa'' ya samo asali ne daga tushen Sabaic ''ṣnʿ'', ma'ana "ƙarfi mai kyau". <ref name="Smith 1997">{{Cite book|edition=E.|url-access=Lecomte}}</ref><ref>Albert Jamme, inscriptions from Mahram Bilqis p.440</ref> An tabbatar da sunan a cikin tsofaffin rubutun Sabae, galibi daga ƙarni na 3 AZ, kamar yadda '''''ṣnʿw''''' . <ref name="Smith 1997" /> A halin yanzu, sanannen ilimin ilimin al'umma ya ce sunan ''Sana'a'' yana nufin "kyakkyawan sana'o'insa da sana'o'insa (watakila sifar mata ta larabci ''aṣnaʿ'' )". <ref name="Smith 1997" /> Masanin tarihin [[Larabawa]] na ƙarni na 10 al-Hamdani ya rubuta cewa tsohon sunan Sanaa '''''Azāl''''' ne, wanda ba a rubuta shi a cikin wasu rubuce-rubucen Sabae na zamani ba. <ref name="Smith 1997">{{Cite book|edition=E.|url-access=Lecomte}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSmith1997">Smith, G.R. (1997). "ṢANʿĀʾ". In Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P.; Lecomte, G. (eds.). [https://ia600603.us.archive.org/14/items/EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13/09.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.BosDonHeinLec.etc.UndPatIUA.v9.San-Sze.Leid.EJBrill.1997..pdf ''The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. IX (SAN-SZE)''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Leiden: Brill. pp.&nbsp;1–3. [[ISBN (mai ganowa)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Musamman: Madogaran Littattafai/90-04-10422-4|<bdi>90-04-10422-4</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Sunan "Azal" yana da alaƙa da Uzal, ɗan Qahtan, babban jikan Shem, a cikin labaran Littafi [[Baibûl|Mai]] Tsarki na Littafin Farawa . Al-Hamdani ya rubuta cewa Sana'a ta kasance katangar da Saba'awa suka yi a karkashin sarkinsu Sha'r Awtar, wanda kuma za a iya cewa ya gina fadar Ghumdan a birnin. Saboda wurin da yake, Sana'a ta kasance cibiyar birni ga kabilun yankin da ke kewaye da ita kuma a matsayin cibiyar kasuwancin yanki a kudancin Larabawa . An sanya shi a mararrabar manyan hanyoyin kasuwanci guda biyu da suka haɗa Ma'rib a gabas zuwa Bahar Maliya a yamma. <ref name="Aithe30">Aithe, p.30.</ref> === Zamanin Musulunci === [[File:SanaaQuoranDoubleVersions.jpg|thumb| Rubutun Sana'a, wanda aka samo a Sana'a a cikin shekarar 1972, yana ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubucen [[Alqur'ani mai girma|kur'ani]] da aka samu.]] Tun daga zamanin Muhammadu (wato kimanin shekara ta 622 AZ) har zuwa kafuwar kananan hukumomi masu zaman kansu a sassa da dama na [[Khalifofi|Khalifancin]] Musulunci na Yaman, Sana'a ta dage da samun matsayin kujerar mulki. Mataimakin [[Khalifofi|Halifa]] ya kula da al'amuran daya daga cikin Makhalif din Yemen guda uku: Mikhlaf Sana'a, Mikhlaf al-Janad, da Mikhlaf Hadhramaut . Birnin Sanaa na ci gaba da samun wani muhimmin matsayi a kai a kai, kuma dukkan kasashen Yaman sun fafata da su wajen sarrafa shi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2019}} Imam [[Imam Al-Shafi'i|Al-Shafi'i]] masanin fikihu na Musulunci a karni na 8 kuma wanda ya assasa mazhabar [[Shafi`iyya|Shafi'iyya]] ya ziyarci birnin Sanaa sau da yawa. Ya yaba wa birnin, ya kuma rubuta ''La budda min Shanʻāʼ'', ko kuma "Dole ne a ga Sanaa." A cikin karni na 9-10, masanin tarihin kasar Yemen, al-Hamdani, ya lura da tsaftar birnin, yana mai cewa “Mazauni mafi kankanta a can yana da rijiya daya ko biyu, lambu da dogayen ramukan rabe da juna, babu kamshi ko sharri. yana jin ƙamshi, saboda ƙaƙƙarfan kankare ( adobe da cob, mai yiwuwa) da filin kiwo mai kyau da tsaftataccen wuraren tafiya." Daga baya a cikin karni na 10, ɗan ƙasar Farisa Ibn Rustah ya rubuta game da Sanaa: "Garin Yemen ne - ba za a iya samun ... wani birni mafi girma, mafi yawan jama'a ko mafi wadata, na asali ko abinci mai dadi fiye da shi. ." ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} iywxhg0vhakj1nt6ta74a2uznn5x2rk 0 42446 894031 514962 2026-08-10T05:31:35Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Manazarta */ 894031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''mane Chebel,''' (An haife ta 25 [[Maris]] ɗin 1995). ' [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ta ƙasar Aljeriya ce kuma haifaffiyar [[Kanada]] wacce ke buga wasan tsakiya a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta FC Fleury 91 da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta [[Aljeriya]] . Ta fafata a Algeriya a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta mata ta shekarar 2018, inda ta buga wasa ɗaya.<ref name="CAF">{{cite web |title=Player Details: Imane Chebel |url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-us/competitions/womenafconghana2018/TeamDetails/PlayerDetails?CompetitionPlayerId=vQm05Vc7zMMOVpejoQNnVrzFYqbdXKLpgeiiCl8amDrm8KxX%2fdxOWbhJ2rLBeeAZ&TeamsIDs=cqTz5w1nR49g4qlSvrfTkHMGsETYiVjcYko2GB2g908QIqJne8vsRLwqez%2f6g%2bcN |website=Total Women's Africa Cup of Nations |publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]] |accessdate=20 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="Soccerway">{{cite web |title=I. Chebel |url=https://women.soccerway.com/players/imane-chebel/588987/|website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |accessdate=20 June 2019}}</ref> {{Stub}} == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1995]] {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://www.statsfootofeminin.fr/joueur.php?joueur=13602] {{Algeria squad 2018 Africa Women Cup of Nations}} {{Algeria squad 2024 Women's Africa Cup of Nations}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chebel, Imane}} [[Category:1995 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Algerian women's footballers]] [[Category:Algeria women's international footballers]] [[Category:21st-century Algerian sportswomen]] [[Category:Women's association football midfielders]] [[Category:Concordia University alumni]] [[Category:Canadian people of Algerian descent]] [[Category:Sportspeople of Algerian descent]] [[Category:Canadian women's soccer players]] [[Category:Francophone Quebec people]] [[Category:Soccer people from Quebec]] [[Category:Sportswomen from Quebec]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Quebec City]] [[Category:BIIK Kazygurt players]] [[Category:Wellington Phoenix FC (women) players]] [[Category:21st-century Canadian sportswomen]] [[Category:2024 Women's Africa Cup of Nations players]] [[Category:2018 Women's Africa Cup of Nations players]] {{Algeria-women-footy-bio-stub}} {{Algeria-footy-midfielder-stub}} {{Canada-women-footy-bio-stub}} 1qcw46b5bxjb0dq1nbja9tntjg4cvo4 0 43355 893859 893352 2026-08-09T20:05:54Z Der-Wir-Ing 14522 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/893352|893352]] by [[Special:Contributions/Baffa ali|Baffa ali]] ([[User talk:Baffa ali|talk]]) 893859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} [[Fayil:Karamoko Dembele 2019.jpg|thumb|Alejandro Balde]] [[Fayil:FC Red Bull Salzburg gegen CF Barcelona (Testspiel 4. August 2021) 71.jpg|thumb|Alejandro Balde yayi gwagwarmaya ]] [[Fayil:Esapana-inglaterra-74 (48899354493).jpg|thumb|Alejandro Balde]] '''Alejandro Balde''' An haife shi a Barcelona, Kataloniya, ga mahaifin ɗan ƙasar Guinea kuma mahaifiyar Dominican,[3] Balde ya koma FC Barcelona a cikin 2011 yana ɗan shekara takwas bayan ya samu matsayi a RCD Espanyol.[4] A cikin Yuli 2021, ya sanya hannu kan sabunta kwangilar tare da Barcelona har zuwa 2024 ==Manazarta== flwz62go0d0pvp1yq0zz9bedehua7oe 0 43394 893930 450879 2026-08-09T22:39:55Z Baffa ali 47435 893930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ndèye Fatou Seck Soumah Sow''' (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1986 a Saint-Louis, Senegal)<ref>APS Londres 2012 - Kassé Hann qualifié après Ndèye Soumah et Ndiss Kaba Archived 2012-09-03 at the Wayback Machine</ref> 'yar Senegal ce 'yar wasan sprinter. {{Refn|{{cite web|title=Ndeye Fatou Soumah|url=http://www.london2012.com/athlete/soumah-ndeye-fatou-1100864/|work=London 2012|publisher=The London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Limited|accessdate=12 September 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913182701/http://www.london2012.com/athlete/soumah-ndeye-fatou-1100864/|archivedate=13 September 2012}}}} A gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2012, ta fafata a tseren mita 200 na mata amma an cire ta a zagayen farko. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120728032819/http://www.walf-groupe.com/actualites/76-sports/6728--jeux-olympiques-2012--lathletisme-senegalais-sur-une-bonne-piste-a-londres.html Jeux olympiques 2012 : L’athlétisme sénégalais sur une bonne piste à Londres]</ref> <ref>Jeux olympiques 2012 : L’athlétisme sénégalais sur une bonne piste à Londres APS [http://www.rewmi.com/Londres-2012-Kasse-Hann-qualifie-apres-Ndeye-Soumah-et-Ndiss-Kaba_a62797.html Londres 2012 - Kassé Hann qualifié après Ndèye Soumah et Ndiss Kaba ] {{Webarchive}}</ref> {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1986]] 5e89mpmwip0ov96z4f29wz4kgr9ia9b 0 44892 893874 892391 2026-08-09T20:14:19Z Der-Wir-Ing 14522 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/892391|892391]] by [[Special:Contributions/Baffa ali|Baffa ali]] ([[User talk:Baffa ali|talk]])wrong language 893874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Stub}} [[Fayil:U11 Christian Stuani 7529.jpg|thumb|hoton christian stuani]] [[Fayil:U11 Christian Stuani 3068.jpg|thumb|Hkton chrisain a filin wasa]] [[Fayil:U11 Christian Stuani 7561.jpg|thumb|Cristhian Stuani]] '''Cristhian Stuani''' Haifaffen kasar Uruguay ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan wasa na gaba a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta girona a kasar Sifaniya. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} iivafmfgd9lw199lctmohm7ugphmqod 0 46462 893996 580824 2026-08-10T04:49:46Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 893996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox|2}} [[File:Simon Zenke.jpg|thumb|hoton simon zenke]] [[Fayil:Simon Zenke.jpg|thumb|hoton Simons's zenko]] '''Simon Terwase Zenke,''' (An haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Disambar 1988), ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin mai buga gaba. == Sana'a == Zenke ya fara aiki ne a mahaifarsa [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] da [[Kaduna United F.C.|Kaduna United]] kafin ya koma RC Strasbourg a shekarar 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yeniasir.com.tr/Spor/2012/06/29/akhisarin-gozu-simon-zenkede |title=AKHİSAR'IN GÖZÜ SİMON ZENKE'DE|publisher=yeniasir.com.tr|accessdate=23 August 2014|language=tr}}</ref> A cikin Nuwambar 2018, ya rattaba hannu kan kwangila tare da ƙungiyar rukunin farko na Romanian Dinamo București.<ref>{{In lang|ro}} [https://www.digisport.ro/fotbal/liga-1/oficial-al-treilea-transfer-al-lui-rednic-la-dinamo-zenke-a-semnat-553983 OFICIAL | Al treilea transfer al lui Rednic la Dinamo: Zenke a semnat!]‚ digisport.ro, 8 November 2018</ref> Ya bar kulob ɗin ne a watan Yunin 2019. A ƙarshen Janairun 2020, Zenke daga nan ya koma Faransa Championnat National 2 club SC Schiltigheim. <ref>[https://www.dna.fr/sport/2020/01/31/zenke-et-palmieri-deux-nouvelles-recrues-a-schiltigheim-(n2) Zenke et Palmieri, deux nouvelles recrues à Schiltigheim (N2)], dna.fr, 31 January 2020</ref> A watan Mayun 2020, Zenke ya tabbatar a shafukan sada zumunta, cewa wakilin nasa yana tattaunawa da kulake daga Indiya. A kulob a gwargwadon rahoto Hyderabad FC. <ref>[https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=233615834753783 Hyderabad FC and Chennaiyin FC target Simon Zenke...], facebook.com, 4 May 2020</ref> Duk da haka, babu abin da ya fito daga ciki. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ƙanensa Thomas shima dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/sports/thomas-zenke-nasarawa-utd-motivated-enough-to-beat-generation-foot/133370.html |title=Thomas Zenke: Nasarawa Utd motivated enough to beat Generatio |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301225033/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/sports/thomas-zenke-nasarawa-utd-motivated-enough-to-beat-generation-foot/133370.html |archive-date=2018-03-01}} </ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1988]] 8e1xs3zbd7qw7bf7ejt66wtqqq1x54s 0 49118 893985 263288 2026-08-10T03:52:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yawon buɗe ido a Benin''' karamin masana'anta ne. <ref name="Williams">Williams, Stephen, Dec 2002, [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5327/is_200212/ai_n21321547 Benin: The belly of history]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''African History''.</ref> A shekarar 1996, [[Benin]] tana da masu zuwa yawon bude ido kusan 150,000. <ref name="Axg" /> A shekarar 2014 adadin ya karu zuwa 242,000. Karamar kasa ce mai tarin tarin wuraren yawon bude ido, <ref>[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/benin/ Benin: Overview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930170625/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/benin/ |date=2008-09-30 }}, Lonely Planet</ref> wuraren shakatawa da al'adun kasar Benin na daga cikin manyan wuraren shakatawarta. <ref name="Axg">Taylor & Francis Group, 2003, ''Africa South of the Sahara 2004'', Routledge, {{ISBN|1-85743-183-9}}, page 88.</ref> Abomey yana daya daga cikin manyan wuraren yawon bude ido na kasar Benin, tare da fadoji da suka zama wurin tarihi na duniya a shekarar 1982. <ref name="Williams" /> Abubuwan jan hankali na babban birnin [[Porto-Novo|Porto Novo]] sun haɗa da gidajen tarihi da gine-gine. <ref name="Williams" /> [[Cotonou]] itace filin jirgin sama na kasa da kasa daya tilo a kasar Benin. <ref name="Williams"/> Akwai jiragen kai tsaye zuwa Benin daga Belgium, Faransa, da wasu ƙasashen Afirka. <ref>[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/benin/getting-there-and-around Benin: Getting there & around] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804012614/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/benin/getting-there-and-around |date=2008-08-04 }}, Lonely Planet</ref> Akwai titin jirgin kasa mai tsawon kilomita 578 a kasar, wanda aka samar a karkashin wani hadin gwiwa da jamhuriyar Nijar. <ref name="Wma">Leonard, Thomas M., 2006, ''Encyclopedia of the Developing World'', Taylor & Francis, {{ISBN|0-415-97662-6}}, page 198.</ref> Gwamnatin kasar Benin dai na kallon yawon bude ido a matsayin hanyar bunkasa tattalin arzikinta, da kara jawo jarin kasashen waje, da kuma rage dogaro da kasar Benin ga masana'antunta na noma. <ref name="Wma">Leonard, Thomas M., 2006, ''Encyclopedia of the Developing World'', Taylor & Francis, {{ISBN|0-415-97662-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-415-97662-6|0-415-97662-6]], page 198.</ref> <ref name="euro" /> Duk da cewa gwamnati na da manufar bunkasa yawon bude ido ta kasa, amma ba ta yi wani kokari ba wajen inganta wuraren yawon bude ido ko kuma tallata kasar Benin a matsayin wurin yawon bude ido. <ref name="euro">[http://www.euromonitor.com/Travel_And_Tourism_in_Benin Travel and Tourism in Benin], Euromonitor.</ref> Ana samun wasu mafi kyawun wuraren namun daji a yammacin Afirka a arewacin Benin, inda dajin [[Filin shakatawa na Pendjari|Pendjari]] da [[Filin shakatawa na W|W National Park]] suke. <ref name="Okx">Hudgens, Jim, 2003, ''The Rough Guide to West Africa '', Rough Guides, {{ISBN|1-84353-118-6}}, page 927.</ref> Mafi kyawun lokacin ganin namun daji na Pendjari National Park yana kusa da ƙarshen lokacin rani. <ref>[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/benin/sights/93492?list=true Benin: Sights], Lonely Planet.</ref> Ana samun damar wurin shakatawa ga matafiya kuma akwai masauki. [[Filin shakatawa na W|W National Park]] yana arewa mai nisa na Benin, kuma ya ratsa [[Burkina Faso]] da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]]. Dajin na da tarin namun daji, amma yana da wahalar shiga daga Benin. <ref name="Okx" /> == Duba kuma == * Namun daji na Benin * Kidan Benin * [[Benin|Al'adun Benin]] * Manufar Visa na Benin == Manazarta == oirsto5xunf1t59gqn717qwfhx7xwdv 0 49294 893998 767340 2026-08-10T04:50:12Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 893998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fam''' na '''Saint Helena''' kudin tsibiran [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantika]] na Saint Helena da hawan hawan [[Isa|Yesu]] zuwa sama, wadanda ke cikin sassan Biritaniya na ketare na Saint Helena, Hawan Yesu zuwa sama da Tristan da Cunha . An daidaita shi daidai da sitiriyo, don haka ana karɓar kuɗin kuɗaɗen duka kuma ana yaduwa a cikin Saint Helena. An raba shi zuwa pence 100 . Tristan da Cunha, kashi na uku na yankin, a hukumance ya karɓi Sterling . Duk da haka, a wasu lokatai ana haƙa tsabar kuɗi na tunawa don tsibirin. <ref>[http://www.tristandc.com/coins.php Tristan da Cunha] Coins</ref> == Tarihi == Da farko, tsabar kudin Sterling ta yadu a kan Saint Helena, a cikin raka'a na ''fam'' zuwa ''shillings'' 20, kowanne daga ''pence'' 12 . Wannan an ƙara shi da al'amuran gida na lokaci-lokaci na kudaden takarda. An buga tsabar kuɗi ɗaya, rabin penny tagulla, a cikin 1821, musamman don amfani da su a cikin tsibiran, kuma an haɗa shi da tsabar kuɗi mai tsada. An ƙididdige takardun kuɗin kuɗin fam da shillings, kuma an kimanta su daidai da Sterling. Kafin Fabrairun 1961, Fam [[Afirka ta Kudu]], wanda a lokacin ya yi daidai da darajar Sterling, an kuma karɓi shi a tsibirin, amma hakan ya ƙare tare da ƙaddamar da sabon Rand na Afirka ta Kudu decimal, inda rand ɗaya ya kai shillings 10 kacal. Har zuwa shekara ta 1976, St. Helena ta yi amfani da kuɗi mai kyau, amma a cikin Fabrairu na wannan shekarar, Gwamnatin St. Helena ta kafa Hukumar Kula da Kuɗi kuma ta fara ba da sababbin takardun kuɗi na adadi daidai da sitila don amfani a tsibirin. <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8RPAQAAMAAJ&q=%22St+Helena%22+%22sterling%22+%221976%22 Official Records of the 34th Session of the General Assembly: Supplement, Issue 23], 1979, page 59</ref> An gabatar da tsabar kudi da aka yi nufin zagayawa akan St. Helena da hawan Yesu zuwa sama a cikin 1984. An ƙaddamar da amfani da waɗannan tsabar kudi da bayanan kula zuwa Tsibirin Ascension, daga baya kuma zuwa Tristan da Cunha. Ganin cewa ana buga sulalla masu yawo da "Saint Helena • Hawan Yesu zuwa sama", takardun banki kawai suna cewa "Gwamnatin St. Helena". Don ƙarin cikakken tarihin kuɗi a yankin [[Tekun Atalanta|Kudancin Atlantic]], duba kuɗin Burtaniya a Kudancin Atlantic da Antarctic . == Tsabar kudi == [[File:Saint Helena halfpenny, 1821.jpg|thumb|250px|Rabin pence, 1821]] An ba da kuɗin rabin kuɗin tagulla da aka gabatar a cikin 1821 don Saint Helena ta Kamfanin Kasuwancin Indiya ta Gabas, kuma an yi amfani da shi don yawancin lokacin da kamfanin ke shiga cikin yankin. A lokacin, an yi amfani da tsibirin a matsayin wurin hukunta manyan fursunonin siyasa, ciki har da [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]] . Ba a sake fitar da tsabar kuɗin da aka keɓe don St. Helena ba har tsawon shekaru 163, a cikin 1984. Kafin 1984, duka Saint Helena da Tsibirin Hawan Hawan Hawan Hawan Sama sun ba da tsabar kuɗi marasa zagayawa, amma a hukumance sun yi amfani da daidaitattun tsabar kudi . Takardun kuɗin da aka bayar na St. Helena an rarraba su tare da tsabar kudi na Biritaniya da takardun banki. A cikin 1984, an fara gabatar da tsabar kuɗi a cikin sunayen St. Helena da Hawan Yesu zuwa sama, a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1, 2, 5, 10, da 50 pence da £1. An tsara jerin tsabar kudin ta hanyar zana kuma mai tsara tsabar kudi Michael Hibbit. Duk tsabar tsabar girman girman da abun da ke ciki iri ɗaya ne kamar tsabar tsabar Biritaniya masu dacewa kuma suna da ƙima ɗaya. Kowane tsabar kudin yana kwatanta flora da fauna na musamman ga tsibiran. Ana amfani da tsabar kudi da bayanin kula na St. Helena da hawan Yesu zuwa sama a tsibirin Tristan Da Cunha, tare da tsabar kudi na Biritaniya da bayanin kula. Tristan da Cunha ba a haɗa shi a cikin jerin sunayen da sunan ba saboda asalin tsibirin ba a haɗa shi da siyasa a cikin St. Helena da Hawan Yesu Colony a lokacin da aka fitar da kuɗin a hukumance. Har yanzu batutuwan da suka biyo baya basu haɗa da sunan Tristan da Cunha a matsayin yankin da aka haɗa ba. Tristan da Cunha har yanzu yana ɗaukar Sterling a matsayin kudin sa na hukuma. Ana ba da abubuwan tunawa da ba a zagaya ba da tsabar kudi na hukuma daban a ƙarƙashin sunan Tristan da Cunha da tsibirin Gough wanda ba a zaune ba, amma ba a san ƙa'idar doka ba. An sake fasalin fasalin Sarauniya Elizabeth akan yawancin darikokin a 1991, sauran kuma a 1998. Hakanan an fara ƙaddamar da tsabar kuɗi pence 20 mai gefe bakwai a cikin 1998 kuma, a cikin wannan shekarar, tsofaffin tsabar kudi 5- da 10-pence an maye gurbinsu da wasu batutuwa masu raguwa waɗanda ke nuna sabbin ƙirar dabbobi. Duk da haka, tsabar kuɗin pence 50 bai ragu ba har sai 2003. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, ainihin, tsabar kudin pence 50 mafi girma ta ci gaba da yaduwa. A cikin 2002, an gabatar da tsabar nickel-brass £1 don maye gurbin bayanin kula, kuma an gabatar da tsabar bimetallic £ 2 zuwa tsibiran a shekara mai zuwa. Rubutun gefen tsabar tsabar £2 sune (a cikin manyan) "Anniversary 500th" na tsabar kudin 2002, da "Mai aminci da Aminci" na tsabar kudin 2003. All circulating tsabar kudi suna a kan hoto na shugaban Sarauniya [[Elizabeth II]] a kan obverse gefen, tare da rubutu: "Sarauniya Elizabeth II", "St. Helena • Hawan Yesu zuwa sama" da kuma shekara. Duk da haka, yawancin tsabar kuɗin tunawa a cikin shekaru kawai an rubuta su "St. Helena" ko "Tsibirin Hawan Hawan Sama". Wasu daga cikin ƙirar tsabar kudin sun canza tun 1984. Guda 5-pence da aka bayar kafin 1998 ya nuna Saint Helena plover (wirebird, wanda shine [[tsuntsu]] na St Helena na kasa ), yayin da tsabar kudi pence 10 da aka bayar kafin 1998 ya nuna orchids . Tebur mai zuwa yana nuna ƙirar yanzu: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+Hoton St Helena da hawan Yesu zuwa sama (gefen baya ) ! £ 0.01 ! £ 0.02 ! £ 0.05 |- |[[File:St_helena1p.JPG|100x100px]]</img> |[[File:St_helena2p.JPG|100x100px]]</img> |[[File:St_helena5p.JPG|100x100px]]</img> |- | Tuna | [[Jaki]] da itacen wuta | Jonathan |- style="background:#efefef;" ! £ 0.10 ! £ 0.20 ! £ 0.50 |- |[[File:St_helena10p.JPG|109x109px]]</img> |[[File:St_helena20p.JPG|107x107px]]</img> |[[File:St_helena50p.JPG|100x100px]]</img> |- | Dolphin | Ebony | Koren kunkuru |- style="background:#efefef;" ! £1.00 ! £2.00 ! |- |[[File:St_helena£1.JPG|100x100px]]</img> |[[File:St_helena£2.JPG|105x105px]]</img> | style="border-bottom:1px solid white;" | |- | Sosai tern | Sunan mahaifi ma'anar Saint Helena | style="border-top:1px solid white;" | |} == Takardun kuɗi == Musamman idan aka kwatanta da sauran yankunan Birtaniyya, St. Helena na da dadadden tarihi na fitar da kudadenta, wadanda suka zo kuma suka wuce a lokuta daban-daban na tattalin arziki. Daga 1716, ''Gwamna da Majalisar na tsibirin St&nbsp;Helena'' ta ba da bayanin kula don 2/6 da 5/- da £1 da £2, waɗanda aka bayar har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 18. Batu na gaba na bayanin kula ya faru wani lokaci bayan 1917. An samar da shi ta hanyar ''St&nbsp;Helena Currency Board'' a cikin ƙungiyoyin 5/-, 20/- da 40/-. A cikin 1976, hukumar kuɗi ta Gwamnatin Saint Helena ta fara ba da bayanan kuɗi £1 da £5, sannan 50p da £10 bayanin kula a 1979. An cire bayanan 50p da £1 kuma an maye gurbinsu da tsabar kudi a cikin 1984, kuma an fara gabatar da bayanan £20 a cikin 1986. An gabatar da sake fasalin bayanin kula na £5 a cikin 1988. A cikin 2004, an gabatar da sabon jerin fam 10 da fam 20, wanda De La Rue Banknote da Kamfanin Engraving suka samar, wanda ke nuna sake fasalin da sabbin fasalolin tsaro. Tare da gabatarwar sabon jerin, an dakatar da bayanin £ 1 kuma an cire shi daga wurare dabam dabam. == Kuɗin asusun banki == Babban banki akan Saint Helena da hawan Yesu zuwa sama shine Bankin Saint Helena . Duk asusun da ke cikin wannan banki suna amfani da fam a matsayin kuɗi, wanda za a iya la'akari da fam na Saint Helena saboda ana ba da takardun banki na SHP akan cirewa. Dole ne a yi duk canja wuri na ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin Sterling, Yuro, Rand na Afirka ta Kudu, ko dalar Amurka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Payments |url=http://www.sainthelenabank.com/InternationalPayments.html |access-date=2023-05-27 |archive-date=2018-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901204251/http://www.sainthelenabank.com/InternationalPayments.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Amfani da katin kiredit na baƙi a tsibirin zai kasance da kyau a matsayin kuɗi. Wannan yana nufin cewa SHP ba ya wanzu a matsayin kudin canja wuri a wajen tsibiran. == Farashin musayar == Bankin St&nbsp;Helena tana buga farashin musanya don canjin kuɗin ta. Matsakaicin musaya na laban Saint Helena akan Sterling shine 1:1, kodayake ana iya jawo musanya ko kuɗin canja wuri. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} '''Sources'''   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Bayanan banki [http://www.numismondo.net/pm/sth/ na Numismondo] St Helena (na tarihi da na yanzu) [[Category:Kudade]] [[Category:Kudi]] [[Category:Kuɗi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fms4el3qe6ilojjk4q5dgospyj3tufu 0 49305 893765 822512 2026-08-09T16:41:20Z Asiya Garba 46242 893765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rand na Afirka ta Kudu''', ko kuma kawai '''Rand''', ( alamar : '''R''' ; code : '''ZAR''' ("South African rand"); the ''ZA'' is a historical relic from [[Dutch language|Dutch]], used because "SA" is allocated to Saudi Arabia.}} ) ita ce kudin hukuma na [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|yankin hada-hadar kuɗaɗe]] [[Kudancin Afirka|na Afirka ta Kudu]] : [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Namibiya]] (tare da [[Dalar Namibia|dalar Namibiya]] ), [[Lesotho]] ( tare da [[Lesotho loti]] ) da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]] (tare da Swazi lilangeni ). An kuma raba shi zuwa cents 100 (alama: "c"). Kudin Rand na Afirka ta Kudu ya kasance na doka a cikin ƙasashe [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|membobin]] [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Lesotho]] da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]], tare da waɗannan ƙasashe uku kuma suna da nasu kuɗin ƙasa ( [[Dalar Namibia|dala]], [[Lesotho loti|loti]] da lilangeni bi da bi) tare da Rand a daidaito kuma har yanzu. yarda da ko'ina a matsayin madadin. Har ila yau, Rand ya kasance mai ba da izini na doka a [[Botswana]] har zuwa shekarar 1976, lokacin da [[Botswana pula|pula]] ya maye gurbin rand a dai-dai. == Bayani == Rand ya ɗauki sunansa daga Witwatersrand ("farin ruwa" a cikin Ingilishi, ''rand'' shine kalmar Dutch da [[Afrikaans]] don 'ridge'), dutsen da aka gina [[Johannesburg]] kuma inda aka sami yawancin ajiyar zinare na Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin Turanci da Afrikaans nau'in nau'i ɗaya da jam'i na naúrar ("rand") iri ɗaya ne: rand ɗaya, rand goma, rand miliyan biyu. == Tarihi == An gabatar da Rand a cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 1961, watanni uku kafin kasar ta ayyana kanta a matsayin jamhuriya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/archives/witness/from-van-riebeeck-to-madiba-20150430|title=From Van Riebeeck to Madiba|publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]]|date=2012-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180714080651/http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |url=http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |title=The Reserve Bank and the Rand: Some historic reflections |publisher=Resbank.co.za |date=29 November 2001 |archive-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Although pronounced in the Afrikaans style as {{IPAc-en|r|ʌ|n|t|}} in the jingles when introduced, An kuma kafa Hukumar Samar da Kuɗin Decimal a cikin 1956 don yin la'akari da ƙaura daga ƙungiyoyin fam, shillings, da pence; ta gabatar da shawarwarinta a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1958. Ya maye gurbin [[fam na Afirka ta Kudu]] a matsayin ɗan takara na doka, a farashin Rand 2 zuwa fam 1, ko shillings 10 zuwa Rand. Gwamnati ta gabatar da mascot, Decimal Dan, "mutumin da ba shi da kuɗi" (wanda aka sani a [[Afrikaans]] da Daan Desimaal).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0jJWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7142%2C3054777 |title='Decimal Dan' Sings: Catchy Tune Teaches New Currency |publisher=The Spokesman-Review |date=10 January 1961 |access-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Wannan yana tare da jingle na rediyo, don sanar da jama'a game da sabon kudin.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22 ''A General's Story: from an Era of War and Peace''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126101241/https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&dq=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjM0pyM9_bKAhXFWxQKHVz8B2EQ6AEILTAB |date=26 November 2022 }}, Jannie Geldenhuys, Jonathan Ball, 1995, page 32</ref> Ko da yake an furta shi a cikin salon Afrikaans kamar /r ʌ n t / a cikin jingles lokacin da aka gabatar da shi, <ref name="decimalDanJingle">{{YouTube|GQ41bGOQajA}}</ref> furcin zamani a cikin Turanci na Afirka ta Kudu shine /r æ n d /.<ref name="Jenkins2007">{{cite book|author=Elwyn Jenkins|title=Falling Into Place: The Story of Modern South African Place Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZnXHoMQ_hkC&pg=PA23|year=2007|publisher=New Africa Books|isbn=978-0-86486-689-9|pages=23–}}</ref> === Takaitaccen tarihin canjin musaya === ==== 1961-2000 ==== [[File:ZAR-USD_exchange_rate_1974-2014.png|thumb|450x450px| Darajar Rand na Afirka ta Kudu zuwa dalar Amurka daga 1975 zuwa 2015 ta ginshiƙan shuɗi: Adadin canjin shekara-shekara yana nunawa ta layin baki. ]] Rand daya ya kai dalar Amurka 1.40 (R0.72 kowace dala) tun daga lokacin da aka fara shi a shekarar 1961 har zuwa karshen 1971, kuma dalar Amurka ta yi karfi fiye da kudin Afirka ta Kudu a karon farko a ranar 15 ga Maris 1982. Ƙimar sa daga baya ta canza kamar yadda musayar kuɗi daban-daban Hukumomin Afirka ta Kudu ne suka aiwatar da . A farkon shekarun 1980, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da matsin lamba na siyasa gami da takunkumin da aka kakaba wa kasar sakamakon adawar da kasashen duniya ke yi wa tsarin wariyar launin fata ya fara zubar da kimarsa. Kudin ya karye sama da daidaito da dala a karon farko a watan Maris na 1982, kuma ya ci gaba da yin ciniki tsakanin R1 da R1.30 zuwa dala har zuwa watan Yunin 1984, lokacin da faduwar darajar kudin ta kara karfi. A watan Fabrairun 1985, ana cinikin sama da R2 akan kowace dala, kuma a watan Yuli na wannan shekarar, an dakatar da duk kasuwancin musayar waje na tsawon kwanaki uku don ƙoƙarin dakatar da faduwar darajar. A lokacin da shugaban jihar PW Botha ya yi jawabinsa na Rubicon a ranar 15 ga Agusta 1985, ya ragu zuwa R2.40 kowace dala. Kuɗin ya dawo da ɗan tsakanin 1986 zuwa 1988, yana kasuwanci a kusa da matakin R2 mafi yawan lokaci har ma yana karya ƙarƙashinsa kai tsaye. Farfadowar ba ta daɗe ba, amma a ƙarshen 1989, Rand yana cinikin fiye da R2.50 kowace dala. Kamar yadda ya bayyana a farkon shekarun 1990 cewa kasar na nufin mulkin mallaka mafi rinjaye na bakar fata da kuma sake fasalin daya bayan daya, rashin tabbas game da makomar kasar ya gaggauta faduwar darajar har zuwa matakin R.&nbsp;3 zuwa dala an keta shi a watan Nuwamba 1992. Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin gida da na waje sun rinjayi kudin bayan haka, musamman babban zaben 1994, wanda ya raunana zuwa sama da R3.60 zuwa dala, zaben Tito Mboweni a matsayin gwamnan babban bankin Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma rantsar da shugaba Thabo Mbeki a shekarar 1999, wanda yayi saurin zamewa sama da R6 zuwa dala. Shirin sake fasalin kasa mai cike da cece-kuce da aka fara a [[Zimbabwe]], wanda [[September 11 attacks|harin na ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001]] ya biyo baya, ya kai shi mafi raunin tarihin R13.84 zuwa dala a watan Disambar 2001. ==== 2001-2011 ==== [[File:South_Africa-Money-Old01.jpg|thumb|240x240px| Ƙarni biyu na tsofaffin bayanai da tsabar kudi: Bayanan kula na ƙarshen waɗannan tsararraki biyu (kamar yadda bayanin R5 ke nunawa a cikin wannan hoton) an maye gurbinsu da bayanin kula na "Big Five" kuma waɗannan kwanan nan an sabunta su don nuna fuskar Nelson Mandela. .]] Wannan faduwar darajar kwatsam a cikin 2001 ya haifar da bincike na yau da kullun, wanda hakan ya haifar da farfadowa mai ban mamaki. A karshen shekarar 2002, an sake cinikin kudin a karkashin R9 zuwa dala, kuma a karshen shekarar 2004 ana cinikin kasa da R5.70 zuwa dala. Kudin ya ɗan yi laushi a cikin 2005, kuma yana cinikin kusan R6.35 zuwa dala a ƙarshen shekara. A farkon shekara ta 2006, duk da haka, kuɗin ya ci gaba da yin gangami, kuma tun daga ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2006, an sake yin ciniki a ƙarƙashin R6 zuwa dala. Koyaya, a cikin kashi na biyu da na uku na 2006 (watau Afrilu zuwa Satumba), Rand ya raunana sosai. A cikin sharuddan sittin, ya faɗi daga kusan kashi 9.5% zuwa sama da kashi 7 cikin ɗari, ya yi asarar kusan kashi 25% na ƙimar kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin watanni shida kacal. A ƙarshen 2007, Rand ya haɗu cikin ladabi zuwa sama da 8% kawai, kawai don fuskantar faifai mai zurfi a cikin kwata na farko na 2008. Za a iya danganta wannan zamewar ƙasa da abubuwa da yawa: tabarbarewar gibin asusu na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya ƙaru zuwa shekaru 36 da ya kai kashi 7.3 cikin ɗari na jimlar yawan amfanin gida (GDP) a 2007; hauhawar farashin kaya a cikin shekaru biyar mafi girma na kusan 9%; haɓaka kyamar haɗari a duniya yayin da damuwar masu zuba jari game da yaduwar tasirin rikicin na ƙasa ya karu; da kuma jirgin gaba ɗaya zuwa "masu tsaro", nesa da haɗarin da ake gani na kasuwanni masu tasowa. Matsalar wutar lantarki ta Eskom ta kara ta'azzara faduwar darajar Rand, wanda ya taso saboda rashin iya biyan bukatun makamashin kasar cikin hanzari. ==== 2012 - yanzu ==== A stalled ma'adinai masana'antu a cikin marigayi 2012 ya haifar da sabon lows a farkon 2013.<ref name="BIZTECH3">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/51095/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2013/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2013 | date =2 January 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen Janairu 2014, Rand ya zame zuwa R11.25 zuwa dala, tare da manazarta suna danganta canjin zuwa "kalmar daga Tarayyar Tarayyar Amurka cewa za ta rage kashe kashe kuɗi mai ƙarfafawa, wanda ya haifar da kasuwa mai yawa a cikin tattalin arziki masu tasowa." A cikin 2014, Afirka ta Kudu ta fuskanci mafi munin shekararta akan dalar Amurka tun daga 2009, kuma a cikin Maris 2015, Rand ya yi ciniki a mafi muni tun 2002. A lokacin, Trading Economics ya fitar da bayanai cewa Rand "ya kai R4.97 zuwa dala tsakanin 1972-2015, wanda ya kai R12.45 a kowane lokaci a watan Disamba 2001 da kuma raguwa na R0.67 a watan Yuni na 1973." Ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2014, kudin Rand ya ragu zuwa R15.05 a kowace dala, wani bangare saboda gibin asusun kasuwancin Afirka ta Kudu da sauran kasashen duniya.<ref name="BIZTECH2">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/76022/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2014/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2014 | date =17 December 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> Daga ranar 9 zuwa 13 ga watan Disambar 2015, cikin kwanaki hudu, kudin Rand ya ragu da kashi 10 bisa dari, sakamakon abin da wasu ke zargin cewa shugaba Zuma [[Jacob Zuma|ya bayyana mamakinsa]] na cewa zai maye gurbin ministan kudi Nhlanhla Nene da David van Rooyen wanda ba a san shi ba. Faduwar darajar da aka yi cikin sauri ta samo asali ne lokacin da Zuma ya ja baya tare da bayyana cewa a maimakon haka za a nada fitaccen ministan kudi Pravin Gordhan a kan mukamin. Korar da Zuma ya yi na ba-zata da Nene ya yi illa ga amincewar kasashen duniya a kan kudin kasar Rand, kuma farashin musayar ya yi kasala a tsawon watan Janairun 2016, kuma ya kai matsayin da ba a taba gani ba na R17.9169 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun 2016 kafin ya koma R16.57 daga baya. rana guda. Faduwar darajar watan Janairu kuma wani bangare ne ya haifar da masu zuba jari na kasar Japan sun yanke asarar da suke yi a cikin kudin don neman zuba jari mai yawa a wasu wurare kuma saboda damuwa kan tasirin koma bayan tattalin arziki a kasar Sin, babbar kasuwar fitar da kayayyaki a Afirka ta Kudu. A tsakiyar watan Janairu, masana tattalin arziki sun yi hasashe cewa Rand na iya sa ran ganin ƙarin canji ga sauran 2016. Ya zuwa ranar 29 ga Afrilu, ya kai mafi girman aikinsa a cikin watanni biyar da suka gabata, inda aka yi musanya akan farashin R14.16 zuwa dalar Amurka. Bayan da Burtaniya ta kada kuri'ar ficewa daga Tarayyar Turai, kudin Rand ya ragu da sama da kashi 8 cikin dari idan aka kwatanta da dalar Amurka a ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 2016, raguwar kudin mafi girma a rana guda tun bayan faduwar tattalin arzikin shekarar 2008. Wannan ya kasance wani bangare ne saboda koma bayan tattalin arzikin duniya gaba daya daga kudaden da ake ganin suna da hadari ga dalar Amurka kuma wani bangare na damuwa kan yadda ficewar Burtaniya daga kungiyar EU zai yi tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da huldar kasuwanci. A watan Afrilun 2017, wata kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ta Reuters ta yi kiyasin cewa, Rand zai ci gaba da kasancewa da kwanciyar hankali har zuwa karshen shekara, yayin da kuri'u biyu suka gano cewa manazarta sun riga sun yi la'akari da yiwuwar raguwa zuwa matsayi na "junk". A lokacin, Moody's ya kima Afirka ta Kudu daraja biyu sama da matsayin takarce. A lokacin da shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya samu da kyar a yunkurin kin amincewa da kasar Afirka ta Kudu a watan Agustan 2017, kudin Rand ya ci gaba da zamewa, inda ya ragu da kashi 1.7 cikin dari a wannan rana. A cikin watan Satumban shekarar 2017, Goldman Sachs ya ce basussuka da cin hanci da rashawa na kamfanin Eskom Holdings shi ne babban hatsari ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da kuma canjin kudin Rand. A lokacin, ba ta da wani babban jami'in gudanarwa na dindindin, kuma Colin Coleman na Goldman Sachs a Afirka ya ce kamfanin yana "tattaunawa kan mafita" kan samun ingantaccen gudanarwa. A watan Oktoban 2017, Rand ya tsaya tsayin daka akan dalar Amurka yayin da ya murmure daga karanci na watanni shida. Kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters ya bayyana cewa, "Afrika ta kudu na da matukar saukin kai ga ra'ayin masu zuba jari a duniya yayin da kasar ta dogara da kudaden kasashen waje wajen cike manyan kasafin kudinta da kuma gibin kudaden da take samu." A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamban 2017, kudin Rand ya fadi da sama da kashi 1% a lokacin da shugaban kasafin kudi Michael Sachs ya sauka daga mukaminsa a gwamnatin Zuma. A cikin Oktoba 2022, Rand ya nutse zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin shekaru biyu, ya kai R18.46 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2022. == Tsabar kudi == [[File:5-za-rand.JPG|thumb| 5-rand tsabar kudin bimetallic da aka bayar a 2004]] An gabatar da tsabar kudi a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin , 1, , 5, 10, 20, da 50 cents. A 1965, 2 cent tsabar kudi maye gurbin  cent tsabar kudi. The An buga tsabar ƙarshe don yaduwa a cikin 1973. An ƙaddamar da tsabar kudin Rand 1 don rarrabawa a cikin 1967, sannan tsabar kudi 2-rand a 1989 da tsabar rand 5 a 1994. An dakatar da samar da cent 1 da 2 a shekara ta 2002, sai kuma cent 5 a 2012, da farko saboda hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ya rage musu daraja, amma sun ci gaba da zama a doka. Shaguna yawanci suna zagaye jimillar farashin siyan kaya zuwa kusan centi 10 (don mabukaci). A kokarin da ake na dakile jabun, an fitar da sabon tsabar kudin Rand 5 a watan Agustan 2004. Abubuwan tsaro da aka gabatar akan tsabar kudin sun haɗa da ƙirar bimetal (mai kama da tsabar kuɗi €1 da €2, tsabar kuɗin Thai ฿10, tsabar kuɗin Philippine ₱10 kafin 2018, tsabar £2 na Burtaniya, da tsabar kuɗin Kanada $2 ), a keɓaɓɓen tsagi na tsaro na musamman tare da baki da ƙananan haruffa. A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a fitar da sabon jerin tsabar kudi. Waɗannan za su kasance da ɗarika ɗaya da jerin da suka gabata. 10c zai ƙunshi hoton Cape Honey Bee, 20c da Bitter Aloe, da 50c da Knysna Turaco, da R1 da Springbok, da R2 da King Protea, da kuma R5 da kudancin dama Whale. == Takardun kuɗi == An gabatar da jeri na farko na takardun kuɗin Rand a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1, 2, 10, da 20 rand, tare da ƙira da launuka iri ɗaya zuwa bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata don sauƙaƙa sauyawa. Sun ɗauki hoton abin da aka yi imani da shi a lokacin Jan van Riebeeck, shugaban VOC na farko na [[Cape Town]] . Daga baya an gano cewa hoton ba gaskiya ba ne Van Riebeeck kwata-kwata, hoton Bartholomeus Vermuyden ya yi kuskure da Van Riebeeck. Kamar bayanin kula [[Fam na Afirka ta Kudu|na fam]] na ƙarshe, an buga su cikin bambance-bambancen guda biyu, ɗaya da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] aka fara rubuta ɗayan ɗayan kuma an fara rubuta [[Afrikaans|Afirkaans]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} A cikin 1966, an fitar da jeri na biyu tare da ƙira waɗanda suka ƙaura daga bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata. Bayanan kula tare da raka'o'i na 1, 5 da 10 rand an samar da su tare da galibin launi ɗaya a kowane bayanin kula. An gabatar da ƙaramin bayanin rand 1 tare da ƙira iri ɗaya a cikin 1973 kuma an gabatar da bayanin rand 2 a cikin 1974. An yi watsi da darajar rand 20 daga jerin farko. Duk bayanan kula sun ɗauki hoton Jan van Riebeeck. An ci gaba da yin amfani da sigar Ingilishi da Afrikaans na kowane bayanin kula a cikin wannan jerin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} Jerin 1978 ya fara da ƙungiyoyin 2, 5, 10 da 20 rand, tare da ƙaddamar da rand 50 a cikin 1984. Wannan silsilar tana da bambance-bambancen harshe guda ɗaya kawai ga kowane rukunin bayanin kula. Afrikaans shine yaren farko akan Rand 2, 10, da 50, yayin da Ingilishi shine yaren farko akan Rand 5 da 20. An maye gurbin bayanin kula da Rand 1 da tsabar kudi. [[File:Atm_drawing_money_(2).png|thumb| Afirka ta Kudu ATM yana nuna R&nbsp;50 da R&nbsp;100 banknotes.]] A cikin 1990s, an sake tsara bayanin kula tare da hotunan Big Five nau'in namun daji. 10, 20 da 50 rand an gabatar da su a cikin 1992 & 1993, suna riƙe da tsarin launi na fitowar da ta gabata. An gabatar da tsabar kudi don 2 da 5 rand, tare da maye gurbin bayanin kula na jerin da suka gabata, musamman saboda tsananin lalacewa da tsagewar da aka samu tare da ƙananan bayanan ƙididdiga a wurare dabam dabam. A cikin 1994, an gabatar da bayanan rand 100 da 200. [ana buƙatar hujja] Jerin 2005 yana da babban ƙira iri ɗaya, amma tare da ƙarin fasalulluka na tsaro kamar tawada mai canza launi akan rand 50 da sama da kuma ƙungiyar taurarin EURion . An buga sassan duka ƙungiyoyin a cikin Turanci, yayin da aka buga wasu harsuna biyu na hukuma a baya, don haka ana amfani da duk harsunan hukuma 11 na Afirka ta Kudu . A cikin 2010, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu da bankunan kasuwanci sun janye duk jerin takardun banki na rand 200 na 1994 saboda ingantattun kuɗaɗen jabun da ke yawo. A cikin 2011, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da takardun banki na rand 100 waɗanda ba su da lahani saboda ba su da bugu mai kyalli da ake iya gani a ƙarƙashin hasken UV . A cikin watan Yuni, an ƙaura da buga wannan ɗarika daga Kamfanin Bayanan kula da Bankin Afirka ta Kudu zuwa sashin Crane Currency na Sweden ( Tumba Bruk ), wanda aka bayar da rahoton ya samar da tsabar kuɗi miliyan 80 100 rand. Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya soke takardun banki miliyan 3.6-rand 100 da Crane Currency ya buga saboda suna da lambobi iri ɗaya da rukunin da Kamfanin Bayanan Bankin Afirka ta Kudu ya buga. Bugu da ƙari, bayanin kula da aka buga a Sweden ba su kasance daidai launi ba, kuma sun kasance 1&nbsp;mm gajere. A ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 2012, Shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya sanar da cewa kasar za ta fitar da sabbin takardun kudi masu dauke da hoton [[Nelson Mandela]] . An shigar da su a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2012. Waɗannan sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi iri ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. A cikin 2013, an sabunta jerin 2012 tare da ƙari na ƙungiyar taurarin EURion zuwa duka ƙungiyoyin guda biyar. A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2018, an fitar da jerin takardun kudi na musamman don tunawa da cika shekaru 100 na haihuwar Nelson Mandela. Wannan jeri ya ƙunshi bayanin kula na duk ƙungiyoyin, 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. Waɗannan bayanan kula za su yi yawo tare da bayanan da ke akwai. Bayanan bayanan sun nuna madaidaicin fuskar Nelson Mandela a zahiri, amma a maimakon dabbobin Big Five a baya, suna nuna ƙaramin Mandela tare da fage daban-daban da suka shafi gadonsa. Wadannan al'amuran sun hada da: tsaunin Gabashin Cape, wanda ke nuna wurin haifuwar Mandela na Mvezo (rand 10); Gidan Mandela a Soweto, inda ya bayyana rayuwarsa ta siyasa tare da sauran gumakan gwagwarmaya (rand 20); wurin da aka kama Mandela a kusa da Howick, bayan watanni 17 a boye, inda aka gina masa wani abin tunawa ( rand 50); wurin daurin shekaru 27 da Mandela ya yi a gidan yari a tsibirin Robben, yana nuna tarin dutsen farar ƙasa (rand 100); mutum-mutumin Mandela a ginin Tarayyar don tunawa da lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a can a shekarar 1994 (rand 200).  A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a sami sabon jerin takardun banki waɗanda za su riƙe hoton Nelson Mandela a zahiri, yayin da yake nuna Big 5 a cikin hoton dangi a baya. Wannan silsilar ta ƙunshi ɗarika ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. === Zubi na farko === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta farko ta 1961) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | rowspan="4" | Jan Van Riebeck | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 136×78 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 149×84 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck ta jirgin ruwa | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 170×96 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Zinariya tawa | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 176×103 |} === Zubi na biyu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyu ta 1966) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 128×64 |- | | | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 120×57 |- | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Gariep Dam, pylon da masara cob | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Voortrekker Monument da Babban Trek | Ma'adinai | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Gine-ginen Ƙungiyar da kuma springbok | Jan van Riebeeck ta jiragen ruwa uku | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 140×76 |} === Zubi na uku === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na Uku 1978) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da pylon | Sasol kwal zuwa matatar mai | Blue | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 120×57 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da lu'u-lu'u | Mining da tsakiyar birnin [[Johannesburg]] | Purple | Turanci da Afrikaans | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma | Kore | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 133×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Jirgin ruwan Jan van Riebeeck guda uku da Coat of Arms na Afirka ta Kudu | Brown | Turanci da Afrikaans | 140×77 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da zaki | Fauna da flora | Ja | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 147×83 |} === Zubi na hudu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Banknotes of the South African rand (1992 Fourth Issue "Big Five") |- !Image !Value !Obverse !Reverse !Colour !Language !Size (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | |10 rand |Rhinoceros |Agriculture |Green |Afrikaans and English |128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |20 rand |[[Giwan daji na Afirka|Elephants]] |Mining |Brown |English and Afrikaans |134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |50 rand |Lions |Manufacturing |Red |Afrikaans and English |140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |100 rand |[[Ɓauna|Cape buffaloes]] |Tourism |Blue |English and Afrikaans |146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |200 rand |Leopards |Transport and communication |Orange |Afrikaans and English |152×70 |} === Silsilar ta biyar === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyar "Turanci da sauran Harsuna na hukuma") <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Rhinoceros | Noma | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwaye]] | Ma'adinai | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zakuna | Manufacturing | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Yawon shakatawa | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Sufuri da sadarwa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siridi na shida === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta shida "Nelson Mandela" 2012) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na bakwai === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na bakwai "Mandela Centenary") na 2018 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Matashi Mandela da mahaifarsa Mvezo | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Matashin Mandela da gidansa a Soweto | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Matashin Mandela da wurin da aka kama shi kusa da Howick | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | Matashin Mandela da kuma wurin da aka daure shi a tsibirin Robben | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Matashin Mandela da mutum-mutuminsa a ginin Tarayyar | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na takwas === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta takwas "Babban Iyalai 5") 2023 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Tswana, Ndebele | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Purple | Turanci, Xhosa, Venda | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Pedi, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Zulu, Sotho | 152×70 |} == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Category:Kudi]] [[Category:Kudade]] [[Category:Kuɗi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 33prxquyb3pkrh6v3s0qxyyew9gvu74 893766 893765 2026-08-09T16:41:35Z Asiya Garba 46242 893766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rand na Afirka ta Kudu''', ko kuma kawai '''Rand''', ( alamar : '''R''' ; code : '''ZAR''' ("South African rand"); the ''ZA'' is a historical relic from [[Dutch language|Dutch]], used because "SA" is allocated to Saudi Arabia.}} ) ita ce kudin hukuma na [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|yankin hada-hadar kuɗaɗe]] [[Kudancin Afirka|na Afirka ta Kudu]] : [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Namibiya]] (tare da [[Dalar Namibia|dalar Namibiya]] ), [[Lesotho]] ( tare da [[Lesotho loti]] ) da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]] (tare da Swazi lilangeni ). An kuma raba shi zuwa cents 100 (alama: "c"). Kudin Rand na Afirka ta Kudu ya kasance na doka a cikin ƙasashe [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|membobin]] [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Lesotho]] da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]], tare da waɗannan ƙasashe uku kuma suna da nasu kuɗin ƙasa ( [[Dalar Namibia|dala]], [[Lesotho loti|loti]] da lilangeni bi da bi) tare da Rand a daidaito kuma har yanzu. yarda da ko'ina a matsayin madadin. Har ila yau, Rand ya kasance mai ba da izini na doka a [[Botswana]] har zuwa shekarar 1976, lokacin da [[Botswana pula|pula]] ya maye gurbin rand a dai-dai. == Bayani == Rand ya ɗauki sunansa daga Witwatersrand ("farin ruwa" a cikin Ingilishi, ''rand'' shine kalmar Dutch da [[Afrikaans]] don 'ridge'), dutsen da aka gina [[Johannesburg]] kuma inda aka sami yawancin ajiyar zinare na Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin Turanci da Afrikaans nau'in nau'i ɗaya da jam'i na naúrar ("rand") iri ɗaya ne: rand ɗaya, rand goma, rand miliyan biyu. == Tarihi == An kuma gabatar da Rand a cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 1961, watanni uku kafin kasar ta ayyana kanta a matsayin jamhuriya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/archives/witness/from-van-riebeeck-to-madiba-20150430|title=From Van Riebeeck to Madiba|publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]]|date=2012-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180714080651/http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |url=http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |title=The Reserve Bank and the Rand: Some historic reflections |publisher=Resbank.co.za |date=29 November 2001 |archive-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Although pronounced in the Afrikaans style as {{IPAc-en|r|ʌ|n|t|}} in the jingles when introduced, An kuma kafa Hukumar Samar da Kuɗin Decimal a cikin 1956 don yin la'akari da ƙaura daga ƙungiyoyin fam, shillings, da pence; ta gabatar da shawarwarinta a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1958. Ya maye gurbin [[fam na Afirka ta Kudu]] a matsayin ɗan takara na doka, a farashin Rand 2 zuwa fam 1, ko shillings 10 zuwa Rand. Gwamnati ta gabatar da mascot, Decimal Dan, "mutumin da ba shi da kuɗi" (wanda aka sani a [[Afrikaans]] da Daan Desimaal).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0jJWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7142%2C3054777 |title='Decimal Dan' Sings: Catchy Tune Teaches New Currency |publisher=The Spokesman-Review |date=10 January 1961 |access-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Wannan yana tare da jingle na rediyo, don sanar da jama'a game da sabon kudin.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22 ''A General's Story: from an Era of War and Peace''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126101241/https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&dq=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjM0pyM9_bKAhXFWxQKHVz8B2EQ6AEILTAB |date=26 November 2022 }}, Jannie Geldenhuys, Jonathan Ball, 1995, page 32</ref> Ko da yake an furta shi a cikin salon Afrikaans kamar /r ʌ n t / a cikin jingles lokacin da aka gabatar da shi, <ref name="decimalDanJingle">{{YouTube|GQ41bGOQajA}}</ref> furcin zamani a cikin Turanci na Afirka ta Kudu shine /r æ n d /.<ref name="Jenkins2007">{{cite book|author=Elwyn Jenkins|title=Falling Into Place: The Story of Modern South African Place Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZnXHoMQ_hkC&pg=PA23|year=2007|publisher=New Africa Books|isbn=978-0-86486-689-9|pages=23–}}</ref> === Takaitaccen tarihin canjin musaya === ==== 1961-2000 ==== [[File:ZAR-USD_exchange_rate_1974-2014.png|thumb|450x450px| Darajar Rand na Afirka ta Kudu zuwa dalar Amurka daga 1975 zuwa 2015 ta ginshiƙan shuɗi: Adadin canjin shekara-shekara yana nunawa ta layin baki. ]] Rand daya ya kai dalar Amurka 1.40 (R0.72 kowace dala) tun daga lokacin da aka fara shi a shekarar 1961 har zuwa karshen 1971, kuma dalar Amurka ta yi karfi fiye da kudin Afirka ta Kudu a karon farko a ranar 15 ga Maris 1982. Ƙimar sa daga baya ta canza kamar yadda musayar kuɗi daban-daban Hukumomin Afirka ta Kudu ne suka aiwatar da . A farkon shekarun 1980, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da matsin lamba na siyasa gami da takunkumin da aka kakaba wa kasar sakamakon adawar da kasashen duniya ke yi wa tsarin wariyar launin fata ya fara zubar da kimarsa. Kudin ya karye sama da daidaito da dala a karon farko a watan Maris na 1982, kuma ya ci gaba da yin ciniki tsakanin R1 da R1.30 zuwa dala har zuwa watan Yunin 1984, lokacin da faduwar darajar kudin ta kara karfi. A watan Fabrairun 1985, ana cinikin sama da R2 akan kowace dala, kuma a watan Yuli na wannan shekarar, an dakatar da duk kasuwancin musayar waje na tsawon kwanaki uku don ƙoƙarin dakatar da faduwar darajar. A lokacin da shugaban jihar PW Botha ya yi jawabinsa na Rubicon a ranar 15 ga Agusta 1985, ya ragu zuwa R2.40 kowace dala. Kuɗin ya dawo da ɗan tsakanin 1986 zuwa 1988, yana kasuwanci a kusa da matakin R2 mafi yawan lokaci har ma yana karya ƙarƙashinsa kai tsaye. Farfadowar ba ta daɗe ba, amma a ƙarshen 1989, Rand yana cinikin fiye da R2.50 kowace dala. Kamar yadda ya bayyana a farkon shekarun 1990 cewa kasar na nufin mulkin mallaka mafi rinjaye na bakar fata da kuma sake fasalin daya bayan daya, rashin tabbas game da makomar kasar ya gaggauta faduwar darajar har zuwa matakin R.&nbsp;3 zuwa dala an keta shi a watan Nuwamba 1992. Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin gida da na waje sun rinjayi kudin bayan haka, musamman babban zaben 1994, wanda ya raunana zuwa sama da R3.60 zuwa dala, zaben Tito Mboweni a matsayin gwamnan babban bankin Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma rantsar da shugaba Thabo Mbeki a shekarar 1999, wanda yayi saurin zamewa sama da R6 zuwa dala. Shirin sake fasalin kasa mai cike da cece-kuce da aka fara a [[Zimbabwe]], wanda [[September 11 attacks|harin na ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001]] ya biyo baya, ya kai shi mafi raunin tarihin R13.84 zuwa dala a watan Disambar 2001. ==== 2001-2011 ==== [[File:South_Africa-Money-Old01.jpg|thumb|240x240px| Ƙarni biyu na tsofaffin bayanai da tsabar kudi: Bayanan kula na ƙarshen waɗannan tsararraki biyu (kamar yadda bayanin R5 ke nunawa a cikin wannan hoton) an maye gurbinsu da bayanin kula na "Big Five" kuma waɗannan kwanan nan an sabunta su don nuna fuskar Nelson Mandela. .]] Wannan faduwar darajar kwatsam a cikin 2001 ya haifar da bincike na yau da kullun, wanda hakan ya haifar da farfadowa mai ban mamaki. A karshen shekarar 2002, an sake cinikin kudin a karkashin R9 zuwa dala, kuma a karshen shekarar 2004 ana cinikin kasa da R5.70 zuwa dala. Kudin ya ɗan yi laushi a cikin 2005, kuma yana cinikin kusan R6.35 zuwa dala a ƙarshen shekara. A farkon shekara ta 2006, duk da haka, kuɗin ya ci gaba da yin gangami, kuma tun daga ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2006, an sake yin ciniki a ƙarƙashin R6 zuwa dala. Koyaya, a cikin kashi na biyu da na uku na 2006 (watau Afrilu zuwa Satumba), Rand ya raunana sosai. A cikin sharuddan sittin, ya faɗi daga kusan kashi 9.5% zuwa sama da kashi 7 cikin ɗari, ya yi asarar kusan kashi 25% na ƙimar kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin watanni shida kacal. A ƙarshen 2007, Rand ya haɗu cikin ladabi zuwa sama da 8% kawai, kawai don fuskantar faifai mai zurfi a cikin kwata na farko na 2008. Za a iya danganta wannan zamewar ƙasa da abubuwa da yawa: tabarbarewar gibin asusu na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya ƙaru zuwa shekaru 36 da ya kai kashi 7.3 cikin ɗari na jimlar yawan amfanin gida (GDP) a 2007; hauhawar farashin kaya a cikin shekaru biyar mafi girma na kusan 9%; haɓaka kyamar haɗari a duniya yayin da damuwar masu zuba jari game da yaduwar tasirin rikicin na ƙasa ya karu; da kuma jirgin gaba ɗaya zuwa "masu tsaro", nesa da haɗarin da ake gani na kasuwanni masu tasowa. Matsalar wutar lantarki ta Eskom ta kara ta'azzara faduwar darajar Rand, wanda ya taso saboda rashin iya biyan bukatun makamashin kasar cikin hanzari. ==== 2012 - yanzu ==== A stalled ma'adinai masana'antu a cikin marigayi 2012 ya haifar da sabon lows a farkon 2013.<ref name="BIZTECH3">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/51095/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2013/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2013 | date =2 January 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen Janairu 2014, Rand ya zame zuwa R11.25 zuwa dala, tare da manazarta suna danganta canjin zuwa "kalmar daga Tarayyar Tarayyar Amurka cewa za ta rage kashe kashe kuɗi mai ƙarfafawa, wanda ya haifar da kasuwa mai yawa a cikin tattalin arziki masu tasowa." A cikin 2014, Afirka ta Kudu ta fuskanci mafi munin shekararta akan dalar Amurka tun daga 2009, kuma a cikin Maris 2015, Rand ya yi ciniki a mafi muni tun 2002. A lokacin, Trading Economics ya fitar da bayanai cewa Rand "ya kai R4.97 zuwa dala tsakanin 1972-2015, wanda ya kai R12.45 a kowane lokaci a watan Disamba 2001 da kuma raguwa na R0.67 a watan Yuni na 1973." Ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2014, kudin Rand ya ragu zuwa R15.05 a kowace dala, wani bangare saboda gibin asusun kasuwancin Afirka ta Kudu da sauran kasashen duniya.<ref name="BIZTECH2">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/76022/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2014/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2014 | date =17 December 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> Daga ranar 9 zuwa 13 ga watan Disambar 2015, cikin kwanaki hudu, kudin Rand ya ragu da kashi 10 bisa dari, sakamakon abin da wasu ke zargin cewa shugaba Zuma [[Jacob Zuma|ya bayyana mamakinsa]] na cewa zai maye gurbin ministan kudi Nhlanhla Nene da David van Rooyen wanda ba a san shi ba. Faduwar darajar da aka yi cikin sauri ta samo asali ne lokacin da Zuma ya ja baya tare da bayyana cewa a maimakon haka za a nada fitaccen ministan kudi Pravin Gordhan a kan mukamin. Korar da Zuma ya yi na ba-zata da Nene ya yi illa ga amincewar kasashen duniya a kan kudin kasar Rand, kuma farashin musayar ya yi kasala a tsawon watan Janairun 2016, kuma ya kai matsayin da ba a taba gani ba na R17.9169 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun 2016 kafin ya koma R16.57 daga baya. rana guda. Faduwar darajar watan Janairu kuma wani bangare ne ya haifar da masu zuba jari na kasar Japan sun yanke asarar da suke yi a cikin kudin don neman zuba jari mai yawa a wasu wurare kuma saboda damuwa kan tasirin koma bayan tattalin arziki a kasar Sin, babbar kasuwar fitar da kayayyaki a Afirka ta Kudu. A tsakiyar watan Janairu, masana tattalin arziki sun yi hasashe cewa Rand na iya sa ran ganin ƙarin canji ga sauran 2016. Ya zuwa ranar 29 ga Afrilu, ya kai mafi girman aikinsa a cikin watanni biyar da suka gabata, inda aka yi musanya akan farashin R14.16 zuwa dalar Amurka. Bayan da Burtaniya ta kada kuri'ar ficewa daga Tarayyar Turai, kudin Rand ya ragu da sama da kashi 8 cikin dari idan aka kwatanta da dalar Amurka a ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 2016, raguwar kudin mafi girma a rana guda tun bayan faduwar tattalin arzikin shekarar 2008. Wannan ya kasance wani bangare ne saboda koma bayan tattalin arzikin duniya gaba daya daga kudaden da ake ganin suna da hadari ga dalar Amurka kuma wani bangare na damuwa kan yadda ficewar Burtaniya daga kungiyar EU zai yi tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da huldar kasuwanci. A watan Afrilun 2017, wata kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ta Reuters ta yi kiyasin cewa, Rand zai ci gaba da kasancewa da kwanciyar hankali har zuwa karshen shekara, yayin da kuri'u biyu suka gano cewa manazarta sun riga sun yi la'akari da yiwuwar raguwa zuwa matsayi na "junk". A lokacin, Moody's ya kima Afirka ta Kudu daraja biyu sama da matsayin takarce. A lokacin da shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya samu da kyar a yunkurin kin amincewa da kasar Afirka ta Kudu a watan Agustan 2017, kudin Rand ya ci gaba da zamewa, inda ya ragu da kashi 1.7 cikin dari a wannan rana. A cikin watan Satumban shekarar 2017, Goldman Sachs ya ce basussuka da cin hanci da rashawa na kamfanin Eskom Holdings shi ne babban hatsari ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da kuma canjin kudin Rand. A lokacin, ba ta da wani babban jami'in gudanarwa na dindindin, kuma Colin Coleman na Goldman Sachs a Afirka ya ce kamfanin yana "tattaunawa kan mafita" kan samun ingantaccen gudanarwa. A watan Oktoban 2017, Rand ya tsaya tsayin daka akan dalar Amurka yayin da ya murmure daga karanci na watanni shida. Kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters ya bayyana cewa, "Afrika ta kudu na da matukar saukin kai ga ra'ayin masu zuba jari a duniya yayin da kasar ta dogara da kudaden kasashen waje wajen cike manyan kasafin kudinta da kuma gibin kudaden da take samu." A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamban 2017, kudin Rand ya fadi da sama da kashi 1% a lokacin da shugaban kasafin kudi Michael Sachs ya sauka daga mukaminsa a gwamnatin Zuma. A cikin Oktoba 2022, Rand ya nutse zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin shekaru biyu, ya kai R18.46 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2022. == Tsabar kudi == [[File:5-za-rand.JPG|thumb| 5-rand tsabar kudin bimetallic da aka bayar a 2004]] An gabatar da tsabar kudi a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin , 1, , 5, 10, 20, da 50 cents. A 1965, 2 cent tsabar kudi maye gurbin  cent tsabar kudi. The An buga tsabar ƙarshe don yaduwa a cikin 1973. An ƙaddamar da tsabar kudin Rand 1 don rarrabawa a cikin 1967, sannan tsabar kudi 2-rand a 1989 da tsabar rand 5 a 1994. An dakatar da samar da cent 1 da 2 a shekara ta 2002, sai kuma cent 5 a 2012, da farko saboda hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ya rage musu daraja, amma sun ci gaba da zama a doka. Shaguna yawanci suna zagaye jimillar farashin siyan kaya zuwa kusan centi 10 (don mabukaci). A kokarin da ake na dakile jabun, an fitar da sabon tsabar kudin Rand 5 a watan Agustan 2004. Abubuwan tsaro da aka gabatar akan tsabar kudin sun haɗa da ƙirar bimetal (mai kama da tsabar kuɗi €1 da €2, tsabar kuɗin Thai ฿10, tsabar kuɗin Philippine ₱10 kafin 2018, tsabar £2 na Burtaniya, da tsabar kuɗin Kanada $2 ), a keɓaɓɓen tsagi na tsaro na musamman tare da baki da ƙananan haruffa. A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a fitar da sabon jerin tsabar kudi. Waɗannan za su kasance da ɗarika ɗaya da jerin da suka gabata. 10c zai ƙunshi hoton Cape Honey Bee, 20c da Bitter Aloe, da 50c da Knysna Turaco, da R1 da Springbok, da R2 da King Protea, da kuma R5 da kudancin dama Whale. == Takardun kuɗi == An gabatar da jeri na farko na takardun kuɗin Rand a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1, 2, 10, da 20 rand, tare da ƙira da launuka iri ɗaya zuwa bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata don sauƙaƙa sauyawa. Sun ɗauki hoton abin da aka yi imani da shi a lokacin Jan van Riebeeck, shugaban VOC na farko na [[Cape Town]] . Daga baya an gano cewa hoton ba gaskiya ba ne Van Riebeeck kwata-kwata, hoton Bartholomeus Vermuyden ya yi kuskure da Van Riebeeck. Kamar bayanin kula [[Fam na Afirka ta Kudu|na fam]] na ƙarshe, an buga su cikin bambance-bambancen guda biyu, ɗaya da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] aka fara rubuta ɗayan ɗayan kuma an fara rubuta [[Afrikaans|Afirkaans]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} A cikin 1966, an fitar da jeri na biyu tare da ƙira waɗanda suka ƙaura daga bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata. Bayanan kula tare da raka'o'i na 1, 5 da 10 rand an samar da su tare da galibin launi ɗaya a kowane bayanin kula. An gabatar da ƙaramin bayanin rand 1 tare da ƙira iri ɗaya a cikin 1973 kuma an gabatar da bayanin rand 2 a cikin 1974. An yi watsi da darajar rand 20 daga jerin farko. Duk bayanan kula sun ɗauki hoton Jan van Riebeeck. An ci gaba da yin amfani da sigar Ingilishi da Afrikaans na kowane bayanin kula a cikin wannan jerin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} Jerin 1978 ya fara da ƙungiyoyin 2, 5, 10 da 20 rand, tare da ƙaddamar da rand 50 a cikin 1984. Wannan silsilar tana da bambance-bambancen harshe guda ɗaya kawai ga kowane rukunin bayanin kula. Afrikaans shine yaren farko akan Rand 2, 10, da 50, yayin da Ingilishi shine yaren farko akan Rand 5 da 20. An maye gurbin bayanin kula da Rand 1 da tsabar kudi. [[File:Atm_drawing_money_(2).png|thumb| Afirka ta Kudu ATM yana nuna R&nbsp;50 da R&nbsp;100 banknotes.]] A cikin 1990s, an sake tsara bayanin kula tare da hotunan Big Five nau'in namun daji. 10, 20 da 50 rand an gabatar da su a cikin 1992 & 1993, suna riƙe da tsarin launi na fitowar da ta gabata. An gabatar da tsabar kudi don 2 da 5 rand, tare da maye gurbin bayanin kula na jerin da suka gabata, musamman saboda tsananin lalacewa da tsagewar da aka samu tare da ƙananan bayanan ƙididdiga a wurare dabam dabam. A cikin 1994, an gabatar da bayanan rand 100 da 200. [ana buƙatar hujja] Jerin 2005 yana da babban ƙira iri ɗaya, amma tare da ƙarin fasalulluka na tsaro kamar tawada mai canza launi akan rand 50 da sama da kuma ƙungiyar taurarin EURion . An buga sassan duka ƙungiyoyin a cikin Turanci, yayin da aka buga wasu harsuna biyu na hukuma a baya, don haka ana amfani da duk harsunan hukuma 11 na Afirka ta Kudu . A cikin 2010, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu da bankunan kasuwanci sun janye duk jerin takardun banki na rand 200 na 1994 saboda ingantattun kuɗaɗen jabun da ke yawo. A cikin 2011, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da takardun banki na rand 100 waɗanda ba su da lahani saboda ba su da bugu mai kyalli da ake iya gani a ƙarƙashin hasken UV . A cikin watan Yuni, an ƙaura da buga wannan ɗarika daga Kamfanin Bayanan kula da Bankin Afirka ta Kudu zuwa sashin Crane Currency na Sweden ( Tumba Bruk ), wanda aka bayar da rahoton ya samar da tsabar kuɗi miliyan 80 100 rand. Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya soke takardun banki miliyan 3.6-rand 100 da Crane Currency ya buga saboda suna da lambobi iri ɗaya da rukunin da Kamfanin Bayanan Bankin Afirka ta Kudu ya buga. Bugu da ƙari, bayanin kula da aka buga a Sweden ba su kasance daidai launi ba, kuma sun kasance 1&nbsp;mm gajere. A ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 2012, Shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya sanar da cewa kasar za ta fitar da sabbin takardun kudi masu dauke da hoton [[Nelson Mandela]] . An shigar da su a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2012. Waɗannan sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi iri ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. A cikin 2013, an sabunta jerin 2012 tare da ƙari na ƙungiyar taurarin EURion zuwa duka ƙungiyoyin guda biyar. A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2018, an fitar da jerin takardun kudi na musamman don tunawa da cika shekaru 100 na haihuwar Nelson Mandela. Wannan jeri ya ƙunshi bayanin kula na duk ƙungiyoyin, 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. Waɗannan bayanan kula za su yi yawo tare da bayanan da ke akwai. Bayanan bayanan sun nuna madaidaicin fuskar Nelson Mandela a zahiri, amma a maimakon dabbobin Big Five a baya, suna nuna ƙaramin Mandela tare da fage daban-daban da suka shafi gadonsa. Wadannan al'amuran sun hada da: tsaunin Gabashin Cape, wanda ke nuna wurin haifuwar Mandela na Mvezo (rand 10); Gidan Mandela a Soweto, inda ya bayyana rayuwarsa ta siyasa tare da sauran gumakan gwagwarmaya (rand 20); wurin da aka kama Mandela a kusa da Howick, bayan watanni 17 a boye, inda aka gina masa wani abin tunawa ( rand 50); wurin daurin shekaru 27 da Mandela ya yi a gidan yari a tsibirin Robben, yana nuna tarin dutsen farar ƙasa (rand 100); mutum-mutumin Mandela a ginin Tarayyar don tunawa da lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a can a shekarar 1994 (rand 200).  A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a sami sabon jerin takardun banki waɗanda za su riƙe hoton Nelson Mandela a zahiri, yayin da yake nuna Big 5 a cikin hoton dangi a baya. Wannan silsilar ta ƙunshi ɗarika ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. === Zubi na farko === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta farko ta 1961) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | rowspan="4" | Jan Van Riebeck | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 136×78 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 149×84 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck ta jirgin ruwa | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 170×96 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Zinariya tawa | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 176×103 |} === Zubi na biyu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyu ta 1966) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 128×64 |- | | | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 120×57 |- | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Gariep Dam, pylon da masara cob | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Voortrekker Monument da Babban Trek | Ma'adinai | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Gine-ginen Ƙungiyar da kuma springbok | Jan van Riebeeck ta jiragen ruwa uku | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 140×76 |} === Zubi na uku === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na Uku 1978) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da pylon | Sasol kwal zuwa matatar mai | Blue | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 120×57 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da lu'u-lu'u | Mining da tsakiyar birnin [[Johannesburg]] | Purple | Turanci da Afrikaans | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma | Kore | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 133×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Jirgin ruwan Jan van Riebeeck guda uku da Coat of Arms na Afirka ta Kudu | Brown | Turanci da Afrikaans | 140×77 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da zaki | Fauna da flora | Ja | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 147×83 |} === Zubi na hudu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Banknotes of the South African rand (1992 Fourth Issue "Big Five") |- !Image !Value !Obverse !Reverse !Colour !Language !Size (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | |10 rand |Rhinoceros |Agriculture |Green |Afrikaans and English |128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |20 rand |[[Giwan daji na Afirka|Elephants]] |Mining |Brown |English and Afrikaans |134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |50 rand |Lions |Manufacturing |Red |Afrikaans and English |140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |100 rand |[[Ɓauna|Cape buffaloes]] |Tourism |Blue |English and Afrikaans |146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |200 rand |Leopards |Transport and communication |Orange |Afrikaans and English |152×70 |} === Silsilar ta biyar === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyar "Turanci da sauran Harsuna na hukuma") <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Rhinoceros | Noma | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwaye]] | Ma'adinai | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zakuna | Manufacturing | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Yawon shakatawa | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Sufuri da sadarwa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siridi na shida === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta shida "Nelson Mandela" 2012) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na bakwai === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na bakwai "Mandela Centenary") na 2018 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Matashi Mandela da mahaifarsa Mvezo | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Matashin Mandela da gidansa a Soweto | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Matashin Mandela da wurin da aka kama shi kusa da Howick | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | Matashin Mandela da kuma wurin da aka daure shi a tsibirin Robben | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Matashin Mandela da mutum-mutuminsa a ginin Tarayyar | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na takwas === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta takwas "Babban Iyalai 5") 2023 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Tswana, Ndebele | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Purple | Turanci, Xhosa, Venda | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Pedi, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Zulu, Sotho | 152×70 |} == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Category:Kudi]] [[Category:Kudade]] [[Category:Kuɗi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fqygpze3x2bi7ke1yenffjcc2v6w9vl 893768 893766 2026-08-09T16:41:59Z Asiya Garba 46242 893768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rand na Afirka ta Kudu''', ko kuma kawai '''Rand''', ( alamar : '''R''' ; code : '''ZAR''' ("South African rand"); the ''ZA'' is a historical relic from [[Dutch language|Dutch]], used because "SA" is allocated to Saudi Arabia.}} ) ita ce kudin hukuma na [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|yankin hada-hadar kuɗaɗe]] [[Kudancin Afirka|na Afirka ta Kudu]] : [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Namibiya]] (tare da [[Dalar Namibia|dalar Namibiya]] ), [[Lesotho]] ( tare da [[Lesotho loti]] ) da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]] (tare da Swazi lilangeni ). An kuma raba shi zuwa cents 100 (alama: "c"). Kudin Rand na Afirka ta Kudu ya kasance na doka a cikin ƙasashe [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|membobin]] [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Lesotho]] da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]], tare da waɗannan ƙasashe uku kuma suna da nasu kuɗin ƙasa ( [[Dalar Namibia|dala]], [[Lesotho loti|loti]] da lilangeni bi da bi) tare da Rand a daidaito kuma har yanzu. yarda da ko'ina a matsayin madadin. Har ila yau, Rand ya kasance mai ba da izini na doka a [[Botswana]] har zuwa shekarar 1976, lokacin da [[Botswana pula|pula]] ya maye gurbin rand a dai-dai. == Bayani == Rand ya ɗauki sunansa daga Witwatersrand ("farin ruwa" a cikin Ingilishi, ''rand'' shine kalmar Dutch da [[Afrikaans]] don 'ridge'), dutsen da aka gina [[Johannesburg]] kuma inda aka sami yawancin ajiyar zinare na Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin Turanci da Afrikaans nau'in nau'i ɗaya da jam'i na naúrar ("rand") iri ɗaya ne: rand ɗaya, rand goma, rand miliyan biyu. == Tarihi == An kuma gabatar da Rand a cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 1961, watanni uku kafin ƙasar ta ayyana kanta a matsayin jamhuriya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/archives/witness/from-van-riebeeck-to-madiba-20150430|title=From Van Riebeeck to Madiba|publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]]|date=2012-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180714080651/http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |url=http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |title=The Reserve Bank and the Rand: Some historic reflections |publisher=Resbank.co.za |date=29 November 2001 |archive-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Although pronounced in the Afrikaans style as {{IPAc-en|r|ʌ|n|t|}} in the jingles when introduced, An kuma kafa Hukumar Samar da Kuɗin Decimal a cikin shekarar 1956 don yin la'akari da ƙaura daga ƙungiyoyin fam, shillings, da pence; ta gabatar da shawarwarinta a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1958. Ya maye gurbin [[fam na Afirka ta Kudu]] a matsayin ɗan takara na doka, a farashin Rand 2 zuwa fam 1, ko shillings 10 zuwa Rand. Gwamnati ta gabatar da mascot, Decimal Dan, "mutumin da ba shi da kuɗi" (wanda aka sani a [[Afrikaans]] da Daan Desimaal).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0jJWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7142%2C3054777 |title='Decimal Dan' Sings: Catchy Tune Teaches New Currency |publisher=The Spokesman-Review |date=10 January 1961 |access-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Wannan yana tare da jingle na rediyo, don sanar da jama'a game da sabon kudin.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22 ''A General's Story: from an Era of War and Peace''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126101241/https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&dq=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjM0pyM9_bKAhXFWxQKHVz8B2EQ6AEILTAB |date=26 November 2022 }}, Jannie Geldenhuys, Jonathan Ball, 1995, page 32</ref> Ko da yake an furta shi a cikin salon Afrikaans kamar /r ʌ n t / a cikin jingles lokacin da aka gabatar da shi, <ref name="decimalDanJingle">{{YouTube|GQ41bGOQajA}}</ref> furcin zamani a cikin Turanci na Afirka ta Kudu shine /r æ n d /.<ref name="Jenkins2007">{{cite book|author=Elwyn Jenkins|title=Falling Into Place: The Story of Modern South African Place Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZnXHoMQ_hkC&pg=PA23|year=2007|publisher=New Africa Books|isbn=978-0-86486-689-9|pages=23–}}</ref> === Takaitaccen tarihin canjin musaya === ==== 1961-2000 ==== [[File:ZAR-USD_exchange_rate_1974-2014.png|thumb|450x450px| Darajar Rand na Afirka ta Kudu zuwa dalar Amurka daga 1975 zuwa 2015 ta ginshiƙan shuɗi: Adadin canjin shekara-shekara yana nunawa ta layin baki. ]] Rand daya ya kai dalar Amurka 1.40 (R0.72 kowace dala) tun daga lokacin da aka fara shi a shekarar 1961 har zuwa karshen 1971, kuma dalar Amurka ta yi karfi fiye da kudin Afirka ta Kudu a karon farko a ranar 15 ga Maris 1982. Ƙimar sa daga baya ta canza kamar yadda musayar kuɗi daban-daban Hukumomin Afirka ta Kudu ne suka aiwatar da . A farkon shekarun 1980, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da matsin lamba na siyasa gami da takunkumin da aka kakaba wa kasar sakamakon adawar da kasashen duniya ke yi wa tsarin wariyar launin fata ya fara zubar da kimarsa. Kudin ya karye sama da daidaito da dala a karon farko a watan Maris na 1982, kuma ya ci gaba da yin ciniki tsakanin R1 da R1.30 zuwa dala har zuwa watan Yunin 1984, lokacin da faduwar darajar kudin ta kara karfi. A watan Fabrairun 1985, ana cinikin sama da R2 akan kowace dala, kuma a watan Yuli na wannan shekarar, an dakatar da duk kasuwancin musayar waje na tsawon kwanaki uku don ƙoƙarin dakatar da faduwar darajar. A lokacin da shugaban jihar PW Botha ya yi jawabinsa na Rubicon a ranar 15 ga Agusta 1985, ya ragu zuwa R2.40 kowace dala. Kuɗin ya dawo da ɗan tsakanin 1986 zuwa 1988, yana kasuwanci a kusa da matakin R2 mafi yawan lokaci har ma yana karya ƙarƙashinsa kai tsaye. Farfadowar ba ta daɗe ba, amma a ƙarshen 1989, Rand yana cinikin fiye da R2.50 kowace dala. Kamar yadda ya bayyana a farkon shekarun 1990 cewa kasar na nufin mulkin mallaka mafi rinjaye na bakar fata da kuma sake fasalin daya bayan daya, rashin tabbas game da makomar kasar ya gaggauta faduwar darajar har zuwa matakin R.&nbsp;3 zuwa dala an keta shi a watan Nuwamba 1992. Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin gida da na waje sun rinjayi kudin bayan haka, musamman babban zaben 1994, wanda ya raunana zuwa sama da R3.60 zuwa dala, zaben Tito Mboweni a matsayin gwamnan babban bankin Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma rantsar da shugaba Thabo Mbeki a shekarar 1999, wanda yayi saurin zamewa sama da R6 zuwa dala. Shirin sake fasalin kasa mai cike da cece-kuce da aka fara a [[Zimbabwe]], wanda [[September 11 attacks|harin na ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001]] ya biyo baya, ya kai shi mafi raunin tarihin R13.84 zuwa dala a watan Disambar 2001. ==== 2001-2011 ==== [[File:South_Africa-Money-Old01.jpg|thumb|240x240px| Ƙarni biyu na tsofaffin bayanai da tsabar kudi: Bayanan kula na ƙarshen waɗannan tsararraki biyu (kamar yadda bayanin R5 ke nunawa a cikin wannan hoton) an maye gurbinsu da bayanin kula na "Big Five" kuma waɗannan kwanan nan an sabunta su don nuna fuskar Nelson Mandela. .]] Wannan faduwar darajar kwatsam a cikin 2001 ya haifar da bincike na yau da kullun, wanda hakan ya haifar da farfadowa mai ban mamaki. A karshen shekarar 2002, an sake cinikin kudin a karkashin R9 zuwa dala, kuma a karshen shekarar 2004 ana cinikin kasa da R5.70 zuwa dala. Kudin ya ɗan yi laushi a cikin 2005, kuma yana cinikin kusan R6.35 zuwa dala a ƙarshen shekara. A farkon shekara ta 2006, duk da haka, kuɗin ya ci gaba da yin gangami, kuma tun daga ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2006, an sake yin ciniki a ƙarƙashin R6 zuwa dala. Koyaya, a cikin kashi na biyu da na uku na 2006 (watau Afrilu zuwa Satumba), Rand ya raunana sosai. A cikin sharuddan sittin, ya faɗi daga kusan kashi 9.5% zuwa sama da kashi 7 cikin ɗari, ya yi asarar kusan kashi 25% na ƙimar kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin watanni shida kacal. A ƙarshen 2007, Rand ya haɗu cikin ladabi zuwa sama da 8% kawai, kawai don fuskantar faifai mai zurfi a cikin kwata na farko na 2008. Za a iya danganta wannan zamewar ƙasa da abubuwa da yawa: tabarbarewar gibin asusu na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya ƙaru zuwa shekaru 36 da ya kai kashi 7.3 cikin ɗari na jimlar yawan amfanin gida (GDP) a 2007; hauhawar farashin kaya a cikin shekaru biyar mafi girma na kusan 9%; haɓaka kyamar haɗari a duniya yayin da damuwar masu zuba jari game da yaduwar tasirin rikicin na ƙasa ya karu; da kuma jirgin gaba ɗaya zuwa "masu tsaro", nesa da haɗarin da ake gani na kasuwanni masu tasowa. Matsalar wutar lantarki ta Eskom ta kara ta'azzara faduwar darajar Rand, wanda ya taso saboda rashin iya biyan bukatun makamashin kasar cikin hanzari. ==== 2012 - yanzu ==== A stalled ma'adinai masana'antu a cikin marigayi 2012 ya haifar da sabon lows a farkon 2013.<ref name="BIZTECH3">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/51095/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2013/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2013 | date =2 January 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen Janairu 2014, Rand ya zame zuwa R11.25 zuwa dala, tare da manazarta suna danganta canjin zuwa "kalmar daga Tarayyar Tarayyar Amurka cewa za ta rage kashe kashe kuɗi mai ƙarfafawa, wanda ya haifar da kasuwa mai yawa a cikin tattalin arziki masu tasowa." A cikin 2014, Afirka ta Kudu ta fuskanci mafi munin shekararta akan dalar Amurka tun daga 2009, kuma a cikin Maris 2015, Rand ya yi ciniki a mafi muni tun 2002. A lokacin, Trading Economics ya fitar da bayanai cewa Rand "ya kai R4.97 zuwa dala tsakanin 1972-2015, wanda ya kai R12.45 a kowane lokaci a watan Disamba 2001 da kuma raguwa na R0.67 a watan Yuni na 1973." Ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2014, kudin Rand ya ragu zuwa R15.05 a kowace dala, wani bangare saboda gibin asusun kasuwancin Afirka ta Kudu da sauran kasashen duniya.<ref name="BIZTECH2">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/76022/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2014/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2014 | date =17 December 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> Daga ranar 9 zuwa 13 ga watan Disambar 2015, cikin kwanaki hudu, kudin Rand ya ragu da kashi 10 bisa dari, sakamakon abin da wasu ke zargin cewa shugaba Zuma [[Jacob Zuma|ya bayyana mamakinsa]] na cewa zai maye gurbin ministan kudi Nhlanhla Nene da David van Rooyen wanda ba a san shi ba. Faduwar darajar da aka yi cikin sauri ta samo asali ne lokacin da Zuma ya ja baya tare da bayyana cewa a maimakon haka za a nada fitaccen ministan kudi Pravin Gordhan a kan mukamin. Korar da Zuma ya yi na ba-zata da Nene ya yi illa ga amincewar kasashen duniya a kan kudin kasar Rand, kuma farashin musayar ya yi kasala a tsawon watan Janairun 2016, kuma ya kai matsayin da ba a taba gani ba na R17.9169 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun 2016 kafin ya koma R16.57 daga baya. rana guda. Faduwar darajar watan Janairu kuma wani bangare ne ya haifar da masu zuba jari na kasar Japan sun yanke asarar da suke yi a cikin kudin don neman zuba jari mai yawa a wasu wurare kuma saboda damuwa kan tasirin koma bayan tattalin arziki a kasar Sin, babbar kasuwar fitar da kayayyaki a Afirka ta Kudu. A tsakiyar watan Janairu, masana tattalin arziki sun yi hasashe cewa Rand na iya sa ran ganin ƙarin canji ga sauran 2016. Ya zuwa ranar 29 ga Afrilu, ya kai mafi girman aikinsa a cikin watanni biyar da suka gabata, inda aka yi musanya akan farashin R14.16 zuwa dalar Amurka. Bayan da Burtaniya ta kada kuri'ar ficewa daga Tarayyar Turai, kudin Rand ya ragu da sama da kashi 8 cikin dari idan aka kwatanta da dalar Amurka a ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 2016, raguwar kudin mafi girma a rana guda tun bayan faduwar tattalin arzikin shekarar 2008. Wannan ya kasance wani bangare ne saboda koma bayan tattalin arzikin duniya gaba daya daga kudaden da ake ganin suna da hadari ga dalar Amurka kuma wani bangare na damuwa kan yadda ficewar Burtaniya daga kungiyar EU zai yi tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da huldar kasuwanci. A watan Afrilun 2017, wata kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ta Reuters ta yi kiyasin cewa, Rand zai ci gaba da kasancewa da kwanciyar hankali har zuwa karshen shekara, yayin da kuri'u biyu suka gano cewa manazarta sun riga sun yi la'akari da yiwuwar raguwa zuwa matsayi na "junk". A lokacin, Moody's ya kima Afirka ta Kudu daraja biyu sama da matsayin takarce. A lokacin da shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya samu da kyar a yunkurin kin amincewa da kasar Afirka ta Kudu a watan Agustan 2017, kudin Rand ya ci gaba da zamewa, inda ya ragu da kashi 1.7 cikin dari a wannan rana. A cikin watan Satumban shekarar 2017, Goldman Sachs ya ce basussuka da cin hanci da rashawa na kamfanin Eskom Holdings shi ne babban hatsari ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da kuma canjin kudin Rand. A lokacin, ba ta da wani babban jami'in gudanarwa na dindindin, kuma Colin Coleman na Goldman Sachs a Afirka ya ce kamfanin yana "tattaunawa kan mafita" kan samun ingantaccen gudanarwa. A watan Oktoban 2017, Rand ya tsaya tsayin daka akan dalar Amurka yayin da ya murmure daga karanci na watanni shida. Kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters ya bayyana cewa, "Afrika ta kudu na da matukar saukin kai ga ra'ayin masu zuba jari a duniya yayin da kasar ta dogara da kudaden kasashen waje wajen cike manyan kasafin kudinta da kuma gibin kudaden da take samu." A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamban 2017, kudin Rand ya fadi da sama da kashi 1% a lokacin da shugaban kasafin kudi Michael Sachs ya sauka daga mukaminsa a gwamnatin Zuma. A cikin Oktoba 2022, Rand ya nutse zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin shekaru biyu, ya kai R18.46 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2022. == Tsabar kudi == [[File:5-za-rand.JPG|thumb| 5-rand tsabar kudin bimetallic da aka bayar a 2004]] An gabatar da tsabar kudi a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin , 1, , 5, 10, 20, da 50 cents. A 1965, 2 cent tsabar kudi maye gurbin  cent tsabar kudi. The An buga tsabar ƙarshe don yaduwa a cikin 1973. An ƙaddamar da tsabar kudin Rand 1 don rarrabawa a cikin 1967, sannan tsabar kudi 2-rand a 1989 da tsabar rand 5 a 1994. An dakatar da samar da cent 1 da 2 a shekara ta 2002, sai kuma cent 5 a 2012, da farko saboda hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ya rage musu daraja, amma sun ci gaba da zama a doka. Shaguna yawanci suna zagaye jimillar farashin siyan kaya zuwa kusan centi 10 (don mabukaci). A kokarin da ake na dakile jabun, an fitar da sabon tsabar kudin Rand 5 a watan Agustan 2004. Abubuwan tsaro da aka gabatar akan tsabar kudin sun haɗa da ƙirar bimetal (mai kama da tsabar kuɗi €1 da €2, tsabar kuɗin Thai ฿10, tsabar kuɗin Philippine ₱10 kafin 2018, tsabar £2 na Burtaniya, da tsabar kuɗin Kanada $2 ), a keɓaɓɓen tsagi na tsaro na musamman tare da baki da ƙananan haruffa. A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a fitar da sabon jerin tsabar kudi. Waɗannan za su kasance da ɗarika ɗaya da jerin da suka gabata. 10c zai ƙunshi hoton Cape Honey Bee, 20c da Bitter Aloe, da 50c da Knysna Turaco, da R1 da Springbok, da R2 da King Protea, da kuma R5 da kudancin dama Whale. == Takardun kuɗi == An gabatar da jeri na farko na takardun kuɗin Rand a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1, 2, 10, da 20 rand, tare da ƙira da launuka iri ɗaya zuwa bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata don sauƙaƙa sauyawa. Sun ɗauki hoton abin da aka yi imani da shi a lokacin Jan van Riebeeck, shugaban VOC na farko na [[Cape Town]] . Daga baya an gano cewa hoton ba gaskiya ba ne Van Riebeeck kwata-kwata, hoton Bartholomeus Vermuyden ya yi kuskure da Van Riebeeck. Kamar bayanin kula [[Fam na Afirka ta Kudu|na fam]] na ƙarshe, an buga su cikin bambance-bambancen guda biyu, ɗaya da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] aka fara rubuta ɗayan ɗayan kuma an fara rubuta [[Afrikaans|Afirkaans]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} A cikin 1966, an fitar da jeri na biyu tare da ƙira waɗanda suka ƙaura daga bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata. Bayanan kula tare da raka'o'i na 1, 5 da 10 rand an samar da su tare da galibin launi ɗaya a kowane bayanin kula. An gabatar da ƙaramin bayanin rand 1 tare da ƙira iri ɗaya a cikin 1973 kuma an gabatar da bayanin rand 2 a cikin 1974. An yi watsi da darajar rand 20 daga jerin farko. Duk bayanan kula sun ɗauki hoton Jan van Riebeeck. An ci gaba da yin amfani da sigar Ingilishi da Afrikaans na kowane bayanin kula a cikin wannan jerin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} Jerin 1978 ya fara da ƙungiyoyin 2, 5, 10 da 20 rand, tare da ƙaddamar da rand 50 a cikin 1984. Wannan silsilar tana da bambance-bambancen harshe guda ɗaya kawai ga kowane rukunin bayanin kula. Afrikaans shine yaren farko akan Rand 2, 10, da 50, yayin da Ingilishi shine yaren farko akan Rand 5 da 20. An maye gurbin bayanin kula da Rand 1 da tsabar kudi. [[File:Atm_drawing_money_(2).png|thumb| Afirka ta Kudu ATM yana nuna R&nbsp;50 da R&nbsp;100 banknotes.]] A cikin 1990s, an sake tsara bayanin kula tare da hotunan Big Five nau'in namun daji. 10, 20 da 50 rand an gabatar da su a cikin 1992 & 1993, suna riƙe da tsarin launi na fitowar da ta gabata. An gabatar da tsabar kudi don 2 da 5 rand, tare da maye gurbin bayanin kula na jerin da suka gabata, musamman saboda tsananin lalacewa da tsagewar da aka samu tare da ƙananan bayanan ƙididdiga a wurare dabam dabam. A cikin 1994, an gabatar da bayanan rand 100 da 200. [ana buƙatar hujja] Jerin 2005 yana da babban ƙira iri ɗaya, amma tare da ƙarin fasalulluka na tsaro kamar tawada mai canza launi akan rand 50 da sama da kuma ƙungiyar taurarin EURion . An buga sassan duka ƙungiyoyin a cikin Turanci, yayin da aka buga wasu harsuna biyu na hukuma a baya, don haka ana amfani da duk harsunan hukuma 11 na Afirka ta Kudu . A cikin 2010, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu da bankunan kasuwanci sun janye duk jerin takardun banki na rand 200 na 1994 saboda ingantattun kuɗaɗen jabun da ke yawo. A cikin 2011, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da takardun banki na rand 100 waɗanda ba su da lahani saboda ba su da bugu mai kyalli da ake iya gani a ƙarƙashin hasken UV . A cikin watan Yuni, an ƙaura da buga wannan ɗarika daga Kamfanin Bayanan kula da Bankin Afirka ta Kudu zuwa sashin Crane Currency na Sweden ( Tumba Bruk ), wanda aka bayar da rahoton ya samar da tsabar kuɗi miliyan 80 100 rand. Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya soke takardun banki miliyan 3.6-rand 100 da Crane Currency ya buga saboda suna da lambobi iri ɗaya da rukunin da Kamfanin Bayanan Bankin Afirka ta Kudu ya buga. Bugu da ƙari, bayanin kula da aka buga a Sweden ba su kasance daidai launi ba, kuma sun kasance 1&nbsp;mm gajere. A ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 2012, Shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya sanar da cewa kasar za ta fitar da sabbin takardun kudi masu dauke da hoton [[Nelson Mandela]] . An shigar da su a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2012. Waɗannan sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi iri ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. A cikin 2013, an sabunta jerin 2012 tare da ƙari na ƙungiyar taurarin EURion zuwa duka ƙungiyoyin guda biyar. A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2018, an fitar da jerin takardun kudi na musamman don tunawa da cika shekaru 100 na haihuwar Nelson Mandela. Wannan jeri ya ƙunshi bayanin kula na duk ƙungiyoyin, 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. Waɗannan bayanan kula za su yi yawo tare da bayanan da ke akwai. Bayanan bayanan sun nuna madaidaicin fuskar Nelson Mandela a zahiri, amma a maimakon dabbobin Big Five a baya, suna nuna ƙaramin Mandela tare da fage daban-daban da suka shafi gadonsa. Wadannan al'amuran sun hada da: tsaunin Gabashin Cape, wanda ke nuna wurin haifuwar Mandela na Mvezo (rand 10); Gidan Mandela a Soweto, inda ya bayyana rayuwarsa ta siyasa tare da sauran gumakan gwagwarmaya (rand 20); wurin da aka kama Mandela a kusa da Howick, bayan watanni 17 a boye, inda aka gina masa wani abin tunawa ( rand 50); wurin daurin shekaru 27 da Mandela ya yi a gidan yari a tsibirin Robben, yana nuna tarin dutsen farar ƙasa (rand 100); mutum-mutumin Mandela a ginin Tarayyar don tunawa da lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a can a shekarar 1994 (rand 200).  A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a sami sabon jerin takardun banki waɗanda za su riƙe hoton Nelson Mandela a zahiri, yayin da yake nuna Big 5 a cikin hoton dangi a baya. Wannan silsilar ta ƙunshi ɗarika ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. === Zubi na farko === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta farko ta 1961) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | rowspan="4" | Jan Van Riebeck | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 136×78 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 149×84 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck ta jirgin ruwa | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 170×96 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Zinariya tawa | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 176×103 |} === Zubi na biyu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyu ta 1966) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 128×64 |- | | | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 120×57 |- | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Gariep Dam, pylon da masara cob | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Voortrekker Monument da Babban Trek | Ma'adinai | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Gine-ginen Ƙungiyar da kuma springbok | Jan van Riebeeck ta jiragen ruwa uku | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 140×76 |} === Zubi na uku === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na Uku 1978) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da pylon | Sasol kwal zuwa matatar mai | Blue | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 120×57 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da lu'u-lu'u | Mining da tsakiyar birnin [[Johannesburg]] | Purple | Turanci da Afrikaans | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma | Kore | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 133×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Jirgin ruwan Jan van Riebeeck guda uku da Coat of Arms na Afirka ta Kudu | Brown | Turanci da Afrikaans | 140×77 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da zaki | Fauna da flora | Ja | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 147×83 |} === Zubi na hudu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Banknotes of the South African rand (1992 Fourth Issue "Big Five") |- !Image !Value !Obverse !Reverse !Colour !Language !Size (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | |10 rand |Rhinoceros |Agriculture |Green |Afrikaans and English |128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |20 rand |[[Giwan daji na Afirka|Elephants]] |Mining |Brown |English and Afrikaans |134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |50 rand |Lions |Manufacturing |Red |Afrikaans and English |140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |100 rand |[[Ɓauna|Cape buffaloes]] |Tourism |Blue |English and Afrikaans |146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |200 rand |Leopards |Transport and communication |Orange |Afrikaans and English |152×70 |} === Silsilar ta biyar === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyar "Turanci da sauran Harsuna na hukuma") <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Rhinoceros | Noma | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwaye]] | Ma'adinai | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zakuna | Manufacturing | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Yawon shakatawa | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Sufuri da sadarwa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siridi na shida === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta shida "Nelson Mandela" 2012) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na bakwai === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na bakwai "Mandela Centenary") na 2018 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Matashi Mandela da mahaifarsa Mvezo | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Matashin Mandela da gidansa a Soweto | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Matashin Mandela da wurin da aka kama shi kusa da Howick | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | Matashin Mandela da kuma wurin da aka daure shi a tsibirin Robben | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Matashin Mandela da mutum-mutuminsa a ginin Tarayyar | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na takwas === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta takwas "Babban Iyalai 5") 2023 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Tswana, Ndebele | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Purple | Turanci, Xhosa, Venda | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Pedi, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Zulu, Sotho | 152×70 |} == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Category:Kudi]] [[Category:Kudade]] [[Category:Kuɗi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kvde39v74qtvmuk1qoydscwfjp2zugo 893770 893768 2026-08-09T16:42:20Z Asiya Garba 46242 893770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rand na Afirka ta Kudu''', ko kuma kawai '''Rand''', ( alamar : '''R''' ; code : '''ZAR''' ("South African rand"); the ''ZA'' is a historical relic from [[Dutch language|Dutch]], used because "SA" is allocated to Saudi Arabia.}} ) ita ce kudin hukuma na [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|yankin hada-hadar kuɗaɗe]] [[Kudancin Afirka|na Afirka ta Kudu]] : [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Namibiya]] (tare da [[Dalar Namibia|dalar Namibiya]] ), [[Lesotho]] ( tare da [[Lesotho loti]] ) da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]] (tare da Swazi lilangeni ). An kuma raba shi zuwa cents 100 (alama: "c"). Kudin Rand na Afirka ta Kudu ya kasance na doka a cikin ƙasashe [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|membobin]] [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Lesotho]] da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]], tare da waɗannan ƙasashe uku kuma suna da nasu kuɗin ƙasa ( [[Dalar Namibia|dala]], [[Lesotho loti|loti]] da lilangeni bi da bi) tare da Rand a daidaito kuma har yanzu. yarda da ko'ina a matsayin madadin. Har ila yau, Rand ya kasance mai ba da izini na doka a [[Botswana]] har zuwa shekarar 1976, lokacin da [[Botswana pula|pula]] ya maye gurbin rand a dai-dai. == Bayani == Rand ya ɗauki sunansa daga Witwatersrand ("farin ruwa" a cikin Ingilishi, ''rand'' shine kalmar Dutch da [[Afrikaans]] don 'ridge'), dutsen da aka gina [[Johannesburg]] kuma inda aka sami yawancin ajiyar zinare na Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin Turanci da Afrikaans nau'in nau'i ɗaya da jam'i na naúrar ("rand") iri ɗaya ne: rand ɗaya, rand goma, rand miliyan biyu. == Tarihi == An kuma gabatar da Rand a cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 1961, watanni uku kafin ƙasar ta ayyana kanta a matsayin jamhuriya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/archives/witness/from-van-riebeeck-to-madiba-20150430|title=From Van Riebeeck to Madiba|publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]]|date=2012-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180714080651/http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |url=http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |title=The Reserve Bank and the Rand: Some historic reflections |publisher=Resbank.co.za |date=29 November 2001 |archive-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Although pronounced in the Afrikaans style as {{IPAc-en|r|ʌ|n|t|}} in the jingles when introduced, An kuma kafa Hukumar Samar da Kuɗin Decimal a cikin shekarar 1956 don yin la'akari da ƙaura daga ƙungiyoyin fam, shillings, da pence; ta gabatar da shawarwarinta a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1958. Ya maye gurbin [[fam na Afirka ta Kudu]] a matsayin ɗan takara na doka, a farashin Rand 2 zuwa fam 1, ko shillings 10 zuwa Rand. Gwamnati ta gabatar da mascot, Decimal Dan, "mutumin da ba shi da kuɗi" (wanda aka sani a [[Afrikaans]] da Daan Desimaal).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0jJWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7142%2C3054777 |title='Decimal Dan' Sings: Catchy Tune Teaches New Currency |publisher=The Spokesman-Review |date=10 January 1961 |access-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Wannan yana tare da jingle na rediyo, don sanar da jama'a game da sabon kudin.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22 ''A General's Story: from an Era of War and Peace''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126101241/https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&dq=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjM0pyM9_bKAhXFWxQKHVz8B2EQ6AEILTAB |date=26 November 2022 }}, Jannie Geldenhuys, Jonathan Ball, 1995, page 32</ref> Ko da yake an furta shi a cikin salon Afrikaans kamar /r ʌ n t / a cikin jingles lokacin da aka gabatar da shi, <ref name="decimalDanJingle">{{YouTube|GQ41bGOQajA}}</ref> furcin zamani a cikin Turanci na Afirka ta Kudu shine /r æ n d /.<ref name="Jenkins2007">{{cite book|author=Elwyn Jenkins|title=Falling Into Place: The Story of Modern South African Place Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZnXHoMQ_hkC&pg=PA23|year=2007|publisher=New Africa Books|isbn=978-0-86486-689-9|pages=23–}}</ref> === Takaitaccen tarihin canjin musaya === ==== 1961-2000 ==== [[File:ZAR-USD_exchange_rate_1974-2014.png|thumb|450x450px| Darajar Rand na Afirka ta Kudu zuwa dalar Amurka daga shekarar 1975 zuwa 2015 ta ginshiƙan shuɗi: Adadin canjin shekara-shekara yana nunawa ta layin baki. ]] Rand daya ya kai dalar Amurka 1.40 (R0.72 kowace dala) tun daga lokacin da aka fara shi a shekarar 1961 har zuwa ƙarshen 1971, kuma dalar Amurka ta yi karfi fiye da kudin Afirka ta Kudu a karon farko a ranar 15 ga Maris 1982. Ƙimar sa daga baya ta canza kamar yadda musayar kuɗi daban-daban Hukumomin Afirka ta Kudu ne suka aiwatar da . A farkon shekarun 1980, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da matsin lamba na siyasa gami da takunkumin da aka kakaba wa kasar sakamakon adawar da kasashen duniya ke yi wa tsarin wariyar launin fata ya fara zubar da kimarsa. Kudin ya karye sama da daidaito da dala a karon farko a watan Maris na 1982, kuma ya ci gaba da yin ciniki tsakanin R1 da R1.30 zuwa dala har zuwa watan Yunin 1984, lokacin da faduwar darajar kudin ta kara karfi. A watan Fabrairun 1985, ana cinikin sama da R2 akan kowace dala, kuma a watan Yuli na wannan shekarar, an dakatar da duk kasuwancin musayar waje na tsawon kwanaki uku don ƙoƙarin dakatar da faduwar darajar. A lokacin da shugaban jihar PW Botha ya yi jawabinsa na Rubicon a ranar 15 ga Agusta 1985, ya ragu zuwa R2.40 kowace dala. Kuɗin ya dawo da ɗan tsakanin 1986 zuwa 1988, yana kasuwanci a kusa da matakin R2 mafi yawan lokaci har ma yana karya ƙarƙashinsa kai tsaye. Farfadowar ba ta daɗe ba, amma a ƙarshen 1989, Rand yana cinikin fiye da R2.50 kowace dala. Kamar yadda ya bayyana a farkon shekarun 1990 cewa kasar na nufin mulkin mallaka mafi rinjaye na bakar fata da kuma sake fasalin daya bayan daya, rashin tabbas game da makomar kasar ya gaggauta faduwar darajar har zuwa matakin R.&nbsp;3 zuwa dala an keta shi a watan Nuwamba 1992. Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin gida da na waje sun rinjayi kudin bayan haka, musamman babban zaben 1994, wanda ya raunana zuwa sama da R3.60 zuwa dala, zaben Tito Mboweni a matsayin gwamnan babban bankin Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma rantsar da shugaba Thabo Mbeki a shekarar 1999, wanda yayi saurin zamewa sama da R6 zuwa dala. Shirin sake fasalin kasa mai cike da cece-kuce da aka fara a [[Zimbabwe]], wanda [[September 11 attacks|harin na ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001]] ya biyo baya, ya kai shi mafi raunin tarihin R13.84 zuwa dala a watan Disambar 2001. ==== 2001-2011 ==== [[File:South_Africa-Money-Old01.jpg|thumb|240x240px| Ƙarni biyu na tsofaffin bayanai da tsabar kudi: Bayanan kula na ƙarshen waɗannan tsararraki biyu (kamar yadda bayanin R5 ke nunawa a cikin wannan hoton) an maye gurbinsu da bayanin kula na "Big Five" kuma waɗannan kwanan nan an sabunta su don nuna fuskar Nelson Mandela. .]] Wannan faduwar darajar kwatsam a cikin 2001 ya haifar da bincike na yau da kullun, wanda hakan ya haifar da farfadowa mai ban mamaki. A karshen shekarar 2002, an sake cinikin kudin a karkashin R9 zuwa dala, kuma a karshen shekarar 2004 ana cinikin kasa da R5.70 zuwa dala. Kudin ya ɗan yi laushi a cikin 2005, kuma yana cinikin kusan R6.35 zuwa dala a ƙarshen shekara. A farkon shekara ta 2006, duk da haka, kuɗin ya ci gaba da yin gangami, kuma tun daga ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2006, an sake yin ciniki a ƙarƙashin R6 zuwa dala. Koyaya, a cikin kashi na biyu da na uku na 2006 (watau Afrilu zuwa Satumba), Rand ya raunana sosai. A cikin sharuddan sittin, ya faɗi daga kusan kashi 9.5% zuwa sama da kashi 7 cikin ɗari, ya yi asarar kusan kashi 25% na ƙimar kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin watanni shida kacal. A ƙarshen 2007, Rand ya haɗu cikin ladabi zuwa sama da 8% kawai, kawai don fuskantar faifai mai zurfi a cikin kwata na farko na 2008. Za a iya danganta wannan zamewar ƙasa da abubuwa da yawa: tabarbarewar gibin asusu na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya ƙaru zuwa shekaru 36 da ya kai kashi 7.3 cikin ɗari na jimlar yawan amfanin gida (GDP) a 2007; hauhawar farashin kaya a cikin shekaru biyar mafi girma na kusan 9%; haɓaka kyamar haɗari a duniya yayin da damuwar masu zuba jari game da yaduwar tasirin rikicin na ƙasa ya karu; da kuma jirgin gaba ɗaya zuwa "masu tsaro", nesa da haɗarin da ake gani na kasuwanni masu tasowa. Matsalar wutar lantarki ta Eskom ta kara ta'azzara faduwar darajar Rand, wanda ya taso saboda rashin iya biyan bukatun makamashin kasar cikin hanzari. ==== 2012 - yanzu ==== A stalled ma'adinai masana'antu a cikin marigayi 2012 ya haifar da sabon lows a farkon 2013.<ref name="BIZTECH3">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/51095/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2013/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2013 | date =2 January 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen Janairu 2014, Rand ya zame zuwa R11.25 zuwa dala, tare da manazarta suna danganta canjin zuwa "kalmar daga Tarayyar Tarayyar Amurka cewa za ta rage kashe kashe kuɗi mai ƙarfafawa, wanda ya haifar da kasuwa mai yawa a cikin tattalin arziki masu tasowa." A cikin 2014, Afirka ta Kudu ta fuskanci mafi munin shekararta akan dalar Amurka tun daga 2009, kuma a cikin Maris 2015, Rand ya yi ciniki a mafi muni tun 2002. A lokacin, Trading Economics ya fitar da bayanai cewa Rand "ya kai R4.97 zuwa dala tsakanin 1972-2015, wanda ya kai R12.45 a kowane lokaci a watan Disamba 2001 da kuma raguwa na R0.67 a watan Yuni na 1973." Ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2014, kudin Rand ya ragu zuwa R15.05 a kowace dala, wani bangare saboda gibin asusun kasuwancin Afirka ta Kudu da sauran kasashen duniya.<ref name="BIZTECH2">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/76022/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2014/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2014 | date =17 December 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> Daga ranar 9 zuwa 13 ga watan Disambar 2015, cikin kwanaki hudu, kudin Rand ya ragu da kashi 10 bisa dari, sakamakon abin da wasu ke zargin cewa shugaba Zuma [[Jacob Zuma|ya bayyana mamakinsa]] na cewa zai maye gurbin ministan kudi Nhlanhla Nene da David van Rooyen wanda ba a san shi ba. Faduwar darajar da aka yi cikin sauri ta samo asali ne lokacin da Zuma ya ja baya tare da bayyana cewa a maimakon haka za a nada fitaccen ministan kudi Pravin Gordhan a kan mukamin. Korar da Zuma ya yi na ba-zata da Nene ya yi illa ga amincewar kasashen duniya a kan kudin kasar Rand, kuma farashin musayar ya yi kasala a tsawon watan Janairun 2016, kuma ya kai matsayin da ba a taba gani ba na R17.9169 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun 2016 kafin ya koma R16.57 daga baya. rana guda. Faduwar darajar watan Janairu kuma wani bangare ne ya haifar da masu zuba jari na kasar Japan sun yanke asarar da suke yi a cikin kudin don neman zuba jari mai yawa a wasu wurare kuma saboda damuwa kan tasirin koma bayan tattalin arziki a kasar Sin, babbar kasuwar fitar da kayayyaki a Afirka ta Kudu. A tsakiyar watan Janairu, masana tattalin arziki sun yi hasashe cewa Rand na iya sa ran ganin ƙarin canji ga sauran 2016. Ya zuwa ranar 29 ga Afrilu, ya kai mafi girman aikinsa a cikin watanni biyar da suka gabata, inda aka yi musanya akan farashin R14.16 zuwa dalar Amurka. Bayan da Burtaniya ta kada kuri'ar ficewa daga Tarayyar Turai, kudin Rand ya ragu da sama da kashi 8 cikin dari idan aka kwatanta da dalar Amurka a ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 2016, raguwar kudin mafi girma a rana guda tun bayan faduwar tattalin arzikin shekarar 2008. Wannan ya kasance wani bangare ne saboda koma bayan tattalin arzikin duniya gaba daya daga kudaden da ake ganin suna da hadari ga dalar Amurka kuma wani bangare na damuwa kan yadda ficewar Burtaniya daga kungiyar EU zai yi tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da huldar kasuwanci. A watan Afrilun 2017, wata kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ta Reuters ta yi kiyasin cewa, Rand zai ci gaba da kasancewa da kwanciyar hankali har zuwa karshen shekara, yayin da kuri'u biyu suka gano cewa manazarta sun riga sun yi la'akari da yiwuwar raguwa zuwa matsayi na "junk". A lokacin, Moody's ya kima Afirka ta Kudu daraja biyu sama da matsayin takarce. A lokacin da shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya samu da kyar a yunkurin kin amincewa da kasar Afirka ta Kudu a watan Agustan 2017, kudin Rand ya ci gaba da zamewa, inda ya ragu da kashi 1.7 cikin dari a wannan rana. A cikin watan Satumban shekarar 2017, Goldman Sachs ya ce basussuka da cin hanci da rashawa na kamfanin Eskom Holdings shi ne babban hatsari ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da kuma canjin kudin Rand. A lokacin, ba ta da wani babban jami'in gudanarwa na dindindin, kuma Colin Coleman na Goldman Sachs a Afirka ya ce kamfanin yana "tattaunawa kan mafita" kan samun ingantaccen gudanarwa. A watan Oktoban 2017, Rand ya tsaya tsayin daka akan dalar Amurka yayin da ya murmure daga karanci na watanni shida. Kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters ya bayyana cewa, "Afrika ta kudu na da matukar saukin kai ga ra'ayin masu zuba jari a duniya yayin da kasar ta dogara da kudaden kasashen waje wajen cike manyan kasafin kudinta da kuma gibin kudaden da take samu." A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamban 2017, kudin Rand ya fadi da sama da kashi 1% a lokacin da shugaban kasafin kudi Michael Sachs ya sauka daga mukaminsa a gwamnatin Zuma. A cikin Oktoba 2022, Rand ya nutse zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin shekaru biyu, ya kai R18.46 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2022. == Tsabar kudi == [[File:5-za-rand.JPG|thumb| 5-rand tsabar kudin bimetallic da aka bayar a 2004]] An gabatar da tsabar kudi a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin , 1, , 5, 10, 20, da 50 cents. A 1965, 2 cent tsabar kudi maye gurbin  cent tsabar kudi. The An buga tsabar ƙarshe don yaduwa a cikin 1973. An ƙaddamar da tsabar kudin Rand 1 don rarrabawa a cikin 1967, sannan tsabar kudi 2-rand a 1989 da tsabar rand 5 a 1994. An dakatar da samar da cent 1 da 2 a shekara ta 2002, sai kuma cent 5 a 2012, da farko saboda hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ya rage musu daraja, amma sun ci gaba da zama a doka. Shaguna yawanci suna zagaye jimillar farashin siyan kaya zuwa kusan centi 10 (don mabukaci). A kokarin da ake na dakile jabun, an fitar da sabon tsabar kudin Rand 5 a watan Agustan 2004. Abubuwan tsaro da aka gabatar akan tsabar kudin sun haɗa da ƙirar bimetal (mai kama da tsabar kuɗi €1 da €2, tsabar kuɗin Thai ฿10, tsabar kuɗin Philippine ₱10 kafin 2018, tsabar £2 na Burtaniya, da tsabar kuɗin Kanada $2 ), a keɓaɓɓen tsagi na tsaro na musamman tare da baki da ƙananan haruffa. A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a fitar da sabon jerin tsabar kudi. Waɗannan za su kasance da ɗarika ɗaya da jerin da suka gabata. 10c zai ƙunshi hoton Cape Honey Bee, 20c da Bitter Aloe, da 50c da Knysna Turaco, da R1 da Springbok, da R2 da King Protea, da kuma R5 da kudancin dama Whale. == Takardun kuɗi == An gabatar da jeri na farko na takardun kuɗin Rand a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1, 2, 10, da 20 rand, tare da ƙira da launuka iri ɗaya zuwa bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata don sauƙaƙa sauyawa. Sun ɗauki hoton abin da aka yi imani da shi a lokacin Jan van Riebeeck, shugaban VOC na farko na [[Cape Town]] . Daga baya an gano cewa hoton ba gaskiya ba ne Van Riebeeck kwata-kwata, hoton Bartholomeus Vermuyden ya yi kuskure da Van Riebeeck. Kamar bayanin kula [[Fam na Afirka ta Kudu|na fam]] na ƙarshe, an buga su cikin bambance-bambancen guda biyu, ɗaya da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] aka fara rubuta ɗayan ɗayan kuma an fara rubuta [[Afrikaans|Afirkaans]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} A cikin 1966, an fitar da jeri na biyu tare da ƙira waɗanda suka ƙaura daga bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata. Bayanan kula tare da raka'o'i na 1, 5 da 10 rand an samar da su tare da galibin launi ɗaya a kowane bayanin kula. An gabatar da ƙaramin bayanin rand 1 tare da ƙira iri ɗaya a cikin 1973 kuma an gabatar da bayanin rand 2 a cikin 1974. An yi watsi da darajar rand 20 daga jerin farko. Duk bayanan kula sun ɗauki hoton Jan van Riebeeck. An ci gaba da yin amfani da sigar Ingilishi da Afrikaans na kowane bayanin kula a cikin wannan jerin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} Jerin 1978 ya fara da ƙungiyoyin 2, 5, 10 da 20 rand, tare da ƙaddamar da rand 50 a cikin 1984. Wannan silsilar tana da bambance-bambancen harshe guda ɗaya kawai ga kowane rukunin bayanin kula. Afrikaans shine yaren farko akan Rand 2, 10, da 50, yayin da Ingilishi shine yaren farko akan Rand 5 da 20. An maye gurbin bayanin kula da Rand 1 da tsabar kudi. [[File:Atm_drawing_money_(2).png|thumb| Afirka ta Kudu ATM yana nuna R&nbsp;50 da R&nbsp;100 banknotes.]] A cikin 1990s, an sake tsara bayanin kula tare da hotunan Big Five nau'in namun daji. 10, 20 da 50 rand an gabatar da su a cikin 1992 & 1993, suna riƙe da tsarin launi na fitowar da ta gabata. An gabatar da tsabar kudi don 2 da 5 rand, tare da maye gurbin bayanin kula na jerin da suka gabata, musamman saboda tsananin lalacewa da tsagewar da aka samu tare da ƙananan bayanan ƙididdiga a wurare dabam dabam. A cikin 1994, an gabatar da bayanan rand 100 da 200. [ana buƙatar hujja] Jerin 2005 yana da babban ƙira iri ɗaya, amma tare da ƙarin fasalulluka na tsaro kamar tawada mai canza launi akan rand 50 da sama da kuma ƙungiyar taurarin EURion . An buga sassan duka ƙungiyoyin a cikin Turanci, yayin da aka buga wasu harsuna biyu na hukuma a baya, don haka ana amfani da duk harsunan hukuma 11 na Afirka ta Kudu . A cikin 2010, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu da bankunan kasuwanci sun janye duk jerin takardun banki na rand 200 na 1994 saboda ingantattun kuɗaɗen jabun da ke yawo. A cikin 2011, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da takardun banki na rand 100 waɗanda ba su da lahani saboda ba su da bugu mai kyalli da ake iya gani a ƙarƙashin hasken UV . A cikin watan Yuni, an ƙaura da buga wannan ɗarika daga Kamfanin Bayanan kula da Bankin Afirka ta Kudu zuwa sashin Crane Currency na Sweden ( Tumba Bruk ), wanda aka bayar da rahoton ya samar da tsabar kuɗi miliyan 80 100 rand. Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya soke takardun banki miliyan 3.6-rand 100 da Crane Currency ya buga saboda suna da lambobi iri ɗaya da rukunin da Kamfanin Bayanan Bankin Afirka ta Kudu ya buga. Bugu da ƙari, bayanin kula da aka buga a Sweden ba su kasance daidai launi ba, kuma sun kasance 1&nbsp;mm gajere. A ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 2012, Shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya sanar da cewa kasar za ta fitar da sabbin takardun kudi masu dauke da hoton [[Nelson Mandela]] . An shigar da su a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2012. Waɗannan sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi iri ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. A cikin 2013, an sabunta jerin 2012 tare da ƙari na ƙungiyar taurarin EURion zuwa duka ƙungiyoyin guda biyar. A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2018, an fitar da jerin takardun kudi na musamman don tunawa da cika shekaru 100 na haihuwar Nelson Mandela. Wannan jeri ya ƙunshi bayanin kula na duk ƙungiyoyin, 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. Waɗannan bayanan kula za su yi yawo tare da bayanan da ke akwai. Bayanan bayanan sun nuna madaidaicin fuskar Nelson Mandela a zahiri, amma a maimakon dabbobin Big Five a baya, suna nuna ƙaramin Mandela tare da fage daban-daban da suka shafi gadonsa. Wadannan al'amuran sun hada da: tsaunin Gabashin Cape, wanda ke nuna wurin haifuwar Mandela na Mvezo (rand 10); Gidan Mandela a Soweto, inda ya bayyana rayuwarsa ta siyasa tare da sauran gumakan gwagwarmaya (rand 20); wurin da aka kama Mandela a kusa da Howick, bayan watanni 17 a boye, inda aka gina masa wani abin tunawa ( rand 50); wurin daurin shekaru 27 da Mandela ya yi a gidan yari a tsibirin Robben, yana nuna tarin dutsen farar ƙasa (rand 100); mutum-mutumin Mandela a ginin Tarayyar don tunawa da lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a can a shekarar 1994 (rand 200).  A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a sami sabon jerin takardun banki waɗanda za su riƙe hoton Nelson Mandela a zahiri, yayin da yake nuna Big 5 a cikin hoton dangi a baya. Wannan silsilar ta ƙunshi ɗarika ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. === Zubi na farko === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta farko ta 1961) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | rowspan="4" | Jan Van Riebeck | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 136×78 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 149×84 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck ta jirgin ruwa | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 170×96 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Zinariya tawa | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 176×103 |} === Zubi na biyu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyu ta 1966) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 128×64 |- | | | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 120×57 |- | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Gariep Dam, pylon da masara cob | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Voortrekker Monument da Babban Trek | Ma'adinai | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Gine-ginen Ƙungiyar da kuma springbok | Jan van Riebeeck ta jiragen ruwa uku | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 140×76 |} === Zubi na uku === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na Uku 1978) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da pylon | Sasol kwal zuwa matatar mai | Blue | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 120×57 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da lu'u-lu'u | Mining da tsakiyar birnin [[Johannesburg]] | Purple | Turanci da Afrikaans | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma | Kore | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 133×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Jirgin ruwan Jan van Riebeeck guda uku da Coat of Arms na Afirka ta Kudu | Brown | Turanci da Afrikaans | 140×77 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da zaki | Fauna da flora | Ja | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 147×83 |} === Zubi na hudu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Banknotes of the South African rand (1992 Fourth Issue "Big Five") |- !Image !Value !Obverse !Reverse !Colour !Language !Size (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | |10 rand |Rhinoceros |Agriculture |Green |Afrikaans and English |128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |20 rand |[[Giwan daji na Afirka|Elephants]] |Mining |Brown |English and Afrikaans |134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |50 rand |Lions |Manufacturing |Red |Afrikaans and English |140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |100 rand |[[Ɓauna|Cape buffaloes]] |Tourism |Blue |English and Afrikaans |146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |200 rand |Leopards |Transport and communication |Orange |Afrikaans and English |152×70 |} === Silsilar ta biyar === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyar "Turanci da sauran Harsuna na hukuma") <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Rhinoceros | Noma | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwaye]] | Ma'adinai | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zakuna | Manufacturing | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Yawon shakatawa | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Sufuri da sadarwa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siridi na shida === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta shida "Nelson Mandela" 2012) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na bakwai === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na bakwai "Mandela Centenary") na 2018 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Matashi Mandela da mahaifarsa Mvezo | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Matashin Mandela da gidansa a Soweto | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Matashin Mandela da wurin da aka kama shi kusa da Howick | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | Matashin Mandela da kuma wurin da aka daure shi a tsibirin Robben | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Matashin Mandela da mutum-mutuminsa a ginin Tarayyar | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na takwas === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta takwas "Babban Iyalai 5") 2023 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Tswana, Ndebele | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Purple | Turanci, Xhosa, Venda | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Pedi, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Zulu, Sotho | 152×70 |} == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Category:Kudi]] [[Category:Kudade]] [[Category:Kuɗi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2g9fuhvdhkoeu3hzxherigo3w9zm4lh 893772 893770 2026-08-09T16:42:52Z Asiya Garba 46242 893772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rand na Afirka ta Kudu''', ko kuma kawai '''Rand''', ( alamar : '''R''' ; code : '''ZAR''' ("South African rand"); the ''ZA'' is a historical relic from [[Dutch language|Dutch]], used because "SA" is allocated to Saudi Arabia.}} ) ita ce kudin hukuma na [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|yankin hada-hadar kuɗaɗe]] [[Kudancin Afirka|na Afirka ta Kudu]] : [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Namibiya]] (tare da [[Dalar Namibia|dalar Namibiya]] ), [[Lesotho]] ( tare da [[Lesotho loti]] ) da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]] (tare da Swazi lilangeni ). An kuma raba shi zuwa cents 100 (alama: "c"). Kudin Rand na Afirka ta Kudu ya kasance na doka a cikin ƙasashe [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|membobin]] [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Lesotho]] da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]], tare da waɗannan ƙasashe uku kuma suna da nasu kuɗin ƙasa ( [[Dalar Namibia|dala]], [[Lesotho loti|loti]] da lilangeni bi da bi) tare da Rand a daidaito kuma har yanzu. yarda da ko'ina a matsayin madadin. Har ila yau, Rand ya kasance mai ba da izini na doka a [[Botswana]] har zuwa shekarar 1976, lokacin da [[Botswana pula|pula]] ya maye gurbin rand a dai-dai. == Bayani == Rand ya ɗauki sunansa daga Witwatersrand ("farin ruwa" a cikin Ingilishi, ''rand'' shine kalmar Dutch da [[Afrikaans]] don 'ridge'), dutsen da aka gina [[Johannesburg]] kuma inda aka sami yawancin ajiyar zinare na Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin Turanci da Afrikaans nau'in nau'i ɗaya da jam'i na naúrar ("rand") iri ɗaya ne: rand ɗaya, rand goma, rand miliyan biyu. == Tarihi == An kuma gabatar da Rand a cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 1961, watanni uku kafin ƙasar ta ayyana kanta a matsayin jamhuriya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/archives/witness/from-van-riebeeck-to-madiba-20150430|title=From Van Riebeeck to Madiba|publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]]|date=2012-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180714080651/http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |url=http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |title=The Reserve Bank and the Rand: Some historic reflections |publisher=Resbank.co.za |date=29 November 2001 |archive-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Although pronounced in the Afrikaans style as {{IPAc-en|r|ʌ|n|t|}} in the jingles when introduced, An kuma kafa Hukumar Samar da Kuɗin Decimal a cikin shekarar 1956 don yin la'akari da ƙaura daga ƙungiyoyin fam, shillings, da pence; ta gabatar da shawarwarinta a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1958. Ya maye gurbin [[fam na Afirka ta Kudu]] a matsayin ɗan takara na doka, a farashin Rand 2 zuwa fam 1, ko shillings 10 zuwa Rand. Gwamnati ta gabatar da mascot, Decimal Dan, "mutumin da ba shi da kuɗi" (wanda aka sani a [[Afrikaans]] da Daan Desimaal).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0jJWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7142%2C3054777 |title='Decimal Dan' Sings: Catchy Tune Teaches New Currency |publisher=The Spokesman-Review |date=10 January 1961 |access-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Wannan yana tare da jingle na rediyo, don sanar da jama'a game da sabon kudin.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22 ''A General's Story: from an Era of War and Peace''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126101241/https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&dq=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjM0pyM9_bKAhXFWxQKHVz8B2EQ6AEILTAB |date=26 November 2022 }}, Jannie Geldenhuys, Jonathan Ball, 1995, page 32</ref> Ko da yake an furta shi a cikin salon Afrikaans kamar /r ʌ n t / a cikin jingles lokacin da aka gabatar da shi, <ref name="decimalDanJingle">{{YouTube|GQ41bGOQajA}}</ref> furcin zamani a cikin Turanci na Afirka ta Kudu shine /r æ n d /.<ref name="Jenkins2007">{{cite book|author=Elwyn Jenkins|title=Falling Into Place: The Story of Modern South African Place Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZnXHoMQ_hkC&pg=PA23|year=2007|publisher=New Africa Books|isbn=978-0-86486-689-9|pages=23–}}</ref> === Takaitaccen tarihin canjin musaya === ==== 1961-2000 ==== [[File:ZAR-USD_exchange_rate_1974-2014.png|thumb|450x450px| Darajar Rand na Afirka ta Kudu zuwa dalar Amurka daga shekarar 1975 zuwa 2015 ta ginshiƙan shuɗi: Adadin canjin shekara-shekara yana nunawa ta layin baki. ]] Rand daya ya kai dalar Amurka 1.40 (R0.72 kowace dala) tun daga lokacin da aka fara shi a shekarar 1961 har zuwa ƙarshen 1971, kuma dalar Amurka ta yi karfi fiye da kudin Afirka ta Kudu a karon farko a ranar 15 ga Maris 1982. Ƙimar sa daga baya ta canza kamar yadda musayar kuɗi daban-daban Hukumomin Afirka ta Kudu ne suka aiwatar da . A farkon shekarun 1980, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da matsin lamba na siyasa gami da takunkumin da aka kakaba wa kasar sakamakon adawar da kasashen duniya ke yi wa tsarin wariyar launin fata ya fara zubar da kimarsa. Kudin ya karye sama da daidaito da dala a karon farko a watan Maris na 1982, kuma ya ci gaba da yin ciniki tsakanin R1 da R1.30 zuwa dala har zuwa watan Yunin shekarar 1984, lokacin da faɗuwar darajar kudin ta kara karfi. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 1985, ana cinikin sama da R2 akan kowace dala, kuma a watan Yuli na wannan shekarar, an dakatar da duk kasuwancin musayar waje na tsawon kwanaki uku don ƙoƙarin dakatar da faɗuwar darajar. A lokacin da shugaban jihar PW Botha ya yi jawabinsa na Rubicon a ranar 15 ga Agusta 1985, ya ragu zuwa R2.40 kowace dala. Kuɗin ya dawo da ɗan tsakanin 1986 zuwa 1988, yana kasuwanci a kusa da matakin R2 mafi yawan lokaci har ma yana karya ƙarƙashinsa kai tsaye. Farfadowar ba ta daɗe ba, amma a ƙarshen 1989, Rand yana cinikin fiye da R2.50 kowace dala. Kamar yadda ya bayyana a farkon shekarun 1990 cewa kasar na nufin mulkin mallaka mafi rinjaye na bakar fata da kuma sake fasalin daya bayan daya, rashin tabbas game da makomar kasar ya gaggauta faduwar darajar har zuwa matakin R.&nbsp;3 zuwa dala an keta shi a watan Nuwamba 1992. Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin gida da na waje sun rinjayi kudin bayan haka, musamman babban zaben 1994, wanda ya raunana zuwa sama da R3.60 zuwa dala, zaben Tito Mboweni a matsayin gwamnan babban bankin Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma rantsar da shugaba Thabo Mbeki a shekarar 1999, wanda yayi saurin zamewa sama da R6 zuwa dala. Shirin sake fasalin kasa mai cike da cece-kuce da aka fara a [[Zimbabwe]], wanda [[September 11 attacks|harin na ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001]] ya biyo baya, ya kai shi mafi raunin tarihin R13.84 zuwa dala a watan Disambar 2001. ==== 2001-2011 ==== [[File:South_Africa-Money-Old01.jpg|thumb|240x240px| Ƙarni biyu na tsofaffin bayanai da tsabar kudi: Bayanan kula na ƙarshen waɗannan tsararraki biyu (kamar yadda bayanin R5 ke nunawa a cikin wannan hoton) an maye gurbinsu da bayanin kula na "Big Five" kuma waɗannan kwanan nan an sabunta su don nuna fuskar Nelson Mandela. .]] Wannan faduwar darajar kwatsam a cikin 2001 ya haifar da bincike na yau da kullun, wanda hakan ya haifar da farfadowa mai ban mamaki. A karshen shekarar 2002, an sake cinikin kudin a karkashin R9 zuwa dala, kuma a karshen shekarar 2004 ana cinikin kasa da R5.70 zuwa dala. Kudin ya ɗan yi laushi a cikin 2005, kuma yana cinikin kusan R6.35 zuwa dala a ƙarshen shekara. A farkon shekara ta 2006, duk da haka, kuɗin ya ci gaba da yin gangami, kuma tun daga ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2006, an sake yin ciniki a ƙarƙashin R6 zuwa dala. Koyaya, a cikin kashi na biyu da na uku na 2006 (watau Afrilu zuwa Satumba), Rand ya raunana sosai. A cikin sharuddan sittin, ya faɗi daga kusan kashi 9.5% zuwa sama da kashi 7 cikin ɗari, ya yi asarar kusan kashi 25% na ƙimar kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin watanni shida kacal. A ƙarshen 2007, Rand ya haɗu cikin ladabi zuwa sama da 8% kawai, kawai don fuskantar faifai mai zurfi a cikin kwata na farko na 2008. Za a iya danganta wannan zamewar ƙasa da abubuwa da yawa: tabarbarewar gibin asusu na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya ƙaru zuwa shekaru 36 da ya kai kashi 7.3 cikin ɗari na jimlar yawan amfanin gida (GDP) a 2007; hauhawar farashin kaya a cikin shekaru biyar mafi girma na kusan 9%; haɓaka kyamar haɗari a duniya yayin da damuwar masu zuba jari game da yaduwar tasirin rikicin na ƙasa ya karu; da kuma jirgin gaba ɗaya zuwa "masu tsaro", nesa da haɗarin da ake gani na kasuwanni masu tasowa. Matsalar wutar lantarki ta Eskom ta kara ta'azzara faduwar darajar Rand, wanda ya taso saboda rashin iya biyan bukatun makamashin kasar cikin hanzari. ==== 2012 - yanzu ==== A stalled ma'adinai masana'antu a cikin marigayi 2012 ya haifar da sabon lows a farkon 2013.<ref name="BIZTECH3">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/51095/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2013/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2013 | date =2 January 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen Janairu 2014, Rand ya zame zuwa R11.25 zuwa dala, tare da manazarta suna danganta canjin zuwa "kalmar daga Tarayyar Tarayyar Amurka cewa za ta rage kashe kashe kuɗi mai ƙarfafawa, wanda ya haifar da kasuwa mai yawa a cikin tattalin arziki masu tasowa." A cikin 2014, Afirka ta Kudu ta fuskanci mafi munin shekararta akan dalar Amurka tun daga 2009, kuma a cikin Maris 2015, Rand ya yi ciniki a mafi muni tun 2002. A lokacin, Trading Economics ya fitar da bayanai cewa Rand "ya kai R4.97 zuwa dala tsakanin 1972-2015, wanda ya kai R12.45 a kowane lokaci a watan Disamba 2001 da kuma raguwa na R0.67 a watan Yuni na 1973." Ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2014, kudin Rand ya ragu zuwa R15.05 a kowace dala, wani bangare saboda gibin asusun kasuwancin Afirka ta Kudu da sauran kasashen duniya.<ref name="BIZTECH2">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/76022/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2014/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2014 | date =17 December 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> Daga ranar 9 zuwa 13 ga watan Disambar 2015, cikin kwanaki hudu, kudin Rand ya ragu da kashi 10 bisa dari, sakamakon abin da wasu ke zargin cewa shugaba Zuma [[Jacob Zuma|ya bayyana mamakinsa]] na cewa zai maye gurbin ministan kudi Nhlanhla Nene da David van Rooyen wanda ba a san shi ba. Faduwar darajar da aka yi cikin sauri ta samo asali ne lokacin da Zuma ya ja baya tare da bayyana cewa a maimakon haka za a nada fitaccen ministan kudi Pravin Gordhan a kan mukamin. Korar da Zuma ya yi na ba-zata da Nene ya yi illa ga amincewar kasashen duniya a kan kudin kasar Rand, kuma farashin musayar ya yi kasala a tsawon watan Janairun 2016, kuma ya kai matsayin da ba a taba gani ba na R17.9169 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun 2016 kafin ya koma R16.57 daga baya. rana guda. Faduwar darajar watan Janairu kuma wani bangare ne ya haifar da masu zuba jari na kasar Japan sun yanke asarar da suke yi a cikin kudin don neman zuba jari mai yawa a wasu wurare kuma saboda damuwa kan tasirin koma bayan tattalin arziki a kasar Sin, babbar kasuwar fitar da kayayyaki a Afirka ta Kudu. A tsakiyar watan Janairu, masana tattalin arziki sun yi hasashe cewa Rand na iya sa ran ganin ƙarin canji ga sauran 2016. Ya zuwa ranar 29 ga Afrilu, ya kai mafi girman aikinsa a cikin watanni biyar da suka gabata, inda aka yi musanya akan farashin R14.16 zuwa dalar Amurka. Bayan da Burtaniya ta kada kuri'ar ficewa daga Tarayyar Turai, kudin Rand ya ragu da sama da kashi 8 cikin dari idan aka kwatanta da dalar Amurka a ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 2016, raguwar kudin mafi girma a rana guda tun bayan faduwar tattalin arzikin shekarar 2008. Wannan ya kasance wani bangare ne saboda koma bayan tattalin arzikin duniya gaba daya daga kudaden da ake ganin suna da hadari ga dalar Amurka kuma wani bangare na damuwa kan yadda ficewar Burtaniya daga kungiyar EU zai yi tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da huldar kasuwanci. A watan Afrilun 2017, wata kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ta Reuters ta yi kiyasin cewa, Rand zai ci gaba da kasancewa da kwanciyar hankali har zuwa karshen shekara, yayin da kuri'u biyu suka gano cewa manazarta sun riga sun yi la'akari da yiwuwar raguwa zuwa matsayi na "junk". A lokacin, Moody's ya kima Afirka ta Kudu daraja biyu sama da matsayin takarce. A lokacin da shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya samu da kyar a yunkurin kin amincewa da kasar Afirka ta Kudu a watan Agustan 2017, kudin Rand ya ci gaba da zamewa, inda ya ragu da kashi 1.7 cikin dari a wannan rana. A cikin watan Satumban shekarar 2017, Goldman Sachs ya ce basussuka da cin hanci da rashawa na kamfanin Eskom Holdings shi ne babban hatsari ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da kuma canjin kudin Rand. A lokacin, ba ta da wani babban jami'in gudanarwa na dindindin, kuma Colin Coleman na Goldman Sachs a Afirka ya ce kamfanin yana "tattaunawa kan mafita" kan samun ingantaccen gudanarwa. A watan Oktoban 2017, Rand ya tsaya tsayin daka akan dalar Amurka yayin da ya murmure daga karanci na watanni shida. Kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters ya bayyana cewa, "Afrika ta kudu na da matukar saukin kai ga ra'ayin masu zuba jari a duniya yayin da kasar ta dogara da kudaden kasashen waje wajen cike manyan kasafin kudinta da kuma gibin kudaden da take samu." A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamban 2017, kudin Rand ya fadi da sama da kashi 1% a lokacin da shugaban kasafin kudi Michael Sachs ya sauka daga mukaminsa a gwamnatin Zuma. A cikin Oktoba 2022, Rand ya nutse zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin shekaru biyu, ya kai R18.46 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2022. == Tsabar kudi == [[File:5-za-rand.JPG|thumb| 5-rand tsabar kudin bimetallic da aka bayar a 2004]] An gabatar da tsabar kudi a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin , 1, , 5, 10, 20, da 50 cents. A 1965, 2 cent tsabar kudi maye gurbin  cent tsabar kudi. The An buga tsabar ƙarshe don yaduwa a cikin 1973. An ƙaddamar da tsabar kudin Rand 1 don rarrabawa a cikin 1967, sannan tsabar kudi 2-rand a 1989 da tsabar rand 5 a 1994. An dakatar da samar da cent 1 da 2 a shekara ta 2002, sai kuma cent 5 a 2012, da farko saboda hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ya rage musu daraja, amma sun ci gaba da zama a doka. Shaguna yawanci suna zagaye jimillar farashin siyan kaya zuwa kusan centi 10 (don mabukaci). A kokarin da ake na dakile jabun, an fitar da sabon tsabar kudin Rand 5 a watan Agustan 2004. Abubuwan tsaro da aka gabatar akan tsabar kudin sun haɗa da ƙirar bimetal (mai kama da tsabar kuɗi €1 da €2, tsabar kuɗin Thai ฿10, tsabar kuɗin Philippine ₱10 kafin 2018, tsabar £2 na Burtaniya, da tsabar kuɗin Kanada $2 ), a keɓaɓɓen tsagi na tsaro na musamman tare da baki da ƙananan haruffa. A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a fitar da sabon jerin tsabar kudi. Waɗannan za su kasance da ɗarika ɗaya da jerin da suka gabata. 10c zai ƙunshi hoton Cape Honey Bee, 20c da Bitter Aloe, da 50c da Knysna Turaco, da R1 da Springbok, da R2 da King Protea, da kuma R5 da kudancin dama Whale. == Takardun kuɗi == An gabatar da jeri na farko na takardun kuɗin Rand a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1, 2, 10, da 20 rand, tare da ƙira da launuka iri ɗaya zuwa bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata don sauƙaƙa sauyawa. Sun ɗauki hoton abin da aka yi imani da shi a lokacin Jan van Riebeeck, shugaban VOC na farko na [[Cape Town]] . Daga baya an gano cewa hoton ba gaskiya ba ne Van Riebeeck kwata-kwata, hoton Bartholomeus Vermuyden ya yi kuskure da Van Riebeeck. Kamar bayanin kula [[Fam na Afirka ta Kudu|na fam]] na ƙarshe, an buga su cikin bambance-bambancen guda biyu, ɗaya da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] aka fara rubuta ɗayan ɗayan kuma an fara rubuta [[Afrikaans|Afirkaans]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} A cikin 1966, an fitar da jeri na biyu tare da ƙira waɗanda suka ƙaura daga bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata. Bayanan kula tare da raka'o'i na 1, 5 da 10 rand an samar da su tare da galibin launi ɗaya a kowane bayanin kula. An gabatar da ƙaramin bayanin rand 1 tare da ƙira iri ɗaya a cikin 1973 kuma an gabatar da bayanin rand 2 a cikin 1974. An yi watsi da darajar rand 20 daga jerin farko. Duk bayanan kula sun ɗauki hoton Jan van Riebeeck. An ci gaba da yin amfani da sigar Ingilishi da Afrikaans na kowane bayanin kula a cikin wannan jerin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} Jerin 1978 ya fara da ƙungiyoyin 2, 5, 10 da 20 rand, tare da ƙaddamar da rand 50 a cikin 1984. Wannan silsilar tana da bambance-bambancen harshe guda ɗaya kawai ga kowane rukunin bayanin kula. Afrikaans shine yaren farko akan Rand 2, 10, da 50, yayin da Ingilishi shine yaren farko akan Rand 5 da 20. An maye gurbin bayanin kula da Rand 1 da tsabar kudi. [[File:Atm_drawing_money_(2).png|thumb| Afirka ta Kudu ATM yana nuna R&nbsp;50 da R&nbsp;100 banknotes.]] A cikin 1990s, an sake tsara bayanin kula tare da hotunan Big Five nau'in namun daji. 10, 20 da 50 rand an gabatar da su a cikin 1992 & 1993, suna riƙe da tsarin launi na fitowar da ta gabata. An gabatar da tsabar kudi don 2 da 5 rand, tare da maye gurbin bayanin kula na jerin da suka gabata, musamman saboda tsananin lalacewa da tsagewar da aka samu tare da ƙananan bayanan ƙididdiga a wurare dabam dabam. A cikin 1994, an gabatar da bayanan rand 100 da 200. [ana buƙatar hujja] Jerin 2005 yana da babban ƙira iri ɗaya, amma tare da ƙarin fasalulluka na tsaro kamar tawada mai canza launi akan rand 50 da sama da kuma ƙungiyar taurarin EURion . An buga sassan duka ƙungiyoyin a cikin Turanci, yayin da aka buga wasu harsuna biyu na hukuma a baya, don haka ana amfani da duk harsunan hukuma 11 na Afirka ta Kudu . A cikin 2010, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu da bankunan kasuwanci sun janye duk jerin takardun banki na rand 200 na 1994 saboda ingantattun kuɗaɗen jabun da ke yawo. A cikin 2011, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da takardun banki na rand 100 waɗanda ba su da lahani saboda ba su da bugu mai kyalli da ake iya gani a ƙarƙashin hasken UV . A cikin watan Yuni, an ƙaura da buga wannan ɗarika daga Kamfanin Bayanan kula da Bankin Afirka ta Kudu zuwa sashin Crane Currency na Sweden ( Tumba Bruk ), wanda aka bayar da rahoton ya samar da tsabar kuɗi miliyan 80 100 rand. Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya soke takardun banki miliyan 3.6-rand 100 da Crane Currency ya buga saboda suna da lambobi iri ɗaya da rukunin da Kamfanin Bayanan Bankin Afirka ta Kudu ya buga. Bugu da ƙari, bayanin kula da aka buga a Sweden ba su kasance daidai launi ba, kuma sun kasance 1&nbsp;mm gajere. A ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 2012, Shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya sanar da cewa kasar za ta fitar da sabbin takardun kudi masu dauke da hoton [[Nelson Mandela]] . An shigar da su a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2012. Waɗannan sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi iri ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. A cikin 2013, an sabunta jerin 2012 tare da ƙari na ƙungiyar taurarin EURion zuwa duka ƙungiyoyin guda biyar. A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2018, an fitar da jerin takardun kudi na musamman don tunawa da cika shekaru 100 na haihuwar Nelson Mandela. Wannan jeri ya ƙunshi bayanin kula na duk ƙungiyoyin, 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. Waɗannan bayanan kula za su yi yawo tare da bayanan da ke akwai. Bayanan bayanan sun nuna madaidaicin fuskar Nelson Mandela a zahiri, amma a maimakon dabbobin Big Five a baya, suna nuna ƙaramin Mandela tare da fage daban-daban da suka shafi gadonsa. Wadannan al'amuran sun hada da: tsaunin Gabashin Cape, wanda ke nuna wurin haifuwar Mandela na Mvezo (rand 10); Gidan Mandela a Soweto, inda ya bayyana rayuwarsa ta siyasa tare da sauran gumakan gwagwarmaya (rand 20); wurin da aka kama Mandela a kusa da Howick, bayan watanni 17 a boye, inda aka gina masa wani abin tunawa ( rand 50); wurin daurin shekaru 27 da Mandela ya yi a gidan yari a tsibirin Robben, yana nuna tarin dutsen farar ƙasa (rand 100); mutum-mutumin Mandela a ginin Tarayyar don tunawa da lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a can a shekarar 1994 (rand 200).  A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a sami sabon jerin takardun banki waɗanda za su riƙe hoton Nelson Mandela a zahiri, yayin da yake nuna Big 5 a cikin hoton dangi a baya. Wannan silsilar ta ƙunshi ɗarika ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. === Zubi na farko === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta farko ta 1961) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | rowspan="4" | Jan Van Riebeck | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 136×78 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 149×84 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck ta jirgin ruwa | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 170×96 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Zinariya tawa | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 176×103 |} === Zubi na biyu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyu ta 1966) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 128×64 |- | | | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 120×57 |- | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Gariep Dam, pylon da masara cob | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Voortrekker Monument da Babban Trek | Ma'adinai | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Gine-ginen Ƙungiyar da kuma springbok | Jan van Riebeeck ta jiragen ruwa uku | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 140×76 |} === Zubi na uku === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na Uku 1978) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da pylon | Sasol kwal zuwa matatar mai | Blue | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 120×57 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da lu'u-lu'u | Mining da tsakiyar birnin [[Johannesburg]] | Purple | Turanci da Afrikaans | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma | Kore | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 133×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Jirgin ruwan Jan van Riebeeck guda uku da Coat of Arms na Afirka ta Kudu | Brown | Turanci da Afrikaans | 140×77 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da zaki | Fauna da flora | Ja | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 147×83 |} === Zubi na hudu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Banknotes of the South African rand (1992 Fourth Issue "Big Five") |- !Image !Value !Obverse !Reverse !Colour !Language !Size (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | |10 rand |Rhinoceros |Agriculture |Green |Afrikaans and English |128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |20 rand |[[Giwan daji na Afirka|Elephants]] |Mining |Brown |English and Afrikaans |134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |50 rand |Lions |Manufacturing |Red |Afrikaans and English |140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |100 rand |[[Ɓauna|Cape buffaloes]] |Tourism |Blue |English and Afrikaans |146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |200 rand |Leopards |Transport and communication |Orange |Afrikaans and English |152×70 |} === Silsilar ta biyar === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyar "Turanci da sauran Harsuna na hukuma") <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Rhinoceros | Noma | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwaye]] | Ma'adinai | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zakuna | Manufacturing | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Yawon shakatawa | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Sufuri da sadarwa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siridi na shida === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta shida "Nelson Mandela" 2012) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na bakwai === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na bakwai "Mandela Centenary") na 2018 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Matashi Mandela da mahaifarsa Mvezo | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Matashin Mandela da gidansa a Soweto | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Matashin Mandela da wurin da aka kama shi kusa da Howick | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | Matashin Mandela da kuma wurin da aka daure shi a tsibirin Robben | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Matashin Mandela da mutum-mutuminsa a ginin Tarayyar | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na takwas === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta takwas "Babban Iyalai 5") 2023 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Tswana, Ndebele | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Purple | Turanci, Xhosa, Venda | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Pedi, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Zulu, Sotho | 152×70 |} == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Category:Kudi]] [[Category:Kudade]] [[Category:Kuɗi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4oq78q5qyqyiqg27vexw73xtxmj54mk 893773 893772 2026-08-09T16:43:47Z Asiya Garba 46242 893773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rand na Afirka ta Kudu''', ko kuma kawai '''Rand''', ( alamar : '''R''' ; code : '''ZAR''' ("South African rand"); the ''ZA'' is a historical relic from [[Dutch language|Dutch]], used because "SA" is allocated to Saudi Arabia.}} ) ita ce kudin hukuma na [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|yankin hada-hadar kuɗaɗe]] [[Kudancin Afirka|na Afirka ta Kudu]] : [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Namibiya]] (tare da [[Dalar Namibia|dalar Namibiya]] ), [[Lesotho]] ( tare da [[Lesotho loti]] ) da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]] (tare da Swazi lilangeni ). An kuma raba shi zuwa cents 100 (alama: "c"). Kudin Rand na Afirka ta Kudu ya kasance na doka a cikin ƙasashe [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|membobin]] [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Lesotho]] da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]], tare da waɗannan ƙasashe uku kuma suna da nasu kuɗin ƙasa ( [[Dalar Namibia|dala]], [[Lesotho loti|loti]] da lilangeni bi da bi) tare da Rand a daidaito kuma har yanzu. yarda da ko'ina a matsayin madadin. Har ila yau, Rand ya kasance mai ba da izini na doka a [[Botswana]] har zuwa shekarar 1976, lokacin da [[Botswana pula|pula]] ya maye gurbin rand a dai-dai. == Bayani == Rand ya ɗauki sunansa daga Witwatersrand ("farin ruwa" a cikin Ingilishi, ''rand'' shine kalmar Dutch da [[Afrikaans]] don 'ridge'), dutsen da aka gina [[Johannesburg]] kuma inda aka sami yawancin ajiyar zinare na Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin Turanci da Afrikaans nau'in nau'i ɗaya da jam'i na naúrar ("rand") iri ɗaya ne: rand ɗaya, rand goma, rand miliyan biyu. == Tarihi == An kuma gabatar da Rand a cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 1961, watanni uku kafin ƙasar ta ayyana kanta a matsayin jamhuriya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/archives/witness/from-van-riebeeck-to-madiba-20150430|title=From Van Riebeeck to Madiba|publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]]|date=2012-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180714080651/http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |url=http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |title=The Reserve Bank and the Rand: Some historic reflections |publisher=Resbank.co.za |date=29 November 2001 |archive-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Although pronounced in the Afrikaans style as {{IPAc-en|r|ʌ|n|t|}} in the jingles when introduced, An kuma kafa Hukumar Samar da Kuɗin Decimal a cikin shekarar 1956 don yin la'akari da ƙaura daga ƙungiyoyin fam, shillings, da pence; ta gabatar da shawarwarinta a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1958. Ya maye gurbin [[fam na Afirka ta Kudu]] a matsayin ɗan takara na doka, a farashin Rand 2 zuwa fam 1, ko shillings 10 zuwa Rand. Gwamnati ta gabatar da mascot, Decimal Dan, "mutumin da ba shi da kuɗi" (wanda aka sani a [[Afrikaans]] da Daan Desimaal).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0jJWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7142%2C3054777 |title='Decimal Dan' Sings: Catchy Tune Teaches New Currency |publisher=The Spokesman-Review |date=10 January 1961 |access-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Wannan yana tare da jingle na rediyo, don sanar da jama'a game da sabon kudin.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22 ''A General's Story: from an Era of War and Peace''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126101241/https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&dq=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjM0pyM9_bKAhXFWxQKHVz8B2EQ6AEILTAB |date=26 November 2022 }}, Jannie Geldenhuys, Jonathan Ball, 1995, page 32</ref> Ko da yake an furta shi a cikin salon Afrikaans kamar /r ʌ n t / a cikin jingles lokacin da aka gabatar da shi, <ref name="decimalDanJingle">{{YouTube|GQ41bGOQajA}}</ref> furcin zamani a cikin Turanci na Afirka ta Kudu shine /r æ n d /.<ref name="Jenkins2007">{{cite book|author=Elwyn Jenkins|title=Falling Into Place: The Story of Modern South African Place Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZnXHoMQ_hkC&pg=PA23|year=2007|publisher=New Africa Books|isbn=978-0-86486-689-9|pages=23–}}</ref> === Takaitaccen tarihin canjin musaya === ==== 1961-2000 ==== [[File:ZAR-USD_exchange_rate_1974-2014.png|thumb|450x450px| Darajar Rand na Afirka ta Kudu zuwa dalar Amurka daga shekarar 1975 zuwa 2015 ta ginshiƙan shuɗi: Adadin canjin shekara-shekara yana nunawa ta layin baki. ]] Rand daya ya kai dalar Amurka 1.40 (R0.72 kowace dala) tun daga lokacin da aka fara shi a shekarar 1961 har zuwa ƙarshen 1971, kuma dalar Amurka ta yi karfi fiye da kudin Afirka ta Kudu a karon farko a ranar 15 ga Maris 1982. Ƙimar sa daga baya ta canza kamar yadda musayar kuɗi daban-daban Hukumomin Afirka ta Kudu ne suka aiwatar da . A farkon shekarun 1980, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da matsin lamba na siyasa gami da takunkumin da aka kakaba wa kasar sakamakon adawar da kasashen duniya ke yi wa tsarin wariyar launin fata ya fara zubar da kimarsa. Kudin ya karye sama da daidaito da dala a karon farko a watan Maris na 1982, kuma ya ci gaba da yin ciniki tsakanin R1 da R1.30 zuwa dala har zuwa watan Yunin shekarar 1984, lokacin da faɗuwar darajar kudin ta kara karfi. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 1985, ana cinikin sama da R2 akan kowace dala, kuma a watan Yuli na wannan shekarar, an dakatar da duk kasuwancin musayar waje na tsawon kwanaki uku don ƙoƙarin dakatar da faɗuwar darajar. A lokacin da shugaban jihar PW Botha ya yi jawabinsa na Rubicon a ranar 15 ga Agustan shekarar 1985, ya ragu zuwa R2.40 kowace dala. Kuɗin ya dawo da ɗan tsakanin 1986 zuwa 1988, yana kasuwanci a kusa da matakin R2 mafi yawan lokaci har ma yana karya ƙarƙashinsa kai tsaye. Farfadowar ba ta daɗe ba, amma a ƙarshen 1989, Rand yana cinikin fiye da R2.50 kowace dala. Kamar yadda ya bayyana a farkon shekarun 1990 cewa kasar na nufin mulkin mallaka mafi rinjaye na bakar fata da kuma sake fasalin daya bayan daya, rashin tabbas game da makomar kasar ya gaggauta faduwar darajar har zuwa matakin R.&nbsp;3 zuwa dala an keta shi a watan Nuwamba 1992. Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin gida da na waje sun rinjayi kudin bayan haka, musamman babban zaben 1994, wanda ya raunana zuwa sama da R3.60 zuwa dala, zaben Tito Mboweni a matsayin gwamnan babban bankin Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma rantsar da shugaba Thabo Mbeki a shekarar 1999, wanda yayi saurin zamewa sama da R6 zuwa dala. Shirin sake fasalin kasa mai cike da cece-kuce da aka fara a [[Zimbabwe]], wanda [[September 11 attacks|harin na ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001]] ya biyo baya, ya kai shi mafi raunin tarihin R13.84 zuwa dala a watan Disambar 2001. ==== 2001-2011 ==== [[File:South_Africa-Money-Old01.jpg|thumb|240x240px| Ƙarni biyu na tsofaffin bayanai da tsabar kudi: Bayanan kula na ƙarshen waɗannan tsararraki biyu (kamar yadda bayanin R5 ke nunawa a cikin wannan hoton) an maye gurbinsu da bayanin kula na "Big Five" kuma waɗannan kwanan nan an sabunta su don nuna fuskar Nelson Mandela. .]] Wannan faduwar darajar kwatsam a cikin 2001 ya haifar da bincike na yau da kullun, wanda hakan ya haifar da farfadowa mai ban mamaki. A karshen shekarar 2002, an sake cinikin kudin a karkashin R9 zuwa dala, kuma a karshen shekarar 2004 ana cinikin kasa da R5.70 zuwa dala. Kudin ya ɗan yi laushi a cikin 2005, kuma yana cinikin kusan R6.35 zuwa dala a ƙarshen shekara. A farkon shekara ta 2006, duk da haka, kuɗin ya ci gaba da yin gangami, kuma tun daga ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2006, an sake yin ciniki a ƙarƙashin R6 zuwa dala. Koyaya, a cikin kashi na biyu da na uku na 2006 (watau Afrilu zuwa Satumba), Rand ya raunana sosai. A cikin sharuddan sittin, ya faɗi daga kusan kashi 9.5% zuwa sama da kashi 7 cikin ɗari, ya yi asarar kusan kashi 25% na ƙimar kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin watanni shida kacal. A ƙarshen 2007, Rand ya haɗu cikin ladabi zuwa sama da 8% kawai, kawai don fuskantar faifai mai zurfi a cikin kwata na farko na 2008. Za a iya danganta wannan zamewar ƙasa da abubuwa da yawa: tabarbarewar gibin asusu na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya ƙaru zuwa shekaru 36 da ya kai kashi 7.3 cikin ɗari na jimlar yawan amfanin gida (GDP) a 2007; hauhawar farashin kaya a cikin shekaru biyar mafi girma na kusan 9%; haɓaka kyamar haɗari a duniya yayin da damuwar masu zuba jari game da yaduwar tasirin rikicin na ƙasa ya karu; da kuma jirgin gaba ɗaya zuwa "masu tsaro", nesa da haɗarin da ake gani na kasuwanni masu tasowa. Matsalar wutar lantarki ta Eskom ta kara ta'azzara faduwar darajar Rand, wanda ya taso saboda rashin iya biyan bukatun makamashin kasar cikin hanzari. ==== 2012 - yanzu ==== A stalled ma'adinai masana'antu a cikin marigayi 2012 ya haifar da sabon lows a farkon 2013.<ref name="BIZTECH3">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/51095/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2013/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2013 | date =2 January 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen Janairu 2014, Rand ya zame zuwa R11.25 zuwa dala, tare da manazarta suna danganta canjin zuwa "kalmar daga Tarayyar Tarayyar Amurka cewa za ta rage kashe kashe kuɗi mai ƙarfafawa, wanda ya haifar da kasuwa mai yawa a cikin tattalin arziki masu tasowa." A cikin 2014, Afirka ta Kudu ta fuskanci mafi munin shekararta akan dalar Amurka tun daga 2009, kuma a cikin Maris 2015, Rand ya yi ciniki a mafi muni tun 2002. A lokacin, Trading Economics ya fitar da bayanai cewa Rand "ya kai R4.97 zuwa dala tsakanin 1972-2015, wanda ya kai R12.45 a kowane lokaci a watan Disamba 2001 da kuma raguwa na R0.67 a watan Yuni na 1973." Ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2014, kudin Rand ya ragu zuwa R15.05 a kowace dala, wani bangare saboda gibin asusun kasuwancin Afirka ta Kudu da sauran kasashen duniya.<ref name="BIZTECH2">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/76022/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2014/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2014 | date =17 December 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> Daga ranar 9 zuwa 13 ga watan Disambar 2015, cikin kwanaki hudu, kudin Rand ya ragu da kashi 10 bisa dari, sakamakon abin da wasu ke zargin cewa shugaba Zuma [[Jacob Zuma|ya bayyana mamakinsa]] na cewa zai maye gurbin ministan kudi Nhlanhla Nene da David van Rooyen wanda ba a san shi ba. Faduwar darajar da aka yi cikin sauri ta samo asali ne lokacin da Zuma ya ja baya tare da bayyana cewa a maimakon haka za a nada fitaccen ministan kudi Pravin Gordhan a kan mukamin. Korar da Zuma ya yi na ba-zata da Nene ya yi illa ga amincewar kasashen duniya a kan kudin kasar Rand, kuma farashin musayar ya yi kasala a tsawon watan Janairun 2016, kuma ya kai matsayin da ba a taba gani ba na R17.9169 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun 2016 kafin ya koma R16.57 daga baya. rana guda. Faduwar darajar watan Janairu kuma wani bangare ne ya haifar da masu zuba jari na kasar Japan sun yanke asarar da suke yi a cikin kudin don neman zuba jari mai yawa a wasu wurare kuma saboda damuwa kan tasirin koma bayan tattalin arziki a kasar Sin, babbar kasuwar fitar da kayayyaki a Afirka ta Kudu. A tsakiyar watan Janairu, masana tattalin arziki sun yi hasashe cewa Rand na iya sa ran ganin ƙarin canji ga sauran 2016. Ya zuwa ranar 29 ga Afrilu, ya kai mafi girman aikinsa a cikin watanni biyar da suka gabata, inda aka yi musanya akan farashin R14.16 zuwa dalar Amurka. Bayan da Burtaniya ta kada kuri'ar ficewa daga Tarayyar Turai, kudin Rand ya ragu da sama da kashi 8 cikin dari idan aka kwatanta da dalar Amurka a ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 2016, raguwar kudin mafi girma a rana guda tun bayan faduwar tattalin arzikin shekarar 2008. Wannan ya kasance wani bangare ne saboda koma bayan tattalin arzikin duniya gaba daya daga kudaden da ake ganin suna da hadari ga dalar Amurka kuma wani bangare na damuwa kan yadda ficewar Burtaniya daga kungiyar EU zai yi tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da huldar kasuwanci. A watan Afrilun 2017, wata kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ta Reuters ta yi kiyasin cewa, Rand zai ci gaba da kasancewa da kwanciyar hankali har zuwa karshen shekara, yayin da kuri'u biyu suka gano cewa manazarta sun riga sun yi la'akari da yiwuwar raguwa zuwa matsayi na "junk". A lokacin, Moody's ya kima Afirka ta Kudu daraja biyu sama da matsayin takarce. A lokacin da shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya samu da kyar a yunkurin kin amincewa da kasar Afirka ta Kudu a watan Agustan 2017, kudin Rand ya ci gaba da zamewa, inda ya ragu da kashi 1.7 cikin dari a wannan rana. A cikin watan Satumban shekarar 2017, Goldman Sachs ya ce basussuka da cin hanci da rashawa na kamfanin Eskom Holdings shi ne babban hatsari ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da kuma canjin kudin Rand. A lokacin, ba ta da wani babban jami'in gudanarwa na dindindin, kuma Colin Coleman na Goldman Sachs a Afirka ya ce kamfanin yana "tattaunawa kan mafita" kan samun ingantaccen gudanarwa. A watan Oktoban 2017, Rand ya tsaya tsayin daka akan dalar Amurka yayin da ya murmure daga karanci na watanni shida. Kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters ya bayyana cewa, "Afrika ta kudu na da matukar saukin kai ga ra'ayin masu zuba jari a duniya yayin da kasar ta dogara da kudaden kasashen waje wajen cike manyan kasafin kudinta da kuma gibin kudaden da take samu." A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamban 2017, kudin Rand ya fadi da sama da kashi 1% a lokacin da shugaban kasafin kudi Michael Sachs ya sauka daga mukaminsa a gwamnatin Zuma. A cikin Oktoba 2022, Rand ya nutse zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin shekaru biyu, ya kai R18.46 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2022. == Tsabar kudi == [[File:5-za-rand.JPG|thumb| 5-rand tsabar kudin bimetallic da aka bayar a 2004]] An gabatar da tsabar kudi a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin , 1, , 5, 10, 20, da 50 cents. A 1965, 2 cent tsabar kudi maye gurbin  cent tsabar kudi. The An buga tsabar ƙarshe don yaduwa a cikin 1973. An ƙaddamar da tsabar kudin Rand 1 don rarrabawa a cikin 1967, sannan tsabar kudi 2-rand a 1989 da tsabar rand 5 a 1994. An dakatar da samar da cent 1 da 2 a shekara ta 2002, sai kuma cent 5 a 2012, da farko saboda hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ya rage musu daraja, amma sun ci gaba da zama a doka. Shaguna yawanci suna zagaye jimillar farashin siyan kaya zuwa kusan centi 10 (don mabukaci). A kokarin da ake na dakile jabun, an fitar da sabon tsabar kudin Rand 5 a watan Agustan 2004. Abubuwan tsaro da aka gabatar akan tsabar kudin sun haɗa da ƙirar bimetal (mai kama da tsabar kuɗi €1 da €2, tsabar kuɗin Thai ฿10, tsabar kuɗin Philippine ₱10 kafin 2018, tsabar £2 na Burtaniya, da tsabar kuɗin Kanada $2 ), a keɓaɓɓen tsagi na tsaro na musamman tare da baki da ƙananan haruffa. A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a fitar da sabon jerin tsabar kudi. Waɗannan za su kasance da ɗarika ɗaya da jerin da suka gabata. 10c zai ƙunshi hoton Cape Honey Bee, 20c da Bitter Aloe, da 50c da Knysna Turaco, da R1 da Springbok, da R2 da King Protea, da kuma R5 da kudancin dama Whale. == Takardun kuɗi == An gabatar da jeri na farko na takardun kuɗin Rand a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1, 2, 10, da 20 rand, tare da ƙira da launuka iri ɗaya zuwa bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata don sauƙaƙa sauyawa. Sun ɗauki hoton abin da aka yi imani da shi a lokacin Jan van Riebeeck, shugaban VOC na farko na [[Cape Town]] . Daga baya an gano cewa hoton ba gaskiya ba ne Van Riebeeck kwata-kwata, hoton Bartholomeus Vermuyden ya yi kuskure da Van Riebeeck. Kamar bayanin kula [[Fam na Afirka ta Kudu|na fam]] na ƙarshe, an buga su cikin bambance-bambancen guda biyu, ɗaya da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] aka fara rubuta ɗayan ɗayan kuma an fara rubuta [[Afrikaans|Afirkaans]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} A cikin 1966, an fitar da jeri na biyu tare da ƙira waɗanda suka ƙaura daga bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata. Bayanan kula tare da raka'o'i na 1, 5 da 10 rand an samar da su tare da galibin launi ɗaya a kowane bayanin kula. An gabatar da ƙaramin bayanin rand 1 tare da ƙira iri ɗaya a cikin 1973 kuma an gabatar da bayanin rand 2 a cikin 1974. An yi watsi da darajar rand 20 daga jerin farko. Duk bayanan kula sun ɗauki hoton Jan van Riebeeck. An ci gaba da yin amfani da sigar Ingilishi da Afrikaans na kowane bayanin kula a cikin wannan jerin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} Jerin 1978 ya fara da ƙungiyoyin 2, 5, 10 da 20 rand, tare da ƙaddamar da rand 50 a cikin 1984. Wannan silsilar tana da bambance-bambancen harshe guda ɗaya kawai ga kowane rukunin bayanin kula. Afrikaans shine yaren farko akan Rand 2, 10, da 50, yayin da Ingilishi shine yaren farko akan Rand 5 da 20. An maye gurbin bayanin kula da Rand 1 da tsabar kudi. [[File:Atm_drawing_money_(2).png|thumb| Afirka ta Kudu ATM yana nuna R&nbsp;50 da R&nbsp;100 banknotes.]] A cikin 1990s, an sake tsara bayanin kula tare da hotunan Big Five nau'in namun daji. 10, 20 da 50 rand an gabatar da su a cikin 1992 & 1993, suna riƙe da tsarin launi na fitowar da ta gabata. An gabatar da tsabar kudi don 2 da 5 rand, tare da maye gurbin bayanin kula na jerin da suka gabata, musamman saboda tsananin lalacewa da tsagewar da aka samu tare da ƙananan bayanan ƙididdiga a wurare dabam dabam. A cikin 1994, an gabatar da bayanan rand 100 da 200. [ana buƙatar hujja] Jerin 2005 yana da babban ƙira iri ɗaya, amma tare da ƙarin fasalulluka na tsaro kamar tawada mai canza launi akan rand 50 da sama da kuma ƙungiyar taurarin EURion . An buga sassan duka ƙungiyoyin a cikin Turanci, yayin da aka buga wasu harsuna biyu na hukuma a baya, don haka ana amfani da duk harsunan hukuma 11 na Afirka ta Kudu . A cikin 2010, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu da bankunan kasuwanci sun janye duk jerin takardun banki na rand 200 na 1994 saboda ingantattun kuɗaɗen jabun da ke yawo. A cikin 2011, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da takardun banki na rand 100 waɗanda ba su da lahani saboda ba su da bugu mai kyalli da ake iya gani a ƙarƙashin hasken UV . A cikin watan Yuni, an ƙaura da buga wannan ɗarika daga Kamfanin Bayanan kula da Bankin Afirka ta Kudu zuwa sashin Crane Currency na Sweden ( Tumba Bruk ), wanda aka bayar da rahoton ya samar da tsabar kuɗi miliyan 80 100 rand. Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya soke takardun banki miliyan 3.6-rand 100 da Crane Currency ya buga saboda suna da lambobi iri ɗaya da rukunin da Kamfanin Bayanan Bankin Afirka ta Kudu ya buga. Bugu da ƙari, bayanin kula da aka buga a Sweden ba su kasance daidai launi ba, kuma sun kasance 1&nbsp;mm gajere. A ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 2012, Shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya sanar da cewa kasar za ta fitar da sabbin takardun kudi masu dauke da hoton [[Nelson Mandela]] . An shigar da su a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2012. Waɗannan sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi iri ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. A cikin 2013, an sabunta jerin 2012 tare da ƙari na ƙungiyar taurarin EURion zuwa duka ƙungiyoyin guda biyar. A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2018, an fitar da jerin takardun kudi na musamman don tunawa da cika shekaru 100 na haihuwar Nelson Mandela. Wannan jeri ya ƙunshi bayanin kula na duk ƙungiyoyin, 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. Waɗannan bayanan kula za su yi yawo tare da bayanan da ke akwai. Bayanan bayanan sun nuna madaidaicin fuskar Nelson Mandela a zahiri, amma a maimakon dabbobin Big Five a baya, suna nuna ƙaramin Mandela tare da fage daban-daban da suka shafi gadonsa. Wadannan al'amuran sun hada da: tsaunin Gabashin Cape, wanda ke nuna wurin haifuwar Mandela na Mvezo (rand 10); Gidan Mandela a Soweto, inda ya bayyana rayuwarsa ta siyasa tare da sauran gumakan gwagwarmaya (rand 20); wurin da aka kama Mandela a kusa da Howick, bayan watanni 17 a boye, inda aka gina masa wani abin tunawa ( rand 50); wurin daurin shekaru 27 da Mandela ya yi a gidan yari a tsibirin Robben, yana nuna tarin dutsen farar ƙasa (rand 100); mutum-mutumin Mandela a ginin Tarayyar don tunawa da lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a can a shekarar 1994 (rand 200).  A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a sami sabon jerin takardun banki waɗanda za su riƙe hoton Nelson Mandela a zahiri, yayin da yake nuna Big 5 a cikin hoton dangi a baya. Wannan silsilar ta ƙunshi ɗarika ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. === Zubi na farko === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta farko ta 1961) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | rowspan="4" | Jan Van Riebeck | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 136×78 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 149×84 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck ta jirgin ruwa | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 170×96 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Zinariya tawa | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 176×103 |} === Zubi na biyu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyu ta 1966) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 128×64 |- | | | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 120×57 |- | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Gariep Dam, pylon da masara cob | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Voortrekker Monument da Babban Trek | Ma'adinai | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Gine-ginen Ƙungiyar da kuma springbok | Jan van Riebeeck ta jiragen ruwa uku | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 140×76 |} === Zubi na uku === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na Uku 1978) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da pylon | Sasol kwal zuwa matatar mai | Blue | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 120×57 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da lu'u-lu'u | Mining da tsakiyar birnin [[Johannesburg]] | Purple | Turanci da Afrikaans | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma | Kore | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 133×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Jirgin ruwan Jan van Riebeeck guda uku da Coat of Arms na Afirka ta Kudu | Brown | Turanci da Afrikaans | 140×77 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da zaki | Fauna da flora | Ja | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 147×83 |} === Zubi na hudu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Banknotes of the South African rand (1992 Fourth Issue "Big Five") |- !Image !Value !Obverse !Reverse !Colour !Language !Size (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | |10 rand |Rhinoceros |Agriculture |Green |Afrikaans and English |128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |20 rand |[[Giwan daji na Afirka|Elephants]] |Mining |Brown |English and Afrikaans |134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |50 rand |Lions |Manufacturing |Red |Afrikaans and English |140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |100 rand |[[Ɓauna|Cape buffaloes]] |Tourism |Blue |English and Afrikaans |146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |200 rand |Leopards |Transport and communication |Orange |Afrikaans and English |152×70 |} === Silsilar ta biyar === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyar "Turanci da sauran Harsuna na hukuma") <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Rhinoceros | Noma | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwaye]] | Ma'adinai | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zakuna | Manufacturing | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Yawon shakatawa | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Sufuri da sadarwa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siridi na shida === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta shida "Nelson Mandela" 2012) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na bakwai === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na bakwai "Mandela Centenary") na 2018 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Matashi Mandela da mahaifarsa Mvezo | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Matashin Mandela da gidansa a Soweto | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Matashin Mandela da wurin da aka kama shi kusa da Howick | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | Matashin Mandela da kuma wurin da aka daure shi a tsibirin Robben | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Matashin Mandela da mutum-mutuminsa a ginin Tarayyar | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na takwas === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta takwas "Babban Iyalai 5") 2023 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Tswana, Ndebele | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Purple | Turanci, Xhosa, Venda | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Pedi, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Zulu, Sotho | 152×70 |} == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Category:Kudi]] [[Category:Kudade]] [[Category:Kuɗi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mhsdx5re1uvmawad1s0jy7lg88hcztl 893774 893773 2026-08-09T16:44:00Z Asiya Garba 46242 893774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rand na Afirka ta Kudu''', ko kuma kawai '''Rand''', ( alamar : '''R''' ; code : '''ZAR''' ("South African rand"); the ''ZA'' is a historical relic from [[Dutch language|Dutch]], used because "SA" is allocated to Saudi Arabia.}} ) ita ce kudin hukuma na [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|yankin hada-hadar kuɗaɗe]] [[Kudancin Afirka|na Afirka ta Kudu]] : [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Namibiya]] (tare da [[Dalar Namibia|dalar Namibiya]] ), [[Lesotho]] ( tare da [[Lesotho loti]] ) da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]] (tare da Swazi lilangeni ). An kuma raba shi zuwa cents 100 (alama: "c"). Kudin Rand na Afirka ta Kudu ya kasance na doka a cikin ƙasashe [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|membobin]] [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Lesotho]] da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]], tare da waɗannan ƙasashe uku kuma suna da nasu kuɗin ƙasa ( [[Dalar Namibia|dala]], [[Lesotho loti|loti]] da lilangeni bi da bi) tare da Rand a daidaito kuma har yanzu. yarda da ko'ina a matsayin madadin. Har ila yau, Rand ya kasance mai ba da izini na doka a [[Botswana]] har zuwa shekarar 1976, lokacin da [[Botswana pula|pula]] ya maye gurbin rand a dai-dai. == Bayani == Rand ya ɗauki sunansa daga Witwatersrand ("farin ruwa" a cikin Ingilishi, ''rand'' shine kalmar Dutch da [[Afrikaans]] don 'ridge'), dutsen da aka gina [[Johannesburg]] kuma inda aka sami yawancin ajiyar zinare na Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin Turanci da Afrikaans nau'in nau'i ɗaya da jam'i na naúrar ("rand") iri ɗaya ne: rand ɗaya, rand goma, rand miliyan biyu. == Tarihi == An kuma gabatar da Rand a cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 1961, watanni uku kafin ƙasar ta ayyana kanta a matsayin jamhuriya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/archives/witness/from-van-riebeeck-to-madiba-20150430|title=From Van Riebeeck to Madiba|publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]]|date=2012-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180714080651/http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |url=http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |title=The Reserve Bank and the Rand: Some historic reflections |publisher=Resbank.co.za |date=29 November 2001 |archive-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Although pronounced in the Afrikaans style as {{IPAc-en|r|ʌ|n|t|}} in the jingles when introduced, An kuma kafa Hukumar Samar da Kuɗin Decimal a cikin shekarar 1956 don yin la'akari da ƙaura daga ƙungiyoyin fam, shillings, da pence; ta gabatar da shawarwarinta a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1958. Ya maye gurbin [[fam na Afirka ta Kudu]] a matsayin ɗan takara na doka, a farashin Rand 2 zuwa fam 1, ko shillings 10 zuwa Rand. Gwamnati ta gabatar da mascot, Decimal Dan, "mutumin da ba shi da kuɗi" (wanda aka sani a [[Afrikaans]] da Daan Desimaal).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0jJWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7142%2C3054777 |title='Decimal Dan' Sings: Catchy Tune Teaches New Currency |publisher=The Spokesman-Review |date=10 January 1961 |access-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Wannan yana tare da jingle na rediyo, don sanar da jama'a game da sabon kudin.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22 ''A General's Story: from an Era of War and Peace''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126101241/https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&dq=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjM0pyM9_bKAhXFWxQKHVz8B2EQ6AEILTAB |date=26 November 2022 }}, Jannie Geldenhuys, Jonathan Ball, 1995, page 32</ref> Ko da yake an furta shi a cikin salon Afrikaans kamar /r ʌ n t / a cikin jingles lokacin da aka gabatar da shi, <ref name="decimalDanJingle">{{YouTube|GQ41bGOQajA}}</ref> furcin zamani a cikin Turanci na Afirka ta Kudu shine /r æ n d /.<ref name="Jenkins2007">{{cite book|author=Elwyn Jenkins|title=Falling Into Place: The Story of Modern South African Place Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZnXHoMQ_hkC&pg=PA23|year=2007|publisher=New Africa Books|isbn=978-0-86486-689-9|pages=23–}}</ref> === Takaitaccen tarihin canjin musaya === ==== 1961-2000 ==== [[File:ZAR-USD_exchange_rate_1974-2014.png|thumb|450x450px| Darajar Rand na Afirka ta Kudu zuwa dalar Amurka daga shekarar 1975 zuwa 2015 ta ginshiƙan shuɗi: Adadin canjin shekara-shekara yana nunawa ta layin baki. ]] Rand daya ya kai dalar Amurka 1.40 (R0.72 kowace dala) tun daga lokacin da aka fara shi a shekarar 1961 har zuwa ƙarshen 1971, kuma dalar Amurka ta yi karfi fiye da kudin Afirka ta Kudu a karon farko a ranar 15 ga Maris 1982. Ƙimar sa daga baya ta canza kamar yadda musayar kuɗi daban-daban Hukumomin Afirka ta Kudu ne suka aiwatar da . A farkon shekarun 1980, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da matsin lamba na siyasa gami da takunkumin da aka kakaba wa kasar sakamakon adawar da kasashen duniya ke yi wa tsarin wariyar launin fata ya fara zubar da kimarsa. Kudin ya karye sama da daidaito da dala a karon farko a watan Maris na 1982, kuma ya ci gaba da yin ciniki tsakanin R1 da R1.30 zuwa dala har zuwa watan Yunin shekarar 1984, lokacin da faɗuwar darajar kudin ta kara karfi. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 1985, ana cinikin sama da R2 akan kowace dala, kuma a watan Yuli na wannan shekarar, an dakatar da duk kasuwancin musayar waje na tsawon kwanaki uku don ƙoƙarin dakatar da faɗuwar darajar. A lokacin da shugaban jihar PW Botha ya yi jawabinsa na Rubicon a ranar 15 ga Agustan shekarar 1985, ya ragu zuwa R2.40 kowace dala. Kuɗin ya dawo da ɗan tsakanin shekarar 1986 zuwa 1988, yana kasuwanci a kusa da matakin R2 mafi yawan lokaci har ma yana karya ƙarƙashinsa kai tsaye. Farfadowar ba ta daɗe ba, amma a ƙarshen 1989, Rand yana cinikin fiye da R2.50 kowace dala. Kamar yadda ya bayyana a farkon shekarun 1990 cewa kasar na nufin mulkin mallaka mafi rinjaye na bakar fata da kuma sake fasalin daya bayan daya, rashin tabbas game da makomar kasar ya gaggauta faduwar darajar har zuwa matakin R.&nbsp;3 zuwa dala an keta shi a watan Nuwamba 1992. Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin gida da na waje sun rinjayi kudin bayan haka, musamman babban zaben 1994, wanda ya raunana zuwa sama da R3.60 zuwa dala, zaben Tito Mboweni a matsayin gwamnan babban bankin Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma rantsar da shugaba Thabo Mbeki a shekarar 1999, wanda yayi saurin zamewa sama da R6 zuwa dala. Shirin sake fasalin kasa mai cike da cece-kuce da aka fara a [[Zimbabwe]], wanda [[September 11 attacks|harin na ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001]] ya biyo baya, ya kai shi mafi raunin tarihin R13.84 zuwa dala a watan Disambar 2001. ==== 2001-2011 ==== [[File:South_Africa-Money-Old01.jpg|thumb|240x240px| Ƙarni biyu na tsofaffin bayanai da tsabar kudi: Bayanan kula na ƙarshen waɗannan tsararraki biyu (kamar yadda bayanin R5 ke nunawa a cikin wannan hoton) an maye gurbinsu da bayanin kula na "Big Five" kuma waɗannan kwanan nan an sabunta su don nuna fuskar Nelson Mandela. .]] Wannan faduwar darajar kwatsam a cikin 2001 ya haifar da bincike na yau da kullun, wanda hakan ya haifar da farfadowa mai ban mamaki. A karshen shekarar 2002, an sake cinikin kudin a karkashin R9 zuwa dala, kuma a karshen shekarar 2004 ana cinikin kasa da R5.70 zuwa dala. Kudin ya ɗan yi laushi a cikin 2005, kuma yana cinikin kusan R6.35 zuwa dala a ƙarshen shekara. A farkon shekara ta 2006, duk da haka, kuɗin ya ci gaba da yin gangami, kuma tun daga ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2006, an sake yin ciniki a ƙarƙashin R6 zuwa dala. Koyaya, a cikin kashi na biyu da na uku na 2006 (watau Afrilu zuwa Satumba), Rand ya raunana sosai. A cikin sharuddan sittin, ya faɗi daga kusan kashi 9.5% zuwa sama da kashi 7 cikin ɗari, ya yi asarar kusan kashi 25% na ƙimar kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin watanni shida kacal. A ƙarshen 2007, Rand ya haɗu cikin ladabi zuwa sama da 8% kawai, kawai don fuskantar faifai mai zurfi a cikin kwata na farko na 2008. Za a iya danganta wannan zamewar ƙasa da abubuwa da yawa: tabarbarewar gibin asusu na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya ƙaru zuwa shekaru 36 da ya kai kashi 7.3 cikin ɗari na jimlar yawan amfanin gida (GDP) a 2007; hauhawar farashin kaya a cikin shekaru biyar mafi girma na kusan 9%; haɓaka kyamar haɗari a duniya yayin da damuwar masu zuba jari game da yaduwar tasirin rikicin na ƙasa ya karu; da kuma jirgin gaba ɗaya zuwa "masu tsaro", nesa da haɗarin da ake gani na kasuwanni masu tasowa. Matsalar wutar lantarki ta Eskom ta kara ta'azzara faduwar darajar Rand, wanda ya taso saboda rashin iya biyan bukatun makamashin kasar cikin hanzari. ==== 2012 - yanzu ==== A stalled ma'adinai masana'antu a cikin marigayi 2012 ya haifar da sabon lows a farkon 2013.<ref name="BIZTECH3">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/51095/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2013/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2013 | date =2 January 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen Janairu 2014, Rand ya zame zuwa R11.25 zuwa dala, tare da manazarta suna danganta canjin zuwa "kalmar daga Tarayyar Tarayyar Amurka cewa za ta rage kashe kashe kuɗi mai ƙarfafawa, wanda ya haifar da kasuwa mai yawa a cikin tattalin arziki masu tasowa." A cikin 2014, Afirka ta Kudu ta fuskanci mafi munin shekararta akan dalar Amurka tun daga 2009, kuma a cikin Maris 2015, Rand ya yi ciniki a mafi muni tun 2002. A lokacin, Trading Economics ya fitar da bayanai cewa Rand "ya kai R4.97 zuwa dala tsakanin 1972-2015, wanda ya kai R12.45 a kowane lokaci a watan Disamba 2001 da kuma raguwa na R0.67 a watan Yuni na 1973." Ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2014, kudin Rand ya ragu zuwa R15.05 a kowace dala, wani bangare saboda gibin asusun kasuwancin Afirka ta Kudu da sauran kasashen duniya.<ref name="BIZTECH2">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/76022/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2014/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2014 | date =17 December 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> Daga ranar 9 zuwa 13 ga watan Disambar 2015, cikin kwanaki hudu, kudin Rand ya ragu da kashi 10 bisa dari, sakamakon abin da wasu ke zargin cewa shugaba Zuma [[Jacob Zuma|ya bayyana mamakinsa]] na cewa zai maye gurbin ministan kudi Nhlanhla Nene da David van Rooyen wanda ba a san shi ba. Faduwar darajar da aka yi cikin sauri ta samo asali ne lokacin da Zuma ya ja baya tare da bayyana cewa a maimakon haka za a nada fitaccen ministan kudi Pravin Gordhan a kan mukamin. Korar da Zuma ya yi na ba-zata da Nene ya yi illa ga amincewar kasashen duniya a kan kudin kasar Rand, kuma farashin musayar ya yi kasala a tsawon watan Janairun 2016, kuma ya kai matsayin da ba a taba gani ba na R17.9169 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun 2016 kafin ya koma R16.57 daga baya. rana guda. Faduwar darajar watan Janairu kuma wani bangare ne ya haifar da masu zuba jari na kasar Japan sun yanke asarar da suke yi a cikin kudin don neman zuba jari mai yawa a wasu wurare kuma saboda damuwa kan tasirin koma bayan tattalin arziki a kasar Sin, babbar kasuwar fitar da kayayyaki a Afirka ta Kudu. A tsakiyar watan Janairu, masana tattalin arziki sun yi hasashe cewa Rand na iya sa ran ganin ƙarin canji ga sauran 2016. Ya zuwa ranar 29 ga Afrilu, ya kai mafi girman aikinsa a cikin watanni biyar da suka gabata, inda aka yi musanya akan farashin R14.16 zuwa dalar Amurka. Bayan da Burtaniya ta kada kuri'ar ficewa daga Tarayyar Turai, kudin Rand ya ragu da sama da kashi 8 cikin dari idan aka kwatanta da dalar Amurka a ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 2016, raguwar kudin mafi girma a rana guda tun bayan faduwar tattalin arzikin shekarar 2008. Wannan ya kasance wani bangare ne saboda koma bayan tattalin arzikin duniya gaba daya daga kudaden da ake ganin suna da hadari ga dalar Amurka kuma wani bangare na damuwa kan yadda ficewar Burtaniya daga kungiyar EU zai yi tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da huldar kasuwanci. A watan Afrilun 2017, wata kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ta Reuters ta yi kiyasin cewa, Rand zai ci gaba da kasancewa da kwanciyar hankali har zuwa karshen shekara, yayin da kuri'u biyu suka gano cewa manazarta sun riga sun yi la'akari da yiwuwar raguwa zuwa matsayi na "junk". A lokacin, Moody's ya kima Afirka ta Kudu daraja biyu sama da matsayin takarce. A lokacin da shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya samu da kyar a yunkurin kin amincewa da kasar Afirka ta Kudu a watan Agustan 2017, kudin Rand ya ci gaba da zamewa, inda ya ragu da kashi 1.7 cikin dari a wannan rana. A cikin watan Satumban shekarar 2017, Goldman Sachs ya ce basussuka da cin hanci da rashawa na kamfanin Eskom Holdings shi ne babban hatsari ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da kuma canjin kudin Rand. A lokacin, ba ta da wani babban jami'in gudanarwa na dindindin, kuma Colin Coleman na Goldman Sachs a Afirka ya ce kamfanin yana "tattaunawa kan mafita" kan samun ingantaccen gudanarwa. A watan Oktoban 2017, Rand ya tsaya tsayin daka akan dalar Amurka yayin da ya murmure daga karanci na watanni shida. Kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters ya bayyana cewa, "Afrika ta kudu na da matukar saukin kai ga ra'ayin masu zuba jari a duniya yayin da kasar ta dogara da kudaden kasashen waje wajen cike manyan kasafin kudinta da kuma gibin kudaden da take samu." A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamban 2017, kudin Rand ya fadi da sama da kashi 1% a lokacin da shugaban kasafin kudi Michael Sachs ya sauka daga mukaminsa a gwamnatin Zuma. A cikin Oktoba 2022, Rand ya nutse zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin shekaru biyu, ya kai R18.46 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2022. == Tsabar kudi == [[File:5-za-rand.JPG|thumb| 5-rand tsabar kudin bimetallic da aka bayar a 2004]] An gabatar da tsabar kudi a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin , 1, , 5, 10, 20, da 50 cents. A 1965, 2 cent tsabar kudi maye gurbin  cent tsabar kudi. The An buga tsabar ƙarshe don yaduwa a cikin 1973. An ƙaddamar da tsabar kudin Rand 1 don rarrabawa a cikin 1967, sannan tsabar kudi 2-rand a 1989 da tsabar rand 5 a 1994. An dakatar da samar da cent 1 da 2 a shekara ta 2002, sai kuma cent 5 a 2012, da farko saboda hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ya rage musu daraja, amma sun ci gaba da zama a doka. Shaguna yawanci suna zagaye jimillar farashin siyan kaya zuwa kusan centi 10 (don mabukaci). A kokarin da ake na dakile jabun, an fitar da sabon tsabar kudin Rand 5 a watan Agustan 2004. Abubuwan tsaro da aka gabatar akan tsabar kudin sun haɗa da ƙirar bimetal (mai kama da tsabar kuɗi €1 da €2, tsabar kuɗin Thai ฿10, tsabar kuɗin Philippine ₱10 kafin 2018, tsabar £2 na Burtaniya, da tsabar kuɗin Kanada $2 ), a keɓaɓɓen tsagi na tsaro na musamman tare da baki da ƙananan haruffa. A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a fitar da sabon jerin tsabar kudi. Waɗannan za su kasance da ɗarika ɗaya da jerin da suka gabata. 10c zai ƙunshi hoton Cape Honey Bee, 20c da Bitter Aloe, da 50c da Knysna Turaco, da R1 da Springbok, da R2 da King Protea, da kuma R5 da kudancin dama Whale. == Takardun kuɗi == An gabatar da jeri na farko na takardun kuɗin Rand a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1, 2, 10, da 20 rand, tare da ƙira da launuka iri ɗaya zuwa bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata don sauƙaƙa sauyawa. Sun ɗauki hoton abin da aka yi imani da shi a lokacin Jan van Riebeeck, shugaban VOC na farko na [[Cape Town]] . Daga baya an gano cewa hoton ba gaskiya ba ne Van Riebeeck kwata-kwata, hoton Bartholomeus Vermuyden ya yi kuskure da Van Riebeeck. Kamar bayanin kula [[Fam na Afirka ta Kudu|na fam]] na ƙarshe, an buga su cikin bambance-bambancen guda biyu, ɗaya da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] aka fara rubuta ɗayan ɗayan kuma an fara rubuta [[Afrikaans|Afirkaans]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} A cikin 1966, an fitar da jeri na biyu tare da ƙira waɗanda suka ƙaura daga bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata. Bayanan kula tare da raka'o'i na 1, 5 da 10 rand an samar da su tare da galibin launi ɗaya a kowane bayanin kula. An gabatar da ƙaramin bayanin rand 1 tare da ƙira iri ɗaya a cikin 1973 kuma an gabatar da bayanin rand 2 a cikin 1974. An yi watsi da darajar rand 20 daga jerin farko. Duk bayanan kula sun ɗauki hoton Jan van Riebeeck. An ci gaba da yin amfani da sigar Ingilishi da Afrikaans na kowane bayanin kula a cikin wannan jerin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} Jerin 1978 ya fara da ƙungiyoyin 2, 5, 10 da 20 rand, tare da ƙaddamar da rand 50 a cikin 1984. Wannan silsilar tana da bambance-bambancen harshe guda ɗaya kawai ga kowane rukunin bayanin kula. Afrikaans shine yaren farko akan Rand 2, 10, da 50, yayin da Ingilishi shine yaren farko akan Rand 5 da 20. An maye gurbin bayanin kula da Rand 1 da tsabar kudi. [[File:Atm_drawing_money_(2).png|thumb| Afirka ta Kudu ATM yana nuna R&nbsp;50 da R&nbsp;100 banknotes.]] A cikin 1990s, an sake tsara bayanin kula tare da hotunan Big Five nau'in namun daji. 10, 20 da 50 rand an gabatar da su a cikin 1992 & 1993, suna riƙe da tsarin launi na fitowar da ta gabata. An gabatar da tsabar kudi don 2 da 5 rand, tare da maye gurbin bayanin kula na jerin da suka gabata, musamman saboda tsananin lalacewa da tsagewar da aka samu tare da ƙananan bayanan ƙididdiga a wurare dabam dabam. A cikin 1994, an gabatar da bayanan rand 100 da 200. [ana buƙatar hujja] Jerin 2005 yana da babban ƙira iri ɗaya, amma tare da ƙarin fasalulluka na tsaro kamar tawada mai canza launi akan rand 50 da sama da kuma ƙungiyar taurarin EURion . An buga sassan duka ƙungiyoyin a cikin Turanci, yayin da aka buga wasu harsuna biyu na hukuma a baya, don haka ana amfani da duk harsunan hukuma 11 na Afirka ta Kudu . A cikin 2010, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu da bankunan kasuwanci sun janye duk jerin takardun banki na rand 200 na 1994 saboda ingantattun kuɗaɗen jabun da ke yawo. A cikin 2011, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da takardun banki na rand 100 waɗanda ba su da lahani saboda ba su da bugu mai kyalli da ake iya gani a ƙarƙashin hasken UV . A cikin watan Yuni, an ƙaura da buga wannan ɗarika daga Kamfanin Bayanan kula da Bankin Afirka ta Kudu zuwa sashin Crane Currency na Sweden ( Tumba Bruk ), wanda aka bayar da rahoton ya samar da tsabar kuɗi miliyan 80 100 rand. Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya soke takardun banki miliyan 3.6-rand 100 da Crane Currency ya buga saboda suna da lambobi iri ɗaya da rukunin da Kamfanin Bayanan Bankin Afirka ta Kudu ya buga. Bugu da ƙari, bayanin kula da aka buga a Sweden ba su kasance daidai launi ba, kuma sun kasance 1&nbsp;mm gajere. A ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 2012, Shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya sanar da cewa kasar za ta fitar da sabbin takardun kudi masu dauke da hoton [[Nelson Mandela]] . An shigar da su a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2012. Waɗannan sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi iri ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. A cikin 2013, an sabunta jerin 2012 tare da ƙari na ƙungiyar taurarin EURion zuwa duka ƙungiyoyin guda biyar. A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2018, an fitar da jerin takardun kudi na musamman don tunawa da cika shekaru 100 na haihuwar Nelson Mandela. Wannan jeri ya ƙunshi bayanin kula na duk ƙungiyoyin, 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. Waɗannan bayanan kula za su yi yawo tare da bayanan da ke akwai. Bayanan bayanan sun nuna madaidaicin fuskar Nelson Mandela a zahiri, amma a maimakon dabbobin Big Five a baya, suna nuna ƙaramin Mandela tare da fage daban-daban da suka shafi gadonsa. Wadannan al'amuran sun hada da: tsaunin Gabashin Cape, wanda ke nuna wurin haifuwar Mandela na Mvezo (rand 10); Gidan Mandela a Soweto, inda ya bayyana rayuwarsa ta siyasa tare da sauran gumakan gwagwarmaya (rand 20); wurin da aka kama Mandela a kusa da Howick, bayan watanni 17 a boye, inda aka gina masa wani abin tunawa ( rand 50); wurin daurin shekaru 27 da Mandela ya yi a gidan yari a tsibirin Robben, yana nuna tarin dutsen farar ƙasa (rand 100); mutum-mutumin Mandela a ginin Tarayyar don tunawa da lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a can a shekarar 1994 (rand 200).  A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a sami sabon jerin takardun banki waɗanda za su riƙe hoton Nelson Mandela a zahiri, yayin da yake nuna Big 5 a cikin hoton dangi a baya. Wannan silsilar ta ƙunshi ɗarika ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. === Zubi na farko === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta farko ta 1961) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | rowspan="4" | Jan Van Riebeck | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 136×78 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 149×84 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck ta jirgin ruwa | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 170×96 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Zinariya tawa | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 176×103 |} === Zubi na biyu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyu ta 1966) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 128×64 |- | | | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 120×57 |- | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Gariep Dam, pylon da masara cob | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Voortrekker Monument da Babban Trek | Ma'adinai | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Gine-ginen Ƙungiyar da kuma springbok | Jan van Riebeeck ta jiragen ruwa uku | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 140×76 |} === Zubi na uku === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na Uku 1978) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da pylon | Sasol kwal zuwa matatar mai | Blue | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 120×57 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da lu'u-lu'u | Mining da tsakiyar birnin [[Johannesburg]] | Purple | Turanci da Afrikaans | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma | Kore | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 133×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Jirgin ruwan Jan van Riebeeck guda uku da Coat of Arms na Afirka ta Kudu | Brown | Turanci da Afrikaans | 140×77 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da zaki | Fauna da flora | Ja | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 147×83 |} === Zubi na hudu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Banknotes of the South African rand (1992 Fourth Issue "Big Five") |- !Image !Value !Obverse !Reverse !Colour !Language !Size (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | |10 rand |Rhinoceros |Agriculture |Green |Afrikaans and English |128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |20 rand |[[Giwan daji na Afirka|Elephants]] |Mining |Brown |English and Afrikaans |134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |50 rand |Lions |Manufacturing |Red |Afrikaans and English |140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |100 rand |[[Ɓauna|Cape buffaloes]] |Tourism |Blue |English and Afrikaans |146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |200 rand |Leopards |Transport and communication |Orange |Afrikaans and English |152×70 |} === Silsilar ta biyar === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyar "Turanci da sauran Harsuna na hukuma") <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Rhinoceros | Noma | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwaye]] | Ma'adinai | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zakuna | Manufacturing | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Yawon shakatawa | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Sufuri da sadarwa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siridi na shida === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta shida "Nelson Mandela" 2012) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na bakwai === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na bakwai "Mandela Centenary") na 2018 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Matashi Mandela da mahaifarsa Mvezo | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Matashin Mandela da gidansa a Soweto | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Matashin Mandela da wurin da aka kama shi kusa da Howick | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | Matashin Mandela da kuma wurin da aka daure shi a tsibirin Robben | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Matashin Mandela da mutum-mutuminsa a ginin Tarayyar | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na takwas === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta takwas "Babban Iyalai 5") 2023 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Tswana, Ndebele | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Purple | Turanci, Xhosa, Venda | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Pedi, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Zulu, Sotho | 152×70 |} == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Category:Kudi]] [[Category:Kudade]] [[Category:Kuɗi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f04wvkvc2g20lun28v20rd9nsx9vd77 893776 893774 2026-08-09T16:44:52Z Asiya Garba 46242 893776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rand na Afirka ta Kudu''', ko kuma kawai '''Rand''', ( alamar : '''R''' ; code : '''ZAR''' ("South African rand"); the ''ZA'' is a historical relic from [[Dutch language|Dutch]], used because "SA" is allocated to Saudi Arabia.}} ) ita ce kudin hukuma na [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|yankin hada-hadar kuɗaɗe]] [[Kudancin Afirka|na Afirka ta Kudu]] : [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Namibiya]] (tare da [[Dalar Namibia|dalar Namibiya]] ), [[Lesotho]] ( tare da [[Lesotho loti]] ) da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]] (tare da Swazi lilangeni ). An kuma raba shi zuwa cents 100 (alama: "c"). Kudin Rand na Afirka ta Kudu ya kasance na doka a cikin ƙasashe [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|membobin]] [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Lesotho]] da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]], tare da waɗannan ƙasashe uku kuma suna da nasu kuɗin ƙasa ( [[Dalar Namibia|dala]], [[Lesotho loti|loti]] da lilangeni bi da bi) tare da Rand a daidaito kuma har yanzu. yarda da ko'ina a matsayin madadin. Har ila yau, Rand ya kasance mai ba da izini na doka a [[Botswana]] har zuwa shekarar 1976, lokacin da [[Botswana pula|pula]] ya maye gurbin rand a dai-dai. == Bayani == Rand ya ɗauki sunansa daga Witwatersrand ("farin ruwa" a cikin Ingilishi, ''rand'' shine kalmar Dutch da [[Afrikaans]] don 'ridge'), dutsen da aka gina [[Johannesburg]] kuma inda aka sami yawancin ajiyar zinare na Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin Turanci da Afrikaans nau'in nau'i ɗaya da jam'i na naúrar ("rand") iri ɗaya ne: rand ɗaya, rand goma, rand miliyan biyu. == Tarihi == An kuma gabatar da Rand a cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 1961, watanni uku kafin ƙasar ta ayyana kanta a matsayin jamhuriya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/archives/witness/from-van-riebeeck-to-madiba-20150430|title=From Van Riebeeck to Madiba|publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]]|date=2012-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180714080651/http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |url=http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |title=The Reserve Bank and the Rand: Some historic reflections |publisher=Resbank.co.za |date=29 November 2001 |archive-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Although pronounced in the Afrikaans style as {{IPAc-en|r|ʌ|n|t|}} in the jingles when introduced, An kuma kafa Hukumar Samar da Kuɗin Decimal a cikin shekarar 1956 don yin la'akari da ƙaura daga ƙungiyoyin fam, shillings, da pence; ta gabatar da shawarwarinta a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1958. Ya maye gurbin [[fam na Afirka ta Kudu]] a matsayin ɗan takara na doka, a farashin Rand 2 zuwa fam 1, ko shillings 10 zuwa Rand. Gwamnati ta gabatar da mascot, Decimal Dan, "mutumin da ba shi da kuɗi" (wanda aka sani a [[Afrikaans]] da Daan Desimaal).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0jJWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7142%2C3054777 |title='Decimal Dan' Sings: Catchy Tune Teaches New Currency |publisher=The Spokesman-Review |date=10 January 1961 |access-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Wannan yana tare da jingle na rediyo, don sanar da jama'a game da sabon kudin.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22 ''A General's Story: from an Era of War and Peace''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126101241/https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&dq=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjM0pyM9_bKAhXFWxQKHVz8B2EQ6AEILTAB |date=26 November 2022 }}, Jannie Geldenhuys, Jonathan Ball, 1995, page 32</ref> Ko da yake an furta shi a cikin salon Afrikaans kamar /r ʌ n t / a cikin jingles lokacin da aka gabatar da shi, <ref name="decimalDanJingle">{{YouTube|GQ41bGOQajA}}</ref> furcin zamani a cikin Turanci na Afirka ta Kudu shine /r æ n d /.<ref name="Jenkins2007">{{cite book|author=Elwyn Jenkins|title=Falling Into Place: The Story of Modern South African Place Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZnXHoMQ_hkC&pg=PA23|year=2007|publisher=New Africa Books|isbn=978-0-86486-689-9|pages=23–}}</ref> === Takaitaccen tarihin canjin musaya === ==== 1961-2000 ==== [[File:ZAR-USD_exchange_rate_1974-2014.png|thumb|450x450px| Darajar Rand na Afirka ta Kudu zuwa dalar Amurka daga shekarar 1975 zuwa 2015 ta ginshiƙan shuɗi: Adadin canjin shekara-shekara yana nunawa ta layin baki. ]] Rand daya ya kai dalar Amurka 1.40 (R0.72 kowace dala) tun daga lokacin da aka fara shi a shekarar 1961 har zuwa ƙarshen 1971, kuma dalar Amurka ta yi karfi fiye da kudin Afirka ta Kudu a karon farko a ranar 15 ga Maris 1982. Ƙimar sa daga baya ta canza kamar yadda musayar kuɗi daban-daban Hukumomin Afirka ta Kudu ne suka aiwatar da . A farkon shekarun 1980, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da matsin lamba na siyasa gami da takunkumin da aka kakaba wa kasar sakamakon adawar da kasashen duniya ke yi wa tsarin wariyar launin fata ya fara zubar da kimarsa. Kudin ya karye sama da daidaito da dala a karon farko a watan Maris na 1982, kuma ya ci gaba da yin ciniki tsakanin R1 da R1.30 zuwa dala har zuwa watan Yunin shekarar 1984, lokacin da faɗuwar darajar kudin ta kara karfi. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 1985, ana cinikin sama da R2 akan kowace dala, kuma a watan Yuli na wannan shekarar, an dakatar da duk kasuwancin musayar waje na tsawon kwanaki uku don ƙoƙarin dakatar da faɗuwar darajar. A lokacin da shugaban jihar PW Botha ya yi jawabinsa na Rubicon a ranar 15 ga Agustan shekarar 1985, ya ragu zuwa R2.40 kowace dala. Kuɗin ya dawo da ɗan tsakanin shekarar 1986 zuwa 1988, yana kasuwanci a kusa da matakin R2 mafi yawan lokaci har ma yana karya ƙarƙashinsa kai tsaye. Farfadowar ba ta daɗe ba, amma a ƙarshen 1989, Rand yana cinikin fiye da R2.50 kowace dala. Kamar yadda ya bayyana a farkon shekarun 1990 cewa ƙasar na nufin mulkin mallaka mafi rinjaye na bakar fata da kuma sake fasalin daya bayan ɗaya, rashin tabbas game da makomar kasar ya gaggauta faɗuwar darajar har zuwa matakin R.&nbsp;3 zuwa dala an keta shi a watan Nuwamba 1992. Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin gida da na waje sun rinjayi kudin bayan haka, musamman babban zaɓen shekara ta 1994, wanda ya raunana zuwa sama da R3.60 zuwa dala, zaben Tito Mboweni a matsayin gwamnan babban bankin Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma rantsar da shugaba Thabo Mbeki a shekarar 1999, wanda yayi saurin zamewa sama da R6 zuwa dala. Shirin sake fasalin kasa mai cike da cece-kuce da aka fara a [[Zimbabwe]], wanda [[September 11 attacks|harin na ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001]] ya biyo baya, ya kai shi mafi raunin tarihin R13.84 zuwa dala a watan Disambar 2001. ==== 2001-2011 ==== [[File:South_Africa-Money-Old01.jpg|thumb|240x240px| Ƙarni biyu na tsofaffin bayanai da tsabar kudi: Bayanan kula na ƙarshen waɗannan tsararraki biyu (kamar yadda bayanin R5 ke nunawa a cikin wannan hoton) an maye gurbinsu da bayanin kula na "Big Five" kuma waɗannan kwanan nan an sabunta su don nuna fuskar Nelson Mandela. .]] Wannan faduwar darajar kwatsam a cikin 2001 ya haifar da bincike na yau da kullun, wanda hakan ya haifar da farfadowa mai ban mamaki. A karshen shekarar 2002, an sake cinikin kudin a karkashin R9 zuwa dala, kuma a karshen shekarar 2004 ana cinikin kasa da R5.70 zuwa dala. Kudin ya ɗan yi laushi a cikin 2005, kuma yana cinikin kusan R6.35 zuwa dala a ƙarshen shekara. A farkon shekara ta 2006, duk da haka, kuɗin ya ci gaba da yin gangami, kuma tun daga ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2006, an sake yin ciniki a ƙarƙashin R6 zuwa dala. Koyaya, a cikin kashi na biyu da na uku na 2006 (watau Afrilu zuwa Satumba), Rand ya raunana sosai. A cikin sharuddan sittin, ya faɗi daga kusan kashi 9.5% zuwa sama da kashi 7 cikin ɗari, ya yi asarar kusan kashi 25% na ƙimar kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin watanni shida kacal. A ƙarshen 2007, Rand ya haɗu cikin ladabi zuwa sama da 8% kawai, kawai don fuskantar faifai mai zurfi a cikin kwata na farko na 2008. Za a iya danganta wannan zamewar ƙasa da abubuwa da yawa: tabarbarewar gibin asusu na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya ƙaru zuwa shekaru 36 da ya kai kashi 7.3 cikin ɗari na jimlar yawan amfanin gida (GDP) a 2007; hauhawar farashin kaya a cikin shekaru biyar mafi girma na kusan 9%; haɓaka kyamar haɗari a duniya yayin da damuwar masu zuba jari game da yaduwar tasirin rikicin na ƙasa ya karu; da kuma jirgin gaba ɗaya zuwa "masu tsaro", nesa da haɗarin da ake gani na kasuwanni masu tasowa. Matsalar wutar lantarki ta Eskom ta kara ta'azzara faduwar darajar Rand, wanda ya taso saboda rashin iya biyan bukatun makamashin kasar cikin hanzari. ==== 2012 - yanzu ==== A stalled ma'adinai masana'antu a cikin marigayi 2012 ya haifar da sabon lows a farkon 2013.<ref name="BIZTECH3">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/51095/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2013/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2013 | date =2 January 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen Janairu 2014, Rand ya zame zuwa R11.25 zuwa dala, tare da manazarta suna danganta canjin zuwa "kalmar daga Tarayyar Tarayyar Amurka cewa za ta rage kashe kashe kuɗi mai ƙarfafawa, wanda ya haifar da kasuwa mai yawa a cikin tattalin arziki masu tasowa." A cikin 2014, Afirka ta Kudu ta fuskanci mafi munin shekararta akan dalar Amurka tun daga 2009, kuma a cikin Maris 2015, Rand ya yi ciniki a mafi muni tun 2002. A lokacin, Trading Economics ya fitar da bayanai cewa Rand "ya kai R4.97 zuwa dala tsakanin 1972-2015, wanda ya kai R12.45 a kowane lokaci a watan Disamba 2001 da kuma raguwa na R0.67 a watan Yuni na 1973." Ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2014, kudin Rand ya ragu zuwa R15.05 a kowace dala, wani bangare saboda gibin asusun kasuwancin Afirka ta Kudu da sauran kasashen duniya.<ref name="BIZTECH2">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/76022/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2014/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2014 | date =17 December 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> Daga ranar 9 zuwa 13 ga watan Disambar 2015, cikin kwanaki hudu, kudin Rand ya ragu da kashi 10 bisa dari, sakamakon abin da wasu ke zargin cewa shugaba Zuma [[Jacob Zuma|ya bayyana mamakinsa]] na cewa zai maye gurbin ministan kudi Nhlanhla Nene da David van Rooyen wanda ba a san shi ba. Faduwar darajar da aka yi cikin sauri ta samo asali ne lokacin da Zuma ya ja baya tare da bayyana cewa a maimakon haka za a nada fitaccen ministan kudi Pravin Gordhan a kan mukamin. Korar da Zuma ya yi na ba-zata da Nene ya yi illa ga amincewar kasashen duniya a kan kudin kasar Rand, kuma farashin musayar ya yi kasala a tsawon watan Janairun 2016, kuma ya kai matsayin da ba a taba gani ba na R17.9169 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun 2016 kafin ya koma R16.57 daga baya. rana guda. Faduwar darajar watan Janairu kuma wani bangare ne ya haifar da masu zuba jari na kasar Japan sun yanke asarar da suke yi a cikin kudin don neman zuba jari mai yawa a wasu wurare kuma saboda damuwa kan tasirin koma bayan tattalin arziki a kasar Sin, babbar kasuwar fitar da kayayyaki a Afirka ta Kudu. A tsakiyar watan Janairu, masana tattalin arziki sun yi hasashe cewa Rand na iya sa ran ganin ƙarin canji ga sauran 2016. Ya zuwa ranar 29 ga Afrilu, ya kai mafi girman aikinsa a cikin watanni biyar da suka gabata, inda aka yi musanya akan farashin R14.16 zuwa dalar Amurka. Bayan da Burtaniya ta kada kuri'ar ficewa daga Tarayyar Turai, kudin Rand ya ragu da sama da kashi 8 cikin dari idan aka kwatanta da dalar Amurka a ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 2016, raguwar kudin mafi girma a rana guda tun bayan faduwar tattalin arzikin shekarar 2008. Wannan ya kasance wani bangare ne saboda koma bayan tattalin arzikin duniya gaba daya daga kudaden da ake ganin suna da hadari ga dalar Amurka kuma wani bangare na damuwa kan yadda ficewar Burtaniya daga kungiyar EU zai yi tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da huldar kasuwanci. A watan Afrilun 2017, wata kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ta Reuters ta yi kiyasin cewa, Rand zai ci gaba da kasancewa da kwanciyar hankali har zuwa karshen shekara, yayin da kuri'u biyu suka gano cewa manazarta sun riga sun yi la'akari da yiwuwar raguwa zuwa matsayi na "junk". A lokacin, Moody's ya kima Afirka ta Kudu daraja biyu sama da matsayin takarce. A lokacin da shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya samu da kyar a yunkurin kin amincewa da kasar Afirka ta Kudu a watan Agustan 2017, kudin Rand ya ci gaba da zamewa, inda ya ragu da kashi 1.7 cikin dari a wannan rana. A cikin watan Satumban shekarar 2017, Goldman Sachs ya ce basussuka da cin hanci da rashawa na kamfanin Eskom Holdings shi ne babban hatsari ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da kuma canjin kudin Rand. A lokacin, ba ta da wani babban jami'in gudanarwa na dindindin, kuma Colin Coleman na Goldman Sachs a Afirka ya ce kamfanin yana "tattaunawa kan mafita" kan samun ingantaccen gudanarwa. A watan Oktoban 2017, Rand ya tsaya tsayin daka akan dalar Amurka yayin da ya murmure daga karanci na watanni shida. Kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters ya bayyana cewa, "Afrika ta kudu na da matukar saukin kai ga ra'ayin masu zuba jari a duniya yayin da kasar ta dogara da kudaden kasashen waje wajen cike manyan kasafin kudinta da kuma gibin kudaden da take samu." A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamban 2017, kudin Rand ya fadi da sama da kashi 1% a lokacin da shugaban kasafin kudi Michael Sachs ya sauka daga mukaminsa a gwamnatin Zuma. A cikin Oktoba 2022, Rand ya nutse zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin shekaru biyu, ya kai R18.46 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2022. == Tsabar kudi == [[File:5-za-rand.JPG|thumb| 5-rand tsabar kudin bimetallic da aka bayar a 2004]] An gabatar da tsabar kudi a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin , 1, , 5, 10, 20, da 50 cents. A 1965, 2 cent tsabar kudi maye gurbin  cent tsabar kudi. The An buga tsabar ƙarshe don yaduwa a cikin 1973. An ƙaddamar da tsabar kudin Rand 1 don rarrabawa a cikin 1967, sannan tsabar kudi 2-rand a 1989 da tsabar rand 5 a 1994. An dakatar da samar da cent 1 da 2 a shekara ta 2002, sai kuma cent 5 a 2012, da farko saboda hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ya rage musu daraja, amma sun ci gaba da zama a doka. Shaguna yawanci suna zagaye jimillar farashin siyan kaya zuwa kusan centi 10 (don mabukaci). A kokarin da ake na dakile jabun, an fitar da sabon tsabar kudin Rand 5 a watan Agustan 2004. Abubuwan tsaro da aka gabatar akan tsabar kudin sun haɗa da ƙirar bimetal (mai kama da tsabar kuɗi €1 da €2, tsabar kuɗin Thai ฿10, tsabar kuɗin Philippine ₱10 kafin 2018, tsabar £2 na Burtaniya, da tsabar kuɗin Kanada $2 ), a keɓaɓɓen tsagi na tsaro na musamman tare da baki da ƙananan haruffa. A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a fitar da sabon jerin tsabar kudi. Waɗannan za su kasance da ɗarika ɗaya da jerin da suka gabata. 10c zai ƙunshi hoton Cape Honey Bee, 20c da Bitter Aloe, da 50c da Knysna Turaco, da R1 da Springbok, da R2 da King Protea, da kuma R5 da kudancin dama Whale. == Takardun kuɗi == An gabatar da jeri na farko na takardun kuɗin Rand a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1, 2, 10, da 20 rand, tare da ƙira da launuka iri ɗaya zuwa bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata don sauƙaƙa sauyawa. Sun ɗauki hoton abin da aka yi imani da shi a lokacin Jan van Riebeeck, shugaban VOC na farko na [[Cape Town]] . Daga baya an gano cewa hoton ba gaskiya ba ne Van Riebeeck kwata-kwata, hoton Bartholomeus Vermuyden ya yi kuskure da Van Riebeeck. Kamar bayanin kula [[Fam na Afirka ta Kudu|na fam]] na ƙarshe, an buga su cikin bambance-bambancen guda biyu, ɗaya da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] aka fara rubuta ɗayan ɗayan kuma an fara rubuta [[Afrikaans|Afirkaans]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} A cikin 1966, an fitar da jeri na biyu tare da ƙira waɗanda suka ƙaura daga bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata. Bayanan kula tare da raka'o'i na 1, 5 da 10 rand an samar da su tare da galibin launi ɗaya a kowane bayanin kula. An gabatar da ƙaramin bayanin rand 1 tare da ƙira iri ɗaya a cikin 1973 kuma an gabatar da bayanin rand 2 a cikin 1974. An yi watsi da darajar rand 20 daga jerin farko. Duk bayanan kula sun ɗauki hoton Jan van Riebeeck. An ci gaba da yin amfani da sigar Ingilishi da Afrikaans na kowane bayanin kula a cikin wannan jerin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} Jerin 1978 ya fara da ƙungiyoyin 2, 5, 10 da 20 rand, tare da ƙaddamar da rand 50 a cikin 1984. Wannan silsilar tana da bambance-bambancen harshe guda ɗaya kawai ga kowane rukunin bayanin kula. Afrikaans shine yaren farko akan Rand 2, 10, da 50, yayin da Ingilishi shine yaren farko akan Rand 5 da 20. An maye gurbin bayanin kula da Rand 1 da tsabar kudi. [[File:Atm_drawing_money_(2).png|thumb| Afirka ta Kudu ATM yana nuna R&nbsp;50 da R&nbsp;100 banknotes.]] A cikin 1990s, an sake tsara bayanin kula tare da hotunan Big Five nau'in namun daji. 10, 20 da 50 rand an gabatar da su a cikin 1992 & 1993, suna riƙe da tsarin launi na fitowar da ta gabata. An gabatar da tsabar kudi don 2 da 5 rand, tare da maye gurbin bayanin kula na jerin da suka gabata, musamman saboda tsananin lalacewa da tsagewar da aka samu tare da ƙananan bayanan ƙididdiga a wurare dabam dabam. A cikin 1994, an gabatar da bayanan rand 100 da 200. [ana buƙatar hujja] Jerin 2005 yana da babban ƙira iri ɗaya, amma tare da ƙarin fasalulluka na tsaro kamar tawada mai canza launi akan rand 50 da sama da kuma ƙungiyar taurarin EURion . An buga sassan duka ƙungiyoyin a cikin Turanci, yayin da aka buga wasu harsuna biyu na hukuma a baya, don haka ana amfani da duk harsunan hukuma 11 na Afirka ta Kudu . A cikin 2010, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu da bankunan kasuwanci sun janye duk jerin takardun banki na rand 200 na 1994 saboda ingantattun kuɗaɗen jabun da ke yawo. A cikin 2011, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da takardun banki na rand 100 waɗanda ba su da lahani saboda ba su da bugu mai kyalli da ake iya gani a ƙarƙashin hasken UV . A cikin watan Yuni, an ƙaura da buga wannan ɗarika daga Kamfanin Bayanan kula da Bankin Afirka ta Kudu zuwa sashin Crane Currency na Sweden ( Tumba Bruk ), wanda aka bayar da rahoton ya samar da tsabar kuɗi miliyan 80 100 rand. Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya soke takardun banki miliyan 3.6-rand 100 da Crane Currency ya buga saboda suna da lambobi iri ɗaya da rukunin da Kamfanin Bayanan Bankin Afirka ta Kudu ya buga. Bugu da ƙari, bayanin kula da aka buga a Sweden ba su kasance daidai launi ba, kuma sun kasance 1&nbsp;mm gajere. A ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 2012, Shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya sanar da cewa kasar za ta fitar da sabbin takardun kudi masu dauke da hoton [[Nelson Mandela]] . An shigar da su a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2012. Waɗannan sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi iri ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. A cikin 2013, an sabunta jerin 2012 tare da ƙari na ƙungiyar taurarin EURion zuwa duka ƙungiyoyin guda biyar. A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2018, an fitar da jerin takardun kudi na musamman don tunawa da cika shekaru 100 na haihuwar Nelson Mandela. Wannan jeri ya ƙunshi bayanin kula na duk ƙungiyoyin, 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. Waɗannan bayanan kula za su yi yawo tare da bayanan da ke akwai. Bayanan bayanan sun nuna madaidaicin fuskar Nelson Mandela a zahiri, amma a maimakon dabbobin Big Five a baya, suna nuna ƙaramin Mandela tare da fage daban-daban da suka shafi gadonsa. Wadannan al'amuran sun hada da: tsaunin Gabashin Cape, wanda ke nuna wurin haifuwar Mandela na Mvezo (rand 10); Gidan Mandela a Soweto, inda ya bayyana rayuwarsa ta siyasa tare da sauran gumakan gwagwarmaya (rand 20); wurin da aka kama Mandela a kusa da Howick, bayan watanni 17 a boye, inda aka gina masa wani abin tunawa ( rand 50); wurin daurin shekaru 27 da Mandela ya yi a gidan yari a tsibirin Robben, yana nuna tarin dutsen farar ƙasa (rand 100); mutum-mutumin Mandela a ginin Tarayyar don tunawa da lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a can a shekarar 1994 (rand 200).  A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a sami sabon jerin takardun banki waɗanda za su riƙe hoton Nelson Mandela a zahiri, yayin da yake nuna Big 5 a cikin hoton dangi a baya. Wannan silsilar ta ƙunshi ɗarika ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. === Zubi na farko === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta farko ta 1961) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | rowspan="4" | Jan Van Riebeck | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 136×78 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 149×84 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck ta jirgin ruwa | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 170×96 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Zinariya tawa | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 176×103 |} === Zubi na biyu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyu ta 1966) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 128×64 |- | | | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 120×57 |- | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Gariep Dam, pylon da masara cob | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Voortrekker Monument da Babban Trek | Ma'adinai | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Gine-ginen Ƙungiyar da kuma springbok | Jan van Riebeeck ta jiragen ruwa uku | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 140×76 |} === Zubi na uku === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na Uku 1978) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da pylon | Sasol kwal zuwa matatar mai | Blue | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 120×57 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da lu'u-lu'u | Mining da tsakiyar birnin [[Johannesburg]] | Purple | Turanci da Afrikaans | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma | Kore | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 133×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Jirgin ruwan Jan van Riebeeck guda uku da Coat of Arms na Afirka ta Kudu | Brown | Turanci da Afrikaans | 140×77 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da zaki | Fauna da flora | Ja | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 147×83 |} === Zubi na hudu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Banknotes of the South African rand (1992 Fourth Issue "Big Five") |- !Image !Value !Obverse !Reverse !Colour !Language !Size (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | |10 rand |Rhinoceros |Agriculture |Green |Afrikaans and English |128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |20 rand |[[Giwan daji na Afirka|Elephants]] |Mining |Brown |English and Afrikaans |134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |50 rand |Lions |Manufacturing |Red |Afrikaans and English |140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |100 rand |[[Ɓauna|Cape buffaloes]] |Tourism |Blue |English and Afrikaans |146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |200 rand |Leopards |Transport and communication |Orange |Afrikaans and English |152×70 |} === Silsilar ta biyar === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyar "Turanci da sauran Harsuna na hukuma") <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Rhinoceros | Noma | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwaye]] | Ma'adinai | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zakuna | Manufacturing | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Yawon shakatawa | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Sufuri da sadarwa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siridi na shida === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta shida "Nelson Mandela" 2012) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na bakwai === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na bakwai "Mandela Centenary") na 2018 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Matashi Mandela da mahaifarsa Mvezo | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Matashin Mandela da gidansa a Soweto | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Matashin Mandela da wurin da aka kama shi kusa da Howick | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | Matashin Mandela da kuma wurin da aka daure shi a tsibirin Robben | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Matashin Mandela da mutum-mutuminsa a ginin Tarayyar | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na takwas === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta takwas "Babban Iyalai 5") 2023 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Tswana, Ndebele | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Purple | Turanci, Xhosa, Venda | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Pedi, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Zulu, Sotho | 152×70 |} == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Category:Kudi]] [[Category:Kudade]] [[Category:Kuɗi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ib0tv5q1pgw1y6m8zehasmd61nbwzh4 893777 893776 2026-08-09T16:45:15Z Asiya Garba 46242 893777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rand na Afirka ta Kudu''', ko kuma kawai '''Rand''', ( alamar : '''R''' ; code : '''ZAR''' ("South African rand"); the ''ZA'' is a historical relic from [[Dutch language|Dutch]], used because "SA" is allocated to Saudi Arabia.}} ) ita ce kudin hukuma na [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|yankin hada-hadar kuɗaɗe]] [[Kudancin Afirka|na Afirka ta Kudu]] : [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Namibiya]] (tare da [[Dalar Namibia|dalar Namibiya]] ), [[Lesotho]] ( tare da [[Lesotho loti]] ) da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]] (tare da Swazi lilangeni ). An kuma raba shi zuwa cents 100 (alama: "c"). Kudin Rand na Afirka ta Kudu ya kasance na doka a cikin ƙasashe [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|membobin]] [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Lesotho]] da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]], tare da waɗannan ƙasashe uku kuma suna da nasu kuɗin ƙasa ( [[Dalar Namibia|dala]], [[Lesotho loti|loti]] da lilangeni bi da bi) tare da Rand a daidaito kuma har yanzu. yarda da ko'ina a matsayin madadin. Har ila yau, Rand ya kasance mai ba da izini na doka a [[Botswana]] har zuwa shekarar 1976, lokacin da [[Botswana pula|pula]] ya maye gurbin rand a dai-dai. == Bayani == Rand ya ɗauki sunansa daga Witwatersrand ("farin ruwa" a cikin Ingilishi, ''rand'' shine kalmar Dutch da [[Afrikaans]] don 'ridge'), dutsen da aka gina [[Johannesburg]] kuma inda aka sami yawancin ajiyar zinare na Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin Turanci da Afrikaans nau'in nau'i ɗaya da jam'i na naúrar ("rand") iri ɗaya ne: rand ɗaya, rand goma, rand miliyan biyu. == Tarihi == An kuma gabatar da Rand a cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 1961, watanni uku kafin ƙasar ta ayyana kanta a matsayin jamhuriya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/archives/witness/from-van-riebeeck-to-madiba-20150430|title=From Van Riebeeck to Madiba|publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]]|date=2012-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180714080651/http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |url=http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |title=The Reserve Bank and the Rand: Some historic reflections |publisher=Resbank.co.za |date=29 November 2001 |archive-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Although pronounced in the Afrikaans style as {{IPAc-en|r|ʌ|n|t|}} in the jingles when introduced, An kuma kafa Hukumar Samar da Kuɗin Decimal a cikin shekarar 1956 don yin la'akari da ƙaura daga ƙungiyoyin fam, shillings, da pence; ta gabatar da shawarwarinta a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1958. Ya maye gurbin [[fam na Afirka ta Kudu]] a matsayin ɗan takara na doka, a farashin Rand 2 zuwa fam 1, ko shillings 10 zuwa Rand. Gwamnati ta gabatar da mascot, Decimal Dan, "mutumin da ba shi da kuɗi" (wanda aka sani a [[Afrikaans]] da Daan Desimaal).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0jJWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7142%2C3054777 |title='Decimal Dan' Sings: Catchy Tune Teaches New Currency |publisher=The Spokesman-Review |date=10 January 1961 |access-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Wannan yana tare da jingle na rediyo, don sanar da jama'a game da sabon kudin.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22 ''A General's Story: from an Era of War and Peace''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126101241/https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&dq=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjM0pyM9_bKAhXFWxQKHVz8B2EQ6AEILTAB |date=26 November 2022 }}, Jannie Geldenhuys, Jonathan Ball, 1995, page 32</ref> Ko da yake an furta shi a cikin salon Afrikaans kamar /r ʌ n t / a cikin jingles lokacin da aka gabatar da shi, <ref name="decimalDanJingle">{{YouTube|GQ41bGOQajA}}</ref> furcin zamani a cikin Turanci na Afirka ta Kudu shine /r æ n d /.<ref name="Jenkins2007">{{cite book|author=Elwyn Jenkins|title=Falling Into Place: The Story of Modern South African Place Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZnXHoMQ_hkC&pg=PA23|year=2007|publisher=New Africa Books|isbn=978-0-86486-689-9|pages=23–}}</ref> === Takaitaccen tarihin canjin musaya === ==== 1961-2000 ==== [[File:ZAR-USD_exchange_rate_1974-2014.png|thumb|450x450px| Darajar Rand na Afirka ta Kudu zuwa dalar Amurka daga shekarar 1975 zuwa 2015 ta ginshiƙan shuɗi: Adadin canjin shekara-shekara yana nunawa ta layin baki. ]] Rand daya ya kai dalar Amurka 1.40 (R0.72 kowace dala) tun daga lokacin da aka fara shi a shekarar 1961 har zuwa ƙarshen 1971, kuma dalar Amurka ta yi karfi fiye da kudin Afirka ta Kudu a karon farko a ranar 15 ga Maris 1982. Ƙimar sa daga baya ta canza kamar yadda musayar kuɗi daban-daban Hukumomin Afirka ta Kudu ne suka aiwatar da . A farkon shekarun 1980, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da matsin lamba na siyasa gami da takunkumin da aka kakaba wa kasar sakamakon adawar da kasashen duniya ke yi wa tsarin wariyar launin fata ya fara zubar da kimarsa. Kudin ya karye sama da daidaito da dala a karon farko a watan Maris na 1982, kuma ya ci gaba da yin ciniki tsakanin R1 da R1.30 zuwa dala har zuwa watan Yunin shekarar 1984, lokacin da faɗuwar darajar kudin ta kara karfi. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 1985, ana cinikin sama da R2 akan kowace dala, kuma a watan Yuli na wannan shekarar, an dakatar da duk kasuwancin musayar waje na tsawon kwanaki uku don ƙoƙarin dakatar da faɗuwar darajar. A lokacin da shugaban jihar PW Botha ya yi jawabinsa na Rubicon a ranar 15 ga Agustan shekarar 1985, ya ragu zuwa R2.40 kowace dala. Kuɗin ya dawo da ɗan tsakanin shekarar 1986 zuwa 1988, yana kasuwanci a kusa da matakin R2 mafi yawan lokaci har ma yana karya ƙarƙashinsa kai tsaye. Farfadowar ba ta daɗe ba, amma a ƙarshen 1989, Rand yana cinikin fiye da R2.50 kowace dala. Kamar yadda ya bayyana a farkon shekarun 1990 cewa ƙasar na nufin mulkin mallaka mafi rinjaye na bakar fata da kuma sake fasalin daya bayan ɗaya, rashin tabbas game da makomar kasar ya gaggauta faɗuwar darajar har zuwa matakin R.&nbsp;3 zuwa dala an keta shi a watan Nuwamba 1992. Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin gida da na waje sun rinjayi kudin bayan haka, musamman babban zaɓen shekara ta 1994, wanda ya raunana zuwa sama da R3.60 zuwa dala, zaɓen Tito Mboweni a matsayin gwamnan babban bankin Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma rantsar da shugaba Thabo Mbeki a shekarar 1999, wanda yayi saurin zamewa sama da R6 zuwa dala. Shirin sake fasalin kasa mai cike da cece-kuce da aka fara a [[Zimbabwe]], wanda [[September 11 attacks|harin na ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001]] ya biyo baya, ya kai shi mafi raunin tarihin R13.84 zuwa dala a watan Disambar shekarar 2001. ==== 2001-2011 ==== [[File:South_Africa-Money-Old01.jpg|thumb|240x240px| Ƙarni biyu na tsofaffin bayanai da tsabar kudi: Bayanan kula na ƙarshen waɗannan tsararraki biyu (kamar yadda bayanin R5 ke nunawa a cikin wannan hoton) an maye gurbinsu da bayanin kula na "Big Five" kuma waɗannan kwanan nan an sabunta su don nuna fuskar Nelson Mandela. .]] Wannan faduwar darajar kwatsam a cikin 2001 ya haifar da bincike na yau da kullun, wanda hakan ya haifar da farfadowa mai ban mamaki. A karshen shekarar 2002, an sake cinikin kudin a karkashin R9 zuwa dala, kuma a karshen shekarar 2004 ana cinikin kasa da R5.70 zuwa dala. Kudin ya ɗan yi laushi a cikin 2005, kuma yana cinikin kusan R6.35 zuwa dala a ƙarshen shekara. A farkon shekara ta 2006, duk da haka, kuɗin ya ci gaba da yin gangami, kuma tun daga ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2006, an sake yin ciniki a ƙarƙashin R6 zuwa dala. Koyaya, a cikin kashi na biyu da na uku na 2006 (watau Afrilu zuwa Satumba), Rand ya raunana sosai. A cikin sharuddan sittin, ya faɗi daga kusan kashi 9.5% zuwa sama da kashi 7 cikin ɗari, ya yi asarar kusan kashi 25% na ƙimar kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin watanni shida kacal. A ƙarshen 2007, Rand ya haɗu cikin ladabi zuwa sama da 8% kawai, kawai don fuskantar faifai mai zurfi a cikin kwata na farko na 2008. Za a iya danganta wannan zamewar ƙasa da abubuwa da yawa: tabarbarewar gibin asusu na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya ƙaru zuwa shekaru 36 da ya kai kashi 7.3 cikin ɗari na jimlar yawan amfanin gida (GDP) a 2007; hauhawar farashin kaya a cikin shekaru biyar mafi girma na kusan 9%; haɓaka kyamar haɗari a duniya yayin da damuwar masu zuba jari game da yaduwar tasirin rikicin na ƙasa ya karu; da kuma jirgin gaba ɗaya zuwa "masu tsaro", nesa da haɗarin da ake gani na kasuwanni masu tasowa. Matsalar wutar lantarki ta Eskom ta kara ta'azzara faduwar darajar Rand, wanda ya taso saboda rashin iya biyan bukatun makamashin kasar cikin hanzari. ==== 2012 - yanzu ==== A stalled ma'adinai masana'antu a cikin marigayi 2012 ya haifar da sabon lows a farkon 2013.<ref name="BIZTECH3">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/51095/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2013/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2013 | date =2 January 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen Janairu 2014, Rand ya zame zuwa R11.25 zuwa dala, tare da manazarta suna danganta canjin zuwa "kalmar daga Tarayyar Tarayyar Amurka cewa za ta rage kashe kashe kuɗi mai ƙarfafawa, wanda ya haifar da kasuwa mai yawa a cikin tattalin arziki masu tasowa." A cikin 2014, Afirka ta Kudu ta fuskanci mafi munin shekararta akan dalar Amurka tun daga 2009, kuma a cikin Maris 2015, Rand ya yi ciniki a mafi muni tun 2002. A lokacin, Trading Economics ya fitar da bayanai cewa Rand "ya kai R4.97 zuwa dala tsakanin 1972-2015, wanda ya kai R12.45 a kowane lokaci a watan Disamba 2001 da kuma raguwa na R0.67 a watan Yuni na 1973." Ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2014, kudin Rand ya ragu zuwa R15.05 a kowace dala, wani bangare saboda gibin asusun kasuwancin Afirka ta Kudu da sauran kasashen duniya.<ref name="BIZTECH2">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/76022/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2014/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2014 | date =17 December 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> Daga ranar 9 zuwa 13 ga watan Disambar 2015, cikin kwanaki hudu, kudin Rand ya ragu da kashi 10 bisa dari, sakamakon abin da wasu ke zargin cewa shugaba Zuma [[Jacob Zuma|ya bayyana mamakinsa]] na cewa zai maye gurbin ministan kudi Nhlanhla Nene da David van Rooyen wanda ba a san shi ba. Faduwar darajar da aka yi cikin sauri ta samo asali ne lokacin da Zuma ya ja baya tare da bayyana cewa a maimakon haka za a nada fitaccen ministan kudi Pravin Gordhan a kan mukamin. Korar da Zuma ya yi na ba-zata da Nene ya yi illa ga amincewar kasashen duniya a kan kudin kasar Rand, kuma farashin musayar ya yi kasala a tsawon watan Janairun 2016, kuma ya kai matsayin da ba a taba gani ba na R17.9169 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun 2016 kafin ya koma R16.57 daga baya. rana guda. Faduwar darajar watan Janairu kuma wani bangare ne ya haifar da masu zuba jari na kasar Japan sun yanke asarar da suke yi a cikin kudin don neman zuba jari mai yawa a wasu wurare kuma saboda damuwa kan tasirin koma bayan tattalin arziki a kasar Sin, babbar kasuwar fitar da kayayyaki a Afirka ta Kudu. A tsakiyar watan Janairu, masana tattalin arziki sun yi hasashe cewa Rand na iya sa ran ganin ƙarin canji ga sauran 2016. Ya zuwa ranar 29 ga Afrilu, ya kai mafi girman aikinsa a cikin watanni biyar da suka gabata, inda aka yi musanya akan farashin R14.16 zuwa dalar Amurka. Bayan da Burtaniya ta kada kuri'ar ficewa daga Tarayyar Turai, kudin Rand ya ragu da sama da kashi 8 cikin dari idan aka kwatanta da dalar Amurka a ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 2016, raguwar kudin mafi girma a rana guda tun bayan faduwar tattalin arzikin shekarar 2008. Wannan ya kasance wani bangare ne saboda koma bayan tattalin arzikin duniya gaba daya daga kudaden da ake ganin suna da hadari ga dalar Amurka kuma wani bangare na damuwa kan yadda ficewar Burtaniya daga kungiyar EU zai yi tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da huldar kasuwanci. A watan Afrilun 2017, wata kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ta Reuters ta yi kiyasin cewa, Rand zai ci gaba da kasancewa da kwanciyar hankali har zuwa karshen shekara, yayin da kuri'u biyu suka gano cewa manazarta sun riga sun yi la'akari da yiwuwar raguwa zuwa matsayi na "junk". A lokacin, Moody's ya kima Afirka ta Kudu daraja biyu sama da matsayin takarce. A lokacin da shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya samu da kyar a yunkurin kin amincewa da kasar Afirka ta Kudu a watan Agustan 2017, kudin Rand ya ci gaba da zamewa, inda ya ragu da kashi 1.7 cikin dari a wannan rana. A cikin watan Satumban shekarar 2017, Goldman Sachs ya ce basussuka da cin hanci da rashawa na kamfanin Eskom Holdings shi ne babban hatsari ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da kuma canjin kudin Rand. A lokacin, ba ta da wani babban jami'in gudanarwa na dindindin, kuma Colin Coleman na Goldman Sachs a Afirka ya ce kamfanin yana "tattaunawa kan mafita" kan samun ingantaccen gudanarwa. A watan Oktoban 2017, Rand ya tsaya tsayin daka akan dalar Amurka yayin da ya murmure daga karanci na watanni shida. Kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters ya bayyana cewa, "Afrika ta kudu na da matukar saukin kai ga ra'ayin masu zuba jari a duniya yayin da kasar ta dogara da kudaden kasashen waje wajen cike manyan kasafin kudinta da kuma gibin kudaden da take samu." A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamban 2017, kudin Rand ya fadi da sama da kashi 1% a lokacin da shugaban kasafin kudi Michael Sachs ya sauka daga mukaminsa a gwamnatin Zuma. A cikin Oktoba 2022, Rand ya nutse zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin shekaru biyu, ya kai R18.46 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2022. == Tsabar kudi == [[File:5-za-rand.JPG|thumb| 5-rand tsabar kudin bimetallic da aka bayar a 2004]] An gabatar da tsabar kudi a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin , 1, , 5, 10, 20, da 50 cents. A 1965, 2 cent tsabar kudi maye gurbin  cent tsabar kudi. The An buga tsabar ƙarshe don yaduwa a cikin 1973. An ƙaddamar da tsabar kudin Rand 1 don rarrabawa a cikin 1967, sannan tsabar kudi 2-rand a 1989 da tsabar rand 5 a 1994. An dakatar da samar da cent 1 da 2 a shekara ta 2002, sai kuma cent 5 a 2012, da farko saboda hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ya rage musu daraja, amma sun ci gaba da zama a doka. Shaguna yawanci suna zagaye jimillar farashin siyan kaya zuwa kusan centi 10 (don mabukaci). A kokarin da ake na dakile jabun, an fitar da sabon tsabar kudin Rand 5 a watan Agustan 2004. Abubuwan tsaro da aka gabatar akan tsabar kudin sun haɗa da ƙirar bimetal (mai kama da tsabar kuɗi €1 da €2, tsabar kuɗin Thai ฿10, tsabar kuɗin Philippine ₱10 kafin 2018, tsabar £2 na Burtaniya, da tsabar kuɗin Kanada $2 ), a keɓaɓɓen tsagi na tsaro na musamman tare da baki da ƙananan haruffa. A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a fitar da sabon jerin tsabar kudi. Waɗannan za su kasance da ɗarika ɗaya da jerin da suka gabata. 10c zai ƙunshi hoton Cape Honey Bee, 20c da Bitter Aloe, da 50c da Knysna Turaco, da R1 da Springbok, da R2 da King Protea, da kuma R5 da kudancin dama Whale. == Takardun kuɗi == An gabatar da jeri na farko na takardun kuɗin Rand a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1, 2, 10, da 20 rand, tare da ƙira da launuka iri ɗaya zuwa bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata don sauƙaƙa sauyawa. Sun ɗauki hoton abin da aka yi imani da shi a lokacin Jan van Riebeeck, shugaban VOC na farko na [[Cape Town]] . Daga baya an gano cewa hoton ba gaskiya ba ne Van Riebeeck kwata-kwata, hoton Bartholomeus Vermuyden ya yi kuskure da Van Riebeeck. Kamar bayanin kula [[Fam na Afirka ta Kudu|na fam]] na ƙarshe, an buga su cikin bambance-bambancen guda biyu, ɗaya da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] aka fara rubuta ɗayan ɗayan kuma an fara rubuta [[Afrikaans|Afirkaans]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} A cikin 1966, an fitar da jeri na biyu tare da ƙira waɗanda suka ƙaura daga bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata. Bayanan kula tare da raka'o'i na 1, 5 da 10 rand an samar da su tare da galibin launi ɗaya a kowane bayanin kula. An gabatar da ƙaramin bayanin rand 1 tare da ƙira iri ɗaya a cikin 1973 kuma an gabatar da bayanin rand 2 a cikin 1974. An yi watsi da darajar rand 20 daga jerin farko. Duk bayanan kula sun ɗauki hoton Jan van Riebeeck. An ci gaba da yin amfani da sigar Ingilishi da Afrikaans na kowane bayanin kula a cikin wannan jerin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} Jerin 1978 ya fara da ƙungiyoyin 2, 5, 10 da 20 rand, tare da ƙaddamar da rand 50 a cikin 1984. Wannan silsilar tana da bambance-bambancen harshe guda ɗaya kawai ga kowane rukunin bayanin kula. Afrikaans shine yaren farko akan Rand 2, 10, da 50, yayin da Ingilishi shine yaren farko akan Rand 5 da 20. An maye gurbin bayanin kula da Rand 1 da tsabar kudi. [[File:Atm_drawing_money_(2).png|thumb| Afirka ta Kudu ATM yana nuna R&nbsp;50 da R&nbsp;100 banknotes.]] A cikin 1990s, an sake tsara bayanin kula tare da hotunan Big Five nau'in namun daji. 10, 20 da 50 rand an gabatar da su a cikin 1992 & 1993, suna riƙe da tsarin launi na fitowar da ta gabata. An gabatar da tsabar kudi don 2 da 5 rand, tare da maye gurbin bayanin kula na jerin da suka gabata, musamman saboda tsananin lalacewa da tsagewar da aka samu tare da ƙananan bayanan ƙididdiga a wurare dabam dabam. A cikin 1994, an gabatar da bayanan rand 100 da 200. [ana buƙatar hujja] Jerin 2005 yana da babban ƙira iri ɗaya, amma tare da ƙarin fasalulluka na tsaro kamar tawada mai canza launi akan rand 50 da sama da kuma ƙungiyar taurarin EURion . An buga sassan duka ƙungiyoyin a cikin Turanci, yayin da aka buga wasu harsuna biyu na hukuma a baya, don haka ana amfani da duk harsunan hukuma 11 na Afirka ta Kudu . A cikin 2010, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu da bankunan kasuwanci sun janye duk jerin takardun banki na rand 200 na 1994 saboda ingantattun kuɗaɗen jabun da ke yawo. A cikin 2011, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da takardun banki na rand 100 waɗanda ba su da lahani saboda ba su da bugu mai kyalli da ake iya gani a ƙarƙashin hasken UV . A cikin watan Yuni, an ƙaura da buga wannan ɗarika daga Kamfanin Bayanan kula da Bankin Afirka ta Kudu zuwa sashin Crane Currency na Sweden ( Tumba Bruk ), wanda aka bayar da rahoton ya samar da tsabar kuɗi miliyan 80 100 rand. Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya soke takardun banki miliyan 3.6-rand 100 da Crane Currency ya buga saboda suna da lambobi iri ɗaya da rukunin da Kamfanin Bayanan Bankin Afirka ta Kudu ya buga. Bugu da ƙari, bayanin kula da aka buga a Sweden ba su kasance daidai launi ba, kuma sun kasance 1&nbsp;mm gajere. A ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 2012, Shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya sanar da cewa kasar za ta fitar da sabbin takardun kudi masu dauke da hoton [[Nelson Mandela]] . An shigar da su a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2012. Waɗannan sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi iri ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. A cikin 2013, an sabunta jerin 2012 tare da ƙari na ƙungiyar taurarin EURion zuwa duka ƙungiyoyin guda biyar. A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2018, an fitar da jerin takardun kudi na musamman don tunawa da cika shekaru 100 na haihuwar Nelson Mandela. Wannan jeri ya ƙunshi bayanin kula na duk ƙungiyoyin, 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. Waɗannan bayanan kula za su yi yawo tare da bayanan da ke akwai. Bayanan bayanan sun nuna madaidaicin fuskar Nelson Mandela a zahiri, amma a maimakon dabbobin Big Five a baya, suna nuna ƙaramin Mandela tare da fage daban-daban da suka shafi gadonsa. Wadannan al'amuran sun hada da: tsaunin Gabashin Cape, wanda ke nuna wurin haifuwar Mandela na Mvezo (rand 10); Gidan Mandela a Soweto, inda ya bayyana rayuwarsa ta siyasa tare da sauran gumakan gwagwarmaya (rand 20); wurin da aka kama Mandela a kusa da Howick, bayan watanni 17 a boye, inda aka gina masa wani abin tunawa ( rand 50); wurin daurin shekaru 27 da Mandela ya yi a gidan yari a tsibirin Robben, yana nuna tarin dutsen farar ƙasa (rand 100); mutum-mutumin Mandela a ginin Tarayyar don tunawa da lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a can a shekarar 1994 (rand 200).  A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a sami sabon jerin takardun banki waɗanda za su riƙe hoton Nelson Mandela a zahiri, yayin da yake nuna Big 5 a cikin hoton dangi a baya. Wannan silsilar ta ƙunshi ɗarika ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. === Zubi na farko === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta farko ta 1961) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | rowspan="4" | Jan Van Riebeck | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 136×78 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 149×84 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck ta jirgin ruwa | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 170×96 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Zinariya tawa | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 176×103 |} === Zubi na biyu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyu ta 1966) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 128×64 |- | | | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 120×57 |- | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Gariep Dam, pylon da masara cob | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Voortrekker Monument da Babban Trek | Ma'adinai | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Gine-ginen Ƙungiyar da kuma springbok | Jan van Riebeeck ta jiragen ruwa uku | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 140×76 |} === Zubi na uku === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na Uku 1978) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da pylon | Sasol kwal zuwa matatar mai | Blue | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 120×57 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da lu'u-lu'u | Mining da tsakiyar birnin [[Johannesburg]] | Purple | Turanci da Afrikaans | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma | Kore | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 133×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Jirgin ruwan Jan van Riebeeck guda uku da Coat of Arms na Afirka ta Kudu | Brown | Turanci da Afrikaans | 140×77 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da zaki | Fauna da flora | Ja | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 147×83 |} === Zubi na hudu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Banknotes of the South African rand (1992 Fourth Issue "Big Five") |- !Image !Value !Obverse !Reverse !Colour !Language !Size (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | |10 rand |Rhinoceros |Agriculture |Green |Afrikaans and English |128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |20 rand |[[Giwan daji na Afirka|Elephants]] |Mining |Brown |English and Afrikaans |134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |50 rand |Lions |Manufacturing |Red |Afrikaans and English |140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |100 rand |[[Ɓauna|Cape buffaloes]] |Tourism |Blue |English and Afrikaans |146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |200 rand |Leopards |Transport and communication |Orange |Afrikaans and English |152×70 |} === Silsilar ta biyar === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyar "Turanci da sauran Harsuna na hukuma") <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Rhinoceros | Noma | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwaye]] | Ma'adinai | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zakuna | Manufacturing | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Yawon shakatawa | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Sufuri da sadarwa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siridi na shida === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta shida "Nelson Mandela" 2012) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na bakwai === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na bakwai "Mandela Centenary") na 2018 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Matashi Mandela da mahaifarsa Mvezo | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Matashin Mandela da gidansa a Soweto | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Matashin Mandela da wurin da aka kama shi kusa da Howick | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | Matashin Mandela da kuma wurin da aka daure shi a tsibirin Robben | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Matashin Mandela da mutum-mutuminsa a ginin Tarayyar | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na takwas === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta takwas "Babban Iyalai 5") 2023 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Tswana, Ndebele | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Purple | Turanci, Xhosa, Venda | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Pedi, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Zulu, Sotho | 152×70 |} == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Category:Kudi]] [[Category:Kudade]] [[Category:Kuɗi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ppsmi843p2ehpmet3ovzbmyfiw3luth 893778 893777 2026-08-09T16:45:33Z Asiya Garba 46242 893778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rand na Afirka ta Kudu''', ko kuma kawai '''Rand''', ( alamar : '''R''' ; code : '''ZAR''' ("South African rand"); the ''ZA'' is a historical relic from [[Dutch language|Dutch]], used because "SA" is allocated to Saudi Arabia.}} ) ita ce kudin hukuma na [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|yankin hada-hadar kuɗaɗe]] [[Kudancin Afirka|na Afirka ta Kudu]] : [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Namibiya]] (tare da [[Dalar Namibia|dalar Namibiya]] ), [[Lesotho]] ( tare da [[Lesotho loti]] ) da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]] (tare da Swazi lilangeni ). An kuma raba shi zuwa cents 100 (alama: "c"). Kudin Rand na Afirka ta Kudu ya kasance na doka a cikin ƙasashe [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|membobin]] [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Lesotho]] da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]], tare da waɗannan ƙasashe uku kuma suna da nasu kuɗin ƙasa ( [[Dalar Namibia|dala]], [[Lesotho loti|loti]] da lilangeni bi da bi) tare da Rand a daidaito kuma har yanzu. yarda da ko'ina a matsayin madadin. Har ila yau, Rand ya kasance mai ba da izini na doka a [[Botswana]] har zuwa shekarar 1976, lokacin da [[Botswana pula|pula]] ya maye gurbin rand a dai-dai. == Bayani == Rand ya ɗauki sunansa daga Witwatersrand ("farin ruwa" a cikin Ingilishi, ''rand'' shine kalmar Dutch da [[Afrikaans]] don 'ridge'), dutsen da aka gina [[Johannesburg]] kuma inda aka sami yawancin ajiyar zinare na Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin Turanci da Afrikaans nau'in nau'i ɗaya da jam'i na naúrar ("rand") iri ɗaya ne: rand ɗaya, rand goma, rand miliyan biyu. == Tarihi == An kuma gabatar da Rand a cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 1961, watanni uku kafin ƙasar ta ayyana kanta a matsayin jamhuriya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/archives/witness/from-van-riebeeck-to-madiba-20150430|title=From Van Riebeeck to Madiba|publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]]|date=2012-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180714080651/http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |url=http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |title=The Reserve Bank and the Rand: Some historic reflections |publisher=Resbank.co.za |date=29 November 2001 |archive-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Although pronounced in the Afrikaans style as {{IPAc-en|r|ʌ|n|t|}} in the jingles when introduced, An kuma kafa Hukumar Samar da Kuɗin Decimal a cikin shekarar 1956 don yin la'akari da ƙaura daga ƙungiyoyin fam, shillings, da pence; ta gabatar da shawarwarinta a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1958. Ya maye gurbin [[fam na Afirka ta Kudu]] a matsayin ɗan takara na doka, a farashin Rand 2 zuwa fam 1, ko shillings 10 zuwa Rand. Gwamnati ta gabatar da mascot, Decimal Dan, "mutumin da ba shi da kuɗi" (wanda aka sani a [[Afrikaans]] da Daan Desimaal).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0jJWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7142%2C3054777 |title='Decimal Dan' Sings: Catchy Tune Teaches New Currency |publisher=The Spokesman-Review |date=10 January 1961 |access-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Wannan yana tare da jingle na rediyo, don sanar da jama'a game da sabon kudin.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22 ''A General's Story: from an Era of War and Peace''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126101241/https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&dq=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjM0pyM9_bKAhXFWxQKHVz8B2EQ6AEILTAB |date=26 November 2022 }}, Jannie Geldenhuys, Jonathan Ball, 1995, page 32</ref> Ko da yake an furta shi a cikin salon Afrikaans kamar /r ʌ n t / a cikin jingles lokacin da aka gabatar da shi, <ref name="decimalDanJingle">{{YouTube|GQ41bGOQajA}}</ref> furcin zamani a cikin Turanci na Afirka ta Kudu shine /r æ n d /.<ref name="Jenkins2007">{{cite book|author=Elwyn Jenkins|title=Falling Into Place: The Story of Modern South African Place Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZnXHoMQ_hkC&pg=PA23|year=2007|publisher=New Africa Books|isbn=978-0-86486-689-9|pages=23–}}</ref> === Takaitaccen tarihin canjin musaya === ==== 1961-2000 ==== [[File:ZAR-USD_exchange_rate_1974-2014.png|thumb|450x450px| Darajar Rand na Afirka ta Kudu zuwa dalar Amurka daga shekarar 1975 zuwa 2015 ta ginshiƙan shuɗi: Adadin canjin shekara-shekara yana nunawa ta layin baki. ]] Rand daya ya kai dalar Amurka 1.40 (R0.72 kowace dala) tun daga lokacin da aka fara shi a shekarar 1961 har zuwa ƙarshen 1971, kuma dalar Amurka ta yi karfi fiye da kudin Afirka ta Kudu a karon farko a ranar 15 ga Maris 1982. Ƙimar sa daga baya ta canza kamar yadda musayar kuɗi daban-daban Hukumomin Afirka ta Kudu ne suka aiwatar da . A farkon shekarun 1980, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da matsin lamba na siyasa gami da takunkumin da aka kakaba wa kasar sakamakon adawar da kasashen duniya ke yi wa tsarin wariyar launin fata ya fara zubar da kimarsa. Kudin ya karye sama da daidaito da dala a karon farko a watan Maris na 1982, kuma ya ci gaba da yin ciniki tsakanin R1 da R1.30 zuwa dala har zuwa watan Yunin shekarar 1984, lokacin da faɗuwar darajar kudin ta kara karfi. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 1985, ana cinikin sama da R2 akan kowace dala, kuma a watan Yuli na wannan shekarar, an dakatar da duk kasuwancin musayar waje na tsawon kwanaki uku don ƙoƙarin dakatar da faɗuwar darajar. A lokacin da shugaban jihar PW Botha ya yi jawabinsa na Rubicon a ranar 15 ga Agustan shekarar 1985, ya ragu zuwa R2.40 kowace dala. Kuɗin ya dawo da ɗan tsakanin shekarar 1986 zuwa 1988, yana kasuwanci a kusa da matakin R2 mafi yawan lokaci har ma yana karya ƙarƙashinsa kai tsaye. Farfadowar ba ta daɗe ba, amma a ƙarshen 1989, Rand yana cinikin fiye da R2.50 kowace dala. Kamar yadda ya bayyana a farkon shekarun 1990 cewa ƙasar na nufin mulkin mallaka mafi rinjaye na bakar fata da kuma sake fasalin daya bayan ɗaya, rashin tabbas game da makomar kasar ya gaggauta faɗuwar darajar har zuwa matakin R.&nbsp;3 zuwa dala an keta shi a watan Nuwamba 1992. Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin gida da na waje sun rinjayi kudin bayan haka, musamman babban zaɓen shekara ta 1994, wanda ya raunana zuwa sama da R3.60 zuwa dala, zaɓen Tito Mboweni a matsayin gwamnan babban bankin Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma rantsar da shugaba Thabo Mbeki a shekarar 1999, wanda yayi saurin zamewa sama da R6 zuwa dala. Shirin sake fasalin kasa mai cike da cece-kuce da aka fara a [[Zimbabwe]], wanda [[September 11 attacks|harin na ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001]] ya biyo baya, ya kai shi mafi raunin tarihin R13.84 zuwa dala a watan Disambar shekarar 2001. ==== 2001-2011 ==== [[File:South_Africa-Money-Old01.jpg|thumb|240x240px| Ƙarni biyu na tsofaffin bayanai da tsabar kudi: Bayanan kula na ƙarshen waɗannan tsararraki biyu (kamar yadda bayanin R5 ke nunawa a cikin wannan hoton) an maye gurbinsu da bayanin kula na "Big Five" kuma waɗannan kwanan nan an sabunta su don nuna fuskar Nelson Mandela. .]] Wannan faduwar darajar kwatsam a cikin 2001 ya haifar da bincike na yau da kullun, wanda hakan ya haifar da farfadowa mai ban mamaki. A karshen shekarar 2002, an sake cinikin kudin a karkashin R9 zuwa dala, kuma a karshen shekarar 2004 ana cinikin kasa da R5.70 zuwa dala. Kudin ya ɗan yi laushi a cikin 2005, kuma yana cinikin kusan R6.35 zuwa dala a ƙarshen shekara. A farkon shekara ta 2006, duk da haka, kuɗin ya ci gaba da yin gangami, kuma tun daga ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2006, an sake yin ciniki a ƙarƙashin R6 zuwa dala. Koyaya, a cikin kashi na biyu da na uku na 2006 (watau Afrilu zuwa Satumba), Rand ya raunana sosai. A cikin sharuddan sittin, ya faɗi daga kusan kashi 9.5% zuwa sama da kashi 7 cikin ɗari, ya yi asarar kusan kashi 25% na ƙimar kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin watanni shida kacal. A ƙarshen shekarar 2007, Rand ya haɗu cikin ladabi zuwa sama da 8% kawai, kawai don fuskantar faifai mai zurfi a cikin kwata na farko na 2008. Za a iya danganta wannan zamewar ƙasa da abubuwa da yawa: tabarbarewar gibin asusu na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya ƙaru zuwa shekaru 36 da ya kai kashi 7.3 cikin ɗari na jimlar yawan amfanin gida (GDP) a 2007; hauhawar farashin kaya a cikin shekaru biyar mafi girma na kusan 9%; haɓaka kyamar haɗari a duniya yayin da damuwar masu zuba jari game da yaduwar tasirin rikicin na ƙasa ya karu; da kuma jirgin gaba ɗaya zuwa "masu tsaro", nesa da haɗarin da ake gani na kasuwanni masu tasowa. Matsalar wutar lantarki ta Eskom ta kara ta'azzara faduwar darajar Rand, wanda ya taso saboda rashin iya biyan bukatun makamashin kasar cikin hanzari. ==== 2012 - yanzu ==== A stalled ma'adinai masana'antu a cikin marigayi 2012 ya haifar da sabon lows a farkon 2013.<ref name="BIZTECH3">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/51095/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2013/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2013 | date =2 January 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen Janairu 2014, Rand ya zame zuwa R11.25 zuwa dala, tare da manazarta suna danganta canjin zuwa "kalmar daga Tarayyar Tarayyar Amurka cewa za ta rage kashe kashe kuɗi mai ƙarfafawa, wanda ya haifar da kasuwa mai yawa a cikin tattalin arziki masu tasowa." A cikin 2014, Afirka ta Kudu ta fuskanci mafi munin shekararta akan dalar Amurka tun daga 2009, kuma a cikin Maris 2015, Rand ya yi ciniki a mafi muni tun 2002. A lokacin, Trading Economics ya fitar da bayanai cewa Rand "ya kai R4.97 zuwa dala tsakanin 1972-2015, wanda ya kai R12.45 a kowane lokaci a watan Disamba 2001 da kuma raguwa na R0.67 a watan Yuni na 1973." Ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2014, kudin Rand ya ragu zuwa R15.05 a kowace dala, wani bangare saboda gibin asusun kasuwancin Afirka ta Kudu da sauran kasashen duniya.<ref name="BIZTECH2">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/76022/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2014/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2014 | date =17 December 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> Daga ranar 9 zuwa 13 ga watan Disambar 2015, cikin kwanaki hudu, kudin Rand ya ragu da kashi 10 bisa dari, sakamakon abin da wasu ke zargin cewa shugaba Zuma [[Jacob Zuma|ya bayyana mamakinsa]] na cewa zai maye gurbin ministan kudi Nhlanhla Nene da David van Rooyen wanda ba a san shi ba. Faduwar darajar da aka yi cikin sauri ta samo asali ne lokacin da Zuma ya ja baya tare da bayyana cewa a maimakon haka za a nada fitaccen ministan kudi Pravin Gordhan a kan mukamin. Korar da Zuma ya yi na ba-zata da Nene ya yi illa ga amincewar kasashen duniya a kan kudin kasar Rand, kuma farashin musayar ya yi kasala a tsawon watan Janairun 2016, kuma ya kai matsayin da ba a taba gani ba na R17.9169 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun 2016 kafin ya koma R16.57 daga baya. rana guda. Faduwar darajar watan Janairu kuma wani bangare ne ya haifar da masu zuba jari na kasar Japan sun yanke asarar da suke yi a cikin kudin don neman zuba jari mai yawa a wasu wurare kuma saboda damuwa kan tasirin koma bayan tattalin arziki a kasar Sin, babbar kasuwar fitar da kayayyaki a Afirka ta Kudu. A tsakiyar watan Janairu, masana tattalin arziki sun yi hasashe cewa Rand na iya sa ran ganin ƙarin canji ga sauran 2016. Ya zuwa ranar 29 ga Afrilu, ya kai mafi girman aikinsa a cikin watanni biyar da suka gabata, inda aka yi musanya akan farashin R14.16 zuwa dalar Amurka. Bayan da Burtaniya ta kada kuri'ar ficewa daga Tarayyar Turai, kudin Rand ya ragu da sama da kashi 8 cikin dari idan aka kwatanta da dalar Amurka a ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 2016, raguwar kudin mafi girma a rana guda tun bayan faduwar tattalin arzikin shekarar 2008. Wannan ya kasance wani bangare ne saboda koma bayan tattalin arzikin duniya gaba daya daga kudaden da ake ganin suna da hadari ga dalar Amurka kuma wani bangare na damuwa kan yadda ficewar Burtaniya daga kungiyar EU zai yi tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da huldar kasuwanci. A watan Afrilun 2017, wata kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ta Reuters ta yi kiyasin cewa, Rand zai ci gaba da kasancewa da kwanciyar hankali har zuwa karshen shekara, yayin da kuri'u biyu suka gano cewa manazarta sun riga sun yi la'akari da yiwuwar raguwa zuwa matsayi na "junk". A lokacin, Moody's ya kima Afirka ta Kudu daraja biyu sama da matsayin takarce. A lokacin da shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya samu da kyar a yunkurin kin amincewa da kasar Afirka ta Kudu a watan Agustan 2017, kudin Rand ya ci gaba da zamewa, inda ya ragu da kashi 1.7 cikin dari a wannan rana. A cikin watan Satumban shekarar 2017, Goldman Sachs ya ce basussuka da cin hanci da rashawa na kamfanin Eskom Holdings shi ne babban hatsari ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da kuma canjin kudin Rand. A lokacin, ba ta da wani babban jami'in gudanarwa na dindindin, kuma Colin Coleman na Goldman Sachs a Afirka ya ce kamfanin yana "tattaunawa kan mafita" kan samun ingantaccen gudanarwa. A watan Oktoban 2017, Rand ya tsaya tsayin daka akan dalar Amurka yayin da ya murmure daga karanci na watanni shida. Kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters ya bayyana cewa, "Afrika ta kudu na da matukar saukin kai ga ra'ayin masu zuba jari a duniya yayin da kasar ta dogara da kudaden kasashen waje wajen cike manyan kasafin kudinta da kuma gibin kudaden da take samu." A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamban 2017, kudin Rand ya fadi da sama da kashi 1% a lokacin da shugaban kasafin kudi Michael Sachs ya sauka daga mukaminsa a gwamnatin Zuma. A cikin Oktoba 2022, Rand ya nutse zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin shekaru biyu, ya kai R18.46 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2022. == Tsabar kudi == [[File:5-za-rand.JPG|thumb| 5-rand tsabar kudin bimetallic da aka bayar a 2004]] An gabatar da tsabar kudi a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin , 1, , 5, 10, 20, da 50 cents. A 1965, 2 cent tsabar kudi maye gurbin  cent tsabar kudi. The An buga tsabar ƙarshe don yaduwa a cikin 1973. An ƙaddamar da tsabar kudin Rand 1 don rarrabawa a cikin 1967, sannan tsabar kudi 2-rand a 1989 da tsabar rand 5 a 1994. An dakatar da samar da cent 1 da 2 a shekara ta 2002, sai kuma cent 5 a 2012, da farko saboda hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ya rage musu daraja, amma sun ci gaba da zama a doka. Shaguna yawanci suna zagaye jimillar farashin siyan kaya zuwa kusan centi 10 (don mabukaci). A kokarin da ake na dakile jabun, an fitar da sabon tsabar kudin Rand 5 a watan Agustan 2004. Abubuwan tsaro da aka gabatar akan tsabar kudin sun haɗa da ƙirar bimetal (mai kama da tsabar kuɗi €1 da €2, tsabar kuɗin Thai ฿10, tsabar kuɗin Philippine ₱10 kafin 2018, tsabar £2 na Burtaniya, da tsabar kuɗin Kanada $2 ), a keɓaɓɓen tsagi na tsaro na musamman tare da baki da ƙananan haruffa. A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a fitar da sabon jerin tsabar kudi. Waɗannan za su kasance da ɗarika ɗaya da jerin da suka gabata. 10c zai ƙunshi hoton Cape Honey Bee, 20c da Bitter Aloe, da 50c da Knysna Turaco, da R1 da Springbok, da R2 da King Protea, da kuma R5 da kudancin dama Whale. == Takardun kuɗi == An gabatar da jeri na farko na takardun kuɗin Rand a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1, 2, 10, da 20 rand, tare da ƙira da launuka iri ɗaya zuwa bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata don sauƙaƙa sauyawa. Sun ɗauki hoton abin da aka yi imani da shi a lokacin Jan van Riebeeck, shugaban VOC na farko na [[Cape Town]] . Daga baya an gano cewa hoton ba gaskiya ba ne Van Riebeeck kwata-kwata, hoton Bartholomeus Vermuyden ya yi kuskure da Van Riebeeck. Kamar bayanin kula [[Fam na Afirka ta Kudu|na fam]] na ƙarshe, an buga su cikin bambance-bambancen guda biyu, ɗaya da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] aka fara rubuta ɗayan ɗayan kuma an fara rubuta [[Afrikaans|Afirkaans]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} A cikin 1966, an fitar da jeri na biyu tare da ƙira waɗanda suka ƙaura daga bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata. Bayanan kula tare da raka'o'i na 1, 5 da 10 rand an samar da su tare da galibin launi ɗaya a kowane bayanin kula. An gabatar da ƙaramin bayanin rand 1 tare da ƙira iri ɗaya a cikin 1973 kuma an gabatar da bayanin rand 2 a cikin 1974. An yi watsi da darajar rand 20 daga jerin farko. Duk bayanan kula sun ɗauki hoton Jan van Riebeeck. An ci gaba da yin amfani da sigar Ingilishi da Afrikaans na kowane bayanin kula a cikin wannan jerin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} Jerin 1978 ya fara da ƙungiyoyin 2, 5, 10 da 20 rand, tare da ƙaddamar da rand 50 a cikin 1984. Wannan silsilar tana da bambance-bambancen harshe guda ɗaya kawai ga kowane rukunin bayanin kula. Afrikaans shine yaren farko akan Rand 2, 10, da 50, yayin da Ingilishi shine yaren farko akan Rand 5 da 20. An maye gurbin bayanin kula da Rand 1 da tsabar kudi. [[File:Atm_drawing_money_(2).png|thumb| Afirka ta Kudu ATM yana nuna R&nbsp;50 da R&nbsp;100 banknotes.]] A cikin 1990s, an sake tsara bayanin kula tare da hotunan Big Five nau'in namun daji. 10, 20 da 50 rand an gabatar da su a cikin 1992 & 1993, suna riƙe da tsarin launi na fitowar da ta gabata. An gabatar da tsabar kudi don 2 da 5 rand, tare da maye gurbin bayanin kula na jerin da suka gabata, musamman saboda tsananin lalacewa da tsagewar da aka samu tare da ƙananan bayanan ƙididdiga a wurare dabam dabam. A cikin 1994, an gabatar da bayanan rand 100 da 200. [ana buƙatar hujja] Jerin 2005 yana da babban ƙira iri ɗaya, amma tare da ƙarin fasalulluka na tsaro kamar tawada mai canza launi akan rand 50 da sama da kuma ƙungiyar taurarin EURion . An buga sassan duka ƙungiyoyin a cikin Turanci, yayin da aka buga wasu harsuna biyu na hukuma a baya, don haka ana amfani da duk harsunan hukuma 11 na Afirka ta Kudu . A cikin 2010, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu da bankunan kasuwanci sun janye duk jerin takardun banki na rand 200 na 1994 saboda ingantattun kuɗaɗen jabun da ke yawo. A cikin 2011, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da takardun banki na rand 100 waɗanda ba su da lahani saboda ba su da bugu mai kyalli da ake iya gani a ƙarƙashin hasken UV . A cikin watan Yuni, an ƙaura da buga wannan ɗarika daga Kamfanin Bayanan kula da Bankin Afirka ta Kudu zuwa sashin Crane Currency na Sweden ( Tumba Bruk ), wanda aka bayar da rahoton ya samar da tsabar kuɗi miliyan 80 100 rand. Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya soke takardun banki miliyan 3.6-rand 100 da Crane Currency ya buga saboda suna da lambobi iri ɗaya da rukunin da Kamfanin Bayanan Bankin Afirka ta Kudu ya buga. Bugu da ƙari, bayanin kula da aka buga a Sweden ba su kasance daidai launi ba, kuma sun kasance 1&nbsp;mm gajere. A ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 2012, Shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya sanar da cewa kasar za ta fitar da sabbin takardun kudi masu dauke da hoton [[Nelson Mandela]] . An shigar da su a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2012. Waɗannan sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi iri ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. A cikin 2013, an sabunta jerin 2012 tare da ƙari na ƙungiyar taurarin EURion zuwa duka ƙungiyoyin guda biyar. A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2018, an fitar da jerin takardun kudi na musamman don tunawa da cika shekaru 100 na haihuwar Nelson Mandela. Wannan jeri ya ƙunshi bayanin kula na duk ƙungiyoyin, 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. Waɗannan bayanan kula za su yi yawo tare da bayanan da ke akwai. Bayanan bayanan sun nuna madaidaicin fuskar Nelson Mandela a zahiri, amma a maimakon dabbobin Big Five a baya, suna nuna ƙaramin Mandela tare da fage daban-daban da suka shafi gadonsa. Wadannan al'amuran sun hada da: tsaunin Gabashin Cape, wanda ke nuna wurin haifuwar Mandela na Mvezo (rand 10); Gidan Mandela a Soweto, inda ya bayyana rayuwarsa ta siyasa tare da sauran gumakan gwagwarmaya (rand 20); wurin da aka kama Mandela a kusa da Howick, bayan watanni 17 a boye, inda aka gina masa wani abin tunawa ( rand 50); wurin daurin shekaru 27 da Mandela ya yi a gidan yari a tsibirin Robben, yana nuna tarin dutsen farar ƙasa (rand 100); mutum-mutumin Mandela a ginin Tarayyar don tunawa da lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a can a shekarar 1994 (rand 200).  A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a sami sabon jerin takardun banki waɗanda za su riƙe hoton Nelson Mandela a zahiri, yayin da yake nuna Big 5 a cikin hoton dangi a baya. Wannan silsilar ta ƙunshi ɗarika ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. === Zubi na farko === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta farko ta 1961) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | rowspan="4" | Jan Van Riebeck | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 136×78 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 149×84 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck ta jirgin ruwa | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 170×96 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Zinariya tawa | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 176×103 |} === Zubi na biyu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyu ta 1966) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 128×64 |- | | | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 120×57 |- | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Gariep Dam, pylon da masara cob | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Voortrekker Monument da Babban Trek | Ma'adinai | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Gine-ginen Ƙungiyar da kuma springbok | Jan van Riebeeck ta jiragen ruwa uku | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 140×76 |} === Zubi na uku === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na Uku 1978) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da pylon | Sasol kwal zuwa matatar mai | Blue | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 120×57 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da lu'u-lu'u | Mining da tsakiyar birnin [[Johannesburg]] | Purple | Turanci da Afrikaans | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma | Kore | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 133×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Jirgin ruwan Jan van Riebeeck guda uku da Coat of Arms na Afirka ta Kudu | Brown | Turanci da Afrikaans | 140×77 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da zaki | Fauna da flora | Ja | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 147×83 |} === Zubi na hudu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Banknotes of the South African rand (1992 Fourth Issue "Big Five") |- !Image !Value !Obverse !Reverse !Colour !Language !Size (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | |10 rand |Rhinoceros |Agriculture |Green |Afrikaans and English |128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |20 rand |[[Giwan daji na Afirka|Elephants]] |Mining |Brown |English and Afrikaans |134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |50 rand |Lions |Manufacturing |Red |Afrikaans and English |140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |100 rand |[[Ɓauna|Cape buffaloes]] |Tourism |Blue |English and Afrikaans |146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |200 rand |Leopards |Transport and communication |Orange |Afrikaans and English |152×70 |} === Silsilar ta biyar === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyar "Turanci da sauran Harsuna na hukuma") <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Rhinoceros | Noma | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwaye]] | Ma'adinai | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zakuna | Manufacturing | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Yawon shakatawa | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Sufuri da sadarwa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siridi na shida === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta shida "Nelson Mandela" 2012) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na bakwai === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na bakwai "Mandela Centenary") na 2018 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Matashi Mandela da mahaifarsa Mvezo | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Matashin Mandela da gidansa a Soweto | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Matashin Mandela da wurin da aka kama shi kusa da Howick | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | Matashin Mandela da kuma wurin da aka daure shi a tsibirin Robben | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Matashin Mandela da mutum-mutuminsa a ginin Tarayyar | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na takwas === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta takwas "Babban Iyalai 5") 2023 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Tswana, Ndebele | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Purple | Turanci, Xhosa, Venda | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Pedi, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Zulu, Sotho | 152×70 |} == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Category:Kudi]] [[Category:Kudade]] [[Category:Kuɗi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lfrkv9jpu4e9w97bx6aq5gsge3mosix 893779 893778 2026-08-09T16:45:49Z Asiya Garba 46242 893779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rand na Afirka ta Kudu''', ko kuma kawai '''Rand''', ( alamar : '''R''' ; code : '''ZAR''' ("South African rand"); the ''ZA'' is a historical relic from [[Dutch language|Dutch]], used because "SA" is allocated to Saudi Arabia.}} ) ita ce kudin hukuma na [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|yankin hada-hadar kuɗaɗe]] [[Kudancin Afirka|na Afirka ta Kudu]] : [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Namibiya]] (tare da [[Dalar Namibia|dalar Namibiya]] ), [[Lesotho]] ( tare da [[Lesotho loti]] ) da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]] (tare da Swazi lilangeni ). An kuma raba shi zuwa cents 100 (alama: "c"). Kudin Rand na Afirka ta Kudu ya kasance na doka a cikin ƙasashe [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|membobin]] [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Lesotho]] da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]], tare da waɗannan ƙasashe uku kuma suna da nasu kuɗin ƙasa ( [[Dalar Namibia|dala]], [[Lesotho loti|loti]] da lilangeni bi da bi) tare da Rand a daidaito kuma har yanzu. yarda da ko'ina a matsayin madadin. Har ila yau, Rand ya kasance mai ba da izini na doka a [[Botswana]] har zuwa shekarar 1976, lokacin da [[Botswana pula|pula]] ya maye gurbin rand a dai-dai. == Bayani == Rand ya ɗauki sunansa daga Witwatersrand ("farin ruwa" a cikin Ingilishi, ''rand'' shine kalmar Dutch da [[Afrikaans]] don 'ridge'), dutsen da aka gina [[Johannesburg]] kuma inda aka sami yawancin ajiyar zinare na Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin Turanci da Afrikaans nau'in nau'i ɗaya da jam'i na naúrar ("rand") iri ɗaya ne: rand ɗaya, rand goma, rand miliyan biyu. == Tarihi == An kuma gabatar da Rand a cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 1961, watanni uku kafin ƙasar ta ayyana kanta a matsayin jamhuriya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/archives/witness/from-van-riebeeck-to-madiba-20150430|title=From Van Riebeeck to Madiba|publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]]|date=2012-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180714080651/http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |url=http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |title=The Reserve Bank and the Rand: Some historic reflections |publisher=Resbank.co.za |date=29 November 2001 |archive-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Although pronounced in the Afrikaans style as {{IPAc-en|r|ʌ|n|t|}} in the jingles when introduced, An kuma kafa Hukumar Samar da Kuɗin Decimal a cikin shekarar 1956 don yin la'akari da ƙaura daga ƙungiyoyin fam, shillings, da pence; ta gabatar da shawarwarinta a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1958. Ya maye gurbin [[fam na Afirka ta Kudu]] a matsayin ɗan takara na doka, a farashin Rand 2 zuwa fam 1, ko shillings 10 zuwa Rand. Gwamnati ta gabatar da mascot, Decimal Dan, "mutumin da ba shi da kuɗi" (wanda aka sani a [[Afrikaans]] da Daan Desimaal).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0jJWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7142%2C3054777 |title='Decimal Dan' Sings: Catchy Tune Teaches New Currency |publisher=The Spokesman-Review |date=10 January 1961 |access-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Wannan yana tare da jingle na rediyo, don sanar da jama'a game da sabon kudin.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22 ''A General's Story: from an Era of War and Peace''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126101241/https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&dq=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjM0pyM9_bKAhXFWxQKHVz8B2EQ6AEILTAB |date=26 November 2022 }}, Jannie Geldenhuys, Jonathan Ball, 1995, page 32</ref> Ko da yake an furta shi a cikin salon Afrikaans kamar /r ʌ n t / a cikin jingles lokacin da aka gabatar da shi, <ref name="decimalDanJingle">{{YouTube|GQ41bGOQajA}}</ref> furcin zamani a cikin Turanci na Afirka ta Kudu shine /r æ n d /.<ref name="Jenkins2007">{{cite book|author=Elwyn Jenkins|title=Falling Into Place: The Story of Modern South African Place Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZnXHoMQ_hkC&pg=PA23|year=2007|publisher=New Africa Books|isbn=978-0-86486-689-9|pages=23–}}</ref> === Takaitaccen tarihin canjin musaya === ==== 1961-2000 ==== [[File:ZAR-USD_exchange_rate_1974-2014.png|thumb|450x450px| Darajar Rand na Afirka ta Kudu zuwa dalar Amurka daga shekarar 1975 zuwa 2015 ta ginshiƙan shuɗi: Adadin canjin shekara-shekara yana nunawa ta layin baki. ]] Rand daya ya kai dalar Amurka 1.40 (R0.72 kowace dala) tun daga lokacin da aka fara shi a shekarar 1961 har zuwa ƙarshen 1971, kuma dalar Amurka ta yi karfi fiye da kudin Afirka ta Kudu a karon farko a ranar 15 ga Maris 1982. Ƙimar sa daga baya ta canza kamar yadda musayar kuɗi daban-daban Hukumomin Afirka ta Kudu ne suka aiwatar da . A farkon shekarun 1980, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da matsin lamba na siyasa gami da takunkumin da aka kakaba wa kasar sakamakon adawar da kasashen duniya ke yi wa tsarin wariyar launin fata ya fara zubar da kimarsa. Kudin ya karye sama da daidaito da dala a karon farko a watan Maris na 1982, kuma ya ci gaba da yin ciniki tsakanin R1 da R1.30 zuwa dala har zuwa watan Yunin shekarar 1984, lokacin da faɗuwar darajar kudin ta kara karfi. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 1985, ana cinikin sama da R2 akan kowace dala, kuma a watan Yuli na wannan shekarar, an dakatar da duk kasuwancin musayar waje na tsawon kwanaki uku don ƙoƙarin dakatar da faɗuwar darajar. A lokacin da shugaban jihar PW Botha ya yi jawabinsa na Rubicon a ranar 15 ga Agustan shekarar 1985, ya ragu zuwa R2.40 kowace dala. Kuɗin ya dawo da ɗan tsakanin shekarar 1986 zuwa 1988, yana kasuwanci a kusa da matakin R2 mafi yawan lokaci har ma yana karya ƙarƙashinsa kai tsaye. Farfadowar ba ta daɗe ba, amma a ƙarshen 1989, Rand yana cinikin fiye da R2.50 kowace dala. Kamar yadda ya bayyana a farkon shekarun 1990 cewa ƙasar na nufin mulkin mallaka mafi rinjaye na bakar fata da kuma sake fasalin daya bayan ɗaya, rashin tabbas game da makomar kasar ya gaggauta faɗuwar darajar har zuwa matakin R.&nbsp;3 zuwa dala an keta shi a watan Nuwamba 1992. Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin gida da na waje sun rinjayi kudin bayan haka, musamman babban zaɓen shekara ta 1994, wanda ya raunana zuwa sama da R3.60 zuwa dala, zaɓen Tito Mboweni a matsayin gwamnan babban bankin Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma rantsar da shugaba Thabo Mbeki a shekarar 1999, wanda yayi saurin zamewa sama da R6 zuwa dala. Shirin sake fasalin kasa mai cike da cece-kuce da aka fara a [[Zimbabwe]], wanda [[September 11 attacks|harin na ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001]] ya biyo baya, ya kai shi mafi raunin tarihin R13.84 zuwa dala a watan Disambar shekarar 2001. ==== 2001-2011 ==== [[File:South_Africa-Money-Old01.jpg|thumb|240x240px| Ƙarni biyu na tsofaffin bayanai da tsabar kudi: Bayanan kula na ƙarshen waɗannan tsararraki biyu (kamar yadda bayanin R5 ke nunawa a cikin wannan hoton) an maye gurbinsu da bayanin kula na "Big Five" kuma waɗannan kwanan nan an sabunta su don nuna fuskar Nelson Mandela. .]] Wannan faduwar darajar kwatsam a cikin 2001 ya haifar da bincike na yau da kullun, wanda hakan ya haifar da farfadowa mai ban mamaki. A karshen shekarar 2002, an sake cinikin kudin a karkashin R9 zuwa dala, kuma a karshen shekarar 2004 ana cinikin kasa da R5.70 zuwa dala. Kudin ya ɗan yi laushi a cikin 2005, kuma yana cinikin kusan R6.35 zuwa dala a ƙarshen shekara. A farkon shekara ta 2006, duk da haka, kuɗin ya ci gaba da yin gangami, kuma tun daga ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2006, an sake yin ciniki a ƙarƙashin R6 zuwa dala. Koyaya, a cikin kashi na biyu da na uku na 2006 (watau Afrilu zuwa Satumba), Rand ya raunana sosai. A cikin sharuddan sittin, ya faɗi daga kusan kashi 9.5% zuwa sama da kashi 7 cikin ɗari, ya yi asarar kusan kashi 25% na ƙimar kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin watanni shida kacal. A ƙarshen shekarar 2007, Rand ya haɗu cikin ladabi zuwa sama da 8% kawai, kawai don fuskantar faifai mai zurfi a cikin kwata na farko na 2008. Za a iya danganta wannan zamewar ƙasa da abubuwa da yawa: tabarbarewar gibin asusu na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya ƙaru zuwa shekaru 36 da ya kai kashi 7.3 cikin ɗari na jimlar yawan amfanin gida (GDP) a 2007; hauhawar farashin kaya a cikin shekaru biyar mafi girma na kusan 9%; haɓaka kyamar haɗari a duniya yayin da damuwar masu zuba jari game da yaduwar tasirin rikicin na ƙasa ya karu; da kuma jirgin gaba ɗaya zuwa "masu tsaro", nesa da haɗarin da ake gani na kasuwanni masu tasowa. Matsalar wutar lantarki ta Eskom ta kara ta'azzara faduwar darajar Rand, wanda ya taso saboda rashin iya biyan bukatun makamashin kasar cikin hanzari. ==== 2012 - yanzu ==== A stalled ma'adinai masana'antu a cikin marigayi 2012 ya haifar da sabon lows a farkon shekara ta 2013.<ref name="BIZTECH3">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/51095/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2013/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2013 | date =2 January 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen Janairu 2014, Rand ya zame zuwa R11.25 zuwa dala, tare da manazarta suna danganta canjin zuwa "kalmar daga Tarayyar Tarayyar Amurka cewa za ta rage kashe kashe kuɗi mai ƙarfafawa, wanda ya haifar da kasuwa mai yawa a cikin tattalin arziki masu tasowa." A cikin 2014, Afirka ta Kudu ta fuskanci mafi munin shekararta akan dalar Amurka tun daga 2009, kuma a cikin Maris 2015, Rand ya yi ciniki a mafi muni tun 2002. A lokacin, Trading Economics ya fitar da bayanai cewa Rand "ya kai R4.97 zuwa dala tsakanin 1972-2015, wanda ya kai R12.45 a kowane lokaci a watan Disamba 2001 da kuma raguwa na R0.67 a watan Yuni na 1973." Ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2014, kudin Rand ya ragu zuwa R15.05 a kowace dala, wani bangare saboda gibin asusun kasuwancin Afirka ta Kudu da sauran kasashen duniya.<ref name="BIZTECH2">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/76022/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2014/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2014 | date =17 December 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> Daga ranar 9 zuwa 13 ga watan Disambar 2015, cikin kwanaki hudu, kudin Rand ya ragu da kashi 10 bisa dari, sakamakon abin da wasu ke zargin cewa shugaba Zuma [[Jacob Zuma|ya bayyana mamakinsa]] na cewa zai maye gurbin ministan kudi Nhlanhla Nene da David van Rooyen wanda ba a san shi ba. Faduwar darajar da aka yi cikin sauri ta samo asali ne lokacin da Zuma ya ja baya tare da bayyana cewa a maimakon haka za a nada fitaccen ministan kudi Pravin Gordhan a kan mukamin. Korar da Zuma ya yi na ba-zata da Nene ya yi illa ga amincewar kasashen duniya a kan kudin kasar Rand, kuma farashin musayar ya yi kasala a tsawon watan Janairun 2016, kuma ya kai matsayin da ba a taba gani ba na R17.9169 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun 2016 kafin ya koma R16.57 daga baya. rana guda. Faduwar darajar watan Janairu kuma wani bangare ne ya haifar da masu zuba jari na kasar Japan sun yanke asarar da suke yi a cikin kudin don neman zuba jari mai yawa a wasu wurare kuma saboda damuwa kan tasirin koma bayan tattalin arziki a kasar Sin, babbar kasuwar fitar da kayayyaki a Afirka ta Kudu. A tsakiyar watan Janairu, masana tattalin arziki sun yi hasashe cewa Rand na iya sa ran ganin ƙarin canji ga sauran 2016. Ya zuwa ranar 29 ga Afrilu, ya kai mafi girman aikinsa a cikin watanni biyar da suka gabata, inda aka yi musanya akan farashin R14.16 zuwa dalar Amurka. Bayan da Burtaniya ta kada kuri'ar ficewa daga Tarayyar Turai, kudin Rand ya ragu da sama da kashi 8 cikin dari idan aka kwatanta da dalar Amurka a ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 2016, raguwar kudin mafi girma a rana guda tun bayan faduwar tattalin arzikin shekarar 2008. Wannan ya kasance wani bangare ne saboda koma bayan tattalin arzikin duniya gaba daya daga kudaden da ake ganin suna da hadari ga dalar Amurka kuma wani bangare na damuwa kan yadda ficewar Burtaniya daga kungiyar EU zai yi tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da huldar kasuwanci. A watan Afrilun 2017, wata kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ta Reuters ta yi kiyasin cewa, Rand zai ci gaba da kasancewa da kwanciyar hankali har zuwa karshen shekara, yayin da kuri'u biyu suka gano cewa manazarta sun riga sun yi la'akari da yiwuwar raguwa zuwa matsayi na "junk". A lokacin, Moody's ya kima Afirka ta Kudu daraja biyu sama da matsayin takarce. A lokacin da shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya samu da kyar a yunkurin kin amincewa da kasar Afirka ta Kudu a watan Agustan 2017, kudin Rand ya ci gaba da zamewa, inda ya ragu da kashi 1.7 cikin dari a wannan rana. A cikin watan Satumban shekarar 2017, Goldman Sachs ya ce basussuka da cin hanci da rashawa na kamfanin Eskom Holdings shi ne babban hatsari ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da kuma canjin kudin Rand. A lokacin, ba ta da wani babban jami'in gudanarwa na dindindin, kuma Colin Coleman na Goldman Sachs a Afirka ya ce kamfanin yana "tattaunawa kan mafita" kan samun ingantaccen gudanarwa. A watan Oktoban 2017, Rand ya tsaya tsayin daka akan dalar Amurka yayin da ya murmure daga karanci na watanni shida. Kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters ya bayyana cewa, "Afrika ta kudu na da matukar saukin kai ga ra'ayin masu zuba jari a duniya yayin da kasar ta dogara da kudaden kasashen waje wajen cike manyan kasafin kudinta da kuma gibin kudaden da take samu." A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamban 2017, kudin Rand ya fadi da sama da kashi 1% a lokacin da shugaban kasafin kudi Michael Sachs ya sauka daga mukaminsa a gwamnatin Zuma. A cikin Oktoba 2022, Rand ya nutse zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin shekaru biyu, ya kai R18.46 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2022. == Tsabar kudi == [[File:5-za-rand.JPG|thumb| 5-rand tsabar kudin bimetallic da aka bayar a 2004]] An gabatar da tsabar kudi a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin , 1, , 5, 10, 20, da 50 cents. A 1965, 2 cent tsabar kudi maye gurbin  cent tsabar kudi. The An buga tsabar ƙarshe don yaduwa a cikin 1973. An ƙaddamar da tsabar kudin Rand 1 don rarrabawa a cikin 1967, sannan tsabar kudi 2-rand a 1989 da tsabar rand 5 a 1994. An dakatar da samar da cent 1 da 2 a shekara ta 2002, sai kuma cent 5 a 2012, da farko saboda hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ya rage musu daraja, amma sun ci gaba da zama a doka. Shaguna yawanci suna zagaye jimillar farashin siyan kaya zuwa kusan centi 10 (don mabukaci). A kokarin da ake na dakile jabun, an fitar da sabon tsabar kudin Rand 5 a watan Agustan 2004. Abubuwan tsaro da aka gabatar akan tsabar kudin sun haɗa da ƙirar bimetal (mai kama da tsabar kuɗi €1 da €2, tsabar kuɗin Thai ฿10, tsabar kuɗin Philippine ₱10 kafin 2018, tsabar £2 na Burtaniya, da tsabar kuɗin Kanada $2 ), a keɓaɓɓen tsagi na tsaro na musamman tare da baki da ƙananan haruffa. A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a fitar da sabon jerin tsabar kudi. Waɗannan za su kasance da ɗarika ɗaya da jerin da suka gabata. 10c zai ƙunshi hoton Cape Honey Bee, 20c da Bitter Aloe, da 50c da Knysna Turaco, da R1 da Springbok, da R2 da King Protea, da kuma R5 da kudancin dama Whale. == Takardun kuɗi == An gabatar da jeri na farko na takardun kuɗin Rand a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1, 2, 10, da 20 rand, tare da ƙira da launuka iri ɗaya zuwa bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata don sauƙaƙa sauyawa. Sun ɗauki hoton abin da aka yi imani da shi a lokacin Jan van Riebeeck, shugaban VOC na farko na [[Cape Town]] . Daga baya an gano cewa hoton ba gaskiya ba ne Van Riebeeck kwata-kwata, hoton Bartholomeus Vermuyden ya yi kuskure da Van Riebeeck. Kamar bayanin kula [[Fam na Afirka ta Kudu|na fam]] na ƙarshe, an buga su cikin bambance-bambancen guda biyu, ɗaya da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] aka fara rubuta ɗayan ɗayan kuma an fara rubuta [[Afrikaans|Afirkaans]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} A cikin 1966, an fitar da jeri na biyu tare da ƙira waɗanda suka ƙaura daga bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata. Bayanan kula tare da raka'o'i na 1, 5 da 10 rand an samar da su tare da galibin launi ɗaya a kowane bayanin kula. An gabatar da ƙaramin bayanin rand 1 tare da ƙira iri ɗaya a cikin 1973 kuma an gabatar da bayanin rand 2 a cikin 1974. An yi watsi da darajar rand 20 daga jerin farko. Duk bayanan kula sun ɗauki hoton Jan van Riebeeck. An ci gaba da yin amfani da sigar Ingilishi da Afrikaans na kowane bayanin kula a cikin wannan jerin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} Jerin 1978 ya fara da ƙungiyoyin 2, 5, 10 da 20 rand, tare da ƙaddamar da rand 50 a cikin 1984. Wannan silsilar tana da bambance-bambancen harshe guda ɗaya kawai ga kowane rukunin bayanin kula. Afrikaans shine yaren farko akan Rand 2, 10, da 50, yayin da Ingilishi shine yaren farko akan Rand 5 da 20. An maye gurbin bayanin kula da Rand 1 da tsabar kudi. [[File:Atm_drawing_money_(2).png|thumb| Afirka ta Kudu ATM yana nuna R&nbsp;50 da R&nbsp;100 banknotes.]] A cikin 1990s, an sake tsara bayanin kula tare da hotunan Big Five nau'in namun daji. 10, 20 da 50 rand an gabatar da su a cikin 1992 & 1993, suna riƙe da tsarin launi na fitowar da ta gabata. An gabatar da tsabar kudi don 2 da 5 rand, tare da maye gurbin bayanin kula na jerin da suka gabata, musamman saboda tsananin lalacewa da tsagewar da aka samu tare da ƙananan bayanan ƙididdiga a wurare dabam dabam. A cikin 1994, an gabatar da bayanan rand 100 da 200. [ana buƙatar hujja] Jerin 2005 yana da babban ƙira iri ɗaya, amma tare da ƙarin fasalulluka na tsaro kamar tawada mai canza launi akan rand 50 da sama da kuma ƙungiyar taurarin EURion . An buga sassan duka ƙungiyoyin a cikin Turanci, yayin da aka buga wasu harsuna biyu na hukuma a baya, don haka ana amfani da duk harsunan hukuma 11 na Afirka ta Kudu . A cikin 2010, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu da bankunan kasuwanci sun janye duk jerin takardun banki na rand 200 na 1994 saboda ingantattun kuɗaɗen jabun da ke yawo. A cikin 2011, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da takardun banki na rand 100 waɗanda ba su da lahani saboda ba su da bugu mai kyalli da ake iya gani a ƙarƙashin hasken UV . A cikin watan Yuni, an ƙaura da buga wannan ɗarika daga Kamfanin Bayanan kula da Bankin Afirka ta Kudu zuwa sashin Crane Currency na Sweden ( Tumba Bruk ), wanda aka bayar da rahoton ya samar da tsabar kuɗi miliyan 80 100 rand. Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya soke takardun banki miliyan 3.6-rand 100 da Crane Currency ya buga saboda suna da lambobi iri ɗaya da rukunin da Kamfanin Bayanan Bankin Afirka ta Kudu ya buga. Bugu da ƙari, bayanin kula da aka buga a Sweden ba su kasance daidai launi ba, kuma sun kasance 1&nbsp;mm gajere. A ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 2012, Shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya sanar da cewa kasar za ta fitar da sabbin takardun kudi masu dauke da hoton [[Nelson Mandela]] . An shigar da su a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2012. Waɗannan sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi iri ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. A cikin 2013, an sabunta jerin 2012 tare da ƙari na ƙungiyar taurarin EURion zuwa duka ƙungiyoyin guda biyar. A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2018, an fitar da jerin takardun kudi na musamman don tunawa da cika shekaru 100 na haihuwar Nelson Mandela. Wannan jeri ya ƙunshi bayanin kula na duk ƙungiyoyin, 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. Waɗannan bayanan kula za su yi yawo tare da bayanan da ke akwai. Bayanan bayanan sun nuna madaidaicin fuskar Nelson Mandela a zahiri, amma a maimakon dabbobin Big Five a baya, suna nuna ƙaramin Mandela tare da fage daban-daban da suka shafi gadonsa. Wadannan al'amuran sun hada da: tsaunin Gabashin Cape, wanda ke nuna wurin haifuwar Mandela na Mvezo (rand 10); Gidan Mandela a Soweto, inda ya bayyana rayuwarsa ta siyasa tare da sauran gumakan gwagwarmaya (rand 20); wurin da aka kama Mandela a kusa da Howick, bayan watanni 17 a boye, inda aka gina masa wani abin tunawa ( rand 50); wurin daurin shekaru 27 da Mandela ya yi a gidan yari a tsibirin Robben, yana nuna tarin dutsen farar ƙasa (rand 100); mutum-mutumin Mandela a ginin Tarayyar don tunawa da lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a can a shekarar 1994 (rand 200).  A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a sami sabon jerin takardun banki waɗanda za su riƙe hoton Nelson Mandela a zahiri, yayin da yake nuna Big 5 a cikin hoton dangi a baya. Wannan silsilar ta ƙunshi ɗarika ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. === Zubi na farko === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta farko ta 1961) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | rowspan="4" | Jan Van Riebeck | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 136×78 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 149×84 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck ta jirgin ruwa | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 170×96 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Zinariya tawa | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 176×103 |} === Zubi na biyu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyu ta 1966) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 128×64 |- | | | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 120×57 |- | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Gariep Dam, pylon da masara cob | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Voortrekker Monument da Babban Trek | Ma'adinai | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Gine-ginen Ƙungiyar da kuma springbok | Jan van Riebeeck ta jiragen ruwa uku | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 140×76 |} === Zubi na uku === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na Uku 1978) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da pylon | Sasol kwal zuwa matatar mai | Blue | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 120×57 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da lu'u-lu'u | Mining da tsakiyar birnin [[Johannesburg]] | Purple | Turanci da Afrikaans | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma | Kore | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 133×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Jirgin ruwan Jan van Riebeeck guda uku da Coat of Arms na Afirka ta Kudu | Brown | Turanci da Afrikaans | 140×77 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da zaki | Fauna da flora | Ja | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 147×83 |} === Zubi na hudu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Banknotes of the South African rand (1992 Fourth Issue "Big Five") |- !Image !Value !Obverse !Reverse !Colour !Language !Size (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | |10 rand |Rhinoceros |Agriculture |Green |Afrikaans and English |128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |20 rand |[[Giwan daji na Afirka|Elephants]] |Mining |Brown |English and Afrikaans |134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |50 rand |Lions |Manufacturing |Red |Afrikaans and English |140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |100 rand |[[Ɓauna|Cape buffaloes]] |Tourism |Blue |English and Afrikaans |146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |200 rand |Leopards |Transport and communication |Orange |Afrikaans and English |152×70 |} === Silsilar ta biyar === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyar "Turanci da sauran Harsuna na hukuma") <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Rhinoceros | Noma | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwaye]] | Ma'adinai | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zakuna | Manufacturing | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Yawon shakatawa | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Sufuri da sadarwa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siridi na shida === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta shida "Nelson Mandela" 2012) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na bakwai === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na bakwai "Mandela Centenary") na 2018 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Matashi Mandela da mahaifarsa Mvezo | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Matashin Mandela da gidansa a Soweto | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Matashin Mandela da wurin da aka kama shi kusa da Howick | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | Matashin Mandela da kuma wurin da aka daure shi a tsibirin Robben | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Matashin Mandela da mutum-mutuminsa a ginin Tarayyar | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na takwas === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta takwas "Babban Iyalai 5") 2023 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Tswana, Ndebele | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Purple | Turanci, Xhosa, Venda | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Pedi, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Zulu, Sotho | 152×70 |} == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Category:Kudi]] [[Category:Kudade]] [[Category:Kuɗi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ke8trzpp49xo7htusx783omuvdewfym 893780 893779 2026-08-09T16:46:11Z Asiya Garba 46242 893780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rand na Afirka ta Kudu''', ko kuma kawai '''Rand''', ( alamar : '''R''' ; code : '''ZAR''' ("South African rand"); the ''ZA'' is a historical relic from [[Dutch language|Dutch]], used because "SA" is allocated to Saudi Arabia.}} ) ita ce kudin hukuma na [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|yankin hada-hadar kuɗaɗe]] [[Kudancin Afirka|na Afirka ta Kudu]] : [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Namibiya]] (tare da [[Dalar Namibia|dalar Namibiya]] ), [[Lesotho]] ( tare da [[Lesotho loti]] ) da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]] (tare da Swazi lilangeni ). An kuma raba shi zuwa cents 100 (alama: "c"). Kudin Rand na Afirka ta Kudu ya kasance na doka a cikin ƙasashe [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|membobin]] [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Lesotho]] da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]], tare da waɗannan ƙasashe uku kuma suna da nasu kuɗin ƙasa ( [[Dalar Namibia|dala]], [[Lesotho loti|loti]] da lilangeni bi da bi) tare da Rand a daidaito kuma har yanzu. yarda da ko'ina a matsayin madadin. Har ila yau, Rand ya kasance mai ba da izini na doka a [[Botswana]] har zuwa shekarar 1976, lokacin da [[Botswana pula|pula]] ya maye gurbin rand a dai-dai. == Bayani == Rand ya ɗauki sunansa daga Witwatersrand ("farin ruwa" a cikin Ingilishi, ''rand'' shine kalmar Dutch da [[Afrikaans]] don 'ridge'), dutsen da aka gina [[Johannesburg]] kuma inda aka sami yawancin ajiyar zinare na Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin Turanci da Afrikaans nau'in nau'i ɗaya da jam'i na naúrar ("rand") iri ɗaya ne: rand ɗaya, rand goma, rand miliyan biyu. == Tarihi == An kuma gabatar da Rand a cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 1961, watanni uku kafin ƙasar ta ayyana kanta a matsayin jamhuriya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/archives/witness/from-van-riebeeck-to-madiba-20150430|title=From Van Riebeeck to Madiba|publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]]|date=2012-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180714080651/http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |url=http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |title=The Reserve Bank and the Rand: Some historic reflections |publisher=Resbank.co.za |date=29 November 2001 |archive-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Although pronounced in the Afrikaans style as {{IPAc-en|r|ʌ|n|t|}} in the jingles when introduced, An kuma kafa Hukumar Samar da Kuɗin Decimal a cikin shekarar 1956 don yin la'akari da ƙaura daga ƙungiyoyin fam, shillings, da pence; ta gabatar da shawarwarinta a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1958. Ya maye gurbin [[fam na Afirka ta Kudu]] a matsayin ɗan takara na doka, a farashin Rand 2 zuwa fam 1, ko shillings 10 zuwa Rand. Gwamnati ta gabatar da mascot, Decimal Dan, "mutumin da ba shi da kuɗi" (wanda aka sani a [[Afrikaans]] da Daan Desimaal).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0jJWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7142%2C3054777 |title='Decimal Dan' Sings: Catchy Tune Teaches New Currency |publisher=The Spokesman-Review |date=10 January 1961 |access-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Wannan yana tare da jingle na rediyo, don sanar da jama'a game da sabon kudin.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22 ''A General's Story: from an Era of War and Peace''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126101241/https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&dq=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjM0pyM9_bKAhXFWxQKHVz8B2EQ6AEILTAB |date=26 November 2022 }}, Jannie Geldenhuys, Jonathan Ball, 1995, page 32</ref> Ko da yake an furta shi a cikin salon Afrikaans kamar /r ʌ n t / a cikin jingles lokacin da aka gabatar da shi, <ref name="decimalDanJingle">{{YouTube|GQ41bGOQajA}}</ref> furcin zamani a cikin Turanci na Afirka ta Kudu shine /r æ n d /.<ref name="Jenkins2007">{{cite book|author=Elwyn Jenkins|title=Falling Into Place: The Story of Modern South African Place Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZnXHoMQ_hkC&pg=PA23|year=2007|publisher=New Africa Books|isbn=978-0-86486-689-9|pages=23–}}</ref> === Takaitaccen tarihin canjin musaya === ==== 1961-2000 ==== [[File:ZAR-USD_exchange_rate_1974-2014.png|thumb|450x450px| Darajar Rand na Afirka ta Kudu zuwa dalar Amurka daga shekarar 1975 zuwa 2015 ta ginshiƙan shuɗi: Adadin canjin shekara-shekara yana nunawa ta layin baki. ]] Rand daya ya kai dalar Amurka 1.40 (R0.72 kowace dala) tun daga lokacin da aka fara shi a shekarar 1961 har zuwa ƙarshen 1971, kuma dalar Amurka ta yi karfi fiye da kudin Afirka ta Kudu a karon farko a ranar 15 ga Maris 1982. Ƙimar sa daga baya ta canza kamar yadda musayar kuɗi daban-daban Hukumomin Afirka ta Kudu ne suka aiwatar da . A farkon shekarun 1980, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da matsin lamba na siyasa gami da takunkumin da aka kakaba wa kasar sakamakon adawar da kasashen duniya ke yi wa tsarin wariyar launin fata ya fara zubar da kimarsa. Kudin ya karye sama da daidaito da dala a karon farko a watan Maris na 1982, kuma ya ci gaba da yin ciniki tsakanin R1 da R1.30 zuwa dala har zuwa watan Yunin shekarar 1984, lokacin da faɗuwar darajar kudin ta kara karfi. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 1985, ana cinikin sama da R2 akan kowace dala, kuma a watan Yuli na wannan shekarar, an dakatar da duk kasuwancin musayar waje na tsawon kwanaki uku don ƙoƙarin dakatar da faɗuwar darajar. A lokacin da shugaban jihar PW Botha ya yi jawabinsa na Rubicon a ranar 15 ga Agustan shekarar 1985, ya ragu zuwa R2.40 kowace dala. Kuɗin ya dawo da ɗan tsakanin shekarar 1986 zuwa 1988, yana kasuwanci a kusa da matakin R2 mafi yawan lokaci har ma yana karya ƙarƙashinsa kai tsaye. Farfadowar ba ta daɗe ba, amma a ƙarshen 1989, Rand yana cinikin fiye da R2.50 kowace dala. Kamar yadda ya bayyana a farkon shekarun 1990 cewa ƙasar na nufin mulkin mallaka mafi rinjaye na bakar fata da kuma sake fasalin daya bayan ɗaya, rashin tabbas game da makomar kasar ya gaggauta faɗuwar darajar har zuwa matakin R.&nbsp;3 zuwa dala an keta shi a watan Nuwamba 1992. Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin gida da na waje sun rinjayi kudin bayan haka, musamman babban zaɓen shekara ta 1994, wanda ya raunana zuwa sama da R3.60 zuwa dala, zaɓen Tito Mboweni a matsayin gwamnan babban bankin Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma rantsar da shugaba Thabo Mbeki a shekarar 1999, wanda yayi saurin zamewa sama da R6 zuwa dala. Shirin sake fasalin kasa mai cike da cece-kuce da aka fara a [[Zimbabwe]], wanda [[September 11 attacks|harin na ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001]] ya biyo baya, ya kai shi mafi raunin tarihin R13.84 zuwa dala a watan Disambar shekarar 2001. ==== 2001-2011 ==== [[File:South_Africa-Money-Old01.jpg|thumb|240x240px| Ƙarni biyu na tsofaffin bayanai da tsabar kudi: Bayanan kula na ƙarshen waɗannan tsararraki biyu (kamar yadda bayanin R5 ke nunawa a cikin wannan hoton) an maye gurbinsu da bayanin kula na "Big Five" kuma waɗannan kwanan nan an sabunta su don nuna fuskar Nelson Mandela. .]] Wannan faduwar darajar kwatsam a cikin 2001 ya haifar da bincike na yau da kullun, wanda hakan ya haifar da farfadowa mai ban mamaki. A karshen shekarar 2002, an sake cinikin kudin a karkashin R9 zuwa dala, kuma a karshen shekarar 2004 ana cinikin kasa da R5.70 zuwa dala. Kudin ya ɗan yi laushi a cikin 2005, kuma yana cinikin kusan R6.35 zuwa dala a ƙarshen shekara. A farkon shekara ta 2006, duk da haka, kuɗin ya ci gaba da yin gangami, kuma tun daga ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2006, an sake yin ciniki a ƙarƙashin R6 zuwa dala. Koyaya, a cikin kashi na biyu da na uku na 2006 (watau Afrilu zuwa Satumba), Rand ya raunana sosai. A cikin sharuddan sittin, ya faɗi daga kusan kashi 9.5% zuwa sama da kashi 7 cikin ɗari, ya yi asarar kusan kashi 25% na ƙimar kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin watanni shida kacal. A ƙarshen shekarar 2007, Rand ya haɗu cikin ladabi zuwa sama da 8% kawai, kawai don fuskantar faifai mai zurfi a cikin kwata na farko na 2008. Za a iya danganta wannan zamewar ƙasa da abubuwa da yawa: tabarbarewar gibin asusu na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya ƙaru zuwa shekaru 36 da ya kai kashi 7.3 cikin ɗari na jimlar yawan amfanin gida (GDP) a 2007; hauhawar farashin kaya a cikin shekaru biyar mafi girma na kusan 9%; haɓaka kyamar haɗari a duniya yayin da damuwar masu zuba jari game da yaduwar tasirin rikicin na ƙasa ya karu; da kuma jirgin gaba ɗaya zuwa "masu tsaro", nesa da haɗarin da ake gani na kasuwanni masu tasowa. Matsalar wutar lantarki ta Eskom ta kara ta'azzara faduwar darajar Rand, wanda ya taso saboda rashin iya biyan bukatun makamashin kasar cikin hanzari. ==== 2012 - yanzu ==== A stalled ma'adinai masana'antu a cikin marigayi 2012 ya haifar da sabon lows a farkon shekara ta 2013.<ref name="BIZTECH3">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/51095/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2013/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2013 | date =2 January 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen Janairu 2014, Rand ya zame zuwa R11.25 zuwa dala, tare da manazarta suna danganta canjin zuwa "kalmar daga Tarayyar Tarayyar Amurka cewa za ta rage kashe kashe kuɗi mai ƙarfafawa, wanda ya haifar da kasuwa mai yawa a cikin tattalin arziki masu tasowa." A cikin shekarar 2014, Afirka ta Kudu ta fuskanci mafi munin shekararta akan dalar Amurka tun daga 2009, kuma a cikin Maris 2015, Rand ya yi ciniki a mafi muni tun 2002. A lokacin, Trading Economics ya fitar da bayanai cewa Rand "ya kai R4.97 zuwa dala tsakanin 1972-2015, wanda ya kai R12.45 a kowane lokaci a watan Disamba 2001 da kuma raguwa na R0.67 a watan Yuni na shekarar 1973." Ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2014, kudin Rand ya ragu zuwa R15.05 a kowace dala, wani bangare saboda gibin asusun kasuwancin Afirka ta Kudu da sauran kasashen duniya.<ref name="BIZTECH2">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/76022/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2014/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2014 | date =17 December 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> Daga ranar 9 zuwa 13 ga watan Disambar 2015, cikin kwanaki hudu, kudin Rand ya ragu da kashi 10 bisa dari, sakamakon abin da wasu ke zargin cewa shugaba Zuma [[Jacob Zuma|ya bayyana mamakinsa]] na cewa zai maye gurbin ministan kudi Nhlanhla Nene da David van Rooyen wanda ba a san shi ba. Faduwar darajar da aka yi cikin sauri ta samo asali ne lokacin da Zuma ya ja baya tare da bayyana cewa a maimakon haka za a nada fitaccen ministan kudi Pravin Gordhan a kan mukamin. Korar da Zuma ya yi na ba-zata da Nene ya yi illa ga amincewar kasashen duniya a kan kudin kasar Rand, kuma farashin musayar ya yi kasala a tsawon watan Janairun 2016, kuma ya kai matsayin da ba a taba gani ba na R17.9169 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun 2016 kafin ya koma R16.57 daga baya. rana guda. Faduwar darajar watan Janairu kuma wani bangare ne ya haifar da masu zuba jari na kasar Japan sun yanke asarar da suke yi a cikin kudin don neman zuba jari mai yawa a wasu wurare kuma saboda damuwa kan tasirin koma bayan tattalin arziki a kasar Sin, babbar kasuwar fitar da kayayyaki a Afirka ta Kudu. A tsakiyar watan Janairu, masana tattalin arziki sun yi hasashe cewa Rand na iya sa ran ganin ƙarin canji ga sauran 2016. Ya zuwa ranar 29 ga Afrilu, ya kai mafi girman aikinsa a cikin watanni biyar da suka gabata, inda aka yi musanya akan farashin R14.16 zuwa dalar Amurka. Bayan da Burtaniya ta kada kuri'ar ficewa daga Tarayyar Turai, kudin Rand ya ragu da sama da kashi 8 cikin dari idan aka kwatanta da dalar Amurka a ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 2016, raguwar kudin mafi girma a rana guda tun bayan faduwar tattalin arzikin shekarar 2008. Wannan ya kasance wani bangare ne saboda koma bayan tattalin arzikin duniya gaba daya daga kudaden da ake ganin suna da hadari ga dalar Amurka kuma wani bangare na damuwa kan yadda ficewar Burtaniya daga kungiyar EU zai yi tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da huldar kasuwanci. A watan Afrilun 2017, wata kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ta Reuters ta yi kiyasin cewa, Rand zai ci gaba da kasancewa da kwanciyar hankali har zuwa karshen shekara, yayin da kuri'u biyu suka gano cewa manazarta sun riga sun yi la'akari da yiwuwar raguwa zuwa matsayi na "junk". A lokacin, Moody's ya kima Afirka ta Kudu daraja biyu sama da matsayin takarce. A lokacin da shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya samu da kyar a yunkurin kin amincewa da kasar Afirka ta Kudu a watan Agustan 2017, kudin Rand ya ci gaba da zamewa, inda ya ragu da kashi 1.7 cikin dari a wannan rana. A cikin watan Satumban shekarar 2017, Goldman Sachs ya ce basussuka da cin hanci da rashawa na kamfanin Eskom Holdings shi ne babban hatsari ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da kuma canjin kudin Rand. A lokacin, ba ta da wani babban jami'in gudanarwa na dindindin, kuma Colin Coleman na Goldman Sachs a Afirka ya ce kamfanin yana "tattaunawa kan mafita" kan samun ingantaccen gudanarwa. A watan Oktoban 2017, Rand ya tsaya tsayin daka akan dalar Amurka yayin da ya murmure daga karanci na watanni shida. Kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters ya bayyana cewa, "Afrika ta kudu na da matukar saukin kai ga ra'ayin masu zuba jari a duniya yayin da kasar ta dogara da kudaden kasashen waje wajen cike manyan kasafin kudinta da kuma gibin kudaden da take samu." A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamban 2017, kudin Rand ya fadi da sama da kashi 1% a lokacin da shugaban kasafin kudi Michael Sachs ya sauka daga mukaminsa a gwamnatin Zuma. A cikin Oktoba 2022, Rand ya nutse zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin shekaru biyu, ya kai R18.46 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2022. == Tsabar kudi == [[File:5-za-rand.JPG|thumb| 5-rand tsabar kudin bimetallic da aka bayar a 2004]] An gabatar da tsabar kudi a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin , 1, , 5, 10, 20, da 50 cents. A 1965, 2 cent tsabar kudi maye gurbin  cent tsabar kudi. The An buga tsabar ƙarshe don yaduwa a cikin 1973. An ƙaddamar da tsabar kudin Rand 1 don rarrabawa a cikin 1967, sannan tsabar kudi 2-rand a 1989 da tsabar rand 5 a 1994. An dakatar da samar da cent 1 da 2 a shekara ta 2002, sai kuma cent 5 a 2012, da farko saboda hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ya rage musu daraja, amma sun ci gaba da zama a doka. Shaguna yawanci suna zagaye jimillar farashin siyan kaya zuwa kusan centi 10 (don mabukaci). A kokarin da ake na dakile jabun, an fitar da sabon tsabar kudin Rand 5 a watan Agustan 2004. Abubuwan tsaro da aka gabatar akan tsabar kudin sun haɗa da ƙirar bimetal (mai kama da tsabar kuɗi €1 da €2, tsabar kuɗin Thai ฿10, tsabar kuɗin Philippine ₱10 kafin 2018, tsabar £2 na Burtaniya, da tsabar kuɗin Kanada $2 ), a keɓaɓɓen tsagi na tsaro na musamman tare da baki da ƙananan haruffa. A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a fitar da sabon jerin tsabar kudi. Waɗannan za su kasance da ɗarika ɗaya da jerin da suka gabata. 10c zai ƙunshi hoton Cape Honey Bee, 20c da Bitter Aloe, da 50c da Knysna Turaco, da R1 da Springbok, da R2 da King Protea, da kuma R5 da kudancin dama Whale. == Takardun kuɗi == An gabatar da jeri na farko na takardun kuɗin Rand a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1, 2, 10, da 20 rand, tare da ƙira da launuka iri ɗaya zuwa bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata don sauƙaƙa sauyawa. Sun ɗauki hoton abin da aka yi imani da shi a lokacin Jan van Riebeeck, shugaban VOC na farko na [[Cape Town]] . Daga baya an gano cewa hoton ba gaskiya ba ne Van Riebeeck kwata-kwata, hoton Bartholomeus Vermuyden ya yi kuskure da Van Riebeeck. Kamar bayanin kula [[Fam na Afirka ta Kudu|na fam]] na ƙarshe, an buga su cikin bambance-bambancen guda biyu, ɗaya da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] aka fara rubuta ɗayan ɗayan kuma an fara rubuta [[Afrikaans|Afirkaans]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} A cikin 1966, an fitar da jeri na biyu tare da ƙira waɗanda suka ƙaura daga bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata. Bayanan kula tare da raka'o'i na 1, 5 da 10 rand an samar da su tare da galibin launi ɗaya a kowane bayanin kula. An gabatar da ƙaramin bayanin rand 1 tare da ƙira iri ɗaya a cikin 1973 kuma an gabatar da bayanin rand 2 a cikin 1974. An yi watsi da darajar rand 20 daga jerin farko. Duk bayanan kula sun ɗauki hoton Jan van Riebeeck. An ci gaba da yin amfani da sigar Ingilishi da Afrikaans na kowane bayanin kula a cikin wannan jerin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} Jerin 1978 ya fara da ƙungiyoyin 2, 5, 10 da 20 rand, tare da ƙaddamar da rand 50 a cikin 1984. Wannan silsilar tana da bambance-bambancen harshe guda ɗaya kawai ga kowane rukunin bayanin kula. Afrikaans shine yaren farko akan Rand 2, 10, da 50, yayin da Ingilishi shine yaren farko akan Rand 5 da 20. An maye gurbin bayanin kula da Rand 1 da tsabar kudi. [[File:Atm_drawing_money_(2).png|thumb| Afirka ta Kudu ATM yana nuna R&nbsp;50 da R&nbsp;100 banknotes.]] A cikin 1990s, an sake tsara bayanin kula tare da hotunan Big Five nau'in namun daji. 10, 20 da 50 rand an gabatar da su a cikin 1992 & 1993, suna riƙe da tsarin launi na fitowar da ta gabata. An gabatar da tsabar kudi don 2 da 5 rand, tare da maye gurbin bayanin kula na jerin da suka gabata, musamman saboda tsananin lalacewa da tsagewar da aka samu tare da ƙananan bayanan ƙididdiga a wurare dabam dabam. A cikin 1994, an gabatar da bayanan rand 100 da 200. [ana buƙatar hujja] Jerin 2005 yana da babban ƙira iri ɗaya, amma tare da ƙarin fasalulluka na tsaro kamar tawada mai canza launi akan rand 50 da sama da kuma ƙungiyar taurarin EURion . An buga sassan duka ƙungiyoyin a cikin Turanci, yayin da aka buga wasu harsuna biyu na hukuma a baya, don haka ana amfani da duk harsunan hukuma 11 na Afirka ta Kudu . A cikin 2010, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu da bankunan kasuwanci sun janye duk jerin takardun banki na rand 200 na 1994 saboda ingantattun kuɗaɗen jabun da ke yawo. A cikin 2011, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da takardun banki na rand 100 waɗanda ba su da lahani saboda ba su da bugu mai kyalli da ake iya gani a ƙarƙashin hasken UV . A cikin watan Yuni, an ƙaura da buga wannan ɗarika daga Kamfanin Bayanan kula da Bankin Afirka ta Kudu zuwa sashin Crane Currency na Sweden ( Tumba Bruk ), wanda aka bayar da rahoton ya samar da tsabar kuɗi miliyan 80 100 rand. Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya soke takardun banki miliyan 3.6-rand 100 da Crane Currency ya buga saboda suna da lambobi iri ɗaya da rukunin da Kamfanin Bayanan Bankin Afirka ta Kudu ya buga. Bugu da ƙari, bayanin kula da aka buga a Sweden ba su kasance daidai launi ba, kuma sun kasance 1&nbsp;mm gajere. A ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 2012, Shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya sanar da cewa kasar za ta fitar da sabbin takardun kudi masu dauke da hoton [[Nelson Mandela]] . An shigar da su a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2012. Waɗannan sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi iri ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. A cikin 2013, an sabunta jerin 2012 tare da ƙari na ƙungiyar taurarin EURion zuwa duka ƙungiyoyin guda biyar. A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2018, an fitar da jerin takardun kudi na musamman don tunawa da cika shekaru 100 na haihuwar Nelson Mandela. Wannan jeri ya ƙunshi bayanin kula na duk ƙungiyoyin, 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. Waɗannan bayanan kula za su yi yawo tare da bayanan da ke akwai. Bayanan bayanan sun nuna madaidaicin fuskar Nelson Mandela a zahiri, amma a maimakon dabbobin Big Five a baya, suna nuna ƙaramin Mandela tare da fage daban-daban da suka shafi gadonsa. Wadannan al'amuran sun hada da: tsaunin Gabashin Cape, wanda ke nuna wurin haifuwar Mandela na Mvezo (rand 10); Gidan Mandela a Soweto, inda ya bayyana rayuwarsa ta siyasa tare da sauran gumakan gwagwarmaya (rand 20); wurin da aka kama Mandela a kusa da Howick, bayan watanni 17 a boye, inda aka gina masa wani abin tunawa ( rand 50); wurin daurin shekaru 27 da Mandela ya yi a gidan yari a tsibirin Robben, yana nuna tarin dutsen farar ƙasa (rand 100); mutum-mutumin Mandela a ginin Tarayyar don tunawa da lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a can a shekarar 1994 (rand 200).  A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a sami sabon jerin takardun banki waɗanda za su riƙe hoton Nelson Mandela a zahiri, yayin da yake nuna Big 5 a cikin hoton dangi a baya. Wannan silsilar ta ƙunshi ɗarika ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. === Zubi na farko === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta farko ta 1961) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | rowspan="4" | Jan Van Riebeck | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 136×78 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 149×84 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck ta jirgin ruwa | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 170×96 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Zinariya tawa | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 176×103 |} === Zubi na biyu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyu ta 1966) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 128×64 |- | | | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 120×57 |- | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Gariep Dam, pylon da masara cob | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Voortrekker Monument da Babban Trek | Ma'adinai | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Gine-ginen Ƙungiyar da kuma springbok | Jan van Riebeeck ta jiragen ruwa uku | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 140×76 |} === Zubi na uku === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na Uku 1978) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da pylon | Sasol kwal zuwa matatar mai | Blue | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 120×57 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da lu'u-lu'u | Mining da tsakiyar birnin [[Johannesburg]] | Purple | Turanci da Afrikaans | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma | Kore | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 133×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Jirgin ruwan Jan van Riebeeck guda uku da Coat of Arms na Afirka ta Kudu | Brown | Turanci da Afrikaans | 140×77 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da zaki | Fauna da flora | Ja | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 147×83 |} === Zubi na hudu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Banknotes of the South African rand (1992 Fourth Issue "Big Five") |- !Image !Value !Obverse !Reverse !Colour !Language !Size (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | |10 rand |Rhinoceros |Agriculture |Green |Afrikaans and English |128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |20 rand |[[Giwan daji na Afirka|Elephants]] |Mining |Brown |English and Afrikaans |134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |50 rand |Lions |Manufacturing |Red |Afrikaans and English |140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |100 rand |[[Ɓauna|Cape buffaloes]] |Tourism |Blue |English and Afrikaans |146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |200 rand |Leopards |Transport and communication |Orange |Afrikaans and English |152×70 |} === Silsilar ta biyar === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyar "Turanci da sauran Harsuna na hukuma") <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Rhinoceros | Noma | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwaye]] | Ma'adinai | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zakuna | Manufacturing | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Yawon shakatawa | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Sufuri da sadarwa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siridi na shida === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta shida "Nelson Mandela" 2012) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na bakwai === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na bakwai "Mandela Centenary") na 2018 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Matashi Mandela da mahaifarsa Mvezo | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Matashin Mandela da gidansa a Soweto | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Matashin Mandela da wurin da aka kama shi kusa da Howick | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | Matashin Mandela da kuma wurin da aka daure shi a tsibirin Robben | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Matashin Mandela da mutum-mutuminsa a ginin Tarayyar | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na takwas === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta takwas "Babban Iyalai 5") 2023 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Tswana, Ndebele | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Purple | Turanci, Xhosa, Venda | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Pedi, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Zulu, Sotho | 152×70 |} == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Category:Kudi]] [[Category:Kudade]] [[Category:Kuɗi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7sn1r4jbkgxsg0s6usazvwzphomrzg1 893781 893780 2026-08-09T16:46:49Z Asiya Garba 46242 893781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rand na Afirka ta Kudu''', ko kuma kawai '''Rand''', ( alamar : '''R''' ; code : '''ZAR''' ("South African rand"); the ''ZA'' is a historical relic from [[Dutch language|Dutch]], used because "SA" is allocated to Saudi Arabia.}} ) ita ce kudin hukuma na [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|yankin hada-hadar kuɗaɗe]] [[Kudancin Afirka|na Afirka ta Kudu]] : [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Namibiya]] (tare da [[Dalar Namibia|dalar Namibiya]] ), [[Lesotho]] ( tare da [[Lesotho loti]] ) da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]] (tare da Swazi lilangeni ). An kuma raba shi zuwa cents 100 (alama: "c"). Kudin Rand na Afirka ta Kudu ya kasance na doka a cikin ƙasashe [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|membobin]] [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Lesotho]] da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]], tare da waɗannan ƙasashe uku kuma suna da nasu kuɗin ƙasa ( [[Dalar Namibia|dala]], [[Lesotho loti|loti]] da lilangeni bi da bi) tare da Rand a daidaito kuma har yanzu. yarda da ko'ina a matsayin madadin. Har ila yau, Rand ya kasance mai ba da izini na doka a [[Botswana]] har zuwa shekarar 1976, lokacin da [[Botswana pula|pula]] ya maye gurbin rand a dai-dai. == Bayani == Rand ya ɗauki sunansa daga Witwatersrand ("farin ruwa" a cikin Ingilishi, ''rand'' shine kalmar Dutch da [[Afrikaans]] don 'ridge'), dutsen da aka gina [[Johannesburg]] kuma inda aka sami yawancin ajiyar zinare na Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin Turanci da Afrikaans nau'in nau'i ɗaya da jam'i na naúrar ("rand") iri ɗaya ne: rand ɗaya, rand goma, rand miliyan biyu. == Tarihi == An kuma gabatar da Rand a cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 1961, watanni uku kafin ƙasar ta ayyana kanta a matsayin jamhuriya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/archives/witness/from-van-riebeeck-to-madiba-20150430|title=From Van Riebeeck to Madiba|publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]]|date=2012-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180714080651/http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |url=http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |title=The Reserve Bank and the Rand: Some historic reflections |publisher=Resbank.co.za |date=29 November 2001 |archive-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Although pronounced in the Afrikaans style as {{IPAc-en|r|ʌ|n|t|}} in the jingles when introduced, An kuma kafa Hukumar Samar da Kuɗin Decimal a cikin shekarar 1956 don yin la'akari da ƙaura daga ƙungiyoyin fam, shillings, da pence; ta gabatar da shawarwarinta a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1958. Ya maye gurbin [[fam na Afirka ta Kudu]] a matsayin ɗan takara na doka, a farashin Rand 2 zuwa fam 1, ko shillings 10 zuwa Rand. Gwamnati ta gabatar da mascot, Decimal Dan, "mutumin da ba shi da kuɗi" (wanda aka sani a [[Afrikaans]] da Daan Desimaal).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0jJWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7142%2C3054777 |title='Decimal Dan' Sings: Catchy Tune Teaches New Currency |publisher=The Spokesman-Review |date=10 January 1961 |access-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Wannan yana tare da jingle na rediyo, don sanar da jama'a game da sabon kudin.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22 ''A General's Story: from an Era of War and Peace''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126101241/https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&dq=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjM0pyM9_bKAhXFWxQKHVz8B2EQ6AEILTAB |date=26 November 2022 }}, Jannie Geldenhuys, Jonathan Ball, 1995, page 32</ref> Ko da yake an furta shi a cikin salon Afrikaans kamar /r ʌ n t / a cikin jingles lokacin da aka gabatar da shi, <ref name="decimalDanJingle">{{YouTube|GQ41bGOQajA}}</ref> furcin zamani a cikin Turanci na Afirka ta Kudu shine /r æ n d /.<ref name="Jenkins2007">{{cite book|author=Elwyn Jenkins|title=Falling Into Place: The Story of Modern South African Place Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZnXHoMQ_hkC&pg=PA23|year=2007|publisher=New Africa Books|isbn=978-0-86486-689-9|pages=23–}}</ref> === Takaitaccen tarihin canjin musaya === ==== 1961-2000 ==== [[File:ZAR-USD_exchange_rate_1974-2014.png|thumb|450x450px| Darajar Rand na Afirka ta Kudu zuwa dalar Amurka daga shekarar 1975 zuwa 2015 ta ginshiƙan shuɗi: Adadin canjin shekara-shekara yana nunawa ta layin baki. ]] Rand daya ya kai dalar Amurka 1.40 (R0.72 kowace dala) tun daga lokacin da aka fara shi a shekarar 1961 har zuwa ƙarshen 1971, kuma dalar Amurka ta yi karfi fiye da kudin Afirka ta Kudu a karon farko a ranar 15 ga Maris 1982. Ƙimar sa daga baya ta canza kamar yadda musayar kuɗi daban-daban Hukumomin Afirka ta Kudu ne suka aiwatar da . A farkon shekarun 1980, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da matsin lamba na siyasa gami da takunkumin da aka kakaba wa kasar sakamakon adawar da kasashen duniya ke yi wa tsarin wariyar launin fata ya fara zubar da kimarsa. Kudin ya karye sama da daidaito da dala a karon farko a watan Maris na 1982, kuma ya ci gaba da yin ciniki tsakanin R1 da R1.30 zuwa dala har zuwa watan Yunin shekarar 1984, lokacin da faɗuwar darajar kudin ta kara karfi. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 1985, ana cinikin sama da R2 akan kowace dala, kuma a watan Yuli na wannan shekarar, an dakatar da duk kasuwancin musayar waje na tsawon kwanaki uku don ƙoƙarin dakatar da faɗuwar darajar. A lokacin da shugaban jihar PW Botha ya yi jawabinsa na Rubicon a ranar 15 ga Agustan shekarar 1985, ya ragu zuwa R2.40 kowace dala. Kuɗin ya dawo da ɗan tsakanin shekarar 1986 zuwa 1988, yana kasuwanci a kusa da matakin R2 mafi yawan lokaci har ma yana karya ƙarƙashinsa kai tsaye. Farfadowar ba ta daɗe ba, amma a ƙarshen 1989, Rand yana cinikin fiye da R2.50 kowace dala. Kamar yadda ya bayyana a farkon shekarun 1990 cewa ƙasar na nufin mulkin mallaka mafi rinjaye na bakar fata da kuma sake fasalin daya bayan ɗaya, rashin tabbas game da makomar kasar ya gaggauta faɗuwar darajar har zuwa matakin R.&nbsp;3 zuwa dala an keta shi a watan Nuwamba 1992. Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin gida da na waje sun rinjayi kudin bayan haka, musamman babban zaɓen shekara ta 1994, wanda ya raunana zuwa sama da R3.60 zuwa dala, zaɓen Tito Mboweni a matsayin gwamnan babban bankin Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma rantsar da shugaba Thabo Mbeki a shekarar 1999, wanda yayi saurin zamewa sama da R6 zuwa dala. Shirin sake fasalin kasa mai cike da cece-kuce da aka fara a [[Zimbabwe]], wanda [[September 11 attacks|harin na ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001]] ya biyo baya, ya kai shi mafi raunin tarihin R13.84 zuwa dala a watan Disambar shekarar 2001. ==== 2001-2011 ==== [[File:South_Africa-Money-Old01.jpg|thumb|240x240px| Ƙarni biyu na tsofaffin bayanai da tsabar kudi: Bayanan kula na ƙarshen waɗannan tsararraki biyu (kamar yadda bayanin R5 ke nunawa a cikin wannan hoton) an maye gurbinsu da bayanin kula na "Big Five" kuma waɗannan kwanan nan an sabunta su don nuna fuskar Nelson Mandela. .]] Wannan faduwar darajar kwatsam a cikin 2001 ya haifar da bincike na yau da kullun, wanda hakan ya haifar da farfadowa mai ban mamaki. A karshen shekarar 2002, an sake cinikin kudin a karkashin R9 zuwa dala, kuma a karshen shekarar 2004 ana cinikin kasa da R5.70 zuwa dala. Kudin ya ɗan yi laushi a cikin 2005, kuma yana cinikin kusan R6.35 zuwa dala a ƙarshen shekara. A farkon shekara ta 2006, duk da haka, kuɗin ya ci gaba da yin gangami, kuma tun daga ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2006, an sake yin ciniki a ƙarƙashin R6 zuwa dala. Koyaya, a cikin kashi na biyu da na uku na 2006 (watau Afrilu zuwa Satumba), Rand ya raunana sosai. A cikin sharuddan sittin, ya faɗi daga kusan kashi 9.5% zuwa sama da kashi 7 cikin ɗari, ya yi asarar kusan kashi 25% na ƙimar kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin watanni shida kacal. A ƙarshen shekarar 2007, Rand ya haɗu cikin ladabi zuwa sama da 8% kawai, kawai don fuskantar faifai mai zurfi a cikin kwata na farko na 2008. Za a iya danganta wannan zamewar ƙasa da abubuwa da yawa: tabarbarewar gibin asusu na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya ƙaru zuwa shekaru 36 da ya kai kashi 7.3 cikin ɗari na jimlar yawan amfanin gida (GDP) a 2007; hauhawar farashin kaya a cikin shekaru biyar mafi girma na kusan 9%; haɓaka kyamar haɗari a duniya yayin da damuwar masu zuba jari game da yaduwar tasirin rikicin na ƙasa ya karu; da kuma jirgin gaba ɗaya zuwa "masu tsaro", nesa da haɗarin da ake gani na kasuwanni masu tasowa. Matsalar wutar lantarki ta Eskom ta kara ta'azzara faduwar darajar Rand, wanda ya taso saboda rashin iya biyan bukatun makamashin kasar cikin hanzari. ==== 2012 - yanzu ==== A stalled ma'adinai masana'antu a cikin marigayi 2012 ya haifar da sabon lows a farkon shekara ta 2013.<ref name="BIZTECH3">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/51095/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2013/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2013 | date =2 January 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen Janairu 2014, Rand ya zame zuwa R11.25 zuwa dala, tare da manazarta suna danganta canjin zuwa "kalmar daga Tarayyar Tarayyar Amurka cewa za ta rage kashe kashe kuɗi mai ƙarfafawa, wanda ya haifar da kasuwa mai yawa a cikin tattalin arziki masu tasowa." A cikin shekarar 2014, Afirka ta Kudu ta fuskanci mafi munin shekararta akan dalar Amurka tun daga 2009, kuma a cikin Maris 2015, Rand ya yi ciniki a mafi muni tun 2002. A lokacin, Trading Economics ya fitar da bayanai cewa Rand "ya kai R4.97 zuwa dala tsakanin 1972-2015, wanda ya kai R12.45 a kowane lokaci a watan Disamba 2001 da kuma raguwa na R0.67 a watan Yuni na shekarar 1973." Ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2014, kudin Rand ya ragu zuwa R15.05 a kowace dala, wani bangare saboda gibin asusun kasuwancin Afirka ta Kudu da sauran kasashen duniya.<ref name="BIZTECH2">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/76022/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2014/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2014 | date =17 December 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> Daga ranar 9 zuwa 13 ga watan Disambar din shekarar 2015, cikin kwanaki hudu, kudin Rand ya ragu da kashi 10 bisa dari, sakamakon abin da wasu ke zargin cewa shugaba Zuma [[Jacob Zuma|ya bayyana mamakinsa]] na cewa zai maye gurbin ministan kudi Nhlanhla Nene da David van Rooyen wanda ba a san shi ba. Faduwar darajar da aka yi cikin sauri ta samo asali ne lokacin da Zuma ya ja baya tare da bayyana cewa a maimakon haka za a nada fitaccen ministan kudi Pravin Gordhan a kan mukamin. Korar da Zuma ya yi na ba-zata da Nene ya yi illa ga amincewar kasashen duniya a kan kudin kasar Rand, kuma farashin musayar ya yi kasala a tsawon watan Janairun 2016, kuma ya kai matsayin da ba a taba gani ba na R17.9169 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun 2016 kafin ya koma R16.57 daga baya. rana guda. Faduwar darajar watan Janairu kuma wani bangare ne ya haifar da masu zuba jari na kasar Japan sun yanke asarar da suke yi a cikin kudin don neman zuba jari mai yawa a wasu wurare kuma saboda damuwa kan tasirin koma bayan tattalin arziki a kasar Sin, babbar kasuwar fitar da kayayyaki a Afirka ta Kudu. A tsakiyar watan Janairu, masana tattalin arziki sun yi hasashe cewa Rand na iya sa ran ganin ƙarin canji ga sauran 2016. Ya zuwa ranar 29 ga Afrilu, ya kai mafi girman aikinsa a cikin watanni biyar da suka gabata, inda aka yi musanya akan farashin R14.16 zuwa dalar Amurka. Bayan da Burtaniya ta kada kuri'ar ficewa daga Tarayyar Turai, kudin Rand ya ragu da sama da kashi 8 cikin dari idan aka kwatanta da dalar Amurka a ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 2016, raguwar kudin mafi girma a rana guda tun bayan faduwar tattalin arzikin shekarar 2008. Wannan ya kasance wani bangare ne saboda koma bayan tattalin arzikin duniya gaba daya daga kudaden da ake ganin suna da hadari ga dalar Amurka kuma wani bangare na damuwa kan yadda ficewar Burtaniya daga kungiyar EU zai yi tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da huldar kasuwanci. A watan Afrilun 2017, wata kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ta Reuters ta yi kiyasin cewa, Rand zai ci gaba da kasancewa da kwanciyar hankali har zuwa karshen shekara, yayin da kuri'u biyu suka gano cewa manazarta sun riga sun yi la'akari da yiwuwar raguwa zuwa matsayi na "junk". A lokacin, Moody's ya kima Afirka ta Kudu daraja biyu sama da matsayin takarce. A lokacin da shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya samu da kyar a yunkurin kin amincewa da kasar Afirka ta Kudu a watan Agustan 2017, kudin Rand ya ci gaba da zamewa, inda ya ragu da kashi 1.7 cikin dari a wannan rana. A cikin watan Satumban shekarar 2017, Goldman Sachs ya ce basussuka da cin hanci da rashawa na kamfanin Eskom Holdings shi ne babban hatsari ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da kuma canjin kudin Rand. A lokacin, ba ta da wani babban jami'in gudanarwa na dindindin, kuma Colin Coleman na Goldman Sachs a Afirka ya ce kamfanin yana "tattaunawa kan mafita" kan samun ingantaccen gudanarwa. A watan Oktoban 2017, Rand ya tsaya tsayin daka akan dalar Amurka yayin da ya murmure daga karanci na watanni shida. Kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters ya bayyana cewa, "Afrika ta kudu na da matukar saukin kai ga ra'ayin masu zuba jari a duniya yayin da kasar ta dogara da kudaden kasashen waje wajen cike manyan kasafin kudinta da kuma gibin kudaden da take samu." A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamban 2017, kudin Rand ya fadi da sama da kashi 1% a lokacin da shugaban kasafin kudi Michael Sachs ya sauka daga mukaminsa a gwamnatin Zuma. A cikin Oktoba 2022, Rand ya nutse zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin shekaru biyu, ya kai R18.46 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2022. == Tsabar kudi == [[File:5-za-rand.JPG|thumb| 5-rand tsabar kudin bimetallic da aka bayar a 2004]] An gabatar da tsabar kudi a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin , 1, , 5, 10, 20, da 50 cents. A 1965, 2 cent tsabar kudi maye gurbin  cent tsabar kudi. The An buga tsabar ƙarshe don yaduwa a cikin 1973. An ƙaddamar da tsabar kudin Rand 1 don rarrabawa a cikin 1967, sannan tsabar kudi 2-rand a 1989 da tsabar rand 5 a 1994. An dakatar da samar da cent 1 da 2 a shekara ta 2002, sai kuma cent 5 a 2012, da farko saboda hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ya rage musu daraja, amma sun ci gaba da zama a doka. Shaguna yawanci suna zagaye jimillar farashin siyan kaya zuwa kusan centi 10 (don mabukaci). A kokarin da ake na dakile jabun, an fitar da sabon tsabar kudin Rand 5 a watan Agustan 2004. Abubuwan tsaro da aka gabatar akan tsabar kudin sun haɗa da ƙirar bimetal (mai kama da tsabar kuɗi €1 da €2, tsabar kuɗin Thai ฿10, tsabar kuɗin Philippine ₱10 kafin 2018, tsabar £2 na Burtaniya, da tsabar kuɗin Kanada $2 ), a keɓaɓɓen tsagi na tsaro na musamman tare da baki da ƙananan haruffa. A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a fitar da sabon jerin tsabar kudi. Waɗannan za su kasance da ɗarika ɗaya da jerin da suka gabata. 10c zai ƙunshi hoton Cape Honey Bee, 20c da Bitter Aloe, da 50c da Knysna Turaco, da R1 da Springbok, da R2 da King Protea, da kuma R5 da kudancin dama Whale. == Takardun kuɗi == An gabatar da jeri na farko na takardun kuɗin Rand a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1, 2, 10, da 20 rand, tare da ƙira da launuka iri ɗaya zuwa bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata don sauƙaƙa sauyawa. Sun ɗauki hoton abin da aka yi imani da shi a lokacin Jan van Riebeeck, shugaban VOC na farko na [[Cape Town]] . Daga baya an gano cewa hoton ba gaskiya ba ne Van Riebeeck kwata-kwata, hoton Bartholomeus Vermuyden ya yi kuskure da Van Riebeeck. Kamar bayanin kula [[Fam na Afirka ta Kudu|na fam]] na ƙarshe, an buga su cikin bambance-bambancen guda biyu, ɗaya da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] aka fara rubuta ɗayan ɗayan kuma an fara rubuta [[Afrikaans|Afirkaans]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} A cikin 1966, an fitar da jeri na biyu tare da ƙira waɗanda suka ƙaura daga bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata. Bayanan kula tare da raka'o'i na 1, 5 da 10 rand an samar da su tare da galibin launi ɗaya a kowane bayanin kula. An gabatar da ƙaramin bayanin rand 1 tare da ƙira iri ɗaya a cikin 1973 kuma an gabatar da bayanin rand 2 a cikin 1974. An yi watsi da darajar rand 20 daga jerin farko. Duk bayanan kula sun ɗauki hoton Jan van Riebeeck. An ci gaba da yin amfani da sigar Ingilishi da Afrikaans na kowane bayanin kula a cikin wannan jerin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} Jerin 1978 ya fara da ƙungiyoyin 2, 5, 10 da 20 rand, tare da ƙaddamar da rand 50 a cikin 1984. Wannan silsilar tana da bambance-bambancen harshe guda ɗaya kawai ga kowane rukunin bayanin kula. Afrikaans shine yaren farko akan Rand 2, 10, da 50, yayin da Ingilishi shine yaren farko akan Rand 5 da 20. An maye gurbin bayanin kula da Rand 1 da tsabar kudi. [[File:Atm_drawing_money_(2).png|thumb| Afirka ta Kudu ATM yana nuna R&nbsp;50 da R&nbsp;100 banknotes.]] A cikin 1990s, an sake tsara bayanin kula tare da hotunan Big Five nau'in namun daji. 10, 20 da 50 rand an gabatar da su a cikin 1992 & 1993, suna riƙe da tsarin launi na fitowar da ta gabata. An gabatar da tsabar kudi don 2 da 5 rand, tare da maye gurbin bayanin kula na jerin da suka gabata, musamman saboda tsananin lalacewa da tsagewar da aka samu tare da ƙananan bayanan ƙididdiga a wurare dabam dabam. A cikin 1994, an gabatar da bayanan rand 100 da 200. [ana buƙatar hujja] Jerin 2005 yana da babban ƙira iri ɗaya, amma tare da ƙarin fasalulluka na tsaro kamar tawada mai canza launi akan rand 50 da sama da kuma ƙungiyar taurarin EURion . An buga sassan duka ƙungiyoyin a cikin Turanci, yayin da aka buga wasu harsuna biyu na hukuma a baya, don haka ana amfani da duk harsunan hukuma 11 na Afirka ta Kudu . A cikin 2010, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu da bankunan kasuwanci sun janye duk jerin takardun banki na rand 200 na 1994 saboda ingantattun kuɗaɗen jabun da ke yawo. A cikin 2011, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da takardun banki na rand 100 waɗanda ba su da lahani saboda ba su da bugu mai kyalli da ake iya gani a ƙarƙashin hasken UV . A cikin watan Yuni, an ƙaura da buga wannan ɗarika daga Kamfanin Bayanan kula da Bankin Afirka ta Kudu zuwa sashin Crane Currency na Sweden ( Tumba Bruk ), wanda aka bayar da rahoton ya samar da tsabar kuɗi miliyan 80 100 rand. Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya soke takardun banki miliyan 3.6-rand 100 da Crane Currency ya buga saboda suna da lambobi iri ɗaya da rukunin da Kamfanin Bayanan Bankin Afirka ta Kudu ya buga. Bugu da ƙari, bayanin kula da aka buga a Sweden ba su kasance daidai launi ba, kuma sun kasance 1&nbsp;mm gajere. A ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 2012, Shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya sanar da cewa kasar za ta fitar da sabbin takardun kudi masu dauke da hoton [[Nelson Mandela]] . An shigar da su a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2012. Waɗannan sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi iri ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. A cikin 2013, an sabunta jerin 2012 tare da ƙari na ƙungiyar taurarin EURion zuwa duka ƙungiyoyin guda biyar. A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2018, an fitar da jerin takardun kudi na musamman don tunawa da cika shekaru 100 na haihuwar Nelson Mandela. Wannan jeri ya ƙunshi bayanin kula na duk ƙungiyoyin, 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. Waɗannan bayanan kula za su yi yawo tare da bayanan da ke akwai. Bayanan bayanan sun nuna madaidaicin fuskar Nelson Mandela a zahiri, amma a maimakon dabbobin Big Five a baya, suna nuna ƙaramin Mandela tare da fage daban-daban da suka shafi gadonsa. Wadannan al'amuran sun hada da: tsaunin Gabashin Cape, wanda ke nuna wurin haifuwar Mandela na Mvezo (rand 10); Gidan Mandela a Soweto, inda ya bayyana rayuwarsa ta siyasa tare da sauran gumakan gwagwarmaya (rand 20); wurin da aka kama Mandela a kusa da Howick, bayan watanni 17 a boye, inda aka gina masa wani abin tunawa ( rand 50); wurin daurin shekaru 27 da Mandela ya yi a gidan yari a tsibirin Robben, yana nuna tarin dutsen farar ƙasa (rand 100); mutum-mutumin Mandela a ginin Tarayyar don tunawa da lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a can a shekarar 1994 (rand 200).  A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a sami sabon jerin takardun banki waɗanda za su riƙe hoton Nelson Mandela a zahiri, yayin da yake nuna Big 5 a cikin hoton dangi a baya. Wannan silsilar ta ƙunshi ɗarika ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. === Zubi na farko === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta farko ta 1961) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | rowspan="4" | Jan Van Riebeck | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 136×78 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 149×84 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck ta jirgin ruwa | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 170×96 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Zinariya tawa | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 176×103 |} === Zubi na biyu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyu ta 1966) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 128×64 |- | | | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 120×57 |- | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Gariep Dam, pylon da masara cob | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Voortrekker Monument da Babban Trek | Ma'adinai | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Gine-ginen Ƙungiyar da kuma springbok | Jan van Riebeeck ta jiragen ruwa uku | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 140×76 |} === Zubi na uku === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na Uku 1978) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da pylon | Sasol kwal zuwa matatar mai | Blue | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 120×57 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da lu'u-lu'u | Mining da tsakiyar birnin [[Johannesburg]] | Purple | Turanci da Afrikaans | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma | Kore | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 133×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Jirgin ruwan Jan van Riebeeck guda uku da Coat of Arms na Afirka ta Kudu | Brown | Turanci da Afrikaans | 140×77 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da zaki | Fauna da flora | Ja | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 147×83 |} === Zubi na hudu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Banknotes of the South African rand (1992 Fourth Issue "Big Five") |- !Image !Value !Obverse !Reverse !Colour !Language !Size (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | |10 rand |Rhinoceros |Agriculture |Green |Afrikaans and English |128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |20 rand |[[Giwan daji na Afirka|Elephants]] |Mining |Brown |English and Afrikaans |134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |50 rand |Lions |Manufacturing |Red |Afrikaans and English |140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |100 rand |[[Ɓauna|Cape buffaloes]] |Tourism |Blue |English and Afrikaans |146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |200 rand |Leopards |Transport and communication |Orange |Afrikaans and English |152×70 |} === Silsilar ta biyar === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyar "Turanci da sauran Harsuna na hukuma") <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Rhinoceros | Noma | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwaye]] | Ma'adinai | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zakuna | Manufacturing | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Yawon shakatawa | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Sufuri da sadarwa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siridi na shida === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta shida "Nelson Mandela" 2012) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na bakwai === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na bakwai "Mandela Centenary") na 2018 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Matashi Mandela da mahaifarsa Mvezo | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Matashin Mandela da gidansa a Soweto | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Matashin Mandela da wurin da aka kama shi kusa da Howick | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | Matashin Mandela da kuma wurin da aka daure shi a tsibirin Robben | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Matashin Mandela da mutum-mutuminsa a ginin Tarayyar | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na takwas === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta takwas "Babban Iyalai 5") 2023 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Tswana, Ndebele | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Purple | Turanci, Xhosa, Venda | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Pedi, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Zulu, Sotho | 152×70 |} == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Category:Kudi]] [[Category:Kudade]] [[Category:Kuɗi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9jany5djzytm1ld6qqninx0c3bcokev 893782 893781 2026-08-09T16:47:15Z Asiya Garba 46242 893782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rand na Afirka ta Kudu''', ko kuma kawai '''Rand''', ( alamar : '''R''' ; code : '''ZAR''' ("South African rand"); the ''ZA'' is a historical relic from [[Dutch language|Dutch]], used because "SA" is allocated to Saudi Arabia.}} ) ita ce kudin hukuma na [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|yankin hada-hadar kuɗaɗe]] [[Kudancin Afirka|na Afirka ta Kudu]] : [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Namibiya]] (tare da [[Dalar Namibia|dalar Namibiya]] ), [[Lesotho]] ( tare da [[Lesotho loti]] ) da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]] (tare da Swazi lilangeni ). An kuma raba shi zuwa cents 100 (alama: "c"). Kudin Rand na Afirka ta Kudu ya kasance na doka a cikin ƙasashe [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|membobin]] [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Lesotho]] da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]], tare da waɗannan ƙasashe uku kuma suna da nasu kuɗin ƙasa ( [[Dalar Namibia|dala]], [[Lesotho loti|loti]] da lilangeni bi da bi) tare da Rand a daidaito kuma har yanzu. yarda da ko'ina a matsayin madadin. Har ila yau, Rand ya kasance mai ba da izini na doka a [[Botswana]] har zuwa shekarar 1976, lokacin da [[Botswana pula|pula]] ya maye gurbin rand a dai-dai. == Bayani == Rand ya ɗauki sunansa daga Witwatersrand ("farin ruwa" a cikin Ingilishi, ''rand'' shine kalmar Dutch da [[Afrikaans]] don 'ridge'), dutsen da aka gina [[Johannesburg]] kuma inda aka sami yawancin ajiyar zinare na Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin Turanci da Afrikaans nau'in nau'i ɗaya da jam'i na naúrar ("rand") iri ɗaya ne: rand ɗaya, rand goma, rand miliyan biyu. == Tarihi == An kuma gabatar da Rand a cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 1961, watanni uku kafin ƙasar ta ayyana kanta a matsayin jamhuriya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/archives/witness/from-van-riebeeck-to-madiba-20150430|title=From Van Riebeeck to Madiba|publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]]|date=2012-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180714080651/http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |url=http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |title=The Reserve Bank and the Rand: Some historic reflections |publisher=Resbank.co.za |date=29 November 2001 |archive-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Although pronounced in the Afrikaans style as {{IPAc-en|r|ʌ|n|t|}} in the jingles when introduced, An kuma kafa Hukumar Samar da Kuɗin Decimal a cikin shekarar 1956 don yin la'akari da ƙaura daga ƙungiyoyin fam, shillings, da pence; ta gabatar da shawarwarinta a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1958. Ya maye gurbin [[fam na Afirka ta Kudu]] a matsayin ɗan takara na doka, a farashin Rand 2 zuwa fam 1, ko shillings 10 zuwa Rand. Gwamnati ta gabatar da mascot, Decimal Dan, "mutumin da ba shi da kuɗi" (wanda aka sani a [[Afrikaans]] da Daan Desimaal).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0jJWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7142%2C3054777 |title='Decimal Dan' Sings: Catchy Tune Teaches New Currency |publisher=The Spokesman-Review |date=10 January 1961 |access-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Wannan yana tare da jingle na rediyo, don sanar da jama'a game da sabon kudin.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22 ''A General's Story: from an Era of War and Peace''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126101241/https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&dq=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjM0pyM9_bKAhXFWxQKHVz8B2EQ6AEILTAB |date=26 November 2022 }}, Jannie Geldenhuys, Jonathan Ball, 1995, page 32</ref> Ko da yake an furta shi a cikin salon Afrikaans kamar /r ʌ n t / a cikin jingles lokacin da aka gabatar da shi, <ref name="decimalDanJingle">{{YouTube|GQ41bGOQajA}}</ref> furcin zamani a cikin Turanci na Afirka ta Kudu shine /r æ n d /.<ref name="Jenkins2007">{{cite book|author=Elwyn Jenkins|title=Falling Into Place: The Story of Modern South African Place Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZnXHoMQ_hkC&pg=PA23|year=2007|publisher=New Africa Books|isbn=978-0-86486-689-9|pages=23–}}</ref> === Takaitaccen tarihin canjin musaya === ==== 1961-2000 ==== [[File:ZAR-USD_exchange_rate_1974-2014.png|thumb|450x450px| Darajar Rand na Afirka ta Kudu zuwa dalar Amurka daga shekarar 1975 zuwa 2015 ta ginshiƙan shuɗi: Adadin canjin shekara-shekara yana nunawa ta layin baki. ]] Rand daya ya kai dalar Amurka 1.40 (R0.72 kowace dala) tun daga lokacin da aka fara shi a shekarar 1961 har zuwa ƙarshen 1971, kuma dalar Amurka ta yi karfi fiye da kudin Afirka ta Kudu a karon farko a ranar 15 ga Maris 1982. Ƙimar sa daga baya ta canza kamar yadda musayar kuɗi daban-daban Hukumomin Afirka ta Kudu ne suka aiwatar da . A farkon shekarun 1980, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da matsin lamba na siyasa gami da takunkumin da aka kakaba wa kasar sakamakon adawar da kasashen duniya ke yi wa tsarin wariyar launin fata ya fara zubar da kimarsa. Kudin ya karye sama da daidaito da dala a karon farko a watan Maris na 1982, kuma ya ci gaba da yin ciniki tsakanin R1 da R1.30 zuwa dala har zuwa watan Yunin shekarar 1984, lokacin da faɗuwar darajar kudin ta kara karfi. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 1985, ana cinikin sama da R2 akan kowace dala, kuma a watan Yuli na wannan shekarar, an dakatar da duk kasuwancin musayar waje na tsawon kwanaki uku don ƙoƙarin dakatar da faɗuwar darajar. A lokacin da shugaban jihar PW Botha ya yi jawabinsa na Rubicon a ranar 15 ga Agustan shekarar 1985, ya ragu zuwa R2.40 kowace dala. Kuɗin ya dawo da ɗan tsakanin shekarar 1986 zuwa 1988, yana kasuwanci a kusa da matakin R2 mafi yawan lokaci har ma yana karya ƙarƙashinsa kai tsaye. Farfadowar ba ta daɗe ba, amma a ƙarshen 1989, Rand yana cinikin fiye da R2.50 kowace dala. Kamar yadda ya bayyana a farkon shekarun 1990 cewa ƙasar na nufin mulkin mallaka mafi rinjaye na bakar fata da kuma sake fasalin daya bayan ɗaya, rashin tabbas game da makomar kasar ya gaggauta faɗuwar darajar har zuwa matakin R.&nbsp;3 zuwa dala an keta shi a watan Nuwamba 1992. Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin gida da na waje sun rinjayi kudin bayan haka, musamman babban zaɓen shekara ta 1994, wanda ya raunana zuwa sama da R3.60 zuwa dala, zaɓen Tito Mboweni a matsayin gwamnan babban bankin Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma rantsar da shugaba Thabo Mbeki a shekarar 1999, wanda yayi saurin zamewa sama da R6 zuwa dala. Shirin sake fasalin kasa mai cike da cece-kuce da aka fara a [[Zimbabwe]], wanda [[September 11 attacks|harin na ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001]] ya biyo baya, ya kai shi mafi raunin tarihin R13.84 zuwa dala a watan Disambar shekarar 2001. ==== 2001-2011 ==== [[File:South_Africa-Money-Old01.jpg|thumb|240x240px| Ƙarni biyu na tsofaffin bayanai da tsabar kudi: Bayanan kula na ƙarshen waɗannan tsararraki biyu (kamar yadda bayanin R5 ke nunawa a cikin wannan hoton) an maye gurbinsu da bayanin kula na "Big Five" kuma waɗannan kwanan nan an sabunta su don nuna fuskar Nelson Mandela. .]] Wannan faduwar darajar kwatsam a cikin 2001 ya haifar da bincike na yau da kullun, wanda hakan ya haifar da farfadowa mai ban mamaki. A karshen shekarar 2002, an sake cinikin kudin a karkashin R9 zuwa dala, kuma a karshen shekarar 2004 ana cinikin kasa da R5.70 zuwa dala. Kudin ya ɗan yi laushi a cikin 2005, kuma yana cinikin kusan R6.35 zuwa dala a ƙarshen shekara. A farkon shekara ta 2006, duk da haka, kuɗin ya ci gaba da yin gangami, kuma tun daga ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2006, an sake yin ciniki a ƙarƙashin R6 zuwa dala. Koyaya, a cikin kashi na biyu da na uku na 2006 (watau Afrilu zuwa Satumba), Rand ya raunana sosai. A cikin sharuddan sittin, ya faɗi daga kusan kashi 9.5% zuwa sama da kashi 7 cikin ɗari, ya yi asarar kusan kashi 25% na ƙimar kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin watanni shida kacal. A ƙarshen shekarar 2007, Rand ya haɗu cikin ladabi zuwa sama da 8% kawai, kawai don fuskantar faifai mai zurfi a cikin kwata na farko na 2008. Za a iya danganta wannan zamewar ƙasa da abubuwa da yawa: tabarbarewar gibin asusu na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya ƙaru zuwa shekaru 36 da ya kai kashi 7.3 cikin ɗari na jimlar yawan amfanin gida (GDP) a 2007; hauhawar farashin kaya a cikin shekaru biyar mafi girma na kusan 9%; haɓaka kyamar haɗari a duniya yayin da damuwar masu zuba jari game da yaduwar tasirin rikicin na ƙasa ya karu; da kuma jirgin gaba ɗaya zuwa "masu tsaro", nesa da haɗarin da ake gani na kasuwanni masu tasowa. Matsalar wutar lantarki ta Eskom ta kara ta'azzara faduwar darajar Rand, wanda ya taso saboda rashin iya biyan bukatun makamashin kasar cikin hanzari. ==== 2012 - yanzu ==== A stalled ma'adinai masana'antu a cikin marigayi 2012 ya haifar da sabon lows a farkon shekara ta 2013.<ref name="BIZTECH3">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/51095/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2013/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2013 | date =2 January 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen Janairu 2014, Rand ya zame zuwa R11.25 zuwa dala, tare da manazarta suna danganta canjin zuwa "kalmar daga Tarayyar Tarayyar Amurka cewa za ta rage kashe kashe kuɗi mai ƙarfafawa, wanda ya haifar da kasuwa mai yawa a cikin tattalin arziki masu tasowa." A cikin shekarar 2014, Afirka ta Kudu ta fuskanci mafi munin shekararta akan dalar Amurka tun daga 2009, kuma a cikin Maris 2015, Rand ya yi ciniki a mafi muni tun 2002. A lokacin, Trading Economics ya fitar da bayanai cewa Rand "ya kai R4.97 zuwa dala tsakanin 1972-2015, wanda ya kai R12.45 a kowane lokaci a watan Disamba 2001 da kuma raguwa na R0.67 a watan Yuni na shekarar 1973." Ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2014, kudin Rand ya ragu zuwa R15.05 a kowace dala, wani bangare saboda gibin asusun kasuwancin Afirka ta Kudu da sauran kasashen duniya.<ref name="BIZTECH2">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/76022/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2014/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2014 | date =17 December 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> Daga ranar 9 zuwa 13 ga watan Disambar din shekarar 2015, cikin kwanaki hudu, kudin Rand ya ragu da kashi 10 bisa dari, sakamakon abin da wasu ke zargin cewa shugaba Zuma [[Jacob Zuma|ya bayyana mamakinsa]] na cewa zai maye gurbin ministan kudi Nhlanhla Nene da David van Rooyen wanda ba a san shi ba. Faduwar darajar da aka yi cikin sauri ta samo asali ne lokacin da Zuma ya ja baya tare da bayyana cewa a maimakon haka za a nada fitaccen ministan kudi Pravin Gordhan a kan mukamin. Korar da Zuma ya yi na ba-zata da Nene ya yi illa ga amincewar kasashen duniya a kan kudin kasar Rand, kuma farashin musayar ya yi kasala a tsawon watan Janairun 2016, kuma ya kai matsayin da ba a taba gani ba na R17.9169 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun 2016 kafin ya koma R16.57 daga baya. rana guda. Faduwar darajar watan Janairu kuma wani bangare ne ya haifar da masu zuba jari na ƙasar Japan sun yanke asarar da suke yi a cikin kudin don neman zuba jari mai yawa a wasu wurare kuma saboda damuwa kan tasirin koma bayan tattalin arziƙi a ƙasar Sin, babbar kasuwar fitar da kayayyaki a Afirka ta Kudu. A tsakiyar watan Janairu, masana tattalin arziki sun yi hasashe cewa Rand na iya sa ran ganin ƙarin canji ga sauran 2016. Ya zuwa ranar 29 ga Afrilu, ya kai mafi girman aikinsa a cikin watanni biyar da suka gabata, inda aka yi musanya akan farashin R14.16 zuwa dalar Amurka. Bayan da Burtaniya ta kada kuri'ar ficewa daga Tarayyar Turai, kudin Rand ya ragu da sama da kashi 8 cikin dari idan aka kwatanta da dalar Amurka a ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 2016, raguwar kudin mafi girma a rana guda tun bayan faduwar tattalin arzikin shekarar 2008. Wannan ya kasance wani bangare ne saboda koma bayan tattalin arzikin duniya gaba daya daga kudaden da ake ganin suna da hadari ga dalar Amurka kuma wani bangare na damuwa kan yadda ficewar Burtaniya daga kungiyar EU zai yi tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da huldar kasuwanci. A watan Afrilun 2017, wata kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ta Reuters ta yi kiyasin cewa, Rand zai ci gaba da kasancewa da kwanciyar hankali har zuwa karshen shekara, yayin da kuri'u biyu suka gano cewa manazarta sun riga sun yi la'akari da yiwuwar raguwa zuwa matsayi na "junk". A lokacin, Moody's ya kima Afirka ta Kudu daraja biyu sama da matsayin takarce. A lokacin da shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya samu da kyar a yunkurin kin amincewa da kasar Afirka ta Kudu a watan Agustan 2017, kudin Rand ya ci gaba da zamewa, inda ya ragu da kashi 1.7 cikin dari a wannan rana. A cikin watan Satumban shekarar 2017, Goldman Sachs ya ce basussuka da cin hanci da rashawa na kamfanin Eskom Holdings shi ne babban hatsari ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da kuma canjin kudin Rand. A lokacin, ba ta da wani babban jami'in gudanarwa na dindindin, kuma Colin Coleman na Goldman Sachs a Afirka ya ce kamfanin yana "tattaunawa kan mafita" kan samun ingantaccen gudanarwa. A watan Oktoban 2017, Rand ya tsaya tsayin daka akan dalar Amurka yayin da ya murmure daga karanci na watanni shida. Kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters ya bayyana cewa, "Afrika ta kudu na da matukar saukin kai ga ra'ayin masu zuba jari a duniya yayin da kasar ta dogara da kudaden kasashen waje wajen cike manyan kasafin kudinta da kuma gibin kudaden da take samu." A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamban 2017, kudin Rand ya fadi da sama da kashi 1% a lokacin da shugaban kasafin kudi Michael Sachs ya sauka daga mukaminsa a gwamnatin Zuma. A cikin Oktoba 2022, Rand ya nutse zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin shekaru biyu, ya kai R18.46 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2022. == Tsabar kudi == [[File:5-za-rand.JPG|thumb| 5-rand tsabar kudin bimetallic da aka bayar a 2004]] An gabatar da tsabar kudi a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin , 1, , 5, 10, 20, da 50 cents. A 1965, 2 cent tsabar kudi maye gurbin  cent tsabar kudi. The An buga tsabar ƙarshe don yaduwa a cikin 1973. An ƙaddamar da tsabar kudin Rand 1 don rarrabawa a cikin 1967, sannan tsabar kudi 2-rand a 1989 da tsabar rand 5 a 1994. An dakatar da samar da cent 1 da 2 a shekara ta 2002, sai kuma cent 5 a 2012, da farko saboda hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ya rage musu daraja, amma sun ci gaba da zama a doka. Shaguna yawanci suna zagaye jimillar farashin siyan kaya zuwa kusan centi 10 (don mabukaci). A kokarin da ake na dakile jabun, an fitar da sabon tsabar kudin Rand 5 a watan Agustan 2004. Abubuwan tsaro da aka gabatar akan tsabar kudin sun haɗa da ƙirar bimetal (mai kama da tsabar kuɗi €1 da €2, tsabar kuɗin Thai ฿10, tsabar kuɗin Philippine ₱10 kafin 2018, tsabar £2 na Burtaniya, da tsabar kuɗin Kanada $2 ), a keɓaɓɓen tsagi na tsaro na musamman tare da baki da ƙananan haruffa. A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a fitar da sabon jerin tsabar kudi. Waɗannan za su kasance da ɗarika ɗaya da jerin da suka gabata. 10c zai ƙunshi hoton Cape Honey Bee, 20c da Bitter Aloe, da 50c da Knysna Turaco, da R1 da Springbok, da R2 da King Protea, da kuma R5 da kudancin dama Whale. == Takardun kuɗi == An gabatar da jeri na farko na takardun kuɗin Rand a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1, 2, 10, da 20 rand, tare da ƙira da launuka iri ɗaya zuwa bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata don sauƙaƙa sauyawa. Sun ɗauki hoton abin da aka yi imani da shi a lokacin Jan van Riebeeck, shugaban VOC na farko na [[Cape Town]] . Daga baya an gano cewa hoton ba gaskiya ba ne Van Riebeeck kwata-kwata, hoton Bartholomeus Vermuyden ya yi kuskure da Van Riebeeck. Kamar bayanin kula [[Fam na Afirka ta Kudu|na fam]] na ƙarshe, an buga su cikin bambance-bambancen guda biyu, ɗaya da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] aka fara rubuta ɗayan ɗayan kuma an fara rubuta [[Afrikaans|Afirkaans]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} A cikin 1966, an fitar da jeri na biyu tare da ƙira waɗanda suka ƙaura daga bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata. Bayanan kula tare da raka'o'i na 1, 5 da 10 rand an samar da su tare da galibin launi ɗaya a kowane bayanin kula. An gabatar da ƙaramin bayanin rand 1 tare da ƙira iri ɗaya a cikin 1973 kuma an gabatar da bayanin rand 2 a cikin 1974. An yi watsi da darajar rand 20 daga jerin farko. Duk bayanan kula sun ɗauki hoton Jan van Riebeeck. An ci gaba da yin amfani da sigar Ingilishi da Afrikaans na kowane bayanin kula a cikin wannan jerin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} Jerin 1978 ya fara da ƙungiyoyin 2, 5, 10 da 20 rand, tare da ƙaddamar da rand 50 a cikin 1984. Wannan silsilar tana da bambance-bambancen harshe guda ɗaya kawai ga kowane rukunin bayanin kula. Afrikaans shine yaren farko akan Rand 2, 10, da 50, yayin da Ingilishi shine yaren farko akan Rand 5 da 20. An maye gurbin bayanin kula da Rand 1 da tsabar kudi. [[File:Atm_drawing_money_(2).png|thumb| Afirka ta Kudu ATM yana nuna R&nbsp;50 da R&nbsp;100 banknotes.]] A cikin 1990s, an sake tsara bayanin kula tare da hotunan Big Five nau'in namun daji. 10, 20 da 50 rand an gabatar da su a cikin 1992 & 1993, suna riƙe da tsarin launi na fitowar da ta gabata. An gabatar da tsabar kudi don 2 da 5 rand, tare da maye gurbin bayanin kula na jerin da suka gabata, musamman saboda tsananin lalacewa da tsagewar da aka samu tare da ƙananan bayanan ƙididdiga a wurare dabam dabam. A cikin 1994, an gabatar da bayanan rand 100 da 200. [ana buƙatar hujja] Jerin 2005 yana da babban ƙira iri ɗaya, amma tare da ƙarin fasalulluka na tsaro kamar tawada mai canza launi akan rand 50 da sama da kuma ƙungiyar taurarin EURion . An buga sassan duka ƙungiyoyin a cikin Turanci, yayin da aka buga wasu harsuna biyu na hukuma a baya, don haka ana amfani da duk harsunan hukuma 11 na Afirka ta Kudu . A cikin 2010, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu da bankunan kasuwanci sun janye duk jerin takardun banki na rand 200 na 1994 saboda ingantattun kuɗaɗen jabun da ke yawo. A cikin 2011, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da takardun banki na rand 100 waɗanda ba su da lahani saboda ba su da bugu mai kyalli da ake iya gani a ƙarƙashin hasken UV . A cikin watan Yuni, an ƙaura da buga wannan ɗarika daga Kamfanin Bayanan kula da Bankin Afirka ta Kudu zuwa sashin Crane Currency na Sweden ( Tumba Bruk ), wanda aka bayar da rahoton ya samar da tsabar kuɗi miliyan 80 100 rand. Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya soke takardun banki miliyan 3.6-rand 100 da Crane Currency ya buga saboda suna da lambobi iri ɗaya da rukunin da Kamfanin Bayanan Bankin Afirka ta Kudu ya buga. Bugu da ƙari, bayanin kula da aka buga a Sweden ba su kasance daidai launi ba, kuma sun kasance 1&nbsp;mm gajere. A ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 2012, Shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya sanar da cewa kasar za ta fitar da sabbin takardun kudi masu dauke da hoton [[Nelson Mandela]] . An shigar da su a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2012. Waɗannan sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi iri ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. A cikin 2013, an sabunta jerin 2012 tare da ƙari na ƙungiyar taurarin EURion zuwa duka ƙungiyoyin guda biyar. A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2018, an fitar da jerin takardun kudi na musamman don tunawa da cika shekaru 100 na haihuwar Nelson Mandela. Wannan jeri ya ƙunshi bayanin kula na duk ƙungiyoyin, 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. Waɗannan bayanan kula za su yi yawo tare da bayanan da ke akwai. Bayanan bayanan sun nuna madaidaicin fuskar Nelson Mandela a zahiri, amma a maimakon dabbobin Big Five a baya, suna nuna ƙaramin Mandela tare da fage daban-daban da suka shafi gadonsa. Wadannan al'amuran sun hada da: tsaunin Gabashin Cape, wanda ke nuna wurin haifuwar Mandela na Mvezo (rand 10); Gidan Mandela a Soweto, inda ya bayyana rayuwarsa ta siyasa tare da sauran gumakan gwagwarmaya (rand 20); wurin da aka kama Mandela a kusa da Howick, bayan watanni 17 a boye, inda aka gina masa wani abin tunawa ( rand 50); wurin daurin shekaru 27 da Mandela ya yi a gidan yari a tsibirin Robben, yana nuna tarin dutsen farar ƙasa (rand 100); mutum-mutumin Mandela a ginin Tarayyar don tunawa da lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a can a shekarar 1994 (rand 200).  A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a sami sabon jerin takardun banki waɗanda za su riƙe hoton Nelson Mandela a zahiri, yayin da yake nuna Big 5 a cikin hoton dangi a baya. Wannan silsilar ta ƙunshi ɗarika ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. === Zubi na farko === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta farko ta 1961) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | rowspan="4" | Jan Van Riebeck | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 136×78 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 149×84 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck ta jirgin ruwa | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 170×96 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Zinariya tawa | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 176×103 |} === Zubi na biyu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyu ta 1966) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 128×64 |- | | | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 120×57 |- | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Gariep Dam, pylon da masara cob | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Voortrekker Monument da Babban Trek | Ma'adinai | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Gine-ginen Ƙungiyar da kuma springbok | Jan van Riebeeck ta jiragen ruwa uku | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 140×76 |} === Zubi na uku === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na Uku 1978) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da pylon | Sasol kwal zuwa matatar mai | Blue | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 120×57 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da lu'u-lu'u | Mining da tsakiyar birnin [[Johannesburg]] | Purple | Turanci da Afrikaans | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma | Kore | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 133×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Jirgin ruwan Jan van Riebeeck guda uku da Coat of Arms na Afirka ta Kudu | Brown | Turanci da Afrikaans | 140×77 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da zaki | Fauna da flora | Ja | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 147×83 |} === Zubi na hudu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Banknotes of the South African rand (1992 Fourth Issue "Big Five") |- !Image !Value !Obverse !Reverse !Colour !Language !Size (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | |10 rand |Rhinoceros |Agriculture |Green |Afrikaans and English |128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |20 rand |[[Giwan daji na Afirka|Elephants]] |Mining |Brown |English and Afrikaans |134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |50 rand |Lions |Manufacturing |Red |Afrikaans and English |140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |100 rand |[[Ɓauna|Cape buffaloes]] |Tourism |Blue |English and Afrikaans |146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |200 rand |Leopards |Transport and communication |Orange |Afrikaans and English |152×70 |} === Silsilar ta biyar === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyar "Turanci da sauran Harsuna na hukuma") <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Rhinoceros | Noma | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwaye]] | Ma'adinai | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zakuna | Manufacturing | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Yawon shakatawa | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Sufuri da sadarwa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siridi na shida === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta shida "Nelson Mandela" 2012) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na bakwai === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na bakwai "Mandela Centenary") na 2018 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Matashi Mandela da mahaifarsa Mvezo | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Matashin Mandela da gidansa a Soweto | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Matashin Mandela da wurin da aka kama shi kusa da Howick | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | Matashin Mandela da kuma wurin da aka daure shi a tsibirin Robben | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Matashin Mandela da mutum-mutuminsa a ginin Tarayyar | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na takwas === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta takwas "Babban Iyalai 5") 2023 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Tswana, Ndebele | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Purple | Turanci, Xhosa, Venda | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Pedi, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Zulu, Sotho | 152×70 |} == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Category:Kudi]] [[Category:Kudade]] [[Category:Kuɗi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] raopweodxsmezekd4nvvu0dsz9y1sc1 893783 893782 2026-08-09T16:47:32Z Asiya Garba 46242 893783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rand na Afirka ta Kudu''', ko kuma kawai '''Rand''', ( alamar : '''R''' ; code : '''ZAR''' ("South African rand"); the ''ZA'' is a historical relic from [[Dutch language|Dutch]], used because "SA" is allocated to Saudi Arabia.}} ) ita ce kudin hukuma na [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|yankin hada-hadar kuɗaɗe]] [[Kudancin Afirka|na Afirka ta Kudu]] : [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Namibiya]] (tare da [[Dalar Namibia|dalar Namibiya]] ), [[Lesotho]] ( tare da [[Lesotho loti]] ) da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]] (tare da Swazi lilangeni ). An kuma raba shi zuwa cents 100 (alama: "c"). Kudin Rand na Afirka ta Kudu ya kasance na doka a cikin ƙasashe [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|membobin]] [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Lesotho]] da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]], tare da waɗannan ƙasashe uku kuma suna da nasu kuɗin ƙasa ( [[Dalar Namibia|dala]], [[Lesotho loti|loti]] da lilangeni bi da bi) tare da Rand a daidaito kuma har yanzu. yarda da ko'ina a matsayin madadin. Har ila yau, Rand ya kasance mai ba da izini na doka a [[Botswana]] har zuwa shekarar 1976, lokacin da [[Botswana pula|pula]] ya maye gurbin rand a dai-dai. == Bayani == Rand ya ɗauki sunansa daga Witwatersrand ("farin ruwa" a cikin Ingilishi, ''rand'' shine kalmar Dutch da [[Afrikaans]] don 'ridge'), dutsen da aka gina [[Johannesburg]] kuma inda aka sami yawancin ajiyar zinare na Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin Turanci da Afrikaans nau'in nau'i ɗaya da jam'i na naúrar ("rand") iri ɗaya ne: rand ɗaya, rand goma, rand miliyan biyu. == Tarihi == An kuma gabatar da Rand a cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 1961, watanni uku kafin ƙasar ta ayyana kanta a matsayin jamhuriya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/archives/witness/from-van-riebeeck-to-madiba-20150430|title=From Van Riebeeck to Madiba|publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]]|date=2012-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180714080651/http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |url=http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |title=The Reserve Bank and the Rand: Some historic reflections |publisher=Resbank.co.za |date=29 November 2001 |archive-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Although pronounced in the Afrikaans style as {{IPAc-en|r|ʌ|n|t|}} in the jingles when introduced, An kuma kafa Hukumar Samar da Kuɗin Decimal a cikin shekarar 1956 don yin la'akari da ƙaura daga ƙungiyoyin fam, shillings, da pence; ta gabatar da shawarwarinta a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1958. Ya maye gurbin [[fam na Afirka ta Kudu]] a matsayin ɗan takara na doka, a farashin Rand 2 zuwa fam 1, ko shillings 10 zuwa Rand. Gwamnati ta gabatar da mascot, Decimal Dan, "mutumin da ba shi da kuɗi" (wanda aka sani a [[Afrikaans]] da Daan Desimaal).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0jJWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7142%2C3054777 |title='Decimal Dan' Sings: Catchy Tune Teaches New Currency |publisher=The Spokesman-Review |date=10 January 1961 |access-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Wannan yana tare da jingle na rediyo, don sanar da jama'a game da sabon kudin.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22 ''A General's Story: from an Era of War and Peace''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126101241/https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&dq=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjM0pyM9_bKAhXFWxQKHVz8B2EQ6AEILTAB |date=26 November 2022 }}, Jannie Geldenhuys, Jonathan Ball, 1995, page 32</ref> Ko da yake an furta shi a cikin salon Afrikaans kamar /r ʌ n t / a cikin jingles lokacin da aka gabatar da shi, <ref name="decimalDanJingle">{{YouTube|GQ41bGOQajA}}</ref> furcin zamani a cikin Turanci na Afirka ta Kudu shine /r æ n d /.<ref name="Jenkins2007">{{cite book|author=Elwyn Jenkins|title=Falling Into Place: The Story of Modern South African Place Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZnXHoMQ_hkC&pg=PA23|year=2007|publisher=New Africa Books|isbn=978-0-86486-689-9|pages=23–}}</ref> === Takaitaccen tarihin canjin musaya === ==== 1961-2000 ==== [[File:ZAR-USD_exchange_rate_1974-2014.png|thumb|450x450px| Darajar Rand na Afirka ta Kudu zuwa dalar Amurka daga shekarar 1975 zuwa 2015 ta ginshiƙan shuɗi: Adadin canjin shekara-shekara yana nunawa ta layin baki. ]] Rand daya ya kai dalar Amurka 1.40 (R0.72 kowace dala) tun daga lokacin da aka fara shi a shekarar 1961 har zuwa ƙarshen 1971, kuma dalar Amurka ta yi karfi fiye da kudin Afirka ta Kudu a karon farko a ranar 15 ga Maris 1982. Ƙimar sa daga baya ta canza kamar yadda musayar kuɗi daban-daban Hukumomin Afirka ta Kudu ne suka aiwatar da . A farkon shekarun 1980, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da matsin lamba na siyasa gami da takunkumin da aka kakaba wa kasar sakamakon adawar da kasashen duniya ke yi wa tsarin wariyar launin fata ya fara zubar da kimarsa. Kudin ya karye sama da daidaito da dala a karon farko a watan Maris na 1982, kuma ya ci gaba da yin ciniki tsakanin R1 da R1.30 zuwa dala har zuwa watan Yunin shekarar 1984, lokacin da faɗuwar darajar kudin ta kara karfi. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 1985, ana cinikin sama da R2 akan kowace dala, kuma a watan Yuli na wannan shekarar, an dakatar da duk kasuwancin musayar waje na tsawon kwanaki uku don ƙoƙarin dakatar da faɗuwar darajar. A lokacin da shugaban jihar PW Botha ya yi jawabinsa na Rubicon a ranar 15 ga Agustan shekarar 1985, ya ragu zuwa R2.40 kowace dala. Kuɗin ya dawo da ɗan tsakanin shekarar 1986 zuwa 1988, yana kasuwanci a kusa da matakin R2 mafi yawan lokaci har ma yana karya ƙarƙashinsa kai tsaye. Farfadowar ba ta daɗe ba, amma a ƙarshen 1989, Rand yana cinikin fiye da R2.50 kowace dala. Kamar yadda ya bayyana a farkon shekarun 1990 cewa ƙasar na nufin mulkin mallaka mafi rinjaye na bakar fata da kuma sake fasalin daya bayan ɗaya, rashin tabbas game da makomar kasar ya gaggauta faɗuwar darajar har zuwa matakin R.&nbsp;3 zuwa dala an keta shi a watan Nuwamba 1992. Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin gida da na waje sun rinjayi kudin bayan haka, musamman babban zaɓen shekara ta 1994, wanda ya raunana zuwa sama da R3.60 zuwa dala, zaɓen Tito Mboweni a matsayin gwamnan babban bankin Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma rantsar da shugaba Thabo Mbeki a shekarar 1999, wanda yayi saurin zamewa sama da R6 zuwa dala. Shirin sake fasalin kasa mai cike da cece-kuce da aka fara a [[Zimbabwe]], wanda [[September 11 attacks|harin na ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001]] ya biyo baya, ya kai shi mafi raunin tarihin R13.84 zuwa dala a watan Disambar shekarar 2001. ==== 2001-2011 ==== [[File:South_Africa-Money-Old01.jpg|thumb|240x240px| Ƙarni biyu na tsofaffin bayanai da tsabar kudi: Bayanan kula na ƙarshen waɗannan tsararraki biyu (kamar yadda bayanin R5 ke nunawa a cikin wannan hoton) an maye gurbinsu da bayanin kula na "Big Five" kuma waɗannan kwanan nan an sabunta su don nuna fuskar Nelson Mandela. .]] Wannan faduwar darajar kwatsam a cikin 2001 ya haifar da bincike na yau da kullun, wanda hakan ya haifar da farfadowa mai ban mamaki. A karshen shekarar 2002, an sake cinikin kudin a karkashin R9 zuwa dala, kuma a karshen shekarar 2004 ana cinikin kasa da R5.70 zuwa dala. Kudin ya ɗan yi laushi a cikin 2005, kuma yana cinikin kusan R6.35 zuwa dala a ƙarshen shekara. A farkon shekara ta 2006, duk da haka, kuɗin ya ci gaba da yin gangami, kuma tun daga ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2006, an sake yin ciniki a ƙarƙashin R6 zuwa dala. Koyaya, a cikin kashi na biyu da na uku na 2006 (watau Afrilu zuwa Satumba), Rand ya raunana sosai. A cikin sharuddan sittin, ya faɗi daga kusan kashi 9.5% zuwa sama da kashi 7 cikin ɗari, ya yi asarar kusan kashi 25% na ƙimar kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin watanni shida kacal. A ƙarshen shekarar 2007, Rand ya haɗu cikin ladabi zuwa sama da 8% kawai, kawai don fuskantar faifai mai zurfi a cikin kwata na farko na 2008. Za a iya danganta wannan zamewar ƙasa da abubuwa da yawa: tabarbarewar gibin asusu na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya ƙaru zuwa shekaru 36 da ya kai kashi 7.3 cikin ɗari na jimlar yawan amfanin gida (GDP) a 2007; hauhawar farashin kaya a cikin shekaru biyar mafi girma na kusan 9%; haɓaka kyamar haɗari a duniya yayin da damuwar masu zuba jari game da yaduwar tasirin rikicin na ƙasa ya karu; da kuma jirgin gaba ɗaya zuwa "masu tsaro", nesa da haɗarin da ake gani na kasuwanni masu tasowa. Matsalar wutar lantarki ta Eskom ta kara ta'azzara faduwar darajar Rand, wanda ya taso saboda rashin iya biyan bukatun makamashin kasar cikin hanzari. ==== 2012 - yanzu ==== A stalled ma'adinai masana'antu a cikin marigayi 2012 ya haifar da sabon lows a farkon shekara ta 2013.<ref name="BIZTECH3">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/51095/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2013/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2013 | date =2 January 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen Janairu 2014, Rand ya zame zuwa R11.25 zuwa dala, tare da manazarta suna danganta canjin zuwa "kalmar daga Tarayyar Tarayyar Amurka cewa za ta rage kashe kashe kuɗi mai ƙarfafawa, wanda ya haifar da kasuwa mai yawa a cikin tattalin arziki masu tasowa." A cikin shekarar 2014, Afirka ta Kudu ta fuskanci mafi munin shekararta akan dalar Amurka tun daga 2009, kuma a cikin Maris 2015, Rand ya yi ciniki a mafi muni tun 2002. A lokacin, Trading Economics ya fitar da bayanai cewa Rand "ya kai R4.97 zuwa dala tsakanin 1972-2015, wanda ya kai R12.45 a kowane lokaci a watan Disamba 2001 da kuma raguwa na R0.67 a watan Yuni na shekarar 1973." Ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2014, kudin Rand ya ragu zuwa R15.05 a kowace dala, wani bangare saboda gibin asusun kasuwancin Afirka ta Kudu da sauran kasashen duniya.<ref name="BIZTECH2">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/76022/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2014/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2014 | date =17 December 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> Daga ranar 9 zuwa 13 ga watan Disambar din shekarar 2015, cikin kwanaki hudu, kudin Rand ya ragu da kashi 10 bisa dari, sakamakon abin da wasu ke zargin cewa shugaba Zuma [[Jacob Zuma|ya bayyana mamakinsa]] na cewa zai maye gurbin ministan kudi Nhlanhla Nene da David van Rooyen wanda ba a san shi ba. Faduwar darajar da aka yi cikin sauri ta samo asali ne lokacin da Zuma ya ja baya tare da bayyana cewa a maimakon haka za a nada fitaccen ministan kudi Pravin Gordhan a kan mukamin. Korar da Zuma ya yi na ba-zata da Nene ya yi illa ga amincewar kasashen duniya a kan kudin kasar Rand, kuma farashin musayar ya yi kasala a tsawon watan Janairun 2016, kuma ya kai matsayin da ba a taba gani ba na R17.9169 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun 2016 kafin ya koma R16.57 daga baya. rana guda. Faduwar darajar watan Janairu kuma wani bangare ne ya haifar da masu zuba jari na ƙasar Japan sun yanke asarar da suke yi a cikin kudin don neman zuba jari mai yawa a wasu wurare kuma saboda damuwa kan tasirin koma bayan tattalin arziƙi a ƙasar Sin, babbar kasuwar fitar da kayayyaki a Afirka ta Kudu. A tsakiyar watan Janairu, masana tattalin arziki sun yi hasashe cewa Rand na iya sa ran ganin ƙarin canji ga sauran 2016. Ya zuwa ranar 29 ga Afrilu, ya kai mafi girman aikinsa a cikin watanni biyar da suka gabata, inda aka yi musanya akan farashin R14.16 zuwa dalar Amurka. Bayan da Burtaniya ta kada kuri'ar ficewa daga Tarayyar Turai, kudin Rand ya ragu da sama da kashi 8 cikin dari idan aka kwatanta da dalar Amurka a ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 2016, raguwar kudin mafi girma a rana guda tun bayan faduwar tattalin arzikin shekarar 2008. Wannan ya kasance wani bangare ne saboda koma bayan tattalin arzikin duniya gaba daya daga kudaden da ake ganin suna da hadari ga dalar Amurka kuma wani bangare na damuwa kan yadda ficewar Burtaniya daga kungiyar EU zai yi tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da huldar kasuwanci. A watan Afrilun shekarar 2017, wata kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ta Reuters ta yi kiyasin cewa, Rand zai ci gaba da kasancewa da kwanciyar hankali har zuwa karshen shekara, yayin da kuri'u biyu suka gano cewa manazarta sun riga sun yi la'akari da yiwuwar raguwa zuwa matsayi na "junk". A lokacin, Moody's ya kima Afirka ta Kudu daraja biyu sama da matsayin takarce. A lokacin da shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya samu da kyar a yunkurin kin amincewa da kasar Afirka ta Kudu a watan Agustan 2017, kudin Rand ya ci gaba da zamewa, inda ya ragu da kashi 1.7 cikin dari a wannan rana. A cikin watan Satumban shekarar 2017, Goldman Sachs ya ce basussuka da cin hanci da rashawa na kamfanin Eskom Holdings shi ne babban hatsari ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da kuma canjin kudin Rand. A lokacin, ba ta da wani babban jami'in gudanarwa na dindindin, kuma Colin Coleman na Goldman Sachs a Afirka ya ce kamfanin yana "tattaunawa kan mafita" kan samun ingantaccen gudanarwa. A watan Oktoban 2017, Rand ya tsaya tsayin daka akan dalar Amurka yayin da ya murmure daga karanci na watanni shida. Kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters ya bayyana cewa, "Afrika ta kudu na da matukar saukin kai ga ra'ayin masu zuba jari a duniya yayin da kasar ta dogara da kudaden kasashen waje wajen cike manyan kasafin kudinta da kuma gibin kudaden da take samu." A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamban 2017, kudin Rand ya fadi da sama da kashi 1% a lokacin da shugaban kasafin kudi Michael Sachs ya sauka daga mukaminsa a gwamnatin Zuma. A cikin Oktoba 2022, Rand ya nutse zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin shekaru biyu, ya kai R18.46 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2022. == Tsabar kudi == [[File:5-za-rand.JPG|thumb| 5-rand tsabar kudin bimetallic da aka bayar a 2004]] An gabatar da tsabar kudi a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin , 1, , 5, 10, 20, da 50 cents. A 1965, 2 cent tsabar kudi maye gurbin  cent tsabar kudi. The An buga tsabar ƙarshe don yaduwa a cikin 1973. An ƙaddamar da tsabar kudin Rand 1 don rarrabawa a cikin 1967, sannan tsabar kudi 2-rand a 1989 da tsabar rand 5 a 1994. An dakatar da samar da cent 1 da 2 a shekara ta 2002, sai kuma cent 5 a 2012, da farko saboda hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ya rage musu daraja, amma sun ci gaba da zama a doka. Shaguna yawanci suna zagaye jimillar farashin siyan kaya zuwa kusan centi 10 (don mabukaci). A kokarin da ake na dakile jabun, an fitar da sabon tsabar kudin Rand 5 a watan Agustan 2004. Abubuwan tsaro da aka gabatar akan tsabar kudin sun haɗa da ƙirar bimetal (mai kama da tsabar kuɗi €1 da €2, tsabar kuɗin Thai ฿10, tsabar kuɗin Philippine ₱10 kafin 2018, tsabar £2 na Burtaniya, da tsabar kuɗin Kanada $2 ), a keɓaɓɓen tsagi na tsaro na musamman tare da baki da ƙananan haruffa. A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a fitar da sabon jerin tsabar kudi. Waɗannan za su kasance da ɗarika ɗaya da jerin da suka gabata. 10c zai ƙunshi hoton Cape Honey Bee, 20c da Bitter Aloe, da 50c da Knysna Turaco, da R1 da Springbok, da R2 da King Protea, da kuma R5 da kudancin dama Whale. == Takardun kuɗi == An gabatar da jeri na farko na takardun kuɗin Rand a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1, 2, 10, da 20 rand, tare da ƙira da launuka iri ɗaya zuwa bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata don sauƙaƙa sauyawa. Sun ɗauki hoton abin da aka yi imani da shi a lokacin Jan van Riebeeck, shugaban VOC na farko na [[Cape Town]] . Daga baya an gano cewa hoton ba gaskiya ba ne Van Riebeeck kwata-kwata, hoton Bartholomeus Vermuyden ya yi kuskure da Van Riebeeck. Kamar bayanin kula [[Fam na Afirka ta Kudu|na fam]] na ƙarshe, an buga su cikin bambance-bambancen guda biyu, ɗaya da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] aka fara rubuta ɗayan ɗayan kuma an fara rubuta [[Afrikaans|Afirkaans]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} A cikin 1966, an fitar da jeri na biyu tare da ƙira waɗanda suka ƙaura daga bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata. Bayanan kula tare da raka'o'i na 1, 5 da 10 rand an samar da su tare da galibin launi ɗaya a kowane bayanin kula. An gabatar da ƙaramin bayanin rand 1 tare da ƙira iri ɗaya a cikin 1973 kuma an gabatar da bayanin rand 2 a cikin 1974. An yi watsi da darajar rand 20 daga jerin farko. Duk bayanan kula sun ɗauki hoton Jan van Riebeeck. An ci gaba da yin amfani da sigar Ingilishi da Afrikaans na kowane bayanin kula a cikin wannan jerin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} Jerin 1978 ya fara da ƙungiyoyin 2, 5, 10 da 20 rand, tare da ƙaddamar da rand 50 a cikin 1984. Wannan silsilar tana da bambance-bambancen harshe guda ɗaya kawai ga kowane rukunin bayanin kula. Afrikaans shine yaren farko akan Rand 2, 10, da 50, yayin da Ingilishi shine yaren farko akan Rand 5 da 20. An maye gurbin bayanin kula da Rand 1 da tsabar kudi. [[File:Atm_drawing_money_(2).png|thumb| Afirka ta Kudu ATM yana nuna R&nbsp;50 da R&nbsp;100 banknotes.]] A cikin 1990s, an sake tsara bayanin kula tare da hotunan Big Five nau'in namun daji. 10, 20 da 50 rand an gabatar da su a cikin 1992 & 1993, suna riƙe da tsarin launi na fitowar da ta gabata. An gabatar da tsabar kudi don 2 da 5 rand, tare da maye gurbin bayanin kula na jerin da suka gabata, musamman saboda tsananin lalacewa da tsagewar da aka samu tare da ƙananan bayanan ƙididdiga a wurare dabam dabam. A cikin 1994, an gabatar da bayanan rand 100 da 200. [ana buƙatar hujja] Jerin 2005 yana da babban ƙira iri ɗaya, amma tare da ƙarin fasalulluka na tsaro kamar tawada mai canza launi akan rand 50 da sama da kuma ƙungiyar taurarin EURion . An buga sassan duka ƙungiyoyin a cikin Turanci, yayin da aka buga wasu harsuna biyu na hukuma a baya, don haka ana amfani da duk harsunan hukuma 11 na Afirka ta Kudu . A cikin 2010, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu da bankunan kasuwanci sun janye duk jerin takardun banki na rand 200 na 1994 saboda ingantattun kuɗaɗen jabun da ke yawo. A cikin 2011, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da takardun banki na rand 100 waɗanda ba su da lahani saboda ba su da bugu mai kyalli da ake iya gani a ƙarƙashin hasken UV . A cikin watan Yuni, an ƙaura da buga wannan ɗarika daga Kamfanin Bayanan kula da Bankin Afirka ta Kudu zuwa sashin Crane Currency na Sweden ( Tumba Bruk ), wanda aka bayar da rahoton ya samar da tsabar kuɗi miliyan 80 100 rand. Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya soke takardun banki miliyan 3.6-rand 100 da Crane Currency ya buga saboda suna da lambobi iri ɗaya da rukunin da Kamfanin Bayanan Bankin Afirka ta Kudu ya buga. Bugu da ƙari, bayanin kula da aka buga a Sweden ba su kasance daidai launi ba, kuma sun kasance 1&nbsp;mm gajere. A ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 2012, Shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya sanar da cewa kasar za ta fitar da sabbin takardun kudi masu dauke da hoton [[Nelson Mandela]] . An shigar da su a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2012. Waɗannan sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi iri ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. A cikin 2013, an sabunta jerin 2012 tare da ƙari na ƙungiyar taurarin EURion zuwa duka ƙungiyoyin guda biyar. A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2018, an fitar da jerin takardun kudi na musamman don tunawa da cika shekaru 100 na haihuwar Nelson Mandela. Wannan jeri ya ƙunshi bayanin kula na duk ƙungiyoyin, 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. Waɗannan bayanan kula za su yi yawo tare da bayanan da ke akwai. Bayanan bayanan sun nuna madaidaicin fuskar Nelson Mandela a zahiri, amma a maimakon dabbobin Big Five a baya, suna nuna ƙaramin Mandela tare da fage daban-daban da suka shafi gadonsa. Wadannan al'amuran sun hada da: tsaunin Gabashin Cape, wanda ke nuna wurin haifuwar Mandela na Mvezo (rand 10); Gidan Mandela a Soweto, inda ya bayyana rayuwarsa ta siyasa tare da sauran gumakan gwagwarmaya (rand 20); wurin da aka kama Mandela a kusa da Howick, bayan watanni 17 a boye, inda aka gina masa wani abin tunawa ( rand 50); wurin daurin shekaru 27 da Mandela ya yi a gidan yari a tsibirin Robben, yana nuna tarin dutsen farar ƙasa (rand 100); mutum-mutumin Mandela a ginin Tarayyar don tunawa da lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a can a shekarar 1994 (rand 200).  A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a sami sabon jerin takardun banki waɗanda za su riƙe hoton Nelson Mandela a zahiri, yayin da yake nuna Big 5 a cikin hoton dangi a baya. Wannan silsilar ta ƙunshi ɗarika ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. === Zubi na farko === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta farko ta 1961) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | rowspan="4" | Jan Van Riebeck | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 136×78 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 149×84 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck ta jirgin ruwa | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 170×96 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Zinariya tawa | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 176×103 |} === Zubi na biyu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyu ta 1966) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 128×64 |- | | | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 120×57 |- | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Gariep Dam, pylon da masara cob | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Voortrekker Monument da Babban Trek | Ma'adinai | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Gine-ginen Ƙungiyar da kuma springbok | Jan van Riebeeck ta jiragen ruwa uku | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 140×76 |} === Zubi na uku === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na Uku 1978) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da pylon | Sasol kwal zuwa matatar mai | Blue | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 120×57 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da lu'u-lu'u | Mining da tsakiyar birnin [[Johannesburg]] | Purple | Turanci da Afrikaans | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma | Kore | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 133×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Jirgin ruwan Jan van Riebeeck guda uku da Coat of Arms na Afirka ta Kudu | Brown | Turanci da Afrikaans | 140×77 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da zaki | Fauna da flora | Ja | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 147×83 |} === Zubi na hudu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Banknotes of the South African rand (1992 Fourth Issue "Big Five") |- !Image !Value !Obverse !Reverse !Colour !Language !Size (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | |10 rand |Rhinoceros |Agriculture |Green |Afrikaans and English |128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |20 rand |[[Giwan daji na Afirka|Elephants]] |Mining |Brown |English and Afrikaans |134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |50 rand |Lions |Manufacturing |Red |Afrikaans and English |140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |100 rand |[[Ɓauna|Cape buffaloes]] |Tourism |Blue |English and Afrikaans |146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |200 rand |Leopards |Transport and communication |Orange |Afrikaans and English |152×70 |} === Silsilar ta biyar === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyar "Turanci da sauran Harsuna na hukuma") <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Rhinoceros | Noma | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwaye]] | Ma'adinai | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zakuna | Manufacturing | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Yawon shakatawa | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Sufuri da sadarwa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siridi na shida === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta shida "Nelson Mandela" 2012) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na bakwai === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na bakwai "Mandela Centenary") na 2018 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Matashi Mandela da mahaifarsa Mvezo | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Matashin Mandela da gidansa a Soweto | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Matashin Mandela da wurin da aka kama shi kusa da Howick | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | Matashin Mandela da kuma wurin da aka daure shi a tsibirin Robben | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Matashin Mandela da mutum-mutuminsa a ginin Tarayyar | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na takwas === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta takwas "Babban Iyalai 5") 2023 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Tswana, Ndebele | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Purple | Turanci, Xhosa, Venda | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Pedi, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Zulu, Sotho | 152×70 |} == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Category:Kudi]] [[Category:Kudade]] [[Category:Kuɗi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ryju0fz1tus9q9icp0iikejltyrv4ca 893784 893783 2026-08-09T16:47:53Z Asiya Garba 46242 893784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rand na Afirka ta Kudu''', ko kuma kawai '''Rand''', ( alamar : '''R''' ; code : '''ZAR''' ("South African rand"); the ''ZA'' is a historical relic from [[Dutch language|Dutch]], used because "SA" is allocated to Saudi Arabia.}} ) ita ce kudin hukuma na [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|yankin hada-hadar kuɗaɗe]] [[Kudancin Afirka|na Afirka ta Kudu]] : [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Namibiya]] (tare da [[Dalar Namibia|dalar Namibiya]] ), [[Lesotho]] ( tare da [[Lesotho loti]] ) da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]] (tare da Swazi lilangeni ). An kuma raba shi zuwa cents 100 (alama: "c"). Kudin Rand na Afirka ta Kudu ya kasance na doka a cikin ƙasashe [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|membobin]] [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Lesotho]] da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]], tare da waɗannan ƙasashe uku kuma suna da nasu kuɗin ƙasa ( [[Dalar Namibia|dala]], [[Lesotho loti|loti]] da lilangeni bi da bi) tare da Rand a daidaito kuma har yanzu. yarda da ko'ina a matsayin madadin. Har ila yau, Rand ya kasance mai ba da izini na doka a [[Botswana]] har zuwa shekarar 1976, lokacin da [[Botswana pula|pula]] ya maye gurbin rand a dai-dai. == Bayani == Rand ya ɗauki sunansa daga Witwatersrand ("farin ruwa" a cikin Ingilishi, ''rand'' shine kalmar Dutch da [[Afrikaans]] don 'ridge'), dutsen da aka gina [[Johannesburg]] kuma inda aka sami yawancin ajiyar zinare na Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin Turanci da Afrikaans nau'in nau'i ɗaya da jam'i na naúrar ("rand") iri ɗaya ne: rand ɗaya, rand goma, rand miliyan biyu. == Tarihi == An kuma gabatar da Rand a cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 1961, watanni uku kafin ƙasar ta ayyana kanta a matsayin jamhuriya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/archives/witness/from-van-riebeeck-to-madiba-20150430|title=From Van Riebeeck to Madiba|publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]]|date=2012-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180714080651/http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |url=http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |title=The Reserve Bank and the Rand: Some historic reflections |publisher=Resbank.co.za |date=29 November 2001 |archive-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Although pronounced in the Afrikaans style as {{IPAc-en|r|ʌ|n|t|}} in the jingles when introduced, An kuma kafa Hukumar Samar da Kuɗin Decimal a cikin shekarar 1956 don yin la'akari da ƙaura daga ƙungiyoyin fam, shillings, da pence; ta gabatar da shawarwarinta a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1958. Ya maye gurbin [[fam na Afirka ta Kudu]] a matsayin ɗan takara na doka, a farashin Rand 2 zuwa fam 1, ko shillings 10 zuwa Rand. Gwamnati ta gabatar da mascot, Decimal Dan, "mutumin da ba shi da kuɗi" (wanda aka sani a [[Afrikaans]] da Daan Desimaal).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0jJWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7142%2C3054777 |title='Decimal Dan' Sings: Catchy Tune Teaches New Currency |publisher=The Spokesman-Review |date=10 January 1961 |access-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Wannan yana tare da jingle na rediyo, don sanar da jama'a game da sabon kudin.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22 ''A General's Story: from an Era of War and Peace''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126101241/https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&dq=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjM0pyM9_bKAhXFWxQKHVz8B2EQ6AEILTAB |date=26 November 2022 }}, Jannie Geldenhuys, Jonathan Ball, 1995, page 32</ref> Ko da yake an furta shi a cikin salon Afrikaans kamar /r ʌ n t / a cikin jingles lokacin da aka gabatar da shi, <ref name="decimalDanJingle">{{YouTube|GQ41bGOQajA}}</ref> furcin zamani a cikin Turanci na Afirka ta Kudu shine /r æ n d /.<ref name="Jenkins2007">{{cite book|author=Elwyn Jenkins|title=Falling Into Place: The Story of Modern South African Place Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZnXHoMQ_hkC&pg=PA23|year=2007|publisher=New Africa Books|isbn=978-0-86486-689-9|pages=23–}}</ref> === Takaitaccen tarihin canjin musaya === ==== 1961-2000 ==== [[File:ZAR-USD_exchange_rate_1974-2014.png|thumb|450x450px| Darajar Rand na Afirka ta Kudu zuwa dalar Amurka daga shekarar 1975 zuwa 2015 ta ginshiƙan shuɗi: Adadin canjin shekara-shekara yana nunawa ta layin baki. ]] Rand daya ya kai dalar Amurka 1.40 (R0.72 kowace dala) tun daga lokacin da aka fara shi a shekarar 1961 har zuwa ƙarshen 1971, kuma dalar Amurka ta yi karfi fiye da kudin Afirka ta Kudu a karon farko a ranar 15 ga Maris 1982. Ƙimar sa daga baya ta canza kamar yadda musayar kuɗi daban-daban Hukumomin Afirka ta Kudu ne suka aiwatar da . A farkon shekarun 1980, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da matsin lamba na siyasa gami da takunkumin da aka kakaba wa kasar sakamakon adawar da kasashen duniya ke yi wa tsarin wariyar launin fata ya fara zubar da kimarsa. Kudin ya karye sama da daidaito da dala a karon farko a watan Maris na 1982, kuma ya ci gaba da yin ciniki tsakanin R1 da R1.30 zuwa dala har zuwa watan Yunin shekarar 1984, lokacin da faɗuwar darajar kudin ta kara karfi. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 1985, ana cinikin sama da R2 akan kowace dala, kuma a watan Yuli na wannan shekarar, an dakatar da duk kasuwancin musayar waje na tsawon kwanaki uku don ƙoƙarin dakatar da faɗuwar darajar. A lokacin da shugaban jihar PW Botha ya yi jawabinsa na Rubicon a ranar 15 ga Agustan shekarar 1985, ya ragu zuwa R2.40 kowace dala. Kuɗin ya dawo da ɗan tsakanin shekarar 1986 zuwa 1988, yana kasuwanci a kusa da matakin R2 mafi yawan lokaci har ma yana karya ƙarƙashinsa kai tsaye. Farfadowar ba ta daɗe ba, amma a ƙarshen 1989, Rand yana cinikin fiye da R2.50 kowace dala. Kamar yadda ya bayyana a farkon shekarun 1990 cewa ƙasar na nufin mulkin mallaka mafi rinjaye na bakar fata da kuma sake fasalin daya bayan ɗaya, rashin tabbas game da makomar kasar ya gaggauta faɗuwar darajar har zuwa matakin R.&nbsp;3 zuwa dala an keta shi a watan Nuwamba 1992. Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin gida da na waje sun rinjayi kudin bayan haka, musamman babban zaɓen shekara ta 1994, wanda ya raunana zuwa sama da R3.60 zuwa dala, zaɓen Tito Mboweni a matsayin gwamnan babban bankin Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma rantsar da shugaba Thabo Mbeki a shekarar 1999, wanda yayi saurin zamewa sama da R6 zuwa dala. Shirin sake fasalin kasa mai cike da cece-kuce da aka fara a [[Zimbabwe]], wanda [[September 11 attacks|harin na ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001]] ya biyo baya, ya kai shi mafi raunin tarihin R13.84 zuwa dala a watan Disambar shekarar 2001. ==== 2001-2011 ==== [[File:South_Africa-Money-Old01.jpg|thumb|240x240px| Ƙarni biyu na tsofaffin bayanai da tsabar kudi: Bayanan kula na ƙarshen waɗannan tsararraki biyu (kamar yadda bayanin R5 ke nunawa a cikin wannan hoton) an maye gurbinsu da bayanin kula na "Big Five" kuma waɗannan kwanan nan an sabunta su don nuna fuskar Nelson Mandela. .]] Wannan faduwar darajar kwatsam a cikin 2001 ya haifar da bincike na yau da kullun, wanda hakan ya haifar da farfadowa mai ban mamaki. A karshen shekarar 2002, an sake cinikin kudin a karkashin R9 zuwa dala, kuma a karshen shekarar 2004 ana cinikin kasa da R5.70 zuwa dala. Kudin ya ɗan yi laushi a cikin 2005, kuma yana cinikin kusan R6.35 zuwa dala a ƙarshen shekara. A farkon shekara ta 2006, duk da haka, kuɗin ya ci gaba da yin gangami, kuma tun daga ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2006, an sake yin ciniki a ƙarƙashin R6 zuwa dala. Koyaya, a cikin kashi na biyu da na uku na 2006 (watau Afrilu zuwa Satumba), Rand ya raunana sosai. A cikin sharuddan sittin, ya faɗi daga kusan kashi 9.5% zuwa sama da kashi 7 cikin ɗari, ya yi asarar kusan kashi 25% na ƙimar kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin watanni shida kacal. A ƙarshen shekarar 2007, Rand ya haɗu cikin ladabi zuwa sama da 8% kawai, kawai don fuskantar faifai mai zurfi a cikin kwata na farko na 2008. Za a iya danganta wannan zamewar ƙasa da abubuwa da yawa: tabarbarewar gibin asusu na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya ƙaru zuwa shekaru 36 da ya kai kashi 7.3 cikin ɗari na jimlar yawan amfanin gida (GDP) a 2007; hauhawar farashin kaya a cikin shekaru biyar mafi girma na kusan 9%; haɓaka kyamar haɗari a duniya yayin da damuwar masu zuba jari game da yaduwar tasirin rikicin na ƙasa ya karu; da kuma jirgin gaba ɗaya zuwa "masu tsaro", nesa da haɗarin da ake gani na kasuwanni masu tasowa. Matsalar wutar lantarki ta Eskom ta kara ta'azzara faduwar darajar Rand, wanda ya taso saboda rashin iya biyan bukatun makamashin kasar cikin hanzari. ==== 2012 - yanzu ==== A stalled ma'adinai masana'antu a cikin marigayi 2012 ya haifar da sabon lows a farkon shekara ta 2013.<ref name="BIZTECH3">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/51095/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2013/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2013 | date =2 January 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen Janairu 2014, Rand ya zame zuwa R11.25 zuwa dala, tare da manazarta suna danganta canjin zuwa "kalmar daga Tarayyar Tarayyar Amurka cewa za ta rage kashe kashe kuɗi mai ƙarfafawa, wanda ya haifar da kasuwa mai yawa a cikin tattalin arziki masu tasowa." A cikin shekarar 2014, Afirka ta Kudu ta fuskanci mafi munin shekararta akan dalar Amurka tun daga 2009, kuma a cikin Maris 2015, Rand ya yi ciniki a mafi muni tun 2002. A lokacin, Trading Economics ya fitar da bayanai cewa Rand "ya kai R4.97 zuwa dala tsakanin 1972-2015, wanda ya kai R12.45 a kowane lokaci a watan Disamba 2001 da kuma raguwa na R0.67 a watan Yuni na shekarar 1973." Ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2014, kudin Rand ya ragu zuwa R15.05 a kowace dala, wani bangare saboda gibin asusun kasuwancin Afirka ta Kudu da sauran kasashen duniya.<ref name="BIZTECH2">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/76022/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2014/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2014 | date =17 December 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> Daga ranar 9 zuwa 13 ga watan Disambar din shekarar 2015, cikin kwanaki hudu, kudin Rand ya ragu da kashi 10 bisa dari, sakamakon abin da wasu ke zargin cewa shugaba Zuma [[Jacob Zuma|ya bayyana mamakinsa]] na cewa zai maye gurbin ministan kudi Nhlanhla Nene da David van Rooyen wanda ba a san shi ba. Faduwar darajar da aka yi cikin sauri ta samo asali ne lokacin da Zuma ya ja baya tare da bayyana cewa a maimakon haka za a nada fitaccen ministan kudi Pravin Gordhan a kan mukamin. Korar da Zuma ya yi na ba-zata da Nene ya yi illa ga amincewar kasashen duniya a kan kudin kasar Rand, kuma farashin musayar ya yi kasala a tsawon watan Janairun 2016, kuma ya kai matsayin da ba a taba gani ba na R17.9169 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun 2016 kafin ya koma R16.57 daga baya. rana guda. Faduwar darajar watan Janairu kuma wani bangare ne ya haifar da masu zuba jari na ƙasar Japan sun yanke asarar da suke yi a cikin kudin don neman zuba jari mai yawa a wasu wurare kuma saboda damuwa kan tasirin koma bayan tattalin arziƙi a ƙasar Sin, babbar kasuwar fitar da kayayyaki a Afirka ta Kudu. A tsakiyar watan Janairu, masana tattalin arziki sun yi hasashe cewa Rand na iya sa ran ganin ƙarin canji ga sauran 2016. Ya zuwa ranar 29 ga Afrilu, ya kai mafi girman aikinsa a cikin watanni biyar da suka gabata, inda aka yi musanya akan farashin R14.16 zuwa dalar Amurka. Bayan da Burtaniya ta kada kuri'ar ficewa daga Tarayyar Turai, kudin Rand ya ragu da sama da kashi 8 cikin dari idan aka kwatanta da dalar Amurka a ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 2016, raguwar kudin mafi girma a rana guda tun bayan faduwar tattalin arzikin shekarar 2008. Wannan ya kasance wani bangare ne saboda koma bayan tattalin arzikin duniya gaba daya daga kudaden da ake ganin suna da hadari ga dalar Amurka kuma wani bangare na damuwa kan yadda ficewar Burtaniya daga kungiyar EU zai yi tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da huldar kasuwanci. A watan Afrilun shekarar 2017, wata ƙuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ta Reuters ta yi kiyasin cewa, Rand zai ci gaba da kasancewa da kwanciyar hankali har zuwa karshen shekara, yayin da kuri'u biyu suka gano cewa manazarta sun riga sun yi la'akari da yiwuwar raguwa zuwa matsayi na "junk". A lokacin, Moody's ya kima Afirka ta Kudu daraja biyu sama da matsayin takarce. A lokacin da shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya samu da kyar a yunkurin kin amincewa da kasar Afirka ta Kudu a watan Agustan 2017, kudin Rand ya ci gaba da zamewa, inda ya ragu da kashi 1.7 cikin dari a wannan rana. A cikin watan Satumban shekarar 2017, Goldman Sachs ya ce basussuka da cin hanci da rashawa na kamfanin Eskom Holdings shi ne babban hatsari ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da kuma canjin kudin Rand. A lokacin, ba ta da wani babban jami'in gudanarwa na dindindin, kuma Colin Coleman na Goldman Sachs a Afirka ya ce kamfanin yana "tattaunawa kan mafita" kan samun ingantaccen gudanarwa. A watan Oktoban 2017, Rand ya tsaya tsayin daka akan dalar Amurka yayin da ya murmure daga karanci na watanni shida. Kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters ya bayyana cewa, "Afrika ta kudu na da matukar saukin kai ga ra'ayin masu zuba jari a duniya yayin da kasar ta dogara da kudaden kasashen waje wajen cike manyan kasafin kudinta da kuma gibin kudaden da take samu." A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamban 2017, kudin Rand ya fadi da sama da kashi 1% a lokacin da shugaban kasafin kudi Michael Sachs ya sauka daga mukaminsa a gwamnatin Zuma. A cikin Oktoba 2022, Rand ya nutse zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin shekaru biyu, ya kai R18.46 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2022. == Tsabar kudi == [[File:5-za-rand.JPG|thumb| 5-rand tsabar kudin bimetallic da aka bayar a 2004]] An gabatar da tsabar kudi a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin , 1, , 5, 10, 20, da 50 cents. A 1965, 2 cent tsabar kudi maye gurbin  cent tsabar kudi. The An buga tsabar ƙarshe don yaduwa a cikin 1973. An ƙaddamar da tsabar kudin Rand 1 don rarrabawa a cikin 1967, sannan tsabar kudi 2-rand a 1989 da tsabar rand 5 a 1994. An dakatar da samar da cent 1 da 2 a shekara ta 2002, sai kuma cent 5 a 2012, da farko saboda hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ya rage musu daraja, amma sun ci gaba da zama a doka. Shaguna yawanci suna zagaye jimillar farashin siyan kaya zuwa kusan centi 10 (don mabukaci). A kokarin da ake na dakile jabun, an fitar da sabon tsabar kudin Rand 5 a watan Agustan 2004. Abubuwan tsaro da aka gabatar akan tsabar kudin sun haɗa da ƙirar bimetal (mai kama da tsabar kuɗi €1 da €2, tsabar kuɗin Thai ฿10, tsabar kuɗin Philippine ₱10 kafin 2018, tsabar £2 na Burtaniya, da tsabar kuɗin Kanada $2 ), a keɓaɓɓen tsagi na tsaro na musamman tare da baki da ƙananan haruffa. A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a fitar da sabon jerin tsabar kudi. Waɗannan za su kasance da ɗarika ɗaya da jerin da suka gabata. 10c zai ƙunshi hoton Cape Honey Bee, 20c da Bitter Aloe, da 50c da Knysna Turaco, da R1 da Springbok, da R2 da King Protea, da kuma R5 da kudancin dama Whale. == Takardun kuɗi == An gabatar da jeri na farko na takardun kuɗin Rand a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1, 2, 10, da 20 rand, tare da ƙira da launuka iri ɗaya zuwa bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata don sauƙaƙa sauyawa. Sun ɗauki hoton abin da aka yi imani da shi a lokacin Jan van Riebeeck, shugaban VOC na farko na [[Cape Town]] . Daga baya an gano cewa hoton ba gaskiya ba ne Van Riebeeck kwata-kwata, hoton Bartholomeus Vermuyden ya yi kuskure da Van Riebeeck. Kamar bayanin kula [[Fam na Afirka ta Kudu|na fam]] na ƙarshe, an buga su cikin bambance-bambancen guda biyu, ɗaya da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] aka fara rubuta ɗayan ɗayan kuma an fara rubuta [[Afrikaans|Afirkaans]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} A cikin 1966, an fitar da jeri na biyu tare da ƙira waɗanda suka ƙaura daga bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata. Bayanan kula tare da raka'o'i na 1, 5 da 10 rand an samar da su tare da galibin launi ɗaya a kowane bayanin kula. An gabatar da ƙaramin bayanin rand 1 tare da ƙira iri ɗaya a cikin 1973 kuma an gabatar da bayanin rand 2 a cikin 1974. An yi watsi da darajar rand 20 daga jerin farko. Duk bayanan kula sun ɗauki hoton Jan van Riebeeck. An ci gaba da yin amfani da sigar Ingilishi da Afrikaans na kowane bayanin kula a cikin wannan jerin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} Jerin 1978 ya fara da ƙungiyoyin 2, 5, 10 da 20 rand, tare da ƙaddamar da rand 50 a cikin 1984. Wannan silsilar tana da bambance-bambancen harshe guda ɗaya kawai ga kowane rukunin bayanin kula. Afrikaans shine yaren farko akan Rand 2, 10, da 50, yayin da Ingilishi shine yaren farko akan Rand 5 da 20. An maye gurbin bayanin kula da Rand 1 da tsabar kudi. [[File:Atm_drawing_money_(2).png|thumb| Afirka ta Kudu ATM yana nuna R&nbsp;50 da R&nbsp;100 banknotes.]] A cikin 1990s, an sake tsara bayanin kula tare da hotunan Big Five nau'in namun daji. 10, 20 da 50 rand an gabatar da su a cikin 1992 & 1993, suna riƙe da tsarin launi na fitowar da ta gabata. An gabatar da tsabar kudi don 2 da 5 rand, tare da maye gurbin bayanin kula na jerin da suka gabata, musamman saboda tsananin lalacewa da tsagewar da aka samu tare da ƙananan bayanan ƙididdiga a wurare dabam dabam. A cikin 1994, an gabatar da bayanan rand 100 da 200. [ana buƙatar hujja] Jerin 2005 yana da babban ƙira iri ɗaya, amma tare da ƙarin fasalulluka na tsaro kamar tawada mai canza launi akan rand 50 da sama da kuma ƙungiyar taurarin EURion . An buga sassan duka ƙungiyoyin a cikin Turanci, yayin da aka buga wasu harsuna biyu na hukuma a baya, don haka ana amfani da duk harsunan hukuma 11 na Afirka ta Kudu . A cikin 2010, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu da bankunan kasuwanci sun janye duk jerin takardun banki na rand 200 na 1994 saboda ingantattun kuɗaɗen jabun da ke yawo. A cikin 2011, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da takardun banki na rand 100 waɗanda ba su da lahani saboda ba su da bugu mai kyalli da ake iya gani a ƙarƙashin hasken UV . A cikin watan Yuni, an ƙaura da buga wannan ɗarika daga Kamfanin Bayanan kula da Bankin Afirka ta Kudu zuwa sashin Crane Currency na Sweden ( Tumba Bruk ), wanda aka bayar da rahoton ya samar da tsabar kuɗi miliyan 80 100 rand. Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya soke takardun banki miliyan 3.6-rand 100 da Crane Currency ya buga saboda suna da lambobi iri ɗaya da rukunin da Kamfanin Bayanan Bankin Afirka ta Kudu ya buga. Bugu da ƙari, bayanin kula da aka buga a Sweden ba su kasance daidai launi ba, kuma sun kasance 1&nbsp;mm gajere. A ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 2012, Shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya sanar da cewa kasar za ta fitar da sabbin takardun kudi masu dauke da hoton [[Nelson Mandela]] . An shigar da su a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2012. Waɗannan sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi iri ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. A cikin 2013, an sabunta jerin 2012 tare da ƙari na ƙungiyar taurarin EURion zuwa duka ƙungiyoyin guda biyar. A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2018, an fitar da jerin takardun kudi na musamman don tunawa da cika shekaru 100 na haihuwar Nelson Mandela. Wannan jeri ya ƙunshi bayanin kula na duk ƙungiyoyin, 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. Waɗannan bayanan kula za su yi yawo tare da bayanan da ke akwai. Bayanan bayanan sun nuna madaidaicin fuskar Nelson Mandela a zahiri, amma a maimakon dabbobin Big Five a baya, suna nuna ƙaramin Mandela tare da fage daban-daban da suka shafi gadonsa. Wadannan al'amuran sun hada da: tsaunin Gabashin Cape, wanda ke nuna wurin haifuwar Mandela na Mvezo (rand 10); Gidan Mandela a Soweto, inda ya bayyana rayuwarsa ta siyasa tare da sauran gumakan gwagwarmaya (rand 20); wurin da aka kama Mandela a kusa da Howick, bayan watanni 17 a boye, inda aka gina masa wani abin tunawa ( rand 50); wurin daurin shekaru 27 da Mandela ya yi a gidan yari a tsibirin Robben, yana nuna tarin dutsen farar ƙasa (rand 100); mutum-mutumin Mandela a ginin Tarayyar don tunawa da lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a can a shekarar 1994 (rand 200).  A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a sami sabon jerin takardun banki waɗanda za su riƙe hoton Nelson Mandela a zahiri, yayin da yake nuna Big 5 a cikin hoton dangi a baya. Wannan silsilar ta ƙunshi ɗarika ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. === Zubi na farko === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta farko ta 1961) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | rowspan="4" | Jan Van Riebeck | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 136×78 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 149×84 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck ta jirgin ruwa | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 170×96 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Zinariya tawa | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 176×103 |} === Zubi na biyu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyu ta 1966) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 128×64 |- | | | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 120×57 |- | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Gariep Dam, pylon da masara cob | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Voortrekker Monument da Babban Trek | Ma'adinai | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Gine-ginen Ƙungiyar da kuma springbok | Jan van Riebeeck ta jiragen ruwa uku | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 140×76 |} === Zubi na uku === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na Uku 1978) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da pylon | Sasol kwal zuwa matatar mai | Blue | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 120×57 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da lu'u-lu'u | Mining da tsakiyar birnin [[Johannesburg]] | Purple | Turanci da Afrikaans | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma | Kore | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 133×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Jirgin ruwan Jan van Riebeeck guda uku da Coat of Arms na Afirka ta Kudu | Brown | Turanci da Afrikaans | 140×77 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da zaki | Fauna da flora | Ja | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 147×83 |} === Zubi na hudu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Banknotes of the South African rand (1992 Fourth Issue "Big Five") |- !Image !Value !Obverse !Reverse !Colour !Language !Size (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | |10 rand |Rhinoceros |Agriculture |Green |Afrikaans and English |128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |20 rand |[[Giwan daji na Afirka|Elephants]] |Mining |Brown |English and Afrikaans |134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |50 rand |Lions |Manufacturing |Red |Afrikaans and English |140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |100 rand |[[Ɓauna|Cape buffaloes]] |Tourism |Blue |English and Afrikaans |146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |200 rand |Leopards |Transport and communication |Orange |Afrikaans and English |152×70 |} === Silsilar ta biyar === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyar "Turanci da sauran Harsuna na hukuma") <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Rhinoceros | Noma | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwaye]] | Ma'adinai | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zakuna | Manufacturing | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Yawon shakatawa | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Sufuri da sadarwa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siridi na shida === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta shida "Nelson Mandela" 2012) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na bakwai === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na bakwai "Mandela Centenary") na 2018 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Matashi Mandela da mahaifarsa Mvezo | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Matashin Mandela da gidansa a Soweto | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Matashin Mandela da wurin da aka kama shi kusa da Howick | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | Matashin Mandela da kuma wurin da aka daure shi a tsibirin Robben | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Matashin Mandela da mutum-mutuminsa a ginin Tarayyar | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na takwas === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta takwas "Babban Iyalai 5") 2023 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Tswana, Ndebele | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Purple | Turanci, Xhosa, Venda | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Pedi, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Zulu, Sotho | 152×70 |} == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Category:Kudi]] [[Category:Kudade]] [[Category:Kuɗi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pr1nf2wetw5aegyeposvjfy12fieu8u 893785 893784 2026-08-09T16:48:04Z Asiya Garba 46242 893785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rand na Afirka ta Kudu''', ko kuma kawai '''Rand''', ( alamar : '''R''' ; code : '''ZAR''' ("South African rand"); the ''ZA'' is a historical relic from [[Dutch language|Dutch]], used because "SA" is allocated to Saudi Arabia.}} ) ita ce kudin hukuma na [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|yankin hada-hadar kuɗaɗe]] [[Kudancin Afirka|na Afirka ta Kudu]] : [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Namibiya]] (tare da [[Dalar Namibia|dalar Namibiya]] ), [[Lesotho]] ( tare da [[Lesotho loti]] ) da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]] (tare da Swazi lilangeni ). An kuma raba shi zuwa cents 100 (alama: "c"). Kudin Rand na Afirka ta Kudu ya kasance na doka a cikin ƙasashe [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|membobin]] [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Lesotho]] da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]], tare da waɗannan ƙasashe uku kuma suna da nasu kuɗin ƙasa ( [[Dalar Namibia|dala]], [[Lesotho loti|loti]] da lilangeni bi da bi) tare da Rand a daidaito kuma har yanzu. yarda da ko'ina a matsayin madadin. Har ila yau, Rand ya kasance mai ba da izini na doka a [[Botswana]] har zuwa shekarar 1976, lokacin da [[Botswana pula|pula]] ya maye gurbin rand a dai-dai. == Bayani == Rand ya ɗauki sunansa daga Witwatersrand ("farin ruwa" a cikin Ingilishi, ''rand'' shine kalmar Dutch da [[Afrikaans]] don 'ridge'), dutsen da aka gina [[Johannesburg]] kuma inda aka sami yawancin ajiyar zinare na Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin Turanci da Afrikaans nau'in nau'i ɗaya da jam'i na naúrar ("rand") iri ɗaya ne: rand ɗaya, rand goma, rand miliyan biyu. == Tarihi == An kuma gabatar da Rand a cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 1961, watanni uku kafin ƙasar ta ayyana kanta a matsayin jamhuriya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/archives/witness/from-van-riebeeck-to-madiba-20150430|title=From Van Riebeeck to Madiba|publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]]|date=2012-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180714080651/http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |url=http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |title=The Reserve Bank and the Rand: Some historic reflections |publisher=Resbank.co.za |date=29 November 2001 |archive-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Although pronounced in the Afrikaans style as {{IPAc-en|r|ʌ|n|t|}} in the jingles when introduced, An kuma kafa Hukumar Samar da Kuɗin Decimal a cikin shekarar 1956 don yin la'akari da ƙaura daga ƙungiyoyin fam, shillings, da pence; ta gabatar da shawarwarinta a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1958. Ya maye gurbin [[fam na Afirka ta Kudu]] a matsayin ɗan takara na doka, a farashin Rand 2 zuwa fam 1, ko shillings 10 zuwa Rand. Gwamnati ta gabatar da mascot, Decimal Dan, "mutumin da ba shi da kuɗi" (wanda aka sani a [[Afrikaans]] da Daan Desimaal).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0jJWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7142%2C3054777 |title='Decimal Dan' Sings: Catchy Tune Teaches New Currency |publisher=The Spokesman-Review |date=10 January 1961 |access-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Wannan yana tare da jingle na rediyo, don sanar da jama'a game da sabon kudin.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22 ''A General's Story: from an Era of War and Peace''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126101241/https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&dq=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjM0pyM9_bKAhXFWxQKHVz8B2EQ6AEILTAB |date=26 November 2022 }}, Jannie Geldenhuys, Jonathan Ball, 1995, page 32</ref> Ko da yake an furta shi a cikin salon Afrikaans kamar /r ʌ n t / a cikin jingles lokacin da aka gabatar da shi, <ref name="decimalDanJingle">{{YouTube|GQ41bGOQajA}}</ref> furcin zamani a cikin Turanci na Afirka ta Kudu shine /r æ n d /.<ref name="Jenkins2007">{{cite book|author=Elwyn Jenkins|title=Falling Into Place: The Story of Modern South African Place Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZnXHoMQ_hkC&pg=PA23|year=2007|publisher=New Africa Books|isbn=978-0-86486-689-9|pages=23–}}</ref> === Takaitaccen tarihin canjin musaya === ==== 1961-2000 ==== [[File:ZAR-USD_exchange_rate_1974-2014.png|thumb|450x450px| Darajar Rand na Afirka ta Kudu zuwa dalar Amurka daga shekarar 1975 zuwa 2015 ta ginshiƙan shuɗi: Adadin canjin shekara-shekara yana nunawa ta layin baki. ]] Rand daya ya kai dalar Amurka 1.40 (R0.72 kowace dala) tun daga lokacin da aka fara shi a shekarar 1961 har zuwa ƙarshen 1971, kuma dalar Amurka ta yi karfi fiye da kudin Afirka ta Kudu a karon farko a ranar 15 ga Maris 1982. Ƙimar sa daga baya ta canza kamar yadda musayar kuɗi daban-daban Hukumomin Afirka ta Kudu ne suka aiwatar da . A farkon shekarun 1980, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da matsin lamba na siyasa gami da takunkumin da aka kakaba wa kasar sakamakon adawar da kasashen duniya ke yi wa tsarin wariyar launin fata ya fara zubar da kimarsa. Kudin ya karye sama da daidaito da dala a karon farko a watan Maris na 1982, kuma ya ci gaba da yin ciniki tsakanin R1 da R1.30 zuwa dala har zuwa watan Yunin shekarar 1984, lokacin da faɗuwar darajar kudin ta kara karfi. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 1985, ana cinikin sama da R2 akan kowace dala, kuma a watan Yuli na wannan shekarar, an dakatar da duk kasuwancin musayar waje na tsawon kwanaki uku don ƙoƙarin dakatar da faɗuwar darajar. A lokacin da shugaban jihar PW Botha ya yi jawabinsa na Rubicon a ranar 15 ga Agustan shekarar 1985, ya ragu zuwa R2.40 kowace dala. Kuɗin ya dawo da ɗan tsakanin shekarar 1986 zuwa 1988, yana kasuwanci a kusa da matakin R2 mafi yawan lokaci har ma yana karya ƙarƙashinsa kai tsaye. Farfadowar ba ta daɗe ba, amma a ƙarshen 1989, Rand yana cinikin fiye da R2.50 kowace dala. Kamar yadda ya bayyana a farkon shekarun 1990 cewa ƙasar na nufin mulkin mallaka mafi rinjaye na bakar fata da kuma sake fasalin daya bayan ɗaya, rashin tabbas game da makomar kasar ya gaggauta faɗuwar darajar har zuwa matakin R.&nbsp;3 zuwa dala an keta shi a watan Nuwamba 1992. Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin gida da na waje sun rinjayi kudin bayan haka, musamman babban zaɓen shekara ta 1994, wanda ya raunana zuwa sama da R3.60 zuwa dala, zaɓen Tito Mboweni a matsayin gwamnan babban bankin Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma rantsar da shugaba Thabo Mbeki a shekarar 1999, wanda yayi saurin zamewa sama da R6 zuwa dala. Shirin sake fasalin kasa mai cike da cece-kuce da aka fara a [[Zimbabwe]], wanda [[September 11 attacks|harin na ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001]] ya biyo baya, ya kai shi mafi raunin tarihin R13.84 zuwa dala a watan Disambar shekarar 2001. ==== 2001-2011 ==== [[File:South_Africa-Money-Old01.jpg|thumb|240x240px| Ƙarni biyu na tsofaffin bayanai da tsabar kudi: Bayanan kula na ƙarshen waɗannan tsararraki biyu (kamar yadda bayanin R5 ke nunawa a cikin wannan hoton) an maye gurbinsu da bayanin kula na "Big Five" kuma waɗannan kwanan nan an sabunta su don nuna fuskar Nelson Mandela. .]] Wannan faduwar darajar kwatsam a cikin 2001 ya haifar da bincike na yau da kullun, wanda hakan ya haifar da farfadowa mai ban mamaki. A karshen shekarar 2002, an sake cinikin kudin a karkashin R9 zuwa dala, kuma a karshen shekarar 2004 ana cinikin kasa da R5.70 zuwa dala. Kudin ya ɗan yi laushi a cikin 2005, kuma yana cinikin kusan R6.35 zuwa dala a ƙarshen shekara. A farkon shekara ta 2006, duk da haka, kuɗin ya ci gaba da yin gangami, kuma tun daga ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2006, an sake yin ciniki a ƙarƙashin R6 zuwa dala. Koyaya, a cikin kashi na biyu da na uku na 2006 (watau Afrilu zuwa Satumba), Rand ya raunana sosai. A cikin sharuddan sittin, ya faɗi daga kusan kashi 9.5% zuwa sama da kashi 7 cikin ɗari, ya yi asarar kusan kashi 25% na ƙimar kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin watanni shida kacal. A ƙarshen shekarar 2007, Rand ya haɗu cikin ladabi zuwa sama da 8% kawai, kawai don fuskantar faifai mai zurfi a cikin kwata na farko na 2008. Za a iya danganta wannan zamewar ƙasa da abubuwa da yawa: tabarbarewar gibin asusu na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya ƙaru zuwa shekaru 36 da ya kai kashi 7.3 cikin ɗari na jimlar yawan amfanin gida (GDP) a 2007; hauhawar farashin kaya a cikin shekaru biyar mafi girma na kusan 9%; haɓaka kyamar haɗari a duniya yayin da damuwar masu zuba jari game da yaduwar tasirin rikicin na ƙasa ya karu; da kuma jirgin gaba ɗaya zuwa "masu tsaro", nesa da haɗarin da ake gani na kasuwanni masu tasowa. Matsalar wutar lantarki ta Eskom ta kara ta'azzara faduwar darajar Rand, wanda ya taso saboda rashin iya biyan bukatun makamashin kasar cikin hanzari. ==== 2012 - yanzu ==== A stalled ma'adinai masana'antu a cikin marigayi 2012 ya haifar da sabon lows a farkon shekara ta 2013.<ref name="BIZTECH3">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/51095/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2013/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2013 | date =2 January 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen Janairu 2014, Rand ya zame zuwa R11.25 zuwa dala, tare da manazarta suna danganta canjin zuwa "kalmar daga Tarayyar Tarayyar Amurka cewa za ta rage kashe kashe kuɗi mai ƙarfafawa, wanda ya haifar da kasuwa mai yawa a cikin tattalin arziki masu tasowa." A cikin shekarar 2014, Afirka ta Kudu ta fuskanci mafi munin shekararta akan dalar Amurka tun daga 2009, kuma a cikin Maris 2015, Rand ya yi ciniki a mafi muni tun 2002. A lokacin, Trading Economics ya fitar da bayanai cewa Rand "ya kai R4.97 zuwa dala tsakanin 1972-2015, wanda ya kai R12.45 a kowane lokaci a watan Disamba 2001 da kuma raguwa na R0.67 a watan Yuni na shekarar 1973." Ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2014, kudin Rand ya ragu zuwa R15.05 a kowace dala, wani bangare saboda gibin asusun kasuwancin Afirka ta Kudu da sauran kasashen duniya.<ref name="BIZTECH2">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/76022/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2014/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2014 | date =17 December 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> Daga ranar 9 zuwa 13 ga watan Disambar din shekarar 2015, cikin kwanaki hudu, kudin Rand ya ragu da kashi 10 bisa dari, sakamakon abin da wasu ke zargin cewa shugaba Zuma [[Jacob Zuma|ya bayyana mamakinsa]] na cewa zai maye gurbin ministan kudi Nhlanhla Nene da David van Rooyen wanda ba a san shi ba. Faduwar darajar da aka yi cikin sauri ta samo asali ne lokacin da Zuma ya ja baya tare da bayyana cewa a maimakon haka za a nada fitaccen ministan kudi Pravin Gordhan a kan mukamin. Korar da Zuma ya yi na ba-zata da Nene ya yi illa ga amincewar kasashen duniya a kan kudin kasar Rand, kuma farashin musayar ya yi kasala a tsawon watan Janairun 2016, kuma ya kai matsayin da ba a taba gani ba na R17.9169 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun 2016 kafin ya koma R16.57 daga baya. rana guda. Faduwar darajar watan Janairu kuma wani bangare ne ya haifar da masu zuba jari na ƙasar Japan sun yanke asarar da suke yi a cikin kudin don neman zuba jari mai yawa a wasu wurare kuma saboda damuwa kan tasirin koma bayan tattalin arziƙi a ƙasar Sin, babbar kasuwar fitar da kayayyaki a Afirka ta Kudu. A tsakiyar watan Janairu, masana tattalin arziki sun yi hasashe cewa Rand na iya sa ran ganin ƙarin canji ga sauran 2016. Ya zuwa ranar 29 ga Afrilu, ya kai mafi girman aikinsa a cikin watanni biyar da suka gabata, inda aka yi musanya akan farashin R14.16 zuwa dalar Amurka. Bayan da Burtaniya ta kada kuri'ar ficewa daga Tarayyar Turai, kudin Rand ya ragu da sama da kashi 8 cikin dari idan aka kwatanta da dalar Amurka a ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 2016, raguwar kudin mafi girma a rana guda tun bayan faduwar tattalin arzikin shekarar 2008. Wannan ya kasance wani bangare ne saboda koma bayan tattalin arzikin duniya gaba daya daga kudaden da ake ganin suna da hadari ga dalar Amurka kuma wani bangare na damuwa kan yadda ficewar Burtaniya daga kungiyar EU zai yi tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da huldar kasuwanci. A watan Afrilun shekarar 2017, wata ƙuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ta Reuters ta yi kiyasin cewa, Rand zai ci gaba da kasancewa da kwanciyar hankali har zuwa karshen shekara, yayin da kuri'u biyu suka gano cewa manazarta sun riga sun yi la'akari da yiwuwar raguwa zuwa matsayi na "junk". A lokacin, Moody's ya kima Afirka ta Kudu daraja biyu sama da matsayin takarce. A lokacin da shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya samu da kyar a yunkurin kin amincewa da kasar Afirka ta Kudu a watan Agustan 2017, kudin Rand ya ci gaba da zamewa, inda ya ragu da kashi 1.7 cikin dari a wannan rana. A cikin watan Satumban shekarar 2017, Goldman Sachs ya ce basussuka da cin hanci da rashawa na kamfanin Eskom Holdings shi ne babban hatsari ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da kuma canjin kudin Rand. A lokacin, ba ta da wani babban jami'in gudanarwa na dindindin, kuma Colin Coleman na Goldman Sachs a Afirka ya ce kamfanin yana "tattaunawa kan mafita" kan samun ingantaccen gudanarwa. A watan Oktoban 2017, Rand ya tsaya tsayin daka akan dalar Amurka yayin da ya murmure daga karanci na watanni shida. Kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters ya bayyana cewa, "Afrika ta kudu na da matukar saukin kai ga ra'ayin masu zuba jari a duniya yayin da kasar ta dogara da kudaden kasashen waje wajen cike manyan kasafin kudinta da kuma gibin kudaden da take samu." A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamban 2017, kudin Rand ya fadi da sama da kashi 1% a lokacin da shugaban kasafin kudi Michael Sachs ya sauka daga mukaminsa a gwamnatin Zuma. A cikin Oktoban shekarar 2022, Rand ya nutse zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin shekaru biyu, ya kai R18.46 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2022. == Tsabar kudi == [[File:5-za-rand.JPG|thumb| 5-rand tsabar kudin bimetallic da aka bayar a 2004]] An gabatar da tsabar kudi a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin , 1, , 5, 10, 20, da 50 cents. A 1965, 2 cent tsabar kudi maye gurbin  cent tsabar kudi. The An buga tsabar ƙarshe don yaduwa a cikin 1973. An ƙaddamar da tsabar kudin Rand 1 don rarrabawa a cikin 1967, sannan tsabar kudi 2-rand a 1989 da tsabar rand 5 a 1994. An dakatar da samar da cent 1 da 2 a shekara ta 2002, sai kuma cent 5 a 2012, da farko saboda hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ya rage musu daraja, amma sun ci gaba da zama a doka. Shaguna yawanci suna zagaye jimillar farashin siyan kaya zuwa kusan centi 10 (don mabukaci). A kokarin da ake na dakile jabun, an fitar da sabon tsabar kudin Rand 5 a watan Agustan 2004. Abubuwan tsaro da aka gabatar akan tsabar kudin sun haɗa da ƙirar bimetal (mai kama da tsabar kuɗi €1 da €2, tsabar kuɗin Thai ฿10, tsabar kuɗin Philippine ₱10 kafin 2018, tsabar £2 na Burtaniya, da tsabar kuɗin Kanada $2 ), a keɓaɓɓen tsagi na tsaro na musamman tare da baki da ƙananan haruffa. A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a fitar da sabon jerin tsabar kudi. Waɗannan za su kasance da ɗarika ɗaya da jerin da suka gabata. 10c zai ƙunshi hoton Cape Honey Bee, 20c da Bitter Aloe, da 50c da Knysna Turaco, da R1 da Springbok, da R2 da King Protea, da kuma R5 da kudancin dama Whale. == Takardun kuɗi == An gabatar da jeri na farko na takardun kuɗin Rand a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1, 2, 10, da 20 rand, tare da ƙira da launuka iri ɗaya zuwa bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata don sauƙaƙa sauyawa. Sun ɗauki hoton abin da aka yi imani da shi a lokacin Jan van Riebeeck, shugaban VOC na farko na [[Cape Town]] . Daga baya an gano cewa hoton ba gaskiya ba ne Van Riebeeck kwata-kwata, hoton Bartholomeus Vermuyden ya yi kuskure da Van Riebeeck. Kamar bayanin kula [[Fam na Afirka ta Kudu|na fam]] na ƙarshe, an buga su cikin bambance-bambancen guda biyu, ɗaya da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] aka fara rubuta ɗayan ɗayan kuma an fara rubuta [[Afrikaans|Afirkaans]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} A cikin 1966, an fitar da jeri na biyu tare da ƙira waɗanda suka ƙaura daga bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata. Bayanan kula tare da raka'o'i na 1, 5 da 10 rand an samar da su tare da galibin launi ɗaya a kowane bayanin kula. An gabatar da ƙaramin bayanin rand 1 tare da ƙira iri ɗaya a cikin 1973 kuma an gabatar da bayanin rand 2 a cikin 1974. An yi watsi da darajar rand 20 daga jerin farko. Duk bayanan kula sun ɗauki hoton Jan van Riebeeck. An ci gaba da yin amfani da sigar Ingilishi da Afrikaans na kowane bayanin kula a cikin wannan jerin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} Jerin 1978 ya fara da ƙungiyoyin 2, 5, 10 da 20 rand, tare da ƙaddamar da rand 50 a cikin 1984. Wannan silsilar tana da bambance-bambancen harshe guda ɗaya kawai ga kowane rukunin bayanin kula. Afrikaans shine yaren farko akan Rand 2, 10, da 50, yayin da Ingilishi shine yaren farko akan Rand 5 da 20. An maye gurbin bayanin kula da Rand 1 da tsabar kudi. [[File:Atm_drawing_money_(2).png|thumb| Afirka ta Kudu ATM yana nuna R&nbsp;50 da R&nbsp;100 banknotes.]] A cikin 1990s, an sake tsara bayanin kula tare da hotunan Big Five nau'in namun daji. 10, 20 da 50 rand an gabatar da su a cikin 1992 & 1993, suna riƙe da tsarin launi na fitowar da ta gabata. An gabatar da tsabar kudi don 2 da 5 rand, tare da maye gurbin bayanin kula na jerin da suka gabata, musamman saboda tsananin lalacewa da tsagewar da aka samu tare da ƙananan bayanan ƙididdiga a wurare dabam dabam. A cikin 1994, an gabatar da bayanan rand 100 da 200. [ana buƙatar hujja] Jerin 2005 yana da babban ƙira iri ɗaya, amma tare da ƙarin fasalulluka na tsaro kamar tawada mai canza launi akan rand 50 da sama da kuma ƙungiyar taurarin EURion . An buga sassan duka ƙungiyoyin a cikin Turanci, yayin da aka buga wasu harsuna biyu na hukuma a baya, don haka ana amfani da duk harsunan hukuma 11 na Afirka ta Kudu . A cikin 2010, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu da bankunan kasuwanci sun janye duk jerin takardun banki na rand 200 na 1994 saboda ingantattun kuɗaɗen jabun da ke yawo. A cikin 2011, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da takardun banki na rand 100 waɗanda ba su da lahani saboda ba su da bugu mai kyalli da ake iya gani a ƙarƙashin hasken UV . A cikin watan Yuni, an ƙaura da buga wannan ɗarika daga Kamfanin Bayanan kula da Bankin Afirka ta Kudu zuwa sashin Crane Currency na Sweden ( Tumba Bruk ), wanda aka bayar da rahoton ya samar da tsabar kuɗi miliyan 80 100 rand. Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya soke takardun banki miliyan 3.6-rand 100 da Crane Currency ya buga saboda suna da lambobi iri ɗaya da rukunin da Kamfanin Bayanan Bankin Afirka ta Kudu ya buga. Bugu da ƙari, bayanin kula da aka buga a Sweden ba su kasance daidai launi ba, kuma sun kasance 1&nbsp;mm gajere. A ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 2012, Shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya sanar da cewa kasar za ta fitar da sabbin takardun kudi masu dauke da hoton [[Nelson Mandela]] . An shigar da su a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2012. Waɗannan sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi iri ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. A cikin 2013, an sabunta jerin 2012 tare da ƙari na ƙungiyar taurarin EURion zuwa duka ƙungiyoyin guda biyar. A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2018, an fitar da jerin takardun kudi na musamman don tunawa da cika shekaru 100 na haihuwar Nelson Mandela. Wannan jeri ya ƙunshi bayanin kula na duk ƙungiyoyin, 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. Waɗannan bayanan kula za su yi yawo tare da bayanan da ke akwai. Bayanan bayanan sun nuna madaidaicin fuskar Nelson Mandela a zahiri, amma a maimakon dabbobin Big Five a baya, suna nuna ƙaramin Mandela tare da fage daban-daban da suka shafi gadonsa. Wadannan al'amuran sun hada da: tsaunin Gabashin Cape, wanda ke nuna wurin haifuwar Mandela na Mvezo (rand 10); Gidan Mandela a Soweto, inda ya bayyana rayuwarsa ta siyasa tare da sauran gumakan gwagwarmaya (rand 20); wurin da aka kama Mandela a kusa da Howick, bayan watanni 17 a boye, inda aka gina masa wani abin tunawa ( rand 50); wurin daurin shekaru 27 da Mandela ya yi a gidan yari a tsibirin Robben, yana nuna tarin dutsen farar ƙasa (rand 100); mutum-mutumin Mandela a ginin Tarayyar don tunawa da lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a can a shekarar 1994 (rand 200).  A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a sami sabon jerin takardun banki waɗanda za su riƙe hoton Nelson Mandela a zahiri, yayin da yake nuna Big 5 a cikin hoton dangi a baya. Wannan silsilar ta ƙunshi ɗarika ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. === Zubi na farko === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta farko ta 1961) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | rowspan="4" | Jan Van Riebeck | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 136×78 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 149×84 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck ta jirgin ruwa | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 170×96 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Zinariya tawa | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 176×103 |} === Zubi na biyu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyu ta 1966) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 128×64 |- | | | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 120×57 |- | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Gariep Dam, pylon da masara cob | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Voortrekker Monument da Babban Trek | Ma'adinai | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Gine-ginen Ƙungiyar da kuma springbok | Jan van Riebeeck ta jiragen ruwa uku | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 140×76 |} === Zubi na uku === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na Uku 1978) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da pylon | Sasol kwal zuwa matatar mai | Blue | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 120×57 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da lu'u-lu'u | Mining da tsakiyar birnin [[Johannesburg]] | Purple | Turanci da Afrikaans | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma | Kore | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 133×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Jirgin ruwan Jan van Riebeeck guda uku da Coat of Arms na Afirka ta Kudu | Brown | Turanci da Afrikaans | 140×77 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da zaki | Fauna da flora | Ja | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 147×83 |} === Zubi na hudu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Banknotes of the South African rand (1992 Fourth Issue "Big Five") |- !Image !Value !Obverse !Reverse !Colour !Language !Size (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | |10 rand |Rhinoceros |Agriculture |Green |Afrikaans and English |128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |20 rand |[[Giwan daji na Afirka|Elephants]] |Mining |Brown |English and Afrikaans |134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |50 rand |Lions |Manufacturing |Red |Afrikaans and English |140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |100 rand |[[Ɓauna|Cape buffaloes]] |Tourism |Blue |English and Afrikaans |146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |200 rand |Leopards |Transport and communication |Orange |Afrikaans and English |152×70 |} === Silsilar ta biyar === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyar "Turanci da sauran Harsuna na hukuma") <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Rhinoceros | Noma | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwaye]] | Ma'adinai | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zakuna | Manufacturing | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Yawon shakatawa | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Sufuri da sadarwa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siridi na shida === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta shida "Nelson Mandela" 2012) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na bakwai === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na bakwai "Mandela Centenary") na 2018 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Matashi Mandela da mahaifarsa Mvezo | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Matashin Mandela da gidansa a Soweto | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Matashin Mandela da wurin da aka kama shi kusa da Howick | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | Matashin Mandela da kuma wurin da aka daure shi a tsibirin Robben | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Matashin Mandela da mutum-mutuminsa a ginin Tarayyar | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na takwas === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta takwas "Babban Iyalai 5") 2023 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Tswana, Ndebele | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Purple | Turanci, Xhosa, Venda | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Pedi, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Zulu, Sotho | 152×70 |} == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Category:Kudi]] [[Category:Kudade]] [[Category:Kuɗi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2f5lg79dejtom7ukye9i1g3gj0iy1nx 893786 893785 2026-08-09T16:48:24Z Asiya Garba 46242 893786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rand na Afirka ta Kudu''', ko kuma kawai '''Rand''', ( alamar : '''R''' ; code : '''ZAR''' ("South African rand"); the ''ZA'' is a historical relic from [[Dutch language|Dutch]], used because "SA" is allocated to Saudi Arabia.}} ) ita ce kudin hukuma na [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|yankin hada-hadar kuɗaɗe]] [[Kudancin Afirka|na Afirka ta Kudu]] : [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Namibiya]] (tare da [[Dalar Namibia|dalar Namibiya]] ), [[Lesotho]] ( tare da [[Lesotho loti]] ) da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]] (tare da Swazi lilangeni ). An kuma raba shi zuwa cents 100 (alama: "c"). Kudin Rand na Afirka ta Kudu ya kasance na doka a cikin ƙasashe [[Yankin Kudi na gama-gari|membobin]] [[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Lesotho]] da [[ESwatini|Eswatini]], tare da waɗannan ƙasashe uku kuma suna da nasu kuɗin ƙasa ( [[Dalar Namibia|dala]], [[Lesotho loti|loti]] da lilangeni bi da bi) tare da Rand a daidaito kuma har yanzu. yarda da ko'ina a matsayin madadin. Har ila yau, Rand ya kasance mai ba da izini na doka a [[Botswana]] har zuwa shekarar 1976, lokacin da [[Botswana pula|pula]] ya maye gurbin rand a dai-dai. == Bayani == Rand ya ɗauki sunansa daga Witwatersrand ("farin ruwa" a cikin Ingilishi, ''rand'' shine kalmar Dutch da [[Afrikaans]] don 'ridge'), dutsen da aka gina [[Johannesburg]] kuma inda aka sami yawancin ajiyar zinare na Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin Turanci da Afrikaans nau'in nau'i ɗaya da jam'i na naúrar ("rand") iri ɗaya ne: rand ɗaya, rand goma, rand miliyan biyu. == Tarihi == An kuma gabatar da Rand a cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 1961, watanni uku kafin ƙasar ta ayyana kanta a matsayin jamhuriya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/archives/witness/from-van-riebeeck-to-madiba-20150430|title=From Van Riebeeck to Madiba|publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]]|date=2012-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180714080651/http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |url=http://www.resbank.co.za/Publications/Speeches/Detail-Item-View/Pages/default.aspx?sarbweb=3b6aa07d-92ab-441f-b7bf-bb7dfb1bedb4&sarblist=a01d874c-c3f6-4b93-a9dc-c984cf8652cf&sarbitem=200 |title=The Reserve Bank and the Rand: Some historic reflections |publisher=Resbank.co.za |date=29 November 2001 |archive-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Although pronounced in the Afrikaans style as {{IPAc-en|r|ʌ|n|t|}} in the jingles when introduced, An kuma kafa Hukumar Samar da Kuɗin Decimal a cikin shekarar 1956 don yin la'akari da ƙaura daga ƙungiyoyin fam, shillings, da pence; ta gabatar da shawarwarinta a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1958. Ya maye gurbin [[fam na Afirka ta Kudu]] a matsayin ɗan takara na doka, a farashin Rand 2 zuwa fam 1, ko shillings 10 zuwa Rand. Gwamnati ta gabatar da mascot, Decimal Dan, "mutumin da ba shi da kuɗi" (wanda aka sani a [[Afrikaans]] da Daan Desimaal).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0jJWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7142%2C3054777 |title='Decimal Dan' Sings: Catchy Tune Teaches New Currency |publisher=The Spokesman-Review |date=10 January 1961 |access-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Wannan yana tare da jingle na rediyo, don sanar da jama'a game da sabon kudin.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22 ''A General's Story: from an Era of War and Peace''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126101241/https://books.google.com/books?id=KwYwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&dq=%22Daan+Desimaal%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjM0pyM9_bKAhXFWxQKHVz8B2EQ6AEILTAB |date=26 November 2022 }}, Jannie Geldenhuys, Jonathan Ball, 1995, page 32</ref> Ko da yake an furta shi a cikin salon Afrikaans kamar /r ʌ n t / a cikin jingles lokacin da aka gabatar da shi, <ref name="decimalDanJingle">{{YouTube|GQ41bGOQajA}}</ref> furcin zamani a cikin Turanci na Afirka ta Kudu shine /r æ n d /.<ref name="Jenkins2007">{{cite book|author=Elwyn Jenkins|title=Falling Into Place: The Story of Modern South African Place Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZnXHoMQ_hkC&pg=PA23|year=2007|publisher=New Africa Books|isbn=978-0-86486-689-9|pages=23–}}</ref> === Takaitaccen tarihin canjin musaya === ==== 1961-2000 ==== [[File:ZAR-USD_exchange_rate_1974-2014.png|thumb|450x450px| Darajar Rand na Afirka ta Kudu zuwa dalar Amurka daga shekarar 1975 zuwa 2015 ta ginshiƙan shuɗi: Adadin canjin shekara-shekara yana nunawa ta layin baki. ]] Rand daya ya kai dalar Amurka 1.40 (R0.72 kowace dala) tun daga lokacin da aka fara shi a shekarar 1961 har zuwa ƙarshen 1971, kuma dalar Amurka ta yi karfi fiye da kudin Afirka ta Kudu a karon farko a ranar 15 ga Maris 1982. Ƙimar sa daga baya ta canza kamar yadda musayar kuɗi daban-daban Hukumomin Afirka ta Kudu ne suka aiwatar da . A farkon shekarun 1980, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da matsin lamba na siyasa gami da takunkumin da aka kakaba wa kasar sakamakon adawar da kasashen duniya ke yi wa tsarin wariyar launin fata ya fara zubar da kimarsa. Kudin ya karye sama da daidaito da dala a karon farko a watan Maris na 1982, kuma ya ci gaba da yin ciniki tsakanin R1 da R1.30 zuwa dala har zuwa watan Yunin shekarar 1984, lokacin da faɗuwar darajar kudin ta kara karfi. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 1985, ana cinikin sama da R2 akan kowace dala, kuma a watan Yuli na wannan shekarar, an dakatar da duk kasuwancin musayar waje na tsawon kwanaki uku don ƙoƙarin dakatar da faɗuwar darajar. A lokacin da shugaban jihar PW Botha ya yi jawabinsa na Rubicon a ranar 15 ga Agustan shekarar 1985, ya ragu zuwa R2.40 kowace dala. Kuɗin ya dawo da ɗan tsakanin shekarar 1986 zuwa 1988, yana kasuwanci a kusa da matakin R2 mafi yawan lokaci har ma yana karya ƙarƙashinsa kai tsaye. Farfadowar ba ta daɗe ba, amma a ƙarshen 1989, Rand yana cinikin fiye da R2.50 kowace dala. Kamar yadda ya bayyana a farkon shekarun 1990 cewa ƙasar na nufin mulkin mallaka mafi rinjaye na bakar fata da kuma sake fasalin daya bayan ɗaya, rashin tabbas game da makomar kasar ya gaggauta faɗuwar darajar har zuwa matakin R.&nbsp;3 zuwa dala an keta shi a watan Nuwamba 1992. Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin gida da na waje sun rinjayi kudin bayan haka, musamman babban zaɓen shekara ta 1994, wanda ya raunana zuwa sama da R3.60 zuwa dala, zaɓen Tito Mboweni a matsayin gwamnan babban bankin Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma rantsar da shugaba Thabo Mbeki a shekarar 1999, wanda yayi saurin zamewa sama da R6 zuwa dala. Shirin sake fasalin kasa mai cike da cece-kuce da aka fara a [[Zimbabwe]], wanda [[September 11 attacks|harin na ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001]] ya biyo baya, ya kai shi mafi raunin tarihin R13.84 zuwa dala a watan Disambar shekarar 2001. ==== 2001-2011 ==== [[File:South_Africa-Money-Old01.jpg|thumb|240x240px| Ƙarni biyu na tsofaffin bayanai da tsabar kudi: Bayanan kula na ƙarshen waɗannan tsararraki biyu (kamar yadda bayanin R5 ke nunawa a cikin wannan hoton) an maye gurbinsu da bayanin kula na "Big Five" kuma waɗannan kwanan nan an sabunta su don nuna fuskar Nelson Mandela. .]] Wannan faduwar darajar kwatsam a cikin 2001 ya haifar da bincike na yau da kullun, wanda hakan ya haifar da farfadowa mai ban mamaki. A karshen shekarar 2002, an sake cinikin kudin a karkashin R9 zuwa dala, kuma a karshen shekarar 2004 ana cinikin kasa da R5.70 zuwa dala. Kudin ya ɗan yi laushi a cikin 2005, kuma yana cinikin kusan R6.35 zuwa dala a ƙarshen shekara. A farkon shekara ta 2006, duk da haka, kuɗin ya ci gaba da yin gangami, kuma tun daga ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2006, an sake yin ciniki a ƙarƙashin R6 zuwa dala. Koyaya, a cikin kashi na biyu da na uku na 2006 (watau Afrilu zuwa Satumba), Rand ya raunana sosai. A cikin sharuddan sittin, ya faɗi daga kusan kashi 9.5% zuwa sama da kashi 7 cikin ɗari, ya yi asarar kusan kashi 25% na ƙimar kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin watanni shida kacal. A ƙarshen shekarar 2007, Rand ya haɗu cikin ladabi zuwa sama da 8% kawai, kawai don fuskantar faifai mai zurfi a cikin kwata na farko na 2008. Za a iya danganta wannan zamewar ƙasa da abubuwa da yawa: tabarbarewar gibin asusu na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya ƙaru zuwa shekaru 36 da ya kai kashi 7.3 cikin ɗari na jimlar yawan amfanin gida (GDP) a 2007; hauhawar farashin kaya a cikin shekaru biyar mafi girma na kusan 9%; haɓaka kyamar haɗari a duniya yayin da damuwar masu zuba jari game da yaduwar tasirin rikicin na ƙasa ya karu; da kuma jirgin gaba ɗaya zuwa "masu tsaro", nesa da haɗarin da ake gani na kasuwanni masu tasowa. Matsalar wutar lantarki ta Eskom ta kara ta'azzara faduwar darajar Rand, wanda ya taso saboda rashin iya biyan bukatun makamashin kasar cikin hanzari. ==== 2012 - yanzu ==== A stalled ma'adinai masana'antu a cikin marigayi 2012 ya haifar da sabon lows a farkon shekara ta 2013.<ref name="BIZTECH3">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/51095/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2013/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2013 | date =2 January 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen Janairu 2014, Rand ya zame zuwa R11.25 zuwa dala, tare da manazarta suna danganta canjin zuwa "kalmar daga Tarayyar Tarayyar Amurka cewa za ta rage kashe kashe kuɗi mai ƙarfafawa, wanda ya haifar da kasuwa mai yawa a cikin tattalin arziki masu tasowa." A cikin shekarar 2014, Afirka ta Kudu ta fuskanci mafi munin shekararta akan dalar Amurka tun daga 2009, kuma a cikin Maris 2015, Rand ya yi ciniki a mafi muni tun 2002. A lokacin, Trading Economics ya fitar da bayanai cewa Rand "ya kai R4.97 zuwa dala tsakanin 1972-2015, wanda ya kai R12.45 a kowane lokaci a watan Disamba 2001 da kuma raguwa na R0.67 a watan Yuni na shekarar 1973." Ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2014, kudin Rand ya ragu zuwa R15.05 a kowace dala, wani bangare saboda gibin asusun kasuwancin Afirka ta Kudu da sauran kasashen duniya.<ref name="BIZTECH2">{{cite web | url =https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/76022/rand-vs-the-dollar-in-2014/ | title =Rand vs the dollar in 2014 | date =17 December 2014 | website =[[Business Technology]]}}</ref> Daga ranar 9 zuwa 13 ga watan Disambar din shekarar 2015, cikin kwanaki hudu, kudin Rand ya ragu da kashi 10 bisa dari, sakamakon abin da wasu ke zargin cewa shugaba Zuma [[Jacob Zuma|ya bayyana mamakinsa]] na cewa zai maye gurbin ministan kudi Nhlanhla Nene da David van Rooyen wanda ba a san shi ba. Faduwar darajar da aka yi cikin sauri ta samo asali ne lokacin da Zuma ya ja baya tare da bayyana cewa a maimakon haka za a nada fitaccen ministan kudi Pravin Gordhan a kan mukamin. Korar da Zuma ya yi na ba-zata da Nene ya yi illa ga amincewar kasashen duniya a kan kudin kasar Rand, kuma farashin musayar ya yi kasala a tsawon watan Janairun 2016, kuma ya kai matsayin da ba a taba gani ba na R17.9169 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun 2016 kafin ya koma R16.57 daga baya. rana guda. Faduwar darajar watan Janairu kuma wani bangare ne ya haifar da masu zuba jari na ƙasar Japan sun yanke asarar da suke yi a cikin kudin don neman zuba jari mai yawa a wasu wurare kuma saboda damuwa kan tasirin koma bayan tattalin arziƙi a ƙasar Sin, babbar kasuwar fitar da kayayyaki a Afirka ta Kudu. A tsakiyar watan Janairu, masana tattalin arziki sun yi hasashe cewa Rand na iya sa ran ganin ƙarin canji ga sauran 2016. Ya zuwa ranar 29 ga Afrilu, ya kai mafi girman aikinsa a cikin watanni biyar da suka gabata, inda aka yi musanya akan farashin R14.16 zuwa dalar Amurka. Bayan da Burtaniya ta kada kuri'ar ficewa daga Tarayyar Turai, kudin Rand ya ragu da sama da kashi 8 cikin dari idan aka kwatanta da dalar Amurka a ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 2016, raguwar kudin mafi girma a rana guda tun bayan faduwar tattalin arzikin shekarar 2008. Wannan ya kasance wani bangare ne saboda koma bayan tattalin arzikin duniya gaba daya daga kudaden da ake ganin suna da hadari ga dalar Amurka kuma wani bangare na damuwa kan yadda ficewar Burtaniya daga kungiyar EU zai yi tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da huldar kasuwanci. A watan Afrilun shekarar 2017, wata ƙuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ta Reuters ta yi kiyasin cewa, Rand zai ci gaba da kasancewa da kwanciyar hankali har zuwa karshen shekara, yayin da kuri'u biyu suka gano cewa manazarta sun riga sun yi la'akari da yiwuwar raguwa zuwa matsayi na "junk". A lokacin, Moody's ya kima Afirka ta Kudu daraja biyu sama da matsayin takarce. A lokacin da shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya samu da kyar a yunkurin kin amincewa da kasar Afirka ta Kudu a watan Agustan 2017, kudin Rand ya ci gaba da zamewa, inda ya ragu da kashi 1.7 cikin dari a wannan rana. A cikin watan Satumban shekarar 2017, Goldman Sachs ya ce basussuka da cin hanci da rashawa na kamfanin Eskom Holdings shi ne babban hatsari ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da kuma canjin kudin Rand. A lokacin, ba ta da wani babban jami'in gudanarwa na dindindin, kuma Colin Coleman na Goldman Sachs a Afirka ya ce kamfanin yana "tattaunawa kan mafita" kan samun ingantaccen gudanarwa. A watan Oktoban 2017, Rand ya tsaya tsayin daka akan dalar Amurka yayin da ya murmure daga karanci na watanni shida. Kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters ya bayyana cewa, "Afrika ta kudu na da matukar saukin kai ga ra'ayin masu zuba jari a duniya yayin da kasar ta dogara da kudaden kasashen waje wajen cike manyan kasafin kudinta da kuma gibin kudaden da take samu." A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamban 2017, kudin Rand ya fadi da sama da kashi 1% a lokacin da shugaban kasafin kudi Michael Sachs ya sauka daga mukaminsa a gwamnatin Zuma. A cikin Oktoban shekarar 2022, Rand ya nutse zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin shekaru biyu, ya kai R18.46 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2022. == Tsabar kudi == [[File:5-za-rand.JPG|thumb| 5-rand tsabar kudin bimetallic da aka bayar a 2004]] An gabatar da tsabar kudi a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin , 1, , 5, 10, 20, da 50 cents. A 1965, 2 cent tsabar kudi maye gurbin  cent tsabar kudi. The An buga tsabar ƙarshe don yaduwa a cikin 1973. An ƙaddamar da tsabar kudin Rand 1 don rarrabawa a cikin 1967, sannan tsabar kudi 2-rand a 1989 da tsabar rand 5 a 1994. An dakatar da samar da cent 1 da 2 a shekara ta 2002, sai kuma cent 5 a 2012, da farko saboda hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ya rage musu daraja, amma sun ci gaba da zama a doka. Shaguna yawanci suna zagaye jimillar farashin siyan kaya zuwa kusan centi 10 (don mabukaci). A kokarin da ake na dakile jabun, an fitar da sabon tsabar kudin Rand 5 a watan Agustan 2004. Abubuwan tsaro da aka gabatar akan tsabar kudin sun haɗa da ƙirar bimetal (mai kama da tsabar kuɗi €1 da €2, tsabar kuɗin Thai ฿10, tsabar kuɗin Philippine ₱10 kafin 2018, tsabar £2 na Burtaniya, da tsabar kuɗin Kanada $2 ), a keɓaɓɓen tsagi na tsaro na musamman tare da baki da ƙananan haruffa. A ranar 3 ga Mayun shekara ta 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a fitar da sabon jerin tsabar kudi. Waɗannan za su kasance da ɗarika ɗaya da jerin da suka gabata. 10c zai ƙunshi hoton Cape Honey Bee, 20c da Bitter Aloe, da 50c da Knysna Turaco, da R1 da Springbok, da R2 da King Protea, da kuma R5 da kudancin dama Whale. == Takardun kuɗi == An gabatar da jeri na farko na takardun kuɗin Rand a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1, 2, 10, da 20 rand, tare da ƙira da launuka iri ɗaya zuwa bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata don sauƙaƙa sauyawa. Sun ɗauki hoton abin da aka yi imani da shi a lokacin Jan van Riebeeck, shugaban VOC na farko na [[Cape Town]] . Daga baya an gano cewa hoton ba gaskiya ba ne Van Riebeeck kwata-kwata, hoton Bartholomeus Vermuyden ya yi kuskure da Van Riebeeck. Kamar bayanin kula [[Fam na Afirka ta Kudu|na fam]] na ƙarshe, an buga su cikin bambance-bambancen guda biyu, ɗaya da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] aka fara rubuta ɗayan ɗayan kuma an fara rubuta [[Afrikaans|Afirkaans]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} A cikin 1966, an fitar da jeri na biyu tare da ƙira waɗanda suka ƙaura daga bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata. Bayanan kula tare da raka'o'i na 1, 5 da 10 rand an samar da su tare da galibin launi ɗaya a kowane bayanin kula. An gabatar da ƙaramin bayanin rand 1 tare da ƙira iri ɗaya a cikin 1973 kuma an gabatar da bayanin rand 2 a cikin 1974. An yi watsi da darajar rand 20 daga jerin farko. Duk bayanan kula sun ɗauki hoton Jan van Riebeeck. An ci gaba da yin amfani da sigar Ingilishi da Afrikaans na kowane bayanin kula a cikin wannan jerin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}} Jerin 1978 ya fara da ƙungiyoyin 2, 5, 10 da 20 rand, tare da ƙaddamar da rand 50 a cikin 1984. Wannan silsilar tana da bambance-bambancen harshe guda ɗaya kawai ga kowane rukunin bayanin kula. Afrikaans shine yaren farko akan Rand 2, 10, da 50, yayin da Ingilishi shine yaren farko akan Rand 5 da 20. An maye gurbin bayanin kula da Rand 1 da tsabar kudi. [[File:Atm_drawing_money_(2).png|thumb| Afirka ta Kudu ATM yana nuna R&nbsp;50 da R&nbsp;100 banknotes.]] A cikin 1990s, an sake tsara bayanin kula tare da hotunan Big Five nau'in namun daji. 10, 20 da 50 rand an gabatar da su a cikin 1992 & 1993, suna riƙe da tsarin launi na fitowar da ta gabata. An gabatar da tsabar kudi don 2 da 5 rand, tare da maye gurbin bayanin kula na jerin da suka gabata, musamman saboda tsananin lalacewa da tsagewar da aka samu tare da ƙananan bayanan ƙididdiga a wurare dabam dabam. A cikin 1994, an gabatar da bayanan rand 100 da 200. [ana buƙatar hujja] Jerin 2005 yana da babban ƙira iri ɗaya, amma tare da ƙarin fasalulluka na tsaro kamar tawada mai canza launi akan rand 50 da sama da kuma ƙungiyar taurarin EURion . An buga sassan duka ƙungiyoyin a cikin Turanci, yayin da aka buga wasu harsuna biyu na hukuma a baya, don haka ana amfani da duk harsunan hukuma 11 na Afirka ta Kudu . A cikin 2010, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu da bankunan kasuwanci sun janye duk jerin takardun banki na rand 200 na 1994 saboda ingantattun kuɗaɗen jabun da ke yawo. A cikin 2011, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da takardun banki na rand 100 waɗanda ba su da lahani saboda ba su da bugu mai kyalli da ake iya gani a ƙarƙashin hasken UV . A cikin watan Yuni, an ƙaura da buga wannan ɗarika daga Kamfanin Bayanan kula da Bankin Afirka ta Kudu zuwa sashin Crane Currency na Sweden ( Tumba Bruk ), wanda aka bayar da rahoton ya samar da tsabar kuɗi miliyan 80 100 rand. Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya soke takardun banki miliyan 3.6-rand 100 da Crane Currency ya buga saboda suna da lambobi iri ɗaya da rukunin da Kamfanin Bayanan Bankin Afirka ta Kudu ya buga. Bugu da ƙari, bayanin kula da aka buga a Sweden ba su kasance daidai launi ba, kuma sun kasance 1&nbsp;mm gajere. A ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 2012, Shugaba [[Jacob Zuma]] ya sanar da cewa kasar za ta fitar da sabbin takardun kudi masu dauke da hoton [[Nelson Mandela]] . An shigar da su a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2012. Waɗannan sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi iri ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. A cikin 2013, an sabunta jerin 2012 tare da ƙari na ƙungiyar taurarin EURion zuwa duka ƙungiyoyin guda biyar. A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2018, an fitar da jerin takardun kudi na musamman don tunawa da cika shekaru 100 na haihuwar Nelson Mandela. Wannan jeri ya ƙunshi bayanin kula na duk ƙungiyoyin, 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. Waɗannan bayanan kula za su yi yawo tare da bayanan da ke akwai. Bayanan bayanan sun nuna madaidaicin fuskar Nelson Mandela a zahiri, amma a maimakon dabbobin Big Five a baya, suna nuna ƙaramin Mandela tare da fage daban-daban da suka shafi gadonsa. Wadannan al'amuran sun hada da: tsaunin Gabashin Cape, wanda ke nuna wurin haifuwar Mandela na Mvezo (rand 10); Gidan Mandela a Soweto, inda ya bayyana rayuwarsa ta siyasa tare da sauran gumakan gwagwarmaya (rand 20); wurin da aka kama Mandela a kusa da Howick, bayan watanni 17 a boye, inda aka gina masa wani abin tunawa ( rand 50); wurin daurin shekaru 27 da Mandela ya yi a gidan yari a tsibirin Robben, yana nuna tarin dutsen farar ƙasa (rand 100); mutum-mutumin Mandela a ginin Tarayyar don tunawa da lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a can a shekarar 1994 (rand 200).  A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a sami sabon jerin takardun banki waɗanda za su riƙe hoton Nelson Mandela a zahiri, yayin da yake nuna Big 5 a cikin hoton dangi a baya. Wannan silsilar ta ƙunshi ɗarika ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. === Zubi na farko === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta farko ta 1961) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | rowspan="4" | Jan Van Riebeck | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 136×78 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Zaki daga rigar makamai | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 149×84 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck ta jirgin ruwa | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 170×96 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Zinariya tawa | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 176×103 |} === Zubi na biyu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyu ta 1966) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 1 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 128×64 |- | | | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma da noma | Brown | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 120×57 |- | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Gariep Dam, pylon da masara cob | Blue | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck, Voortrekker Monument da Babban Trek | Ma'adinai | Purple | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Gine-ginen Ƙungiyar da kuma springbok | Jan van Riebeeck ta jiragen ruwa uku | Kore | Afrikaans/Ingilishi, Turanci/Afrika | 140×76 |} === Zubi na uku === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na Uku 1978) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 2 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da pylon | Sasol kwal zuwa matatar mai | Blue | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 120×57 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 5 randa | Jan van Riebeeck da lu'u-lu'u | Mining da tsakiyar birnin [[Johannesburg]] | Purple | Turanci da Afrikaans | 127×63 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da protea | Noma | Kore | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 133×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Jan van Riebeeck, Cape Dutch gine da inabi | Jirgin ruwan Jan van Riebeeck guda uku da Coat of Arms na Afirka ta Kudu | Brown | Turanci da Afrikaans | 140×77 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Jan van Riebeeck da zaki | Fauna da flora | Ja | Afrikaans da Ingilishi | 147×83 |} === Zubi na hudu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Banknotes of the South African rand (1992 Fourth Issue "Big Five") |- !Image !Value !Obverse !Reverse !Colour !Language !Size (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | |10 rand |Rhinoceros |Agriculture |Green |Afrikaans and English |128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |20 rand |[[Giwan daji na Afirka|Elephants]] |Mining |Brown |English and Afrikaans |134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |50 rand |Lions |Manufacturing |Red |Afrikaans and English |140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |100 rand |[[Ɓauna|Cape buffaloes]] |Tourism |Blue |English and Afrikaans |146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | |200 rand |Leopards |Transport and communication |Orange |Afrikaans and English |152×70 |} === Silsilar ta biyar === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta biyar "Turanci da sauran Harsuna na hukuma") <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | Rhinoceros | Noma | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwaye]] | Ma'adinai | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zakuna | Manufacturing | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Yawon shakatawa | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Sufuri da sadarwa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siridi na shida === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta shida "Nelson Mandela" 2012) <ref name="wirz">Wirz, Heinz. ''Dr Heinz Wirz on the Bank Notes of South Africa. Volume II - The South African rand (7th ed.)''.</ref> |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na bakwai === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (Fitowa na bakwai "Mandela Centenary") na 2018 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Matashi Mandela da mahaifarsa Mvezo | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | Matashin Mandela da gidansa a Soweto | Brown | Turanci, Kudancin Ndebele, Tswana | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Matashin Mandela da wurin da aka kama shi kusa da Howick | Ja | Turanci, Venda, Xhosa | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | Matashin Mandela da kuma wurin da aka daure shi a tsibirin Robben | Blue | Turanci, Arewacin Sotho, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Matashin Mandela da mutum-mutuminsa a ginin Tarayyar | Lemu | Turanci, Sotho, Zulu | 152×70 |} === Siri na takwas === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="7" |Bayanan banki na Rand na Afirka ta Kudu (fitowa ta takwas "Babban Iyalai 5") 2023 |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Launi ! Harshe ! Girman (mm) |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 10 rand | rowspan="5" | [[Nelson Mandela]] | Rhinoceros | Kore | Turanci, Afrikaans, Swati | 128×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 20 rand | [[Giwan daji na Afirka|Giwa]] | Brown | Turanci, Tswana, Ndebele | 134×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 50 rand | Zaki | Purple | Turanci, Xhosa, Venda | 140×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 100 rand | [[Ɓauna|Cape baffa]] | Blue | Turanci, Pedi, Tsonga | 146×70 |- | style="text-align:center;" | | 200 rand | Damisa | Lemu | Turanci, Zulu, Sotho | 152×70 |} == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Category:Kudi]] [[Category:Kudade]] [[Category:Kuɗi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9w6a0el9mmxmur5f74q7po5e0k58pt5 0 50019 894047 885547 2026-08-10T07:15:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zoe Leonard''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1961) me Zane ce yar Amurka ne wanda take aiki da farko tare da daukar hoto da sassaka.Ta baje kolin ta daga ƙarshen 1980s kuma an haɗa aikinta a cikin nune-nune da yawa da suka haɗa da Documenta IX da Documenta XII da shekara ta 1993, 1997 da 2014 Whitney biennials . An ba ta kyautar Guggenheim Fellowship a cikin 2020. == Kuruciya == [[Fayil:My Barbarian - Zoe Leonard at Post-Party Dream State Caucus 1.jpg|thumb|Zoe Leonard]] An haifi Leonard a cikin shekarar 1961 a Liberty, New York .<ref name="eflux"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation cs2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100708155357/http://www.e-flux.com/shows/view/4906 "Zoe Leonard -- Photographs"], ''e-flux'', November 30, 2007, archived from [http://www.e-flux.com/shows/view/4906 the original] on July 8, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2010</span></cite></ref> <ref name="Hammond"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHammond2000">Hammond, Harmony (2000). [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=91783423 ''Lesbian Art in America: A Contemporary History'']{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. New York: [[RCS MediaGroup|Rizzoli International Publications]]. p.&nbsp;80. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-8478-2248-6|<bdi>0-8478-2248-6</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Mahaifiyar Leonard ’yar gudun hijira ce ’yar [[Poland]] wacce aka haifa a [[Wosaa|Warsaw]],ta yi hijira zuwa Amurka tana da shekara 9 a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.iyalan mahaifiyarta masu arziƙine masu mulkin mallaka ne na Poland waɗanda ke da hannu a yunkurin neman ’yancin kai na Poland da Resistance na Poland. An kashe yawancin membobin layin mahaifiyar Leonard a lokacin yakin. Duk da cewa ba Yahudawa ba ne ’yan Nazi sun tsananta wa dangin mahaifiyarta don hamayyarsu ga Nazi da kuma kishin ƙasarsu ta Poland. Leonard ta bayyana cewa kakarta"da gaske an saka hannun jari a cikin wannan ra'ayin cewa har yanzu mu ne aristocracy"kodayake danginta suna rayuwa cikin talauci a Harlem. Tana da shekaru 16,ta bar makaranta kuma ta fara daukar hotuna.<ref name="Hammond" /> Ta shafe mafi yawan rayuwarta ta girma tana zaune a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]], wanda ginin muhalli ya kasance batun yawancin ayyukanta (misali titi,kantuna, gine-ginen gidaje,shinge, rubutu,da tagogi masu hawa.<ref name="telegraph"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFBeyfus2010">Beyfus, Drusilla (February 11, 2010), [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/photography/7205995/Zoe-Leonard-Deutsche-Borse-Photography-Prize-2010.html "Zoe Leonard: Deutsche Börse Photography Prize 2010"], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2010</span></cite></ref> Leonard ta zama sananniya a duniya bayan shigarwarta a Documenta IX a 1992. == Sana'a == Daga farkon Hotunanta na sararin sama zuwa hotunanta na kayan tarihi, ƙirar jikin mutum, da kayan zamani, yawancin ayyukan Leonard suna yin nuni akan tsarawa, rarrabawa, da odar hangen nesa.Ta bayyana a cikin wata hira da cewa: "Maimakon kowane batu ko nau'i (tsarin ƙasa, hoto, har yanzu rayuwa, da dai sauransu)na kasance ina sha'awar yin tambayoyi guda ɗaya na duka batutuwa da ma'ana, dangantaka tsakanin mai kallo da duniya. - a takaice,batun da kuma yadda yake sanar da kwarewarmu game da duniya."<ref name="PoliticsofContemplation"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFElisabeth_Lebovici_&_Zoe_Leonard">Elisabeth Lebovici & Zoe Leonard. [http://murrayguy.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/ZL_EL_bookletfinal.pdf "The Politics of Contemplation"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Murray Guy, New York<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> Leonard ta kasance mai fafutuka cikin ba da shawarwari [[Kanjamau|kan cutar kanjamau]] da siyasa a New York a cikin 1980s da 1990s. A cikin 1992 ta rubuta "Ina son shugaban kasar waka. waƙar da Eileen Myles ya yi ta takarar shugaban ƙasa.<ref>''I Want a Dyke for President: Zoe Leonard's Landmarked Poem Revived After U.S. Midterms'', ''Frieze'', Nov. 20, 2018.</ref> [[File:Strange_Fruit,_1992-1997,_Zoe_Leonard_at_PMA_2022.jpg|right|thumb| ''Strange Fruit'' (1992-1997) a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Philadelphia a cikin 2022]] A cikin 1995 ta gudanar da wani nuni a ɗakin studio ɗin da ke Lower East Side na Manhattan wanda ya ƙunshi aikin ''Strange Fruit'', shigarwa na batun 'ya'yan itace daban-daban (lemu, ayaba, innabi, lemun tsami) wanda Leonard ta ajiye sannan ta dinka tare da hannu tare da waya da kuma zaren. An sadaukar da ''<nowiki/>'ya'yan itace mai ban sha'awa'' ga abokin Leonard da abokin aikin fasaha, David Wojnarowicz, wanda ya mutu a 1992. Ya girma daga cikin martani mai zurfi na sirri game da asarar cutar kanjamau kuma a matsayin tunani kan makoki, ya zama aikin seminal na 1990s. An nuna ''<nowiki/>'ya'yan itace mai ban mamaki'' a cikin 1998 a Gidan Tarihi na Philadelphia, inda yake zaune a halin yanzu. A cikin tsakiyar 1990s Leonard ta shafe shekaru biyu tana zaune a wani yanki mai nisa na [[Alaska]], ƙwarewar da ta shafi yawancin ayyukanta na baya,wanda sau da yawa yakan haifar da dangantaka tsakanin mutane da duniyar halitta.<ref name="artforum"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFDebord1999">Debord, Matthew (January 1999), [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0268/is_5_37/ai_53590120/ "Zoe Leonard talks about her recent work"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227074949/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0268/is_5_37/ai_53590120 |date=2009-02-27 }}, ''[[Artforum]]'', Artforum International Magazine, Inc.<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2010</span></cite></ref> Bishiyoyi suna da tushe a cikin aikin Leonard: misalan sun haɗa da bishiyar "sake ginawa"da ta girka a cikin Vienna's [https://web.archive.org/web/20140413060803/http://secession.at/art/1997_leonard_e.html Secession] a 1997 da kuma hotuna masu yawa na bishiyoyin birane da aka yi da sarkar da shingen waya. Leonard ta fara aiki a ''Taskar Hoto na Fae Richards'' a cikin 1993 bayan darekta Cheryl Dunye ya tuntube ta don ƙirƙirar tarihin almara na Dunye na 1996 na almara ''The Watermelon Woman'', wanda fitacciyar jaruma Cheryl, wanda Dunye ya buga,ya nemi tarihin baƙar fata 'yar madigo.mai nishadantarwa Fae Richards. Hotunan, waɗanda Leonard ta yi amfani da su da hannu don bayyana sun tsufa,ana amfani da su azaman abin talla a cikin fim ɗin kuma an haɗa su cikin 1997 Whitney Biennial. Tsakanin 1998 da 2009, Leonard ta yi aiki a kan ''Analogue'', wani babban aikin da ya ƙunshi shigarwa na 412 C-prints da gelatin azurfa kwafi (a cikin tarin The Museum of Modern Art, New York da Reina Sofia, Madrid), da babban fayil na kwafin [[Dye-transfer|canza launin rini]] guda 40. Tasirin Eugène Atget da Walker Evans amma an haife su daga sake nazarin aikin daukar hoto na karni na 21, ''Analogue'' tayi nazarin sauye-sauye a cikin ayyukan aiki na dunye,kasuwanci, da zamantakewa a cikin layi daya tare da sauyawa daga analog zuwa yin hoto na dijital. Holland Cotter ya bayyana kwarewar aikin a cikin ''[[New York Times]]'' a cikin 2009: [[Fayil:Protesters at Trump Tower 11-10 - 22.jpg|thumb|Zoe Leonard]] "A cikin hotunanta kai tsaye na kantuna, tsarin takalma ko kayan da aka nannade ya zama rayuwar banza.Alamar shagon fentin hannu ta zama abin relic.A kan hotuna da yawa,muna jin cewa wata unguwa da ba a bayyana sunanta ba - Ms. Leonard ta fadada aikinta na filin har zuwa Gabashin Harlem, Bedford-Stuyvesant da Crown Heights - tana tattara kayan aiki don barin. Al'adar abin duniya tana yin aikin banza.Kuma ina kayan ke tafiya? Komawa ga sigar duniyar da ta fito. Yawancin kayayyakin da aka yankewa da ake sayar da su a shagunan Yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya sun samo asali ne daga shagunan zufa na birane a China da Pakistan kuma a ƙarshe ana ba da su a matsayin rara ga sauran biranen matalauta na Afirka da Amurka ta Tsakiya.A cikin ginshiƙi na hotuna a cikin Analogue muna bin tufafin da aka sake sarrafa daga Brooklyn zuwa birnin Kampala na Uganda,inda ake sayar da su a matsayin sababbi a cikin shaguna kamar Money Is Life House of Garments." == nune-nunen == An fara nuna ''Analogue'' a cikin 2007 a Cibiyar Wexner don Arts a Columbus, [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]], da kuma a Documenta XII a Kassel, Jamus, tare da gabatarwa a Villa Arson a Nice, da Dia a Ƙungiyar Hispanic da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani a Sabon.York kuma an haɗa shi a cikin wani balaguro na aikin Leonard wanda ya samo asali a cikin 2007 a Fotomuseum Winterthur, kuma daga baya ta yi tafiya zuwa Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia, Madrid; MuMOK - Gidan kayan tarihi na zamani Kunst Stifting Ludwig, Vienna; da Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich. ''Analogue'' yana cikin tarin The Museum of Modern Art, New York da Reina Sofia, Madrid. Abubuwan nune-nunen na baya-bayan nan sun haɗa da ''Kun ga Ina nan Bayan Duka'' a Dia: Beacon (2009) wanda ya ƙunshi saitin katuna na 3883 na waterfalls, wanda ke tunawa da tarin Katunan Rapture na Yokoo Tadanori na Waterfall Rapture na 13,000, ɗaya daga cikinsu yana ɗauka.kalmar "Kun Gani Ina Nan Bayan Duk"wanda mai sukar Jonathan Flatley ya haɗu da aikin On Kawara's telegrams wanda ya karanta "I AM STILL LIVE" An kuma nuna wannan aikin a Whitney a cikin 2018 na Leonard. Sauran nune-nunen kamar ''Serialities'' a Hauser &amp;amp; Wirth, [http://www.camdenartscentre.org/whats-on/view/exh21 Observation Point] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192549/http://www.camdenartscentre.org/whats-on/view/exh21 |date=2014-01-02 }} Archived , Camden Arts Center, London (2012), shigarwa a Chinati Foundation, Marfa,[[Texas]] (2013-2014) da 2014 Whitney Biennial, wanda Leonard ya lashe lambar yabo ta Bucksbaum tare da aikinta "945 Madison Avenue". A cikin 2018, Gidan Tarihi na Whitney na Amurka ya hau Leonard na farkon aikinta na baya-bayan nan a Amurka, nunin da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani, Los Angeles ya shirya,inda wasan kwaikwayon tayi tafiya a ƙarshen 2018. == Sauran ayyukan == Rubutun Leonard, marubuciya mai basira da tunani mai mahimmanci a kan horo na daukar hoto, sun bayyana a cikin ''LTTR'', ''Oktoba'', da ''Texte zur Kunst'', kuma a cikin 'yan kwanan nan a kan Agnes Martin, James Castle da Josiah McElheny . Baya ga yin aiki a kan fasaharta, Leonard tana aiki a hukumar ba da shawara ta Cibiyar Hauser & Wirth tun daga 2018. <ref>Alex Greenberger (November 27, 2018), [https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/aiming-preserve-artists-legacies-hauser-wirth-founds-nonprofit-institute-archival-projects-11395/ Aiming to Preserve Artists’ Legacies, Hauser & Wirth Founds Nonprofit Institute for Archival Projects] ''[[ARTnews]]''.</ref> == Labarai == * 1991 - ''Bayani: Zoe Leonard'' (tare da rubutu ta Jutta Koether), Galerie Gisela Capitain, Cologne | ASIN Saukewa: B005MJ5M9I * 1995 - ' ''Ya'yan itace mai ban mamaki'', Paula Cooper Gallery, NY | ASIN B0006PFWNY * 1997 - ''Zoe Leonard'', Kunsthalle Basel, Basel * 1997 - ''Zoe Leonard'', (tare da hira da Anna Blume ), Secession, Vienna * 1998 - ''Zoe Leonard'', (tare da rubutu ta Elisabeth Lebovici), Cibiyar National de la photographie, Paris * 2007 - ''Analogue'', Cibiyar Wexner don Arts, Columbus, OH, MIT Press |  * 2008 - ''Zoe Leonard: Hotuna'' (tare da rubutun Svetlana Alpers, Elisabeth Lebovici, Urs Stahel), Fotomuseum Winterthur, Steidl |  * 2010 - ''Kun ga Ina nan Bayan Duk'' (tare da rubutun Ann Reynolds, Angela Miller, Lytle Shaw, da Lynne Cooke) '','' Dia Art Foundation, New York; Jami'ar Yale Press, New Haven, CT da London, UK |  * 2014 – ''Akwai Haske'', Ridinghouse / Foxes na rawa, London, UK da Brooklyn * 2017 - ''Ina son shugaban kasa: Kwafi na Rally'' (tare da gudummawar Sharon Hayes, Wu Tsang, Mel Elberg, Eileen Myles, Pamela Sneed, Fred Moten & Stefano Harney, Alexandro Segade, Layli Long Soldier, Malik Gaines, da Justin Vivian Bond & Nath Ann Carrera), Dancing Foxes Press |  * 2018 - ''Zoe Leonard: Bincike'', Gidan kayan gargajiya na Art na zamani, Los Angeles |  == Ganewa == An ba Leonard lambar yabo ta Bucksbaum a cikin 2014 daga Gidan Tarihi na Whitney kuma Anonymous ta kasance lambar yabo ta mace a 2005. Ta sami Guggenheim Fellowship a cikin 2020. == Nassoshi == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1961]] 5r839yztcza93he07dcvdhbah5ed899 0 52626 893686 822701 2026-08-09T16:18:41Z Asiya Garba 46242 893686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Cam0492 Habitation de Pouss.jpg|thumb|bukkokin musgum ]] [[Fayil:Maison obus.jpg|thumb|bukkokin musgum]] '''Gidajen laka na Musgum''' ko '''gidajen Musgum''' sune gine-ginen gida na gargajiya da aka gina da laka ta mutanen Musgum a cikin yankin Maga, yankin Mayo-Danay, Lardin Arewacin Arewa a [[Kamaru]]. (Musgum kuma ana rubuta shi a matsayin Moosgoum.<ref name="Noble2007">{{cite book|first=Allen G. |last=Noble|title=Traditional Buildings: A Global Survey of Structural Forms and Cultural Functions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pMjHpEyDqJMC&pg=PA85|accessdate=7 February 2013|date=15 September 2007|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-305-6|pages=85–}}</ref>) An kira shi a cikin Munjuk a matsayin Tolek, an gina gidaje a cikin siffofi daban-daban, kamar tsaunuka masu tsawo ko gidaje masu tsawo, wasu tare da siffar baya-V, wasu kuma tare da ƙirar lissafi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nelson|first=Steven|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k_063hRmJaAC&q=mousgoum|title=From Cameroon to Paris: Mousgoum Architecture In and Out of Africa|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-226-57183-6|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref> Toleks misali ne na tsarin ƙasa. Daga zane mai sauƙi, mazauna yankin suna gina su da laka, ciyawar, da ruwa ta amfani da kayan aiki kaɗan. Da yake kama da siffar ƙudan zuma ko harsashi, an kuma san su da "cases obus" (gidajen grenade). Su ne kuma tsarin adobe, bambancin cob, kuma suna cikin nau'in catenary, wanda zai iya ɗaukar matsakaicin nauyi tare da mafi ƙarancin amfani da kayan gini. Har ila yau, an kuma bayyana gidajen a matsayin "nau'in ƙudan zuma" saboda siffar dome. Ana ɗaukar su a matsayin muhimmin salon gine-gine na Kamaru, kodayake ba a cikin salon a yau ba.<ref name="DeLanceyMbuh2010">{{cite book|first1=Mark Dike |last1=DeLancey|first2=Rebecca |last2=Mbuh|first3=Mark W. |last3=Delancey|title=Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4l9lSZ9d46cC&pg=PA41|accessdate=7 February 2013|date=3 May 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7399-5|pages=41–}}</ref> == Tarihi == An gina gidaje da ƙasa, suna bin al'adar gargajiya kafin zuwan [[siminti]]. Wadannan tsarin ba su da mashahuri, duk da haka, saboda an dauke su tsofaffi. Ƙananan Musgums ne suka gina su yanzu, kodayake sake farfadowa cikin godiya ga rawar da suka taka a tarihin Musgum ya haifar da gine-gine na baya-bayan nan.<ref name=Archi/><ref name="Gardi1974">{{cite book|first=René |last=Gardi|title=Indigenous African Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKvfAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=7 February 2013|year=1974|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-442-22574-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Steven |title=Writing architecture: the mousgoum tolek and cultural self-fashioning at the new fin de siecle |journal=African Arts |date=Autumn 2001 |volume=34 |issue=3 |page=38+ |doi=10.2307/3337877 |jstor=3337877 |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA81564749&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=00019933&p=LitRC&sw=w&userGroupName=22506 |access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref> == Gine-gine == [[File:Cases_traditionnelles_du_Peuple_Mousgoum_1.jpg|thumb|Gidajen gargajiya na mutanen Musgum]] [[File:Cases_Mousgoum_2.jpg|thumb|Gidajen Musgum, lokacin ruwan sama]] [[File:Case_Mousgoum.jpg|thumb|Gidajen Musgum]] [[File:Cases_traditionnelles_du_Peuple_Mousgoum.jpg|thumb|Gidan gargajiya]] Mutanen Musgum a Kamaru sun gina gidajen laka da laka da aka bushe da rana. Ana shimfiɗa laka a kan ciyawar da aka yi wa laka. Ana kwatanta su da tsarin adobe ko bambance-bambance na tsarin cob, waɗanda aka yi da yashi, yumɓu, ruwa, da kuma wasu nau'ikan kayan fiber ko kwayoyin halitta kamar sanduna, kara, da / ko tururi. Kodayake suna da tsari mai sauƙi, an tsara su da kyau daga ra'ayi mai amfani. A gina gidaje tare da zane-zane. A gina su a cikin siffar harsashi a cikin juyawa-"V" ko siffar conical. Ronald Rael, masanin ''gine-gine'' kuma marubucin littafin da ake kira Earth Architecture, ya lura cewa gidajen Musgum suna da "kayan catenary - kyakkyawan tsarin lissafi," wanda zai iya tsayayya da nauyin ginin tare da mafi ƙarancin amfani da kayan. Saboda nau'in juyawa na sarkar sarkar, dome suna da ƙanƙanta kuma suna aiki a kan ka'idar matsawa da ke ba da ƙarfi ga tsarin ba tare da wani karkatarwa ko lankwasawa ba. Alamu na lissafi a gefen waje na dome suna ba da tushe ga ma'aikatan da ke tsaye a kansu yayin gini da kuma lokacin kulawa.<ref name="Archi" /> Tsarin waje da babban tsawo na tsarin (kusan {{Convert|9|m}} m (30 )) yana kiyaye gidaje suna da sanyi a ciki a kwanakin bazara masu zafi.<ref name=Archi/><ref name="Gardi1974">{{cite book|first=René |last=Gardi|title=Indigenous African Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKvfAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=7 February 2013|year=1974|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-442-22574-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Steven |title=Writing architecture: the mousgoum tolek and cultural self-fashioning at the new fin de siecle |journal=African Arts |date=Autumn 2001 |volume=34 |issue=3 |page=38+ |doi=10.2307/3337877 |jstor=3337877 |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA81564749&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=00019933&p=LitRC&sw=w&userGroupName=22506 |access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref> Ƙananan buɗewar zagaye a saman ɗakunan kuma yana taimakawa tare da yaduwar iska kuma ana amfani dashi azaman ƙofar tserewa idan an yi masa ambaliyar ruwa. Wannan budewar zagaye, 'yan inci a diamita, wanda aka fi sani da rami na hayaki, an rufe shi da slab ko tukunya yayin ruwan sama don hana ruwa shiga gidan. Ana kuma ba da shigarwa ta ƙofa ɗaya, wanda yake da ƙanƙanta har zuwa matakin gwiwa, amma yana faɗaɗa a matakin kafada, kuma an ce yana kama da maɓallin maɓalli. Toleks sun kasance wani ɓangare na ɗakunan gidaje, ɗakunan ajiya, da kuma tsakiya na tsakiya wanda aka kewaye a cikin bango mai laushi. An haɗa ganuwar don samar da damar shiga. Yankunan waje suna da rami don ruwan sama ya iya narkewa cikin sauƙi. Hakanan ana kare hadaddun tare da shinge. Ana ba da sarari don fadada rukunin zama ga kowane sabon matar ko surukar ko, don ƙarin ga iyali. Hanyar da aka karɓa yayin gini ana kiranta fasahar tukwane ta laka. A cikin wannan hanyar, ana sanya yadudduka na laka a cikin juzu'i tare da kowane ɗagawa na kimanin 0.5 m. Kowane ɗagawa an ba da izinin bushewa kafin a kara na gaba. Ganuwar ta fi kauri a tushe, sannu a hankali tana raguwa zuwa saman, don haka tana ba da gudummawa ga kwanciyar hankali na tsarin. Ana kuma ƙirƙirar layin taimako yayin da ginin ke ci gaba sama a cikin siffar "V" ko tare da madaidaiciyar layi don sauƙaƙe saurin ruwa yayin da ruwan sama ya yi. == Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su == [[Category:Al'ada]] [[Category:Afrika]] dmtdqfqe0o4bljs4m4twpq4c2jl0fcr 893687 893686 2026-08-09T16:18:54Z Asiya Garba 46242 893687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Cam0492 Habitation de Pouss.jpg|thumb|bukkokin musgum ]] [[Fayil:Maison obus.jpg|thumb|bukkokin musgum]] '''Gidajen laka na Musgum''' ko '''gidajen Musgum''' sune gine-ginen gida na gargajiya da aka gina da laka ta mutanen Musgum a cikin yankin Maga, yankin Mayo-Danay, Lardin Arewacin Arewa a [[Kamaru]]. (Musgum kuma ana rubuta shi a matsayin Moosgoum.<ref name="Noble2007">{{cite book|first=Allen G. |last=Noble|title=Traditional Buildings: A Global Survey of Structural Forms and Cultural Functions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pMjHpEyDqJMC&pg=PA85|accessdate=7 February 2013|date=15 September 2007|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-305-6|pages=85–}}</ref>) An kira shi a cikin Munjuk a matsayin Tolek, an gina gidaje a cikin siffofi daban-daban, kamar tsaunuka masu tsawo ko gidaje masu tsawo, wasu tare da siffar baya-V, wasu kuma tare da ƙirar lissafi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nelson|first=Steven|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k_063hRmJaAC&q=mousgoum|title=From Cameroon to Paris: Mousgoum Architecture In and Out of Africa|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-226-57183-6|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref> Toleks misali ne na tsarin ƙasa. Daga zane mai sauƙi, mazauna yankin suna gina su da laka, ciyawar, da ruwa ta amfani da kayan aiki kaɗan. Da yake kama da siffar ƙudan zuma ko harsashi, an kuma san su da "cases obus" (gidajen grenade). Su ne kuma tsarin adobe, bambancin cob, kuma suna cikin nau'in catenary, wanda zai iya ɗaukar matsakaicin nauyi tare da mafi ƙarancin amfani da kayan gini. Har ila yau, an kuma bayyana gidajen a matsayin "nau'in ƙudan zuma" saboda siffar dome. Ana ɗaukar su a matsayin muhimmin salon gine-gine na Kamaru, kodayake ba a cikin salon a yau ba.<ref name="DeLanceyMbuh2010">{{cite book|first1=Mark Dike |last1=DeLancey|first2=Rebecca |last2=Mbuh|first3=Mark W. |last3=Delancey|title=Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4l9lSZ9d46cC&pg=PA41|accessdate=7 February 2013|date=3 May 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7399-5|pages=41–}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kuma gina gidaje da ƙasa, suna bin al'adar gargajiya kafin zuwan [[siminti]]. Wadannan tsarin ba su da mashahuri, duk da haka, saboda an dauke su tsofaffi. Ƙananan Musgums ne suka gina su yanzu, kodayake sake farfadowa cikin godiya ga rawar da suka taka a tarihin Musgum ya haifar da gine-gine na baya-bayan nan.<ref name=Archi/><ref name="Gardi1974">{{cite book|first=René |last=Gardi|title=Indigenous African Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKvfAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=7 February 2013|year=1974|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-442-22574-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Steven |title=Writing architecture: the mousgoum tolek and cultural self-fashioning at the new fin de siecle |journal=African Arts |date=Autumn 2001 |volume=34 |issue=3 |page=38+ |doi=10.2307/3337877 |jstor=3337877 |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA81564749&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=00019933&p=LitRC&sw=w&userGroupName=22506 |access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref> == Gine-gine == [[File:Cases_traditionnelles_du_Peuple_Mousgoum_1.jpg|thumb|Gidajen gargajiya na mutanen Musgum]] [[File:Cases_Mousgoum_2.jpg|thumb|Gidajen Musgum, lokacin ruwan sama]] [[File:Case_Mousgoum.jpg|thumb|Gidajen Musgum]] [[File:Cases_traditionnelles_du_Peuple_Mousgoum.jpg|thumb|Gidan gargajiya]] Mutanen Musgum a Kamaru sun gina gidajen laka da laka da aka bushe da rana. Ana shimfiɗa laka a kan ciyawar da aka yi wa laka. Ana kwatanta su da tsarin adobe ko bambance-bambance na tsarin cob, waɗanda aka yi da yashi, yumɓu, ruwa, da kuma wasu nau'ikan kayan fiber ko kwayoyin halitta kamar sanduna, kara, da / ko tururi. Kodayake suna da tsari mai sauƙi, an tsara su da kyau daga ra'ayi mai amfani. A gina gidaje tare da zane-zane. A gina su a cikin siffar harsashi a cikin juyawa-"V" ko siffar conical. Ronald Rael, masanin ''gine-gine'' kuma marubucin littafin da ake kira Earth Architecture, ya lura cewa gidajen Musgum suna da "kayan catenary - kyakkyawan tsarin lissafi," wanda zai iya tsayayya da nauyin ginin tare da mafi ƙarancin amfani da kayan. Saboda nau'in juyawa na sarkar sarkar, dome suna da ƙanƙanta kuma suna aiki a kan ka'idar matsawa da ke ba da ƙarfi ga tsarin ba tare da wani karkatarwa ko lankwasawa ba. Alamu na lissafi a gefen waje na dome suna ba da tushe ga ma'aikatan da ke tsaye a kansu yayin gini da kuma lokacin kulawa.<ref name="Archi" /> Tsarin waje da babban tsawo na tsarin (kusan {{Convert|9|m}} m (30 )) yana kiyaye gidaje suna da sanyi a ciki a kwanakin bazara masu zafi.<ref name=Archi/><ref name="Gardi1974">{{cite book|first=René |last=Gardi|title=Indigenous African Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKvfAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=7 February 2013|year=1974|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-442-22574-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Steven |title=Writing architecture: the mousgoum tolek and cultural self-fashioning at the new fin de siecle |journal=African Arts |date=Autumn 2001 |volume=34 |issue=3 |page=38+ |doi=10.2307/3337877 |jstor=3337877 |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA81564749&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=00019933&p=LitRC&sw=w&userGroupName=22506 |access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref> Ƙananan buɗewar zagaye a saman ɗakunan kuma yana taimakawa tare da yaduwar iska kuma ana amfani dashi azaman ƙofar tserewa idan an yi masa ambaliyar ruwa. Wannan budewar zagaye, 'yan inci a diamita, wanda aka fi sani da rami na hayaki, an rufe shi da slab ko tukunya yayin ruwan sama don hana ruwa shiga gidan. Ana kuma ba da shigarwa ta ƙofa ɗaya, wanda yake da ƙanƙanta har zuwa matakin gwiwa, amma yana faɗaɗa a matakin kafada, kuma an ce yana kama da maɓallin maɓalli. Toleks sun kasance wani ɓangare na ɗakunan gidaje, ɗakunan ajiya, da kuma tsakiya na tsakiya wanda aka kewaye a cikin bango mai laushi. An haɗa ganuwar don samar da damar shiga. Yankunan waje suna da rami don ruwan sama ya iya narkewa cikin sauƙi. Hakanan ana kare hadaddun tare da shinge. Ana ba da sarari don fadada rukunin zama ga kowane sabon matar ko surukar ko, don ƙarin ga iyali. Hanyar da aka karɓa yayin gini ana kiranta fasahar tukwane ta laka. A cikin wannan hanyar, ana sanya yadudduka na laka a cikin juzu'i tare da kowane ɗagawa na kimanin 0.5 m. Kowane ɗagawa an ba da izinin bushewa kafin a kara na gaba. Ganuwar ta fi kauri a tushe, sannu a hankali tana raguwa zuwa saman, don haka tana ba da gudummawa ga kwanciyar hankali na tsarin. Ana kuma ƙirƙirar layin taimako yayin da ginin ke ci gaba sama a cikin siffar "V" ko tare da madaidaiciyar layi don sauƙaƙe saurin ruwa yayin da ruwan sama ya yi. == Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su == [[Category:Al'ada]] [[Category:Afrika]] e0pzchjkony2wo98i4dq1qdog6h716b 893688 893687 2026-08-09T16:19:04Z Asiya Garba 46242 893688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Cam0492 Habitation de Pouss.jpg|thumb|bukkokin musgum ]] [[Fayil:Maison obus.jpg|thumb|bukkokin musgum]] '''Gidajen laka na Musgum''' ko '''gidajen Musgum''' sune gine-ginen gida na gargajiya da aka gina da laka ta mutanen Musgum a cikin yankin Maga, yankin Mayo-Danay, Lardin Arewacin Arewa a [[Kamaru]]. (Musgum kuma ana rubuta shi a matsayin Moosgoum.<ref name="Noble2007">{{cite book|first=Allen G. |last=Noble|title=Traditional Buildings: A Global Survey of Structural Forms and Cultural Functions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pMjHpEyDqJMC&pg=PA85|accessdate=7 February 2013|date=15 September 2007|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-305-6|pages=85–}}</ref>) An kira shi a cikin Munjuk a matsayin Tolek, an gina gidaje a cikin siffofi daban-daban, kamar tsaunuka masu tsawo ko gidaje masu tsawo, wasu tare da siffar baya-V, wasu kuma tare da ƙirar lissafi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nelson|first=Steven|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k_063hRmJaAC&q=mousgoum|title=From Cameroon to Paris: Mousgoum Architecture In and Out of Africa|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-226-57183-6|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref> Toleks misali ne na tsarin ƙasa. Daga zane mai sauƙi, mazauna yankin suna gina su da laka, ciyawar, da ruwa ta amfani da kayan aiki kaɗan. Da yake kama da siffar ƙudan zuma ko harsashi, an kuma san su da "cases obus" (gidajen grenade). Su ne kuma tsarin adobe, bambancin cob, kuma suna cikin nau'in catenary, wanda zai iya ɗaukar matsakaicin nauyi tare da mafi ƙarancin amfani da kayan gini. Har ila yau, an kuma bayyana gidajen a matsayin "nau'in ƙudan zuma" saboda siffar dome. Ana ɗaukar su a matsayin muhimmin salon gine-gine na Kamaru, kodayake ba a cikin salon a yau ba.<ref name="DeLanceyMbuh2010">{{cite book|first1=Mark Dike |last1=DeLancey|first2=Rebecca |last2=Mbuh|first3=Mark W. |last3=Delancey|title=Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4l9lSZ9d46cC&pg=PA41|accessdate=7 February 2013|date=3 May 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7399-5|pages=41–}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kuma gina gidaje da ƙasa, suna bin al'adar gargajiya kafin zuwan [[siminti]]. Waɗannan tsarin ba su da mashahuri, duk da haka, saboda an dauke su tsofaffi. Ƙananan Musgums ne suka gina su yanzu, kodayake sake farfadowa cikin godiya ga rawar da suka taka a tarihin Musgum ya haifar da gine-gine na baya-bayan nan.<ref name=Archi/><ref name="Gardi1974">{{cite book|first=René |last=Gardi|title=Indigenous African Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKvfAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=7 February 2013|year=1974|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-442-22574-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Steven |title=Writing architecture: the mousgoum tolek and cultural self-fashioning at the new fin de siecle |journal=African Arts |date=Autumn 2001 |volume=34 |issue=3 |page=38+ |doi=10.2307/3337877 |jstor=3337877 |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA81564749&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=00019933&p=LitRC&sw=w&userGroupName=22506 |access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref> == Gine-gine == [[File:Cases_traditionnelles_du_Peuple_Mousgoum_1.jpg|thumb|Gidajen gargajiya na mutanen Musgum]] [[File:Cases_Mousgoum_2.jpg|thumb|Gidajen Musgum, lokacin ruwan sama]] [[File:Case_Mousgoum.jpg|thumb|Gidajen Musgum]] [[File:Cases_traditionnelles_du_Peuple_Mousgoum.jpg|thumb|Gidan gargajiya]] Mutanen Musgum a Kamaru sun gina gidajen laka da laka da aka bushe da rana. Ana shimfiɗa laka a kan ciyawar da aka yi wa laka. Ana kwatanta su da tsarin adobe ko bambance-bambance na tsarin cob, waɗanda aka yi da yashi, yumɓu, ruwa, da kuma wasu nau'ikan kayan fiber ko kwayoyin halitta kamar sanduna, kara, da / ko tururi. Kodayake suna da tsari mai sauƙi, an tsara su da kyau daga ra'ayi mai amfani. A gina gidaje tare da zane-zane. A gina su a cikin siffar harsashi a cikin juyawa-"V" ko siffar conical. Ronald Rael, masanin ''gine-gine'' kuma marubucin littafin da ake kira Earth Architecture, ya lura cewa gidajen Musgum suna da "kayan catenary - kyakkyawan tsarin lissafi," wanda zai iya tsayayya da nauyin ginin tare da mafi ƙarancin amfani da kayan. Saboda nau'in juyawa na sarkar sarkar, dome suna da ƙanƙanta kuma suna aiki a kan ka'idar matsawa da ke ba da ƙarfi ga tsarin ba tare da wani karkatarwa ko lankwasawa ba. Alamu na lissafi a gefen waje na dome suna ba da tushe ga ma'aikatan da ke tsaye a kansu yayin gini da kuma lokacin kulawa.<ref name="Archi" /> Tsarin waje da babban tsawo na tsarin (kusan {{Convert|9|m}} m (30 )) yana kiyaye gidaje suna da sanyi a ciki a kwanakin bazara masu zafi.<ref name=Archi/><ref name="Gardi1974">{{cite book|first=René |last=Gardi|title=Indigenous African Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKvfAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=7 February 2013|year=1974|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-442-22574-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Steven |title=Writing architecture: the mousgoum tolek and cultural self-fashioning at the new fin de siecle |journal=African Arts |date=Autumn 2001 |volume=34 |issue=3 |page=38+ |doi=10.2307/3337877 |jstor=3337877 |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA81564749&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=00019933&p=LitRC&sw=w&userGroupName=22506 |access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref> Ƙananan buɗewar zagaye a saman ɗakunan kuma yana taimakawa tare da yaduwar iska kuma ana amfani dashi azaman ƙofar tserewa idan an yi masa ambaliyar ruwa. Wannan budewar zagaye, 'yan inci a diamita, wanda aka fi sani da rami na hayaki, an rufe shi da slab ko tukunya yayin ruwan sama don hana ruwa shiga gidan. Ana kuma ba da shigarwa ta ƙofa ɗaya, wanda yake da ƙanƙanta har zuwa matakin gwiwa, amma yana faɗaɗa a matakin kafada, kuma an ce yana kama da maɓallin maɓalli. Toleks sun kasance wani ɓangare na ɗakunan gidaje, ɗakunan ajiya, da kuma tsakiya na tsakiya wanda aka kewaye a cikin bango mai laushi. An haɗa ganuwar don samar da damar shiga. Yankunan waje suna da rami don ruwan sama ya iya narkewa cikin sauƙi. Hakanan ana kare hadaddun tare da shinge. Ana ba da sarari don fadada rukunin zama ga kowane sabon matar ko surukar ko, don ƙarin ga iyali. Hanyar da aka karɓa yayin gini ana kiranta fasahar tukwane ta laka. A cikin wannan hanyar, ana sanya yadudduka na laka a cikin juzu'i tare da kowane ɗagawa na kimanin 0.5 m. Kowane ɗagawa an ba da izinin bushewa kafin a kara na gaba. Ganuwar ta fi kauri a tushe, sannu a hankali tana raguwa zuwa saman, don haka tana ba da gudummawa ga kwanciyar hankali na tsarin. Ana kuma ƙirƙirar layin taimako yayin da ginin ke ci gaba sama a cikin siffar "V" ko tare da madaidaiciyar layi don sauƙaƙe saurin ruwa yayin da ruwan sama ya yi. == Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su == [[Category:Al'ada]] [[Category:Afrika]] porvuwjpgr357ytz80sgzj4410gdtl5 893689 893688 2026-08-09T16:19:22Z Asiya Garba 46242 893689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Cam0492 Habitation de Pouss.jpg|thumb|bukkokin musgum ]] [[Fayil:Maison obus.jpg|thumb|bukkokin musgum]] '''Gidajen laka na Musgum''' ko '''gidajen Musgum''' sune gine-ginen gida na gargajiya da aka gina da laka ta mutanen Musgum a cikin yankin Maga, yankin Mayo-Danay, Lardin Arewacin Arewa a [[Kamaru]]. (Musgum kuma ana rubuta shi a matsayin Moosgoum.<ref name="Noble2007">{{cite book|first=Allen G. |last=Noble|title=Traditional Buildings: A Global Survey of Structural Forms and Cultural Functions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pMjHpEyDqJMC&pg=PA85|accessdate=7 February 2013|date=15 September 2007|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-305-6|pages=85–}}</ref>) An kira shi a cikin Munjuk a matsayin Tolek, an gina gidaje a cikin siffofi daban-daban, kamar tsaunuka masu tsawo ko gidaje masu tsawo, wasu tare da siffar baya-V, wasu kuma tare da ƙirar lissafi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nelson|first=Steven|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k_063hRmJaAC&q=mousgoum|title=From Cameroon to Paris: Mousgoum Architecture In and Out of Africa|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-226-57183-6|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref> Toleks misali ne na tsarin ƙasa. Daga zane mai sauƙi, mazauna yankin suna gina su da laka, ciyawar, da ruwa ta amfani da kayan aiki kaɗan. Da yake kama da siffar ƙudan zuma ko harsashi, an kuma san su da "cases obus" (gidajen grenade). Su ne kuma tsarin adobe, bambancin cob, kuma suna cikin nau'in catenary, wanda zai iya ɗaukar matsakaicin nauyi tare da mafi ƙarancin amfani da kayan gini. Har ila yau, an kuma bayyana gidajen a matsayin "nau'in ƙudan zuma" saboda siffar dome. Ana ɗaukar su a matsayin muhimmin salon gine-gine na Kamaru, kodayake ba a cikin salon a yau ba.<ref name="DeLanceyMbuh2010">{{cite book|first1=Mark Dike |last1=DeLancey|first2=Rebecca |last2=Mbuh|first3=Mark W. |last3=Delancey|title=Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4l9lSZ9d46cC&pg=PA41|accessdate=7 February 2013|date=3 May 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7399-5|pages=41–}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kuma gina gidaje da ƙasa, suna bin al'adar gargajiya kafin zuwan [[siminti]]. Waɗannan tsarin ba su da mashahuri, duk da haka, saboda an dauke su tsofaffi. Ƙananan Musgums ne suka gina su yanzu, kodayake sake farfadowa cikin godiya ga rawar da suka taka a tarihin Musgum ya haifar da gine-gine na baya-bayan nan.<ref name=Archi/><ref name="Gardi1974">{{cite book|first=René |last=Gardi|title=Indigenous African Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKvfAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=7 February 2013|year=1974|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-442-22574-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Steven |title=Writing architecture: the mousgoum tolek and cultural self-fashioning at the new fin de siecle |journal=African Arts |date=Autumn 2001 |volume=34 |issue=3 |page=38+ |doi=10.2307/3337877 |jstor=3337877 |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA81564749&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=00019933&p=LitRC&sw=w&userGroupName=22506 |access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref> == Gine-gine == [[File:Cases_traditionnelles_du_Peuple_Mousgoum_1.jpg|thumb|Gidajen gargajiya na mutanen Musgum]] [[File:Cases_Mousgoum_2.jpg|thumb|Gidajen Musgum, lokacin ruwan sama]] [[File:Case_Mousgoum.jpg|thumb|Gidajen Musgum]] [[File:Cases_traditionnelles_du_Peuple_Mousgoum.jpg|thumb|Gidan gargajiya]] Mutanen Musgum a Kamaru sun gina gidajen laka da laka da aka bushe da rana. Ana shimfiɗa laka a kan ciyawar da aka yi wa laka. Ana kwatanta su da tsarin adobe ko bambance-bambance na tsarin cob, waɗanda aka yi da yashi, yumɓu, ruwa, da kuma wasu nau'ikan kayan fiber ko kwayoyin halitta kamar sanduna, kara, da / ko tururi. Kodayake suna da tsari mai sauƙi, an tsara su da kyau daga ra'ayi mai amfani. A gina gidaje tare da zane-zane. A gina su a cikin siffar harsashi a cikin juyawa-"V" ko siffar conical. Ronald Rael, masanin ''gine-gine'' kuma marubucin littafin da ake kira Earth Architecture, ya kuma lura cewa gidajen Musgum suna da "kayan catenary - kyakkyawan tsarin lissafi," wanda zai iya tsayayya da nauyin ginin tare da mafi ƙarancin amfani da kayan. Saboda nau'in juyawa na sarkar sarkar, dome suna da ƙanƙanta kuma suna aiki a kan ka'idar matsawa da ke ba da ƙarfi ga tsarin ba tare da wani karkatarwa ko lankwasawa ba. Alamu na lissafi a gefen waje na dome suna ba da tushe ga ma'aikatan da ke tsaye a kansu yayin gini da kuma lokacin kulawa.<ref name="Archi" /> Tsarin waje da babban tsawo na tsarin (kusan {{Convert|9|m}} m (30 )) yana kiyaye gidaje suna da sanyi a ciki a kwanakin bazara masu zafi.<ref name=Archi/><ref name="Gardi1974">{{cite book|first=René |last=Gardi|title=Indigenous African Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKvfAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=7 February 2013|year=1974|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-442-22574-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Steven |title=Writing architecture: the mousgoum tolek and cultural self-fashioning at the new fin de siecle |journal=African Arts |date=Autumn 2001 |volume=34 |issue=3 |page=38+ |doi=10.2307/3337877 |jstor=3337877 |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA81564749&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=00019933&p=LitRC&sw=w&userGroupName=22506 |access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref> Ƙananan buɗewar zagaye a saman ɗakunan kuma yana taimakawa tare da yaduwar iska kuma ana amfani dashi azaman ƙofar tserewa idan an yi masa ambaliyar ruwa. Wannan budewar zagaye, 'yan inci a diamita, wanda aka fi sani da rami na hayaki, an rufe shi da slab ko tukunya yayin ruwan sama don hana ruwa shiga gidan. Ana kuma ba da shigarwa ta ƙofa ɗaya, wanda yake da ƙanƙanta har zuwa matakin gwiwa, amma yana faɗaɗa a matakin kafada, kuma an ce yana kama da maɓallin maɓalli. Toleks sun kasance wani ɓangare na ɗakunan gidaje, ɗakunan ajiya, da kuma tsakiya na tsakiya wanda aka kewaye a cikin bango mai laushi. An haɗa ganuwar don samar da damar shiga. Yankunan waje suna da rami don ruwan sama ya iya narkewa cikin sauƙi. Hakanan ana kare hadaddun tare da shinge. Ana ba da sarari don fadada rukunin zama ga kowane sabon matar ko surukar ko, don ƙarin ga iyali. Hanyar da aka karɓa yayin gini ana kiranta fasahar tukwane ta laka. A cikin wannan hanyar, ana sanya yadudduka na laka a cikin juzu'i tare da kowane ɗagawa na kimanin 0.5 m. Kowane ɗagawa an ba da izinin bushewa kafin a kara na gaba. Ganuwar ta fi kauri a tushe, sannu a hankali tana raguwa zuwa saman, don haka tana ba da gudummawa ga kwanciyar hankali na tsarin. Ana kuma ƙirƙirar layin taimako yayin da ginin ke ci gaba sama a cikin siffar "V" ko tare da madaidaiciyar layi don sauƙaƙe saurin ruwa yayin da ruwan sama ya yi. == Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su == [[Category:Al'ada]] [[Category:Afrika]] 7n41j6e2u4wlpgxdm7pq3f6z7kt8vlo 0 54078 894114 891538 2026-08-10T10:02:00Z Aisha SM 47788 An kirkira ta fassara "Early life" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368402521|Chika Anadu]]" 894114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Chika Anadu 'yar fim ce ta Najeriya wacce aka fi sani da fim din B for Boy (2013). Ta kuma rubuta kuma ta samar da gajeren fina-finai da yawa.[1] An san fina-finai na Anadu da magance batutuwan nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi da matsalolin al'adu da ke kewaye da al'ada a Najeriya. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Chika Anadu a watan Nuwamba 1980 a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], wanda ke yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta koma Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. Yayinda take can, ta yi matakan 'A', ta kammala digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a da Criminology, kuma ta sami MA a Nazarin Afirka: Ci gaban Dan Adam da Ci gaba mai dorewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref> A wata hira da aka yi da Kwalejin Fim ta New York, Anadu ta bayyana cewa tana son fina-finai a duk rayuwarta ta farko, amma ba sai 2006 ba ce ta yi tunanin zama darektan a matsayin aiki na gaskiya ga kanta. Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2006 don kammala shirin ta na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC), shirin aiki na tilas na gwamnati ga 'yan Najeriya da digiri na jami'a. A lokacin da ta zauna, ta ga fim din Italiyanci Cinema Paradiso (1988) kuma sha'awar zama darektan ta burge ta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zurko |first=Nick |title=It all Starts With a Script |url=https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/it-all-starts-with-a-script-an-interview-with-chika-anadu/ |access-date=9 February 2016 |publisher=New York Film Academy}}</ref> Anadu ya koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2008 kuma ya fara aiki a cikin talabijin da fim. Ba ta gamsu da kwarewarta ba, Anadu ta fara rubutu da yin fim dinta a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson |first=Tambay |title=Chika Anadu Wins AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award w/ Feature Debut B For Boy |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306175816/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |publisher=Indiewire}}</ref> An nuna gajeren fim dinta na farko, Epilogue (2009), a bikin fina-finai na San Diego Black na 2010 a Amurka. An nuna ''Ava'' (2010) a cikin gajeren fim na bikin fina-finai na Cannes a cikin 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2010, Kwalejin Fim ta New York ta zo Najeriya a karo na farko, tana ba da bita na tsawon wata a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, rubutun allo, da aikin kyamara. Anadu ta zaɓi yin rajista a cikin bita na rubutun allo maimakon jagorantar, duk da sanin cewa tana so ta zama darektan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Anadu ya nemi shirin zama na Cannes Cinéfondation a Paris. Maganin rubutun shafi 14 wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na gabatarwar ta shine tushen abin da zai zama fim dinta na farko, B for Boy (2013). Anadu ya sami ɗaya daga cikin wurare shida kuma ya koma Paris don shiga. Ta rubuta rubutun don B for Boy (2013) a lokacin da ta zauna makonni biyu da rabi. <ref name=":1" /> Anadu ta samar da fim din tare da kamfaninta mai zaman kanta No Blondes Production . An harbe fim din a cikin kwanaki 17, tare da Anadu yana aiki a matsayin darektan, marubuci, furodusa, darektan jefawa, mai binciken wuri, mai lissafi, da lauya. Fim din ya samo asali ne daga kuɗin iyali, dangin Anadu sun ba da gudummawa 70% na farashin, yayin da abokin aikinta mai samarwa Arie Esiri ya ba da guddina ga sauran kashi 30.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBennett">Bennett, Kim. [http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ "Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy"]. ''The Seattle Medium''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> B for Boy (2013) an fara shi ne a duniya a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London a shekarar 2013. An kuma nuna shi a AFI Fest inda ya lashe kyautar AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award tare da kyautar kuɗi ta $ 5,000. An gudanar da fim din na Afirka ta Kudu a Durban a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2014. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din |- |2009 |''Epilogue'' |- |2010 |''Ava'' |- |2012 |''The Marriage Factor'' |- |2013 |''[[B for Boy|B for Boy]]'' |- |2015 |''Going Home'' |- |2020 |''Shine your Eyes'' |- |2023 |I Do Not Come to You by Chance |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] == Early life == Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta ƙaura zuwa Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. dzvoesggm0znlew409ebtxrkfslfa0f 894115 894114 2026-08-10T10:02:36Z Aisha SM 47788 894115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Chika Anadu ƴar fim ce ta Najeriya wacce aka fi sani da fim din B for Boy (2013). Ta kuma rubuta kuma ta samar da gajeren fina-finai da yawa.[1] An san fina-finai na Anadu da magance batutuwan nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi da matsalolin al'adu da ke kewaye da al'ada a Najeriya. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Chika Anadu a watan Nuwamba 1980 a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], wanda ke yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta koma Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. Yayinda take can, ta yi matakan 'A', ta kammala digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a da Criminology, kuma ta sami MA a Nazarin Afirka: Ci gaban Dan Adam da Ci gaba mai dorewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref> A wata hira da aka yi da Kwalejin Fim ta New York, Anadu ta bayyana cewa tana son fina-finai a duk rayuwarta ta farko, amma ba sai 2006 ba ce ta yi tunanin zama darektan a matsayin aiki na gaskiya ga kanta. Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2006 don kammala shirin ta na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC), shirin aiki na tilas na gwamnati ga 'yan Najeriya da digiri na jami'a. A lokacin da ta zauna, ta ga fim din Italiyanci Cinema Paradiso (1988) kuma sha'awar zama darektan ta burge ta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zurko |first=Nick |title=It all Starts With a Script |url=https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/it-all-starts-with-a-script-an-interview-with-chika-anadu/ |access-date=9 February 2016 |publisher=New York Film Academy}}</ref> Anadu ya koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2008 kuma ya fara aiki a cikin talabijin da fim. Ba ta gamsu da kwarewarta ba, Anadu ta fara rubutu da yin fim dinta a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson |first=Tambay |title=Chika Anadu Wins AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award w/ Feature Debut B For Boy |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306175816/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |publisher=Indiewire}}</ref> An nuna gajeren fim dinta na farko, Epilogue (2009), a bikin fina-finai na San Diego Black na 2010 a Amurka. An nuna ''Ava'' (2010) a cikin gajeren fim na bikin fina-finai na Cannes a cikin 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2010, Kwalejin Fim ta New York ta zo Najeriya a karo na farko, tana ba da bita na tsawon wata a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, rubutun allo, da aikin kyamara. Anadu ta zaɓi yin rajista a cikin bita na rubutun allo maimakon jagorantar, duk da sanin cewa tana so ta zama darektan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Anadu ya nemi shirin zama na Cannes Cinéfondation a Paris. Maganin rubutun shafi 14 wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na gabatarwar ta shine tushen abin da zai zama fim dinta na farko, B for Boy (2013). Anadu ya sami ɗaya daga cikin wurare shida kuma ya koma Paris don shiga. Ta rubuta rubutun don B for Boy (2013) a lokacin da ta zauna makonni biyu da rabi. <ref name=":1" /> Anadu ta samar da fim din tare da kamfaninta mai zaman kanta No Blondes Production . An harbe fim din a cikin kwanaki 17, tare da Anadu yana aiki a matsayin darektan, marubuci, furodusa, darektan jefawa, mai binciken wuri, mai lissafi, da lauya. Fim din ya samo asali ne daga kuɗin iyali, dangin Anadu sun ba da gudummawa 70% na farashin, yayin da abokin aikinta mai samarwa Arie Esiri ya ba da guddina ga sauran kashi 30.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBennett">Bennett, Kim. [http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ "Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy"]. ''The Seattle Medium''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> B for Boy (2013) an fara shi ne a duniya a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London a shekarar 2013. An kuma nuna shi a AFI Fest inda ya lashe kyautar AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award tare da kyautar kuɗi ta $ 5,000. An gudanar da fim din na Afirka ta Kudu a Durban a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2014. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din |- |2009 |''Epilogue'' |- |2010 |''Ava'' |- |2012 |''The Marriage Factor'' |- |2013 |''[[B for Boy|B for Boy]]'' |- |2015 |''Going Home'' |- |2020 |''Shine your Eyes'' |- |2023 |I Do Not Come to You by Chance |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] == Early life == Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta ƙaura zuwa Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. 9putqy1hk3yirseo1ytwz3uo3av2kvz 894117 894115 2026-08-10T10:02:55Z Aisha SM 47788 894117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Chika Anadu ƴar fim ce ta Najeriya wacce aka fi sani da fim din B for Boy (2013). Ta kuma rubuta kuma ta samar da gajeren fina-finai da yawa.[1] An kuma san fina-finai na Anadu da magance batutuwan nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi da matsalolin al'adu da ke kewaye da al'ada a Najeriya. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Chika Anadu a watan Nuwamba 1980 a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], wanda ke yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta koma Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. Yayinda take can, ta yi matakan 'A', ta kammala digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a da Criminology, kuma ta sami MA a Nazarin Afirka: Ci gaban Dan Adam da Ci gaba mai dorewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref> A wata hira da aka yi da Kwalejin Fim ta New York, Anadu ta bayyana cewa tana son fina-finai a duk rayuwarta ta farko, amma ba sai 2006 ba ce ta yi tunanin zama darektan a matsayin aiki na gaskiya ga kanta. Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2006 don kammala shirin ta na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC), shirin aiki na tilas na gwamnati ga 'yan Najeriya da digiri na jami'a. A lokacin da ta zauna, ta ga fim din Italiyanci Cinema Paradiso (1988) kuma sha'awar zama darektan ta burge ta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zurko |first=Nick |title=It all Starts With a Script |url=https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/it-all-starts-with-a-script-an-interview-with-chika-anadu/ |access-date=9 February 2016 |publisher=New York Film Academy}}</ref> Anadu ya koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2008 kuma ya fara aiki a cikin talabijin da fim. Ba ta gamsu da kwarewarta ba, Anadu ta fara rubutu da yin fim dinta a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson |first=Tambay |title=Chika Anadu Wins AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award w/ Feature Debut B For Boy |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306175816/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |publisher=Indiewire}}</ref> An nuna gajeren fim dinta na farko, Epilogue (2009), a bikin fina-finai na San Diego Black na 2010 a Amurka. An nuna ''Ava'' (2010) a cikin gajeren fim na bikin fina-finai na Cannes a cikin 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2010, Kwalejin Fim ta New York ta zo Najeriya a karo na farko, tana ba da bita na tsawon wata a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, rubutun allo, da aikin kyamara. Anadu ta zaɓi yin rajista a cikin bita na rubutun allo maimakon jagorantar, duk da sanin cewa tana so ta zama darektan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Anadu ya nemi shirin zama na Cannes Cinéfondation a Paris. Maganin rubutun shafi 14 wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na gabatarwar ta shine tushen abin da zai zama fim dinta na farko, B for Boy (2013). Anadu ya sami ɗaya daga cikin wurare shida kuma ya koma Paris don shiga. Ta rubuta rubutun don B for Boy (2013) a lokacin da ta zauna makonni biyu da rabi. <ref name=":1" /> Anadu ta samar da fim din tare da kamfaninta mai zaman kanta No Blondes Production . An harbe fim din a cikin kwanaki 17, tare da Anadu yana aiki a matsayin darektan, marubuci, furodusa, darektan jefawa, mai binciken wuri, mai lissafi, da lauya. Fim din ya samo asali ne daga kuɗin iyali, dangin Anadu sun ba da gudummawa 70% na farashin, yayin da abokin aikinta mai samarwa Arie Esiri ya ba da guddina ga sauran kashi 30.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBennett">Bennett, Kim. [http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ "Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy"]. ''The Seattle Medium''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> B for Boy (2013) an fara shi ne a duniya a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London a shekarar 2013. An kuma nuna shi a AFI Fest inda ya lashe kyautar AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award tare da kyautar kuɗi ta $ 5,000. An gudanar da fim din na Afirka ta Kudu a Durban a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2014. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din |- |2009 |''Epilogue'' |- |2010 |''Ava'' |- |2012 |''The Marriage Factor'' |- |2013 |''[[B for Boy|B for Boy]]'' |- |2015 |''Going Home'' |- |2020 |''Shine your Eyes'' |- |2023 |I Do Not Come to You by Chance |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] == Early life == Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta ƙaura zuwa Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. e3ujkfycpmdrye7idze3tiqv05b9ce0 894118 894117 2026-08-10T10:03:11Z Aisha SM 47788 894118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Chika Anadu ƴar fim ce ta Najeriya wacce aka fi sani da fim din B for Boy (2013). Ta kuma rubuta kuma ta samar da gajeren fina-finai da yawa.[1] An kuma san fina-finai na Anadu da magance batutuwan nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi da matsalolin al'adu da ke kewaye da al'ada a Najeriya. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Chika Anadu a watan Nuwamban shekarar 1980 a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], wanda ke yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta koma Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. Yayinda take can, ta yi matakan 'A', ta kammala digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a da Criminology, kuma ta sami MA a Nazarin Afirka: Ci gaban Dan Adam da Ci gaba mai dorewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref> A wata hira da aka yi da Kwalejin Fim ta New York, Anadu ta bayyana cewa tana son fina-finai a duk rayuwarta ta farko, amma ba sai 2006 ba ce ta yi tunanin zama darektan a matsayin aiki na gaskiya ga kanta. Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2006 don kammala shirin ta na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC), shirin aiki na tilas na gwamnati ga 'yan Najeriya da digiri na jami'a. A lokacin da ta zauna, ta ga fim din Italiyanci Cinema Paradiso (1988) kuma sha'awar zama darektan ta burge ta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zurko |first=Nick |title=It all Starts With a Script |url=https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/it-all-starts-with-a-script-an-interview-with-chika-anadu/ |access-date=9 February 2016 |publisher=New York Film Academy}}</ref> Anadu ya koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2008 kuma ya fara aiki a cikin talabijin da fim. Ba ta gamsu da kwarewarta ba, Anadu ta fara rubutu da yin fim dinta a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson |first=Tambay |title=Chika Anadu Wins AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award w/ Feature Debut B For Boy |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306175816/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |publisher=Indiewire}}</ref> An nuna gajeren fim dinta na farko, Epilogue (2009), a bikin fina-finai na San Diego Black na 2010 a Amurka. An nuna ''Ava'' (2010) a cikin gajeren fim na bikin fina-finai na Cannes a cikin 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2010, Kwalejin Fim ta New York ta zo Najeriya a karo na farko, tana ba da bita na tsawon wata a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, rubutun allo, da aikin kyamara. Anadu ta zaɓi yin rajista a cikin bita na rubutun allo maimakon jagorantar, duk da sanin cewa tana so ta zama darektan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Anadu ya nemi shirin zama na Cannes Cinéfondation a Paris. Maganin rubutun shafi 14 wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na gabatarwar ta shine tushen abin da zai zama fim dinta na farko, B for Boy (2013). Anadu ya sami ɗaya daga cikin wurare shida kuma ya koma Paris don shiga. Ta rubuta rubutun don B for Boy (2013) a lokacin da ta zauna makonni biyu da rabi. <ref name=":1" /> Anadu ta samar da fim din tare da kamfaninta mai zaman kanta No Blondes Production . An harbe fim din a cikin kwanaki 17, tare da Anadu yana aiki a matsayin darektan, marubuci, furodusa, darektan jefawa, mai binciken wuri, mai lissafi, da lauya. Fim din ya samo asali ne daga kuɗin iyali, dangin Anadu sun ba da gudummawa 70% na farashin, yayin da abokin aikinta mai samarwa Arie Esiri ya ba da guddina ga sauran kashi 30.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBennett">Bennett, Kim. [http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ "Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy"]. ''The Seattle Medium''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> B for Boy (2013) an fara shi ne a duniya a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London a shekarar 2013. An kuma nuna shi a AFI Fest inda ya lashe kyautar AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award tare da kyautar kuɗi ta $ 5,000. An gudanar da fim din na Afirka ta Kudu a Durban a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2014. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din |- |2009 |''Epilogue'' |- |2010 |''Ava'' |- |2012 |''The Marriage Factor'' |- |2013 |''[[B for Boy|B for Boy]]'' |- |2015 |''Going Home'' |- |2020 |''Shine your Eyes'' |- |2023 |I Do Not Come to You by Chance |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] == Early life == Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta ƙaura zuwa Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. et7bsfswf7p3s6874yp7skfzzaz376m 894119 894118 2026-08-10T10:03:29Z Aisha SM 47788 894119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Chika Anadu ƴar fim ce ta Najeriya wacce aka fi sani da fim din B for Boy (2013). Ta kuma rubuta kuma ta samar da gajeren fina-finai da yawa.[1] An kuma san fina-finai na Anadu da magance batutuwan nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi da matsalolin al'adu da ke kewaye da al'ada a Najeriya. == Rayuwa ta farko == An kuma haifi Chika Anadu a watan Nuwamban shekarar 1980 a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], wanda ke yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta koma Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. Yayinda take can, ta yi matakan 'A', ta kammala digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a da Criminology, kuma ta sami MA a Nazarin Afirka: Ci gaban Dan Adam da Ci gaba mai dorewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref> A wata hira da aka yi da Kwalejin Fim ta New York, Anadu ta bayyana cewa tana son fina-finai a duk rayuwarta ta farko, amma ba sai 2006 ba ce ta yi tunanin zama darektan a matsayin aiki na gaskiya ga kanta. Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2006 don kammala shirin ta na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC), shirin aiki na tilas na gwamnati ga 'yan Najeriya da digiri na jami'a. A lokacin da ta zauna, ta ga fim din Italiyanci Cinema Paradiso (1988) kuma sha'awar zama darektan ta burge ta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zurko |first=Nick |title=It all Starts With a Script |url=https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/it-all-starts-with-a-script-an-interview-with-chika-anadu/ |access-date=9 February 2016 |publisher=New York Film Academy}}</ref> Anadu ya koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2008 kuma ya fara aiki a cikin talabijin da fim. Ba ta gamsu da kwarewarta ba, Anadu ta fara rubutu da yin fim dinta a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson |first=Tambay |title=Chika Anadu Wins AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award w/ Feature Debut B For Boy |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306175816/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |publisher=Indiewire}}</ref> An nuna gajeren fim dinta na farko, Epilogue (2009), a bikin fina-finai na San Diego Black na 2010 a Amurka. An nuna ''Ava'' (2010) a cikin gajeren fim na bikin fina-finai na Cannes a cikin 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2010, Kwalejin Fim ta New York ta zo Najeriya a karo na farko, tana ba da bita na tsawon wata a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, rubutun allo, da aikin kyamara. Anadu ta zaɓi yin rajista a cikin bita na rubutun allo maimakon jagorantar, duk da sanin cewa tana so ta zama darektan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Anadu ya nemi shirin zama na Cannes Cinéfondation a Paris. Maganin rubutun shafi 14 wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na gabatarwar ta shine tushen abin da zai zama fim dinta na farko, B for Boy (2013). Anadu ya sami ɗaya daga cikin wurare shida kuma ya koma Paris don shiga. Ta rubuta rubutun don B for Boy (2013) a lokacin da ta zauna makonni biyu da rabi. <ref name=":1" /> Anadu ta samar da fim din tare da kamfaninta mai zaman kanta No Blondes Production . An harbe fim din a cikin kwanaki 17, tare da Anadu yana aiki a matsayin darektan, marubuci, furodusa, darektan jefawa, mai binciken wuri, mai lissafi, da lauya. Fim din ya samo asali ne daga kuɗin iyali, dangin Anadu sun ba da gudummawa 70% na farashin, yayin da abokin aikinta mai samarwa Arie Esiri ya ba da guddina ga sauran kashi 30.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBennett">Bennett, Kim. [http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ "Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy"]. ''The Seattle Medium''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> B for Boy (2013) an fara shi ne a duniya a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London a shekarar 2013. An kuma nuna shi a AFI Fest inda ya lashe kyautar AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award tare da kyautar kuɗi ta $ 5,000. An gudanar da fim din na Afirka ta Kudu a Durban a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2014. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din |- |2009 |''Epilogue'' |- |2010 |''Ava'' |- |2012 |''The Marriage Factor'' |- |2013 |''[[B for Boy|B for Boy]]'' |- |2015 |''Going Home'' |- |2020 |''Shine your Eyes'' |- |2023 |I Do Not Come to You by Chance |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] == Early life == Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta ƙaura zuwa Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. nh1hs3zx1wtl1n55fl3ukzngu0fsfes 894122 894119 2026-08-10T10:03:49Z Aisha SM 47788 894122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Chika Anadu ƴar fim ce ta Najeriya wacce aka fi sani da fim din B for Boy (2013). Ta kuma rubuta kuma ta samar da gajeren fina-finai da yawa.[1] An kuma san fina-finai na Anadu da magance batutuwan nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi da matsalolin al'adu da ke kewaye da al'ada a Najeriya. == Rayuwa ta farko == An kuma haifi Chika Anadu a watan Nuwamban shekarar 1980 a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], wanda ke yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta koma Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. Yayinda take can, ta yi matakan 'A', ta kuma kammala digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a da Criminology, kuma ta sami MA a Nazarin Afirka: Ci gaban Dan Adam da Ci gaba mai dorewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref> A wata hira da aka yi da Kwalejin Fim ta New York, Anadu ta bayyana cewa tana son fina-finai a duk rayuwarta ta farko, amma ba sai 2006 ba ce ta yi tunanin zama darektan a matsayin aiki na gaskiya ga kanta. Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2006 don kammala shirin ta na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC), shirin aiki na tilas na gwamnati ga 'yan Najeriya da digiri na jami'a. A lokacin da ta zauna, ta ga fim din Italiyanci Cinema Paradiso (1988) kuma sha'awar zama darektan ta burge ta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zurko |first=Nick |title=It all Starts With a Script |url=https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/it-all-starts-with-a-script-an-interview-with-chika-anadu/ |access-date=9 February 2016 |publisher=New York Film Academy}}</ref> Anadu ya koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2008 kuma ya fara aiki a cikin talabijin da fim. Ba ta gamsu da kwarewarta ba, Anadu ta fara rubutu da yin fim dinta a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson |first=Tambay |title=Chika Anadu Wins AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award w/ Feature Debut B For Boy |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306175816/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |publisher=Indiewire}}</ref> An nuna gajeren fim dinta na farko, Epilogue (2009), a bikin fina-finai na San Diego Black na 2010 a Amurka. An nuna ''Ava'' (2010) a cikin gajeren fim na bikin fina-finai na Cannes a cikin 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2010, Kwalejin Fim ta New York ta zo Najeriya a karo na farko, tana ba da bita na tsawon wata a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, rubutun allo, da aikin kyamara. Anadu ta zaɓi yin rajista a cikin bita na rubutun allo maimakon jagorantar, duk da sanin cewa tana so ta zama darektan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Anadu ya nemi shirin zama na Cannes Cinéfondation a Paris. Maganin rubutun shafi 14 wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na gabatarwar ta shine tushen abin da zai zama fim dinta na farko, B for Boy (2013). Anadu ya sami ɗaya daga cikin wurare shida kuma ya koma Paris don shiga. Ta rubuta rubutun don B for Boy (2013) a lokacin da ta zauna makonni biyu da rabi. <ref name=":1" /> Anadu ta samar da fim din tare da kamfaninta mai zaman kanta No Blondes Production . An harbe fim din a cikin kwanaki 17, tare da Anadu yana aiki a matsayin darektan, marubuci, furodusa, darektan jefawa, mai binciken wuri, mai lissafi, da lauya. Fim din ya samo asali ne daga kuɗin iyali, dangin Anadu sun ba da gudummawa 70% na farashin, yayin da abokin aikinta mai samarwa Arie Esiri ya ba da guddina ga sauran kashi 30.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBennett">Bennett, Kim. [http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ "Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy"]. ''The Seattle Medium''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> B for Boy (2013) an fara shi ne a duniya a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London a shekarar 2013. An kuma nuna shi a AFI Fest inda ya lashe kyautar AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award tare da kyautar kuɗi ta $ 5,000. An gudanar da fim din na Afirka ta Kudu a Durban a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2014. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din |- |2009 |''Epilogue'' |- |2010 |''Ava'' |- |2012 |''The Marriage Factor'' |- |2013 |''[[B for Boy|B for Boy]]'' |- |2015 |''Going Home'' |- |2020 |''Shine your Eyes'' |- |2023 |I Do Not Come to You by Chance |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] == Early life == Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta ƙaura zuwa Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. nyzx34upqbfbvmh9yhndwqepnrb0q5j 894123 894122 2026-08-10T10:04:12Z Aisha SM 47788 894123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Chika Anadu ƴar fim ce ta Najeriya wacce aka fi sani da fim din B for Boy (2013). Ta kuma rubuta kuma ta samar da gajeren fina-finai da yawa.[1] An kuma san fina-finai na Anadu da magance batutuwan nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi da matsalolin al'adu da ke kewaye da al'ada a Najeriya. == Rayuwa ta farko == An kuma haifi Chika Anadu a watan Nuwamban shekarar 1980 a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], wanda ke yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta koma Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. Yayinda take can, ta yi matakan 'A', ta kuma kammala digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a da Criminology, kuma ta sami MA a Nazarin Afirka: Ci gaban Dan Adam da Ci gaba mai dorewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref> A wata hira da aka yi da Kwalejin Fim ta New York, Anadu ta bayyana cewa tana son fina-finai a duk rayuwarta ta farko, amma ba sai shekarar 2006 ba ce ta yi tunanin zama darektan a matsayin aiki na gaskiya ga kanta. Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2006 don kammala shirin ta na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC), shirin aiki na tilas na gwamnati ga 'yan Najeriya da digiri na jami'a. A lokacin da ta zauna, ta ga fim din Italiyanci Cinema Paradiso (1988) kuma sha'awar zama darektan ta burge ta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zurko |first=Nick |title=It all Starts With a Script |url=https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/it-all-starts-with-a-script-an-interview-with-chika-anadu/ |access-date=9 February 2016 |publisher=New York Film Academy}}</ref> Anadu ya koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2008 kuma ya fara aiki a cikin talabijin da fim. Ba ta gamsu da kwarewarta ba, Anadu ta fara rubutu da yin fim dinta a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson |first=Tambay |title=Chika Anadu Wins AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award w/ Feature Debut B For Boy |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306175816/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |publisher=Indiewire}}</ref> An nuna gajeren fim dinta na farko, Epilogue (2009), a bikin fina-finai na San Diego Black na 2010 a Amurka. An nuna ''Ava'' (2010) a cikin gajeren fim na bikin fina-finai na Cannes a cikin 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2010, Kwalejin Fim ta New York ta zo Najeriya a karo na farko, tana ba da bita na tsawon wata a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, rubutun allo, da aikin kyamara. Anadu ta zaɓi yin rajista a cikin bita na rubutun allo maimakon jagorantar, duk da sanin cewa tana so ta zama darektan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Anadu ya nemi shirin zama na Cannes Cinéfondation a Paris. Maganin rubutun shafi 14 wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na gabatarwar ta shine tushen abin da zai zama fim dinta na farko, B for Boy (2013). Anadu ya sami ɗaya daga cikin wurare shida kuma ya koma Paris don shiga. Ta rubuta rubutun don B for Boy (2013) a lokacin da ta zauna makonni biyu da rabi. <ref name=":1" /> Anadu ta samar da fim din tare da kamfaninta mai zaman kanta No Blondes Production . An harbe fim din a cikin kwanaki 17, tare da Anadu yana aiki a matsayin darektan, marubuci, furodusa, darektan jefawa, mai binciken wuri, mai lissafi, da lauya. Fim din ya samo asali ne daga kuɗin iyali, dangin Anadu sun ba da gudummawa 70% na farashin, yayin da abokin aikinta mai samarwa Arie Esiri ya ba da guddina ga sauran kashi 30.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBennett">Bennett, Kim. [http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ "Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy"]. ''The Seattle Medium''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> B for Boy (2013) an fara shi ne a duniya a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London a shekarar 2013. An kuma nuna shi a AFI Fest inda ya lashe kyautar AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award tare da kyautar kuɗi ta $ 5,000. An gudanar da fim din na Afirka ta Kudu a Durban a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2014. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din |- |2009 |''Epilogue'' |- |2010 |''Ava'' |- |2012 |''The Marriage Factor'' |- |2013 |''[[B for Boy|B for Boy]]'' |- |2015 |''Going Home'' |- |2020 |''Shine your Eyes'' |- |2023 |I Do Not Come to You by Chance |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] == Early life == Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta ƙaura zuwa Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. 2n8s9k9njxqgpjfsmgzlxeeu5r9a7nz 894125 894123 2026-08-10T10:04:32Z Aisha SM 47788 894125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Chika Anadu ƴar fim ce ta Najeriya wacce aka fi sani da fim din B for Boy (2013). Ta kuma rubuta kuma ta samar da gajeren fina-finai da yawa.[1] An kuma san fina-finai na Anadu da magance batutuwan nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi da matsalolin al'adu da ke kewaye da al'ada a Najeriya. == Rayuwa ta farko == An kuma haifi Chika Anadu a watan Nuwamban shekarar 1980 a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], wanda ke yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta koma Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. Yayinda take can, ta yi matakan 'A', ta kuma kammala digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a da Criminology, kuma ta sami MA a Nazarin Afirka: Ci gaban Dan Adam da Ci gaba mai dorewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref> A wata hira da aka yi da Kwalejin Fim ta New York, Anadu ta bayyana cewa tana son fina-finai a duk rayuwarta ta farko, amma ba sai shekarar 2006 ba ce ta yi tunanin zama darektan a matsayin aiki na gaskiya ga kanta. Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2006 don kammala shirin ta na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC), shirin aiki na tilas na gwamnati ga 'yan Najeriya da digiri na jami'a. A lokacin da ta zauna, ta ga fim din Italiyanci Cinema Paradiso (1988) kuma sha'awar zama darektan ta burge ta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zurko |first=Nick |title=It all Starts With a Script |url=https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/it-all-starts-with-a-script-an-interview-with-chika-anadu/ |access-date=9 February 2016 |publisher=New York Film Academy}}</ref> Anadu ya koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2008 kuma ya fara aiki a cikin talabijin da fim. Ba ta gamsu da kwarewarta ba, Anadu ta fara rubutu da yin fim dinta a watan Oktoba da Nuwamban shekarar 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson |first=Tambay |title=Chika Anadu Wins AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award w/ Feature Debut B For Boy |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306175816/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |publisher=Indiewire}}</ref> An nuna gajeren fim dinta na farko, Epilogue (2009), a bikin fina-finai na San Diego Black na 2010 a Amurka. An nuna ''Ava'' (2010) a cikin gajeren fim na bikin fina-finai na Cannes a cikin 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2010, Kwalejin Fim ta New York ta zo Najeriya a karo na farko, tana ba da bita na tsawon wata a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, rubutun allo, da aikin kyamara. Anadu ta zaɓi yin rajista a cikin bita na rubutun allo maimakon jagorantar, duk da sanin cewa tana so ta zama darektan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Anadu ya nemi shirin zama na Cannes Cinéfondation a Paris. Maganin rubutun shafi 14 wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na gabatarwar ta shine tushen abin da zai zama fim dinta na farko, B for Boy (2013). Anadu ya sami ɗaya daga cikin wurare shida kuma ya koma Paris don shiga. Ta rubuta rubutun don B for Boy (2013) a lokacin da ta zauna makonni biyu da rabi. <ref name=":1" /> Anadu ta samar da fim din tare da kamfaninta mai zaman kanta No Blondes Production . An harbe fim din a cikin kwanaki 17, tare da Anadu yana aiki a matsayin darektan, marubuci, furodusa, darektan jefawa, mai binciken wuri, mai lissafi, da lauya. Fim din ya samo asali ne daga kuɗin iyali, dangin Anadu sun ba da gudummawa 70% na farashin, yayin da abokin aikinta mai samarwa Arie Esiri ya ba da guddina ga sauran kashi 30.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBennett">Bennett, Kim. [http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ "Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy"]. ''The Seattle Medium''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> B for Boy (2013) an fara shi ne a duniya a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London a shekarar 2013. An kuma nuna shi a AFI Fest inda ya lashe kyautar AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award tare da kyautar kuɗi ta $ 5,000. An gudanar da fim din na Afirka ta Kudu a Durban a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2014. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din |- |2009 |''Epilogue'' |- |2010 |''Ava'' |- |2012 |''The Marriage Factor'' |- |2013 |''[[B for Boy|B for Boy]]'' |- |2015 |''Going Home'' |- |2020 |''Shine your Eyes'' |- |2023 |I Do Not Come to You by Chance |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] == Early life == Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta ƙaura zuwa Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. c1t2x8l0hnotze0wpk9n4c6ke2se3pi 894126 894125 2026-08-10T10:05:15Z Aisha SM 47788 894126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Chika Anadu ƴar fim ce ta Najeriya wacce aka fi sani da fim din B for Boy (2013). Ta kuma rubuta kuma ta samar da gajeren fina-finai da yawa.[1] An kuma san fina-finai na Anadu da magance batutuwan nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi da matsalolin al'adu da ke kewaye da al'ada a Najeriya. == Rayuwa ta farko == An kuma haifi Chika Anadu a watan Nuwamban shekarar 1980 a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], wanda ke yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta koma Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. Yayinda take can, ta yi matakan 'A', ta kuma kammala digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a da Criminology, kuma ta sami MA a Nazarin Afirka: Ci gaban Dan Adam da Ci gaba mai dorewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref> A wata hira da aka yi da Kwalejin Fim ta New York, Anadu ta bayyana cewa tana son fina-finai a duk rayuwarta ta farko, amma ba sai shekarar 2006 ba ce ta yi tunanin zama darektan a matsayin aiki na gaskiya ga kanta. Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2006 don kammala shirin ta na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC), shirin aiki na tilas na gwamnati ga 'yan Najeriya da digiri na jami'a. A lokacin da ta zauna, ta ga fim din Italiyanci Cinema Paradiso (1988) kuma sha'awar zama darektan ta burge ta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zurko |first=Nick |title=It all Starts With a Script |url=https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/it-all-starts-with-a-script-an-interview-with-chika-anadu/ |access-date=9 February 2016 |publisher=New York Film Academy}}</ref> Anadu ya koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2008 kuma ya fara aiki a cikin talabijin da fim. Ba ta gamsu da kwarewarta ba, Anadu ta fara rubutu da yin fim ɗinta a watan Oktoba da Nuwamban shekarar 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson |first=Tambay |title=Chika Anadu Wins AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award w/ Feature Debut B For Boy |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306175816/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |publisher=Indiewire}}</ref> An nuna gajeren fim dinta na farko, Epilogue (2009), a bikin fina-finai na San Diego Black na 2010 a Amurka. An nuna ''Ava'' (2010) a cikin gajeren fim na bikin fina-finai na Cannes a cikin 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2010, Kwalejin Fim ta New York ta zo Najeriya a karo na farko, tana ba da bita na tsawon wata a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, rubutun allo, da aikin kyamara. Anadu ta zaɓi yin rajista a cikin bita na rubutun allo maimakon jagorantar, duk da sanin cewa tana so ta zama darektan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Anadu ya nemi shirin zama na Cannes Cinéfondation a Paris. Maganin rubutun shafi 14 wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na gabatarwar ta shine tushen abin da zai zama fim dinta na farko, B for Boy (2013). Anadu ya sami ɗaya daga cikin wurare shida kuma ya koma Paris don shiga. Ta rubuta rubutun don B for Boy (2013) a lokacin da ta zauna makonni biyu da rabi. <ref name=":1" /> Anadu ta samar da fim din tare da kamfaninta mai zaman kanta No Blondes Production . An harbe fim din a cikin kwanaki 17, tare da Anadu yana aiki a matsayin darektan, marubuci, furodusa, darektan jefawa, mai binciken wuri, mai lissafi, da lauya. Fim din ya samo asali ne daga kuɗin iyali, dangin Anadu sun ba da gudummawa 70% na farashin, yayin da abokin aikinta mai samarwa Arie Esiri ya ba da guddina ga sauran kashi 30.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBennett">Bennett, Kim. [http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ "Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy"]. ''The Seattle Medium''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> B for Boy (2013) an fara shi ne a duniya a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London a shekarar 2013. An kuma nuna shi a AFI Fest inda ya lashe kyautar AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award tare da kyautar kuɗi ta $ 5,000. An gudanar da fim din na Afirka ta Kudu a Durban a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2014. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din |- |2009 |''Epilogue'' |- |2010 |''Ava'' |- |2012 |''The Marriage Factor'' |- |2013 |''[[B for Boy|B for Boy]]'' |- |2015 |''Going Home'' |- |2020 |''Shine your Eyes'' |- |2023 |I Do Not Come to You by Chance |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] == Early life == Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta ƙaura zuwa Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. ot25r0l33wd2ij20wh7p3qe8p19lxl2 894127 894126 2026-08-10T10:05:36Z Aisha SM 47788 894127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Chika Anadu ƴar fim ce ta Najeriya wacce aka fi sani da fim din B for Boy (2013). Ta kuma rubuta kuma ta samar da gajeren fina-finai da yawa.[1] An kuma san fina-finai na Anadu da magance batutuwan nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi da matsalolin al'adu da ke kewaye da al'ada a Najeriya. == Rayuwa ta farko == An kuma haifi Chika Anadu a watan Nuwamban shekarar 1980 a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], wanda ke yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta koma Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. Yayinda take can, ta yi matakan 'A', ta kuma kammala digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a da Criminology, kuma ta sami MA a Nazarin Afirka: Ci gaban Dan Adam da Ci gaba mai dorewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref> A wata hira da aka yi da Kwalejin Fim ta New York, Anadu ta bayyana cewa tana son fina-finai a duk rayuwarta ta farko, amma ba sai shekarar 2006 ba ce ta yi tunanin zama darektan a matsayin aiki na gaskiya ga kanta. Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2006 don kammala shirin ta na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC), shirin aiki na tilas na gwamnati ga 'yan Najeriya da digiri na jami'a. A lokacin da ta zauna, ta ga fim din Italiyanci Cinema Paradiso (1988) kuma sha'awar zama darektan ta burge ta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zurko |first=Nick |title=It all Starts With a Script |url=https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/it-all-starts-with-a-script-an-interview-with-chika-anadu/ |access-date=9 February 2016 |publisher=New York Film Academy}}</ref> Anadu ya koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2008 kuma ya fara aiki a cikin talabijin da fim. Ba ta gamsu da kwarewarta ba, Anadu ta fara rubutu da yin fim ɗinta a watan Oktoba da Nuwamban shekarar 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson |first=Tambay |title=Chika Anadu Wins AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award w/ Feature Debut B For Boy |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306175816/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |publisher=Indiewire}}</ref> An nuna gajeren fim dinta na farko, Epilogue (2009), a bikin fina-finai na San Diego Black na 2010 a Amurka. An nuna ''Ava'' (2010) a cikin gajeren fim na bikin fina-finai na Cannes a cikin 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2010, Kwalejin Fim ta New York ta zo Najeriya a karo na farko, tana ba da bita na tsawon wata a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, rubutun allo, da aikin kyamara. Anadu ta zaɓi yin rajista a cikin bita na rubutun allo maimakon jagorantar, duk da sanin cewa tana so ta zama darektan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Anadu ya nemi shirin zama na Cannes Cinéfondation a Paris. Maganin rubutun shafi 14 wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na gabatarwar ta shine tushen abin da zai zama fim dinta na farko, B for Boy (2013). Anadu ya sami ɗaya daga cikin wurare shida kuma ya koma Paris don shiga. Ta rubuta rubutun don B for Boy (2013) a lokacin da ta zauna makonni biyu da rabi. <ref name=":1" /> Anadu ta samar da fim din tare da kamfaninta mai zaman kanta No Blondes Production . An kuma harbe fim din a cikin kwanaki 17, tare da Anadu yana aiki a matsayin darektan, marubuci, furodusa, darektan jefawa, mai binciken wuri, mai lissafi, da lauya. Fim din ya samo asali ne daga kuɗin iyali, dangin Anadu sun ba da gudummawa 70% na farashin, yayin da abokin aikinta mai samarwa Arie Esiri ya ba da guddina ga sauran kashi 30.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBennett">Bennett, Kim. [http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ "Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy"]. ''The Seattle Medium''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> B for Boy (2013) an fara shi ne a duniya a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London a shekarar 2013. An kuma nuna shi a AFI Fest inda ya lashe kyautar AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award tare da kyautar kuɗi ta $ 5,000. An gudanar da fim din na Afirka ta Kudu a Durban a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2014. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din |- |2009 |''Epilogue'' |- |2010 |''Ava'' |- |2012 |''The Marriage Factor'' |- |2013 |''[[B for Boy|B for Boy]]'' |- |2015 |''Going Home'' |- |2020 |''Shine your Eyes'' |- |2023 |I Do Not Come to You by Chance |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] == Early life == Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta ƙaura zuwa Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. sdjd3meubepd1czx14akxo88thz6oyz 894128 894127 2026-08-10T10:06:06Z Aisha SM 47788 894128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Chika Anadu ƴar fim ce ta Najeriya wacce aka fi sani da fim din B for Boy (2013). Ta kuma rubuta kuma ta samar da gajeren fina-finai da yawa.[1] An kuma san fina-finai na Anadu da magance batutuwan nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi da matsalolin al'adu da ke kewaye da al'ada a Najeriya. == Rayuwa ta farko == An kuma haifi Chika Anadu a watan Nuwamban shekarar 1980 a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], wanda ke yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta koma Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. Yayinda take can, ta yi matakan 'A', ta kuma kammala digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a da Criminology, kuma ta sami MA a Nazarin Afirka: Ci gaban Dan Adam da Ci gaba mai dorewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref> A wata hira da aka yi da Kwalejin Fim ta New York, Anadu ta bayyana cewa tana son fina-finai a duk rayuwarta ta farko, amma ba sai shekarar 2006 ba ce ta yi tunanin zama darektan a matsayin aiki na gaskiya ga kanta. Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2006 don kammala shirin ta na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC), shirin aiki na tilas na gwamnati ga 'yan Najeriya da digiri na jami'a. A lokacin da ta zauna, ta ga fim din Italiyanci Cinema Paradiso (1988) kuma sha'awar zama darektan ta burge ta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zurko |first=Nick |title=It all Starts With a Script |url=https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/it-all-starts-with-a-script-an-interview-with-chika-anadu/ |access-date=9 February 2016 |publisher=New York Film Academy}}</ref> Anadu ya koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2008 kuma ya fara aiki a cikin talabijin da fim. Ba ta gamsu da kwarewarta ba, Anadu ta fara rubutu da yin fim ɗinta a watan Oktoba da Nuwamban shekarar 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson |first=Tambay |title=Chika Anadu Wins AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award w/ Feature Debut B For Boy |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306175816/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |publisher=Indiewire}}</ref> An nuna gajeren fim dinta na farko, Epilogue (2009), a bikin fina-finai na San Diego Black na 2010 a Amurka. An nuna ''Ava'' (2010) a cikin gajeren fim na bikin fina-finai na Cannes a cikin 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2010, Kwalejin Fim ta New York ta zo Najeriya a karo na farko, tana ba da bita na tsawon wata a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, rubutun allo, da aikin kyamara. Anadu ta zaɓi yin rajista a cikin bita na rubutun allo maimakon jagorantar, duk da sanin cewa tana so ta zama darektan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Anadu ya nemi shirin zama na Cannes Cinéfondation a Paris. Maganin rubutun shafi 14 wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na gabatarwar ta shine tushen abin da zai zama fim dinta na farko, B for Boy (2013). Anadu ya sami ɗaya daga cikin wurare shida kuma ya koma Paris don shiga. Ta rubuta rubutun don B for Boy (2013) a lokacin da ta zauna makonni biyu da rabi. <ref name=":1" /> Anadu ta samar da fim din tare da kamfaninta mai zaman kanta No Blondes Production . An kuma harbe fim din a cikin kwanaki 17, tare da Anadu yana aiki a matsayin darektan, marubuci, furodusa, darektan jefawa, mai binciken wuri, mai lissafi, da lauya. Fim din ya samo asali ne daga kuɗin iyali, dangin Anadu sun ba da gudummawa 70% na farashin, yayin da abokin aikinta mai samarwa Arie Esiri ya ba da guddina ga sauran kashi 30.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBennett">Bennett, Kim. [http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ "Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy"]. ''The Seattle Medium''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> B for Boy (2013) an fara shi ne a duniya a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London a shekarar 2013. An kuma nuna shi a AFI Fest inda ya lashe kyautar AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award tare da kyautar kuɗi ta $ 5,000. An kuma gudanar da fim din na Afirka ta Kudu a Durban a ranar 19 ga Yulin shekarar 2014. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din |- |2009 |''Epilogue'' |- |2010 |''Ava'' |- |2012 |''The Marriage Factor'' |- |2013 |''[[B for Boy|B for Boy]]'' |- |2015 |''Going Home'' |- |2020 |''Shine your Eyes'' |- |2023 |I Do Not Come to You by Chance |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] == Early life == Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta ƙaura zuwa Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. nprx88oaxh2q1qa9mmz83v3hjscs5ab 0 55552 893814 541807 2026-08-09T18:57:41Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Meat_f.jpg|Meat_f.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Bedivere|Bedivere]] because: Out of scope, personal photos. 893814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{stub}} [[Fayil:MeatPie.JPG|thumb|Meat pie]] [[Fayil:Vegan Meat Pie 01 Pengo.jpg|thumb|Meat pie]] [[Fayil:Roubing at Wang's Halal Eatery (20221001175559).jpg|thumb|Meat pie]] [[Fayil:Fish pie mai dadi.jpg|thumb|fish pie]] Meat pie, Wani nau'in abinci ne na makwalashe,Wanda yasamo asali daga turawa abincine me dadi da saukin sarrafawa. iago3mu88140vg157674ck3b4yvz79n 0 55799 894053 497363 2026-08-10T07:33:34Z Baffa ali 47435 894053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Terminal Tower.jpg|thumb|lavelanf]] [[Fayil:CLE skyline.png|thumb|claveland]] '''Cleveland''' (/ ˈkliːvlənd/ KLEEV-lənd), a hukuma ce '''Birnin Cleveland''', birni ne a cikin Jihar Ohio ta [[Amurka]], kuma kujerar gundumar Cuyahoga County.<ref name="GR6">{{cite web |title=Find a County |publisher=National Association of Counties |url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |access-date=June 7, 2011 |archive-date=May 31, 2011}}</ref> Tana cikin Arewa maso Gabashin Ohio kusa da gabar kudu na tafkin Erie, tana kan iyakar tekun Amurka da Kanada kuma tana da nisan mil 60 (kilomita 97) yamma da Pennsylvania. Cleveland yana matsayin birni mafi girma a kan tafkin Erie, birni na biyu mafi yawan jama'a a Ohio, kuma birni na 54 mafi yawan jama'a a Amurka tare da yawan jama'a na 2020 na 372,624.<ref name="USCensusQuickFacts">{{cite web|title = Cleveland|work = QuickFacts|publisher = United States Census Bureau|url = https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/clevelandcityohio|access-date = May 19, 2023}}</ref> inkiyar wannan ita ce KASA(the land)kokuma BIRNIN DA DAjI(the forest city daklivlenf). {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} r9aqba1xmxi257h0zkcahvdjfp35hhr 0 55907 893858 893353 2026-08-09T20:05:16Z Der-Wir-Ing 14522 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/893353|893353]] by [[Special:Contributions/Baffa ali|Baffa ali]] ([[User talk:Baffa ali|talk]])wrong language 893858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{stub}} '''East Peoria''' Wani yanki ne daga cikin jihar Illinois dake qasar amurka''' <ref>East Peoria Elementary School District 86 https://www.epd86.org East Peoria Elementary School District 86 | Home</ref><ref>Census.gov https://www.census.gov › quickfacts U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: East Peoria city, Illinois</ref><ref>Facebook https://m.facebook.com › EPCityGo... East Peoria - City Government</ref><ref>Tripadvisor https://www.tripadvisor.com › Tour... East Peoria, IL 2023: Best Places to Visit</ref><ref>East Peoria Chamber of Commerce https://www.epcc.org East Peoria Chamber of Commerce: Home</ref><ref>Wikipedia https://en.m.wikipedia.org › wiki East Peoria, Illinois</ref><ref>City of East Peoria https://www.cityofeastpeoria.com City of East Peoria</ref><ref>309</ref><ref>...  Wikipedia</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ebuek8f63cwnmyf5fbpx1gqi3oumnq4 0 56028 894050 357529 2026-08-10T07:22:04Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Manazarta */ 894050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Akungba Akoko''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Akungba''', wani gari ne a [[Ondo (jiha)|jihar Ondo]], a kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. Al'umma ce mai masaukin baki zuwa [[Jami'ar Adekunle Ajasin]].{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Populated places in Ondo State]] {{OndoNG-geo-stub}} The New monarch ascent to the throne on August 5th 2025 HRM Oba Oseni Isiaka Adu (Agure I) Òdúndún Asodedero j4wra5uowmn9bnkx8gqyemyowlle7jr 0 56312 893945 459851 2026-08-09T23:23:13Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Manazarta */ 893945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Agwut-Obolo''' Town (Alabie) ana fassara shi a zahiri cikin [[harshen Obolo]] da (Mai Tsarki na mutanen Obolo). Haka kuma, kujerar kabilar Obolo. Dake Karamar Hukumar [[Andoni]] a [[Jihar Rivers|Jihar Ribas]], [[Najeriya]]. Agwut-Obolo wata tsohuwar cibiyar addini ce a yankin Gabashin [[Neja Delta]] kafin mulkin mallaka inda gunkin ''"Yok-OBolo" yake,'' gunkin al'ummar Obolo na kasa.<ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=97–113}}</ref> Bayan ficewar Sarkin Opobo da kungiyarsa daga Masarautar Bonny a shekarar 1869 suna neman mafaka a filin Obolo (Andoni), Jaja ya shiga wata mubaya'a ta al'ada don girmama Ubangijin" ''Yok-Obolo"'' a Agwut-Obolo ko Alabie kamar yadda ya saba. yanayin karbuwarsa a yankin Obolo. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=21–41}}</ref>{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{Reflist}} {{ci|date=October 2022}} {{coord|4.473|7.364|type:city_region:NG|display=title}} [[Category:Geography of Rivers State]] {{RiversState-geo-stub}} gaa29ik1ptmgqq7jkmihw50cswpu6r2 0 56370 893861 893348 2026-08-09T20:07:48Z Der-Wir-Ing 14522 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/893348|893348]] by [[Special:Contributions/Baffa ali|Baffa ali]] ([[User talk:Baffa ali|talk]]) 893861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Kano State collage.png|thumb|Kano loko]] '''Loko''' gari ne, a [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|ƙaramar hukumar]] [[Nasarawa (Nasarawa)|Nasarawa]] a [[Nasarawa|Jihar Nasarawa]] a yankin tsakiyar bel ko shiyyar Arewa ta tsakiya a [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]]. Ana samunsa a bakin [[Benue (kogi)|kogin Benue]]. Garin dai karamin tashar jiragen ruwa ne, kusa da [[Benue (kogi)|kogin benue]], domin jigilar kayayyakin da ake fitarwa, zuwa gabashi da yammacin [[Najeriya]]. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== 7exw99owizgsrx54rr96cz4jc95zlbd 0 56644 893873 892621 2026-08-09T20:13:53Z Der-Wir-Ing 14522 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/892621|892621]] by [[Special:Contributions/Baffa ali|Baffa ali]] ([[User talk:Baffa ali|talk]]) 893873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gari ne da yake a karkashin jahar Andhra Pradesh wadda take a kudancin kasar indiya wanda Kuma birnin yana a yankin Rayalaseema. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 93z7czt06np1cr8fwhh5u8wo6hx9y3d 0 56904 893645 342237 2026-08-09T13:40:31Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Manazarta */ 893645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{stub}} Gari ne da yake a Yankin Nawada dake a karkashin jahar Bihar a kasar indiya. Akidayar shekarar 2011 Garin yana da jumullar mutane 32,585. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} == {{unreferenced section|date=August 2022}} Hisua had a system of tax collection called ''[[zamindari]]'', which was prevalent until 1953. Most of the agricultural land and surroundings of Hisua were controlled by the ''zamindar'' family three brothers out of five ruled and controlled large acres of land in and around Gaya Bihar. Their ''[[haveli]]'' (private mansion) was known as ''Hisua Darbar'' in Hisua and Gaya. They had control over a large area spanning Chouparan, [[Sherghati]], [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Nawada]], [[Rajgir]], Hisua, [[Akbarpur, Ambedkar Nagar|Akbarpur]] and Rajouli. They had a large area of land for [[mica]] mining, which they eventually leased out to various companies. After the abolition of Zamindari Pratha by [[Vinoba Bhave]] in 1953, the agricultural land was distributed to the local villagers by the ''zamindar'' family of Hisua Estate. ==Demographics== In the mid-19th century, many labourers from the region migrated to [[Mauritius]], [[Reunion Island]], and various [[Caribbean]] islands. The population of Hisua was 6,704 in 1901,<ref>''British India Gazette'' 1905</ref> but had grown to 25,045 by 2001.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> According of [[2011 Indian Census]], Hisua had a total population of 32,585, of which 16,987 were males and 15,598 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 5,504. The total number of literates in Hisua was 19,361, which constituted 59.4% of the population with male literacy of 64.8% and female literacy of 53.5%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Hisua was 71.5%, of which male literacy rate was 78.0% and female literacy rate was 64.4%. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] population was 6,178 and 9 respectively. Hisua had 5096 households in 2011.<ref name="Census2011Gov">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Hisua |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=291933 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |accessdate=24 February 2020}}</ref> Hisua was India's first child labour-free block. ==Languages== The official languages are [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]]. [[Magahi language|Magahi]] is the most commonly spoken language in Hisua. ==Commerce== The main market of Hisua is at Bazaar, Main Road and Narhat Road. Hisua's economy is primarily dependent on agriculture. There are three petrol pump stations in Hisua town, automobile showrooms and one domestic gas agency in the city. The Station Road area is an emerging commercial hub with the development of a new railway line from [[Tilaiya]] to [[Koderma]] and [[Rajgir]]. ==Industry== Although most industries in Hisua are small-scale, family-owned businesses, Hisua is the second fastest-growing town in the district of Nawada.{{clarify|date=January 2013}} Planned developments include a pipeline project, a polytechnic college, and an extension of the railway from [[Tilaiya Junction railway station|Tilaiya Station]] to [[Koderma]]. ==Education== * [[Gyan Bharti Model Residential Complex]], a [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]-affiliated school near Dhanwan, 3&nbsp;km east of Hisua Sharda Public School, Station Road Hasua * [[Chanakya Vidyapith]], primary school near bagodar * [[Jeevan Jyoti Public School|Jeevan Jyoti]] * [[Khanqah Chishtia Madarsa, Chhota Shaikhpura]] ==Railway station== [[Hisua railway station]] is the main station of Hisua. Nearby [[Tilaiya Junction railway station]] connects [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Kiul Junction railway station|Kiul]], [[Nawada]], [[Rajgir]] and [[Koderma]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Magadh Division}} [[Category:Cities and towns in Nawada district]] pldk0p5v1ctxrffyc8zwk41ppw3rruw 893855 893645 2026-08-09T20:02:55Z Der-Wir-Ing 14522 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/893645|893645]] by [[Special:Contributions/Baffa ali|Baffa ali]] ([[User talk:Baffa ali|talk]])wrong language 893855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{stub}} Gari ne da yake a Yankin Nawada dake a karkashin jahar Bihar a kasar indiya. Akidayar shekarar 2011 Garin yana da jumullar mutane 32,585. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 09kjlhuj00esyo55uw0p5yl8gulhzqq 0 57966 893862 893346 2026-08-09T20:08:07Z Der-Wir-Ing 14522 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/893346|893346]] by [[Special:Contributions/Baffa ali|Baffa ali]] ([[User talk:Baffa ali|talk]]) 893862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vejalpur''' birni ne a Sabon Yankin Yamma na babban birni na Ahmedabad a cikin jihar Gujarat ta [[Indiya]]. A ƙidayar Jama'a ta Indiya ta shekarar 2001 Vejalpur tana da yawan jama'a 113,304. Maza sune kashi 52% na yawan jama'a da mata 48%. Vejalpur yana da matsakaicin adadin karatu na 80%, sama da matsakaicin ƙasa na 59.5%: ilimin maza shine 84%, kuma ilimin mata shine 77%. A Vejalpur, 11% na yawan jama'ar ƙasa da shekaru 6 ne.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2026-01-08|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} = Vejalpur (Gujarat) is geographically located at latitude (23.006145 degrees) 23°00'22.1" North of the Equator and longitude (72.516488 degrees) 72°30'59.4" East of the Prime Meridian on the Map of the world. ==Demographics== {{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Vejalpur had a population of 113,304. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Vejalpur has an average literacy rate of 80%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 84%, and female literacy is 77%. In Vejalpur, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. ==Prominent Political Names from Vejalpur== * [[Madhubhai Thakor]] - BJP Leader Former Cabinet Minister Government of Gujarat *Raju Thakor - AMC Dandak *Kalpesh Patel - Senior Leader, Indian National Congress (INC) *Mahesh Ramabhai Thakor, President and Youth Congress Leader(IYC) *Paresh Waghela(Lawyer) - Senior Congress(INC)leader And an Elected Member of Bar Council Of Gujarat *Mihir Shah - Senior Congress Leader Vejalpur is declared as independent assembly constituency. Vejalpur, Jodhpur, Maktampura and Sarkhej are the Four Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation ward of vejalpur assembly. Vejalpur One Of the Assembly Of Gandhinagar Legislative Assembly ==References== <references/> [[Category:Neighbourhoods in Ahmedabad]] {{Ahmedabad-geo-stub}} hs2vw5wzk0ugi6zm3jlaag7nlw530de 893863 893862 2026-08-09T20:09:10Z Der-Wir-Ing 14522 893863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vejalpur''' birni ne a Sabon Yankin Yamma na babban birni na Ahmedabad a cikin jihar Gujarat ta [[Indiya]]. A ƙidayar Jama'a ta Indiya ta shekarar 2001 Vejalpur tana da yawan jama'a 113,304. Maza sune kashi 52% na yawan jama'a da mata 48%. Vejalpur yana da matsakaicin adadin karatu na 80%, sama da matsakaicin ƙasa na 59.5%: ilimin maza shine 84%, kuma ilimin mata shine 77%. A Vejalpur, 11% na yawan jama'ar ƙasa da shekaru 6 ne.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2026-01-08|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{Ahmedabad-geo-stub}} kiiatbzyb82kh3nmf9sn2sbe8tukvf2 0 59248 893792 369018 2026-08-09T17:13:04Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Duba kuma */ 893792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Lepashe''' mashigar ruwa ce ta halitta a [[Botswana]]. Ya raba sunansa da ƙauyen Lepashe,wanda kogin ke gudana ta cikinsa. Kogin Lepashe yana gudana zuwa Sua Pan.<ref>C. Michael Hogan</ref> Akwai mahimmin albarkatun tsakuwa tare da wasu iyakoki na kogin Lepashe.<ref>Botswana Geological Survey</ref>{{stub}} == Duba kuma == * [[Makgadikgadi Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]] * [[Makgadikgadi Pans]] ==References== * Botswana Geological Survey Dept, District Memoir no. 1, published by Federation of Malaya * C. Michael Hogan (2008) ''Makgadikgadi'', The Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&mode=&order=0] ==Line notes== {{reflist}} {{coord|20|52|S|26|16|E|display=title|region:BW_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} [[Category:Rivers of Botswana]] {{Botswana-river-stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 8fn1l6ae30qzbonik7b2skim3cwk881 893794 893792 2026-08-09T17:14:51Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Duba kuma */ 893794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Lepashe''' mashigar ruwa ce ta halitta a [[Botswana]]. Ya raba sunansa da ƙauyen Lepashe,wanda kogin ke gudana ta cikinsa. Kogin Lepashe yana gudana zuwa Sua Pan.<ref>C. Michael Hogan</ref> Akwai mahimmin albarkatun tsakuwa tare da wasu iyakoki na kogin Lepashe.<ref>Botswana Geological Survey</ref>{{stub}} == Duba kuma == * [[Makgadikgadi Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]] * [[Makgadikgadi Pans]] {{reflist |colwidth=30em}} ;Sources {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Q1pfcjMae8C&pg=PA16 |page=16 |title=Lake Naivasha, Kenya |first=David M. |last=Harper |publisher=Springer |year=2003 |isbn=1402012365}} *{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sYBeDlKy6bUC&pg=PA641 |title=State of Water in Nakuru |first=D.M. |last=Mbela |journal=Kenya National Assembly Official Record (Hansard) |date=3 May 1994 |volume=4 |issue=25}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA120 |title=Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment |first=Michele L. |last=Thieme |publisher=Island Press |year=2005 |isbn=1559633654}} {{refend}} {{Great Rift Valley, Kenya}} [[Category:Rivers of Kenya]] {{Kenya-river-stub}} ==References== * Botswana Geological Survey Dept, District Memoir no. 1, published by Federation of Malaya * C. Michael Hogan (2008) ''Makgadikgadi'', The Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&mode=&order=0] ==Line notes== {{reflist}} {{coord|20|52|S|26|16|E|display=title|region:BW_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} [[Category:Rivers of Botswana]] {{Botswana-river-stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} c8ncpl575g40hw6syyfbd27kbp5wjl3 0 59295 894032 578242 2026-08-10T05:36:03Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Manazarta */ 894032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fatou Ndiaye Sow''' (haihuwa a shekarar 1937 – 24 ga watan 24/25 Oktoban, 2004) <ref>[http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/NdiayeSowFatou.html University of Western Australia/French]</ref> mawaƙin [[Senegal|Senegal ce]], malama kuma marubuciyar yara. Yawancin littattafanta sun shafi [[Kungiyar kare hakkin yara|yancin yara]] kuma an buga su tare da tallafin [[UNICEF]] da gwamnatin Senegal. A shekara ta 1989, ta shiga cikin PEN International Congress na 5th. Littattafanta sun hada da: {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2004]] {{Reflist}} je1k6mr4sr2ap6z5yk0yb568uua8qj9 894041 894032 2026-08-10T07:02:50Z Baffa ali 47435 894041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fatou Ndiaye Sow''' (haihuwa a shekarar ta 1937 harzuwa ranar 24 daga Kuma ranar 24/25 zuwa watan Oktoban, a shekara ta 2004) <ref>[http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/NdiayeSowFatou.html University of Western Australia/French]</ref> mawaƙin [[Senegal|Senegal ce]], malama kuma marubuciyar yara. Yawancin littattafanta sun shafi [[Kungiyar kare hakkin yara|yancin yara]] kuma an buga su tare da tallafin [[UNICEF]] da gwamnatin Senegal. A shekara ta 1989, ta shiga cikin PEN International Congress na 5th. Littattafanta sun hada da: {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2004]] {{Reflist}} btx14wik9jwmmdxep84eseh34kk88pp 0 60705 893647 890119 2026-08-09T13:57:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[File:Bayswater_Power_Station.jpg|right|thumb|245x245px| Tashar wutar lantarki ta Bayswater]] '''Tashar wutar lantarki ta Bayswater tashar wutar lantarki''' ce ta ''bituminous'' (baƙar fata) da ke da ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai {{Convert|660|MW}} Tokyo Shibaura Electric (Japan) turbo masu turbo masu motsi don haɗakar ƙarfin {{Convert|2640|MW}}. An ba da izini tsakanin 1985 zuwa 1986, tashar tana da nisan {{Convert|16|km|mi|0}} daga Muswellbrook, da {{Convert|28|km|mi|0}} daga Singleton a cikin Yankin Muhallin Hunter na ''New South Wales,'' [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]]. Kafin Satumba 2014 Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bayswater wani yanki ne na mai samar da wutar lantarki na Gwamnatin NSW, Macquarie Generation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.macgen.com.au/ |title="Macgen Website" |access-date=2023-09-25 |archive-date=2016-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023231817/http://www.macgen.com.au/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An samu Macquarie Generation ta AGL Energy acikin Satumba 2014.<ref>[http://www.agl.com.au/about-agl/media-centre/article-list/2014/september/agl-completes-acquisition-of-macquarie-generation-assets "AGL completes acquisition of Macquarie Generation assets"], 2 September 2014</ref> == Tarihi == An kammala aikin janareta na farko a shekarar 1985, sauran na’urorin samar da wutar lantarki guda uku kuma a cigaba da tafiya a wannan shekarar har zuwa shekarar 1986. Bayswater tana jawo ruwan sanyi daga Kogin Hunter a ƙarƙashin haƙƙin ruwa da aka yi shawarwari tare da gwamnatin New South Wales. Tsarin kogin Barnard kuma yana ba da damar Bayswater da Liddell don canja wurin ruwa daga babban kogin Manning zuwa Kogin Hunter don amfani da su. Yawancin kwal ɗin ana bada shi ta hanyar isar da iskar gas daga ma'adinai da ta raba tareda tashar wutar lantarki ta Liddell da ke kusa. Amfanin kwal yana kusa da {{Convert|8|Mt|ST}} a shekara kuma yana samar da kusan {{Convert|17000|GWh}} na wutar lantarki a shekara. Wannan isasshe wutar lantarki ce ga matsakaitan gidaje da iyalai miliyan 2 na Australiya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2012}}</link> == Fitar da iska == Carbon Monitoring for Action ya kiyasta wannan tashar wutar lantarki tana fitar da tan miliyan 19.80 na iskar gas a kowace shekara sakamakon kona gawayi. Acikin 2010 Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da Tsarin Rage Gurɓatar Carbon don taimakawa [[Rage canjin yanayi|wajen magance sauyin yanayi]]. Ana sa ran zai yi tasiri kan hayakin da ake fitarwa daga tashoshin wutar lantarki. Ƙididdigar Ƙira ta Ƙasa tana bada cikakkun bayanai na kewayon gurɓataccen hayaƙi, ciki harda CO, wanda aka kiyasta a {{Convert|1600000|kg}} na shekara mai ƙare 30 Yuni 2011. A shekara ta 2009, tashar wutar lantarki ta kasance batun "matakin farko na doka da nufin dakile gurbacewar iskar gas daga tashar wutar lantarki". Wani mai fafutukar kare muhalli Pete Gray yaje Kotun Kasa da Muhalli na New South Wales, inda ya tambaye shiya gano cewa tashar wutar lantarki ta kasance "da gangan ko sakaci da zubar da sharar gida [...] ta hanyar fitar da [[carbon dioxide]] acikin yanayi ta hanyar da ta dace cutarwa ko kuma yana iya cutar da muhalli saɓanin sashe na 115(1) na ''Dokar Kare Muhalli na Ayyukan Muhalli'' na 1997”, tareda neman doka kan tashar. Shari'ar, ''Grey da Anor v Macquarie Generation'', yana gudana a Lokacin mutuwar Grey daga ciwon daji acikin Afrilu 2011. == Haɓaka tsakiyar rayuwa == Acikin Disamba 2018, an amince da haɓɓaka zuwa tashar wutar lantarki ta Bayswater da za'a kammala kusan lokaci guda da shawarar rufe tashar wutar lantarki ta Liddell a 2022. Dukansu mallakar AGL Energy ne kuma suna cinye kwal daga ma'adana iri ɗaya. Amincewa da haɓɓakawa bai sanya tsauraran matakan sarrafa iskar ba, duk da haka AGL tayi iƙirarin cewa rufe Liddell zai haifar da haɓɓaka ƙimar iska. Haɓɓakawa zata ƙara ƙarfin injin turbin guda uku akan raka'o'in samar da wutar lantarki guda huɗu, wanda zai ƙara ƙarfin kowace naúrar da 25MW yayin da ɗan rage yawan kwal da ake cinyewa. == Bayanin shuka == === Boilers === * Matsin lamba: {{Convert|16550|kPa}} * Yanayin zafi: {{Convert|540|C}} * Tsawo: {{Convert|80|m}} === Turbo alternators === * Lambar da ake amfani da ita: 4 * Maƙera: Tokyo Shibaura Electric Company, (Toshiba) Limited, Japan. * Gudun aiki 3,000 rpm * Alternator ƙarfin lantarki: 23kV * Rating: {{Convert|660|MW}} * Tsawon {{Convert|50|m}} * Nauyi: {{Convert|1342|MT|ST}} === Turbine gidan === * Tsawon {{Convert|510|m}} * Tsawo: {{Convert|38|m}} * Nisa: {{Convert|40|m}} === Tari mai fitarwa === * Tsawo: {{Convert|248|m}} * Diamita a gindi: {{Convert|23|m}} * Diamita a saman: {{Convert|12|m}} === Hasumiya mai sanyi === * Tsawo: {{Convert|132|m}} * Diamita a gindi: {{Convert|100|m}} * Diamita a saman: {{Convert|52|m}} == Ayyuka == {| class="wikitable" |+ style="text-align: left;" |Bayswater Power Station Generation (MWh) <ref>http://nemlog.com.au/show/unit/YYYYMMDD/YYYYMMDD/?k1=GENCODE{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} where YYYYMMDD are start and end dates and GENCODE is one of BW01, BW02, BW03, or BW04.</ref> ! Shekara ! Jimlar ! BW01 ! BW02 ! BW03 ! BW04 |- | 2011 | 17,668,503 | 4,437,476 | 4,343,235 | 4,570,513 | 4,317,279 |- | 2012 | 15,510,718 | 4,384,775 | 3,562,402 | 3,805,720 | 3,757,821 |- | 2013 | 16,849,827 | 4,199,877 | 4,457,319 | 3,905,809 | 4,286,822 |- | 2014 | 16,152,772 | 4,255,612 | 4,148,943 | 4,077,094 | 3,671,123 |- | 2015 | 18,629,692 | 4,540,957 | 4,328,707 | 4,752,008 | 5,008,020 |- | 2016 | 16,687,593 | 4,446,607 | 3,484,473 | 4,272,641 | 4,483,872 |- | 2017 | 16,180,305 | 3,738,050 | 4,485,369 | 3,766,177 | 4,190,709 |- | 2018 | 14,830,893 | 2,472,064 | 3,717,225 | 4,529,614 | 4,111,990 |- | 2019 | 15,985,267 | 4,255,873 | 4,048,191 | 4,678,243 | 3,002,960 |- | 2020 | 15,463,880 | 4,359,131 | 4,282,939 | 3,718,201 | 3,103,609 |- | 2021 | 14,453,646 | 3,970,400 | 2,623,948 | 3,930,058 | 3,929,240 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.macgen.com.au/GenerationPortfolio/BayswaterPowerStation.aspx Macquarie Generation]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} shafi akan Bayswater qpzcppx7skeh2c9yqwtklu0xl5mp25h 0 62264 893791 484185 2026-08-09T17:12:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tosin Igho''' furodusa ne kuma daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya. == Rayuwa da aiki == [[Fayil:Photograph 1.jpg|thumb|Tosin Igho]] Tosin shi ɗan tsohon sojan NTA ne Peter Igho.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2021-11-22 |title=Nollywood director, Tosin Igho set to launch films showcasing Nigeria |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/nollywood-director-tosin-igho-set-to-launch-films-showcasing-nigeria/ |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Visual Effects daga babbar jami'ar AFDA a [[Cape Town]], [[Afirka ta Kudu|Afirka ta Kudu,]] kuma ya sami wani digirin na farko a fannin ɗaukar hoto.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-12-18 |title=Here is why Tosin Igho is currently one of the leading movie directors in Africa |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/12/here-is-why-tosin-igho-is-currently-one-of-the-leading-movie-directors-in-africa/ |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-16 |title=Meet Nollywood leading movie director, Tosin Igho, flying Africa |url=https://guardian.ng/art/meet-nollywood-leading-movie-director-tosin-igho-flying-africas-banner-high/ |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813173445/https://guardian.ng/art/meet-nollywood-leading-movie-director-tosin-igho-flying-africas-banner-high/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mawaƙi sannan ya ba da umarni na bidiyon kiɗa. Ya ba da umarni na bidiyon kiɗa ga shahararrun mawaƙa kamar [[Mo' Hits Records]], [[D'banj]], [[Terry G]], [[Faze (musician)|Faze]], [[Yung L]], [[Aramide (musician)|Aramide]] da [[Sammie Okposo]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=ogunlami |first=yinka |date=2018-04-11 |title=This might be the most colourful Nollywood film you'll see in 2018 |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/the-eve-this-might-be-the-most-colourful-nollywood-film-youll-see-in-2018/cwqgv7b |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en |archive-date=2022-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719150122/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/the-eve-this-might-be-the-most-colourful-nollywood-film-youll-see-in-2018/cwqgv7b |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Fina-finai == Shi babban mai shiryawa ne tare da shirya shirye-shiryen talbijin da suka haɗa da; ''Once Upon A Time'', ''Judging Matters, Love Come Back, I am Laycon.''<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Shi ne darektan fim ɗin Seven2019 kuma yana aiki akan shirin Suspicious (fim da aka tsara fitar dashi a shekarar 2023). ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mawaƙan Nijeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 78ip81nj62otibcfcf666m6ps2m1bxz 0 62722 894049 361865 2026-08-10T07:19:11Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Manazarta */ 894049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Claude Léon Auguste Piéplu''' ( an haife shi 9 ga Mayu 1923 a Paris – 24 ga Mayu 2006, Paris) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Faransa, fim kuma ɗan wasan talabijin. An san shi da zazzakar muryarsa.<ref> Biographie Claude Piéplu Who's Who in France, 24 mai 2006.</ref>{{stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1923]] [[category:Mutuwan 2006]] {{reflist}} 8rd8dgdfn5yt52qersgyzvfsbf3u079 0 63060 894030 881924 2026-08-10T05:24:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}<templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />'''Zaben a Najeriya''' ya haɗa da zabar wakilai ga [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Gwamnatin tarayya ta Najeriya]] da kuma jihohi daban-daban a [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta hudu|Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta huɗu]]. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oni |first=Samuel |last2=Chidozie |first2=Felix |last3=Agbude |first3=Godwyns |date=2014-08-11 |title=Electoral Politics in the Fourth Republic of Nigeria's Democratic Governance |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2478822 |language=en |location=Rochester, NY |ssrn=2478822}}</ref> Zaben a Najeriya ya fara ne a shekarar 1959 tare da jam'iyyun siyasa da yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Awa |first=E. O. |date=1960 |title=Federal Elections in Nigeria, 1959 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41853826 |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=101–113 |issn=0019-5510 |jstor=41853826}}</ref> Hanyar zabar shugabannin ce wacce 'yan ƙasa ke da' yancin yin zabe da kuma a zabe su. A cikin 2023, 'yan Najeriya suna shirye-shiryen Zaben shugaban kasa tare da kimanin masu jefa kuri'a miliyan 93.4 a duk faɗin tarayyar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Egbejule |first=Ope Adetayo, Alia Chughtai, Eromo |title=Nigeria 2023 election: All you need to know |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/21/all-you-need-to-know-about-nigeria-2023-election |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> Ana gudanar da zabe a Najeriya a dukkan matakai na gwamnati. Zaben shugaban kasa, zaben majalisar dokoki na kasa, zaben gwamna da zaben kananan hukumomi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-04 |title=Elections in Nigeria: 2023 General Elections |url=https://www.ifes.org/tools-resources/election-snapshots/elections-nigeria-2023-general-elections |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=www.ifes.org |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Ɗan Nijeriya|'Yan Najeriya]] sun zabi [[Shugaban Nijeriya|Shugaban Najeriya]] don aiki a matsayin [[shugaban kasa]]. Wanda ya ci nasara dole ne ya sami mafi yawan kuri'u kuma aƙalla kashi 25% a kowane ɓangare na kashi biyu bisa uku na jihohi da babban birnin. Idan babu wanda ya cika ka'idojin biyu, za a yi zagaye na biyu tsakanin manyan masu samun kuri'u biyu. A lokaci guda masu jefa kuri'a suna mazabar majalisa Dokokin Najeriya wacce ke aiki a matsayin majalisar dokoki. [[Majalisar Najeriya|Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa]] tana da majalisa biyu: Majalisar Wakilai, tare da mambobi 360, kowannensu an zabe shi na tsawon shekaru hudu a cikin mazabu guda ɗaya, da Majalisar Dattijai, tare da mambobin 109, an zabe su na tsawon shekaru huɗu. [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|Jihohi talatin da shida]] sun kasu kashi uku na sanatoci, kowannensu sanata daya ne ke wakilta, da kuma [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|Babban Birnin Tarayya]] wanda sanata daya ke wakilta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goitom |first=Hanibal |date=May 2012 |title=Nigeria: Election Laws {{!}} Law Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/nigeria-election-law/index.php |access-date=2020-05-25 |website=www.loc.gov}}</ref> Najeriya tana da tsarin jam'iyyun da yawa, tare da jam'iyyu biyu ko uku masu karfi da kuma jam'iyya ta uku wacce ke cin nasara a zaben. Koyaya, membobin [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a]] (PDP) sun mallaki shugabancin tun lokacin da aka sake gudanar da zaben a 1999 har zuwa 2015 lokacin da [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya lashe Zaben shugaban kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=People's Democratic Party {{!}} History, Objectives, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Peoples-Democratic-Party-political-party-Nigeria |access-date=2020-05-25 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> === Maimaitawa === Daga shekara ta 2003 zuwa 2019, an soke zabe 503 kuma an sake gudanar da su a Najeriya. Jam'iyyar da ke mulki ta kasa ta lashe kashi 93% na sake gudanar da zabe, yayin da ta lashe kashi 54% kawai na sauran zabuka.<ref name="adeleke">{{Cite journal |last=Adeleke |first=Fatai G., Musediq O. Lawal, Folake O. Lanre-Babalola, Temitayo O. Akinpelu |date=2022-07-02 |title=Ruling Party's Influences and The Re-Run Elections in Nigeria |url=https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/upsj/article/download/62977/23619 |journal=Unnes Political Science Journal}}</ref> == Zaben 1999 == An gudanar da zaben shugaban kasa a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 1999. Wadannan sune zaben farko tun bayan juyin mulkin soja na 1993, da kuma zaben farko na [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta hudu|Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta huɗu]]. == Zaben 2003 == An gudanar da Zaben shugaban kasa a ranar 19 ga Afrilu 2003. == Zaben 2007 == An gudanar da janar na 2007 a ranar 14 ga Afrilu inda aka zabi [[Gwamna]] da wakilan majalisar jiha. Bayan mako guda, a ranar 21 ga Afrilu, an gudanar da zaben shugaban kasa da na kasa. Marigayi [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Yar'Adua]] ya lashe zaben da aka yi da rikici sosai ga Jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP) kuma an rantsar da shi a ranar 29 ga Mayu. PDP mai mulki ta lashe 26 daga cikin jihohi 32, a cewar [[Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa|Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa mai zaman kanta]] (INEC), gami da [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] da [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar Katsina]], inda jama'ar yankin suka kalubalanci sakamakon. Bayan Zaben shugaban kasa, kungiyoyin da ke sa ido kan zaben sun ba shi mummunan ra'ayi. Babban mai lura da [[Tarayyar Turai]], Max van den Berg, ya ba da rahoton cewa yadda ake gudanar da kuri'un "ya kasa da kasa ba", kuma "ba za a iya la'akari da tsari a matsayin mai gaskiya ba". Wani mai magana da yawun Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya ce "yana da matukar damuwa" ta hanyar zaben, yana kiransu "ba daidai ba", kuma ya ce suna fatan jam'iyyun siyasa za su warware duk wani bambanci game da zaben ta hanyar zaman lafiya, tsarin mulki. == Zaben 2011 == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>An gudanar da Zaben majalisar dokoki a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2011. Da farko an shirya gudanar da zaben ne a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-09-24 |title=Nigeria's General Elections Postponed From January To April As A New Voter Registration Software Is Released By The Inec - West African News |url=http://www.allwestafrica.com/240920106989.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202230837/http://www.allwestafrica.com/240920106989.html |archive-date=2 December 2010 |access-date=2011-04-19 |publisher=Allwestafrica.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-11-23 |title=Nigeria to hold presidential election on 9 April |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11825092 |access-date=2011-04-19 |publisher=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref> amma daga baya aka dage shi zuwa 4 ga Afrilu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=the CNN Wire Staff |title=Nigeria postpones parliamentary election - CNN.com |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/04/02/nigeria.election/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405003225/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/04/02/nigeria.election/ |archive-date=5 April 2011 |access-date=2011-04-09 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> An gudanar da zaben shugaban kasa a Najeriya a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2011, an dage shi daga 9 ga Afrilu 2011. <ref name="allwest">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria's General Elections Postponed From January To April As A New Voter Registration Software Is Released By The Inec - All West Africa News<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.allwestafrica.com/240920106989.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202230837/http://www.allwestafrica.com/240920106989.html |archive-date=2 December 2010 |access-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> Zaben ya biyo bayan jayayya game da ko ya kamata a ba da izinin [[Musulunci a Najeriya|Musulmi]] ko Kirista ya zama shugaban kasa saboda al'adar juyawa babban ofishin tsakanin addinai da kuma bayan mutuwar [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Yar'Adua]], wanda Musulmi ne, da [[Goodluck Jonathan]], Kirista, yana ɗaukar Shugabancin wucin gadi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ojo |first=Emmanuel O |date=1 October 2007 |title=Nigeria's 2007 General Elections and Succession Crisis: Implications for the Nascent Democracy |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313482423 |journal=Journal of African Elections |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=14–32 |doi=10.20940/JAE/2007/v6i2a2 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bayan zaben, tashin hankali ya faru a yankunan arewacin kasar. An ayyana [[Goodluck Jonathan]] a matsayin mai nasara a ranar 19 ga Afrilu. An bayar da rahoton zaben a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na duniya kamar yadda ya gudana a hankali tare da ɗan tashin hankali ko cin hanci da rashawa na masu jefa kuri'a ya bambanta da zaɓen da suka gabata, musamman zaɓen da aka yi jayayya da shi a 2007. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta ce zaben ya kasance "mai nasara" kuma "ci gaba mai yawa" a kan shekara ta 2007, kodayake ta kara da cewa magudi da zamba sun faru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Recent Elections in Nigeria |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/af/rls/spbr/2011/161931.htm}}</ref> == Zaben 2015 == Da farko an shirya gudanar da babban zaben 2015 a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu amma daga baya aka jinkirta shi zuwa 28 ga Maris (shugaban kasa, sanata, da Majalisar Wakilai) da 11 ga Afrilu 2015 (gwamna da majalisar dokoki). <ref>{{Cite web |title=INEC Nigeria |url=http://www.inecnigeria.org/ |access-date=2018-11-20 |website=www.inecnigeria.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Janar [[Muhammadu Buhari]] na All Progressives Congress ya fito ne a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaben shugaban kasa kuma an rantsar da shi a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2015. Zaben 2015 ya kasance nasara saboda akwai tashin hankali a ko'ina game da mawuyacin yanayin siyasa da tsaro na kasar a wannan lokacin. Koyaya, Wannan shi ne karo na farko a tarihin Najeriya cewa shugaban da ke kan mulki ya rasa zabe. [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Ebele Johnathan]] na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a]] ya rasa kujerarsa ga Muhammadu Buhari na All Progressives Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Odeyemi |date=2015 |title=Stakeholders, Information and Communication Technologies platforms and the 2015 General Elections in Nigeria |url=https://scholar.oauife.edu.ng/todeyemi/publications/stakeholders-information-and-communication-technologies-platforms-and-2015-gen |access-date=2018-11-20 |archive-date=2018-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120095658/https://scholar.oauife.edu.ng/todeyemi/publications/stakeholders-information-and-communication-technologies-platforms-and-2015-gen |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Orji |first=Nkwachukwu |date=August 2015 |title=The 2015 Nigerian General Elections |journal=Africa Spectrum |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=73–85 |doi=10.1177/000203971505000204 |issn=0002-0397 |s2cid=54931944 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Zaben 2019 == An shirya zaben shugaban kasa da na Majalisar Dokoki na Kasa a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2019, yayin da aka shirya zaben jihohi da kananan hukumomi a ranar 2 ga Maris 2019. An jinkirta zaben da mako guda bayan INEC ta ambaci kalubalen dabaru. Kwanakin da aka sake tsarawa sun kasance 23 ga Fabrairu da 9 ga Maris 2019. [[Shugabancin Muhammadu Buhari|President Muhammadu Buhari]] was re-elected for another four-year term. The primary contender was former vice-president [[Atiku Abubakar]] of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). [[Kingsley Moghalu]] of the [[Jam'iyyar Matasa Masu Ci gaba|Young Progressives Party]] (YPP), Yele Sowore of the African Action Congress (AAC), and Fela Durotoye of the Alliance for a New Nigeria (ANN) were other popular candidates who were all relatively young. Late in 2018, these three parties alongside some others attempted to form a coalition. However, the candidates pulled out of the coalition and decided to continue running on their respective platforms. There are 73 candidates contesting in the presidential election. An shirya zaben gwamna da majalisar dokokin jihar na 2019 a ranar 2 ga Maris 2019 kuma an sake shirya shi a ranar Asabar, 9 ga Maris 2019. Manyan jam'iyyun siyasa guda biyu, All Progressives Congress (APC), da People's Democratic Party, suna gabatar da 'yan takara a cikin zaɓen a fadin jihohi daban-daban ban da Rivers inda umarnin kotu ya hana All Progressive Congress gabatar da' yan takara sakamakon rikicin cikin gida tare da reshen jam'iyyar. The 2019 Nigerian general election suffered from unique issues and challenges and also enjoyed successes that had not been witnessed in the previous five elections in Nigeria's Fourth Republic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sule |first=Babayo |last2=Adamu |first2=Umar |last3=Sambo |first3=Usman |date=2020-03-03 |title=The 2019 General Election in Nigeria: Examining the Issues, Challenges, Successes and Lessons for Future General Elections |url=http://onlineacademicpress.com/index.php/IJSSP/article/view/197 |journal=International Journal of Social Sciences Perspectives |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=100 |doi=10.33094/7.2017.2020.62.100.113 |issn=2577-7750 |s2cid=216390525 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Zaben 2023 == An gudanar da babban zabe a [[Najeriya]] a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 2023 don zabar [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban kasa]] da [[Mataimakin shugaban Kasar Najeriya|mataimakin shugaban kasa]] da membobin Majalisar Dattijai da Majalisar Wakilai. == Dubi kuma == * [[Yancin tsokaci a Najeriya|Censorship a Najeriya]] * Kalandar zabe * Tsarin zabe * Tsarin jefa kuri'a na budewa == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://africanelections.tripod.com/ng.html Bayanan Zabe na Afirka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108050849/http://africanelections.tripod.com/ng.html |date=2011-11-08 }} * [http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/n/nigeria/ Tarihin Zabe na Adam Carr] {{Nigerian elections}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d1irer5cr54vjcnuc77ft8fatf8j6ww 0 63849 893872 892623 2026-08-09T20:13:42Z Der-Wir-Ing 14522 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/892623|892623]] by [[Special:Contributions/Baffa ali|Baffa ali]] ([[User talk:Baffa ali|talk]]) 893872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Emma ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin lissafi a Kwalejin Swarthmore a 1916 kuma ta yi aiki a Kwalejin Smith a matsayin mai baje kolin astronomy<ref name=":0" /> /mathematics<ref name=":1" />na tsawon shekara guda kafin ta sami aiki a kamfanin inshora a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.A cikin 1927,bayan da ta sami Fellowship Whitney da Bartol Scholarship, ta shiga cikin ilimin taurari a Kwalejin Radcliffe (yanzu ɓangare na Harvard).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=255–258}}</ref>A can,ta yi aiki tare da Cecilia Payne a kan "madaidaicin layin layi na hydrogen da ionized calcium a cikin jerin bakan."<ref name=":0" />{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1975]] 48agexshxxp4ogznb76uqnie53tgpe4 0 64123 894043 744644 2026-08-10T07:06:08Z Baffa ali 47435 894043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} Apianus ya auri ƴar wani ɗan majalisa na Landshut,Katharina Mosner,a cikin 1526. Za su haifi 'ya'ya goma sha hudu tare,'yan mata biyar da maza tara,daya daga cikinsu shi ne Philipp Apian(daga shekara ta 1531 harzuwa 1589), wanda,baya ga nasa binciken,ya adana gadon mahaifinsa.<ref>Ralf Kern. Wissenschaftliche Instrumente in ihrer Zeit. Volume 1: Vom Astrolab zum mathematischen Besteck. Cologne, 2010. p. 332.</ref> {{Stub}} ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Mapa_nieba_Apinus.jpg|Taswirar Nieba Apinus File:Torquetum (149348802).jpg|Torquetum </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 0wdjniiks9v548bqu5vjdspaiwp71ng 894044 894043 2026-08-10T07:08:30Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Manazarta */ 894044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} Apianus ya auri ƴar wani ɗan majalisa na Landshut,Katharina Mosner,a cikin 1526. Za su haifi 'ya'ya goma sha hudu tare,'yan mata biyar da maza tara,daya daga cikinsu shi ne Philipp Apian(daga shekara ta 1531 harzuwa 1589), wanda,baya ga nasa binciken,ya adana gadon mahaifinsa.<ref>Ralf Kern. Wissenschaftliche Instrumente in ihrer Zeit. Volume 1: Vom Astrolab zum mathematischen Besteck. Cologne, 2010. p. 332.</ref> {{Stub}} ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Mapa_nieba_Apinus.jpg|Taswirar Nieba Apinus File:Torquetum (149348802).jpg|Torquetum </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="MPC-object">{{cite web |title = 19139 Apian (1989 GJ8) |work = Minor Planet Center |url = http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=19139 |access-date = 3 January 2018}}</ref> }} <!-- end of reflist --> ==Further reading== * {{cite encyclopedia | last = Kish | first = George | title = Apian, Peter | encyclopedia = [[Dictionary of Scientific Biography]] | volume = 1 | pages = 178–179 | publisher = [[Charles Scribner's Sons]] | location = New York | date = 1970 | isbn = 0-684-10114-9 |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/geography-biographies/peter-apian}} *Röttel, K. (Ed.): ''Peter Apian: Astronomie, Kosmographie und Mathematik am Beginn der Neuzeit'', Polygon-Verlag 1995; {{ISBN|3-928671-12-X}}. In German. * {{BBKL|a/apian_p|band=24|autor= Christian Kahl|artikel=Apian, Peter (ursprünglich Bienewitz oder Bennewitz)|spalten=107–114}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060601063342/http://home.arcor.de/apian/geschichte/peter.htm Peter and Philipp Apian], in German. * Ralf Kern. Wissenschaftliche Instrumente in ihrer Zeit. Volume 1: Vom Astrolab zum mathematischen Besteck. Cologne, 2010. == External links == {{Commons}} *{{MacTutor|id=Apianus|title=Petrus Apianus}} *[http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/genscheda.asp?appl=SIM&xsl=biografia&lingua=ENG&chiave=300068 Petrus Apianus]. *[https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/titleinfo/2434893 ''Astronomicum Caesareum''] at the library of the [[ETH Zurich]]. *[http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/appast/index.html ''Astronomicum Caesareum''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524212201/http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/appast/index.html |date=2021-05-24 }} at [[Rare Book Room]]. *[http://www.atlascoelestis.com/ApianusPaginabase1.htm Astronomicum Caesareum, Ingolstadt 1540 da www.atlascoelestis.com] *[http://www.univie.ac.at/hwastro Electronic facsimile-editions of the rare book collection at the Vienna Institute of Astronomy] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120324053652/http://hos.ou.edu/galleries//01Ancient/HeroOfAlexandria/1575//15thCentury/Vespucci//16thCentury/Apian/ Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries] High resolution images of works by and/or portraits of Petrus Apianus in .jpg and .tiff format. *[http://www.atlascoelestis.com/Horos%20Pagina.htm Horoscopion Apiani Generale…, Ingolstadt 1533 da www.atlascoelestis.com] *[http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/thacher.65114 Cosmographiae Introductio, 1537] from the Collections at the Library of Congress *[https://archive.org/stream/cosmographiaapia00apia#page/n3/mode/2up Cosmographia, 1564] (1st edition was 1524) *Objects related to [https://urus.uw.edu.pl/person/198 Petrus Apianus] in the [https://urus.uw.edu.pl/ Urus : Techniques and Reception of Graphic Art in Central and Eastern Europe (15th–18th centuries)] database {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Apianus, Petrus}} [[Category:1495 births]] [[Category:1552 deaths]] [[Category:People from Leisnig]] [[Category:16th-century German astronomers]] [[Category:German Renaissance humanists]] [[Category:16th-century German mathematicians]] [[Category:German scientific instrument makers]] [[Category:16th-century German cartographers]] [[Category:University of Vienna alumni]] [[Category:Academic staff of the University of Ingolstadt]] [[Category:16th-century German writers]] [[Category:16th-century German male writers]] [[Category:Astronomical instrument makers]] rv7380442g52mac23xko2zjz39pf9ae 0 64529 893870 892766 2026-08-09T20:13:03Z Der-Wir-Ing 14522 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/892766|892766]] by [[Special:Contributions/Baffa ali|Baffa ali]] ([[User talk:Baffa ali|talk]])wrong language 893870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Deiver Andrés Machado Mena''' (an haife shi 2 ga watan Satumba Shekara ta 1993) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Colombia wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai wasan baya na hagu ko na hagu don ƙungiyar Lens ta Ligue 1 da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Colombia.{{stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1993]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] hopg9v510wc39nnogxf9nd8nqcuyd6d 0 64576 893871 892627 2026-08-09T20:13:31Z Der-Wir-Ing 14522 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/892627|892627]] by [[Special:Contributions/Baffa ali|Baffa ali]] ([[User talk:Baffa ali|talk]]) 893871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:2022128150908 2022-05-08 Fussball Eintracht Frankfurt vs Borussia Mönchengladbach - Sven - 1D X MK II - 0312 - B70I6423 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Jens Grahl]] [[Fayil:2022128151403 2022-05-08 Fussball Eintracht Frankfurt vs Borussia Mönchengladbach - Sven - 1D X MK II - 0411 - B70I6522.jpg|thumb|Jens Grahl]] '''Jens Grahl''' (an haife shi 22 Satumba 1988) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kasar Jamus wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na ƙungiyar Bundesliga Eintracht Frankfurt.{{stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1988]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] n8vyritlbhu86mqip56oo2v1gcdvcox 0 64794 893806 503671 2026-08-09T18:48:23Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Manazarta */ 893806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:FC Salzburg versus S.S. Lazio Rom Euroleague-Viertelfinale (12. April 2018) 12.jpg|thumb|Hutun Thomas Strakosha acikin filin wasa]] [[Fayil:Os Brasileiros da Lazio (Felipe Anderson e Lucas Leiva).jpg|thumb|Hutun Thomas Strakosha]] '''Thomas Strakosha''' (an haife shi 19 Maris 1995) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida don ƙungiyar Premier League ta Brentford. An haife shi a Girka, yana buga wa tawagar ƙasar Albania wasa. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1995]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] During the [[2026 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)]] campaign, Strakosha was almost ever-present for Albania in [[2026 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group K|Group K]], missing only the final minutes of one match due to a minor injury; he kept five clean sheets, conceded five goals, and helped Albania record four wins and two draws,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe299562/thomas-strakosha/co588/fifa-wc-qualifiers-europe/se83885/2025-2026/international-matches/ |title=Thomas Strakosha – International Matches |work=WorldFootball.net |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> securing a [[2026 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA second round|play-off]] spot for the first time in their history one match before the end of the group; Albania ultimately finished second with 14 points, one ahead of third-placed Serbia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/qualifiers/uefa/standings |title=European Qualifiers standings |publisher=FIFA |access-date=2 April 2026}}</ref> In the play-off round, Strakosha played the full match as Albania initially took the lead, but [[Poland national football team|Poland]] came back to win 2–1, eliminating Albania from qualification.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.panorama.com.al/sport/video-endrra-kuqezi-behet-makth-ne-10-minuta-gabimet-ne-te-dy-portat-eliminojne-shqiperine-me-permbysje-ne-polonine/ |title=VIDEO/ Ëndrra kuqezi bëhet makth në 10 minuta, gabimet në të dy portat eliminojnë Shqipërinë me përmbysje në Poloninë |trans-title=VIDEO/ Red-and-Black dream turns nightmare in 10 minutes, mistakes on both goals eliminate Albania in Poland |work=Panorama Sport |date=26 March 2026 |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> ==Personal life== Strakosha was born in [[Athens]], Greece, to Albanian parents from [[Memaliaj]] and holds dual citizenship for Greece and Albania.<ref>{{cite web |title=Η ΑΕΚ έκλεισε το deal για Στρακόσια, ανακοινώνει και Μπρινιόλι |url=https://www.amna.gr/sport/article/831063/I-AEK-ekleise-to-deal-gia-Strakosia--anakoinonei-kai-Mprinioli |website=amna |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref> His father, [[Foto Strakosha]], was also a goalkeeper who played for clubs in Albania and Greece and represented the [[Albania national football team|Albania national team]] between 1990 and 2005,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://gazetadita.al/foto-strakosha-krenar-per-djalin-tim/|title=Foto Strakosha: Krenar për djalin tim|trans-title=Foto Strakosha: Proud for my son|publisher=Gazeta Dita|language=sq|author=Dritan Ikonomi|date=6 April 2013|accessdate=4 October 2016}}</ref> while his mother, Adelina, is his long-time spouse.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.panorama.com.al/sport/strakosha-me-futboll-shpreh-karakterin-me-kercim-dashurine/ |title=Strakosha: Me futboll shpreh karakterin, me kërcim dashurinë |publisher=Panorama Sport |language=sq |access-date=27 December 2025}}</ref> He also has an older brother Dhimitri who played football at an amateur level but did not pursue a professional career.<ref name="panionianea.gr"/> In a 2017 interview, Thomas stated that his main influence and idol as a goalkeeper was his father, whom he has tried to emulate.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.panorama.com.al/sport/karbonara-dhe-kartone-te-animuar-japoneze-thomas-strakosha-sfidon-bufonin/|title=Karbonara dhe kartonë të animuar japonezë, Thomas Strakosha sfidon Bufonin|trans-title=Carbonara and Japanese anime, Thomas Strakosha challenges Buffon|publisher=Panorama Sport|language=sq|author=Jeton Stamolla|date=13 October 2017|accessdate=15 October 2016}}</ref> ==Career statistics== ===Club=== {{updated|match played 10 May 2026}}<ref name="Soccerway">{{Soccerway|235328|Thomas Strakosha|accessdate=7 January 2023}}</ref><ref name="BeSoccer" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition !rowspan="2"|Club !rowspan="2"|Season !colspan="3"|League !colspan="2"|National cup{{efn|Includes [[Coppa Italia]], [[FA Cup]], [[Greek Football Cup|Greek Cup]]}} !colspan="2"|League cup{{efn|Includes [[EFL Cup]]}} !colspan="2"|[[UEFA#Club|Europe]] !colspan="2"|Other !colspan="2"|Total |- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="10"|[[SS Lazio|Lazio]] |[[2012–13 SS Lazio season|2012–13]] |rowspan="9"|[[Serie A]] |0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||0||0||colspan="2"|—||0||0 |- |[[2013–14 SS Lazio season|2013–14]] |0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||0||0||0||0||0||0 |- |[[2014–15 SS Lazio season|2014–15]] |0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||0||0 |- |[[2016–17 SS Lazio season|2016–17]] |21||0||4||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||25||0 |- |[[2017–18 SS Lazio season|2017–18]] |38||0||4||0||colspan="2"|—||10{{efn|name=UEL|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}||0||1{{efn|name=SCI|Appearance in [[Supercoppa Italiana]]}}||0||53||0 |- |[[2018–19 SS Lazio season|2018–19]] |35||0||5||0||colspan="2"|—||4{{efn|name=UEL}}||0||colspan="2"|—||44||0 |- |[[2019–20 SS Lazio season|2019–20]] |38||0||1||0||colspan="2"|—||4{{efn|name=UEL}}||0||1{{efn|name=SCI}}||0||44||0 |- |[[2020–21 SS Lazio season|2020–21]] |9||0||1||0||colspan="2"|—||1{{efn|Appearance in [[UEFA Champions League]]}}||0||colspan="2"|—||11||0 |- |[[2021–22 SS Lazio season|2021–22]] |23||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||8{{efn|name=UEL}}||0||colspan="2"|—||31||0 |- !colspan="2"|Total !164!!0!!15!!0!!colspan="2"|—!!27!!0!!2!!0!!208!!0 |- |[[US Salernitana 1919|Salernitana]] (loan) |[[2015–16 Serie B|2015–16]] |[[Serie B]] |11||0||2||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||13||0 |- |rowspan="3"|[[Brentford F.C.|Brentford]] |[[2022–23 Brentford F.C. season|2022–23]] |rowspan="2"|[[Premier League]] |0||0||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||2||0 |- |[[2023–24 Brentford F.C. season|2023–24]] |2||0||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||4||0 |- !colspan="2"|Total !2!!0!!3!!0!!1!!0!!colspan="2"|—!!colspan="2"|—!!6!!0 |- |rowspan="3"|[[AEK Athens F.C.|AEK Athens]] |[[2024–25 AEK Athens F.C. season|2024–25]] |rowspan="2"|[[Super League Greece]] |23||0||2||0||colspan="2"|—||4{{efn|name=UECL|Appearances in [[UEFA Conference League]]}}||0||colspan="2"|—||29||0 |- |[[2025–26 AEK Athens F.C. season|2025–26]] |30||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||16{{efn|name=UECL}}||0||colspan="2"|—||46||0 |- !colspan="2"|Total !53!!0!!2!!0!!0!!0!!20!!0!!0!!0!!75!!0 |- !colspan="3"|Career total !230!!0!!22!!0!!1!!0!!47!!0!!2!!0!!300!!0 |} {{notelist}} ===International=== {{updated|match played 31 March 2026}}<ref name="NFT">{{NFT player |67540 |name=Thomas Strakosha |access-date=5 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="EU-Football.info">{{EU-Football.info|29779|access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Appearances and goals by national team and year !National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="10"|[[Albania national football team|Albania]] |2017||4||0 |- |2018||4||0 |- |2019||4||0 |- |2020||2||0 |- |2021||4||0 |- |2022||3||0 |- |2023||4||0 |- |2024||12||0 |- |2025||8||0 |- |2026||2||0 |- !colspan="2"|Total!!47!!0 |} ==Honours== '''Lazio'''<ref name="Soccerway"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Thomas Strakosha » Honours |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe299562/thomas-strakosha/honours/ |publisher=WorldFootball.net |access-date=17 May 2026}}</ref> *[[Coppa Italia]]: [[2012–13 Coppa Italia|2012–13]], [[2018–19 Coppa Italia|2018–19]] *[[Supercoppa Italiana]]: [[2017 Supercoppa Italiana|2017]], [[2019 Supercoppa Italiana|2019]] '''AEK Athens''' *[[Super League Greece]]: [[2025–26 Super League Greece|2025–26]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} {{Portal|Biography|Association football}} *{{Sports links}} *{{FSHF player|226680}} *{{UEFA player|250046901}} {{AEK Athens F.C. squad}} {{Albania squad UEFA Euro 2024}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Strakosha, Thomas}} [[Category:1995 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Memaliaj]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Gjirokastër County]] [[Category:Albanian men's footballers]] [[Category:21st-century Albanian sportsmen]] [[Category:Albania men's under-21 international footballers]] [[Category:Albania men's youth international footballers]] [[Category:Albania men's international footballers]] [[Category:Men's association football goalkeepers]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2024 players]] [[Category:Serie A players]] [[Category:Serie B players]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:SS Lazio players]] [[Category:US Salernitana 1919 players]] [[Category:Brentford F.C. players]] [[Category:AEK Athens F.C. players]] [[Category:Albanian expatriate men's footballers]] [[Category:Albanian expatriate sportspeople in Greece]] [[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Greece]] [[Category:Albanian expatriate sportspeople in Italy]] [[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Italy]] [[Category:Albanian expatriate sportspeople in England]] [[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in England]] [[Category:Albanians in Greece]] [[Category:Greek people of Albanian descent]] 9v3zwi7p47m8qoaxsyql5vsjpx0xwgi 893808 893806 2026-08-09T18:50:41Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Career statistics */ 893808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:FC Salzburg versus S.S. Lazio Rom Euroleague-Viertelfinale (12. April 2018) 12.jpg|thumb|Hutun Thomas Strakosha acikin filin wasa]] [[Fayil:Os Brasileiros da Lazio (Felipe Anderson e Lucas Leiva).jpg|thumb|Hutun Thomas Strakosha]] '''Thomas Strakosha''' (an haife shi 19 Maris 1995) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida don ƙungiyar Premier League ta Brentford. An haife shi a Girka, yana buga wa tawagar ƙasar Albania wasa. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1995]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] During the [[2026 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)]] campaign, Strakosha was almost ever-present for Albania in [[2026 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group K|Group K]], missing only the final minutes of one match due to a minor injury; he kept five clean sheets, conceded five goals, and helped Albania record four wins and two draws,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe299562/thomas-strakosha/co588/fifa-wc-qualifiers-europe/se83885/2025-2026/international-matches/ |title=Thomas Strakosha – International Matches |work=WorldFootball.net |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> securing a [[2026 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA second round|play-off]] spot for the first time in their history one match before the end of the group; Albania ultimately finished second with 14 points, one ahead of third-placed Serbia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/qualifiers/uefa/standings |title=European Qualifiers standings |publisher=FIFA |access-date=2 April 2026}}</ref> In the play-off round, Strakosha played the full match as Albania initially took the lead, but [[Poland national football team|Poland]] came back to win 2–1, eliminating Albania from qualification.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.panorama.com.al/sport/video-endrra-kuqezi-behet-makth-ne-10-minuta-gabimet-ne-te-dy-portat-eliminojne-shqiperine-me-permbysje-ne-polonine/ |title=VIDEO/ Ëndrra kuqezi bëhet makth në 10 minuta, gabimet në të dy portat eliminojnë Shqipërinë me përmbysje në Poloninë |trans-title=VIDEO/ Red-and-Black dream turns nightmare in 10 minutes, mistakes on both goals eliminate Albania in Poland |work=Panorama Sport |date=26 March 2026 |access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> ==Personal life== Strakosha was born in [[Athens]], Greece, to Albanian parents from [[Memaliaj]] and holds dual citizenship for Greece and Albania.<ref>{{cite web |title=Η ΑΕΚ έκλεισε το deal για Στρακόσια, ανακοινώνει και Μπρινιόλι |url=https://www.amna.gr/sport/article/831063/I-AEK-ekleise-to-deal-gia-Strakosia--anakoinonei-kai-Mprinioli |website=amna |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref> His father, [[Foto Strakosha]], was also a goalkeeper who played for clubs in Albania and Greece and represented the [[Albania national football team|Albania national team]] between 1990 and 2005,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://gazetadita.al/foto-strakosha-krenar-per-djalin-tim/|title=Foto Strakosha: Krenar për djalin tim|trans-title=Foto Strakosha: Proud for my son|publisher=Gazeta Dita|language=sq|author=Dritan Ikonomi|date=6 April 2013|accessdate=4 October 2016}}</ref> while his mother, Adelina, is his long-time spouse.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.panorama.com.al/sport/strakosha-me-futboll-shpreh-karakterin-me-kercim-dashurine/ |title=Strakosha: Me futboll shpreh karakterin, me kërcim dashurinë |publisher=Panorama Sport |language=sq |access-date=27 December 2025}}</ref> He also has an older brother Dhimitri who played football at an amateur level but did not pursue a professional career.<ref name="panionianea.gr"/> In a 2017 interview, Thomas stated that his main influence and idol as a goalkeeper was his father, whom he has tried to emulate.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.panorama.com.al/sport/karbonara-dhe-kartone-te-animuar-japoneze-thomas-strakosha-sfidon-bufonin/|title=Karbonara dhe kartonë të animuar japonezë, Thomas Strakosha sfidon Bufonin|trans-title=Carbonara and Japanese anime, Thomas Strakosha challenges Buffon|publisher=Panorama Sport|language=sq|author=Jeton Stamolla|date=13 October 2017|accessdate=15 October 2016}}</ref> ==Career statistics== ===Club=== {{ {{updated|match played 10 May 2026}}<ref name="Soccerway">{{Soccerway|235328|Thomas Strakosha|accessdate=7 January 2023}}</ref><ref name="BeSoccer" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition !rowspan="2"|Club !rowspan="2"|Season !colspan="3"|League !colspan="2"|National cup{{efn|Includes [[Coppa Italia]], [[FA Cup]], [[Greek Football Cup|Greek Cup]]}} !colspan="2"|League cup{{efn|Includes [[EFL Cup]]}} !colspan="2"|[[UEFA#Club|Europe]] !colspan="2"|Other !colspan="2"|Total |- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="10"|[[SS Lazio|Lazio]] |[[2012–13 SS Lazio season|2012–13]] |rowspan="9"|[[Serie A]] |0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||0||0||colspan="2"|—||0||0 |- |[[2013–14 SS Lazio season|2013–14]] |0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||0||0||0||0||0||0 |- |[[2014–15 SS Lazio season|2014–15]] |0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||0||0 |- |[[2016–17 SS Lazio season|2016–17]] |21||0||4||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||25||0 |- |[[2017–18 SS Lazio season|2017–18]] |38||0||4||0||colspan="2"|—||10{{efn|name=UEL|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}||0||1{{efn|name=SCI|Appearance in [[Supercoppa Italiana]]}}||0||53||0 |- |[[2018–19 SS Lazio season|2018–19]] |35||0||5||0||colspan="2"|—||4{{efn|name=UEL}}||0||colspan="2"|—||44||0 |- |[[2019–20 SS Lazio season|2019–20]] |38||0||1||0||colspan="2"|—||4{{efn|name=UEL}}||0||1{{efn|name=SCI}}||0||44||0 |- |[[2020–21 SS Lazio season|2020–21]] |9||0||1||0||colspan="2"|—||1{{efn|Appearance in [[UEFA Champions League]]}}||0||colspan="2"|—||11||0 |- |[[2021–22 SS Lazio season|2021–22]] |23||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||8{{efn|name=UEL}}||0||colspan="2"|—||31||0 |- !colspan="2"|Total !164!!0!!15!!0!!colspan="2"|—!!27!!0!!2!!0!!208!!0 |- |[[US Salernitana 1919|Salernitana]] (loan) |[[2015–16 Serie B|2015–16]] |[[Serie B]] |11||0||2||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||13||0 |- |rowspan="3"|[[Brentford F.C.|Brentford]] |[[2022–23 Brentford F.C. season|2022–23]] |rowspan="2"|[[Premier League]] |0||0||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||2||0 |- |[[2023–24 Brentford F.C. season|2023–24]] |2||0||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||4||0 |- !colspan="2"|Total !2!!0!!3!!0!!1!!0!!colspan="2"|—!!colspan="2"|—!!6!!0 |- |rowspan="3"|[[AEK Athens F.C.|AEK Athens]] |[[2024–25 AEK Athens F.C. season|2024–25]] |rowspan="2"|[[Super League Greece]] |23||0||2||0||colspan="2"|—||4{{efn|name=UECL|Appearances in [[UEFA Conference League]]}}||0||colspan="2"|—||29||0 |- |[[2025–26 AEK Athens F.C. season|2025–26]] |30||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||16{{efn|name=UECL}}||0||colspan="2"|—||46||0 |- !colspan="2"|Total !53!!0!!2!!0!!0!!0!!20!!0!!0!!0!!75!!0 |- !colspan="3"|Career total !230!!0!!22!!0!!1!!0!!47!!0!!2!!0!!300!!0 |} {{notelist}} played 10 May 2026}}<ref name="Soccerway">{{Soccerway|235328|Thomas Strakosha|accessdate=7 January 2023}}</ref><ref name="BeSoccer" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition !rowspan="2"|Club !rowspan="2"|Season !colspan="3"|League !colspan="2"|National cup{{efn|Includes [[Coppa Italia]], [[FA Cup]], [[Greek Football Cup|Greek Cup]]}} !colspan="2"|League cup{{efn|Includes [[EFL Cup]]}} !colspan="2"|[[UEFA#Club|Europe]] !colspan="2"|Other !colspan="2"|Total |- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="10"|[[SS Lazio|Lazio]] |[[2012–13 SS Lazio season|2012–13]] |rowspan="9"|[[Serie A]] |0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||0||0||colspan="2"|—||0||0 |- |[[2013–14 SS Lazio season|2013–14]] |0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||0||0||0||0||0||0 |- |[[2014–15 SS Lazio season|2014–15]] |0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||0||0 |- |[[2016–17 SS Lazio season|2016–17]] |21||0||4||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||25||0 |- |[[2017–18 SS Lazio season|2017–18]] |38||0||4||0||colspan="2"|—||10{{efn|name=UEL|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}||0||1{{efn|name=SCI|Appearance in [[Supercoppa Italiana]]}}||0||53||0 |- |[[2018–19 SS Lazio season|2018–19]] |35||0||5||0||colspan="2"|—||4{{efn|name=UEL}}||0||colspan="2"|—||44||0 |- |[[2019–20 SS Lazio season|2019–20]] |38||0||1||0||colspan="2"|—||4{{efn|name=UEL}}||0||1{{efn|name=SCI}}||0||44||0 |- |[[2020–21 SS Lazio season|2020–21]] |9||0||1||0||colspan="2"|—||1{{efn|Appearance in [[UEFA Champions League]]}}||0||colspan="2"|—||11||0 |- |[[2021–22 SS Lazio season|2021–22]] |23||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||8{{efn|name=UEL}}||0||colspan="2"|—||31||0 |- !colspan="2"|Total !164!!0!!15!!0!!colspan="2"|—!!27!!0!!2!!0!!208!!0 |- |[[US Salernitana 1919|Salernitana]] (loan) |[[2015–16 Serie B|2015–16]] |[[Serie B]] |11||0||2||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||13||0 |- |rowspan="3"|[[Brentford F.C.|Brentford]] |[[2022–23 Brentford F.C. season|2022–23]] |rowspan="2"|[[Premier League]] |0||0||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||2||0 |- |[[2023–24 Brentford F.C. season|2023–24]] |2||0||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||4||0 |- !colspan="2"|Total !2!!0!!3!!0!!1!!0!!colspan="2"|—!!colspan="2"|—!!6!!0 |- |rowspan="3"|[[AEK Athens F.C.|AEK Athens]] |[[2024–25 AEK Athens F.C. season|2024–25]] |rowspan="2"|[[Super League Greece]] |23||0||2||0||colspan="2"|—||4{{efn|name=UECL|Appearances in [[UEFA Conference League]]}}||0||colspan="2"|—||29||0 |- |[[2025–26 AEK Athens F.C. season|2025–26]] |30||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||16{{efn|name=UECL}}||0||colspan="2"|—||46||0 |- !colspan="2"|Total !53!!0!!2!!0!!0!!0!!20!!0!!0!!0!!75!!0 |- !colspan="3"|Career total !230!!0!!22!!0!!1!!0!!47!!0!!2!!0!!300!!0 |} {{notelist}} ===International=== {{updated|match played 31 March 2026}}<ref name="NFT">{{NFT player |67540 |name=Thomas Strakosha |access-date=5 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="EU-Football.info">{{EU-Football.info|29779|access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Appearances and goals by national team and year !National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="10"|[[Albania national football team|Albania]] |2017||4||0 |- |2018||4||0 |- |2019||4||0 |- |2020||2||0 |- |2021||4||0 |- |2022||3||0 |- |2023||4||0 |- |2024||12||0 |- |2025||8||0 |- |2026||2||0 |- !colspan="2"|Total!!47!!0 |} ==Honours== '''Lazio'''<ref name="Soccerway"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Thomas Strakosha » Honours |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe299562/thomas-strakosha/honours/ |publisher=WorldFootball.net |access-date=17 May 2026}}</ref> *[[Coppa Italia]]: [[2012–13 Coppa Italia|2012–13]], [[2018–19 Coppa Italia|2018–19]] *[[Supercoppa Italiana]]: [[2017 Supercoppa Italiana|2017]], [[2019 Supercoppa Italiana|2019]] '''AEK Athens''' *[[Super League Greece]]: [[2025–26 Super League Greece|2025–26]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} {{Portal|Biography|Association football}} *{{Sports links}} *{{FSHF player|226680}} *{{UEFA player|250046901}} {{AEK Athens F.C. squad}} {{Albania squad UEFA Euro 2024}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Strakosha, Thomas}} [[Category:1995 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Memaliaj]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Gjirokastër County]] [[Category:Albanian men's footballers]] [[Category:21st-century Albanian sportsmen]] [[Category:Albania men's under-21 international footballers]] [[Category:Albania men's youth international footballers]] [[Category:Albania men's international footballers]] [[Category:Men's association football goalkeepers]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2024 players]] [[Category:Serie A players]] [[Category:Serie B players]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:SS Lazio players]] [[Category:US Salernitana 1919 players]] [[Category:Brentford F.C. players]] [[Category:AEK Athens F.C. players]] [[Category:Albanian expatriate men's footballers]] [[Category:Albanian expatriate sportspeople in Greece]] [[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Greece]] [[Category:Albanian expatriate sportspeople in Italy]] [[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Italy]] [[Category:Albanian expatriate sportspeople in England]] [[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in England]] [[Category:Albanians in Greece]] [[Category:Greek people of Albanian descent]] qag3edw3jquqxkm38ckohvooz68yfcr 893820 893808 2026-08-09T19:03:01Z NDG 37615 Undid 2 revisions from [[Special:Diff/893806|893806]] until [[Special:Diff/893808|893808]]; Wrong language 893820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:FC Salzburg versus S.S. Lazio Rom Euroleague-Viertelfinale (12. April 2018) 12.jpg|thumb|Hutun Thomas Strakosha acikin filin wasa]] [[Fayil:Os Brasileiros da Lazio (Felipe Anderson e Lucas Leiva).jpg|thumb|Hutun Thomas Strakosha]] '''Thomas Strakosha''' (an haife shi 19 Maris 1995) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida don ƙungiyar Premier League ta Brentford. An haife shi a Girka, yana buga wa tawagar ƙasar Albania wasa. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1995]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] at1ddnjsir45hn7yyiv17v1okkbvvxl 0 65083 893790 513173 2026-08-09T17:08:49Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Manazarta */ 893790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Nat phillips.jpg|thumb|Nat Phillips]] '''Nathaniel Phillips''' (an haife shi ranar 21 ga Maris 1997) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin tsakiya don Celtic Scottish Premiership Celtic, a matsayin aro daga [[Liverpool]] [[Premier League]]. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Haifaffun 1997]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] for Derby in a 1–0 win at [[Hull City A.F.C.|Hull City]] on 26 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hull City 0-1 Derby County| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/cn4j22dqz5nt |date=26 April 2025 |access-date=14 May 2025 |work=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> Under new head coach [[John Eustace]], Phillips impressed with his performance in a central defensive trio alongside [[Matthew Clarke (footballer, born 1996)|Matt Clarke]] and [[Sondre Langås]] as Derby managed to escape relegation to [[EFL League One|League One]], Phillips played 33 times for Derby during his loan spell and Eustace stated a desire for the player to return for the 2025–26 season.<ref>{{Cite news |title=John Eustace wants to keep Derby County star as Rams set to join transfer queue| url=https://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/derby-county-transfers-nat-phillips-10154672 |date=4 May 2025 |access-date=14 May 2025 |work=Derby Telegraph |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[File:Nat Phillips 04102025 (1).jpg|thumb|Phillips with [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich]] in 2025]] ===West Bromwich Albion=== On 23 June 2025, Phillips signed for Championship side [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]] on a three-year contract for an undisclosed fee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-23 |title=Nat Phillips completes permanent transfer to West Bromwich Albion - Liverpool FC |url=https://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/nat-phillips-completes-permanent-transfer-west-bromwich-albion |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=www.liverpoolfc.com |language=en}}</ref><ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.wba.co.uk/news/albion-sign-defender-nat-phillips-liverpool|title=Albion sign defender Nat Phillips from Liverpool|website=www.wba.co.uk|date=23 June 2025|accessdate=23 June 2025}}</ref> Nathaniel Phillips made his debut for [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]] against [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]] on 9th August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Bromwich Albion 1-0 Blackburn Rovers: Isaac Price nets Baggies winner |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/cewykekprrkt |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> His first goal for [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich]] came on the 30th August 2025, as he scored in a 0-1 win over [[Stoke City F.C.|Stoke City]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stoke City 0-1 West Bromwich Albion: Nat Phillips strikes as Baggies win |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/c14g100ge3mt |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> ==Personal life== Nathaniel is the son of former footballer [[Jimmy Phillips (footballer, born 1966)|Jimmy Phillips]] and played under his management in the [[Bolton Wanderers F.C. Reserves and Academy|Bolton Wanderers academy]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://lionofviennasuite.sbnation.com/2019/12/17/21024295/decade-xi-remembering-those-we-never-saw |title=Decade XI: Remembering those we never saw |date=17 December 2019}}</ref> Since early 2022, Phillips has been dating Molly Moorish-Gallagher, the daughter of [[Lisa Moorish]] and [[Liam Gallagher]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/nat-phillips-opens-up-life-27715108.amp |title=Nat Phillips opens up on life as Liam Gallagher's 'ideal' son-in-law after sealing Liverpool transfer |work=[[Liverpool Echo]] |date=14 September 2023}}</ref> In May 2025, Phillips and Moorish-Gallagher announced that they were expecting their first child.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/showbiz-news/liverpool-fc-star-announces-baby-31644560 |title=FC star announces baby |work=Liverpool Echo |date=14 May 2025}}</ref> Their son was born in September 2025.<ref>{{cite web|website=[[BBC News]]|date=11 October 2025|title= Liam Gallagher becomes a grandad for first time|last1=Nanji|first1=Noor|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c07v7drpp52o|access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref> ==Career statistics== {{updated|match played 25 April 2026|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/nathaniel-phillips/456092|title=N. Phillips|website=Soccerway|access-date=30 December 2025}}</ref>}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- !rowspan="2"|Club !rowspan="2"|Season !colspan="3"|League !colspan="2"|National cup{{efn|Includes [[FA Cup]], [[DFB-Pokal]]}} !colspan="2"|League cup{{efn|Includes [[EFL Cup]]}} !colspan="2"|Europe !colspan="2"|Other !colspan="2"|Total |- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="5"|[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] |[[2019–20 Liverpool F.C. season|2019–20]] |[[Premier League]] |0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|—||0||0||0||0||1||0 |- |[[2020–21 Liverpool F.C. season|2020–21]] |Premier League |17||1||0||0||0||0||3{{efn|name=UCL|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}}||0||0||0||20||1 |- |[[2021–22 Liverpool F.C. season|2021–22]] |Premier League |0||0||0||0||1||0||2{{efn|name=UCL}}||0||colspan="2"|—||3||0 |- |[[2022–23 Liverpool F.C. season|2022–23]] |Premier League |2||0||1||0||2||0||0||0||0||0||5||0 |- !colspan="2"|Total !19||1||2||0||3||0||5||0||0||0||29||1 |- |[[VfB Stuttgart]] (loan) |[[2019–20 VfB Stuttgart season|2019–20]] |[[2. Bundesliga]] |19||0||3||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||22||0 |- |[[Liverpool F.C. Reserves and Academy|Liverpool U21]] |2021–22 |colspan="3"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||1{{efn|name=EFLT|Appearance in [[EFL Trophy]]}}||0||1||0 |- |[[AFC Bournemouth]] (loan) |[[2021–22 AFC Bournemouth season|2021–22]] |[[EFL Championship|Championship]] |17||0||1||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||18||0 |- |[[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] (loan) |[[2023–24 Celtic F.C. season|2023–24]] |[[Scottish Premiership]] |6||0|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||2{{efn|name=UCL}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||8||0 |- |[[Cardiff City F.C.|Cardiff City]] (loan) |[[2023–24 Cardiff City F.C. season|2023–24]] | rowspan="3" |[[EFL Championship|Championship]] |18||1|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||18||1 |- |[[Derby County F.C.|Derby County]] (loan) |[[2024–25 Derby County F.C. season|2024–25]] |32||1||1||0|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||33||1 |- |[[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]] |[[2025–26 West Bromwich Albion F.C. season|2025–26]] |40||3||1||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||41||3 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !151!!6!!8!!0!!3!!0!!7!!0!!1!!0!!170!!6 |} {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} * [https://www.wba.co.uk/player/480 Profile] at the West Bromwich Albion F.C. website * [https://www.liverpoolfc.com/info/nathaniel-phillips Profile] at the Liverpool F.C. website * {{UEFA player}} {{West Bromwich Albion F.C. squad}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Phillips, Nat}} [[Category:1997 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Footballers from Bolton]] [[Category:English men's footballers]] [[Category:Men's association football defenders]] [[Category:Bolton Wanderers F.C. players]] [[Category:Liverpool F.C. players]] [[Category:VfB Stuttgart players]] [[Category:AFC Bournemouth players]] [[Category:Celtic F.C. players]] [[Category:Cardiff City F.C. players]] [[Category:Derby County F.C. players]] [[Category:West Bromwich Albion F.C. players]] [[Category:2. Bundesliga players]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:English Football League players]] [[Category:Scottish Professional Football League players]] [[Category:English expatriate men's footballers]] [[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Germany]] [[Category:English expatriate sportspeople in Germany]] [[Category:People educated at Bolton School]] [[Category:21st-century English sportsmen]] [[Category:Gallagher family]] 09meduaz33jve79jqfw7e17blv1qvcs 893854 893790 2026-08-09T20:02:26Z Der-Wir-Ing 14522 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/893790|893790]] by [[Special:Contributions/Baffa ali|Baffa ali]] ([[User talk:Baffa ali|talk]])wrong language 893854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Nat phillips.jpg|thumb|Nat Phillips]] '''Nathaniel Phillips''' (an haife shi ranar 21 ga Maris 1997) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin tsakiya don Celtic Scottish Premiership Celtic, a matsayin aro daga [[Liverpool]] [[Premier League]]. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Haifaffun 1997]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] s56x8tpwkyow1ntsgurb0lfzrv0r9n5 0 67047 893864 893344 2026-08-09T20:09:38Z Der-Wir-Ing 14522 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/893344|893344]] by [[Special:Contributions/Baffa ali|Baffa ali]] ([[User talk:Baffa ali|talk]]) 893864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Ömer Çelik in Izmir 19 May 2015.jpg|thumb|Ömer Çelik]] [[Fayil:Ömer Çelik and Johannes Hahn.jpg|thumb|Ömer Çelik]] [[Fayil:Dimitris Droutsas, Ömer Çelik and İbrahim Kalın.jpg|thumb|Ömer Çelik]] '''Ömer Çelik''' (an haife shi a watan Yuni 15, 1968) ɗan jaridar [[Turkiyya]] ne kuma ɗan siyasa. Daga ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2013 zuwa 28 ga Agusta, 2015, ya zama ministan al'adu da yawon shakatawa. Ya taba rike mukamin ministan kula da harkokin Tarayyar Turai sannan kuma ya zama babban mai shiga tsakani kan batun shigar [[Turkiyya]] cikin [[Tarayyar Turai]] tsakanin 2016-2018. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1968]] 7l2yyt05foqpd9rnhxkua4nq8rjpk9o 0 68606 893995 802031 2026-08-10T04:49:13Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 893995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ciwon Kuturta''' wani nau'i ne na wulakanci a cikin [[al'umma]], mummunan ji ga mai kuturta dangane da matsayinsa a cikin al'umma.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Stigma: Notes on Management of Spoiled Identity|url=https://archive.org/details/stigmanotesonman00goff_613|url-access=limited|last=Goffman|first=Erving|publisher=Simon & Schuster Inc.|year=1986|location=New York, NY|pages=[https://archive.org/details/stigmanotesonman00goff_613/page/n4 1]–3|isbn=9780671622442}}</ref> Ana kuma kiranta da abin kunya da ke da alaƙa da kuturta, da kuturta, da ƙin kuturta.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lepra.org.uk/platforms/lepra/files/lr/Mar14/1835.pdf|title=Stigma of Leprosy|access-date=2024-02-10|archive-date=2017-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918220258/http://www.lepra.org.uk/platforms/lepra/files/lr/Mar14/1835.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tun a zamanin da, kuturta ta dasa al'adar tsoro da gujewa a cikin al'ummomi da yawa saboda raunin [[jiki]] da ke tattare da shi da rashin fahimtar abin da ke haifar da shi. Saboda raunin [[tarihi]] da kalmar “kuturu” ke kira, yanzu ana kiran cutar da cutar Hansen, mai suna Gerhard Armauer Hansen wanda ya gano Mycobacterium leprae, kwayar cutar da ke haifar da cutar Hansen.[3] Wadanda suka yi fama da cutar Hansen sun kwatanta tasirin rashin jin daɗi na zamantakewa da muni fiye da bayyanar jiki duk da cewa yana da sauƙi kawai kuma ana iya warkewa ta hanyar magunguna. Weis da Ramakrishna sun yi tsokaci kan wannan ra'ayi, inda suka lura cewa "tasirin ma'anar cutar na iya zama tushen wahala fiye da alamun cutar".<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Learning to be a leper: a case study in the social construction of illness|last=Nancy|first=Waxler|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1981|location=Cambridge}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=http://www.stigmaconference.nih.gov/FinalWeissPaper.htm|title=Weis, M. and Ramakhrishna, J. "Stigma interventions and research for international health". 2001|access-date=2017-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318042809/http://www.stigmaconference.nih.gov/FinalWeissPaper.htm|archive-date=2013-03-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ma'anar cin mutunci == Kalmar ‘stigma’ ta samo asali ne daga Girkawa waɗanda suka yi amfani da ita don “na nufin alamun jiki waɗanda aka tsara don fallasa wani abu da ba a saba da shi ba kuma mara kyau game da halin ɗabi’a” na mutum. Ana iya la'akari da waɗannan alamun jiki a matsayin raunukan da ke haifar da nakasar jiki a cikin fatar mutum a cikin yanayin kuturta. Masanin zamantakewar al'ummar Amurka Erving Goffman ya bayyana "lalata" a matsayin sifa da ke da matuƙar ɓata suna; mutum mai kyama shi ne wanda ba a yarda da shi ba kuma ba a ba shi girmamawa da girmamawa ga takwarorinsa ba, wanda aka hana shi daga cikakkiyar karbuwar zamantakewa. Yana da alaƙa da 1) nakasar jiki, irin su plaques na fuska, palsy na fuska, nakasar hannu ko ɗigon ƙafa; 2) lahani na halaye, kamar suna da alaƙa da shaye-shaye, shaye-shayen ƙwayoyi, ko kuturta; ko 3) launin fata, al'umma, zamantakewa, jima'i da addini waɗanda wani rukuni ke ɗauka a matsayin aji na biyu.<ref>[[Erving Goffman]]: ''Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity.'' Englewood Cliffs. Prentice-Hall Inc., 1963</ref><ref>[[William Jopling]]. "Leprosy stigma," in ''Leprosy Review'' (1991), Vol. 62, 1-12.</ref> An gina ta da kanta bisa "tsarin tarihi, bambance-bambancen al'adu, da rashin daidaituwa na tsari," wanda ke ƙayyade ƙa'idodin zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Cassandra|date=2011|title=Leprosy and Stigma in the Context of International Migration|journal=Leprosy Review|volume=82|issue=2|pages=147–154|doi=10.47276/lr.82.2.147|pmid=21888139|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:Leprosy bell.JPG|Medieval leper bell|thumb]] An danganta cutar kuturta da cutar a mafi yawan tarihinta kuma ta kasance a duniya. A Yammacin Turai, ta kai kololuwarta a tsakiyar zamanai, a daidai lokacin da ake kallon cutar a matsayin “mara tsarki”. An gina gidajen “lazar” da yawa. Dole ne marasa lafiya su ɗauki ƙararrawa don nuna alamar kasancewarsu amma kuma don jawo hankalin kyautai na sadaka. Binciken da Hansen ya gano a shekara ta 1873 cewa kuturta tana da kamuwa da cuta kuma kwayoyin cuta ne ke yada su ya kara dagula cutar kuturta. An daɗe yana haɗuwa da cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i kuma a cikin karni na sha tara har ma ana tunanin matakin syphilis ne.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/482885?seq=8#page_scan_tab_contents "Blessed Damien of Molokai"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117063807/http://www.jstor.org/stable/482885?seq=8 |date=2016-11-17 }}</ref> An sake sabunta kyama da cutar a tsakanin Turawa a zamanin mulkin mallaka lokacin da suka gano cewa "annobar cutar ta yadu a yankunan da ake mulkin mallaka." Ya zama yana da alaƙa da matalauta, ƙasashe masu tasowa, waɗanda Turawa suka yi imanin mazaunansu ba su da ƙasa ta mafi yawan hanyoyi. Tun daga karshen karni na ashirin, tare da kokarin hukumar lafiya ta duniya na shawo kan cutar ta hanyar rarraba magunguna kyauta, kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da dama sun dukufa wajen kawo karshen kyamar cutar kuturta. Suna aiki don ilimantar da mutane da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da gaskiyar cutar kuturta, musamman cewa tana yaɗuwa cikin sauƙi; wasu kashi 95% na mutane ba sa kamuwa da kwayoyin cutar da ke haifar da ita.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tlmscotland.org.uk/just_cause/leprosy.php |title=What is Leprosy? :: The Leprosy Mission Scotland |access-date=2015-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710042313/http://www.tlmscotland.org.uk/just_cause/leprosy.php |archive-date=2015-07-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Misalan cutar kuturta == Ƙimar da ke tattare da cutar Hansen sau da yawa tana fifita al'umma kuma tana sadaukar da haƙƙin mutum ɗaya na waɗanda ke fama. Al'ummomi da yawa a tsakiyar zamanai da ƙarni na sha tara da ashirin sun buƙaci a raba masu kuturta da sauran jama'a. A wasu ƙasashe har yanzu ana nuna kyama ga mutanen da kuturta ta shafa..<ref name=Skinsnes>{{cite journal |last1=Skinsnes Law MPH |first1=Anwei |title=Challenging the Stigma: Hawaii's Role in Dispelling the Myths of Leprosy |journal=Hawaii Medical Journal |date=February 1988 |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=75–7, 80 |pmid=3284842 }}</ref> === Japan === A [[Japan]], gwamnati ta bukaci a ware mutanen da ke da kuturta, rabuwar da ta kara nuna kyama ga jama'a. A zamanin da, masu fama da kuturta suna zama dabam, suna zama a kusa da haikali ko wuraren ibada, inda suke roƙon agaji daga masu wucewa. Tun daga shekara ta 1909, gwamnati ta bukaci masu fama da kuturta da su kwantar da su a asibiti a asibitin kuturta, ta yi imanin cewa hakan zai hana kamuwa da cutar. A wasu lokuta, an tilasta wa marasa lafiya zuwa asibitin kula da marasa lafiya tare da lalata musu gidaje a gaban makwabta. Iyalan su ma sun fuskanci matsalar kuturta. Wasu marasa lafiya sun yi ƙoƙarin kashe kansu. Dokar ta kasance har zuwa 1996. A Kumamoto, Japan, an yi wa majiyyaci kuturu mai suna Matsuo Fujimoto shari’a bisa zargin fashewar wani abu a shekara ta 1951 da kuma kisan kai a shekara ta 1952. A lokacin tambayoyi da gwaji, an nuna masa wariya a matsayinsa na mai kuturta. An yanke masa hukunci kuma aka kashe shi a 1962. Gwamnan lardin Kumamoto Yoshiko Shiotani ya ba da rahoto a cikin 2003 cewa wani otal ya ki amincewa da wasu tsoffin majinyata na Kikuchi Keifuen Sanatorium da ke shirin ziyarar gida na yankin. Mutane da dama sun yi zanga-zangar adawa da otal din. Lokacin da majiyyatan suka ki amincewa da uzurin otal din, an yi zanga-zangar nuna kyama ga marasa lafiya. Otal ɗin ya rushe wannan ginin a watan Yuni 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/14/like-entering-a-prison-japans-leprosy-sufferers-sue-government-for-decades-of-pain|title=Japan's leprosy sufferers reflect on decades of pain|website=The Guardian|language=en|date= April 13, 2016| access-date=}}</ref> A cikin fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na Jafananci Sweet Bean wanda Naomi Kawase (2015) ta jagoranci batun cutar kuturta da ke shafar halayen Tokue ya zama babban jigon labarin kuma ya kai ga taƙaitaccen bayanin wata al'umma da ta kasance ta tsofaffin marasa lafiya. === Scandinavia === A cikin ainihin rahoton Jopling, ya ambato Hansen yana cewa "Kasar Norway ta kasance tana kula da wadanda suka kamu da kuturta cikin mutuntaka". Marasa lafiya da ke kwance a asibiti suna da damar fita da rana don siyar da aikin hannu a kasuwa, kuma an ba su izinin samun baƙi. Akwai ƴan shaida na rashin kunya. Yawancin marasa lafiya sun yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka, amma hakan ya faru ne saboda neman tsira daga talauci. === Indiya === Tunanin gado ya kafu sosai, kuma sa’ad da ake tunanin gadon kuturta, an guje wa masu ciwon (da ’ya’yansu). Kamar yadda nakasa ake daukar azabar Ubangiji, to ana alakanta ta da hakan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/indias-battle-against-leprosy.html|title=India's battle against leprosy - The Pioneer|access-date=2024-02-20|archive-date=2018-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623004729/http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/indias-battle-against-leprosy.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2016, a wasu Jihohi, kuturta dalili ne na shari'a na ɓata haƙƙin mallaka; a kowane hali, kuturta dalilin rabuwar aure ne[16]. Dokokin wariya guda 106 suna shafar kutare har zuwa 2021. === China === Ana iya gano shaidar kuturta tun daga 500-300 BC. a cikin wallafe-wallafen Sinawa, lokacin da ake la'akari da azabtarwa ga ayyukan da'a.[11] Cutar kuturta ta yi yawa, kodayake ta ragu tun ƙarshen karni na ashirin. Ana fargabar lalacewar fuska da ke haifar da shi da kuma yanke gaɓoɓi. Tsawon lokacin kamuwa da cutar ya haifar da asiri tsawon ƙarni game da asalinta, abin ban tsoro, tsoro da kyama. A halin da ake ciki a kasar Sin, cutar kuturta tana da alaka da talauci sosai, kuma abin kyama ya kasance babban abin da ke hana samun magani mai inganci. == Amurka == === Hawai === A shekara ta 1865, an kafa matsugunin kuturta na Kalaupapa a tsibirin Molokai, wani yanki mai keɓantaccen yanki mai iyaka da manyan tsaunuka ("pali") a gefe ɗaya da ruwan teku da ruwan teku da murjani a daya, ya zama kurkuku ga waɗanda aka azabtar. ta cutar Hansen a tsibirin [[Hawaii]].[4] A shekara ta 1865 ba za a iya yin watsi da karuwar adadin masu cutar Hansen ba, an zartar da "Dokar Hana Yaɗuwar Kuturta ta al'ummar Hawaii" wanda ya aikata laifukan kuturta kuma aka yanke wa wadanda abin ya shafa hukuncin gudun hijira na dindindin.[20] Keɓewar kutare ya dogara ne akan sabon zaton kuturta cuta ce mai saurin yaɗuwa. Cutar da kuturta ta fara ne a matsayin “cutar da ba a san ta ba [ta canza] zuwa wani abu mai barazana ga al’umma da ɗabi’a”.[4] An aika waɗanda ke da shari'o'i mai tsanani zuwa Kalawao, wani yanki mai keɓe a tsibirin Moloka'i. Daga baya kuma aka samar da zama na biyu kuma mafi girma a Kalaupapa. Wannan matsugunin yana da kololuwar yawan jama'a kusan 1100 jim kadan bayan juyin juya halin karni na ashirin; Kimanin mutane 8500 ne aka kebe a nan cikin shekaru da dama har zuwa 1965. Dukansu matsugunan suna cikin gundumar Kalawao. Gabaɗayan gundumar yanzu tana cikin abin da aka sani da filin tarihi na Kalaupapa, wanda ke kiyaye manyan gine-ginen ƙauyuka da mahallin da ke da alaƙa da yankin. Ga ’yan asalin ƙasar Hawai, waɗanda suka ƙunshi yawancin masu cutar Hansen, ƙaura ya kasance mai muni. A al'adance, sun yi imanin kasancewar kansu yana da alaƙa da ƙasarsu. Mayar da su zuwa Kalaupapa kamar yadda aka yi gudun hijira daidai yake da cire su. Har ila yau rashin kunya na cutar Hansen ya haifar da rashin sabis na likita tsakanin 1865-1873 akan Kalaupapa. Babu likitoci da aka tura wurin domin suna tsoron kamuwa da cutar. Kokua, ’yan uwa, da Uba Damien ne kaɗai ke kula da waɗanda cutar Hansen ta shafa a Molokai. Kalaupapa wata sabuwar hanya ce ta magance cutar kuturta daga Turawan Yamma, wanda ya zama abin koyi na shawo kan cututtuka a duk duniya: wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka keɓe da gujewa mutanen da aka keɓe daga iyalai aka kai su wani tsibirin kurkuku mai nisa[4]. Bayan keɓe keɓe a cikin 1960, mutanen da ke zaune a Kalaupapa waɗanda suka zaɓi yin hakan na iya kasancewa har tsawon rayuwarsu. Koyaya, ƙasƙantar da ƙa'idodin likita da ƙa'idodi game da hulɗar jiki tare da mazauna Kalaupapa ya ci gaba har zuwa 1980s duk da gano magungunan sulfone [11]. Da alama 'yan Yammacin Turai ne suka kawo Myobacterium leprae tsibirin, duk da zargin da ma'aikatan shukar Sinawa ke yi. A cikin 1886, Asibitin Kuturta na Molokai ya ba da rahoton cewa ’yan mishan sun gane kuturta tun a shekara ta 1823 kafin kowace hijira ta Sinawa. Wani likita kuma ya gane irin wannan alamun a cikin 1840, wanda har yanzu kafin ma'aikatan Sinawa su zo Hawaii. Sinawa sun iya gane cutar saboda sun gani a China, amma ba su ne suka kawo ta tsibirin ba. Mai yiyuwa ne dan Yamma, tun da mutanen Hawai ba su gane cutar ba, kuma babu wani bayani kan cutar Hansen a tsakanin mutanen Hawai kafin zuwan Turawan Yamma. Bugu da ƙari, tsakanin 1866-1885, daga cikin marasa lafiya 3076, 2997 'yan asalin Hawaii ne, 57 na Turai, da 22 Sinawa.[4] === Louisiana === A cikin 1884, majalisar dokokin [[Louisiana]] ta kafa Hukumar Kula da Kuturta ta Jiha, saboda akwai lokuta da yawa a cikin jihar. Wasu sun ce irin wannan yanayi na da nasaba da tarihin cinikin bayi daga yammacin Afirka. A cikin 1917 Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar da wani doka don ƙirƙirar kuturta ta ƙasa, wacce aka gina a Carville, Louisiana kuma Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ke gudanarwa, a yau da ake kira National Hansen's Disease Museum. A cikin 1941, majiyyaci Stanley Stein ya kafa wata jarida mai suna The Star, don yaƙar cutar kuturta. Masu bincike a cikin 1940s a Leprosarium na Amurka sun tabbatar da ingancin asibiti na sulfone, Promin, magani na farko da yadu don cutar. An yi amfani da shi duka don warkar da kuturta da rage barnar da ta yi. A ƙarshen karni na ashirin, masu bincike sun haɓaka maganin magunguna da yawa (MDT) don rage juriya na ƙwayoyin cuta da ke tasowa a cikin ƙwayar cuta. Leprosarium na Carville ya jagoranci sababbin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ga majinyata na kuturta, kuma ta fara canza tunanin waɗanda ke fama da cutar. Ba a ba majinyatan kuturu damar yin aure ba sai a shekara ta 1952. Wadanda suka yi aure kafin a shigar da su a Carville ba a yarda su zauna tare da ma’aurata ba sai dai idan ma’auratan sun kasance marasa lafiya da kansu. An hana marasa lafiya barin harabar asibitin, ba a ba su izinin kada kuri'a a zabukan kasa ba, kuma duk wani mukami mai barin gado an toshe shi ta hanyar toya. Bayan an sallame su, an ba marasa lafiya takardar shedar da ta bayyana cewa su “Masu Kuturta ne na Kiwon Lafiyar Jama’a”, tare da sharhin “Ba wata barazana ga lafiyar jama’a” da aka ƙara a ƙarƙashin dalilin sallamar.[21][22] === 'Yan uwan marasa lafiya da ma'aikatan kuturta === Saboda ra'ayoyi masu alaƙa game da gado da kamuwa da cuta, yara da iyalan masu kuturta suma sun sha wahala. Bincike ya nuna cewa kusan kashi 5% na ma'auratan da ke zaune tare da masu cutar sun kamu da ita, wanda hakan ya nuna a fili cewa kuturta ba ta da saurin yaduwa. == Abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar kuturta == === Nassoshi na Littafi Mai Tsarki === A cikin Littafin Firistoci, Littafin Firistoci 13 ya ce: “Amma idan tabo mai haske fari ne a fatar jikinsa, kuma ba a ga kamar ya fi fatar jikin ba, kuma gashin da ke kansa bai yi fari ba, firist zai yi fari. a ware wanda ya kamu da cutar har tsawon kwana bakwai”. === Rashin fahimta na jama'a === Jama'a har yanzu suna da rashin fahimta game da kuturta, tare da dagewar imani cewa tana da saurin yaduwa. A ƙarni na ashirin da ɗaya, hukumomi irin su The Leprosy Mission sun yi yaƙi don kawo ƙarshen waɗannan munanan tunani da kuma aiki don ilimantar da mutane game da kuturta, abubuwan da ke haifar da ita, da kuma yadda ake kamuwa da ita. Suna son a gano mutanen da ke da cutar don a yi musu magani da kuma iyakance lalacewar jiki, da kuma shawo kan kamuwa da cutar. A cikin karni na ashirin da daya, ana samun ingantaccen magani na dapsone, rifampicin, da clofazimine kyauta ta hannun WHO. Duk da haka, a sassa da yawa na duniya, ƴan ƙasa har yanzu suna ganin cutar ba ta warkewa. Maganin magunguna da yawa da aka bayar kyauta ga ƙasashen da cutar ke da yawa tana samar da ingantaccen magani ga kuturta. Har ila yau, kuskuren fahimtar ya samo asali ne daga katsewar da ke tsakanin kimiyya da manufofin gwamnati. Ko da yake ƙungiyar likitocin sun amince shekaru da yawa cewa cutar Hansen ba ta da sauƙi kawai, har yanzu tana cikin jerin "cututtuka masu mahimmanci na lafiyar jama'a" don dalilai masu alaka da lafiya na rashin yarda da shi a shafin yanar gizon 'yan kasa da shige da fice na Amurka, duk da cewa HIV an cire shi a cikin 2010. Tun daga 2018, cutar Hansen har yanzu ana lissafinta a matsayin "cutar da ke da mahimmancin jama'a," sabili da haka, an tantance shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na gwajin likita na shige da fice.[25] === Leprosaria === An gina asibitocin Lazar, kuturta, da kuma yankuna don keɓe masu cutar kuturta da alaƙa da abin kunya. Wasu daga cikin kuturta da kuma yankunan da aka mamaye suna cikin ƙasashe masu nisa ko tsibirai. === Latsa === A baya, jaridu sun ba da gudummawa ga cutar kuturta, suna nuna dabi'un zamantakewa a fannoni da yawa. A cikin shirin Lou Dobb na yau da dare na ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2007, Madeleline Cosman, ƙwararriya kuma lauya - ba likita ba, ta faɗi ƙarya "an sami ƙararraki 7000 a cikin shekaru 3 da suka gabata." An yi tambaya game da shari'o'in 7000 a cikin shekaru 3 amma ya ce, "Idan muka ruwaito shi, gaskiya ne." Akasin haka, Shirin Cutar Hansen na Ƙasa ya wakilci wannan adadin a cikin shekaru 30-ba shekaru 3 ba. Ko da yake Dobbs ya amince da kuskuren a wani labari na New York Times daga baya, sakamakon bayanin karya ya ci gaba.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dobson|first=Mary|title=Disease: The Extraordinary Stories Behind History's Deadliest Killers|publisher=Quercus|origyear=2007|year= 2013|isbn=978-1-4351-5166-6|location=UK|pages=26–27|language=English}}</ref> A cikin 2012, ƙungiyoyin tallafi na kuturta sun yi nasarar yin amfani da Aardman Animations don samun fage daga Pirates! A cikin wani Kasada tare da masana kimiyya, an cire shi saboda damuwa game da hoton da ya nuna. Lamarin ya hada da “jirgin kuturu”, da kuma wani kuturu wanda hannunsa ya fadi a wajen. Da yake akwai tatsuniyoyi da yawa da ke kewaye da kuturta, masu fafutuka da ke aiki don kawo ƙarshen rashin kunya sun yi imanin cewa wannan yanayin ba shi da amfani. Aardman ya yarda ya cire shi. Wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa wasan barkwanci ba shi da lahani kuma ya kamata a riƙe shi.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Stein|first1=Stanley|title=Alone No Longer: The Story of a Man Who Refused to Be One of the Living Dead!|last2=Blochman|first2=Lawrence G.|publisher=Funk & Wagnalls Company, Inc.|year=1963|location=New York|language=English}}</ref> == Yakin yaki da cutar kuturta == === Tauraruwar === Stanley Stein, majinyaci makaho a gidan kuturta na kasa a Carville, ya fara The Star, wata mujalla mai fafutukar yaki da cutar kuturta. Mujallar ta wayar da kan jama'a game da gaskiya game da cutar Hansen. Cikakken rubutun STAR Newsletter, 1941–2001 yana kan layi.[29] Ana ci gaba da buga Tauraron sau biyu a shekara. Ana buga sabbin kwafi akan gidan yanar gizon 40 & 8 La Societe des Quarante Hommes et Huit Chevaux.[30] Har ila yau murfin baya ya ƙunshi bayanai game da cutar Hansen.[31] == Majalisar Dinkin Duniya === Tun daga 1995, WHO ta goyi bayan kawar da cutar Hansen ta hanyar gudanar da maganin magunguna da yawa kyauta a duk duniya da inganta ilimin cutar Hansen don kawar da kyama ga Hansen. Kodayake manufar kawar da cutar kuturta gaba daya a cikin 2020 da alama ba za ta iya yiwuwa ga "marasa lafiya ba" saboda tsawon lokacin barcin M. leprae, WHO ta koma dabarar "Tsarin karshe" da ke mai da hankali kan gano wuri da wuri don rage nakasa. Bugu da ƙari, yawancin marasa lafiya ba sa mutuwa daga kuturta amma daga wasu cututtuka da rikitarwa-ba cutar da kanta ba. Bugu da ƙari, mutane na iya rayuwa tsawon shekaru masu yawa amma har yanzu suna da kuturta ko kuma su tsira da nakasa.[32] A cikin watan Yunin 2015, kwamitin kare hakkin bil adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartas da wani kuduri kan kawar da wariya ga mutanen da kuturta ta shafa da kuma danginsu[33]. Majalisar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kada kuri'ar kafa wa'adin mai ba da rahoto na musamman kan batun a watan Yunin 2017 na tsawon shekaru uku. Daga bisani a cikin Nuwamba 2017 Alice Cruz ta [[Portugal]] an nada Alice Cruz a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da kawar da nuna bambanci ga mutanen da cutar kuturta ta shafa da danginsu.[34] A ranar 16 ga Agusta 2018, Alice Cruz ta fitar da wata sanarwa tana mai cewa, "Amfani da kuturta a matsayin ma'ana mai ma'ana ya samo asali ne daga ma'anonin stigmatizing na dogon lokaci da al'adun al'adu daban-daban, dokokin zamantakewa da tsarin shari'a suka samar, .. Yin amfani da shi a matsayin misali yana haifar da ba daidai ba ne wanda ke haifar da kyama ga jama'a, nuna wariya na yau da kullun, da kuma raunana jin daɗin 'yancin ɗan adam da yancin ɗan adam daga mutanen da abin ya shafa da iyalansu." António Costa, da ministan sufurin jiragen ruwa na [[Bangladesh]], Shajahan Khan. == Gidajen tarihi == Gidan kayan tarihi na Hansen na kasa (Japan) a [[Tokyo]], Japan gidan kayan gargajiya ne na wakilci wanda ke nuna tarihin kuturta a Japan, don kawar da cutar kuturta. Yana kusa da Tama Zenshoen Sanatorium. Ƙananan gidajen tarihi suna da alaƙa da sauran wuraren sanatorium a Japan, kamar a cikin Tohoku Shinseien Sanatorium, Kuryu Rakusen-en Sanatorium, Nagashima Aiseien Sanatorium da Kikuchi Keifuen Sanatorium. Gidan Tarihi na Hansen na Ƙasa a Carville, Louisiana yana tattarawa, adanawa da fassara kayan aikin likita da al'adu na gundumar Tarihi ta Carville. Yana haɓaka fahimta, ganowa da kuma kula da cutar Hansen (kuturu) ta hanyar ƙirƙira da kula da nunin kayan tarihi, nunin tafiye-tafiye, wallafe-wallafe da gidan yanar gizo don ilmantarwa da sanar da jama'a[36]. === Share L Kalmar/Kada Ka Kira Ni Kuturu === Ofishin Jakadancin Kuturta na duniya yana ba da shawarar kawo ƙarshen amfani da kalmar "kuturu" don kwatanta mutumin da ke da kuturta. Kalmar tana da ma’ana marar kyau ga masu fama da cutar kuma, saboda yawancin nassoshi na tarihi, an daɗe ana amfani da shi don bayyana wani a matsayin “mara tsarki” a ma’anar al’ada, ko wanda bai kamata a taɓa shi ba ko kuma a haɗa shi da shi. TLM Ingila da Wales sun ƙaddamar da yaƙin neman zaɓe na "Kada Ka Kira Ni Kuturu" a cikin 2010, [37] yayin da TLM Scotland ta ƙaddamar da "Share L Word," a cikin 2012.[38]. Dukan kungiyoyin biyu sun lura cewa kalmar "kuturu" "mai wulakanci ne, kyama da kuma tsufa". Suna ba da shawarar yin amfani da kalmar "mutane / masu kuturta." Ga masu fama da jinya, “masu ciwon kuturta” su ma za a amince da su. TLM na tuntubar manema labarai akai-akai don hana amfani da kalmar “kuturu”, kuma sun yi nasarar jan kunnen BBC da ta kara da shi ga kalmomin da bai kamata a yi amfani da su ba[37]. == Manazarta == 7ho847f8m1xuhnwjjcqvftl1jus50cc 0 69132 893988 501358 2026-08-10T04:25:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Yogera''''' (Fassarar Ingilishi ita ce '''Speak''' ) fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Uganda game da wata budurwa kurma ( [[Cleopatra Koheirwe]] ), tana yawo a kan titunan Kampala daga ƙauyenta na Ishaka bayan 'yar'uwarta batagwaye ta fitar da ita don kunyata ta. Donald Mugisha ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara nuna fim ɗin a birnin Kampala a ranar 22 ga watan Yuni na shekara ta 2010. == Takaitaccen bayani == Bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarta, wata budurwa kurma ta gudu daga gidanta na karkara don ziyartar 'yar'uwarta wadda ba kurma ba, a cikin birni, amma ta guje mata kuma dole ne ta jajirce ba tare da sanin halin da ake ciki ba.<ref>{{cite web|title=''Yogera'' (Uganda: 2010)|url=http://africa-archive.com/ug/yogera|website=Africa Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Cultures-Uganda, Yogera|url=http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.film.yogera.17070.html|website=SPLA|access-date=2024-02-14|archive-date=2024-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214065256/http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.film.yogera.17070.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Yin wasan kwaikwayo == Cleopatra Koheirwe ne ya jagoranci ƴan wasan ''Yogera'' wanda ya yi aiki guda biyu a cikin fim ɗin a matsayin Hope, kurma budurwa kuma jarumar fim ɗin kuma a matsayin GG, 'yar uwarta tagwaye wacce ta guje wa Hope, saboda kunya<ref>{{cite web|title=Cultures-Uganda, Yogera|url=http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.film.yogera.17070.html|website=SPLA|access-date=2024-02-14|archive-date=2024-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214065256/http://uganda.spla.pro/en/file.film.yogera.17070.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> . Sauran jaruman shirin gyare-gyaren an yi su ne: * [[Cleopatra Koheirwe]] as Hope/G.G * Mark Bugembe * [[Bobi Wine]] * [[Hellen Lukoma]] * Olot Bonny * [[Bash Luks]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} ==Hanyoyin Hadi na waje== *{{IMDb title|2040603|Yogera}} *{{YouTube|FQzkcjQDsjQ|''Yogera'' trailer}} [[Category:Fim]] 1r3cy5w2hhn06n6gcn982qedpk6sjkf 0 69446 894131 885607 2026-08-10T10:08:46Z Aisha SM 47788 An kirkira ta fassara "Plot" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361920315|Alan Poza]]" 894131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Alan Poza''''' fim ne na Wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Najeriya na 2013 wanda [[Charles Novia]] ya rubuta, ya samar kuma ya ba da umarni kuma ya fito da [[OC Ukeje]] a matsayin Alan Poza . Ya sami gabatarwa 2 a 9th Africa Movie Academy Awards . OC Ukeje ya kuma lashe kyautar Best Of Nollywood Awards saboda rawar da ya taka a matsayin Alan Poza . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2013 |title=OC Ukeje as Alan Poza |url=http://www.kemifilani.com/2013/10/kfb-movie-oc-ukeje-totally-blew-off-my.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212092729/http://www.kemifilani.com/2013/10/kfb-movie-oc-ukeje-totally-blew-off-my.html |archive-date=12 February 2014 |access-date=7 February 2014 |publisher=Kemi Filani}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Why I shot Alan Poza |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/why-i-shot-alan-poza-charles-novia/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222150307/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/why-i-shot-alan-poza-charles-novia/ |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=7 February 2014 |publisher=Daily Independent Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Premiere: Alan Poza |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2013/03/alan-poza-movie-premiere-10-03-13/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122193704/http://www.360nobs.com/2013/03/alan-poza-movie-premiere-10-03-13/ |archive-date=22 January 2014 |access-date=7 February 2014 |publisher=360nobs}}</ref> Makircin ya biyo bayan Alan Poza (Ukeje), mai kula da lakabin kiɗa, wanda ke tsara hanyarsa a cikin zukatan mata da yawa a ciki da waje da kamfanin watsa labarai da yake aiki, a ƙoƙarin yaudarar su cikin gadonsa. Halin motsin zuciyarsa daban-daban ya kai shi ga matsala yayin da daya daga cikin 'masu azabtarwa' ba zai iya magance baƙin ciki da ya haifar mata ba. == Masu ba da labari == * [[OC Ukeje]] a matsayin Alan Poza * [[Beverly Naya]] a matsayin Eze Mai Girma * [[Okey Uzoeshi]] a matsayin Kokori Oshare * [[Belinda Effah]] a matsayin Bunmi * [[Kemi Lala Akindoju]] a matsayin Ina * [[Sylvia Oluchy|Sylvia Oluchi]] a matsayin Senami * [[Norbert Young]] a matsayin Manajan Darakta na Scorpio Media * [[Charles Novia]] a matsayin Fasto Philips == Karɓar baƙi == === Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci === Fim din ya sami mafi yawan bita mara kyau daga masu sukar, musamman game da rubutun da ba da labari. Nollywood Reinvented ya ba fim din kashi 24% kuma ya rubuta "Don wasan kwaikwayo, Alan Poza ba shi da ban dariya sosai. A matsayin fim din soyayya, yana da rikice-rikice sosai. Kuma ga wasan kwaikwayo, yana da matukar rikice-rikicen. A ƙarshe O.C har yanzu bai zo mini a matsayin nau'in mai kunnawa ba. " [1] Sodas da Popcorn sun ba shi duka darajar 3 daga 5 kuma sun rubuta "Aikin da na fi so na duka fim ɗin, Yana da kyau sosai ga cikakkiyar halayen su".[2] == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Plot == Alan yana da aiki mai ban sha'awa a Scorpio Media, wani babban kamfanin watsa labarai; kuma yana da yakinin cewa za a kara masa matsayi zuwa 'Mataimakin Shugaba'. A ƙoƙarinta na ƙara shiga masana'antar nishaɗi, Scorpio Media ta rabu zuwa 'Scorpio Movies' da 'Scorpio `Records', Kokori kuma ta zama Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin Movies na Scorpio yayin da aka naɗa sabon mai shiga; Pride (Beverley Naya) a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin Records na Scorpio. Alan ya ci gaba da dagewa a kan nemansa kuma Pride ya miƙa wuya bayan ya sa Alan ya zauna a cikin wani yanayi mai wahala na " ''zama da mahaifinta"'' a daren da ya tsufa da kuma wani dandalin ba da shawara mai ban kunya game da jarabar jima'i. == Plot == Suna raba labaran 'ɗan wasansu' da suka tsere kuma suna son 'taimakawa' junansu wajen kawar da 'waɗanda suka zalunta'; mata waɗanda ba su san ayyukansu na tashin hankali ba. A ƙoƙarinta na ƙara shiga masana'antar nishaɗi, Scorpio Media ta rabu zuwa 'Scorpio Movies' da 'Scorpio `Records', Kokori kuma ta zama Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin Movies na Scorpio yayin da aka naɗa sabon mai shiga; Pride (Beverley Naya) a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin Records na Scorpio. ixp64zgdygwrj2ltfrpjefwza9new3o 894134 894131 2026-08-10T10:10:12Z Aisha SM 47788 894134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Alan Poza''''' fim ne na Wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Najeriya na shekarar 2013 wanda [[Charles Novia]] ya rubuta, ya samar kuma ya ba da umarni kuma ya fito da [[OC Ukeje]] a matsayin Alan Poza . Ya sami gabatarwa 2 a 9th Africa Movie Academy Awards . OC Ukeje ya kuma lashe kyautar Best Of Nollywood Awards saboda rawar da ya taka a matsayin Alan Poza . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2013 |title=OC Ukeje as Alan Poza |url=http://www.kemifilani.com/2013/10/kfb-movie-oc-ukeje-totally-blew-off-my.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212092729/http://www.kemifilani.com/2013/10/kfb-movie-oc-ukeje-totally-blew-off-my.html |archive-date=12 February 2014 |access-date=7 February 2014 |publisher=Kemi Filani}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Why I shot Alan Poza |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/why-i-shot-alan-poza-charles-novia/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222150307/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/why-i-shot-alan-poza-charles-novia/ |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=7 February 2014 |publisher=Daily Independent Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Premiere: Alan Poza |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2013/03/alan-poza-movie-premiere-10-03-13/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122193704/http://www.360nobs.com/2013/03/alan-poza-movie-premiere-10-03-13/ |archive-date=22 January 2014 |access-date=7 February 2014 |publisher=360nobs}}</ref> Makircin ya biyo bayan Alan Poza (Ukeje), mai kula da lakabin kiɗa, wanda ke tsara hanyarsa a cikin zukatan mata da yawa a ciki da waje da kamfanin watsa labarai da yake aiki, a ƙoƙarin yaudarar su cikin gadonsa. Halin motsin zuciyarsa daban-daban ya kai shi ga matsala yayin da daya daga cikin 'masu azabtarwa' ba zai iya magance baƙin ciki da ya haifar mata ba. == Masu ba da labari == * [[OC Ukeje]] a matsayin Alan Poza * [[Beverly Naya]] a matsayin Eze Mai Girma * [[Okey Uzoeshi]] a matsayin Kokori Oshare * [[Belinda Effah]] a matsayin Bunmi * [[Kemi Lala Akindoju]] a matsayin Ina * [[Sylvia Oluchy|Sylvia Oluchi]] a matsayin Senami * [[Norbert Young]] a matsayin Manajan Darakta na Scorpio Media * [[Charles Novia]] a matsayin Fasto Philips == Karɓar baƙi == === Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci === Fim din ya sami mafi yawan bita mara kyau daga masu sukar, musamman game da rubutun da ba da labari. Nollywood Reinvented ya ba fim din kashi 24% kuma ya rubuta "Don wasan kwaikwayo, Alan Poza ba shi da ban dariya sosai. A matsayin fim din soyayya, yana da rikice-rikice sosai. Kuma ga wasan kwaikwayo, yana da matukar rikice-rikicen. A ƙarshe O.C har yanzu bai zo mini a matsayin nau'in mai kunnawa ba. " [1] Sodas da Popcorn sun ba shi duka darajar 3 daga 5 kuma sun rubuta "Aikin da na fi so na duka fim ɗin, Yana da kyau sosai ga cikakkiyar halayen su".[2] == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Plot == Alan yana da aiki mai ban sha'awa a Scorpio Media, wani babban kamfanin watsa labarai; kuma yana da yakinin cewa za a kara masa matsayi zuwa 'Mataimakin Shugaba'. A ƙoƙarinta na ƙara shiga masana'antar nishaɗi, Scorpio Media ta rabu zuwa 'Scorpio Movies' da 'Scorpio `Records', Kokori kuma ta zama Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin Movies na Scorpio yayin da aka naɗa sabon mai shiga; Pride (Beverley Naya) a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin Records na Scorpio. Alan ya ci gaba da dagewa a kan nemansa kuma Pride ya miƙa wuya bayan ya sa Alan ya zauna a cikin wani yanayi mai wahala na " ''zama da mahaifinta"'' a daren da ya tsufa da kuma wani dandalin ba da shawara mai ban kunya game da jarabar jima'i. == Plot == Suna raba labaran 'ɗan wasansu' da suka tsere kuma suna son 'taimakawa' junansu wajen kawar da 'waɗanda suka zalunta'; mata waɗanda ba su san ayyukansu na tashin hankali ba. A ƙoƙarinta na ƙara shiga masana'antar nishaɗi, Scorpio Media ta rabu zuwa 'Scorpio Movies' da 'Scorpio `Records', Kokori kuma ta zama Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin Movies na Scorpio yayin da aka naɗa sabon mai shiga; Pride (Beverley Naya) a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin Records na Scorpio. d4tk7t77qlkjujonughuja5g77rr8p6 894136 894134 2026-08-10T10:10:28Z Aisha SM 47788 894136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Alan Poza''''' fim ne na Wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Najeriya na shekarar 2013 wanda [[Charles Novia]] ya rubuta, ya samar kuma ya ba da umarni kuma ya fito da [[OC Ukeje]] a matsayin Alan Poza . Ya kuma sami gabatarwa 2 a 9th Africa Movie Academy Awards . OC Ukeje ya kuma lashe kyautar Best Of Nollywood Awards saboda rawar da ya taka a matsayin Alan Poza . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2013 |title=OC Ukeje as Alan Poza |url=http://www.kemifilani.com/2013/10/kfb-movie-oc-ukeje-totally-blew-off-my.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212092729/http://www.kemifilani.com/2013/10/kfb-movie-oc-ukeje-totally-blew-off-my.html |archive-date=12 February 2014 |access-date=7 February 2014 |publisher=Kemi Filani}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Why I shot Alan Poza |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/why-i-shot-alan-poza-charles-novia/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222150307/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/why-i-shot-alan-poza-charles-novia/ |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=7 February 2014 |publisher=Daily Independent Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Premiere: Alan Poza |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2013/03/alan-poza-movie-premiere-10-03-13/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122193704/http://www.360nobs.com/2013/03/alan-poza-movie-premiere-10-03-13/ |archive-date=22 January 2014 |access-date=7 February 2014 |publisher=360nobs}}</ref> Makircin ya biyo bayan Alan Poza (Ukeje), mai kula da lakabin kiɗa, wanda ke tsara hanyarsa a cikin zukatan mata da yawa a ciki da waje da kamfanin watsa labarai da yake aiki, a ƙoƙarin yaudarar su cikin gadonsa. Halin motsin zuciyarsa daban-daban ya kai shi ga matsala yayin da daya daga cikin 'masu azabtarwa' ba zai iya magance baƙin ciki da ya haifar mata ba. == Masu ba da labari == * [[OC Ukeje]] a matsayin Alan Poza * [[Beverly Naya]] a matsayin Eze Mai Girma * [[Okey Uzoeshi]] a matsayin Kokori Oshare * [[Belinda Effah]] a matsayin Bunmi * [[Kemi Lala Akindoju]] a matsayin Ina * [[Sylvia Oluchy|Sylvia Oluchi]] a matsayin Senami * [[Norbert Young]] a matsayin Manajan Darakta na Scorpio Media * [[Charles Novia]] a matsayin Fasto Philips == Karɓar baƙi == === Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci === Fim din ya sami mafi yawan bita mara kyau daga masu sukar, musamman game da rubutun da ba da labari. Nollywood Reinvented ya ba fim din kashi 24% kuma ya rubuta "Don wasan kwaikwayo, Alan Poza ba shi da ban dariya sosai. A matsayin fim din soyayya, yana da rikice-rikice sosai. Kuma ga wasan kwaikwayo, yana da matukar rikice-rikicen. A ƙarshe O.C har yanzu bai zo mini a matsayin nau'in mai kunnawa ba. " [1] Sodas da Popcorn sun ba shi duka darajar 3 daga 5 kuma sun rubuta "Aikin da na fi so na duka fim ɗin, Yana da kyau sosai ga cikakkiyar halayen su".[2] == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Plot == Alan yana da aiki mai ban sha'awa a Scorpio Media, wani babban kamfanin watsa labarai; kuma yana da yakinin cewa za a kara masa matsayi zuwa 'Mataimakin Shugaba'. A ƙoƙarinta na ƙara shiga masana'antar nishaɗi, Scorpio Media ta rabu zuwa 'Scorpio Movies' da 'Scorpio `Records', Kokori kuma ta zama Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin Movies na Scorpio yayin da aka naɗa sabon mai shiga; Pride (Beverley Naya) a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin Records na Scorpio. Alan ya ci gaba da dagewa a kan nemansa kuma Pride ya miƙa wuya bayan ya sa Alan ya zauna a cikin wani yanayi mai wahala na " ''zama da mahaifinta"'' a daren da ya tsufa da kuma wani dandalin ba da shawara mai ban kunya game da jarabar jima'i. == Plot == Suna raba labaran 'ɗan wasansu' da suka tsere kuma suna son 'taimakawa' junansu wajen kawar da 'waɗanda suka zalunta'; mata waɗanda ba su san ayyukansu na tashin hankali ba. A ƙoƙarinta na ƙara shiga masana'antar nishaɗi, Scorpio Media ta rabu zuwa 'Scorpio Movies' da 'Scorpio `Records', Kokori kuma ta zama Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin Movies na Scorpio yayin da aka naɗa sabon mai shiga; Pride (Beverley Naya) a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin Records na Scorpio. dy1zm59ks0bgs6sw87fri634r4oams3 894137 894136 2026-08-10T10:10:48Z Aisha SM 47788 894137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Alan Poza''''' fim ne na Wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Najeriya na shekarar 2013 wanda [[Charles Novia]] ya rubuta, ya samar kuma ya ba da umarni kuma ya fito da [[OC Ukeje]] a matsayin Alan Poza . Ya kuma sami gabatarwa 2 a 9th Africa Movie Academy Awards . OC Ukeje ya kuma lashe kyautar Best Of Nollywood Awards saboda rawar da ya taka a matsayin Alan Poza . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2013 |title=OC Ukeje as Alan Poza |url=http://www.kemifilani.com/2013/10/kfb-movie-oc-ukeje-totally-blew-off-my.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212092729/http://www.kemifilani.com/2013/10/kfb-movie-oc-ukeje-totally-blew-off-my.html |archive-date=12 February 2014 |access-date=7 February 2014 |publisher=Kemi Filani}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Why I shot Alan Poza |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/why-i-shot-alan-poza-charles-novia/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222150307/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/why-i-shot-alan-poza-charles-novia/ |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=7 February 2014 |publisher=Daily Independent Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Premiere: Alan Poza |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2013/03/alan-poza-movie-premiere-10-03-13/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122193704/http://www.360nobs.com/2013/03/alan-poza-movie-premiere-10-03-13/ |archive-date=22 January 2014 |access-date=7 February 2014 |publisher=360nobs}}</ref> Makircin ya biyo bayan Alan Poza (Ukeje), mai kula da lakabin kiɗa, wanda kuma ke tsara hanyarsa a cikin zukatan mata da yawa a ciki da waje da kamfanin watsa labarai da yake aiki, a ƙoƙarin yaudarar su cikin gadonsa. Halin motsin zuciyarsa daban-daban ya kai shi ga matsala yayin da daya daga cikin 'masu azabtarwa' ba zai iya magance baƙin ciki da ya haifar mata ba. == Masu ba da labari == * [[OC Ukeje]] a matsayin Alan Poza * [[Beverly Naya]] a matsayin Eze Mai Girma * [[Okey Uzoeshi]] a matsayin Kokori Oshare * [[Belinda Effah]] a matsayin Bunmi * [[Kemi Lala Akindoju]] a matsayin Ina * [[Sylvia Oluchy|Sylvia Oluchi]] a matsayin Senami * [[Norbert Young]] a matsayin Manajan Darakta na Scorpio Media * [[Charles Novia]] a matsayin Fasto Philips == Karɓar baƙi == === Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci === Fim din ya sami mafi yawan bita mara kyau daga masu sukar, musamman game da rubutun da ba da labari. Nollywood Reinvented ya ba fim din kashi 24% kuma ya rubuta "Don wasan kwaikwayo, Alan Poza ba shi da ban dariya sosai. A matsayin fim din soyayya, yana da rikice-rikice sosai. Kuma ga wasan kwaikwayo, yana da matukar rikice-rikicen. A ƙarshe O.C har yanzu bai zo mini a matsayin nau'in mai kunnawa ba. " [1] Sodas da Popcorn sun ba shi duka darajar 3 daga 5 kuma sun rubuta "Aikin da na fi so na duka fim ɗin, Yana da kyau sosai ga cikakkiyar halayen su".[2] == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Plot == Alan yana da aiki mai ban sha'awa a Scorpio Media, wani babban kamfanin watsa labarai; kuma yana da yakinin cewa za a kara masa matsayi zuwa 'Mataimakin Shugaba'. A ƙoƙarinta na ƙara shiga masana'antar nishaɗi, Scorpio Media ta rabu zuwa 'Scorpio Movies' da 'Scorpio `Records', Kokori kuma ta zama Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin Movies na Scorpio yayin da aka naɗa sabon mai shiga; Pride (Beverley Naya) a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin Records na Scorpio. Alan ya ci gaba da dagewa a kan nemansa kuma Pride ya miƙa wuya bayan ya sa Alan ya zauna a cikin wani yanayi mai wahala na " ''zama da mahaifinta"'' a daren da ya tsufa da kuma wani dandalin ba da shawara mai ban kunya game da jarabar jima'i. == Plot == Suna raba labaran 'ɗan wasansu' da suka tsere kuma suna son 'taimakawa' junansu wajen kawar da 'waɗanda suka zalunta'; mata waɗanda ba su san ayyukansu na tashin hankali ba. A ƙoƙarinta na ƙara shiga masana'antar nishaɗi, Scorpio Media ta rabu zuwa 'Scorpio Movies' da 'Scorpio `Records', Kokori kuma ta zama Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin Movies na Scorpio yayin da aka naɗa sabon mai shiga; Pride (Beverley Naya) a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin Records na Scorpio. 1mdoyqenwoodpglglnjjyxa0abdr2st 894138 894137 2026-08-10T10:11:11Z Aisha SM 47788 894138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Alan Poza''''' fim ne na Wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Najeriya na shekarar 2013 wanda [[Charles Novia]] ya rubuta, ya samar kuma ya ba da umarni kuma ya fito da [[OC Ukeje]] a matsayin Alan Poza . Ya kuma sami gabatarwa 2 a 9th Africa Movie Academy Awards . OC Ukeje ya kuma lashe kyautar Best Of Nollywood Awards saboda rawar da ya taka a matsayin Alan Poza . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2013 |title=OC Ukeje as Alan Poza |url=http://www.kemifilani.com/2013/10/kfb-movie-oc-ukeje-totally-blew-off-my.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212092729/http://www.kemifilani.com/2013/10/kfb-movie-oc-ukeje-totally-blew-off-my.html |archive-date=12 February 2014 |access-date=7 February 2014 |publisher=Kemi Filani}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Why I shot Alan Poza |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/why-i-shot-alan-poza-charles-novia/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222150307/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/why-i-shot-alan-poza-charles-novia/ |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=7 February 2014 |publisher=Daily Independent Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Premiere: Alan Poza |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2013/03/alan-poza-movie-premiere-10-03-13/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122193704/http://www.360nobs.com/2013/03/alan-poza-movie-premiere-10-03-13/ |archive-date=22 January 2014 |access-date=7 February 2014 |publisher=360nobs}}</ref> Makircin ya biyo bayan Alan Poza (Ukeje), mai kula da lakabin kiɗa, wanda kuma ke tsara hanyarsa a cikin zukatan mata da yawa a ciki da waje da kamfanin watsa labarai da yake aiki, a ƙoƙarin yaudarar su cikin gadonsa. Halin motsin zuciyarsa daban-daban ya kai shi ga matsala yayin da daya daga cikin 'masu azabtarwa' ba zai iya magance baƙin ciki da ya haifar mata ba. == Masu ba da labari == * [[OC Ukeje]] a matsayin Alan Poza * [[Beverly Naya]] a matsayin Eze Mai Girma * [[Okey Uzoeshi]] a matsayin Kokori Oshare * [[Belinda Effah]] a matsayin Bunmi * [[Kemi Lala Akindoju]] a matsayin Ina * [[Sylvia Oluchy|Sylvia Oluchi]] a matsayin Senami * [[Norbert Young]] a matsayin Manajan Darakta na Scorpio Media * [[Charles Novia]] a matsayin Fasto Philips == Karɓar baƙi == === Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci === Fim ɗin ya sami mafi yawan bita mara kyau daga masu sukar, musamman game da rubutun da ba da labari. Nollywood Reinvented ya ba fim din kashi 24% kuma ya rubuta "Don wasan kwaikwayo, Alan Poza ba shi da ban dariya sosai. A matsayin fim din soyayya, yana da rikice-rikice sosai. Kuma ga wasan kwaikwayo, yana da matukar rikice-rikicen. A ƙarshe O.C har yanzu bai zo mini a matsayin nau'in mai kunnawa ba. " [1] Sodas da Popcorn sun ba shi duka darajar 3 daga 5 kuma sun rubuta "Aikin da na fi so na duka fim ɗin, Yana da kyau sosai ga cikakkiyar halayen su".[2] == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Plot == Alan yana da aiki mai ban sha'awa a Scorpio Media, wani babban kamfanin watsa labarai; kuma yana da yakinin cewa za a kara masa matsayi zuwa 'Mataimakin Shugaba'. A ƙoƙarinta na ƙara shiga masana'antar nishaɗi, Scorpio Media ta rabu zuwa 'Scorpio Movies' da 'Scorpio `Records', Kokori kuma ta zama Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin Movies na Scorpio yayin da aka naɗa sabon mai shiga; Pride (Beverley Naya) a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin Records na Scorpio. Alan ya ci gaba da dagewa a kan nemansa kuma Pride ya miƙa wuya bayan ya sa Alan ya zauna a cikin wani yanayi mai wahala na " ''zama da mahaifinta"'' a daren da ya tsufa da kuma wani dandalin ba da shawara mai ban kunya game da jarabar jima'i. == Plot == Suna raba labaran 'ɗan wasansu' da suka tsere kuma suna son 'taimakawa' junansu wajen kawar da 'waɗanda suka zalunta'; mata waɗanda ba su san ayyukansu na tashin hankali ba. A ƙoƙarinta na ƙara shiga masana'antar nishaɗi, Scorpio Media ta rabu zuwa 'Scorpio Movies' da 'Scorpio `Records', Kokori kuma ta zama Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin Movies na Scorpio yayin da aka naɗa sabon mai shiga; Pride (Beverley Naya) a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin Records na Scorpio. qj7nikahumvvx5cuqd61t07kce2ttfs 894139 894138 2026-08-10T10:11:38Z Aisha SM 47788 894139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Alan Poza''''' fim ne na Wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Najeriya na shekarar 2013 wanda [[Charles Novia]] ya rubuta, ya samar kuma ya ba da umarni kuma ya fito da [[OC Ukeje]] a matsayin Alan Poza . Ya kuma sami gabatarwa 2 a 9th Africa Movie Academy Awards . OC Ukeje ya kuma lashe kyautar Best Of Nollywood Awards saboda rawar da ya taka a matsayin Alan Poza . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2013 |title=OC Ukeje as Alan Poza |url=http://www.kemifilani.com/2013/10/kfb-movie-oc-ukeje-totally-blew-off-my.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212092729/http://www.kemifilani.com/2013/10/kfb-movie-oc-ukeje-totally-blew-off-my.html |archive-date=12 February 2014 |access-date=7 February 2014 |publisher=Kemi Filani}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Why I shot Alan Poza |url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/why-i-shot-alan-poza-charles-novia/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222150307/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/05/why-i-shot-alan-poza-charles-novia/ |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=7 February 2014 |publisher=Daily Independent Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Premiere: Alan Poza |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2013/03/alan-poza-movie-premiere-10-03-13/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122193704/http://www.360nobs.com/2013/03/alan-poza-movie-premiere-10-03-13/ |archive-date=22 January 2014 |access-date=7 February 2014 |publisher=360nobs}}</ref> Makircin ya biyo bayan Alan Poza (Ukeje), mai kula da lakabin kiɗa, wanda kuma ke tsara hanyarsa a cikin zukatan mata da yawa a ciki da waje da kamfanin watsa labarai da yake aiki, a ƙoƙarin yaudarar su cikin gadonsa. Halin motsin zuciyarsa daban-daban ya kai shi ga matsala yayin da daya daga cikin 'masu azabtarwa' ba zai iya magance baƙin ciki da ya haifar mata ba. == Masu ba da labari == * [[OC Ukeje]] a matsayin Alan Poza * [[Beverly Naya]] a matsayin Eze Mai Girma * [[Okey Uzoeshi]] a matsayin Kokori Oshare * [[Belinda Effah]] a matsayin Bunmi * [[Kemi Lala Akindoju]] a matsayin Ina * [[Sylvia Oluchy|Sylvia Oluchi]] a matsayin Senami * [[Norbert Young]] a matsayin Manajan Darakta na Scorpio Media * [[Charles Novia]] a matsayin Fasto Philips == Karɓar baƙi == === Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci === Fim ɗin ya sami mafi yawan bita mara kyau daga masu sukar, musamman game da rubutun da ba da labari. Nollywood Reinvented ya ba fim din kashi 24% kuma ya rubuta "Don wasan kwaikwayo, Alan Poza ba shi da ban dariya sosai. A matsayin fim din soyayya, yana da rikice-rikice sosai. Kuma ga wasan kwaikwayo, yana da matukar rikice-rikicen. A ƙarshe O.C har yanzu bai zo mini a matsayin nau'in mai kunnawa ba. " [1] Sodas da Popcorn sun ba shi duka darajar 3 daga 5 kuma sun rubuta "Aikin da na fi so na duka fim ɗin, Yana da kyau sosai ga cikakkiyar halayen su".[2] == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Plot == Alan yana da aiki mai ban sha'awa a Scorpio Media, wani babban kamfanin watsa labarai; kuma yana da yakinin cewa za a kara masa matsayi zuwa 'Mataimakin Shugaba'. A ƙoƙarinta na ƙara shiga masana'antar nishaɗi, Scorpio Media ta rabu zuwa 'Scorpio Movies' da 'Scorpio `Records', Kokori kuma ta zama Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin Movies na Scorpio yayin da aka naɗa sabon mai shiga; Pride (Beverley Naya) a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin Records na Scorpio. Alan ya kuma ci gaba da dagewa a kan nemansa kuma Pride ya miƙa wuya bayan ya sa Alan ya zauna a cikin wani yanayi mai wahala na " ''zama da mahaifinta"'' a daren da ya tsufa da kuma wani dandalin ba da shawara mai ban kunya game da jarabar jima'i. == Plot == Suna raba labaran 'ɗan wasansu' da suka tsere kuma suna son 'taimakawa' junansu wajen kawar da 'waɗanda suka zalunta'; mata waɗanda ba su san ayyukansu na tashin hankali ba. A ƙoƙarinta na ƙara shiga masana'antar nishaɗi, Scorpio Media ta rabu zuwa 'Scorpio Movies' da 'Scorpio `Records', Kokori kuma ta zama Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin Movies na Scorpio yayin da aka naɗa sabon mai shiga; Pride (Beverley Naya) a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin Records na Scorpio. 6jxwypeyjc8vtn0l00d417kgemouqlb 0 69575 894173 549534 2026-08-10T10:30:22Z Aisha SM 47788 894173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''A Soldier's Story''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2015 wanda Frankie Ogar ya jagoranta.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.naij.com/540814-linda-ejiofor-tope-tedela-star-new-epic-movie-nigerian-army.html | title=Linda Ejiofor, Tope Tedela, Star In New Epic Movie Titled 'A Soldier Story' | publisher=naij.com | date=September 2015 | accessdate=21 June 2016 | author=Michael Abimboye}}</ref> Tana da [[Tope Tedela]], [[Linda Ejiofor]] da Daniyel K Daniyel a matsayin jagora. Don rawar da ya taka a matsayin "Bossman", Daniel K Daniel ya lashe lambar yabo ta AMAA da AMVCA. == Labarin fim== Abubuwan buɗewa sun fara ne da sojoji a cikin wani birni da ya yi yaƙi na ƙasar da ke makwabtaka da Najeriya. Wani bam ya fashe bayan wasu 'yan tawaye sun kai hari kan sojoji. Manjo Egan ([[Tope Tedela]]) ya fita daga gadonsa na aure don yin ado don aikin soja. Ba tare da saninsa ba, matarsa, Lebari ([[Adesua Etomi]]) ta farka. Bayan zaman rikici da kuma sa hannun Col. Bello (Chukwuma Aligwekwe), uban Lebari kuma malami ga Major Egan. A cikin sansanin 'yan tawaye, Bossman (Daniyel K Daniyel) ya kashe mutane biyu daga cikin mutanensa saboda abin da ya ga shi "kamar rat" ne. A lokacin neman kayan da aka watsar, Regina da Angela sun sami wani matashi soja. Regina ta yi amfani da ita don kai shi gidan ta don ci gaba da bincike ga rashin jin daɗin Angela. Bayan wasu makonni na magani da samun sani, an bayyana soja a matsayin Manjo Egan amma yanzu yana fama da Amnesia. Bossman ya yi barazanar sanya ɗan'uwan Regina a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mayakansa idan Regina ta ci gaba da ba shi shawara ya canza hanyoyinsa. Regina da Major Egan sun kusanci kishi na Angela. Bayan gwagwarmaya da Bossman, Manjo Egan ya tuna duk abubuwan da suka faru daga rayuwarsa ta baya. Bayan fahimtar cewa ya yi aure, Manjo Egan ya bar Regina zuwa Najeriya. Lokacin da ya isa Legas, ya gano cewa wasu mutane suna zaune a gidansa na dā. Bayan haka, wasu abokan aiki sun kai shi ofishin Col. Bello, wanda ya gaya masa cewa matarsa ta tafi Abuja don hira da aiki. Daga baya kuma aka bayyana cewa Col. Bello ne ke da alhakin mutuwar da ya yi niyyar yin aiki a aikin soja saboda niyyarsa ta auri Lebari. Angela ta nemi gafara daga Regina bayan wahayi cewa ta bayyana bayanai ga Bossman saboda ciwo da ta ji lokacin da Manjo Egan ya ki amincewa da ci gabanta. Ta shawarci Regina ta je Najeriya don saduwa da Manjo Egan idan tana ƙaunarsa da gaske. A Najeriya, Col. Bello ya aika da sojoji don kashe Major Egan kuma ya nuna shi kamar kashe kansa. Mai kisan ya buɗe wani gas wanda ya bayyana sha'awar mutuwar Manjo Egan kuma ya gaya masa Col. Bello ne ke da alhakin. Yayin da sajan ke barin gidan, yana cewa a waya, "Na tura shi jahannama a wannan lokacin" tare da bam din a hannunsa, Regina ta fito don ceton Major Egan a karo na biyu tana cewa, me ya sa koyaushe kuna samun kanka a yanayin mutuwa?. ==Ƴan wasan== * [[Linda Ejiofor]] a matsayin Regina * [[Tope Tedela]] a matsayin Manjo Egan * Daniyel K Daniyel a matsayin Bossman * [[Adesua Etomi]] a matsayin Lebari * [[Zainab Balogun]] a matsayin Angela * Chukwuma Aligwekwe a matsayin Col. Bello * Sambasa Nzeribe a matsayin Ghetto * Olumide Oworu a matsayin Edwin == Saki == fara shi ne a Genesis Cinemas, Onikan, [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] a watan Satumbar 2015 .<ref>{{cite web | url=http://pulse.ng/movies/a-soldiers-story-movie-starring-daniel-k-daniel-tope-tedela-linda-ejiofor-to-hit-cinemas-soon-id4133028.html | title=Movie starring Daniel K Daniel, Tope Tedela, Linda Ejiofor to hit cinemas soon | publisher=pulse.ng | accessdate=21 June 2016 | archive-date=9 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809153836/http://pulse.ng/movies/a-soldiers-story-movie-starring-daniel-k-daniel-tope-tedela-linda-ejiofor-to-hit-cinemas-soon-id4133028.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bestofnollywood.tv/2015/09/03/a-soldier-story-new-film-set-to-hit-up-the-nigerian-screen/ | title=A Soldier Story: New Film Set To Hit Up The Nigerian Screen | publisher=bestofnollywood.tv | accessdate=21 June 2016 | archive-date=4 November 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104201905/http://www.bestofnollywood.tv/2015/09/03/a-soldier-story-new-film-set-to-hit-up-the-nigerian-screen/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> == Karɓuwa== 36onobs.com ya bayyana a cikin bita cewa darektan ya ɓata labarin mai ban sha'awa a kan rubutun da ba shi da ƙarfi. ci gaba da kammala cewa "Yana da wahala a daidaita rashin gamsuwa da mutum ke ji lokacin da mutum ya ga wani labari mai ban sha'awa wanda ya ƙare ba tare da fahimtar damarsa a kowane nau'in fasaha ba, amma wannan rashin gamsuwa ya kara tsanantawa lokacin da darektan fim din ya kasa yin zane-zane. "<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/04/nollywood-movie-review-soldiers-story/ | title=#Nollywood Movie Review Of 'A Soldier's Story' | publisher=360nobs.com | accessdate=21 June 2016 | archive-date=7 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807215118/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/04/nollywood-movie-review-soldiers-story/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable" !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="5" |Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 12 |Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Mafi kyawun Actor |Daniyel K Daniyel|{{Won}} | rowspan="5" | |- |Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Mafi Kyawun Makeup ||{{Won}} |- |Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Kyakkyawan Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawa ||{{Nom}} |- |Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Kyakkyawan Tsarin Fitarwa ||{{Nom}} |- |Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Mafi Kyawun Ayyuka ||{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |2016 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka |Mafi kyawun Actor a matsayin Jagora |Daniyel K Daniyel|{{Won}} | rowspan="4" | |- |Mafi kyawun mai ba da tallafi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo |Sambassa Nzeribe|{{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun mai ba da tallafi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo |Olumide Oworu|{{Nom}} |- |Editan Hoton Mafi Kyawu |Olumide Oworu|{{Nom}} |- |Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Zulu ta Afirka ta 2018 |Mafi kyawun Fitowa ||{{Won}} | |- |} == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|7785320}} [[Category:Fim]] [[Category: Fina-finan Najeriya]] 64xi5eoiso3g68bqut5ilnle4rbhkw7 894174 894173 2026-08-10T10:31:50Z Aisha SM 47788 894174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''A Soldier's Story''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2015 wanda Frankie Ogar ya jagoranta.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.naij.com/540814-linda-ejiofor-tope-tedela-star-new-epic-movie-nigerian-army.html | title=Linda Ejiofor, Tope Tedela, Star In New Epic Movie Titled 'A Soldier Story' | publisher=naij.com | date=September 2015 | accessdate=21 June 2016 | author=Michael Abimboye}}</ref> Tana da [[Tope Tedela]], [[Linda Ejiofor]] da Daniyel K Daniyel a matsayin jagora. Don rawar da ya taka a matsayin "Bossman", Daniel K Daniel ya lashe lambar yabo ta AMAA da AMVCA. == Labarin fim== Abubuwan buɗewa sun fara ne da sojoji a cikin wani birni da ya yi yaƙi na ƙasar da ke makwabtaka da Najeriya. Wani bam ya fashe bayan wasu 'yan tawaye sun kai hari kan sojoji. Manjo Egan ([[Tope Tedela]]) ya fita daga gadonsa na aure don yin ado don aikin soja. Ba tare da saninsa ba, matarsa, Lebari ([[Adesua Etomi]]) ta farka. Bayan zaman rikici da kuma sa hannun Col. Bello (Chukwuma Aligwekwe), uban Lebari kuma malami ga Major Egan. A cikin sansanin 'yan tawaye, Bossman (Daniyel K Daniyel) ya kashe mutane biyu daga cikin mutanensa saboda abin da ya ga shi "kamar rat" ne. A lokacin neman kayan da aka watsar, Regina da Angela sun sami wani matashi soja. Regina ta yi amfani da ita don kai shi gidan ta don ci gaba da bincike ga rashin jin daɗin Angela. Bayan wasu makonni na magani da samun sani, an bayyana soja a matsayin Manjo Egan amma yanzu yana fama da Amnesia. Bossman ya yi barazanar sanya ɗan'uwan Regina a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mayakansa idan Regina ta ci gaba da ba shi shawara ya canza hanyoyinsa. Regina da Major Egan sun kusanci kishi na Angela. Bayan gwagwarmaya da Bossman, Manjo Egan ya tuna duk abubuwan da suka faru daga rayuwarsa ta baya. Bayan fahimtar cewa ya yi aure, Manjo Egan ya bar Regina zuwa Najeriya. Lokacin da ya isa Legas, ya gano cewa wasu mutane suna zaune a gidansa na dā. Bayan haka, wasu abokan aiki sun kai shi ofishin Col. Bello, wanda ya gaya masa cewa matarsa ta tafi Abuja don hira da aiki. Daga baya kuma aka bayyana cewa Col. Bello ne ke da alhakin mutuwar da ya yi niyyar yin aiki a aikin soja saboda niyyarsa ta auri Lebari. Angela ta nemi gafara daga Regina bayan wahayi cewa ta bayyana bayanai ga Bossman saboda ciwo da ta ji lokacin da Manjo Egan ya ki amincewa da ci gabanta. Ta kuma shawarci Regina ta je Najeriya don saduwa da Manjo Egan idan tana ƙaunarsa da gaske. A Najeriya, Col. Bello ya aika da sojoji don kashe Major Egan kuma ya nuna shi kamar kashe kansa. Mai kisan ya buɗe wani gas wanda ya bayyana sha'awar mutuwar Manjo Egan kuma ya gaya masa Col. Bello ne ke da alhakin. Yayin da sajan ke barin gidan, yana cewa a waya, "Na tura shi jahannama a wannan lokacin" tare da bam din a hannunsa, Regina ta fito don ceton Major Egan a karo na biyu tana cewa, me ya sa koyaushe kuna samun kanka a yanayin mutuwa?. ==Ƴan wasan== * [[Linda Ejiofor]] a matsayin Regina * [[Tope Tedela]] a matsayin Manjo Egan * Daniyel K Daniyel a matsayin Bossman * [[Adesua Etomi]] a matsayin Lebari * [[Zainab Balogun]] a matsayin Angela * Chukwuma Aligwekwe a matsayin Col. Bello * Sambasa Nzeribe a matsayin Ghetto * Olumide Oworu a matsayin Edwin == Saki == fara shi ne a Genesis Cinemas, Onikan, [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] a watan Satumbar 2015 .<ref>{{cite web | url=http://pulse.ng/movies/a-soldiers-story-movie-starring-daniel-k-daniel-tope-tedela-linda-ejiofor-to-hit-cinemas-soon-id4133028.html | title=Movie starring Daniel K Daniel, Tope Tedela, Linda Ejiofor to hit cinemas soon | publisher=pulse.ng | accessdate=21 June 2016 | archive-date=9 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809153836/http://pulse.ng/movies/a-soldiers-story-movie-starring-daniel-k-daniel-tope-tedela-linda-ejiofor-to-hit-cinemas-soon-id4133028.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bestofnollywood.tv/2015/09/03/a-soldier-story-new-film-set-to-hit-up-the-nigerian-screen/ | title=A Soldier Story: New Film Set To Hit Up The Nigerian Screen | publisher=bestofnollywood.tv | accessdate=21 June 2016 | archive-date=4 November 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104201905/http://www.bestofnollywood.tv/2015/09/03/a-soldier-story-new-film-set-to-hit-up-the-nigerian-screen/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> == Karɓuwa== 36onobs.com ya bayyana a cikin bita cewa darektan ya ɓata labarin mai ban sha'awa a kan rubutun da ba shi da ƙarfi. ci gaba da kammala cewa "Yana da wahala a daidaita rashin gamsuwa da mutum ke ji lokacin da mutum ya ga wani labari mai ban sha'awa wanda ya ƙare ba tare da fahimtar damarsa a kowane nau'in fasaha ba, amma wannan rashin gamsuwa ya kara tsanantawa lokacin da darektan fim din ya kasa yin zane-zane. "<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/04/nollywood-movie-review-soldiers-story/ | title=#Nollywood Movie Review Of 'A Soldier's Story' | publisher=360nobs.com | accessdate=21 June 2016 | archive-date=7 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807215118/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/04/nollywood-movie-review-soldiers-story/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable" !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="5" |Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 12 |Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Mafi kyawun Actor |Daniyel K Daniyel|{{Won}} | rowspan="5" | |- |Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Mafi Kyawun Makeup ||{{Won}} |- |Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Kyakkyawan Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawa ||{{Nom}} |- |Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Kyakkyawan Tsarin Fitarwa ||{{Nom}} |- |Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Mafi Kyawun Ayyuka ||{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |2016 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka |Mafi kyawun Actor a matsayin Jagora |Daniyel K Daniyel|{{Won}} | rowspan="4" | |- |Mafi kyawun mai ba da tallafi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo |Sambassa Nzeribe|{{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun mai ba da tallafi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo |Olumide Oworu|{{Nom}} |- |Editan Hoton Mafi Kyawu |Olumide Oworu|{{Nom}} |- |Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Zulu ta Afirka ta 2018 |Mafi kyawun Fitowa ||{{Won}} | |- |} == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|7785320}} [[Category:Fim]] [[Category: Fina-finan Najeriya]] p30ywhvj3crftuaeby1kwtou924jade 0 69637 893658 500028 2026-08-09T15:18:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Albrecht Dürer, Adam and Eve, 1504, Engraving.jpg|thumb|zanen shirin]] [[Fayil:Fireworks on New Year's Eve in a small Swabian village (1), brightened.jpg|thumb|''The Eve'' (2018fim)]] The Eve fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo mai ban dariya na soyayya na Najeriya wanda akai a shekara ta 2018 wanda Tunde Babalola, Tosin Igho da Martin Adieze suka rubuta.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2018-03-25 |title=New movie 'The Eve' opens in cinemas March 30 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/03/new-movie-eve-opens-cinemas-march-30/ |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Tosin Igho, tsohon darektan bidiyo da waƙoƙi ya jagoranta, kamar D'banj, Terry G, Faze, Yung L, Aramide da Sammie Okposo kuma Hauwa Allahbura da Femi Odugbemi ne suka shirya a ƙarƙashin kamfanin samar da Cut24 Productions<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Augoye |first=Jayne |date=2018-03-20 |title=Mr Ibu, Ronke Oshodi, others thrill Nollywood fans in The Eve |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/262364-mr-ibu-ronke-oshodi-others-thrill-nollywood-fans-in-the-eve.html |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=ogunlami |first=yinka |date=2018-04-11 |title=This might be the most colourful Nollywood film you'll see in 2018 |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/the-eve-this-might-be-the-most-colourful-nollywood-film-youll-see-in-2018/cwqgv7b |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=Pulse Nigeria |archive-date=2022-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719150122/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/the-eve-this-might-be-the-most-colourful-nollywood-film-youll-see-in-2018/cwqgv7b |url-status=dead }}</ref>The well musical romantic film stars Beverly Naya, Meg Otanwa, Ronke Oshodi, Hauwa Allahbur[4] Efa Iwara, Adeolu Adefarasin, Kunle Remi, Mawuli Peter Gavorn and John Okafor (Mr Ibu) == Farko == An fara fim din ne a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Najeriya]] a ranar 24 ga Maris, 2018 a Day Dream Pool Club, Landmark Towers, Victoria Island . An kuma nuna shi a duk fadin kasar a ranar Easter (Maris 29). == Jigogi == Fim din an shirya shi ne a kan labarin soyayya da na ban dariya wanda ke bincika jigogi masu tsanani kuma yana tayar da tambayoyi game da batutuwa marasa muhimmanci kamar bukukuwan aure, aure, jima'i, abota, soyayya, zamba, rashin aure, biki, da luwaɗi. == Bayani game da shi == [[Fayil:Midsummer Eve bonfire on Skagen's beach - P.S. Krøyer - Google Cultural Institute.jpg|thumb|''The Eve'' (2018fim)]] Labarin ya ta'allaka ne game da wani saurayi, Funsho, wanda ke gab da auren ƙaunatacciyarsa ta dogon lokaci (Yewande) amma kuma ya janyo hankalin wata mace wacce ta bayyana a lokacin bikin saurayinta. Rashin iyawar Funsho na musanta ƙaunar sabuwar uwargidan ya zama abin damuwa ga masu kallo.   == Manazarta == Adefarasin (Funsho), Hauwa Allahbura (Uwa), Jagila Donatus (Mai Shirye-shiryen Matasa) Femi Durojaiye (Uba Paul), Michael Unome Ejoor (Kayode), Sixtus Ezeh (Mai Shirya Matasa), Efa Iwara (Ebere), Beverly Naya (Yewande), Uche Nwaefuna (Bolanle), Uche nwaeze (Rolex), [[Ronke Odusanya]] (Aunty Keh), John Okafor (Uncle Oju), TNNNNwerato (Ane) Emnezer), Tudu (Anezer), == Manazarta == [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ksr04tnzl1zk7heqeqd05t3jvrw86md 0 70254 893916 611982 2026-08-09T21:53:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Voiceless''''' fim ne mai ban sha'awa na Hausa [[Ɗan Nijeriya|a Najeriya]] na shekarar 2020 wanda Jennifer Agunloye ta rubuta, Robert O. Peters ne ya bada Umarni, kuma [[Rogers Ofime]] ya shirya shirin. Taurarin shirin sun haɗa da Uzee Usman, Yakubu Mohammed, Asabe Madaki, Sanni Ma'azu, Adam Garba. Fim ɗin yana magana ne game da wata yarinya mai ban sha'awa wacce aka tsare tare da wasu abokan karatunta su 245. A lokacin zamanta a sansanin ƴan ta'adda ta ketare hanya tare da abokanta.<ref>{{cite web |title=Voiceless |url=https://www.netflix.com/ng/title/81270774?preventIntent=true |website=Netflix }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Voiceless |url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt13149312/ |website=IMDb}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Voiceless |url=https://m.filmaffinity.com/us/movie.php?id=925654 |website=Film Affinity |access-date=2024-02-21 |archive-date=2022-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724232008/https://m.filmaffinity.com/us/movie.php?id=925654 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An fara haska fim ɗin a gidajen sinima a ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Voiceless: An enthralling tale of life’s realities |url=https://www.businessday.ng/amp/arts-and-life/article/voiceless-an-enthralling-tale-of-lifes-realities/ |website=Business day |publisher=Emelike Obinna}}</ref> == Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Asabe Madaki]] * [[Uzee Usman]] * [[Yakubu Muhammad|Yakubu Mohammed]] * [[Abba Ali Zaky|Abba Ali Zaki]] * [[Sani Mu'azu]] * [[Adam Garba|Adamu Garba]] * [[Habiba Zock-Sock]] == Kyaututtuka da Ayyanawa == Fim ɗin ya sami Ayyanawa goma sha biyar (15) a lambar yabo ta Universal Movie Award.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nollywood Movie "Voiceless" Receives 15 Nominations At Universal Movie Awards |url=https://dailytrust.com/nollywood-movie-voiceless-receives-15-nominations-at-universal-movie-awards |website=Daily Trust}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyauta !Iri !Mai karɓa !Sakamako !Madogara |- | rowspan="15" |2021 | rowspan="15" |[[2021 Universal Movie Awards|Universal Movie Awards]] |Best Picture |Voiceless | {{Won}} | rowspan="15" |<ref>{{cite web |title=FULL LIST OF WINNERS AND NOMINEES: UNIVERSAL MOVIE AWARDS OCTOBER 22,2021 |url=https://www.supplemagazine.org/full-list-of-winners-and-nominees-universal-movie-awards-2021.html |website=Supple magazine |access-date=2024-02-21 |archive-date=2024-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221070941/https://www.supplemagazine.org/full-list-of-winners-and-nominees-universal-movie-awards-2021.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |Best Producer |Robert O. Peters - Voiceless |{{Won}} |- |Best Screen play |Jennifer Agunloye - Voiceless |{{Won}} |- |Best Film Edit |Voiceless |{{Won}} |- |Best Actor male |Adam Garba - Voiceless |{{Nom}} |- |Best Actor Female |Asabe Madaki |{{nom}} |- |Best Supporting Actor Male |Sanni Mu'azu - Voiceless |{{nom}} |- |Best Supporting Actor Female |Rekkiya Atta - Voiceless |{{Nom}} |- |Best cinematography |Jonathan Kovel - Voiceless |{{nom}} |- |Best Cast Director |Voiceless |{{Nom}} |- |Best Story |Voiceless |{{Nom}} |- |Best Sound |Voiceless |{{Nom}} |- |Best Production Design |Voiceless |{{Nom}} |- |Best Original Score |Voiceless |{{Nom}} |- |Best Visual Effects |Voiceless |{{Nom}} |- |2022 |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards]] |Best Indigenous Language Movie or TV Series - Hausa |Voiceless | {{Won}} |<ref>{{cite web |title=AMVCA throws up more recognitions for continent’s talents in 8th edition |url=https://www.businessday.ng/amp/life-arts/article/amvca-throws-up-more-recognitions-for-continents-talents-in-8th-edition/ |website=Business day |publisher=Daniel Obi}}</ref> |} == Tsokaci == Aminu Abdulahi Ibrahim ya ce abin burgewa game da fim ɗin ''Voiceless'' shi ne yadda ya nuna yadda [[Boko Haram]] ke sacewa tare da jawo matasa su shiga ta’addancin. Ya nuna yadda mutane ke ɗaukar doka a hannunsu da kashe duk wanda ya tsere daga ƙungiyar ta'addanci. Ya kuma ce, “Ba na neman afuwa ga duk wanda ya tsere ya miƙa wuya amma abin da aka nuna a fim ɗin tabbas zai sa mutane su yi tunanin mafitarsu, akwai afuwa ko yaya yaki ne amma gwamnati ta sa ido sosai kan yadda za a magance matsalar, sannan a guji yin afuwa ga mutanen da za su dawo da kansu su kashe waɗanda ba su ji ba ba su gani ba." A cewar Pulse.ng, "Shirin ''Voiceless'', na ƙoƙari ne na gaske don magance duk munanan ayyukan ta'addanci. Abin baƙin ciki, wannan aikin a fahimta ya zama mawuyaci don ɗaukar nauyinsa. Yin rajista don shugaban Jack na kowane nau'i na sana'a ya ba shi damar yin aiki, na farko kuma mafi shaharar miss." == Duba kuma == [[Jerin fina-finan Najeriya na 2020]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} iet541in0dxt8gdpru0jwdidx6sd755 893917 893916 2026-08-09T21:53:43Z KiranBOT 35988 cire bin AMP daga URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|cikakkun bayanai]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|rahoton kuskure]]) v2.2.9s 893917 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Voiceless''''' fim ne mai ban sha'awa na Hausa [[Ɗan Nijeriya|a Najeriya]] na shekarar 2020 wanda Jennifer Agunloye ta rubuta, Robert O. Peters ne ya bada Umarni, kuma [[Rogers Ofime]] ya shirya shirin. Taurarin shirin sun haɗa da Uzee Usman, Yakubu Mohammed, Asabe Madaki, Sanni Ma'azu, Adam Garba. Fim ɗin yana magana ne game da wata yarinya mai ban sha'awa wacce aka tsare tare da wasu abokan karatunta su 245. A lokacin zamanta a sansanin ƴan ta'adda ta ketare hanya tare da abokanta.<ref>{{cite web |title=Voiceless |url=https://www.netflix.com/ng/title/81270774?preventIntent=true |website=Netflix }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Voiceless |url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt13149312/ |website=IMDb}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Voiceless |url=https://m.filmaffinity.com/us/movie.php?id=925654 |website=Film Affinity |access-date=2024-02-21 |archive-date=2022-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724232008/https://m.filmaffinity.com/us/movie.php?id=925654 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An fara haska fim ɗin a gidajen sinima a ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Voiceless: An enthralling tale of life’s realities |url=https://businessday.ng/arts-and-life/article/voiceless-an-enthralling-tale-of-lifes-realities/ |website=Business day |publisher=Emelike Obinna}}</ref> == Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Asabe Madaki]] * [[Uzee Usman]] * [[Yakubu Muhammad|Yakubu Mohammed]] * [[Abba Ali Zaky|Abba Ali Zaki]] * [[Sani Mu'azu]] * [[Adam Garba|Adamu Garba]] * [[Habiba Zock-Sock]] == Kyaututtuka da Ayyanawa == Fim ɗin ya sami Ayyanawa goma sha biyar (15) a lambar yabo ta Universal Movie Award.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nollywood Movie "Voiceless" Receives 15 Nominations At Universal Movie Awards |url=https://dailytrust.com/nollywood-movie-voiceless-receives-15-nominations-at-universal-movie-awards |website=Daily Trust}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyauta !Iri !Mai karɓa !Sakamako !Madogara |- | rowspan="15" |2021 | rowspan="15" |[[2021 Universal Movie Awards|Universal Movie Awards]] |Best Picture |Voiceless | {{Won}} | rowspan="15" |<ref>{{cite web |title=FULL LIST OF WINNERS AND NOMINEES: UNIVERSAL MOVIE AWARDS OCTOBER 22,2021 |url=https://www.supplemagazine.org/full-list-of-winners-and-nominees-universal-movie-awards-2021.html |website=Supple magazine |access-date=2024-02-21 |archive-date=2024-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221070941/https://www.supplemagazine.org/full-list-of-winners-and-nominees-universal-movie-awards-2021.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |Best Producer |Robert O. Peters - Voiceless |{{Won}} |- |Best Screen play |Jennifer Agunloye - Voiceless |{{Won}} |- |Best Film Edit |Voiceless |{{Won}} |- |Best Actor male |Adam Garba - Voiceless |{{Nom}} |- |Best Actor Female |Asabe Madaki |{{nom}} |- |Best Supporting Actor Male |Sanni Mu'azu - Voiceless |{{nom}} |- |Best Supporting Actor Female |Rekkiya Atta - Voiceless |{{Nom}} |- |Best cinematography |Jonathan Kovel - Voiceless |{{nom}} |- |Best Cast Director |Voiceless |{{Nom}} |- |Best Story |Voiceless |{{Nom}} |- |Best Sound |Voiceless |{{Nom}} |- |Best Production Design |Voiceless |{{Nom}} |- |Best Original Score |Voiceless |{{Nom}} |- |Best Visual Effects |Voiceless |{{Nom}} |- |2022 |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards]] |Best Indigenous Language Movie or TV Series - Hausa |Voiceless | {{Won}} |<ref>{{cite web |title=AMVCA throws up more recognitions for continent’s talents in 8th edition |url=https://businessday.ng/life-arts/article/amvca-throws-up-more-recognitions-for-continents-talents-in-8th-edition/ |website=Business day |publisher=Daniel Obi}}</ref> |} == Tsokaci == Aminu Abdulahi Ibrahim ya ce abin burgewa game da fim ɗin ''Voiceless'' shi ne yadda ya nuna yadda [[Boko Haram]] ke sacewa tare da jawo matasa su shiga ta’addancin. Ya nuna yadda mutane ke ɗaukar doka a hannunsu da kashe duk wanda ya tsere daga ƙungiyar ta'addanci. Ya kuma ce, “Ba na neman afuwa ga duk wanda ya tsere ya miƙa wuya amma abin da aka nuna a fim ɗin tabbas zai sa mutane su yi tunanin mafitarsu, akwai afuwa ko yaya yaki ne amma gwamnati ta sa ido sosai kan yadda za a magance matsalar, sannan a guji yin afuwa ga mutanen da za su dawo da kansu su kashe waɗanda ba su ji ba ba su gani ba." A cewar Pulse.ng, "Shirin ''Voiceless'', na ƙoƙari ne na gaske don magance duk munanan ayyukan ta'addanci. Abin baƙin ciki, wannan aikin a fahimta ya zama mawuyaci don ɗaukar nauyinsa. Yin rajista don shugaban Jack na kowane nau'i na sana'a ya ba shi damar yin aiki, na farko kuma mafi shaharar miss." == Duba kuma == [[Jerin fina-finan Najeriya na 2020]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} k2yd5s1repvpp3d51m4zadreg08tuwd 0 70433 893661 562797 2026-08-09T15:35:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:The Echo (IA echo1908gree).pdf|thumb|''The Silence's Echo'']] '''''The Silence's Echo,'''''fim ne na shekarar 2010 [[Moroko|na ƙasar Moroccan]]. == Takaitaccen bayani == Kasuwancin fim ɗin yana da ƙarfin magana ga mazauna Ouarzazate, Maroko. Mutane da yawa suna mafarkin yin sa kuma su sami wadata saboda godiya ga masana'antar fim, amma sun isa don tsira, ko da lokacin da suka sami matsayi na gaske a cikin manyan ayyukan kasafin kuɗi. Shirin ya biyo bayan wani saurayi wanda yayi aiki tare da Brad Pitt akan ''Babel'' amma har yanzu yana rayuwa cikin ladabi a tsaunuka kusa da Ouarzazate.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shafto |first1=Sally |title=Celebrating Amazigh Culture: The 5th National Festival of Amazigh Film |url=https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2011/festival-reports/celebrating-amazigh-culture-the-5th-national-festival-of-amazigh-film/ |accessdate=12 September 2020 |work=Sense of Cinema |issue=58 |date=March 2011 |archive-date=15 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815014452/http://sensesofcinema.com/2011/festival-reports/celebrating-amazigh-culture-the-5th-national-festival-of-amazigh-film/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Shafto |first1=Sally |title=It All began in Khouribga: the 15th Festival du Cinéma Africain de Khouribga |url=https://africanfilmny.org/articles/it-all-began-in-khouribga-the-15th-festival-du-cinema-africain-de-khouribga/ |website=African Film Festival New York |accessdate=12 September 2020}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fim]] gttq2vs2dykxr9qaez1m8rn4500t3vh 0 73773 894190 503819 2026-08-10T11:08:07Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:بلال_فضل.jpg|بلال_فضل.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Túrelio|Túrelio]] because: [[:c:COM:L|Copyright violation]]: from non-free source, a screenshot from TV show (the logo in top left). 894190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Belal Fadl''' (Arabic) (An haife shi a shekara ta 1974) marubucin fim ne na Masar, [[ɗan jarida]] kuma marubucin jarida. An haife shi kuma ya girma a [[Kairo|birnin Alkahira]], [[Misra|Misira]]. Fadl yana da tushe daga Alexandria.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Awad |first=Sherif |author2=Mohsen Allam |date=August 2004 |title=Egypt Today |journal=[[Egypt Today]] |url=http://www.egypttoday.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1821 |accessdate=1 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927044656/http://www.egypttoday.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1821 |archivedate=27 September 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fadl ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Alkahira da sakamako mafi daraja (First Class) a fannin Masa Communication. Ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ɗan jarida a Rose al-Yūsuf sannan, wanda ya kafa kuma sakataren Al-Dustour, sannan ya shiga Al-Masry Al-Youm don rubuta shafi na Istbaha kasancewar yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman marubuta a Misira. == Fina-finai == Ayyukan Belal Fadl sun haɗa da:<ref>[http://www.ultimatemoviesite.com/persons/view/2224703/Belal-Fadl Ultimate Movie Site: Belal Fadl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717152841/http://www.ultimatemoviesite.com/persons/view/2224703/Belal-Fadl |date=2011-07-17 }} Retrieved 1 March 2010.</ref> * in 2001, one of his scripts made into his first movie, ''[[Thieves in KG2]]'' directed by [[Sandra Nashaat]], starring [[Karim Abdel-Aziz]] and [[Hanan Tork]] the movie was a huge hit and mastered the Egyptian Box office at that time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.aawsat.com/details.asp?article=91300&issueno=8496#.YAc7QugzbIU|title="حرامية كي جي تو" يتفوق على "الساحر" و"الرغبة" في الإيرادات}}</ref> * he continued his cinematic success as he wrote 18 movies most of them topped the Egyptian box office. *''[[the Beach Loafer]]'' (2004) - (writer)<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.netflix.com/eg-en/title/81254473|title = Watch the Beach Loafer &#124; Netflix|website = [[Netflix]]}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt2215481/?ref_=bo_rl_ti|title=The Beach Loafer}}</ref> *''[[Khalty Faransa]]'' (2004) - (writer)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0416889/?ref_=ttfc_fc_tt|title = Khalty Faransa|website = [[IMDb]]|date = 9 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt2215481/?ref_=bo_rl_ti|title=The Beach Loafer}}</ref> *''The student Cop/ [[:ar:الباشا تلميذ (فيلم)]] '' (2004) - story - screenplay<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0419482/|title = El basha telmiz|website = [[IMDb]]|date = 8 December 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.netflix.com/eg-en/title/81254474|title = Watch the Student Cop &#124; Netflix|website = [[Netflix]]}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl200573953/weekly/|title=The Student Cop}}</ref> *''[[Sayed the Romantic]]'' (2005) - (writer)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/4712677.stm|title = Egyptian rivalry on film|date = 24 July 2005}}</ref> *''Aabu Ali'' (2005) - (writer)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl667386881/weekly/|title=Abo Ali}}</ref> *''[[Wesh Egram]]'' [[:ar:وش إجرام]] - (2005) (writer) *''[[Wahed Men Alnas]]'' (2006) - story and screen play<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2605480/|title = Wahed men el nas|website = [[IMDb]]|date = 17 June 2007}}</ref> * The first Saudi feature- length film ''[[Keif al-Hal?]]'' (2006) - story and screen play with Lebanese critic Mohammed Rouda.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5019116.stm|title = 'First' Saudi feature film aims high|date = 26 May 2006}}</ref> *''[[Haha we tofaha]]'' (2006) - (writer)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0835036/?ref_=nm_flmg_wr_12|title = Haha we tofaha|website = [[IMDb]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl2609284097/weekly/|title = Haha we tofaha}}</ref> *'' [[Awdet Al-Nadla|Awdet El Nadla]]'' (2006) (writer)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5582912/?ref_=nm_flmg_wr_11|title = Awdet Elnadla|website = [[IMDb]]|date = 12 July 2006}}</ref> *'' Fe Mahatet masr'' (2006) (writer)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2605474/|title = Fe Mahatet masr|website = [[IMDb]]|date = 12 December 2006}}</ref> *'' Kharej ala el kanoun'' (2007) (story - screen play) *'' Swimming Boltia / Boltya EL Ayma'' (2008) (story and screen play).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4385858/?ref_=nm_flmg_wr_6|title = Boltya EL Ayma|website = [[IMDb]]|date = 2 December 2008}}</ref> For wاich he was Awarded the National Egyptian Film Festival prize for the best screen play.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2605454/|title = Kharej ala el kanoun|website = [[IMDb]]|date = 11 November 2007}}</ref> *'' Hima'' (TV series) (2008) (writer) *''[[Ahl Cairo]]''/ (people of Cairo) (2010) - (writer)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://egyptindependent.com/ahl-cairo-egypts-high-society-under-microscope/|title = Ahl Cairo: Egypt's high society under the microscope|date = 7 September 2010}}</ref> *''El Ragol El Ghamed Beslamto'' [[:ar:الرجل الغامض بسلامته (فيلم)]] (2010) (writer) *''[[18 Days (film)|18 Days]]'' (2011) The film comprises 10 shorts revolving around different facets of the 18 days of the 25 January 2011 revolution which led to overthrowing former President [[Hosni Mubarak]]. The events take place in Tahrir square and outside it and is narrated from different points of view; either, against, enthusiasts, opportunists, or even indifferent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://film-clinic.com/films/18days.php|title=Film Clinic &#124; 18 DAYS Film|access-date=2024-03-04|archive-date=2024-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304213839/https://film-clinic.com/films/18days.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Fadl Wrote two short movies of the ten: (God's Creation) directed by [[Kamla Abou Zikri]] and (When the Flood Hits You) directed by Mohammed Ali. the film's first premiere was in special screening in [[Cannes Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2011/film/markets-festivals/18-days-1117945285/|title = 18 Days|date = 21 May 2011}}</ref> *''El Horoub'' TV series (2012) (writer)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elcinema.com/en/work/2007386/|title = Series - el Horoub - 2012 Cast، Video، Trailer، photos، Reviews، Showtimes}}</ref> *'' Sister Teresa'' TV series (2012) (writer) *'' Ahl Eskendereya / people of Alexanderia'' (2014) (writer): the series which was produced by the official Egyptian TV was banned from screening on the state channels and the private ones also due to pressures from the state's security apparatus.In addition to the political stances of several actors in the series, including Fadl himself as well as actors [[Amr Waked]] and [[Basma Hassan]], all vocal members of the political opposition, it is also likely that the series, directed by veteran director [[Khairy Beshara]], is being banned because of its portrayal of a corrupt police officer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/5/32/104694/Arts--Culture/Film/Ramadan-TV-series-Ahl-Eskendereya-pulled-after-sta.aspx|title=Ramadan TV series 'Ahl Eskendereya' pulled after state pressure, says show's writer - Film - Arts & Culture}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin Hadi na waje== *{{IMDb name|1650317}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080531005614/http://www.film.com/celebrities/belal-fadl/14574216 Belal Fadl profile] on [[film.com]] *[https://belal-fadl.blogspot.com/ Belal Fadl's blog] *[http://fancaster.com/people/Belal-Fadl/127808/biography/about Belal Fadl biography] on fancast.com {{Dead link|date=February 2016}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080531044847/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/1459877/Belal-Fadl Belal Fadl profile] on movies.nytimes.com *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081107084959/http://www.almasry-alyoum.com/search.aspx?Keyword=%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84+%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%84 Belal Fadl's] articles on Al Masry Al Yawm *[https://www.shorouknews.com/columns/BilalFadl Belal Fadl columns at Al-Shorouk journal ] *[https://www.almasryalyoum.com/editor/details/1347] {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fadl, Belal}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1974]] 4nyozak1hifx6i94ibtnrv474ebkv04 0 73775 893670 830555 2026-08-09T16:06:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Thobani Nzuza''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Mayu 1993), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Afirka ta Kudu, darektan, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, mai murya da kuma mai rawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Thobani Nzuza's Heartbreaking Loss |url=https://zalebs.com/top-of-the/thobani-dlomo-nzuza/thobani-nzuza-is-in-mourning |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=ZAlebs |language=en |archive-date=2021-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030162335/https://zalebs.com/top-of-the/thobani-dlomo-nzuza/thobani-nzuza-is-in-mourning |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-30 |title=Thobani Nzuza - Leave me alone, I'm just acting |url=https://news365.co.za/thobani-nzuza-lea/ |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=News365.co.za |language=en-US}}</ref>fi saninsa da rawar da ya taka a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin na ''eHostela'', ''Uzalo'' da ''DiepCity'' .<ref>{{Cite news |title=LISTEN {{!}} Here's why 'eHostela' actor Thobani Nzuza didn't think he'd end up on TV |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/pic-of-the-day/2021-03-07-listen--heres-why-ehostela-actor-thobani-nzuza-didnt-think-hed-end-up-on-tv/ |access-date=2021-10-30 |publisher=[[The Sowetan]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-01 |title=eHostela firebrand Thobani Nzuza bags a gig on DiepCity |url=https://savannanews.com/ehostela-firebrand-thobani-nzuza-bags-a-gig-on-diepcity/ |access-date=2021-10-30 |newspaper=[[Savanna News]] |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810030807/https://savannanews.com/ehostela-firebrand-thobani-nzuza-bags-a-gig-on-diepcity/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Nzuza a ranar 4 ga Mayu 1993 a garin Umlazi a KwaZulu-Natal, Afirka ta Kudu.<ref name="Xaba">{{Cite web |last=celebrities |first=-Southern African |date=2021-07-01 |title=Thobani Nzuza aka Simangaliso Xaba on Diep City |url=https://www.safrolebs.com/blog/celebs/biographies/thobani-nzuza-biography/ |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=Southern African celebrities |language=en |archive-date=2021-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030162337/https://www.safrolebs.com/blog/celebs/biographies/thobani-nzuza-biography/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2011, ya yi karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta King Shaka . haka, a cikin 2013, ya halarci Jami'ar Fasaha ta Durban, kuma ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a wasan kwaikwayo a cikin 2016.<ref name="TVSA"/> == Aiki == A shekara ta 2010, ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar shiga Cibiyar Ayyuka ta Al'umma. A wannan lokacin, ya sami damar koyon wasan kwaikwayo a karkashin sanannen mai zane Buhle 'Bo' Mlazi . shekara ta 2014, ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo tare da wasan kwaikwayo na Silencing the Hurricanes wanda Themi Venturas ya samar.<ref name="TVSA"/> An yi wasan ne a Bangkok. Bayan nasarar, daga baya ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarnin wasan kwaikwayo na Shintsha Guluva don bikin Isigcawu . Wasan sami yabo daga masu sukar kuma Nzuza ya lashe kyautar Darakta Mafi Kyawu.<ref name="TVSA">{{Cite web |title=Thobani Nzuza: TVSA |url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=17923 |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=www.tvsa.co.za }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekara ta 2015, ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a wasan kwaikwayo na Secret Valley of the Great Kings wanda Menzi Mkhwane ya samar. Daga baya aka zaba shi don Mafi Kyawun Mai Taimako a Durban Mercury Theatre Awards . 'an nan kuma ya haɗu da Kagiso Tsimakwane don rubuta kuma ya ba da umarnin wasan kwaikwayo na mutum ɗaya na farko mai taken Boy Ntulikazi a cikin 2015, wanda ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa. A bikin Isigcawu na 2015, ya lashe kyautar mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, sannan ya lashe kyautar mai ba da kyauta mafi kyau a bikin wasan kwaikwayo na Baxter Zabalaza na 2017. kuma lashe kyautar Mafi kyawun samarwa a bikin wasan kwaikwayo na Baxter Zabalaza na 2017 da kuma Kyautar Mafi kyawun samar da al'umma a Kyautar Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka ta Kudu.<ref name="TVSA"/> A cikin 2016, Thobani ya wakilci bikin Shakespeare a Jamus tare da wasan kwaikwayon Much Ado about Nothing, wanda Debbie Lutge ta jagoranta. cikin 2018, ya taka rawar "Mdeni" a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Mzansi Magic ''eHostela'' . Bayan wannan shahara, ya shiga tare da telenovela mai ban mamaki na e.tv ''Isho'', tare da rawar "Lwandle" a cikin 2019. cikin wannan shekarar, ya taka rawar "Khehla" a cikin soapie ''Uzalo'' . [1] cikin 2021, ya bayyana a cikin jerin ''DiepCity'' tare da rawar "Simangaliso Xaba". [1] [2] [3] == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi !Irin wannan !Tabbacin. |- |2018 |eHostela |Gidan Mangi |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2019 |Isho |Ruwa |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2019 |''Uzalo'' |Khehla |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2021 |DiepCity |Simangaliso Xaba |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2023 |Isitha: Maƙiya |Chuma da Li'azaru |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |} == Manazarta == [[Category:Haihuwan 1993]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9199nbx320pteid2xy2tttoqze6dqnv 0 75487 893763 767354 2026-08-09T16:40:44Z Asiya Garba 46242 893763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:20131006 - Open LFB - Arras-Lyon 046.jpg|thumb|Bintou Diémé]] [[Fayil:20131006 - Open LFB - Arras-Lyon 002.jpg|thumb|Bintou Diémé]] '''Biniou Diémé-Marizy''' (an haife ta 1 Fabrairun shekarar 1984) ƴar wasan [[Kwallon kwando|kwando]] ce ta ƙasashen Faransa-Senegal don [[Saint-Amand Hainaut Basket|Kwandon Saint-Amand Hainaut]] . <ref>[http://www.lavoixdessports.com/Sports-Collectifs/Basket-Ball/2008/12/16/article_apres-les-menaces-les-sanctions-bintou-d.shtml Après les menaces, les sanctions Bintou Diémé écartée de l'UHB] 16 December 2008</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2023 |title=Idee de Coloriage |url=http://www.aplemontbasket.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=347&Itemid=34 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>[http://www.paris-normandie.fr/article/autres-actus/bintou-dieme-apres-emilie Bintou Diémé après Emilie] 2011</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Category:Matan Senegal]] 6vpmgks7wlcy8oorn6u5umuvy259ywi 0 76648 893882 798779 2026-08-09T20:46:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Valerie O. Lawson''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1991), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ghana da aka sani da aikinta a wuraren amarya da na kasuwanci.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Weddings |first=BellaNaija |date=2017-02-16 |title=BN Bridal Beauty: Ghana's Contours by Valerie Lawson releases Stunning Beauty Campaign for the Christian and Muslim Bride |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/02/bn-bridal-beauty-ghanas-contours-by-valerie-lawson-cvl-beauty-studios-campaign-for-the-christian-and-muslim-bride/ |access-date=2021-09-12 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2019 |title=10 Ghanaian Beauty Practitioners and Brands Honoured at the Xperience Womanity Awards {{!}} Ibukun Nartey |url=https://ibukunnartey.com/xperience-womanity-awards-ghanaian-honors/ |access-date=2021-09-12 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912185014/https://ibukunnartey.com/xperience-womanity-awards-ghanaian-honors/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="face2faceafrica.com">{{Cite web|date=2021-11-27|title=Ghanaian makeup artist becomes first African beauty influencer to partner M.A.C Cosmetics in the UK|url=https://face2faceafrica.com/article/ghanaian-makeup-artist-becomes-first-african-beauty-influencer-to-partner-m-a-c-cosmetics-in-the-uk|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Face2Face Africa|language=en}}</ref> Har ila yau, ita ce darektan zane-zane na Ghana na kamfanin kayan kwalliya na Amurka, Maybelline New York kuma wanda ya kafa alamar, Contours By Valerie Lawson . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Valerie Lawson appointed artistic director of Maybelline Ghana – Glitz Africa Magazine |url=https://www.glitzafrica.com/valerie-lawson-appointed-artistic-director-of-maybelline-ghana/ |access-date=2021-09-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> Lawson ya yi aiki tare da Firayim Minista na Norway, Erna Solberg, Uwargidan Ghana na biyu, Samira Bawumia, H.E. Ms. Anne Sophie-Avé Jakadan Faransa a Ghana, Bozoma Saint John, Gidauniyar Mastercard C.E.O, Reeta Roy, Nicole Ari Parker, da [[Yolanda Zoleka Cuba|Yolanda Cuba]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-14 |title=Valerie Lawson Is Make-Up Artist Of The Year |url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/valerie-lawson-is-make-up-artist-of-the-year/ |access-date=2021-09-12 |website=DailyGuide Network |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2019 |title=Watch: Top Ten Celebrity Makeup Artists In Ghana-#AmeyawTVFeatures - Ameyaw Debrah |url=https://ameyawdebrah.com/watch-top-ten-celebrity-makeup-artists-in-ghana-ameyawtvfeatures/ |access-date=2021-09-12 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-27 |title=Ghanaian becomes first African beauty influencer to partner top UK cosmetics firm |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Ghanaian-becomes-first-African-beauty-influencer-to-partner-top-UK-cosmetics-firm-1411309 |access-date=2022-02-10 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en |archive-date=2022-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210211743/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Ghanaian-becomes-first-African-beauty-influencer-to-partner-top-UK-cosmetics-firm-1411309 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Valerie Lawson a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, 1991, a Ghana ga Jami'in Soja, Rtd Colonel Emmanuel Nii Lante Lawson da Mai tsara tufafi Mrs. Joan Lawson . Ita ce ta biyu cikin yara uku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Women's Day: Glamour Exclusive with Valerie Lawson |url=https://www.glamour.co.za/lifestyle/glamour-guides/international-womens-day-glamour-exclusive-with-valerie-lawson-f6d88c12-8cea-4049-b925-f870effa9a2e |access-date=2022-02-10 |website=www.glamour.co.za |language=en}}</ref> Lawson ta halarci makarantar kwana ta Katolika, Makarantar Sakandare ta Yara Mai Tsarki daga 2006 zuwa 2009 kuma tana son yin zane-zane na abokan karatunta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-28 |title=12 iconic Ghanaian women who went to Holy Child School |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/12-iconic-Ghanaian-women-who-went-to-Holy-Child-School-992302 |access-date=2021-09-12 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya ta halarci Jami'ar Ghana a shekara ta 2009 inda ta yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci . == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2014, ta sauka da aikinta na farko tare da masana'antar buga takardu ta Wax, Printex kuma ta fara aikinta na kayan shafawa tare da samfurin a kan saiti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-15 |title=Our Conversation with Accra-based Makeup Artist Valerie Lawson is Worth Reading |url=https://www.bellanaijaweddings.com/bnw12con12ven6cit-valerie-lawson-mzl4wson/ |access-date=2022-02-10 |website=BellaNaija Weddings |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kuma yi aiki tare da nau'ikan kayan ado na Ghana da yawa ciki har da Pistis Ghana, [[Aisha Ayensu|Christie Brown]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=by |date=2013-07-13 |title=Fashion Spotlight: Christie Brown Ghana Dure Collection |url=https://www.munaluchibridal.com/fashion-spotlight-christie-brown-ghana-dure-collection/ |access-date=2021-09-12 |website=Munaluchi Bride |language=en-US}}</ref> Mina Evans, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Afolabi |first=Tosin |title=Ghanaian Fashion Label Mina Evans Presents S/S 2015 Collection {{!}} Glam Africa |url=https://glamafrica.com/ghanaian-fashion-label-mina-evans-presents-ss-2015-collection |access-date=2021-09-12 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2021-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912185014/https://glamafrica.com/ghanaian-fashion-label-mina-evans-presents-ss-2015-collection |url-status=dead }}</ref> Charlotte Prive, Nadrey Laurent, Sarah Christian da Hat Box Company a kan kamfen ɗin kayan ado da editoci da yawa. A cikin 2016, Lawson ya haɗu da gidan kayan ado na Pistis Ghana da Let's Be Seated Limited don ƙirƙirar kamfen ɗin amarya ga amarya Kirista da Musulmi waɗanda masana'antar bikin aure ta karɓa ciki har da ambaton mai shirya bikin aure, David Tutera <ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Charlotte |title=My Title |url=https://afroculture.net/wedding-dresses-make-up-valerie-lawson-pistisgh/ |access-date=2021-09-12 |website=Afroculture.net |language=en-US}}</ref> .<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2017 |title=Contours by Valerie Lawson's Bridal Beauty Campaign – LoveweddingsNG |url=https://loveweddingsng.com/2017/02/contours-by-valerie-lawsons-bridal-beauty-campaign/ |access-date=2021-09-12 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kay |date=2018-01-04 |title=Pistis Bridal Collection Culture X Creativity. |url=https://www.jozigist.co.za/pistis-bridal-collection-culture-x-creativity/ |access-date=2021-09-12 |website=Jozi Gist |language=en-US}}</ref> Kamfen ɗin ya zama aikin shekara-shekara kuma an sake shi kowace shekara tun lokacin da aka fara fitar da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weddings |first=BellaNaija |date=2018-01-01 |title=BN Bridal Beauty Exclusive: Contours by Valerie Lawson 2018 Campaign is Perfect for the Modern Ghanaian Bride who loves Culture & Style |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/01/bn-bridal-beauty-exclusive-contours-by-valerie-lawson-2018-campaign/ |access-date=2021-09-12 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2018 |title=Ghanaian Fashion Brand Pistis Presents Its CVL Bridal Campaign; Culture X Creativity - Fashion GHANA |url=https://www.fashionghana.com/site/ghanaian-fashion-brand-pistis-presents-its-cvl-bridal-campaign-culture-x-creativity/ |access-date=2021-09-12 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912185012/https://www.fashionghana.com/site/ghanaian-fashion-brand-pistis-presents-its-cvl-bridal-campaign-culture-x-creativity/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Alkawarin Maybelline === A ranar 8 ga Maris 2020, an nada Lawson a matsayin darektan zane-zane na Maybelline New York kuma ya zama mai zane-zane ta farko ta Ghana da ta zama darektan fasaha a Ghana, na Maybellin New York . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Esi Coleman – Bra Perucci Africa |url=https://braperucci.africa/author/nancy-coleman/feed/ |access-date=2021-09-12 |website=braperucci.africa |archive-date=2022-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323193823/https://braperucci.africa/author/nancy-coleman/feed/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Layin kayan shafawa == Lawson a cikin 2017 ta sanar da ƙaddamar da alamar kayan shafawa, CVL Beauty.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Style|first=BellaNaija|date=2017-06-05|title=BN Beauty: Makeup Looks for the 2017 Prom Queen by CVL Beauty Studio|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/06/makeup-prom-2017-cvl-beauty-studio/|access-date=2021-09-12|website=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref> CVL kyakkyawa ta fitar da kayan aiki da kayan haɗi da suka hada da buroshi da aka tsara don masu zane-zane a duk faɗin Afirka da mata baƙi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-08|title=Contours' Valerie Lawson creates beauty editorial for Prom 2017|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/lifestyle/beauty-contours-valerie-lawson-creates-beauty-editorial-for-prom-2017/z551j59|access-date=2021-09-12|website=Pulse Ghana|language=en|archive-date=2021-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912190516/https://www.pulse.com.gh/lifestyle/beauty-contours-valerie-lawson-creates-beauty-editorial-for-prom-2017/z551j59|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Abin da ya faru !Kyautar |'''Sakamakon''' |- |2017 |Kyautar Glitz Africa Style |Mai zane-zane na Shekara |Ya ci nasara <ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Peace FM |title=Samira Bawumia Adjudged Style Icon At Glitz Style Awards |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201708/324417.php |access-date=2021-09-12 |website=Peacefmonline.com - Ghana news |archive-date=2021-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912185013/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201708/324417.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2018 |Kyautar Makeup ta Ghana |Mafi kyawun Mai Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawan |Ya ci nasara <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sandra Don-Arthur wins top Ghana Makeup Award - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/sandra-don-arthur-wins-top-ghana-makeup-award/ |access-date=2021-09-12 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2018 |Kyautar Glitz Africa Style |Mai zane-zane na Shekara |Ya ci nasara <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-03 |title=Glitz Style Awards 2018: Complete list of winners |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Glitz-Style-Awards-2018-Complete-list-of-winners-681811 |access-date=2021-09-12 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}</ref> |- |2019 |Kyautar Makeup ta Ghana |Mai zane-zane na Shekara |Ya ci nasara <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-10 |title=Valerie Lawson Leads 2019 Ghana Make-Up Awards Nominations |url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/valerie-lawson-leads-2019-ghana-make-up-awards-nominations/ |access-date=2021-09-12 |website=DailyGuide Network |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2020 |Feti na Kyau na Afirka <ref>{{Cite web |title=BEAUTY FEST AFRICA 2020: ESTABLISHING SUSTAINABILITY IN THE BUSINESS OF BEAUTY |url=https://iamschick.com/beauty/beauty-fest-africa-2020-establishing-sustainability-in-the-business-of-beauty/ |access-date=2021-09-12 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922215343/https://iamschick.com/beauty/beauty-fest-africa-2020-establishing-sustainability-in-the-business-of-beauty/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |Kyakkyawan Kyakkyawar Kyakkyawa Mai Kyakkyaw Wasan Shekara |Ya ci nasara |- |2021 |40 UNDER 40 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Xodus Communications opens nominations for 2021 Forty under 40 Awards - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/xodus-communications-opens-nominations-for-2021-forty-under-40-awards/ |access-date=2021-09-12 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> |Kyakkyawan & Hanyar Rayuwa |Ya ci nasara <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-11 |title=Forty Under 40: Full list of 2021 winners - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/forty-under-40-full-list-of-2021-winners/ |access-date=2022-02-10 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2021 |Kyautar Zaɓin Mata |Mai zane-zane na Shekara |Ya ci nasara <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-23 |title=Asaase Radio's Caroline Sampson wins Media Personality of the Year Award at Women's Choice Awards Africa |url=https://asaaseradio.com/asaase-radios-caroline-sampson-wins-media-personality-of-the-year-award-at-womens-choice-awards-africa/ |access-date=2021-11-23 |website=Asaase Radio |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Women's Choice Awards Africa Slated For October |url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/2021-womens-choice-awards-africa-slated-for-october/ |access-date=2021-11-23 |website=dailyguidenetwork.com}}</ref> |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1991]] 31kbw108axkw7jisrmzfjboq4bixcyw 0 78136 893971 662794 2026-08-10T00:39:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Surah Ya Sin.png|thumb|ya sin]] '''Ya-Sin'''<ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya-Sin</ref> Yā Sīn (kuma Yaseen; Larabci: يٰسٓ, yāsīn; haruffa 'Yāʼ da 'Sīn') shine sura ta 36 na [[Alqur'ani]]. Yana da ayoyi 83 (āyāt). Tana daga cikin farko-farkon surorin da aka saukar a Makka. Wasu malaman sun tabbatar da cewa aya ta 12 ta fito daga lokacin Madina. Yayin da surar ta fara a cikin Juz' 22, yawancinta tana cikin Juz'i na 23.<ref>https://questionsonislam.com/question/what-meaning-word-yasin</ref> Surar ta fara da haruffan larabci masu suna (muqatta'at): يس (yā sin). Ma'anar haruffan Ya Sin, yayin da ba a san su ba, ana ta muhawara a tsakanin malaman addinin Musulunci. Daya daga cikin tafsirin shine "Ya kai mutum!" game da Annabi Muhammad(S.A.W) tunda ayoyin da suka biyo baya an fassara su da "Ina rantsuwa da Alƙur'ani, Mai hikima, lalle ne kai kana cikin manzanni". Tafsirin al-Jalalayn, tafsirin mafarin Ahlus-Sunnah (tafsiri), ya kammala da cewa, "Allah ne Mafi sani ga abin da yake nufi da wadannan haruffan."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/2021/03/a-malay-quran-manuscript-from-patani.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-05-10 |archive-date=2023-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815160446/https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/2021/03/a-malay-quran-manuscript-from-patani.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Surar ta mayar da hankali ne kan tabbatar da Alkur'ani a matsayin tushen Ubangiji, kuma ta yi gargadi kan makomar wadanda ke yin izgili da ayoyin Allah da taurin kai. Surar ta yi magana game da hukunce-hukuncen da suka addabi al'ummomin da suka shude na kafirai a matsayin gargadi ga tsararraki da al'umma na yanzu da na gaba. Bugu da kari, surar ta nanata ikon Allah kamar yadda halittunsa suka misalta ta hanyar alamu daga dabi'a. Surah ta ƙare da hujjar tabbatar da wanzuwar tashin kiyama da ikon Allah Ubangiji Madaukaki. == Takaitawa == 1-3 [[Allah]] ya rantse da cewa Muhammadu Annabi ne 4-5 Alqur'ani da aka bayar don gargaɗi ga [[Makka]] 6-9 Mafi yawan mutanen Makkah sun bijire 10-11 Wa'azin Muhammad yana da fa'ida kawai ga masu bi na ɓoye 12 Za a ta da matattu; duk ayyukansu suna da rajista, komai a rubuce 13-14 Manzanni Biyu, sannan uku, an aika su zuwa wani ƙauye, bai ambaci sunayensu ba. 15-18 An ƙi su a matsayin maƙaryata kuma ana yi musu barazanar jifa 19 Manzanni sun gargaɗi mutanen da ke gabato da hukuncin Allah 20-26 Kafirai sun kashe wani mumini 27-28 An hallaka masu tsanantawa ba zato ba tsammani 29 Maza gabaɗaya sun ƙi manzannin Allah 30 An manta darussan da suka gabata 31-33 Koyarwar tashin matattu ta tabbatar kuma ta kwatantar 34-44 Ikon Allah da nagartansa sun bayyana ta wurin ayyukansa 45-46 Kafirai ba su motsa da tsoron alamun da Alqur'ani ya bayyana ba 47-48 Suna izgili ga yin sadaka da kuma tashin kiyama 49-53 Busa Ƙahon qiyãma da rãnar sakamako zai zama abin mamaki ga kãfirai 54 Hukuncin Allah zai kasance bisa ga ayyuka 55-65 Sakamakon masu adalci da azabar mugaye 66-68 Allah Yana yin mu'amala da azzalumai yadda Yake so 69-70 Annnabi Muhammad(S.A.W) ba mawaki ba; Alqur'ani maganar Allah ce 71-73 Allah ya bayyana a cikin ayyukansa na alheri 74-75 Masu bautar gumaka za su sami dogaro ga gumaka a banza 76 Annabi kada ya yi baƙin ciki a kan maganganun mushrikai; Allah Masani ne ga kowa 77-81 Mahaliccin dukan abu, mai ikon tada matattu zuwa rai 82 Allah ya ce Ka kasance, ka kasance kuma 83 Gõdiya ta tabbata ga Mahalicci kuma Mai tada matattu == Zuciyar Alqur'ani == An fada cewa yā-Sin' ita ce "zuciyar Alqur'ani". Ma’anar “zuciya” ita ce ta zama tushen tattaunawa a tsakanin masana da yawa. A al'adance ana daukar girman wannan sura a matsayin wakilcin mu'ujizar Alkur'ani. Tana gabatar da muhimman jigogi na Alkur'ani, kamar ikon Allah, ikon Allah mara iyaka wanda halittunsa suka misalta, Aljanna, azabar kafirai, tashin kiyama, gwagwarmayar muminai da mushrikai da kafirai, tabbatar da cewa muminai suna kan hanya madaidaiciya, da sauransu. Yā-Sīn yana gabatar da saƙon Alƙur'ani cikin inganci da ƙarfi, tare da ayoyinsa masu saurin salo da kaɗa. Wannan surar tana tabbatar da cewa Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ba mawaki ba ne, a'a shi ne mafi girman ma'aiki kuma manzon Allah na karshe (Sallallahu alaihi wa sallam)("Hatimin Annabawa").<ref>https://shamela.ws/book/21795/4743</ref> == Dabi'u da Nagartar sa == An ruwaito a cikin Sunanul-Darimi cewa Annabi Muhammad Sallallahu alaihi wa sallam ya ce, “Duk wanda ya karanta Ya-Sin da sanyin safiya, to buqatarsa ta ranar ta cika. Duk da cewa ta kasance mai rauni (da’if), makamancin wannan riwaya da aka rataya (mawquf) daga ibn Abbas tana cewa: “Duk wanda ya karanta Ya-Sin da safe, zai sami sauki a gare shi har zuwa yamma, da wanda ya karanta Ya-Sin da dare, akwai sauƙi a gare shi har ya wayi gari." An kididdige shi a matsayin ingantacce (sahih) ko mai kyau (hasan). == Sashe da Jigogi == Akwai manyan jigogi guda uku na yā sin: kadaita Allah (tauhidi); Risala, cewa Annabi Muhammadu Sallallahu alaihi wa sallam manzo ne da Allah ya aiko domin shiryar da halittunsa ta hanyar wahayin Ubangiji; da haƙiƙanin Akhirah, Hukunci na Ƙarshe. 36:70 "Wannan wahayi ne, Alƙur'ãni ne mai haske, dõmin a yi gargaɗi ga wanda yake rãyayye, kuma dõmin a hukunta kafirai. Suran ta yi ta yin gargadi kan illar rashin yin imani da halaccinta ko wahayin Annabi Muhammadu Sallallahu alaihi wa sallam, sannan tana kwadaitar da muminai da su dage da tsayin daka da izgili da zalunci da izgili da suke samu daga mushrikai da kafirai. Hujjojin sun taso ne a nau’i uku: misali na tarihi, tunani kan tsari a sararin samaniya, daga karshe kuma tattaunawa kan tashin matattu da kuma hisabi na dan Adam.<ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubair_Ali_Zai</ref> Babin watau suran ya fara da tabbatar da halaccin Annabi Muhammadu Sallallahu alaihi wa sallam. Misali, aya ta 2 – 6, “Ina rantsuwa da Alkur’ani mai hikima, lalle kai (Muhammad) kana daga cikin manzannin da aka aiko zuwa ga tafarki madaidaici, tare da wahayi daga mabuwayi, Ubangijin rahama, domin ka yi gargadi ga mutanen da kakanninsu basu samu magargadi ba kuma don haka, suka dawwama cikin rashin sani.” Nassi na farko, aya ta 1-12, ta fi mayar da hankali ne da inganta Kur’ani a matsayin shiriya da kuma tabbatar da cewa zaɓin Ubangiji ne wanda zai gaskata kuma ba zai yi ba. An bayyana cewa, ba tare da la’akari da gargaɗi ba, ba za a iya karkatar da kafirai su yi imani ba. 36:10 Daidai ne a kansu, ka yi musu gargaɗi, ko ba ka yi musu gargaɗi ba.<ref>https://shamela.ws/book/21795/4744</ref> Sai suratu Yāʾ-Sīn ta ci gaba da ba da labarin manzanni waɗanda aka aiko don su yi gargaɗi ga kafirai, amma waɗanda aka ƙaryata su. Ko da yake manzannin sun yi shelar cewa su halaltattu ne, amma kafirai sun zarge su da cewa su talakawa ne. 36: 15-17 "Suka ce, 'Lalle ne, mu manzanni ne zuwa gare ku,' amma suka ce, 'Ku mutane ne kawai kamar mu. Ubangijin rahama bai aiko kome ba, kuna ƙarya kawai. "Duk da haka, wani mutum daga gare su Daga cikin waɗannan mutane sun nẽme su da su yi ĩmãni da Manzanni. "Sai wani mutum ya je daga mafi nĩsan birnin yana gudu, ya ce: "Yã mutãnena! Ku yi ɗã'a ga Manzanni. [36:20] Bayan mutuwarsa, mutumin ya shiga Aljanna, kuma ya koka da halin kafirai. 36:26 "Kuma aka ce masa: "Ku shiga Aljanna." Sai ya ce: "Dã dai mutãnena sun san yadda Ubangijina Ya gãfarta mini, kuma Ya sanya ni a cikin waɗanda aka girmama." Wannan sura tana nufin gargadi ga kafirai sakamakon abin da suka yi musu na karyatawa. Aya ta 36:30 ta ci gaba da cewa: “Kaiton mutane, duk lokacin da manzo ya je musu sai su yi masa izgili.” A karshe, nufin Allah ne wanda ya makaho, da kuma mai gani. Nassin da ke gaba yana magana akan alamomin fifikon Allah akan yanayi. Ana gabatar da wannan ta alamar rayar da ƙasa, alamar dare da rana, alamar baka da ambaliya, da alamar fashewar ba zato ba tsammani da ke zuwa a ranar sakamako. 36:33-37 Alamar rayar da ƙasa ta biyo baya: ''"Lalle ne, akwai aya a gare su a cikin wannan ƙasã wadda ba ta da rai, Munã rãyar da ita, kuma Muka tsirar da ƙwaya daga gare ta, dõmin su ci. Kuma Muka sanya gõnaki na dabĩno da inabi a cikin ƙasa, kuma Muka ɓuɓɓugar da ruwa daga gare ta, dõmin su ci 'ya'yan itãcensa. Ba hannuwansu ne suka yi wannan duka ba. Ta yaya ba za su yi godiya ba? Tsarki ya tabbata ga Wanda Ya halitta nau'i-nau'i, abin da kasa ke tsirarwa, da su kansu da sauran abubuwan da ba su sani ba''". Kafirai ba su san ikon Allah a cikin duniyar halitta ba, alhali kuwa Shi ne Mahalicci daya. Surar ta kara bayani kan abin da zai faru ga wadanda suka ki tafarkin gaskiya da Annabi Muhammadu Sallallahu alaihi wa sallam ya gabatar kuma suka ki yin imani da Allah. A ranar karshe, ranar sakamako, za a yi wa kafirai hisabi a kan abin da suka aikata, kuma a yi musu azaba. Allah ya gargadi kafiran Shaidan, amma duk da haka Shaidan ya batar da su. 36:60-63 "Ya 'ya'yan Adam! To, wannan ita ce wutar da aka yi muku gargaɗi a kai.” Kuma ko da yake Allah Ya yi musu gargaɗi a kan bin Shaiɗan, amma kafirai kurame ne, kuma yanzu za su fuskanci sakamakon hukuncinsu. 36:63 "To, waccan ita ce wutar da aka yi muku gargaɗi a kanta gami da bijire ma umurni na". Surar ta ci gaba da yin magana a fili bayyanan yanayin wahayi da kuma tabbatar da cewa Annabi Muhammadu Sallallahu alaihi wa sallam halalcin annabi ne. [36:69] Ya ce, “Ba mu sanar da Annabi waqoqin ba, kuma ba zai kasance mawaqi ba. Yāʾ-Sīn ya ƙare ta hanyar tabbatar da ikon Allah da cikakken ikonsa. 36:82-83 "Idan Ya so wani abu ya kasance, hanyarSa ta ce: "Kasance" - kuma ya kasance. To, tsarki ya tabbata ga wanda Hannunsa yake mallakar dukan kõme zuwa ga Allah mahalicci dayake rike da komai a hannunsa komai zai koma. Nassin rufewa cikakke ne kuma mai ƙarfi kuma yana ɗauke da muhimmin saƙo na Kur'ani.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.linguisticmiracle.com/yasin |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-05-10 |archive-date=2023-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815154722/http://www.linguisticmiracle.com/yasin |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == dalx6z3fh4gec8r3bvwtyod3qcz4dxn 0 78536 893867 893334 2026-08-09T20:11:08Z Der-Wir-Ing 14522 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/893334|893334]] by [[Special:Contributions/Baffa ali|Baffa ali]] ([[User talk:Baffa ali|talk]]) 893867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Betty Anyanwu-Akeredolu,''' (an haife ta ranar 20 ga watan Yuli, 1953). ƴar [[Najeriya]] ce mai kula da kifi wacce ta kasance uwargidan farko ta Jihar Ondo a [[Najeriya]] daga shekara ta dubu biyu da sha’bakwai 2017 zuwa shekarar dubu biyu da ishirin da uku 2023. Ita 'yar mata ce kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata. Ta auri tsohon gwamnan jihar Ondo Rotimi Akeredolu, Ita ce ta kafa Kungiyar Ciwon nono ta [[Najeriya]], kuma mai tsira daga ciwon nono.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/07/betty-anyanwu-akeredolu-67-three-scores-and-seven-of-impactful-life/</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1953]] liimrrd2qh1kawjyj99500lbj3vbxzj 0 78919 894006 871186 2026-08-10T05:06:47Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 894006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Arsenal v Everton (1) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Odegaard]] [[Fayil:Martin Ødegaard.JPG|thumb]] '''Martin Odegaard''' (An haife shi ranar 17 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar alif 1998), ya kasance babban Ɗan kwallan ƙasar [[Norway]]. Kuma Ɗan wasan tsakiya ne sannan kuma shi ke da mukamin Captain a duka ƙungiyoyin guda biyu da kungiyar [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] da kuma kungiyar shi ta Ƙasa wato Norway.<ref>"Martin Ødegaard: Overview". Premier League. Archived from the original on 12 March 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.</ref><ref>Drammen Strong: – Vært mye jubel" [Drammen Strong: – Been a lot of cheering]. Drammens Tidende (in Norwegian). Edda Media. 29 January 2015. Archived from the original on 2 February 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.</ref><ref>"Martin Odegaard Positions". Footballcritic. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022</ref> Sannan kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan yan wasan tsakiya a duniya. An sanshi ne ta dalilin basirar shi, da kuma hikima ta iya fasin.<ref>"10 Best Midfielders In The World Right Now In 2023". 1SPORTS1. 2 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.</ref><ref>Ajith, Shambhu (23 July 2023). "5 best midfielders in world football right now". Sportskeeda. Retrieved 31 July 2023.</ref><ref>"Ranking the world's 20 best midfielders ft. Bruno Fernandes, Bellingham and De Bruyne". OneFootball (in Spanish). 24 April 2025. Retrieved 24 April 2025</ref><ref>"Best midfielders in the world 2025 | Radio Times". www.radiotimes.com. Retrieved 24 April 2025</ref> Ɗan wasan ya fara buga kwallan ƙafa ne yana Ɗan shekara goma sha biyar a shekarar alif 2014 ya fara buga wasa ne a wata kungiya mai suna Stromsgodset. Sannan ya kafa tarihi na zama Ɗan kwallo mai karancin shekaru da yafi kowa zura kwallo a raga. A shekarar alif 2015, inda akayi cinikin shi da kuɗi da suka kai darajar £4m inda ya kafa tarihi na zama Ɗan kwallo mafi karancin shekaru a kungiyar. Bayan wasu yan wasanni da yayi, ya ziyarci kungiyoyi da dama a matsayin Ɗan wasan aro inda yaje lig din Eredivisie inda yaje kungiyar Heerenveen da kuma Vitesse. Sai kuma lig din laliga inda yaje real sociedad a matsayin aro daga shekarar alif 2017 zuwa shekarar alif 2019.<ref>Balague, Guillem (27 January 2015). "Martin Odegaard will be a star at Real Madrid and Lucas Silva will be thrown into action, says Guillem Balague". Sky Sports. Archived from the original on 30 January 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2015</ref> Ɗan wasan ya lashe kofin copa del ray a shekarar 2019. Bayan nan kuma, ya sake zuwa wani aron, inda yaje kungiyar Arsenal a aro daga bisani kuma kungiyar Arsenal din ta samu nasarar kammala daukarshi a matsayin Ɗan wasanta na dindindin inda aka kammala siyanshi da kuɗi £30m a shekarar 2021.<ref>"Martin Odegaard named as Norway captain at just 22 years-old". Just Arsenal News. 13 March 2021. Archived from the original on 7 November 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022</ref> Bayan yayi kaka mai kyau tare da kungiyar ta Arsenal, an sanar da dan wasan a matsayin kaftin na kungiyar a shekarar ai 2021. Ɗan wasan ya fara wakiltar ƙasar shi ne a shekarar ali 2014 lokacin yana Ɗan shekara 15, haka zalika ya kafa tarihi na kasancewa Ɗan kwallo mafi karancin shekaru da ya wakilci ƙasar Norway kuma ya kasance ɗan wasa mafi karancin shekaru da ya buga gasar Uefa Championship wasannin kwalifayin inda ya ya zama cikakken Ɗan wasan Norway a shekarar 2021.<ref>Martin Odegaard named as Norway captain at just 22 years-old". Just Arsenal News. 13 March 2021. Archived from the original on 7 November 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022</ref><ref name=":0" /> == '''Rayuwar baya''' == [[Fayil:MLS All-Star Game 2023-07-19 Thiago Almada Martin Martin Ødegaard (53062996583).jpg|thumb|Martin Odegaard]] An haifi Ɗan wasan 17 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar alif1998, a garin Drammen,<ref>Acta del Partido celebrado el 23 de mayo de 2015, en Madrid" [Minutes of the Match held on 23 May 2015, in Madrid] (in Spanish). Royal Spanish Football Federation. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2019.</ref><ref>Martin Ødegaard: Overview". ESPN. Archived from the original on 12 March 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.</ref> ya kwashe shekarar sa ta farko a wata karamar kungiya "Drammen Strong".<ref>"Acta del Partido celebrado el 23 de mayo de 2015, en Madrid" [Minutes of the Match held on 23 May 2015, in Madrid] (in Spanish). Royal Spanish Football Federation. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2019.</ref> Mahaifinsa Hans erik Odegaard, shima ya kasance tsohon mai buga wasan tamaula ne,<ref>Grøttland, Håkon (9 July 2015). "Grøttland: Unyansert kommentar fra Morten P" [Grøttland: Oversimplified comment from Morten P] (in Norwegian). Norwegian Football Federation. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2015.</ref> ya kasance wani bangare na kungiyar kuma koci na yaran nasa a kungiyar<ref>"Real Madrid seal deal for Norway's teenage sensation". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2021</ref>. A shekarar 2005, odegaard ya kasance dan shekara shida,<ref name=":0">"Gutten fra løkka" [The boy from the field] (in Norwegian). Josimar. 16 December 2014. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015</ref><ref>"Drammen Strong ecstatic over hundreds of thousands from Martin Ødegaard". Drammens Tidende (in Norwegian). Edda Media. 29 January 2015. Archived from the original on 2 February 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015</ref> lokacin ne yan uwansa suka zuba 50000 domin ya cika musu burukansu na zama babban dan wasa. Odegaard yasha gwagwarmaya kafin ya zama babban dan wasa inda yake shafe tsawon lokaci a filin atisaye.<ref>"Drammen Strong ecstatic over hundreds of thousands from Martin Ødegaard". Drammens Tidende (in Norwegian). Edda Media. 29 January 2015. Archived from the original on 2 February 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.</ref><ref>Ødegaard kåret til årets talent" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Football Federation. 21 November 2014. Archived from the original on 10 February 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015</ref> == '''Rayuwar kwallon baya''' == A shekarar alif 2019, dan wasan ya jona sansani na matasa a kungiyar Stromsgodset,<ref>Drammen Strong ecstatic over hundreds of thousands from Martin Ødegaard". Drammens Tidende (in Norwegian). Edda Media. 29 January 2015. Archived from the original on 2 February 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.</ref> saidai yana yin atisaye ne da tsofaffin yara. Kwararren dan kwallan Norway din, yakan ziyarci kungiya ta yara masu basira. Sannan dan wasan ya buga wasan shi na farko a kungiyar Buskerud shekarar alif 2010 wanda lokacin ne ya cika da shekara goma sha daya. Inda abokan wasanninsa suka bashi shekaru 2 wasu ma 3. Sai dai bayan kocin ya fahimci hakan,<ref>Martin Ødegaard: Profile". worldfootball.net. HEIM:SPIEL. Archived from the original on 12 March 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021</ref> sai ya tafiyar da abubuwa cikin kwarewa da basira. Odegaard yakan yi atisaye duk sati ne tare da wannan kungiya har tsawon shekaru ukku 3. Dan wasan ya buga wasa a matsayin dan wasan baya na bangaren hagu, saboda kocin ya fahimci wasu dalilai da ya kamata ya buga wajan saboda zai samu damar taba kwallo sosai kuma zai kware wajan ansar kwallo. Saidai da an gwada shi a gaba da an samu abinda akeso saboda kwanyar sa da kuma basirar shi wanda kocin nashi bai fahimci hakan ba.<ref>Drammen Strong ecstatic over hundreds of thousands from Martin Ødegaard". Drammens Tidende (in Norwegian). Edda Media. 29 January 2015. Archived from the original on 2 February 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.</ref> [[Fayil:Martin Ødegaard.JPG|thumb|Martin Odegaard]] A shekarar alif 2011 lokacin yana dan shekara goma sha biyu ya kayatar da tsohon kocinsa sosai Lars Tjaenas lokacin da akayi wasan kasa da kasa ta yan shekaru kasa da goma sha shida U16.<ref>"Tjærnås: Folk trodde han var en maskot". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). 21 January 2015. Archived from the original on 24 January 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015. Det var garantert ikke første gang Martin Ødegaard forbløffet både dem og oss som så på. Han var tre eller fire år yngre enn motstanderne. Det var umulig ikke å se at vi så noe helt spesielt</ref> == '''Stroamsgodset''' == Odegaard ya fara atisaye ne da babbar kungiyar Stromsgodset a shekarar alif 2012 lokacin yana dan shekara goma sha ukku.<ref>"Debuterte som tidenes yngste SIF-spiller" [Debut as the youngest SIF-player of all time]. Drammens Tidende (in Norwegian). 17 June 2012. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.</ref> Kuma ya fara buga wasa a wannan shekarar tashi ta farko, yayi wasan ne a tsakiyar shekara inda ya buga wasan sada zumunta da kungiyar Mjondalan. Sannan ya samu karamin lokaci na ziyartar wasu wurare atisaye, inda ya zitarci kungiyar Bayern Munich da kuma [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]. A shekarar alif 2013 lokacin yana dan shekara 14,<ref>Storklubber kjemper om Godset-talent" [Big clubs fight over Strømsgodset talent]. Drammens Tidende (in Norwegian). 5 December 2014. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.</ref> danwasan ya buga ma dukka kungiyoyin Stromsgodset hada masu bi masu wato kannensu mafi yawanci yan shekara 17 da 18 da kuma team din na ukku da kuma na biyar.<ref>"Turneringsbestemmelser Tippeligaen 2014" [Tournament rules Tippeligaen 2014] (PDF) (in Norwegian). Norwegian Football Federation. p. 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2015. Spiller må være fylt 15 år ved kalenderårets begynnelse og ha profesjonell kontrakt.</ref> A watan junairu shekarar alif 2014, dan shekara 15 din ya shiga cikin babbar kungiya ta Stromsgodset, a lokacin ya kasance yana daya daga cikin yan wasan Stromsgodset na shekarar, saidai babu wata kwararrar kungiyar da ya sama hannu. A dokar gasar sun zayyana cewa idan har zaka buga wasa a Tippeligaen, dole sai dan wasa nada rijista a matsayin babban dan wasa.<ref>Turneringsbestemmelser Tippeligaen 2014" [Tournament rules Tippeligaen 2014] (PDF) (in Norwegian). Norwegian Football Federation. p. 40. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2015. Spillere kan benyttes i kamp for klubbens lag i Tippeligaen eller Adeccoligaen inntil tre ganger uavhengig om dette er som innbytter eller fra start.</ref> [[Fayil:Martin Ødegaard 2015-02-08 001.jpg|thumb|Martin Odegaard]] Kasan cewar kungiyar ta saka sunan Odegaard a cikin jerin sunaye na biyu (B) hakan ne yaba shi damar buga wasanni ukku a shekarar. Odegaard bai samun damar yin atisaye da kungiyar tashi duk rana saboda yanayin karatu da yakeyi. Kamar yadda akayi yarjejeniya ta yin atisaye sau biyu da marece tare da kungiyar Mjondalen kuma a Lokacin mahaifinsa yana daya daga cikin masu bada horo.<ref>Dobbel opptur for Ødegaard" [Twice the luck for Ødegaard]. Drammens Tidende (in Norwegian). 17 January 2014. Archived from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2014</ref><ref>Steaua up and running with win at Strømsgodset". UEFA. 16 July 2014. Archived from the original on 4 October 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2014</ref> Ya fara buga ma kungiyar Stromsgodset wasa a gasar babban lig inda ya buga wasa da kungiyar hamayya Aalesunds FK a wurin wasa na Marienlyst Stadion a ranar 13 shekarar 2014 lokacin yana dan shekara goma sha biyar 15 da kwanaki 118.<ref>"Ja til Godset – nei til agenter" [Yes to Godset – no to agents]. Drammens Tidende (in Norwegian). 5 May 2014. Archived from the original on 5 August 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014.</ref> Da wasan yakasance dan wasa mafi karancin shekaru daya buga wasa a Tippelingaen. A ranar 5 ga watan May, ya cike kwantiragi a matsayin kwararren dan wasa a kungiyar ta Stromsgodset inda kwantiragin zai kare a shekarar alif 2015.<ref>Tidenes yngste i Tippeligaen debuterte med målgivende" [Youngest ever in the Tippeliga made his debut with an assist] (in Norwegian). TV2. 13 April 2014. Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015. Med sine 15 år og 118 dager passerte Ødegaard Sandnes Ulfs Zymer Bytyqi (15 år og 260 dager) som tidenes yngste.</ref> Wannan shi yasa aka cire dokar buga wasanni ukku duk shekara. Kwanaki goma sha daya da suka wuce, yaci kwallo ta farko a matsayinshi na dan wasa mai kwarewa kuma ya zama gwarzon mai jefa kwallo a raga a Tippelingaen lokacin da ya zura kwallo ta hudu inda kungiyar ta samu nasara da ci 4-1 a wasan da suka buga da Sarpsborg<ref>Riise krever Ødegaard (15) på landslaget" [Riise demands Ødegaard (15) on the national team] (in Norwegian). 27 July 2014. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2014.</ref>. Ya fara buga wasa a gasar turai a 16 ga wata juli inda ya canji dan wasa mai suna lars Christopher vilsvik a karshen mintina biyar inda sukasha kashi da ci daya mai ban haushi 1-0 a hannun Steaua București a gasar kofin zakarun nahirar turai a wasan tsallakewa na biyu.<ref>"Martin (15) er tidenes yngste målscorer" [Martin (15) is the youngest goal scorer of all time] (in Norwegian). NRK. 16 May 2014. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2014</ref> A w juli din da ya wuce, wasan waje da sukayi da Sandnes Ulf, ya bada damar tattaunawa mai ma'ana a jaridu. Dan wasan ya bada gudummawa wajan zura kwallo ga kungiyar shi inda ya zura kwallo kuma ya taimaka aka zura kwallo a raga.<ref>"Han er en av Europas beste 15-åringer" [He is one of the best 15-year-olds in Europe] (in Norwegian). 27 July 2014. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2014</ref> Kuma an harbe shi a cikin gidan abokan hamayyarsu inda alkalin wasa ya bada bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron raga, sai dai ansamu rashin sa'a saboda an barar da kwallon daga abokin wasanshi. Saboda kwazon da yayi, dan kwallon ya samu karbuwa sosai inda aka yanke shawar ya asanyashi cikin wadanda zasu buga wasanni da manyan kasashe na nahiyar turai<ref>Kan være rett å gi Martin (15) sjansen på A-landslaget nå" [-Could be right to give Martin (15) the chance on the national team now]. Aftenposten (in Norwegian). 31 July 2014. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.</ref>. Tsohon mai bada horo na kasar Norway Nills Jorhan Semb yace bayan wasan da aka buga, dan wasan shine dan shekara 15 din da yafi kowane dan shekara 15 kyau sannan ya kara da cewa dan wasan kada yayi sauri wajan cewa zai wakilci babbar kungiya ta kasa.<ref>Ustoppelige Martin Ødegaard (15) med assist-show mot Start" [Unstoppable Martin Ødegaard (15) with assist-show vs Start] (in Norwegian). 15 August 2014. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2014</ref> Sai dai a Lokacin dan wasan yace inda za'a tambayeshi ko yanaso ya wakilci babbar kungiya ta kasa? To da amsar daze bayar itace ehh!<ref>Ødegaard besøkte Arsenal i dag" [Ødegaard visited Arsenal today]. Verdens Gang (in Norwegian). 16 December 2014. Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015. Martin Ødegaard (16 tomorrow) spent the last day of his 15th year on a visit to Arsenal</ref> A wasan waje da suka fafata da kungiyar Ik Start a ranar 15 ga watan Ogusta a cikin shekarar, yana buga wasa ne a matsayin dan kwallon gefe na hagu inda ya taimaka aka zura kwallaye guda 3 a kungiyarshi ta stromsgodset a wasan da aka samu nasara daci 3-2.<ref>Martin (15) om landslaget: – Hvis jeg blir tatt ut, så sier jeg ja" [Martin (15) about the national team: – If I am selected, I will say yes] (in Norwegian). TV2 (Norway). 31 July 2014. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.</ref> Yaci kwallo biyu a wasan shi na farko matsayin kwararren dan wasa inda suka lallasa kungiyar lillestrome SK daci 2-1 a ranar goma sha tara 19 ga watan Oktoba<ref>Pearce, James (5 December 2014). "Martin Odegaard trains with Liverpool FC squad at Melwood". Liverpool Echo. Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2014.</ref>. Kungiyar stromsgodset ta gama a mataki na 4 a gasar lig hakan ne ya basu damar tsallakewa domin buga gasar zakarun turai a karon farko. Odegaard ya zura kwallo biyar 5 acikin wasanni 23 kuma ya bada gudummawa anci kwallo 7 a gasar lig da suka buga.<ref>"Stromsgodset vs. Lillestrom – Football Match Summary – October 19, 2014". ESPN. Archived from the original on 21 August 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2021</ref> A watan Disamba shekarar alif 2014, karshen season din Norway, yayi atisaye da manyan kugiyoyi na nahiyar turai, yayi atisaye da babbar kungiya ta Bayern Munich,<ref>"Martin Odegaard: Real Madrid agree deal for Norwegian prodigy". BBC Sport. 21 January 2015. Archived from the original on 22 January 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2015</ref> Liverpool, daga bisani ya ziyarci wajan atisaye na Arsenal Colney.<ref>"Dobbel opptur for Ødegaard" [Twice the luck for Ødegaard]. Drammens Tidende (in Norwegian). 17 January 2014. Archived from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2014.</ref><ref>Ødegaard besøkte Arsenal i dag" [Ødegaard visited Arsenal today]. Verdens Gang (in Norwegian). 16 December 2014. Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015. Martin Ødegaard (16 tomorrow) spent the last day of his 15th year on a visit to Arsenal.</ref><ref>Bayern Target Ødegaard at Private Training with Pep Guardiola". Bavarian Football Works. 12 December 2014. Archived from the original on 26 January 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2014.</ref> == '''Real madrid''' == Yaje kungiyar a shekarar ali 2015 zuwa 2017.<ref>"Ødegaard imponerte Real Madrids superstjerner" [Ødegaard impressed Real Madrid's super stars] (in Norwegian). TV2. 8 January 2015. Archived from the original on 10 February 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015</ref> A ranar ashirin da daya 21 shekarar alif 2015 kungiyar Real madrid ta samu nasarar cimma yarjejeniya da dan wasan daga kungiyar Stromsgodset bayan yayi atisaye da kungiyar na watannin baya.<ref>"Official announcement: Martin Odegaard". Real Madrid CF. 21 January 2015. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2015.</ref> Kafafen sadarwa na Sifaniya sun ruwaito cewa kudin yarjejeniya ta siyan dan wasan kudine da suka kai darajar £3 miliyan. Haka zalika kafar sadarwa ta kasar Norway itama ta ruwaito cewa an dauki dan wasan ne a kudi da suka kai darajar £35 miliyan kroner.<ref>"Martin Odegaard: Real Madrid agree deal for Norwegian prodigy". BBC Sport. 21 January 2015. Archived from the original on 22 January 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2015</ref> A jimlace kudin sun kama £4 miliyan wanda zasu iya yakai £75 miliyan kroner.<ref>Martin Odegaard: Teenager completes Real Madrid move". BBC Sport. 22 January 2015. Archived from the original on 29 January 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.</ref> A jimlace kuma zai iya kaiwa 8 zuwa 8.5 miliyan a wata yarjejeniya bayan ansa hannu a kungiyar Real madrid inda aka cimma matsaya cewa dan wasan zai buga ma babbar kungiya da kuma karamar kungiya ta Real Madrid. Zai buga wasa da kungiyar inda zinedine zidane ke jagoranta a lokacin.<ref>Martin Odegaard: Teenager completes Real Madrid move". BBC Sport. 22 January 2015. Archived from the original on 29 January 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.</ref><ref>"UEFA Champions League – Real Madrid". UEFA. Archived from the original on 26 August 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2015</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a kungiyar Real madrid inda ya fito cikin masu jira wato benci a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairu a wasan sada zumunta da kungiyar ta buga da Baijin Gusan inda wasan ya tashi canjaras 3-3.<ref>"- Kan være rett å gi Martin (15) sjansen på A-landslaget nå" [-Could be right to give Martin (15) the chance on the national team now]. Aftenposten (in Norwegian). 31 July 2014. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015</ref> Haka zalika dan wasan ya samu nasarar shiga cikin babbar kungiya kuma sunanshi ya fito cikin wadanda zasu buga gasar zakarun nahiyar turai.<ref>Solgt for 35 mill" [Sold for 35 mill]. Drammens Tidende (in Norwegian). Edda Media. 22 January 2015. Archived from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2015</ref> Anba dan wasan lamba 21 wadda zai dinga sakawa yayin doka wasanni. Bayyanarshi a Castilla yazo ne a ranar takwas 8 ga watan Fabrairu inda ya shigo a matsayin dan benci a wasan sada zumunta da kungiyar ta buga da kungiyar Atletico Bilbao yayin da wasan ya tashi canjaras daci biyu da biyu 2-2 a Segunda Division B. A ranar ashirin da daya 21 ga watan Fabrairu,<ref>Corrigan, Dermot (8 April 2015). "Madrid drop Odegaard amid claims he 'can't be bothered' with reserves". ESPN. Archived from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2015</ref><ref>Real Madrid 7–3 Getafe". BBC Sport. 23 May 2015. Archived from the original on 25 May 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2015</ref> yacima kungiyar Real madrid kwallo ta farko a wasa da suka buda da Barakaldo Cf inda wasan ya tashi hudu da nema 4-0 a filin wasa na Alfredo S Stepano stadium kuma shine ya bude raga da kwallon farko da ya zura cikin mintina 7 da farawa.<ref>Akerman, Nick. "Martin Odegaard Added to Real Madrid Champions League Squad". Bleacher Report. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2020</ref><ref>Jennings, Patrick (28 April 2015). "Real Madrid beat Almeria to close gap to Barcelona to two points". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 1 May 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2015.</ref> A watan Afrilu, an ajiye dan wasan a matsayin benci a Castilla bayan rashin nasara da suka samu sau hudu 4 inda suka fara samun matsaloli da masu ruwa da tsaki na kungiyar inda ya dinga zama a benci kuma alhali yana atisaye da babbar kungiya<ref>"Martin Ødegaard becomes youngest debutant in Real Madrid history". Inside Spanish Football. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2015</ref>, duk da dai hada karin bambancin yare. Mai horar da babbar kungiyar wato Carlo Ancelotti yayi kira ga masu goyon bayan kungiyar dasu kara yin hakuri da dan wasan, saboda yana sabawa ne a hankali da yanayin canjin kasa da kuma sabuwar kungiyar sa. A ranar 26 ga watan aprilu, an sanya shi cikin jerin yan wasa da zasu gwabza wasan a gida, wannan shine karo na farko da ya shiga a gasar Laliga wasan da aka buga da Ud Almeria inda kocin Real madrid wato Ancelotti ya fito wasan babu wasu zaratan yan kwallan shi na 11 din farko. Daga cikin yan wasan babu Gareth bale, luka modric, da kuma karim Benzema. Saidai kuma duk da hakan kungiyar ta samu nasara daci 3-0.<ref>Forjanes, Carlos (18 April 2016). "Mariano hat-trick fires Real Madrid Castilla top". Diario AS. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2016.</ref> A ranar 23 ga watan May, a wasan karshe da akayi a shekarar ya buga wasa inda aka sakoshi a minti na 58 inda ya anshi wanda ya zura kwallayen uku duka a raga kuma gwarzon dan wasa mai kwarewa wanda a shekarar ma shine mafi kyawun dan wasa a duniya, kuma FIFA ta girmama shi da kyautar Ballon d o a shekarar wato [[Cristiano Ronaldo]]. Ya zama shine dan wasa na farko mai karancin shekaru a kungiyar Real madrid da shekaru 16 da kuma kwanaki 157 na haihuwa. Odegaard ya zama mai buga wasa a koda yaushe a Castilla shekarar 2015-16.<ref>Vargas, Diego (15 May 2016). "Goleada de campeonato del Castilla a La Roda" [Castilla's championship thrashing of La Roda] (in Spanish). Defensa Central. Archived from the original on 10 September 2018. Retrieved 16 May 2016</ref> A ranar 17 ga watan Aprilu, 2016 an yabeshi a Diario As saboda kokarin da yayi a wasan gida da aka buga inda aka samu nasara daci 3-0 da kungiyar SD Gernika club har ya samo bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron raga wanda Mariano ya buga kuma yaci kwallan. Kuma wannan nasarar tasa kungiyar ta hau bisa teburi.<ref>Victor, Tom (30 November 2020). "Martin Ødegaard makes his full Real Madrid debut almost *2 years* after signing". Sports Joe. Archived from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.</ref> Kungiyar ta samu nasarar zama saman guruf din inda ta haye kungiyar Bakaldo CF a rana ta karshe inda dan wasan ya samu damar jefa kwallo a raga inda suka lallasa kungiyar La roda CF da ci 6-1 Odegaard ya fara wasanshi na farko a kungiyar Real madrid a ranar 30 Nuwamba 2016 kwanaki 679 bayan kammala sa hannu a kungiyar, ya buga mintina casa'in rass a wasan insa suka lallasa kungiyar cultural leonesa daci 6-1 a gasar copa del ray.<ref>Victor, Tom (30 November 2020). "Martin Ødegaard makes his full Real Madrid debut almost *2 years* after signing". Sports Joe. Archived from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.</ref> == '''2017 - 2020 zaman aro a kasar Netherland da kuma Spain''' == A ranar 10 ga watan Junairu 2017 club din dutch SC Heerenveen suka wallafa cewa dan wasan ya jona su da yarjejeniyar watanni 18 a zaman aro.<ref>Real Madrid loan Martin Odegaard to Heerenveen". BBC Sport. 10 January 2017. Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2017.</ref> A Lokacin ya kusa kulla yarjejeniya da Barcelona a yanda mai kula da cinikinsa ya fada, sai dai a Lokacin aka hukunta kungiyar tashi daga cinikin yan wasa saboda wani laifi dasuka aikata.<ref>"sc Heerenveen huurt Martin Ødegaard van Real Madrid" [SC Heerenveen take Martin Ødegaard on loan from Real Madrid] (in Dutch). SC Heerenveen. 10 January 2017. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2017</ref> Ya fara buga gasar eridivisie kwanaki hudu baya inda suka samu nasara daci 2-0 a wasan gida da suka buga da odo den haag inda ya canji arba zanelli a mintuna na karshe.<ref>Murphy, Ronan (15 January 2017). "Real Madrid's Odegaard plays down hype after Heerenveen debut". Goal. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2017</ref> Bayan wasan ya tattauna da jaridar fox sport akan ficewar sa a sabon wurin da yake,<ref>Murphy, Ronan (15 January 2017). "Real Madrid's Odegaard plays down hype after Heerenveen debut". Goal. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2017</ref> wasannin sa na farko a heerenveen basuyi kyau ba inda ya buga kwallo gaban mai tsaron raga sau daya sai kuma ya taimaka akaci kwallo sau daya cikin wasanni bakwai da ya buga tare da kungiyar.<ref>Romera, Abel (1 March 2017). "Odegaard no levanta cabeza: sus pobres números en Holanda" [Ødegaard not in form: his poor numbers in Holland]. Diario AS (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2018</ref> Daga baya kuma aka dinga canja shi sannan kuma mai bada rohon mai suna Jurgen steppel ya meda dan wasan benci.<ref>"Video: Martin Odegaard finally scores first goal for Eredivisie club Heerenveen". FourFourTwo. 18 May 2017. Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2017.</ref> Yaci kwallan shi ta farko ga frissians a ranar goma sha takwas ga watan Mayu a cikin wasanni goma sha biyar da ya buga.<ref>Sadovskiy, Roman (13 May 2019). "Odegaard awarded Player of the Year at Vitesse". Tribuna.com. Archived from the original on 13 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2023.</ref> A rashin nasara da suka samu a gida inda Kungiyar ultretch ta lallasa su daci 3-1 a wasan farko na kusa da wasan karshe,<ref>Meaney, Jonathan (26 September 2019). "Magical Odegaard assist will have Madrid fans drooling for his return". Diario AS. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2020</ref> sai dai wasan ya kare da jumillar kwallaye 5-2.<ref>Video: Martin Odegaard finally scores first goal for Eredivisie club Heerenveen". FourFourTwo. 18 May 2017. Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2017</ref><ref>Official Announcement: Odegaard". Real Madrid CF. 5 July 2019. Archived from the original on 1 December 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2019</ref> A shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha bakwai 2017 zuwa shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha takwas 2018 dan wasan ya zama mai buga wasa kullum wato cikin sha dayan farko inda yaci kwallan shi ta farko a kungiyar heerenveen din a wasan da suka samu nasara daci 4-0 inda suka lallasa kungiyar F. C Twente a ranar goma sha takwas ga watan Nuwamba shekarar alif 2017.<ref>Forjanes, Carlos (5 April 2017). "Odegaard se ha convertido en un suplente de lujo en Holanda" [Ødegaard has become a luxury substitute in Holland]. Diario AS (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 18 January 2018</ref><ref>Arsenal v Man Utd, 2020/21". Premier League. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.</ref> A ranar ashirin da daya ga watan Ogusta, shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha takwas 2018 kugiyar tashi ta Real Madrid tayi sanarwa cewa dan wasan zai kara tafiya wani zaman aron a kakar 2018 zuwa 2019 inda ya koma wata kungiyar ta Eridivisie SBV vitesse inda ya kokarta yaci kwallaye guda goma sha daya 11 kuma ya taimaka akaci kwallaye goma sha biyu 12.<ref>"Real Madrid could recover Ødegaard from Real Sociedad loan in June". AS. 25 August 2019. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019</ref> Bayan wannan muhimmiyar rawa da ya taka, dan wasan yasamu karbuwa ga magoya bayan kungiyar harma suka zabe shi a matsayin dan kwallan da yafi kowa a shekarar.<ref>Train, Rob (14 November 2017). "Martin Odegaard showing maturity, skill that hints at solid Madrid future". ESPN. Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 18 January 2018</ref><ref>Champions Real held to goalless draw". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020</ref> A ranar biyar 5 ga watan July, shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha tara 2019 yaje zaman aro a Real sociedad inda ya shafe shekara daya kacal inda kungiyar ta Real Madrid din ta yanke shawarar dawowa da dan wasan ya dawo gida domin ya karasa sauran kwanakin aron da suka rage masa.<ref>"Agreement over the transfer of Martin Odegaard". Real Sociedad. 5 July 2019. Archived from the original on 5 January 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2019.</ref> A ranar ashirin da biyar ga watan Ogusta<ref>Martin Ødegaard, September Player of the Month in LaLiga Santander". La Liga. 4 October 2019. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2019</ref>, yaci kwallan sa ta farko a gasar laliga a wasan da suka kece raini da mallorca inda suka samu nasara daci daya mai ban haushi a filin wasa na estadi mallorca san moix.<ref>"Real Sociedad 2–0 Atletico Madrid: Report, Ratings & Reaction as La Real Stun Los Rojiblancos". 90min.com. 14 September 2019. Archived from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019</ref> A ranar sha hudu ga watan September,<ref>Future Stars Spotlight: Martin Odegaard Thriving At Real Sociedad As Return To Real Madrid Looms Archived 15 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine, International Champions Cup, May 2020</ref> yaci kwallan shi ta biyu a wasan gida da suka fafata da kungiyar hamayya kuma babban wasa a garin madrid da kungiyar Atletico Madrid inda sukayi musu wankan jego daci biyu da nema 2-0 inda ya taka rawar gani sosai inda ya amshi kyautar wanda wafi kowa kokari a wasan.<ref>"Martin Ødegaard, September Player of the Month in LaLiga Santander". La Liga. 4 October 2019. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2019.</ref> Ya taimaka an jefa kwallo a raga ne na karon farko inda ya jefa ma abokin wasan sa kwallo daga yadi na ashirin zuwa kafar abokin wasan nasa mai suna Mikel Oyarzabal a gaban fellow basques na Deportivo Alaves yayinda magoya baya sukayi ta yabonsa saboda abin a yaba da yayi da kuma nuna bajinta da kuma basira da Allah ya hore masa. A watan September, shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha tara 2019, ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan da yafi kowane dan wasa kyau na watan a gasar ta Laliga.<ref>Ødegaard scoort eindelijk en bezorgt Verbeek tweede verlies" [Ødegaard finally scores and delivers Verbeek second loss]. Voetbal International (in Dutch). 18 November 2017. Archived from the original on 14 September 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2018</ref><ref>Millar, Colin (30 June 2020). "Real Sociedad's fear on Martin Odegaard's knee injury". Football España. Archived from the original on 18 December 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020</ref> A watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2020 ya zura ma kungiyar Real Madrid kwallo a ragarsu domin ya taimaka ma kungiyar da yake zaman aro domin ta samu damar fitar da Kungiyar tasa ta asali daga gasar Copa del ray a shekarar 2019-2020 matakin kusa da na kusa da karshe.<ref>Internazionale 0–2 Real Madrid". UEFA. 25 November 2020. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020</ref><ref>"Internazionale 0–2 Real Madrid". UEFA. 25 November 2020. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.</ref> == Arsenal == === Zaman aro na 2020-21 === Bayan da ya buga wasanni tara kacal a lokacin farkon kakar wasa ta Real Madrid bayan zaman aro a Real Sociedad, Ødegaard ya bayyana karara cewa yana son barin kungiyar a lokacin kasuwar saye da sayar da 'yan wasa a lokacin hunturu don neman kwallon kafa na farko. A ranar 27 ga Janairu 2021<ref>Martin Odegaard joins Arsenal on loan". Arsenal F.C. 27 January 2021. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021</ref>, Ødegaard ya koma kulob din Arsenal na Premier a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa.<ref>"Martin Odegaard transfer: Arsenal sign Real Madrid midfielder on loan until the end of the season". Sky Sports. 27 January 2021. Archived from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023.</ref> Ya yaba da jagorancin kulob din da kuma salon wasan,<ref>Martin Odegaard to join Arsenal on loan from Real Madrid". The Athletic. 22 January 2021. Archived from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023</ref> inda ya yanke shawarar cewa Arsenal za ta zama "kungiyar da ta dace da ni sosai.<ref>Martin Odegaard joins Arsenal on loan". Arsenal F.C. 27 January 2021. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021</ref>" zabin da kuma cewa kowa a kulob din ya yi farin cikin shigar da shi cikin tsare-tsaren Arsenal.<ref>"Martin Odegaard transfer: Arsenal sign Real Madrid midfielder on loan until the end of the season". Sky Sports. 27 January 2021. Archived from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved</ref> Kwanaki uku bayan ya sanya hannu, ya fara buga wasansa na farko da abokan hamayyarsa Manchester United a gasar Premier, inda ya maye gurbin Emile Smith Rowe a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 a gida.<ref>Olympiakos 1–3 Arsenal: Gunners take commanding first-leg lead in Europa League last-16 tie". BBC Sport. 11 March 2021. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021</ref> A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, ya fara buga gasarsa ta farko ga Arsenal a wasan da suka doke Leeds United da ci 4–2 a gida.<ref>Doyle, Tom (14 February 2021). "Arsenal vs Leeds: Premier League – LIVE!". Evening Standard. London. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.</ref> A ranar 11 ga Maris, Ødegaard ya ci wa Arsenal kwallonsa ta farko da yadi 20 a wasan da suka doke Olympiacos da ci 3-1 a waje a wasan farko na zagaye na 16 na gasar Europa.<ref>Odegaard's stunner tops our Goal of the Month poll". Arsenal F.C. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</ref> Daga baya an zabi wannan burin a matsayin Goal na Arsenal na wata. A ranar 14 ga Maris,<ref>🏆 Odegaard is our March Player of the Month". Arsenal F.C. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021</ref> Ødegaard ya zura kwallo a wasannin baya-baya, inda ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Premier a wasan da Arsenal ta doke Tottenham da ci 2-1 a gida a wasan 203 na Arewacin London. An zabi Ødegaard a matsayin Gwarzon dan wasan Arsenal na watan Maris 2021.<ref>Odegaard is our March Player of the Month". Arsenal F.C. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.</ref><ref>"Odegaard's stunner tops our Goal of the Month poll". Arsenal F.C. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021</ref> == 2021-yanzu: Canja sheka na dindindin da Zama kyaftin na kulob == A ranar 20 ga Agusta 2021, Arsenal ta ba da sanarwar sanya hannu na dindindin na Ødegaard a cikin yarjejeniyar da ta kai Yuro miliyan 35 tare da yuwuwar ƙarin abubuwan da za su haura kusan Yuro miliyan 40. Ødegaard ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru hudu har zuwa 2025 tare da kulob din yana da zabin tsawaita shekara ta biyar. Zai buga wasansa na farko a kakar wasan da suka doke [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] da ci 5-0 a waje. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da suka doke Burnley da ci 1-0, abin da ya baiwa Arsenal nasara a jere. A ranar 18 ga Disamba, Ødegaard ya sami taimakonsa na farko na kakar wasa a wasan da suka doke Leeds da ci 4–1. Ya kare watan ne da kwallaye uku da ci uku a wasanni shida, kuma an zabe shi a matsayin gwarzon dan wasan Premier na watan. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, Arsenal ta kammala gasar Premier a matsayi na biyar, bayan da ta rasa buga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai a kakar wasa ta gaba.<ref>de Roché, Art (24 May 2022). "Arsenal 2021–22 season review: Top-class Tomiyasu, erratic form and the beauty of team goals". The Athletic. Archived from the original on 24 August 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.</ref> A ranar 11 ga Fabrairu 2024, a wasan da suka ci West Ham 6-0 a waje, Ødegaard ya zama dan wasa na farko da aka yi rikodin tun 2003 – 04 don kammala wucewa 100+ (107), ya haifar da aƙalla dama biyar (7),<ref>Welcome, Martin! | Odegaard joins from Real Madrid". Arsenal F.C. Archived from the original on 22 August 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2021</ref> kuma ya taimaka maƙalai da yawa ( 2) a gasar Premier guda daya. A ranar 12 ga Maris, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen jagorantar Arsenal da ci 1-1 a kan agg., 4–2 a bugun fenariti a kan [[Porto]], ya ba da taimako ga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida da Arsenal ta yi a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. -na karshe a karon farko cikin shekaru 14<ref>Real Madrid 3–4 Real Sociedad Archived 2 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine, BBC Sport, 6 February 2020</ref>. A ranar 23 ga Afrilu, Ødegaard ya taka rawar gani a nasarar gida da ci 5-0 a kan Chelsea, yana taimakawa kwallaye na uku da na biyar, kuma ya zama dan wasa na farko na Arsenal tun Mesut Ozil da ya haifar da damammaki takwas daga bude-bakin wasa a wasan Premier. Ya ƙare kakar wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan da ke da mafi yawan damar da aka ƙirƙira daga buɗe wasa a cikin 2023–24 Premier League kakar, tare da 88. An tabbatar da Ødegaard a matsayin gwarzon dan wasan Arsenal bayan karshen kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya lashe kyautar a karo na biyu a jere.<ref>Odegaard retains men's Player of the Season award". Odegaard retains men's Player of the Season award. 28 July 2024. Retrieved 26 July 2024.</ref>[[Fayil:Martin Ødegaard 2015-02-08 001.jpg|thumb|martin]] == Manazarta == [[Fayil:Martin Ødegaard Madrid 2020.png|thumb|martin]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1998]] 45l89nuyihotqn0wsi70rshnftncqej 0 79919 894105 637206 2026-08-10T08:54:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ƙungiyar Laburaren Ghana''' ''The Ghana Library Association'' ('''GLA''') ita ce babbar kungiya mai sana'a da ke wakiltar ɗakunan karatu da sabis na bayanai a Ghana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://gla.org.gh/ |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=Ghana Library Association |language=en-US}}</ref> An kafa shi a cikin Shekara ta 1962 ta [[West African Library Association|Ƙungiyar Laburaren Yammacin Afirka]] (WALA). Eve Evans ta fara WALA kuma za ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kirkirar sabis na ɗakin karatu a Ghana. GLA ƙungiya ce ta ƙwararru da aka kafa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kwararrun NRCD 143 na 1973 tare da rajista No. PB 21 a ranar 2 ga Agusta Shekara ta 1986 daidai da dokokin Ghana.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ghana Library Association - Background |url=http://www.gla-net.org/index.php/about-us/background |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619063420/http://www.gla-net.org/index.php/about-us/background |archive-date=2018-06-19 |access-date=2020-05-23 |website=www.gla-net.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Professional Bodies Registration Act, 1973 (nrcd 143) |url=http://lawsghana.com/pre_1992_legislation/NRC%20Decree/PROFESSIONAL%20BODIES%20REGISTRATION%20ACT,%201973%20(NRCD%20143)/157 |access-date=2020-05-23 |website=lawsghana.com |archive-date=2021-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919073044/https://lawsghana.com/pre_1992_legislation/NRC%20Decree/PROFESSIONAL%20BODIES%20REGISTRATION%20ACT%2C%201973%20%28NRCD%20143%29/157 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tana buga Ghana Library Journal, mujallar da aka sake dubawa na kimiyyar Library.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana Library Journal |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/glj |access-date=2018-08-30 |website=www.ajol.info}}</ref> Kungiyar ta wanzu sama da shekaru 54.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana Library Association - Background |url=http://www.gla-net.org/index.php/about-us/background |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619063420/http://www.gla-net.org/index.php/about-us/background |archive-date=2018-06-19 |access-date=2020-05-04 |website=www.gla-net.org}}</ref> Ya wuce ta hanyar wani lokaci na aiki da rashin aiki a cikin 1970s, amma tun 1983 an farfado da shi kuma yana girma a hankali. Kungiyar tana da zaɓaɓɓen majalisa mai mulki na tsawon shekaru biyu, wanda Shugaban kasa ke jagoranta, wanda ke kula da gudanar da ƙungiyar. Shugaba na 20 na kungiyar shine Mrs. Comfort Asare, a halin yanzu ita ce mukaddashin mai kula da ɗakin karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Wisconsin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-17 |title=WISCONSIN UNIVERSITY IN FOCUS AS GHANA LIBRARY ASSOCIATION INAUGURATE 20th PRESIDENT OF THE ASSOCIATION {{!}} WISCONSIN UNIVERSITY |url=https://wiuc-ghana.edu.gh/wisconsin-university-in-focus-as-ghana-library-association-inaugurate-20th-president-of-the-association/ |access-date=2022-04-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kasancewa memba == * Aboki * Yarjejeniyar memba * Mataimakin memba * Ɗalibi * Mutumin da ya yi ritaya * Rayuwa memba * Wani memba na yau da kullun <ref name=":0"/> == Tsarin Mulki == Akwai kundin tsarin mulki wanda ke jagorantar ayyukan kungiyar kuma ana iya samun wannan a nan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Background |url=http://www.gla-net.org/index.php/about-us/background |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619063420/http://www.gla-net.org/index.php/about-us/background |archive-date=19 June 2018 |access-date=26 February 2014 |publisher=www.gla-net.org}}</ref> == Ka'idojin ɗabi'a == Ana samun wannan a nan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana Library Association |url=https://gla.org.gh/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/gla_code_of_ethics.pdf |access-date=23 November 2023 |website=Ghana Library Association}} </ref> == Kasancewar membobin kwararru == Kungiyar memba ce ta ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru masu zuwa: * Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Laburaren Duniya (IFLA) * Kungiyoyin Laburaren Afirka da Bayanai da Cibiyoyi (AfLIA) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership – African Library & Information Associations & Institutions |url=https://web.aflia.net/membership/ |access-date=2020-05-27 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418170105/https://web.aflia.net/membership/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Jerin shugabanni == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Adadin !Sunan !Matsayi |- |Na farko |Mista R. G. M. Pitcher |1962-1963 |- |Na biyu |Mista E. K. Koranteng |1963-1964 |- |Na uku |Mista A. G. T. Ofori |1963-1964 |- |Na huɗu |Mista E. K. Amedeke |1965-1967 |- |Na biyar |Mista David E. M. Odoi |1967-1969 |- |Na 6 |Mista David Cornelius |1969-1971 |- |Na 7 |Mista A. N. De Heer |1971-1977 |- |Na 8th |Mista G. C. O. Lamptey |1977-1983 |- |Na 9th |Mista J. A. Villars |1983-1988 |- |Na 10 |Mista Samson Afre |1988-1990 |- |Na 11 |Mista Daniel B. Addo |1990-1992 |- |Na 12 |Nana Asiedu |1992-1996 |- |Na 13 |Misis Matilda Amissah-Arthur |1996-1998 |- |Na 14 |Mista Clement Entsua-Mensah |1998-2002 |- |Na 15 |Helena R. Asamoah-Hassan |2002-2006 |- |Na 16 |Misis Valentina J. A. Bannerman |2006-2010 |- |17th |Mista Albert K. A. Fynn |2010-2012 |- |18th |Misis Perpetua S. Dadzie |2013-2016 |- |19th |Mista Samuel Bentil Aggrey |2017 - 2021 |- |Na 20 |Misis Comfort Asare |Ranar 2021 |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == gg92of7gptdp2739oadhzi7t4i2c3hl 0 80394 893956 746092 2026-08-10T00:11:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Remilly-Wirquin agriculture.jpg|thumb|wirquin]] [[Fayil:62644-Ouve-Wirquin-Hydro.jpeg|thumb|taswirar wirquin]] [[Fayil:Remilly-Wirquin agriculture.jpg|thumb|Wirquin (kamfani)]] '''Wirquin''' Kamfani ne na Rububu mallakin Faransa na kayan aikin famfo; jagora ne a kasashen Turai. Kamfanin yana da ma'aikata kusan 2300, da wuraren gere-gere guda shida. == Tarihi == An kafa kamfanin ne a 1977 a matsayin Wirquin Plastiques S.A. a Carquefou, a yankin Pays de la Loire na yammacin Faransa. A cikin 2011 ya sayi CME Sanitary Systems a Doncaster a Kudancin Yorkshire, ta zama Wirquin Limited. Wannan ɓangaren masana'antu ne, tare da kusan ma'aikata ɗari biyu, tare da kimanin 180 a masana'antu.<ref name="companieshouse">{{Cite web |title=WIRQUIN LTD |url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/02136997 |access-date=2020-09-07 |website=Companies House}}</ref><ref name="doncaster-chamber">{{Cite web |title=Wirquin Ltd &#124; Manufacturing - member - Doncaster Chamber, South Yorkshire |url=https://www.doncaster-chamber.co.uk/list/member/wirquin-ltd-810 |access-date=2020-09-07 |website=doncaster-chamber.co.uk |archive-date=2020-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025023339/https://www.doncaster-chamber.co.uk/list/member/wirquin-ltd-810 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Kwamitin Masana'antar Roboya na Turai. == Manazarta == <references /> == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.wirquin.co.uk/ Shafin yanar gizon Wirquin UK] * [https://refinedplumbingsunshinecoast.com.au/ Rashin famfo na kasuwanci]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://www.wirquingroup.com/ Shafin yanar gizon Wirquin Group] [[Category: Kamfanoni]] 31w6lui5ukhpaqw3zn0o3wuxq9rb3zq 0 80586 894062 798742 2026-08-10T07:59:27Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 /* */ 894062 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} {{Infobox musical artist|Name=Lil B|image=Lil B 2011 (cropped).png|caption=Lil B in 2011|Birth_name=Brandon Christopher McCartney|birth_place=[[Berkeley, California]], U.S.|birth_date={{birth date and age|1989|08|17}}|Alias={{hlist|The BasedGod|Lil Boss}}|Genre={{flatlist| * [[West Coast hip hop]] * [[cloud rap]] * [[hyphy]] * [[New-age music|new age]] }}|Occupation={{flatlist| * Rapper * songwriter * producer }}|Years_active=2004–present|Label={{flatlist| * BasedWorld * Permanent Marks * Weird Forest * [[Soulja Boy#Stacks on Deck Entertainment|Stacks On Deck]] * [[Fool's Gold Records|Fool's Gold]] * [[Amalgam Digital|Amalgam]] }}|website={{URL|basedworld.com}}|module={{Infobox person|embed=yes | signature = Lil B sig.svg }}}} ----'''Brandon Christopher McCartney''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Agusta, 1989), wanda aka fi sani da sunan sana’a '''Lil B''' ko kuma '''Lil B The BasedGod''', mawaki ne kuma mai shirya waka daga Amurka. Ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ɗan kungiyar hip hop da ta samo asali daga '''Berkeley, California''' mai suna '''The Pack''' a shekarar 2005, wadda ta sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniya da '''Too Short''' a kamfaninsa ''Up All Nite Records'', wani reshe na '''Jive Records''', a shekara ta gaba. Wannan rukuni ya fi shahara saboda wakarsu mai suna '''“Vans”''', wacce ita ce kaɗai ta shiga jerin '''Billboard Hot 100'''. Bayan haka sun saki kundin waka guda biyu kafin su rabu a shekarar 2010. ----Kana so in yi maka '''fassara ta kalma-kalmar Turanci da ma’anarsu a Hausa''' (kamar ''rapper, record producer, hip hop group, disbanding'' da sauransu), ko wannan cikakken bayani ya isa? Amfani mai yawa na McCartney da [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]] a cikin aikinsa na solo da kuma halin kan layi ya samar da mabiya addini. Ayyukansa sun kunshi nau'o'i da yawa, gami da wasan kwaikwayo na hip-hop, sabon zamani, jazz, indie rock da kiɗa na mawaƙa. Ya kira kansa mai suna BasedGod, kuma an yaba shi da kirkirar kalmar magana "[[wiktionary:based|tushen]]", wanda da farko ya nuna salon rayuwa na tabbatacce, rashin tausayi ko ƙarfin zuciya. A ƙarshen shekarun 2010, an yi amfani da wannan magana don bayyana matsayi ko ayyukan da ke ƙin daidaito na siyasa; a cikin shekarun 2020, kalmar ta shiga cikin al'ada kuma ta sake samun ma'anar tsaka-tsaki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stanish |first=Nathan |date=2022-03-24 |title=The word 'based' is overused |url=https://hillsdalecollegian.com/2022/03/the-word-based-is-overused/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Hillsdale Collegian |language=en-US}}</ref> An ba da Lil B a matsayin "mahaifin rap na intanet" da kuma ɗaya daga cikin "mafi tasiri rappers" na shekarun 2010, yana rinjayar masu fasaha kamar Kendrick Lamar, Playboi Carti, Young Thug, Lil Yachty, Cif Keef, Chance the Rapper, Yung Lean, Earl Sweatshirt, Black Kray, Bladee, Xaviersobased, da Tyler, Mahalicci, da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Timothée Chalamet. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi McCartney a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, 1989, a Berkeley, California, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Browne |first=Rembert |date=October 15, 2012 |title=Lil B Tries Out for D-League Basketball; Is Definitely Coming for Kevin Durant |url=http://grantland.com/hollywood-prospectus/lil-b-tries-out-for-d-league-basketball-is-definitely-coming-for-kevin-durant/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307115327/https://grantland.com/hollywood-prospectus/lil-b-tries-out-for-d-league-basketball-is-definitely-coming-for-kevin-durant/ |archive-date=March 7, 2021 |access-date=September 16, 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare a [[Albany, California|Albany]]_High_School_(Albany,_California)" id="mwUQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Albany High School (Albany, California)">Albany High a Albany. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Jim |date=April 4, 2012 |title=Berkeley Rapper Lil B To Lecture At N.Y.U. |url=http://patch.com/california/berkeley/lil-b-the-based-god-nyu-brandon-mccartney-rapper-berkeley-ca |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104105758/https://patch.com/california/berkeley/lil-b-the-based-god-nyu-brandon-mccartney-rapper-berkeley-ca |archive-date=November 4, 2021 |access-date=September 16, 2016 |website=patch.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya ɗauki sunan Lil B, kuma ya fara yin rap yana da shekaru 15 tare da ƙungiyar hip hop ta San Francisco Bay Area The Pack . Bayan sauye-sauye biyu da suka samu nasara a cikin gida, a saman motsi na Bay Area, waƙar kungiyar "Vans" ta zama abin mamaki. An sanya waƙar a matsayin ta biyar mafi kyau a shekara ta 2006 ta mujallar Rolling Stone . <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2006 |title=Rolling Stone's 100 Best Songs of the Year & other lists of songs |url=http://www.brooklynvegan.com/rolling-stones-3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104105758/https://www.brooklynvegan.com/rolling-stones-3/ |archive-date=November 4, 2021 |access-date=September 16, 2016 |website=BrooklynVegan}}</ref> Ƙarfin "Vans" ya jagoranci ƙungiyar don saki ''Skateboards 2 Scrapers'' EP, wanda ke nuna "Vans' remix tare da rappers na Bay Area Too $hort da Mistah F.A.B. A cikin 2007, McCartney da The Pack sun fitar da kundi na farko, Based Boys . == Ayyuka == === 2009-2010: Nasarar Solo da haɗin gwiwa === A ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2009, McCartney ya fitar da kundi na farko na dijital, I'm Thraxx, ta hanyar lakabin mai zaman kansa Permanent Marks . <sup class="mw-ref reference" mwgq="">1/styles.css<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;body<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;extsrc<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;parts<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cite web&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Cite_web&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;http://www.allmusic.com/album/im-thraxx-mw0002183676&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;I'm Thraxx – Lil B&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;website&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;AllMusic&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;September 16, 2016&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;archive-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;October 13, 2016&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;archive-url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20161013222531/http://www.allmusic.com/album/im-thraxx-mw0002183676&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;url-status&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;live&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]</nowiki>}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwA0c\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt42\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwA0g\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.allmusic.com/album/im-thraxx-mw0002183676\" id=\"mwA0k\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"I'm Thraxx – Lil B\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwA0o\">AllMusic</i></nowiki>. <nowiki><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20161013222531/http://www.allmusic.com/album/im-thraxx-mw0002183676\" id=\"mwA0s\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Archived</a></nowiki> from the original on October 13, 2016<nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwA0w\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwA00\">September 16,</span></nowiki> 2016<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-9" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Lil_B#cite_note-9 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> A ranar 22 ga watan Disamba, 2009, McCartney ya fitar da kundi na dijital na biyu, ''6 Kiss'', zuwa karɓar karɓa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=6 Kiss – Lil B |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/6-kiss-mw0002183675 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013221007/http://www.allmusic.com/album/6-kiss-mw0002183675 |archive-date=October 13, 2016 |access-date=September 16, 2016 |website=AllMusic}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Maris, 2010, McCartney ya fitar da mixtape na farko Dior Paint . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Britton |first=Luke Morgan |date=October 8, 2013 |title=Download Lil B's entire back-catalogue for free |url=http://www.thelineofbestfit.com/news/latest-news/download-lil-bs-entire-back-catalogue-for-free-138933 |access-date=September 16, 2016 |website=The Line Of Best Fit}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Afrilu, 2010, McCartney ya sanya hannu a hukumance ga lakabin ɗan wasan Soulja Boy na SODMG Entertainment . <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2010 |title=Soulja Boy Announces Signing "Lil B" (Newest Member On His SODMG Roster) |url=http://www.worldstarhiphop.com/videos/video.php?v=wshhl4XoXEXzdsB6j3J4 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=World Star Hip Hop }}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2010, McCartney ya fitar da wani mixtape mai suna Base World Pt. 1.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LIL B – LIL B Base World Pt. 1 Hosted by 514 |url=http://www.datpiff.com/LIL-B-LIL-B-Base-World-Pt-1-mixtape.118201.html |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=DatPiff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Colly |first=Joe |date=July 1, 2010 |title=Lil B Base World, Pt. 1 review |url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/14418-base-world-pt-1/ |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=Pitchfork}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2010, McCartney ya fitar da haɗin gwiwa tare da Soulja Boy mai taken Pretty Boy Millionaires . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Soulja Boy and Lil B – Pretty Boy Millionaires (soulja Boy & Lil B) |url=http://www.datpiff.com/Soulja-Boy-and-Lil-B-Pretty-Boy-Millionaires-soulja-Boy-Lil-B-mixtape.133241.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524000513/http://www.datpiff.com/Soulja-Boy-and-Lil-B-Pretty-Boy-Millionaires-soulja-Boy-Lil-B-mixtape.133241.html |archive-date=May 24, 2015 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=DatPiff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rennie |first=Andrew |date=August 12, 2010 |title=Soulja Boy and Lil B – Pretty Boy Millionaires (SOD Money Gang) |url=https://nowtoronto.com/music/album-reviews/soulja-boy-and-lil-b/ |website=Now Toronto.com}}</ref> McCartney ya yi rikodin waƙoƙi sama da 1,500 har zuwa watan Yulin 2010, gami da waƙoƙin "Kamar Martian", "Wonton Soup", "Pretty Bitch", "Ni Allah ne", dukansu an sake su kyauta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roberts |first=Steven |date=July 30, 2010 |title=Lil B Is Taking The Net By Storm, One Freestyle At A Time |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1644772/lil-b-taking-net-by-storm-one-freestyle-at-time.jhtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119074715/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1644772/lil-b-taking-net-by-storm-one-freestyle-at-time.jhtml |archive-date=January 19, 2011 |access-date=January 18, 2011 |publisher=MTV News}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Satumba, 2010, McCartney ya fitar da kundi na farko na studio, Rain in England, ta hanyar Weird Forest Records; ''[[The Guardian]]'' ya bayyana shi a matsayin "wani nau'in waka mai ban sha'awa, Beat style inda McCartney, murya mai hankali tare da himma, tunani game da ƙauna, kyau da duk mummunan abubuwa a duniya akan wankewar sabon zamani". === 2010-yanzu: Mixtapes === [[Fayil:Lil_B_Nuemos_2012.jpg|right|thumb|McCartney a cikin 2012]] A ranar 29 ga watan Disamba, 2010, an sanar da shi kuma an tabbatar da cewa McCartney ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kundi tare da Amalgam Digital . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mue |first=Enig |date=December 29, 2010 |title=Lil B The Based God Signs with Amalgam Digital, Preps New Albums |url=http://www.amalgamdigital.com/blog/4854/2010/12/29/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110118054334/http://www.amalgamdigital.com/blog/4854/2010/12/29/ |archive-date=January 18, 2011 |access-date=January 18, 2011 |publisher=Amalgam Digital}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Winistorfer |first=Andrew |date=January 5, 2011 |title=Lil B Signs With Amalgam Digital |url=http://www.prefixmag.com/news/lil-b-signs-with-amalgam-digital/47455/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509040226/http://www.prefixmag.com/news/lil-b-signs-with-amalgam-digital/47455 |archive-date=May 9, 2011 |access-date=November 24, 2011 |website=Prefixmag.com}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Yuli, 2011, McCartney ya fitar da EP ''Paint'', ta hanyar lakabinsa na BasedWorld Records . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Paint – Lil B |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/paint-mw0002183678 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013222525/http://www.allmusic.com/album/paint-mw0002183678 |archive-date=October 13, 2016 |access-date=September 16, 2016 |website=AllMusic}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2011, McCartney ya fitar da kundi na hudu na dijital mai suna Angels Exodus, ta hanyar Amalgam Digital. A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2011, McCartney ya ba da sanarwar cewa kundi na gaba zai kasance mai taken I'm Gay, wanda ya haifar da rikici. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2011 |title=Lil B' Names New Album I'm Gay – The Urban Daily |url=http://theurbandaily.com/2011/04/17/lil-b-im-gay-album-2/ |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=The Urban Daily}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lil B Titles New Album 'I'm Gay,' GLAAD Reacts |url=http://rapfix.mtv.com/2011/04/18/lil-b-titles-new-album-i%e2%80%99m-gay-glaad-reacts/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728022052/http://rapfix.mtv.com/2011/04/18/lil-b-titles-new-album-i%e2%80%99m-gay-glaad-reacts/ |archive-date=July 28, 2015 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=RapFix}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Markman |first=Rob |date=April 21, 2011 |title=Lil B Says I'm Gay LP Title Provoking Death Threats, Slurs |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1662490/lil-b-im-gay/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913103813/http://www.mtv.com/news/1662490/lil-b-im-gay/ |archive-date=September 13, 2014 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=mtv.com}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2011, McCartney ya fitar da kundi na dijital na biyar, I'm Gay (I'm Happy), ta hanyar Amalgam Digital; kundin ya shiga jadawalin <nowiki><i id="mwyA">Billboard</i></nowiki> R & B / Hip-Hop Albums a lamba 56 da kuma Heatseekers Albums chart a lamba 20 don makon 16 ga Yuli, 2011. A ranar 17 ga Mayu, 2012, McCartney ya fitar da kundi na farko, Zaɓuɓɓuka da Flowers, a ƙarƙashin sunan "The Basedgod".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hudson |first=Alex |date=May 23, 2012 |title=Lil B Releases 'Classical Music' Album |url=http://exclaim.ca/music/article/lil_b_releases_classical_music_album |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921211051/http://exclaim.ca/music/article/lil_b_releases_classical_music_album |archive-date=September 21, 2016 |access-date=September 16, 2016 |website=Exclaim!}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2012, McCartney ya fitar da wani dutse mai suna "California Boy".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Battan, Carrie |date=September 18, 2012 |title=Video: Lil B Makes His Foray Into Rock Music With "California Boy" |url=http://pitchfork.com/news/47886-video-lil-b-makes-his-foray-into-rock-music-with-california-boy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607010147/http://pitchfork.com/news/47886-video-lil-b-makes-his-foray-into-rock-music-with-california-boy/ |archive-date=June 7, 2014 |access-date=June 4, 2014 |publisher=[[Pitchfork Media|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga watan Disamba, 2012, McCartney ya fitar da kundi na biyu mai suna Tears 4 God, kuma a karkashin sunan "The Basedgod".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cooper |first=Duncan |date=January 3, 2014 |title=Lil B Just Released Another "Classical" Album, Tears 4 God |url=http://www.thefader.com/2013/01/03/lil-b-just-released-another-classical-album-tears-4-god |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921004119/http://www.thefader.com/2013/01/03/lil-b-just-released-another-classical-album-tears-4-god |archive-date=September 21, 2016 |access-date=September 16, 2016 |website=The FADER}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga watan Disamba, 2013, McCartney ya fitar da mixtape ''05 Fuck Em'', wanda ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi 101. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Battan |first=Carrie |date=December 26, 2013 |title=Lil B Drops 101-Song Mixtape, 05 Fuck Em |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/53447-lil-b-drops-101-song-mixtape-05-fuck-em/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426204103/http://pitchfork.com/news/53447-lil-b-drops-101-song-mixtape-05-fuck-em/ |archive-date=April 26, 2015 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=pitchfork.com}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2014, McCartney ya fitar da wani mixtape mai suna Hoop Life, wanda za a san shi da ƙunshe da waƙar da ake kira "F *ck KD" wanda ya kira dan wasan [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] [[Kevin Durant]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Minsker |first=Evan |date=June 1, 2014 |title=Lil B's Hoop Life Mixtape, Featuring "Fuck KD", Has Arrived |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/55390-lil-bs-hoop-life-mixtape-featuring-fuck-kd-has-arrived/ |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=pitchfork.com}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 2014, McCartney ya fitar da Ultimate Bitch mixtape, wanda ke nuna waƙar "No Black Person Is Ugly".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Minsker, Evan |date=October 14, 2014 |title=Lil B Drops Ultimate Bitch Mixtape |url=http://pitchfork.com/news/57083-lil-b-drops-ultimate-bitch-mixtape/ |access-date=July 25, 2015 |publisher=[[Pitchfork Media|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2015, McCartney da Chance the Rapper sun ba da sanarwar cewa sun yi rikodin haɗin gwiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Young, Alex |date=July 19, 2015 |title=Chance the Rapper and Lil B say they recorded an album together |url=https://consequence.net/2015/07/chance-the-rapper-and-lil-b-say-they-recorded-an-album-together/ |access-date=July 27, 2015 |publisher=[[Consequence of Sound]]}}</ref> An sake shi a matsayin Free (Based Freestyles Mixtape) a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weiss |first=Dan |date=August 14, 2015 |title=Review: Lil B and Chance the Rapper, 'Free (Based Freestyles Mixtape)' |url=https://www.spin.com/2015/08/review-lil-b-chance-the-rapper-free-based-freestyles-mixtape/ |access-date=January 2, 2025 |website=SPIN |language=en-US}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan shekarar, a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba, McCartney ya fitar da mixtape mai suna Thugged Out Pissed Off . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lil B Shares A New Mixtape Thugged Out Pissed Off |url=https://www.thefader.com/2015/12/30/lil-b-new-mixtape-thugged-out-pissed-off |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250102223739/https://www.thefader.com/2015/12/30/lil-b-new-mixtape-thugged-out-pissed-off |archive-date=January 2, 2025 |access-date=January 2, 2025 |website=The FADER |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2017, an nuna McCartney a kan Terror Jr's remix na waƙar su "Come First".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Strauss |first=Matthew |date=February 13, 2017 |title=Listen to Terror Jr's New Song With Lil B and Father {{!}} Pitchfork |url=http://pitchfork.com/news/71595-listen-to-terror-jrs-new-song-with-lil-b-and-father/ |access-date=February 22, 2017 |website=pitchfork.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, 2017, McCartney ya fitar da ''Black Ken'', yana bayyana shi a matsayin "mixtape na farko na hukuma. " <ref>{{Cite web |last=India, Lindsey |date=May 9, 2017 |title=Lil B Completes His First Official Mixtape 'Black Ken' |url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2017/05/lil-b-completes-black-ken-mixtape/ |access-date=December 14, 2017 |publisher=[[XXL (magazine)|XXL]]}}</ref> Mixtape ya kai lamba 24 a kan sashin Top Heatseekers da lamba 44 a kan sashen Independent Albums na mako na 2 ga Satumba, 2017. In June 2022, McCartney released ''Frozen'' and ''The Frozen Tape''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=A |first=Aron |date=September 8, 2022 |title=Lil B Shares New Project "Thraxxx Kiss" With Keyboard Kid |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/414822-lil-b-shares-new-project-thraxxx-kiss-with-keyboard-kid-new-mixtape |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123102557/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/414822-lil-b-shares-new-project-thraxxx-kiss-with-keyboard-kid-new-mixtape |archive-date=January 23, 2025 |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=HotNewHipHop |language=en}}</ref> In August,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Fontes |first=Isaac |date=December 24, 2022 |title=Lil B Drops Surprise Jazz Album, "Afrikantis" |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/613658-lil-b-drops-surprise-jazz-album-afrikantis |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=HotNewHipHop |language=en}}</ref> he released ''Thraxxx Kiss'', a collaboration with producer Keyboard Kid.<ref name=":1" /> McCartney released ''Afrikantis'', a jazz album, on December 22, 2022.<ref name=":2" /> == Ayyuka na zane-zane == [[Fayil:Lil_B_at_Coachella_2011.png|thumb|McCartney a bikin kiɗa na Coachella a cikin 2011]] McCartney da masu sukar kiɗa suna magana ne game da salon rap dinsa a matsayin "tushen", kalmar da McCartney ke amfani da ita don bayyana kyakkyawan salon rayuwa. "Based" kalma ce da aka dawo da ita, kamar yadda McCartney ya bayyana a cikin Complex: <ref name="BASED-KQED">{{Cite web |last=Meline |first=Gabe |date=December 17, 2014 |title=Thank You Based God: 10 Reasons Why You Should See Lil' B This Weekend |url=http://ww2.kqed.org/arts/2014/12/17/thank-you-based-god-10-reasons-why-you-should-see-lil-b-this-weekend/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130054413/https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/2014/12/17/thank-you-based-god-10-reasons-why-you-should-see-lil-b-this-weekend/ |archive-date=January 30, 2018 |access-date=February 19, 2015 |website=kqed.org}}</ref><ref name="BASED-Complex">{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Ernest |date=June 10, 2010 |title=Lil B Talks Getting Sucker Punched, Gay Rumors, & Drake Envy |url=http://www.complex.com/music/2010/06/lil-b-talks-getting-sucker-punched-gay-rumors-drake-envy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414112158/https://www.complex.com/music/2010/06/lil-b-talks-getting-sucker-punched-gay-rumors-drake-envy |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |access-date=February 19, 2015 |website=complex.com}}</ref> {{Blockquote|Based means being yourself. Not being scared of what people think about you. Not being afraid to do what you wanna do. Being positive. When I was younger, based was a negative term that meant like dopehead, or basehead. People used to make fun of me. They was like, "You're based." They'd use it as a negative. And what I did was turn that negative into a positive. I started embracing it like, "Yeah, I'm based." I made it mine. I embedded it in my head. Based is positive.}} === Fasahar Rapping === Mawallafin <nowiki><i id="mwAUs">Slate</i></nowiki> Jonah Weiner ya lakafta shi a matsayin daya daga cikin "ƙaruwar yawan masu ban mamaki", yana kiransa "mai basira, mai ba da izini ga [[Lil Wayne]] daga Bay Area". Mai sukar kiɗa Willy Staley ya bayyana aikin McCartney a matsayin "mai banbanci", saboda ya fito ne daga mahimman abubuwan da suka shafi nau'in hip-hop zuwa "rabi sabon zamani, rabin magana". Ya ci gaba da lura cewa McCartney ya samo asali ne daga nau'o'i daban-daban, musamman wadanda wasu rappers ba sa amfani da su. A wata hira da Staley, McCartney ya yarda da wannan bincike, yana cewa, "Zan iya yin 'Swag OD' amma sai mai fasahar kiɗa da na fi so a yanzu zai iya zama Antony da Johnsons. Wannan shine bambancin tsakanin ni da waɗannan sauran rappers, da sauran masu fasahar kiɗan gabaɗaya. " == Sauran Kasuwanci == === Mawallafin === ''Ka karɓi ta hanyar tilasta tabbatacce!'' littafi ne da McCartney ya rubuta kuma aka buga ta Kele Publishing a shekara ta 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Takin' Over |url=http://www.kelebooks.com/our-books/takin-over/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205034853/http://www.kelebooks.com/our-books/takin-over/ |archive-date=February 5, 2013 |access-date=March 19, 2013 |publisher=Kele Publishing}}</ref> Littafin tarin ne kuma an rubuta shi a cikin nau'ikan imel da saƙonnin rubutu, kuma an rubuta ta hanyar da marubucin ke aikawa da imel ga mai karatu. Batutuwa sun haɗa da tabbatacce, kyakkyawan fata, da rayuwa abin da ya kira "Halin Rayuwa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review of My New Book "Takin Over" |url=http://www.basedworld.com/?p=1353 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013051813/http://www.basedworld.com/?p=1353 |archive-date=October 13, 2013 |access-date=March 19, 2013 |publisher=Based World}}</ref> An ba da littafin a cikin wani lacca na NYU a watan Maris na shekara ta 2012. A ranar 30 ga Maris, 2013, McCartney ya sanar da cewa yana cikin rubuce-rubucen littafinsa na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2013 |title=Dior Paint |url=http://diorpaint.tumblr.com/post/46683346721/starting-to-write-my-second-book-novel-lil-b |access-date=March 19, 2013 |publisher=Dior Paint}}</ref> === Mai magana mai motsawa === McCartney ya ba da laccoci masu motsawa a kwalejoji da yawa, gami da MIT da Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon . <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 13, 2015 |title=Lil B To Lecture At Carnegie Mellon University This February |url=http://www.thefader.com/2015/02/13/lil-b-to-lecture-at-carnegie-mellon-this-february |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215085742/http://www.thefader.com/2015/02/13/lil-b-to-lecture-at-carnegie-mellon-this-february |archive-date=February 15, 2015 |access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref> Gabaɗaya suna mai da hankali ne game da kwarewarsa a rayuwa da abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 22, 2015 |title=The Full Transcript Of Lil B's Groundbreaking Lecture At MIT |url=http://www.thefader.com/2014/11/22/lil-b-mit-lecture-full-transcript |access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Mayu, 2015, rapper ya ba da lacca a UCLA, inda ya taɓa batutuwa kamar kuɗi, kafofin watsa labarai, fasaha, sarari, wayar da kan jama'a, da ƙauna.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 29, 2015 |title=Watch Lil B's Lecture At UCLA |url=http://www.ballerstatus.com/2015/06/01/watch-lil-bs-lecture-at-ucla/ |publisher=BallerStatus.com}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023}}</ref> === Aikace-aikacen Basedmoji da vegEMOJI === McCartney ya ƙaddamar da aikace-aikacen "Basedmoji" a ranar 16 ga Janairu, 2015 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2014 |title=Lil B Releases "Basedmoji" App for All Your Based God Emoji Needs |url=http://pitchfork.com/news/56737-lil-b-releases-basedmoji-app-for-all-your-based-god-emoji-needs/ |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=Pitchfork}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brandon Mccartney |date=September 17, 2014 |title=Basedmoji |url=https://apps.apple.com/us/app/basedmoji/id911162824 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=App Store}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015, McCartney ya fitar da "vegEMOJI", tare da hadin gwiwar kamfanin vegan "Follow Your Heart".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joanna Rothkopf |date=January 29, 2015 |title=Lil B launches the vegan emoji app you never knew you needed |url=http://www.salon.com/2015/01/29/lil_b_launches_the_vegan_emoji_app_you_never_knew_you_needed/ |access-date=May 12, 2015}}</ref><ref name="BASED-DDot">{{Cite web |date=January 29, 2015 |title=Lil B on his hot new vegan-themed emoji app |url=http://www.dailydot.com/technology/lil-b-vegemoji-app/ |website=[[The Daily Dot]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brandon Mccartney |date=January 17, 2015 |title=vegEMOJI |url=https://apps.apple.com/us/app/vegemoji/id952933659 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=App Store}}</ref> Duk da gaskiyar cewa McCartney ba Mai cin ganyayyaki ba ne, ya bayyana cewa yana rage yawan cin abincin da aka sarrafa, kuma yana "jin kunya game da cin nama".<ref name="BASED-DDot" /> == Rayuwa ta mutum == A ranar 16 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015, gidan McCartney a Contra Costa County, California, ya kama wuta da sassafe a ranar Alhamis bayan gobarar lantarki ta bazu a cikin ginin. McCartney da wasu mutane shida sun sami ceto daga Mateo Ysmael mai shekaru 15, wanda ya gudu ta cikin ginin don tayar da kowa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 16, 2015 |title=Lil B Saved From House Fire by Teenager |url=http://pitchfork.com/news/58100-lil-b-saved-from-house-fire-by-teenager/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620174718/https://pitchfork.com/news/58100-lil-b-saved-from-house-fire-by-teenager/ |archive-date=June 20, 2022 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=Pitchfork}}</ref> Don Zaben shugaban Amurka na 2016, ya goyi bayan Sanata na [[Vermont]] Bernie Sanders, yana mai ambaton rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Meet Bernie Sanders' Top Celebrity Backers |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/meet-bernie-sanders-top-celebrity-backers/story?id=33020601 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621015839/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/meet-bernie-sanders-top-celebrity-backers/story?id=33020601 |archive-date=June 21, 2018 |access-date=June 22, 2023 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> McCartney ya nemi mata da yawa don hotunan ƙafafunsu, hannayensu, akwati, da cinya, tare da "Ina son Lil B" da aka rubuta a ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pigeons |date=September 22, 2014 |title=A History of Lil B's Obsession With Feet |url=https://www.complex.com/pigeons-and-planes/a/pigeons/a-history-of-lil-bs-obsession-with-feet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410005141/https://www.complex.com/pigeons-and-planes/a/pigeons/a-history-of-lil-bs-obsession-with-feet |archive-date=April 10, 2024 |access-date=April 10, 2024 |website=Complex |language=en-us}}</ref> Wata sakon [[Twitter]] tana da mutane suna neman shekarun matar, tare da McCartney yana amsawa: "Wannan mace ce mai girma tare da matsayinta da kuma fam da take kula da ita". Ba a san ko matar ta zama babba ba. A cikin 2018, McCartney ya aika da sakonnin Twitter na sirri ga wata mai shekaru 17, yana neman hotunan jikinta tare da "Ina son Lil B" da aka rubuta a ciki, ya kasa neman shekarunta. Sauran matasan mata sun zo gaba, suna cewa an nemi hotuna su aika a kan Twitter da [[Instagram]].<ref name=":0" /> == Rashin jituwa == === Joe Budden === A cikin 2010, an yi musayar da yawa tsakanin McCartney da [[Joe Budden]] ta hanyar [[Twitter]]. Budden ya kasance yana magana da ba'a game da motsi na McCartney na "Based" da tweets dinsa, wanda McCartney ya amsa, da farko abokantaka amma daga baya tare da zagi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 30, 2010 |title=Lil B, "I Felt Like [Joe Budden] Was Making a Mockery of Me." |url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2010/08/lil-b-i-felt-like-joe-budden-was-making-a-mockery-of-me/ |website=XXL}}</ref> McCartney ya ci gaba da fitar da waƙar da ake kira "T Shirts & Buddens", wanda aka nuna a kan mixtape na "Everything Based".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lauren Nostro |title=Joe Budden – A History of Rappers Picking Fights With Lil B – Complex |url=http://www.complex.com/music/2013/01/a-history-of-rappers-picking-fights-with-lil-b/joe-budden |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=Complex}}</ref> McCartney daga baya ya nemi gafara saboda zagi kuma ya lura da girmamawarsa ga Budden, yana kiransa " almara".<ref>{{Cite web |title=CB » Badrappbeef: Lil B vs. Joe Buddens Explained |url=http://www.cocaineblunts.com/blunts/?p=6212 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |archive-date=April 3, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403131415/http://www.cocaineblunts.com/blunts/?p=6212 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Wasan === A cikin shekara ta 2011, bayan ya ji aya daga McCartney a kan [[Lil Wayne]] mixtape Sorry 4 the Wait, Compton rapper Game ya kira McCartney "mafi kyawun rapper na kowane lokaci". McCartney ya amsa ta hanyar kiran Wasan "marasa dacewa," wanda Wasan ya yi barazanar buga McCartney.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 23, 2011 |title=Game Wants Lil B To Come At Him [Video] |url=http://hiphopwired.com/2011/08/23/game-wants-lil-b-to-come-at-him-video/ |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=Hip-Hop Wired}}</ref> Wasan ya yi niyya ga McCartney a cikin ayoyinsa a cikin waƙarsa "Martians vs Goblins" wanda ke nuna Lil Wayne da Tyler, Mahalicci, tare da layin "Tie McCartney har zuwa tanki cike da propane, swag, yanzu kallon shi dafa". McCartney ya yi magana game da wannan a kan waƙarsa "Tank of Propaine" a kan mixtape na "White Flame". Makonni da yawa bayan haka, biyun sun daidaita bambance-bambance ta hanyar Twitter bayan haka McCartney ya bukaci magoya baya su sayi Album din RED na Game.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2011 |title=Game & Lil B End Beef On Twitter |url=http://hiphopwired.com/2011/08/29/game-lil-b-end-beef-on-twitter/ |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=Hip-Hop Wired}}</ref> === Joey Bada $ === McCartney ya yi fushi da kalmomin da ke cikin waƙar "Survival Tactics" ta marigayi rapper Capital STEEZ, memba mai kafa kungiyar Pro Era. A cikin wannan, ya yi rap, "Sun ce aiki tuƙuru yana biyan kuɗi / To, gaya wa BasedGod kada ya bar aikinsa na rana. " McCartney ya amsa da waƙar da ake kira "Ni ne The Bada $ $ ". Joey Bada $ $ $ ya amsa da waƙar da ake kira "Kada ku bar aikinku na rana!" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniel Isenberg |title=Video: Joey Bada$$ Says Dissing Lil B Was "Too Easy" |url=http://www.complex.com/music/2013/01/video-joey-badass-says-dissing-lil-b-was-too-easy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526044523/http://www.complex.com/music/2013/01/video-joey-badass-says-dissing-lil-b-was-too-easy |archive-date=May 26, 2015 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=Complex}}</ref> Lokacin da rikici ya zama sananne a Twitter, Joey ya zama makasudin hare-hare da yawa daga magoya bayan McCartney, wanda ya ƙare tare da Joey ya share asusun Twitter, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rose Lilah |date=February 2, 2013 |title=Joey Bada$$ Deletes Twitter Following Frustration With Lil B Fans |url=http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/joey-badass-deletes-twitter-following-frustration-with-lil-b-fans-news.4317.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909080628/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/joey-badass-deletes-twitter-following-frustration-with-lil-b-fans-news.4317.html |archive-date=September 9, 2015 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=HotNewHipHop}}</ref> duk da cewa ya dawo da shi daga baya. A wata hira da WWPR-FM, Joey Badass ya musanta cewa ya share asusun Twitter dinsa saboda magoya bayan McCartney. Daga baya, a wata hira da VladTV, Joey ya yarda cewa an halicci rikici ne don tallatawa, kuma ya yarda cewa yana sha'awar aikin McCartney mafi tsanani. === Kevin Durant === A shekara ta 2011, babban tauraron [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] [[Kevin Durant]] ya wallafa a shafinsa na Twitter game da shahararren McCartney, kuma McCartney ya amsa ta hanyar "la'anta" Durant cewa ba zai taba lashe gasar NBA TV.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lil B From The Pack on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/LILBTHEBASEDGOD/statuses/73599288378277888 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=Twitter}}</ref> An soke la'anar a shekarar 2012 amma an sake dawo da ita a shekarar 2014. Rashin jituwa tsakanin su biyu ya ci gaba tun daga wannan lokacin, wanda ya haifar da McCartney ya saki waƙar "Fuck KD" a cikin 2014 da kuma kasuwanci a gidan talabijin na NBA, inda McCartney ta kira Kevin Durant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrew Sharp |date=March 10, 2014 |title=An Outsider's Guide to the Lil B–Kevin Durant Beef |url=http://grantland.com/the-triangle/an-outsiders-guide-to-the-lil-b-kevin-durant-beef/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512123626/http://grantland.com/the-triangle/an-outsiders-guide-to-the-lil-b-kevin-durant-beef/ |archive-date=May 12, 2015 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=Grantland}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2014 |title=Lil B Made a Commercial on NBA TV Calling Out Kevin Durant Because Life is Good as Hell |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/lil-b-made-a-commercial-on-nba-tv-calling-out-kevin-durant/ |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=NOISEY}}</ref><ref name="SportsNation">{{Cite web |date=March 12, 2014 |title=A very #BASED interview with Lil B about his Kevin Durant beef – SBNation.com |url=https://www.sbnation.com/2014/3/12/5500148/lil-b-kevin-durant-beef-diss-track-interiew}}</ref> McCartney ya yi iƙirarin "la'anar Allah mai tushe" don zama alhakin Durant da ƙungiyarsa ta Oklahoma City Thunder da aka yi wa Golden State Warriors a wasan karshe na Yammacin Yammacin 2016 NBA Playoffs . Thunder ta kasance wasanni 3 zuwa 1 a cikin jerin mafi kyau na 7, amma sai ta ci gaba da rasa jerin a cikin salon ban mamaki bayan ta rasa wasanni 3 masu zuwa a jere. A ranar 4 ga Yuli, 2016, biyo bayan sanarwar Durant barin Thunder zuwa Golden State Warriors, McCartney ya sake soke la'anar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schwartz |first=Nick |title=Lil B lifts curse on Kevin Durant after he announces decision to join Warriors |url=http://www.foxsports.com/nba/story/kevin-durant-warriors-lil-b-lifts-based-gods-curse-070416 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818081613/http://www.foxsports.com/nba/story/kevin-durant-warriors-lil-b-lifts-based-gods-curse-070416 |archive-date=August 18, 2016 |access-date=July 4, 2016 |website=FOXSports.com}}</ref> Durant ya ci gaba da lashe gasar zakarun NBA a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, a cikin 2017 da 2018. === James Harden === A lokacin Yammacin Taron na 2015 NBA Playoffs, McCartney ya fara tambayar "rawan dafa abinci" na NBA, rawa da ake zargin McCartney ne ya kirkira wanda yake yin duk lokacin, kuma ya wallafa a shafin Twitter cewa idan bai sami amsar daga Harden ba game da wannan rawa to Harden zai sami "la'anar Allah" kamar Kevin Durant.<ref name="nbcsports">{{Cite web |date=May 24, 2015 |title=Lil B says James Harden is officially under the Based God's curse |url=http://probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com/2015/05/24/lil-b-says-james-harden-is-officially-under-the-based-gods-curse/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525231540/http://probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com/2015/05/24/lil-b-says-james-harden-is-officially-under-the-based-gods-curse/ |archive-date=May 25, 2015 |access-date=May 24, 2015 |publisher=ProBasketballTalk – [[NBC Sports]]}}</ref> McCartney ya danganta asarar Houston Rockets ga Golden State Warriors tare da ci 99-98 a Wasan 2, kuma a Wasan 3 tare da ci 115-80, ga la'anar.<ref name="nbcsports" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 23, 2015 |title=Lil B renews threats on James Harden via Kevin Durant's jersey number |url=https://www.sbnation.com/lookit/2015/5/23/8651919/lil-b-threat-james-harden-rockets-warriors-kevin-durant-curse-nba |access-date=May 24, 2015 |publisher=[[SB Nation]]}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Mayu, 2015, McCartney ya sanar a kan TMZ Sports cewa ya sanya Harden a ƙarƙashin "la'anar Allah" don sauran wasannin har sai an kara sanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 24, 2015 |title=James Harden Officially Under Lil B's Spell ... The Curse Is On! |url=http://www.tmz.com/2015/05/24/james-harden-lil-b-based-god-curse-official-rockets-warriors/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524183909/http://www.tmz.com/2015/05/24/james-harden-lil-b-based-god-curse-official-rockets-warriors/ |archive-date=May 24, 2015 |access-date=May 24, 2015 |publisher=[[TMZ|TMZ Sports]]}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2015, McCartney ya kasance a Oracle Arena don Wasan 5 inda Warriors suka ci Rockets da ci 104-90, suka zama zakarun Yammacin Turai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lil B Will Attend Rockets-Warriors Game 5 as James Harden Curse Looms |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2476407-lil-b-will-attend-rockets-warriors-game-5-as-james-harden-curse-looms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527211539/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2476407-lil-b-will-attend-rockets-warriors-game-5-as-james-harden-curse-looms |archive-date=May 27, 2015 |access-date=May 27, 2015 |publisher=[[Bleacher Report]]}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, a lokacin wannan wasan Harden ya kafa rikodin NBA Playoff na 13 turnovers, wanda ya sa McCartney ya yi la'akari da ɗaga la'anar a bainar jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 28, 2015 |title=James Harden sets NBA playoff record for most turnovers in single game |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/nba-ball-dont-lie/james-harden-sets-nba-playoff-record-for-most-turnovers-in-single-game-054447886.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025244/http://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/nba-ball-dont-lie/james-harden-sets-nba-playoff-record-for-most-turnovers-in-single-game-054447886.html |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |access-date=May 28, 2015 |publisher=[[Yahoo|Yahoo Sports]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lil B from the Pack on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/LILBTHEBASEDGOD/status/603806973457408000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108062612/https://twitter.com/LILBTHEBASEDGOD/status/603806973457408000 |archive-date=November 8, 2015 |access-date=May 28, 2015 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Yuni, 2017, McCartney ya sanar a kan wani live tape na First Take cewa ya ɗaga la'anar daga Harden.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First Take on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/FirstTake/status/871402849845915649 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031151/https://twitter.com/FirstTake/status/871402849845915649 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |access-date=June 4, 2017 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> === A Boogie wit da Hoodie da PnB Rock === Zan fassara maka wannan rubutun gaba ɗaya zuwa '''Hausa''' a sauƙaƙe: ----A bukukuwan '''Rolling Loud Bay Area''' na shekarar 2017, McCartney ya tilasta ya soke wasan sa saboda wani rikici da aka ce ya faru tsakaninsa da '''A Boogie wit da Hoodie''' a bayan fage. Lokacin da ya hau kan mataki don sanar da soke wasan nasa, ya gaya wa jama’a cewa ''“A Boogie da dukan tawagarsa”'' sun kai masa hari kuma sun kwashe kayan aikinsa, inda ya danganta lamarin da suka yi masa da cewa ya yi suka ga '''hip hop na New York''' a cikin wani sakon Tweet kwanan nan. Bayan haka, bidiyon rikicin ya bayyana, sai masoyan McCartney suka nuna fushi a shafukan sada zumunta. Shaidun da ke bayan fage kuma sun zargi '''PnB Rock''' da shiga cikin wannan hari. Duk da abin da ya faru, McCartney ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin yanayi mai kyau, har ma ya roƙi masoyansa da su yafe wa A Boogie daga baya a ranar ta hanyar Twitter. ----Kana so in rarrabe maka '''kalma-kalman da suka fi muhimmanci''' a rubutun, kamar ''alleged altercation, cancellation, backstage, crew'' da sauransu, ko a bar shi da wannan cikakken fassara kawai? Lamarin ya haifar da goyon bayan McCartney daga magoya baya da sauran mutane a masana'antar kiɗa. Schoolboy Q da [[Travis Scott]], abokan wasan kwaikwayo a bikin, sun nuna goyon bayansu ga rapper bayan sun hau mataki don saitin su.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2017 |title=Travis Scott and ScHoolboy Q show support for Lil B |url=https://www.thefader.com/2017/10/23/support-for-lil-b |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115092259/https://www.thefader.com/2017/10/23/support-for-lil-b |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |access-date=January 13, 2021 |website=The FADER |language=en}}</ref> Sauran masu zane-zane ciki har da Big Sean, Skepta, G-Eazy, 6lack, Kreayshawn, A-Trak, Alison Wonderland, SpaceGhostPurrp, Lupe Fiasco, Kaytranada, da Mike Dean sun kuma nuna goyon bayansu ga rapper a kafofin sada zumunta <ref name=":8" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2017 |title=Lil B Catches A Fade From A Boogie & His Crew For Def Loaf Comparison? [VIDEO] |url=https://hiphopwired.com/557051/lil-b-catches-fade-boogies-crew-def-loaf-comparison/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114233248/https://hiphopwired.com/557051/lil-b-catches-fade-boogies-crew-def-loaf-comparison/ |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |access-date=January 13, 2021 |website=The Latest Hip-Hop News, Music and Media {{!}} Hip-Hop Wired |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Lil B Addresses Alleged Altercation With A Boogie and His Crew: 'I Forgive Them' |url=https://www.complex.com/music/2017/10/lil-b-addresses-alleged-altercation-with-a-boogie-i-forgive-them |access-date=January 13, 2021 |website=Complex |language=en}}</ref> A cikin sakamakon abin da ya faru, an cire PnB Rock daga jerin bikin kuma Kreayshawn ya maye gurbinsa.<ref name=":7" /> McCartney da A Boogie a hukumance sun kawo karshen rikici kwana biyu bayan haka, ta hanyar kiran waya da Kilo Curt na marigayi Mac Dre's Thizz Entertainment ya fara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Lindsey |date=October 23, 2017 |title=Lil B and A Boogie Wit Da Hoodie Squash Beef After Rolling Loud |url=https://www.xxlmag.com/lil-b-a-boogie-wit-da-hoodie-squash-beef-rolling-loud-incident/ |access-date=January 13, 2021 |website=XXL Mag |language=en}}</ref> Dukkanin masu zane-zane sun shiga Twitter don sanar da ƙarshen rikici. == Kyauta == An ba da Lil B a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "mafi tasiri rappers" na shekarun 2010, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-10 |title=Watch 'Lil B: Believe in Earth,' a Rare and Based Journey with One of Rap's Most Influential Artists |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/watch-lil-b-believe-in-earth-a-rare-and-based-journey-with-one-of-raps-most-influential-artists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123100835/https://www.vice.com/en/article/watch-lil-b-believe-in-earth-a-rare-and-based-journey-with-one-of-raps-most-influential-artists/ |archive-date=January 23, 2025 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=VICE |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alston |first=Trey |title=How Lil B became a tastemaker in hip-hop (despite trolling the culture for over a decade) |url=https://www.revolt.tv/article/2018-05-14/96173/how-lil-b-became-a-tastemaker-in-hip-hop-despite-trolling-the-culture-for-over-a-decade |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425220005/https://www.revolt.tv/article/2018-05-14/96173/how-lil-b-became-a-tastemaker-in-hip-hop-despite-trolling-the-culture-for-over-a-decade |archive-date=April 25, 2025 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=REVOLT}}</ref> wanda ke tasiri ga masu fasaha kamar Kendrick Lamar, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kendrick Lamar Tweets “Thank You BasedGod” |url=https://www.thefader.com/2015/06/20/kendrick-lamar-tweets-thank-you-basedgod |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=The FADER |language=en}}</ref> Playboi Carti, Young Thug, Lil Yachty, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Trevor |date=2016-04-10 |title=Lil Yachty Is Teaming With Lil B & Soulja Boy For "Pretty Boy Millionaires 2" |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/44378-lil-yachty-is-teaming-with-lil-b-and-soulja-boy-for-pretty-boy-millionaires-2-news |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=HotNewHipHop |language=en}}</ref> Cif Keef, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief Keef’s Bang 3 Pt. 2 Album Has A Lil B Feature |url=https://www.thefader.com/2015/09/17/chief-keefs-bang-3-album-has-a-lil-b-feature |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=The FADER |language=en}}</ref> Chance the Rapper, Yung Lean, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=The mysterious figure that is Lil B “the based God” |url=https://forthespeakers.com/f/the-mysterious-figure-that-is-lil-b-%E2%80%9Cthe-based-god%E2%80%9D/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=For the Speakers}}</ref> Earl Sweatshirt, Black Kray, [5] Bladee, [5] Xaviersobased [4] da Tyler, Mahalicci [4] [5] da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Timothée Chalamet.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Nagrom |first=Nedarb |date=2014-01-22 |title=INTERVIEW WITH BLACK KRAY |url=https://www.tumblr.com/verybonus/74248621472/interview-with-black-kray |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731151006/https://www.tumblr.com/verybonus/74248621472/interview-with-black-kray |archive-date=2024-07-31 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=Tumblr |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Garvey |first=Meaghan |date=2025-02-25 |title=A Rare Interview With Bladee, the Mystic Oracle of Internet Rap |url=https://pitchfork.com/features/cover-story/bladee-interview/ |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=Pitchfork |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindert |first=Hattie |date=2024-03-14 |title=The Future of Underground Rap Is Extremely Online |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/xaviersobased-nettspend-yhapojj-interview-1234982383/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=All Your Favorite Rappers Love Lil B |url=https://www.thefader.com/2017/08/17/rappers-love-lil-b-tweets-black-ken |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=The FADER |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Alex |date=2016-04-25 |title=Rapper Lil Yachty has Lil B to thank for getting into Bernie Sanders {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/04/25/politics/lil-yachty-gets-political |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cover Story: Lil B, Young L, And Odd Future |url=https://www.thefader.com/2010/12/15/lil-b-young-l-and-odd-future-are-the-teen-wolves-of-california-eating-raps-guts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326144430/https://www.thefader.com/2010/12/15/lil-b-young-l-and-odd-future-are-the-teen-wolves-of-california-eating-raps-guts |archive-date=March 26, 2025 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=The FADER |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mier |first=Tomás |date=2024-12-27 |title=Timothée Chalamet Credits Being 'Knighted' by Lil B for Launching Acting Career |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/timothee-chalamet-credits-lil-b-knighting-him-success-1235218537/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lil B Responds to Timothée Chalamet Thanking Him |url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/backwoodsaltar/lil-b-timothee-chalamet-knighting-success |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Complex |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-27 |title=Timothée Chalamet Tells Nardwuar That His Acting Career Took Off After Lil B Knighted Him |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2291621/timothee-chalamet-tells-nardwuar-that-his-acting-career-took-off-after-lil-b-knighted-him/news/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Stereogum |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Decade Of Lil B: The Godfather Of Internet Rap Remains Well Ahead Of His Time - Okayplayer |url=https://www.okayplayer.com/originals/decade-lil-b-godfather-internet-rap-constantly-ahead-time.html |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.okayplayer.com |language=en}}</ref> == Zaɓin faifai == * ''6 Kiss'' (2009) * ''Ruwan sama a Ingila'' (2010) * ''Mala'iku Fitowa'' (2011) * ''Ni Gay ne (Ina farin ciki) '' (2011) * ''Zaɓuɓɓuka da Fure'' (2012) * ''Hawaye 4 Allah'' (2012) == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == {{Commonscat}} * {{Official website|http://www.basedworld.com}} * {{AllMusic}} * [http://www.datpiff.com/profile/LilBtheBasedGod/mixtapes Lil B ta mixtapes a DatPiff.com] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kgwaeoajdfz92xi1iy96xfv5ousqek5 894063 894062 2026-08-10T07:59:53Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 /* */ 894063 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} {{Infobox musical artist|Name=Lil B|image=Lil B 2011 (cropped).png|caption=Lil B in 2011|Birth_name=Brandon Christopher McCartney|birth_place=[[Berkeley, California]], U.S.|birth_date={{birth date and age|1989|08|17}}|Alias={{hlist|The BasedGod|Lil Boss}}|Genre={{flatlist| * [[West Coast hip hop]] * [[cloud rap]] * [[hyphy]] * [[New-age music|new age]] }}|Occupation={{flatlist| * Rapper * songwriter * producer }}|Years_active=2004–present|Label={{flatlist| * BasedWorld * Permanent Marks * Weird Forest * [[Soulja Boy#Stacks on Deck Entertainment|Stacks On Deck]] * [[Fool's Gold Records|Fool's Gold]] * [[Amalgam Digital|Amalgam]] }}|website={{URL|basedworld.com}}|module={{Infobox person|embed=yes | signature = Lil B sig.svg }}}} ----'''Brandon Christopher McCartney''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Agusta,Shekarar 1989), wanda aka fi sani da sunan sana’a '''Lil B''' ko kuma '''Lil B The BasedGod''', mawaki ne kuma mai shirya waka daga Amurka. Ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ɗan kungiyar hip hop da ta samo asali daga '''Berkeley, California''' mai suna '''The Pack''' a shekarar 2005, wadda ta sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniya da '''Too Short''' a kamfaninsa ''Up All Nite Records'', wani reshe na '''Jive Records''', a shekara ta gaba. Wannan rukuni ya fi shahara saboda wakarsu mai suna '''“Vans”''', wacce ita ce kaɗai ta shiga jerin '''Billboard Hot 100'''. Bayan haka sun saki kundin waka guda biyu kafin su rabu a shekarar 2010. ----Kana so in yi maka '''fassara ta kalma-kalmar Turanci da ma’anarsu a Hausa''' (kamar ''rapper, record producer, hip hop group, disbanding'' da sauransu), ko wannan cikakken bayani ya isa? Amfani mai yawa na McCartney da [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]] a cikin aikinsa na solo da kuma halin kan layi ya samar da mabiya addini. Ayyukansa sun kunshi nau'o'i da yawa, gami da wasan kwaikwayo na hip-hop, sabon zamani, jazz, indie rock da kiɗa na mawaƙa. Ya kira kansa mai suna BasedGod, kuma an yaba shi da kirkirar kalmar magana "[[wiktionary:based|tushen]]", wanda da farko ya nuna salon rayuwa na tabbatacce, rashin tausayi ko ƙarfin zuciya. A ƙarshen shekarun 2010, an yi amfani da wannan magana don bayyana matsayi ko ayyukan da ke ƙin daidaito na siyasa; a cikin shekarun 2020, kalmar ta shiga cikin al'ada kuma ta sake samun ma'anar tsaka-tsaki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stanish |first=Nathan |date=2022-03-24 |title=The word 'based' is overused |url=https://hillsdalecollegian.com/2022/03/the-word-based-is-overused/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Hillsdale Collegian |language=en-US}}</ref> An ba da Lil B a matsayin "mahaifin rap na intanet" da kuma ɗaya daga cikin "mafi tasiri rappers" na shekarun 2010, yana rinjayar masu fasaha kamar Kendrick Lamar, Playboi Carti, Young Thug, Lil Yachty, Cif Keef, Chance the Rapper, Yung Lean, Earl Sweatshirt, Black Kray, Bladee, Xaviersobased, da Tyler, Mahalicci, da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Timothée Chalamet. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi McCartney a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, 1989, a Berkeley, California, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Browne |first=Rembert |date=October 15, 2012 |title=Lil B Tries Out for D-League Basketball; Is Definitely Coming for Kevin Durant |url=http://grantland.com/hollywood-prospectus/lil-b-tries-out-for-d-league-basketball-is-definitely-coming-for-kevin-durant/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307115327/https://grantland.com/hollywood-prospectus/lil-b-tries-out-for-d-league-basketball-is-definitely-coming-for-kevin-durant/ |archive-date=March 7, 2021 |access-date=September 16, 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare a [[Albany, California|Albany]]_High_School_(Albany,_California)" id="mwUQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Albany High School (Albany, California)">Albany High a Albany. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Jim |date=April 4, 2012 |title=Berkeley Rapper Lil B To Lecture At N.Y.U. |url=http://patch.com/california/berkeley/lil-b-the-based-god-nyu-brandon-mccartney-rapper-berkeley-ca |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104105758/https://patch.com/california/berkeley/lil-b-the-based-god-nyu-brandon-mccartney-rapper-berkeley-ca |archive-date=November 4, 2021 |access-date=September 16, 2016 |website=patch.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya ɗauki sunan Lil B, kuma ya fara yin rap yana da shekaru 15 tare da ƙungiyar hip hop ta San Francisco Bay Area The Pack . Bayan sauye-sauye biyu da suka samu nasara a cikin gida, a saman motsi na Bay Area, waƙar kungiyar "Vans" ta zama abin mamaki. An sanya waƙar a matsayin ta biyar mafi kyau a shekara ta 2006 ta mujallar Rolling Stone . <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2006 |title=Rolling Stone's 100 Best Songs of the Year & other lists of songs |url=http://www.brooklynvegan.com/rolling-stones-3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104105758/https://www.brooklynvegan.com/rolling-stones-3/ |archive-date=November 4, 2021 |access-date=September 16, 2016 |website=BrooklynVegan}}</ref> Ƙarfin "Vans" ya jagoranci ƙungiyar don saki ''Skateboards 2 Scrapers'' EP, wanda ke nuna "Vans' remix tare da rappers na Bay Area Too $hort da Mistah F.A.B. A cikin 2007, McCartney da The Pack sun fitar da kundi na farko, Based Boys . == Ayyuka == === 2009-2010: Nasarar Solo da haɗin gwiwa === A ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2009, McCartney ya fitar da kundi na farko na dijital, I'm Thraxx, ta hanyar lakabin mai zaman kansa Permanent Marks . <sup class="mw-ref reference" mwgq="">1/styles.css<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;body<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;extsrc<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;parts<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cite web&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Cite_web&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;http://www.allmusic.com/album/im-thraxx-mw0002183676&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;I'm Thraxx – Lil B&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;website&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;AllMusic&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;September 16, 2016&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;archive-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;October 13, 2016&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;archive-url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20161013222531/http://www.allmusic.com/album/im-thraxx-mw0002183676&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;url-status&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;live&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]</nowiki>}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwA0c\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt42\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwA0g\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.allmusic.com/album/im-thraxx-mw0002183676\" id=\"mwA0k\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"I'm Thraxx – Lil B\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwA0o\">AllMusic</i></nowiki>. <nowiki><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20161013222531/http://www.allmusic.com/album/im-thraxx-mw0002183676\" id=\"mwA0s\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Archived</a></nowiki> from the original on October 13, 2016<nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwA0w\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwA00\">September 16,</span></nowiki> 2016<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-9" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Lil_B#cite_note-9 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> A ranar 22 ga watan Disamba, 2009, McCartney ya fitar da kundi na dijital na biyu, ''6 Kiss'', zuwa karɓar karɓa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=6 Kiss – Lil B |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/6-kiss-mw0002183675 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013221007/http://www.allmusic.com/album/6-kiss-mw0002183675 |archive-date=October 13, 2016 |access-date=September 16, 2016 |website=AllMusic}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Maris, 2010, McCartney ya fitar da mixtape na farko Dior Paint . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Britton |first=Luke Morgan |date=October 8, 2013 |title=Download Lil B's entire back-catalogue for free |url=http://www.thelineofbestfit.com/news/latest-news/download-lil-bs-entire-back-catalogue-for-free-138933 |access-date=September 16, 2016 |website=The Line Of Best Fit}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Afrilu, 2010, McCartney ya sanya hannu a hukumance ga lakabin ɗan wasan Soulja Boy na SODMG Entertainment . <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2010 |title=Soulja Boy Announces Signing "Lil B" (Newest Member On His SODMG Roster) |url=http://www.worldstarhiphop.com/videos/video.php?v=wshhl4XoXEXzdsB6j3J4 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=World Star Hip Hop }}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2010, McCartney ya fitar da wani mixtape mai suna Base World Pt. 1.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LIL B – LIL B Base World Pt. 1 Hosted by 514 |url=http://www.datpiff.com/LIL-B-LIL-B-Base-World-Pt-1-mixtape.118201.html |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=DatPiff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Colly |first=Joe |date=July 1, 2010 |title=Lil B Base World, Pt. 1 review |url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/14418-base-world-pt-1/ |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=Pitchfork}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2010, McCartney ya fitar da haɗin gwiwa tare da Soulja Boy mai taken Pretty Boy Millionaires . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Soulja Boy and Lil B – Pretty Boy Millionaires (soulja Boy & Lil B) |url=http://www.datpiff.com/Soulja-Boy-and-Lil-B-Pretty-Boy-Millionaires-soulja-Boy-Lil-B-mixtape.133241.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524000513/http://www.datpiff.com/Soulja-Boy-and-Lil-B-Pretty-Boy-Millionaires-soulja-Boy-Lil-B-mixtape.133241.html |archive-date=May 24, 2015 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=DatPiff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rennie |first=Andrew |date=August 12, 2010 |title=Soulja Boy and Lil B – Pretty Boy Millionaires (SOD Money Gang) |url=https://nowtoronto.com/music/album-reviews/soulja-boy-and-lil-b/ |website=Now Toronto.com}}</ref> McCartney ya yi rikodin waƙoƙi sama da 1,500 har zuwa watan Yulin 2010, gami da waƙoƙin "Kamar Martian", "Wonton Soup", "Pretty Bitch", "Ni Allah ne", dukansu an sake su kyauta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roberts |first=Steven |date=July 30, 2010 |title=Lil B Is Taking The Net By Storm, One Freestyle At A Time |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1644772/lil-b-taking-net-by-storm-one-freestyle-at-time.jhtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119074715/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1644772/lil-b-taking-net-by-storm-one-freestyle-at-time.jhtml |archive-date=January 19, 2011 |access-date=January 18, 2011 |publisher=MTV News}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Satumba, 2010, McCartney ya fitar da kundi na farko na studio, Rain in England, ta hanyar Weird Forest Records; ''[[The Guardian]]'' ya bayyana shi a matsayin "wani nau'in waka mai ban sha'awa, Beat style inda McCartney, murya mai hankali tare da himma, tunani game da ƙauna, kyau da duk mummunan abubuwa a duniya akan wankewar sabon zamani". === 2010-yanzu: Mixtapes === [[Fayil:Lil_B_Nuemos_2012.jpg|right|thumb|McCartney a cikin 2012]] A ranar 29 ga watan Disamba, 2010, an sanar da shi kuma an tabbatar da cewa McCartney ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kundi tare da Amalgam Digital . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mue |first=Enig |date=December 29, 2010 |title=Lil B The Based God Signs with Amalgam Digital, Preps New Albums |url=http://www.amalgamdigital.com/blog/4854/2010/12/29/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110118054334/http://www.amalgamdigital.com/blog/4854/2010/12/29/ |archive-date=January 18, 2011 |access-date=January 18, 2011 |publisher=Amalgam Digital}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Winistorfer |first=Andrew |date=January 5, 2011 |title=Lil B Signs With Amalgam Digital |url=http://www.prefixmag.com/news/lil-b-signs-with-amalgam-digital/47455/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509040226/http://www.prefixmag.com/news/lil-b-signs-with-amalgam-digital/47455 |archive-date=May 9, 2011 |access-date=November 24, 2011 |website=Prefixmag.com}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Yuli, 2011, McCartney ya fitar da EP ''Paint'', ta hanyar lakabinsa na BasedWorld Records . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Paint – Lil B |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/paint-mw0002183678 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013222525/http://www.allmusic.com/album/paint-mw0002183678 |archive-date=October 13, 2016 |access-date=September 16, 2016 |website=AllMusic}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2011, McCartney ya fitar da kundi na hudu na dijital mai suna Angels Exodus, ta hanyar Amalgam Digital. A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2011, McCartney ya ba da sanarwar cewa kundi na gaba zai kasance mai taken I'm Gay, wanda ya haifar da rikici. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2011 |title=Lil B' Names New Album I'm Gay – The Urban Daily |url=http://theurbandaily.com/2011/04/17/lil-b-im-gay-album-2/ |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=The Urban Daily}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lil B Titles New Album 'I'm Gay,' GLAAD Reacts |url=http://rapfix.mtv.com/2011/04/18/lil-b-titles-new-album-i%e2%80%99m-gay-glaad-reacts/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728022052/http://rapfix.mtv.com/2011/04/18/lil-b-titles-new-album-i%e2%80%99m-gay-glaad-reacts/ |archive-date=July 28, 2015 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=RapFix}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Markman |first=Rob |date=April 21, 2011 |title=Lil B Says I'm Gay LP Title Provoking Death Threats, Slurs |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1662490/lil-b-im-gay/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913103813/http://www.mtv.com/news/1662490/lil-b-im-gay/ |archive-date=September 13, 2014 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=mtv.com}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2011, McCartney ya fitar da kundi na dijital na biyar, I'm Gay (I'm Happy), ta hanyar Amalgam Digital; kundin ya shiga jadawalin <nowiki><i id="mwyA">Billboard</i></nowiki> R & B / Hip-Hop Albums a lamba 56 da kuma Heatseekers Albums chart a lamba 20 don makon 16 ga Yuli, 2011. A ranar 17 ga Mayu, 2012, McCartney ya fitar da kundi na farko, Zaɓuɓɓuka da Flowers, a ƙarƙashin sunan "The Basedgod".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hudson |first=Alex |date=May 23, 2012 |title=Lil B Releases 'Classical Music' Album |url=http://exclaim.ca/music/article/lil_b_releases_classical_music_album |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921211051/http://exclaim.ca/music/article/lil_b_releases_classical_music_album |archive-date=September 21, 2016 |access-date=September 16, 2016 |website=Exclaim!}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2012, McCartney ya fitar da wani dutse mai suna "California Boy".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Battan, Carrie |date=September 18, 2012 |title=Video: Lil B Makes His Foray Into Rock Music With "California Boy" |url=http://pitchfork.com/news/47886-video-lil-b-makes-his-foray-into-rock-music-with-california-boy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607010147/http://pitchfork.com/news/47886-video-lil-b-makes-his-foray-into-rock-music-with-california-boy/ |archive-date=June 7, 2014 |access-date=June 4, 2014 |publisher=[[Pitchfork Media|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga watan Disamba, 2012, McCartney ya fitar da kundi na biyu mai suna Tears 4 God, kuma a karkashin sunan "The Basedgod".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cooper |first=Duncan |date=January 3, 2014 |title=Lil B Just Released Another "Classical" Album, Tears 4 God |url=http://www.thefader.com/2013/01/03/lil-b-just-released-another-classical-album-tears-4-god |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921004119/http://www.thefader.com/2013/01/03/lil-b-just-released-another-classical-album-tears-4-god |archive-date=September 21, 2016 |access-date=September 16, 2016 |website=The FADER}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga watan Disamba, 2013, McCartney ya fitar da mixtape ''05 Fuck Em'', wanda ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi 101. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Battan |first=Carrie |date=December 26, 2013 |title=Lil B Drops 101-Song Mixtape, 05 Fuck Em |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/53447-lil-b-drops-101-song-mixtape-05-fuck-em/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426204103/http://pitchfork.com/news/53447-lil-b-drops-101-song-mixtape-05-fuck-em/ |archive-date=April 26, 2015 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=pitchfork.com}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2014, McCartney ya fitar da wani mixtape mai suna Hoop Life, wanda za a san shi da ƙunshe da waƙar da ake kira "F *ck KD" wanda ya kira dan wasan [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] [[Kevin Durant]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Minsker |first=Evan |date=June 1, 2014 |title=Lil B's Hoop Life Mixtape, Featuring "Fuck KD", Has Arrived |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/55390-lil-bs-hoop-life-mixtape-featuring-fuck-kd-has-arrived/ |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=pitchfork.com}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 2014, McCartney ya fitar da Ultimate Bitch mixtape, wanda ke nuna waƙar "No Black Person Is Ugly".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Minsker, Evan |date=October 14, 2014 |title=Lil B Drops Ultimate Bitch Mixtape |url=http://pitchfork.com/news/57083-lil-b-drops-ultimate-bitch-mixtape/ |access-date=July 25, 2015 |publisher=[[Pitchfork Media|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2015, McCartney da Chance the Rapper sun ba da sanarwar cewa sun yi rikodin haɗin gwiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Young, Alex |date=July 19, 2015 |title=Chance the Rapper and Lil B say they recorded an album together |url=https://consequence.net/2015/07/chance-the-rapper-and-lil-b-say-they-recorded-an-album-together/ |access-date=July 27, 2015 |publisher=[[Consequence of Sound]]}}</ref> An sake shi a matsayin Free (Based Freestyles Mixtape) a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weiss |first=Dan |date=August 14, 2015 |title=Review: Lil B and Chance the Rapper, 'Free (Based Freestyles Mixtape)' |url=https://www.spin.com/2015/08/review-lil-b-chance-the-rapper-free-based-freestyles-mixtape/ |access-date=January 2, 2025 |website=SPIN |language=en-US}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan shekarar, a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba, McCartney ya fitar da mixtape mai suna Thugged Out Pissed Off . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lil B Shares A New Mixtape Thugged Out Pissed Off |url=https://www.thefader.com/2015/12/30/lil-b-new-mixtape-thugged-out-pissed-off |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250102223739/https://www.thefader.com/2015/12/30/lil-b-new-mixtape-thugged-out-pissed-off |archive-date=January 2, 2025 |access-date=January 2, 2025 |website=The FADER |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2017, an nuna McCartney a kan Terror Jr's remix na waƙar su "Come First".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Strauss |first=Matthew |date=February 13, 2017 |title=Listen to Terror Jr's New Song With Lil B and Father {{!}} Pitchfork |url=http://pitchfork.com/news/71595-listen-to-terror-jrs-new-song-with-lil-b-and-father/ |access-date=February 22, 2017 |website=pitchfork.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, 2017, McCartney ya fitar da ''Black Ken'', yana bayyana shi a matsayin "mixtape na farko na hukuma. " <ref>{{Cite web |last=India, Lindsey |date=May 9, 2017 |title=Lil B Completes His First Official Mixtape 'Black Ken' |url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2017/05/lil-b-completes-black-ken-mixtape/ |access-date=December 14, 2017 |publisher=[[XXL (magazine)|XXL]]}}</ref> Mixtape ya kai lamba 24 a kan sashin Top Heatseekers da lamba 44 a kan sashen Independent Albums na mako na 2 ga Satumba, 2017. In June 2022, McCartney released ''Frozen'' and ''The Frozen Tape''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=A |first=Aron |date=September 8, 2022 |title=Lil B Shares New Project "Thraxxx Kiss" With Keyboard Kid |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/414822-lil-b-shares-new-project-thraxxx-kiss-with-keyboard-kid-new-mixtape |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123102557/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/414822-lil-b-shares-new-project-thraxxx-kiss-with-keyboard-kid-new-mixtape |archive-date=January 23, 2025 |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=HotNewHipHop |language=en}}</ref> In August,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Fontes |first=Isaac |date=December 24, 2022 |title=Lil B Drops Surprise Jazz Album, "Afrikantis" |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/613658-lil-b-drops-surprise-jazz-album-afrikantis |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=HotNewHipHop |language=en}}</ref> he released ''Thraxxx Kiss'', a collaboration with producer Keyboard Kid.<ref name=":1" /> McCartney released ''Afrikantis'', a jazz album, on December 22, 2022.<ref name=":2" /> == Ayyuka na zane-zane == [[Fayil:Lil_B_at_Coachella_2011.png|thumb|McCartney a bikin kiɗa na Coachella a cikin 2011]] McCartney da masu sukar kiɗa suna magana ne game da salon rap dinsa a matsayin "tushen", kalmar da McCartney ke amfani da ita don bayyana kyakkyawan salon rayuwa. "Based" kalma ce da aka dawo da ita, kamar yadda McCartney ya bayyana a cikin Complex: <ref name="BASED-KQED">{{Cite web |last=Meline |first=Gabe |date=December 17, 2014 |title=Thank You Based God: 10 Reasons Why You Should See Lil' B This Weekend |url=http://ww2.kqed.org/arts/2014/12/17/thank-you-based-god-10-reasons-why-you-should-see-lil-b-this-weekend/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130054413/https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/2014/12/17/thank-you-based-god-10-reasons-why-you-should-see-lil-b-this-weekend/ |archive-date=January 30, 2018 |access-date=February 19, 2015 |website=kqed.org}}</ref><ref name="BASED-Complex">{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Ernest |date=June 10, 2010 |title=Lil B Talks Getting Sucker Punched, Gay Rumors, & Drake Envy |url=http://www.complex.com/music/2010/06/lil-b-talks-getting-sucker-punched-gay-rumors-drake-envy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414112158/https://www.complex.com/music/2010/06/lil-b-talks-getting-sucker-punched-gay-rumors-drake-envy |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |access-date=February 19, 2015 |website=complex.com}}</ref> {{Blockquote|Based means being yourself. Not being scared of what people think about you. Not being afraid to do what you wanna do. Being positive. When I was younger, based was a negative term that meant like dopehead, or basehead. People used to make fun of me. They was like, "You're based." They'd use it as a negative. And what I did was turn that negative into a positive. I started embracing it like, "Yeah, I'm based." I made it mine. I embedded it in my head. Based is positive.}} === Fasahar Rapping === Mawallafin <nowiki><i id="mwAUs">Slate</i></nowiki> Jonah Weiner ya lakafta shi a matsayin daya daga cikin "ƙaruwar yawan masu ban mamaki", yana kiransa "mai basira, mai ba da izini ga [[Lil Wayne]] daga Bay Area". Mai sukar kiɗa Willy Staley ya bayyana aikin McCartney a matsayin "mai banbanci", saboda ya fito ne daga mahimman abubuwan da suka shafi nau'in hip-hop zuwa "rabi sabon zamani, rabin magana". Ya ci gaba da lura cewa McCartney ya samo asali ne daga nau'o'i daban-daban, musamman wadanda wasu rappers ba sa amfani da su. A wata hira da Staley, McCartney ya yarda da wannan bincike, yana cewa, "Zan iya yin 'Swag OD' amma sai mai fasahar kiɗa da na fi so a yanzu zai iya zama Antony da Johnsons. Wannan shine bambancin tsakanin ni da waɗannan sauran rappers, da sauran masu fasahar kiɗan gabaɗaya. " == Sauran Kasuwanci == === Mawallafin === ''Ka karɓi ta hanyar tilasta tabbatacce!'' littafi ne da McCartney ya rubuta kuma aka buga ta Kele Publishing a shekara ta 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Takin' Over |url=http://www.kelebooks.com/our-books/takin-over/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205034853/http://www.kelebooks.com/our-books/takin-over/ |archive-date=February 5, 2013 |access-date=March 19, 2013 |publisher=Kele Publishing}}</ref> Littafin tarin ne kuma an rubuta shi a cikin nau'ikan imel da saƙonnin rubutu, kuma an rubuta ta hanyar da marubucin ke aikawa da imel ga mai karatu. Batutuwa sun haɗa da tabbatacce, kyakkyawan fata, da rayuwa abin da ya kira "Halin Rayuwa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review of My New Book "Takin Over" |url=http://www.basedworld.com/?p=1353 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013051813/http://www.basedworld.com/?p=1353 |archive-date=October 13, 2013 |access-date=March 19, 2013 |publisher=Based World}}</ref> An ba da littafin a cikin wani lacca na NYU a watan Maris na shekara ta 2012. A ranar 30 ga Maris, 2013, McCartney ya sanar da cewa yana cikin rubuce-rubucen littafinsa na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2013 |title=Dior Paint |url=http://diorpaint.tumblr.com/post/46683346721/starting-to-write-my-second-book-novel-lil-b |access-date=March 19, 2013 |publisher=Dior Paint}}</ref> === Mai magana mai motsawa === McCartney ya ba da laccoci masu motsawa a kwalejoji da yawa, gami da MIT da Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon . <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 13, 2015 |title=Lil B To Lecture At Carnegie Mellon University This February |url=http://www.thefader.com/2015/02/13/lil-b-to-lecture-at-carnegie-mellon-this-february |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215085742/http://www.thefader.com/2015/02/13/lil-b-to-lecture-at-carnegie-mellon-this-february |archive-date=February 15, 2015 |access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref> Gabaɗaya suna mai da hankali ne game da kwarewarsa a rayuwa da abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 22, 2015 |title=The Full Transcript Of Lil B's Groundbreaking Lecture At MIT |url=http://www.thefader.com/2014/11/22/lil-b-mit-lecture-full-transcript |access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Mayu, 2015, rapper ya ba da lacca a UCLA, inda ya taɓa batutuwa kamar kuɗi, kafofin watsa labarai, fasaha, sarari, wayar da kan jama'a, da ƙauna.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 29, 2015 |title=Watch Lil B's Lecture At UCLA |url=http://www.ballerstatus.com/2015/06/01/watch-lil-bs-lecture-at-ucla/ |publisher=BallerStatus.com}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023}}</ref> === Aikace-aikacen Basedmoji da vegEMOJI === McCartney ya ƙaddamar da aikace-aikacen "Basedmoji" a ranar 16 ga Janairu, 2015 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2014 |title=Lil B Releases "Basedmoji" App for All Your Based God Emoji Needs |url=http://pitchfork.com/news/56737-lil-b-releases-basedmoji-app-for-all-your-based-god-emoji-needs/ |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=Pitchfork}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brandon Mccartney |date=September 17, 2014 |title=Basedmoji |url=https://apps.apple.com/us/app/basedmoji/id911162824 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=App Store}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015, McCartney ya fitar da "vegEMOJI", tare da hadin gwiwar kamfanin vegan "Follow Your Heart".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joanna Rothkopf |date=January 29, 2015 |title=Lil B launches the vegan emoji app you never knew you needed |url=http://www.salon.com/2015/01/29/lil_b_launches_the_vegan_emoji_app_you_never_knew_you_needed/ |access-date=May 12, 2015}}</ref><ref name="BASED-DDot">{{Cite web |date=January 29, 2015 |title=Lil B on his hot new vegan-themed emoji app |url=http://www.dailydot.com/technology/lil-b-vegemoji-app/ |website=[[The Daily Dot]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brandon Mccartney |date=January 17, 2015 |title=vegEMOJI |url=https://apps.apple.com/us/app/vegemoji/id952933659 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=App Store}}</ref> Duk da gaskiyar cewa McCartney ba Mai cin ganyayyaki ba ne, ya bayyana cewa yana rage yawan cin abincin da aka sarrafa, kuma yana "jin kunya game da cin nama".<ref name="BASED-DDot" /> == Rayuwa ta mutum == A ranar 16 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015, gidan McCartney a Contra Costa County, California, ya kama wuta da sassafe a ranar Alhamis bayan gobarar lantarki ta bazu a cikin ginin. McCartney da wasu mutane shida sun sami ceto daga Mateo Ysmael mai shekaru 15, wanda ya gudu ta cikin ginin don tayar da kowa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 16, 2015 |title=Lil B Saved From House Fire by Teenager |url=http://pitchfork.com/news/58100-lil-b-saved-from-house-fire-by-teenager/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620174718/https://pitchfork.com/news/58100-lil-b-saved-from-house-fire-by-teenager/ |archive-date=June 20, 2022 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=Pitchfork}}</ref> Don Zaben shugaban Amurka na 2016, ya goyi bayan Sanata na [[Vermont]] Bernie Sanders, yana mai ambaton rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Meet Bernie Sanders' Top Celebrity Backers |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/meet-bernie-sanders-top-celebrity-backers/story?id=33020601 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621015839/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/meet-bernie-sanders-top-celebrity-backers/story?id=33020601 |archive-date=June 21, 2018 |access-date=June 22, 2023 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> McCartney ya nemi mata da yawa don hotunan ƙafafunsu, hannayensu, akwati, da cinya, tare da "Ina son Lil B" da aka rubuta a ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pigeons |date=September 22, 2014 |title=A History of Lil B's Obsession With Feet |url=https://www.complex.com/pigeons-and-planes/a/pigeons/a-history-of-lil-bs-obsession-with-feet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410005141/https://www.complex.com/pigeons-and-planes/a/pigeons/a-history-of-lil-bs-obsession-with-feet |archive-date=April 10, 2024 |access-date=April 10, 2024 |website=Complex |language=en-us}}</ref> Wata sakon [[Twitter]] tana da mutane suna neman shekarun matar, tare da McCartney yana amsawa: "Wannan mace ce mai girma tare da matsayinta da kuma fam da take kula da ita". Ba a san ko matar ta zama babba ba. A cikin 2018, McCartney ya aika da sakonnin Twitter na sirri ga wata mai shekaru 17, yana neman hotunan jikinta tare da "Ina son Lil B" da aka rubuta a ciki, ya kasa neman shekarunta. Sauran matasan mata sun zo gaba, suna cewa an nemi hotuna su aika a kan Twitter da [[Instagram]].<ref name=":0" /> == Rashin jituwa == === Joe Budden === A cikin 2010, an yi musayar da yawa tsakanin McCartney da [[Joe Budden]] ta hanyar [[Twitter]]. Budden ya kasance yana magana da ba'a game da motsi na McCartney na "Based" da tweets dinsa, wanda McCartney ya amsa, da farko abokantaka amma daga baya tare da zagi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 30, 2010 |title=Lil B, "I Felt Like [Joe Budden] Was Making a Mockery of Me." |url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2010/08/lil-b-i-felt-like-joe-budden-was-making-a-mockery-of-me/ |website=XXL}}</ref> McCartney ya ci gaba da fitar da waƙar da ake kira "T Shirts & Buddens", wanda aka nuna a kan mixtape na "Everything Based".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lauren Nostro |title=Joe Budden – A History of Rappers Picking Fights With Lil B – Complex |url=http://www.complex.com/music/2013/01/a-history-of-rappers-picking-fights-with-lil-b/joe-budden |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=Complex}}</ref> McCartney daga baya ya nemi gafara saboda zagi kuma ya lura da girmamawarsa ga Budden, yana kiransa " almara".<ref>{{Cite web |title=CB » Badrappbeef: Lil B vs. Joe Buddens Explained |url=http://www.cocaineblunts.com/blunts/?p=6212 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |archive-date=April 3, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403131415/http://www.cocaineblunts.com/blunts/?p=6212 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Wasan === A cikin shekara ta 2011, bayan ya ji aya daga McCartney a kan [[Lil Wayne]] mixtape Sorry 4 the Wait, Compton rapper Game ya kira McCartney "mafi kyawun rapper na kowane lokaci". McCartney ya amsa ta hanyar kiran Wasan "marasa dacewa," wanda Wasan ya yi barazanar buga McCartney.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 23, 2011 |title=Game Wants Lil B To Come At Him [Video] |url=http://hiphopwired.com/2011/08/23/game-wants-lil-b-to-come-at-him-video/ |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=Hip-Hop Wired}}</ref> Wasan ya yi niyya ga McCartney a cikin ayoyinsa a cikin waƙarsa "Martians vs Goblins" wanda ke nuna Lil Wayne da Tyler, Mahalicci, tare da layin "Tie McCartney har zuwa tanki cike da propane, swag, yanzu kallon shi dafa". McCartney ya yi magana game da wannan a kan waƙarsa "Tank of Propaine" a kan mixtape na "White Flame". Makonni da yawa bayan haka, biyun sun daidaita bambance-bambance ta hanyar Twitter bayan haka McCartney ya bukaci magoya baya su sayi Album din RED na Game.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2011 |title=Game & Lil B End Beef On Twitter |url=http://hiphopwired.com/2011/08/29/game-lil-b-end-beef-on-twitter/ |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=Hip-Hop Wired}}</ref> === Joey Bada $ === McCartney ya yi fushi da kalmomin da ke cikin waƙar "Survival Tactics" ta marigayi rapper Capital STEEZ, memba mai kafa kungiyar Pro Era. A cikin wannan, ya yi rap, "Sun ce aiki tuƙuru yana biyan kuɗi / To, gaya wa BasedGod kada ya bar aikinsa na rana. " McCartney ya amsa da waƙar da ake kira "Ni ne The Bada $ $ ". Joey Bada $ $ $ ya amsa da waƙar da ake kira "Kada ku bar aikinku na rana!" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniel Isenberg |title=Video: Joey Bada$$ Says Dissing Lil B Was "Too Easy" |url=http://www.complex.com/music/2013/01/video-joey-badass-says-dissing-lil-b-was-too-easy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526044523/http://www.complex.com/music/2013/01/video-joey-badass-says-dissing-lil-b-was-too-easy |archive-date=May 26, 2015 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=Complex}}</ref> Lokacin da rikici ya zama sananne a Twitter, Joey ya zama makasudin hare-hare da yawa daga magoya bayan McCartney, wanda ya ƙare tare da Joey ya share asusun Twitter, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rose Lilah |date=February 2, 2013 |title=Joey Bada$$ Deletes Twitter Following Frustration With Lil B Fans |url=http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/joey-badass-deletes-twitter-following-frustration-with-lil-b-fans-news.4317.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909080628/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/joey-badass-deletes-twitter-following-frustration-with-lil-b-fans-news.4317.html |archive-date=September 9, 2015 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=HotNewHipHop}}</ref> duk da cewa ya dawo da shi daga baya. A wata hira da WWPR-FM, Joey Badass ya musanta cewa ya share asusun Twitter dinsa saboda magoya bayan McCartney. Daga baya, a wata hira da VladTV, Joey ya yarda cewa an halicci rikici ne don tallatawa, kuma ya yarda cewa yana sha'awar aikin McCartney mafi tsanani. === Kevin Durant === A shekara ta 2011, babban tauraron [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] [[Kevin Durant]] ya wallafa a shafinsa na Twitter game da shahararren McCartney, kuma McCartney ya amsa ta hanyar "la'anta" Durant cewa ba zai taba lashe gasar NBA TV.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lil B From The Pack on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/LILBTHEBASEDGOD/statuses/73599288378277888 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=Twitter}}</ref> An soke la'anar a shekarar 2012 amma an sake dawo da ita a shekarar 2014. Rashin jituwa tsakanin su biyu ya ci gaba tun daga wannan lokacin, wanda ya haifar da McCartney ya saki waƙar "Fuck KD" a cikin 2014 da kuma kasuwanci a gidan talabijin na NBA, inda McCartney ta kira Kevin Durant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrew Sharp |date=March 10, 2014 |title=An Outsider's Guide to the Lil B–Kevin Durant Beef |url=http://grantland.com/the-triangle/an-outsiders-guide-to-the-lil-b-kevin-durant-beef/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512123626/http://grantland.com/the-triangle/an-outsiders-guide-to-the-lil-b-kevin-durant-beef/ |archive-date=May 12, 2015 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=Grantland}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2014 |title=Lil B Made a Commercial on NBA TV Calling Out Kevin Durant Because Life is Good as Hell |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/lil-b-made-a-commercial-on-nba-tv-calling-out-kevin-durant/ |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=NOISEY}}</ref><ref name="SportsNation">{{Cite web |date=March 12, 2014 |title=A very #BASED interview with Lil B about his Kevin Durant beef – SBNation.com |url=https://www.sbnation.com/2014/3/12/5500148/lil-b-kevin-durant-beef-diss-track-interiew}}</ref> McCartney ya yi iƙirarin "la'anar Allah mai tushe" don zama alhakin Durant da ƙungiyarsa ta Oklahoma City Thunder da aka yi wa Golden State Warriors a wasan karshe na Yammacin Yammacin 2016 NBA Playoffs . Thunder ta kasance wasanni 3 zuwa 1 a cikin jerin mafi kyau na 7, amma sai ta ci gaba da rasa jerin a cikin salon ban mamaki bayan ta rasa wasanni 3 masu zuwa a jere. A ranar 4 ga Yuli, 2016, biyo bayan sanarwar Durant barin Thunder zuwa Golden State Warriors, McCartney ya sake soke la'anar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schwartz |first=Nick |title=Lil B lifts curse on Kevin Durant after he announces decision to join Warriors |url=http://www.foxsports.com/nba/story/kevin-durant-warriors-lil-b-lifts-based-gods-curse-070416 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818081613/http://www.foxsports.com/nba/story/kevin-durant-warriors-lil-b-lifts-based-gods-curse-070416 |archive-date=August 18, 2016 |access-date=July 4, 2016 |website=FOXSports.com}}</ref> Durant ya ci gaba da lashe gasar zakarun NBA a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, a cikin 2017 da 2018. === James Harden === A lokacin Yammacin Taron na 2015 NBA Playoffs, McCartney ya fara tambayar "rawan dafa abinci" na NBA, rawa da ake zargin McCartney ne ya kirkira wanda yake yin duk lokacin, kuma ya wallafa a shafin Twitter cewa idan bai sami amsar daga Harden ba game da wannan rawa to Harden zai sami "la'anar Allah" kamar Kevin Durant.<ref name="nbcsports">{{Cite web |date=May 24, 2015 |title=Lil B says James Harden is officially under the Based God's curse |url=http://probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com/2015/05/24/lil-b-says-james-harden-is-officially-under-the-based-gods-curse/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525231540/http://probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com/2015/05/24/lil-b-says-james-harden-is-officially-under-the-based-gods-curse/ |archive-date=May 25, 2015 |access-date=May 24, 2015 |publisher=ProBasketballTalk – [[NBC Sports]]}}</ref> McCartney ya danganta asarar Houston Rockets ga Golden State Warriors tare da ci 99-98 a Wasan 2, kuma a Wasan 3 tare da ci 115-80, ga la'anar.<ref name="nbcsports" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 23, 2015 |title=Lil B renews threats on James Harden via Kevin Durant's jersey number |url=https://www.sbnation.com/lookit/2015/5/23/8651919/lil-b-threat-james-harden-rockets-warriors-kevin-durant-curse-nba |access-date=May 24, 2015 |publisher=[[SB Nation]]}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Mayu, 2015, McCartney ya sanar a kan TMZ Sports cewa ya sanya Harden a ƙarƙashin "la'anar Allah" don sauran wasannin har sai an kara sanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 24, 2015 |title=James Harden Officially Under Lil B's Spell ... The Curse Is On! |url=http://www.tmz.com/2015/05/24/james-harden-lil-b-based-god-curse-official-rockets-warriors/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524183909/http://www.tmz.com/2015/05/24/james-harden-lil-b-based-god-curse-official-rockets-warriors/ |archive-date=May 24, 2015 |access-date=May 24, 2015 |publisher=[[TMZ|TMZ Sports]]}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2015, McCartney ya kasance a Oracle Arena don Wasan 5 inda Warriors suka ci Rockets da ci 104-90, suka zama zakarun Yammacin Turai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lil B Will Attend Rockets-Warriors Game 5 as James Harden Curse Looms |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2476407-lil-b-will-attend-rockets-warriors-game-5-as-james-harden-curse-looms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527211539/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2476407-lil-b-will-attend-rockets-warriors-game-5-as-james-harden-curse-looms |archive-date=May 27, 2015 |access-date=May 27, 2015 |publisher=[[Bleacher Report]]}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, a lokacin wannan wasan Harden ya kafa rikodin NBA Playoff na 13 turnovers, wanda ya sa McCartney ya yi la'akari da ɗaga la'anar a bainar jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 28, 2015 |title=James Harden sets NBA playoff record for most turnovers in single game |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/nba-ball-dont-lie/james-harden-sets-nba-playoff-record-for-most-turnovers-in-single-game-054447886.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025244/http://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/nba-ball-dont-lie/james-harden-sets-nba-playoff-record-for-most-turnovers-in-single-game-054447886.html |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |access-date=May 28, 2015 |publisher=[[Yahoo|Yahoo Sports]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lil B from the Pack on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/LILBTHEBASEDGOD/status/603806973457408000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108062612/https://twitter.com/LILBTHEBASEDGOD/status/603806973457408000 |archive-date=November 8, 2015 |access-date=May 28, 2015 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Yuni, 2017, McCartney ya sanar a kan wani live tape na First Take cewa ya ɗaga la'anar daga Harden.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First Take on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/FirstTake/status/871402849845915649 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031151/https://twitter.com/FirstTake/status/871402849845915649 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |access-date=June 4, 2017 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> === A Boogie wit da Hoodie da PnB Rock === Zan fassara maka wannan rubutun gaba ɗaya zuwa '''Hausa''' a sauƙaƙe: ----A bukukuwan '''Rolling Loud Bay Area''' na shekarar 2017, McCartney ya tilasta ya soke wasan sa saboda wani rikici da aka ce ya faru tsakaninsa da '''A Boogie wit da Hoodie''' a bayan fage. Lokacin da ya hau kan mataki don sanar da soke wasan nasa, ya gaya wa jama’a cewa ''“A Boogie da dukan tawagarsa”'' sun kai masa hari kuma sun kwashe kayan aikinsa, inda ya danganta lamarin da suka yi masa da cewa ya yi suka ga '''hip hop na New York''' a cikin wani sakon Tweet kwanan nan. Bayan haka, bidiyon rikicin ya bayyana, sai masoyan McCartney suka nuna fushi a shafukan sada zumunta. Shaidun da ke bayan fage kuma sun zargi '''PnB Rock''' da shiga cikin wannan hari. Duk da abin da ya faru, McCartney ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin yanayi mai kyau, har ma ya roƙi masoyansa da su yafe wa A Boogie daga baya a ranar ta hanyar Twitter. ----Kana so in rarrabe maka '''kalma-kalman da suka fi muhimmanci''' a rubutun, kamar ''alleged altercation, cancellation, backstage, crew'' da sauransu, ko a bar shi da wannan cikakken fassara kawai? Lamarin ya haifar da goyon bayan McCartney daga magoya baya da sauran mutane a masana'antar kiɗa. Schoolboy Q da [[Travis Scott]], abokan wasan kwaikwayo a bikin, sun nuna goyon bayansu ga rapper bayan sun hau mataki don saitin su.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2017 |title=Travis Scott and ScHoolboy Q show support for Lil B |url=https://www.thefader.com/2017/10/23/support-for-lil-b |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115092259/https://www.thefader.com/2017/10/23/support-for-lil-b |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |access-date=January 13, 2021 |website=The FADER |language=en}}</ref> Sauran masu zane-zane ciki har da Big Sean, Skepta, G-Eazy, 6lack, Kreayshawn, A-Trak, Alison Wonderland, SpaceGhostPurrp, Lupe Fiasco, Kaytranada, da Mike Dean sun kuma nuna goyon bayansu ga rapper a kafofin sada zumunta <ref name=":8" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2017 |title=Lil B Catches A Fade From A Boogie & His Crew For Def Loaf Comparison? [VIDEO] |url=https://hiphopwired.com/557051/lil-b-catches-fade-boogies-crew-def-loaf-comparison/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114233248/https://hiphopwired.com/557051/lil-b-catches-fade-boogies-crew-def-loaf-comparison/ |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |access-date=January 13, 2021 |website=The Latest Hip-Hop News, Music and Media {{!}} Hip-Hop Wired |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Lil B Addresses Alleged Altercation With A Boogie and His Crew: 'I Forgive Them' |url=https://www.complex.com/music/2017/10/lil-b-addresses-alleged-altercation-with-a-boogie-i-forgive-them |access-date=January 13, 2021 |website=Complex |language=en}}</ref> A cikin sakamakon abin da ya faru, an cire PnB Rock daga jerin bikin kuma Kreayshawn ya maye gurbinsa.<ref name=":7" /> McCartney da A Boogie a hukumance sun kawo karshen rikici kwana biyu bayan haka, ta hanyar kiran waya da Kilo Curt na marigayi Mac Dre's Thizz Entertainment ya fara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Lindsey |date=October 23, 2017 |title=Lil B and A Boogie Wit Da Hoodie Squash Beef After Rolling Loud |url=https://www.xxlmag.com/lil-b-a-boogie-wit-da-hoodie-squash-beef-rolling-loud-incident/ |access-date=January 13, 2021 |website=XXL Mag |language=en}}</ref> Dukkanin masu zane-zane sun shiga Twitter don sanar da ƙarshen rikici. == Kyauta == An ba da Lil B a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "mafi tasiri rappers" na shekarun 2010, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-10 |title=Watch 'Lil B: Believe in Earth,' a Rare and Based Journey with One of Rap's Most Influential Artists |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/watch-lil-b-believe-in-earth-a-rare-and-based-journey-with-one-of-raps-most-influential-artists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123100835/https://www.vice.com/en/article/watch-lil-b-believe-in-earth-a-rare-and-based-journey-with-one-of-raps-most-influential-artists/ |archive-date=January 23, 2025 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=VICE |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alston |first=Trey |title=How Lil B became a tastemaker in hip-hop (despite trolling the culture for over a decade) |url=https://www.revolt.tv/article/2018-05-14/96173/how-lil-b-became-a-tastemaker-in-hip-hop-despite-trolling-the-culture-for-over-a-decade |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425220005/https://www.revolt.tv/article/2018-05-14/96173/how-lil-b-became-a-tastemaker-in-hip-hop-despite-trolling-the-culture-for-over-a-decade |archive-date=April 25, 2025 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=REVOLT}}</ref> wanda ke tasiri ga masu fasaha kamar Kendrick Lamar, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kendrick Lamar Tweets “Thank You BasedGod” |url=https://www.thefader.com/2015/06/20/kendrick-lamar-tweets-thank-you-basedgod |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=The FADER |language=en}}</ref> Playboi Carti, Young Thug, Lil Yachty, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Trevor |date=2016-04-10 |title=Lil Yachty Is Teaming With Lil B & Soulja Boy For "Pretty Boy Millionaires 2" |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/44378-lil-yachty-is-teaming-with-lil-b-and-soulja-boy-for-pretty-boy-millionaires-2-news |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=HotNewHipHop |language=en}}</ref> Cif Keef, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief Keef’s Bang 3 Pt. 2 Album Has A Lil B Feature |url=https://www.thefader.com/2015/09/17/chief-keefs-bang-3-album-has-a-lil-b-feature |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=The FADER |language=en}}</ref> Chance the Rapper, Yung Lean, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=The mysterious figure that is Lil B “the based God” |url=https://forthespeakers.com/f/the-mysterious-figure-that-is-lil-b-%E2%80%9Cthe-based-god%E2%80%9D/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=For the Speakers}}</ref> Earl Sweatshirt, Black Kray, [5] Bladee, [5] Xaviersobased [4] da Tyler, Mahalicci [4] [5] da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Timothée Chalamet.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Nagrom |first=Nedarb |date=2014-01-22 |title=INTERVIEW WITH BLACK KRAY |url=https://www.tumblr.com/verybonus/74248621472/interview-with-black-kray |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731151006/https://www.tumblr.com/verybonus/74248621472/interview-with-black-kray |archive-date=2024-07-31 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=Tumblr |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Garvey |first=Meaghan |date=2025-02-25 |title=A Rare Interview With Bladee, the Mystic Oracle of Internet Rap |url=https://pitchfork.com/features/cover-story/bladee-interview/ |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=Pitchfork |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindert |first=Hattie |date=2024-03-14 |title=The Future of Underground Rap Is Extremely Online |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/xaviersobased-nettspend-yhapojj-interview-1234982383/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=All Your Favorite Rappers Love Lil B |url=https://www.thefader.com/2017/08/17/rappers-love-lil-b-tweets-black-ken |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=The FADER |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Alex |date=2016-04-25 |title=Rapper Lil Yachty has Lil B to thank for getting into Bernie Sanders {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/04/25/politics/lil-yachty-gets-political |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cover Story: Lil B, Young L, And Odd Future |url=https://www.thefader.com/2010/12/15/lil-b-young-l-and-odd-future-are-the-teen-wolves-of-california-eating-raps-guts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326144430/https://www.thefader.com/2010/12/15/lil-b-young-l-and-odd-future-are-the-teen-wolves-of-california-eating-raps-guts |archive-date=March 26, 2025 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=The FADER |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mier |first=Tomás |date=2024-12-27 |title=Timothée Chalamet Credits Being 'Knighted' by Lil B for Launching Acting Career |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/timothee-chalamet-credits-lil-b-knighting-him-success-1235218537/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lil B Responds to Timothée Chalamet Thanking Him |url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/backwoodsaltar/lil-b-timothee-chalamet-knighting-success |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Complex |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-27 |title=Timothée Chalamet Tells Nardwuar That His Acting Career Took Off After Lil B Knighted Him |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2291621/timothee-chalamet-tells-nardwuar-that-his-acting-career-took-off-after-lil-b-knighted-him/news/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Stereogum |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Decade Of Lil B: The Godfather Of Internet Rap Remains Well Ahead Of His Time - Okayplayer |url=https://www.okayplayer.com/originals/decade-lil-b-godfather-internet-rap-constantly-ahead-time.html |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.okayplayer.com |language=en}}</ref> == Zaɓin faifai == * ''6 Kiss'' (2009) * ''Ruwan sama a Ingila'' (2010) * ''Mala'iku Fitowa'' (2011) * ''Ni Gay ne (Ina farin ciki) '' (2011) * ''Zaɓuɓɓuka da Fure'' (2012) * ''Hawaye 4 Allah'' (2012) == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == {{Commonscat}} * {{Official website|http://www.basedworld.com}} * {{AllMusic}} * [http://www.datpiff.com/profile/LilBtheBasedGod/mixtapes Lil B ta mixtapes a DatPiff.com] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] a05ffmsqrhjy8d7yq8wl372l9dubrv8 894064 894063 2026-08-10T08:00:39Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 /* */ 894064 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} {{Infobox musical artist|Name=Lil B|image=Lil B 2011 (cropped).png|caption=Lil B in 2011|Birth_name=Brandon Christopher McCartney|birth_place=[[Berkeley, California]], U.S.|birth_date={{birth date and age|1989|08|17}}|Alias={{hlist|The BasedGod|Lil Boss}}|Genre={{flatlist| * [[West Coast hip hop]] * [[cloud rap]] * [[hyphy]] * [[New-age music|new age]] }}|Occupation={{flatlist| * Rapper * songwriter * producer }}|Years_active=2004–present|Label={{flatlist| * BasedWorld * Permanent Marks * Weird Forest * [[Soulja Boy#Stacks on Deck Entertainment|Stacks On Deck]] * [[Fool's Gold Records|Fool's Gold]] * [[Amalgam Digital|Amalgam]] }}|website={{URL|basedworld.com}}|module={{Infobox person|embed=yes | signature = Lil B sig.svg }}}} ----'''Brandon Christopher McCartney''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Agusta,Shekarar 1989), wanda aka fi sani da sunan sana’a '''Lil B''' ko kuma '''Lil B The BasedGod''', mawaki ne kuma mai shirya waka daga Amurka. Ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ɗan ƙungiyar hip hop da ta samo asali daga '''Berkeley, California''' mai suna '''The Pack''' a shekarar 2005, wadda ta sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniya da '''Too Short''' a kamfaninsa ''Up All Nite Records'', wani reshe na '''Jive Records''', a shekara ta gaba. Wannan rukuni ya fi shahara saboda wakarsu mai suna '''“Vans”''', wacce ita ce kaɗai ta shiga jerin '''Billboard Hot 100'''. Bayan haka sun saki kundin waka guda biyu kafin su rabu a shekarar 2010. ----Kana so in yi maka '''fassara ta kalma-kalmar Turanci da ma’anarsu a Hausa''' (kamar ''rapper, record producer, hip hop group, disbanding'' da sauransu), ko wannan cikakken bayani ya isa? Amfani mai yawa na McCartney da [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]] a cikin aikinsa na solo da kuma halin kan layi ya samar da mabiya addini. Ayyukansa sun kunshi nau'o'i da yawa, gami da wasan kwaikwayo na hip-hop, sabon zamani, jazz, indie rock da kiɗa na mawaƙa. Ya kira kansa mai suna BasedGod, kuma an yaba shi da kirkirar kalmar magana "[[wiktionary:based|tushen]]", wanda da farko ya nuna salon rayuwa na tabbatacce, rashin tausayi ko ƙarfin zuciya. A ƙarshen shekarun 2010, an yi amfani da wannan magana don bayyana matsayi ko ayyukan da ke ƙin daidaito na siyasa; a cikin shekarun 2020, kalmar ta shiga cikin al'ada kuma ta sake samun ma'anar tsaka-tsaki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stanish |first=Nathan |date=2022-03-24 |title=The word 'based' is overused |url=https://hillsdalecollegian.com/2022/03/the-word-based-is-overused/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Hillsdale Collegian |language=en-US}}</ref> An ba da Lil B a matsayin "mahaifin rap na intanet" da kuma ɗaya daga cikin "mafi tasiri rappers" na shekarun 2010, yana rinjayar masu fasaha kamar Kendrick Lamar, Playboi Carti, Young Thug, Lil Yachty, Cif Keef, Chance the Rapper, Yung Lean, Earl Sweatshirt, Black Kray, Bladee, Xaviersobased, da Tyler, Mahalicci, da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Timothée Chalamet. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi McCartney a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, 1989, a Berkeley, California, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Browne |first=Rembert |date=October 15, 2012 |title=Lil B Tries Out for D-League Basketball; Is Definitely Coming for Kevin Durant |url=http://grantland.com/hollywood-prospectus/lil-b-tries-out-for-d-league-basketball-is-definitely-coming-for-kevin-durant/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307115327/https://grantland.com/hollywood-prospectus/lil-b-tries-out-for-d-league-basketball-is-definitely-coming-for-kevin-durant/ |archive-date=March 7, 2021 |access-date=September 16, 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare a [[Albany, California|Albany]]_High_School_(Albany,_California)" id="mwUQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Albany High School (Albany, California)">Albany High a Albany. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Jim |date=April 4, 2012 |title=Berkeley Rapper Lil B To Lecture At N.Y.U. |url=http://patch.com/california/berkeley/lil-b-the-based-god-nyu-brandon-mccartney-rapper-berkeley-ca |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104105758/https://patch.com/california/berkeley/lil-b-the-based-god-nyu-brandon-mccartney-rapper-berkeley-ca |archive-date=November 4, 2021 |access-date=September 16, 2016 |website=patch.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya ɗauki sunan Lil B, kuma ya fara yin rap yana da shekaru 15 tare da ƙungiyar hip hop ta San Francisco Bay Area The Pack . Bayan sauye-sauye biyu da suka samu nasara a cikin gida, a saman motsi na Bay Area, waƙar kungiyar "Vans" ta zama abin mamaki. An sanya waƙar a matsayin ta biyar mafi kyau a shekara ta 2006 ta mujallar Rolling Stone . <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2006 |title=Rolling Stone's 100 Best Songs of the Year & other lists of songs |url=http://www.brooklynvegan.com/rolling-stones-3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104105758/https://www.brooklynvegan.com/rolling-stones-3/ |archive-date=November 4, 2021 |access-date=September 16, 2016 |website=BrooklynVegan}}</ref> Ƙarfin "Vans" ya jagoranci ƙungiyar don saki ''Skateboards 2 Scrapers'' EP, wanda ke nuna "Vans' remix tare da rappers na Bay Area Too $hort da Mistah F.A.B. A cikin 2007, McCartney da The Pack sun fitar da kundi na farko, Based Boys . == Ayyuka == === 2009-2010: Nasarar Solo da haɗin gwiwa === A ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2009, McCartney ya fitar da kundi na farko na dijital, I'm Thraxx, ta hanyar lakabin mai zaman kansa Permanent Marks . <sup class="mw-ref reference" mwgq="">1/styles.css<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;body<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;extsrc<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;parts<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cite web&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Cite_web&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;http://www.allmusic.com/album/im-thraxx-mw0002183676&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;I'm Thraxx – Lil B&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;website&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;AllMusic&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;September 16, 2016&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;archive-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;October 13, 2016&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;archive-url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20161013222531/http://www.allmusic.com/album/im-thraxx-mw0002183676&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;url-status&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;live&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]</nowiki>}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwA0c\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt42\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwA0g\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.allmusic.com/album/im-thraxx-mw0002183676\" id=\"mwA0k\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"I'm Thraxx – Lil B\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwA0o\">AllMusic</i></nowiki>. <nowiki><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20161013222531/http://www.allmusic.com/album/im-thraxx-mw0002183676\" id=\"mwA0s\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Archived</a></nowiki> from the original on October 13, 2016<nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwA0w\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwA00\">September 16,</span></nowiki> 2016<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-9" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Lil_B#cite_note-9 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> A ranar 22 ga watan Disamba, 2009, McCartney ya fitar da kundi na dijital na biyu, ''6 Kiss'', zuwa karɓar karɓa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=6 Kiss – Lil B |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/6-kiss-mw0002183675 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013221007/http://www.allmusic.com/album/6-kiss-mw0002183675 |archive-date=October 13, 2016 |access-date=September 16, 2016 |website=AllMusic}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Maris, 2010, McCartney ya fitar da mixtape na farko Dior Paint . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Britton |first=Luke Morgan |date=October 8, 2013 |title=Download Lil B's entire back-catalogue for free |url=http://www.thelineofbestfit.com/news/latest-news/download-lil-bs-entire-back-catalogue-for-free-138933 |access-date=September 16, 2016 |website=The Line Of Best Fit}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Afrilu, 2010, McCartney ya sanya hannu a hukumance ga lakabin ɗan wasan Soulja Boy na SODMG Entertainment . <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2010 |title=Soulja Boy Announces Signing "Lil B" (Newest Member On His SODMG Roster) |url=http://www.worldstarhiphop.com/videos/video.php?v=wshhl4XoXEXzdsB6j3J4 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=World Star Hip Hop }}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2010, McCartney ya fitar da wani mixtape mai suna Base World Pt. 1.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LIL B – LIL B Base World Pt. 1 Hosted by 514 |url=http://www.datpiff.com/LIL-B-LIL-B-Base-World-Pt-1-mixtape.118201.html |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=DatPiff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Colly |first=Joe |date=July 1, 2010 |title=Lil B Base World, Pt. 1 review |url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/14418-base-world-pt-1/ |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=Pitchfork}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2010, McCartney ya fitar da haɗin gwiwa tare da Soulja Boy mai taken Pretty Boy Millionaires . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Soulja Boy and Lil B – Pretty Boy Millionaires (soulja Boy & Lil B) |url=http://www.datpiff.com/Soulja-Boy-and-Lil-B-Pretty-Boy-Millionaires-soulja-Boy-Lil-B-mixtape.133241.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524000513/http://www.datpiff.com/Soulja-Boy-and-Lil-B-Pretty-Boy-Millionaires-soulja-Boy-Lil-B-mixtape.133241.html |archive-date=May 24, 2015 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=DatPiff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rennie |first=Andrew |date=August 12, 2010 |title=Soulja Boy and Lil B – Pretty Boy Millionaires (SOD Money Gang) |url=https://nowtoronto.com/music/album-reviews/soulja-boy-and-lil-b/ |website=Now Toronto.com}}</ref> McCartney ya yi rikodin waƙoƙi sama da 1,500 har zuwa watan Yulin 2010, gami da waƙoƙin "Kamar Martian", "Wonton Soup", "Pretty Bitch", "Ni Allah ne", dukansu an sake su kyauta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roberts |first=Steven |date=July 30, 2010 |title=Lil B Is Taking The Net By Storm, One Freestyle At A Time |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1644772/lil-b-taking-net-by-storm-one-freestyle-at-time.jhtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119074715/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1644772/lil-b-taking-net-by-storm-one-freestyle-at-time.jhtml |archive-date=January 19, 2011 |access-date=January 18, 2011 |publisher=MTV News}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Satumba, 2010, McCartney ya fitar da kundi na farko na studio, Rain in England, ta hanyar Weird Forest Records; ''[[The Guardian]]'' ya bayyana shi a matsayin "wani nau'in waka mai ban sha'awa, Beat style inda McCartney, murya mai hankali tare da himma, tunani game da ƙauna, kyau da duk mummunan abubuwa a duniya akan wankewar sabon zamani". === 2010-yanzu: Mixtapes === [[Fayil:Lil_B_Nuemos_2012.jpg|right|thumb|McCartney a cikin 2012]] A ranar 29 ga watan Disamba, 2010, an sanar da shi kuma an tabbatar da cewa McCartney ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kundi tare da Amalgam Digital . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mue |first=Enig |date=December 29, 2010 |title=Lil B The Based God Signs with Amalgam Digital, Preps New Albums |url=http://www.amalgamdigital.com/blog/4854/2010/12/29/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110118054334/http://www.amalgamdigital.com/blog/4854/2010/12/29/ |archive-date=January 18, 2011 |access-date=January 18, 2011 |publisher=Amalgam Digital}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Winistorfer |first=Andrew |date=January 5, 2011 |title=Lil B Signs With Amalgam Digital |url=http://www.prefixmag.com/news/lil-b-signs-with-amalgam-digital/47455/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509040226/http://www.prefixmag.com/news/lil-b-signs-with-amalgam-digital/47455 |archive-date=May 9, 2011 |access-date=November 24, 2011 |website=Prefixmag.com}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Yuli, 2011, McCartney ya fitar da EP ''Paint'', ta hanyar lakabinsa na BasedWorld Records . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Paint – Lil B |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/paint-mw0002183678 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013222525/http://www.allmusic.com/album/paint-mw0002183678 |archive-date=October 13, 2016 |access-date=September 16, 2016 |website=AllMusic}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2011, McCartney ya fitar da kundi na hudu na dijital mai suna Angels Exodus, ta hanyar Amalgam Digital. A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2011, McCartney ya ba da sanarwar cewa kundi na gaba zai kasance mai taken I'm Gay, wanda ya haifar da rikici. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2011 |title=Lil B' Names New Album I'm Gay – The Urban Daily |url=http://theurbandaily.com/2011/04/17/lil-b-im-gay-album-2/ |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=The Urban Daily}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lil B Titles New Album 'I'm Gay,' GLAAD Reacts |url=http://rapfix.mtv.com/2011/04/18/lil-b-titles-new-album-i%e2%80%99m-gay-glaad-reacts/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728022052/http://rapfix.mtv.com/2011/04/18/lil-b-titles-new-album-i%e2%80%99m-gay-glaad-reacts/ |archive-date=July 28, 2015 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=RapFix}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Markman |first=Rob |date=April 21, 2011 |title=Lil B Says I'm Gay LP Title Provoking Death Threats, Slurs |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1662490/lil-b-im-gay/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913103813/http://www.mtv.com/news/1662490/lil-b-im-gay/ |archive-date=September 13, 2014 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=mtv.com}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2011, McCartney ya fitar da kundi na dijital na biyar, I'm Gay (I'm Happy), ta hanyar Amalgam Digital; kundin ya shiga jadawalin <nowiki><i id="mwyA">Billboard</i></nowiki> R & B / Hip-Hop Albums a lamba 56 da kuma Heatseekers Albums chart a lamba 20 don makon 16 ga Yuli, 2011. A ranar 17 ga Mayu, 2012, McCartney ya fitar da kundi na farko, Zaɓuɓɓuka da Flowers, a ƙarƙashin sunan "The Basedgod".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hudson |first=Alex |date=May 23, 2012 |title=Lil B Releases 'Classical Music' Album |url=http://exclaim.ca/music/article/lil_b_releases_classical_music_album |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921211051/http://exclaim.ca/music/article/lil_b_releases_classical_music_album |archive-date=September 21, 2016 |access-date=September 16, 2016 |website=Exclaim!}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2012, McCartney ya fitar da wani dutse mai suna "California Boy".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Battan, Carrie |date=September 18, 2012 |title=Video: Lil B Makes His Foray Into Rock Music With "California Boy" |url=http://pitchfork.com/news/47886-video-lil-b-makes-his-foray-into-rock-music-with-california-boy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607010147/http://pitchfork.com/news/47886-video-lil-b-makes-his-foray-into-rock-music-with-california-boy/ |archive-date=June 7, 2014 |access-date=June 4, 2014 |publisher=[[Pitchfork Media|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga watan Disamba, 2012, McCartney ya fitar da kundi na biyu mai suna Tears 4 God, kuma a karkashin sunan "The Basedgod".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cooper |first=Duncan |date=January 3, 2014 |title=Lil B Just Released Another "Classical" Album, Tears 4 God |url=http://www.thefader.com/2013/01/03/lil-b-just-released-another-classical-album-tears-4-god |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921004119/http://www.thefader.com/2013/01/03/lil-b-just-released-another-classical-album-tears-4-god |archive-date=September 21, 2016 |access-date=September 16, 2016 |website=The FADER}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga watan Disamba, 2013, McCartney ya fitar da mixtape ''05 Fuck Em'', wanda ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi 101. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Battan |first=Carrie |date=December 26, 2013 |title=Lil B Drops 101-Song Mixtape, 05 Fuck Em |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/53447-lil-b-drops-101-song-mixtape-05-fuck-em/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426204103/http://pitchfork.com/news/53447-lil-b-drops-101-song-mixtape-05-fuck-em/ |archive-date=April 26, 2015 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=pitchfork.com}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2014, McCartney ya fitar da wani mixtape mai suna Hoop Life, wanda za a san shi da ƙunshe da waƙar da ake kira "F *ck KD" wanda ya kira dan wasan [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] [[Kevin Durant]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Minsker |first=Evan |date=June 1, 2014 |title=Lil B's Hoop Life Mixtape, Featuring "Fuck KD", Has Arrived |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/55390-lil-bs-hoop-life-mixtape-featuring-fuck-kd-has-arrived/ |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=pitchfork.com}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 2014, McCartney ya fitar da Ultimate Bitch mixtape, wanda ke nuna waƙar "No Black Person Is Ugly".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Minsker, Evan |date=October 14, 2014 |title=Lil B Drops Ultimate Bitch Mixtape |url=http://pitchfork.com/news/57083-lil-b-drops-ultimate-bitch-mixtape/ |access-date=July 25, 2015 |publisher=[[Pitchfork Media|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2015, McCartney da Chance the Rapper sun ba da sanarwar cewa sun yi rikodin haɗin gwiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Young, Alex |date=July 19, 2015 |title=Chance the Rapper and Lil B say they recorded an album together |url=https://consequence.net/2015/07/chance-the-rapper-and-lil-b-say-they-recorded-an-album-together/ |access-date=July 27, 2015 |publisher=[[Consequence of Sound]]}}</ref> An sake shi a matsayin Free (Based Freestyles Mixtape) a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weiss |first=Dan |date=August 14, 2015 |title=Review: Lil B and Chance the Rapper, 'Free (Based Freestyles Mixtape)' |url=https://www.spin.com/2015/08/review-lil-b-chance-the-rapper-free-based-freestyles-mixtape/ |access-date=January 2, 2025 |website=SPIN |language=en-US}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan shekarar, a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba, McCartney ya fitar da mixtape mai suna Thugged Out Pissed Off . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lil B Shares A New Mixtape Thugged Out Pissed Off |url=https://www.thefader.com/2015/12/30/lil-b-new-mixtape-thugged-out-pissed-off |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250102223739/https://www.thefader.com/2015/12/30/lil-b-new-mixtape-thugged-out-pissed-off |archive-date=January 2, 2025 |access-date=January 2, 2025 |website=The FADER |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2017, an nuna McCartney a kan Terror Jr's remix na waƙar su "Come First".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Strauss |first=Matthew |date=February 13, 2017 |title=Listen to Terror Jr's New Song With Lil B and Father {{!}} Pitchfork |url=http://pitchfork.com/news/71595-listen-to-terror-jrs-new-song-with-lil-b-and-father/ |access-date=February 22, 2017 |website=pitchfork.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, 2017, McCartney ya fitar da ''Black Ken'', yana bayyana shi a matsayin "mixtape na farko na hukuma. " <ref>{{Cite web |last=India, Lindsey |date=May 9, 2017 |title=Lil B Completes His First Official Mixtape 'Black Ken' |url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2017/05/lil-b-completes-black-ken-mixtape/ |access-date=December 14, 2017 |publisher=[[XXL (magazine)|XXL]]}}</ref> Mixtape ya kai lamba 24 a kan sashin Top Heatseekers da lamba 44 a kan sashen Independent Albums na mako na 2 ga Satumba, 2017. In June 2022, McCartney released ''Frozen'' and ''The Frozen Tape''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=A |first=Aron |date=September 8, 2022 |title=Lil B Shares New Project "Thraxxx Kiss" With Keyboard Kid |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/414822-lil-b-shares-new-project-thraxxx-kiss-with-keyboard-kid-new-mixtape |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123102557/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/414822-lil-b-shares-new-project-thraxxx-kiss-with-keyboard-kid-new-mixtape |archive-date=January 23, 2025 |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=HotNewHipHop |language=en}}</ref> In August,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Fontes |first=Isaac |date=December 24, 2022 |title=Lil B Drops Surprise Jazz Album, "Afrikantis" |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/613658-lil-b-drops-surprise-jazz-album-afrikantis |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=HotNewHipHop |language=en}}</ref> he released ''Thraxxx Kiss'', a collaboration with producer Keyboard Kid.<ref name=":1" /> McCartney released ''Afrikantis'', a jazz album, on December 22, 2022.<ref name=":2" /> == Ayyuka na zane-zane == [[Fayil:Lil_B_at_Coachella_2011.png|thumb|McCartney a bikin kiɗa na Coachella a cikin 2011]] McCartney da masu sukar kiɗa suna magana ne game da salon rap dinsa a matsayin "tushen", kalmar da McCartney ke amfani da ita don bayyana kyakkyawan salon rayuwa. "Based" kalma ce da aka dawo da ita, kamar yadda McCartney ya bayyana a cikin Complex: <ref name="BASED-KQED">{{Cite web |last=Meline |first=Gabe |date=December 17, 2014 |title=Thank You Based God: 10 Reasons Why You Should See Lil' B This Weekend |url=http://ww2.kqed.org/arts/2014/12/17/thank-you-based-god-10-reasons-why-you-should-see-lil-b-this-weekend/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130054413/https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/2014/12/17/thank-you-based-god-10-reasons-why-you-should-see-lil-b-this-weekend/ |archive-date=January 30, 2018 |access-date=February 19, 2015 |website=kqed.org}}</ref><ref name="BASED-Complex">{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Ernest |date=June 10, 2010 |title=Lil B Talks Getting Sucker Punched, Gay Rumors, & Drake Envy |url=http://www.complex.com/music/2010/06/lil-b-talks-getting-sucker-punched-gay-rumors-drake-envy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414112158/https://www.complex.com/music/2010/06/lil-b-talks-getting-sucker-punched-gay-rumors-drake-envy |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |access-date=February 19, 2015 |website=complex.com}}</ref> {{Blockquote|Based means being yourself. Not being scared of what people think about you. Not being afraid to do what you wanna do. Being positive. When I was younger, based was a negative term that meant like dopehead, or basehead. People used to make fun of me. They was like, "You're based." They'd use it as a negative. And what I did was turn that negative into a positive. I started embracing it like, "Yeah, I'm based." I made it mine. I embedded it in my head. Based is positive.}} === Fasahar Rapping === Mawallafin <nowiki><i id="mwAUs">Slate</i></nowiki> Jonah Weiner ya lakafta shi a matsayin daya daga cikin "ƙaruwar yawan masu ban mamaki", yana kiransa "mai basira, mai ba da izini ga [[Lil Wayne]] daga Bay Area". Mai sukar kiɗa Willy Staley ya bayyana aikin McCartney a matsayin "mai banbanci", saboda ya fito ne daga mahimman abubuwan da suka shafi nau'in hip-hop zuwa "rabi sabon zamani, rabin magana". Ya ci gaba da lura cewa McCartney ya samo asali ne daga nau'o'i daban-daban, musamman wadanda wasu rappers ba sa amfani da su. A wata hira da Staley, McCartney ya yarda da wannan bincike, yana cewa, "Zan iya yin 'Swag OD' amma sai mai fasahar kiɗa da na fi so a yanzu zai iya zama Antony da Johnsons. Wannan shine bambancin tsakanin ni da waɗannan sauran rappers, da sauran masu fasahar kiɗan gabaɗaya. " == Sauran Kasuwanci == === Mawallafin === ''Ka karɓi ta hanyar tilasta tabbatacce!'' littafi ne da McCartney ya rubuta kuma aka buga ta Kele Publishing a shekara ta 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Takin' Over |url=http://www.kelebooks.com/our-books/takin-over/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205034853/http://www.kelebooks.com/our-books/takin-over/ |archive-date=February 5, 2013 |access-date=March 19, 2013 |publisher=Kele Publishing}}</ref> Littafin tarin ne kuma an rubuta shi a cikin nau'ikan imel da saƙonnin rubutu, kuma an rubuta ta hanyar da marubucin ke aikawa da imel ga mai karatu. Batutuwa sun haɗa da tabbatacce, kyakkyawan fata, da rayuwa abin da ya kira "Halin Rayuwa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review of My New Book "Takin Over" |url=http://www.basedworld.com/?p=1353 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013051813/http://www.basedworld.com/?p=1353 |archive-date=October 13, 2013 |access-date=March 19, 2013 |publisher=Based World}}</ref> An ba da littafin a cikin wani lacca na NYU a watan Maris na shekara ta 2012. A ranar 30 ga Maris, 2013, McCartney ya sanar da cewa yana cikin rubuce-rubucen littafinsa na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2013 |title=Dior Paint |url=http://diorpaint.tumblr.com/post/46683346721/starting-to-write-my-second-book-novel-lil-b |access-date=March 19, 2013 |publisher=Dior Paint}}</ref> === Mai magana mai motsawa === McCartney ya ba da laccoci masu motsawa a kwalejoji da yawa, gami da MIT da Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon . <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 13, 2015 |title=Lil B To Lecture At Carnegie Mellon University This February |url=http://www.thefader.com/2015/02/13/lil-b-to-lecture-at-carnegie-mellon-this-february |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215085742/http://www.thefader.com/2015/02/13/lil-b-to-lecture-at-carnegie-mellon-this-february |archive-date=February 15, 2015 |access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref> Gabaɗaya suna mai da hankali ne game da kwarewarsa a rayuwa da abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 22, 2015 |title=The Full Transcript Of Lil B's Groundbreaking Lecture At MIT |url=http://www.thefader.com/2014/11/22/lil-b-mit-lecture-full-transcript |access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Mayu, 2015, rapper ya ba da lacca a UCLA, inda ya taɓa batutuwa kamar kuɗi, kafofin watsa labarai, fasaha, sarari, wayar da kan jama'a, da ƙauna.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 29, 2015 |title=Watch Lil B's Lecture At UCLA |url=http://www.ballerstatus.com/2015/06/01/watch-lil-bs-lecture-at-ucla/ |publisher=BallerStatus.com}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023}}</ref> === Aikace-aikacen Basedmoji da vegEMOJI === McCartney ya ƙaddamar da aikace-aikacen "Basedmoji" a ranar 16 ga Janairu, 2015 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2014 |title=Lil B Releases "Basedmoji" App for All Your Based God Emoji Needs |url=http://pitchfork.com/news/56737-lil-b-releases-basedmoji-app-for-all-your-based-god-emoji-needs/ |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=Pitchfork}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brandon Mccartney |date=September 17, 2014 |title=Basedmoji |url=https://apps.apple.com/us/app/basedmoji/id911162824 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=App Store}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015, McCartney ya fitar da "vegEMOJI", tare da hadin gwiwar kamfanin vegan "Follow Your Heart".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joanna Rothkopf |date=January 29, 2015 |title=Lil B launches the vegan emoji app you never knew you needed |url=http://www.salon.com/2015/01/29/lil_b_launches_the_vegan_emoji_app_you_never_knew_you_needed/ |access-date=May 12, 2015}}</ref><ref name="BASED-DDot">{{Cite web |date=January 29, 2015 |title=Lil B on his hot new vegan-themed emoji app |url=http://www.dailydot.com/technology/lil-b-vegemoji-app/ |website=[[The Daily Dot]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brandon Mccartney |date=January 17, 2015 |title=vegEMOJI |url=https://apps.apple.com/us/app/vegemoji/id952933659 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=App Store}}</ref> Duk da gaskiyar cewa McCartney ba Mai cin ganyayyaki ba ne, ya bayyana cewa yana rage yawan cin abincin da aka sarrafa, kuma yana "jin kunya game da cin nama".<ref name="BASED-DDot" /> == Rayuwa ta mutum == A ranar 16 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015, gidan McCartney a Contra Costa County, California, ya kama wuta da sassafe a ranar Alhamis bayan gobarar lantarki ta bazu a cikin ginin. McCartney da wasu mutane shida sun sami ceto daga Mateo Ysmael mai shekaru 15, wanda ya gudu ta cikin ginin don tayar da kowa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 16, 2015 |title=Lil B Saved From House Fire by Teenager |url=http://pitchfork.com/news/58100-lil-b-saved-from-house-fire-by-teenager/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620174718/https://pitchfork.com/news/58100-lil-b-saved-from-house-fire-by-teenager/ |archive-date=June 20, 2022 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=Pitchfork}}</ref> Don Zaben shugaban Amurka na 2016, ya goyi bayan Sanata na [[Vermont]] Bernie Sanders, yana mai ambaton rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Meet Bernie Sanders' Top Celebrity Backers |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/meet-bernie-sanders-top-celebrity-backers/story?id=33020601 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621015839/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/meet-bernie-sanders-top-celebrity-backers/story?id=33020601 |archive-date=June 21, 2018 |access-date=June 22, 2023 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> McCartney ya nemi mata da yawa don hotunan ƙafafunsu, hannayensu, akwati, da cinya, tare da "Ina son Lil B" da aka rubuta a ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pigeons |date=September 22, 2014 |title=A History of Lil B's Obsession With Feet |url=https://www.complex.com/pigeons-and-planes/a/pigeons/a-history-of-lil-bs-obsession-with-feet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410005141/https://www.complex.com/pigeons-and-planes/a/pigeons/a-history-of-lil-bs-obsession-with-feet |archive-date=April 10, 2024 |access-date=April 10, 2024 |website=Complex |language=en-us}}</ref> Wata sakon [[Twitter]] tana da mutane suna neman shekarun matar, tare da McCartney yana amsawa: "Wannan mace ce mai girma tare da matsayinta da kuma fam da take kula da ita". Ba a san ko matar ta zama babba ba. A cikin 2018, McCartney ya aika da sakonnin Twitter na sirri ga wata mai shekaru 17, yana neman hotunan jikinta tare da "Ina son Lil B" da aka rubuta a ciki, ya kasa neman shekarunta. Sauran matasan mata sun zo gaba, suna cewa an nemi hotuna su aika a kan Twitter da [[Instagram]].<ref name=":0" /> == Rashin jituwa == === Joe Budden === A cikin 2010, an yi musayar da yawa tsakanin McCartney da [[Joe Budden]] ta hanyar [[Twitter]]. Budden ya kasance yana magana da ba'a game da motsi na McCartney na "Based" da tweets dinsa, wanda McCartney ya amsa, da farko abokantaka amma daga baya tare da zagi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 30, 2010 |title=Lil B, "I Felt Like [Joe Budden] Was Making a Mockery of Me." |url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2010/08/lil-b-i-felt-like-joe-budden-was-making-a-mockery-of-me/ |website=XXL}}</ref> McCartney ya ci gaba da fitar da waƙar da ake kira "T Shirts & Buddens", wanda aka nuna a kan mixtape na "Everything Based".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lauren Nostro |title=Joe Budden – A History of Rappers Picking Fights With Lil B – Complex |url=http://www.complex.com/music/2013/01/a-history-of-rappers-picking-fights-with-lil-b/joe-budden |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=Complex}}</ref> McCartney daga baya ya nemi gafara saboda zagi kuma ya lura da girmamawarsa ga Budden, yana kiransa " almara".<ref>{{Cite web |title=CB » Badrappbeef: Lil B vs. Joe Buddens Explained |url=http://www.cocaineblunts.com/blunts/?p=6212 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |archive-date=April 3, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403131415/http://www.cocaineblunts.com/blunts/?p=6212 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Wasan === A cikin shekara ta 2011, bayan ya ji aya daga McCartney a kan [[Lil Wayne]] mixtape Sorry 4 the Wait, Compton rapper Game ya kira McCartney "mafi kyawun rapper na kowane lokaci". McCartney ya amsa ta hanyar kiran Wasan "marasa dacewa," wanda Wasan ya yi barazanar buga McCartney.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 23, 2011 |title=Game Wants Lil B To Come At Him [Video] |url=http://hiphopwired.com/2011/08/23/game-wants-lil-b-to-come-at-him-video/ |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=Hip-Hop Wired}}</ref> Wasan ya yi niyya ga McCartney a cikin ayoyinsa a cikin waƙarsa "Martians vs Goblins" wanda ke nuna Lil Wayne da Tyler, Mahalicci, tare da layin "Tie McCartney har zuwa tanki cike da propane, swag, yanzu kallon shi dafa". McCartney ya yi magana game da wannan a kan waƙarsa "Tank of Propaine" a kan mixtape na "White Flame". Makonni da yawa bayan haka, biyun sun daidaita bambance-bambance ta hanyar Twitter bayan haka McCartney ya bukaci magoya baya su sayi Album din RED na Game.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2011 |title=Game & Lil B End Beef On Twitter |url=http://hiphopwired.com/2011/08/29/game-lil-b-end-beef-on-twitter/ |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=Hip-Hop Wired}}</ref> === Joey Bada $ === McCartney ya yi fushi da kalmomin da ke cikin waƙar "Survival Tactics" ta marigayi rapper Capital STEEZ, memba mai kafa kungiyar Pro Era. A cikin wannan, ya yi rap, "Sun ce aiki tuƙuru yana biyan kuɗi / To, gaya wa BasedGod kada ya bar aikinsa na rana. " McCartney ya amsa da waƙar da ake kira "Ni ne The Bada $ $ ". Joey Bada $ $ $ ya amsa da waƙar da ake kira "Kada ku bar aikinku na rana!" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniel Isenberg |title=Video: Joey Bada$$ Says Dissing Lil B Was "Too Easy" |url=http://www.complex.com/music/2013/01/video-joey-badass-says-dissing-lil-b-was-too-easy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526044523/http://www.complex.com/music/2013/01/video-joey-badass-says-dissing-lil-b-was-too-easy |archive-date=May 26, 2015 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=Complex}}</ref> Lokacin da rikici ya zama sananne a Twitter, Joey ya zama makasudin hare-hare da yawa daga magoya bayan McCartney, wanda ya ƙare tare da Joey ya share asusun Twitter, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rose Lilah |date=February 2, 2013 |title=Joey Bada$$ Deletes Twitter Following Frustration With Lil B Fans |url=http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/joey-badass-deletes-twitter-following-frustration-with-lil-b-fans-news.4317.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909080628/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/joey-badass-deletes-twitter-following-frustration-with-lil-b-fans-news.4317.html |archive-date=September 9, 2015 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=HotNewHipHop}}</ref> duk da cewa ya dawo da shi daga baya. A wata hira da WWPR-FM, Joey Badass ya musanta cewa ya share asusun Twitter dinsa saboda magoya bayan McCartney. Daga baya, a wata hira da VladTV, Joey ya yarda cewa an halicci rikici ne don tallatawa, kuma ya yarda cewa yana sha'awar aikin McCartney mafi tsanani. === Kevin Durant === A shekara ta 2011, babban tauraron [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] [[Kevin Durant]] ya wallafa a shafinsa na Twitter game da shahararren McCartney, kuma McCartney ya amsa ta hanyar "la'anta" Durant cewa ba zai taba lashe gasar NBA TV.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lil B From The Pack on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/LILBTHEBASEDGOD/statuses/73599288378277888 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=Twitter}}</ref> An soke la'anar a shekarar 2012 amma an sake dawo da ita a shekarar 2014. Rashin jituwa tsakanin su biyu ya ci gaba tun daga wannan lokacin, wanda ya haifar da McCartney ya saki waƙar "Fuck KD" a cikin 2014 da kuma kasuwanci a gidan talabijin na NBA, inda McCartney ta kira Kevin Durant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrew Sharp |date=March 10, 2014 |title=An Outsider's Guide to the Lil B–Kevin Durant Beef |url=http://grantland.com/the-triangle/an-outsiders-guide-to-the-lil-b-kevin-durant-beef/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512123626/http://grantland.com/the-triangle/an-outsiders-guide-to-the-lil-b-kevin-durant-beef/ |archive-date=May 12, 2015 |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=Grantland}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2014 |title=Lil B Made a Commercial on NBA TV Calling Out Kevin Durant Because Life is Good as Hell |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/lil-b-made-a-commercial-on-nba-tv-calling-out-kevin-durant/ |access-date=May 12, 2015 |website=NOISEY}}</ref><ref name="SportsNation">{{Cite web |date=March 12, 2014 |title=A very #BASED interview with Lil B about his Kevin Durant beef – SBNation.com |url=https://www.sbnation.com/2014/3/12/5500148/lil-b-kevin-durant-beef-diss-track-interiew}}</ref> McCartney ya yi iƙirarin "la'anar Allah mai tushe" don zama alhakin Durant da ƙungiyarsa ta Oklahoma City Thunder da aka yi wa Golden State Warriors a wasan karshe na Yammacin Yammacin 2016 NBA Playoffs . Thunder ta kasance wasanni 3 zuwa 1 a cikin jerin mafi kyau na 7, amma sai ta ci gaba da rasa jerin a cikin salon ban mamaki bayan ta rasa wasanni 3 masu zuwa a jere. A ranar 4 ga Yuli, 2016, biyo bayan sanarwar Durant barin Thunder zuwa Golden State Warriors, McCartney ya sake soke la'anar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schwartz |first=Nick |title=Lil B lifts curse on Kevin Durant after he announces decision to join Warriors |url=http://www.foxsports.com/nba/story/kevin-durant-warriors-lil-b-lifts-based-gods-curse-070416 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818081613/http://www.foxsports.com/nba/story/kevin-durant-warriors-lil-b-lifts-based-gods-curse-070416 |archive-date=August 18, 2016 |access-date=July 4, 2016 |website=FOXSports.com}}</ref> Durant ya ci gaba da lashe gasar zakarun NBA a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, a cikin 2017 da 2018. === James Harden === A lokacin Yammacin Taron na 2015 NBA Playoffs, McCartney ya fara tambayar "rawan dafa abinci" na NBA, rawa da ake zargin McCartney ne ya kirkira wanda yake yin duk lokacin, kuma ya wallafa a shafin Twitter cewa idan bai sami amsar daga Harden ba game da wannan rawa to Harden zai sami "la'anar Allah" kamar Kevin Durant.<ref name="nbcsports">{{Cite web |date=May 24, 2015 |title=Lil B says James Harden is officially under the Based God's curse |url=http://probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com/2015/05/24/lil-b-says-james-harden-is-officially-under-the-based-gods-curse/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525231540/http://probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com/2015/05/24/lil-b-says-james-harden-is-officially-under-the-based-gods-curse/ |archive-date=May 25, 2015 |access-date=May 24, 2015 |publisher=ProBasketballTalk – [[NBC Sports]]}}</ref> McCartney ya danganta asarar Houston Rockets ga Golden State Warriors tare da ci 99-98 a Wasan 2, kuma a Wasan 3 tare da ci 115-80, ga la'anar.<ref name="nbcsports" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 23, 2015 |title=Lil B renews threats on James Harden via Kevin Durant's jersey number |url=https://www.sbnation.com/lookit/2015/5/23/8651919/lil-b-threat-james-harden-rockets-warriors-kevin-durant-curse-nba |access-date=May 24, 2015 |publisher=[[SB Nation]]}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Mayu, 2015, McCartney ya sanar a kan TMZ Sports cewa ya sanya Harden a ƙarƙashin "la'anar Allah" don sauran wasannin har sai an kara sanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 24, 2015 |title=James Harden Officially Under Lil B's Spell ... The Curse Is On! |url=http://www.tmz.com/2015/05/24/james-harden-lil-b-based-god-curse-official-rockets-warriors/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524183909/http://www.tmz.com/2015/05/24/james-harden-lil-b-based-god-curse-official-rockets-warriors/ |archive-date=May 24, 2015 |access-date=May 24, 2015 |publisher=[[TMZ|TMZ Sports]]}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2015, McCartney ya kasance a Oracle Arena don Wasan 5 inda Warriors suka ci Rockets da ci 104-90, suka zama zakarun Yammacin Turai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lil B Will Attend Rockets-Warriors Game 5 as James Harden Curse Looms |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2476407-lil-b-will-attend-rockets-warriors-game-5-as-james-harden-curse-looms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527211539/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2476407-lil-b-will-attend-rockets-warriors-game-5-as-james-harden-curse-looms |archive-date=May 27, 2015 |access-date=May 27, 2015 |publisher=[[Bleacher Report]]}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, a lokacin wannan wasan Harden ya kafa rikodin NBA Playoff na 13 turnovers, wanda ya sa McCartney ya yi la'akari da ɗaga la'anar a bainar jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 28, 2015 |title=James Harden sets NBA playoff record for most turnovers in single game |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/nba-ball-dont-lie/james-harden-sets-nba-playoff-record-for-most-turnovers-in-single-game-054447886.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025244/http://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/nba-ball-dont-lie/james-harden-sets-nba-playoff-record-for-most-turnovers-in-single-game-054447886.html |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |access-date=May 28, 2015 |publisher=[[Yahoo|Yahoo Sports]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lil B from the Pack on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/LILBTHEBASEDGOD/status/603806973457408000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108062612/https://twitter.com/LILBTHEBASEDGOD/status/603806973457408000 |archive-date=November 8, 2015 |access-date=May 28, 2015 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Yuni, 2017, McCartney ya sanar a kan wani live tape na First Take cewa ya ɗaga la'anar daga Harden.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First Take on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/FirstTake/status/871402849845915649 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031151/https://twitter.com/FirstTake/status/871402849845915649 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |access-date=June 4, 2017 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> === A Boogie wit da Hoodie da PnB Rock === Zan fassara maka wannan rubutun gaba ɗaya zuwa '''Hausa''' a sauƙaƙe: ----A bukukuwan '''Rolling Loud Bay Area''' na shekarar 2017, McCartney ya tilasta ya soke wasan sa saboda wani rikici da aka ce ya faru tsakaninsa da '''A Boogie wit da Hoodie''' a bayan fage. Lokacin da ya hau kan mataki don sanar da soke wasan nasa, ya gaya wa jama’a cewa ''“A Boogie da dukan tawagarsa”'' sun kai masa hari kuma sun kwashe kayan aikinsa, inda ya danganta lamarin da suka yi masa da cewa ya yi suka ga '''hip hop na New York''' a cikin wani sakon Tweet kwanan nan. Bayan haka, bidiyon rikicin ya bayyana, sai masoyan McCartney suka nuna fushi a shafukan sada zumunta. Shaidun da ke bayan fage kuma sun zargi '''PnB Rock''' da shiga cikin wannan hari. Duk da abin da ya faru, McCartney ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin yanayi mai kyau, har ma ya roƙi masoyansa da su yafe wa A Boogie daga baya a ranar ta hanyar Twitter. ----Kana so in rarrabe maka '''kalma-kalman da suka fi muhimmanci''' a rubutun, kamar ''alleged altercation, cancellation, backstage, crew'' da sauransu, ko a bar shi da wannan cikakken fassara kawai? Lamarin ya haifar da goyon bayan McCartney daga magoya baya da sauran mutane a masana'antar kiɗa. Schoolboy Q da [[Travis Scott]], abokan wasan kwaikwayo a bikin, sun nuna goyon bayansu ga rapper bayan sun hau mataki don saitin su.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2017 |title=Travis Scott and ScHoolboy Q show support for Lil B |url=https://www.thefader.com/2017/10/23/support-for-lil-b |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115092259/https://www.thefader.com/2017/10/23/support-for-lil-b |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |access-date=January 13, 2021 |website=The FADER |language=en}}</ref> Sauran masu zane-zane ciki har da Big Sean, Skepta, G-Eazy, 6lack, Kreayshawn, A-Trak, Alison Wonderland, SpaceGhostPurrp, Lupe Fiasco, Kaytranada, da Mike Dean sun kuma nuna goyon bayansu ga rapper a kafofin sada zumunta <ref name=":8" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2017 |title=Lil B Catches A Fade From A Boogie & His Crew For Def Loaf Comparison? [VIDEO] |url=https://hiphopwired.com/557051/lil-b-catches-fade-boogies-crew-def-loaf-comparison/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114233248/https://hiphopwired.com/557051/lil-b-catches-fade-boogies-crew-def-loaf-comparison/ |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |access-date=January 13, 2021 |website=The Latest Hip-Hop News, Music and Media {{!}} Hip-Hop Wired |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Lil B Addresses Alleged Altercation With A Boogie and His Crew: 'I Forgive Them' |url=https://www.complex.com/music/2017/10/lil-b-addresses-alleged-altercation-with-a-boogie-i-forgive-them |access-date=January 13, 2021 |website=Complex |language=en}}</ref> A cikin sakamakon abin da ya faru, an cire PnB Rock daga jerin bikin kuma Kreayshawn ya maye gurbinsa.<ref name=":7" /> McCartney da A Boogie a hukumance sun kawo karshen rikici kwana biyu bayan haka, ta hanyar kiran waya da Kilo Curt na marigayi Mac Dre's Thizz Entertainment ya fara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Lindsey |date=October 23, 2017 |title=Lil B and A Boogie Wit Da Hoodie Squash Beef After Rolling Loud |url=https://www.xxlmag.com/lil-b-a-boogie-wit-da-hoodie-squash-beef-rolling-loud-incident/ |access-date=January 13, 2021 |website=XXL Mag |language=en}}</ref> Dukkanin masu zane-zane sun shiga Twitter don sanar da ƙarshen rikici. == Kyauta == An ba da Lil B a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "mafi tasiri rappers" na shekarun 2010, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-10 |title=Watch 'Lil B: Believe in Earth,' a Rare and Based Journey with One of Rap's Most Influential Artists |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/watch-lil-b-believe-in-earth-a-rare-and-based-journey-with-one-of-raps-most-influential-artists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123100835/https://www.vice.com/en/article/watch-lil-b-believe-in-earth-a-rare-and-based-journey-with-one-of-raps-most-influential-artists/ |archive-date=January 23, 2025 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=VICE |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alston |first=Trey |title=How Lil B became a tastemaker in hip-hop (despite trolling the culture for over a decade) |url=https://www.revolt.tv/article/2018-05-14/96173/how-lil-b-became-a-tastemaker-in-hip-hop-despite-trolling-the-culture-for-over-a-decade |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425220005/https://www.revolt.tv/article/2018-05-14/96173/how-lil-b-became-a-tastemaker-in-hip-hop-despite-trolling-the-culture-for-over-a-decade |archive-date=April 25, 2025 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=REVOLT}}</ref> wanda ke tasiri ga masu fasaha kamar Kendrick Lamar, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kendrick Lamar Tweets “Thank You BasedGod” |url=https://www.thefader.com/2015/06/20/kendrick-lamar-tweets-thank-you-basedgod |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=The FADER |language=en}}</ref> Playboi Carti, Young Thug, Lil Yachty, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Trevor |date=2016-04-10 |title=Lil Yachty Is Teaming With Lil B & Soulja Boy For "Pretty Boy Millionaires 2" |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/44378-lil-yachty-is-teaming-with-lil-b-and-soulja-boy-for-pretty-boy-millionaires-2-news |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=HotNewHipHop |language=en}}</ref> Cif Keef, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief Keef’s Bang 3 Pt. 2 Album Has A Lil B Feature |url=https://www.thefader.com/2015/09/17/chief-keefs-bang-3-album-has-a-lil-b-feature |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=The FADER |language=en}}</ref> Chance the Rapper, Yung Lean, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=The mysterious figure that is Lil B “the based God” |url=https://forthespeakers.com/f/the-mysterious-figure-that-is-lil-b-%E2%80%9Cthe-based-god%E2%80%9D/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=For the Speakers}}</ref> Earl Sweatshirt, Black Kray, [5] Bladee, [5] Xaviersobased [4] da Tyler, Mahalicci [4] [5] da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Timothée Chalamet.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Nagrom |first=Nedarb |date=2014-01-22 |title=INTERVIEW WITH BLACK KRAY |url=https://www.tumblr.com/verybonus/74248621472/interview-with-black-kray |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731151006/https://www.tumblr.com/verybonus/74248621472/interview-with-black-kray |archive-date=2024-07-31 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=Tumblr |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Garvey |first=Meaghan |date=2025-02-25 |title=A Rare Interview With Bladee, the Mystic Oracle of Internet Rap |url=https://pitchfork.com/features/cover-story/bladee-interview/ |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=Pitchfork |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindert |first=Hattie |date=2024-03-14 |title=The Future of Underground Rap Is Extremely Online |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/xaviersobased-nettspend-yhapojj-interview-1234982383/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=All Your Favorite Rappers Love Lil B |url=https://www.thefader.com/2017/08/17/rappers-love-lil-b-tweets-black-ken |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=The FADER |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Alex |date=2016-04-25 |title=Rapper Lil Yachty has Lil B to thank for getting into Bernie Sanders {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/04/25/politics/lil-yachty-gets-political |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cover Story: Lil B, Young L, And Odd Future |url=https://www.thefader.com/2010/12/15/lil-b-young-l-and-odd-future-are-the-teen-wolves-of-california-eating-raps-guts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326144430/https://www.thefader.com/2010/12/15/lil-b-young-l-and-odd-future-are-the-teen-wolves-of-california-eating-raps-guts |archive-date=March 26, 2025 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=The FADER |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mier |first=Tomás |date=2024-12-27 |title=Timothée Chalamet Credits Being 'Knighted' by Lil B for Launching Acting Career |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/timothee-chalamet-credits-lil-b-knighting-him-success-1235218537/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lil B Responds to Timothée Chalamet Thanking Him |url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/backwoodsaltar/lil-b-timothee-chalamet-knighting-success |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Complex |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-27 |title=Timothée Chalamet Tells Nardwuar That His Acting Career Took Off After Lil B Knighted Him |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2291621/timothee-chalamet-tells-nardwuar-that-his-acting-career-took-off-after-lil-b-knighted-him/news/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Stereogum |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Decade Of Lil B: The Godfather Of Internet Rap Remains Well Ahead Of His Time - Okayplayer |url=https://www.okayplayer.com/originals/decade-lil-b-godfather-internet-rap-constantly-ahead-time.html |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.okayplayer.com |language=en}}</ref> == Zaɓin faifai == * ''6 Kiss'' (2009) * ''Ruwan sama a Ingila'' (2010) * ''Mala'iku Fitowa'' (2011) * ''Ni Gay ne (Ina farin ciki) '' (2011) * ''Zaɓuɓɓuka da Fure'' (2012) * ''Hawaye 4 Allah'' (2012) == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == {{Commonscat}} * {{Official website|http://www.basedworld.com}} * {{AllMusic}} * [http://www.datpiff.com/profile/LilBtheBasedGod/mixtapes Lil B ta mixtapes a DatPiff.com] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] biolhv8ncs5hxrt16ima13qxf1x2ulu 0 80980 893981 461726 2026-08-10T03:37:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yasmin Jusu-Sheriff''' lauya ce [[Saliyo|’yar Saliyo]] kuma mai fafutuka kare hakkin ɗan Adam. Ta shiga harkar mata da ta taimaka wajen maido da dimokuraɗiyya a ƙasarta. == Rayuwa == Jusu-Sheriff ɗiyar Gladys da Salia Jusu-Sheriff. <ref name="giraffe">{{Cite web |title=Yasmin Sheriff |url=https://www.giraffe.org/yasmin-sheriff |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=www.giraffe.org |language=en}}</ref> 'Yan uwanta huɗu su ne Salia (Jnr), Nalinie, Nadia da Sheku. <ref name="fun">{{Cite web |date=Dec 26, 2009 |title=Final Funeral Arrangements for the Late Salia Jusu-Sheriff of Sierra Leone |url=http://news.sl/drwebsite/exec/view.cgi?archive=1&num=14062&printer=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221337/http://news.sl/drwebsite/exec/view.cgi?archive=1&num=14062&printer=1 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |language=en}}</ref> Ta yi karatun digiri a jami'ar Landan kafin ta yi digiri na biyu a jami'ar Oxford. Ta kasance mai fafutuka a Saliyo, musamman bayan shekara ta 1991 <ref name="conc">{{Cite web |title=Yasmin Jusu-Sheriff {{!}} Conciliation Resources |url=https://www.c-r.org/who-we-are/people/yasmin-jusu-sheriff |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=www.c-r.org}}</ref> lokacin da yakin basasar Saliyo ya fara. Ita da wata lauya mai suna Isha Dyfan da Patricia Kabbah sun yi aiki tare da kungiyoyi irin su Mano River Women's Peace Network don tabbatar da cewa al'ummar duniya baki ɗaya suna sane da cin zarafi da ake yi a Saliyo. <ref name="threelawyers" /> Ita da Isha Dyfan dukkansu lauyoyi ne kuma dukkansu sun kasance membobi ne na kungiyar kare hakkin ɗan Adam ta Saliyo. Suna da hanyar sadarwa mai faɗi. A shekarar 1995, ita da [[Zainab Bangura]] sun kafa ''Women Organised for a Morally Enlightened Nation'' (WOMEN), wata kungiya mai fafutukar [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|kare hakkin mata]] a Saliyo. Ita ce babbar sakatariyar hukumar gaskiya da sulhu ta Saliyo wadda aka kirkiro <ref name="iview">{{Cite web |title=Our Interview of the Month with Yasmin Jusu-Sheriff |url=https://www.mewc.org/index.php/community/our-monthly-interview/8727-our-interview-of-the-month-with-yasmin-jusu-sheriff |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=www.mewc.org}}</ref> a cikin shekarar 1999 karkashin Bishop Joseph Christian Humper. An tsara hukumar ne da wanda aka gani a Afirka ta Kudu duk da cewa wannan ɗan uwa talaka ne. An ware dala miliyan ɗaya a shekara ta 2002, amma an sanya kuɗin a lokacin ya kai miliyan tara. Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta buƙaci wani ya nemo kuɗaɗen da suka bata. Mahaifinta ya rasu a [[Landan]] a shekara ta 2009 kuma an binne shi a Saliyo bayan jana'izar da aka yi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2016 |title=In Sierra Leone, State Funeral for Late Salia Jusu-Sheriff: Sierra Leone News |url=http://news.sl/drwebsite/exec/view.cgi?archive=1&num=14045 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001146/http://news.sl/drwebsite/exec/view.cgi?archive=1&num=14045 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |website=}}</ref> <ref name="fun"/> Mahaifiyarta ta tsira daga gare shi kuma ta zama mataimakiyar aikin 'yan gudun hijira a Islington. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-21 |title=Our Patron and Trustees |url=https://islingtoncentre.co.uk/trustees/ |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=Islington Centre for Refugees and Migrants |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611094502/https://islingtoncentre.co.uk/trustees/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tana cikin hukumar Femmes Africa Solidarité. <ref name="iview"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] avp7p2sqgj73aokmg9ldwy4yafjztc8 0 81244 894015 830394 2026-08-10T05:12:23Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 894015 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:RCN Corporation logo.svg|thumb|Rcn corporation]]   [[Fayil:Sony Playstation 2 SCPH-5001 V9 - Caixa Original (traseira) Original box (back side) (18857543853).jpg|thumb]] An fara samun talabijin na USB a Amurka a shekarar 1948. <ref name="NCTAhistory">{{Cite web |title=History of Cable Television |url=http://www.ncta.com/About/About/HistoryofCableTelevision.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905133543/http://www.ncta.com/About/About/HistoryofCableTelevision.aspx |archive-date=2010-09-05 |access-date=8 December 2012 |publisher=National Cable & Telecommunications Association}}</ref> A shekara ta 1989, gidaje miliyan 53 na Amurka sun sami biyan kuɗi na talabijin na USB, tare da kashi 60 cikin 100 na dukkan gidajen Amurka suna yin hakan a shekarar 1992. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=History of Cable - CCTA |url=https://calcable.org/learn/history-of-cable/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919050329/https://calcable.org/learn/history-of-cable/ |archive-date=September 19, 2020 |access-date=May 19, 2021 |publisher=California Cable & Telecommunications Association}}</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia.com">{{Cite web |title=The Rise of Cable Television |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/rise-cable-television |access-date=June 14, 2021 |website=[[Encyclopedia.com]]}}</ref> Yawancin masu kallon kebul a Amurka suna zaune a cikin unguwanni kuma suna da matsakaicin aji; talabijin na kebul ba ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan [[Countryside|karkara]], birane, da yankunan karye. <ref name="MarketCharts">{{Cite web |title=SNL Kagan U.S. Cable TV Summary Data |url=http://www.marketingcharts.com/television/snl-kagan-cable-subscription-data-contradicts-fcc-chairman-kevin-martin-2634/snl-kagan-cable-summary-data-2006jpg/ |access-date=8 December 2012 |publisher=Marketing Charts}}</ref> Dangane da rahotanni da Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayya ta fitar, biyan kuɗi na talabijin na gargajiya a Amurka ya kai kololuwa a shekara ta 2000, a jimlar biyan kuɗi miliyan 68.5. <ref name="8thCompetition">{{Cite web |date=14 Jan 2002 |title=8th Annual Video Competition Report |url=http://www.fcc.gov/reports/8th-annual-video-competition-report |access-date=29 Mar 2015 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission |page=87}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin, biyan kuɗi na kebul sun kasance a hankali, sun sauka zuwa masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 54.4 a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013.<ref name="16thCompetition">{{Cite web |date=31 Mar 2015 |title=16th Report On Video Competition |url=http://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-adopts-16th-video-competition-report |access-date=26 Apr 2015 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref> Wasu Masu ba da sabis na tarho sun fara bayar da talabijin, sun kai ga masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 11.3 tun daga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013.<ref name="16thCompetition" /> == Tarihi == === Tsarin farko === An yi iƙirarin cewa an kirkiro tsarin talabijin na farko a Amurka a 1948 a Mahanoy City, Pennsylvania ta hanyar John Walson don samar da siginar talabijin ga mutanen da karɓar su ba ta da kyau saboda tsaunuka masu tsawo da gine-gine da ke toshe siginar TV. Birnin Mahanoy ya dace da ayyukan CATV, tunda ana iya karɓar siginar talabijin ta hanyar antennas na saman dutse kuma ana sake watsa su ta hanyar "twin-lead" ko "ladder-lead"" kebul zuwa ga al'ummar kwarin da ke ƙasa (inda karɓar watsa shirye-shirye ya kasance matalauta sosai). An yi tambaya game da ikirarin "na farko" na Walson kuma ba za a iya tabbatar da ranar farawa da ya yi ikirarin ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parsons |first=Patrick R. |date=1996 |title=Two tales of a city: John Walson Sr., Mahanoy city, and the "founding"; of cable TV |journal=Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=354–365 |doi=10.1080/08838159609364358 |quote=The claim, however, has always been clouded by questions and a lack of documentation. This paper reports the results of an investigation of the Walson story. It concludes that, as bright and promising as the Walson tale may be, it probably is not true. At the very least, the preponderance of evidence suggests that Walson got his start in the community antenna television business in late 1950, about the same time as many others around the country}}</ref> Majalisa ta Amurka da Ƙungiyar Talabijin ta Kasa sun amince da Walson kamar yadda ya kirkiro talabijin na USB a cikin bazara na 1948. <ref name="Morning Call" /> An haɓaka tsarin CATV a ƙarshen shekarun 1940 ta hanyar James F. Reynolds a garinsu na Maple Dale, Pennsylvania, wanda ya girma ya haɗa da Sandy Lake, Stoneboro, Polk, Cochranton, da Meadville. Kodayake Gabashin Pennsylvania, musamman yankunan Schuylkill da Carbon a yankin kwal na anthracite, suna da yawancin tsarin CATV na farko, akwai wasu 'yan kasuwa na CATV da suka warwatse a duk faɗin Amurka. Ɗaya daga cikinsu shine James Y. [[Al-Uzza|Davidson]] na Tuckerman, [[Arkansas (jiha)|Arkansas]] . Davidson shine manajan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gida kuma yana gudanar da kasuwancin gyaran rediyo a gefe. A shekara ta 1949, ya kafa tsarin kebul don kawo siginar sabon tashar Memphis, Tennessee ga al'ummarsa, wanda ke da nisa sosai don karɓar siginar tare da antennas kawai.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2014}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Leroy E. "Ed" Parsons ya gina tsarin talabijin na farko a Amurka wanda ya yi amfani da kebul na coaxial, amplifiers, da kuma antenna na al'umma don isar da siginar talabijin zuwa yankin da in ba haka ba ba ba zai iya karɓar siginar talabin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin ba. A cikin 1948, Parsons ya mallaki tashar rediyo a Astoria, [[Oregon]] . Shekara guda da ta gabata shi da matarsa sun fara kallon talabijin a taron masu watsa shirye-shirye. A cikin bazara na 1948, Parsons ya koyi cewa gidan rediyo na KRSC (yanzu KKNW) a [[Seattle]] - kilomita 125 daga nesa - zai kaddamar da gidan talabijin da ya fadi. Ya gano cewa tare da babban eriya zai iya karɓar siginar KRSC a kan rufin Otal din Astoria kuma daga can ya gudu kebul na coaxial a fadin titin zuwa gidansa. Lokacin da tashar (yanzu KING-TV) ta fara watsawa a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1948, Parsons shine kadai a garin da zai iya ganin talabijin. A cewar Bob Sullivan na MSNBC, Parsons ya caji $ 125 sau ɗaya da kuma $ 3 a wata.<ref name="SullivanB">Sullivan, Bob. "[http://www.nbcnews.com/id/22399227 Cable TV: King of misleading come-ons]." ''[[NBC News]].'' January 28, 2008. Retrieved on January 29, 2008. Web page excerpted from GOTCHA CAPITALISM by Bob Sullivan. Copyright (c) 2007 by BobSullivan. Reprinted by arrangement with The Random House Publishing Group.</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1968, an amince da Parsons a matsayin mahaifin gidan talabijin na al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leroy E. "Ed" Parsons Collection |url=https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fo/wg0ooaznc9tt3xlkw6bls/AO6SBSxbIdljzaUxIRg34kM/Ed%20Parsons%20CC32%20finding%20aid.pdf?rlkey=1h96p72nednaqzrbsf5wp7uex&e=1&dl=0 |access-date=June 13, 2024 |publisher=The Cable Center}}</ref> === Tsarin kasuwanci na farko === In 1950, Robert Tarlton developed the first commercial cable television system in the United States. Tarlton organized a group of fellow television set retailers in Lansford, Pennsylvania, a town in the same region as Mahanoy City, to offer television signals from [[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] broadcast stations to homes in Lansford for a fee. The system was featured in stories in ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]'', ''Newsweek'' and ''The Wall Street Journal''.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2014}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The publicity of this successful early system set off a wave of cable system construction throughout the United States, and Tarlton himself became a highly sought-after consultant.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2014}} [[Fayil:Push_button_cable_box.jpg|right|thumb|Farkon akwatin mai canzawa na ''Jerrold'' daga ƙarshen 1970s.]] Tarlton ya yi amfani da kayan aikin da sabon kamfani, Jerrold Electronics ya ƙera. Bayan ganin nasarar tsarin Tarlton a cikin 1950, shugaban Jerrold (kuma gwamnan Pennsylvania na gaba) Milton Shapp ya sake tsara kamfaninsa don gina kayan aiki don masana'antar kebul mai girma yanzu. A cikin 1952, Tarlton ya tafi aiki ga Jerrold, yana taimakawa wajen gina mafi yawan manyan tsarin da wannan kamfanin ya gina a cikin shekarun 1950. Tarlton kuma yana da alhakin horar da yawancin manyan masu aiki na tsarin kebul a cikin shekarun 1950. A shekara ta 2003, an shigar da Tarlton a cikin Cable Television Hall of Fame saboda aikinsa na gina kamfanin talabijin na farko da aka yada a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hall of Fame Honoree 2003 {{!}} Robert Tarlton |url=https://syndeoinstitute.org/honorees/past-honorees/2003-honorees/robert-tarlton/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312213250/http://cablecenter.org/cable-hall-of-fame-main/main-items2/past-honorees.html |archive-date=2014-03-12 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=Syndeo Institute at The Cable Center}}</ref> === Girman farko === Haɓakar talabijin na watsa shirye-shirye kyauta a cikin shekarun 1950 ya yi barazana sosai ga masana'antar nishaɗi da aka kafa ta hanyar ba da madadin al'ada na biyan kuɗi akai-akai don ganin fina-finai. An tattauna yiwuwar juya masu kallon talabijin kyauta zuwa masu kallon talabajin da aka biya tun da wuri. Misali, bayan talabijin na Amurka miliyan 25 da suka saurara wani nau'in kiɗa na <nowiki><i id="mwZA">Cinderella</i></nowiki> a cikin 1957, masu gudanarwa sun lissafa cewa da cibiyar sadarwa ta sami 25¢ ga kowane talabijin da aka saurara wasan kwaikwayon, da ya sami fiye da dala miliyan 6 ba tare da farashin rarrabawa ba. Koyaya, saboda matsaloli da yawa na shari'a, ka'idoji da fasaha, an yi amfani da talabijin na USB a Amurka a cikin shekaru 24 na farko kusan kawai don watsa tashoshin talabijin masu kasuwanci na ƙasa zuwa yankuna masu nisa da marasa isa. Har ila yau, ya zama sananne a wasu yankuna inda tsaunuka suka haifar da karɓar mara kyau a cikin iska. Shirye-shiryen asali akan kebul ya zo ne a cikin 1972 tare da deregulation na masana'antar.<ref name="NCTAhistory"/> A lokacin da Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayya (FCC) ta daskarewa a kan lasisin talabijin daga 1948 zuwa 1952, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Massey |first=Kimberly |title=Freeze of 1948 |url=http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/F/htmlF/freezeof1/freezeof1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323004716/http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/F/htmlF/freezeof1/freezeof1.htm |archive-date=2009-03-23 |access-date=2008-01-25 |website=Museum of Broadcast Television}}</ref> bukatar talabijin ta karu. Tun da ba a bayar da sabbin lasisin tashar talabijin ba, hanya daya tilo da aka cika bukatar, har ma a cikin al'ummomin da ke da tashoshin watsa shirye-shirye guda ɗaya ko fiye, ita ce ta Community Antenna Television (CATV) , kamar yadda aka sani da kebul na farko (wanda ake kira saboda rabawa na zahiri na babban eriya mai karɓa ta dukan al'umma). == Tsarin mulki == === Tarihin siyasa ===   A ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, 1949, T.J. Slowie, sakataren Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayya, ya aika da wasika ga Parsons yana neman ya "ba da cikakken bayani ga Hukumar game da yanayin tsarin da ka iya haɓaka kuma yana iya aiki. " Wannan shine farkon sanannen shigar FCC a cikin CATV.[to] Wani lauyan FCC, E. Stratford Smith, ya yanke shawarar cewa Hukumar za ta iya yin amfani da ikon mai ɗaukar kaya a kan CATV. FCC ba ta yi aiki a kan wannan ra'ayi ba, kuma Smith daga baya ya canza tunaninsa bayan ya yi aiki a masana'antar kebul na ɗan lokaci. Bugu da ƙari, shawarar Smith ta rinjayi abubuwan da ya samu na ba da shaida sau da yawa a cikin sauraron kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai na Amurka. Sanata, kuma kwamishinan FCC na gaba, Kenneth A. Cox ya halarci kuma ya shiga cikin waɗannan sauraron. Ya shirya rahoto ga Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai kan Kasuwanci da Kasuwanci na Kasashen Waje game da CATV da tallafawa manufofin FCC na tashar talabijin a kowane al'umma. A cikin 1959 da 1961, an gabatar da takardun kudi a Majalisa ta Amurka wanda zai ƙayyade rawar da FCC ke takawa a cikin manufofin CATV. Babban mai tsara wasu daga cikin waɗannan takardun kudi shine lauya Yolanda G. Barco . Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata masu gudanarwa na farko a cikin kebul, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "babban lauya don abubuwan da ke cikin talabijin na kebul a lokacin shekarun da masana'antar ta fara".<ref>"Cable Pioneer Yolanda Barco Dies at 74." Multichannel News, 6/12/2000, p. 16</ref> Kudin 1959, wanda ya sanya shi a bene na Majalisar Dattijai, zai iyakance ikon FCC ga tsarin CATV a cikin layi (ko kewayon watsa shirye-shirye) na tashar guda ɗaya; duk da haka, an kayar da lissafin. Kudin 1961 da FCC ta gabatar zai ba Hukumar iko akan CATV a matsayin CATV, kuma ba a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto ko mai watsa shirye-shirye ba. Hukumar za ta iya karɓar dokoki da ka'idoji "a cikin sha'awar jama'a" don gudanar da CATV a kowane yanki da CATV da watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin suka rufe. Ba a taɓa ɗaukar mataki a kan wannan lissafin ba. Mafi mahimmanci fiye da matakin Majalisa wajen tantance manufofin Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayya CATV sune shari'o'in kotu da sauraron FCC. A cikin Frontier Broadcasting Co. v. Collier, masu watsa shirye-shirye sun yi ƙoƙari su tilasta wa FCC yin amfani da ikon ɗaukar kaya na yau da kullun a kan tsarin CATV 288 a cikin jihohi 36. Masu watsa shirye-shiryen sun ci gaba da cewa CATV ya saba wa Rahoton FCC na shida da Umurni, wanda ya ba da shawarar akalla tashar talabijin guda ɗaya a kowane al'umma. A shekara ta 1958, FCC ta yanke shawarar cewa CATV ba mai ɗaukar kaya ba ne na yau da kullun tunda mai biyan kuɗi bai ƙayyade shirye-shiryen ba. Carter Mountain Transmission Corp., mai ɗaukar hoto na yau da kullun wanda ya riga ya watsa siginar talabijin ta hanyar microwave zuwa tsarin CATV a cikin garuruwan Wyoming da yawa, yana so ya ƙara siginar ta biyu ga garuruwa biyu kuma ya ƙara sigina biyu ga garin da ba a taɓa amfani da shi ba. Wata tashar talabijin a wani gari ta yi adawa da wannan kuma ta yi zanga-zanga ga FCC a kan lalacewar tattalin arziki. Wani mai jarrabawa ya goyi bayan Carter Mountain, amma Hukumar ta goyi bayan gidan talabijin. An kai karar daukaka kara, kuma Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayya ta ci nasara. "Gaskiyar cewa babu mai watsa shirye-shirye da ya fice daga iska saboda gasar CATV a lokacin da gwamnati ta koma fadada ikonta (ko kuma ba ta da wani tun lokacin) bai tsaya ga fadada ikon sarrafawa ba. cewa wasu tasirin tattalin arziki sun isa kawai a matsayin tushen damuwa da gwamnati". FCC ta sake soke mai jarrabawar sauraro don goyon bayan masu watsa shirye-shirye a cikin "San Diego Case". Tsarin CATV a San Diego, California yana so ya shigo da tashoshin daga Los Angeles, wasu daga cikinsu za a iya gani a San Diego; tashoshin talabijin a San Diego ba sa son a shigo da siginar. Tashoshin talabijin sun ci nasara, ba tare da barin sigina a kan layin kebul na gaba a San Diego da kewayenta ba. Tunanin FCC shine kare tashoshin UHF na yanzu da na gaba a San Diego. (Daya daga cikin masu gabatarwa na talabijin na USB shine KSA-TV) A cikin Rahoton Farko da Umurni na Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayya akan CATV, FCC ta ba kanta ikon tsara CATV. An tsara wannan rahoto da oda don kare tashoshin talabijin a cikin ƙananan garuruwa. Ya yi wannan ta hanyar sanya dokoki biyu, wanda ya ɗan canza nau'i: ɗayan yana buƙatar tsarin CATV ya ɗauki duk tashoshin gida wanda tsarin CATV yake a cikin A- (mafi kyawun karɓar) na tashar. Na biyu ya haramta shigo da shirye-shirye daga tashar da ba ta cikin gida ba wacce ke kwaikwayon shirye-shiryen a tashar cikin gida idan aka nuna kwafin ko dai kwanaki 15 kafin ko bayan watsa shirye-shiryenta na cikin gida. Wannan rahoto na 1965 ya yi la'akari da haka: 1) CATV ya kamata ya ɗauki tashoshin cikin gida saboda kari na CATV, ba maye gurbin ba, tashoshin gida; kuma, rashin jigilar tashoshin na cikin gida yana ba da fa'ida tun lokacin da mutane ba za su canza daga kebul zuwa eriya don ganin tashar cikin gida ba; 2) rashin jigilar kaya "yaɓin da ya saba da sha'awar jama'a"; kuma, 3) Sauƙin CATV na shirye-shiryen gida ta hanyar sigina mai nisa ba daidai ba ne tunda masu watsa shirye-shirye da CATV ba su yi gasa don shirye-shiryenta a kan daidaitattun ma'a daidai ba; FCC da aka ba. Rahoton na biyu da oda na 1966 sun yi wasu ƙananan canje-canje a cikin Rahoton farko da oda kuma sun kara da babban tsari. An tsara wannan don kare tashoshin UHF a cikin manyan birane. Sabuwar dokar ta hana shigo da sigina masu nisa zuwa manyan kasuwannin 100, don haka CATV a wannan lokacin ya zama mai fa'ida ne kawai a biranen da ba su da karɓa. A shekara ta 1968, Kotun Koli ta tabbatar da haƙƙin FCC na yin dokoki da ka'idoji game da CATV. A cikin yanke shawara game da Amurka v. Southwestern Cable, "San Diego Case", ya ce "ikon Hukumar a kan 'dukkanin sadarwa ta jihohi ... sadarwa ta waya ko rediyo' ya ba da izinin tsara tsarin CATV". === Jirgin ruwa === An fara samun talabijin na USB a Amurka a shekarar 1948. <ref name="NCTAhistory" /> A shekara ta 1989, gidaje miliyan 53 na Amurka sun sami biyan kuɗi na talabijin na USB, tare da kashi 60 cikin 100 na dukkan gidajen Amurka suna yin hakan a shekarar 1992. <ref name=":1" /><ref name="Encyclopedia.com" /> Yawancin masu kallon kebul a Amurka suna zaune a cikin unguwanni kuma suna da matsakaicin aji; talabijin na kebul ba ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan [[Countryside|karkara]], birane, da yankunan karye. <ref name="MarketCharts" /> === Talabijin na jama'a ===   An fara samun talabijin na USB a Amurka a shekarar 1948. <ref name="NCTAhistory" /> A shekara ta 1989, gidaje miliyan 53 na Amurka sun sami biyan kuɗi na talabijin na USB, tare da kashi 60 cikin 100 na dukkan gidajen Amurka suna yin hakan a shekarar 1992. <ref name=":1" /><ref name="Encyclopedia.com" /> Yawancin masu kallon kebul a Amurka suna zaune a cikin unguwanni kuma suna da matsakaicin aji; talabijin na kebul ba ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan [[Countryside|karkara]], birane, da yankunan karye. <ref name="MarketCharts" /> A farkon shekarun 1980s, ana kirkirar shirye-shiryen gida daban-daban tare da abubuwan da ke cikin gida a duk faɗin Amurka a yawancin manyan Kasuwancin talabijin. Kafin a sami damar talabijin na jama'a, ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin farko na Time Inc. ya kasance a [[Columbus|Columbus, Ohio]], inda Richard Sillman ya zama darektan talabijin mafi ƙanƙanta a ƙasar yana da shekaru == Shirye-shiryen == === Kayan waya na asali === Shirye-shiryen talabijin na USB galibi ana raba su tsakanin talabijin mai mahimmanci da na musamman. Cibiyoyin sadarwar kebul na asali galibi sune waɗanda ke da jigilar kaya a kan mafi ƙasƙanci na masu samar da talabijin da yawa. A zamanin talabijin na analog, ana watsa waɗannan tashoshin ba tare da wani ɓoyewa ko wasu hanyoyin ɓoyewa ba. Wadannan cibiyoyin sadarwa na iya bambanta a cikin tsari, daga waɗanda ke da niyya ga masu sauraro na al'ada, zuwa cibiyoyin sadarwar musamman waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan takamaiman nau'o'i, yawan jama'a, ko niches. Cibiyoyin sadarwar kebul na asali sun dogara da haɗuwa da kuɗin jigilar kowane mai biyan kuɗi wanda mai ba da sabis ya biya, da kuma kudaden shiga daga tallace-tallace da aka sayar akan sabis ɗin, a matsayin tushen kudaden shiga. Ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin sadarwa na farko na "babban kebul" shine TBS - wanda aka kafa shi da farko a matsayin tashar tauraron dan adam na Tashar talabijin mai zaman kanta (WPCH-TV ta yanzu) a [[Atlanta]], Jojiya. TBS za ta zama farkon farawa ga wasu manyan kamfanonin kebul na asali ta mai shi, Ted Turner, gami da [[CNN]] - Tashar labarai ta farko ta awanni 24. Wani cibiyar sadarwa ta farko ita ce CBN Satellite Service, sabis na Talabijin na Kirista wanda mai wa'azin talabijin Pat Robertson ya ƙaddamar a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1977 a matsayin ma'aikatar talabijin ta Cibiyar watsa shirye-shiryen Kirista, wanda aka isar da shi ta hanyar tauraron dan adam a matsayin hanyar da ta fi dacewa don rarraba shirye-shirye. Shekaru da yawa, Sabis ɗin Satellite na CBN (daga baya aka sake masa suna CBN Cable Network a 1984) ya haɗu da shirye-shiryen addini tare da sakewa na jerin shirye-shirye na talabijin na gargajiya don cika jadawalin sa'o'i 24. Cibiyar sadarwa ta canza sunanta zuwa The CBN Family Channel a cikin 1988 (an sake duba shi zuwa The Family Channel a 1990 da zarar CBN ta juya shi zuwa wani kamfani mai zaman kansa, International Family Entertainment). Daga baya aka sake masa suna Fox Family a cikin 1998 bayan an samo shi ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Fox Entertainment Group da Saban Entertainment, sannan [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] Family bayan sayarwa ta 2001 ga Iyalin ABC The Walt Disney Company, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa sunansa na yanzu, Freeform a cikin 2016. <ref>Mullen, Megan. The Rise of Cable Programming in the United States: Revolution or Evolution? Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2003.</ref> === Kayan waya mai daraja ===   Asalin kebul na farko ya kasance a wurare biyu: tsarin talabijin na farko na shekarun 1950 da 1960 da ƙananan ƙoƙarin masu amfani da kebul na farkon (CATV) don ƙara ƙarin tashoshi ga tsarin su waɗanda ba a samo su daga siginar iska ba. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kebul mai daraja yana nufin cibiyoyin sadarwa - kamar Home Box Office (HBO), Cinemax, Showtime, The Movie Channel, Flix, Starz, MoviePlex, da Epix - wanda ke motsawa ko ɓoye siginarsu don kawai waɗanda ke biyan ƙarin kuɗin kowane wata ga tsarin kebul ɗin su iya duba su bisa doka (ta hanyar amfani da akwatin mai canzawa). Saboda shirye-shiryen su kyauta ne na kasuwanci (sai dai ga gabatarwa tsakanin shirye-shirye don abubuwan da ke cikin cibiyoyin sadarwa), waɗannan cibiyoyin sadarwar suna da umarni mafi girma daga tsarin kebul. Ayyukan Premium suna da hankali don bayar da sabis ɗin da ba a ɓoye shi ba ga wasu masu ba da kebul masu halarta a lokacin ɗan gajeren lokaci kyauta don ba da damar waɗanda ba su karɓi sabis na kyauta don gwada shirye-shiryen sa, a ƙoƙarin masu biyan kuɗi ga mai ba da gudummawa don yin la'akari da samun biyan kuɗi ga sabis ɗin da aka bayar don ci gaba da kallon shi bayan lokacin preview. HBO ita ce cibiyar sadarwa ta farko ta gaskiya (ko "kabil-kabil") da kuma cibiyar sadarwa na farko da aka nufa don rarraba kebul a kan yanki ko ƙasa; duk da haka, akwai sanannun masu gabatarwa ga kebul mai daraja a cikin masana'antar talabijin mai biyan kuɗi waɗanda ke aiki a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960 (tare da wasu tsarin da ke ci gaba har zuwa 1980), da wasu yunkurin masu watsa shirye-shiryen kyauta a cikin shekarun 1970 da 1980 waɗanda suka ninka yayin da tushen masu biyan kuɗi suka ƙi a cikin waɗannan masu kallo suka fara zuwa karɓar abubuwan da kebul masu aiki a cikin wannan lokacin. A lokacin da yake jariri, bayan ƙaddamar da shi a kan tsarin Wilkes-Barre na Service Electric Cable, [[Pennsylvania]], a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1972, HBO ta kasance tana ba da shirye-shiryen biyan kuɗi ga tsarin CATV a Pennsylvania da New York, ta amfani da fasahar microwave don watsa shirye-shiryenta ga masu samar da kebul da MMDS. A shekara ta 1975, HBO ta zama cibiyar sadarwar kebul ta farko da za a isar da ita a duk fadin kasar ta hanyar watsawar tauraron dan adam. Kodayake irin wannan jujjuyawar ba ta da yawa, wasu tashoshin kebul na yau da kullun sun samo asali ne a matsayin sabis na musamman, gami da Disney Channel (daga 1983 zuwa 1997), AMC (daga 1984 zuwa 1988), da Bravo (daga 1982 zuwa 1994); wasu daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan sun sauya zuwa samfurin tallace-tallace bayan sun sauya ga tsarin da ba a ɓoye ba. Sauran ayyuka masu daraja (kamar su farkon kokarin HBO na Take 2 da Festival, Home Theater Network da Spotlight) sun kasance na 'yan shekaru, kawai don kasawa saboda rashin iya yin gasa da ayyukan da aka kafa waɗanda ke da rarraba mafi girma da kuma yawan masu Bikin kuɗi. Tun da yake ba a watsa tashoshin talabijin na USB a kan bakan jama'a ba, ba sa ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin FCC akan kayan lalata. Cibiyoyin sadarwar Premium gabaɗaya suna ba da cikakken hoto na laifuka, jima'i da tashin hankali; wasu ayyuka masu daraja - kamar Cinemax da The Movie Channel (waɗanda suka ɗauki irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen a matsayin wani ɓangare na jadawalin dare na ƙarshe) da kuma Playboy TV, ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan kebul na farko da suka dace da manya - har ma sun ba da batsa mai laushi a matsayin wani bangare na shirye-shiryenta. Duk da yake babu ka'idojin FCC da ke amfani da abun ciki a kan hanyoyin sadarwar kebul na asali, mutane da yawa suna sarrafa abubuwan da ke cikin shirye-shiryen su saboda ƙaddamar da yawan jama'a, ko kuma saboda tsammanin mai kallo da mai tallatawa, musamman game da harshe mara kyau da tsirara. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, duk da haka, wasu cibiyoyin sadarwa sun zama masu sauƙin kai ga abubuwan da aka watsa a lokacin da aka fara watsawa da kuma dare. Bugu da kari, wasu tashoshin, irin su FX, sun sanya kansu tare da jagorancin shirye-shirye na asali wanda ya fi kama da sabis na farko, tare da mai da hankali kan ƙarin "matasa" da jerin abubuwan da mahalicci ke jagoranta don taimakawa jawo hankalin yabo mai mahimmanci da mahimman masu kallo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Holloway |first=Daniel |date=2019-06-11 |title=How FX Chief John Landgraf Built One of TV's Hottest Brands |url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/features/john-landgraf-fx-disney-merger-1203238667/ |access-date=2019-10-05 |website=Variety |language=en}}</ref> Turner Classic Movies ya watsa shirye-shiryen da ba a yanke su ba kuma ba tare da tallace-tallace ba na fina-finai na wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda suka nuna tsirara, abubuwan jima'i, tashin hankali da lalata, kamar yadda SundanceTV da IFC da ke tallafawa yanzu, wanda tsohon ya fara ne a matsayin sabis na kyauta, ya rabu da Showtime. Tashoshin asali marasa cinikayya sun saba da kimanta gabatarwar fina-finai ta amfani da Jagororin Iyaye na TV, maimakon tsarin kimantawa na Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA). === A cikin katin waya ===   Tun daga farkon karni na 21, wasu sun ba da shawarar dokokin da za su buƙaci masu samar da kebul su ba masu biyan su nasu "à la carte" zaɓin tashoshi.<ref>Fabrikant, Geraldine. [https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/31/business/media-need-espn-but-not-mtv-some-push-for-that-option.html MEDIA; Need ESPN but Not MTV? Some Push for That Option]. ''[[The New York Times]]'': May 31, 2004.</ref> Ba kamar daidaitattun kunshin biyan kuɗi da ake bayarwa a halin yanzu ba, samfurin à la carte yana buƙatar abokin ciniki ya yi rajista ga kowane tashar ɗai-ɗai. Ba a bayyana yadda wannan zai iya shafar farashin biyan kuɗi a kan duka ba, amma zai ba da damar iyaye su tantance halaye na kallon ɗansu ta hanyar cire duk wani tashar da suka ɗauka ba daidai ba ne daga biyan kuɗin su. Bayar da irin wannan biyan kuɗi na mutum zai kasance mai rikitarwa kuma yana da aiki mai yawa ta amfani da kebul na analog, amma yaduwar karɓar kebul na dijital da fasahar IPTV yanzu sun sa ya fi dacewa. Fasahar analog ta ba da damar masu samar da kebul don bayar da daidaitattun kunshin biyan kuɗi ta amfani da matattarar matattarar ƙasa da matattara. Filin low-pass yana barin sakonni mafi ƙanƙanta yayin cire sakonni mafi girma. Yin amfani da irin wannan tacewa, mai ba da kebul ya ba da biyan kuɗi na "tushen tattalin arziki" (tushen gida kawai; waɗannan suna bayyana a siginar mafi ƙanƙanta, wanda aka nuna ta lambobin tashar mafi ƙanchanta) da biyan kuɗi "na asali" (tashunan gida tare da ƙananan tashoshin ƙasa tare da mita kawai sama da tashoshin gida). An yi amfani da matattarar Notch don tacewa daga tashoshi daga siginar kebul na analog (alal misali, ana iya "notched" tashoshi 45-50 kuma mai biyan kuɗi har yanzu yana karɓar tashoshi ƙasa da 45 da sama da 50). Wannan ya ba da damar masu samar da kebul su buɗe daidaitattun tashoshin tashoshin ga mai biyan kuɗi, amma tacewa ba hanya ce mai yiwuwa don ba kowane mai biyan kuɗi zaɓin kansa na tashoshin ba. Don bayar da sabis na "à la carte" ta amfani da siginar analog, mai ba da kebul zai iya yin amfani da kowane tashar kuma ya aika da mai fasaha zuwa gidan kowane mai biyan kuɗi don cire zaɓin tashoshin su a kan akwatin saiti. Kowane canji abokin ciniki na kebul na analog da aka yi a cikin biyan kuɗi zai buƙaci ƙarin ziyarar gida don sake tsara akwatin saiti. Bayar da abokin ciniki zaɓin tashoshin su a la carte ya zama mafi tsada tare da zuwan kebul na dijital, saboda ana iya tsara akwatin mai canzawa na dijital daga nesa. IPTV (watau, isar da tashoshin TV a kan intanet ko cibiyar sadarwa ta IP) har ma da karancin aiki, isar tashoshin ga mabukaci ta atomatik. A halin yanzu, tsarin isar da kebul na dijital da tauraron dan adam tare da biyan kuɗi na daidaitawa suna ba da dama ga cibiyoyin sadarwar da ke ba da sabis da masu sauraro marasa rinjaye don isa ga miliyoyin gidaje, kuma mai yiwuwa, miliyoyin masu kallo. Tun da yake à la carte na iya tilasta wa kowane tashar sayar da shi, irin waɗannan cibiyoyin sadarwar suna damuwa cewa za su iya fuskantar raguwar kudaden biyan kuɗi da kudaden talla, kuma ana iya fitar da su daga kasuwanci. Yawancin masu samar da kebul / tauraron dan adam saboda haka ba sa son gabatar da tsarin kasuwanci na à la carte. Suna tsoron zai rage zaɓin kallon abun ciki gaba ɗaya, yana sa sabis ɗin su ya zama da ƙarancin sha'awa ga abokan ciniki. Wasu sun yi imanin cewa zabin à la carte na iya kara yawan tallace-tallace ta hanyar ba da damar masu biyan kuɗi da ba su da tsada a cikin kasuwar kebul. Wasu masu samar da kebul / tauraron dan adam na iya so su sayar da tashoshi a la carte, amma kwangilar su tare da masu shirye-shiryen sau da yawa suna buƙatar tsarin daidaitawa. == Cable na dijital ==   Farawa a ƙarshen shekarun 1990s, ci gaba a cikin sarrafa siginar dijital (da farko Motorola's DigiCipher 2 video compression technology a Arewacin Amurka) ya haifar da fadada aiwatar da ayyukan kebul na dijital. Talabijin na kebul na dijital yana ba da ƙarin tashoshin talabijin da yawa a kan wannan bandwidth, ta hanyar canza tashoshin kebul zuwa siginar dijital sannan a matsa siginar. A halin yanzu, yawancin tsarin suna ba da tsarin kebul na analog / dijital. Wannan yana nufin suna ba da wasu tashoshin analog ta hanyar sabis na kebul na asali tare da ƙarin tashoshin da aka samar ta hanyar sabis ɗin kebul na dijital. Ana gabatar da tashoshin kebul na dijital kamar yadda suke iya ba da hoto mai inganci fiye da takwarorinsu na analog. Wannan sau da yawa gaskiya ne, tare da ingantaccen ci gaba a cikin ƙudurin chroma (layi 120 don NTSC da 270 don dijital). Koyaya, matsa lamba ta dijital tana da halin sauƙaƙe ingancin hoton talabijin, musamman na tashoshin da suka fi matsawa sosai. Pixelation da sauran kayan tarihi galibi suna bayyane. === Akwatin saiti ===   An fara samun talabijin na USB a Amurka a shekarar 1948. <ref name="NCTAhistory" /> A shekara ta 1989, gidaje miliyan 53 na Amurka sun sami biyan kuɗi na talabijin na USB, tare da kashi 60 cikin 100 na dukkan gidajen Amurka suna yin hakan a shekarar 1992. <ref name=":1" /><ref name="Encyclopedia.com" /> Yawancin masu kallon kebul a Amurka suna zaune a cikin unguwanni kuma suna da matsakaicin aji; talabijin na kebul ba ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan [[Countryside|karkara]], birane, da yankunan karye. <ref name="MarketCharts"/> == Kudin talabijin na USB da shirye-shiryen shirye-shirye ==   Tsarin talabijin na USB yana tilasta kuɗin kowane wata dangane da adadin da ingancin tashoshin da aka bayar. Ana ba masu biyan kuɗi na talabijin na USB kunshe-kunshe daban-daban na tashoshi wanda mutum zai iya biyan kuɗi. Kudin kowane kunshin ya dogara da nau'in tashoshin da aka bayar (na asali vs. premium) da kuma yawan. Wadannan kudaden sun rufe kudaden da aka biya ga tashoshin kebul na kowane don haƙƙin ɗaukar shirye-shiryen su, da kuma farashin aiki da kiyaye tsarin talabijin na kebul don sakonninsu su iya kaiwa gidajen masu biyan kuɗi. Ƙarin kuɗin talabijin na USB da haraji galibi ana amfani da su ta hanyar gwamnatocin gida, jihohi, da tarayya. Yawancin tsarin kebul sun raba jerin tashar su ("ƙasa") zuwa kunshin tashar uku ko hudu. Dokar dole ne a ɗauka ta buƙaci duk tsarin talabijin na kebul su ɗauki duk tashoshin watsa shirye-shiryen kasuwanci na cikin gida masu ƙarfi a cikin Kasuwar talabijin da aka tsara a kan layin su, sai dai idan waɗancan tashoshin sun zaɓi kiran izinin sake watsawa da neman diyya, a wannan yanayin mai ba da kebul zai iya ƙin ɗaukar tashar (musamman idan mai ba da sabis ɗin yana jin cewa yawan ɗaukar matsakaicin farashin wani matakin zai haifar da karuwar mai biyan kuɗi zuwa matakan da zai iya haifar da yiwuwar barin sabis ɗin). Hakanan ana buƙatar tsarin talabijin na USB don bayar da kunshin biyan kuɗi wanda ke ba da waɗannan tashoshin watsa shirye-shirye a ƙarancin kuɗi fiye da daidaitattun biyan kuɗi. Kayan shirye-shiryen asali da tsarin talabijin na kebul ke bayarwa yawanci ana kiransa "babban kebul" kuma yana ba da damar yin amfani da tashoshin talabijin masu yawa, da kuma cibiyoyin talabijin (misali, [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], [[CBS]], [[NBC]], [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]], The CW, MyNetworkTV, [[Telemundo]], Univision, UniMás, PBS), tashoshin jama'a, ilimi, da gwamnati, tashoshin sabis na kyauta ko masu arha kamar C-SPAN da yawa da aka sadaukar da su ga masu cinikin gida. Wasu masu samarwa na iya samar da ƙananan cibiyoyin sadarwar kebul na ƙasa a cikin layin su na asali. Yawancin tsarin suna bambance-bambance tsakanin kebul na asali, wanda ke da mazauna, tashoshin cin kasuwa na gida da tashoshin talabijin na gida, da fadada asali (ko "ma'auni"), wanda ke ɗauke da mafi yawan sanannun hanyoyin sadarwar kebul na ƙasa. Yawancin layin kebul na asali suna da kusan tashoshi 20 gabaɗaya, yayin da fadada tushen yana da damar tashar kusan tashoshi 70. A karkashin ka'idojin Amurka, farashin kebul na asali na iya sarrafawa ta hukumomi a matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar su. Standard, ko fadada asali, kebul ba ya ƙarƙashin kulawar farashi. Baya ga kunshe-kunshe na asali, duk tsarin suna ba da kunshe-kan tashar tashar da ke ba da ko dai cibiyar sadarwa guda ɗaya (alal misali, HBO) ko cibiyoyin sadarwa masu yawa don farashi ɗaya (alaltar, HBO da Showtime tare). A ƙarshe, yawancin tsarin kebul suna ba da tashoshin biyan kuɗi inda masu amfani zasu iya kallon fina-finai, abubuwan da suka faru, wasanni da sauran shirye-shirye don ƙarin kuɗi don kallo ɗaya a lokacin da aka tsara (wannan shine babban wurin da batsa ke watsawa akan kebul na Amurka). Wasu tsarin kebul sun fara bayar da shirye-shiryen buƙata, inda kwastomomi zasu iya zaɓar shirye-shirye daga jerin abubuwan da suka haɗa da fitowar fina-finai na baya-bayan nan, kide-kide, wasanni, shirye-shiryin talabijin na farko da na musamman kuma fara shirin a duk lokacin da suke so, kamar suna kallon DVD ko tef na VHS (ko da yake wasu ayyukan buƙata, yawanci waɗanda cibiyoyin watsa shirye-shiryenta, suna ƙuntata ikon ci gaba da sauri ta hanyar shirin). Wasu daga cikin hadayu suna da farashi mai kama da hayar fim a kantin sayar da bidiyo yayin da wasu ke da kyauta. Abubuwan da ake buƙata a hankali suna maye gurbin biyan kuɗi na gargajiya don abubuwan da aka riga aka rubuta; biyan kuɗi ya kasance sananne ga abubuwan da suka faru na wasanni na gwagwarmaya (boxing, mixed martial arts da gwagwarmayar ƙwararru). Yawancin tsarin kebul suna aiki a matsayin masu mallakar gaske a Amurka. Duk da yake a halin yanzu dokar tarayya ta haramta franchises na musamman, kuma 'yan kalilan ne suka kasance na musamman, sau da yawa kamfani daya ne kawai ke ba da sabis na kebul a cikin al'umma.<ref>Goodale, James C., and Frieden, Rob. ''All About Cable and Broadband''. Law Journal Press, 2010, sec. 4.02[1], p. 4-7 & note 9, and sec. 4.02[4], pp. 4-28 and 4-29. The federal prohibition is found at 47 U.S.C. sec. 541(a)(1).</ref> Masu ginin da yawa a Amurka, ban da kamfanonin tarho tare da kayan aikin da ke akwai, a al'adance suna da matsala mai tsanani a cikin lambobin shiga kuɗi da kasuwa. Masu ginin sun sami nasara a kasuwar MDU, inda aka kafa dangantaka tare da masu gidaje, wani lokacin tare da kwangila da yarjejeniyar keɓancewa ga gine-gine, wani lokacin ga fushin masu haya. Haɓakar tsarin watsa shirye-shiryen tauraron dan adam kai tsaye wanda ke ba da irin wannan shirye-shirye ta amfani da ƙananan masu karɓar tauraron dan Adam, da kuma Verizon FiOS da sauran kamfanoni na baya-bayan nan ta masu ɗaukar musayar gida kamar U-verse, sun kuma ba da gasa ga tsarin talabijin na kebul. === Kudin biyan kuɗi ===   Yawancin tashoshin kebul suna cajin masu samar da kebul "farashin biyan kuɗi," don ɗaukar abubuwan da suke ciki. Kudin da mai ba da sabis na kebul dole ne ya biya ga tashar talabijin ta kebul na iya bambanta dangane da ko tashar ta asali ce ko mafi girma da kuma shahararren wannan tashar. Saboda ba a buƙatar masu ba da sabis na kebul su ɗauki duk tashoshin kebul, suna iya tattauna kuɗin da za su biya don ɗaukar tashar. Yawanci, tashoshin kebul da suka fi shahara suna da umarni mafi girma. Misali, ESPN yawanci yana cajin $ 10 a kowane wata don cibiyoyin sadarwar sa ($ 7 don babban tashar kadai), wanda ya fi girma daga kowane tashar kebul na Amurka, wanda ba a kwatanta da tashoshin manyan, kuma yana tashi da sauri. Sauran tashoshin kebul da ake kallo da yawa sun sami damar yin umarni da kudaden sama da 50 cents ga kowane mai biyan kuɗi a kowane wata; tashoshin na iya bambanta sosai a cikin kudade dangane da idan an haɗa su a cikin yarjejeniyar kunshin tare da wasu tashoshi. == Kididdiga ==   [[Fayil:Cable_TV_Subscribers.webp|right|thumb|300x300px|Masu biyan kuɗi na Cable TV]] {| class="wikitable" |+Jimlar masu biyan kuɗi na USB ta Amurka ta shekara !Shekara !Masu biyan kuɗi na Cable TV !Masu biyan kuɗi na kamfanin tarho TV |- |Janairu 1970 |4,500,000<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Cable Television--Systems and Subscribers statistics - USA Census numbers |url=https://allcountries.org/uscensus/925_cable_television_systems_and_subscribers.html |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=allcountries.org |language=en}}</ref> | |- |Janairu 1975 |9,800,000<ref name=":0" /> | |- |Janairu 1980 |16,000,000<ref name=":0" /> | |- |Janairu 1984 |30,000,000<ref name=":0" /> | |- |Janairu 1985 |32,000,000<ref name=":0" /> | |- |Janairu 1986 |37,500,000<ref name=":0" /> | |- |Janairu 1987 |41,100,000<ref name=":0" /> | |- |Janairu 1988 |44,000,000<ref name=":0" /> | |- |Janairu 1989 |47,500,000<ref name=":0" /> | |- |Janairu 1990 |50,000,000<ref name=":0" /> | |- |Disamba 1990 |51,700,000<ref name="4thCompetition">{{Cite web |date=13 Jan 1998 |title=4th Annual Video Competition Report |url=http://www.fcc.gov/reports/4th-annual-video-competition-report |access-date=29 Mar 2015 |publisher=United States Federal Communications Commission |page=142}}</ref> | |- |Disamba 1991 |53,400,000<ref name="4thCompetition" /> | |- |Disamba 1992 |55,200,000<ref name="4thCompetition" /> | |- |Disamba 1993 |57,200,000<ref name="4thCompetition" /> | |- |Disamba 1994 |59,700,000<ref name="4thCompetition" /> | |- |Disamba 1995 |62,100,000<ref name="4thCompetition" /> | |- |Disamba 1996 |63,500,000<ref name="8thCompetition"/> | |- |Disamba 1997 |64,900,000<ref name="8thCompetition" /> | |- |Disamba 1998 |66,100,000<ref name="8thCompetition" /> | |- |Disamba 1999 |67,300,000<ref name="8thCompetition" /> | |- |Disamba 2000 |68,500,000<ref name="8thCompetition" /> | |- |Yunin 2001 |66,732,000<ref name="11thCompetition">{{Cite web |date=4 Feb 2005 |title=11th Annual Video Competition Report |url=http://www.fcc.gov/reports/11th-annual-video-competition-report |access-date=29 Mar 2015 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission |page=115}}</ref> | |- |[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] |66,472,000<ref name="11thCompetition" /> | |- |Yunin 2003 |66,050,000<ref name="11thCompetition" /> | |- |Yunin 2004 |66,100,000<ref name="11thCompetition" /> | |- |Yunin 2005 |65,400,000<ref name="13thCompetition">{{Cite web |date=16 Jan 2009 |title=13th Annual Video Competition Report |url=http://www.fcc.gov/reports/13th-annual-video-competition-report |access-date=29 Mar 2015 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission |page=143}}</ref> | |- |[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] |65,300,000<ref name="13thCompetition" /> | |- |Disamba 2006 |65,400,000<ref name="14thCompetition">{{Cite web |date=20 Jul 2012 |title=FCC Releases 14th Video Competition Report. |url=http://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-releases-14th-video-competition-report |access-date=29 Mar 2015 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission |page=60}}</ref> |300,000<ref name="14thCompetition" /> |- |Disamba 2007 |64,900,000<ref name="14thCompetition" /> |1,300,000<ref name="14thCompetition" /> |- |Disamba 2008 |63,700,000<ref name="14thCompetition" /> |3,100,000<ref name="14thCompetition" /> |- |Disamba, 2009 |62,100,000<ref name="14thCompetition" /> |5,100,000<ref name="14thCompetition" /> |- |Disamba, 2010 |59,800,000<ref name="15thCompetition">{{Cite web |date=22 Jul 2013 |title=15th Report On Video Competition |url=http://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-adopts-15th-report-video-competition-0 |access-date=29 Mar 2015 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission |page=61}}</ref> |6,900,000<ref name="15thCompetition" /> |- |Disamba, 2011 |58,000,000<ref name="15thCompetition" /> |8,500,000<ref name="15thCompetition" /> |- |Disamba 2012 |56,400,000<ref name="16thCompetition"/> |9,900,000<ref name="16thCompetition" /> |- |Disamba 2013 |54,400,000<ref name="16thCompetition" /> |11,300,000<ref name="16thCompetition" /> |- |Disamba 2014 |53,700,000<ref name="17thCompetition">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2016 |title=17th Report On Video Competition |url=https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-16-510A1_Rcd.pdf |access-date=25 October 2016 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission |archive-date=26 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026075525/https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-16-510A1_Rcd.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |13,200,000<ref name="17thCompetition" /> |- |Disamba 2015 |63,223,000<ref name="18thCompetition">{{Cite web |date=17 January 2017 |title=18th Report On Video Competition |url=https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-17-71A1.pdf |access-date=7 March 2017 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |13,041,000<ref name="18thCompetition" /> |- |Disamba 2016 |52,800,000<ref name="FCC-18-181A1">{{Cite web |title=Status of Competition in the Marketplace for Delivery of Video Programming |url=https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/FCC-18-181A1.pdf |access-date=2024-05-13 |language=en}}</ref> |11,500,000<ref name="FCC-18-181A1" /> | |- |Disamba 2017 |51,900,000<ref name="FCC-18-181A1"/> |10,600,000<ref name="FCC-18-181A1" /> | |- |Disamba 2018 |93,400,000<ref name="ibisworld.com">{{Cite web |title=IBISWorld - Industry Market Research, Reports, and Statistics |url=https://www.ibisworld.com/default.aspx |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=www.ibisworld.com |language=en}}</ref> | |- |Disamba 2019 |88,600,000<ref name="ibisworld.com" /> | |- |Disamba 2020 |83,800,000<ref name="ibisworld.com" /> | |- |Disamba 2021 |80,000,000<ref name="ibisworld.com" /> | |- |Disamba 2022 |76,000,000<ref name="ibisworld.com" /> | |} == Dubi kuma ==   * Babban cibiyoyin talabijin guda uku * Sadarwa a Amurka * Tashar talabijin ta huɗu * Babban ma'anar talabijin a Amurka * Jerin tashoshin talabijin a Amurka * Jerin cibiyoyin talabijin na USB da tauraron dan adam na Amurka * Jerin hanyoyin sadarwar talabijin na Amurka * Jerin kasuwannin talabijin na Amurka * Multichannel talabijin a Amurka * Talabijin na tauraron dan adam a Amurka * Talabijin a Amurka * Labaran talabijin a Amurka * Labaran USB na Amurka * Kyaftin watsa shirye-shiryen Midnight == Bayani == {{Reflist|30em}} * Caruso, Thomas P da Mark R Harsch . [https://web.archive.org/web/20150403000933/https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/80441/12429351.pdf?sequence=1 "Hadin gwiwar hadin gwiwa a cikin masana'antun Cable da Videotex"]. Jagorancin Jagora a cikin Gudanarwa, Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Sloan, Cibiyar Fasaha ta [[Massachusetts]] (MIT), Yuni 1984. * Eisenmann, Thomas R., "Cable TV: Daga Antennas na Al'umma zuwa Birane masu Wutar Lantarki", Harvard Business School Weekly Newsletter, Yuli 10, 2000 * Lockman, Brian da Dan Sarvey . ''Masu gabatarwa na Telebijin na Cable''. [Hasiya] * Moss, Mitchell L.; Payne, Frances, "Can Cable Keep Its Promise?", New York Affairs, Volume 6, Number 4. Jami'ar New York. 1981 * [Hasiya] ''Rise of Cable Programming in the United States: Juyin Juya Halin?'' Austin, TX: Jami'ar [[Texas]] Press, 2003. * [Hasiya] ''Talabijin a cikin Multichannel Age: Takaitaccen Tarihin Talabijin''. [Hasiya] * Parsons, Patrick R. ''Blue Skies: Tarihin Talabijin na Cable'' . Philadelphia: Haikali na UP, 2008. * Parsons, Patrick R da Robert M. Frieden . ''Masana'antar Talabijin da Satellite''. [Hotuna a shafi na 9] * Smith, Ralph Lee, "The Wired Nation", mujallar The Nation, Mayu 18, 1970 * Smith, Ralph Lee, ''The Wired Nation; Cable TV: babbar hanyar sadarwa ta lantarki''. [Hasiya]   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-06-090243-4|0-06-090243-4]] * Southwick, Thomas P. Sigina mai nisa: Yadda Cable TV ya canza Duniya ta Sadarwa. Overland Park, KS: Primedia Intertec, 1998. == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.fcc.gov/mb/facts/csgen.html Janar Cable Television Industry da Dokar Bayanan Gaskiya ta FCC] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100920181035/http://www.ncta.com/Stats/TopMSOs.aspx Top 25 MSO] {{Television in the United States}}{{CATV USA}} [[Rukuni:WAYA]] [[Rukuni:IGIYAR JUNA TALABIJIN]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 24wmzppvuhu86jap8qbynax829h8hyj 0 81574 894017 630325 2026-08-10T05:13:08Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 894017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Angola dai ta dade tana shan suka da kakkausar murya kan yadda take hakkin dan Adam. Wani rahoto na 2012 na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya ce, "Mahimman cin zarafi uku [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|na 'yancin ɗan adam]] [a cikin 2012] sun kasance cin hanci da rashawa a hukumance da rashin hukunci ; iyaka kan 'yancin yin taro, ƙungiyoyi, magana, da manema labarai; da zalunci da wuce gona da iri, ciki har da da aka ruwaito na azabtarwa da duka da kuma kashe-kashen ba bisa ka'ida ba daga 'yan sanda da sauran jami'an tsaro sun hada da: [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|tsare-tsaren tsare-]] tsare masu tsauri da kuma hadarin gaske; tsarin shari'a da rashin aikin yi; /AIDS; iyaka akan haƙƙin ma'aikata; <ref name="2012 Report">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/204298.pdf ''2012 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Angola''], Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State</ref> A cikin 2022, Freedom House ta kimanta Angola "ba kyauta ba". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Freedom in the World 2022: Angola |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/angola/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=[[Freedom House]]}}</ref> == Bayanan tarihi == A baya kasar [[Portugal]] ta yi mulkin mallaka, [[Angola]] ta yi yakin neman 'yencin kai wanda ya gudana daga 1961 zuwa 1975. Bayan Angola ta sami 'yencin kanta a shekara ta 1975, nan da nan kasar ta fada cikin yakin basasa tsakanin jam'iyyar Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ), wadda [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] da [[Cuba|Kuba]] suka goyi bayan, da kuma Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Ƙasa don 'Yancin Gabaɗaya. Angola ( UNITA ), goyon bayan [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ; Rikicin yanzu ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin manyan yaƙe-yaƙe na [[Cold War|yakin cacar baka]], Dukansu MPLA da UNITA sun yi amfani da [[Yara a cikin soja|yara sojoji]] . Yaƙin, wanda ya ƙare a shekara ta 2002 tare da nasara ga MPLA, ya haifar da rikicin jin kai a cikin ƙasar; A shekara ta 2003, kashi 80 cikin 100 na mutanen Angola ba su da damar samun kulawar lafiya ta asali sannan kashi 60 cikin 100 ba su da ruwa. A cewar Freedom House, yakin basasar Angola "ya lakume rayukan mutane kimanin miliyan daya, ya raba fiye da mutane miliyan hudu da muhallansu, sannan ya tilastawa sama da rabin miliyan gudu zuwa kasashe makwabta. Yawancin mutanen da aka sake tsugunar da su sun kasance ba su da filaye, kayayyakin more rayuwa, ko ma tantancewa. Takaddun da aka yi na sake tsugunar da jama'a sun yi tafiyar hawainiya saboda kasancewar nakiyoyin da aka yi kiyasin sun kai 500,000 da kuma lalata kayayyakin more rayuwa na 'yan majalisar dokoki, wanda aka jinkirtar akai-akai tun daga 1997, a karshe a watan Satumba na 2008." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Angola |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/angola |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211115409/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/angola |archive-date=2018-12-11 |access-date=2013-01-20 |publisher=Freedom House}}</ref> Angola, a hukumance jamhuriya ce ta tsarin mulki, MPLA ce ke tafiyar da ita tun 1975, tare da ofishin shugaban kasa João Lourenço a halin yanzu tun 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Welle (www.dw.com) |first=Deutsche |title=Who is Angola's new president Joao Lourenco? {{!}} DW {{!}} 26.09.2017 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/who-is-angolas-new-president-joao-lourenco/a-40218458 |access-date=2021-07-07 |website=DW.COM |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wani labarin Oktoba 2010 a cikin ''The Guardian'' ya ba da shawarar cewa "[o], lu'u-lu'u da nakiyoyi alamu ne guda uku kawai don fahimtar ƙasar - wanda zai iya ƙara talauci, danniya da cutar shan inna .... Yanzu yana daya daga cikin manyan masu samar da mai a Afirka. duk da haka ya kasance daya daga cikin kasashe mafi talauci a duniya". Kafin Lourenço, shugaban Angola shi ne José Eduardo dos Santos, wanda ya shafe shekaru 38 yana rike da mukamin tsakanin 1979 da 2017. Bayan kifar da gwamnatin [[Muammar Gaddafi]] a [[Libya]] a shekara ta 2011, Dos Santos ya zama shugaba mafi dadewa a Afirka; Tun daga nan ne Teodro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo na [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]] ya zarce shi. A shekara ta 2010, dos Santos ya gabatar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya soke zaben shugaban kasa kai tsaye tare da kawar da mukamin firaminista, wanda ya kara karfafa matsayinsa. <ref name="Redvers">{{Cite web |last=Redvers |first=Louise |title=Angolan parliament approves constitution for stronger president |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iA3k8mkzStzIGekIS3f_bQ58DFsQ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226120642/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iA3k8mkzStzIGekIS3f_bQ58DFsQ |archive-date=2014-02-26 |access-date=2013-01-20}}</ref> Duk da cewa sabon kundin tsarin mulkin ya kunshi kakkausan harshe game da kare ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki, kungiyoyi da kuma gudanar da taro, Raul Danda na jam’iyyar adawa ta UNITA ya bayyana hakan “cikakkiyar zamba ce” kuma ya ce ‘yan jam’iyyarsa na sa bakaken fata ne, domin kamar zuwa jam’iyyar ne. makabarta don binne dimokradiyya”. <ref name="Redvers" /> == Hakkoki na asali == Yayin da kundin tsarin mulkin Angola da dokokin kasar suka haramta wariyar launin fata, jinsi, addini, nakasa, harshe, ko matsayin zamantakewa, gwamnati ba ta aiwatar da wadannan haramcin yadda ya kamata ba. <ref name="2012 Report"/> A cikin 2012, [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] ta ba da rahoton cewa "ko da yake kundin tsarin mulkin Angola na 2010 ya ba da tabbacin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, yin taro cikin lumana, da 'yancin kafofin watsa labaru, amma gwamnati ta ƙara taƙaita yin amfani da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin." Wani rahoto da ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta fitar a shekara ta 2011 ya nuna cewa gwamnatin Angola ta yi imanin cewa tana yin sa-in-sa ba bisa ka'ida ba ga 'yan jarida, masu adawa da gwamnati, da dai sauransu, cewa ana kama 'yan jarida a kasar, da cin zarafi, da kuma tuhumar su da bata suna, da kuma wasu 'yan jarida da aka yi. wadanda harbe-harbe, da wuka, barna, da fashi. Wannan ya haifar da yawancin 'yan jarida suna nuna rashin amincewa da kansu, tare da matsa lamba ga 'yan kasuwa da su janye tallace-tallace na kafofin watsa labaru masu cin zarafi ga gwamnati, tare da kadan a hanyar kafofin watsa labaru masu zaman kansu a wajen [[Luanda]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Angola |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154330.htm |access-date=2013-01-19 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> Gwamnati, a cewar kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Human Rights Watch, "ta amince da dokar takaita zirga-zirga, ta ja da baya wajen barin gidajen rediyo masu zaman kansu da na al'umma su yi aiki a cikin kasar Angola, ta yi wa kafafen yada labarai na gwamnati takunkumi, ta nemi kula da kafafen yada labarai na masu zaman kansu da ake da su, da kuma gurfanar da su a gaban kuliya. tsoratar da 'yan jarida masu zaman kansu da masu fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a". <ref> name="Human Rights Watch">{{Cite web |date=2012-08-14 |title=SADC: Press Angola, Zimbabwe on Rights as Elections Near |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/08/14/sadc-press-angola-zimbabwe-rights-elections-near |access-date=2013-01-20 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> A cikin 2009, sojojin Angola "sun kashe mutane 61 ba bisa ka'ida ba". Yin amfani da karfi fiye da kima da 'yan sanda ke yi na haifar da mace-mace akai-akai. <ref> name="2009-2017.state.gov">{{Cite web |title=Angola |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154330.htm |access-date=2013-01-19 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> A lokuta da dama a cikin 2011 kadai, [[Amnesty International]] ta ba da rahoton cewa "an zargi jami'an 'yan sanda da ba sa aiki da harbi da kashe mutane", kuma yawancin wadanda ake zargi "ba a gurfanar da su gaban kotu ba a karshen shekara". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Angola |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/angola/report-2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231125509/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/angola/report-2012 |archive-date=2014-12-31 |access-date=2013-01-19 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> Human Rights Watch ta lura a cikin 2012 cewa dos Santos "ya fuskanci wata suka da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba" a cikin 2011, tare da karuwar zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati "[i] wanda ya samu kwarin gwiwa daga kungiyoyin rajin kare demokradiyya na Larabawa", wanda hukumomi suka mayar da martani ta hanyar amfani da " wuce gona da iri" da kuma "takaita watsa labarai na zanga-zangar". Human Rights Watch ta ruwaito a watan Yulin 2012 cewa gwamnatin Angola tana "nuna masu shirya zanga-zangar saboda kamawa da tsare su ba gaira ba dalili saboda karuwar zanga-zangar sukar gwamnati ko manufofinta". Angola ta kasance wurin da ake gudanar da zanga-zangar da ba a taba ganin irin ta ba tun daga shekarar 2011 da matasa da kuma tsoffin mayakan yakin suka yi, tare da neman a sake fasalin zamantakewa da murabus din shugaba José Eduardo dos Santos, sannan na biyun na neman "fadar jin dadin jama'a". Hukumomin kasar sun mayar da martani ga zanga-zangar matasan "tare da murkushe tashe-tashen hankula, duk da kankantarsu, sun kuma kama shugabannin matasa da dama, da 'yan jarida, da kuma shugabannin 'yan adawa". Daya daga cikin zanga-zangar da tsoffin sojoji suka yi, wacce ta “dada karfi tun watan Yuni”, an tarwatsa ta da hayaki mai sa hawaye da harbe-harbe, kuma an daure wasu sojoji sama da 50, tare da wani shugaban kwamitin korafe-korafen tsoffin sojoji. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-05 |title=Angola: Protesters Detained, Disappeared |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/07/05/angola-protesters-detained-disappeared |access-date=2013-01-20 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2011, a cewar Amnesty International, gwamnatin lardin Luanda "ta fitar da wata doka da ke nuna wuraren da za a iya amfani da su don gudanar da taro da zanga-zanga. Ta ware dandalin Independence, inda akasarin zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati a lokacin. shekara." <ref> name="Angola">{{Cite web |title=Angola |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/angola/report-2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231125509/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/angola/report-2012 |archive-date=2014-12-31 |access-date=2013-01-19 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> A shekara ta 2012, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta zargi gwamnatin Angola da "al'amurra da dama na tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa, da tsoratar da masu zanga-zangar, da kuma murkushe zanga-zangar lumana" a gabanin zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki na 2012 . Rahoton ya bayyana yadda ake gudanar da zanga-zangar lumana da kafafen yada labarai da kuma “kara tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa da kuma tsoratarwa”. Rikicin siyasa a kan “’yan jarida, masu fafutukar kare hakkin jama’a, da sauran masu neman bayyana ra’ayoyinsu ko sukar gwamnatin Shugaba José Eduardo dos Santos” na kara ta’azzara, ‘yan sanda da jami’an tsaro na farin kaya sun tarwatsa zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati. duka da kame masu zanga-zangar lumana, masu shiryawa, da ’yan siyasa na adawa, tare da kawo cikas ga ‘yan jarida da tsoratarwa”, kuma kafafen yada labarai na gwamnati sun yi “kokarin tilasta masu fafutuka da ke tsare su yi kalaman batanci ga jam’iyyun adawa.” A cewar Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya, kusan kashi 15 na mutane a Angola sun yi amfani da Intanet a cikin 2011. <ref name="2012 Report"/> Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Angola ya tabbatar da [[Yancin taro|‘yancin yin taro]], ko da yake a zahiri ‘yan sanda kan hana zanga-zangar. Dole ne a sanar da hukumomi tun da wuri na taron jama'a, amma izinin hukuma ba lallai ba ne, kodayake wasu tarukan daga baya gwamnati ta hana su. ‘Yan sanda ba sa hana taron masu sukar gwamnati ko kuma su sanya ido sosai, inda masu jawabai a irin wannan taron za su fuskanci hukunci kan kalaman sukar hukumomi. <ref> name="2009-2017.state.gov">{{Cite web |title=Angola |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154330.htm |access-date=2013-01-19 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> A cewar Human Rights Watch, ana samun karuwar amfani a cikin 'yan shekarun nan na "karfin da ba dole ba a kan masu zanga-zangar lumana da masu shirya". <ref> name="Human Rights Watch">{{Cite web |date=2012-08-14 |title=SADC: Press Angola, Zimbabwe on Rights as Elections Near |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/08/14/sadc-press-angola-zimbabwe-rights-elections-near |access-date=2013-01-20 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> A cikin 2012, gwamnati ta ƙyale ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGO) na gida su shiga ayyukan da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam. Duk da haka, an tilasta wa kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da yawa takaita ayyukansu saboda matsalolin rajista, tsoratarwa, tsangwama da rufewa daga sojojin gwamnati. <ref name="2012 Report"/> Kundin tsarin mulkin Angola ya ayyana kasar a matsayin wacce ba ruwanta da addini inda aka raba coci da gwamnati kuma ya ba da yancin sanin addini da na addini. Dole ne ƙungiyoyin addini su nemi izini ga ma'aikatun shari'a da al'adu don samun lasisi; A karkashin Dokar Addini ta 2004, irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna buƙatar aƙalla mambobi 100,000, da masu bin aƙalla larduna 12 na larduna 18 na Angola. Ba a yarda da Musulunci ba, kuma gwamnati ta rufe masallatai da cibiyoyin Musulunci da makarantu. An amince da kungiyoyi 83 a hukumance, yayin da dubban kungiyoyi ke gudanar da ayyukan ba bisa ka'ida ba. Bisa rahoton da ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta fitar a shekara ta 2012 kan 'yancin addini, hukumomin gwamnatin Angola da kungiyoyin farar hula sun samu gagarumar nasara a kokarinsu na hadin gwiwa don shawo kan ayyukan addini na asali kamar hadayar dabbobi, shamaniyya, da kuma fitar da mutane daga waje, wadanda suka hada da sakaci da cin zarafi. <ref> name="state.gov">{{Cite web |title=Angola |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154330.htm |access-date=2013-01-19 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> Kundin tsarin mulkin Angola da doka ta fasaha ta ba da damar 'yancin zirga-zirga a cikin ƙasar, 'yancin yin balaguro zuwa ƙasashen waje, da 'yancin ƙaura da komawa gida. Duk da haka, tafiye-tafiyen cikin gida yana da rikitarwa ta wuraren bincike inda matafiya ke fuskantar cin zarafi da cin zarafi daga hukumomi, tare da tafiye-tafiye na kasa da kasa yana da sarkakiya ta hanyar "tsayayyen tsarin shiga da fita bizar" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Angola |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/angola |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211115409/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/angola |archive-date=2018-12-11 |access-date=2013-01-20 |publisher=Freedom House}}</ref> <ref name="state.gov"/> . Cin hanci da rashawa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne amma ya zama ruwan dare a gwamnatin Angola da 'yan kasuwa; ba kasafai ake tuhumar sa ba. Ana samun yawaitar satar dukiyar jama’a, haka nan cin hancin jami’an gwamnati da ‘yan kasuwa ke yi. An gudanar da zaɓen farko bayan yaƙi a shekara ta 2008, kuma an yi la'akari da shi gabaɗaya cikin adalci, ko da yake yadda gwamnati ke kula da kafafen yada labarai ya ba ta fa'ida sosai idan aka kwatanta da 'yan adawa. Shugaban kasa da majalisar ministocinsa na da iko mai yawa, inda majalisar a madadin shugaban kasa ke gudanar da ayyukan zartarwa da na majalisa. Shugaban kasa da majalisa ne ke tsara dokoki kuma a mika su ga zababbun Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa don abin da ya zama tambarin roba. <ref> name="state.gov">{{Cite web |title=Angola |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154330.htm |access-date=2013-01-19 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> A cikin Nuwamba 2011, mambobin UNITA "sun fita daga muhawarar majalisa game da sabon kundin tsarin zabe na babban zabukan 2012", suna korafin cewa "ya ƙunshi tanadin da ba bisa ka'ida ba". <ref>name="Angola">{{Cite web |title=Angola |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/angola/report-2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231125509/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/angola/report-2012 |archive-date=2014-12-31 |access-date=2013-01-19 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> A shekara ta 2012, Cibiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta [[Jami'ar Pretoria]] ta nuna damuwa game da cin zarafin bil'adama a Angola "musamman tun lokacin da David Mendes ya bayyana cewa jam'iyyarsa ta siyasa za ta yi takara da jam'iyyar shugaba mai ci, Jose Eduardo dos Santos, a cikin gaba mai zuwa. zaben kasa da za a gudanar a wani lokaci a shekarar 2012". Bayan da Mendes ya ayyana takararsa, ya bayar da rahoton cewa an yi masa barazanar kisa da dukiyoyinsa da na kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama Mãos Livres da Partido Popular. Barazanar kisa ta kara tsananta ne bayan da ya kai kara ofishin manyan lauyoyin kasa kan shugaban kasa mai ci yana zargin sa da almubazzaranci da dukiyar jama’a.” <ref>{{Cite web |title=Centre for Human Rights submits complaint against Angola to the African Commission, requesting for Provisional Measures to protect David Mendes |url=http://www.chr.up.ac.za/index.php/centre-news-2012/978-centre-for-human-rights-submits-complaint-against-angola-to-the-african-commission-requesting-for-provisional-measures-to-protect-david-mendes.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703024410/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/index.php/centre-news-2012/978-centre-for-human-rights-submits-complaint-against-angola-to-the-african-commission-requesting-for-provisional-measures-to-protect-david-mendes.html |archive-date=2012-07-03 |access-date=2013-01-20 |publisher=Centre for Human Rights}}</ref> A Angola, mallakar kadarorin ya dade yana zama tambaya mai cike da rudani, kuma kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na 2010 ya warware wannan tambaya ta hanyar ayyana cewa dukkan filaye mallakin gwamnati ne. Gwamnati ta kan yi amfani da haƙƙinta na mallakar filaye na duniya don ƙwace da lalata gidaje masu zaman kansu, wani lokacin dubbai a lokaci guda, ba tare da biyan diyya ga masu su ba. A cikin irin wannan lamari a shekara ta 2010, an kashe mutane bakwai, ciki har da yaro guda. Rahoton na Amnesty International a shekara ta 2012 ya nuna cewa har yanzu ana ci gaba da yin irin wannan "korar da tilas" ko da yake a karami fiye da shekarun baya, kuma dubban mutane na cikin hadarin korarsu daga tilas. Dubban iyalai da aka kora a baya gwamnati ba ta biya su diyya ba. Daya daga cikin korar da aka yi a shekarar 2011 ya shafi iyalai 40 a Luanda wadanda gwamnati ta sayar da filayensu ga wani kamfani mai zaman kansa. An lalata gidaje da kadarori, sannan ‘yan sanda sun kashe wani mazaunin garin a nan take lokacin da ya yi kokarin dakatar da lalata. <ref name="Angola"/> Ana ci gaba da samun korar mutane, inda iyalai da dama suka rasa matsuguni sakamakon haka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-16 |title=World Report 2021: Rights Trends in Angola |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2021/country-chapters/angola |access-date=2021-07-07 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> Ana ci gaba da samun nakiyoyin da aka binne a Angola sakamakon yakin basasa, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 12 a shekarar 2010, duk da cewa ana ci gaba da aikin hakar nakiyoyi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Humanitarian Demining Program |url=https://ao.usembassy.gov/education-culture/humanitarian-demining-program/ |access-date=2021-07-07 |website=U.S. Embassy in Angola |language=en-US}}</ref> Yayin da ake korar bakin haure ba bisa ka'ida ba, an san 'yan sanda da aikata fyade da sauran ayyukan ta'addanci. <ref name="state.gov"/> Bayan da ya ziyarci kasar Angola a cikin watan Maris din shekarar 2011, wakilin musamman na babban sakataren [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|MDD]] mai kula da harkokin jima'i a rikice-rikice ya nuna damuwarsa kan yadda sojojin Angola ke ci gaba da samun rahotannin cin zarafin 'yan gudun hijirar Kongo, da sojojin Angola suka yi a lokacin korarsu, ko da yake ministan harkokin wajen Angola ya musanta zargin. A watan Disambar 2011, ma'aikatar harkokin wajen kasar ta bayyana cewa gwamnati za ta hada kai da MDD domin korar 'yan kasashen waje daga kasar. " <ref name="Angola"/> A cikin watan Mayun 2012, Human Rights Watch ta fitar da wani rahoto mai taken "'Idan Ka Dawo Za Mu Kashe Ka": Cin Duri da Cin Hanci da Cin Hanci da Jama'a na Kwango a yayin da ake korarsu daga Angola, inda ta bayyana "wani yanayi mai ban tsoro na take hakkin dan Adam. Jami’an tsaron Angola kan ‘yan ci-rani ‘yan kasar Kwango, wadanda galibi ake tsare da su tare da ‘ya’yansu, sun fuskanci cin zarafi ta hanyar lalata da su da suka hada da fyade na kungiyoyi, da lalata da su, da kuma tilasta wa wasu mata da ‘yan mata su shaida lalata. cin mutunci da rashin mutuntawa, kamawa ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kin bin doka da oda sun kasance al'adar da aka saba yi a lokacin da ake gudanar da jerin gwano na bakin haure, da kuma tsare su kafin a kore su." <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-21 |title=Angola: Stop Rape, Abuse of Congolese Migrants |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/05/21/angola-stop-rape-abuse-congolese-migrants |access-date=2013-01-20 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> An kididdige lafiya a Angola a cikin mafi muni a duniya, kuma kaso mai yawa ne kawai na al'ummar kasar ke samun kulawar jinya. == Hakkokin mata == Bisa kundin tsarin mulkin Angola da dokokin kasar, mata na samun yancin kai daidai da maza, amma ana samun wariyar launin fata a tsakanin al'umma musamman a wajen birane, kuma wata doka ta zartarwa ta haramtawa mata rike wasu ayyuka. <ref name="state.gov"/> Za a iya yanke hukuncin daurin shekaru takwas a gidan yari, ciki har da fyaden aure, amma galibi ba a gurfanar da su a gaban kuliya saboda karancin kudi. An bayyana tashe-tashen hankula a cikin gida a matsayin "wanda ya zama ruwan dare, musamman a birane"; sai a watan Yunin 2011 ne majalisar dokokin Angola ta zartar da wata doka da ta hukunta ta. Yawancin mata suna fuskantar wani irin tashin hankali kafin su kai shekaru 15. Har ila yau cin zarafin jima'i ya yadu kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba, amma ana iya tuhume shi azaman cin mutunci ko cin zarafi. Mata, da tsofaffi da yara, a wasu lokuta ana fuskantar cin zarafi ta hanyar masu zarginsu da maita. Irin waɗannan abubuwan na iya haifar da mutuwa. ‘Yan sanda ba sa shiga hannu domin suna tsoron kada a yi masu sihiri. An kuma kashe daruruwa a munanan ayyukan ibada. <ref name="Angola">{{Cite web |title=Angola |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/angola/report-2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231125509/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/angola/report-2012 |archive-date=2014-12-31 |access-date=2013-01-19 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> Kariyar hana haihuwa ta halatta a Angola. <ref name="state.gov"/> == Haƙƙin nakasa == Wariya ga nakasassu haramun ne, amma wannan a aikace ba a aiwatar da shi sosai. Babu wata doka da ta tanadi damar shiga keken guragu zuwa gine-gine ko don wasu kariya ko ayyuka ga nakasassu. Daga cikin nakasassu a Angola akwai dubun dubatan mutanen da suka jikkata sakamakon nakiyoyi. <ref name="state.gov"/> Angola ta amince da [[Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin masu lalura ta musamman|Yarjejeniya ta Haƙƙin naƙasassu duka biyu da Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Nakasassu]] da Tsarin Zaɓuɓɓuka ga Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin nakasassu a watan Mayun 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Angola |url=https://www.internationaldisabilityalliance.org/countries/AGO |access-date=9 June 2023 |website=International Disability Alliance}}</ref> == Hakkokin ƴan asalin ƙasar == Mafarauta na gargajiya ba su da alaƙa da al'ummar Angola gabaɗaya ko kuma ƙasar Angola, kodayake gwamnatocin larduna suna da hannu a ƙoƙarin inganta ayyuka da sadarwa. <ref name="state.gov"/> == Hakkin LGBT == Rahoton kare hakkin dan Adam na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta 2012 ya gano,<blockquote>Dokar ta haramta yin jima'i, ko da yake ba a sami rahotanni ba [a cikin 2012] na aiwatar da wannan doka. Wani daftarin doka don maye gurbin lambar data kasance (wanda aka karɓa a cikin 1886 kuma, tare da gyare-gyare da yawa, yana aiki a ƙarshen shekara) a cikin 2011. Daftarin kundin, wanda tsarin shari'a ke amfani da shi akai-akai, ya amince da 'yancin yin hulɗar jima'i. Kundin tsarin mulki ya bayyana aure a matsayin tsakanin mace da namiji. [Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu]... ta ruwaito wata karamar karamar madigo, gay, bisexual, da transgender (LGBT) al'umma a Luanda. An samu keɓancewar rahotannin yadda al'ummominsu ke cin zarafin ma'auratan. Babu ƙungiyoyin sa-kai da ke fafutukar kare haƙƙin al'ummar LGBT. <ref name="2012 Report"/> {{Rp|pages 34–35}}</blockquote>A cikin 2019, Angola ta haramta yin luwadi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Angola |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/angola/freedom-world/2020 |access-date=2021-01-26 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> == Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama == Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama da dama suna gudanar da ayyukansu a Angola, inda wasu daga cikinsu ke fuskantar katsalandan daga gwamnati da kuma turjiya. A shekara ta 2008 UNHRO ta rufe ofishinta na Angola saboda gwamnati, wacce ta yi alkawarin yin aiki kafada da kafada da ita, ta kasa samun hadin kai bayan ta lashe wa'adin kwamitin kare hakkin bil'adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . <ref name="state.gov">{{Cite web |title=Angola |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154330.htm |access-date=2013-01-19 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2011, a cewar Amnesty International, hukumomin shige da fice a filin jirgin saman Quatro de Fevereira sun ki shiga Angola ga wakilan kungiyoyin farar hula daban-daban da za su halarci taron farar hula na kungiyar raya kasashen kudancin Afirka (SADC), duk da shirye-shiryen da aka yi. domin su karbi biza idan sun isa filin jirgin. Haka kuma an hana ‘yan jarida biyu ‘yan kasar Mozambique da za su halarci taron kolin, duk da cewa suna da takardar izinin shiga kasar. <ref name="Angola"/> == Hakkin HIV/AIDS == Ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a nuna wariya ga masu [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]], amma ba a aiwatar da haramcin ba. <ref name="state.gov"/> A cewar wata majiya, "mutanen dake dauke da cutar kanjamau suna fuskantar kyama a kullum." Majiyar ta ambaci wani bincike na 2003 yana cewa "[i] fa mai shago a gida an san yana da cutar kanjamau, kusan rabin dukkan matasa (kuma fiye da kashi biyu bisa uku na waɗanda ba su da ilimi) sun ce za su ƙi siyan abinci. daga gare shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=HIV/AIDS in Angola |url=http://www.thebridgeuk-angola.org.uk/id21.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807035616/http://thebridgeuk-angola.org.uk/id21.html |archive-date=2013-08-07 |access-date=2013-01-20 |publisher=The Bridge UK-Angola}}</ref> == Hakkin ma'aikata == Ma'aikata na iya shiga ƙungiyoyi . Duk ma'aikatan da ba na gwamnati ba na iya yajin aiki, duk da cewa akwai tsauraran ka'idoji da suka shafi hakan. Ita dai jam’iyya mai mulki a al’adance tana da alaka da ’yan kwadago, kuma wasu kungiyoyin na gwamnati ne. An ba da izinin ciniki na gama kai a fasaha amma yana ƙarƙashin haƙƙin hani. Yin aikin tilastawa haramun ne, amma yana faruwa, inda ake fataucin maza da yara maza da yawa zuwa Angola don yin aikin tilas a gine-gine da sauran sassa. Yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 14 ba a yarda su yi aiki ba, amma yawancin yara suna aiki a gonakin iyali, a matsayin masu sayar da titi, da kuma cikin gidaje. Ana tilasta wa wasu yara yin aiki a matsayin karuwai, a cikin safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi ko tallace-tallace, da kuma a matsayin masu jigilar kayayyaki na duniya. Akwai yara da yawa a kan titi da suke yin bara, suna yin irin waɗannan ayyuka kamar su ɗinkin takalma da wankin mota, suna aikata ƙananan laifuffuka, ko kuma a yi lalata da su. Akwai mafi ƙarancin albashi, tare da yawancin mutane suna dogaro da ayyuka da yawa don samun abin rayuwa. Yawancin ma'aikata suna aiki ne a ayyukan noma ko wasu sassan da babu ko rashin kula da yanayin aiki na gwamnati. Akwai dokokin da suka tsara yanayin aiki amma ba a aiwatar da su da kyau ko da a cikin fage. Ana take haƙƙin ma'aikata akai-akai ba tare da wani hukunci ba. Ba a aiwatar da ƙa'idodin kiwon lafiya da aminci na sana'a ba, kamar yadda ake aiwatar da hukunce-hukuncen keta hakkin aiki. <ref name="state.gov"/> == Hakkokin 'yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka == Dokar Angola ta ba da damar ba da mafaka da matsayin 'yan gudun hijira, kuma an yi wani tsari na kare 'yan gudun hijira. <ref name="state.gov"/> == Hakkokin mutanen da ake kamawa == Ko da yake dokar Angola ta hana kama kama, yana faruwa sau da yawa. Ana buƙatar garantin a fasaha, amma galibi ana kama su ba tare da su ba, kuma kusan kashi 75 na bincike ana yin su ba tare da izini ba. An dai san hukumomi na tsare ‘yan uwa da ake zargi da aikata laifuka. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya bukaci a gaggauta gurfanar da wadanda ake tuhuma gaban kotu domin tantance halaccin tsare su, amma ana sabawa wannan bukata. Mahukunta gabaɗaya suna bin ka'idodin cewa a sanar da waɗanda ake tuhuma game da tuhumar a cikin kwanaki biyar da tsare su. Akwai tsarin belin da ba shi da inganci na kananan laifuka, inda jami’an gidan yari ke neman a ba su cin hanci don sakin fursunonin. A cikin 2009, an tsare mutane sama da 500 ba bisa ka'ida ba. A yankunan da ake [[hakar ma'adinai]], jami'an tsaro suna tsare, fyade, da kuma cin zarafin bakin haure da iyalansu. Haka kuma ana kama masu adawa da gwamnatin ba bisa ka'ida ba. A fasahance ana ba wa waɗanda ake tuhuma damar samun lauyoyi, kuma waɗanda ake tuhuma marasa galihu suna da haƙƙin wakilcin da gwamnati ta biya, amma galibi ana watsi da wannan haƙƙin. Wadanda ake zargin galibi ana tsare su na tsawon lokaci kafin a gurfanar da su gaban kuliya. Maimakon a gurfanar da su a gaban kotu, ana dukan wadanda ake zargin, sannan a sake su. Wasu kuma ana tsare su sun wuce lokacin da doka ta kayyade. <ref name="state.gov"/> == Hakkokin mutanen da ake shari'a == An bayyana bangaren shari'a a matsayin "marasa ma'aikata, marasa inganci, cin hanci da rashawa, da kuma karkashin ikon zartarwa da siyasa". Shugaban kasa ne ke nada alkalan kotun koli kuma su yi aiki har abada. Yawancin rikice-rikice na cikin gida a cikin larduna an daidaita su a kotuna na yau da kullun waɗanda ake gudanar da su bisa ka'idodin kabilanci waɗanda mahalarta ba su da 'yanci kaɗan. A wasu yankunan babu masu gabatar da kara ko alkalai, don haka ‘yan sandan yankin suna gudanar da ayyuka da yawa, suna gudanar da bincike, gurfanar da su a gaban kotu, da kuma zama alkalai. Ko da yake waɗanda ake tuhuma suna da haƙƙin yin shari'a ta gaskiya, ba koyaushe suke samun ɗaya ba. Babu alkalai a cikin tsarin kotunan Angola. Wadanda ake tuhuma ba su da damar fuskantar wadanda ake tuhuma, amma a karkashin doka suna da hakkin su tambayi shaidun da za su gabatar da kara, kuma su gabatar da nasu shaidu, duk da cewa ba a kiyaye wannan hakkin ba. Haka kuma ba hakkin daukaka kara ba ne. == Hakkokin fursunoni == An bayyana halin da ake ciki a gidan yari a Angola a matsayin "mai barazana ga rayuwa", inda masu gadi akai-akai suna dukan fursunoni da azabtarwa. Daga cikin matsalolin akwai cunkoso, rashin isassun abinci, ruwa, kula da lafiya, da tsaftar muhalli, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane. Akalla gidan yari daya ba shi da wutar lantarki. Jami’an tsaro na satar fursunoni akai-akai, suna neman cin hancin fasfo na karshen mako da kuma kai musu abinci daga iyalansu, tare da yi wa fursunoni mata fyade. Cututtuka daban-daban, ciki har da zazzabin cizon sauro, sun zama ruwan dare kuma ba a kula da su. A cikin larduna, ana ɗaure yaran da suka aikata ƙananan laifuffuka tare da manya tare da cin zarafi daga ƴan gidan yari da masu gadi. Fursunonin suna da ’yancin yin ibada, kuma hukumomi da ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ’yan Adam suna kula da yanayin kurkuku. Akwai jami'in kare hakkin bil'adama da ke daukar wasu al'amura na kare hakkin bil'adama. <ref name="state.gov"/> Yayin [[COVID-19 pandemic in Angola|bala'in COVID-19 na shekarar 2020-21]], Ministan cikin gida Eugénio César Laborinho ya nuna damuwa game da karfin gidajen yarin Angola don samun nasarar keɓe sabbin fursunoni. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-01 |title=Jornal de Angola - Notícias - Covid-19: Ministro do Interior fiscaliza medidas de segurança nas cadeias |url=https://www.jornaldeangola.ao/ao/noticias/covid-19-ministro-do-interior-fiscaliza-medidas-de-seguranca-nas-cadeias/ |access-date=2021-07-07 |website=Jornal de Angola |language=pt |archive-date=2023-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126193729/https://www.jornaldeangola.ao/ao/noticias/covid-19-ministro-do-interior-fiscaliza-medidas-de-seguranca-nas-cadeias/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Duk da haka, 'yan sanda sun ci gaba da tsare fursunonin a duk tsawon lokacin bala'in, galibi saboda ƙananan laifuka; A cikin watan Mayu 2020 alkalumman 'yan sanda sun nuna cewa a cikin awanni 24 da suka gabata, an tsare mutane 295 saboda keta dokar hana zirga-zirga. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-04 |title=Angola: COVID-19 - National Police Arrest 295 People in 24 Hours |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202005040482.html |access-date=2021-07-07 |website=allAfrica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Duba sauran bayanai == * 'Yancin addini a Angola * Fataucin mutane a Angola * Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Angola * Hakkin LGBT a Angola * Siyasar Angola * Tsarin Mulki na Angola == Bayanan kula == : 1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu. : 2. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_b">'''^'''</span><span> </span>11 ga Nuwamba (Ranar 'Yancin Kai) a 1975; 1 Janairu bayan haka. : 3. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_c">'''^'''</span><span> </span>Rahoton na 1982 ya shafi shekara ta 1981 da rabi na farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984 mai zuwa ya shafi rabin na biyu na 1982 da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] 0gp3w20637drrxxfdaa35wa3k4yzp27 0 81599 894055 736621 2026-08-10T07:37:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Chasi.jpg|thumb| Zvaringeni Samuel Chasi]] '''Zvaringeni Samuel Chasi''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Janairu 1988 <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Journey of Service, Faith, Entrepreneurship, and Philanthropy: The Life of Zvaringeni Samuel Chasi |url=https://zvaringenisamuelchasi.blogspot.com/2024/03/a-journey-of-service-and-faith-life-of.html |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=zvaringenisamuelchasi.blogspot.com}}</ref> ) ɗan siyasan [[Zimbabwe]] ne kuma shugaban adawa mai ci kuma babban kwamandan jam'iyyar Patriotic Party. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Zimbabwe Opposition Writes To UN Explaining Decision To Boycott August 2023 Elections |url=https://www.pindula.co.zw/2023/06/27/zimbabwe-opposition-writes-to-un-explaining-decision-to-boycott-august-2023-elections/ |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=Pindula |language=en}}</ref> Ayyukan jagoranci da aka yi a baya a karkashin Zanu Pf National Commissariat Dept. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Radio |first=Nehanda |date=2018-04-05 |title=Cabinet minister's hubby in limbo |url=https://nehandaradio.com/2018/04/05/cabinet-ministers-hubby-in-limbo/ |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=Nehanda Radio |language=en-US}}</ref> Babban aikin da ya gabata yana tare da Ma'aikatar Matasa, Ma'aikatar Tsaro, da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje a [[Zimbabwe]]. == Kare Hakkokin ɗan Adam == A watan Satumban 2022 Chasi ya rubuta buɗaɗɗiyar wasika ga kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta ƙasa da ƙasa (ICC) yana neman kotun da ke Hague ta kama shugaba [[Emmerson Mnangagwa|Emmerson Dambudzo Mnangagwa]] kan zargin cin zarafin bil adama da suka haɗa da fyaɗe, azabtarwa, da kuma sace mutane. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mnangagwa Faces Arrest For Rape, Torture – ZimEye |url=https://www.zimeye.net/2022/09/05/mnangagwa-faces-arrest-for-rape-torture/ |access-date=2024-01-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=cfeditoren |date=2022-09-11 |title=Opposition Party Calls For National Shutdown On 13 Sept, Mnangagwa's Impeachment |url=https://www.africa-press.net/zimbabwe/all-news/opposition-party-calls-for-national-shutdown-on-13-sept-mnangagwas-impeachment |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=zimbabwe |language=en-US}}</ref> Wasikar wacce aka aika wa Mnangagwa, anyi kwafinta ne ga [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]], Tarayyar [[Afirka]], SADC, Ofishin Jakadancin Diflomasiyya, ICC, Majalisar Zimbabwe, da Jam’iyyun siyasa. Sashe na wasiƙar ya karanta: <ref name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Open letter to President Mnangagwa |url=https://www.pressreader.com/zimbabwe/newsday-zimbabwe/20220908/281736978285829 |access-date=2024-01-25 |publisher=NewsDay (Zimbabwe) |via=PressReader}}</ref> A cikin wasikar ya faɗa game da Kotun hukunta laifukan yaki ta duniya da azabtarwa, sacewa da fyaɗe a shekarar 1983. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bulawayo24 News – Skyes! \ |url=https://bulawayo24.com/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=Bulawayo24 News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mnangagwa Faces Arrest For Rape, Torture – ZimEye |url=https://www.zimeye.net/2022/09/05/mnangagwa-faces-arrest-for-rape-torture/ |access-date=2024-01-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission: Successes & Failures. by @CCCDiaspora - SpacesDashboard.com |url=https://spacesdashboard.com/space/1RDxlaXpoloKL/zimbabwe-anti-corruption-commission-successes-failures |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=SpacesDashboard |language=en}}</ref> Kamfanin dillancin labarai na SABC ne ya gayyaci Chasi don wata hira da ta shafi al'amura a [[Zimbabwe]] 'Yan adawa sun yi kira da a kama Mnangagwa saboda juyin mulkin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zimbabwe's Opposition calls for Mnangagwa's arrest over coup |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4UgxjaN7_w |access-date=2024-01-18 |publisher=SABC News |language=en |via=YouTube}}</ref> Ya yi hira da gidan rediyon [[Zimbabwe]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Umongameli Emmerson Mnangagwa Ukhangelelwe Ukuhlangabezwa Ngababhikitshayo Abebandla le People's Patriotic Front eJFK Airport Namuhla |url=https://www.voandebele.com/a/6754744.html |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=www.voandebele.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=RBZ Gold-backed Digital Currency A Scam – Opposition Leader |url=https://www.pindula.co.zw/2023/04/30/rbz-gold-backed-digital-currency-a-scam-opposition-leader/ |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=Pindula |language=en}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa == Chasi a fagen siyasarsa ya iya marawa Nelson Chamisa baya a cikin wata sanarwa da ya fitar ya ce jam'iyyar People's Patriotic Party (PPP) ta bayyana cewa tana goyon bayan yunkurin shugaban ƙasar na CCC Nelson Chamisa na zama shugaban ƙasar [[Zimbabwe]]. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Mpofu |first=Emmanuel |title=PPP backs Chamisa |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/southerneye//local/article/200015664/ppp-backs-chamisa |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=Southern Eye |archive-date=2024-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118163247/https://www.newsday.co.zw/southerneye/local/article/200015664/ppp-backs-chamisa |url-status=dead }}</ref> Chasi ya shaida wa NewZimbabwe.com cewa Mnangagwa yana da garkuwar mutane kimanin mataimaka 225 don dakile masu tsaron. <ref>{{Cite web |last=cfeditoren |date=2022-09-22 |title=Mnangagwa Evades Protesting Zimbabweans In New York {{!}} Report |url=https://www.africa-press.net/zimbabwe/all-news/mnangagwa-evades-protesting-zimbabweans-in-new-york-report |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=zimbabwe |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=News Briefs 23 September 2022 {{!}} The Southern African Liaison Office |url=https://www.salo.org.za/news-briefs-23-september-2022/ |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=www.salo.org.za |archive-date=2024-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119161543/https://www.salo.org.za/news-briefs-23-september-2022/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":2" /> A ranar 23 ga watan Agusta, 2023 Chasi ya miƙa wata wasika ga Sakatare Janar na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]], inda ya bayyana damuwarsa game da rashin kyakkyawan yanayi. Chasi ya jaddada matakin ƙauracewa zaɓen, kuma a cikin wata sanarwa da ya fitar ya ce ba wai tsoro ne ya jawo hakan ba, sai dai kin zama abin da ya kira haɗa baki da maguɗin zaɓe. <ref name=":0"/> == Takardar koke == A cikin wani jawabi na ƙasa a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairu 2024, <ref name="demand">{{Cite web |title=Opposition Party Writes To SADC Demanding Fresh Polls |url=https://www.zimeye.net/2024/02/13/opposition-party-writes-to-sadc-demanding-fresh-polls/ |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=ZimEye |language=en-US}}</ref> Chasi ya buƙaci sabon zaɓe nan da watan Yuni 2024 ga Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya [[António Guterres]], tare da aikewa da kwafin kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da kungiyar raya ƙasashen kudancin Afirka (SADC). Chasi' ya bayyana damuwarsa game da yadda aka gudanar da zaɓen na ranar 23 ga watan Agustan 2023, wanda ya ce bai bi dokar zaɓe ko kuma kundin tsarin mulkin Zimbabwe ba. <ref name="demand" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] <references /> [[Rukuni:Maza]] [[Rukuni:Dan siyasa]] fbr1hfgleaker3a3cjb9kx9vbt3dv1s 0 82294 893884 593902 2026-08-09T21:09:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893884 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Signature of Orville James Victor.png|thumb|sa hanuni ]] [[Fayil:Jones Field - 44G Classbook.pdf|thumb]] Rev. '''Victor Montgomery Keeling James''' (19 Maris 1897 - 1984) ya kasance minista na Unitarian a [[Melbourne]], Victoria daga 1947 zuwa 1969. A shekarun 1950 da 1960 ne aka yi masa kiyayya ta hannun dama saboda ayyukan da ya yi a yunkurin zaman lafiya da alaka da kasar Sin ta gurguzu. == Fage == [[Fayil:Press photo of Frank Moran and James Dunn in Sailor's Luck.jpg|thumb|Victor James]] An kafa Cocin Unitarian Melbourne a cikin 1852 a matsayin Ikilisiyar Kirista ta Unitarian, cocin anti-Triniti na al'ada tare da Littafi Mai-Tsarki a matsayin tushe. {{Efn|Melbourne Unitarian Christian Church held its first services at the Mechanics' Institute in January 1853.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4789306 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)]] |issue=1796 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=27 January 1853 |access-date=1 March 2023 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Its first chapel, on Grey Street, Eastern Hill, was registered as a church in November 1854,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4800601 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)]] |issue=2351 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=21 November 1854 |access-date=1 March 2023 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> rebuilt in 1864,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article155018239 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The Age]] |issue=3,055 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=12 August 1864 |access-date=1 March 2023 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> and a new church on Grey Street opened in 1887.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article142442615 |title=The Chief Justice on Unitarianism |newspaper=[[The Australasian]] |volume=XLIII |issue=1112 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=23 July 1887 |access-date=1 March 2023 |page=28 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Grey Street West was renamed Cathedral Place (for the nearby Catholic cathedral) in 1940.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article172038540 |title=Memories and Musings |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Melbourne)]] |volume=LXXIII |issue=4508 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=11 January 1940 |access-date=1 March 2023 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>}} : Ayyukansa da sacraments sun kasance kama da na majami'u [[Protestan bangaskiya|na Furotesta]] na yau da kullum, ciki har da tarayya mai tsarki, <ref>''Halfway House to Infidelity'', p. 115</ref> amma maye gurbin dalili na koyarwa, don haka an ba da tabbaci kadan zuwa sama, jahannama da reincarnation, zunubi na asali, haihuwar budurwa, tashin matattu da kuma Fansa . Yawancin sauran shugabannin coci sun musanta da'awarsu ta Kirista. Mambobin ikilisiyar sun kasance mafi rinjaye na fitar da Birtaniyya, kuma gabaɗaya masu tunani, masu ilimi, masu al'ada, masu son zaman lafiya da wadata. A cikin rabin karshen karni na 19, gaba daya sun goyi bayan abubuwan da suka haifar da [[Women's suffrage|zaben mata]] da [[Haƙƙoƙin yan asalin ƙasa|'yancin 'yan kabilar Aboriginal]], kuma suna adawa da yakin Boer da cin gajiyar aikin Kanaka . '''William Bottomley''' (1882-1966) an haife shi a Wharfedale, <ref>''Halfway House to Infidelity'', p. 39</ref> Yorkshire, ɗan wani mai wa'azi na Wesleyan wanda ya mutu lokacin Bottomley yana ɗan shekara 16. Shi ma, ya kasance mai wa'azi kafin ya zama Unitarian kuma ya biya farfagandar jam'iyyar Labour mai zaman kanta . Ya zo Melbourne daga Somerset a cikin Afrilu 1926, ya gaji Rev. JT Hustow a matsayin minista na cocin Melbourne akan titin Grey, Eastern Hill . An kammala wani manse kusa da dangin ministan a watan Agusta mai zuwa. Ba da daɗewa ba ya shiga cikin al'amuran gyara zamantakewa, yana aiki don sake fasalin dokokin saki. An san shi a matsayin mai fafutukar neman zaman lafiya, sanadin da ke samun ci gaba bayan jagororin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|yakin duniya na farko]], inda ya yi aiki. Ya shiga siyasa a takaice a matsayin dan takara a kan Harold Holt <ref>''Halfway House to Infidelity'', p. 81</ref> don kujerar Tarayya ta Fawkner a 1937 kuma ya yi adawa da shiga cikin WWII. Ya kasance mai farin jini kuma mai kuzari, yana jan hankalin jama'a masu yawa zuwa cocin, gami da daliban jami'a zuwa ga kungiyar matasa. Ya halarci bude sabuwar Cocin Unitarian [[Sydney]] a cikin 1940, yana ɗaukar minbari a ranar Lahadi ta farko. Ya kasance tare da Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Ma'aikata da [[University Extension Board|Hukumar Tsara Jami'o'i]] . Ya ba da tattaunawa mai tunani da nishadantarwa akan gidan rediyon ABC . Ya gudanar da wani shahararren shirin, "The Unitarian Half-hour" mako-mako a rediyo 3XY, wanda ya fara daga 1943 ko baya. Ya buga mujallar wata-wata, ''The Beacon'' daga tsakiyar 40s, wanda zai rayu har zuwa 1956. Ya jawo hankalin baƙon jawabai tun daga Wilfrid Kent Hughes mai ra'ayin mazan jiya zuwa Maurice Blackburn . Zelman Cowan ya kasance na yau da kullun kafin ya zama ɗan ƙasa kuma OR Snowball ya yi amfani da mimbari a yunƙurinsa na sake fasalin saki. Bernard O'Dowd da Marie Pitt sun kasance membobi masu aiki. Haɓaka yanayi na hankali da ƴancin Ikilisiya sun kuma ja hankalin ɗimbin "ruhohi masu 'yanci" da "yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa". <ref>''Halfway House to Infidelity'', p. 44</ref> == Tarihi == An haifi Victor James a Pontypool, Wales, ɗan likitan haƙori, likitan likitanci kuma mai wa'azi na Calvinist Methodist, amma maƙwabcinsa, mai yin takalma kuma ɗalibin juyin halittar Darwiniyanci ya rinjaye shi sosai, wanda ya ƙarfafa shi ya yi tambaya game da ikon Littafi Mai Tsarki . Bayan kashewa a cikin 1918 <ref name="William">{{Cite journal |last=H. C. Bolton |last2=D. W. Coates |year=1996 |title=William Edwin James — Designer and Maker of Astronomical Optics |url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1996PASA...13..258B |journal=Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust. |volume=13 |issue=1996, 13 |pages=258–67 |bibcode=1996PASA...13..258B |doi=10.1017/S1323358000020932 |s2cid=116138061 |via=NASA}}</ref> ya horar da shi a matsayin likitan hakori, tare da yin aiki a Ilminster, Somerset, kuma a shekara ta 1922 ya yi aure kuma yana zaune a Taunton, inda ya ji Bottomley yana wa'azi don haka ya zama mai halarta na yau da kullun kuma mai wa'azi na lokaci-lokaci na Taunton Unitarian Chapel. kan titin Mary Street. {{Efn|Misreported in the Scott book as "St Mary's Unitarian church", surely an oxymoron}} Ya fara wa’azi a kusa da Yeovil, wadda ta rasa mai hidima na yau da kullum kuma tana cikin haɗarin rufewa. Ya bar likitan hakora don yin karatu a waje don ma'aikatar Unitarian, kwas na shekaru hudu a Kwalejin Manchester, Oxford; <ref name="William" /> sannan ya koma South Wales, inda ya zama minista na majami'un Unitarian na Aberdare da Mountain Ash kusa. <ref name="Infidelity p. 104">''Halfway House to Infidelity'', p. 104</ref> Bottomley ya fito daga hidimarsa a Yaƙin Duniya na Farko a cikin ruɗani amma ba cikakken mai son zaman lafiya ba. Bai ji daɗin halin gurguzu na rashin bin addini da demokradiyya ba. Ya kare hakkin ma'aikata amma ba cikakke ba - ya yi magana game da yajin aikin ma'adinai na 1949. <ref>''Halfway House to Infidelity'', p. 86</ref> James ba kawai ya yi aiki a cikin wannan rikici ba amma, saboda daɗaɗɗen ƙiyayya ga Fascism, ya kuma yi aiki a cikin WWII a matsayin mai koyarwa tare da matsayi na kwamandan kamfani a cikin Welsh Regiment, <ref name="Infidelity p. 104" /> ya biyo bayan wani RAF rejist (5358 Airfield Company) a matsayin jagoran tawagar. a kasar Sin. <ref name="settlement">{{Cite web |date=12 April 1947 |title=Settlement application held by ASIO, Ref.B46/4/37419 |url=https://www.naa.gov.au/ |access-date=25 September 2020 |page=NAA: A6119, 2175 Page 65 of 171 |via=National Archives of Australia}}</ref> <ref name="archives">{{Cite web |title=Archives — James, Victor, Reverend |url=https://gallery.its.unimelb.edu.au/imu/imu.php?request=multimedia&irn=5817 |access-date=25 September 2020 |publisher=University of Melbourne |archive-date=28 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328091325/http://gallery.its.unimelb.edu.au/imu/imu.php?request=multimedia&irn=5817 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin Provost Marshal a Kowloon, tare da matarsa, a cikin shekaru 1945-1946. <ref name="settlement" /> Bai kasance mai addini kamar Bottomley ba, kasancewarsa [[Humanism|ɗan adam ne]], watakila agnostic . === cocin Melbourne === Bottomley ya gayyaci James don ya ɗauki matsayin mataimakin minista na cocin Melbourne. Ya isa <nowiki><i id="mweA">Orion</i></nowiki> tare da matarsa da 'ya'yansa hudu a ranar 3 ga Yuli 1947. Ya shiga cikin jama'a cikin [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki]] da ƙungiyoyin yaƙi da yaƙi (duba ƙasa), gabaɗaya ana ɗauka azaman kwaminisanci ne. Ko da yake yana jin zafi don nuna cewa sa hannu ya kasance daga tabbacin kansa ba a madadin ikilisiyarsa ba, ya jawo hankali ga cocin, wanda a cikin 1949 ya rabu ta hanyar siyasa. : An kuma yi zargin cewa Bottomley ya saba da wata mace a cikin ikilisiya fiye da kima (ko da yake ba a ba da shawarar lalata ba) wanda ya ƙare a cikin katin [[kirsimeti]] mai ƙyalli, wanda James ya kwato daga kwandon shara. An yi amfani da wannan a matsayin ƙarin harsasai da James, wanda ke kan aiwatar da ƙarar Bottomley don cin zarafi. Wani taro na ikilisiya, ko da yake an “rufe” tare da abokan Bottomley, sun same shi, kuma ya yi murabus maimakon ya karɓi hukuncinsu. Bottomley da mabiyansa sun kafa [[Unitarian Fellowship of Australia|Ƙungiyar Hadin Kai ta Ostiraliya]], wadda ta gudanar da taronta na farko a ranar 7 ga Maris 1950 a zauren Lecture, 25 Russell Street, Melbourne, kuma ta kafa mujallar ''Quest'' na wata-wata. James ya gudanar da "The Unitarian Half-hour" daga 1947 ko kafin zuwa 1964. <ref name="Infidelity p. 46">''Halfway House to Infidelity'', p. 46</ref> A cikin 1952 James ya gayyaci Stephen Fritchman, {{Efn|Stephen Hole Fritchman (1902–1981), born into a Quaker family, was appointed minister to the [[Petersham, Massachusetts]] Unitarian Church in 1930 and editor of ''The Christian Register'' in 1942, transforming the conservative [[American Unitarian Association|AUA]] journal into a bright, controversial magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/biographies/stephen-h-fritchman/ |title=Fritchman, Stephen H. (1902–1981) |publisher=Harvard Square Library |access-date=1 March 2023}}</ref> He came under fire from the US State Department when he refused under oath to name Communists in his congregation to the [[House Un-American Activities Committee|House Committee]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49055356 |title=U.S. Passport Is Refused To Clergyman |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=68 |issue=20,653 |location=Western Australia |date=29 September 1952 |accessdate=1 March 2023 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>}} pacifist kuma minista na Cocin Unitarian na Farko na Los Angeles don yin jawabi ga ikilisiya a lokacin hidimar bikin cika shekaru 100. Har ila yau, zai zagaya wasu Jihohi, da coci-coci na Ostireliya suka dauki nauyinsa, amma ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta ki amincewa da bukatarsa ta neman fasfo. [[Fayil:Melbourne_Unitarian.jpg|thumb| Peace Memorial Unitarian Church, Melbourne]] Tare da ƙananan ikilisiya da kuma tashi daga masu goyon bayansa masu karimci, kula da tsohon ginin a cikin Cathedral Place ya zama maras kyau, kuma a cikin 1964 Ikilisiyar James ta gina Majami'ar Aminci ta Aminci ta Melbourne Unitarian a 110 Grey Street, East Melbourne, <ref name="Infidelity p. 46">''Halfway House to Infidelity'', p. 46</ref> James ya bar hidima a cikin 1969 kuma Terrence {{Efn|Spelled "Terence" in the Scott book}} Stokes [[Society of Organists|,]] ya ci nasara a 1972 <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 1972 |editor-last=Terrence Stokes |title=Newsletter |url=https://sov.org.au/wp-content/uploads/Newsletters/1972/72.03%20March.pdf |access-date=2 October 2020 |publisher=The Society of Organists (Victoria), Inc. }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Mai fafutuka === Wataƙila farkonsa na fara fafutuka a cikin jama'a shine a cikin 1949, lokacin yana ɗaya daga cikin limamai 23 waɗanda suka sanya hannu kan wasiƙar zanga-zangar adawa da shawarar babban sashe na ƴan majalisa na hana wani John Rodgers, darektan [[Australia-Soviet House|Australiya-Soviet House]], rikewa. wani taro a cikin Gidan Garin Melbourne, da ƙoƙarin RSL don tarwatsa irin waɗannan abubuwan. An kafa [[Democratic Rights Council|Majalisar 'Yancin Demokradiyya]] a Sydney, 1935, ta Majalisar Ma'aikata, wacce aka kai wa hari a matsayin kungiyar masu ra'ayin gurguzu. James ya kasance memba a lokacin da shi da wasu tsirarun mutane, a watan Satumba na 1949, bayan nasarar gudanar da gangamin zaman lafiya, suka kafa [[Australian Peace Council|kungiyar zaman lafiya ta Australia]] (APC). Mambobin Yarjejeniya sun haɗa da Doris Blackburn MHR, Leonard Mann, Frank Dalby Davison, Eleanor Dark, William Hatfield, Canon [[Walter George Thomas|WG Thomas]] (sakataren Hukumar Anglican Board of Missions), Jessie Street, Dr. [[Eric Dark]], Dr. [[R. C. Traill|RC Traill]], [[F. J. Waters|FJ Waters]] (Shugaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya). Rundunar Queensland na Tsohon Ma'aikata), JW Legge M.Sc. , Jami'ar Melbourne. [[Fayil:Victor James Smith.jpg|thumb|Victor James]] Babban abin da Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta damu a cikin 1950 shine Dokar Rusa Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci, wanda zai sa Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Australiya, da zama membobin jam'iyya, ba bisa doka ba. A watan Yuni James yayi magana da Dokar kuma shi, Methodist Rev. FJ Hartley, da Presbyterian Rev. AM Dickie, duk masu sanya hannu kan wasiƙar Hall Hall, sun kafa [[Democratic Rights Council|Majalisar 'Yancin Demokraɗiyya]] don amsawa. Wanda aka yi wa lakabi da “Peace parsons” <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rev. Alf Dickie |title=Collection, University library |url=https://digitised-collections.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/125288 |access-date=29 September 2020 |publisher=University of Melbourne}}</ref> su ma sun taka rawa wajen kafa jam’iyyar APC. An zabi James sakatare na kungiyar, wanda duk da cewa ana yi masa ba'a a matsayin abokan tafiyar gurguzu, a watan Yuni 1950 yana da mambobi 107,000. Sauran ayyukan James sun haɗa da: * Shugaban Kwamitin Gabas-Yamma don Abota da Asiya * Wanda ya kafa, Dandalin Neman Zaman Lafiya a Victoria * Memba na Zartarwar Kwamitin Tuntuɓar Zaman Lafiya na Yankunan Asiya da Pasifik kuma jagoran wani kwamiti da ke adawa da sake baiwa [[Japan]] makamai. * Ya soki gwamnati ta ƙi ba da fasfo ga maza 23, ciki har da Jim Healy, (Sakataren WWF na Tarayya da kuma jagoran ma'aikatan da suka yi ƙoƙari su toshe fitar da baƙin ƙarfe zuwa Japan a 1939 ) da aka gayyace su halartar taron zaman lafiya na Asiya da Pacific. . == Tafiya == * Ya jagoranci tawagar Australiya zuwa [[Peking Peace Conference|taron zaman lafiya na Peking]] a watan Satumba 1952. Ya yi tafiya ne da fasfo dinsa na Burtaniya, yayin da aka hana wadanda ke da fasfo din Australiya fita, matakin da ' yan adawar Labour suka goyi bayan . Wataƙila 'yan Australiya uku ne kawai suka halarci: James, Sydney kafinta da ƙungiyar ƙungiyar Bruce Hart, da Mrs [[Nancy H. Lapwood]], malami a Turanci a Jami'ar Peking. New-Zealanders goma sun halarci. Wilfred Burchett, ɗan jarida kuma marubuci, ya tafi China a cikin Janairu 1952, amma ba a san ya halarci ba. * James ya kasance wakilai zuwa [[World Congress for Peace|taron zaman lafiya na duniya]] na uku da aka gudanar a Vienna Disamba 1952. Elizabeth Vassilieff na Fellowship of Australian Writers da Dr [[Clive Sandy]] (wani likitan hakori, memba na [[Democratic Rights Council]] da [[Essendon Peace Council]] ) an zabe su don halartar amma ba su bar Australia ba. * Tare da Rev. Francis John Hartley zuwa taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na kwance damara, [[Helsinki]] a cikin Afrilu 1956. Babu ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan da cocin Unitarian ya tallafa masa. == Sauran abubuwan sha'awa == James ƙwararren ma'aikacin katako ne, wanda ya ƙware a aikin kafinta mai kyau, sassaƙa da kuma juyar da itace <ref name="settlement"/> Yana da nasa taron bitar inda ya gina rediyo da na'urorin lantarki da kuma cusa akidar kyakykyawan fasaha a cikin dansa William, daga baya wanda ya kera ingantattun kayan aikin gani na ilmin taurari. <ref name="William"/> == Littafi mai tsarki == * ''Windows a cikin Shekaru'' (aikin tarihin kansa), intro ta [[Terrence Stokes]] ; Gabatarwa daga Phillip Adams * ''wannan kasuwancin addini'' [LC kamar mai taken] (1973), Beacon Publications, Melbourne. Bayanin tunani na addini na ɗan adam, daga jerin wa'azin da aka gabatar a watan Yuli 1969. == Iyali == James ya auri Ida Rose Relleen (2 Yuli 1903 - 5 Yuli 1958) a Ilminster. <ref name="William"/> </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2020)">yaushe?</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> * (Mfanwy) Avril James (c. 1926 – ) ya auri Gordon Ernest Mitchell (6 Yuni 1924 – ) a ranar 15 ga Afrilu 1950. Mitchell ƙwararren masani ne na gani. * Thelma James (24 Maris 1928 - 2016) ta auri James Park (10 Disamba 1921 - ), kafinta ɗan Scotland, (VPF 11188) * [[William Edwin James]] (6 Maris 1931 - Mayu 1995) ya lura mai yin kida don ilimin taurari na gani <ref name="William"/> VPF 4518 * David Reeleen James (1 Satumba 1932 -) Daga baya adireshin shine 124 Glenfern Road, Lysterfield == krin albarkatu == * Jami'ar Melbourne tana riƙe da tarin tarin ephemera na Victor James a cikin ma'ajiyar su. <ref name="archives"/> * Rukunin Rukunin Tarihi na Australiya yana da babban fayil ɗin ASIO akansa (Series A6119; Alamun sarrafawa 2175-2178) sunayen wakilai da masu ba da labari an rufe su kuma an hana wasu rahotanni bisa ga ɗaya ko fiye na waɗannan "sharuɗɗan keɓewa": :* 33 (1) (a) - zai lalata tsaron Australia, tsaro ko dangantakar kasa da kasa; :* 33 (1) (d) - zai zama rashin amincewa; :* 33 (1) (e) (ii) - zai, ko kuma ana iya sa ran a hankali don bayyana wanzuwar ko ainihin tushen bayanan sirri, gami da mutumin da ke ba da bayanan sirri ga Hukumar Laifukan Kasa ko 'Yan sandan Tarayyar Ostiraliya ko mai shaida. ƙarƙashin Dokar Kariyar Shaidu 1994; :* 33 (1) (g) - zai bayyana bayanai game da al'amuran mutum ba tare da dalili ba; : Littattafan suna cikin juzu'i huɗu: :* [https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Gallery151/dist/JGalleryViewer.aspx?B=1801969&S=1&N=171&R=0#/SearchNRetrieve/NAAMedia/ShowImage.aspx?B=1801969&T=P&S=1 Vol.] [https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Gallery151/dist/JGalleryViewer.aspx?B=1801969&S=1&N=171&R=0#/SearchNRetrieve/NAAMedia/ShowImage.aspx?B=1801969&T=P&S=1 1949-57] :* [https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Gallery151/dist/JGalleryViewer.aspx?B=1801970&S=1&N=84&R=0#/SearchNRetrieve/NAAMedia/ShowImage.aspx?B=1801970&T=P&S=1 Vol.] [https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Gallery151/dist/JGalleryViewer.aspx?B=1801970&S=1&N=84&R=0#/SearchNRetrieve/NAAMedia/ShowImage.aspx?B=1801970&T=P&S=1 II 1956-63] :* [https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Gallery151/dist/JGalleryViewer.aspx?B=1801971&S=1&N=90&R=0#/SearchNRetrieve/NAAMedia/ShowImage.aspx?B=1801971&T=P&S=1 Vol.] [https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Gallery151/dist/JGalleryViewer.aspx?B=1801971&S=1&N=90&R=0#/SearchNRetrieve/NAAMedia/ShowImage.aspx?B=1801971&T=P&S=1 III 1963-65] :* [https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Gallery151/dist/JGalleryViewer.aspx?B=1801972&S=1&N=26&R=0#/SearchNRetrieve/NAAMedia/ShowImage.aspx?B=1801972&T=P&S=1 Vol.] [https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Gallery151/dist/JGalleryViewer.aspx?B=1801972&S=1&N=26&R=0#/SearchNRetrieve/NAAMedia/ShowImage.aspx?B=1801972&T=P&S=1 IV 1966] == Rubutun rubutu == Hartley da Dickie sun sami lambar zinare ta 1965 ta Joliot-Curie Majalisar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya . Maganar ba ta ambaci James ba. == Bayanan kula == {{Notelist}} == manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == * [https://www.melbourneunitarian.org.au/ Yanar Gizo na Cocin Unitarian Peace Memorial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804172123/https://www.melbourneunitarian.org.au/ |date=2024-08-04 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:James, Victor}} [[Rukuni:Yan adam]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1897]] [[Rukuni:Matattun 1984]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sp4t5qaa3v9u5k0ijk2eaq43f4w5g7w 0 84061 893793 559996 2026-08-09T17:14:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Toyin Ibitoye''' masanin wasanni ne kuma ɗan jarida wanda a halin yanzu ke aiki a Channels TV.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/12/adora-oleh-uti-nwachukwu-karen-igho-toke-makinwa-at-the-2013-nigerian-broadcasters-merit-awards-in-lagos-full-list-of-winners/|title=Adora Oleh, Uti Nwachukwu, Karen Igho & Toke Makinwa at the 2013 Nigerian Broadcasters Merit Awards in Lagos • Full List of Winners!|work=[[BellaNaija]]|date=12 December 2013|accessdate=13 March 2016}}</ref> Tsohon jami'in Jami'ar Ibadan da Jami'ar Nelson Mandela Metropolitan, Toyin a ranar 18 ga Maris, 2015 an nada shi a matsayin Jami'in Media ga Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya ta Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/2016-nigeria-pitch-awards-ighalo-osimhen-salami-fight-for-king-of-the-pitch/|title=2016 Nigeria Pitch Awards: Ighalo, Osimhen, Salami fight for King of the pitch|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation Newspaper]]|date=3 March 2016|accessdate=13 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nigerianfootballleague.com/nff-appoints-toyin-ibitoye-as-super-eagles-media-officer/|title=NFF appoints Toyin Ibitoye as Super Eagles media officer|work=Nigerian Football League|date=18 March 2015|accessdate=13 March 2016|archive-date=14 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314015701/http://nigerianfootballleague.com/nff-appoints-toyin-ibitoye-as-super-eagles-media-officer/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Lambobin Yabo== * 2013 'Yan watsa shirye-shiryen Najeriya Kyaututtuka - Mafi Mashahuriyar Mai gabatar da Wasanni na TV (Male) * 1st Nigeria Pitch Awards - Jaridar Kwallon Kafa ta Shekara (TV) * Kyautar Pitch ta 2 ta Najeriya - Jaridar Kwallon Kafa ta Shekara (TV) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Yan jaridar Najeriya]] r0whtskmpv5vbvywvrz9hetx98st6rs 0 84557 893857 893354 2026-08-09T20:03:47Z Der-Wir-Ing 14522 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/893354|893354]] by [[Special:Contributions/Baffa ali|Baffa ali]] ([[User talk:Baffa ali|talk]]) 893857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar sadarwa ta Wassila''' (French:réseau Wassila) ko Kuma '''l'Association contre les violences faites aux femmes et aux enfants ko Avife''' (Hadin gwiwar yaki da tashin hankali da aka yi wa mata da yara). Cibiyar sadarwa ce ta kungiyoyin 'yan ƙasar Aljeriya da cibiyoyin da ke kare haƙƙin mata, wanda aka kafa a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2000. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== 1d6j93bs0sn6147bcn8jrcmsq77j9pz 0 84633 893936 676798 2026-08-09T22:58:43Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Manazarta */ 893936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Flag Plaza (Taba, Egypt).JPG|thumb|Tutar kamar Masar]] Kungiyar ta kasance ƙarƙashin ci gaba da cin zarafin hukumomin Masar bayan bayar da rahoto game da cin zarafannin ɗan adam da gwamnatin [[Abdul Fatah el-Sisi|El-Sisi]] ta yi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Michaelson |first=Ruth |date=20 October 2016 |title=Egyptian rights group linked to Regeni case reports raid on its offices |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/20/egyptian-rights-group-linked-to-regeni-case-raid-on-offices-giulio-ecrf |publisher= |via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2015 |title=658 violations against journalists during Al-Sisi's first year in office: ECRF - Daily News Egypt |url=https://dailynewsegypt.com/2015/08/04/658-violations-against-journalists-during-al-sisis-first-year-in-office-ecrf/ |publisher=}}</ref> ECRF na ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, har yanzu suna aiki a cikin ƙasar da ke ƙaruwa da ƙiyayya ga rashin amincewa, kuma a cikin abin da aka tilasta ƙungiyoyin farar hula da yawa su rufe. Hukumar tana tsara kamfen ga waɗanda aka azabtar da su ko suka ɓace, tare da nuna abubuwan da suka faru na cin zarafin bil'adama da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2018 |title=Index on Censorship |url=https://www.indexoncensorship.org/2018/03/indexawards2018-ecrf-advocates-for-democratic-egypt/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2018 |title=Index on Censorship |url=https://www.indexoncensorship.org/2018/04/ecrf-awards-speech}}</ref> sannan hedikwatar su tana a kairo. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 2z5al5urja9t3ebfvmw1kmzkpslo777 0 85416 893677 543393 2026-08-09T16:14:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tijuana''' ita ce birni mafi yawan jama'a a jihar Baja [[California]], wanda ke arewa maso yammacin Tekun Pacific na [[Mexico]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Tijuanense Identity |url=https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2010/apr/21/yonder-tijuanense-identity/ |url-status=live |date=21 April 2010 |access-date=4 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204070358/https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2010/apr/21/yonder-tijuanense-identity/ |archive-date=4 February 2018}}</ref> Tijuana ita ce kujerar gari ta Majalisa ta Tijuana kuma cibiyar yankin Tijuana. Yana da kusanci da iyakar Mexico-Amurka, wanda yake wani ɓangare na yankin San Diego-Tijuana.<ref name="TelluBase">{{cite web |title=TelluBase—Mexico Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series) |url=https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_mex.pdf |publisher=Tellusant |access-date=2024-01-11}}</ref> <ref>| demographics1_title3 = Per capita | demographics1_info3 = $27,600 | population_as_of = 2020 | population_note = | population_total = 1,922,523 in Tijuana [[Municipalities of Mexico|municipality]], 1,810,645 in Tijuana city alone</ref><ref name="populationstat1">{{cite web |title=SCITEL |url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/scitel/Default?ev=9 |publisher=INEGI |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref> Tijuana ita ce Birni na 27 mafi girma a Amurka kuma ita ce birnin da ya fi yamma a [[Mexico]]. <ref name="demographia1">{{cite web |title=Demographia World Urban Areas 16th Annual Edition |url=http://demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |website=Demographia |date=June 2020}}</ref>A bisa da ƙididdigar shekara ta 2020, yankin Tijuana itace birni na shida a girma a kasar [[Mexico]] tare da yawan mutane 2,157,853, yayin da birnin ya kasance na biyu mafi girma a cikin ƙasa tare da mazauna 1,810,645.<ref name="ODO">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190529112041/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Tijuana "Tijuana"] (US) and {{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Tijuana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809113820/https://www.lexico.com/definition/tijuana |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 August 2020 |title=Tijuana |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> An kiyasta yankin birni na kasa da kasa a 5,158,459 a shekarar 2016, wanda ya sa ya zama yanki na uku mafi girma a cikin [[California]], yanki na 19 mafi girma a Amurka, kuma mafi girma a tsakanin Amurka da Mexico. Birnin yana daya daga cikin yankunan metro masu saurin girma a kasar kuma an kiyasta shi a matsayin birni mai "High Sufficiency" na duniya ta hanyar Globalization da Cibiyar Bincike ta Duniya.<ref name="Collins">{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/tijuana|title=Tijuana|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref> Tijuana ta gano tarihinta na zamani zuwa isowar masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya a karni na 16 waɗanda ke taswirar bakin tekun [[California]].<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Tijuana|access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref> Bayan rarrabuwar Californias bayan nasarar [[Amurka]] ta [[California]], [[Tijuana]] ta sami kanta a kan iyakar kasa da kasa, ta haifar da sabon tsarin tattalin arziki da siyasa. An kafa birnin ne a ranar 11 ga Yuli 1889 yayin da ci gaban birni ya fara. Birnin ya zama babban wurin yawon bude ido tun daga shekarun 1880. A yau, Tijuana babbar cibiyar masana'antu ce a Arewacin Amurka, tana karbar bakuncin wuraren kamfanoni masu yawa. A farkon karni na 21, Tijuana ta fito ne a matsayin babban birnin masana'antar na'urorin kiwon lafiya na Arewacin Amurka kuma ana karfafa ta a matsayin muhimmiyar al'adun Makka ga yankin iyakar California. Birnin shine birni yawan ziyarar iyaka a duniya, yana da iyaka kusan kilomita tare da 'yar'uwarta San Diego. Fiye da mutane miliyan hamsin suna tsallaka iyakar tsakanin waɗannan biranen biyu a kowace shekara.<ref>{{cite web |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |website=GaWC – Research Network |publisher=Globalization and World Cities |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824031341/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Asalin Sunan Garin== Sunan garin ya fito ne daga rancho da Santiago Argüello Moraga ya kafa a 1829 a kan kyautar ƙasarsa ta Mexico, yana mai suna Rancho Tía Juana.<ref name="Cultural Mecca1">{{cite news |first=Adam |last=Piore |title=How to Build a Creative City |magazine=Newsweek International |date=2 September 2002}}</ref> Ofishin Jakadancin Mutanen Espanya na farko ya kira ƙauyen daban-daban kamar Rancho Tía Juana, Tihuan kuma a ƙarshe, Tijuana. Yayinda aka kafa birnin a matsayin "Tijuana" a cikin 1889, "Tia Juana" ya kasance sunan harshen Ingilishi na kogin, da kuma ƙauyen Amurka wanda yanzu yana cikin San Ysidro, har zuwa kusan 1916.<ref name="Nations">{{cite journal |last=Walker |first=Margath |date=January 2011 |title=Knowledge production and border nationalism in northern Mexico |journal=Nations and Nationalism |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=168–187 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8129.2010.00461.x}}</ref> Ka'idar da aka yarda da ita a tsakanin masana tarihi ita ce Tía Juana, kamar yadda Argüello ya kira rancho, an samo shi ne daga kalmar Tiwan ("ta teku") a cikin harshen Kumeyaay - mutanen First Nations na yankin San Diego-Tijuana.<ref name="Cultural Mecca1"/> Labarin birni, a gefe guda, ya bayyana cewa Tía Juana, wanda ke nufin "Aunty Juana" a cikin Mutanen Espanya, mutum ne na ainihi wanda masaukin ya ba da abinci da masauki ga matafiya. Akwai, duk da haka, babu wani rikodin irin wannan masauki; a zahiri, Argüello ne ya gina ginin farko a yankin a kowane hali, bayan ya ba da sunan ranch dinsa Rancho Tía Juana.<ref>{{cite web |title=Violence scaring off American tourists in Tijuana |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/TRAVEL/03/19/Tijuana.mexico.tourism/index.html |publisher=CNN |access-date=2023-09-05}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Kumeyaay ne suka fara zama a ƙasar, ƙabilar masu farauta da masu tarawa da ke magana da Yuman. Turawa sun isa a shekara ta 1542, lokacin da mai mulkin mallaka Juan Rodríguez [[Cabrillo]] ya zagaya bakin tekun yankin, wanda Sebastián Vizcaíno ya tsara a shekara ta 1602. A shekara ta 1769, Juan Crespí ya rubuta ƙarin bayani game da yankin da daga baya aka kira kwarin Tijuana. ===Karni na 19=== An ci gaba da sasantawa kusa da ƙarshen zamanin mishan sa’ad da José María de Echeandía, gwamnan Baja California da Alta California, ya ba wa Santiago Argüello kyautar ƙasa mai girma a shekara ta 1829. Wannan babban wurin kiwon dabbobi, Rancho Tía Juana, ya cika 100 km2 ( 40 sq mi). Ko da yake "Tia Juana" yana nufin "Aunt Jane" a cikin Mutanen Espanya, sunan a zahiri an daidaita kalmar 'Tihuan' ko 'Tijuán' a cikin yaren Kumeyaay, sunan wani yanki na Kumeyaay na kusa kuma wanda ake jayayya da ma'anarsa. A shekarar 1848, sakamakon Yakin Mexican-Amurka da Amurka, Mexico ta rasa Alta [[California]]. <ref name=parks>{{cite web |url=http://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1054/files/sanysidro.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=1 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228042549/http://www.ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1054/files/sanysidro.pdf |archive-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>Yayinda yawancin iyalai 1,000 na Hispanic da ke zaune a Alta [[California]] suka zauna a gefen Amurka, wasu sun koma kudu zuwa Tijuana don kasancewa a cikin Mexico, wanda yanzu yake a Baja [[California]] yayin da rarrabuwa tsakanin Californias ya koma arewa tsakanin San Diego da Tijuana. Saboda wannan Tijuana ta sami manufa daban a kan iyakar kasa da kasa. Yankin ya kasance mazauna ranchers, amma Tijuana ta haɓaka sabon tsarin tattalin arzikin zamantakewa wanda shine noma da kiwon dabbobi, tare da zama yankin wucewa ga masu binciken.<ref>[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4316277 Una Corrida Extraordinaria] by Patrick Spaulding Ryan, ''SSRN Working Paper'', 31 December 2022</ref> An fara zama a cikin birni a shekara ta 1889, lokacin da zuriyar Santiago Argüello da Augustín Olvera suka shiga yarjejeniya don fara bunkasa birnin Tijuana. Ranar yarjejeniyar, 11 ga Yuli 1889, an san ta da kafa birnin. Tijuana ta ga makomarta a yawon bude ido tun daga farko. Daga ƙarshen karni na 19 zuwa farkon shekarun da suka gabata na karni na 20, birnin ya ja hankalin yawancin mutanen California da ke zuwa kasuwanci da nishaɗi. Girman ƙasar California na shekarun 1880 ya haifar da babban yunkuri na farko na masu yawon bude ido, waɗanda ake kira "masu balaguro" kuma sun zo neman muryoyin sanannen littafin Ramona na Helen Hunt Jackson.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mexico Travel Advisory |url=https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories/mexico-travel-advisory.html |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=travel.state.gov |archive-date=2023-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831115434/https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories/mexico-travel-advisory.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Karni na 20== A shekarar 1911, a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Mexico, masu juyin juya hali da ke da'awar aminci ga Ricardo Flores Magón sun mallaki birnin na ɗan gajeren lokaci fiye da wata ɗaya. Sojojin Tarayya sun iso. Tare da taimakon "defensores de Tijuana", sun kori masu juyin juya hali, wadanda suka gudu zuwa arewa kuma Sojojin Amurka sun kama su da sauri.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-10-12 |title=65% of Southern Californians afraid to visit Tijuana, tourism officials say |url=https://ktla.com/news/65-of-southern-californians-afraid-to-visit-tijuana-tourism-officials-say/ |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=KTLA |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Nunin Panama-California na 1915 ya kawo baƙi da yawa zuwa birnin California da ke kusa da San Diego. Tijuana ta ja hankalin wadannan masu yawon bude ido tare da Feria Típica Mexicana - Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawan Mexican. Wannan ya haɗa da shagunan sha'awa, abinci na yanki, wanka mai zafi, tseren dawakai da dambe.<ref name="Niemann2002">{{cite book|author=Greg Niemann|title=Baja Legends: The Historic Characters, Events, and Locations That Put Baja California on the Map|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=35WQOduN1F4C&pg=PA61|year=2002|publisher=Sunbelt Publications, Inc.|isbn=978-0-932653-47-5|pages=61–|access-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331130249/https://books.google.com/books?id=35WQOduN1F4C&pg=PA61|archive-date=31 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> An buɗe hanyar tseren ƙwararru ta farko a watan Janairun 1916, a kudancin ƙofar iyaka. An kusan lalata shi nan da nan ta hanyar ambaliyar ruwa ta "Hatfield" ta 1916. An sake gina shi a cikin yankin gaba ɗaya, ya gudanar da tseren dawakai har sai an buɗe sabon hanyar Agua Caliente a 1929, mil da yawa kudu da kuma fadin kogi a ƙasa mafi girma. Shan giya da caca na doka sun ja hankalin 'yan ƙasar Amurka a cikin shekarun 1920 a lokacin haramtacciyar doka. Yankin Avenida Revolución ya zama cibiyar yawon bude ido ta birnin, tare da gidajen caca da Otal din Kaisar, wurin haihuwar salad din Kaisar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/06/travel/tijuana-mexico-border.html|last=Khan|first=Sarah|title=Through a Tijuana Turnstile and Into Tacos and Tortas|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=6 February 2018|access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref> A shekarar 1925, birnin ta hanyar dokar shugaban kasa ya canza sunansa zuwa ciudad Zaragoza, amma sunansa ya koma Tijuana a shekarar 1929.<ref>As determined at the second Symposium of History, 1975.</ref> A shekarar 1928, an buɗe Agua Caliente Touristic Complex, gami da otal, spa, dog-track, filin jirgin sama mai zaman kansa, filin golf da gidan caca. Bayan shekara guda, sabon Agua Caliente Racetrack ya shiga cikin hadaddun. A cikin shekaru takwas da ya yi aiki, otal din Agua Caliente, gidan caca da kuma wurin shakatawa sun sami matsayi na kusa, tare da taurari na Hollywood da 'yan daba da ke tashi da wasa. An gano Rita Hayworth a can. An watsa shirye-shiryen kulob din dare na kiɗa a rediyo. Wani mawaƙi da aka sani da "la Faraona" an harbe shi a cikin triangle na soyayya kuma ya haifi almara na kyakkyawar mace fatalwa. Ana iya ganin ragowar gidan caca na Agua Caliente a cikin tafkin yin iyo na waje da kuma "minarete" (a zahiri tsohon murhu mai cin wuta) kusa da ƙarshen kudancin Avenida Sanchez Taboada, a kan tushen abin da ke yanzu Lázaro Cárdenas ilimi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tijuana.gob.mx/ciudad/CiudadHistoriaMinima.asp |title=Minimal History of Tijuana |author=David Pinera Ramirez |website= |access-date=20 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117131949/http://www.tijuana.gob.mx/ciudad/CiudadHistoriaMinima.asp |archive-date=17 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Wani kwatankwacin hasumiyar kararrawa (wanda ya taɓa tsayawa a ƙofar wurin shakatawa) yanzu yana tsaye a farkon Boulevard Agua Caliente, kimanin kilomita biyu a yammacin tsohon wurin shakatawa.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/v50-1/rancho_tiajuana.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060220212836/http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/v50-1/rancho_tiajuana.pdf |archive-date=2006-02-20 |url-status=live|journal=The Journal of San Diego History|title=THE RANCHO TÍA JUANA (TIJUANA) GRANT|author=Antonio Padilla Corona|access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref> A shekarar 1935, Shugaba Cárdenas ya ba da umarnin kawo karshen caca da gidajen caca a Baja California, kuma Agua Caliente ya lalace, sannan ya rufe. A shekara ta 1939, an sake buɗe shi a matsayin ƙaramar makarantar sakandare (yanzu, Preparatoria Lázaro Cárdenas). An rushe gine-ginen da kansu a cikin shekarun 1970s kuma an maye gurbinsu da gine-ginin zamani. Tare da karuwar yawon bude ido da kuma yawan 'yan Mexico da suka koma Tijuana, yawan mutanen garin ya karu daga 21,971 zuwa 65,364 tsakanin 1940 da 1950. Tare da raguwar rayuwar dare da yawon bude ido a cikin shekarun 1950, birnin ya sake fasalin masana'antar yawon bude baki, ta hanyar inganta yanayin da ya fi dacewa da iyali. Tijuana ta haɓaka abubuwan jan hankali da ayyuka iri-iri don ba da baƙi. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} ogbu0rj1fjk30anb110hmwxehf34ce3 0 86211 893935 662053 2026-08-09T22:56:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Laftanar Janar '''Watkin Tench''' (shidda 6 ga watan Oktoba shekarar alif dubu daya da dari bakwai da hamsin da takwas 1758 - zuwa bakwai 7 ga watan Mayu shekarar alif dubu daya da dari takwas da talatin da uku 1833) wani jami'in soja ne na Biritaniya wanda aka fi sani da buga littattafai guda biyu da ke bayyana abubuwan da ya samu a cikin Jirgin Ruwa na Farko, wanda ya kafa mazaunin Turai na farko a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] a cikin shekarar alif dubu daya da dari bakwai da tamanin da takwas 1788. Asusunsa guda biyu, ''Labarin balaguron balaguro zuwa Botany Bay'' da ''Cikakken Asusu na Matsala a Port Jackson'' sun ba da lissafin zuwa da shekaru huɗu na farkon mulkin mallaka. == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Tench a ranar shidda 6 ga watan Oktoba shekarar alif dubu daya da dari bakwai da hamsin da takwas 1758 a [[Chester]] a cikin lardin Cheshire, Ingila, ɗan Fisher Tench, masanin rawa wanda ya yi makarantar kwana a garin da Margaritta Tarleton ta Liverpool Tarleton. <ref>Parish Register of Saint Mary on the Hill, Chester.</ref> Watkin kani ne ga ɗan siyasa Banastre Tarleton . Da alama mahaifinsa ya sanya wa Watkin suna bayan wani hamshakin mai gida, Watkin Williams Wynn, wanda watakila danginsa sun taimaka wajen fara aikin soja na Tench. Tench ya shiga Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa na Mai Martaba, Plymouth division, a matsayin Laftanar na biyu a ranar who shirin da biyar 25 ga watan Janairu shekarar alif dubu daya da dari bakwai da saba’in da shidda 1776, yana da shekaru sha’bakwai 17. An kara masa girma zuwa laftanar farko a ranar 25 ga Janairu 1778 yana da shekaru 19 da watanni 3. Ya yi yaki da sojojin Amurka a yakin 'yancin kai, lokacin da aka kama shi lokacin da {{HMS|Mermaid|1761|6}}An koro {{HMS|Mermaid|1761|6}} zuwa gabar tekun Maryland a Tsibirin Assateague kusa da babban mashigin Sinepuxent a safiyar ranar 8 ga Yuli 1778 ta Faransanci karkashin [[Charles Henri Hector, Count of Estaing|Comte d'Estaing]] . Tench ya kasance shugaban rundunar sojojin ruwa a cikin jirgin HMS ''Mermaid'' . An kai shi da sauran jami'an zuwa Philadelphia, an tsare shi da kuma musayar su a watan Oktoba 1778. == Aikin mulkin mallaka == Ba a san shi ba har sai da ya yi tafiya a matsayin wani ɓangare na Farko na Farko a cikin shekarar alif dubu daya da dari bakwai da tamanin da bakwai 1787, ko da yake ya rubuta a cikin Babi na 13 na ''Asusun'' cewa ya shafe lokaci a Yammacin Indies, <ref>https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3534 A Complete Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson by Watkin Tench.</ref> kuma rikodin sabis ɗin ya nuna cewa an inganta shi zuwa Laftanar kyaftin a watan Satumba 1782 kuma ya ci gaba da biyan rabin albashi a watan Mayu 1786. === A cikin Jirgin Ruwa na Farko === === Ritayar ba ta daɗe ba, kamar yadda a cikin Oktoba na wannan shekarar Admiralty ya yi kira ga masu sa kai don yawon shakatawa na shekaru uku tare da sabuwar kafa ta New South Wales Marine Corps don hidima a Botany Bay . An yarda da tayin Tench don sake shiga gawarwakin a watan Disamba na 1786, kuma ya tashi a kan jirgin ruwan Charlotte a watan Mayu 1787. === === A cikin mulkin mallaka na New South Wales === Kafin ya yi tafiya tare da jiragen ruwa, Tench ya shirya tare da kamfanin buga Debrett na London don rubuta littafi da ke kwatanta kwarewarsa na tafiya da farkon watanni na mulkin mallaka. John Shortland ya dawo da rubutunsa a cikin Yuli 1788 kuma aka buga shi azaman ''Narrative of Expedition to Botany Bay'' ta Debrett's a 1789. Ya gudana zuwa bugu uku kuma an fassara shi cikin sauri zuwa [[Faransanci]], [[German language|Jamusanci]], Yaren mutanen Holland da Yaren mutanen Sweden . <ref>[[gutenberg:3535|A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany-Bay by Watkin Tench]]</ref> A cikin Oktoba shekarar alif dubu daya da dari bakwai da tamanin da takwas 1788, Robert Ross ya yi jerin sunayen ma'aikatan ruwa da suke so su zauna a Ostiraliya ko dai a matsayin sojoji ko mazauna. Tench ya jagoranci jerin sunayen a matsayin "soja na yawon shakatawa daya fiye da shekaru uku." Daga cikin nasarorin da ya samu a sabon mulkin mallaka na New South Wales Tench shine Bature na farko da ya ci karo da kogin Nepean . 'Yancin ra'ayin Jean-Jacques Rousseau da kuma ra'ayin mai mutunci sun yi tasiri a kan asusun Tench. Ya yi ba'a game da ra'ayin Rousseau game da ɗan ƙazamin ɗan adam kuma ya yi cikakken bayani game da yadda ƴan mulkin mallaka ke mu'amala da mutanen Aborigin. Rubuce-rubucensa sun haɗa da bayanai da yawa game da Aborigines na Sydney, Gadigal da Cammeraygal (waɗanda ya kira "Indiyawa"). Ya kasance abokantaka da Bennelong, Barangaroo da wasu da yawa. Ya zauna a Sydney har zuwa Disamba 1791 lokacin da ya tashi zuwa gida akan {{HMS|Gorgon|1791|6}}, ya isa Plymouth a cikin Yuli 1792. A cikin 1791 ya yi nazarin ci gaban mulkin mallaka a matsayin bincike na littafinsa na biyu, ziyartar, da dai sauransu, gonar mai laifi Thomas William Parr, wanda ya gano cewa ya yi gyare-gyare kamar yadda sharuddan tallafin ya buƙaci, kuma ya kasance mai wuyar gaske. ma'aikaci, amma bai gamsu da aikin noma ba. == Daga baya rayuwa == === Komawa Ingila === A cikin Oktoba shekarar alif dubu daya da dari bakwai da casa’in da biyu 1792, Tench ya auri Anna Maria Sargent, wanda ita ce 'yar Robert Sargent, likitan likitan Devonport . A shekara ta gaba ya buga ''asusunsa na Matsala a Port Jackson'', wanda aka karɓa sosai a matsayin littafinsa na farko. Ya shiga {{HMS|Alexander|1778|6}} a matsayin babban brevet, yana aiki a ƙarƙashin Admiral Richard Rodney Bligh a cikin shingen tashar jiragen ruwa na [[Brest]] . === Yakin Napoleon === A cikin Nuwamba 1794, Bligh ya mika HMS ''Alexander'' bayan aikin 6 Nuwamba 1794, yakin da aka yi da jiragen ruwa uku na Faransa. An daure ma'aikatan da farko a kan jiragen ruwa a tashar jiragen ruwa [[Brest|na Brest]], amma daga baya aka koma Tench da Bligh zuwa Quimper kuma aka daure su a kurkuku (Bligh ya kiyaye Tench kusa da saboda Tench ya iya Faransanci). A wannan lokacin, Tench ya rubuta (amma mai yiwuwa bai aika ba) wasiƙun da suka kafa tushen littafinsa na uku, ''Wasiƙun da aka rubuta a Faransa zuwa Aboki a London'' . An musanya shi a watan Mayu 1795 bayan an tsare shi na tsawon watanni shida. Bayan ya dawo aiki, Tench ya yi hidimar shekaru huɗu akan {{HMS|Polyphemus|1782|6}} yana rakiyar ayarin jiragen ruwa a cikin Tekun Atlantika da Tashar. Ya koma cikin jirgin ruwa na Channel blockade a 1801 akan {{HMS|Princess Royal|1773|6}} kuma ta kasance a can har sai aikin sa ya ƙare a cikin 1802. Bayan wannan, ya bayyana ya ɗauki ofisoshin bakin teku a Chatham, Plymouth da Woolwich har sai da ya yi ritaya tare da matsayi na babban janar a ƙarshen 1815. === Bayan shekaru da mutuwa === An sake kunna Tench a matsayin kwamanda a sashin Plymouth a cikin Oktoba 1819 yana da shekaru 61. Ko da yake shi da matarsa ba su da ’ya’ya na kansu, amma a cikin 1821 sun dauki nauyin ‘ya’ya uku da ’yar uwa a lokacin da yaran hudu suka kasance marayu; A lokacin, Watkin Tench yana da shekaru 63 kuma matarsa ta kasance 56. Watkin Tench ya zauna a titin Chapel, Penzance (a cikin gidan da kakan Richard Oxnam ya gina). Ya zauna a can daga 1818 zuwa 1828. Tench ya yi ritaya da mukamin Laftanar Janar a cikin Yuli 1827 kuma ya mutu a Devonport (kusa da Plymouth ), Devon, Ingila, a ranar 7 ga Mayu 1833, yana da shekaru 74. == A cikin shahararrun al'adu == * ''The Watch on the Headland'' (1940) - wasan rediyo * Eleanor Dark, ''Ƙasar maras lokaci'' (labari na 1941) * Kate Grenville, ''Lieutenant'' (labari) a matsayin Kyaftin Silk * Timberlake Wertenbaker, ''Kyawun Ƙasarmu'' (wasa 1988). An kwatanta Tench a matsayin hali mara tausayi wanda bai yarda da kowane bege na fansa ko gyarawa ga kowane daga cikin masu laifin Ingilishi da aka yi jigilar su na Fleet na Farko ba. Tench Reserve a Penrith, New South Wales, ana kiransa bayansa, kamar yadda Watkin Tench Parade ke Pemulwuy, New South Wales . == Duba kuma == * Jarida na Fleet na Farko == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * Fitzhardinge, LF, ''Gabatarwar Edita'' a cikin ''Shekaru Hudu na Farko na Sydney'', Laburare na Tarihin Australiya, 1979,  * Edwards, G., ''Gabatarwa'' a ''Wasiƙu daga Faransa Juyin Juyi'', UWP, 2001. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-7083-1691-3|0-7083-1691-3]] * Phillip, A., ''Tafiya zuwa Botany Bay'' (bugu na facsimile), Hutchinson, 1982,  * Tench, W., ''[[gutenberg:3535|Labarin Balaguro zuwa Botany-Bay]]'', (1788) * Tench, W., ''[[gutenberg:3534|Cikakken Asusu na Mazauna a Port Jackson]]'' * == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Works by Watkin Tench at Project Gutenberg * Works by or about Watkin Tench at the Internet Archive * Works by Watkin Tench at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080825070614/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/t/tench/watkin/botany/complete.html A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080728133416/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/t/tench/watkin/settlement/complete.html A Complete Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson] * [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0PEH/is_60/ai_108114094/pg_2/ On the track of Watkin Tench]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l9tvygwgl1685mhgogjevwwo2wu1471 0 86324 893789 655557 2026-08-09T16:58:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tomi Adeyemi''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1993) [[marubuciya]] ce ta Najeriya kuma mai horar da rubuce-rubuce masu ƙirƙiro. An fi saninta da littafinta mai suna Children of Blood and Bone, na farko a cikin littafin Legacy of Orïsha wanda Henry Holt Books for Young Readers ya buga, wanda ya fara # 1 a cikin [[New York]] Times Best Sellers List, kuma ya lashe Kyautar Andre Norton ta shekarar 2018 don Young Adult Science Fiction and Fantasy, Littafin Waterstones na 2019, da kuma kyautar Hugo Lodestar ta 2019 don Mafi Kyawun Matasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last3=Fiction |first3=Nebula Awards® are registered trademarks of Science |last4=America |first4=Fantasy Writers of |last5=SFWA |first5=Inc Opinions expressed on this web site are not necessarily those of |title=2018 Nebula Awards |url=https://nebulas.sfwa.org/award-year/2018/ |access-date=May 19, 2019 |website=The Nebula Awards |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2019 |title=2019 Hugo Award & 1944 Retro Hugo Award Finalists |url=http://www.thehugoawards.org/2019/04/2019-hugo-award-1944-retro-hugo-award-finalists/ |access-date=May 19, 2019 |website=The Hugo Awards |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, an sanya mata suna a cikin jerin ''Forbes'' 30 Under 30 kuma a cikin shekara ta 2020, an sanya mata sunayen TIME 100 Mafi Mutanen da suka fi tasiri na 2020 a cikin rukunin "Pioneers". A shekarar 2022, Hotunan Paramount suna haɓaka Children of Blood and Bone a cikin babban fim mai motsi tare da Gina Prince-Bythewood da aka haɗe don jagorantar. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Adeyemi a ranar 1 ga Agustan shekarar 1993 a Amurka ga iyayen da suka yi hijira daga [[Najeriya]].<ref name="SydneyHerald" /> Mahaifinta likita ne a Najeriya amma ya sami aiki a matsayin Direban taksi yayin da yake jiran canja wurin cancanta. Mahaifiyar Adeyemi ta yi aiki a matsayin mai tsaftacewa. Adeyemi ta girma ne a Birnin [[Chicago]] kuma ba a fallasa ta da al'adun Najeriya ko kabilanci na Yoruba ba yayin da iyayenta suka yanke shawarar kada su koya mata ko 'yan uwanta yarensu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-06 |title=A conversation with Tomi Adeyemi — Assembly {{!}} Malala Fund |url=https://assembly.malala.org/stories/tomi-adeyemi-interview |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=Assembly |language=en-GB}}</ref> Daga baya za ta rungumi al'adun ta a matsayin babba, ta bayyana cewa, "Ban yi tunani sosai game da shi ba kuma ina tsammanin wannan shine irin ƙwarewar ƙarni na farko. Kuna ƙoƙarin shiga. Ba ku fahimci yadda al'adunku suke da kyau har sai kun fita daga wannan matakin ƙoƙarin shiga. " Daga baya za ku bayyana ɗayan litattafantafanta a matsayin wasiƙar soyayya ga al'adunta. <ref name="SydneyHerald">{{Cite web |last=Kembrey |first=Melanie |date=2018-03-09 |title=Interview: Tomi Adeyemi and her fantasy novel inspired by Black Lives Matter |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/books/interview-tomi-adeyemi-and-her-fantasy-novel-inspired-by-black-lives-matter-20180220-h0wd3h.html |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> Adeyemi ta rubuta labarinta na farko lokacin da take ƴar shekara biyar, kuma ta ci gaba da rubutu a duk lokacin da take matashiya. Ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Hinsdale ta tsakiya a Hinsdale, Illinois a shekarar 2011. <ref name="DevilsAdvocate">Wols, Lauren; Eck, Everett; Anderson, Hannah (March 21, 2018). [https://www.hcdevilsadvocate.com/news/2018/03/21/bestselling-author-tomi-adeyemi-visits-her-alma-mater/ "New author Tomi Adeyemi visits her alma mater"]. [[Hinsdale Central High School]] ([[Hinsdale, Illinois]]).</ref> Adeyemi ta cancanci shiga cikin Shirin Matasa na Gidauniyar Hinsdale ta Tsakiya a cikin 2008 kuma ta ci gaba da lashe tallafin "Matasa" a cikin 2010-2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hinsdale Central High School Foundation - Young Scholars 2008 |url=http://hchsfoundation.org/YS2008 |access-date=July 13, 2019 |website=hchsfoundation.org |archive-date=July 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713012614/http://hchsfoundation.org/YS2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A lokacin da ta fi girma, Adeyemi ta kuma sami tallafin karatu na Rani Sharma . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Senior Scholarship Program |url=http://www.powershow.com/view4/78b9f0-MzY2Z/Senior_Scholarship_Program_powerpoint_ppt_presentation |access-date=July 13, 2019 |website=PowerShow |language=en |archive-date=July 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713012624/https://www.powershow.com/view4/78b9f0-MzY2Z/Senior_Scholarship_Program_powerpoint_ppt_presentation |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta ci gaba da kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Harvard tare da digiri na girmamawa a cikin wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi, sannan ta yi nazarin tatsuniyoyin Afirka ta Yamma da al'adu a [[Salvador (Bahia)|Salvador, Brazil]], a kan zumunci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tomi Adeyemi |url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/16642745.Tomi_Adeyemi |access-date=August 5, 2017 |website=Goodreads}}</ref> Wannan kwarewar ce ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don rubuta Children of Blood and Bone, littafin da zai fara aikinta. == Ayyuka == [[Fayil:10.8.17FantasyPanelByLuigiNovi1.jpg|left|thumb|Adeyemi, saman hagu, tare da wasu marubutan fantasy a tattaunawar kwamitin a 2017 New York Comic Con]] Bayan Adeyemi ta koma [[California]], ta yi aiki a kamfanin samar da fina-finai na [[Los Angeles]]. Lokacin da ta yanke shawarar rage sa'o'inta a can don rubuta littafi, iyayenta ba su yarda da wannan ra'ayin gaba ɗaya ba. Adeyemi ya ce, "Ni ɗan Najeriya ne na ƙarni na farko don haka na fito daga mahaifar mahaifiyata kuma ya kamata in zama likita, lauya ko injiniya, kuma ina kamar 'oh hey, ina barin aikina mai biyan kuɗi sosai a wani kamfani mai ɗorewa wanda ke da damar aiki da yawa a gare ni' ... Ina da sa'a cewa iyayena sun kasance kamar, 'a bayyane yake ba mu haukace game da wannan ba amma muna son ku' <ref name="SydneyHerald"/> Littafin Adeyemi na farko da aka rubuta bai samar da kyakkyawan ra'ayi ba. A maimakon haka ta sa kanta shekara guda don rubuta wani littafi wanda ya zama Children of Blood and Bone, kuma ta shigar da shi cikin Pitch Wars, shirin gasa wanda ake daidaita marubutan da ke fitowa tare da editoci da marubuta don sake duba aikinsu kafin su gabatar da shi ga wakilin wallafe-wallafen.<ref name="SydneyHerald"/> === Kyautar Orïsha trilogy === Littafinta na farko, Children of Blood and Bone, an sake shi a watan [[Maris]] na shekara ta 2018, kuma an fara shi a lamba 1 a cikin The New York Times Young Adult Hardcover Bestseller List. Littafin fantasy ne na matasa (YA), wanda ke nuna mai gabatarwa Zélie Adebola, wanda ke yaƙi da mulkin mallaka don dawo da sihiri ga mutanenta. Adeyemi ta ce tana so ta rubuta wani labari mai ban sha'awa da aka kafa a [[Yammacin Afirka]] don "wani yarinya baƙar fata [zai iya] karɓar littafin na wata rana kuma ya ga kanta a matsayin tauraro... Ina so ta san cewa tana da kyau kuma tana da mahimmanci kuma tana iya samun hauka, kasada mai sihiri ko da wani jahilci na duniya ya gaya mata cewa ba za ta iya zama Hermione Granger ba. " An ba ta lambar yabo ta Andre Norton ta 2018 don Young Adult Science Fiction and Fantasy kuma ta shekara ta 2019 Lodestar Award for Best Young Adult Book . A ƙarshen [[Maris]] 2017, Hotunan Fox 2000 sun sayi haƙƙin daidaita fim ɗin ga littafin. An ruwaito cewa yarjejeniyar bugawa da haƙƙin fim sun kasance kusan adadi bakwai. Deadline ya bayyana shi a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan wallafe-wallafen YA na farko". A watan [[Nuwamba]] na shekara ta 2018, Adeyemi ta zargi Nora Roberts da satar taken littafinta, Of Blood and Bone daga Children of Blood and Bone . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeyemi |first=Tomi |date=November 29, 2018 |title=Twitter Profile |url=https://twitter.com/tomi_adeyemi/status/1067496955108978688 |url-status= |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181129224146/https://twitter.com/tomi_adeyemi/status/1067496955108978688 |archive-date=November 29, 2018 |website=Twitter}}</ref> Adeyemi daga baya ta janye zarge-zargen tana cewa "bayan ta yi magana da ita, na yi imanin an halicci sunayenmu ne a ware".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeyemi |first=Tomi |date=November 29, 2018 |title=Twitter Profile |url=https://twitter.com/tomi_adeyemi/status/1067680544232693760 |url-status= |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181129224035/https://twitter.com/tomi_adeyemi/status/1067680544232693760 |archive-date=November 29, 2018 |website=Twitter}}</ref> Roberts daga baya ya bayyana cewa an sanya wa littafinta lakabi kuma an gabatar da ita ga mai bugawa shekara guda kafin Adeyemi. Ta kuma soki rashin binciken gaskiya na Adeyemi da gaskiyar cewa Adeyemi bai share zargi ba kwana daya bayan haka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roberts |first=Nora |date=November 29, 2018 |title=Mob Rule By Social Media |url=https://fallintothestory.com/mob-rule-by-social-media/ |url-status= |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181129230139/https://fallintothestory.com/mob-rule-by-social-media/ |archive-date=November 29, 2018 |website=Fall Into The Story}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jordan |first=Tina |date=December 14, 2018 |title=Seeing Double on the Shelves |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/14/books/review/nora-roberts-tomi-adeyemi-of-blood-and-bone-best-seller.html#title |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kramer Bussel |first=Rachel |date=December 1, 2018 |title=Romance Author Nora Roberts RespondsTo Tomi Adeyemi Accusation: 'You Can't Copyright A Title' |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rachelkramerbussel/2018/12/01/nora-roberts-tomi-adeyemi-title-plagiarism-accusation/#1780f00714f5#title |website=forbes.com}}</ref> Littafinta na biyu, Children of Virtue and Vengeance an tura shi baya daga ranar da aka fara fitar da shi a watan Maris na 2019 zuwa Yuni na 2019. Adeyemi daga baya ta bayyana a Instagram cewa mai bugawa ya ba ta zabi biyu: Yuni 2019 da Disamba 2019, amma ta zaɓi tsohon don haka magoya baya ba za su jira ba. Ayyukan sun yi yawa kuma marubucin, edita, da mai bugawa sun amince da ba da littafi na biyu karin lokaci. Children of Virtue and Vengeance ya zama # 1 New York Times Bestseller a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019. A watan Disamba na 2020, sabon kamfanin iyaye na Fox Disney ya ba da sanarwar cewa rassa biyu Lucasfilm da 20th Century Studios za su daidaita Children of Blood and Bone cikin fim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Templeton |first=Molly |date=December 14, 2020 |title=Lucasfilm Is Developing Tomi Adeyemi's Children of Blood and Bone |url=https://www.tor.com/2020/12/14/lucasfilm-is-developing-tomi-adeyemis-children-of-blood-and-bone/comment-page-1/ |access-date=January 20, 2021 |website=Tor.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tomi Adeyemi's New York Times bestselling novel Children of Blood & Bone... |url=https://twitter.com/Disney/status/1337177269031276548 |access-date=January 20, 2021 |website=Twitter |publisher=@Disney}}</ref> A shekara ta 2021, Adeyemi ya yi takaici da saurin tsarin daidaita fim na Lucasfilm. Ta nemi ta yi aiki a matsayin marubuciya, buƙatar da Lucasfilm ta ƙi. Tun da Lucasfilm ya so ya mayar da hankali kan dukiyarsa ta ilimi ''Star Wars'', ''Indiana Jones'', da <nowiki><i id="mwkQ">Willow</i></nowiki>, kamfanin da 20th Century Studios sun ba da damar haƙƙin fim ɗin su ga Children of Blood and Bone su ɓace a ƙarshen 2021. A tsakiyar watan Janairun 2022, Hotunan Paramount sun sami haƙƙin tabbatar da fitowar wasan kwaikwayo na musamman, tare da Temple Hill Entertainment suna samarwa tare da Sunswept Entertainment. A matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar, Adeyemi zai rubuta rubutun kuma ya zama babban furodusa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=January 12, 2022 |title=Paramount Pictures Lands Rights To Tomi Adeyemi Best-Selling YA Book Series 'Children Of Blood And Bone' |url=https://deadline.com/2022/01/paramount-pictures-tomi-adeyemi-children-of-blood-and-bone-1234908812/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123204756/https://deadline.com/2022/01/paramount-pictures-tomi-adeyemi-children-of-blood-and-bone-1234908812/ |archive-date=January 23, 2022 |access-date=January 12, 2022 |website=Deadline}}</ref> A tsakiyar watan Disamba na shekara ta 2023, an ba da sanarwar cewa Gina Prince-Bythewood za ta ba da umarnin daidaitawa da Hotunan Paramount tare da Wyck Godfrey, Marty Bowen, Karen Rosenfelt, da Matt Jackson a matsayin masu samar da zartarwa.<ref>Kroll, Jason (December 14, 2023). Gina Prince-Bythewood to direct adaptation of Tomi Adeyemi's "children of blood and bone" for Paramount Pictures. Deadline. https://deadline.com/2023/12/gina-prince-bythewood-tomi-adeyemi-children-of-blood-and-bone-paramount-pictures-1235667075/</ref> == Sauran ayyukan == Yayinda take aiki a kan littafinta na farko Children of Blood and Bone, Adeyemi ta yi aiki a matsayin mai horar da rubuce-rubuce.<ref name="DevilsAdvocate"/> Baya ga nasarar da ta samu a matsayin marubuciya, Adeyemi tana koyar da rubuce-rubuce masu ban sha'awa ta hanyar karatun ta na kan layi, The Writer's Roadmap . An sanya wa shafin yanar gizon ta suna daya daga cikin shafukan yanar gizo 101 mafi kyau ga marubuta ta Writer's Digest . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lipp |first=Cassandra |date=July 29, 2020 |title=Writer's Digest Best Writing Advice Websites 2020 |url=https://www.writersdigest.com/be-inspired/writers-digest-best-writing-advice-websites-2020 |access-date=January 21, 2021 |website=Writer's Digest |language=en}}</ref> Adeyemi ya yi baƙo a cikin fitowar karshe na Hermione Granger da Quarter Life Crisis . Patrick Harpin da Everett Downing, Jr., masu kirkirar My Dad the Bounty Hunter, sun hayar Adeyemi don yin aiki a kan jerin shirye-shiryen raye-raye, wanda ke da ɗakin marubuta mafi yawa. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Tomi Adeyemi tana zaune a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], New York . Ita 'yar asalin [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] ce. Tana da 'yan uwa biyu. Mahaifiyarta tana kula da asibitoci a wajen Chicago, mahaifinta likita ne, kuma ɗan'uwanta mawaƙi ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hughes |first=Sarah |date=March 10, 2018 |title=Tomi Adeyemi: 'We need a black girl fantasy book every month' |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/mar/10/tomi-adeyemi-interview-children-of-blood-and-bone-sarah-hughes |access-date=January 10, 2022 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Kyautar Orïsha trilogy === * Yara na Jini da Ƙashi (Maris 6, 2018) * ''Yara na Kyakkyawan da Ramuwar gayya'' (3 ga Disamba, 2019) * ''Yaran Anguish da Anarchy'' (Yuni 25, 2024) Littattafan Abokan hulɗa * Awaken the Magic (jarida) (7 ga Afrilu, 2020) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dcvdkh43lbu8t5sxfzrkj7tck5ir272 0 86706 894175 540609 2026-08-10T10:32:17Z Aisha SM 47788 894175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Emmanuel Ndahiro''' [[Soja|sojan]] [[Ruwanda|Rwanda ne]]. Ya kasance shugaban hukumar leken asirin ƙasar Rwanda har zuwa shekarar 2011. <ref name="CICJNdahiro">{{Cite web |title=The Power Players: Emmanuel Ndahiro |url=https://projects.icij.org/panama-papers/power-players/index.html#10 |access-date=3 April 2016 |publisher=ICIJ}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Col Emmanuel Ndahiro ari muba Ofisiye 10 bazamuwe ku ipeti rya Brigadier (...) |url=http://rushyashya.net/amakuru/mu-rwanda/col-emmanuel-ndahiro-ari-muba.html |access-date=2016-04-04 |website=Rushyashya.net }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-12 |title=RDF: Col Emmanuel Ndahiro linked to collaboration with detainees – INYENYERI NEWS |url=http://www.inyenyerinews.org/truth-reconciliation/rdf-col-emmanuel-ndahiro-linked-to-collaboration-with-detainees/ |access-date=2016-04-04 |website=Inyenyerinews.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Behind the Presidential Curtain: Emmanuel Ndahiro, Kagame's Former Spy Chief Denied Entry Into USA Military Academy |url=http://www.salem-news.com/articles/november272012/kagame-changes-jf.php |access-date=2016-04-04 |website=Salem-News.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Spying scandals force reshuffle in Rwanda's spy machinery. &#124; |url=http://www.umuvugizi.com/?p=2862&lang=en |access-date=2016-04-04 |website=Umuvugizi.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 8s92bq7lkg5abnec4ts7p1z42zw2vgy 0 88229 893868 893367 2026-08-09T20:11:56Z Der-Wir-Ing 14522 Replaced content with "{{databox}} '''Stephen Robert Macht''' (haihuwa: 1 ga Mayu 1942) dan wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin da kuma fim na Amurka. ==Tarihin rayuwa== An haifi Macht a Philadelphia dake jahar Pennsylvania, iyayenshi yahudawa ne, mahaifiyarta Janette, mahaifinshi kuma Jerome Irving Macht. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}}" 893868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Stephen Robert Macht''' (haihuwa: 1 ga Mayu 1942) dan wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin da kuma fim na Amurka. ==Tarihin rayuwa== An haifi Macht a Philadelphia dake jahar Pennsylvania, iyayenshi yahudawa ne, mahaifiyarta Janette, mahaifinshi kuma Jerome Irving Macht. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} h7tpncx8lq0y722bnyb9xsb2y20cwfr 0 88804 893992 555218 2026-08-10T04:47:23Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 893992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kunduz''' birni ne a arewacin Afghanistan kuma babban birnin Lardin Kunduz . Birnin yana da kimanin mutane 268,893 a shekarar 2015, wanda ya sa ya zama Birni na bakwai mafi girma a Afghanistan, kuma birni mafi girma a arewa maso gabashin Afghanistan.Kunduz tana cikin yankin tarihi na Tokharistan na Bactria, kusa da haɗuwar Kogin Kunduz da Kogin Khanabad . Kunduz tana da alaƙa da manyan hanyoyi tare da [[Kabul]] a kudu, Mazar-i-Sharif a yamma, da Badakhshan a gabas. Kunduz kuma tana da alaƙa da Dushanbe a [[Tajikistan]] zuwa arewa, ta hanyar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Afghanistan ta Sherkhan Bandar . Wannan birni ya shahara a Afghanistan saboda samar da alade. <ref>Asien-Afrika-Institut". uni-hamburg.de. Archived from the original on 9 May 2012.</ref> ==Asali== Kunduz kuma wani lokacin ana rubuta shi (romanized) kamar Kundûz, Qonduz, Qondûz, Konduz, Konduz, Kondoz, ko Qhunduz . Sunan birnin ya samo asali ne daga fili na Farisa, kohan поле, "tsohon / tsohuwar sansani. <ref>State of Afghan Cities report 2015 (Volume-II)" (in English and Dari). UN-Habitat. 2015. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021</ref> <ref>State of Afghan Cities report 2015 (Volume-I English)". UN-Habitat. 2015. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021.</ref> ==Tarihi== Kunduz shine shafin tsohon birnin Drapsaka . Babban cibiyar ilmantarwa ce ta Buddha kuma tana da wadata sosai a cikin karni na 3 AD. <ref> Branch, India Army General Staff (1972). Historical and Political Gazetteer of Afghanistan. Akadem. Druck- u. Verlagsanst. ISBN 9783201012720.</ref> <ref>Sims-Williams. New Light on Ancient Afghanistan. pp. 16–17.</ref> ==Manazarta== t8q7d55dly6f6c8kcgwrv1oo6yr2mk2 0 91383 894002 873715 2026-08-10T05:04:54Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 894002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tak'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teak</ref> Teak (Tectona grandis) wani nau'in bishiyar itace ne na yankin ''tropics'' a daga dangin Lamiaceae. [[Bishiya]] ce babba mai [[ganye]] wacce ke samuwa a dazuzzuka dake da manyan itace. Icen ''Tectona grandis'' yana da ƙananan fararen furanni masu ƙamshi da ke shirye cunkude da yawa (panicles) a ƙarshen rassan. Waɗannan furanni suna da daukkannin gabobin haihuwa guda biyu (cikakkun furanni). Manya-manyan ganyen bishiyar teak suna yawan yin gashi daga ƙarƙashin su. Itacen Teak yana da kamshi irin na fata idan aka yi niƙa shi kuma ana daraja shi musamman don juriyar sa kuma ruwa ba ya lalata shi. Ana amfani da itacen don ƙera jirgin ruwa, ginin wajen gida, kayan kwalliya, kayan daki, sassaƙa, da ƙananan ayyuka daban-daban.<ref>"Is all well in the teak forests of South Sudan? – By Aly Verjee"</ref> Icen ''Tectona grandis'' ya fito ne a kudancin Asiya da kuma kudu maso gabashin Asiya, musamman [[Bangladesh]], Indiya, Indonesia, Malaysia, [[Myanmar]], Thailand, da [[Sri Lanka]], amma ana noma shi a ƙasashen Afirka da Caribbean da dama. Dazukan teak na Myanmar ta kwashe kusan rabin kaso na itace teak na ainihi da ke duniya.<ref>https://www.ipni.org/n/864923-1</ref> == Bayani\Siffa == [[Fayil:Tectona grandis L.f.jpg|thumb|Bishiyar tak]] Tak babban bishiya ce mai tsayi har zuwa mita 40 (131 ft) tsayi tare da launin toka zuwa rassan launin toka-launin ruwan kasa, wanda aka sani da itace mai inganci. Ganyensa suna da kaifi-elliptic zuwa kwai, 15-45 cm (5.9-17.7 in) tsayi da 8-23 cm (3.1-9.1 in) faɗi, kuma ana riƙe su akan ƙananan petioles waɗanda ke da 2-4 cm (0.8-1.6 a ciki) ) dogo. Gefen ganye gabaɗaya ne furen furanni masu ƙamshi ana ɗaukar su akan 25-40 cm (10-16 in) tsayi da 30 cm (inci 12) faffadan faffadan daga Yuni zuwa Agusta.<ref>http://hal.cirad.fr/cirad-00846130/file/TGG6_5_.pdf</ref> Bututun corolla yana da tsayin 2.5-3 mm tare da faɗuwar lobes na obtuse 2 mm. Tectona grandis yana kafa 'ya'yan itace daga Satumba zuwa Disamba; 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari suna globose kuma 1.2-1.8 cm a diamita. Furen suna da rauni sosai saboda anthers suna gaba da rashin kunya a lokacin balaga kuma ana zubar da pollen a cikin 'yan sa'o'i kaɗan na buɗe furen. Furen suna da yawa da yawa (wanda aka lalatar da kwari), amma lokaci-lokaci yana iya zama anemophilous (iska-pollinated). Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 1996. ya gano cewa a yankinsa na kasar Thailand, manyan masu kada kuri'a sune nau'in kudan zuma na Ceratina.<ref>https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/62019830/62019832</ref> === Itace === Rubutun itace yana da wuya kuma zobba suna da yawa. Yawan yawa ya bambanta bisa ga abun ciki na danshi: a 15% danshi abun ciki shine 660 kg / m3. Itacen zuciya yana rawaya zuwa launin ruwan zinari. Sapwood fari ne zuwa koɗaɗɗen launin ruwan rawaya. Yana iya sauƙi rabuwa da itacen zuciya. Teak yana yin duhu yayin da ya tsufa. Ana iya samun babban bambanci, dangane da wane yanki ne teak ya fito. Tsohuwar girma tana da zobba masu matsewa fiye da sabon girma. Akwai kamshi mai kama da fata a cikin sabon itacen da aka yanka.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20111001154516/http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/79/3/227.full.pdf+html</ref> == Tarihin Botanical == Tectona grandis ne Carl Linnaeus ƙaramin ƙarami ya fara bayyana shi a ƙa'ida a cikin aikinsa na 1782 Supplementum Plantarum. A cikin 1975, Harold Norman Moldenke ya buga sabon kwatanci na nau'i hudu na wannan nau'in a cikin mujallar Phytologia. Moldeke ya bayyana kowane nau'i a matsayin ɗan bambanta kaɗan daga nau'in samfurin: T. grandis f. an bambanta canescens daga nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in ta zama mai tsayi mai yawa ko kuma an rufe shi da gashi, a ƙarƙashin ganyen, T. grandis f. PIPs ya bambanta da nau'in ƙwayar cuta a cikin bambancin ilimin halittar jiki na jijiyoyin ganye, T. Grandis f. punctata mai gashi ne kawai akan manyan jijiyoyi a ƙarƙashin ganyen, kuma T. grandis f. Ana lura da tomentella saboda yawan gashin tomentose mai launin rawaya a saman ƙasan ganye.<ref>https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:864923-1</ref> == Tarihin suna == Kalmar Turanci ta zo ta hanyar teca na Portuguese daga Malayalam tekka (haɗe tare da Tamil tekku, Telugu teku, da Kannada tegu) ta hanyar Sanskrit "shaka" da "saka". Teak na Lardin Tsakiya da Nagpur teak ana kiran su ga waɗancan yankuna na Indiya. == Rarraba da wurin zama == Tecona Geris na daya daga cikin nau'ikan uku a cikin halittar Tecona. Sauran nau'ikan nau'ikan guda biyu, T. hamiltoniana da T. philippinensis, suna da ƙanƙanta da ƙananan rarraba a cikin Myanmar da Philippines, bi da bi. Tectona grandis ya fito ne daga Indiya, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Myanmar, arewacin Thailand, da arewa maso yammacin [[Laos]]. Ana samun Tectona grandis a cikin wurare daban-daban da yanayi na yanayi daga wurare masu busassun damina mai tsawon milimita 500 na ruwan sama a kowace shekara zuwa dazuzzukan dazuzzukan da ke da ruwan sama har zuwa mm 5,000 a kowace shekara. Yawanci, ko da yake, ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a wuraren da teak ke girma ya kai 1,250-1,650 mm tare da lokacin rani na wata 3-5. == Noma == == Manazarta == beftf0w4asr7ql32hdfia6ckqhypvs9 0 93770 893972 736525 2026-08-10T00:53:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yahaya Seidu''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1945) ɗan siyasan [[Ghana]] ne. Ya taba zama dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazaɓar Ayawaso ta gabas a yankin [[Yankin Greater Accra|Greater Accra]] na kasar [[Ghana]] . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Yahaya Seidu a ranar 25 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1945, kuma ya kasance ɗan majalisa na farko a jamhuriya ta huɗu mai wakiltar mazaɓar Ayawaso ta Gabas a [[Yankin Greater Accra|babban yankin Accra]] na Ghana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPs - List of 2013 - 2017 (6th Parliament) MPs |url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps-by-year-group/index.php?group=2463 |access-date=2021-01-31 |website=www.ghanamps.com |archive-date=2020-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803144702/http://www.ghanamps.com/mps-by-year-group/index.php?group=2463 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sana'a == Yahaya Seidu ya yi aikin kansa kafin ya shiga majalisar a shekarar 1993 a matsayin ɗan majalisar farko na jamhuriya ta hudu ta Ghana. == Siyasa == Yahaya Seidu yana aiki da kansa kafin ya shiga majalisar a lokacin zaɓen ƴan majalisar dokokin Ghana a shekarar 1992 kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress a matsayin ɗan majalisar farko na jamhuriya ta huɗu ta Ghana. Ya rasa kujerar a hannun [[Farouk Braimah]] na National Democratic Congress a babban zaɓen Ghana na 1996 wanda ya lashe kujerar da kuri'u 45,605 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 42.70% na kaso 42.70 a kan abokan hamayyarsa; Yussif Kwame Nkrumah na New Patriotic Party wanda ya samu ƙuri'u 21,841 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 20.50% na jimillar ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa, Amadu Ibrahim Jebkle na babban taron jama'ar kasa shi ma ya samu kuri'u 9,669 da ke wakiltar kashi 9.10% na ƙuri'un da aka kada, Abdiel Godly Baba Ali dan takara mai zaman kansa ya samu ƙuri'u 3,57. Nortey na jam'iyyar National Convention Party shi ma ya samu ƙuri'u 3,397 da ke wakiltar kashi 3.20% da kuma Alhaji Ibrahim Futa na jam'iyyar Convention People's Party ya samu kuri'u 1,766 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 1.70% na yawan ƙuri'un da aka kada. Braimah ya kasance dan majalisa na biyu na jamhuriya ta huɗu ta Ghana mai wakiltar mazaɓar Ayawaso ta gabas akan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress . <ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Ghana Election 1996 Results - Ayawaso East Constituency |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/1996/greateraccra/119/index.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209131623/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/1996/greateraccra/119/index.php |archive-date=2021-02-09 |access-date=2021-01-31 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Ghana Election 1992 Results - Ayawaso East Constituency |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/1992/greateraccra/119/index.php |access-date=2021-02-06 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Shi [[musulmi]] ne . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Ghanaweb |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/members_parliament.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621050058/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/members_parliament.php |archive-date=2020-06-21 |access-date= |website=}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] jhjgdacg5ahbim5mcutahqkvto9m5aq 0 94427 894081 834396 2026-08-10T08:38:24Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 /* */ 894081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hadeel Abdel Aziz''' Ta kuma karɓi lambar yabo ta Franco-German don Haƙƙoƙin Dan Adam da mulkin doka, wanda aka miƙa mata yayin bikin cika shekaru 60 na yarjejeniyar Elysée a ranar 22 ga Janairu,She 2023. == Ilimi da takaddun shaida == Abdel Aziz ta nada digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Jordan kuma ya zama ɗan Jordan na farko da Jami'ar Jihar Michigan ta tabbatar da shi a matsayin mai gudanar da shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hadeel Abdel Aziz |url=https://worldjusticeproject.org/world-justice-forum-vi/hadeel-abdel-aziz |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=World Justice Project |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Manajan sashin gudanar da kotun === Kafin kafa JCLA, Abdel Aziz ya yi aiki ga USAID daga 2004 zuwa 2009 a matsayin manajan sashin gudanarwa na Kotun don Shirin Dokar Shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=USAID Rule of Law Program Quarterly Report: July - September, 2009 |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JC25.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125131454/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JC25.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref> === Ayyukan karfafawa na shari'a === An ruwaito aikinta a karkashin JCLA a matsayin samar da sabis ga marasa galihu, yana ba da shawara ga taimakon shari'a na jihar tare da mayar da hankali kan karfafawa ta shari'a - "sanya doka a hannun matsakaicin mutum" ta hanyar kayan aikin da aka tsara don ilimantar da mutane game da hakkinsu na asali da tallafawa al'ummomi don kewayawa da saita hanyoyin da kayan aiki.[1][2] === Mai kare haƙƙin ɗan adam === A matsayinta na [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|mai karewa]] kungiyoyi daban-daban da suka hada da matasa, [[Ƴan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]], da wadanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jima'i da na jinsi, DOS ya yaba wa Aziz don nuna hangen nesa {{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> don taimakawa wajen karfafa tsarin adalci a [[Jodan|Jordan]]. Ayyukanta na bayar da shawarwari game da laifukan girmamawa - tsare mata don "kariya" ta kansu an kuma nuna shi. A matsayinta na kwamitin amintattu a Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa, ta jaddada muhimmancin cikakkun bayanai a cikin batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin mallaka ga matasa 'yan jaridar Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2020 |title=JMI trains a new generation of young journalists |url=https://www.jmi.edu.jo/en/jmi-trains-new-generation-young-journalists%C2%A0 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=Jordan Media Institute |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418112958/https://www.jmi.edu.jo/en/jmi-trains-new-generation-young-journalists%C2%A0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Mata, yara, da wadanda ta'addanci suka shafa === Sauran kokarin ta ya hada da bayar da shawarwari don kawar da dokar fyade ta Jordan, Mataki na 308, da kuma taimakawa wajen aiwatar da tsananta wa masu laifi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2017 |title=Jordanian Parliament abolishes law that allowed rapists to avoid prosecution by marrying their victims |url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2017/8/news-jordanian-parliament-abolishes-law-that-allowed-rapists-to-avoid-prosecution |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=UN Women – Headquarters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tahhan |first=Zena Al |title='Historic day' as Jordanian parliament repeals rape law |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/8/1/historic-day-as-jordanian-parliament-repeals-rape-law |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jordan may end reviled law on rape |url=https://enewspaper.latimes.com/infinity/article_popover_share.aspx?guid=5bb9e537-9e41-4ab8-8d8a-e992a9a73c51 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} Jordan: The penalty for rape; legal penalties for failing to complete a court-ordered probation, where, and if, that is the sentence |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3f7d4db77.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> Ta nuna aikinta a cikin wani kwamitin da aka zaba a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta shiga cikin ayyukan da [[Bankin Duniya]] ke tallafawa, da sauran dandamali. {{Cite web |title=Day Two - Session 7: Parallel breakout sessions – The importance of access to justice for victims of terrorism {{!}} Office of Counter-Terrorism |url=https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/session-vii-access-to-justice-for-victims |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.un.org}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-03 |title=World Bank Selects JCLA to Provide the Nigerian Government with Technical Support {{!}} Justice Center for Legal Aid |url=https://www.jcla-org.com/en/article/world-bank-selects-jcla-provide-nigerian-government-technical-support |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422191801/http://www.jcla-org.com/en/article/world-bank-selects-jcla-provide-nigerian-government-technical-support |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Justice Center for Legal Aid |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JORDAN RULE OF LAW AND ANTI-CORRUPTION ASSESSMENT |url=https://democracyinternational.com/media/Jordan%20Rule%20of%20Law%20Anti-Corruption%20Assessment.pdf |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2016 |title=Middle East and North Africa CMI: Support to Open Government Reforms |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/319941468044984002/text/P133260-AAA-Finalize-Output.txt |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=World Bank |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414024012/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/319941468044984002/text/P133260-AAA-Finalize-Output.txt |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kwamitin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], ta tattauna muhimmancin samun damar adalci ga wadanda ke fama da [[ta'addanci]] a lokacin taron Global Congress of Victims of Terrorism . === Ma'aikatan ƙaura === Don batun da ke gudana na Ma'aikatan ƙaura da kuma yin tir da cin zarafin ma'aikatan Jordan, Abdel Aziz ya fahimci rata, ya bayyana dawo da mataimakan gida tara da aka yi wa Filipinos cin zarafi, kuma ya tattauna ƙalubale a aiwatar da doka da kayan aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GMANews.TV |first=MARK JOSEPH UBALDE |date=3 November 2008 |title='Not just RP maids but women abused in Mideast' |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/content/131032/not-just-rp-maids-but-women-abused-in-mideast/story/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=GMA News Online |language=en}}</ref> === Taimako na kasa da kasa === A cikin 2015, [[Bankin Duniya]] ya zaɓi JCLA da Abdel Aziz don samar da tallafin fasaha ga gwamnatin [[Najeriya]] wanda ta shiga cikin jerin ayyukan tallafin shari'a da kuma tabbatar da inganci [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Africa and Middle East |url=https://thepbeye.probonoinst.org/category/global-pro-bono/africa-and-middle-east/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418123018/https://thepbeye.probonoinst.org/category/global-pro-bono/africa-and-middle-east/ |archive-date=18 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=The PBEye}}</ref><ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Unini |date=2015-08-21 |title=Making justice accessible to the poor |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/making-justice-accessible-to-the-poor/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=TheNigeriaLawyer |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da zumunci == === Eisenhower Fellowship === Abdel Aziz ya sami kudade daga Eisenhower Fellowships <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.efworld.org/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Eisenhower Fellowships |language=en-US}}</ref> don aiwatar da shirin Pro bono na kasa <ref name=":4"/> wanda ke da alaƙa da tsarin shari'ar Jordan kuma yana hidima ga waɗanda ba su da wakilci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2015-10-27 |title=Hadeel Abdel Aziz - International Action Network for Gender Equity & Law |url=https://www.iangel.org/hadeel-abdel-aziz/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.iangel.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Wendy |date=2019-08-20 |title=Hadil Abdelaziz |url=https://www.probonoconference.org/hadil-abdelaziz/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Asia Pro Bono Conference & Access to Justice Exchange |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWendy2019">Wendy (20 August 2019). [https://www.probonoconference.org/hadil-abdelaziz/ "Hadil Abdelaziz"]. ''Asia Pro Bono Conference & Access to Justice Exchange''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba === Abdel Aziz ta karbi lambar yabo ta mata ta kasa da kasa ta 2023 wacce Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta shirya kuma ta ba da kyauta ga waɗanda suka nuna ƙarfin hali, ƙarfi, da jagoranci na musamman.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=28 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Awards |url=https://editorials.voa.gov/a/international-women-of-courage-awards/7025269.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://editorials.voa.gov/a/international-women-of-courage-awards/7025269.html "2023 International Women of Courage Awards"]. ''VOA''. 28 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> An amince da aikinta na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da wakiltar waɗanda ba su da kyau. === Kyautar Faransa da Jamus don 'Yancin Dan Adam da Dokar Shari'a === Ta sami wannan lambar yabo saboda sadaukarwar rayuwarta ga mulkin doka da aikinta na ingantawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na mata da 'yan mata. Ana ba da kyautar ga masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a duk duniya, waɗanda ke aiki kowace rana, sau da yawa a cikin yanayi mai haɗari, don karewa da ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa. == Dubi kuma == * Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba * Cibiyar Shari'a don Taimako na Shari'a * Jerin masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Jordan * Dokar Jordan == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7colfx8losfkfzhbk56budb93919u4b 894083 894081 2026-08-10T08:38:43Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 /* */ 894083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hadeel Abdel Aziz''' Ta kuma karɓi lambar yabo ta Franco-German don Haƙƙoƙin Dan Adam da mulkin doka, wanda aka miƙa mata yayin bikin cika shekaru 60 na yarjejeniyar Elysée a ranar 22 ga Janairu,Sheka 2023. == Ilimi da takaddun shaida == Abdel Aziz ta nada digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Jordan kuma ya zama ɗan Jordan na farko da Jami'ar Jihar Michigan ta tabbatar da shi a matsayin mai gudanar da shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hadeel Abdel Aziz |url=https://worldjusticeproject.org/world-justice-forum-vi/hadeel-abdel-aziz |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=World Justice Project |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Manajan sashin gudanar da kotun === Kafin kafa JCLA, Abdel Aziz ya yi aiki ga USAID daga 2004 zuwa 2009 a matsayin manajan sashin gudanarwa na Kotun don Shirin Dokar Shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=USAID Rule of Law Program Quarterly Report: July - September, 2009 |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JC25.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125131454/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JC25.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref> === Ayyukan karfafawa na shari'a === An ruwaito aikinta a karkashin JCLA a matsayin samar da sabis ga marasa galihu, yana ba da shawara ga taimakon shari'a na jihar tare da mayar da hankali kan karfafawa ta shari'a - "sanya doka a hannun matsakaicin mutum" ta hanyar kayan aikin da aka tsara don ilimantar da mutane game da hakkinsu na asali da tallafawa al'ummomi don kewayawa da saita hanyoyin da kayan aiki.[1][2] === Mai kare haƙƙin ɗan adam === A matsayinta na [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|mai karewa]] kungiyoyi daban-daban da suka hada da matasa, [[Ƴan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]], da wadanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jima'i da na jinsi, DOS ya yaba wa Aziz don nuna hangen nesa {{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> don taimakawa wajen karfafa tsarin adalci a [[Jodan|Jordan]]. Ayyukanta na bayar da shawarwari game da laifukan girmamawa - tsare mata don "kariya" ta kansu an kuma nuna shi. A matsayinta na kwamitin amintattu a Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa, ta jaddada muhimmancin cikakkun bayanai a cikin batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin mallaka ga matasa 'yan jaridar Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2020 |title=JMI trains a new generation of young journalists |url=https://www.jmi.edu.jo/en/jmi-trains-new-generation-young-journalists%C2%A0 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=Jordan Media Institute |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418112958/https://www.jmi.edu.jo/en/jmi-trains-new-generation-young-journalists%C2%A0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Mata, yara, da wadanda ta'addanci suka shafa === Sauran kokarin ta ya hada da bayar da shawarwari don kawar da dokar fyade ta Jordan, Mataki na 308, da kuma taimakawa wajen aiwatar da tsananta wa masu laifi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2017 |title=Jordanian Parliament abolishes law that allowed rapists to avoid prosecution by marrying their victims |url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2017/8/news-jordanian-parliament-abolishes-law-that-allowed-rapists-to-avoid-prosecution |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=UN Women – Headquarters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tahhan |first=Zena Al |title='Historic day' as Jordanian parliament repeals rape law |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/8/1/historic-day-as-jordanian-parliament-repeals-rape-law |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jordan may end reviled law on rape |url=https://enewspaper.latimes.com/infinity/article_popover_share.aspx?guid=5bb9e537-9e41-4ab8-8d8a-e992a9a73c51 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} Jordan: The penalty for rape; legal penalties for failing to complete a court-ordered probation, where, and if, that is the sentence |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3f7d4db77.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> Ta nuna aikinta a cikin wani kwamitin da aka zaba a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta shiga cikin ayyukan da [[Bankin Duniya]] ke tallafawa, da sauran dandamali. {{Cite web |title=Day Two - Session 7: Parallel breakout sessions – The importance of access to justice for victims of terrorism {{!}} Office of Counter-Terrorism |url=https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/session-vii-access-to-justice-for-victims |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.un.org}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-03 |title=World Bank Selects JCLA to Provide the Nigerian Government with Technical Support {{!}} Justice Center for Legal Aid |url=https://www.jcla-org.com/en/article/world-bank-selects-jcla-provide-nigerian-government-technical-support |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422191801/http://www.jcla-org.com/en/article/world-bank-selects-jcla-provide-nigerian-government-technical-support |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Justice Center for Legal Aid |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JORDAN RULE OF LAW AND ANTI-CORRUPTION ASSESSMENT |url=https://democracyinternational.com/media/Jordan%20Rule%20of%20Law%20Anti-Corruption%20Assessment.pdf |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2016 |title=Middle East and North Africa CMI: Support to Open Government Reforms |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/319941468044984002/text/P133260-AAA-Finalize-Output.txt |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=World Bank |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414024012/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/319941468044984002/text/P133260-AAA-Finalize-Output.txt |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kwamitin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], ta tattauna muhimmancin samun damar adalci ga wadanda ke fama da [[ta'addanci]] a lokacin taron Global Congress of Victims of Terrorism . === Ma'aikatan ƙaura === Don batun da ke gudana na Ma'aikatan ƙaura da kuma yin tir da cin zarafin ma'aikatan Jordan, Abdel Aziz ya fahimci rata, ya bayyana dawo da mataimakan gida tara da aka yi wa Filipinos cin zarafi, kuma ya tattauna ƙalubale a aiwatar da doka da kayan aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GMANews.TV |first=MARK JOSEPH UBALDE |date=3 November 2008 |title='Not just RP maids but women abused in Mideast' |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/content/131032/not-just-rp-maids-but-women-abused-in-mideast/story/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=GMA News Online |language=en}}</ref> === Taimako na kasa da kasa === A cikin 2015, [[Bankin Duniya]] ya zaɓi JCLA da Abdel Aziz don samar da tallafin fasaha ga gwamnatin [[Najeriya]] wanda ta shiga cikin jerin ayyukan tallafin shari'a da kuma tabbatar da inganci [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Africa and Middle East |url=https://thepbeye.probonoinst.org/category/global-pro-bono/africa-and-middle-east/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418123018/https://thepbeye.probonoinst.org/category/global-pro-bono/africa-and-middle-east/ |archive-date=18 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=The PBEye}}</ref><ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Unini |date=2015-08-21 |title=Making justice accessible to the poor |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/making-justice-accessible-to-the-poor/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=TheNigeriaLawyer |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da zumunci == === Eisenhower Fellowship === Abdel Aziz ya sami kudade daga Eisenhower Fellowships <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.efworld.org/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Eisenhower Fellowships |language=en-US}}</ref> don aiwatar da shirin Pro bono na kasa <ref name=":4"/> wanda ke da alaƙa da tsarin shari'ar Jordan kuma yana hidima ga waɗanda ba su da wakilci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2015-10-27 |title=Hadeel Abdel Aziz - International Action Network for Gender Equity & Law |url=https://www.iangel.org/hadeel-abdel-aziz/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.iangel.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Wendy |date=2019-08-20 |title=Hadil Abdelaziz |url=https://www.probonoconference.org/hadil-abdelaziz/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Asia Pro Bono Conference & Access to Justice Exchange |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWendy2019">Wendy (20 August 2019). [https://www.probonoconference.org/hadil-abdelaziz/ "Hadil Abdelaziz"]. ''Asia Pro Bono Conference & Access to Justice Exchange''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba === Abdel Aziz ta karbi lambar yabo ta mata ta kasa da kasa ta 2023 wacce Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta shirya kuma ta ba da kyauta ga waɗanda suka nuna ƙarfin hali, ƙarfi, da jagoranci na musamman.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=28 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Awards |url=https://editorials.voa.gov/a/international-women-of-courage-awards/7025269.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://editorials.voa.gov/a/international-women-of-courage-awards/7025269.html "2023 International Women of Courage Awards"]. ''VOA''. 28 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> An amince da aikinta na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da wakiltar waɗanda ba su da kyau. === Kyautar Faransa da Jamus don 'Yancin Dan Adam da Dokar Shari'a === Ta sami wannan lambar yabo saboda sadaukarwar rayuwarta ga mulkin doka da aikinta na ingantawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na mata da 'yan mata. Ana ba da kyautar ga masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a duk duniya, waɗanda ke aiki kowace rana, sau da yawa a cikin yanayi mai haɗari, don karewa da ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa. == Dubi kuma == * Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba * Cibiyar Shari'a don Taimako na Shari'a * Jerin masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Jordan * Dokar Jordan == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kwmgfgnkttsgdiy2hioipg0643bxyo2 894084 894083 2026-08-10T08:38:57Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 /* */ 894084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hadeel Abdel Aziz''' Ta kuma karɓi lambar yabo ta Franco-German don Haƙƙoƙin Dan Adam da mulkin doka, wanda aka miƙa mata yayin bikin cika shekaru 60 na yarjejeniyar Elysée a ranar 22 ga Janairu,Shekara 2023. == Ilimi da takaddun shaida == Abdel Aziz ta nada digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Jordan kuma ya zama ɗan Jordan na farko da Jami'ar Jihar Michigan ta tabbatar da shi a matsayin mai gudanar da shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hadeel Abdel Aziz |url=https://worldjusticeproject.org/world-justice-forum-vi/hadeel-abdel-aziz |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=World Justice Project |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Manajan sashin gudanar da kotun === Kafin kafa JCLA, Abdel Aziz ya yi aiki ga USAID daga 2004 zuwa 2009 a matsayin manajan sashin gudanarwa na Kotun don Shirin Dokar Shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=USAID Rule of Law Program Quarterly Report: July - September, 2009 |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JC25.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125131454/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JC25.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref> === Ayyukan karfafawa na shari'a === An ruwaito aikinta a karkashin JCLA a matsayin samar da sabis ga marasa galihu, yana ba da shawara ga taimakon shari'a na jihar tare da mayar da hankali kan karfafawa ta shari'a - "sanya doka a hannun matsakaicin mutum" ta hanyar kayan aikin da aka tsara don ilimantar da mutane game da hakkinsu na asali da tallafawa al'ummomi don kewayawa da saita hanyoyin da kayan aiki.[1][2] === Mai kare haƙƙin ɗan adam === A matsayinta na [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|mai karewa]] kungiyoyi daban-daban da suka hada da matasa, [[Ƴan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]], da wadanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jima'i da na jinsi, DOS ya yaba wa Aziz don nuna hangen nesa {{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> don taimakawa wajen karfafa tsarin adalci a [[Jodan|Jordan]]. Ayyukanta na bayar da shawarwari game da laifukan girmamawa - tsare mata don "kariya" ta kansu an kuma nuna shi. A matsayinta na kwamitin amintattu a Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa, ta jaddada muhimmancin cikakkun bayanai a cikin batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin mallaka ga matasa 'yan jaridar Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2020 |title=JMI trains a new generation of young journalists |url=https://www.jmi.edu.jo/en/jmi-trains-new-generation-young-journalists%C2%A0 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=Jordan Media Institute |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418112958/https://www.jmi.edu.jo/en/jmi-trains-new-generation-young-journalists%C2%A0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Mata, yara, da wadanda ta'addanci suka shafa === Sauran kokarin ta ya hada da bayar da shawarwari don kawar da dokar fyade ta Jordan, Mataki na 308, da kuma taimakawa wajen aiwatar da tsananta wa masu laifi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2017 |title=Jordanian Parliament abolishes law that allowed rapists to avoid prosecution by marrying their victims |url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2017/8/news-jordanian-parliament-abolishes-law-that-allowed-rapists-to-avoid-prosecution |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=UN Women – Headquarters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tahhan |first=Zena Al |title='Historic day' as Jordanian parliament repeals rape law |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/8/1/historic-day-as-jordanian-parliament-repeals-rape-law |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jordan may end reviled law on rape |url=https://enewspaper.latimes.com/infinity/article_popover_share.aspx?guid=5bb9e537-9e41-4ab8-8d8a-e992a9a73c51 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} Jordan: The penalty for rape; legal penalties for failing to complete a court-ordered probation, where, and if, that is the sentence |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3f7d4db77.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> Ta nuna aikinta a cikin wani kwamitin da aka zaba a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta shiga cikin ayyukan da [[Bankin Duniya]] ke tallafawa, da sauran dandamali. {{Cite web |title=Day Two - Session 7: Parallel breakout sessions – The importance of access to justice for victims of terrorism {{!}} Office of Counter-Terrorism |url=https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/session-vii-access-to-justice-for-victims |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.un.org}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-03 |title=World Bank Selects JCLA to Provide the Nigerian Government with Technical Support {{!}} Justice Center for Legal Aid |url=https://www.jcla-org.com/en/article/world-bank-selects-jcla-provide-nigerian-government-technical-support |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422191801/http://www.jcla-org.com/en/article/world-bank-selects-jcla-provide-nigerian-government-technical-support |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Justice Center for Legal Aid |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JORDAN RULE OF LAW AND ANTI-CORRUPTION ASSESSMENT |url=https://democracyinternational.com/media/Jordan%20Rule%20of%20Law%20Anti-Corruption%20Assessment.pdf |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2016 |title=Middle East and North Africa CMI: Support to Open Government Reforms |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/319941468044984002/text/P133260-AAA-Finalize-Output.txt |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=World Bank |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414024012/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/319941468044984002/text/P133260-AAA-Finalize-Output.txt |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kwamitin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], ta tattauna muhimmancin samun damar adalci ga wadanda ke fama da [[ta'addanci]] a lokacin taron Global Congress of Victims of Terrorism . === Ma'aikatan ƙaura === Don batun da ke gudana na Ma'aikatan ƙaura da kuma yin tir da cin zarafin ma'aikatan Jordan, Abdel Aziz ya fahimci rata, ya bayyana dawo da mataimakan gida tara da aka yi wa Filipinos cin zarafi, kuma ya tattauna ƙalubale a aiwatar da doka da kayan aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GMANews.TV |first=MARK JOSEPH UBALDE |date=3 November 2008 |title='Not just RP maids but women abused in Mideast' |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/content/131032/not-just-rp-maids-but-women-abused-in-mideast/story/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=GMA News Online |language=en}}</ref> === Taimako na kasa da kasa === A cikin 2015, [[Bankin Duniya]] ya zaɓi JCLA da Abdel Aziz don samar da tallafin fasaha ga gwamnatin [[Najeriya]] wanda ta shiga cikin jerin ayyukan tallafin shari'a da kuma tabbatar da inganci [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Africa and Middle East |url=https://thepbeye.probonoinst.org/category/global-pro-bono/africa-and-middle-east/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418123018/https://thepbeye.probonoinst.org/category/global-pro-bono/africa-and-middle-east/ |archive-date=18 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=The PBEye}}</ref><ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Unini |date=2015-08-21 |title=Making justice accessible to the poor |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/making-justice-accessible-to-the-poor/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=TheNigeriaLawyer |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da zumunci == === Eisenhower Fellowship === Abdel Aziz ya sami kudade daga Eisenhower Fellowships <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.efworld.org/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Eisenhower Fellowships |language=en-US}}</ref> don aiwatar da shirin Pro bono na kasa <ref name=":4"/> wanda ke da alaƙa da tsarin shari'ar Jordan kuma yana hidima ga waɗanda ba su da wakilci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2015-10-27 |title=Hadeel Abdel Aziz - International Action Network for Gender Equity & Law |url=https://www.iangel.org/hadeel-abdel-aziz/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.iangel.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Wendy |date=2019-08-20 |title=Hadil Abdelaziz |url=https://www.probonoconference.org/hadil-abdelaziz/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Asia Pro Bono Conference & Access to Justice Exchange |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWendy2019">Wendy (20 August 2019). [https://www.probonoconference.org/hadil-abdelaziz/ "Hadil Abdelaziz"]. ''Asia Pro Bono Conference & Access to Justice Exchange''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba === Abdel Aziz ta karbi lambar yabo ta mata ta kasa da kasa ta 2023 wacce Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta shirya kuma ta ba da kyauta ga waɗanda suka nuna ƙarfin hali, ƙarfi, da jagoranci na musamman.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=28 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Awards |url=https://editorials.voa.gov/a/international-women-of-courage-awards/7025269.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://editorials.voa.gov/a/international-women-of-courage-awards/7025269.html "2023 International Women of Courage Awards"]. ''VOA''. 28 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> An amince da aikinta na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da wakiltar waɗanda ba su da kyau. === Kyautar Faransa da Jamus don 'Yancin Dan Adam da Dokar Shari'a === Ta sami wannan lambar yabo saboda sadaukarwar rayuwarta ga mulkin doka da aikinta na ingantawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na mata da 'yan mata. Ana ba da kyautar ga masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a duk duniya, waɗanda ke aiki kowace rana, sau da yawa a cikin yanayi mai haɗari, don karewa da ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa. == Dubi kuma == * Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba * Cibiyar Shari'a don Taimako na Shari'a * Jerin masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Jordan * Dokar Jordan == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jyfvdn8acfnf6rmr50644hwdzizqhl8 894086 894084 2026-08-10T08:39:24Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 894086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hadeel Abdel Aziz''' Ta kuma karɓi lambar yabo ta Franco-German don Haƙƙoƙin Dan Adam da mulkin doka, wanda aka miƙa mata yayin bikin cika shekaru 60 na yarjejeniyar Elysée a ranar 22 ga Janairu,Shekara ta 2023. == Ilimi da takaddun shaida == Abdel Aziz ta nada digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Jordan kuma ya zama ɗan Jordan na farko da Jami'ar Jihar Michigan ta tabbatar da shi a matsayin mai gudanar da shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hadeel Abdel Aziz |url=https://worldjusticeproject.org/world-justice-forum-vi/hadeel-abdel-aziz |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=World Justice Project |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Manajan sashin gudanar da kotun === Kafin kafa JCLA, Abdel Aziz ya yi aiki ga USAID daga 2004 zuwa 2009 a matsayin manajan sashin gudanarwa na Kotun don Shirin Dokar Shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=USAID Rule of Law Program Quarterly Report: July - September, 2009 |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JC25.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125131454/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JC25.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref> === Ayyukan karfafawa na shari'a === An ruwaito aikinta a karkashin JCLA a matsayin samar da sabis ga marasa galihu, yana ba da shawara ga taimakon shari'a na jihar tare da mayar da hankali kan karfafawa ta shari'a - "sanya doka a hannun matsakaicin mutum" ta hanyar kayan aikin da aka tsara don ilimantar da mutane game da hakkinsu na asali da tallafawa al'ummomi don kewayawa da saita hanyoyin da kayan aiki.[1][2] === Mai kare haƙƙin ɗan adam === A matsayinta na [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|mai karewa]] kungiyoyi daban-daban da suka hada da matasa, [[Ƴan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]], da wadanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jima'i da na jinsi, DOS ya yaba wa Aziz don nuna hangen nesa {{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> don taimakawa wajen karfafa tsarin adalci a [[Jodan|Jordan]]. Ayyukanta na bayar da shawarwari game da laifukan girmamawa - tsare mata don "kariya" ta kansu an kuma nuna shi. A matsayinta na kwamitin amintattu a Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa, ta jaddada muhimmancin cikakkun bayanai a cikin batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin mallaka ga matasa 'yan jaridar Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2020 |title=JMI trains a new generation of young journalists |url=https://www.jmi.edu.jo/en/jmi-trains-new-generation-young-journalists%C2%A0 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=Jordan Media Institute |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418112958/https://www.jmi.edu.jo/en/jmi-trains-new-generation-young-journalists%C2%A0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Mata, yara, da wadanda ta'addanci suka shafa === Sauran kokarin ta ya hada da bayar da shawarwari don kawar da dokar fyade ta Jordan, Mataki na 308, da kuma taimakawa wajen aiwatar da tsananta wa masu laifi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2017 |title=Jordanian Parliament abolishes law that allowed rapists to avoid prosecution by marrying their victims |url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2017/8/news-jordanian-parliament-abolishes-law-that-allowed-rapists-to-avoid-prosecution |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=UN Women – Headquarters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tahhan |first=Zena Al |title='Historic day' as Jordanian parliament repeals rape law |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/8/1/historic-day-as-jordanian-parliament-repeals-rape-law |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jordan may end reviled law on rape |url=https://enewspaper.latimes.com/infinity/article_popover_share.aspx?guid=5bb9e537-9e41-4ab8-8d8a-e992a9a73c51 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} Jordan: The penalty for rape; legal penalties for failing to complete a court-ordered probation, where, and if, that is the sentence |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3f7d4db77.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> Ta nuna aikinta a cikin wani kwamitin da aka zaba a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta shiga cikin ayyukan da [[Bankin Duniya]] ke tallafawa, da sauran dandamali. {{Cite web |title=Day Two - Session 7: Parallel breakout sessions – The importance of access to justice for victims of terrorism {{!}} Office of Counter-Terrorism |url=https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/session-vii-access-to-justice-for-victims |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.un.org}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-03 |title=World Bank Selects JCLA to Provide the Nigerian Government with Technical Support {{!}} Justice Center for Legal Aid |url=https://www.jcla-org.com/en/article/world-bank-selects-jcla-provide-nigerian-government-technical-support |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422191801/http://www.jcla-org.com/en/article/world-bank-selects-jcla-provide-nigerian-government-technical-support |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Justice Center for Legal Aid |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JORDAN RULE OF LAW AND ANTI-CORRUPTION ASSESSMENT |url=https://democracyinternational.com/media/Jordan%20Rule%20of%20Law%20Anti-Corruption%20Assessment.pdf |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2016 |title=Middle East and North Africa CMI: Support to Open Government Reforms |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/319941468044984002/text/P133260-AAA-Finalize-Output.txt |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=World Bank |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414024012/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/319941468044984002/text/P133260-AAA-Finalize-Output.txt |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kwamitin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], ta tattauna muhimmancin samun damar adalci ga wadanda ke fama da [[ta'addanci]] a lokacin taron Global Congress of Victims of Terrorism . === Ma'aikatan ƙaura === Don batun da ke gudana na Ma'aikatan ƙaura da kuma yin tir da cin zarafin ma'aikatan Jordan, Abdel Aziz ya fahimci rata, ya bayyana dawo da mataimakan gida tara da aka yi wa Filipinos cin zarafi, kuma ya tattauna ƙalubale a aiwatar da doka da kayan aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GMANews.TV |first=MARK JOSEPH UBALDE |date=3 November 2008 |title='Not just RP maids but women abused in Mideast' |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/content/131032/not-just-rp-maids-but-women-abused-in-mideast/story/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=GMA News Online |language=en}}</ref> === Taimako na kasa da kasa === A cikin 2015, [[Bankin Duniya]] ya zaɓi JCLA da Abdel Aziz don samar da tallafin fasaha ga gwamnatin [[Najeriya]] wanda ta shiga cikin jerin ayyukan tallafin shari'a da kuma tabbatar da inganci [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Africa and Middle East |url=https://thepbeye.probonoinst.org/category/global-pro-bono/africa-and-middle-east/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418123018/https://thepbeye.probonoinst.org/category/global-pro-bono/africa-and-middle-east/ |archive-date=18 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=The PBEye}}</ref><ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Unini |date=2015-08-21 |title=Making justice accessible to the poor |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/making-justice-accessible-to-the-poor/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=TheNigeriaLawyer |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da zumunci == === Eisenhower Fellowship === Abdel Aziz ya sami kudade daga Eisenhower Fellowships <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.efworld.org/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Eisenhower Fellowships |language=en-US}}</ref> don aiwatar da shirin Pro bono na kasa <ref name=":4"/> wanda ke da alaƙa da tsarin shari'ar Jordan kuma yana hidima ga waɗanda ba su da wakilci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2015-10-27 |title=Hadeel Abdel Aziz - International Action Network for Gender Equity & Law |url=https://www.iangel.org/hadeel-abdel-aziz/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.iangel.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Wendy |date=2019-08-20 |title=Hadil Abdelaziz |url=https://www.probonoconference.org/hadil-abdelaziz/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Asia Pro Bono Conference & Access to Justice Exchange |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWendy2019">Wendy (20 August 2019). [https://www.probonoconference.org/hadil-abdelaziz/ "Hadil Abdelaziz"]. ''Asia Pro Bono Conference & Access to Justice Exchange''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba === Abdel Aziz ta karbi lambar yabo ta mata ta kasa da kasa ta 2023 wacce Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta shirya kuma ta ba da kyauta ga waɗanda suka nuna ƙarfin hali, ƙarfi, da jagoranci na musamman.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=28 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Awards |url=https://editorials.voa.gov/a/international-women-of-courage-awards/7025269.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://editorials.voa.gov/a/international-women-of-courage-awards/7025269.html "2023 International Women of Courage Awards"]. ''VOA''. 28 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> An amince da aikinta na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da wakiltar waɗanda ba su da kyau. === Kyautar Faransa da Jamus don 'Yancin Dan Adam da Dokar Shari'a === Ta sami wannan lambar yabo saboda sadaukarwar rayuwarta ga mulkin doka da aikinta na ingantawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na mata da 'yan mata. Ana ba da kyautar ga masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a duk duniya, waɗanda ke aiki kowace rana, sau da yawa a cikin yanayi mai haɗari, don karewa da ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa. == Dubi kuma == * Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba * Cibiyar Shari'a don Taimako na Shari'a * Jerin masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Jordan * Dokar Jordan == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6n8dsfhzjb5qqr52j3n1wccqg9y95pn 894087 894086 2026-08-10T08:41:19Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 894087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hadeel Abdel Aziz''' Ta kuma karɓi lambar yabo ta Franco-German don Haƙƙoƙin Dan Adam da mulkin doka, wanda aka miƙa mata yayin bikin cika shekaru 60 na yarjejeniyar Elysée a ranar 22 ga Janairu,Shekara ta 2023. == Ilimi da takaddun shaida == Abdel Aziz ta nada digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Jordan kuma ya zama ɗan Jordan na farko da Jami'ar Jihar Michigan ta tabbatar da shi a matsayin mai gudanar da shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hadeel Abdel Aziz |url=https://worldjusticeproject.org/world-justice-forum-vi/hadeel-abdel-aziz |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=World Justice Project |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Manajan sashin gudanar da kotun === Kafin kafa JCLA, Abdel Aziz ya yi aiki ga USAID daga She 2004 zuwa 2009 a matsayin manajan sashin gudanarwa na Kotun don Shirin Dokar Shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=USAID Rule of Law Program Quarterly Report: July - September, 2009 |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JC25.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125131454/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JC25.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref> === Ayyukan karfafawa na shari'a === An ruwaito aikinta a karkashin JCLA a matsayin samar da sabis ga marasa galihu, yana ba da shawara ga taimakon shari'a na jihar tare da mayar da hankali kan karfafawa ta shari'a - "sanya doka a hannun matsakaicin mutum" ta hanyar kayan aikin da aka tsara don ilimantar da mutane game da hakkinsu na asali da tallafawa al'ummomi don kewayawa da saita hanyoyin da kayan aiki.[1][2] === Mai kare haƙƙin ɗan adam === A matsayinta na [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|mai karewa]] kungiyoyi daban-daban da suka hada da matasa, [[Ƴan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]], da wadanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jima'i da na jinsi, DOS ya yaba wa Aziz don nuna hangen nesa {{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> don taimakawa wajen karfafa tsarin adalci a [[Jodan|Jordan]]. Ayyukanta na bayar da shawarwari game da laifukan girmamawa - tsare mata don "kariya" ta kansu an kuma nuna shi. A matsayinta na kwamitin amintattu a Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa, ta jaddada muhimmancin cikakkun bayanai a cikin batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin mallaka ga matasa 'yan jaridar Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2020 |title=JMI trains a new generation of young journalists |url=https://www.jmi.edu.jo/en/jmi-trains-new-generation-young-journalists%C2%A0 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=Jordan Media Institute |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418112958/https://www.jmi.edu.jo/en/jmi-trains-new-generation-young-journalists%C2%A0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Mata, yara, da wadanda ta'addanci suka shafa === Sauran kokarin ta ya hada da bayar da shawarwari don kawar da dokar fyade ta Jordan, Mataki na 308, da kuma taimakawa wajen aiwatar da tsananta wa masu laifi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2017 |title=Jordanian Parliament abolishes law that allowed rapists to avoid prosecution by marrying their victims |url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2017/8/news-jordanian-parliament-abolishes-law-that-allowed-rapists-to-avoid-prosecution |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=UN Women – Headquarters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tahhan |first=Zena Al |title='Historic day' as Jordanian parliament repeals rape law |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/8/1/historic-day-as-jordanian-parliament-repeals-rape-law |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jordan may end reviled law on rape |url=https://enewspaper.latimes.com/infinity/article_popover_share.aspx?guid=5bb9e537-9e41-4ab8-8d8a-e992a9a73c51 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} Jordan: The penalty for rape; legal penalties for failing to complete a court-ordered probation, where, and if, that is the sentence |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3f7d4db77.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> Ta nuna aikinta a cikin wani kwamitin da aka zaba a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta shiga cikin ayyukan da [[Bankin Duniya]] ke tallafawa, da sauran dandamali. {{Cite web |title=Day Two - Session 7: Parallel breakout sessions – The importance of access to justice for victims of terrorism {{!}} Office of Counter-Terrorism |url=https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/session-vii-access-to-justice-for-victims |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.un.org}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-03 |title=World Bank Selects JCLA to Provide the Nigerian Government with Technical Support {{!}} Justice Center for Legal Aid |url=https://www.jcla-org.com/en/article/world-bank-selects-jcla-provide-nigerian-government-technical-support |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422191801/http://www.jcla-org.com/en/article/world-bank-selects-jcla-provide-nigerian-government-technical-support |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Justice Center for Legal Aid |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JORDAN RULE OF LAW AND ANTI-CORRUPTION ASSESSMENT |url=https://democracyinternational.com/media/Jordan%20Rule%20of%20Law%20Anti-Corruption%20Assessment.pdf |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2016 |title=Middle East and North Africa CMI: Support to Open Government Reforms |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/319941468044984002/text/P133260-AAA-Finalize-Output.txt |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=World Bank |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414024012/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/319941468044984002/text/P133260-AAA-Finalize-Output.txt |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kwamitin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], ta tattauna muhimmancin samun damar adalci ga wadanda ke fama da [[ta'addanci]] a lokacin taron Global Congress of Victims of Terrorism . === Ma'aikatan ƙaura === Don batun da ke gudana na Ma'aikatan ƙaura da kuma yin tir da cin zarafin ma'aikatan Jordan, Abdel Aziz ya fahimci rata, ya bayyana dawo da mataimakan gida tara da aka yi wa Filipinos cin zarafi, kuma ya tattauna ƙalubale a aiwatar da doka da kayan aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GMANews.TV |first=MARK JOSEPH UBALDE |date=3 November 2008 |title='Not just RP maids but women abused in Mideast' |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/content/131032/not-just-rp-maids-but-women-abused-in-mideast/story/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=GMA News Online |language=en}}</ref> === Taimako na kasa da kasa === A cikin 2015, [[Bankin Duniya]] ya zaɓi JCLA da Abdel Aziz don samar da tallafin fasaha ga gwamnatin [[Najeriya]] wanda ta shiga cikin jerin ayyukan tallafin shari'a da kuma tabbatar da inganci [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Africa and Middle East |url=https://thepbeye.probonoinst.org/category/global-pro-bono/africa-and-middle-east/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418123018/https://thepbeye.probonoinst.org/category/global-pro-bono/africa-and-middle-east/ |archive-date=18 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=The PBEye}}</ref><ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Unini |date=2015-08-21 |title=Making justice accessible to the poor |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/making-justice-accessible-to-the-poor/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=TheNigeriaLawyer |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da zumunci == === Eisenhower Fellowship === Abdel Aziz ya sami kudade daga Eisenhower Fellowships <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.efworld.org/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Eisenhower Fellowships |language=en-US}}</ref> don aiwatar da shirin Pro bono na kasa <ref name=":4"/> wanda ke da alaƙa da tsarin shari'ar Jordan kuma yana hidima ga waɗanda ba su da wakilci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2015-10-27 |title=Hadeel Abdel Aziz - International Action Network for Gender Equity & Law |url=https://www.iangel.org/hadeel-abdel-aziz/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.iangel.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Wendy |date=2019-08-20 |title=Hadil Abdelaziz |url=https://www.probonoconference.org/hadil-abdelaziz/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Asia Pro Bono Conference & Access to Justice Exchange |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWendy2019">Wendy (20 August 2019). [https://www.probonoconference.org/hadil-abdelaziz/ "Hadil Abdelaziz"]. ''Asia Pro Bono Conference & Access to Justice Exchange''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba === Abdel Aziz ta karbi lambar yabo ta mata ta kasa da kasa ta 2023 wacce Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta shirya kuma ta ba da kyauta ga waɗanda suka nuna ƙarfin hali, ƙarfi, da jagoranci na musamman.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=28 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Awards |url=https://editorials.voa.gov/a/international-women-of-courage-awards/7025269.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://editorials.voa.gov/a/international-women-of-courage-awards/7025269.html "2023 International Women of Courage Awards"]. ''VOA''. 28 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> An amince da aikinta na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da wakiltar waɗanda ba su da kyau. === Kyautar Faransa da Jamus don 'Yancin Dan Adam da Dokar Shari'a === Ta sami wannan lambar yabo saboda sadaukarwar rayuwarta ga mulkin doka da aikinta na ingantawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na mata da 'yan mata. Ana ba da kyautar ga masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a duk duniya, waɗanda ke aiki kowace rana, sau da yawa a cikin yanayi mai haɗari, don karewa da ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa. == Dubi kuma == * Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba * Cibiyar Shari'a don Taimako na Shari'a * Jerin masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Jordan * Dokar Jordan == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s0zejojyp6itts0wnfh3bbho3pu41nl 894089 894087 2026-08-10T08:42:06Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 894089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hadeel Abdel Aziz''' Ta kuma karɓi lambar yabo ta Franco-German don Haƙƙoƙin Dan Adam da mulkin doka, wanda aka miƙa mata yayin bikin cika shekaru 60 na yarjejeniyar Elysée a ranar 22 ga Janairu,Shekara ta 2023. == Ilimi da takaddun shaida == Abdel Aziz ta nada digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Jordan kuma ya zama ɗan Jordan na farko da Jami'ar Jihar Michigan ta tabbatar da shi a matsayin mai gudanar da shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hadeel Abdel Aziz |url=https://worldjusticeproject.org/world-justice-forum-vi/hadeel-abdel-aziz |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=World Justice Project |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Manajan sashin gudanar da kotun === Kafin kafa JCLA, Abdel Aziz ya yi aiki ga USAID daga Sheka 2004 zuwa 2009 a matsayin manajan sashin gudanarwa na Kotun don Shirin Dokar Shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=USAID Rule of Law Program Quarterly Report: July - September, 2009 |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JC25.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125131454/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JC25.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref> === Ayyukan karfafawa na shari'a === An ruwaito aikinta a karkashin JCLA a matsayin samar da sabis ga marasa galihu, yana ba da shawara ga taimakon shari'a na jihar tare da mayar da hankali kan karfafawa ta shari'a - "sanya doka a hannun matsakaicin mutum" ta hanyar kayan aikin da aka tsara don ilimantar da mutane game da hakkinsu na asali da tallafawa al'ummomi don kewayawa da saita hanyoyin da kayan aiki.[1][2] === Mai kare haƙƙin ɗan adam === A matsayinta na [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|mai karewa]] kungiyoyi daban-daban da suka hada da matasa, [[Ƴan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]], da wadanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jima'i da na jinsi, DOS ya yaba wa Aziz don nuna hangen nesa {{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> don taimakawa wajen karfafa tsarin adalci a [[Jodan|Jordan]]. Ayyukanta na bayar da shawarwari game da laifukan girmamawa - tsare mata don "kariya" ta kansu an kuma nuna shi. A matsayinta na kwamitin amintattu a Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa, ta jaddada muhimmancin cikakkun bayanai a cikin batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin mallaka ga matasa 'yan jaridar Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2020 |title=JMI trains a new generation of young journalists |url=https://www.jmi.edu.jo/en/jmi-trains-new-generation-young-journalists%C2%A0 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=Jordan Media Institute |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418112958/https://www.jmi.edu.jo/en/jmi-trains-new-generation-young-journalists%C2%A0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Mata, yara, da wadanda ta'addanci suka shafa === Sauran kokarin ta ya hada da bayar da shawarwari don kawar da dokar fyade ta Jordan, Mataki na 308, da kuma taimakawa wajen aiwatar da tsananta wa masu laifi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2017 |title=Jordanian Parliament abolishes law that allowed rapists to avoid prosecution by marrying their victims |url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2017/8/news-jordanian-parliament-abolishes-law-that-allowed-rapists-to-avoid-prosecution |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=UN Women – Headquarters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tahhan |first=Zena Al |title='Historic day' as Jordanian parliament repeals rape law |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/8/1/historic-day-as-jordanian-parliament-repeals-rape-law |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jordan may end reviled law on rape |url=https://enewspaper.latimes.com/infinity/article_popover_share.aspx?guid=5bb9e537-9e41-4ab8-8d8a-e992a9a73c51 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} Jordan: The penalty for rape; legal penalties for failing to complete a court-ordered probation, where, and if, that is the sentence |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3f7d4db77.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> Ta nuna aikinta a cikin wani kwamitin da aka zaba a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta shiga cikin ayyukan da [[Bankin Duniya]] ke tallafawa, da sauran dandamali. {{Cite web |title=Day Two - Session 7: Parallel breakout sessions – The importance of access to justice for victims of terrorism {{!}} Office of Counter-Terrorism |url=https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/session-vii-access-to-justice-for-victims |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.un.org}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-03 |title=World Bank Selects JCLA to Provide the Nigerian Government with Technical Support {{!}} Justice Center for Legal Aid |url=https://www.jcla-org.com/en/article/world-bank-selects-jcla-provide-nigerian-government-technical-support |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422191801/http://www.jcla-org.com/en/article/world-bank-selects-jcla-provide-nigerian-government-technical-support |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Justice Center for Legal Aid |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JORDAN RULE OF LAW AND ANTI-CORRUPTION ASSESSMENT |url=https://democracyinternational.com/media/Jordan%20Rule%20of%20Law%20Anti-Corruption%20Assessment.pdf |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2016 |title=Middle East and North Africa CMI: Support to Open Government Reforms |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/319941468044984002/text/P133260-AAA-Finalize-Output.txt |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=World Bank |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414024012/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/319941468044984002/text/P133260-AAA-Finalize-Output.txt |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kwamitin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], ta tattauna muhimmancin samun damar adalci ga wadanda ke fama da [[ta'addanci]] a lokacin taron Global Congress of Victims of Terrorism . === Ma'aikatan ƙaura === Don batun da ke gudana na Ma'aikatan ƙaura da kuma yin tir da cin zarafin ma'aikatan Jordan, Abdel Aziz ya fahimci rata, ya bayyana dawo da mataimakan gida tara da aka yi wa Filipinos cin zarafi, kuma ya tattauna ƙalubale a aiwatar da doka da kayan aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GMANews.TV |first=MARK JOSEPH UBALDE |date=3 November 2008 |title='Not just RP maids but women abused in Mideast' |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/content/131032/not-just-rp-maids-but-women-abused-in-mideast/story/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=GMA News Online |language=en}}</ref> === Taimako na kasa da kasa === A cikin 2015, [[Bankin Duniya]] ya zaɓi JCLA da Abdel Aziz don samar da tallafin fasaha ga gwamnatin [[Najeriya]] wanda ta shiga cikin jerin ayyukan tallafin shari'a da kuma tabbatar da inganci [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Africa and Middle East |url=https://thepbeye.probonoinst.org/category/global-pro-bono/africa-and-middle-east/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418123018/https://thepbeye.probonoinst.org/category/global-pro-bono/africa-and-middle-east/ |archive-date=18 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=The PBEye}}</ref><ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Unini |date=2015-08-21 |title=Making justice accessible to the poor |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/making-justice-accessible-to-the-poor/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=TheNigeriaLawyer |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da zumunci == === Eisenhower Fellowship === Abdel Aziz ya sami kudade daga Eisenhower Fellowships <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.efworld.org/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Eisenhower Fellowships |language=en-US}}</ref> don aiwatar da shirin Pro bono na kasa <ref name=":4"/> wanda ke da alaƙa da tsarin shari'ar Jordan kuma yana hidima ga waɗanda ba su da wakilci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2015-10-27 |title=Hadeel Abdel Aziz - International Action Network for Gender Equity & Law |url=https://www.iangel.org/hadeel-abdel-aziz/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.iangel.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Wendy |date=2019-08-20 |title=Hadil Abdelaziz |url=https://www.probonoconference.org/hadil-abdelaziz/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Asia Pro Bono Conference & Access to Justice Exchange |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWendy2019">Wendy (20 August 2019). [https://www.probonoconference.org/hadil-abdelaziz/ "Hadil Abdelaziz"]. ''Asia Pro Bono Conference & Access to Justice Exchange''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba === Abdel Aziz ta karbi lambar yabo ta mata ta kasa da kasa ta 2023 wacce Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta shirya kuma ta ba da kyauta ga waɗanda suka nuna ƙarfin hali, ƙarfi, da jagoranci na musamman.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=28 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Awards |url=https://editorials.voa.gov/a/international-women-of-courage-awards/7025269.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://editorials.voa.gov/a/international-women-of-courage-awards/7025269.html "2023 International Women of Courage Awards"]. ''VOA''. 28 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> An amince da aikinta na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da wakiltar waɗanda ba su da kyau. === Kyautar Faransa da Jamus don 'Yancin Dan Adam da Dokar Shari'a === Ta sami wannan lambar yabo saboda sadaukarwar rayuwarta ga mulkin doka da aikinta na ingantawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na mata da 'yan mata. Ana ba da kyautar ga masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a duk duniya, waɗanda ke aiki kowace rana, sau da yawa a cikin yanayi mai haɗari, don karewa da ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa. == Dubi kuma == * Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba * Cibiyar Shari'a don Taimako na Shari'a * Jerin masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Jordan * Dokar Jordan == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] drvji63qqn6dxygmo4spfcn8qudu5gz 894090 894089 2026-08-10T08:42:43Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 894090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hadeel Abdel Aziz''' Ta kuma karɓi lambar yabo ta Franco-German don Haƙƙoƙin Dan Adam da mulkin doka, wanda aka miƙa mata yayin bikin cika shekaru 60 na yarjejeniyar Elysée a ranar 22 ga Janairu,Shekara ta 2023. == Ilimi da takaddun shaida == Abdel Aziz ta nada digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Jordan kuma ya zama ɗan Jordan na farko da Jami'ar Jihar Michigan ta tabbatar da shi a matsayin mai gudanar da shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hadeel Abdel Aziz |url=https://worldjusticeproject.org/world-justice-forum-vi/hadeel-abdel-aziz |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=World Justice Project |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Manajan sashin gudanar da kotun === Kafin kafa JCLA, Abdel Aziz ya yi aiki ga USAID daga Shekara 2004 zuwa 2009 a matsayin manajan sashin gudanarwa na Kotun don Shirin Dokar Shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=USAID Rule of Law Program Quarterly Report: July - September, 2009 |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JC25.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125131454/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JC25.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref> === Ayyukan karfafawa na shari'a === An ruwaito aikinta a karkashin JCLA a matsayin samar da sabis ga marasa galihu, yana ba da shawara ga taimakon shari'a na jihar tare da mayar da hankali kan karfafawa ta shari'a - "sanya doka a hannun matsakaicin mutum" ta hanyar kayan aikin da aka tsara don ilimantar da mutane game da hakkinsu na asali da tallafawa al'ummomi don kewayawa da saita hanyoyin da kayan aiki.[1][2] === Mai kare haƙƙin ɗan adam === A matsayinta na [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|mai karewa]] kungiyoyi daban-daban da suka hada da matasa, [[Ƴan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]], da wadanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jima'i da na jinsi, DOS ya yaba wa Aziz don nuna hangen nesa {{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> don taimakawa wajen karfafa tsarin adalci a [[Jodan|Jordan]]. Ayyukanta na bayar da shawarwari game da laifukan girmamawa - tsare mata don "kariya" ta kansu an kuma nuna shi. A matsayinta na kwamitin amintattu a Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa, ta jaddada muhimmancin cikakkun bayanai a cikin batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin mallaka ga matasa 'yan jaridar Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2020 |title=JMI trains a new generation of young journalists |url=https://www.jmi.edu.jo/en/jmi-trains-new-generation-young-journalists%C2%A0 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=Jordan Media Institute |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418112958/https://www.jmi.edu.jo/en/jmi-trains-new-generation-young-journalists%C2%A0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Mata, yara, da wadanda ta'addanci suka shafa === Sauran kokarin ta ya hada da bayar da shawarwari don kawar da dokar fyade ta Jordan, Mataki na 308, da kuma taimakawa wajen aiwatar da tsananta wa masu laifi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2017 |title=Jordanian Parliament abolishes law that allowed rapists to avoid prosecution by marrying their victims |url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2017/8/news-jordanian-parliament-abolishes-law-that-allowed-rapists-to-avoid-prosecution |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=UN Women – Headquarters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tahhan |first=Zena Al |title='Historic day' as Jordanian parliament repeals rape law |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/8/1/historic-day-as-jordanian-parliament-repeals-rape-law |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jordan may end reviled law on rape |url=https://enewspaper.latimes.com/infinity/article_popover_share.aspx?guid=5bb9e537-9e41-4ab8-8d8a-e992a9a73c51 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} Jordan: The penalty for rape; legal penalties for failing to complete a court-ordered probation, where, and if, that is the sentence |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3f7d4db77.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> Ta nuna aikinta a cikin wani kwamitin da aka zaba a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta shiga cikin ayyukan da [[Bankin Duniya]] ke tallafawa, da sauran dandamali. {{Cite web |title=Day Two - Session 7: Parallel breakout sessions – The importance of access to justice for victims of terrorism {{!}} Office of Counter-Terrorism |url=https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/session-vii-access-to-justice-for-victims |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.un.org}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-03 |title=World Bank Selects JCLA to Provide the Nigerian Government with Technical Support {{!}} Justice Center for Legal Aid |url=https://www.jcla-org.com/en/article/world-bank-selects-jcla-provide-nigerian-government-technical-support |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422191801/http://www.jcla-org.com/en/article/world-bank-selects-jcla-provide-nigerian-government-technical-support |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Justice Center for Legal Aid |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JORDAN RULE OF LAW AND ANTI-CORRUPTION ASSESSMENT |url=https://democracyinternational.com/media/Jordan%20Rule%20of%20Law%20Anti-Corruption%20Assessment.pdf |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2016 |title=Middle East and North Africa CMI: Support to Open Government Reforms |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/319941468044984002/text/P133260-AAA-Finalize-Output.txt |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=World Bank |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414024012/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/319941468044984002/text/P133260-AAA-Finalize-Output.txt |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kwamitin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], ta tattauna muhimmancin samun damar adalci ga wadanda ke fama da [[ta'addanci]] a lokacin taron Global Congress of Victims of Terrorism . === Ma'aikatan ƙaura === Don batun da ke gudana na Ma'aikatan ƙaura da kuma yin tir da cin zarafin ma'aikatan Jordan, Abdel Aziz ya fahimci rata, ya bayyana dawo da mataimakan gida tara da aka yi wa Filipinos cin zarafi, kuma ya tattauna ƙalubale a aiwatar da doka da kayan aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GMANews.TV |first=MARK JOSEPH UBALDE |date=3 November 2008 |title='Not just RP maids but women abused in Mideast' |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/content/131032/not-just-rp-maids-but-women-abused-in-mideast/story/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=GMA News Online |language=en}}</ref> === Taimako na kasa da kasa === A cikin 2015, [[Bankin Duniya]] ya zaɓi JCLA da Abdel Aziz don samar da tallafin fasaha ga gwamnatin [[Najeriya]] wanda ta shiga cikin jerin ayyukan tallafin shari'a da kuma tabbatar da inganci [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Africa and Middle East |url=https://thepbeye.probonoinst.org/category/global-pro-bono/africa-and-middle-east/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418123018/https://thepbeye.probonoinst.org/category/global-pro-bono/africa-and-middle-east/ |archive-date=18 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=The PBEye}}</ref><ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Unini |date=2015-08-21 |title=Making justice accessible to the poor |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/making-justice-accessible-to-the-poor/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=TheNigeriaLawyer |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da zumunci == === Eisenhower Fellowship === Abdel Aziz ya sami kudade daga Eisenhower Fellowships <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.efworld.org/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Eisenhower Fellowships |language=en-US}}</ref> don aiwatar da shirin Pro bono na kasa <ref name=":4"/> wanda ke da alaƙa da tsarin shari'ar Jordan kuma yana hidima ga waɗanda ba su da wakilci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2015-10-27 |title=Hadeel Abdel Aziz - International Action Network for Gender Equity & Law |url=https://www.iangel.org/hadeel-abdel-aziz/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.iangel.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Wendy |date=2019-08-20 |title=Hadil Abdelaziz |url=https://www.probonoconference.org/hadil-abdelaziz/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Asia Pro Bono Conference & Access to Justice Exchange |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWendy2019">Wendy (20 August 2019). [https://www.probonoconference.org/hadil-abdelaziz/ "Hadil Abdelaziz"]. ''Asia Pro Bono Conference & Access to Justice Exchange''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba === Abdel Aziz ta karbi lambar yabo ta mata ta kasa da kasa ta 2023 wacce Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta shirya kuma ta ba da kyauta ga waɗanda suka nuna ƙarfin hali, ƙarfi, da jagoranci na musamman.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=28 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Awards |url=https://editorials.voa.gov/a/international-women-of-courage-awards/7025269.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://editorials.voa.gov/a/international-women-of-courage-awards/7025269.html "2023 International Women of Courage Awards"]. ''VOA''. 28 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> An amince da aikinta na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da wakiltar waɗanda ba su da kyau. === Kyautar Faransa da Jamus don 'Yancin Dan Adam da Dokar Shari'a === Ta sami wannan lambar yabo saboda sadaukarwar rayuwarta ga mulkin doka da aikinta na ingantawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na mata da 'yan mata. Ana ba da kyautar ga masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a duk duniya, waɗanda ke aiki kowace rana, sau da yawa a cikin yanayi mai haɗari, don karewa da ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa. == Dubi kuma == * Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba * Cibiyar Shari'a don Taimako na Shari'a * Jerin masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Jordan * Dokar Jordan == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t1i724udhhxe8a8tkw66nlg79mvf3p0 894091 894090 2026-08-10T08:43:15Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 894091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hadeel Abdel Aziz''' Ta kuma karɓi lambar yabo ta Franco-German don Haƙƙoƙin Dan Adam da mulkin doka, wanda aka miƙa mata yayin bikin cika shekaru 60 na yarjejeniyar Elysée a ranar 22 ga Janairu,Shekara ta 2023. == Ilimi da takaddun shaida == Abdel Aziz ta nada digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Jordan kuma ya zama ɗan Jordan na farko da Jami'ar Jihar Michigan ta tabbatar da shi a matsayin mai gudanar da shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hadeel Abdel Aziz |url=https://worldjusticeproject.org/world-justice-forum-vi/hadeel-abdel-aziz |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=World Justice Project |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Manajan sashin gudanar da kotun === Kafin kafa JCLA, Abdel Aziz ya yi aiki ga USAID daga Shekara ta 2004 zuwa 2009 a matsayin manajan sashin gudanarwa na Kotun don Shirin Dokar Shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=USAID Rule of Law Program Quarterly Report: July - September, 2009 |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JC25.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125131454/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JC25.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref> === Ayyukan karfafawa na shari'a === An ruwaito aikinta a karkashin JCLA a matsayin samar da sabis ga marasa galihu, yana ba da shawara ga taimakon shari'a na jihar tare da mayar da hankali kan karfafawa ta shari'a - "sanya doka a hannun matsakaicin mutum" ta hanyar kayan aikin da aka tsara don ilimantar da mutane game da hakkinsu na asali da tallafawa al'ummomi don kewayawa da saita hanyoyin da kayan aiki.[1][2] === Mai kare haƙƙin ɗan adam === A matsayinta na [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|mai karewa]] kungiyoyi daban-daban da suka hada da matasa, [[Ƴan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]], da wadanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jima'i da na jinsi, DOS ya yaba wa Aziz don nuna hangen nesa {{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> don taimakawa wajen karfafa tsarin adalci a [[Jodan|Jordan]]. Ayyukanta na bayar da shawarwari game da laifukan girmamawa - tsare mata don "kariya" ta kansu an kuma nuna shi. A matsayinta na kwamitin amintattu a Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa, ta jaddada muhimmancin cikakkun bayanai a cikin batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin mallaka ga matasa 'yan jaridar Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2020 |title=JMI trains a new generation of young journalists |url=https://www.jmi.edu.jo/en/jmi-trains-new-generation-young-journalists%C2%A0 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=Jordan Media Institute |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418112958/https://www.jmi.edu.jo/en/jmi-trains-new-generation-young-journalists%C2%A0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Mata, yara, da wadanda ta'addanci suka shafa === Sauran kokarin ta ya hada da bayar da shawarwari don kawar da dokar fyade ta Jordan, Mataki na 308, da kuma taimakawa wajen aiwatar da tsananta wa masu laifi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2017 |title=Jordanian Parliament abolishes law that allowed rapists to avoid prosecution by marrying their victims |url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2017/8/news-jordanian-parliament-abolishes-law-that-allowed-rapists-to-avoid-prosecution |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=UN Women – Headquarters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tahhan |first=Zena Al |title='Historic day' as Jordanian parliament repeals rape law |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/8/1/historic-day-as-jordanian-parliament-repeals-rape-law |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jordan may end reviled law on rape |url=https://enewspaper.latimes.com/infinity/article_popover_share.aspx?guid=5bb9e537-9e41-4ab8-8d8a-e992a9a73c51 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} Jordan: The penalty for rape; legal penalties for failing to complete a court-ordered probation, where, and if, that is the sentence |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3f7d4db77.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> Ta nuna aikinta a cikin wani kwamitin da aka zaba a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta shiga cikin ayyukan da [[Bankin Duniya]] ke tallafawa, da sauran dandamali. {{Cite web |title=Day Two - Session 7: Parallel breakout sessions – The importance of access to justice for victims of terrorism {{!}} Office of Counter-Terrorism |url=https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/session-vii-access-to-justice-for-victims |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.un.org}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-03 |title=World Bank Selects JCLA to Provide the Nigerian Government with Technical Support {{!}} Justice Center for Legal Aid |url=https://www.jcla-org.com/en/article/world-bank-selects-jcla-provide-nigerian-government-technical-support |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422191801/http://www.jcla-org.com/en/article/world-bank-selects-jcla-provide-nigerian-government-technical-support |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Justice Center for Legal Aid |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JORDAN RULE OF LAW AND ANTI-CORRUPTION ASSESSMENT |url=https://democracyinternational.com/media/Jordan%20Rule%20of%20Law%20Anti-Corruption%20Assessment.pdf |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2016 |title=Middle East and North Africa CMI: Support to Open Government Reforms |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/319941468044984002/text/P133260-AAA-Finalize-Output.txt |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=World Bank |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414024012/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/319941468044984002/text/P133260-AAA-Finalize-Output.txt |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kwamitin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], ta tattauna muhimmancin samun damar adalci ga wadanda ke fama da [[ta'addanci]] a lokacin taron Global Congress of Victims of Terrorism . === Ma'aikatan ƙaura === Don batun da ke gudana na Ma'aikatan ƙaura da kuma yin tir da cin zarafin ma'aikatan Jordan, Abdel Aziz ya fahimci rata, ya bayyana dawo da mataimakan gida tara da aka yi wa Filipinos cin zarafi, kuma ya tattauna ƙalubale a aiwatar da doka da kayan aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GMANews.TV |first=MARK JOSEPH UBALDE |date=3 November 2008 |title='Not just RP maids but women abused in Mideast' |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/content/131032/not-just-rp-maids-but-women-abused-in-mideast/story/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=GMA News Online |language=en}}</ref> === Taimako na kasa da kasa === A cikin 2015, [[Bankin Duniya]] ya zaɓi JCLA da Abdel Aziz don samar da tallafin fasaha ga gwamnatin [[Najeriya]] wanda ta shiga cikin jerin ayyukan tallafin shari'a da kuma tabbatar da inganci [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Africa and Middle East |url=https://thepbeye.probonoinst.org/category/global-pro-bono/africa-and-middle-east/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418123018/https://thepbeye.probonoinst.org/category/global-pro-bono/africa-and-middle-east/ |archive-date=18 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=The PBEye}}</ref><ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Unini |date=2015-08-21 |title=Making justice accessible to the poor |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/making-justice-accessible-to-the-poor/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=TheNigeriaLawyer |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da zumunci == === Eisenhower Fellowship === Abdel Aziz ya sami kudade daga Eisenhower Fellowships <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.efworld.org/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Eisenhower Fellowships |language=en-US}}</ref> don aiwatar da shirin Pro bono na kasa <ref name=":4"/> wanda ke da alaƙa da tsarin shari'ar Jordan kuma yana hidima ga waɗanda ba su da wakilci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2015-10-27 |title=Hadeel Abdel Aziz - International Action Network for Gender Equity & Law |url=https://www.iangel.org/hadeel-abdel-aziz/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.iangel.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Wendy |date=2019-08-20 |title=Hadil Abdelaziz |url=https://www.probonoconference.org/hadil-abdelaziz/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Asia Pro Bono Conference & Access to Justice Exchange |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWendy2019">Wendy (20 August 2019). [https://www.probonoconference.org/hadil-abdelaziz/ "Hadil Abdelaziz"]. ''Asia Pro Bono Conference & Access to Justice Exchange''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba === Abdel Aziz ta karbi lambar yabo ta mata ta kasa da kasa ta 2023 wacce Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta shirya kuma ta ba da kyauta ga waɗanda suka nuna ƙarfin hali, ƙarfi, da jagoranci na musamman.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=28 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Awards |url=https://editorials.voa.gov/a/international-women-of-courage-awards/7025269.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://editorials.voa.gov/a/international-women-of-courage-awards/7025269.html "2023 International Women of Courage Awards"]. ''VOA''. 28 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> An amince da aikinta na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da wakiltar waɗanda ba su da kyau. === Kyautar Faransa da Jamus don 'Yancin Dan Adam da Dokar Shari'a === Ta sami wannan lambar yabo saboda sadaukarwar rayuwarta ga mulkin doka da aikinta na ingantawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na mata da 'yan mata. Ana ba da kyautar ga masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a duk duniya, waɗanda ke aiki kowace rana, sau da yawa a cikin yanayi mai haɗari, don karewa da ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa. == Dubi kuma == * Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba * Cibiyar Shari'a don Taimako na Shari'a * Jerin masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Jordan * Dokar Jordan == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hgdgxv70cobcqd6nkc57n4daq7iiqu8 894094 894091 2026-08-10T08:44:28Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 894094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hadeel Abdel Aziz''' Ta kuma karɓi lambar yabo ta Franco-German don Haƙƙoƙin Dan Adam da mulkin doka, wanda aka miƙa mata yayin bikin cika shekaru 60 na yarjejeniyar Elysée a ranar 22 ga Janairu,Shekara ta 2023. == Ilimi da takaddun shaida == Abdel Aziz ta nada digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Jordan kuma ya zama ɗan Jordan na farko da Jami'ar Jihar Michigan ta tabbatar da shi a matsayin mai gudanar da shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hadeel Abdel Aziz |url=https://worldjusticeproject.org/world-justice-forum-vi/hadeel-abdel-aziz |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=World Justice Project |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Manajan sashin gudanar da kotun === Kafin kafa JCLA, Abdel Aziz ya yi aiki ga USAID daga Shekara ta 2004 zuwa 2009 a matsayin manajan sashin gudanarwa na Kotun don Shirin Dokar Shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=USAID Rule of Law Program Quarterly Report: July - September, 2009 |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JC25.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125131454/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JC25.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref> === Ayyukan ƙarfafawa na shari'a === An ruwaito aikinta a karkashin JCLA a matsayin samar da sabis ga marasa galihu, yana ba da shawara ga taimakon shari'a na jihar tare da mayar da hankali kan karfafawa ta shari'a - "sanya doka a hannun matsakaicin mutum" ta hanyar kayan aikin da aka tsara don ilimantar da mutane game da hakkinsu na asali da tallafawa al'ummomi don kewayawa da saita hanyoyin da kayan aiki.[1][2] === Mai kare haƙƙin ɗan adam === A matsayinta na [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|mai karewa]] kungiyoyi daban-daban da suka hada da matasa, [[Ƴan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]], da wadanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jima'i da na jinsi, DOS ya yaba wa Aziz don nuna hangen nesa {{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> don taimakawa wajen karfafa tsarin adalci a [[Jodan|Jordan]]. Ayyukanta na bayar da shawarwari ga me da laifukan girmamawa - tsare mata don "kariya" ta kansu an kuma nuna shi. A matsayinta na kwamitin amintattu a Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa, ta jaddada muhimmancin cikakkun bayanai a cikin batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin mallaka ga matasa 'yan jaridar Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2020 |title=JMI trains a new generation of young journalists |url=https://www.jmi.edu.jo/en/jmi-trains-new-generation-young-journalists%C2%A0 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=Jordan Media Institute |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418112958/https://www.jmi.edu.jo/en/jmi-trains-new-generation-young-journalists%C2%A0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Mata, yara, da wadanda ta'addanci suka shafa === Sauran kokarin ta ya hada da bayar da shawarwari don kawar da dokar fyade ta Jordan, Mataki na 308, da kuma taimakawa wajen aiwatar da tsananta wa masu laifi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2017 |title=Jordanian Parliament abolishes law that allowed rapists to avoid prosecution by marrying their victims |url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2017/8/news-jordanian-parliament-abolishes-law-that-allowed-rapists-to-avoid-prosecution |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=UN Women – Headquarters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tahhan |first=Zena Al |title='Historic day' as Jordanian parliament repeals rape law |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/8/1/historic-day-as-jordanian-parliament-repeals-rape-law |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jordan may end reviled law on rape |url=https://enewspaper.latimes.com/infinity/article_popover_share.aspx?guid=5bb9e537-9e41-4ab8-8d8a-e992a9a73c51 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} Jordan: The penalty for rape; legal penalties for failing to complete a court-ordered probation, where, and if, that is the sentence |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3f7d4db77.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> Ta nuna aikinta a cikin wani kwamitin da aka zaba a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta shiga cikin ayyukan da [[Bankin Duniya]] ke tallafawa, da sauran dandamali. {{Cite web |title=Day Two - Session 7: Parallel breakout sessions – The importance of access to justice for victims of terrorism {{!}} Office of Counter-Terrorism |url=https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/session-vii-access-to-justice-for-victims |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.un.org}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-03 |title=World Bank Selects JCLA to Provide the Nigerian Government with Technical Support {{!}} Justice Center for Legal Aid |url=https://www.jcla-org.com/en/article/world-bank-selects-jcla-provide-nigerian-government-technical-support |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422191801/http://www.jcla-org.com/en/article/world-bank-selects-jcla-provide-nigerian-government-technical-support |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Justice Center for Legal Aid |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JORDAN RULE OF LAW AND ANTI-CORRUPTION ASSESSMENT |url=https://democracyinternational.com/media/Jordan%20Rule%20of%20Law%20Anti-Corruption%20Assessment.pdf |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2016 |title=Middle East and North Africa CMI: Support to Open Government Reforms |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/319941468044984002/text/P133260-AAA-Finalize-Output.txt |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=World Bank |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414024012/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/319941468044984002/text/P133260-AAA-Finalize-Output.txt |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kwamitin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], ta tattauna muhimmancin samun damar adalci ga wadanda ke fama da [[ta'addanci]] a lokacin taron Global Congress of Victims of Terrorism . === Ma'aikatan ƙaura === Don batun da ke gudana na Ma'aikatan ƙaura da kuma yin tir da cin zarafin ma'aikatan Jordan, Abdel Aziz ya fahimci rata, ya bayyana dawo da mataimakan gida tara da aka yi wa Filipinos cin zarafi, kuma ya tattauna ƙalubale a aiwatar da doka da kayan aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GMANews.TV |first=MARK JOSEPH UBALDE |date=3 November 2008 |title='Not just RP maids but women abused in Mideast' |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/content/131032/not-just-rp-maids-but-women-abused-in-mideast/story/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=GMA News Online |language=en}}</ref> === Taimako na kasa da kasa === A cikin 2015, [[Bankin Duniya]] ya zaɓi JCLA da Abdel Aziz don samar da tallafin fasaha ga gwamnatin [[Najeriya]] wanda ta shiga cikin jerin ayyukan tallafin shari'a da kuma tabbatar da inganci [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Africa and Middle East |url=https://thepbeye.probonoinst.org/category/global-pro-bono/africa-and-middle-east/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418123018/https://thepbeye.probonoinst.org/category/global-pro-bono/africa-and-middle-east/ |archive-date=18 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=The PBEye}}</ref><ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Unini |date=2015-08-21 |title=Making justice accessible to the poor |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/making-justice-accessible-to-the-poor/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=TheNigeriaLawyer |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da zumunci == === Eisenhower Fellowship === Abdel Aziz ya sami kudade daga Eisenhower Fellowships <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.efworld.org/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Eisenhower Fellowships |language=en-US}}</ref> don aiwatar da shirin Pro bono na kasa <ref name=":4"/> wanda ke da alaƙa da tsarin shari'ar Jordan kuma yana hidima ga waɗanda ba su da wakilci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2015-10-27 |title=Hadeel Abdel Aziz - International Action Network for Gender Equity & Law |url=https://www.iangel.org/hadeel-abdel-aziz/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.iangel.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Wendy |date=2019-08-20 |title=Hadil Abdelaziz |url=https://www.probonoconference.org/hadil-abdelaziz/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Asia Pro Bono Conference & Access to Justice Exchange |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWendy2019">Wendy (20 August 2019). [https://www.probonoconference.org/hadil-abdelaziz/ "Hadil Abdelaziz"]. ''Asia Pro Bono Conference & Access to Justice Exchange''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba === Abdel Aziz ta karbi lambar yabo ta mata ta kasa da kasa ta 2023 wacce Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta shirya kuma ta ba da kyauta ga waɗanda suka nuna ƙarfin hali, ƙarfi, da jagoranci na musamman.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=28 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Awards |url=https://editorials.voa.gov/a/international-women-of-courage-awards/7025269.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://editorials.voa.gov/a/international-women-of-courage-awards/7025269.html "2023 International Women of Courage Awards"]. ''VOA''. 28 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> An amince da aikinta na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da wakiltar waɗanda ba su da kyau. === Kyautar Faransa da Jamus don 'Yancin Dan Adam da Dokar Shari'a === Ta sami wannan lambar yabo saboda sadaukarwar rayuwarta ga mulkin doka da aikinta na ingantawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na mata da 'yan mata. Ana ba da kyautar ga masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a duk duniya, waɗanda ke aiki kowace rana, sau da yawa a cikin yanayi mai haɗari, don karewa da ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa. == Dubi kuma == * Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba * Cibiyar Shari'a don Taimako na Shari'a * Jerin masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Jordan * Dokar Jordan == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0j71om5vkpyymb0qsrbq2n0lmd4pa5r 894095 894094 2026-08-10T08:45:50Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 894095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hadeel Abdel Aziz''' Ta kuma karɓi lambar yabo ta Franco-German don Haƙƙoƙin Dan Adam da mulkin doka, wanda aka miƙa mata yayin bikin cika shekaru 60 na yarjejeniyar Elysée a ranar 22 ga Janairu,Shekara ta 2023. == Ilimi da takaddun shaida == Abdel Aziz ta nada digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Jordan kuma ya zama ɗan Jordan na farko da Jami'ar Jihar Michigan ta tabbatar da shi a matsayin mai gudanar da shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hadeel Abdel Aziz |url=https://worldjusticeproject.org/world-justice-forum-vi/hadeel-abdel-aziz |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=World Justice Project |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Manajan sashin gudanar da kotun === Kafin kafa JCLA, Abdel Aziz ya yi aiki ga USAID daga Shekara ta 2004 zuwa 2009 a matsayin manajan sashin gudanarwa na Kotun don Shirin Dokar Shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=USAID Rule of Law Program Quarterly Report: July - September, 2009 |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JC25.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125131454/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JC25.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref> === Ayyukan ƙarfafawa na shari'a === An ruwaito aikinta a karkashin JCLA a matsayin samar da sabis ga marasa galihu, yana ba da shawara ga taimakon shari'a na jihar tare da mayar da hankali kan karfafawa ta shari'a - "sanya doka a hannun matsakaicin mutum" ta hanyar kayan aikin da aka tsara don ilimantar da mutane game da hakkinsu na asali da tallafawa al'ummomi don kewayawa da saita hanyoyin da kayan aiki.[1][2] === Mai kare haƙƙin ɗan adam === A matsayinta na [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|mai karewa]] kungiyoyi daban-daban da suka hada da matasa, [[Ƴan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]], da wadanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jima'i da na jinsi, DOS ya yaba wa Aziz don nuna hangen nesa {{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> don taimakawa wajen karfafa tsarin adalci a [[Jodan|Jordan]]. Ayyukanta na bayar da shawarwari ga me da laifukan girmamawa - tsare mata don "kariya" ta kansu an kuma nuna shi. A matsayinta na kwamitin amintattu a Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa, ta jaddada muhimmancin cikakkun bayanai a cikin batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin mallaka ga matasa 'yan jaridar Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2020 |title=JMI trains a new generation of young journalists |url=https://www.jmi.edu.jo/en/jmi-trains-new-generation-young-journalists%C2%A0 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=Jordan Media Institute |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418112958/https://www.jmi.edu.jo/en/jmi-trains-new-generation-young-journalists%C2%A0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Mata, yara, da wadanda ta'addanci suka shafa === Sauran kokarin ta ya hada da bayar da shawarwari don kawar da dokar fyade ta Jordan, Mataki na 308, da kuma taimakawa wajen aiwatar da tsananta wa masu laifi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2017 |title=Jordanian Parliament abolishes law that allowed rapists to avoid prosecution by marrying their victims |url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2017/8/news-jordanian-parliament-abolishes-law-that-allowed-rapists-to-avoid-prosecution |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=UN Women – Headquarters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tahhan |first=Zena Al |title='Historic day' as Jordanian parliament repeals rape law |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/8/1/historic-day-as-jordanian-parliament-repeals-rape-law |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jordan may end reviled law on rape |url=https://enewspaper.latimes.com/infinity/article_popover_share.aspx?guid=5bb9e537-9e41-4ab8-8d8a-e992a9a73c51 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} Jordan: The penalty for rape; legal penalties for failing to complete a court-ordered probation, where, and if, that is the sentence |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3f7d4db77.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> Ta nuna aikinta a cikin wani kwamitin da aka zaba a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar ɗinkin Duniya]] kuma ta shiga cikin ayyukan da [[Bankin Duniya]] ke tallafawa, da sauran dandamali. {{Cite web |title=Day Two - Session 7: Parallel breakout sessions – The importance of access to justice for victims of terrorism {{!}} Office of Counter-Terrorism |url=https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/session-vii-access-to-justice-for-victims |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.un.org}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-03 |title=World Bank Selects JCLA to Provide the Nigerian Government with Technical Support {{!}} Justice Center for Legal Aid |url=https://www.jcla-org.com/en/article/world-bank-selects-jcla-provide-nigerian-government-technical-support |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422191801/http://www.jcla-org.com/en/article/world-bank-selects-jcla-provide-nigerian-government-technical-support |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Justice Center for Legal Aid |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JORDAN RULE OF LAW AND ANTI-CORRUPTION ASSESSMENT |url=https://democracyinternational.com/media/Jordan%20Rule%20of%20Law%20Anti-Corruption%20Assessment.pdf |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2016 |title=Middle East and North Africa CMI: Support to Open Government Reforms |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/319941468044984002/text/P133260-AAA-Finalize-Output.txt |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=World Bank |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414024012/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/319941468044984002/text/P133260-AAA-Finalize-Output.txt |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kwamitin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], ta tattauna muhimmancin samun damar adalci ga wadanda ke fama da [[ta'addanci]] a lokacin taron Global Congress of Victims of Terrorism . === Ma'aikatan ƙaura === Don batun da ke gudana na Ma'aikatan ƙaura da kuma yin tir da cin zarafin ma'aikatan Jordan, Abdel Aziz ya fahimci rata, ya bayyana dawo da mataimakan gida tara da aka yi wa Filipinos cin zarafi, kuma ya tattauna ƙalubale a aiwatar da doka da kayan aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GMANews.TV |first=MARK JOSEPH UBALDE |date=3 November 2008 |title='Not just RP maids but women abused in Mideast' |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/content/131032/not-just-rp-maids-but-women-abused-in-mideast/story/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=GMA News Online |language=en}}</ref> === Taimako na kasa da kasa === A cikin 2015, [[Bankin Duniya]] ya zaɓi JCLA da Abdel Aziz don samar da tallafin fasaha ga gwamnatin [[Najeriya]] wanda ta shiga cikin jerin ayyukan tallafin shari'a da kuma tabbatar da inganci [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Africa and Middle East |url=https://thepbeye.probonoinst.org/category/global-pro-bono/africa-and-middle-east/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418123018/https://thepbeye.probonoinst.org/category/global-pro-bono/africa-and-middle-east/ |archive-date=18 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=The PBEye}}</ref><ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Unini |date=2015-08-21 |title=Making justice accessible to the poor |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/making-justice-accessible-to-the-poor/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=TheNigeriaLawyer |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da zumunci == === Eisenhower Fellowship === Abdel Aziz ya sami kudade daga Eisenhower Fellowships <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.efworld.org/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Eisenhower Fellowships |language=en-US}}</ref> don aiwatar da shirin Pro bono na kasa <ref name=":4"/> wanda ke da alaƙa da tsarin shari'ar Jordan kuma yana hidima ga waɗanda ba su da wakilci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2015-10-27 |title=Hadeel Abdel Aziz - International Action Network for Gender Equity & Law |url=https://www.iangel.org/hadeel-abdel-aziz/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.iangel.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Wendy |date=2019-08-20 |title=Hadil Abdelaziz |url=https://www.probonoconference.org/hadil-abdelaziz/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Asia Pro Bono Conference & Access to Justice Exchange |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWendy2019">Wendy (20 August 2019). [https://www.probonoconference.org/hadil-abdelaziz/ "Hadil Abdelaziz"]. ''Asia Pro Bono Conference & Access to Justice Exchange''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba === Abdel Aziz ta karbi lambar yabo ta mata ta kasa da kasa ta 2023 wacce Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta shirya kuma ta ba da kyauta ga waɗanda suka nuna ƙarfin hali, ƙarfi, da jagoranci na musamman.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=28 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Awards |url=https://editorials.voa.gov/a/international-women-of-courage-awards/7025269.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://editorials.voa.gov/a/international-women-of-courage-awards/7025269.html "2023 International Women of Courage Awards"]. ''VOA''. 28 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> An amince da aikinta na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da wakiltar waɗanda ba su da kyau. === Kyautar Faransa da Jamus don 'Yancin Dan Adam da Dokar Shari'a === Ta sami wannan lambar yabo saboda sadaukarwar rayuwarta ga mulkin doka da aikinta na ingantawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na mata da 'yan mata. Ana ba da kyautar ga masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a duk duniya, waɗanda ke aiki kowace rana, sau da yawa a cikin yanayi mai haɗari, don karewa da ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa. == Dubi kuma == * Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba * Cibiyar Shari'a don Taimako na Shari'a * Jerin masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Jordan * Dokar Jordan == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7lxx3mjfflp5melkgq669ytmozq3o8z 894096 894095 2026-08-10T08:46:31Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 894096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hadeel Abdel Aziz''' Ta kuma karɓi lambar yabo ta Franco-German don Haƙƙoƙin Dan Adam da mulkin doka, wanda aka miƙa mata yayin bikin cika shekaru 60 na yarjejeniyar Elysée a ranar 22 ga Janairu,Shekara ta 2023. == Ilimi da takaddun shaida == Abdel Aziz ta nada digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Jordan kuma ya zama ɗan Jordan na farko da Jami'ar Jihar Michigan ta tabbatar da shi a matsayin mai gudanar da shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hadeel Abdel Aziz |url=https://worldjusticeproject.org/world-justice-forum-vi/hadeel-abdel-aziz |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=World Justice Project |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Manajan sashin gudanar da kotun === Kafin kafa JCLA, Abdel Aziz ya yi aiki ga USAID daga Shekara ta 2004 zuwa 2009 a matsayin manajan sashin gudanarwa na Kotun don Shirin Dokar Shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=USAID Rule of Law Program Quarterly Report: July - September, 2009 |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JC25.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125131454/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JC25.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref> === Ayyukan ƙarfafawa na shari'a === An ruwaito aikinta a karkashin JCLA a matsayin samar da sabis ga marasa galihu, yana ba da shawara ga taimakon shari'a na jihar tare da mayar da hankali kan karfafawa ta shari'a - "sanya doka a hannun matsakaicin mutum" ta hanyar kayan aikin da aka tsara don ilimantar da mutane game da hakkinsu na asali da tallafawa al'ummomi don kewayawa da saita hanyoyin da kayan aiki.[1][2] === Mai kare haƙƙin ɗan adam === A matsayinta na [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|mai karewa]] kungiyoyi daban-daban da suka hada da matasa, [[Ƴan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]], da wadanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jima'i da na jinsi, DOS ya yaba wa Aziz don nuna hangen nesa {{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> don taimakawa wajen karfafa tsarin adalci a [[Jodan|Jordan]]. Ayyukanta na bayar da shawarwari ga me da laifukan girmamawa - tsare mata don "kariya" ta kansu an kuma nuna shi. A matsayinta na kwamitin amintattu a Cibiyar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Kasa, ta jaddada muhimmancin cikakkun bayanai a cikin batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin mallaka ga matasa 'yan jaridar Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2020 |title=JMI trains a new generation of young journalists |url=https://www.jmi.edu.jo/en/jmi-trains-new-generation-young-journalists%C2%A0 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=Jordan Media Institute |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418112958/https://www.jmi.edu.jo/en/jmi-trains-new-generation-young-journalists%C2%A0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Mata, yara, da wadanda ta'addanci suka shafa === Sauran ƙokarin ta ya hada da bayar da shawarwari don kawar da dokar fyade ta Jordan, Mataki na 308, da kuma taimakawa wajen aiwatar da tsananta wa masu laifi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2017 |title=Jordanian Parliament abolishes law that allowed rapists to avoid prosecution by marrying their victims |url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2017/8/news-jordanian-parliament-abolishes-law-that-allowed-rapists-to-avoid-prosecution |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=UN Women – Headquarters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tahhan |first=Zena Al |title='Historic day' as Jordanian parliament repeals rape law |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/8/1/historic-day-as-jordanian-parliament-repeals-rape-law |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jordan may end reviled law on rape |url=https://enewspaper.latimes.com/infinity/article_popover_share.aspx?guid=5bb9e537-9e41-4ab8-8d8a-e992a9a73c51 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} Jordan: The penalty for rape; legal penalties for failing to complete a court-ordered probation, where, and if, that is the sentence |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3f7d4db77.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> Ta nuna aikinta a cikin wani kwamitin da aka zaba a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar ɗinkin Duniya]] kuma ta shiga cikin ayyukan da [[Bankin Duniya]] ke tallafawa, da sauran dandamali. {{Cite web |title=Day Two - Session 7: Parallel breakout sessions – The importance of access to justice for victims of terrorism {{!}} Office of Counter-Terrorism |url=https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/session-vii-access-to-justice-for-victims |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.un.org}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-03 |title=World Bank Selects JCLA to Provide the Nigerian Government with Technical Support {{!}} Justice Center for Legal Aid |url=https://www.jcla-org.com/en/article/world-bank-selects-jcla-provide-nigerian-government-technical-support |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422191801/http://www.jcla-org.com/en/article/world-bank-selects-jcla-provide-nigerian-government-technical-support |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Justice Center for Legal Aid |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JORDAN RULE OF LAW AND ANTI-CORRUPTION ASSESSMENT |url=https://democracyinternational.com/media/Jordan%20Rule%20of%20Law%20Anti-Corruption%20Assessment.pdf |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2016 |title=Middle East and North Africa CMI: Support to Open Government Reforms |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/319941468044984002/text/P133260-AAA-Finalize-Output.txt |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=World Bank |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414024012/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/319941468044984002/text/P133260-AAA-Finalize-Output.txt |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kwamitin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], ta tattauna muhimmancin samun damar adalci ga wadanda ke fama da [[ta'addanci]] a lokacin taron Global Congress of Victims of Terrorism . === Ma'aikatan ƙaura === Don batun da ke gudana na Ma'aikatan ƙaura da kuma yin tir da cin zarafin ma'aikatan Jordan, Abdel Aziz ya fahimci rata, ya bayyana dawo da mataimakan gida tara da aka yi wa Filipinos cin zarafi, kuma ya tattauna ƙalubale a aiwatar da doka da kayan aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GMANews.TV |first=MARK JOSEPH UBALDE |date=3 November 2008 |title='Not just RP maids but women abused in Mideast' |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/content/131032/not-just-rp-maids-but-women-abused-in-mideast/story/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=GMA News Online |language=en}}</ref> === Taimako na kasa da kasa === A cikin 2015, [[Bankin Duniya]] ya zaɓi JCLA da Abdel Aziz don samar da tallafin fasaha ga gwamnatin [[Najeriya]] wanda ta shiga cikin jerin ayyukan tallafin shari'a da kuma tabbatar da inganci [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Africa and Middle East |url=https://thepbeye.probonoinst.org/category/global-pro-bono/africa-and-middle-east/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418123018/https://thepbeye.probonoinst.org/category/global-pro-bono/africa-and-middle-east/ |archive-date=18 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=The PBEye}}</ref><ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Unini |date=2015-08-21 |title=Making justice accessible to the poor |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/making-justice-accessible-to-the-poor/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=TheNigeriaLawyer |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da zumunci == === Eisenhower Fellowship === Abdel Aziz ya sami kudade daga Eisenhower Fellowships <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.efworld.org/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Eisenhower Fellowships |language=en-US}}</ref> don aiwatar da shirin Pro bono na kasa <ref name=":4"/> wanda ke da alaƙa da tsarin shari'ar Jordan kuma yana hidima ga waɗanda ba su da wakilci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2015-10-27 |title=Hadeel Abdel Aziz - International Action Network for Gender Equity & Law |url=https://www.iangel.org/hadeel-abdel-aziz/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.iangel.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Wendy |date=2019-08-20 |title=Hadil Abdelaziz |url=https://www.probonoconference.org/hadil-abdelaziz/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Asia Pro Bono Conference & Access to Justice Exchange |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWendy2019">Wendy (20 August 2019). [https://www.probonoconference.org/hadil-abdelaziz/ "Hadil Abdelaziz"]. ''Asia Pro Bono Conference & Access to Justice Exchange''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba === Abdel Aziz ta karbi lambar yabo ta mata ta kasa da kasa ta 2023 wacce Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta shirya kuma ta ba da kyauta ga waɗanda suka nuna ƙarfin hali, ƙarfi, da jagoranci na musamman.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=28 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Awards |url=https://editorials.voa.gov/a/international-women-of-courage-awards/7025269.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://editorials.voa.gov/a/international-women-of-courage-awards/7025269.html "2023 International Women of Courage Awards"]. ''VOA''. 28 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> An amince da aikinta na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da wakiltar waɗanda ba su da kyau. === Kyautar Faransa da Jamus don 'Yancin Dan Adam da Dokar Shari'a === Ta sami wannan lambar yabo saboda sadaukarwar rayuwarta ga mulkin doka da aikinta na ingantawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na mata da 'yan mata. Ana ba da kyautar ga masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a duk duniya, waɗanda ke aiki kowace rana, sau da yawa a cikin yanayi mai haɗari, don karewa da ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa. == Dubi kuma == * Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba * Cibiyar Shari'a don Taimako na Shari'a * Jerin masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Jordan * Dokar Jordan == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2z3aevwoyayjvwdjb5a7mdfq5vfj75c 894097 894096 2026-08-10T08:47:09Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 894097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hadeel Abdel Aziz''' Ta kuma karɓi lambar yabo ta Franco-German don Haƙƙoƙin Dan Adam da mulkin doka, wanda aka miƙa mata yayin bikin cika shekaru 60 na yarjejeniyar Elysée a ranar 22 ga Janairu,Shekara ta 2023. == Ilimi da takaddun shaida == Abdel Aziz ta nada digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Jordan kuma ya zama ɗan Jordan na farko da Jami'ar Jihar Michigan ta tabbatar da shi a matsayin mai gudanar da shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hadeel Abdel Aziz |url=https://worldjusticeproject.org/world-justice-forum-vi/hadeel-abdel-aziz |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=World Justice Project |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Manajan sashin gudanar da kotun === Kafin kafa JCLA, Abdel Aziz ya yi aiki ga USAID daga Shekara ta 2004 zuwa 2009 a matsayin manajan sashin gudanarwa na Kotun don Shirin Dokar Shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=USAID Rule of Law Program Quarterly Report: July - September, 2009 |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JC25.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125131454/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JC25.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref> === Ayyukan ƙarfafawa na shari'a === An ruwaito aikinta a karkashin JCLA a matsayin samar da sabis ga marasa galihu, yana ba da shawara ga taimakon shari'a na jihar tare da mayar da hankali kan karfafawa ta shari'a - "sanya doka a hannun matsakaicin mutum" ta hanyar kayan aikin da aka tsara don ilimantar da mutane game da hakkinsu na asali da tallafawa al'ummomi don kewayawa da saita hanyoyin da kayan aiki.[1][2] === Mai kare haƙƙin ɗan adam === A matsayinta na [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|mai karewa]] kungiyoyi daban-daban da suka hada da matasa, [[Ƴan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]], da wadanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jima'i da na jinsi, DOS ya yaba wa Aziz don nuna hangen nesa {{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> don taimakawa wajen karfafa tsarin adalci a [[Jodan|Jordan]]. Ayyukanta na bayar da shawarwari ga me da laifukan girmamawa - tsare mata don "kariya" ta kansu an kuma nuna shi. A matsayinta na kwamitin amintattu a Cibiyar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Kasa, ta jaddada muhimmancin cikakkun bayanai a cikin batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin mallaka ga matasa 'yan jaridar Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2020 |title=JMI trains a new generation of young journalists |url=https://www.jmi.edu.jo/en/jmi-trains-new-generation-young-journalists%C2%A0 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=Jordan Media Institute |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418112958/https://www.jmi.edu.jo/en/jmi-trains-new-generation-young-journalists%C2%A0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Mata, yara, da wadanda ta'addanci suka shafa === Sauran ƙokarin ta ya hada da bayar da shawarwari don kawar da dokar fyade ta Jordan, Mataki na 308, da kuma taimakawa wajen aiwatar da tsananta wa masu laifi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2017 |title=Jordanian Parliament abolishes law that allowed rapists to avoid prosecution by marrying their victims |url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2017/8/news-jordanian-parliament-abolishes-law-that-allowed-rapists-to-avoid-prosecution |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=UN Women – Headquarters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tahhan |first=Zena Al |title='Historic day' as Jordanian parliament repeals rape law |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/8/1/historic-day-as-jordanian-parliament-repeals-rape-law |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jordan may end reviled law on rape |url=https://enewspaper.latimes.com/infinity/article_popover_share.aspx?guid=5bb9e537-9e41-4ab8-8d8a-e992a9a73c51 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} Jordan: The penalty for rape; legal penalties for failing to complete a court-ordered probation, where, and if, that is the sentence |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3f7d4db77.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> Ta nuna aikinta a cikin wani kwamitin da aka zaba a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar ɗinkin Duniya]] kuma ta shiga cikin ayyukan da [[Bankin Duniya]] ke tallafawa, da sauran dandamali. {{Cite web |title=Day Two - Session 7: Parallel breakout sessions – The importance of access to justice for victims of terrorism {{!}} Office of Counter-Terrorism |url=https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/session-vii-access-to-justice-for-victims |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.un.org}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-03 |title=World Bank Selects JCLA to Provide the Nigerian Government with Technical Support {{!}} Justice Center for Legal Aid |url=https://www.jcla-org.com/en/article/world-bank-selects-jcla-provide-nigerian-government-technical-support |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422191801/http://www.jcla-org.com/en/article/world-bank-selects-jcla-provide-nigerian-government-technical-support |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Justice Center for Legal Aid |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JORDAN RULE OF LAW AND ANTI-CORRUPTION ASSESSMENT |url=https://democracyinternational.com/media/Jordan%20Rule%20of%20Law%20Anti-Corruption%20Assessment.pdf |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2016 |title=Middle East and North Africa CMI: Support to Open Government Reforms |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/319941468044984002/text/P133260-AAA-Finalize-Output.txt |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=World Bank |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414024012/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/319941468044984002/text/P133260-AAA-Finalize-Output.txt |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kwamitin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], ta tattauna muhimmancin samun damar adalci ga wadanda ke fama da [[ta'addanci]] a lokacin taron Global Congress of Victims of Terrorism . === Ma'aikatan ƙaura === Don batun da ke gudana na Ma'aikatan ƙaura da kuma yin tir da cin zarafin ma'aikatan Jordan, Abdel Aziz ya fahimci rata, ya bayyana dawo da mataimakan gida tara da aka yi wa Filipinos cin zarafi, kuma ya tattauna ƙalubale a aiwatar da doka da kayan aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GMANews.TV |first=MARK JOSEPH UBALDE |date=3 November 2008 |title='Not just RP maids but women abused in Mideast' |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/content/131032/not-just-rp-maids-but-women-abused-in-mideast/story/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=GMA News Online |language=en}}</ref> === Taimako na kasa da kasa === A cikin She 2015, [[Bankin Duniya]] ya zaɓi JCLA da Abdel Aziz don samar da tallafin fasaha ga gwamnatin [[Najeriya]] wanda ta shiga cikin jerin ayyukan tallafin shari'a da kuma tabbatar da inganci [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Africa and Middle East |url=https://thepbeye.probonoinst.org/category/global-pro-bono/africa-and-middle-east/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418123018/https://thepbeye.probonoinst.org/category/global-pro-bono/africa-and-middle-east/ |archive-date=18 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=The PBEye}}</ref><ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Unini |date=2015-08-21 |title=Making justice accessible to the poor |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/making-justice-accessible-to-the-poor/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=TheNigeriaLawyer |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da zumunci == === Eisenhower Fellowship === Abdel Aziz ya sami kudade daga Eisenhower Fellowships <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.efworld.org/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Eisenhower Fellowships |language=en-US}}</ref> don aiwatar da shirin Pro bono na kasa <ref name=":4"/> wanda ke da alaƙa da tsarin shari'ar Jordan kuma yana hidima ga waɗanda ba su da wakilci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2015-10-27 |title=Hadeel Abdel Aziz - International Action Network for Gender Equity & Law |url=https://www.iangel.org/hadeel-abdel-aziz/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.iangel.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Wendy |date=2019-08-20 |title=Hadil Abdelaziz |url=https://www.probonoconference.org/hadil-abdelaziz/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Asia Pro Bono Conference & Access to Justice Exchange |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWendy2019">Wendy (20 August 2019). [https://www.probonoconference.org/hadil-abdelaziz/ "Hadil Abdelaziz"]. ''Asia Pro Bono Conference & Access to Justice Exchange''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba === Abdel Aziz ta karbi lambar yabo ta mata ta kasa da kasa ta 2023 wacce Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta shirya kuma ta ba da kyauta ga waɗanda suka nuna ƙarfin hali, ƙarfi, da jagoranci na musamman.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=28 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Awards |url=https://editorials.voa.gov/a/international-women-of-courage-awards/7025269.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://editorials.voa.gov/a/international-women-of-courage-awards/7025269.html "2023 International Women of Courage Awards"]. ''VOA''. 28 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> An amince da aikinta na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da wakiltar waɗanda ba su da kyau. === Kyautar Faransa da Jamus don 'Yancin Dan Adam da Dokar Shari'a === Ta sami wannan lambar yabo saboda sadaukarwar rayuwarta ga mulkin doka da aikinta na ingantawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na mata da 'yan mata. Ana ba da kyautar ga masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a duk duniya, waɗanda ke aiki kowace rana, sau da yawa a cikin yanayi mai haɗari, don karewa da ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa. == Dubi kuma == * Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba * Cibiyar Shari'a don Taimako na Shari'a * Jerin masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Jordan * Dokar Jordan == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lvudqcbc33nfx7pk6vskeo3eyik634r 894099 894097 2026-08-10T08:48:02Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 894099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hadeel Abdel Aziz''' Ta kuma karɓi lambar yabo ta Franco-German don Haƙƙoƙin Dan Adam da mulkin doka, wanda aka miƙa mata yayin bikin cika shekaru 60 na yarjejeniyar Elysée a ranar 22 ga Janairu,Shekara ta 2023. == Ilimi da takaddun shaida == Abdel Aziz ta nada digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Jordan kuma ya zama ɗan Jordan na farko da Jami'ar Jihar Michigan ta tabbatar da shi a matsayin mai gudanar da shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hadeel Abdel Aziz |url=https://worldjusticeproject.org/world-justice-forum-vi/hadeel-abdel-aziz |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=World Justice Project |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Manajan sashin gudanar da kotun === Kafin kafa JCLA, Abdel Aziz ya yi aiki ga USAID daga Shekara ta 2004 zuwa 2009 a matsayin manajan sashin gudanarwa na Kotun don Shirin Dokar Shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=USAID Rule of Law Program Quarterly Report: July - September, 2009 |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JC25.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125131454/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JC25.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref> === Ayyukan ƙarfafawa na shari'a === An ruwaito aikinta a karkashin JCLA a matsayin samar da sabis ga marasa galihu, yana ba da shawara ga taimakon shari'a na jihar tare da mayar da hankali kan karfafawa ta shari'a - "sanya doka a hannun matsakaicin mutum" ta hanyar kayan aikin da aka tsara don ilimantar da mutane game da hakkinsu na asali da tallafawa al'ummomi don kewayawa da saita hanyoyin da kayan aiki.[1][2] === Mai kare haƙƙin ɗan adam === A matsayinta na [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|mai karewa]] kungiyoyi daban-daban da suka hada da matasa, [[Ƴan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]], da wadanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jima'i da na jinsi, DOS ya yaba wa Aziz don nuna hangen nesa {{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> don taimakawa wajen karfafa tsarin adalci a [[Jodan|Jordan]]. Ayyukanta na bayar da shawarwari ga me da laifukan girmamawa - tsare mata don "kariya" ta kansu an kuma nuna shi. A matsayinta na kwamitin amintattu a Cibiyar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Kasa, ta jaddada muhimmancin cikakkun bayanai a cikin batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin mallaka ga matasa 'yan jaridar Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2020 |title=JMI trains a new generation of young journalists |url=https://www.jmi.edu.jo/en/jmi-trains-new-generation-young-journalists%C2%A0 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=Jordan Media Institute |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418112958/https://www.jmi.edu.jo/en/jmi-trains-new-generation-young-journalists%C2%A0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Mata, yara, da wadanda ta'addanci suka shafa === Sauran ƙokarin ta ya hada da bayar da shawarwari don kawar da dokar fyade ta Jordan, Mataki na 308, da kuma taimakawa wajen aiwatar da tsananta wa masu laifi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2017 |title=Jordanian Parliament abolishes law that allowed rapists to avoid prosecution by marrying their victims |url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2017/8/news-jordanian-parliament-abolishes-law-that-allowed-rapists-to-avoid-prosecution |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=UN Women – Headquarters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tahhan |first=Zena Al |title='Historic day' as Jordanian parliament repeals rape law |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/8/1/historic-day-as-jordanian-parliament-repeals-rape-law |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jordan may end reviled law on rape |url=https://enewspaper.latimes.com/infinity/article_popover_share.aspx?guid=5bb9e537-9e41-4ab8-8d8a-e992a9a73c51 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} Jordan: The penalty for rape; legal penalties for failing to complete a court-ordered probation, where, and if, that is the sentence |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3f7d4db77.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> Ta nuna aikinta a cikin wani kwamitin da aka zaba a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar ɗinkin Duniya]] kuma ta shiga cikin ayyukan da [[Bankin Duniya]] ke tallafawa, da sauran dandamali. {{Cite web |title=Day Two - Session 7: Parallel breakout sessions – The importance of access to justice for victims of terrorism {{!}} Office of Counter-Terrorism |url=https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/session-vii-access-to-justice-for-victims |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.un.org}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-03 |title=World Bank Selects JCLA to Provide the Nigerian Government with Technical Support {{!}} Justice Center for Legal Aid |url=https://www.jcla-org.com/en/article/world-bank-selects-jcla-provide-nigerian-government-technical-support |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422191801/http://www.jcla-org.com/en/article/world-bank-selects-jcla-provide-nigerian-government-technical-support |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Justice Center for Legal Aid |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JORDAN RULE OF LAW AND ANTI-CORRUPTION ASSESSMENT |url=https://democracyinternational.com/media/Jordan%20Rule%20of%20Law%20Anti-Corruption%20Assessment.pdf |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2016 |title=Middle East and North Africa CMI: Support to Open Government Reforms |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/319941468044984002/text/P133260-AAA-Finalize-Output.txt |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=World Bank |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414024012/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/319941468044984002/text/P133260-AAA-Finalize-Output.txt |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kwamitin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], ta tattauna muhimmancin samun damar adalci ga wadanda ke fama da [[ta'addanci]] a lokacin taron Global Congress of Victims of Terrorism . === Ma'aikatan ƙaura === Don batun da ke gudana na Ma'aikatan ƙaura da kuma yin tir da cin zarafin ma'aikatan Jordan, Abdel Aziz ya fahimci rata, ya bayyana dawo da mataimakan gida tara da aka yi wa Filipinos cin zarafi, kuma ya tattauna ƙalubale a aiwatar da doka da kayan aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GMANews.TV |first=MARK JOSEPH UBALDE |date=3 November 2008 |title='Not just RP maids but women abused in Mideast' |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/content/131032/not-just-rp-maids-but-women-abused-in-mideast/story/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=GMA News Online |language=en}}</ref> === Taimako na kasa da kasa === A cikin She 2015, [[Bankin Duniya]] ya zaɓi JCLA da Abdel Aziz don samar da tallafin fasaha ga gwamnatin [[Najeriya]] wanda ta shiga cikin jerin ayyukan tallafin shari'a da kuma tabbatar da inganci [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Africa and Middle East |url=https://thepbeye.probonoinst.org/category/global-pro-bono/africa-and-middle-east/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418123018/https://thepbeye.probonoinst.org/category/global-pro-bono/africa-and-middle-east/ |archive-date=18 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=The PBEye}}</ref><ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Unini |date=2015-08-21 |title=Making justice accessible to the poor |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/making-justice-accessible-to-the-poor/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=TheNigeriaLawyer |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da zumunci == === Eisenhower Fellowship === Abdel Aziz ya sami kudade daga Eisenhower Fellowships <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.efworld.org/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Eisenhower Fellowships |language=en-US}}</ref> don aiwatar da shirin Pro bono na kasa <ref name=":4"/> wanda ke da alaƙa da tsarin shari'ar Jordan kuma yana hidima ga waɗanda ba su da wakilci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2015-10-27 |title=Hadeel Abdel Aziz - International Action Network for Gender Equity & Law |url=https://www.iangel.org/hadeel-abdel-aziz/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.iangel.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Wendy |date=2019-08-20 |title=Hadil Abdelaziz |url=https://www.probonoconference.org/hadil-abdelaziz/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Asia Pro Bono Conference & Access to Justice Exchange |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWendy2019">Wendy (20 August 2019). [https://www.probonoconference.org/hadil-abdelaziz/ "Hadil Abdelaziz"]. ''Asia Pro Bono Conference & Access to Justice Exchange''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba === Abdel Aziz ta karbi lambar yabo ta mata ta kasa da ƙasa ta Shekarar 2023 wacce Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta shirya kuma ta ba da kyauta ga waɗanda suka nuna ƙarfin hali, ƙarfi, da jagoranci na musamman.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=28 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Awards |url=https://editorials.voa.gov/a/international-women-of-courage-awards/7025269.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://editorials.voa.gov/a/international-women-of-courage-awards/7025269.html "2023 International Women of Courage Awards"]. ''VOA''. 28 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> An amince da aikinta na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da wakiltar waɗanda ba su da kyau. === Kyautar Faransa da Jamus don 'Yancin Dan Adam da Dokar Shari'a === Ta sami wannan lambar yabo saboda sadaukarwar rayuwarta ga mulkin doka da aikinta na ingantawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na mata da 'yan mata. Ana ba da kyautar ga masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a duk duniya, waɗanda ke aiki kowace rana, sau da yawa a cikin yanayi mai haɗari, don karewa da ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa. == Dubi kuma == * Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba * Cibiyar Shari'a don Taimako na Shari'a * Jerin masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Jordan * Dokar Jordan == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bw2kizcrabe4umnt3ieh6kuzl9g6nrq 894101 894099 2026-08-10T08:48:43Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 894101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hadeel Abdel Aziz''' Ta kuma karɓi lambar yabo ta Franco-German don Haƙƙoƙin Dan Adam da mulkin doka, wanda aka miƙa mata yayin bikin cika shekaru 60 na yarjejeniyar Elysée a ranar 22 ga Janairu,Shekara ta 2023. == Ilimi da takaddun shaida == Abdel Aziz ta nada digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Jordan kuma ya zama ɗan Jordan na farko da Jami'ar Jihar Michigan ta tabbatar da shi a matsayin mai gudanar da shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hadeel Abdel Aziz |url=https://worldjusticeproject.org/world-justice-forum-vi/hadeel-abdel-aziz |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=World Justice Project |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Manajan sashin gudanar da kotun === Kafin kafa JCLA, Abdel Aziz ya yi aiki ga USAID daga Shekara ta 2004 zuwa 2009 a matsayin manajan sashin gudanarwa na Kotun don Shirin Dokar Shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=USAID Rule of Law Program Quarterly Report: July - September, 2009 |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JC25.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125131454/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JC25.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref> === Ayyukan ƙarfafawa na shari'a === An ruwaito aikinta a karkashin JCLA a matsayin samar da sabis ga marasa galihu, yana ba da shawara ga taimakon shari'a na jihar tare da mayar da hankali kan karfafawa ta shari'a - "sanya doka a hannun matsakaicin mutum" ta hanyar kayan aikin da aka tsara don ilimantar da mutane game da hakkinsu na asali da tallafawa al'ummomi don kewayawa da saita hanyoyin da kayan aiki.[1][2] === Mai kare haƙƙin ɗan adam === A matsayinta na [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|mai karewa]] kungiyoyi daban-daban da suka hada da matasa, [[Ƴan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]], da wadanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jima'i da na jinsi, DOS ya yaba wa Aziz don nuna hangen nesa {{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> don taimakawa wajen karfafa tsarin adalci a [[Jodan|Jordan]]. Ayyukanta na bayar da shawarwari ga me da laifukan girmamawa - tsare mata don "kariya" ta kansu an kuma nuna shi. A matsayinta na kwamitin amintattu a Cibiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta ƙasa, ta jaddada muhimmancin cikakkun bayanai a cikin batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin mallaka ga matasa 'yan jaridar Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2020 |title=JMI trains a new generation of young journalists |url=https://www.jmi.edu.jo/en/jmi-trains-new-generation-young-journalists%C2%A0 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=Jordan Media Institute |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418112958/https://www.jmi.edu.jo/en/jmi-trains-new-generation-young-journalists%C2%A0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Mata, yara, da wadanda ta'addanci suka shafa === Sauran ƙokarin ta ya hada da bayar da shawarwari don kawar da dokar fyade ta Jordan, Mataki na 308, da kuma taimakawa wajen aiwatar da tsananta wa masu laifi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2017 |title=Jordanian Parliament abolishes law that allowed rapists to avoid prosecution by marrying their victims |url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2017/8/news-jordanian-parliament-abolishes-law-that-allowed-rapists-to-avoid-prosecution |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=UN Women – Headquarters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tahhan |first=Zena Al |title='Historic day' as Jordanian parliament repeals rape law |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/8/1/historic-day-as-jordanian-parliament-repeals-rape-law |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jordan may end reviled law on rape |url=https://enewspaper.latimes.com/infinity/article_popover_share.aspx?guid=5bb9e537-9e41-4ab8-8d8a-e992a9a73c51 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} Jordan: The penalty for rape; legal penalties for failing to complete a court-ordered probation, where, and if, that is the sentence |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3f7d4db77.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> Ta nuna aikinta a cikin wani kwamitin da aka zaba a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar ɗinkin Duniya]] kuma ta shiga cikin ayyukan da [[Bankin Duniya]] ke tallafawa, da sauran dandamali. {{Cite web |title=Day Two - Session 7: Parallel breakout sessions – The importance of access to justice for victims of terrorism {{!}} Office of Counter-Terrorism |url=https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/session-vii-access-to-justice-for-victims |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.un.org}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-03 |title=World Bank Selects JCLA to Provide the Nigerian Government with Technical Support {{!}} Justice Center for Legal Aid |url=https://www.jcla-org.com/en/article/world-bank-selects-jcla-provide-nigerian-government-technical-support |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422191801/http://www.jcla-org.com/en/article/world-bank-selects-jcla-provide-nigerian-government-technical-support |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Justice Center for Legal Aid |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JORDAN RULE OF LAW AND ANTI-CORRUPTION ASSESSMENT |url=https://democracyinternational.com/media/Jordan%20Rule%20of%20Law%20Anti-Corruption%20Assessment.pdf |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2016 |title=Middle East and North Africa CMI: Support to Open Government Reforms |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/319941468044984002/text/P133260-AAA-Finalize-Output.txt |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=World Bank |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414024012/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/319941468044984002/text/P133260-AAA-Finalize-Output.txt |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kwamitin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], ta tattauna muhimmancin samun damar adalci ga wadanda ke fama da [[ta'addanci]] a lokacin taron Global Congress of Victims of Terrorism . === Ma'aikatan ƙaura === Don batun da ke gudana na Ma'aikatan ƙaura da kuma yin tir da cin zarafin ma'aikatan Jordan, Abdel Aziz ya fahimci rata, ya bayyana dawo da mataimakan gida tara da aka yi wa Filipinos cin zarafi, kuma ya tattauna ƙalubale a aiwatar da doka da kayan aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GMANews.TV |first=MARK JOSEPH UBALDE |date=3 November 2008 |title='Not just RP maids but women abused in Mideast' |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/content/131032/not-just-rp-maids-but-women-abused-in-mideast/story/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=GMA News Online |language=en}}</ref> === Taimako na kasa da kasa === A cikin She 2015, [[Bankin Duniya]] ya zaɓi JCLA da Abdel Aziz don samar da tallafin fasaha ga gwamnatin [[Najeriya]] wanda ta shiga cikin jerin ayyukan tallafin shari'a da kuma tabbatar da inganci [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Africa and Middle East |url=https://thepbeye.probonoinst.org/category/global-pro-bono/africa-and-middle-east/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418123018/https://thepbeye.probonoinst.org/category/global-pro-bono/africa-and-middle-east/ |archive-date=18 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=The PBEye}}</ref><ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Unini |date=2015-08-21 |title=Making justice accessible to the poor |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/making-justice-accessible-to-the-poor/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=TheNigeriaLawyer |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da zumunci == === Eisenhower Fellowship === Abdel Aziz ya sami kudade daga Eisenhower Fellowships <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.efworld.org/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Eisenhower Fellowships |language=en-US}}</ref> don aiwatar da shirin Pro bono na kasa <ref name=":4"/> wanda ke da alaƙa da tsarin shari'ar Jordan kuma yana hidima ga waɗanda ba su da wakilci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2015-10-27 |title=Hadeel Abdel Aziz - International Action Network for Gender Equity & Law |url=https://www.iangel.org/hadeel-abdel-aziz/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.iangel.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Wendy |date=2019-08-20 |title=Hadil Abdelaziz |url=https://www.probonoconference.org/hadil-abdelaziz/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Asia Pro Bono Conference & Access to Justice Exchange |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWendy2019">Wendy (20 August 2019). [https://www.probonoconference.org/hadil-abdelaziz/ "Hadil Abdelaziz"]. ''Asia Pro Bono Conference & Access to Justice Exchange''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba === Abdel Aziz ta karbi lambar yabo ta mata ta kasa da ƙasa ta Shekarar 2023 wacce Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta shirya kuma ta ba da kyauta ga waɗanda suka nuna ƙarfin hali, ƙarfi, da jagoranci na musamman.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=28 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Awards |url=https://editorials.voa.gov/a/international-women-of-courage-awards/7025269.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://editorials.voa.gov/a/international-women-of-courage-awards/7025269.html "2023 International Women of Courage Awards"]. ''VOA''. 28 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> An amince da aikinta na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da wakiltar waɗanda ba su da kyau. === Kyautar Faransa da Jamus don 'Yancin Dan Adam da Dokar Shari'a === Ta sami wannan lambar yabo saboda sadaukarwar rayuwarta ga mulkin doka da aikinta na ingantawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na mata da 'yan mata. Ana ba da kyautar ga masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a duk duniya, waɗanda ke aiki kowace rana, sau da yawa a cikin yanayi mai haɗari, don karewa da ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa. == Dubi kuma == * Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba * Cibiyar Shari'a don Taimako na Shari'a * Jerin masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Jordan * Dokar Jordan == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n9s7zmzcwws50q5sgevsn0gx0rticfq 894102 894101 2026-08-10T08:49:25Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 894102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hadeel Abdel Aziz''' Ta kuma karɓi lambar yabo ta Franco-German don Haƙƙoƙin Dan Adam da mulkin doka, wanda aka miƙa mata yayin bikin cika shekaru 60 na yarjejeniyar Elysée a ranar 22 ga Janairu,Shekara ta 2023. == Ilimi da takaddun shaida == Abdel Aziz ta nada digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Jordan kuma ya zama ɗan Jordan na farko da Jami'ar Jihar Michigan ta tabbatar da shi a matsayin mai gudanar da shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hadeel Abdel Aziz |url=https://worldjusticeproject.org/world-justice-forum-vi/hadeel-abdel-aziz |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=World Justice Project |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Manajan sashin gudanar da kotun === Kafin kafa JCLA, Abdel Aziz ya yi aiki ga USAID daga Shekara ta 2004 zuwa 2009 a matsayin manajan sashin gudanarwa na Kotun don Shirin Dokar Shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=USAID Rule of Law Program Quarterly Report: July - September, 2009 |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JC25.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125131454/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JC25.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref> === Ayyukan ƙarfafawa na shari'a === An ruwaito aikinta a karkashin JCLA a matsayin samar da sabis ga marasa galihu, yana ba da shawara ga taimakon shari'a na jihar tare da mayar da hankali kan karfafawa ta shari'a - "sanya doka a hannun matsakaicin mutum" ta hanyar kayan aikin da aka tsara don ilimantar da mutane game da hakkinsu na asali da tallafawa al'ummomi don kewayawa da saita hanyoyin da kayan aiki.[1][2] === Mai kare haƙƙin ɗan adam === A matsayinta na [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|mai ƙarewa]] ƙungiyoyi daban-daban da suka hada da matasa, [[Ƴan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]], da waɗanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jima'i da na jinsi, DOS ya yaba wa Aziz don nuna hangen nesa {{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> don taimakawa wajen karfafa tsarin adalci a [[Jodan|Jordan]]. Ayyukanta na bayar da shawarwari ga me da laifukan girmamawa - tsare mata don "kariya" ta kansu an kuma nuna shi. A matsayinta na kwamitin amintattu a Cibiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta ƙasa, ta jaddada muhimmancin cikakkun bayanai a cikin batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin mallaka ga matasa 'yan jaridar Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2020 |title=JMI trains a new generation of young journalists |url=https://www.jmi.edu.jo/en/jmi-trains-new-generation-young-journalists%C2%A0 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=Jordan Media Institute |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418112958/https://www.jmi.edu.jo/en/jmi-trains-new-generation-young-journalists%C2%A0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Mata, yara, da wadanda ta'addanci suka shafa === Sauran ƙokarin ta ya hada da bayar da shawarwari don kawar da dokar fyade ta Jordan, Mataki na 308, da kuma taimakawa wajen aiwatar da tsananta wa masu laifi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2017 |title=Jordanian Parliament abolishes law that allowed rapists to avoid prosecution by marrying their victims |url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2017/8/news-jordanian-parliament-abolishes-law-that-allowed-rapists-to-avoid-prosecution |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=UN Women – Headquarters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tahhan |first=Zena Al |title='Historic day' as Jordanian parliament repeals rape law |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/8/1/historic-day-as-jordanian-parliament-repeals-rape-law |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jordan may end reviled law on rape |url=https://enewspaper.latimes.com/infinity/article_popover_share.aspx?guid=5bb9e537-9e41-4ab8-8d8a-e992a9a73c51 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} Jordan: The penalty for rape; legal penalties for failing to complete a court-ordered probation, where, and if, that is the sentence |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3f7d4db77.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> Ta nuna aikinta a cikin wani kwamitin da aka zaba a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar ɗinkin Duniya]] kuma ta shiga cikin ayyukan da [[Bankin Duniya]] ke tallafawa, da sauran dandamali. {{Cite web |title=Day Two - Session 7: Parallel breakout sessions – The importance of access to justice for victims of terrorism {{!}} Office of Counter-Terrorism |url=https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/session-vii-access-to-justice-for-victims |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.un.org}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-03 |title=World Bank Selects JCLA to Provide the Nigerian Government with Technical Support {{!}} Justice Center for Legal Aid |url=https://www.jcla-org.com/en/article/world-bank-selects-jcla-provide-nigerian-government-technical-support |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422191801/http://www.jcla-org.com/en/article/world-bank-selects-jcla-provide-nigerian-government-technical-support |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Justice Center for Legal Aid |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JORDAN RULE OF LAW AND ANTI-CORRUPTION ASSESSMENT |url=https://democracyinternational.com/media/Jordan%20Rule%20of%20Law%20Anti-Corruption%20Assessment.pdf |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2016 |title=Middle East and North Africa CMI: Support to Open Government Reforms |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/319941468044984002/text/P133260-AAA-Finalize-Output.txt |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=World Bank |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414024012/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/319941468044984002/text/P133260-AAA-Finalize-Output.txt |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kwamitin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], ta tattauna muhimmancin samun damar adalci ga wadanda ke fama da [[ta'addanci]] a lokacin taron Global Congress of Victims of Terrorism . === Ma'aikatan ƙaura === Don batun da ke gudana na Ma'aikatan ƙaura da kuma yin tir da cin zarafin ma'aikatan Jordan, Abdel Aziz ya fahimci rata, ya bayyana dawo da mataimakan gida tara da aka yi wa Filipinos cin zarafi, kuma ya tattauna ƙalubale a aiwatar da doka da kayan aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GMANews.TV |first=MARK JOSEPH UBALDE |date=3 November 2008 |title='Not just RP maids but women abused in Mideast' |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/content/131032/not-just-rp-maids-but-women-abused-in-mideast/story/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=GMA News Online |language=en}}</ref> === Taimako na kasa da kasa === A cikin She 2015, [[Bankin Duniya]] ya zaɓi JCLA da Abdel Aziz don samar da tallafin fasaha ga gwamnatin [[Najeriya]] wanda ta shiga cikin jerin ayyukan tallafin shari'a da kuma tabbatar da inganci [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Africa and Middle East |url=https://thepbeye.probonoinst.org/category/global-pro-bono/africa-and-middle-east/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418123018/https://thepbeye.probonoinst.org/category/global-pro-bono/africa-and-middle-east/ |archive-date=18 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=The PBEye}}</ref><ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Unini |date=2015-08-21 |title=Making justice accessible to the poor |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/making-justice-accessible-to-the-poor/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=TheNigeriaLawyer |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da zumunci == === Eisenhower Fellowship === Abdel Aziz ya sami kudade daga Eisenhower Fellowships <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.efworld.org/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Eisenhower Fellowships |language=en-US}}</ref> don aiwatar da shirin Pro bono na kasa <ref name=":4"/> wanda ke da alaƙa da tsarin shari'ar Jordan kuma yana hidima ga waɗanda ba su da wakilci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2015-10-27 |title=Hadeel Abdel Aziz - International Action Network for Gender Equity & Law |url=https://www.iangel.org/hadeel-abdel-aziz/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.iangel.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Wendy |date=2019-08-20 |title=Hadil Abdelaziz |url=https://www.probonoconference.org/hadil-abdelaziz/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Asia Pro Bono Conference & Access to Justice Exchange |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWendy2019">Wendy (20 August 2019). [https://www.probonoconference.org/hadil-abdelaziz/ "Hadil Abdelaziz"]. ''Asia Pro Bono Conference & Access to Justice Exchange''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba === Abdel Aziz ta karbi lambar yabo ta mata ta kasa da ƙasa ta Shekarar 2023 wacce Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta shirya kuma ta ba da kyauta ga waɗanda suka nuna ƙarfin hali, ƙarfi, da jagoranci na musamman.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=28 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Awards |url=https://editorials.voa.gov/a/international-women-of-courage-awards/7025269.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://editorials.voa.gov/a/international-women-of-courage-awards/7025269.html "2023 International Women of Courage Awards"]. ''VOA''. 28 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> An amince da aikinta na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da wakiltar waɗanda ba su da kyau. === Kyautar Faransa da Jamus don 'Yancin Dan Adam da Dokar Shari'a === Ta sami wannan lambar yabo saboda sadaukarwar rayuwarta ga mulkin doka da aikinta na ingantawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na mata da 'yan mata. Ana ba da kyautar ga masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a duk duniya, waɗanda ke aiki kowace rana, sau da yawa a cikin yanayi mai haɗari, don karewa da ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa. == Dubi kuma == * Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba * Cibiyar Shari'a don Taimako na Shari'a * Jerin masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Jordan * Dokar Jordan == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 779r6b6c0q89pojybksnchftpykr15t 894103 894102 2026-08-10T08:50:53Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 894103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hadeel Abdel Aziz''' Ta kuma karɓi lambar yabo ta Franco-German don Haƙƙoƙin Dan Adam da mulkin doka, wanda aka miƙa mata yayin bikin cika shekaru 60 na yarjejeniyar Elysée a ranar 22 ga Janairu,Shekara ta 2023. == Ilimi da takaddun shaida == Abdel Aziz ta nada digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Jordan kuma ya zama ɗan Jordan na farko da Jami'ar Jihar Michigan ta tabbatar da shi a matsayin mai gudanar da shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hadeel Abdel Aziz |url=https://worldjusticeproject.org/world-justice-forum-vi/hadeel-abdel-aziz |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=World Justice Project |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Manajan sashin gudanar da kotun === Kafin kafa JCLA, Abdel Aziz ya yi aiki ga USAID daga Shekara ta 2004 zuwa 2009 a matsayin manajan sashin gudanarwa na Kotun don Shirin Dokar Shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=USAID Rule of Law Program Quarterly Report: July - September, 2009 |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JC25.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125131454/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JC25.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref> === Ayyukan ƙarfafawa na shari'a === An ruwaito aikinta a karkashin JCLA a matsayin samar da sabis ga marasa galihu, yana ba da shawara ga taimakon shari'a na jihar tare da mayar da hankali kan karfafawa ta shari'a - "sanya doka a hannun matsakaicin mutum" ta hanyar kayan aikin da aka tsara don ilimantar da mutane game da hakkinsu na asali da tallafawa al'ummomi don kewayawa da saita hanyoyin da kayan aiki.[1][2] === Mai kare haƙƙin ɗan adam === A matsayinta na [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|mai ƙarewa]] ƙungiyoyi daban-daban da suka hada da matasa, [[Ƴan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]], da waɗanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jima'i da na jinsi, DOS ya yaba wa Aziz don nuna hangen nesa {{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> don taimakawa wajen karfafa tsarin adalci a [[Jodan|Jordan]]. Ayyukanta na bayar da shawarwari ga me da laifukan girmamawa - tsare mata don "kariya" ta kansu an kuma nuna shi. A matsayinta na kwamitin amintattu a Cibiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta ƙasa, ta jaddada muhimmancin cikakkun bayanai a cikin batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin mallaka ga matasa 'yan jaridar Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2020 |title=JMI trains a new generation of young journalists |url=https://www.jmi.edu.jo/en/jmi-trains-new-generation-young-journalists%C2%A0 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=Jordan Media Institute |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418112958/https://www.jmi.edu.jo/en/jmi-trains-new-generation-young-journalists%C2%A0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Mata, yara, da wadanda ta'addanci suka shafa === Sauran ƙokarin ta ya hada da bayar da shawarwari don kawar da dokar fyade ta Jordan, Mataki na 308, da kuma taimakawa wajen aiwatar da tsananta wa masu laifi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2017 |title=Jordanian Parliament abolishes law that allowed rapists to avoid prosecution by marrying their victims |url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2017/8/news-jordanian-parliament-abolishes-law-that-allowed-rapists-to-avoid-prosecution |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=UN Women – Headquarters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tahhan |first=Zena Al |title='Historic day' as Jordanian parliament repeals rape law |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/8/1/historic-day-as-jordanian-parliament-repeals-rape-law |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jordan may end reviled law on rape |url=https://enewspaper.latimes.com/infinity/article_popover_share.aspx?guid=5bb9e537-9e41-4ab8-8d8a-e992a9a73c51 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} Jordan: The penalty for rape; legal penalties for failing to complete a court-ordered probation, where, and if, that is the sentence |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3f7d4db77.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> Ta nuna aikinta a cikin wani kwamitin da aka zaba a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar ɗinkin Duniya]] kuma ta shiga cikin ayyukan da [[Bankin Duniya]] ke tallafawa, da sauran dandamali. {{Cite web |title=Day Two - Session 7: Parallel breakout sessions – The importance of access to justice for victims of terrorism {{!}} Office of Counter-Terrorism |url=https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/session-vii-access-to-justice-for-victims |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.un.org}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-03 |title=World Bank Selects JCLA to Provide the Nigerian Government with Technical Support {{!}} Justice Center for Legal Aid |url=https://www.jcla-org.com/en/article/world-bank-selects-jcla-provide-nigerian-government-technical-support |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422191801/http://www.jcla-org.com/en/article/world-bank-selects-jcla-provide-nigerian-government-technical-support |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Justice Center for Legal Aid |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JORDAN RULE OF LAW AND ANTI-CORRUPTION ASSESSMENT |url=https://democracyinternational.com/media/Jordan%20Rule%20of%20Law%20Anti-Corruption%20Assessment.pdf |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2016 |title=Middle East and North Africa CMI: Support to Open Government Reforms |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/319941468044984002/text/P133260-AAA-Finalize-Output.txt |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=World Bank |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414024012/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/319941468044984002/text/P133260-AAA-Finalize-Output.txt |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kwamitin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar ɗinkin Duniya]], ta tattauna muhimmancin samun damar adalci ga wadanda ke fama da [[ta'addanci]] a lokacin taron Global Congress of Victims of Terrorism . === Ma'aikatan ƙaura === Don batun da ke gudana na Ma'aikatan ƙaura da kuma yin tir da cin zarafin ma'aikatan Jordan, Abdel Aziz ya fahimci rata, ya bayyana dawo da mataimakan gida tara da aka yi wa Filipinos cin zarafi, kuma ya tattauna ƙalubale a aiwatar da doka da kayan aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GMANews.TV |first=MARK JOSEPH UBALDE |date=3 November 2008 |title='Not just RP maids but women abused in Mideast' |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/content/131032/not-just-rp-maids-but-women-abused-in-mideast/story/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=GMA News Online |language=en}}</ref> === Taimako na kasa da kasa === A cikin Shekarar 2015, [[Bankin Duniya]] ya zaɓi JCLA da Abdel Aziz don samar da tallafin fasaha ga gwamnatin [[Najeriya]] wanda ta shiga cikin jerin ayyukan tallafin shari'a da kuma tabbatar da inganci [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Africa and Middle East |url=https://thepbeye.probonoinst.org/category/global-pro-bono/africa-and-middle-east/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418123018/https://thepbeye.probonoinst.org/category/global-pro-bono/africa-and-middle-east/ |archive-date=18 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=The PBEye}}</ref><ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Unini |date=2015-08-21 |title=Making justice accessible to the poor |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/making-justice-accessible-to-the-poor/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=TheNigeriaLawyer |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da zumunci == === Eisenhower Fellowship === Abdel Aziz ya sami kudade daga Eisenhower Fellowships <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.efworld.org/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Eisenhower Fellowships |language=en-US}}</ref> don aiwatar da shirin Pro bono na kasa <ref name=":4"/> wanda ke da alaƙa da tsarin shari'ar Jordan kuma yana hidima ga waɗanda ba su da wakilci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2015-10-27 |title=Hadeel Abdel Aziz - International Action Network for Gender Equity & Law |url=https://www.iangel.org/hadeel-abdel-aziz/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.iangel.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Wendy |date=2019-08-20 |title=Hadil Abdelaziz |url=https://www.probonoconference.org/hadil-abdelaziz/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Asia Pro Bono Conference & Access to Justice Exchange |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWendy2019">Wendy (20 August 2019). [https://www.probonoconference.org/hadil-abdelaziz/ "Hadil Abdelaziz"]. ''Asia Pro Bono Conference & Access to Justice Exchange''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba === Abdel Aziz ta karbi lambar yabo ta mata ta kasa da ƙasa ta Shekarar 2023 wacce Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta shirya kuma ta ba da kyauta ga waɗanda suka nuna ƙarfin hali, ƙarfi, da jagoranci na musamman.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=28 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Awards |url=https://editorials.voa.gov/a/international-women-of-courage-awards/7025269.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://editorials.voa.gov/a/international-women-of-courage-awards/7025269.html "2023 International Women of Courage Awards"]. ''VOA''. 28 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> An amince da aikinta na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da wakiltar waɗanda ba su da kyau. === Kyautar Faransa da Jamus don 'Yancin Dan Adam da Dokar Shari'a === Ta sami wannan lambar yabo saboda sadaukarwar rayuwarta ga mulkin doka da aikinta na ingantawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na mata da 'yan mata. Ana ba da kyautar ga masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a duk duniya, waɗanda ke aiki kowace rana, sau da yawa a cikin yanayi mai haɗari, don karewa da ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa. == Dubi kuma == * Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba * Cibiyar Shari'a don Taimako na Shari'a * Jerin masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Jordan * Dokar Jordan == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6wuipjlpjfrqex162cz98ot5x2uxkfj 894104 894103 2026-08-10T08:52:05Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 894104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hadeel Abdel Aziz''' Ta kuma karɓi lambar yabo ta Franco-German don Haƙƙoƙin Dan Adam da mulkin doka, wanda aka miƙa mata yayin bikin cika shekaru 60 na yarjejeniyar Elysée a ranar 22 ga Janairu,Shekara ta 2023. == Ilimi da takaddun shaida == Abdel Aziz ta nada digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Jordan kuma ya zama ɗan Jordan na farko da Jami'ar Jihar Michigan ta tabbatar da shi a matsayin mai gudanar da shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hadeel Abdel Aziz |url=https://worldjusticeproject.org/world-justice-forum-vi/hadeel-abdel-aziz |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=World Justice Project |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Manajan sashin gudanar da kotun === Kafin kafa JCLA, Abdel Aziz ya yi aiki ga USAID daga Shekara ta 2004 zuwa 2009 a matsayin manajan sashin gudanarwa na Kotun don Shirin Dokar Shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=USAID Rule of Law Program Quarterly Report: July - September, 2009 |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JC25.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125131454/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JC25.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref> === Ayyukan ƙarfafawa na shari'a === An ruwaito aikinta a karkashin JCLA a matsayin samar da sabis ga marasa galihu, yana ba da shawara ga taimakon shari'a na jihar tare da mayar da hankali kan karfafawa ta shari'a - "sanya doka a hannun matsakaicin mutum" ta hanyar kayan aikin da aka tsara don ilimantar da mutane game da hakkinsu na asali da tallafawa al'ummomi don kewayawa da saita hanyoyin da kayan aiki.[1][2] === Mai kare haƙƙin ɗan adam === A matsayinta na [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|mai ƙarewa]] ƙungiyoyi daban-daban da suka hada da matasa, [[Ƴan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]], da waɗanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jima'i da na jinsi, DOS ya yaba wa Aziz don nuna hangen nesa {{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> don taimakawa wajen karfafa tsarin adalci a [[Jodan|Jordan]]. Ayyukanta na bayar da shawarwari ga me da laifukan girmamawa - tsare mata don "kariya" ta kansu an kuma nuna shi. A matsayinta na kwamitin amintattu a Cibiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta ƙasa, ta jaddada muhimmancin cikakkun bayanai a cikin batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin mallaka ga matasa 'yan jaridar Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2020 |title=JMI trains a new generation of young journalists |url=https://www.jmi.edu.jo/en/jmi-trains-new-generation-young-journalists%C2%A0 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=Jordan Media Institute |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418112958/https://www.jmi.edu.jo/en/jmi-trains-new-generation-young-journalists%C2%A0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Mata, yara, da wadanda ta'addanci suka shafa === Sauran ƙokarin ta ya hada da bayar da shawarwari don kawar da dokar fyade ta Jordan, Mataki na 308, da kuma taimakawa wajen aiwatar da tsananta wa masu laifi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2017 |title=Jordanian Parliament abolishes law that allowed rapists to avoid prosecution by marrying their victims |url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2017/8/news-jordanian-parliament-abolishes-law-that-allowed-rapists-to-avoid-prosecution |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=UN Women – Headquarters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tahhan |first=Zena Al |title='Historic day' as Jordanian parliament repeals rape law |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/8/1/historic-day-as-jordanian-parliament-repeals-rape-law |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jordan may end reviled law on rape |url=https://enewspaper.latimes.com/infinity/article_popover_share.aspx?guid=5bb9e537-9e41-4ab8-8d8a-e992a9a73c51 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} Jordan: The penalty for rape; legal penalties for failing to complete a court-ordered probation, where, and if, that is the sentence |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3f7d4db77.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> Ta nuna aikinta a cikin wani kwamitin da aka zaba a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar ɗinkin Duniya]] kuma ta shiga cikin ayyukan da [[Bankin Duniya]] ke tallafawa, da sauran dandamali. {{Cite web |title=Day Two - Session 7: Parallel breakout sessions – The importance of access to justice for victims of terrorism {{!}} Office of Counter-Terrorism |url=https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/session-vii-access-to-justice-for-victims |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.un.org}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-03 |title=World Bank Selects JCLA to Provide the Nigerian Government with Technical Support {{!}} Justice Center for Legal Aid |url=https://www.jcla-org.com/en/article/world-bank-selects-jcla-provide-nigerian-government-technical-support |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422191801/http://www.jcla-org.com/en/article/world-bank-selects-jcla-provide-nigerian-government-technical-support |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Justice Center for Legal Aid |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JORDAN RULE OF LAW AND ANTI-CORRUPTION ASSESSMENT |url=https://democracyinternational.com/media/Jordan%20Rule%20of%20Law%20Anti-Corruption%20Assessment.pdf |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=United States Agency for International Development}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2016 |title=Middle East and North Africa CMI: Support to Open Government Reforms |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/319941468044984002/text/P133260-AAA-Finalize-Output.txt |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=World Bank |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414024012/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/319941468044984002/text/P133260-AAA-Finalize-Output.txt |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kwamitin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar ɗinkin Duniya]], ta tattauna muhimmancin samun damar adalci ga wadanda ke fama da [[ta'addanci]] a lokacin taron Global Congress of Victims of Terrorism . === Ma'aikatan ƙaura === Don batun da ke gudana na Ma'aikatan ƙaura da kuma yin tir da cin zarafin ma'aikatan Jordan, Abdel Aziz ya fahimci rata, ya bayyana dawo da mataimakan gida tara da aka yi wa Filipinos cin zarafi, kuma ya tattauna ƙalubale a aiwatar da doka da kayan aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=GMANews.TV |first=MARK JOSEPH UBALDE |date=3 November 2008 |title='Not just RP maids but women abused in Mideast' |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/content/131032/not-just-rp-maids-but-women-abused-in-mideast/story/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=GMA News Online |language=en}}</ref> === Taimako na kasa da kasa === A cikin Shekarar 2015, [[Bankin Duniya]] ya zaɓi JCLA da Abdel Aziz don samar da tallafin fasaha ga gwamnatin [[Najeriya]] wanda ta shiga cikin jerin ayyukan tallafin shari'a da kuma tabbatar da inganci [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Africa and Middle East |url=https://thepbeye.probonoinst.org/category/global-pro-bono/africa-and-middle-east/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418123018/https://thepbeye.probonoinst.org/category/global-pro-bono/africa-and-middle-east/ |archive-date=18 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=The PBEye}}</ref><ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Unini |date=2015-08-21 |title=Making justice accessible to the poor |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/making-justice-accessible-to-the-poor/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=TheNigeriaLawyer |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da zumunci == === Eisenhower Fellowship === Abdel Aziz ya sami kudade daga Eisenhower Fellowships <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.efworld.org/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Eisenhower Fellowships |language=en-US}}</ref> don aiwatar da shirin Pro bono na kasa <ref name=":4"/> wanda ke da alaƙa da tsarin shari'ar Jordan kuma yana hidima ga waɗanda ba su da wakilci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2015-10-27 |title=Hadeel Abdel Aziz - International Action Network for Gender Equity & Law |url=https://www.iangel.org/hadeel-abdel-aziz/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.iangel.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Wendy |date=2019-08-20 |title=Hadil Abdelaziz |url=https://www.probonoconference.org/hadil-abdelaziz/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Asia Pro Bono Conference & Access to Justice Exchange |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWendy2019">Wendy (20 August 2019). [https://www.probonoconference.org/hadil-abdelaziz/ "Hadil Abdelaziz"]. ''Asia Pro Bono Conference & Access to Justice Exchange''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba === Abdel Aziz ta karbi lambar yabo ta mata ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta Shekarar 2023 wacce Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta shirya kuma ta ba da kyauta ga waɗanda suka nuna ƙarfin hali, ƙarfi, da jagoranci na musamman.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#abdel-aziz "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=28 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Awards |url=https://editorials.voa.gov/a/international-women-of-courage-awards/7025269.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://editorials.voa.gov/a/international-women-of-courage-awards/7025269.html "2023 International Women of Courage Awards"]. ''VOA''. 28 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> An amince da aikinta na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da wakiltar waɗanda ba su da kyau. === Kyautar Faransa da Jamus don 'Yancin Dan Adam da Dokar Shari'a === Ta sami wannan lambar yabo saboda sadaukarwar rayuwarta ga mulkin doka da aikinta na ingantawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na mata da 'yan mata. Ana ba da kyautar ga masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a duk duniya, waɗanda ke aiki kowace rana, sau da yawa a cikin yanayi mai haɗari, don karewa da ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa. == Dubi kuma == * Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba * Cibiyar Shari'a don Taimako na Shari'a * Jerin masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata * 'Yancin ɗan Adam a Jordan * Dokar Jordan == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] krou27isqwv2wsegf9jpm510vzn4v44 0 95141 893655 711160 2026-08-09T14:54:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Teresa M. Amabile''' (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga watan Yuni, na shekara ta 1950) ƴar Amirka ce kuma malamar kimiyya wacce ita ce Farfesa Edsel Bryant Ford na Gudanar da Kasuwanci a Sashin Gudanar da Harkokin Kasuwanci na Harvard. == Tarihin rayuwa == Amabile an fi saninta da bincike da rubuce-rubuce game da kerawa, tun daga ƙarshen 1970s. Da farko ta sami ilimi a matsayin likitan sunadarai, Amabile ta sami digirin digirin digirinta a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam daga [[Jami'ar Stanford]] a shekarar 1977. Yanzu tana nazarin yadda rayuwar yau da kullun a cikin kungiyoyi zasu iya rinjayar mutane da ayyukansu. Binciken ta ya kunshi kerawa, yawan aiki, kirkire-kirkire, da rayuwar aiki ta ciki - haɗuwa da motsin rai, fahimta, da kuma motsawa da mutane ke fuskanta yayin da suke amsawa ga abubuwan da ke faruwa a wurin aiki. Abubuwan da Amabile ta gano kwanan nan sun bayyana a cikin littafinta, The Progress Principle: Using Small Wins to Ignite Joy, Engagement, and Creativity at Work . An buga shi a watan Agustan 2011 ta Harvard Business Review Press, littafin ya kasance tare da mijin Amabile kuma mai haɗin gwiwa, Steven Kramer, Ph.D. Amabile ta wallafa fiye da 100 masanan labarai da surori, a cikin kafofin da suka hada da manyan mujallu a cikin ilimin halayyar dan adam (kamar Journal of Personality and Social Psychology da American Psychologist) da kuma gudanarwa (Administrative Science Quarterly, Academy of Management Journal). Ita ce kuma marubucin The Work Preference Inventory <ref>{{Cite web |title=APA PsycNet |url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1994-35880-001 |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=psycnet.apa.org |language=en}}</ref> da KEYS to Creativity and Innovation . Amabile ta yi amfani da fahimta daga bincikenta wajen aiki tare da kungiyoyi daban-daban a harkokin kasuwanci, gwamnati, da ilimi, gami da [[Procter & Gamble]], Novartis International AG, Motorola, IDEO, da kuma Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Kwarewa. Ta gabatar da ra'ayoyinta, sakamakon bincike, da kuma tasirin da ta dace a cikin dandamali da yawa, gami da Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya a [[Davos]], jami'ar shekara-shekara ta Ƙungiyar Matasa, da kuma taron shekara-sheko na Front End of Innovation. Dokta Amabile ya kuma bayyana a gaban wata kungiya kuma ya ba da Ted Talk ga [https://www.tedxatlanta.com/ TedxAtlanta] game da, The Progress Principle .''Ka'idar Ci gaba.'' A Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard, Amabile ta koyar da MBA da darussan zartarwa kan gudanarwa don kerawa, jagoranci, da ɗabi'a. A baya, a Jami'ar Brandeis, ta koyar da ilimin halayyar jama'a, ilimin halayya na ƙungiyoyi, ilimin halayen kirkirar abubuwa, da kididdiga. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin jerin sassan 26, Against All Odds: Inside Statistics, wanda aka fara watsawa a PBS. == Littattafai == Dokta Amabile itace marubuciyar littafin The Progress Principle, Creativity in Context, da Growing Up Creative, da kuma takardun ilimi sama da 150, surori, Nazarin shari'a, da gabatarwa. Tana aiki a kan allon edita na Creativity Research Journal, Creativity and Innovation Management, da kuma Journal of Creative Behavior . Takardunta sun hada da: Creativity (Binciken Shekara-shekara na Psychology), Binciken Muhalli na Aiki don Creativity; Canje-canje a cikin Muhalli na Ayyuka don Creativing (Jaridar Gudanarwa); Halin Jagora da Muhalli na Ma'aikata don Creativism: Tallafin Jagora Quarterly); da Tasiri da Creativity a Aiki (Kimiyyar Gudanarwa Quarterly). Ta kuma wallafa labarai da yawa a cikin Harvard Business Review . <ref name="hbs">{{Cite web |title=Faculty: Teresa M. Amabile |url=http://drfd.hbs.edu/fit/public/facultyInfo.do?facInfo=bio&facEmId=tamabile |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709202424/http://drfd.hbs.edu/fit/public/facultyInfo.do?facInfo=bio&facEmId=tamabile |archive-date=2012-07-09 |access-date=2008-11-17 |publisher=[[Harvard Business School]]}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Dokta Amabile ta sami lambar yabo ta Lifetime Achievement a cikin Halin Kungiya daga [https://ob.aom.org/home Kwalejin Gudanarwa] a cikin 2018. An ba Teresa Amabile wannan lambar yabo ne saboda kyawawan wallafe-wallafen ta hanyar shekaru da yawa na bincike a fagen Halin Halitta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-05 |title=Harvard Business School Professor Teresa Amabile Receives Lifetime Achievement Award in Organizational Behavior from Academy of Management |url=https://www.hbs.edu/news/releases/Pages/teresa-amabile-lifetime-achievement-academy-of-management.aspx. |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=Harvard Business School |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115190717/https://www.hbs.edu/news/releases/Pages/teresa-amabile-lifetime-achievement-academy-of-management.aspx. |url-status=dead }}</ref>A cikin 2017, an ba Dr. Amabile lambar yabo ta Distinguished Scholar Award daga [https://spsp.org/ Society for Personality and Social Psychology] . An ba da wannan lambar yabo ga duk binciken da Amabile ya yi game da haɗa mutum da ilimin halayyar jama'a ko halayyar halayyar hawa ko halayya ta zamantakewa zuwa fannoni marasa alaƙa kamar, magani ko doka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Announcing the 2017 SPSP Award Recipients {{!}} SPSP |url=https://spsp.org/news-center/spsp-news/announcing-2017-spsp-award-recipients |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=spsp.org}}</ref>Da farko a cikin aikinta ta sami lambar yabo ta Cibiyar Jagora mafi Kyawun Takarda a shekara ta 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CCL-Sponsored Research Awards |url=https://cclinnovation.org/collaborate/ccl-sponsored-research-awards/ |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=Center for Creative Leadership - Innovation |language=en-US}}</ref>A shekara ta 1998, kwamitin National Association for Gifted Children ya zaɓi Dr. Amabile don a ba shi lambar yabo ta E. Paul Torrance . An ba Amabile wannan lambar yabo saboda duk binciken da ta yi wanda ke yada kalmar game da tunanin yara masu basira da kuma yadda bincikenta ya inganta kerawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Association for Gifted Children |url=https://nagc.org/ |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=nagc.org |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qn4bhvg91pij7i5sh50cm9fusr07une 0 96023 893922 890345 2026-08-09T22:17:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893922 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{databox}} Wakana Aoi, an haife ta a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 1998 a Kanagawa) [[Ɗan wasa|'yar wasan kwaikwayo]] ce ta Japan kuma tsohuwar mawaƙa. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, ta sauka da rawar gani a cikin [[NHK]] ta 97th Asadora, Laugh It Up! , wanda aka watsa daga Oktoba 2017 zuwa Maris 2018 . <ref name="huffingtonpost">{{Cite web |date=2017-03-09 |script-title=ja:NEWS 葵わかな、NHK朝ドラ「わろてんか」ヒロインに決定 「少しずつ成長しながら笑顔を」 |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.jp/2017/03/09/aoi-wakana-asadora_n_15259764.html |access-date=2017-08-28 |publisher=The Huffington Post Japan |language=Japanese}}</ref><ref name="hochi">{{Cite web |date=2017-03-10 |script-title=ja:葵わかな「夢のよう」今秋朝ドラ「わろてんか」でヒロイン |url=http://www.hochi.co.jp/entertainment/20170309-OHT1T50244.html |access-date=2017-08-28 |publisher=The Hochi Shimbun |language=Japanese |archive-date=2017-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831085424/http://www.hochi.co.jp/entertainment/20170309-OHT1T50244.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == === 2009-2012: Farkon aiki === An gano Aoi a Harajuku, [[Tokyo]], a shekara ta biyar ta makarantar firamare. Tana daukar hotuna don aikawa tare da takardun sauraron ta a lokacin.<ref name="mainichi">{{Cite web |date=2016-03-07 |script-title=ja:葵わかな「女優堕ち」井元三津子（清嶋ルイ）役 |url=https://mainichi.jp/articles/20160317/dde/018/200/020000c |access-date=2017-08-31 |publisher=The Mainichi Newspapers |language=Japanese}}</ref><ref name="sanspo">{{Cite web |date=2013-04-05 |script-title=ja:１５歳・葵わかな、目標は「歌える女優」柴咲コウ |url=http://www.sanspo.com/geino/news/20140429/oth14042905020005-n1.html |access-date=2017-08-31 |publisher=Sankei Digital Inc |language=Japanese}}</ref> Ta fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2009 ta hanyar tallace-tallace na FamilyMart kuma ta fara fitowa ne a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Samurai High School .<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-07 |script-title=ja:葵わかな SPECIAL INTERVIEW 女優とアイドル、“天が二物”を与えた少女 |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/special/462/ |access-date=2017-08-31 |publisher=oricon ME inc |language=Japanese}}</ref><ref name="walkerplus">{{Cite web |date=2015-10-02 |script-title=ja:【今月の映画美少女】永野芽郁、久保田紗友らをチェック！ |url=https://news.walkerplus.com/article/65701/ |access-date=2017-08-31 |publisher=Kadokawa Corporation |language=Japanese |archive-date=2018-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226151544/https://news.walkerplus.com/article/65701/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayyanar ta ta gaba ta zo ne a watan Janairun 2010, inda ta buga matashiyar Mamako Ino a cikin wani labari na jerin shirye-shiryen TV na Angel Bank . <ref name="mainichi" /> A watan da ya biyo baya, ta buga Caroline Izumi a cikin shirin talabijin na musamman na TV Asahi na sa'o'i 2 na ''Kasai Chōsakan Renjirō Kurenai'' . Ta sake taka rawar Caroline Izumi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2010, Janairu na shekara ta 2012, da Nuwamba na shekarar 2012. Halin ta ya koma Amurka. === 2013-yanzu === A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2012, an zabi Aoi don zama memba na sabuwar ƙungiyar gumaka ta Otome Shinto, tare da Chika Arakawa, Yurika Takahashi, da Ayame Tajiri .<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-27 |script-title=ja:"ポジティブな2軍" 中学生アイドル、乙女新党がマニフェスト発表 |url=https://www.barks.jp/news/?id=1000085879 |access-date=2017-08-31 |publisher=Japan Music Network |language=Japanese}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-27 |script-title=ja:乙女新党の葵わかな、デビューを前にして「来年の紅白に出る!」と宣言 |url=http://news.mynavi.jp/news/2012/12/27/064/ |access-date=2017-08-31 |publisher=Mynavi Corporation |language=Japanese}}</ref> Kungiyar ta fara yin CD din su na farko watanni biyu bayan haka tare da "Mousou☆Koukan Nikki". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-19 |script-title=ja:乙女新党が直筆で自己紹介！ いよいよ2月20日に『もうそう★こうかんにっき』でデビュー！ |url=http://www.hmv.co.jp/news/article/1302180079/ |access-date=2017-08-31 |publisher=Lawson HMV Entertainment |language=Japanese}}</ref> Aoi ya bar kungiyar a watan Yulin 2014 don mayar da hankali kan wasan kwaikwayo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-05 |script-title=ja:乙女新党、新メンバー4人加入で6人編成に |url=http://natalie.mu/music/news/120577 |access-date=2017-08-31 |publisher=Natasha Inc |language=Japanese |archive-date=2017-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831084815/http://natalie.mu/music/news/120577 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-23 |script-title=ja:乙女新党、荒川ちか&葵わかなが7月卒業 今後は女優業注力 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2035500/full/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108082109/https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2035500/full/ |archive-date=2018-01-08 |access-date=2018-01-08 |publisher=oricon ME inc |language=Japanese}}</ref> A shekara ta 2013, ta taka karamin rawa a ''Aibō Season 11'' da ''Taberu Dake'' . Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ta buga matashi Mao Waratai a fim din soyayya na Takahiro Miki Girl in the Sunny Place . <ref name="pia">{{Cite web |date=2013-09-09 |script-title=ja:松本潤＆上野樹里にソックリ!? 『陽だまりの彼女』出演の若手俳優に注目！ |url=http://cinema.pia.co.jp/news/161397/53480/ |access-date=2017-08-28 |publisher=Pia Corporation |language=Japanese |archive-date=2019-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913185400/http://cinema.pia.co.jp/news/161397/53480/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fim din ya sami bita mai kyau kuma Aoi ta sami kulawa saboda rawar da ta taka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-10-20 |script-title=ja:清水 節 さんの『陽だまりの彼女』短評 |url=https://www.cinematoday.jp/review/278 |access-date=2017-08-31 |publisher=Cinematoday |language=Japanese}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-10-17 |script-title=ja:森 直人 さんの『陽だまりの彼女』短評 |url=https://www.cinematoday.jp/review/273 |access-date=2017-08-31 |publisher=Cinematoday |language=Japanese}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-28 |script-title=ja:ファン大賞は「陽だまりの彼女」／映画大賞 |url=http://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/news/f-et-tp1-20131228-1237093.html |access-date=2017-08-31 |publisher=Nikkan Sports News |language=Japanese}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-19 |script-title=ja:葵わかな「大好きな思い、まだ言えてなくて」 『陽だまりの彼女』で上野樹里と共演 |url=https://tvfan.kyodo.co.jp/feature-interview/interview/60137 |access-date=2017-08-31 |publisher=Kyodo News |language=Japanese}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, ta taka rawar gani a fim din kasada Samurai Pirates, inda ta nuna abokin ajiyar babban mutum.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-30 |script-title=ja:乙女新党の卒業控える葵わかな、アイドルと女優の間で揺れる本音と決断…そして覚悟「もっと上のレベルに行くために」 |url=http://news.mynavi.jp/articles/2014/05/30/aoi-wakana/ |access-date=2017-08-31 |publisher=Mynavi Corporation |language=Japanese}}</ref> Bayan haka, ta taka karamin rawa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV na Divine Retribution: Punisher of Darkness, ''Aoi Honō'', ''Binta!'', kuma ''Mata ba za ta yarda da shi ba.''. Aoi ta sami kulawa saboda bayyanarta a cikin tallace-tallace na Tokyo Marine Nichido da Yamazaki Biscuits .<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-09 |script-title=ja:今秋朝ドラ“ヒロイン”に葵わかな「まだ夢のよう」 97作目『わろてんか』 |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2087203/full/ |access-date=2017-08-31 |publisher=oricon ME inc |language=Japanese}}</ref> A shekara ta 2015, ta taka rawar goyon baya a fina-finai Have a Song on Your Lips da ''Tsumi no Yohaku'', kuma a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Omotesando ''Koukou Gasshoubu!''. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-09 |script-title=ja:朝ドラ新ヒロインはこんな人！ かつての主演作が自信に 慶応大入学の予定も…… |url=http://mainichi.jp/articles/20170309/dyo/00m/200/011000c |access-date=2017-08-31 |publisher=The Mainichi Newspapers |language=Japanese}}</ref>A watan Maris na shekara ta 2016, ta fito tare da Yoko Moriguchi a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV na ''Joyu Ochi'' . <ref name="joyuochi">{{Cite web |date=2016-02-16 |script-title=ja:河原れん氏の『女優堕ち』ドラマ化 森口瑤子と葵わかなが2人1役 |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2066936/full/ |access-date=2017-08-28 |publisher=oricon ME inc |language=Japanese}}</ref> A watan da ya biyo baya, ta fito a fim din ban tsoro Horror no Tenshi . <ref name="horror" /> An ba ta suna sabuwar "Sarauniyar CM" a watan Nuwamba.<ref name="horror">{{Cite web |date=2016-11-24 |script-title=ja:注目のCM美少女・葵わかな、初主演作で恐怖顔連発！ |url=https://news.walkerplus.com/article/93463/ |access-date=2017-08-31 |publisher=Kadokawa Corporation |language=Japanese |archive-date=2017-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831085310/https://news.walkerplus.com/article/93463/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, ta sauka da rawar gani a cikin Asadora ta 97 ta NHK''Ku yi dariya!'', yana nuna Ten Fujioka. ''Ku yi dariya!'' an saita shi a ƙarshen zamanin Meiji zuwa bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]]. An tsara halinta ne bayan Sei Yoshimoto, wanda ya kafa kamfanin nishaɗi Yoshimoto Kogyo . <ref name="huffingtonpost"/><ref name="hochi"/> A ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, 2017, ta dauki bakuncin shirin kiɗa na ƙarshen shekara ''Waga Kokoro no Osaka Melody'' . <ref name="waga kokoro">{{Cite web |date=2017-12-05 |script-title=ja:葵わかな：「わが心の大阪メロディー」で初司会 藤井隆と「わろてんか」コンビで |url=https://mantan-web.jp/article/20171205dog00m200022000c.html |access-date=2017-12-15 |publisher=Mantan Inc |language=Japanese}}</ref> Daga Afrilu zuwa Yuni 2018, Aoi ta buga ma'aikaciyar jinya Miwa Hanabusa a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na likitancin TBS ''Black Forceps'', ta bayyana tare da Kazunari Ninomiya da Ryoma Takeuchi . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-10 |script-title=ja:ブラックペアン撮影の裏側語る “卵かけご飯”秘話も！ 念願の器械出しは… |url=https://mainichi.jp/articles/20180609/dyo/00m/200/043000c |access-date=2018-07-06 |publisher=[[Mainichi Shimbun]] |language=Japanese}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-21 |script-title=ja:二宮和也主演ドラマ「ブラックペアン」に竹内涼真、葵わかなが出演 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/270366 |access-date=2018-02-23 |publisher=Natasha Inc. |language=Japanese |archive-date=2023-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715042813/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/270366 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Aoi ta fara fitowa a watan Fabrairun 2019 a Taron Kasa da Kasa na Tokyo, a matsayin Juliet a cikin waƙoƙin ''Romeo da Juliet'', tare da Erika Ikuta da Haruka Kinoshita. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-07 |title=葵わかな、ミュージカル「ロミオ＆ジュリエット」で初舞台…来年2月開幕 |url=https://www.hochi.co.jp/entertainment/20180806-OHT1T50266.html |access-date=2018-08-11 |publisher=[[Sports Hochi]] |language=Japanese}}</ref> Ta tare da Haruka Kinoshita sannan ta buga Anya a cikin kiɗa Anastasia a cikin 2020 da 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2023 |script-title=ja:葵わかな・木下晴香「アナスタシア」3年越しの開幕に「本当に幸せ」作詞作曲家コンビも語る |url=https://natalie.mu/stage/news/540494 |access-date=26 December 2024 |website=Natalie |language=ja |archive-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226031319/https://natalie.mu/stage/news/540494 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kuma buga Emma Nolan a ''Bikin'' kiɗa The Prom .<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2021 |script-title=ja:第96回:「『The PROM』Produced by 地球ゴージャス」で同性カップルを演じる葵わかな＆三吉彩花が、元気をチャージ! |url=https://eiga.com/extra/butai/96/ |access-date=26 December 2024 |website=eiga.com |language=ja}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Aoi a Kanagawa, [[Japan]] . <ref name="sanspo"/> A watan Janairun 2017, an yarda da Aoi zuwa Jami'ar Keio . Tana karatun manufofi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-29 |script-title=ja:葵わかな慶大合格! AO入試で一足早くサクラサク「苦じゃなかった」 |url=http://www.sanspo.com/geino/news/20170129/geo17012905050016-n1.html |access-date=2017-09-02 |publisher=Sankei Digital inc |language=Japanese}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == === Fim din === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani ! class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- |2013 |''Yarinya a cikin Sunny Place'' |matashi Mao Watarai | |<ref name="pia"/> |- |2014 |''Masu satar teku na Samurai'' |Aiko Miyamoto | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-26 |script-title=ja:『瀬戸内海賊物語』柴田杏花&葵わかな&大森研一監督インタビュー |url=http://www.moviecollection.jp/interview_new/detail.html?id=321 |access-date=2017-08-28 |publisher=Movie Collection |language=Japanese}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2015 |''Ka sami Waƙar a kan Bakinka'' |Chinatsu Sekiya | |<ref>{{Cite web |date= |script-title=ja:くちびるに歌を(2014) |url=http://www.allcinema.net/prog/show_c.php?num_c=350535 |access-date=2017-08-28 |publisher=Stingray |language=Japanese}}</ref> |- |''Kisan kai Classroom'' |Ayaka Saitō | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-29 |script-title=ja:葵わかな、実写『暗殺教室』オリジナルキャラクターで出演 主人公の幼なじみ役 |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2043860/full/ |access-date=2017-08-28 |publisher=oricon ME Inc |language=Japanese}}</ref> |- |''Yankin Zunubi'' |Nanao Sasagawa | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-04 |script-title=ja:『罪の余白』初日舞台挨拶に吉本実憂ら登壇「闇のある役はすごく難しかったです」 |url=http://realsound.jp/movie/2015/10/post-244.html |access-date=2017-08-28 |publisher=realsound.jp |language=Japanese}}</ref> |- |2016 |''Tsoro Babu Tenshi'' |Shi da kansa |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-23 |script-title=ja:「ホラーの天使」葵わかな、沖縄国際映画祭でフェイクドキュメンタリーの苦労を回想 |url=http://natalie.mu/eiga/news/184733 |access-date=2017-08-28 |publisher=Natashi, Inc |language=Japanese |archive-date=2023-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625043107/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/184733 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-07 |script-title=ja:葵わかな主演「ホラーの天使」が11月に公開、京都国際映画祭での上映も決定 |url=http://natalie.mu/eiga/news/200876 |access-date=2017-08-28 |publisher=Natasha, Inc |language=Japanese |archive-date=2023-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003053843/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/200876 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |''Iyali mai tsira'' |Yui Suzuki | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-15 |script-title=ja:小日向文世＆深津絵里の夫婦が電気のない世界を旅、矢口史靖「サバイバルファミリー」 |url=http://natalie.mu/eiga/news/194674 |access-date=2017-08-28 |publisher=Natasha, Inc |language=Japanese |archive-date=2023-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624225501/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/194674 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''Hasken Kyoto'' |Mikoto |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-30 |script-title=ja:タナカカツキ原作映画『逆光の頃』 ヒロイン役は次期朝ドラ主演・葵わかな |url=https://www.cinra.net/news/20170330-gyakkonokoro |access-date=2017-08-28 |publisher=Cinra |language=Japanese}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-05 |title=Trailer: 'The Time of Backlights' |url=http://www.fareastfilms.com/?news_post_type=trailer-time-backlights |access-date=2017-08-28 |publisher=Far East Films}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2018 |''Bus na tsakar dare'' |Akina Takamiya | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-27 |script-title=ja:原田泰造が主演！家族の再生を描く映画製作 |url=https://thetv.jp/news/detail/101964/ |access-date=2017-08-28 |publisher=Kadokawa Corporation |language=Japanese}}</ref> |- |''Ya ɓace a cikin Ramen'' |Kojima | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-26 |script-title=ja:伝説のラーメン漫画「ラーメン食いてぇ！」映画化決定！中村ゆりか＆葵わかなが共演 |url=http://eiga.com/news/20171226/8/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108075453/http://eiga.com/news/20171226/8/ |archive-date=2018-01-08 |access-date=2018-01-08 |publisher=eiga.com |language=Japanese}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja: 映画『ラーメン食いてぇ！』 |url=http://ramen-kuitee.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108075500/http://ramen-kuitee.com/ |archive-date=2018-01-08 |access-date=2018-01-08 |website=Broadmedia Corporation |language=Japanese}}</ref> |- |''Ao-Natsu'' |Rio |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-07 |script-title=ja:葵わかな＆佐野勇斗W主演『青夏』映画化！夏限定の恋物語 |url=https://www.cinematoday.jp/news/N0099007 |access-date=2018-03-14 |publisher=Cinematoday |language=Japanese}}</ref> |- | rowspan="1" |2019 |''Ninkyō Gakuen'' |Chihiro | |<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:任侠学園 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/90666/ |access-date=April 24, 2019 |website=eiga.com |language=Japanese}}</ref> |- |} === Wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani ! class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- |2009 |''Makarantar Sakandare ta Samurai'' |matashi Ai Nagasawa |Kashi na 1 |<ref name="hochi"/><ref name="walkerplus"/> |- |2010 |''Bankin Mala'ika'' |matashi Mamako Ino |Kashi na 1 |<ref name="mainichi"/> |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |''Mata ba za ta yarda da shi ba.'' |Mayu Misawa |Kashi na 7 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-25 |script-title=ja:葵わかな |url=https://twitter.com/aoiwakana0630/status/537219782655762432 |access-date=2017-08-28 |publisher=Twitter |language=Japanese}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |script-title=ja:火曜ドラマ『女はそれを許さない』 |url=http://www.tbs.co.jp/yurusanai2014/case/case07.html |access-date=2017-08-28 |publisher=Tokyo Broadcasting System Television |language=Japanese}}</ref> |- |''Aoi Honō'' |'Yar'uwar Hiroyuki |Kashi na 6 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=アオイホノオ |url=http://www.tvdrama-db.com/drama_info/p/id-56747 |access-date=January 12, 2023 |website=TV drama database}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2015 |''Kageri Yuku Natsu'' |Na'ura | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-21 |script-title=ja:連ドラ『翳りゆく夏』の女優陣9人発表、ヒロインの門脇麦、風俗嬢役の前田敦子ら |url=https://www.cinra.net/news/20141121-kageriyukunatsu |access-date=2017-08-28 |publisher=Cinra |language=Japanese}}</ref> |- |''Chorus na makarantar sakandare'' |Kyoko Hasumi | |<ref>{{Cite web |date= |script-title=ja:金曜ドラマ『表参道高校合唱部！』 |url=http://www.tbs.co.jp/omosan-gassyobu/staff/ |access-date=2017-08-28 |publisher=Tokyo Broadcasting System Television |language=Japanese}}</ref> |- |''Itsumo Majika ni'' |Ayaka Hayase |Fim din talabijin |<ref>{{Cite web |date= |script-title=ja:イマジカBS開局20周年オリジナル制作ドラマ『いつも まぢかに』 |url=https://www.wowowplus.jp/itsumomadikani/ |access-date=2017-08-28 |publisher=IMAGICA TV Corp |language=Japanese}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2016 |''Kuɗi Babu Tenshi'' |Madoka Sugawara | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-05 |script-title=ja:小籔千豊、ドラマ初主演に弱気「メチャメチャ演技ヘタ」 片瀬那奈と金銭トラブル解決 |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2062909/full/ |access-date=2017-08-28 |publisher=oricon ME inc |language=Japanese}}</ref> |- |''Joyu Ochi'' |Rui Kiyoshima |Matsayin jagora |<ref name="joyuochi"/> |- |2016 |''Sai dai! Kagura Hime'' |Sakiko Kodama |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-07 |script-title=ja:葵わかなが舞った！広島伝統芸能「神楽」題材ドラマ |url=https://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/news/1734967.html |access-date=2017-08-28 |publisher=Nikkan Sports News |language=Japanese}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-07 |script-title=ja:葵わかな、伝統芸能・神楽に吹き替えなしで挑戦「筋肉痛になりながら頑張った」 |url=http://eiga.com/news/20161107/17/ |access-date=2017-08-28 |publisher=eiga.com |language=Japanese}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2017 |''Dangantaka ba tare da Tono ba'' |Suzu Hoshino | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-06 |script-title=ja:トップ 記事須賀健太：徳川宗春役で連ドラ主演 ヒロインは葵わかな SKE高柳明音もゲスト出演 |url=https://mantan-web.jp/article/20170106dog00m200022000c.html |access-date=2017-08-28 |publisher=Mantan Inc |language=Japanese}}</ref> |- |''Ɗauki da Yarinya'' |Yui Suzuki | |<ref>{{Cite web |date= |script-title=ja:『サバイバルファミリー』サイドストーリー「サバイバルボーイ＆ガール」 |url=https://www.nihon-eiga.com/program/detail/nh10006805_0001.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202083424/https://www.nihon-eiga.com/program/detail/nh10006805_0001.html |archive-date=2017-02-02 |access-date=2017-08-28 |publisher=Nihon Eiga Broadcasting Corp |language=Japanese}}</ref> |- |''Konya mo LL Kashi na 2'' |Hikari |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-10 |script-title=ja:Boys Republicスウンと葵わかなの純愛描く新感覚ドラマ |url=http://natalie.mu/music/news/231962 |access-date=2017-08-28 |publisher=Natasha, Inc |language=Japanese |archive-date=2023-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829002307/https://natalie.mu/music/news/231962 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''& Bishōjo: Yarinya ta gaba ta sadu da Tokyo'' |Misako |Kashi na 3 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-25 |script-title=ja: › 最新ニュース › スクープ › 記事古畑星夏＆葵わかな＆山本舞香ら次世代の若手女優が主役！ オムニバスドラマ「＆美少女～NEXT GIRL meets Tokyo～」 |url=http://www.cinemacafe.net/article/2017/03/25/48097.html |access-date=2017-08-28 |publisher=IID |language=Japanese}}</ref> |- |2017–18 |''Ku yi dariya!'' |Fujioka Goma |Matsayin jagora; Asadora''Mai dafa abinci'' |<ref name="huffingtonpost"/><ref name="hochi" /> |- |2018–24 |''Black Forceps'' |Miwa Hanabusa |Lokaci 2 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2024 |script-title=ja:竹内涼真、葵わかなら「ブラックペアン」続編で再集結、二宮和也は前作と異なるキャラに |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/572980 |access-date=26 December 2024 |website=Natalie |language=ja |archive-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226140859/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/572980 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2021 |''Tasiri'' |Maho |Ministoci |<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 6, 2020 |script-title=ja:橋本環奈：初のWOWOWドラマで主演 葵わかな＆吉川愛と殺人の秘密を共有 三つの事件を巡るサスペンス |url=https://mantan-web.jp/article/20201205dog00m200069000c.html |access-date=December 7, 2020 |publisher=MANTANWEB |language=Japanese}}</ref> |- |2025 |''Canje-canje na Zuciya'' |Koyori Hoshi |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mateo |first=Alex |date=November 27, 2024 |title=Kujira's Changes of Heart Manga Gets Live-Action TV Series |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-11-27/kujira-changes-of-heart-manga-gets-live-action-tv-series/.218372 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=[[Anime News Network]] |language=en}}</ref> |- |} === Sauran talabijin === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Shekara !Taken ! class="unsortable" |Bayani ! class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- |- |2012 |''Yōkoso! Higashi Ikebukuro Himawari Sō'' |Abubuwa 12 |<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:ようこそ！東池袋ヒマワリ荘 |url=http://www.ntv.co.jp/himawari/index.html |access-date=2017-09-26 |publisher=Nippon Television Network Corporation |language=Japanese |archive-date=2017-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926150538/http://www.ntv.co.jp/himawari/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2014 |''100% Takarazuka'' |Kashi na 6 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-06 |script-title=ja:100%宝塚 |url=https://twitter.com/100takarazuka/status/530584449935630336 |access-date=2017-09-26 |publisher=Twitter |language=Japanese}}</ref> |- |2015 |''Tsūkai TV Sukatto Japan'' |Abubuwa 6 |<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:痛快TV スカッとジャパン-第15回オンエア情報 |url=http://www.fujitv.co.jp/sukattojapan/15th.html |access-date=2017-09-26 |publisher=Fuji Television Network |language=Japanese}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:痛快TV スカッとジャパン-第24回オンエア情報 |url=http://www.fujitv.co.jp/sukattojapan/24th.html |access-date=2017-09-26 |publisher=Fuji Television Network |language=Japanese}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:痛快TV スカッとジャパン-第33回オンエア情報 |url=http://www.fujitv.co.jp/sukattojapan/33th.html |access-date=2017-09-26 |publisher=Fuji Television Network |language=Japanese}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:痛快TV スカッとジャパン-第35回オンエア情報 |url=http://www.fujitv.co.jp/sukattojapan/35th.html |access-date=2017-09-26 |publisher=Fuji Television Network |language=Japanese}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |''Waga Kokoro na 17 ba Osaka Melody ba'' |Babban mai masaukin baki |<ref name="waga kokoro"/> |- |''68th NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen'' |Baƙo |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-27 |script-title=ja:スペシャル演出 & ゲスト決定 |url=http://www.nhk.or.jp/kouhaku/topics/topics_171227_3.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228021652/http://www.nhk.or.jp/kouhaku/topics/topics_171227_3.html |archive-date=2017-12-28 |access-date=2017-12-28 |publisher=NHK |language=Japanese}}</ref> |- |} === Dubbing === * ''Cats'', Victoria White Cat (Francesca Hayward) <ref>{{Cite web |title=映画「キャッツ」吹替版に葵わかな、山崎育三郎、森崎ウィン、大竹しのぶら出演 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/355660 |access-date=March 29, 2021 |website=Natalie |archive-date=January 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131073740/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/355660 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Kyautar ! scope="col" |Sashe ! scope="col" |Ayyuka ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! scope="col" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- |2019 |Kyautar Elan na zinariya ta 43 |Sabon Shekara |Shi da kansa| {{Won}} |<ref name="official">{{Cite web |script-title=ja:エランドール賞歴代受賞者一覧 |trans-title=List of Élan d'Or awardee |url=https://www.producer.or.jp/elandor-list.html |access-date=January 25, 2019 |publisher=All Nippon Producers Association |language=ja}}</ref> |- |} == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n2zowea6ovdqt8f3yobtpocdmw5c831 0 96032 894019 597872 2026-08-10T05:14:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894019 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Yuya Yagira (柳楽 優弥, Yagira Yūya, an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Maris, 1990) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na ƙasar Japan. A shekara ta 2004, ya zama ƙarami mafi ƙanƙanta wanda ya lashe kyautar Mafi Kyawun Actor [1] a tarihin bikin fina-finai na Cannes don nuna Akira mai shekaru 12 a cikin sanannen Nobody Knows . [2] == Ayyuka == Yagira tana da shekaru 12 kuma ba ƙwararren ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ba ne, lokacin da aka fara yin fim don Nobody Knows a shekara ta 2002. [1] Nan da nan ya ci gaba da ayyukan talabijin da sauran fina-finai. Ya yi aiki tare da Eriko Sato a cikin Akane Yamada's All to the Sea wanda aka saki a cikin 2010 kuma ya yi aiki tare tare da Kie Kitano a cikin Taro Hyugaji's Under the Nagasaki Sky, wanda aka saki cikin 2013. [2][3] A cikin 2021, Yagira ta buga matashi [[Takeshi Kitano]] a cikin fim din ''Asakusa Kid'' . == Rayuwa ta mutum == An kwantar da Yagira a asibiti a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2008 saboda yawan shan miyagun ƙwayoyi, tare da rahotanni na farko da ke kiran shi yunkurin [[Kisan kai|kashe kansa]].<ref name="Jpzone">{{Cite web |date=1 September 2008 |title=Yagira Yuya Denies Suicide Attempt |url=http://www.japan-zone.com/news/2008/09/01/yagira_yuya_denies_suicide_attempt.shtml |access-date=16 February 2012 |website=Japan Zone - Entertainment |publisher=Japan Zone}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-09-02 |title=Yuuya Yagira Denies Alleged Suicide Attempt Reports |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-09-02/yuuya-yagira-denies-alleged-suicide-attempt-reports |access-date=2008-09-02 |publisher=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> Yagira daga baya ya musanta cewa yana ƙoƙarin kashe kansa, yana mai lura da cewa shi ne wanda ya kira motar asibiti bayan ya fara jin rashin lafiya daga shan kwayoyin. A cewar shafin yanar gizonsa:&nbsp; {{Blockquote|"The incident followed an argument with my family. In a fit of anger I took a larger than usual dosage of my prescription tranquilizers.<br /> As a result I felt ill and asked for an ambulance to be called."<ref name="Jpzone" />|}} === Aure === A ranar 2 ga watan Disamba, 2009, Yagira ya sanar a shafin yanar gizonsa cewa ya yi alkawarin zama dan wasan talabijin {{Interlanguage link|Ellie Toyota|ja|豊田エリー}} .<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-17 |title=柳楽優弥＆豊田エリー、ブログで揃って婚約発表 |trans-title=Yuya Yagira & Ellie Toyota announce their engagement together on their blogs |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/71238/full/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417235010/https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/71238/full/ |archive-date=2024-04-17 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=ORICON NEWS}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Janairu, 2010, Yagira da Toyota sun gudanar da bikin aurensu a Masallacin Meiji na Tokyo. Sun yi rajistar aurensu a ranar 14 ga watan Janairu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2010 |title=Yagira Yuya, Ellie Toyota Wed |url=http://www.japan-zone.com/news/2010/01/15/yagira_yuya_ellie_toyota_wed.shtml |access-date=16 February 2012 |website=Japan Zone - Entertainment News |publisher=Japan Zone}}</ref> Suna da 'yar daya tare, an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Di Placido |first=Dani |title=Yuya Yagira Talks Gut-Churning Series ‘Gannibal’ |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danidiplacido/2023/02/24/yuya-yagira-talks-disneys-gut-churning-series-gannibal/?sh=463fd6575ec9 |access-date=7 August 2023 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Su biyu sun hadu lokacin da Toyota ke babban jami'i a Makarantar Sakandare ta Horikoshi, kuma Yagira, wanda ya yi farin ciki nan take bayan ya sadu da ita, ya tambayi abokin aji don bayanin tuntubarta, wanda shine yadda su biyu suka fara soyayya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=豊田エリー＆柳楽優弥、「バレれば謹慎」禁断の校内恋愛を赤裸々告白 - スポニチ Sponichi Annex 芸能 |trans-title=Ellie Toyota and Yuya Yagira reveal their forbidden school romance, saying they would be suspended if they were found out |url=https://www.sponichi.co.jp/entertainment/news/2018/06/27/kiji/20180627s00041000301000c.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222155328/https://www.sponichi.co.jp/entertainment/news/2018/06/27/kiji/20180627s00041000301000c.html |archive-date=2024-12-22 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=スポニチ Sponichi Annex |language=ja}}</ref> Yagira ya kuma bayyana cewa ya nemi aure a gare ta lokacin da yake dan shekara goma sha bakwai, saboda bai san cewa mutane ba za su iya yin aure ba har sai sun kai shekara goma sha takwas, don haka an gaya masa, "Ba za ku iya yin aure har sai kun kai shekara 18. "<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-25 |title=柳楽優弥、１７歳でプロポーズしていた/デイリースポーツ online |trans-title=Yuya Yagira proposed at age 17 |url=https://www.daily.co.jp/newsflash/gossip/2016/06/19/0009203865.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114153352/https://www.daily.co.jp/newsflash/gossip/2016/06/19/0009203865.shtml |archive-date=2023-11-14 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=デイリースポーツ online |language=ja}}</ref> Yagira daga baya ya sake ba da shawara bayan shekaru biyu lokacin da yake dan shekara goma sha tara, wanda a wannan lokacin Toyota ta yarda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-27 |title=柳楽優弥、妻・豊田エリーへ最初のプロポーズに「まさかつまずくとは…」 夫婦生活にクレームも？ - モデルプレス |trans-title=Yuya Yagira on his first proposal to wife Ellie Toyota: "I never thought it would end in a stumble..." Are there complaints about their married life? |url=https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/1592943 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614104955/https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/1592943 |archive-date=2023-06-14 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=Modelpress |language=ja}}</ref> == Alamar barci == A cikin 2018, Yagira ya zama jakadan alama ga alamar gyaran maza na Japan GATSBY . <ref>{{Cite web |title=GATSBY's Campaign Video & CM Wins Prizes in Three Categories at ADFEST 2019 |url=https://www.mandom.co.jp/en/release/pdf/2019042201_en.pdf |access-date=April 22, 2019 |publisher=Mandom Corporation Japan}}</ref> Ya fito a cikin TV Commercial "GATSBY Cop", tare da sanannen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Japan Mackenyu Arata . == Hotunan fina-finai == === Talabijin === * ''Kunimitsu no Matsuri'' (KTV, 2003), Shinsaku Sakagami * Denchi ga Kireru Made (TV Asahi, 2004), Daichi Takano * ''Tokyo23: Birnin Tsaro'' (Wowow, 2010), Noboru Arai <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:ミッドナイト☆ドラマ「TOKYO23 ～サバイバルシティ」｜WOWOWオンライン |url=http://www.wowow.co.jp/drama/tokyo23/ |access-date=2015-05-12 |publisher=WOWOW INC. |language=ja}}</ref> * ''Lady: Saigo no Hanzai Bayanan martaba'', aukuwa 4, 5 (TBS, 2011), Satoshi Tatsumi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Episode 5 on Official website |url=http://www.tbs.co.jp/LADY_cps/story/story_05.html |access-date=2015-05-12 |publisher=Tokyo Broadcasting System Television, Inc. |language=ja}}</ref> * Galileo XX (Fuji TV, 2013), Kento Tōma <ref>{{Cite web |title=Galileo Official website |url=http://www.fujitv.co.jp/galileo/topics/index12.html |access-date=2015-05-12 |publisher=Fuji Television Network, Inc. |language=ja}}</ref> * ''Aoi Honō'' (TV Tokyo, 2014), Moyuru Honoo <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2014 |title=College Life Manga Aoi Honō Gets Live-Action Show |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-05-04/college-life-manga-aoi-hono-gets-live-action-show |access-date=5 May 2014 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> * Nobunaga Concerto, episode 1 (Fuji TV, 2014), Oda Nobuyuki <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:「信長協奏曲」に藤木直人、濱田岳、夏帆、柳楽優弥ら 総勢11名の豪華キャスト発表! |url=http://www.cinemacafe.net/article/2014/09/21/26107.html |access-date=2015-05-12 |publisher=IID Inc. |language=ja}}</ref> * ''Nurses na Fadar'' (TBS, 2015), Kōtarō Nakano <ref>{{Cite web |title=Masshiro Official website |url=http://www.tbs.co.jp/masshiro2015/ |access-date=2015-05-12 |publisher=Tokyo Broadcasting System Television, Inc. |language=ja}}</ref> * ''Mare'' (NHK, Asadora, 2015), Daisuke Ikehata <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mare Official website |url=http://www.nhk.or.jp/mare/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510165444/http://www.nhk.or.jp/mare/ |archive-date=2015-05-10 |access-date=2015-05-12 |publisher=NHK |language=ja}}</ref> * ''Mu 'yan dubban shekaru ne. Shin yana da matsala?'' (NTV, 2016), Maribu Michigami <ref name="yutori">{{Cite web |title=「ゆとりですがなにか」まさかの映画化！ 岡田将生×松坂桃李×柳楽優弥、再結集 |url=https://eiga.com/news/20230424/1/ |access-date=April 24, 2023 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> * ''Naotora: Lady Warlord'' (NHK, Taiga Drama, 2017), Ryūun-maru * ''Mahaifiyarka, Shin zan daina zama 'yarka?'' (NHK, 2017), Taichi Matsushima * ''Ƙaunar Frankenstein'' (NTV, 2017), Seiya Inaniwa * ''Gintama: Mitsuba hen'' (dTV, 2017), Toshiro Hijikata * Gintama na Unusual (dTV, 2018), Toshiro Hijikata * Daga Yau, Yana da Turn, kashi na 3 (NTV, 2018), Moyuru Honoo * ''Ranar Kasumi Arimura'', fasalin 4 (Wowow, 2020), Kevin Takeda <ref>{{Cite web |title=有村架純の妄想のオフを"のぞき見" 『撮休』ドラマ場面カット解禁 |url=https://www.crank-in.net/news/73654/1 |access-date=May 30, 2022 |website=Crank-in!}}</ref> * ''Kyautar Wuta'' (NHK, 2020), Osamu Ishimura * ''Biye ga Ace'' (NTV, 2021), Kurodo Kuroki <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pay to Ace |url=http://www.ntv.co.jp/english/pc/2020/03/pay-to-ace.html |access-date=August 3, 2020 |website=Nippon TV}}</ref> * ''Gannibal'' (Disney+, 2022-yanzu), Daigo Agawa <ref>{{Cite web |title=柳楽優弥と「岬の兄妹」の片山慎三がタッグ、「ガンニバル」ディズニープラスでドラマ化 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/449295 |access-date=September 22, 2021 |website=Natalie |archive-date=October 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014060134/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/449295 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Hasken Zaki na'' (TBS, 2024), Hiroto Komori <ref>{{Cite web |title=ライオンの隠れ家の出演者・キャスト一覧 |url=https://thetv.jp/program/0001050191/cast/ |access-date=18 November 2024 |website=The Television |language=ja}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ohwhj6lpwy436zgilacac8gofwd6o0h 0 96033 893991 890453 2026-08-10T04:44:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893991 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Kishii Yukino from "Just Only Love" at Opening Ceremony of the Tokyo International Film Festival 2018 (30678292207).jpg|thumb|Yukino Kishii]]  {{databox}} Yukino Kishii (岸井, Kishii Yukino, an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1992 [1]) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Japan. Ta buga Taka a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na 55 na NHK Sanada Maru, Sari Ishikawa a cikin fim din Pink da Gray, da Taka Kōda a cikin 99th NHK asadora Manpuku, tsakanin sauran rawar TV da fim. Ayyukanta na farko a fim din 2017 Goodbye, Grandpa! ya sami lambar yabo ta Mafi Kyawun Sabon a bikin Fim na 39 na Yokohama . [1] == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Kishii a shekara ta 1992 a yankin Kanagawa, Japan . Ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta 2009 a matsayin ɗalibar makarantar firamare Nana Sakurai a cikin wasan kwaikwayo ''Princess Sara (小公女セイラ, Shōkōjo Seira) ''. Bayan jerin ƙananan fina-finai da bayyanar talabijin, a cikin 2015 ta taka rawar Taeko Hakozaki, yarinya wacce abokiyarta ta ƙaunaci mahaifin Taeko, a cikin fim din [[Kenji Yamauchi (director)|Kenji Yamauchi]] I Love My Friend's Father (友だちのパ__ssw____ssw____sw____ssy____ssw__, Tomodachi no papa ga suki), da kuma rawar da Kanako ke takawa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na TBS 99.9 Criminal Lawyer (99.9 beng) .<ref name="papa">{{Cite web |date=December 19, 2015 |title=安藤輪子ディープキス初挑戦「濃厚なのは初めて」 |url=https://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/news/1581357.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105160604/https://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/news/1581357.html |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |access-date=November 4, 2018 |website=[[Nikkan Sports]] |language=ja}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa Kishii ta sauka da yawa a talabijin da fim. Matsayinta na fim sun hada da Yumika, tsohuwar budurwa ta mai daukar hoto wanda batun tauraron dutse ya janyo hankalinta, a cikin Grab the Sun (太陽をナ, Taiyou wo tsukame), da kuma Chieko Matsuda, matashiyar da abokiyar ajiyarta ke neman burge ta hanyar samun lasisin direba, a cikin fim din da aka yi na manga Moriyamachu Driving School (森中山教習所, Moriyama kyōshūjo). Ta kuma fito a cikin shirye-shiryen fim na farko na littafin Shigeaki Kato Pink and Gray da kuma littafin Mariko Koike Double Life (二重生活, Nijyū seikatsu), kuma ta taka rawar Taka, matar Nobushige ta uku, a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na 55 na NHK taiga ''Sanada Maru'' . <ref name="double">{{Cite web |date=June 25, 2016 |title=二重生活 |url=https://www.cinematoday.jp/movie/T0020740 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105160500/https://www.cinematoday.jp/movie/T0020740 |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |access-date=November 5, 2018 |website=Cinema Today |language=ja}}</ref> Matsayin farko na Kishii ya zo ne a fim din Yukihiro Morigaki na 2017 ''Goodbye, Grandpa! '' (おじいちゃん,死んじゃ__hau____hau____hau__, Ojiichan, shinjyattatte) a matsayin Yoshiko Haruno, jikokin wani shugaban iyali da ya mutu kwanan nan. Sarah Ward na Screen Daily ta bayyana aikinta a matsayin "musamman mai ban sha'awa, halin da take ciki na hikima fiye da shekarunta yana taimakawa wajen fitar da mai gabatarwa wanda aka fi ba da shi aiki tare da lura da kowa da kowa da ke kewaye da ita".<ref> {{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Sarah |date=October 30, 2017 |title='Goodbye, Grandpa!': Tokyo Review |url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/goodbye-grandpa-tokyo-review/5123706.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105160438/https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/goodbye-grandpa-tokyo-review/5123706.article |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |access-date=November 5, 2018 |website=[[Screen Daily]]}} </ref> Ayyukan Kishii a cikin Goodbye, Grandpa! Ta lashe lambar yabo ta Best Newcomer a bikin fina-finai na 39 na Yokohama . A wannan shekarar ta buga Sumire Michibata a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na TBS Rental Lovers (レンタル恋, Rentaru no koi) da kuma Miyuki Asakawa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na fiction na kimiyya na Kiyoshi Kurosawa Foreboding on Wowow . A cikin 2018 Kishii ya ɗauki matsayi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo biyu na NHK: wasan kwaikwayo na Makarantar Lauyan (やけに弁の খ খ খ খが学校で__ilo____ilo____ilo__, Yakeni ben no tatsu bengoshi ga gakkō de hoeru), a matsayin malamin makarantar sakandare Shiori Mochozuki; da ''Manpuku'', na 99th NHK asadora, a matsayin Taka Kōda. Ta kuma bayyana a cikin shirin Fuji TV na The ''Count na Monte Cristo'' . == Hotunan fina-finai == === Fim din === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" |Taken ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Matsayi ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Bayani ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}} |- ! scope="row" |''Mahaifinta, ƙaunatacciyata'' |2015 |{{Sortname|Taeko|Hakozaki}} | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=映画『友だちのパパが好き』公式サイト |url=http://tomodachinopapa.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105033436/http://tomodachinopapa.com/ |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |access-date=November 5, 2018 |publisher=Spotted Productions |language=ja}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Makarantar tuki ta Moriyamachu'' | rowspan="4" |2016 |{{Sortname|Chieko|Matsuda}} | | style="text-align: center;" | |- ! scope="row" |''Rayuwa Biyu'' |Ayaka | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="double"/> |- ! scope="row" |''Pink da Gray'' |{{Sortname|Sari|Ishikawa}} | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="pinkgray">{{Cite web |title=Pink and Gray |url=http://pinktogray.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331174737/http://pinktogray.com/ |archive-date=March 31, 2016 |access-date=November 5, 2018 |publisher=Kadokawa |language=ja}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Ɗauki Rana'' |{{Sortname|Yumika|}} | | style="text-align: center;" | |- ! scope="row" |''Ka yi farin ciki, kakan!'' |2017 |{{Sortname|Yoshiko|Haruno}} |Matsayin jagora | style="text-align: center;" | |- ! scope="row" |''[[Just Only Love (fim)|Ƙauna ce kawai]]'' |2018 |{{Sortname|Teruko|}} |Matsayin jagora | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=愛がなんだ |url=https://eiga.com/movie/89323/ |access-date=May 15, 2019 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Shirin Mafarki: Yadda za a gina Mazinger Z's Hangar'' | rowspan="3" |2020 |Emoto | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=小木博明、高杉真宙主演映画で破天荒な上司役に |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2138718/full/ |access-date=June 28, 2019 |website=Oricon}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Yanayin Gaggawa'' | |Matsayin jagora; fim din tarihin | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=斎藤工＆ムロツヨシ＆夏帆らが参加、オムニバス映画『緊急事態宣言』配信 |url=https://www.cinemacafe.net/article/2020/07/29/68232.html |access-date=August 11, 2020 |website=Cinema Cafe}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Rayuwa a Sama'' |Aiko | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=青山真治7年ぶりの長編映画で多部未華子が主演、岸井ゆきのや岩田剛典ら共演 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/393218 |access-date=August 24, 2020 |website=Natalie |archive-date=August 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824001505/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/393218 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Homunculus'' | rowspan="3" |2021 |Mace mai ban mamaki | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=綾野剛主演『ホムンクルス』 成田凌、内野聖陽らメインキャスト発表 特報映像も解禁 |url=https://www.crank-in.net/news/84039/1 |access-date=December 12, 2020 |website=Crank-in!}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Masu ba da tallafi: Fim din'' |Shi da kansa | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=映画「バイプレイヤーズ」の新キャスト8名解禁！有村架純、天海祐希、役所広司ら |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/414935 |access-date=February 4, 2021 |website=Natalie |archive-date=October 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018130014/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/414935 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''99.9 Lauyan Laifuka: Fim din'' |Kanako | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=『99.9 THE MOVIE』12.30公開 榮倉奈々＆木村文乃らも登場する最新予告解禁 |url=https://www.crank-in.net/news/93933/1 |access-date=September 12, 2021 |website=Crank-in!}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Wata rana, Za ku isa Tekun'' | rowspan="5" |2022 |Mana |Matsayin jagora | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=岸井ゆきの×浜辺美波、中川龍太郎の新作「やがて海へと届く」で映画初共演 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/450365 |access-date=October 22, 2021 |website=Natalie |archive-date=December 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226200607/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/450365 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Mafarki na Meridian Arc'' |Toyomi Yasuno / Toyo | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=志の輔の落語を実写化した「大河への道」に岸井ゆきの、橋爪功ら出演、全員1人2役 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/457062 |access-date=December 11, 2021 |website=Natalie |archive-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211005531/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/457062 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Ƙananan, Sannu Amma Mai Tsayi'' |Keiko |Matsayin jagora | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=岸井ゆきの、プロボクサー役に挑戦「かけがえのない時間でした」『ケイコ 目を澄ませて』公開決定 |url=https://www.cinemacafe.net/article/2022/01/07/76654.html |access-date=January 7, 2022 |website=Cinema Cafe}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Allah Yana Neman Komawa'' |Yuri Kawai | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=神は見返りを求める |url=https://eiga.com/movie/96714/ |access-date=February 26, 2022 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Duk abin da zai kasance mai kyau!'' |Hiyori Tamura | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=犬も食わねどチャーリーは笑う |url=https://eiga.com/movie/96984/ |access-date=April 13, 2022 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Matasan Baƙi'' | rowspan="2" |2024 | | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=若き見知らぬ者たち |url=https://eiga.com/movie/100238/ |access-date=April 26, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''A kan benci'' | |Matsayin jagora; fim din tarihin | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=アット・ザ・ベンチ |url=https://eiga.com/movie/102390/ |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;" ! scope="col" |Taken ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Matsayi ! scope="col" |Cibiyar sadarwa ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Bayani ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}} |- ! scope="row" |''Shōkōjo Seira'' |2009 |{{Sortname|Nana|Sakurai}} |TBS | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=TBSドラマ『小公女セイラ』スタッフブログ |url=https://www.tbs.co.jp/seira2009/blog/blog1221.html |access-date=July 17, 2019 |website=TBS}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''99.9 Lauyan Laifuka'' |2015 |{{Sortname|Kanako|}} |TBS | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="999tbs">{{Cite web |title=日曜劇場『99.9-刑事専門弁護士-　SEASON II』 |url=http://www.tbs.co.jp/999tbs/cast/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105034401/http://www.tbs.co.jp/999tbs/cast/ |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |access-date=November 5, 2018 |website=[[Tokyo Broadcasting System Television]] |language=ja}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Sanada Maru'' |2016 |{{Sortname|Taka|}} |NHK |Wasan kwaikwayo na <nowiki><i id="mwAbw">Taiga</i></nowiki> | style="text-align: center;" | |- ! scope="row" |''Bayyanawa'' | rowspan="2" |2017 |{{Sortname|Miyuki|Asakawa}} |Wowow |Ministoci | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=予兆　散歩する侵略者 |url=https://www.wowow.co.jp/detail/110869 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106004720/https://www.wowow.co.jp/detail/110869 |archive-date=November 6, 2018 |access-date=November 5, 2018 |website=[[Wowow]] |language=ja}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Mai son haya'' |{{Sortname|Sumire|Michibata}} |TBS | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=テッペン！水ドラ！！『レンタルの恋』 |url=http://www.tbs.co.jp/renkoi-tbs/caststaff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105160435/http://www.tbs.co.jp/renkoi-tbs/caststaff/ |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |access-date=November 5, 2018 |website=[[Tokyo Broadcasting System Television]] |language=ja}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Lauyan Makaranta'' | rowspan="3" |2018 |{{Sortname|Shiori|Mochozuki}} |NHK | | style="text-align: center;" | |- ! scope="row" |''Count na Monte Cristo: Babban Ramuwar gayya'' |{{Sortname|Miran|Iruma}} |Fuji TV | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 25, 2018 |title=『モンテ・クリスト伯』岸井ゆきのさんインタビュー |url=https://www.fujitv.co.jp/muscat/20180298.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105160537/https://www.fujitv.co.jp/muscat/20180298.html |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |access-date=November 5, 2018 |website=[[Fuji TV]] |language=ja}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Manpuku'' |{{Sortname|Taka|Kōda}} |NHK |''Mai dafa abinci'' | style="text-align: center;" | |- ! scope="row" |''Ōoku na Ƙarshe'' | rowspan="3" |2019 |Taki |Fuji TV |Fim din talabijin | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=「大奥 最終章」で小池栄子と鈴木保奈美がバトル、浜辺美波と岸井ゆきのも参加 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/322616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306065731/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/322616 |archive-date=March 6, 2019 |access-date=March 6, 2019 |website=Natalie}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Shōnen Torajirō'' |Tsune Kuruma |NHK |Ministoci | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=寅さんの少年時代を描く『少年寅次郎』、井上真央さん主演で制作開始！ |url=http://www.nhk.or.jp/dramatopics-blog/6000/371209.html |access-date=July 17, 2019 |website=NHK |archive-date=July 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716162635/http://www.nhk.or.jp/dramatopics-blog/6000/371209.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Yume-Shokudō no Ryōrinin'' |Michiko |NHK |Fim din talabijin | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=高良健吾さん主演！『夢食堂の料理人～1964東京オリンピック選手村物語～』7月23日放送！ |url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/dramatopics-blog/20000/368148.html |access-date=July 17, 2019 |website=NHK }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''An la'anta su cikin soyayya'' | rowspan="1" |2020 |Shiori Hase |NTV | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=『私たちはどうかしている』岸井ゆきの、初の白無垢に「重い！！花嫁って大変だ」 |url=https://www.crank-in.net/news/79654/1 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |website=Crank-in!}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Mutumin da ya ɓace'' | rowspan="3" |2022 |Yoshiko |Disney+, NHK | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=「拾われた男」に薬師丸ひろ子、北村有起哉、要潤、田辺桃子、夏帆ら19名出演 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/478160 |access-date=May 20, 2022 |website=Natalie |archive-date=May 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519080111/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/478160 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Masu Amfani da Aromantics'' |Sakuko Kodama |NHK |Matsayin jagora | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=恋せぬふたり |url=http://www.tvdrama-db.com/drama_info/p/id-70676 |access-date=September 8, 2022 |website=TV drama database}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Shot na Ƙarshe na Atom'' |Umi Tominaga |TBS | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=アトムの童 |url=http://www.tvdrama-db.com/drama_info/p/id-72152 |access-date=March 21, 2023 |website=TV drama database}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''A Kadan A daren Lahadi'' | rowspan="2" |2023 |Shōko Noda |Talabijin Asahi | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=岸井ゆきのが清野菜名主演ドラマ「日曜の夜ぐらいは…」でタクシー運転手に |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/513184 |access-date=February 18, 2023 |website=Natalie |archive-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218035151/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/513184 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Ōoku: Gidan Gida na Cikin Gida'' |Kazunomiya |NHK | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ドラマ「大奥」幕末編、新キャストに福士蒼汰・岸井ゆきの・志田彩良 |url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/529357 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |website=Natalie |archive-date=June 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619051248/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/529357 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyukan da aka zaba !Sakamakon ! class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- |2020 |Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta 43 ta Japan |Sabon Shekara |''Ƙauna ce kawai''| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=第43回日本アカデミー賞優秀賞発表、受賞者・受賞作品一覧 |url=https://eigaland.com/topics/?p=113162 |access-date=January 15, 2020 |website=eigaland}}</ref> |- |2021 |Kyautar Fim ta Mainichi ta 75 |Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Mataimakin |''Rayuwa a cikin sararin samaniya''| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=最多は『スパイの妻』！第75回毎日映画コンクールノミネート発表 |url=https://www.cinematoday.jp/news/N0120679 |access-date=December 23, 2020 |website=Cinematoday}}</ref> |- |2022 |Kyautar Fim ta Hochi ta 47 |Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Mataimakin |''Mafarki na Meridian Arc'' da Duk abin da zai zama Owlright!''Duk abin da zai kasance mai kyau!''| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=「第47回報知映画賞」各賞ノミネート決定 |url=https://prtimes.jp/main/html/rd/p/000000249.000071317.html |access-date=November 11, 2022 |website=PR Times}}</ref> |- | rowspan="6" |2023 |Kyautar Fim ta Mainichi ta 77 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo |''Ƙananan, Sannu Amma Mai Tsayi''| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=毎日映画コンクール 日本映画大賞に「ケイコ 目を澄ませて」 |url=https://mainichi.jp/articles/20230118/k00/00m/200/325000c |access-date=January 19, 2023 |website=Mainichi Shimbun}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Blue Ribbon ta 65 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo |''Ƙananan, Sannu Amma Mai Tsayi'' kuma Rana ɗaya, Za Ka isa Tekun''Wata rana, Za ku isa Tekun''| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=第65回ブルーリボン賞 各部門候補が決定 受賞者は2月発表 |url=https://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/articles/-/250004 |access-date=January 4, 2023 |website=Tokyo Sports}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Japan ta 46 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo |''Ƙananan, Sannu Amma Mai Tsayi''| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=【日本アカデミー賞】最優秀主演女優賞に岸井ゆきの 声を震わせ「身に余る賞をありがとうございます」 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2270982/full/ |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=Oricon}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Kinema Junpo ta 96 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo |Ƙananan, Sannu a Ƙasa da sauransu| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=岸井ゆきの「誰もおいていかない現場で、良い映画作る」キネ旬主演女優賞「受賞できたのは光栄」 |url=https://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/news/202302010001231.html |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Nikkan Sports}}</ref> |- |Kyautar zinare ta 47 ta ElanKyautar Elan na zinariya |Sabon Shekara |Shi da kansa| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=間宮祥太朗・松下洸平・中川大志らが新人賞「2023年 エランドール賞」発表＜受賞一覧＞ |url=https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/3584916 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Model Press}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Fim ta Wasanni ta Nikkan ta 36 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo | rowspan="2" |''Ƙananan, Sannu Amma Mai Tsayi''| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=日刊スポーツ映画大賞は石井裕也監督「月」が最多5部門6ノミネート |url=https://eiga.com/news/20231108/15/ |access-date=November 8, 2023 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |2024 |Bikin Fim na 45 na Yokohama |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=第45回ヨコハマ映画祭 2023年日本映画個人賞 |url=http://yokohama-eigasai.o.oo7.jp/45-2023/45_2023_shou.html |access-date=December 22, 2023 |website=Yokohama Film Festival}}</ref> |- |} == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nqzsbh4pwa2hroye3sg44q703mx89w3 0 96040 893990 890452 2026-08-10T04:39:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893990 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} Yui Sakuma (佐久間 由衣, Sakuma Yui, an haife ta a ranar 10 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1995)kuma ita 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma an haifeta a kasarJapan. Matsayinta na wasan kwaikwayo sun haɗa da Tokiko Sukegawa a cikin [[NHK]] na 96 kamar yadda ta kasance a matsayin ''[[Hiyokko]]'' da Yui Shida a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen ''[[Fuji TV]]'' Transit Girls . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Sakuma a yankin Kanagawa a ranar 10 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 31, 2018 |title=ファッション界も注目！　ｉｔ Ｇｉｒｌ 女優・佐久間由衣 |url=https://otekomachi.yomiuri.co.jp/beauty/20180731-OKT8T95085/ |access-date=August 12, 2018 |website=Otokemachi ([[Yomiuri Shimbun]]) |language=ja |archive-date=August 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813004909/https://otekomachi.yomiuri.co.jp/beauty/20180731-OKT8T95085/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Vivi">{{Cite web |title=佐久間由衣 |url=http://www.vivi.tv/model/2015/09/64/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107235744/http://www.vivi.tv/model/2015/09/64 |archive-date=November 7, 2015 |access-date=December 9, 2015 |website=[[Vivi (magazine)|Net Vivi]] |publisher=[[Kodansha]] |language=ja}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A cikin 2013, Sakuma ta yi sauraro a matsayin samfurin musamman don mujallar kayan ado Vivi . <ref name="Vivi"/><ref name="Modelpress">{{Cite web |date=November 10, 2013 |title=「ViVi」専属モデルオーディショングランプリの美女2人、今後にかける想いを語る |url=http://mdpr.jp/interview/detail/1295559 |access-date=December 9, 2015 |website=Modelpress Interview |publisher=Modelpress |language=ja}}</ref> Ta lashe kyautar '13A / W a ranar 28 ga Satumba na wannan shekarar, kuma ta fara bayyana a fitowar Vivi ta Disamba 2013. <ref name="Modelpress" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2013 |title=「ViVi」専属モデルオーディション、美女2名がグランプリに決定 |url=http://mdpr.jp/news/1283222 |access-date=December 9, 2015 |publisher=Modelpress |language=ja}}</ref> Ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo tare da Tao Tsuchiya a fim din 2014 ''Jinrō Game Beast Side'' . <ref name="werewolf">{{Cite web |date=August 8, 2014 |title=来年の朝ドラヒロイン土屋太鳳が同級生と殺し合い、主演映画から予告編と場面写真 |url=https://www.cinra.net/news/20140808-jinrogame |access-date=August 12, 2018 |website=Cinra.net |language=ja}}</ref> Daga baya ta fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Fuji Television na 2015 Transit Girls . <ref name="Eiga.com">{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2015 |title=伊藤沙莉＆佐久間由衣"ガールズラブ"連ドラで初主演！音楽は降谷健志 |url=http://eiga.com/news/20151022/15/ |access-date=December 9, 2015 |publisher=Eiga.com |language=ja}}</ref> A shekara ta 2017 ta taka rawar Tokiko Sukegawa a cikin NHK ta 96 a matsayin ''Hiyokko'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 31, 2015 |title=【ひよっこ】ヒロインの幼なじみの美少女、佐久間由衣「毎日できることを探している」 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2091232/full/ |access-date=August 12, 2018 |website=Oricon News |language=ja}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == A ranar 31 ga watan Disamba, 2022, Sakuma ta ba da sanarwar cewa ita da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Go Ayano, wanda ke da shekaru goma sha uku da ya girme ta, sun ɗaure maɗaurin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-01 |title=綾野剛＆佐久間由衣「大みそか婚」 長年の友人関係を経て、幸せいっぱいの新年 |url=https://hochi.news/articles/20221231-OHT1T51220.html |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=スポーツ報知 |language=ja}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Maris, 2024, Sakuma da Ayano sun ba da sanarwar cewa sun yi maraba da haihuwar ɗansu na farko tare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-30 |title=綾野剛＆佐久間由衣に第1子誕生「これからの時代を生きていく小さな生命とともに」【双方コメント全文】 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2320670/full/ |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=ORICON NEWS}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == === Mujallu === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Bayani ! class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- |2013 |''Rayuwa'' |Misali na musamman |<ref name="Vivi"/> |} === Fim din === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani ! class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- |2014 |''Jinrō Game Beast Side'' |Hitomi Tsushima | |<ref name="werewolf"/> |- | rowspan="4" |2019 |''Organ na Ranar'' |Yoshiko Kanda | | |- |''Na kasance Mai Asirin Kasuwanci'' |Hiromi |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |title=漫画『"隠れビッチ"やってました。』映画化　佐久間由衣、村上虹郎ら共演 |url=https://www.cinra.net/news/20190129-kakurebitch |access-date=January 29, 2019 |website=Cinra.net}}</ref> |- |''Uba Mai Ƙarfi A Yanar Gizo: Labarinmu na Final Fantasy XIV'' |Satomi Ide | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=劇場版 ファイナルファンタジーXIV 光のお父さん |url=https://eiga.com/movie/90990/ |access-date=November 6, 2023 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''Kisan kai a Gidan Mutuwa'' |Sumie Nabari | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=屍人荘の殺人 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/90347/ |access-date=June 15, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |2020 |''Har abada Ƙarfi Ƙarfi Waɗannan Wawaye'' |Sayo Horigai |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |title=君は永遠にそいつらより若い |url=https://eiga.com/movie/92698/ |access-date=May 5, 2022 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |2021 |''Hanyar Kisan kai: Fim din'' |Yuzuki | |<ref name="satsui">{{Cite web |title=劇場版 殺意の道程 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/94362/ |access-date=May 5, 2022 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2023 |''Ka kira Ni Chihiro'' |Hitomi | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ちひろさん |url=https://eiga.com/movie/97680/ |access-date=October 31, 2022 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''Mulkin 3: Wutar Makoma'' |Hai Yin | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=「キングダム 運命の炎」吉川晃司、小栗旬、佐久間由衣の"シークレット出演"が解禁 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/538544 |access-date=August 28, 2023 |website=Natalie |archive-date=August 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827200513/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/538544 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2024 |''Mulkin 4: Komawar Babban Janar'' |Hai Yin | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=実写『キングダム』摎役は?「誰だろ」「気になる」早くも話題に |url=https://www.cinematoday.jp/news/N0140518 |access-date=February 26, 2024 |website=Cinematoday}}</ref> |- |} === Shirye-shiryen talabijin === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani ! class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- |2015 |''<nowiki/>'Yan mata masu wucewa'' |Yui Shida |Matsayin jagora |<ref name="Eiga.com"/> |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |''Hiyokko'' |Tokiko Sukegawa |''Mai dafa abinci'' |<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2017 |title=佐久間由衣、有村架純と涙でハグ「ひよっこ」親友の"絆"に涙腺崩壊 |url=https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/1712152 |access-date=August 12, 2018 |website=Modelpress |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''Alkawarin Gobe'' |Kasumi Shirai | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 17, 2017 |title=佐久間由衣『ひよっこ』時子から"卒業"宣言「まっさらな気持ち」 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2099039/full/ |access-date=August 12, 2018 |website=Oricon News |language=ja}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |''Mu Rockets ne!'' |Asako Sakurazawa | | |- |''Alamar'' |Midori Kitano | | |- |2020 |''Hanyar Kisan kai'' |Yuzuki |Ministoci |<ref name="satsui"/> |- |2021 |''Harsasai, Ƙasusuwa da Ƙarƙashin Hanci'' |Mila Sekine |Ministoci |<ref>{{Cite web |title=オダギリジョー脚本・演出のドラマ「オリバーな犬」NHKで放送、主演は池松壮亮 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/431859 |access-date=June 29, 2021 |website=Natalie |archive-date=November 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104013825/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/431859 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2022 |''Umeko: Fuskar Ilimi na Mata'' |Nagai Shige |Fim din talabijin |<ref>{{Cite web |title=田中圭が伊藤博文に 広瀬すず主演ドラマ『津田梅子』、ディーン・フジオカら共演陣発表 |url=https://www.crank-in.net/news/100289/1 |access-date=February 3, 2022 |website=Crank-in}}</ref> |- |''Hiru'' |Fashi |Lokaci na 2 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=赤楚衛二と坂口健太郎主演「ヒル」に吉川愛、飯豊まりえ、柳俊太郎、板垣瑞生ら |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/455044 |access-date=November 26, 2021 |website=Natalie |archive-date=May 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503131450/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/455044 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''Ƙauna tare da Shari'a'' |Nagisa Hattori | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=松岡茉優、謎多きスカジャン刑事役！ 柄本佑＆安田顕らも出演「初恋の悪魔」 |url=https://www.cinemacafe.net/article/2022/06/08/79191.html |access-date=June 28, 2022 |website=Cinema Cafe}}</ref> |- |2023 |''Ranman'' |Aya Makino |''Mai dafa abinci'' |<ref>{{Cite web |title=広末涼子「らんまん」で朝ドラ初出演！新キャストに志尊淳、佐久間由衣、笠松将ら |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/491146 |access-date=August 26, 2022 |website=Natalie |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405145151/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/491146 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |} === Tallace-tallace === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Bayani !{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- |2014 |[[Coca-cola|Coca-Cola]] 2014 FIFA World CupGasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2014 | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 15, 2014 |title=いま現在放送中 |url=http://ameblo.jp/sakuyui0310/entry-11823560100.html |access-date=December 9, 2015 |website=Yui Sakuma Official blog |publisher=[[Ameba (website)|Ameba Blog]] |language=ja |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304140727/http://ameblo.jp/sakuyui0310/entry-11823560100.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" !Shekara !Kungiyar bayar da kyaututtuka !Sashe !Ayyukan da aka zaba !Sakamakon !{{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}} |- |2019 |Kyautar Fim ta 2019 |Yarinya mai tasowa |Na kasance Mai Asirin Bitch da sauransu| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2019 |title=中村倫也"最も活躍した男性"に選出 自虐交え受賞の喜び「竹馬乗ってもスタイリッシュにならない」 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2150814/full/ |access-date=11 December 2024 |website=Oricon |language=ja}}</ref> |- | rowspan="1" |2020 |Kyautar Fim ta Mainichi ta 74 |Mafi Kyawun Sabon Actress |''Na kasance Mai Asirin Kasuwanci''| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=毎日映画コンクールノミネート　成田凌、松岡茉優、シム・ウンギョン、主演助演Wで候補 |url=https://www.sponichi.co.jp/entertainment/news/2019/12/20/kiji/20191220s00041000118000c.html |access-date=December 20, 2019 |website=Sponichi}}</ref> |- |} == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mnvwydhzdyzzv8wqfkqqx40cf6rn6ic 0 96124 893989 890447 2026-08-10T04:33:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893989 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} <nowiki>Hosoda Yoshihiko"}} Yoshihiko Hosoda ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na kasar Japan daga Tokyo wanda ya fito a fina-finai da dama kaman su Detroit Metal City (2008) da </nowiki>''Ooku'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite web |title=イケメンガレッジvol.8 細田よしひこ |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/music/special/080521_01.html |access-date=2016-02-08 |website=ORICON STYLE”}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=戸田恵梨香＆細田よしひこが仲良しぶりをアピール！「闘茶」初日 - ライブドアニュース |url=http://news.livedoor.com/article/detail/3728271/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423055305/http://news.livedoor.com/article/detail/3728271/ |archive-date=2014-04-23 |website=news.livedoor.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Potemkin.jp - Just another WordPress site |url=http://potemkin.jp/archives/50700963.html |access-date=2025-03-15 |archive-date=2014-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028045731/http://potemkin.jp/archives/50700963.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya taɓa kasancewa da alaƙa da hukumar talanti ta Stardust Promotion a ƙarƙashin sunansa na Yoshihiko Hosoda (ko da yake an rubuta sunansa na farko a cikin [[hiragana]] Hosoda Yoshihiko , amma ya bar a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |title=STARDUST - 舞台に立った瞬間にお客さんの心をつかめるかが勝負 - スターダスト オフィシャルサイト - インタビュー |url=http://www.stardust.co.jp/interview/article/hosodayoshihiko/01.html |access-date=2016-02-08}}</ref> A halin yanzu yana da alaƙa da Alpha Agency a ƙarƙashin ainihin sunansa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=3度目の舞台、頼もしい共演者と「思いきり」". スターファイル |url=http://astand.asahi.com/entertainment/starfile/SDI201404144498.html |access-date=2016-02-08 |archive-date=2014-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111073834/http://astand.asahi.com/entertainment/starfile/SDI201404144498.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen talabijin == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Cibiyar sadarwa !Sauran bayanan |- | rowspan="2" |2005 |''Sashe na 1 Aozora Koi Hoshi'' |Masashi Konno |Fuji TV | |- |''Sashe na 1 1242kHz Kochira Nippon Hoso'' |Shogo Shiratori |Fuji TV | |- | rowspan="2" |2006 |''Cibiyar Nazarin Dokta Coto'' |Masato Miyano |Fuji TV |Lokaci na 2 |- |''Seishun Energy Mo Hitotsu ba Sugar & Spice ba'' |Yuta Sugiura |Fuji TV | |- | rowspan="2" |2007 |''Hyaki Yakosho'' |Toru Kiyama |NTV | |- |''Rayuwa'' |Katsumi Sako |Fuji TV |Babban rawar farko, mai adawa |- | rowspan="3" |2008 |''Edison no Haha'' |Yuki Kubo |TBS | |- |''Ando Natsu'' |Yosuke Mitsuya |TBS | |- |''Abin kunya'' |Hayato Mizutani |TBS | |- | rowspan="4" |2009 |''Murya'' |Katsuhiko Takazawa |Fuji TV |Kashi na 4 |- |''Ƙayyadadden'' |Satoshi Isaka |NHK | |- |''Karnuka na Tokyo'' |Teppei Oyama |Fuji TV |Kashi na 4 |- |''Wasan ƙarya: Lokacin 2'' | |Fuji TV |Kashi na 6 |- | rowspan="3" |2010 |''Shukumei 1969-2010'' |Toru Arikawa |Talabijin Asahi | |- |''Joker: Yurusarezaru Sosakan'' |Toru Kiuchi |Fuji TV |Kashi na 1 |- |''Q10'' |Jun Nakao |NTV | |- | rowspan="3" |2011 |''Lady: Saigo no Hanzai Bayanan martaba'' |Junya Ishiwata |TBS | |- |''Kashi na Kashi'' |Yu Komiya |NTV | |- |''Yokai Ningen Bem'' |Koji Kumagawa |NTV |Kashi na 3 |- | rowspan="4" |2012 |''Sa'ad da Sa'ad kuma Bakwai'' |Makoto Shindo |Fuji TV |Kashi na 8 |- |''13-sai ba tare da Gaisuwa Aiki ba'' |Shinya Wakamatsu |Talabijin Asahi |Kashi na 9 |- |''Mikeneko Holmes no Suiri'' |Shinya Nagae |NTV |Abubuwa 3-4 |- |''Cikakken Blue'' |Keisuke Tamai |TBS |Kashi na 6 |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |''Ultraman X'' |Wataru Kazama |Talabijin na Tokyo | |- |''Hana Moyu'' |Ryōichirō Arai |NHK |Wasan kwaikwayo na <nowiki><i id="mw8g">Taiga</i></nowiki> |- | rowspan="1" |2016 |''Sanada Maru'' |Hōjō Ujinao |NHK |Wasan kwaikwayo na ''Taiga'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=真田丸 |url=https://haiyaku.web.fc2.com/16-taiga.html |access-date=5 December 2024 |website=Haiyaku Jiten |language=ja}}</ref> |- | rowspan="1" |2017 |''Ishitsu ta farko'' | |Wowow | |- | rowspan="2" |2021 |''Babban Iyali'' | |Wowow |<ref>{{Cite web |title=キスマイ藤ヶ谷太輔出演「華麗なる一族」追加キャスト発表、宮田俊哉がエリート社員に |url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/414191 |access-date=January 29, 2021 |website=Natalie |archive-date=May 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522013504/https://natalie.mu/music/news/414191 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''Zuwa Bayan Sama Mai Tsarki'' |Takamatsu Ryōun |NHK |Wasan kwaikwayo na ''Taiga'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=志尊淳、『青天を衝け』で大河ドラマ初出演 追加キャスト11名発表 |url=https://www.crank-in.net/news/89223/1 |access-date=May 2, 2021 |website=Crank-in!}}</ref> |- | rowspan="1" |2023 |''Abincin Fermat'' |Katsuya Hotei |TBS |<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 8, 2023 |title=細田善彦＆宇梶剛士、『フェルマーの料理』出演決定　高橋光臣はドラマオリジナルキャラに |url=https://realsound.jp/movie/2023/09/post-1426267.html |access-date=September 8, 2023 |website=Real Sound映画部 |publisher=blueprint}}</ref> |- |} == Fim din == * ''Hatsu Kare'' (2006) * ''Akane Zora'' (2007) * ''Birnin Detroit Metal'' (2008) * ''Yakin shayi'' (2008) * ''Bayyanawa'' (2008) * ''Na Ba Ka Ƙaunar Farko'' (2009) * ''Ōoku: Gidan Gida na Cikin Gida'' (2010) * ''Amincewa ta Ƙarshen'' (2012) * ''Musashi'' (2019), Miyamoto Musashi * ''Yarinya ta ƙarni na 21'' (2019) * Abokan (2019), Masato * ''Labyrinth na Cinema'' (2020) * ''Ƙaunar Mai Ƙauna'' (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=人でなしの恋 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/97078/ |access-date=August 23, 2022 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> * ''Nukero Moebius!'' (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=坂ノ上茜、細田善彦、田中偉登、松原菜野花が共演「ぬけろ、メビウス!!」製作決定 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/436613 |access-date=July 14, 2021 |website=Natalie |archive-date=March 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328055410/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/436613 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Spring a Tsakanin (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=はざまに生きる、春 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/98969/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> * Uchūjin no Aitsu (2023), Hirofumi Shishido <ref>{{Cite web |title=宇宙人のあいつ |url=https://eiga.com/movie/98772/ |access-date=April 20, 2023 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> * Blue Imagine (2024), Shunta <ref>{{Cite web |title=ブルーイマジン |url=https://eiga.com/movie/100931/ |access-date=December 21, 2023 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] 4hdzk40gy498kbbv5k3x6nnvtylphak 0 96197 894028 838165 2026-08-10T05:21:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894028 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{databox}} Yūka Kageyama (Japanese: 影山 優佳, an haife shie 8 ga watan May 2001)<ref>{{Cite web |title=影山 優佳 公式ブログ |url=https:// natazaka46.com/s/official/diary/member/list?ima=0000&ct=4 |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=日向坂46公式サイト}}</ref> yar wasan kwaikwaoyo ne na kasar Japanese . She is a former member of the girl group [[Hinatazaka46]]. Kageyama ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin ''Re:Mind'' (2017), kuma bayyanarta ta farko a fim din ta kasance a cikin Kaguya-sama Final: Love Is War (2021). Tana bayyana akai-akai a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da suka shafi [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] kuma ta kasance Jakadan [[Japan]] don wasan bidiyo na kwallon kafa ''FIFA 22''. == Ayyuka == === 2015-2018: Farkon aiki, wasan kwaikwayo na farko === A cikin 2015, Kageyama ta shiga cikin taron rukuni na biyu na AKB48, wani sauraro na hadin gwiwa da AKB48 da 'yan uwanta na Japan suka gudanar. Ta ci gaba zuwa zagaye na karshe, amma ba a zaba ta don zama mai horo ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2015 |title=AKBドラフト候補生49人決定 東京女子流・山邊の妹、バイトAKB11人も |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2049284/full/ |access-date=2021-08-21 |website=ORICON NEWS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2018 |title=NGT48荻野由佳、けやき坂46「日本武道館公演」参戦 "AKB48ドラフト戦友"影山優佳との再会が胸熱 - モデルプレス |url=https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/1743872 |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=モデルプレス - ライフスタイル・ファッションエンタメニュース |language=ja}}</ref> [[Fayil:202405131413_IMG_6351.jpg|thumb|Ayyukan Kageyama a cikin Hiragana Keyakizaka46.]] A ranar 8 ga Mayu, 2016, a ranar da ta cika shekaru goma sha biyar, Kageyama ta wuce gwajin Hiragana Keyakizaka46 kuma ta zama memba na farko na kungiyar. An gabatar da ita ga jama'a a ranar 11 ga Mayu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=欅坂のアンダーグループけやき坂46、オーディション合格の11人発表 |url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/186770 |access-date=2021-08-21 |website=音楽ナタリー |language=ja |archive-date=2023-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405093229/https://natalie.mu/music/news/186770 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin rukuni, an san Kageyama da iyawarta a cikin ilimi da wasanni, waɗanda galibi ana nuna su a cikin bayyanarta ta talabijin, ban da ƙwarewarta ta waka.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Isobe |first=Masakazu |date=2021-08-20 |title=日向坂46 影山優佳、「勉強好き」の真相を探る 読書が苦手な小学生が夢中になったもの |trans-title=Hinatazaka46 Yuka Kageyama, Finding the Truth About The "Philomath", The Obsession of an Elementary School Student Who Hated Reading |url=https://www.fanthology.me/entry/kageyama-yuka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827161437/https://www.fanthology.me/entry/kageyama-yuka |archive-date=2021-08-27 |access-date=2021-08-22 |website=Fanthology! |language=ja}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite web |date=31 May 2020 |title=日向坂46影山優佳：活動再開は世界トレンド入り 才色兼備"影ちゃん"のこれまで |url=https://mantan-web.jp/article/20200530dog00m200014000c.html |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=MANTANWEB（まんたんウェブ） |language=ja-JP}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=21 June 2018 |script-title=ja:けやき坂46、新アルバム『走り出す瞬間』の聴きどころはユニット曲？ それぞれの組み合わせを解説 |url=https://realsound.jp/2018/06/post-209954.html |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=Real Sound｜リアルサウンド |language=ja}}</ref> Sunan ta shine Kagesapo , wanda shine takaice ga "Masu goyon bayan Kageyama" kuma an sanar da shi a watan Mayu 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=編集部 |first=ABEMA TIMES |date=8 May 2021 |title=日向坂46・影山優佳、ファンネームを『カゲサポ』と発表！「気軽に名乗っていただければ嬉しい」 {{!}} 芸能 |url=https://times.abema.tv/articles/-/8657263 |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=ABEMA TIMES}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Kageyama ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Hiragana Keyakizaka46 ''Re:Mind'', wanda aka watsa a gidan Talabijin na [[Tokyo]] da [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-29 |title=けやき坂46、連ドラ初主演! 欅坂46に続き密室サスペンス『Re:Mind』 |url=https://news.mynavi.jp/article/20170829-a263/ |access-date=2021-08-21 |website=マイナビニュース |language=ja}}</ref> Real Sound ya yaba da aikinta "mai tasiri" a matsayin ɓoyayyen masanin, yanayin mahaukaciyarta "mai tayar da hankali" yayin da ta bayyana shirin ta a hankali yayin bayyanar.<ref name=":82">{{Cite web |date=6 September 2021 |title=日向坂46 影山優佳、『かぐや様』で俳優として新境地 "秀才"役で引く手数多の存在に？ |url=https://realsound.jp/movie/2021/09/post-853060.html |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=Real Sound｜リアルサウンド 映画部 |language=ja}}</ref> === 2018-2020: Hiatus === A ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2018, Kageyama ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta shiga hutu don shirya don jarrabawar shiga Jami'ar Tokyo.<ref name=":82"/><ref name=":92">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=活動再開の日向坂46影山優佳、2年ぶりにブログ更新 決意理由と学業について明かす - モデルプレス |url=https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/2081918 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515082623/https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/2081918 |archive-date=2022-05-15 |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=モデルプレス - ライフスタイル・ファッションエンタメニュース |language=ja}}</ref> A lokacin da ta yi hutu, ta lashe lambar tagulla a cikin 2018 Japan Philosophy and Ethics Grand Prix . <ref name=":42"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=実績 {{!}} 日本倫理・哲学グランプリ |url=https://jpe-gp.org/result/ |url-status= |access-date=2021-08-22 |website=jpe-gp.org |language=ja}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, an sake sanya sunan Hiragana Keyakizaka46 zuwa Hinatazaka46. Kageyama ba ta bayyana a cikin waƙoƙi huɗu na farko na ''Hinatazaka'' ba; bayyanarta ta farko a cikin fitowar kiɗa ta Hinatazaka 46 ta kasance a cikin kundin Hinatazaka na 2020. Koyaya, ta yi bayyanar mamaki a cikin kide-kide na ƙarshe na 2018 Hashiridasu Shunkan Tour <ref>{{Cite web |title=【ライブレポート】けやき坂46、ファンとハッピーな時間過ごした「走り出す瞬間」ツアー完走（写真33枚） |url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/290647 |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=音楽ナタリー |language=ja |archive-date=2019-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718062831/https://natalie.mu/music/news/290647 |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma a cikin littafin hoto na 2019, ''Tachikogi'' . <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=hinata_group1st|title=学業専念のため活動休止中のメンバー、影山優佳さんがサプライズで登場！}}</ref> Ta ci gaba da ayyukan nishaɗi a ranar 26 ga Mayu, 2020, tare da wani rubutu a shafin yanar gizon ta.<ref name=":92"/> === 2020-2023: Bayyanar da ta shafi kwallon kafa, fitowar fim, tashi daga Hinatazaka46 === Kageyama mai sha'awar kwallon kafa ne kuma ya taka leda a kai a kai a cikin ƙungiyar yara maza ta gida kafin ya shiga Hiragana Keyakizaka46. Kalmomin da ta yi sun hada da "Yarinyar da ke son kwallon kafa" da kuma "Gegenpressing to your heart". <ref name=":72">{{Cite tweet|user=hiraganakmax}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=憲剛さんもタジタジ!? 日向坂46影山優佳さん、初のステージMC抜擢に大反響！「リサーチ力凄い」 {{!}} サッカーダイジェストWeb |url=https://www.soccerdigestweb.com/news/detail/id=102058 |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=www.soccerdigestweb.com |language=ja}}</ref>Tana da cancantar alƙali na Class 4 kuma tana rubutu akai-akai game da ƙungiyar Japan a shafinta na yanar gizo a cikin jerin da ake kira "Yūka Kageyama's WE LOVE J.League", wanda ke da niyyar rufe dukkan kungiyoyi 56 daga dukkan ƙungiyoyin league guda uku.{{Efn|Presumably from the [[Japan Football Association]], which would qualify her to referee "football matches organised by prefectural football associations' branches and by groups and federations etc. registered in the districtual/municipal/local football associations".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview of Referee System｜Referees｜JFA |url=https://www.jfa.jp/eng/referee/system/ |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=www.jfa.jp}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2020 |title=全56クラブでJリーグ―― 「影山優佳のWE LOVE Jリーグ」がJ3にもたらす"新たな風" |url=https://www.football-zone.net/archives/273446 |access-date=2022-06-03 |website=www.football-zone.net |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=影山優佳のWE_LOVE_Jリーグ_#1 {{!}} 日向坂46 影山 優佳 公式ブログ |url=https://www.hinatazaka46.com/s/official/diary/detail/34063?ima=0000&cd=member |access-date=2021-08-30 |website=日向坂46公式サイト |archive-date=2021-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830174308/https://www.hinatazaka46.com/s/official/diary/detail/34063?ima=0000&cd=member |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kungiyoyin da ta fi so sun hada da Sanfrecce Hiroshima, Borussia Dortmund, da [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United FC]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2021 |title=日向坂46・影山優佳がYouTubeで示す存在感 深すぎるサッカー愛とバラエティIQの高さに迫る |url=https://realsound.jp/tech/2021/03/post-716345.html |access-date=2021-08-21 |website=Real Sound｜リアルサウンド テック |language=ja}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=FromOne co., Ltd |date=27 October 2016 |title=【インタビュー】"サッカー女子"の新星発見！ 影山優佳（けやき坂46）『サッカーを盛り上げる役目を』 |url=https://www.soccer-king.jp/news/japan/japan_other/20161027/508083.html |access-date=2021-08-22 |website=サッカーキング |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="リーズ推し"日向坂46・影山優佳の夢 いつか奇才ビエルサにインタビューを!? |url=https://sports.yahoo.co.jp/column/detail/202011190002-spnavi |access-date=2021-08-30 |website=スポーツナビ |language=ja}}</ref> Kageyama ya zama baƙo mai maimaitawa a cikin shirin tattaunawa na kwallon kafa na TV Tokyo FOOT×BRAIN [ja] <ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=18 July 2020 |title=日向坂46影山優佳："アイドル界ナンバー1のサッカー通" 「FOOT×BRAIN」史上最年少ゲスト 北澤豪驚がくの知識 |url=https://mantan-web.jp/article/20200718dog00m200020000c.html |access-date=2021-08-21 |website=MANTANWEB（まんたんウェブ） |language=ja-JP}}</ref> da Atsuto Uchida's Football Time a kan DAZN, <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2021 |title=内田篤人氏初冠番組「Atsuto Uchida's FOOTBALL TIME」が10月1日よりDAZNで配信開始 |url=https://www.sportingnews.com/jp/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%83%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC/news/%E5%86%85%E7%94%B0%E7%AF%A4%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%8F%E5%88%9D%E5%86%A0%E7%95%AA%E7%B5%84atsuto-uchidas-football-time%E3%81%8C10%E6%9C%881%E6%97%A5%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89dazn%E3%81%A7%E9%85%8D%E4%BF%A1%E9%96%8B%E5%A7%8B/12o8hsfo1t5r21ja5rkyc2bau3 |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=www.sportingnews.com |language=ja |archive-date=2022-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530101927/https://www.sportingnews.com/jp/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%83%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC/news/%E5%86%85%E7%94%B0%E7%AF%A4%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%8F%E5%88%9D%E5%86%A0%E7%95%AA%E7%B5%84atsuto-uchidas-football-time%E3%81%8C10%E6%9C%881%E6%97%A5%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89dazn%E3%81%A7%E9%85%8D%E4%BF%A1%E9%96%8B%E5%A7%8B/12o8hsfo1t5r21ja5rkyc2bau3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last=Qoly |date=2021-02-20 |title=内田篤人 「日向坂46の影山優佳をボッコボコにする」宣言！？なぜなのか ｜ Qoly |url=https://nordot.app/735701003332190208?c=581736863522489441 |access-date=2021-12-10 |website=Qoly |language=ja-JP }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kuma an nada ta Mai Bincike na Musamman na FOOT× BRAIN a watan Oktoba godiya ga iliminta a dabarun kwallon kafa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=日向坂46影山優佳さんが推す「ベルギリーグの注目選手」がマニアックすぎる！ 同国でプレーする日本代表も驚嘆「誰か分からなかった」 |url=https://www.soccerdigestweb.com/news/detail/id=109303 |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=SOCCER DIGEST Web |language=ja}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last=WEBザテレビジョン |title=日向坂46影山優佳「SPECIAL ANALYST」の肩書を得る、Jリーグチェアマンとも共演 |url=https://thetv.jp/news/detail/244609/ |access-date=2021-08-21 |website=WEBザテレビジョン |language=ja}}</ref> Tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa na kasar Japan Tsuyoshi Kitazawa ya ba ta suna "mai sha'awar kwallon kafa a cikin duniyar gumaka".<ref name=":10" /> A watan Disamba, Kageyama ta dauki bakuncin wasan kwaikwayo na farko da ake kira wasan kwallon kafa a Tashar Talabijin ta Hikari tare da tsohon kyaftin din tawagar kasar Japan Yuji Nakazawa, wanda ake kira Yuji Nakaza da Yūka Kageyama's Talking Football kuma ya gudana na uku. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=「中澤佑二と影山優佳のトーキング・フットボール」 |url=https://www.hikaritv.net/sp/talkingfootball |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226220047/https://www.hikaritv.net/sp/talkingfootball/ |archive-date=2020-12-26 |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=www.hikaritv.net |language=ja}}</ref> Kageyama tana da rawar muryarta ta farko a matsayin Ayame Ebina a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na kwallon kafa Farewell, My Dear Cramer (2021) a kan Tokyo MX, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin "manajan tallafi". <ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title='Farewell, My Dear Cramer' Soccer TV Anime Casts Hinatazaka46's Yuka Kageyama |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-04-01/farewell-my-dear-cramer-soccer-tv-anime-casts-hinatazaka46-yuka-kageyama/.171390 |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=Anime News Network |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-24 |title=TVアニメ『さよなら私のクラマー』、日向坂46・影山優佳が声優に初挑戦 |url=https://news.mynavi.jp/article/20210524-1893307/ |access-date=2022-06-03 |website=マイナビニュース |language=ja}}</ref> Ta yi fim dinta na farko a cikin Kaguya-sama Final: Love Is War, tare da Kanna Hashimoto kuma an sake ta a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=恋愛頭脳戦は世界へ、平野紫耀×橋本環奈「かぐや様」続編の正式タイトル＆特報が解禁 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/425009 |access-date=2021-08-21 |website=映画ナタリー |language=ja }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Live-Action Kaguya-sama: Love is War Sequel Film Casts Hinatazaka46's Yuka Kageyama |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-03-17/live-action-kaguya-sama-love-is-war-sequel-film-casts-hinatazaka46-yuka-kageyama/.170749 |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=Anime News Network |language=en}}</ref> Da farko a cikin aikinta, Kageyama ta kira Hashimoto da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Erika Toda a matsayin mutanen da take sha'awarta.<ref name=":72">{{Cite tweet|user=hiraganakmax}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFhiraganakmax2021">@hiraganakmax (March 18, 2021). [https://x.com/hiraganakmax/status/1372548349140692994 "キャッチコピー、もうすっかり「あなたのハートにゲーゲンプレス」ですね"] ([[Tweet (social media)|Tweet]]) &#x2013; via [[Twitter]].</cite></ref> Real Sound ya yi sharhi mai kyau game da "magana mai ban dariya" kuma cewa hotonta mai basira ya dace da na halinta, Miko Iino . <ref name=":82"/> == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 2ln1chuntd26qt7o1m259a5akn4fpn4 0 96266 893997 655495 2026-08-10T04:50:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Yumena Yanai (箭内夢菜, Yanai Yūmena, 21 ga Yunin shekarar 2000), ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Japan kuma samfurin. An sanya hannu a karkashin hukumar talanti ta Irving . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Yanai a ranar 21 ga Yunin shekarar 2000, a garin Kōriyama, yankin Fukushima . Ita ce babba a cikin 'yan uwa huɗu, tare da' yan'uwa maza biyu da' ƴar'uwa ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-12 |title=HARUTA IMAGE GIRL 2018 箭内 夢菜さん｜HARUTA |url=http://www.haruta-shoes.co.jp/girl2018/ |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=web.archive.org |archive-date=2018-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012214546/http://www.haruta-shoes.co.jp/girl2018/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == === Fim din === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani ! class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | rowspan="4" |2019 |''Furen dusar ƙanƙara'' |Hatsumi Watabiki | |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=登坂広臣×中条あやみ「雪の華」音楽を葉加瀬太郎が担当、劇中カットも解禁（動画あり / コメントあり） |trans-title="Taro Hakase will be in charge of the music for Hiroomi Tosaka x [[Ayami Nakajo]]'s ''Snow Flower'', and scenes from the film have also been released |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/303176 |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=[[Natalie (website)|Natalie]] |language=ja |archive-date=2019-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829124007/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/303176 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''High &amp;amp; Low Mafi Girma'' |Yui Ueda | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=HiGH&LOW |url=https://www.high-low.jp/movies/theworst/?soukan=true |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=HiGH&LOW |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''Dokokin Makaranta Masu Duhu'' |Kirarin Uesaka | |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-08-02 |title=モトーラ世理奈『ブラック校則』ヒロインに抜擢 SixTONES 田中樹、箭内夢菜、堀田真由ら出演も |trans-title="[[Serena Motola]] selected as heroine of ''Dark School Rules'', SixTONES' Tanaka Itsuki, Yanai Yumena, [[Mayu Hotta]] and others also appear" |url=https://realsound.jp/movie/2019/08/post-396837.html |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=Real Sound｜リアルサウンド 映画部 |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''Ba zai Kashe ba, Ba za ta Mutu ba'' |Yamato Nadeshiko | |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=映画「殺さない彼と死なない彼女」恒松祐里、堀田真由ら追加キャスト9名発表 |trans-title="9 additional cast members announced for the film "He Won't Kill, She Won't Die" including [[Yuri Tsunematsu]] and Mayu Hotta |url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/322738 |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=Natalie |language=ja |archive-date=2020-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502031500/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/322738 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2021 |''Biyu a cikin sararin samaniya'' |Yume |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |title=宇宙にたった2人｜上映作品｜島ぜんぶでおーきな祭 -第13回沖縄国際映画祭- |url=https://2021.oimf.jp/movie/detail/307/ |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=島ぜんぶでおーきな祭 -第13回沖縄国際映画祭- |archive-date=2025-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121034848/https://2021.oimf.jp/movie/detail/307/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-21 |title=箭内夢菜さん、映画主演に起用　21年秋全国公開、いわきが舞台：福島民友ニュース：福島民友新聞社 みんゆうNet |url=https://www.minyu-net.com/news/news/FM20210311-593218.php |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=web.archive.org |archive-date=2021-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321121124/https://www.minyu-net.com/news/news/FM20210311-593218.php |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> |- |''Zuciyata ta buge saboda Kai'' |Yayoi Hoshikawa | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=浮所飛貴主演『胸が鳴るのは君のせい』、追加キャストに河村花・若林時英・箭内夢菜・入江海斗 |trans-title="Fukisawa Hidaka stars in ''My Heart Beats Because of You'', with additional cast members Kawamura Hana, Wakabayashi Tokiei, Yanai Yumena, and Irie Kaito |url=https://www.crank-in.net/news/85491 |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=クランクイン！- エンタメの「今」がわかる　映画＆エンタメニュースサイト |language=ja}}</ref> |- |2022 |''Ayyukan tashin hankali'' |Rika | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-25 |title=橋本環奈主演映画『バイオレンスアクション』くっきー！、猪塚健太、箭内夢菜、兵動大樹が出演 |trans-title="[[Kanna Hashimoto]] stars in the movie ''The Violence Action'' starring Kukkie!, Kenta Inozuka, Yumena Yanai, and Daiki Hyodo" |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2235081/full/ |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=[[Oricon]]}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2023 |''Kuma Duk da haka, Kuna daɗi sosai'' |Hina | |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=箭内夢菜が「なのに、千輝くんが甘すぎる。」に参加、高橋恭平の熱烈ファン役（コメントあり） |trans-title="Yumena Yanai joins ''And Yet, You Are So Sweet'', as a passionate fan of Kyohei Takahashi" |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/497973 |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=Natalie |language=ja |archive-date=2023-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120084936/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/497973 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''Ka Yi Haske Ni'' |Sayaka | |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=「夜きみ」に箭内夢菜、吉田ウーロン太、今井隆文、上杉柊平、鶴田真由が出演 |trans-title=Yumena Yanai, Uronta Yoshida, Takafumi Imai, [[Shuhei Uesugi]], and Mayu Tsuruta will appear in "Yorukimi |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/525586 |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=Natalie |language=ja |archive-date=2025-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620134031/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/525586 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2024 |''Lokacin Blue'' |Miki Kinemi | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=【ワーナー公式】ニュース｜映画『ブルーピリオド』週末公開作品邦画実写1位発進！ |url=https://warnerbros.co.jp/c/news/2024/08/3884.html |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=warnerbros.co.jp |language=ja |archive-date=2025-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327231436/https://warnerbros.co.jp/c/news/2024/08/3884.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2025 |''Rashin Lokaci'' |Rika | |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=北村匠海の主演映画「悪い夏」に河合優実、窪田正孝ら 特報はクズとワルしか出てこない（動画あり） |trans-title=[[Takumi Kitamura]]'s movie ''Bad Summer'' stars [[Yumi Kawai]], [[Masataka Kubota]], and others. The trailer only features scum and bad guys |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/605192 |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=[[Natalie (website)|Natalie]] |language=ja |archive-date=2025-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250102111605/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/605192 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani ! class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |''Mu Rockets ne!'' |Honoka Tachibana | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=土屋太鳳主演『チア☆ダン』に石井杏奈、佐久間由衣、山本舞香、朝比奈彩、大友花恋、箭内夢菜、志田彩良が出演決定 |trans-title="[[Anna Ishii]], [[Yui Sakuma]], [[Maika Yamamoto]], [[Aya Asahina]], Karen Otomo, Yumena Yanai, and Sara Shida will appear in ''Let's Go, Jets!'' starring [[Tao Tsuchiya]] |url=https://www.tvlife.jp/entame/165951 |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=TV LIFE web |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''Ƙananan Kogin, Ryoma ya zo'' |Kamar yadda yake | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ユーロスペース |url=http://www.eurospace.co.jp/works/detail.php?w_id=000304 |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=www.eurospace.co.jp}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2019 |''Gidan Gida na Mr. Hiiragi'' |Yuki Misaki | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-05 |title=福原遥も決定『3年A組』生徒役全29人発表も…1人はすでに死亡!? |trans-title=[[Haruka Fukuhara]] has been confirmed as well as the 29 students who will play in ''Mr. Hiiragi's Homeroom'' have been announced... but one has already died!? |url=https://news.mynavi.jp/article/20181205-735879/ |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=[[Mynavi Corporation|Mynavi]] |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''Ina Skirt ta tafi?'' |Momo Horie | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=日本テレビ放送網株式会社 |title=「俺のスカート、どこ行った？」2年3組の女子生徒を一挙15人発表！ |trans-title=''Where Did My Skirt Go?'' 15 Female Students from ''Mr. Hiiragi's Homeroom '' Announced at Once! |url=https://www.ntv.co.jp/oresuka/articles/19874dfwzt4q9qeek9p.html |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=日本テレビ |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-25 |title=古田新太主演『俺のスカート、どこ行った？』女子生徒一挙発表 箭内夢菜ら13人 |trans-title="Furuta Arata stars in ''Where Did My Skirt Go?'' All female students announced at once, including Yanai Yumena" |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2132215/full/ |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=ORICON NEWS}}</ref> |- |''Dokokin Makaranta Masu Duhu'' |Kirarin Uesaka | |<ref name=":0"/> |- |''Nippon Noir: Detective Y's Rebellion'' |Yuki Misaki | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-30 |title=「3年A組」鈴木仁・森七菜・箭内夢菜、「ニッポンノワール」出演決定 - モデルプレス |trans-title=3-nen A-gumi's Suzuki Jin, [[Nana Mori]], and Yanai Yumena to appear in Nippon Noir |url=https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/1907105 |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=Modelpress |language=ja}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2020 |''An bar sansanin da aka ajiye'' |Aoi Inuyama | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-20 |title=ゆるキャン△：人気キャンプマンガが福原遥主演で実写ドラマ化 “野クル”メンバーに大原優乃、箭内夢菜も |trans-title=Laid-back Camp△: Popular camping manga turned into live-action drama starring Haruka Fukuhara, with Yuno Ohara and Yumena Yanai as "No-Kuru" members |url=https://mantan-web.jp/article/20191119dog00m200040000c.html |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=MANTANWEB（まんたんウェブ） |language=ja-JP}}</ref> |- |''Yaron bazara: 19452020'' |Akina Koizumi | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-25 |title=美 少年初主演作『真夏の少年』クラスメート＆教師役キャストを発表 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2167337/full/ |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=ORICON NEWS}}</ref> |- |''Kotonoha'' |Ayumi Sato | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-11 |title=【フジテレビ】第７回「ドラマ甲子園」大賞受賞作品『言の葉』10月19日（月） ０時FODにて配信スタート 10月31日（土）20時～ＣＳ放送フジテレビＴＷＯにて放送開始 |url=https://prtimes.jp/main/html/rd/p/000001007.000000084.html |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=[[PR Times]] |language=ja-JP}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2021 |''Jarumai na Makarantar Sakandare'' |Hana Morimura | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-25 |title=声優・関智一、美 少年主演“特撮”『ザ・ハイスクール ヒーローズ』出演 2クール連続で連ドラに |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2199591/full/ |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=ORICON NEWS}}</ref> |- |''Ƙarya ta Sulemanu'' |Yukiko Dobashi |Abubuwa 1 da 8 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ソロモンの偽証 |url=http://www.tvdrama-db.com/drama_info/p/id-69608 |access-date=19 January 2025 |website=TV drama database |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''Labaran Tsoro na Gaskiya: Asirin Bakwai na Wani Makaranta'' |Yuna Nakamura | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-23 |title=ほんとにあった怖い話：橋本環奈、乃木坂46与田祐希、山崎育三郎出演 今夜「2021特別編」 3時のヒロイン・ゆめっちの実体験も |trans-title=True Scary Stories: Kanna Hashimoto, Nogizaka46's [[Yūki Yoda]], and [[Ikusaburo Yamazaki]] tonight in the "2021 Special Edition" featuring the real-life experiences of Yumechi, the 3 o'clock heroine |url=https://mantan-web.jp/article/20211022dog00m200079000c.html |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=MANTANWEB（まんたんウェブ） |language=ja-JP}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2022 |''Gobe, Zan zama budurwa ta wani'' |Moe Maya | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-25 |title=『明日カノ』実写キャスト発表、吉川愛・横田真悠・齊藤なぎさ・箭内夢菜・宇垣美里が“キャラ体現” |trans-title="Tomorrow Kano" live-action cast announced, [[Ai Yoshikawa]], [[Mayuu Yokota]], Saito Nagisa, Yanai Yumena, and Ugaki Misato "embodied the characters"" |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2227553/full/ |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=ORICON NEWS}}</ref> |- |'Yan mata masu zaman kansu, Shawarwarin Ayyuka 2''<nowiki/>'Yan mata, Shawarwarin Ayyuka 2'' |"Yarinyar Airsoft" | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-25 |title=江口のりこ主演『ソロ活女子のススメ２』藤原樹、佐伯大地、卓球の水谷隼らゲスト出演 |trans-title=[[Noriko Eguchi]] stars in "Solo Active Girls' Recommendation 2" with guest appearances by Itsuki Fujiwara, Daichi Saeki, and table tennis player [[Jun Mizutani]] |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2227494/full/ |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=ORICON NEWS}}</ref> |- |''Yin iyo! Karp'' |Reiko Watanabe | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-06 |title=錦鯉の半生描く『泳げ！ニシキゴイ』渡辺家キャスト発表 光石研＆ヒコロヒーが両親役 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2241371/full/ |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=ORICON NEWS}}</ref> |- |''Matasa Cinderella'' |Kaori Ito | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-25 |title=本田響矢、ツンデレ高校生・長谷川くん役に 久間田琳加主演『青春シンデレラ』に水谷果穂＆箭内夢菜も |trans-title="[[Kyoya Honda]] plays the role of tsundere high school student Hasegawa-kun. Kaho Mizutani and Yumena Yanai also appear in "Seishun Cinderella" starring Rinka Kumagaya |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2250900/full/ |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=ORICON NEWS}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2023 |''Ƙaunar da ke sha'awar Punchlines'' |Mai Wakabayashi | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-07 |title=山里亮太＆若林正恭の半生描くドラマ『だが、情熱はある』 主要キャスト一挙発表 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2269444/full/ |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=ORICON NEWS}}</ref> |- |''Aoharu na Biyu'' |Sumika Asada | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=“サグラダファミリ家”メンバーに伊原六花＆飯沼愛＆水沢林太郎＆箭内夢菜＆濱尾ノリタカ 広瀬アリス＆道枝駿佑とキャンパスライフ【コメント全文】 |trans-title="Sagrada Family members include Ihara Rikka, Iinuma Ai, Mizusawa Rintaro, Yanai Yumena, and Hamao Noritaka, [[Alice Hirose]] and [[Shunsuke Michieda]] and campus life [full comment]" |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2292711/full/ |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=ORICON NEWS}}</ref> |- |2024 |''9 Yankin'' |Nishio Futaba | |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=箭内夢菜が川口春奈の後輩役で「9ボーダー」出演、兵頭功海は“交際0日婚”を申し込む |trans-title=Yumena Yanai will appear in ''9 Border'' as [[Haruna Kawaguchi]]'s junior, and Koukai Hyodo will propose "0 days of dating marriage" |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/565580 |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=Natalie |language=ja |archive-date=2024-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409105428/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/565580 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rqtzshftac4pzwqtmiu48je2f1nnxi6 0 96268 894013 868297 2026-08-10T05:11:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894013 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} Yuta Takahata (高畑 裕太, Takahata Yūta, an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 1993 a [[Tokyo]]) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na kasar [[Japan]] kuma ''[[Tarento]]'' . Takahata ta kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Wasan kwaikwayo da Kiɗa ta Toho Gakuen . Shi ne ɗan fari na 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Atsuko Takahata da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Ryosuke Otani, kuma surukinsa 'yar wasan kwaikwayon Kotomi Takahata ce.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 Sep 2016 |title=高畑裕太容疑者の父は俳優の大谷亮介 所属事務所が公表 |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2077710/full/ |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |website=Oricon Style |publisher=[[Oricon]] |language=ja}}</ref> Takahata kuma yana da alaƙa da Keiko Kitagawa da Daigo . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 Aug 2016 |title=高畑裕太容疑者と北川景子 実は「かなり遠い親戚」だった」 |url=http://news.livedoor.com/article/detail/11954542/ |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |website=livedoor News |language=ja}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2016 |title=Takahata rape case dropped; actor says he is sorry |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/09/09/national/crime-legal/takahata-rape-case-dropped-says-sorry/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Yuta Takahata arrested on rape charge |url=https://www.japantoday.com/category/crime/view/actor-yuta-takahata-arrested-on-rape-charges}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2016 |title=Actor Yuta Takahata arrested for alleged sexual assault of hotel staffer |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/08/24/national/crime-legal/actor-yuta-takahata-arrested-alleged-sexual-assault-hotel-staffer/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2016 |title=In Japanese showbiz, the sins of the son visit the mother |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/09/10/national/media-national/japanese-showbiz-sins-son-visit-mother/}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == Takahata ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar baseball a Gyosei International School . <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 Jul 2010 |title=暁星国際・高畑選手「来年注目されたい」 千葉大会 - 第92回全国高校野球選手権大会 |url=http://www.asahi.com/koshien/92/chiba/news/TKY201007140245.html |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |website=[[Asahi Shimbun|Asahi Shimbun Digital]] |language=ja |archive-date=11 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011133723/http://www.asahi.com/koshien/92/chiba/news/TKY201007140245.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 Jul 2011 |title=高畑淳子の長男・裕太、意地の2点二塁打も… |url=http://www.sponichi.co.jp/baseball/news/2011/07/14/kiji/K20110714001203380.html |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |website=Sponichi Annex |publisher=[[Sports Nippon]] |language=ja}}</ref> Matsayinsa shine mai kamawa.<ref name="chunichi sports">{{Cite web |date=7 Feb 2012 |title=高畑淳子 長男が俳優デビュー NHKドラマに |url=http://www.chunichi.co.jp/chuspo/article/entertainment/news/CK2012020702000090.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210221530/http://www.chunichi.co.jp/chuspo/article/entertainment/news/CK2012020702000090.html |archive-date=10 February 2012 |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |website=Chunichi Sports |language=ja}}</ref> Lokacin da yake cikin shekara ta uku na makarantar sakandare, ya ga mahaifiyarsa, Atsuko, a cikin wasan A Streetcar Named Desire kuma an yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya fara wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na ''Akkoto Bokura ga Ikita Natsu'' a shekarar 2012. <ref name="chunichi sports"/> Daga baya a watan Afrilu Takahata ya tafi Kwalejin Wasan kwaikwayo da Kiɗa ta Toho Gakuen, wannan kwalejin da mahaifiyarsa ta kammala karatu, kuma ta yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="chunichi sports" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=an > バイト・シゴトのなんでもガイド > インタビュー > 高畑裕太 |url=http://weban.jp/contents/c/c_interview/160222/ |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |website=an web han |language=ja |archive-date=9 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509174405/http://weban.jp/contents/c/c_interview/160222/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2015 ya sami karbuwa lokacin da ya bayyana a cikin Asadora ''Mare'' . <ref name="oricon style">{{Cite web |date=31 Oct 2015 |title=高畑裕太、三枚目"残念キャラ"でブレイク 実母・高畑淳子のダメ出しで活きる息子 |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2061602/full/ |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |website=Oricon Style |publisher=Oricon |language=ja}}</ref> Sunan Takahata daga baya ya karu yayin da ya bayyana a cikin shirye-shirye iri-iri wani lokaci tare da mahaifiyarsa Atsuko . <ref name="oricon style" /> <ref name="sponichi annex 2015">{{Cite web |date=10 Nov 2015 |title=高畑裕太 芸人顔負けの存在感「ペケポンお受験」珍解答でブレーク |url=http://www.sponichi.co.jp/entertainment/news/2015/11/10/kiji/K20151110011472930.html |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |website=Sponichi Annex |publisher=Sports Nippon |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 Jan 2016 |title=高畑淳子・裕太親子と黒柳徹子の意外な関係とは？ |url=http://thetv.jp/news_detail/70729/ |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |website=Smart The Television |language=ja}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2016 'yan sanda na Gunma Prefectural suka kama shi kan zargin cin zarafin mata a wani otal na kasuwanci a Maebashi, inda ya zauna yayin harbi fim.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 Aug 2016 |title=俳優の高畑裕太容疑者を逮捕 ホテルで強姦致傷の疑い |url=http://www.asahi.com/articles/ASJ8R53LRJ8RUHNB006.html |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |website=Asahi Shimbun Digital |language=ja |archive-date=18 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018213008/http://www.asahi.com/articles/ASJ8R53LRJ8RUHNB006.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 Aug 2016 |title=高畑裕太容疑者出演「24時間テレビ」ドラマ、代役立て撮り直し |url=http://www.hochi.co.jp/entertainment/20160823-OHT1T50041.html |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |website=[[Sports Hochi]] |archive-date=23 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823112547/http://www.hochi.co.jp/entertainment/20160823-OHT1T50041.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 Aug 2016 |title=高畑裕太、強姦致傷容疑で逮捕 40代ホテル従業員に暴行 |url=http://www.chunichi.co.jp/chuspo/article/entertainment/news/CK2016082402000149.html |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |website=Chunichi Sports |language=ja |archive-date=24 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824101558/http://www.chunichi.co.jp/chuspo/article/entertainment/news/CK2016082402000149.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Ofishin Masu gabatar da kara na Gundumar Maebashi, Takahata da wanda aka azabtar sun bayyana cewa za a sauke tuhumar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 Sep 2016 |title=高畑裕太、不起訴処分が決定 被害者側と示談成立 9日中に釈放へ |url=http://www.sponichi.co.jp/entertainment/news/2016/09/09/kiji/K20160909013323820.html |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |website=Sponichi Annex |publisher=Sports Nippon |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 Sep 2016 |title=高畑さんは不起訴 |url=http://this.kiji.is/146868258331870708?c=110564226228225532 |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |website=[[Kyodo News]] |language=ja}}</ref> A wannan rana manajansa, Ofishin Mitsuzo Ishii, ya soke kwangilarsa, kuma ya zama mai zaman kansa.<ref name="sponichi annex 2016">{{Cite web |date=9 Sep 2016 |title=高畑裕太 所属事務所が解雇「多大なご迷惑…事実を重く受け止め」 |url=http://www.sponichi.co.jp/entertainment/news/2016/09/09/kiji/K20160909013324280.html |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |website=Sponichi Annex |publisher=Sports Nippon |language=ja}}</ref><ref name="sponichi annex 2016" /> A ranar 16 ga watan Agusta, 2019, ya ci gaba da ayyukan nishaɗin ta hanyar bayyana a cikin samar da mataki na "Goodbye Nishiko-Kun".<ref>{{Cite web |title=高畑裕太 活動再開へ １６日初日舞台 古巣の演出家が復帰の道ひらく |url=https://www.daily.co.jp/gossip/2019/08/03/0012573980.shtml |publisher=Daily.co}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == === Wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Cibiyar sadarwa !Bayani !Tabbacin. |- |2012 |''Akkoto Bokura ga Ikita Natsu'' |Osamu Sasaki |NHK | |<ref name="oricon style"/> |- |2014 |''Sufetocin Haraji Madogiwa Taro'' |Kazushi Kakimoto |TBS | | |- | rowspan="3" |2015 |''Har abada Zero'' |Okubo |Talabijin na Tokyo | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Takahata, Yuta |date=3 Sep 2014 |title=情報解禁「永遠の0」 |url=http://ameblo.jp/takahata0913/entry-11919208300.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617025733/http://ameblo.jp/takahata0913/entry-11919208300.html |archive-date=17 June 2016 |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |website=Yuta Takahata official blog |publisher=[[Ameba (website)|Ameba Blog]] |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 Feb 2015 |title=【出演者紹介】… |url=https://ja-jp.facebook.com/tx.drama.eienno.zero/posts/1534870670128666 |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |publisher=The Eternal Zero |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''Mare'' |Yoichiro Sumi |NHK | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 Sep 2014 |title=大泉洋ら"11人"朝ドラ初出演「夢でした」 来春スタート『まれ』 |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2041877/full/ |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |website=Oricon Style |publisher=Oricon |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 Sep 2014 |title=高畑淳子：長男・裕太の朝ドラ初出演に「感謝」 |url=http://mantan-web.jp/2014/09/10/20140909dog00m200044000c.html |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |publisher=[[Mainichi Shimbun|Mainichi Shimbun Digital]] |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''Anohana: Furen da muka gani a wannan rana'' |Tetsudo "Poppo" Hisakawa | rowspan="2" |Fuji TV | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=実写ドラマ「あの花」、谷花音がめんま役に！子役キャスト発表 |url=http://www.cinemacafe.net/article/2015/08/19/33496.html |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |website=Cinema Cafe |publisher=19 Aug 2015 |language=ja}}</ref> |- | rowspan="6" |2016 |''Ōoku'' | | | |- |''Budōkan'' |Haruki Maeda |Fuji TV, BS Sk-Per! | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 Nov 2015 |title=小出恵介、つんく♂モデルのアイドルP役「カリスマ性出したい」 ドラマ『武道館』 |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2062767/full/ |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |website=Oricon Style |publisher=Oricon |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''Tonari no Shinsengu'' |Hijikata Toshizō |Fuji TV | | |- |''Noboru Tachibana Seishun Tebikae'' |Yasuke Shintani |NHK BS Premium | | |- |''Aogeba Tōtoshi'' |Takeshi Jinnai |TBS | | |- |''Otokomeshi'' |Shinya Yonekura |Talabijin na Tokyo |Abubuwa 1 zuwa 5 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 Jun 2016 |title=柄本時生、"任侠×グルメ"ドラマで生瀬勝久と共演「面白くなりそう」 |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2073402/full/ |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |website=Oricon Style |publisher=Oricon |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Aug 2016 |title=テレ東、高畑容疑者出演ドラマ「侠飯」は一部撮り直し＆カットで対応…全話分撮影済み |url=http://www.hochi.co.jp/entertainment/20160825-OHT1T50022.html |website=Sports Hochi |language=ja |access-date=16 March 2025 |archive-date=27 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827065027/http://www.hochi.co.jp/entertainment/20160825-OHT1T50022.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 Aug 2016 |title=高畑容疑者出演のドラマ『侠飯』一部撮り直し テレ東「極めて遺憾です」 |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2077286/full/ |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |website=Oricon Style |publisher=Oricon |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 Sep 2016 |title=『侠飯～おとこめし～』高畑容疑者全カットでBD&DVD化 |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2077849/full/ |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |website=Oricon Style |publisher=Oricon |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 Sep 2016 |title=高畑裕太容疑者：BSジャパンは「侠飯」出演シーン全カット 高畑淳子はテレ東「模倣犯」出演へ |url=http://mantan-web.jp/2016/09/06/20160906dog00m200015000c.html |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |website=MantanWeb |language=ja |archive-date=11 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011205145/http://mantan-web.jp/2016/09/06/20160906dog00m200015000c.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} '''Ba a tsara shi ba saboda abin kunya''' {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Cibiyar sadarwa !Tabbacin. |- | rowspan="2" |2016 |''Mōmoku no Yoshinori Sensei: Hikari ko Ushinatte Kokoro ga Mieta'' |Kyota Sasaki |NTV |<ref name="daily sports">{{Cite web |date=23 Aug 2016 |title=日テレが高畑容疑者出演「24時間」ドラマの撮り直しと降板を発表 |url=http://www.daily.co.jp/gossip/2016/08/23/0009418379.shtml |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |website=Daily Sports |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 Aug 2016 |title=高畑裕太容疑者代役にNEWS小山 「24時間」のSPドラマ |url=http://www.daily.co.jp/gossip/2016/08/24/0009421730.shtml |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |website=Daily Sports |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''Sanada Maru'' |Sanada Nobumasa |NHK |<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 Aug 2016 |title=裕太容疑者 犯行数日前に大河収録 "出世"喜び「俺、戻ってきました！」 |url=http://www.sponichi.co.jp/entertainment/news/2016/08/29/kiji/K20160829013252650.html |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |website=Sponichi Annex |publisher=Sports Nippon |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 Sep 2016 |title=高畑容疑者の代役で「真田丸」抜擢 大山真志はどんな人？ |url=http://www.nikkan-gendai.com/articles/view/geino/189300 |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |publisher=Nikkan Gendai |language=ja}}</ref> |} === Fim din === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani !Tabbacin. |- |2015 |''Okāsan no Ki'' |Keiji Kajiya | | |- | |''Ao no Kaerimichi'' | |{{Efn|Takahata's incident took place during the film's production.}} |<ref name="sports hochi">{{Cite web |date=24 Aug 2016 |title=演映画予定通り公開は難しい…高畑容疑者逮捕で各界の対応 |url=http://www.hochi.co.jp/entertainment/20160824-OHT1T50007.html |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |website=Sports Hochi |language=ja |archive-date=25 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825170448/http://www.hochi.co.jp/entertainment/20160824-OHT1T50007.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 Aug 2016 |title=高畑裕太の逮捕で主演映画『青の帰り道』が撮影中止に、真野恵里菜ファンが大激怒！ |url=http://taishu.jp/detail/24156/ |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |publisher=Shūkan Taishū |language=ja}}</ref> |- |2017 |''Nannichi Kunsairai'' | | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 Aug 2016 |title=高畑裕太容疑者逮捕で向井理主演の大作映画"お蔵"危機！ 真野恵里菜主演『青の帰り道』も幻に |url=https://news.nifty.com/article/entame/showbizd/12122-86911/ |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |website=@nifty News |publisher=Nikkan Cyzo |language=ja |archive-date=14 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914113742/https://news.nifty.com/article/entame/showbizd/12122-86911/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} '''An soke shi saboda abin kunya''' {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Tabbacin. |- |2016 |''L'' |Mijin Baker |<ref name="sports hochi"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 Jul 2016 |title=Acid Black Cherry「L-エル-」映画キャスト追加、広瀬アリス相手役は古川雄輝 |url=http://natalie.mu/music/news/194396 |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |website=[[Natalie (website)|Music Natalie]] |publisher=Natasha |language=ja |archive-date=16 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116192554/http://natalie.mu/music/news/194396 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 Sep 2016 |title=広瀬アリス主演作「L - エル -」に成田凌が出演 公開は11月25日 |url=http://natalie.mu/eiga/news/203254 |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |website=[[Natalie (website)|Eiga Natalie]] |publisher=Natasha |language=ja |archive-date=10 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210170433/http://natalie.mu/eiga/news/203254 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} === Mataki === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken |- |2014 |''Onna 40-sai Nikuya no Musume'' |} '''An soke shi saboda abin kunya''' {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Tabbacin. |- |2016 |''Sayōnaraba, iza'' |<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 Aug 2016 |title=劇団・ONEOR8のツイート |url=https://twitter.com/oneor8_kousiki/status/768430973767692289 |publisher=[[Twitter]] |language=ja}}</ref> |- |2017 |''Cocoon na gidan wasan kwaikwayo a kan wasan kwaikwayo na 2017 Sekai'' |<ref>{{Cite web |title=シアターコクーン・オンレパートリー2017 世界 |url=http://www.bunkamura.co.jp/cocoon/lineup/17_sekai.html |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |publisher=Bunkamura |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 Sep 2016 |title=舞台降板した高畑裕太"代役"に和田正人、来年１月開幕「世界」 |url=http://www.sanspo.com/geino/news/20160917/geo16091705030004-n1.html |publisher=Sankei Sports |language=ja}}</ref> |} === Sauran shirye-shiryen talabijin === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Cibiyar sadarwa !Bayani !Tabbacin. |- |2015 |''Peke Pon Plus'' |Fuji TV | |<ref name="sponichi annex 2015"/> |- | rowspan="2" |2016 |''Guruguru Kashi Tara da Tara'' |NTV |"Kanaboshi Sumou-bu" na yau da kullun | |- |''Go Taimen iri-iri: 7-ji ni aimashou'' |TBS |Kullum |<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 Aug 2016 |title=高畑容疑者逮捕 TBS番組降板へ HPから削除…各局も対応追われる |url=http://www.daily.co.jp/gossip/2016/08/24/0009421326.shtml |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |website=Daily Sports |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 Aug 2016 |title=「7時にあいましょう」高畑容疑者にボカシ処理 |url=http://www.narinari.com/Nd/20160839469.html |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |website=Narinari.com |language=ja}}</ref> |} '''Ba a tsara shi ba saboda abin kunya''' {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Cibiyar sadarwa !Tabbacin. |- | rowspan="3" |2016 |''Konya kurabete mimashita'' | rowspan="3" |NTV | |- |''1 Shūkai tte Shiranai Hanashi'' |<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 Aug 2016 |title=東野幸治、高畑裕太ら"今時世代"とのギャップに呆然「落ち込む時がある」 |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2076899/full/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822130737/http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2076899/full/ |archive-date=22 August 2016 |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |website=Oricon Style |publisher=Oricon |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''24-jikan TV: Ai wa Chikyū o স্কুল'' |<ref name="daily sports"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 Aug 2016 |title=『24時間テレビ』、過去10年でワースト！ 両足マヒの少年へ"虐待疑惑"も噴出 |url=http://www.cyzowoman.com/2016/08/post_21567.html |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |website=Cyzo Woman |language=ja }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |} === Labari === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Cibiyar sadarwa |- |2015 |''Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na DHC: Kono shima de, chiru koto ko shita. -Ten'nō no shima Pellyu zuwa Anghaul-'' |Sky PerfecTV! |} === Bidiyo na kiɗa === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken |- |2015 |Typewriter & YMG "Bari in san aikin. AK-69 da Kohh" |} === Tallace-tallace === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Tabbacin. |- |2016 |"''Shin Seikatsu Ōen''" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=グリーンの看板エイブルの新CMはGReeeeNの書き下ろしが!?2016年1月3日より『始まりの唄』にのせて放映開始！・ストーリーは土屋太鳳さんの「あたらしい私」篇と高畑裕太さんの「新生活応援」篇の二本立て |url=http://pdf.irpocket.com/C3272/OumS/dDdt/T8AD.pdf |access-date=14 Dec 2016 |language=ja |archive-date=14 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314114847/http://pdf.irpocket.com/C3272/OumS/dDdt/T8AD.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} == manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p85hr8pwpqmx4uu50w34wzncbn2h1fv 0 96392 893694 830567 2026-08-09T16:20:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tina Gifty Naa Ayele Mensah''' (an haife ta 23 ga [[Janairu]] 1964) yar siyasan Ghana ce kuma ɗan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Weija-Gbawe . Ita memba ce ta Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Patriotic kuma [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana Addo]] ta nada ta a matsayin mataimakiyar Ministan Lafiya a ranar 15 ga Maris 2017. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tina Mensah picked as Deputy Health Minister |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Tina-Mensah-picked-as-Deputy-Health-Minister-518413 |access-date=31 October 2018 |website=ghanaweb |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Mensah a ranar 23 ga Janairun 1964 a [[Jamestown/Usshertown, Accra|Jamestown]], Birnin Accra na Biritaniya na [[Yankin Greater Accra|Babban yankin Accra]] . Ta yi karatun sakandare a [[Accra Girls Senior High School|Accra Girls School]] . Ta yi digiri na farko a fannin Gudanar da Jama'a da Masters a fannin hulda da kasashen duniya da diflomasiya daga [[Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Gudanar da Jama'a ta Ghana]] . <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Mensah, Tina Gifty Naa Ayeley |url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5503 |access-date=31 October 2018 |website=Ghana MPs |archive-date=31 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031132946/http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5503 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tina Gifty Naa Ayeley Mensah |url=https://www.moh.gov.gh/tina-gifty-naa-ayeley-mensah/ |access-date=8 December 2020 |website=Ministry Of Health |language=en-US}}</ref> == Siyasa == Tina Gifty Mensah 'yar sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party ce kuma 'yar majalisa ce mai wakiltar mazabar Weija-Gbawe a [[yankin Greater Accra]] a majalisar dokoki ta bakwai da ta takwas na jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=43 |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=parliament of ghana }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === zaben 2016 === Mensah ya samu kuri'u 34,216 daga cikin sahihin kuri'u 59,926 da aka kada a babban zaben Ghana na 2016 . Ta doke [[Obuobia Darko-Opoku]] da Jessica Adwoa Mannuell. <ref name=":1"/> <ref name="ghanamps.com">{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Mensah, Tina Gifty Naa Ayeley |url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5503 |access-date=9 March 2019 |website=www.ghanamps.com |archive-date=31 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031132946/http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5503 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Weija Constituency Results - Election 2016 |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/greateraccra/weija/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2023-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209172410/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/greateraccra/weija/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === zaben 2020 === Mensah ya sake tsayawa takarar majalisar dokokin kasar ta Weija- Gbawe (Mazabar majalisar dokokin Ghana) a yayin babban zaben Ghana na 2020 a matsayin dan takarar majalisar dokoki na sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party kuma ya samu nasara da kuri'u 36,875 daga cikin kuri'u 70,399 da ke wakiltar kashi 52.38%. An zabe ta a kan Cleland Nii Ayaa Ayison na National Democratic Congress, Nii Djaban Abbey Oromasis na GUM, Savior Kofi Gdedze na Jam'iyyar Convention People's Party Rita Dugah na APC da Thomas Moon Jnr na PPP. Sun samu kuri'u 32,218, kuri'u 654, kuri'u 652, kuri'u 0 da kuri'u 0 bi da bi. Waɗannan sun yi daidai da 45.76%, 0.93%, 0.93%, 0.00% and 0.00% na jimillar kuri'u.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliamentary Results for Weija-gbawe |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2020/elections.constituency.results.php?mode=parliamentary&ID=328 |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=mobile ghanaweb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=2020 Election - Weija Constituency Results |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/greateraccra/weija/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2024-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625141759/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/greateraccra/weija/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Weija / Gbawe – Election Data Center – The Ghana Report |url=https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/greater-accra-region/weija-gbawe/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103195930/https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/greater-accra-region/weija-gbawe/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A zaben fidda gwani na 'yan majalisar dokoki na 2024 na NPP, Jerry Ahmed Shaib ya sha kaye a yunkurinta na wakiltar jam'iyyar. Shaib ya samu kuri'u 783 yayin da Gifty Mensah ya samu kuri'u 361, daga cikin jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-27 |title=Full list of NPP MPs who lost or retained their parliamentary bids |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2024/01/full-list-of-npp-mps-who-lost-or-retained-their-parliamentary-bids/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana |language=en-US}}</ref> == Sana'a == Ta kasance shugabar kamfanin Gemens Company LTD. in Mamprobi, Accra. <ref name="ghanamps.com"/> == Kyauta == A ranar 4 ga watan Agustan 2017, kungiyar matasan Ghana da Najeriya ta ba ta lambar yabo bisa kyakkyawan jagoranci. A cikin 2017 an yanke mata hukunci mafi kyawun mataimakiyar Minista ta Ayyukan Binciken FAKS. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Tina tana da aure da ’ya’ya uku. Ta bayyana a matsayin [[Kirista]] . <ref name=":0"/> == Nassoshi == [[Rukuni:Mata ƴan majalisar dokokin Ghana]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] o59rng5ioec70pndl6h80p3ci50igxl 0 96751 893701 892519 2026-08-09T16:23:09Z Asiya Garba 46242 893701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mabel Cordelia Holloway Walker (Mayu 2, 1902 - Yuli 8, 1987), Ba'amurke - Bahamas suffragist, ita ce shugabar kungiyar malamai ta Bahamas kuma mace ta farko da ta shugabanci kungiyar kwadago a Bahamas . [1] Walker tare da Mary Ingraham, Georgianna Symonette, da Eugenia Lockhart sun fara Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙaddamar da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙasa. [2] A shekara ta 2012, a ranar cika shekaru hamsin da mata suka sami ƴancin jefa ƙuri'a, gwamnatin Bahamian ta ƙirƙiri jerin tambura don girmama waɗannan matan. Walker ya bayyana akan tambarin cent 50. [2] == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Mabel Cordelia Holloway a Greenville, South Carolina, ranar 2 ga Mayun shekara ta 1902, ga Reverend Elias B. Holloway. [1] [2] Ita ce ta shida a cikin yara tara. [2] Lokacin yaro, Holloway ya halarci makarantar firamare a Greenville da makarantar sakandare a Oberlin High School a Oberlin, Ohio . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=ohs_obits_W |url=http://www.oberlin-high.org/obits/ohs_obits_w.html |access-date=2017-11-13 |website=www.oberlin-high.org }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta halarci Jami'ar Howard a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha. Lokacin a Howard, ta sadu da mijinta na gaba, Claudius Roland Walker, wanda ke karatun digiri na Kimiyya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hinsey |first=Shananda |title=LibGuides: Women Suffrage: Suffrage Women |url=https://cob-bs.libguides.com/c.php?g=558148&p=3935757 |access-date=2017-11-11 |website=cob-bs.libguides.com |language=en |archive-date=2017-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108204722/https://cob-bs.libguides.com/c.php?g=558148&p=3935757 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haifi Claudius Walker a unguwar Bain Town a [[Nassau]] a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1897, ga Claudius F. da Patience (Robinson) Walker. <ref>{{Cite web |last=BahamasLocal.com |title=CR Walker Senior High - Nassau - Nassau / Paradise Island, Bahamas |url=https://www.bahamaslocal.com/showlisting/16842/CR_Walker_Senior_High.html |access-date=2017-11-13 |website=www.bahamaslocal.com |language=en}}</ref> Yayin da take koleji, ta kasance mai aiki a cikin ƙungiyar Matasa ta Kirista ta Matasa (YWCA), tana halartar taro da yawa na YWCA. <ref name=":2"/> Bayan kammala karatun digiri daga kwaleji da yin aure, Walker ya yi aiki a YWCA a [[New Jersey]], yayin da mijinta ya bi karatun likitancinsa a Kwalejin Meharry a Nashville, Tennessee . <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":2"/> Ta yi karatun sirri a Arts da Crafts da zane-zane. <ref name=":2" /> Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Bahamas bayan Claudius ya kammala karatun likitanci <ref name=":0" /> == Sana'a a ilimi == Bayan ya koma The Bahamas, Walker ya shiga cikin ilimi, da farko ta hanyar buɗe makarantar gaba da sakandare da kuma taimaka wa Claudius da azuzuwan ilimin manya a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Bahamas. <ref name=":2"/> Daga baya, Walker ya zama malami mai tsarin makaranta na gida kuma ya koyar a Makarantar Shirye-shiryen Kudu, Manyan Manyan Yammacin Turai da Makarantun Yara. An kuma kara mata girma zuwa shugabar makarantar Woodcock Primary School. <ref name=":2"/> Ta yi ritaya daga koyarwa a 1962. <ref name=":2" /> == Kungiyar Malamai ta Bahamas == An kafa ƙungiyar malamai ta Bahamas a cikin 1947 ta Mabel Walker. Walker ita ce shugabar da ta kafa, inda ta zama mata ta farko da ta zama shugabar kungiyar kwadago a Bahamas. == Harkar Zabar Mata == A cikin 1950, Walker tare da [[Mary Ingraham]], Georgianna Symonette, da Eugenia Lockhart sun fara Ƙungiyar Suffrage na Mata (WSM) wanda ya yi yakin neman zaben balagagge na duniya. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=October 8, 2012 |title=Women's Suffrage Movement Commemorative stamp |url=http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/bis-news-updates/Women_s_Suffrage_Movement_Commemorative_stamp24487.shtml |access-date=2017-11-13 |website=www.thebahamasweekly.com |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113113349/http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/bis-news-updates/Women_s_Suffrage_Movement_Commemorative_stamp24487.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tare da haɗin gwiwar Walker a cikin Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Bahamas, da sauran haɗin gwiwar mata a cikin kulake na mata, sun sami damar rinjayar wasu su shiga su. <ref name=":0" /> == Daga baya rai da mutuwa == Walker ita ce mahaifiyar 'ya'ya bakwai. <ref name=":2"/> Bayan ta yi ritaya daga koyarwa, ta gudanar da kantin magani na Walker's Pharmacy, Clothes and Hardware Store. <ref name=":2" /> Makarantar Firamare ta Mabel Walker, [1] Mabel Walker In-House Professional Development Center [2] da Bahamas Union of Teachers' Walker Hall [1] an ba su suna don girmama Walker. Ta sami lambar yabo ta Sarauniya da Certificate of Honour. [1] Walker ya mutu a ranar 8 ga Yuli, 1987, yana da shekaru 85. [3] A cikin 2023, Walker bayan mutuwarsa ya karɓi odar Rarrabewa - girmamawar abokin tarayya daga gwamnatin Bahamiyya. [4] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1987]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1902]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ei49iabhtdx90e9ljpz0gt0mhrrzoec 893703 893701 2026-08-09T16:23:18Z Asiya Garba 46242 893703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mabel Cordelia Holloway Walker (Mayu 2, 1902 - Yuli 8, 1987), Ba'amurke - Bahamas suffragist, ita ce shugabar kungiyar malamai ta Bahamas kuma mace ta farko da ta shugabanci kungiyar kwadago a Bahamas . [1] Walker tare da Mary Ingraham, Georgianna Symonette, da Eugenia Lockhart sun fara Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙaddamar da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙasa. [2] A shekara ta 2012, a ranar cika shekaru hamsin da mata suka sami ƴancin jefa ƙuri'a, gwamnatin Bahamian ta ƙirƙiri jerin tambura don girmama waɗannan matan. Walker ya bayyana akan tambarin cent 50. [2] == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An kuma haifi Mabel Cordelia Holloway a Greenville, South Carolina, ranar 2 ga Mayun shekara ta 1902, ga Reverend Elias B. Holloway. [1] [2] Ita ce ta shida a cikin yara tara. [2] Lokacin yaro, Holloway ya halarci makarantar firamare a Greenville da makarantar sakandare a Oberlin High School a Oberlin, Ohio . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=ohs_obits_W |url=http://www.oberlin-high.org/obits/ohs_obits_w.html |access-date=2017-11-13 |website=www.oberlin-high.org }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta halarci Jami'ar Howard a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha. Lokacin a Howard, ta sadu da mijinta na gaba, Claudius Roland Walker, wanda ke karatun digiri na Kimiyya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hinsey |first=Shananda |title=LibGuides: Women Suffrage: Suffrage Women |url=https://cob-bs.libguides.com/c.php?g=558148&p=3935757 |access-date=2017-11-11 |website=cob-bs.libguides.com |language=en |archive-date=2017-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108204722/https://cob-bs.libguides.com/c.php?g=558148&p=3935757 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haifi Claudius Walker a unguwar Bain Town a [[Nassau]] a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1897, ga Claudius F. da Patience (Robinson) Walker. <ref>{{Cite web |last=BahamasLocal.com |title=CR Walker Senior High - Nassau - Nassau / Paradise Island, Bahamas |url=https://www.bahamaslocal.com/showlisting/16842/CR_Walker_Senior_High.html |access-date=2017-11-13 |website=www.bahamaslocal.com |language=en}}</ref> Yayin da take koleji, ta kasance mai aiki a cikin ƙungiyar Matasa ta Kirista ta Matasa (YWCA), tana halartar taro da yawa na YWCA. <ref name=":2"/> Bayan kammala karatun digiri daga kwaleji da yin aure, Walker ya yi aiki a YWCA a [[New Jersey]], yayin da mijinta ya bi karatun likitancinsa a Kwalejin Meharry a Nashville, Tennessee . <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":2"/> Ta yi karatun sirri a Arts da Crafts da zane-zane. <ref name=":2" /> Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Bahamas bayan Claudius ya kammala karatun likitanci <ref name=":0" /> == Sana'a a ilimi == Bayan ya koma The Bahamas, Walker ya shiga cikin ilimi, da farko ta hanyar buɗe makarantar gaba da sakandare da kuma taimaka wa Claudius da azuzuwan ilimin manya a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Bahamas. <ref name=":2"/> Daga baya, Walker ya zama malami mai tsarin makaranta na gida kuma ya koyar a Makarantar Shirye-shiryen Kudu, Manyan Manyan Yammacin Turai da Makarantun Yara. An kuma kara mata girma zuwa shugabar makarantar Woodcock Primary School. <ref name=":2"/> Ta yi ritaya daga koyarwa a 1962. <ref name=":2" /> == Kungiyar Malamai ta Bahamas == An kafa ƙungiyar malamai ta Bahamas a cikin 1947 ta Mabel Walker. Walker ita ce shugabar da ta kafa, inda ta zama mata ta farko da ta zama shugabar kungiyar kwadago a Bahamas. == Harkar Zabar Mata == A cikin 1950, Walker tare da [[Mary Ingraham]], Georgianna Symonette, da Eugenia Lockhart sun fara Ƙungiyar Suffrage na Mata (WSM) wanda ya yi yakin neman zaben balagagge na duniya. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=October 8, 2012 |title=Women's Suffrage Movement Commemorative stamp |url=http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/bis-news-updates/Women_s_Suffrage_Movement_Commemorative_stamp24487.shtml |access-date=2017-11-13 |website=www.thebahamasweekly.com |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113113349/http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/bis-news-updates/Women_s_Suffrage_Movement_Commemorative_stamp24487.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tare da haɗin gwiwar Walker a cikin Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Bahamas, da sauran haɗin gwiwar mata a cikin kulake na mata, sun sami damar rinjayar wasu su shiga su. <ref name=":0" /> == Daga baya rai da mutuwa == Walker ita ce mahaifiyar 'ya'ya bakwai. <ref name=":2"/> Bayan ta yi ritaya daga koyarwa, ta gudanar da kantin magani na Walker's Pharmacy, Clothes and Hardware Store. <ref name=":2" /> Makarantar Firamare ta Mabel Walker, [1] Mabel Walker In-House Professional Development Center [2] da Bahamas Union of Teachers' Walker Hall [1] an ba su suna don girmama Walker. Ta sami lambar yabo ta Sarauniya da Certificate of Honour. [1] Walker ya mutu a ranar 8 ga Yuli, 1987, yana da shekaru 85. [3] A cikin 2023, Walker bayan mutuwarsa ya karɓi odar Rarrabewa - girmamawar abokin tarayya daga gwamnatin Bahamiyya. [4] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1987]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1902]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rkvyh4b8ay24mq5h04cwvuqx4zu21gy 893704 893703 2026-08-09T16:23:40Z Asiya Garba 46242 893704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mabel Cordelia Holloway Walker (Mayu 2, 1902 - Yuli 8, 1987), Ba'amurke - Bahamas suffragist, ita ce shugabar kungiyar malamai ta Bahamas kuma mace ta farko da ta shugabanci kungiyar kwadago a Bahamas . [1] Walker tare da Mary Ingraham, Georgianna Symonette, da Eugenia Lockhart sun fara Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙaddamar da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙasa. [2] A shekara ta 2012, a ranar cika shekaru hamsin da mata suka sami ƴancin jefa ƙuri'a, gwamnatin Bahamian ta ƙirƙiri jerin tambura don girmama waɗannan matan. Walker ya bayyana akan tambarin cent 50. [2] == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An kuma haifi Mabel Cordelia Holloway a Greenville, South Carolina, ranar 2 ga Mayun shekara ta 1902, ga Reverend Elias B. Holloway. [1] [2] Ita ce ta shida a cikin yara tara. [2] Lokacin yaro, Holloway ya halarci makarantar firamare a Greenville da makarantar sakandare a Oberlin High School a Oberlin, Ohio . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=ohs_obits_W |url=http://www.oberlin-high.org/obits/ohs_obits_w.html |access-date=2017-11-13 |website=www.oberlin-high.org }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta halarci Jami'ar Howard a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha. Lokacin a Howard, ta sadu da mijinta na gaba, Claudius Roland Walker, wanda ke karatun digiri na Kimiyya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hinsey |first=Shananda |title=LibGuides: Women Suffrage: Suffrage Women |url=https://cob-bs.libguides.com/c.php?g=558148&p=3935757 |access-date=2017-11-11 |website=cob-bs.libguides.com |language=en |archive-date=2017-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108204722/https://cob-bs.libguides.com/c.php?g=558148&p=3935757 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haifi Claudius Walker a unguwar Bain Town a [[Nassau]] a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1897, ga Claudius F. da Patience (Robinson) Walker. <ref>{{Cite web |last=BahamasLocal.com |title=CR Walker Senior High - Nassau - Nassau / Paradise Island, Bahamas |url=https://www.bahamaslocal.com/showlisting/16842/CR_Walker_Senior_High.html |access-date=2017-11-13 |website=www.bahamaslocal.com |language=en}}</ref> Yayin da take koleji, ta kasance mai aiki a cikin ƙungiyar Matasa ta Kirista ta Matasa (YWCA), tana halartar taro da yawa na YWCA. <ref name=":2"/> Bayan kammala karatun digiri daga kwaleji da yin aure, Walker ya yi aiki a YWCA a [[New Jersey]], yayin da mijinta ya bi karatun likitancinsa a Kwalejin Meharry a Nashville, Tennessee . <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":2"/> Ta yi karatun sirri a Arts da Crafts da zane-zane. <ref name=":2" /> Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Bahamas bayan Claudius ya kammala karatun likitanci <ref name=":0" /> == Sana'a a ilimi == Bayan kuma ya koma The Bahamas, Walker ya shiga cikin ilimi, da farko ta hanyar buɗe makarantar gaba da sakandare da kuma taimaka wa Claudius da azuzuwan ilimin manya a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Bahamas. <ref name=":2"/> Daga baya, Walker ya zama malami mai tsarin makaranta na gida kuma ya koyar a Makarantar Shirye-shiryen Kudu, Manyan Manyan Yammacin Turai da Makarantun Yara. An kuma kara mata girma zuwa shugabar makarantar Woodcock Primary School. <ref name=":2"/> Ta yi ritaya daga koyarwa a 1962. <ref name=":2" /> == Kungiyar Malamai ta Bahamas == An kafa ƙungiyar malamai ta Bahamas a cikin 1947 ta Mabel Walker. Walker ita ce shugabar da ta kafa, inda ta zama mata ta farko da ta zama shugabar kungiyar kwadago a Bahamas. == Harkar Zabar Mata == A cikin 1950, Walker tare da [[Mary Ingraham]], Georgianna Symonette, da Eugenia Lockhart sun fara Ƙungiyar Suffrage na Mata (WSM) wanda ya yi yakin neman zaben balagagge na duniya. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=October 8, 2012 |title=Women's Suffrage Movement Commemorative stamp |url=http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/bis-news-updates/Women_s_Suffrage_Movement_Commemorative_stamp24487.shtml |access-date=2017-11-13 |website=www.thebahamasweekly.com |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113113349/http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/bis-news-updates/Women_s_Suffrage_Movement_Commemorative_stamp24487.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tare da haɗin gwiwar Walker a cikin Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Bahamas, da sauran haɗin gwiwar mata a cikin kulake na mata, sun sami damar rinjayar wasu su shiga su. <ref name=":0" /> == Daga baya rai da mutuwa == Walker ita ce mahaifiyar 'ya'ya bakwai. <ref name=":2"/> Bayan ta yi ritaya daga koyarwa, ta gudanar da kantin magani na Walker's Pharmacy, Clothes and Hardware Store. <ref name=":2" /> Makarantar Firamare ta Mabel Walker, [1] Mabel Walker In-House Professional Development Center [2] da Bahamas Union of Teachers' Walker Hall [1] an ba su suna don girmama Walker. Ta sami lambar yabo ta Sarauniya da Certificate of Honour. [1] Walker ya mutu a ranar 8 ga Yuli, 1987, yana da shekaru 85. [3] A cikin 2023, Walker bayan mutuwarsa ya karɓi odar Rarrabewa - girmamawar abokin tarayya daga gwamnatin Bahamiyya. [4] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1987]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1902]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 20qoctupezvbq4ojaumuu7qc649bvn3 893705 893704 2026-08-09T16:24:03Z Asiya Garba 46242 893705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mabel Cordelia Holloway Walker (Mayu 2, 1902 - Yuli 8, 1987), Ba'amurke - Bahamas suffragist, ita ce shugabar kungiyar malamai ta Bahamas kuma mace ta farko da ta shugabanci kungiyar kwadago a Bahamas . [1] Walker tare da Mary Ingraham, Georgianna Symonette, da Eugenia Lockhart sun fara Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙaddamar da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙasa. [2] A shekara ta 2012, a ranar cika shekaru hamsin da mata suka sami ƴancin jefa ƙuri'a, gwamnatin Bahamian ta ƙirƙiri jerin tambura don girmama waɗannan matan. Walker ya bayyana akan tambarin cent 50. [2] == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An kuma haifi Mabel Cordelia Holloway a Greenville, South Carolina, ranar 2 ga Mayun shekara ta 1902, ga Reverend Elias B. Holloway. [1] [2] Ita ce ta shida a cikin yara tara. [2] Lokacin yaro, Holloway ya halarci makarantar firamare a Greenville da makarantar sakandare a Oberlin High School a Oberlin, Ohio . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=ohs_obits_W |url=http://www.oberlin-high.org/obits/ohs_obits_w.html |access-date=2017-11-13 |website=www.oberlin-high.org }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta halarci Jami'ar Howard a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha. Lokacin a Howard, ta sadu da mijinta na gaba, Claudius Roland Walker, wanda ke karatun digiri na Kimiyya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hinsey |first=Shananda |title=LibGuides: Women Suffrage: Suffrage Women |url=https://cob-bs.libguides.com/c.php?g=558148&p=3935757 |access-date=2017-11-11 |website=cob-bs.libguides.com |language=en |archive-date=2017-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108204722/https://cob-bs.libguides.com/c.php?g=558148&p=3935757 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haifi Claudius Walker a unguwar Bain Town a [[Nassau]] a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1897, ga Claudius F. da Patience (Robinson) Walker. <ref>{{Cite web |last=BahamasLocal.com |title=CR Walker Senior High - Nassau - Nassau / Paradise Island, Bahamas |url=https://www.bahamaslocal.com/showlisting/16842/CR_Walker_Senior_High.html |access-date=2017-11-13 |website=www.bahamaslocal.com |language=en}}</ref> Yayin da take koleji, ta kasance mai aiki a cikin ƙungiyar Matasa ta Kirista ta Matasa (YWCA), tana halartar taro da yawa na YWCA. <ref name=":2"/> Bayan kammala karatun digiri daga kwaleji da yin aure, Walker ya yi aiki a YWCA a [[New Jersey]], yayin da mijinta ya bi karatun likitancinsa a Kwalejin Meharry a Nashville, Tennessee . <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":2"/> Ta yi karatun sirri a Arts da Crafts da zane-zane. <ref name=":2" /> Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Bahamas bayan Claudius ya kammala karatun likitanci <ref name=":0" /> == Sana'a a ilimi == Bayan kuma ya koma The Bahamas, Walker ya shiga cikin ilimi, da farko ta hanyar buɗe makarantar gaba da sakandare da kuma taimaka wa Claudius da azuzuwan ilimin manya a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Bahamas. <ref name=":2"/> Daga baya, Walker ya zama malami mai tsarin makaranta na gida kuma ya koyar a Makarantar Shirye-shiryen Kudu, Manyan Manyan Yammacin Turai da Makarantun Yara. An kuma kara mata girma zuwa shugabar makarantar Woodcock Primary School. <ref name=":2"/> Ta yi ritaya daga koyarwa a 1962. <ref name=":2" /> == Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Bahamas == An kafa ƙungiyar malamai ta Bahamas a cikin 1947 ta Mabel Walker. Walker ita ce shugabar da ta kafa, inda ta zama mata ta farko da ta zama shugabar kungiyar kwadago a Bahamas. == Harkar Zaɓar Mata == A cikin 1950, Walker tare da [[Mary Ingraham]], Georgianna Symonette, da Eugenia Lockhart sun fara Ƙungiyar Suffrage na Mata (WSM) wanda ya yi yakin neman zaɓen balagagge na duniya. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=October 8, 2012 |title=Women's Suffrage Movement Commemorative stamp |url=http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/bis-news-updates/Women_s_Suffrage_Movement_Commemorative_stamp24487.shtml |access-date=2017-11-13 |website=www.thebahamasweekly.com |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113113349/http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/bis-news-updates/Women_s_Suffrage_Movement_Commemorative_stamp24487.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tare da haɗin gwiwar Walker a cikin Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Bahamas, da sauran haɗin gwiwar mata a cikin kulake na mata, sun sami damar rinjayar wasu su shiga su. <ref name=":0" /> == Daga baya rai da mutuwa == Walker ita ce mahaifiyar 'ya'ya bakwai. <ref name=":2"/> Bayan ta yi ritaya daga koyarwa, ta gudanar da kantin magani na Walker's Pharmacy, Clothes and Hardware Store. <ref name=":2" /> Makarantar Firamare ta Mabel Walker, [1] Mabel Walker In-House Professional Development Center [2] da Bahamas Union of Teachers' Walker Hall [1] an ba su suna don girmama Walker. Ta sami lambar yabo ta Sarauniya da Certificate of Honour. [1] Walker ya mutu a ranar 8 ga Yuli, 1987, yana da shekaru 85. [3] A cikin 2023, Walker bayan mutuwarsa ya karɓi odar Rarrabewa - girmamawar abokin tarayya daga gwamnatin Bahamiyya. [4] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1987]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1902]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mecewpeepfb5c83rj65l536uyrndoeq 0 97600 893940 867442 2026-08-09T23:08:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wendy McElroy (an haife shi a shekara ta 1951) ɗan ƙasar Kanada ɗan mata ne kuma mai son sa kai . [ana buƙatar hujja] marubuci. McElroy shine editan gidan yanar gizon ifeminists.net. [1] [[Fayil:Wendy_McElroy_16_September_2006_AM_2.jpg|right|thumb| Wendy McElroy yana magana a Springfield, Illinois, Satumba 16, 2006]] McElroy shi ne marubucin littafin ''Rape Culture Hysteria'', wanda a cikinsa ya yi ikirarin cewa al'adar fyade ta samo asali ne sakamakon rashin lafiyar da aka fi sani da maza, musamman ma fararen fata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Presley |first=Sharon |date=July 11, 2016 |title=A Review of Rape Culture Hysteria: Fixing the Damage Done to Men and Women |url=https://www.libertarianism.org/columns/review-rape-culture-hysteria-fixing-damage-done-men-women-wendy-mcelroy |access-date=11 April 2018 |website=Libertarianism.org |archive-date=15 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715205037/https://www.libertarianism.org/columns/review-rape-culture-hysteria-fixing-damage-done-men-women-wendy-mcelroy |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beaver |first=William |date=Fall 2016 |title=Book Review |url=http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?id=1162 |journal=[[The Independent Review]] |volume=21 |issue=2 |access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaw |first=Jane S. |date=October 26, 2016 |title=Is There Really a Rape Culture on Our Campuses? |url=https://www.jamesgmartin.center/2016/10/really-rape-culture-campuses/ |access-date=7 October 2017 |website=The James G. Martin Center for Academic Renewal}}</ref> A cikin Nuwamba 2014, McElroy ya shirya yin muhawara Jessica Valenti a Jami'ar Brown Jami'ar Janus muhawara a kan "Ta Yaya Ya Kamata Kwalejoji Su Yi Maganin Cin Duri da Jima'i?". Kafin muhawarar, shugabar Brown Christina Paxson ta aike da sakon i-mel da ke fadin harabar jami'ar tana mai cewa ba ta amince da ra'ayin McElroy ba, kuma ta kafa wani taron na daban a lokaci guda don yin gasa da muhawarar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Saffron |first=Jesse |date=November 20, 2014 |title=An Intellectual Cocoon |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/phi-beta-cons/intellectual-cocoon-jesse-saffron/ |access-date=11 April 2018 |publisher=National Review}}</ref> Masu sharhi daban-daban sun soki ayyukan ɗaliban Brown da Paxson. == Ayyukan da aka buga == ; Littattafai * ''Tsarin Shaida na Ƙasa: Maƙala a cikin Adawa'', na Carl Watner, Wendy McElroy, 2004  * ''Muhawara ta 'Yanci: Bayanin Anarchism na Mutum, 1881-1908'', 2003  * * ''Daidaiton Jima'i: Hare-Haren jinsi da Mata a kan Mata'', 2001 * ''Masu Zaɓe Masu Rarraba: Wadanda Suka ƙi Zaɓe da Halaccin adawar'' su ta Carl Watner, Wendy McElroy, 2001 * ''Ɗaliban Mata na Ƙarni na Sha Tara: Rubuce-rubucen Tattara da Bayanan Halittu'', 2001 * ''Sarauniya Azurfa: Yarinyar Mara Allah'' (Nazarin Mata (Amherst, NY), Sarauniya Zabi Azurfa, 1999 - game da kawarta Sarauniya Zabi Azurfa. * ''<nowiki/>'Yanci, Feminism, da Jiha'' ta Wendy McElroy, Lewis Perry, 1999 * ''Mace Mai Hankali: Jagora ga Rayuwa ta Hankali'', 1998 * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20070410045103/http://www.zetetics.com/mac/xxx/ XXX: Haƙƙin Mace na Hoton Batsa]'' Prelude Press, 1995,  * ''<nowiki/>'Yanci, 1881-1908: Ƙididdigar Ƙarfafa'', 1982 ; Labarai * {{Cite book|last=Ronald Hamowy}} **   **   **   **   **   **   == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Official website|http://www.wendymcelroy.com}} * [https://www.c-span.org/person/?67200/WendyMcElroy Appearances] on C-SPAN [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jjb9stojmzba06jnqi8brj44gmkwsiz 0 97603 893914 608565 2026-08-09T21:38:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Virginia " Gina " Vargas Valente (an haife ta 23 ga Yuli 1945) ƙwararriyar ilimin zamantakewar jama'a ce ta ƙasar Peru kuma sanannen jigo a harkar mata a ƙasarta. [[Fayil:Gina_Vargas_(5434830397)_(cropped).jpg|thumb| Vargas a dandalin zamantakewa na duniya 2011]] {{Reflist}} == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Virginia Vargas a ranar 23 ga Yuli 1945 a [[Lima]], Peru, na biyu a cikin yara hudu. Bayan makarantar sakandare, Vargas ya halarci Jami'ar Katolika ta Pontifical na Peru daga 1963 zuwa 1968. Da farko tana sha'awar wasan kwaikwayo da adabi, amma daga baya ta mayar da hankalinta ga kimiyyar siyasa. A cikin 1978 Vargas ya kafa Cibiyar Flora Tristan, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta Peruvian da ke karatu, ilmantarwa, da kuma lobbies don 'yancin mata. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da kungiyar kuma daga baya darektanta har zuwa 1990. Vargas ya yunƙura don [[haƙƙin haifuwa]] ga mata a Peru kuma an san shi a duniya a matsayin jagorar mai fafutukar yancin mata na Peruvian. A matsayin mai bincike, Vargas ya yi nazarin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa na Kudancin Kudancin da kuma rawar da mata ke takawa wajen bunkasa tattalin arziki. Vargas ya yi tafiya a ko'ina cikin Peru a cikin 1980s ta hanyar shirin Red de Mujeres de Educación Popular de Consejo de Eduacion de Adultos de Americano Latino (CEAAL), ƙungiyar yanki na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Ilimin Adult . Ta shirya taron karawa juna sani na kungiyar mata ta yanki bisa tsari da ka'ida. Vargas ya yi aiki a matsayin mai shiryawa kuma mai fafutuka a Latin Amurka daga 1990 har zuwa 1998. <ref name="BGD">{{Cite web |title=Virginia Vargas |url=http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.org/content/virginia-vargas |access-date=20 November 2015 |publisher=Building Global Democracy |archive-date=20 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120165555/http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.org/content/virginia-vargas |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.org/content/virginia-vargas "Virginia Vargas"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250412151030/http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.org/content/virginia-vargas |date=2025-04-12 }}. Building Global Democracy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Ta kafa sashen DAWN na Latin Amurka ( Madaidaicin Ci gaba tare da Mata don Sabuwar Zamani ) kuma ta yi yaƙi da hana haifuwar mata a cikin 1998. Ta dauki matsayi a matsayin farfesa a Cibiyar Nazarin Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya a Hague, Netherlands don Shirin Mata da Ci gaba, yana koyarwa na watanni biyu a cikin shekara. <ref name="BGD" /> <ref name="Trevizan" /> Ta kasance farfesa mai ziyartar shirye-shiryen nazarin jinsi a Jami'ar Wisconsin a Amurka da kuma a Latin Amurka da Peru. Ta kasance mai shiga tsakani a cikin Articulición Feminista Marcosur, cibiyar sadarwar siyasa ta mata ta Latin Amurka. <ref name="BGD" /> Vargas ya kasance wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta UNIFEM a yayin taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya karo na hudu kan mata a birnin Beijing a watan Satumba na shekarar 1995. Ita ce mai kula da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na Latin Amurka da Caribbean don dandalin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na taron. <ref name="BGD" /> Da farko a cikin 2001, Vargas ya zama wani ɓangare na Kwamitin Duniya na Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Duniya . <ref name="BGD" /> Har ila yau, tana kan Majalisar Ba da Shawarwari ta Jami'ar Ƙasa ta San Marcos 'Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya da Canjin Duniya. <ref name="BGD"/> == wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa == === A matsayin edita === * "Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa a Tarihi: Tarihi na Ƙungiyoyin Ƙauye, 1956-64" (1981) * "Haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki da zamantakewa na mata a Peru" (1982) * wanda aka harhada "Sabuwar Hanya: Jinsi a Ci Gaba" (1991) * "Gender in Development" (1992) * "The Triangle of Empowerment", "Hanyar Beijing" (1998) * El movimiento feminista en el horizonte político peruano . Ediciones Flora Tristan. Lima (2007) * Feminismos da Amurka Latina. Su aporte a la política ya la demokradiyya. Colección Transformación Global. Programa Democracia y Transformación Global. Fondo Editorial Universidad Nacional Magajin Garin San Marcos. Flora Tristan Ediciones, Lima (2008) === A matsayin marubuci === * "Gudunmawar Tawayen Mata" (1989) * * "Yadda za a canza duniya ba tare da rasa kanmu ba" (1992) * == Duba kuma == * Mata a Peru == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.flora.org.pe/web2/ El Centro de la Mujer Peruana Flora Tristan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702164419/http://www.flora.org.pe/web2/ |date=2016-07-02 }} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rt9ewj2zsda8ginkb7b532usanm6mco 0 99183 893803 890243 2026-08-09T18:32:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG|thumb|312x312px|Tsire-tsire na osmosis na baya a Barcelona, Spain]] Tsarkakewa tsari ne wanda ke cire ma'adanai daga ruwan gishiri. Fiye da haka, Tsarkakewa shine cire gishiri da ma'adanai daga wani abu. Misali daya shine cire gishiri daga ƙasa. Wannan yana da mahimmanci ga aikin gona. Yana yiwuwa a cire ruwan gishiri, musamman ruwan teku, don samar da ruwan amfani da mutum zai yi ko ban ruwa. Samfurin da aka samo daga tsarin cire gishiri brine saline.<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019">{{Cite journal |last=Panagopoulos |first=Argyris |last2=Haralambous |first2=Katherine-Joanne |last3=Loizidou |first3=Maria |date=2019-11-25 |title=Desalination brine disposal methods and treatment technologies – A review |journal=The Science of the Total Environment |volume=693 |pages=133545 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.69333545P |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.351 |issn=1879-1026 |pmid=31374511 |s2cid=199387639}}</ref> Yawancin jiragen ruwa da na karkashin ruwa suna amfani da cire ruwa. Sha'awar zamani game da cire gishiri galibi tana mai da hankali kan samar da Ruwa mai kyau don amfanin mutum. Tare da ruwan da aka sake amfani da shi, yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|albarkatun ruwa]] masu zaman kansu daga ruwan sama.<ref name="Fischetti2007">{{Cite journal |last=Fischetti |first=Mark |date=September 2007 |title=Fresh from the Sea |journal=Scientific American |volume=297 |issue=3 |pages=118–119 |bibcode=2007SciAm.297c.118F |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0907-118 |pmid=17784633}}</ref> Saboda amfani da makamashi, cire ruwan teku gabaɗaya ya fi tsada fiye da ruwa mai laushi daga ruwa mai zurfi ko ruwa mai zurfin ƙasa, sake amfani da ruwa da kiyayewa; duk da haka, waɗannan madadin ba koyaushe suke samuwa ba kuma raguwar ajiya matsala ce mai mahimmanci a duk duniya.<ref name="EbrahimiNajafpourYousefiKebria2019">{{Cite journal |last=Ebrahimi |first=Atieh |last2=Najafpour |first2=Ghasem D |last3=Yousefi Kebria |first3=Daryoush |year=2019 |title=Performance of microbial desalination cell for salt removal and energy generation using different catholyte solutions |journal=Desalination |volume=432 |page=1 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2018.01.002}}</ref><ref name="Transcript">{{Cite web |date=March 19, 2019 |title=Making the Deserts Bloom: Harnessing nature to deliver us from drought, Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 239 |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/making-the-deserts-bloom |access-date=27 August 2019 |website=Science History Institute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elsaid |first=Khaled |last2=Kamil |first2=Mohammed |last3=Sayed |first3=Enas Taha |last4=Abdelkareem |first4=Mohammad Ali |last5=Wilberforce |first5=Tabbi |last6=Olabi |first6=A. |date=2020 |title=Environmental impact of desalination technologies: A review |journal=[[Science of the Total Environment]] |volume=748 |pages=141528 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.74841528E |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141528 |pmid=32818886}}</ref> Hanyoyin cire gishiri suna amfani da ko dai hanyoyin zafi (a cikin yanayin distillation) ko hanyoyin da suka danganci membrane (misali a cikin yanayin osmosis na baya). {{Rp|24}} Wani kimantawa a cikin 2018 ya gano cewa "18,426 desalination plants suna aiki a cikin sama da ƙasashe 150. Suna samar da cubic mita miliyan 87 na ruwa mai tsabta kowace rana kuma suna samar da sama da mutane miliyan 300. ": 24 Ƙarfin makamashi ya inganta: Yanzu kusan ³ kWh / m³ (a cikin 2018), ya sauka da kashi 10 daga 20-30 kWh / M3 a cikin 1970. <ref name="IWA2022" />: 24 Duk da haka, desalination ya wakilci kusan kashi 25% na makamashi da Sashin ruwa ya cinye a cikin 2016. <ref name="IWA2022" /> : 24 {{Rp|24}} == Tarihi == Tsohon masanin falsafar Girka [[Aristotle]] ya lura a cikin aikinsa na Meteorology cewa "ruwan gishiri, lokacin da ya juya ya zama tururi, ya zama mai daɗi kuma tururi ba ya sake samar da ruwan gishiri lokacin da ya taru", kuma cewa kyakkyawan jirgin ruwan zai riƙe ruwan sha bayan an nutse shi tsawon lokaci a cikin ruwan teku, bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin membrane don tace gishiri. A lokaci guda an yi rikodin cire ruwan teku a kasar Sin. Dukkanin Classic of Mountains da Ruwa Seas a cikin Lokacin Yakin Jihohi da ''Ka'idar Shekara ɗaya'' a cikin Daular Han ta Gabas sun ambaci cewa mutane sun gano cewa matsunan bamboo da aka yi amfani da su don shinkafa za su samar da wani nau'i na waje bayan amfani da dogon lokaci. Fim ɗin da aka tsara yana da adsorption da musayar ion, wanda zai iya adsorb gishiri.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Huachao |last2=Xu |first2=Haoyuan |date=2021-03-01 |title=Investigation and Research on the Status Quo of Informatization Development at Home and Abroad |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |volume=692 |issue=2 |pages=022040 |bibcode=2021E&ES..692b2040Z |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/692/2/022040 |issn=1755-1307 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ===Lokutan Dā=== Tunanin farko da ya shafi cire gishiri daga ruwan teku ana iya danganta shi da Aristotle, wanda ya lura a cikin ''Meteorology'' cewa idan ruwan teku ya ƙone ya tashi sama, tururin da ya taru ya koma ruwan sha mai tsabta ba tare da gishiri ba. Wannan ya nuna fahimtar farko game da ƙonewa da kuma taruwar tururi. Ya kuma bayyana yadda kwandon kakin zuma zai iya riƙe ruwan sha bayan an nutsar da shi cikin ruwan teku, yana nuna wani tsohon tsarin tacewa.<ref>Aristotle with E.W. Webster, trans., ''Meteorologica'', in: Ross, W. D., ed., ''The Works of Aristotle'', vol. 3, (Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1931), Book III, [https://archive.org/stream/workstranslatedi03arisuoft#page/n71/mode/2up §358: 16–18 and §359: 1–5.]</ref> A kasar Sin ta dā ma an samu bayanai kan cire gishiri daga ruwan teku. Rubuce-rubucen da suka shafi lokacin Yaƙin Jihohi da kuma Daular Han ta Gabas sun bayyana yadda tabarmar bamboo da ake amfani da ita wajen dafa shinkafa ke samun wani siririn ɓawon waje bayan dogon amfani, wanda ake ɗauka yana da ikon shan gishiri.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Huachao |last2=Xu |first2=Haoyuan |date=March 1, 2021 |title=Investigation and Research on the Status Quo of Informatization Development at Home and Abroad |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |volume=692 |issue=2 |article-number=022040 |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/692/2/022040 |bibcode=2021E&ES..692b2040Z |issn=1755-1307 |doi-access=free }}</ref> A gaba ɗaya, misalan gwaje-gwaje kan cire gishiri daga ruwan teku sun bayyana a zamanin dā da kuma Tsakiyar Zamani, duk da haka sun kasance ƙanana ne kuma ba su da amfani sosai.<ref>See: *Joseph Needham, Ho Ping-Yu, Lu Gwei-Djen, Nathan Sivin, ''Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology'' (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1980), [https://books.google.com/books?id=xrNDwP0pS8sC&pg=PA60 p. 60.] *Alexander of Aphrodisias (fl. 200 A.D.) wrote, in his commentary on Aristotle's ''Meteorology'', that if a lid is placed on a boiling pot of seawater, fresh water will condense on the lid. *In his ''Hexaemeron'', Homily IV, § 7, St. Basil of Caesarea (c. 329–379 AD) mentioned that sailors produced fresh water via distillation. Saint Basil with Sister Agnes Clare Way, trans., ''Saint Basil Exegetic Homilies'' (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 1963), p. 65. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AWxwDmFvDiwC&pg=PA65 From p. 65:] "Moreover, it is possible to see the water of the sea boiled by sailors, who, catching the vapors in sponges, relieve their thirst fairly well in times of need."</ref> Babban tsarin cire gishiri daga ruwan teku bai samu ba sai a zamanin zamani.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sample |url=http://www.desware.net/Sample-Chapters/D01/01-003.pdf |website=www.desware.net}}</ref> ===Tsakiyar Zamani da Renesans (ƙarni na 5–17)=== A Tsakiyar Zamani, cire gishiri daga ruwan teku ya kasance ƙanana ne kuma ya ta’allaka da distillation, inda ake dumama ruwan teku don samar da tururi wanda ake tarawa ya koma ruwan sha. Wadannan hanyoyi sun kasance ƙanana ne kuma ana amfani da su musamman a cikin jiragen ruwa.<ref name="Birkett1984">{{Cite journal |last=Birkett |first=James D. |date=January 1, 1984 |title=A brief illustrated history of desalination: From the bible to 1940 |journal=Desalination |language=en |volume=50 |pages=17–52 |doi=10.1016/0011-9164(84)85014-6 |bibcode=1984Desal..50...17B |issn=0011-9164}}</ref> A lokacin Renesans, Leonardo da Vinci ya bayar da gudummawa ta musamman inda ya ba da shawarar cewa ruwan da aka distill za a iya samar da shi cikin sauƙi ta hanyar daidaita injin distillation zuwa murhun girki.<ref>J. R. Partington, History of Chemistry, Vol. 2–3, Macmillan, London, 1962.</ref> }} ===Zamanin Masana’antu (ƙarni na 19)=== Hanyoyin cire gishiri daga ruwan teku sun sauya sosai tun farkon ƙarni na 19 tare da yaɗuwar injin tururi da ci gaban thermodynamics. Bukatar ruwan tsabta don injinan tururi da kuma yaɗuwar mulkin mallaka na Turawa zuwa yankunan hamada ya ƙara buƙatar ci gaban fasahar cire gishiri.<ref name="Birkett1984" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lyle |first=Oliver |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=dtgTngEACAAJ}} |title=The Efficient Use of Steam |date=1956 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |language=en}}</ref> ===Ƙarni na 20=== Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, fasahar cire gishiri ta ci gaba sosai. Hanyoyin thermal kamar multi-effect flash da multi-stage flash desalination sun samu ci gaba sosai, musamman a yankunan da ba su da isasshen ruwan sha. Haka kuma, an fara amfani da hanyoyin freeze–thaw desalination.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mao |first1=Shudi |last2=Onggowarsito |first2=Casey |last3=Feng |first3=An |last4=Zhang |first4=Stella |last5=Fu |first5=Qiang |last6=Nghiem |first6=Long D. |date=2023 |title=A cryogel solar vapor generator |journal=Journal of Materials Chemistry A |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=858–867 |doi=10.1039/d2ta08317e |issn=2050-7488}}</ref> ===Ƙarni na 21 da ci gaban zamani=== Tun farkon ƙarni na 21, ƙarfin cire gishiri daga ruwan teku ya ƙaru sosai, tare da dubban masana’antu a duk duniya, musamman a Gabas ta Tsakiya.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Angelakis |first1=Andreas N. |last2=Valipour |first2=Mohammad |date=August 16, 2021 |title=Desalination: From Ancient to Present and Future |journal=Water |volume=13 |issue=16 |page=2222 |doi=10.3390/w13162222}}</ref> Reverse osmosis ya zama fasahar da ta fi rinjaye saboda sauƙin amfani da kuma ƙarancin kuzari.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021" /> Bincike a ƙarni na 21 ya fi mayar da hankali kan inganci da dorewa, ciki har da haɗa makamashin sabuntawa kamar hasken rana da iska cikin tsarin cire gishiri, da kuma haɓaka sabbin membranes kamar graphene, biomimetic, ceramic, da nanocomposite.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al-Obaidi |first1=Mudhar A. |date=April 11, 2024 |title=Integration of Renewable Energy Systems in Desalination |journal=Processes |volume=12 |issue=4 |page=770 |doi=10.3390/pr12040770}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, an kiyasta cewa akwai kusan masana’antu 22,000 da ke aiki a duniya.<ref name="AngelakisValipourChooAhmedBabaKumarToorWang2021" /> }} ==Aikace-aikace== {{external media | width = 160px | float = upright | headerimage= | audio1 = [https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/making-the-deserts-bloom "Mayar da Hamada ta yi Kore: Amfani da dabi’a wajen kawar da fari"], Podcast ɗin Distillations da rubutaccen bayani, Episode 239, 19 ga Maris, 2019, Science History Institute }} [[File:Multiflash.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Zane na wani multistage flash desalinator<br />A – tururi mai shigowa&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B – ruwan teku mai shigowa&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C – ruwan sha mai fita<br />D – brine mai fita (shara)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;E – condensate mai fita&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;F – musayar zafi&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;G – tattara ruwan da aka tace (ruwan da aka cire gishiri)<br />H – tukunyar dumama brine<br /> pressure vessel yana aiki a matsayin countercurrent heat exchanger. Wani vacuum pump yana rage matsin lamba a cikin tanki domin sauƙaƙe fitar tururin ruwan teku mai zafi (brine) wanda ke shiga daga gefen dama (launuka masu duhu suna nuna ƙarancin zafi). Tururin yana tattaruwa a kan bututun da ke saman tanki inda sabon ruwan teku ke tafiya daga hagu zuwa dama.]] A yanzu akwai kimanin tsire-tsiren tace ruwan gishiri 21,000 da ke aiki a duniya. Manyan su suna a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, Saudi Arabia, da Isra’ila. Babbar masana’antar tace ruwan gishiri a duniya tana a Saudi Arabia (Ras Al-Khair Power and Desalination Plant) tare da ƙarfin samar da mita-cubic 1,401,000 na ruwa a kowace rana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Largest water desalination plant|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/425709-largest-water-desalination-plant|access-date=August 21, 2020|website=Guinness World Records|language=en-GB}}</ref> Tace ruwan gishiri yana da tsada idan aka kwatanta da yawancin hanyoyin samun ruwa, kuma ƙaramin kaso ne kawai na amfani da ruwa na ɗan adam ake samun sa ta wannan hanya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Do Thi |first1=Huyen Trang |last2=Pasztor |first2=Tibor |last3=Fozer |first3=Daniel |last4=Manenti |first4=Flavio |last5=Toth |first5=Andras Jozsef |date=January 2021 |title=Comparison of Desalination Technologies Using Renewable Energy Sources with Life Cycle, PESTLE, and Multi-Criteria Decision Analyses |journal=Water |volume=13 |issue=21 |page=3023 |doi=10.3390/w13213023 |issn=2073-4441|doi-access=free }}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Warsinger |first1=David M. |last2=Tow |first2=Emily W. |last3=Nayar |first3=Kishor G. |last4=Maswadeh |first4=Laith A. |last5=Lienhard V |first5=John H. |date=2016 |title=Energy efficiency of batch and semi-batch (CCRO) reverse osmosis desalination |journal=Water Research |volume=106 |pages=272–282 |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.029 |pmid=27728821 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yawanci ana amfani da shi ne kawai a wuraren da ruwa ke da daraja sosai (kamar amfani na gida da masana’antu) a yankunan da ke da ƙanƙarar ruwa (arid). Duk da haka, ana samun ƙaruwa wajen amfani da shi a aikin noma domin magance salin ƙasa (soil desalination). Hakanan, yawancin jiragen ruwa da submarines suna amfani da tace ruwan gishiri. Amfani mafi yawa yana a birane masu yawan jama’a kamar Singapore<ref>{{Cite web |last=Theng |first=Charlotte Kng Yoong |date=September 16, 2022 |title=Daga NEWater zuwa noma a tsaye: Muhimman matakai a tafiyar Singapore na shekaru 50 zuwa dorewa |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/mse-from-newater-to-vertical-farming-key-milestones-singapore-50-year-journey-towards-sustainability |access-date=April 21, 2023 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}</ref> ko California.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Canon |first=Gabrielle |date=May 11, 2022 |title=California na yanke shawara kan makomar masana’antar desalination a lokacin fari |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/may/11/california-desalination-plant-water-drought |access-date=April 21, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> da musamman a yankin Persian Gulf.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Le Quesne |first1=W. J. F. |last2=Fernand |first2=L. |last3=Ali |first3=T. S. |last4=Andres |first4=O. |last5=Antonpoulou |first5=M. |last6=Burt |first6=J. A. |last7=Dougherty |first7=W. W. |last8=Edson |first8=P. J. |last9=El Kharraz |first9=J. |last10=Glavan |first10=J. |last11=Mamiit |first11=R. J. |date=December 1, 2021 |title=Is the development of desalination compatible with sustainable development of the Arabian Gulf? |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |volume=173 |issue=Pt A |article-number=112940 |doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112940 |pmid=34537571 |issn=0025-326X|doi-access=free }}</ref> Kudin makamashi a hanyoyin tace ruwan gishiri yana bambanta sosai gwargwadon gishirin ruwan, girman shuka da nau’in tsari. A yanzu farashin tace ruwan teku ya fi na hanyoyin ruwa na gargajiya, amma ana sa ran zai ragu tare da ci gaban fasaha, ciki har da inganta amfani da makamashi, rage girman shuka, inganta aiki, da amfani da makamashi mai rahusa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thiel |first=Gregory P. |date=June 1, 2015 |title=Salty solutions |journal=Physics Today |volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=66–67 |doi=10.1063/PT.3.2828 |issn=0031-9228 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa desalination ba koyaushe ba ne mai arha ko mai dorewa, musamman a wuraren da ke da nisa daga teku, ko a yankunan da ke da tudu mai tsawo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Yuan |title=Evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport |journal=Water Resources Research |volume=41 |issue=3 |page=03003 |doi=10.1029/2004WR003749}}</ref> A irin waɗannan wurare, yana iya zama mafi arha a jigilar ruwa daga wani wuri fiye da gina masana’antar tace ruwan gishiri. Misali, birane kamar New Delhi, Mexico City, Riyadh da Harare suna fuskantar irin wannan ƙalubale, yayin da birane na bakin teku kamar Beijing, Bangkok, Zaragoza, Phoenix da Tripoli suna da ƙarancin matsalar jigilar ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport|url=http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/15/Sustainability/DesalinationFNU41_revised.pdf|publisher=Hamburg University}}</ref> A 2023, Isra’ila na amfani da desalination wajen cika ruwan Sea of Galilee.<ref>{{cite web|title=Israel refills the Sea of Galilee, supplying Jordan on the way|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/israel-refills-sea-galilee-supplying-215147564.html}}</ref> Wasu masana suna ganin cewa desalination na iya zama mai tsada sosai kuma ba koyaushe ya dace ba, don haka ƙasashe su mayar da hankali kan kiyaye ruwa da sauran hanyoyin samar da ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Desalination: Unlocking Lessons from Yesterday's Solution (part 1)|url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/01/17/desalination-unlocking-lessons-from-yesterdays-solution-part-1/}}</ref> ==Fasahohi== <noinclude>{{Desalination}}</noinclude> Mafi yawan hanyoyin tace ruwan gishiri sune [[distillation]] da [[reverse osmosis]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shammas |first=Nazih K. |title=Water and wastewater engineering: water supply and wastewater removal |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |others=Lawrence K. Wang |isbn=978-0-470-41192-6 |location=Hoboken, N.J. |oclc=639163996}}</ref> Akwai hanyoyi da dama.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Curto |first1=Domenico |last2=Franzitta |first2=Vincenzo |last3=Guercio |first3=Andrea |title=A Review of the Water Desalination Technologies |journal=[[Applied Sciences (journal)|Applied Sciences]] |date=2021 |volume=11 |issue=2 |page=670 |doi=10.3390/app11020670 |doi-access=free|hdl=10447/479195 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Kowanne yana da fa’ida da rashin fa’ida, amma duka suna da amfani. Za a iya raba hanyoyin zuwa na membrane (misali reverse osmosis) da na zafi (thermal-based) kamar [[multi-stage flash distillation]].<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambousLoizidou2019" /> Hanyar gargajiya ita ce distillation, wato tafasa ruwa da sake [[condensation]] dinsa domin barin gishiri da datti a baya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/usde/publications/unit/oea59e/ch21.htm|title=2.2 Desalination by distillation|website=www.oas.org}}</ref> A halin yanzu akwai manyan fasahohi biyu da ke da kaso mafi yawa na ƙarfin tace ruwan gishiri a duniya: multi-stage flash distillation da reverse osmosis. === Distillation === ====Solar distillation==== [[Solar distillation]] yana kwaikwayon tsarin zagayowar ruwa na halitta, inda rana ke dumama ruwan teku har ya fara evaporate.<ref name=Khawaji /> Bayan evaporation, tururin ruwa yana taruwa a saman sanyi ya koma ruwa.<ref name=Khawaji /> Akwai nau’i biyu na solar desalination. Na farko yana amfani da photovoltaic cells domin canza makamashin rana zuwa wutar lantarki don gudanar da tsarin. Na biyu yana canza makamashin rana zuwa zafi, wanda ake kira solar thermal powered desalination. ====Natural evaporation==== Ruwa na iya evaporate ta wasu hanyoyin jiki daban da hasken rana kawai. Wadannan hanyoyi an shigar da su cikin tsarin desalination na hadaka a cikin [[IBTS Greenhouse]]. IBTS wani masana’antar desalination ce a gefe guda, sannan a gefe guda greenhouse ce da ke amfani da tsarin zagayowar ruwa na halitta (an rage shi zuwa 1:10). Dukkan matakan evaporation da condensation suna faruwa cikin tsarin gine-gine na musamman, wasu a karkashin kasa. Wannan tsarin yana da amfani sosai wajen [[desert greening]] mai girma saboda yana bukatar babban fili na ruwa da kuma canjin yanayin kasa zuwa kore.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} ====Vacuum distillation==== A cikin [[vacuum distillation]], ana rage matsin lamba na iska, wanda ke rage zafin da ruwa ke bukata kafin ya fara tafasa. Ruwa yana tafasa ne idan matsin tururi ya kai na muhalli. Don haka idan matsin ya ragu, ruwa na iya tafasa a ƙananan zafi. Wannan yana ba da damar amfani da zafin da aka ɓata daga wutar lantarki ko masana’antu wajen dumama ruwa. ====Multi-stage flash distillation==== Ana tace ruwa ta hanyar [[multi-stage flash distillation]], wato jerin matakai na “flash evaporation”.<ref name=Khawaji>{{cite journal|last1=Khawaji|first1=Akili D.|last2=Kutubkhanah|first2=Ibrahim K.|last3=Wie|first3=Jong-Mihn|title=Advances in seawater desalination technologies|journal=Desalination|volume=221|issue=1–3|pages=47–69|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.067|date=March 2008|bibcode=2008Desal.221...47K }}</ref> Kowanne mataki yana amfani da makamashin da aka saki daga condensation na tururin matakin baya.<ref name=Khawaji /> ====Multiple-effect distillation==== [[Multiple-effect distillation]] (MED) yana aiki da matakai da ake kira “effects”.<ref name=Khawaji /> Ana fesa ruwa a kan bututu da ake dumama su don samar da tururi. Wannan tururin yana dumama sabon ruwan teku da ke shigowa.<ref name=Khawaji /> Don inganta aiki, ana iya amfani da tururin daga tashoshin wutar lantarki.<ref name=Khawaji /> Duk da cewa wannan hanya tana da inganci sosai wajen amfani da zafi,<ref name=WarsingerEntropy>{{cite journal|last1=Warsinger|first1=David M.|last2=Mistry|first2= Karan H.|last3=Nayar|first3=Kishor G.|last4=Chung|first4=Hyung Won|last5=Lienhard V|first5=John H.|title=Entropy Generation of Desalination Powered by Variable Temperature Waste Heat|journal=Entropy|volume=17|issue=12|pages=7530–7566|doi=10.3390/e17117530|date=2015|bibcode=2015Entrp..17.7530W|url=http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/100423/1/Entropy%20Generation%20of%20Desalination%20Powered%20by%20Variable%20Temperature%20Waste%20Heat%2c%20Warsinger.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref> akwai iyaka kamar matsakaicin zafin aiki da adadin effects.<ref name="Al-Shammiri">{{cite journal|title=Multi-effect distillation plants: state of the art|last2=Safar|first2=M.|date=November 1999|journal=Desalination|volume=126|issue=1–3|pages=45–59|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(99)00154-X|last1=Al-Shammiri|first1=M.|bibcode=1999Desal.126...45A }}</ref> ====Vapor-compression distillation==== [[Vapor-compression evaporation]] yana amfani da injin compressor ko jet stream domin matsa tururi da ke saman ruwa.<ref name="WarsingerEntropy" /> Tururin da aka matsa yana samar da zafi da ake amfani da shi wajen ci gaba da evaporation.<ref name="Khawaji" /> Wannan tsarin yana amfani da wutar lantarki kawai, don haka yana da amfani musamman a ƙananan sikeli.<ref name="Khawaji" /> ==== Membrane distillation ==== [[Membrane distillation]] yana amfani da bambancin zafi a tsakanin membrane domin fitar da tururi daga brine sannan a tattara ruwan sha a gefen sanyi.<ref name="WarsingerFramework">{{cite journal|last1=Warsinger|first1=David M.|last2=Tow|first2=Emily W.|last3=Swaminathan|first3=Jaichander|last4=Lienhard V|first4=John H.|date=2017|title=Theoretical framework for predicting inorganic fouling in membrane distillation and experimental validation with calcium sulfate|url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/107916/1/Theoretical%20framework%20for%20predicting%20inorganic%20fouling%20in%20membrane%20distillation%20and%20experimental%20validation%20with%20calcium%20sulfate-%20warsinger%20preprint.pdf|journal=Journal of Membrane Science|volume=528|pages=381–390|doi=10.1016/j.memsci.2017.01.031|bibcode=2017JMeSc.528..381W |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsarin membrane yana da tasiri sosai kan inganci da dorewa. === Osmosis === ====Reverse osmosis==== [[File:PlantaSchemaNotional.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Zane na wani shuka na desalination ta amfani da [[reverse osmosis]]]] [[File:Diagram-of-Tampa-Bay-Seawater-Desalination-Plant-Process-25.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Wata masana’antar reverse osmosis a Tampa Bay, Florida]] Hanyar da ta fi yaduwa a duniya wajen desalination ita ce [[reverse osmosis]] (RO).<ref>{{cite journal|title=State-of-the-art of reverse osmosis desalination|year=2007|last1=Fritzmann|first1=C|last2=Lowenberg|first2=J|last3=Wintgens|first3=T|last4=Melin|first4=T|journal=Desalination|volume=216|issue=1–3|pages=1–76|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2006.12.009|bibcode=2007Desal.216....1F }}</ref> Ana amfani da membranes masu semipermeable tare da matsin lamba domin raba ruwa daga gishiri. Tsarin RO yana amfani da thin-film composite membrane wanda ke da layer na polyamide. Wannan yana ba shi damar tace ruwa yadda ya kamata.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.1804708115|pmid=30104388|title=Electron tomography reveals details of the internal microstructure of desalination membranes|year=2018|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=115|issue=35|pages=8694–8699|pmc=6126755}}</ref> Tsarin yana bukatar kulawa saboda abubuwa kamar calcium, magnesium, bacteria, viruses da biofouling na iya rage inganci. Ana amfani da pretreatment da chemicals domin kare membrane.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Membranverfahren – Grundlagen der Modul und Anlagenauslegung|publisher=Springer Verlag Berlin|year=2007}}</ref> Hakanan ana yin cleaning lokaci-lokaci, wanda zai iya zama haɗari ga muhalli idan ba a kula ba.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Seawater Desalination – Impacts of Brine and Chemical Discharge on the Marine Environment|publisher=Sabine Lattemann, Thomas Höppner|date=January 1, 2003}}</ref> Ana kuma amfani da solar-powered desalination units a wasu wurare domin samar da ruwa ba tare da dogaro da wutar lantarki ba.<ref>{{cite web |title=Access to sustainable water by unlimited resources |url=https://climateinnovationwindow.eu/innovations/access-sustainable-water-unlimited-resources |access-date=2026-06-05 |archive-date=2023-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804105115/https://climateinnovationwindow.eu/innovations/access-sustainable-water-unlimited-resources |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Freeze–thaw === [[Freeze–thaw]] desalination yana amfani da daskarewa domin raba ruwa mai dadi daga ruwan gishiri.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usbr.gov/research/dwpr/reportpdfs/report071.pdf |title=Demonstration of the Natural Freeze-Thaw Process for the Desalination of Water From The Devils Lake Chain to Provide Water for the City of Devils Lake}}</ref> ===Electrodialysis=== [[Electrodialysis]] yana amfani da wutar lantarki domin motsa gishiri ta membranes masu caji.<ref>{{cite journal|author1-link=Bart Van der Bruggen |last1=Van der Bruggen|first1=Bart|last2=Vandecasteele|first2=Carlo|title=Distillation vs. membrane filtration: overview of process evolutions in seawater desalination|journal=Desalination|volume=143|issue=3|pages=207–218|doi=10.1016/S0011-9164(02)00259-X|date=June 2002}}</ref> Electrodialysis na iya cire carbonic acid tare da gishiri daga ruwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mustafa |first1=Jawad |last2=Mourad |first2=Aya A. -H. I. |last3=Al-Marzouqi |first3=Ali H. |last4=El-Naas |first4=Muftah H. |date=June 1, 2020 |title=Simultaneous treatment of reject brine and capture of carbon dioxide |journal=Desalination |volume=483 |article-number=114386 }}</ref> === Microbial desalination === Microbial desalination cells suna amfani da kwayoyin halitta masu aiki da wutar lantarki domin taimakawa wajen tace ruwa a cikin tsarin electrochemical. ==Fannin Zane== ===Amfanin makamashi=== Amfanin makamashi na aikin cire gishiri daga ruwa ya danganta da yawan gishirin da ke cikin ruwan. Cire gishiri daga ruwan brackish yana buƙatar ƙarancin makamashi fiye da cire gishiri daga ruwan teku.<ref name="Panagopoulos2020">{{Cite journal|last=Panagopoulos|first=Argyris|date=December 1, 2020|title=A comparative study on minimum and actual energy consumption for the treatment of desalination brine|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544220318405|journal=Energy|language=en|volume=212|article-number=118733|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2020.118733|bibcode=2020Ene...21218733P |s2cid=224872161|issn=0360-5442|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ƙarfin makamashi na cire gishiri daga ruwan teku ya inganta: Yanzu yana kusan 3 kWh/m³ (a 2018), ya ragu daga 20–30 kWh/m³ a shekarar 1970.<ref name="IWA2022" />{{rp|24}} Wannan yana kama da amfani da makamashi na wasu hanyoyin samar da ruwan sha da ake jigilar su daga nesa,<ref>Wilkinson, Robert C. (March 2007) [http://www.westbasin.org/files/general-pdfs/Energy--UCSB-energy-study.pdf "Analysis of the Energy Intensity of Water Supplies for West Basin Municipal Water District"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220210850/http://www.westbasin.org/files/general-pdfs/Energy--UCSB-energy-study.pdf |date=December 20, 2012 }}, Table on p. 4</ref> amma ya fi ƙwarai idan aka kwatanta da ruwan sha na cikin gida wanda ke amfani da makamashi 0.2 kWh/m³ ko ƙasa da haka.<ref>[http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/EPRI-Volume-4.pdf "U.S. Electricity Consumption for Water Supply & Treatment"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617040130/http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/EPRI-Volume-4.pdf |date=June 17, 2013 }}, pp. 1–4 Table 1-1, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Water & Sustainability (Volume 4), 2000</ref> An gano ƙarancin amfani da makamashi na cire gishiri daga ruwan teku kusan 1 kWh/m³,<ref name="Panagopoulos2020" /><ref>Elimelech, Menachem (2012) [http://www.nwri-usa.org/documents/Elimelech_000.pdf "Seawater Desalination"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223110451/http://www.nwri-usa.org/documents/Elimelech_000.pdf |date=February 23, 2014 }}, p. 12 ff</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1021/es801330u| pmid = 19068794| title = Energy Issues in Desalination Processes| journal = Environmental Science & Technology| volume = 42| issue = 22| pages = 8193–201| year = 2008| last1 = Semiat | first1 = R. |bibcode = 2008EnST...42.8193S }}</ref> banda tacewa da famfon shigarwa/fitarwa. Ƙasa da 2 kWh/m³<ref>[http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/reportpdfs/ADC_SWRO_DA.pdf "Optimizing Lower Energy Seawater Desalination"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618132743/http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/reportpdfs/ADC_SWRO_DA.pdf |date=June 18, 2015 }}, p. 6 figure 1.2, Stephen Dundorf at the IDA World Congress November 2009</ref> an cimma ta hanyar fasahar membrane na reverse osmosis, wanda ya rage damar rage makamashi, domin a shekarun 1970 reverse osmosis yana amfani da makamashi 16 kWh/m³.<ref name="Panagopoulos2020" /> Idan duk ruwan sha na cikin gida a Amurka za a samar ta hanyar cire gishiri, hakan zai ƙara amfani da makamashi na cikin gida da kusan 10%, wanda ya yi daidai da makamashin da na’urorin firiji ke amfani da shi.<ref>[http://www.amtaorg.com/wp-content/uploads/7_MembraneDesalinationPowerUsagePutInPerspective.pdf "Membrane Desalination Power Usage Put In Perspective" ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424044855/http://www.amtaorg.com/wp-content/uploads/7_MembraneDesalinationPowerUsagePutInPerspective.pdf |date=April 24, 2014 }}, American Membrane Technology Association (AMTA) April 2009</ref> Amfanin cikin gida dai ƙaramin kaso ne na jimillar amfani da ruwa.<ref>[https://water.usgs.gov/edu/wateruse-total.html] Total Water Use in the United States</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable wiki table" |+ Amfanin makamashi na hanyoyin cire gishiri daga ruwan teku (kWh/m³)<ref>[http://www.desware.net/Energy-Requirements-Desalination-Processes.aspx "Energy Requirements of Desalination Processes"], ''Encyclopedia of Desalination and Water Resources'' (DESWARE). Retrieved June 24, 2013</ref> |- style="line-height:120%;" ! Hanyar cire gishiri ⇨ ! rowspan="2" | Multi-stage<br />Flash<br />"MSF" ! rowspan="2" | Multi-Effect<br />Distillation<br />"MED" ! rowspan="2" | Mechanical Vapor<br />Compression<br />"MVC" ! rowspan="2" | Reverse<br />Osmosis<br />"RO" |- style="line-height:120%;" ! Makamashi ⇩ |- | Makamashin lantarki || 4–6 || 1.5–2.5 || 7–12 || 3–5.5 |- | Makamashin zafi || 50–110 || 60–110 || ''babu'' || ''babu'' |- | Daidaiton makamashin lantarki na zafi || 9.5–19.5 || 5–8.5 || ''babu'' || ''babu'' |- | Jimillar daidaiton makamashin lantarki || 13.5–25.5 || 6.5–11 || 7–12 || 3–5.5 |} Lura: "Daidaiton lantarki" yana nufin yawan makamashin lantarki da za a iya samarwa ta amfani da wani adadin makamashin zafi da injin turbin da ya dace. Wadannan lissafi ba su haɗa da makamashin da ake buƙata wajen gina ko gyara kayan da ake amfani da su ba. Saboda yawan makamashin da ake buƙata da kuma kuɗi da tasirin muhalli, cire gishiri daga ruwa ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin mataki na ƙarshe bayan kiyaye ruwa. Amma wannan yana canzawa yayin da farashi ke ci gaba da raguwa. ===Cogeneration=== Cogeneration yana samar da zafi mai amfani da wutar lantarki daga tsari guda. Wannan na iya samar da zafi mai amfani don cire gishiri a cikin cibiyar haɗe, inda tashar wuta ke samar da makamashi don cire gishiri. A madadin haka, samar da makamashin cibiyar na iya kasancewa don samar da ruwan sha kawai, ko kuma a samar da makamashi fiye da buƙata a haɗa shi cikin tsarin wutar lantarki. Ana iya yin cogeneration ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kuma a ka’ida kowace hanyar samar da makamashi za a iya amfani da ita. Amma yawancin cibiyoyin cogeneration na yanzu da ake shirin ginawa suna amfani da man fetur ko makamashin nukiliya. Yawancin wadannan cibiyoyin suna a Gabas ta Tsakiya ko Arewacin Afirka, inda ake amfani da albarkatun man fetur don rage ƙarancin ruwan sha. Amfanin cibiyoyin haɗe shi ne suna iya rage amfani da makamashi, wanda ke sa cire gishiri ya fi dacewa.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.desal.2005.03.095| title = Overview of hybrid desalination systems – current status and future prospects| journal ===Madaukar hanyoyi maimakon tsarkake ruwan teku=== Ƙara adana ruwa da ingantaccen amfani da shi ya kasance hanya mafi sauƙi da araha a wuraren da ake da damar inganta yadda ake amfani da ruwa.<ref>Gleick, Peter H., Dana Haasz, Christine Henges-Jeck, Veena Srinivasan, Gary Wolff, Katherine Kao Cushing, da Amardip Mann. (Nuwamba 2003.) [http://www.pacinst.org/reports/urban_usage/waste_not_want_not_full_report.pdf "Waste not, want not: The potential for urban water conservation in California."] (Website). ''Pacific Institute''. An dawo da shi Satumba 20, 2007.</ref> Sake amfani da ruwan sharar gida yana bayar da fa’ida fiye da tsarkake ruwan gishiri,<ref>Cooley, Heather, Peter H. Gleick, da Gary Wolff. (Yuni 2006.) ''Pacific Institute''. An dawo da shi Satumba 20, 2007.</ref> ko da yake yawanci ana amfani da matattarar tsarkakewa.<ref name="50years">{{cite journal | last=Warsinger | first=David | title=Desalination Innovations Needed to Ensure Clean Water for the Next 50 Years | journal=The Bridge | publisher=National Academy of Engineering | volume=50 (S) | year=2020 }}</ref> Ruwa daga ruwan sama da kuma tara ruwan ambaliya suna bayar da fa’ida wajen tsaftacewa, dawo da shi da kuma cike ruwan karkashin ƙasa.<ref>Gleick, Peter H., Heather Cooley, David Groves (Satumba 2005). [http://pacinst.org/reports/california_water_2030/ca_water_2030.pdf "California water 2030: An efficient future."]. ''Pacific Institute''. An dawo da shi Satumba 20, 2007.</ref> Wani shirin da aka gabatar a matsayin madadin tsarkake ruwan teku a Kudancin Yammacin Amurka shi ne shigo da ruwan kasuwanci daga wuraren da ke da yalwar ruwa ta hanyar manyan jiragen mai da aka mayar da su na ɗaukar ruwa, ko kuma ta bututun ruwa. Wannan ra’ayi bai samu karɓuwa ba a Kanada, inda gwamnati ta kafa shingen kasuwanci kan fitar da ruwan da yawa sakamakon ƙarar NAFTA.<ref>[http://www.sunbeltwater.com/docs.shtml Sun Belt Inc. Legal Documents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218135610/http://www.sunbeltwater.com/docs.shtml |date=February 18, 2010 }}. Sunbeltwater.com. An dawo da shi Mayu 29, 2011.</ref> Ma’aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa ta California da Hukumar Ruwa ta California sun gabatar da rahoto ga majalisar dokoki na jihar suna ba da shawarar cewa masu samar da ruwan birane su cimma ƙa’idar ingantaccen amfani da ruwan cikin gida na {{convert|55|USgal|L|abbr=off}} kowanne mutum a rana kafin shekara ta 2023, sannan ya ragu zuwa {{convert|47|USgal|L|abbr=off}} a rana kafin 2025, da kuma {{convert|42|USgal|L|abbr=off}} a shekara ta 2030 da bayan haka.<ref>State Agencies Recommend Indoor Residential Water Use Standard to Legislature, California Department of Water Resources, November 30, 2021, [https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2021/Nov-21/State-Agencies-Recommend-Indoor-Residential-Water-Use-Standard Original], [https://web.archive.org/web/20211202140532/https://water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/2021/Nov-21/State-Agencies-Recommend-Indoor-Residential-Water-Use-Standard Archive]</ref><ref>[https://www.sacbee.com/news/california/water-and-drought/article239028703.html Myth about huge California fines for shower and laundry usage won't die. Here's what's true], The Sacramento Bee, January 8, 2020</ref><ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/marin-county-california-water-restrictions-drought/ Some in California have to limit their daily water usage to 55 gallons. Here's what that means for everyday activities], CBS News, December 8, 2021</ref> ==Farashi== Abubuwan da ke ƙayyade farashin tsarkake ruwan teku sun haɗa da ƙarfin da nau’in wurin aiki, wurin da yake, ruwan da ake tsarkakewa, ma’aikata, makamashi, kuɗin jari, da kuma yadda ake zubar da ruwan gishiri. Farashin tsarkake ruwan teku (ginshikai, makamashi, da gyare-gyare) yawanci ya fi na ruwan da ake samu daga koguna ko ruwan karkashin ƙasa, sake amfani da ruwa, da adana ruwa, amma ba koyaushe ake samun waɗannan hanyoyin. A shekarar 2013, farashin tsarkake ruwan teku ya kai daga dala $0.45 zuwa $1.00/m³. Fiye da rabin farashin yana fitowa ne daga makamashi, kuma saboda farashin makamashi yana sauyawa sosai, farashin na gaskiya yana iya bambanta ƙwarai.<ref name="Zhang 2012">{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269694158 |last=Zhang|first=S.X.|author2=V. Babovic |title=A real options approach to the design and architecture of water supply systems using innovative water technologies under uncertainty|journal=Journal of Hydroinformatics|volume=14|pages=13–29|date=2012|issue=1 |doi=10.2166/hydro.2011.078|bibcode=2012JHyin..14...13Z |doi-access=free}}</ref> Farashin ruwan da ba a tsarkake ba a ƙasashen da ke tasowa na iya kaiwa dala $5 kowanne cubic metre.<ref>[http://www.ipsnews.net/2008/08/development-somalia-finding-water-in-mogadishu/ "Finding Water in Mogadishu"]''IPS news item 2008''</ref> Tun daga 1975, fasahar tsarkake ruwan teku ta samu ci gaba sosai, inda ta rage matsakaicin farashin samar da cubic metre ɗaya na ruwan sha daga $1.10 a shekarar 2000 zuwa kusan $0.50 a yau. Ingantacciyar fasahar tsarkakewa ita ce babban dalilin wannan raguwa. Amfani da makamashi har yanzu babban ɓangare ne na farashi, yana iya kaiwa rabin jimillar farashin tsarkakewa.<ref name="x074">{{cite web | last=Sisson | first=Patrick | title=Water, hold the salt | website=Sherwood News | date=November 11, 2024 | url=https://sherwood.news/world/desalination-billion-dollar-industry/ | access-date=November 16, 2024}}</ref> Tsarkake ruwan teku na iya ɗora nauyi sosai ga tsarin wutar lantarki, musamman a yankunan da ke da ƙarancin makamashi. Misali, a ƙasar tsibirin Cyprus, tsarkake ruwan teku yana ɗaukar kusan kashi 5% na jimillar amfani da wutar lantarki.<ref name="x074" /> Kasuwar tsarkake ruwan teku ta duniya ta kai dala biliyan 20 a shekarar 2023. Tare da ƙaruwa na yawan jama’a a yankunan bakin teku masu bushewa, ana hasashen wannan kasuwa za ta ninka sau biyu kafin 2032. A shekarar 2023, ƙarfin tsarkake ruwan teku na duniya ya kai miliyan 99 cubic metre a rana, ƙaruwa mai yawa daga miliyan 27 cubic metre a rana a shekarar 2003.<ref name="x074" /> {| class="wikitable" |+Kwatancen Farashin Hanyoyin Tsarkake Ruwan Teku !Hanya !Farashi (US$/lita) |- |Solar mara aiki (30.42% ingancin makamashi)<ref name="Tiwari2006">{{Cite conference|last1=Tiwari|first1=Anil Kr.|last2=Tiwari|first2=G. N.|date=January 1, 2006|title=Evaluating the Performance of Single Slope Passive Solar Still for Different Slope of Cover and Water Depths by Thermal Modeling: In Moderate Climatic Condition|conference=ASME 2006 International Solar Energy Conference |pages=545–553|publisher=ASMEDC|doi=10.1115/isec2006-99057|isbn=0-7918-4745-4}}</ref} !0.034 |- |Solar mara aiki (ingantaccen gangare ɗaya, Indiya)<ref name="Tiwari2006" /> !0.024 |- |Solar mara aiki (ingantaccen gangare biyu, Indiya)<ref name="Tiwari2006" /> !0.007 |- |Multi Stage Flash (MSF)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://solarmagazine.com/no-batteries-needed-low-cost-solar-desalination-system-green-namibia-desert-coast/|title=No Batteries Needed: Can Low-Cost Solar Desalination System "Green" Namibia's Desert Coast?|last=Andrew Burger|date=June 20, 2019|website=Solar Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref} !< 0.001 |- |Reverse Osmosis (Solar mai ƙarfi)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-05/s-htw051618.php|title=How the world could have 100 percent solar desalination|website=EurekAlert!|language=en|access-date=April 5, 2020}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref} !0.0008 |- |Reverse Osmosis (Photovoltaic power)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Alsheghri|first1=Ammar|last2=Sharief|first2=Saad Asadullah|last3=Rabbani|first3=Shahid|last4=Aitzhan|first4=Nurzhan Z.|date=August 1, 2015|title=Design and Cost Analysis of a Solar Photovoltaic Powered Reverse Osmosis Plant for Masdar Institute|journal=Energy Procedia|series=Clean, Efficient and Affordable Energy for a Sustainable Future: The 7th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2015)|language=en|volume=75|pages=319–324|doi=10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.365|issn=1876-6102|doi-access=free|bibcode=2015EnPro..75..319A }}</ref> !0.000825 |} {| class="wikitable" |+ Matsakaicin amfani da ruwa da farashin samarwa ta tsarkake ruwan teku a US$1 kowanne cubic metre (±50%) |- ! Yanki !! Amfani<br />Lita/mutum/a rana !! Farashin Ruwan Tsarkake<br />US$/mutum/a rana |- | Amurka ||{{0}}378 ||{{0}}0.38 |- | Turai ||{{0}}189 ||{{0}}0.19 |- | Afirka ||{{0}}{{0}}57 ||{{0}}0.06 |- | Ƙaramin adadin da UN ta ba da shawara||{{0}}{{0}}49 ||{{0}}0.05 |} Tsarkake ruwan teku yana sarrafa matsin lamba, zafin jiki da kuma yawan gishiri don inganta aiki. Tsarkake ruwan teku da ke amfani da makamashin nukiliya na iya zama mai araha idan aka yi shi a matakin babba.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf71.html |title=Nuclear Desalination |publisher=World Nuclear Association |date=January 2010 |access-date=February 1, 2010 |archive-date=December 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219212254/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf71.html }}</ref><ref>Barlow, Maude, da Tony Clarke, [http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020902/barlow "Who Owns Water?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429154115/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020902/barlow |date=April 29, 2010 ''The Nation'', 2002-09-02, via thenation.com. An dawo da shi Agusta 20, 2007.</ref> A shekarar 2014, wuraren tsarkake ruwan teku na Isra’ila a Hadera, Palmahim, Ashkelon, da Sorek suna tsarkake ruwa a ƙasa da dala $0.40 kowanne cubic metre.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140125031623/http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/1.570374 Over and drought: Why the end of Israel's water shortage is a secret], Haaretz, January 24, 2014</ref> A shekarar 2006, Singapore tana tsarkake ruwa a dala $0.49 kowanne cubic metre.<ref>[http://www.edie.net/news</ref> ==Damuwa na muhalli== ===Shigar ruwa=== A Amurka, tsarin shigar da ruwan sanyaya ana kula da su ne ta Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA). Wadannan tsare-tsare na iya yin tasiri iri ɗaya ga muhalli kamar yadda wuraren tsarkake ruwan teku ke yi. Bisa ga rahoton EPA, tsarin shigar ruwa na iya haifar da illa ga muhalli ta hanyar jawo kifi da ƙwaryar su ko ƙwai cikin tsarin masana’antu. A can, halittu na iya mutuwa ko jikkata saboda zafi, wahalar jiki, ko sinadarai. Manyan halittu na iya mutuwa ko jikkata idan suka makale a kan matattarar shigar ruwa.<ref>[https://www.epa.gov/cooling-water-intakes Water: Cooling Water Intakes (316b)]. water.epa.gov.</ref> Wani madadin tsarin shigar ruwa da ke rage waɗannan tasirin shi ne rijiyoyin bakin teku, amma suna buƙatar ƙarin makamashi da tsada.<ref>Cooley, Heather; Gleick, Peter H. da Wolff, Gary (2006) [http://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2015/01/desalination-grain-of-salt.pdf ''Desalination, With a Grain of Salt. A California Perspective''], Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security. {{ISBN|1-893790-13-4}}</ref> Wurin tsarkake ruwan teku na Kwinana ya buɗe a birnin Perth na Ostiraliya a shekarar 2007. Ruwan da ake samu a can da kuma a wuraren tsarkake ruwan teku na Gold Coast a Queensland da Kurnell a Sydney ana ɗaukar shi a {{convert|0.1|m/s|abbr=on}}, wanda ya yi a hankali har kifi zai iya tserewa. Wurin yana samar da kusan {{convert|140000|m3|abbr=on}} na ruwan tsabta a kowace rana.<ref name=npr>Sullivan, Michael (June 18, 2007) [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11134967 "Australia Turns to Desalination Amid Water Shortage"]. NPR.</ref> A shekarar 2025, Corpus Christi Texas ta soke babban aikin tsarkake ruwan teku saboda muhawara kan damuwa na muhalli da na kuɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas Standard for Sept. 4, 2025: Corpus Christi cancels controversial desalination project |url=https://www.texasstandard.org/stories/today-on-texas-standard-september-4-2025/ |access-date=December 10, 2025 |website=Texas Standard |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Fitar ruwa=== {{More citations needed section|date=January 2012}} Tsarin tsarkake ruwan teku yana samar da babban adadin ruwan gishiri, wanda zai iya kasancewa da zafi fiye da na muhalli, kuma yana ɗauke da ragowar sinadarai na tsaftacewa da shirye-shirye, sakamakon sinadarai da kuma ƙarafa masu nauyi saboda lalacewa (musamman a wuraren da ke amfani da zafi).<ref name="PanagopoulosHaralambous2020">{{Cite journal|last1=Panagopoulos|first1=Argyris|last2=Haralambous|first2=Katherine-Joanne|date=October 1, 2020|title=Minimal Liquid Discharge (MLD) and Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) strategies for wastewater management and resource recovery – Analysis, challenges and prospects|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343720307673|journal=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering|language=en|volume=8|issue=5|article-number=104418|doi=10.1016/j.jece.2020.104418|s2cid=225309628|issn=2213-3437|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>Greenberg, Joel (March 20, 2014) [http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/03/20/221880/israel-no-longer-worried-about.html "Israel no longer worried about its water supply, thanks to desalination plants"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324202006/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/03/20/221880/israel-no-longer-worried-about.html |date=March 24, 2014 }}, ''McClatchy DC''</ref> Sinadarai na tsaftacewa da shirye-shirye suna da muhimmanci a yawancin wuraren tsarkake ruwan teku, wanda yawanci ya haɗa da hana ƙazantar halittu, taruwar ma’adinai, kumfa da lalacewa a wuraren zafi, da kuma hana ƙazantar halittu, ƙazanta mai ɗauke da ƙwayoyin da taruwar ma’adinai a wuraren da ke amfani da membrane.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.desal.2007.03.009 |title=Environmental impact and impact assessment of seawater desalination|year=2008|last1=Lattemann|first1=Sabine|last2=Höpner|first2=Thomas|journal=Desalination|volume=220|issue=1–3|page=1|bibcode=2008Desal.220....1L }}</ref> == Amfani a duniya == Trade Arabia ta bayyana cewa Saudiyya tana samar da ruwan da aka cire gishiri har miliyan 7.9 a kowace rana, wanda ya kai kashi 22% na jimillar duniya, a ƙarshen shekarar 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=n.a. |date=May 31, 2022 |title=Saudi Arabia announces new water projects worth $667 million |url=https://smartwatermagazine.com/news/smart-water-magazine/saudi-arabia-announces-new-water-projects-worth-667-million |access-date=April 19, 2024 |website=Smart Water Magazine |language=en}}</ref> * Perth ta fara aiki da shuka ta reverse osmosis don cire gishiri daga ruwan teku a 2006.<ref>[http://www.water-technology.net/projects/perth/ Perth Seawater Desalination Plant, Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO), Kwinana]. Water Technology. Retrieved March 20, 2011.</ref> Shukar Perth tana samun wani bangare na makamashi daga hasken iska na Emu Downs Wind Farm.<ref name="npr" /><ref>PX Pressure Exchanger energy recovery devices daga Energy Recovery Inc. [http://www.energyrecovery.com/installations/documents/Perth_CS109EE.pdf An Environmentally Green Plant Design] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327122853/http://www.energyrecovery.com/installations/documents/Perth_CS109EE.pdf|date=March 27, 2009}}. Morning Edition, NPR, June 18, 2007</ref> * A Sydney yanzu ana amfani da shuka ta cire gishiri,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070629004531/http://abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/06/25/1961044.htm "Sydney desalination plant to double in size,"] Australian Broadcasting Corporation, June 25, 2007. Retrieved August 20, 2007.</ref> kuma shuka ta Wonthaggi tana gini a Wonthaggi, Victoria. Wani shuka ta iska a Bungendore, New South Wales an gina shi musamman don samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa da zai daidaita amfani da makamashin shukar Sydney,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090412234403/http://www.sydneywater.com.au/EnsuringtheFuture/Desalination/Factsheets.cfm Fact sheets], Sydney Water</ref> domin rage fargabar hayakin greenhouse gas. * A ranar 17 ga Janairu, 2008, jaridar The Wall Street Journal ta bayyana cewa kamfanin Poseidon Resources Corp. ya samu amincewar gwamnati don gina shuka ta cire gishiri a Carlsbad, California, wanda zai samar da ruwan sha cubic metre 190,000 a rana, isasshen don gidaje 100,000.<ref>Kranhold, Kathryn. (January 17, 2008) [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120053698876396483?mod=googlenews_wsj Water, Water, Everywhere...] ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved March 20, 2011.</ref> A watan Yuni 2012, kudin ruwan da aka cire gishiri ya kai $2,329 a kowace acre-foot.<ref>Mike Lee. [http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2012/jun/15/carlsbad-desal-plant-pipe-costs-near-1-billion/ "Carlsbad desal plant, pipe costs near $1 billion"]. ''U-T San Diego''.</ref> Kowace $1,000 a acre-foot ya yi daidai da $3.06 a kowace 1,000 gallons, ko $0.81 a kowace cubic metre.<ref>Sweet, Phoebe (March 21, 2008) [http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2008/mar/21/desalination-gets-serious-look/ Desalination gets a serious look]. ''Las Vegas Sun''.</ref> Saboda sabbin fasahohi suna rage kudin gina shuka ta cire gishiri, ƙasashe da dama suna gina irin waɗannan shuke-shuke don magance matsalar ƙarancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Changing Image Of Desalination|url=http://www.medrc.org/new_content/industry_news/sept00/story1.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007124901/http://www.medrc.org/new_content/industry_news/sept00/story1.htm|archive-date=October 7, 2007|access-date=November 21, 2012}}</ref> * Isra’ila tana cire gishiri daga ruwa da farashin cent 53 a kowace cubic metre.<ref>{{cite web|date=December 28, 2005|title=EJP {{pipe}} News {{pipe}} France {{pipe}} French-run water plant launched in Israel|url=http://www.ejpress.org/article/4873|access-date=August 13, 2010|publisher=Ejpress.org|archive-date=August 1, 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120801021621/http://www.ejpress.org/article/4873}}</ref> * Singapore tana cire gishiri daga ruwa da farashin cent 49 a kowace cubic metre<ref>{{cite web|date=May 4, 2006|title=Black & Veatch-Designed Desalination Plant Wins Global Water Distinction|url=http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=11402&channel=0|access-date=August 13, 2010|publisher=Edie.net|archive-date=July 21, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721213246/http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=11402&channel=0}}</ref> kuma tana tace najasa da reverse osmosis don amfani a masana’antu da ruwan sha (NEWater). * China da Indiya, ƙasashen da suka fi yawan jama’a a duniya, suna fara amfani da cire gishiri don wani ɓangare na bukatun ruwansu.<ref>{{cite web|date=November 1, 2006|title=Drought hopes hinge on desalination – World – NZ Herald News|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/2/story.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10408553|access-date=August 13, 2010|publisher=Nzherald.co.nz|archive-date=September 29, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929205226/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/2/story.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10408553}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=January 17, 2007|title=Tamil Nadu / Chennai News: Two sites for desalination plant identified|newspaper=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/17/stories/2007011719260300.htm|access-date=August 13, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930224513/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/17/stories/2007011719260300.htm|archive-date=September 30, 2007}}</ref> * A 2007 Pakistan ta sanar da shirin amfani da cire gishiri.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan embarks on nuclear desalination|url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/newNuclear/190107Pakistan_embarks_on_nuclear_desalination.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216051640/http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/newNuclear/190107Pakistan_embarks_on_nuclear_desalination.shtml|archive-date=December 16, 2008|access-date=November 21, 2012}}</ref> * Dukkan manyan biranen Australiya (banda Canberra, Darwin, da Hobart) suna gina ko amfani da shuke-shuken cire gishiri. A ƙarshen 2011, Melbourne za ta fara amfani da shuka mafi girma a Australiya, Wonthaggi desalination plant. * A 2007 Bermuda ta sanya hannu kan kwangila don sayen shuka ta cire gishiri.<ref>{{cite web|date=January 20, 2007|title=Bermuda signs contract for seawater desalination plant|url=http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/cgi-script/csArticles/articles/000052/005273.htm|access-date=August 13, 2010|publisher=Caribbean Net News|archive-date=August 1, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100801053505/http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/cgi-script/csArticles/articles/000052/005273.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Kafin 2015, shuka mafi girma a Amurka tana Tampa Bay, Florida, wadda ta fara cire gishiri daga gallon miliyan 25 a rana a Disamba 2007.<ref>[http://www2.tbo.com/content/2007/dec/22/na-applause-at-last-for-desalination-plant/ Applause, At Last, For Desalination Plant], The Tampa Tribune, December 22, 2007.</ref> A Amurka, kudin cire gishiri ya == Haɗin waje ==   * [http://www.idadesal.org Ƙungiyar Rashin Ruwa ta Duniya] * [http://www.edsoc.com/ Kungiyar Rashin Rashin Ruwa ta Turai] * [http://www.dme-gmbh.de/desalination-technology/technology-basics/working-principles-in-desalination-systems/ Ka'idodin aiki a cikin tsarin cire gishiri] * [http://www.dme-gmbh.de/desalination-technology/technology-basics/classification-of-desalination-technologies/ Rarraba fasahar cire ruwan 'ya'yan ruwa (CDT)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622032825/https://www.dme-gmbh.de/desalination-technology/technology-basics/classification-of-desalination-technologies/ |date=2018-06-22 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622032825/https://www.dme-gmbh.de/desalination-technology/technology-basics/classification-of-desalination-technologies/ |date=2018-06-22 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622032825/https://www.dme-gmbh.de/desalination-technology/technology-basics/classification-of-desalination-technologies/ |date=2018-06-22 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622032825/https://www.dme-gmbh.de/desalination-technology/technology-basics/classification-of-desalination-technologies/ |date=2018-06-22 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622032825/https://www.dme-gmbh.de/desalination-technology/technology-basics/classification-of-desalination-technologies/ |date=2018-06-22 }} * [http://www.enviromission.com.au SOLAR TOWER Project - Tsabtace Wutar Lantarki don Desalination.] * [https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/tracer-bullets/desalinationtb.html Bayanan wallafe-wallafen] * [http://www.desware.net/ Encyclopedia na Desalination da ruwa da albarkatun ruwa] == Manazarta== [[Rukuni:Ruwa]] 7ch6hvrd660ns2n41vtyfhzzytkt53j 0 101454 893986 626078 2026-08-10T03:55:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yaƙin Adibo''' yaƙin ne da sojojin Jamus a shekarar 1896 a kan Dagbamba na Afirka ta Yamma a Adibo, yanzu a [[Ghana]] a yau.<ref>{{cite news|title = Dagbon ? Recalling History, the Battle of Adibo|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Dagbon-Recalling-History-the-Battle-of-Adibo-76953|last =Pukariga|first=Dasana}}</ref> Bayan turjiya da suka yi da hukumomin ƙasashen waje, 'yan ƙabilar Dagbamba sun gana inda suka kaddamar da farmaki kan 'yan sandan Jamus Schutztruppe da ke ɗauke da muggan makamai tare da rakiyar Lieutenant [[Valentin von Massow]] a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa babban birninsu a ƙauyen Adibo, wanda gwamnatin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Jamus ta aike da shi domin murkushe tawayen. Mayakan Dagbamba sun yi asara mai yawa a rana ta biyu na yakin, inda suka yi nasara bayan da aka lalata babban birninsu [[Yendi]] a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba, 1896. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Papathanassiou |first=Manolis |title=Battle of Adibo |url=http://www.10000battles.com/battles2.php?bat=84 |access-date=2018-02-23 |website=www.10000battles.com |language=en |archive-date=2021-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903075729/http://www.10000battles.com/battles2.php?bat=84 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kashin Dagbamba suka sha ya baiwa daular Jamus damar kammala kafa hukumar tsaro ta Togo, wacce ta mamaye gabashin [[Masarautar Dagbon|daular Dagbon]]. An saki yankin yammacin Masarautar ga Turawan Ingila kuma aka shigar da shi cikin [[Daular Biritaniya]]. Rubuce-rubucen kutsen sun fito ne daga wasiƙun sirri da kuma diary na von Massow zuwa ga mahaifiyarsa, da kuma rahotannin da ya yi a hukumance ga Gwamnan Lome a ƙarƙashin sashin mulkin mallaka na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje a Berlin. Masu ba da labari na Dagbaŋ suna kula da bayanan baka daban na taron.<ref>{{cite news|title = Dagbon ? Recalling History, the Battle of Adibo|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Dagbon-Recalling-History-the-Battle-of-Adibo-76953|last =Pukariga|first=Dasana}}</ref> == Tarihi == Kafin shekara ta 1850, masu wa’azin mishan na Jamus sun kafu sosai a tsakanin ƙabilun kudancin Ghana da [[Togo]] a yau, amma Jamus ta fara kafa wata hukuma ta musamman a gaɓar tekun Afirka ta Yamma a ranar 5 ga watan Yuli, 1884.<ref name="Quesada 2013">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s6iHCwAAQBAJ&q=Imperial+German+Colonial+and+Overseas+Troops+1885%E2%80%931918|title=Imperial German Colonial and Overseas Troops 1885–1918|last1=Quesada|first1=Alejandro de|last2=Dale|first2=Chris|date=2013-08-20|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781780961668|language=en}}</ref> Sun ci gaba da ci gaba zuwa arewa kuma daga shekarun 1884 sun kafa Togoland protectorate a matsayin wani yanki mai karewa na [[:de:Deutsch-Westafrika|Deutsch-Westafrika]] protectorate wanda ya haɗa da Kamaru.<ref name="Massow 2014">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2D4AwAAQBAJ&dq=dagomba&pg=PP1|title=Die Eroberung von Nordtogo 1896 – 1899: Tagebücher und Briefe|last=Massow|first=Valentin|date=2014-07-07|publisher=BoD – Books on Demand|isbn=9783954940424|language=de}}</ref> Buƙatar faɗaɗa ayyukan noma, tituna da layin dogo ya rinjayi ci gabansu; da kuma aiwatar da aikin tilastawa don waɗannan dalilai. Abubuwan da suka sauƙaƙa ƙaura zuwa lungu da sako sun haɗa da gina tashar jiragen ruwa a Lomé, sanya na’urar watsa shirye-shiryen rediyon Kamina Funkstation, da kuma ƙarancin juriya daga ƙabilun da suka ci karo da su kamar mutanen Ewe, waɗanda galibi suka zauna a matsayin masu rarrabuwar kawuna.<ref name="Massow 2014"/> A shekara ta 1890, balaguron Jamusawa sun shiga yankunan savanna na Ghana da Togo a yau, inda suka ci karo da manyan jaruman Dagbamba.<ref name="Quesada 2013"/> == Manazarta == aw1y3hcmizkeij86hyrgpbokl9kjwh9 0 101651 893676 789948 2026-08-09T16:14:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tigers na Ambazonia''' (TTA), kuma aka sani da '''Manyu Tigers''' {{Sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|2019}} ko '''Tigers na Manyu''', <ref name="sa">{{Cite web |date=17 September 2020 |title=Why Political Power Distribution Escalated Anglophone Crisis in Cameroon? |url=https://susafrica.com/2020/09/17/why-political-power-distribution-escalated-anglophone-crisis-in-cameroon/ |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=Susa Africa |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108150502/https://susafrica.com/2020/09/17/why-political-power-distribution-escalated-anglophone-crisis-in-cameroon/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> 'yan tawayen Ambazonian ne 'yan aware. A cewar shafin yanar gizon ta, Tigers sun amince da ikon gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Ambazonia . Mayakan na daga cikin [[Kwamitin Tsaro na Ambazonia|Majalisar Kare Kai ta Ambazonia]] . <ref name="BBCoct42018" /> {{Sfn|HRW|2018}} Tigers galibi suna aiki a Manyu da Meme . {{Sfn|HRW|2018}} == Tarihi == An shirya Tigers a Manyu a cikin kaka na 2017, tare da tsakanin 10 zuwa 30 na farko. Yana daya daga cikin gungun masu dauke da makamai da aka kafa a farkon yakin basasa, {{Sfn|DeLancey|DeLancey|Mbuh|2019}} <ref name="reuters">{{Cite web |last=Edward McAllister |date=8 February 2018 |title=Exclusive - "We are in a war": Cameroon unrest confronted by army offensive |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/cameroon-separatists-idINKBN1FS1WU |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=Reuters}}</ref> suna kai hari kan wuraren binciken sojoji. <ref name="reuters" /> A cewar ''Bareta News'' mai rajin ballewa, Tigers sun fito ne a matsayin mayar da martani ga kisan Ekabe Nyongo, wani basaraken gargajiya a Manyu wanda ya bayyana goyon bayansa ga yunkurin ballewa. Bayan haka ne wasu gungun Tigers tsirara da makamai suka afkawa jana'izar Nyongo, suka kama wani sojan Kamaru da ke wurin suka tilasta masa yin Allah wadai da gwamnati, bayan da 'yan tawayen suka ayyana wani dan aware a matsayin sabon shugaban yankin. A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun 2018, jami'an tsaron Kamaru sun kai farmaki a wani yunkurin halaka Tigers, amma aikin ya kara janyo goyon bayan yankin ga 'yan tawayen. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mark Bareta |date=17 January 2018 |title=Revolutionary Forces of Ambazonia Enter Meme County, as Resistant Kwa Kwa Village Comes into Spotlight. |url=https://www.bareta.news/revolutionary-forces-ambazonia-enter-meme-county-resistant-kwa-kwa-village-comes-spotlight/ |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=Bareta News}}</ref> A cikin watan Satumba na,2018, Tigers sun dauki alhakin fasa gidan yarin Wum . A wannan lokaci, 'yan bindigar wani bangare ne na Majalisar Tsaron Kai ta Ambazonia, kuma ta yi ikirarin cewa tana da mayaka kusan 2,000 a karkashin ikonta, ko da yake ba a iya tabbatar da wannan adadin ba kuma yana iya zama karin gishiri. Tigers sun kuma ba da hadin kai tare da manyan sojojin tsaron Ambazonia da SOCADEF . [[Fayil:Ambazonia_conflict.png|left|thumb|200x200px| Kasancewar kungiyoyin tsagerun Ambazonian, gami da Tigers a launin toka, nan da 2023.]] Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, ''[[Kungiyar Ganin Karshen Rikice-Rikice Ta Duniya|Kungiyar Rikicin Kasa da Kasa]]'' ta kiyasta cewa Tigers din sun hada da 'yan bindiga kusan 500. Zuwa shekarar 2020, ''Rahoton leken asirin Kamaru'' ya yi ikirarin cewa Tigers sun yi kaurin suna a tsakanin sojojin Kamaru kuma sun mallaki yankunan karkarar da ke kusa da Mamfe . An ba da rahoton cewa ƙungiyar ta kula da sel da yawa a Manyu, kuma sun yi sintiri a yankin don hana yaduwar [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|cutar ta COVID-19]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2020 |title=NOSO: après l'assassinat du maire de Mamfé, voici les prochains sur liste des sécessionnistes |url=https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/NewsArchive/NOSO-apr-s-l-assassinat-du-maire-de-Mamf-voici-les-prochains-sur-liste-des-s-cessionnistes-513745 |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=camerounweb.com |agency=Cameroon Intelligence Report |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108161518/https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/NewsArchive/NOSO-apr-s-l-assassinat-du-maire-de-Mamf-voici-les-prochains-sur-liste-des-s-cessionnistes-513745 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2023, mayakan ‘yan aware sun kashe akalla fararen hula 20 a Egbekaw, kusa da Mamfe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-06 |title=Local Official: Gunmen Kill at Least 20 in Pre-Dawn Attack in Cameroon |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/local-official-gunmen-kill-at-least-20-in-pre-dawn-attack-in-cameroon-/7343283.html |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-06 |title=Separatist gunmen kill at least 20 in Cameroon |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/6/anglophone-separatist-gunmen-kill-20-in-cameroons-south-west-region |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> ''Kamfanin Dillancin Labaran Kamaru'' ya danganta kisan kiyashin da Tigers, inda ya bayyana hakan a matsayin wani harin ramuwar gayya saboda mutanen yankin da suka dauki hayar sojojin hayar Najeriya da suka kashe daya daga cikin mayakan ‘yan awaren. <ref name="cnanov62023">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-06 |title=Manyu: More than 30 die in Amba attack |url=https://cameroonnewsagency.com/manyu-more-than-30-die-in-amba-attack/ |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=Cameroon News Agency |language=en}}</ref> == Imani. == Tigers na bin tsagerun Ambazonian masu fafutuka. Bugu da ƙari, an yi musu wahayi zuwa wani mataki na addinan gargajiya na Afirka ; Sunan kungiyar ya dogara ne akan imanin cewa "wasu daga cikin Tigers fatalwar magabata ne wadanda suka tashi daga kabari don kare mutanensu". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Farouk Chothia |date=4 October 2018 |title=Cameroon's Anglophone crisis: Red Dragons and Tigers - the rebels fighting for independence |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45723211 |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=BBC}}</ref> Imani da kariyar allahntaka da tasiri, wanda ake kira ''odeshi'', ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin ƙungiyoyin tsagerun Ambazonian. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2018 |title=Federal Republic of Ambazonia: Red Dragons and Tigers – the rebels fighting for independence |url=https://www.cameroonintelligencereport.com/federal-republic-of-ambazonia-red-dragons-and-tigers-the-rebels-fighting-for-independence/ |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=Cameroon Intelligence Report}}</ref> == Magana == jzbhm5fnngp8e9kpv377m0gcks0zb7r 0 101999 894140 735334 2026-08-10T10:12:38Z Aisha SM 47788 894140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yakin Col des Beni Aïcha''' ko '''yakin Thenia''', wanda ya ɓarke a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun shekarar1871, yakin Mokrani ne na tawayen Mokrani tsakanin 'yan tawayen [[Aljeriya]], da kuma Faransa, wacce ita ce ta yi mulkin mallaka a yankin tun a shekarar 1830. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rinn |first=Louis |year=1891 |title=Histoire de l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F85JAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA301}}</ref> == Gabatarwa == Bayan da ƴan tawayen Aljeriya suka karɓe iko da Palestro a ranar 14 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1871 bayan yakin Palestro, sun so su mamaye Mitidja da birnin [[Aljir|Algiers]]. Don cimma wannan, sojojin [[Sheikh Mokrani|Cheikh Mokrani]] sun ketare yankin Réghaïa ta hanyar Lower Kabylia, yayin da aka fara bazara na shekarar 1871 kuma Oued Isser yana cikin ambaliya. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Maximilien Joseph de Schauenburg &#124; Charge du 5e régiment de chasseurs à cheval contre des Cosaques, vers 1805-1807 &#124; Images d’Art |url=https://art.rmngp.fr/fr/library/artworks/maximilien-joseph-de-schauenburg_charge-du-5e-regiment-de-chasseurs-a-cheval-contre-des-cosaques-vers-1805-1807_huile-sur-toile |access-date=2022-09-16 |publisher=Art.rmngp.fr |language=fr |archive-date=2019-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501133317/https://art.rmngp.fr/fr/library/artworks/maximilien-joseph-de-schauenburg_charge-du-5e-regiment-de-chasseurs-a-cheval-contre-des-cosaques-vers-1805-1807_huile-sur-toile |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sojojin Aljeriya sun taso daga Palestro zuwa arewa maso gabas, nesa da sojojin Faransa da bivouac tun daga ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu, 1871, don isa yankin Laazib Zamoum na Faransa bayan kwanaki uku a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu inda suka kunna wuta a kewayen wannan toho na garin Faransa. Mazaunan Faransa da sojojin sun fara ne bayan [[Battle of Laazib Zamoum|yakin Laazib Zamoum]] don tserewa daga filin Issers zuwa [[Aljir|Algiers]], amma 'yan tawayen Aljeriya sun bi su zuwa Bordj Menaïel da aka kona a lokacin [[Battle of Bordj Ménaïel|yakin Bordj Ménaïel]], haka kuma a lokacin [[Battle of the Issers|yakin Issers]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Historique Ménerville - Ville — 1830-1962 ENCYCLOPEDIE de L'AFN |url=https://encyclopedie-afn.org/Historique_M%C3%A9nerville_-_Ville |access-date=2022-09-16 |publisher=Encyclopedie-afn.org |language=fr}}</ref> == Mazaunan Col des Beni Aïcha == Tun daga ranar 17 ga watan Mayu 1837, Kanar Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg da sojojinsa na Faransa a lokacin balaguro na Col des Beni Aïcha sun fahimci cewa iko da yankin [[Thénia|Col des Beni Aïcha]] na da mahimmanci ga zaman lafiyar gabashin Algiers da Kabylia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection de documents concernant l'Algérie. Dossier 1 |url=https://www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/siv/rechercheconsultation/consultation/ir/pdfUD.action?irId=FRAN_IR_053541&udId=c-9rdnmbxx1-ollyw9pw18xn |access-date=16 April 2023 |website=culture.gouv.fr |language=fr}}</ref> Yaƙe-yaƙe da dama sun biyo bayan juna a wannan yanki har zuwa shekara ta 1857 lokacin da aka sasanta Kabylia kuma aka fara aiwatar da mulkin mallaka da na ɗan adam a ƙasar da aka yi wa ɓarna da ta'adi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MENERVILLE - .1871: C'est le soulèvement qui embrasa la Kabylie à la suite des difficultés rencontrées - [PDF Document] |url=https://fdocuments.fr/document/menerville-1871-cest-le-soulevement-qui-embrasa-la-kabylie-a-la-suite.html |website=fdocuments.fr |access-date=2025-06-08 |archive-date=2023-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125135206/https://fdocuments.fr/document/menerville-1871-cest-le-soulevement-qui-embrasa-la-kabylie-a-la-suite.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Don haka a cikin watan Yuli 1860, ɗan mulkin mallaka ''Paul Just'', ɗan asalin Embrun a Hautes Alpes, bisa ga umarnin Gwamna Janar Patrice de MacMahon, ya isa ga ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' tare da rakiyar rundunar soja don samun rangwamen aikin gona. Bayan wasu mazauna da yawa, ''Paul Just'' ya gina gidaje na katako don nemo sabon mazaunin, saboda haka sunan "Ƙauyen Wooden". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Menerville |url=https://jeanyvesthorrignac.fr/wa_files/INFO_20614_20MENERVILLE.pdf |access-date=16 April 2023 |website=jeanyvesthorrignac.fr |language=fr}}</ref> Wurin ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' da sauri ya zama mai horar da wasan kwaikwayo, kuma an buɗe gidan cin abinci a wurin da ɗakin karatu na katako da kuma wurin dafa abinci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Menerville nos souvenirs, col des Beni aïcha, Thenia, histoire |url=http://menerville.free.fr/histoire/histoire.htm |website=menerville.free.fr}}</ref> Ƙauyen 'yan mulkin mallaka don haka ya samo asali ne a hankali daga shekarun 1860 har zuwa 1871 lokacin da Pieds-Noirs suka rayu akan ƙananan kayan ƙasa da kuma dakatar da matafiya a mataki na ƙwazo. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Algérie - Ménerville — Geneawiki |url=https://fr.geneawiki.com/index.php/Alg%C3%A9rie_-_M%C3%A9nerville |access-date=2022-09-16 |publisher=Fr.geneawiki.com |language=fr}}</ref> == Yaƙi == A ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun 1837, 'yan tawayen Aljeriya sun taso daga kudancin ƙauyen ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka suka fito daga ''Palestro '''yanto, suka iso daga Issers da tudun ''Iflissen'', suka mamaye gaba ɗayan yankin ''[[Thénia|Menerville]]'' na gaba sai ''[[Thénia|Thenia]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqt9A2NX0TIC&pg=PA32|title = Lettres et carnets de route du commandant Briquelot de 1871 à 1896|isbn = 9782748113990}}</ref> Marabout [[Sheikh Boumerdassi|Cheikh Boumerdassi]], Cheikh na ''[[Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]]'', da Marabout [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki|Cheikh Boushaki]], Sheik na ''[[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki]]'', wanda ya jagoranci wannan hari na Aljeriya a kan Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Lower Kabylia. Daga nan ne ‘yan tawayen Iflissen (Flissas), Issers, Beni Aïcha, Beni-Amran da Khachnas suka je ƙauyen ‘yan mulkin mallaka na Col des Beni-Aïcha, inda mazauna garin suka samu nasarar tserewa cikin lokaci, amma wanda aka wawashe, sannan suka cinna wuta. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1873 |title=Revue des deux mondes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFpJAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA631}}</ref> Hakika, da tsakar rana a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun 1871, kusan dukkan Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa sun bar ƙauyen ''Col des Beni Aïcha'', kuma nan da nan 'yan tawayen [[Aljeriya]] suka mamaye unguwar. A nasa ɓangaren, [[Sheikh Mokrani|Cheikh Mokrani]], ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin 'yantacciyar ƙasar ''Palestro'', ya kuma ba da umarninsa ga sojojin 'yan tawaye, yayin da yake shiryawa da kuma shirya kame Algiers. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rinn |first=Louis |year=1891 |title=Histoire de l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F85JAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA247}}</ref> == Kai hari == [[Fayil:Thenia_11092012.jpg|thumb| [[Thénia]]]] Bayan [[Yaƙin Alma (Algeria)|yakin Alma]] ya koma kan 'yan tawayen Aljeriya a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun 1871, bayan isowar Kanar Alexandre Fourchault da sojojinsa na Faransa daga Algiers, 'yan Aljeriya sun dage kan [[Thénia|Col des Beni Aïcha]] don kokarin sake komawa kan Alma. Wannan shi ne yadda Kanar ''Alexandre Fourchault'', bayan ya sake kama ''Alma'', ya yi tafiya da kuzari a kan ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' wanda ya sake ɗauka bayan wani rikici mai tsanani a ranar 30 ga watan Afrilu 1871 tare da 'yan tawaye. Amma mutanen Aljeriya sun ci gaba da kai hari har zuwa ranar 8 ga watan Mayu 1871 suna kai farmaki kan hamlet na ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' daga kowane ɓangare, tun da yake a cikin wani kwandon ruwa mai kewaye da tsaunuka zuwa arewa da kudu. Kanar ''Fourchault'' ya killace kansa a cikin ƙauyen da aka kone kuma ya yi awon gaba da shi a lokacin da yake jiran ƙarin taimako daga Janar Orphis Léon Lallemand wanda ya taru a Alma domin ya garzaya kan ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' don yantar da shi daga rikicin [[Sheikh Mokrani|Cheikh Mokrani]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Faucon |first=Narcisse |year=1890 |title=Le livre d'or de l'Algérie: Histoire politique, militaire, administrative; événements et faits principaux; biographie des hommes ayant marqué dans l'armée, les sciences, les lettres, etc., de 1830 à 1889 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BhAqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA314}}</ref> Ba tare da jinkiri ba, kuma ba tare da jiran ƙarfafawa ba, Janar ''Lallemand'' ya bar ''Alma'' da kansa ƙasa, kuma washegari Talata 9 ga watan Mayu 1871, da ƙarfe 3 na rana, ruƙunin sojansa ya yaɗa zango a ''Col des Beni Aïcha'', wanda ke ba da damar shiga Great Kabylia. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1873 |title=Les Arabes Martyrs. Étude sur l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pPn2uPyBm70C&pg=PA15}}</ref> == Hukunta ƙauyuka == [[Fayil:Hôpital_de_Thénia.jpg|thumb| [[Soumâa|Dutsen]] Suma.]] A ranar 7 ga watan Mayu 1871, don haka aka umarci Colonel ''Fourchault'' da ya je ya ƙone ƙauyukan ''Ammal'' da ke gefen hagu na Oued Isser, waɗanda mazaunansu suka yi watsi da su, kuma dole ne ya yi aiki da ginshiƙi mai haske na sojojin ƙasa ba jakunkuna da sojan doki ba. Karfe 11 na safe ya ladabtar da ƙauyukan ‘yan tawaye da kokarin kamo Shehunan nan guda biyu, ya dawo sansanin Alma da karfe 7 na yamma, ya kuma aika da rahoto zuwa ga Janar Lallemand inda ya ce komai ya ‘gama da kyau. Ƙauyuka biyu (decheras) da Lallemand ya so ya yi musu, an kona su ba tare da harbin bindiga ba, in ban da wasu ‘yan Aljeriya guda biyu da aka tafi da su da makamai kuma aka kashe su nan take. Masu fafutuka sun kona wasu 'yan gourbi, kuma Turcos da Zouaves sun ɗauki nauyin ganimar da aka tattara.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6545253w/f284.item.r=Fourchault+Khachna+Beni-Aicha+Isser.zoom|title = L'Insurrection de la Grande Kabylie en 1871 / Par le colonel Robin|year = 1901}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga watan Mayu, 1871, da ƙarfe 5 na safe, shafi na Janar Lallemand ya tashi zuwa hanyar Beni-Aïcha, yana biye da tsaunuka waɗanda ke yin layin raba tsakanin kwarin Isser da na Corso. Wannan hanya tana da fa'idar kaiwa ga hanyar wucewa ta layin tudu, don guje wa matsalolin da za a shawo kan su idan dole ne mu tilasta hanyar kai tsaye. An yi babban tasha a maɓuɓɓugan Azela da Tilfaouïn. Khachna na yankin farar hula sun miƙa wuya kuma sun yi garkuwa da su; sun koma garuruwansu, ba su damu ba. Jim kaɗan kafin isa kan hanyar Beni Aïcha, Janar Lallemand ya yi shakku kan ko ƙauyukan [[Soumâa]], Gueddara, [[Meraldene]], Tabrahimt da Azela sun yi garkuwa da su. Kanar Fourchault, wanda ya yi tattaki a cikin ’yan gadi, ya tambayi jami’in kula da harkokin ƙasar da ya raka shi bayani kan wannan batu; Na karshen ya amsa da cewa bai da tabbas a kan haka, amma Janar Lallemand baya nisa a baya, kuma zai yi sauki a tuntuɓe shi. Mutanen waɗannan kauyukan sun fito daga gidajensu ba tare da makami ba, suka zo suka hadu da ginshikin domin yin biyayya. Kanar Fourchault, bisa la’akari da cewa waɗannan mutanen kauyen na cikin ‘yan tawayen da suka wawashe gidajen mashigin Beni-Aïcha, ya ba da umarnin kashe su da peloton maharba a kan dawakai waɗanda suka yi tattaki a ƙauyen, sannan wasu gungun sojoji suka bi su. Mafarautan sun kewaye mutanen [[Soumâa]], Gueddara, [[Meraldene]], Tabrahimt da Azela waɗanda suka ci gaba suka fara harbe-harbe a kusa da su. Wannan liyafar macabre da suka yi nisa ta ɗauke su, har ba su yi tunanin guduwa ba, su goma sha biyar suka faɗo matattu ɗaya bayan ɗaya. Fourchault ya zarce ƙauyen da aka yi awon gaba da shi inda sojojinsa suka harbe matan da ke gudu a cikin kwazazzabai tare da mutanen da ba a kai musu hari ba. Daya daga cikin mutanen ƙauyen da ya faɗa ƙarƙashin harsashin ya samu rauni ne kawai, sai ya tsaya babu motsi yana mai cewa ya mutu, kuma a lokacin da masu harbin suka je ɗauke masa wuta, sai ya ɗauki hanyarsa a cikin kwarin, ya yi nasarar tserewa, amma an kashe wasu maza biyar daga ƙauyukan, sannan kuma an kashe wata mata yayin da ta gudu zuwa cikin kwarin. Bayan wannan farmakin na azabtarwa, ginshiƙin Fourchault ya kafa bivouac a ƙauyen Col des Beni-Aïcha, da ƙarfe 4 na yamma bayan ya yi tafiya mai nisan kilomita 20, kuma ya sami ruwa a wurin maɓuɓɓugar ƙauyen da kuma wani maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da ke saman sansanin. An ba da umarnin tattara ayarin motocin da kayan da aka bari a Alma domin su kwana a ranar 9 ga watan Mayu suna hutawa a mashigar Beni Aïcha kafin a ci gaba da farautar 'yan tawayen.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6545253w/f285.item.r=Gueddara+Khachna+Beni-Aicha+Isser.zoom|title = L'Insurrection de la Grande Kabylie en 1871 / Par le colonel Robin|year = 1901}}</ref> == Kama Cheikhs == Kafin isa ''Col des Beni Aïcha'', Janar ''Lallemand'' ya ba da umarni a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1871 don kama [[Sheikh Boumerdassi|Cheikh Boumerdassi]] da [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki|Cheikh Mohamed Boushaki]] a cikin matsugunansu da wuraren ɓuya a tsaunukan ''Khachna'' da ''Ammal''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F85JAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA355|title = Histoire de l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie|last1 = Rinn|first1 = Louis|year = 1891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6545253w/f283.item.r=Fourchault+Ammal+Isser.zoom|title=L'Insurrection de la Grande Kabylie en 1871 / Par le colonel Robin|year=1901}}</ref> A ƙarshe [[Sheikh Boumerdassi|Cheikh Boumerdassi]], da ɗan uwansa [[Abdelkader Boumerdassi]], da kuma [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki|Cheikh Mohamed Boushaki]] an fitar da su aka kama su kafin a ɗaure su.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ij5IAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA277|title = Histoire littéraire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (1853-2005)|date = 26 March 2014|isbn = 9782811109653}}</ref> An fitar da Cheikh ''Mohamed Boumerdassi'' zuwa New Caledonia a shekara ta 1874, yana da shekaru 56 a lokacin kuma sunansa ''Mohamed ben Hamou ben Ali Boumerdassi'', mai lamba: 130133.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-j52rZbRgEC&pg=PA20|title = Le procès Konhu en Nouvelle-Calédonie : Une nouvelle affaire Outreau ?|isbn = 9782296113879|last1 = Sarda|first1 = Gérard|year = 2010}}</ref> Bayan da aka dakile wannan tada ƙayar bayan [[Sheikh Mokrani]], an ba da sanarwar kwacewa da kuma zagon ƙasa na 'yan tawayen Aljeriya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGOO0NwovKMC&q=D%C3%A9portation+1874+Cal%C3%A9donie+Kabylie|title = Kabyles du Pacifique|isbn = 9782910780005|last1 = Lallaoui|first1 = Mehdi|year = 1994}}</ref> Idan an yanke wa masu tayar da ƙayar baya hukuncin kisa ko kuma yin aiki mai tsanani na rayuwa, wasu kawai an fitar da su zuwa New Caledonia bayan an kama su a kurkuku a Fort Quélern, sannan jirgin La Loire ya kai shi a kan jirgin 34 na siyasa na Aljeriya ta hanyar jirgin na tara wanda ya bar tashar jiragen ruwa na Brest a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba 1874 da Noumé a tashar jiragen ruwa na shekarar 1874.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdlnAAAAMAAJ&q=1874|title = Déportations en Nouvelle-Calédonie des communards et des révoltés de la Grande Kabylie (1872 à 1876)|isbn = 9782738427960|last1 = Mailhé|first1 = Germaine|year = 1994}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]] * [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki]] * [[Sheikh Boumerdassi|Cheikh Boumerdassi]] == WaHanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{YouTube|AFl6d6lFtUo|(fr) Information on the capture of Algiers in 1830}} * {{YouTube|00QiSziElDo|(fr) The conquest of Algeria: Interview with Ahmed Djebbar}} * {{YouTube|jIRQIsRnAqo|1- (fr) The conquest of Algeria (1830-1847)}} * {{YouTube|txTj_wbH1EY|2- (fr) The conquest of Algeria (1830-1847)}} * {{YouTube|3Hbx7NydQUk|(fr) The conquest of Algeria: Interview with Jacques Frémeaux}} * {{YouTube|vcxv61UDufI|(fr) Conquest of Algeria - Marshal Bugeaud}} == Littattafai == * [https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Un_%C3%89pisode_de_l%E2%80%99insurrection_Kabyle._%E2%80%94_L%E2%80%99Alma,_Palestro (fr) Un Épisode de l'insurrection Kabyle.] [https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Un_%C3%89pisode_de_l%E2%80%99insurrection_Kabyle._%E2%80%94_L%E2%80%99Alma,_Palestro - L'Alma, Palestro] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] aidnq1p4j68gvve3xf0n7hh7j07c7uj 894142 894140 2026-08-10T10:13:11Z Aisha SM 47788 894142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yakin Col des Beni Aïcha''' ko '''yakin Thenia''', wanda ya ɓarke a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1871, yakin Mokrani ne na tawayen Mokrani tsakanin 'yan tawayen [[Aljeriya]], da kuma Faransa, wacce ita ce ta yi mulkin mallaka a yankin tun a shekarar 1830. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rinn |first=Louis |year=1891 |title=Histoire de l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F85JAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA301}}</ref> == Gabatarwa == Bayan da ƴan tawayen Aljeriya suka karɓe iko da Palestro a ranar 14 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1871 bayan yakin Palestro, sun so su mamaye Mitidja da birnin [[Aljir|Algiers]]. Don cimma wannan, sojojin [[Sheikh Mokrani|Cheikh Mokrani]] sun ketare yankin Réghaïa ta hanyar Lower Kabylia, yayin da aka fara bazara na shekarar 1871 kuma Oued Isser yana cikin ambaliya. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Maximilien Joseph de Schauenburg &#124; Charge du 5e régiment de chasseurs à cheval contre des Cosaques, vers 1805-1807 &#124; Images d’Art |url=https://art.rmngp.fr/fr/library/artworks/maximilien-joseph-de-schauenburg_charge-du-5e-regiment-de-chasseurs-a-cheval-contre-des-cosaques-vers-1805-1807_huile-sur-toile |access-date=2022-09-16 |publisher=Art.rmngp.fr |language=fr |archive-date=2019-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501133317/https://art.rmngp.fr/fr/library/artworks/maximilien-joseph-de-schauenburg_charge-du-5e-regiment-de-chasseurs-a-cheval-contre-des-cosaques-vers-1805-1807_huile-sur-toile |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sojojin Aljeriya sun taso daga Palestro zuwa arewa maso gabas, nesa da sojojin Faransa da bivouac tun daga ranar 14 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1871, don isa yankin Laazib Zamoum na Faransa bayan kwanaki uku a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu inda suka kunna wuta a kewayen wannan toho na garin Faransa. Mazaunan Faransa da sojojin sun fara ne bayan [[Battle of Laazib Zamoum|yakin Laazib Zamoum]] don tserewa daga filin Issers zuwa [[Aljir|Algiers]], amma 'yan tawayen Aljeriya sun bi su zuwa Bordj Menaïel da aka kona a lokacin [[Battle of Bordj Ménaïel|yakin Bordj Ménaïel]], haka kuma a lokacin [[Battle of the Issers|yakin Issers]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Historique Ménerville - Ville — 1830-1962 ENCYCLOPEDIE de L'AFN |url=https://encyclopedie-afn.org/Historique_M%C3%A9nerville_-_Ville |access-date=2022-09-16 |publisher=Encyclopedie-afn.org |language=fr}}</ref> == Mazaunan Col des Beni Aïcha == Tun daga ranar 17 ga watan Mayu 1837, Kanar Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg da sojojinsa na Faransa a lokacin balaguro na Col des Beni Aïcha sun fahimci cewa iko da yankin [[Thénia|Col des Beni Aïcha]] na da mahimmanci ga zaman lafiyar gabashin Algiers da Kabylia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection de documents concernant l'Algérie. Dossier 1 |url=https://www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/siv/rechercheconsultation/consultation/ir/pdfUD.action?irId=FRAN_IR_053541&udId=c-9rdnmbxx1-ollyw9pw18xn |access-date=16 April 2023 |website=culture.gouv.fr |language=fr}}</ref> Yaƙe-yaƙe da dama sun biyo bayan juna a wannan yanki har zuwa shekara ta 1857 lokacin da aka sasanta Kabylia kuma aka fara aiwatar da mulkin mallaka da na ɗan adam a ƙasar da aka yi wa ɓarna da ta'adi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MENERVILLE - .1871: C'est le soulèvement qui embrasa la Kabylie à la suite des difficultés rencontrées - [PDF Document] |url=https://fdocuments.fr/document/menerville-1871-cest-le-soulevement-qui-embrasa-la-kabylie-a-la-suite.html |website=fdocuments.fr |access-date=2025-06-08 |archive-date=2023-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125135206/https://fdocuments.fr/document/menerville-1871-cest-le-soulevement-qui-embrasa-la-kabylie-a-la-suite.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Don haka a cikin watan Yuli 1860, ɗan mulkin mallaka ''Paul Just'', ɗan asalin Embrun a Hautes Alpes, bisa ga umarnin Gwamna Janar Patrice de MacMahon, ya isa ga ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' tare da rakiyar rundunar soja don samun rangwamen aikin gona. Bayan wasu mazauna da yawa, ''Paul Just'' ya gina gidaje na katako don nemo sabon mazaunin, saboda haka sunan "Ƙauyen Wooden". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Menerville |url=https://jeanyvesthorrignac.fr/wa_files/INFO_20614_20MENERVILLE.pdf |access-date=16 April 2023 |website=jeanyvesthorrignac.fr |language=fr}}</ref> Wurin ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' da sauri ya zama mai horar da wasan kwaikwayo, kuma an buɗe gidan cin abinci a wurin da ɗakin karatu na katako da kuma wurin dafa abinci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Menerville nos souvenirs, col des Beni aïcha, Thenia, histoire |url=http://menerville.free.fr/histoire/histoire.htm |website=menerville.free.fr}}</ref> Ƙauyen 'yan mulkin mallaka don haka ya samo asali ne a hankali daga shekarun 1860 har zuwa 1871 lokacin da Pieds-Noirs suka rayu akan ƙananan kayan ƙasa da kuma dakatar da matafiya a mataki na ƙwazo. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Algérie - Ménerville — Geneawiki |url=https://fr.geneawiki.com/index.php/Alg%C3%A9rie_-_M%C3%A9nerville |access-date=2022-09-16 |publisher=Fr.geneawiki.com |language=fr}}</ref> == Yaƙi == A ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun 1837, 'yan tawayen Aljeriya sun taso daga kudancin ƙauyen ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka suka fito daga ''Palestro '''yanto, suka iso daga Issers da tudun ''Iflissen'', suka mamaye gaba ɗayan yankin ''[[Thénia|Menerville]]'' na gaba sai ''[[Thénia|Thenia]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqt9A2NX0TIC&pg=PA32|title = Lettres et carnets de route du commandant Briquelot de 1871 à 1896|isbn = 9782748113990}}</ref> Marabout [[Sheikh Boumerdassi|Cheikh Boumerdassi]], Cheikh na ''[[Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]]'', da Marabout [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki|Cheikh Boushaki]], Sheik na ''[[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki]]'', wanda ya jagoranci wannan hari na Aljeriya a kan Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Lower Kabylia. Daga nan ne ‘yan tawayen Iflissen (Flissas), Issers, Beni Aïcha, Beni-Amran da Khachnas suka je ƙauyen ‘yan mulkin mallaka na Col des Beni-Aïcha, inda mazauna garin suka samu nasarar tserewa cikin lokaci, amma wanda aka wawashe, sannan suka cinna wuta. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1873 |title=Revue des deux mondes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFpJAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA631}}</ref> Hakika, da tsakar rana a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun 1871, kusan dukkan Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa sun bar ƙauyen ''Col des Beni Aïcha'', kuma nan da nan 'yan tawayen [[Aljeriya]] suka mamaye unguwar. A nasa ɓangaren, [[Sheikh Mokrani|Cheikh Mokrani]], ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin 'yantacciyar ƙasar ''Palestro'', ya kuma ba da umarninsa ga sojojin 'yan tawaye, yayin da yake shiryawa da kuma shirya kame Algiers. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rinn |first=Louis |year=1891 |title=Histoire de l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F85JAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA247}}</ref> == Kai hari == [[Fayil:Thenia_11092012.jpg|thumb| [[Thénia]]]] Bayan [[Yaƙin Alma (Algeria)|yakin Alma]] ya koma kan 'yan tawayen Aljeriya a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun 1871, bayan isowar Kanar Alexandre Fourchault da sojojinsa na Faransa daga Algiers, 'yan Aljeriya sun dage kan [[Thénia|Col des Beni Aïcha]] don kokarin sake komawa kan Alma. Wannan shi ne yadda Kanar ''Alexandre Fourchault'', bayan ya sake kama ''Alma'', ya yi tafiya da kuzari a kan ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' wanda ya sake ɗauka bayan wani rikici mai tsanani a ranar 30 ga watan Afrilu 1871 tare da 'yan tawaye. Amma mutanen Aljeriya sun ci gaba da kai hari har zuwa ranar 8 ga watan Mayu 1871 suna kai farmaki kan hamlet na ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' daga kowane ɓangare, tun da yake a cikin wani kwandon ruwa mai kewaye da tsaunuka zuwa arewa da kudu. Kanar ''Fourchault'' ya killace kansa a cikin ƙauyen da aka kone kuma ya yi awon gaba da shi a lokacin da yake jiran ƙarin taimako daga Janar Orphis Léon Lallemand wanda ya taru a Alma domin ya garzaya kan ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' don yantar da shi daga rikicin [[Sheikh Mokrani|Cheikh Mokrani]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Faucon |first=Narcisse |year=1890 |title=Le livre d'or de l'Algérie: Histoire politique, militaire, administrative; événements et faits principaux; biographie des hommes ayant marqué dans l'armée, les sciences, les lettres, etc., de 1830 à 1889 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BhAqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA314}}</ref> Ba tare da jinkiri ba, kuma ba tare da jiran ƙarfafawa ba, Janar ''Lallemand'' ya bar ''Alma'' da kansa ƙasa, kuma washegari Talata 9 ga watan Mayu 1871, da ƙarfe 3 na rana, ruƙunin sojansa ya yaɗa zango a ''Col des Beni Aïcha'', wanda ke ba da damar shiga Great Kabylia. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1873 |title=Les Arabes Martyrs. Étude sur l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pPn2uPyBm70C&pg=PA15}}</ref> == Hukunta ƙauyuka == [[Fayil:Hôpital_de_Thénia.jpg|thumb| [[Soumâa|Dutsen]] Suma.]] A ranar 7 ga watan Mayu 1871, don haka aka umarci Colonel ''Fourchault'' da ya je ya ƙone ƙauyukan ''Ammal'' da ke gefen hagu na Oued Isser, waɗanda mazaunansu suka yi watsi da su, kuma dole ne ya yi aiki da ginshiƙi mai haske na sojojin ƙasa ba jakunkuna da sojan doki ba. Karfe 11 na safe ya ladabtar da ƙauyukan ‘yan tawaye da kokarin kamo Shehunan nan guda biyu, ya dawo sansanin Alma da karfe 7 na yamma, ya kuma aika da rahoto zuwa ga Janar Lallemand inda ya ce komai ya ‘gama da kyau. Ƙauyuka biyu (decheras) da Lallemand ya so ya yi musu, an kona su ba tare da harbin bindiga ba, in ban da wasu ‘yan Aljeriya guda biyu da aka tafi da su da makamai kuma aka kashe su nan take. Masu fafutuka sun kona wasu 'yan gourbi, kuma Turcos da Zouaves sun ɗauki nauyin ganimar da aka tattara.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6545253w/f284.item.r=Fourchault+Khachna+Beni-Aicha+Isser.zoom|title = L'Insurrection de la Grande Kabylie en 1871 / Par le colonel Robin|year = 1901}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga watan Mayu, 1871, da ƙarfe 5 na safe, shafi na Janar Lallemand ya tashi zuwa hanyar Beni-Aïcha, yana biye da tsaunuka waɗanda ke yin layin raba tsakanin kwarin Isser da na Corso. Wannan hanya tana da fa'idar kaiwa ga hanyar wucewa ta layin tudu, don guje wa matsalolin da za a shawo kan su idan dole ne mu tilasta hanyar kai tsaye. An yi babban tasha a maɓuɓɓugan Azela da Tilfaouïn. Khachna na yankin farar hula sun miƙa wuya kuma sun yi garkuwa da su; sun koma garuruwansu, ba su damu ba. Jim kaɗan kafin isa kan hanyar Beni Aïcha, Janar Lallemand ya yi shakku kan ko ƙauyukan [[Soumâa]], Gueddara, [[Meraldene]], Tabrahimt da Azela sun yi garkuwa da su. Kanar Fourchault, wanda ya yi tattaki a cikin ’yan gadi, ya tambayi jami’in kula da harkokin ƙasar da ya raka shi bayani kan wannan batu; Na karshen ya amsa da cewa bai da tabbas a kan haka, amma Janar Lallemand baya nisa a baya, kuma zai yi sauki a tuntuɓe shi. Mutanen waɗannan kauyukan sun fito daga gidajensu ba tare da makami ba, suka zo suka hadu da ginshikin domin yin biyayya. Kanar Fourchault, bisa la’akari da cewa waɗannan mutanen kauyen na cikin ‘yan tawayen da suka wawashe gidajen mashigin Beni-Aïcha, ya ba da umarnin kashe su da peloton maharba a kan dawakai waɗanda suka yi tattaki a ƙauyen, sannan wasu gungun sojoji suka bi su. Mafarautan sun kewaye mutanen [[Soumâa]], Gueddara, [[Meraldene]], Tabrahimt da Azela waɗanda suka ci gaba suka fara harbe-harbe a kusa da su. Wannan liyafar macabre da suka yi nisa ta ɗauke su, har ba su yi tunanin guduwa ba, su goma sha biyar suka faɗo matattu ɗaya bayan ɗaya. Fourchault ya zarce ƙauyen da aka yi awon gaba da shi inda sojojinsa suka harbe matan da ke gudu a cikin kwazazzabai tare da mutanen da ba a kai musu hari ba. Daya daga cikin mutanen ƙauyen da ya faɗa ƙarƙashin harsashin ya samu rauni ne kawai, sai ya tsaya babu motsi yana mai cewa ya mutu, kuma a lokacin da masu harbin suka je ɗauke masa wuta, sai ya ɗauki hanyarsa a cikin kwarin, ya yi nasarar tserewa, amma an kashe wasu maza biyar daga ƙauyukan, sannan kuma an kashe wata mata yayin da ta gudu zuwa cikin kwarin. Bayan wannan farmakin na azabtarwa, ginshiƙin Fourchault ya kafa bivouac a ƙauyen Col des Beni-Aïcha, da ƙarfe 4 na yamma bayan ya yi tafiya mai nisan kilomita 20, kuma ya sami ruwa a wurin maɓuɓɓugar ƙauyen da kuma wani maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da ke saman sansanin. An ba da umarnin tattara ayarin motocin da kayan da aka bari a Alma domin su kwana a ranar 9 ga watan Mayu suna hutawa a mashigar Beni Aïcha kafin a ci gaba da farautar 'yan tawayen.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6545253w/f285.item.r=Gueddara+Khachna+Beni-Aicha+Isser.zoom|title = L'Insurrection de la Grande Kabylie en 1871 / Par le colonel Robin|year = 1901}}</ref> == Kama Cheikhs == Kafin isa ''Col des Beni Aïcha'', Janar ''Lallemand'' ya ba da umarni a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1871 don kama [[Sheikh Boumerdassi|Cheikh Boumerdassi]] da [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki|Cheikh Mohamed Boushaki]] a cikin matsugunansu da wuraren ɓuya a tsaunukan ''Khachna'' da ''Ammal''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F85JAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA355|title = Histoire de l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie|last1 = Rinn|first1 = Louis|year = 1891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6545253w/f283.item.r=Fourchault+Ammal+Isser.zoom|title=L'Insurrection de la Grande Kabylie en 1871 / Par le colonel Robin|year=1901}}</ref> A ƙarshe [[Sheikh Boumerdassi|Cheikh Boumerdassi]], da ɗan uwansa [[Abdelkader Boumerdassi]], da kuma [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki|Cheikh Mohamed Boushaki]] an fitar da su aka kama su kafin a ɗaure su.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ij5IAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA277|title = Histoire littéraire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (1853-2005)|date = 26 March 2014|isbn = 9782811109653}}</ref> An fitar da Cheikh ''Mohamed Boumerdassi'' zuwa New Caledonia a shekara ta 1874, yana da shekaru 56 a lokacin kuma sunansa ''Mohamed ben Hamou ben Ali Boumerdassi'', mai lamba: 130133.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-j52rZbRgEC&pg=PA20|title = Le procès Konhu en Nouvelle-Calédonie : Une nouvelle affaire Outreau ?|isbn = 9782296113879|last1 = Sarda|first1 = Gérard|year = 2010}}</ref> Bayan da aka dakile wannan tada ƙayar bayan [[Sheikh Mokrani]], an ba da sanarwar kwacewa da kuma zagon ƙasa na 'yan tawayen Aljeriya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGOO0NwovKMC&q=D%C3%A9portation+1874+Cal%C3%A9donie+Kabylie|title = Kabyles du Pacifique|isbn = 9782910780005|last1 = Lallaoui|first1 = Mehdi|year = 1994}}</ref> Idan an yanke wa masu tayar da ƙayar baya hukuncin kisa ko kuma yin aiki mai tsanani na rayuwa, wasu kawai an fitar da su zuwa New Caledonia bayan an kama su a kurkuku a Fort Quélern, sannan jirgin La Loire ya kai shi a kan jirgin 34 na siyasa na Aljeriya ta hanyar jirgin na tara wanda ya bar tashar jiragen ruwa na Brest a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba 1874 da Noumé a tashar jiragen ruwa na shekarar 1874.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdlnAAAAMAAJ&q=1874|title = Déportations en Nouvelle-Calédonie des communards et des révoltés de la Grande Kabylie (1872 à 1876)|isbn = 9782738427960|last1 = Mailhé|first1 = Germaine|year = 1994}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]] * [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki]] * [[Sheikh Boumerdassi|Cheikh Boumerdassi]] == WaHanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{YouTube|AFl6d6lFtUo|(fr) Information on the capture of Algiers in 1830}} * {{YouTube|00QiSziElDo|(fr) The conquest of Algeria: Interview with Ahmed Djebbar}} * {{YouTube|jIRQIsRnAqo|1- (fr) The conquest of Algeria (1830-1847)}} * {{YouTube|txTj_wbH1EY|2- (fr) The conquest of Algeria (1830-1847)}} * {{YouTube|3Hbx7NydQUk|(fr) The conquest of Algeria: Interview with Jacques Frémeaux}} * {{YouTube|vcxv61UDufI|(fr) Conquest of Algeria - Marshal Bugeaud}} == Littattafai == * [https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Un_%C3%89pisode_de_l%E2%80%99insurrection_Kabyle._%E2%80%94_L%E2%80%99Alma,_Palestro (fr) Un Épisode de l'insurrection Kabyle.] [https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Un_%C3%89pisode_de_l%E2%80%99insurrection_Kabyle._%E2%80%94_L%E2%80%99Alma,_Palestro - L'Alma, Palestro] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3vzn10iu9rar0ytr5nqos707tj3davr 894143 894142 2026-08-10T10:13:28Z Aisha SM 47788 894143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yakin Col des Beni Aïcha''' ko '''yakin Thenia''', wanda ya ɓarke a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1871, yakin Mokrani ne na tawayen Mokrani tsakanin 'yan tawayen [[Aljeriya]], da kuma Faransa, wacce ita ce ta yi mulkin mallaka a yankin tun a shekarar 1830. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rinn |first=Louis |year=1891 |title=Histoire de l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F85JAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA301}}</ref> == Gabatarwa == Bayan da ƴan tawayen Aljeriya suka karɓe iko da Palestro a ranar 14 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1871 bayan yakin Palestro, sun so su mamaye Mitidja da birnin [[Aljir|Algiers]]. Don cimma wannan, sojojin [[Sheikh Mokrani|Cheikh Mokrani]] sun ketare yankin Réghaïa ta hanyar Lower Kabylia, yayin da aka fara bazara na shekarar 1871 kuma Oued Isser yana cikin ambaliya. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Maximilien Joseph de Schauenburg &#124; Charge du 5e régiment de chasseurs à cheval contre des Cosaques, vers 1805-1807 &#124; Images d’Art |url=https://art.rmngp.fr/fr/library/artworks/maximilien-joseph-de-schauenburg_charge-du-5e-regiment-de-chasseurs-a-cheval-contre-des-cosaques-vers-1805-1807_huile-sur-toile |access-date=2022-09-16 |publisher=Art.rmngp.fr |language=fr |archive-date=2019-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501133317/https://art.rmngp.fr/fr/library/artworks/maximilien-joseph-de-schauenburg_charge-du-5e-regiment-de-chasseurs-a-cheval-contre-des-cosaques-vers-1805-1807_huile-sur-toile |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sojojin Aljeriya sun taso daga Palestro zuwa arewa maso gabas, nesa da sojojin Faransa da bivouac tun daga ranar 14 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1871, don isa yankin Laazib Zamoum na Faransa bayan kwanaki uku a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu inda suka kunna wuta a kewayen wannan toho na garin Faransa. Mazaunan Faransa da sojojin sun fara ne bayan [[Battle of Laazib Zamoum|yakin Laazib Zamoum]] don tserewa daga filin Issers zuwa [[Aljir|Algiers]], amma 'yan tawayen Aljeriya sun bi su zuwa Bordj Menaïel da aka kona a lokacin [[Battle of Bordj Ménaïel|yakin Bordj Ménaïel]], haka kuma a lokacin [[Battle of the Issers|yakin Issers]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Historique Ménerville - Ville — 1830-1962 ENCYCLOPEDIE de L'AFN |url=https://encyclopedie-afn.org/Historique_M%C3%A9nerville_-_Ville |access-date=2022-09-16 |publisher=Encyclopedie-afn.org |language=fr}}</ref> == Mazaunan Col des Beni Aïcha == Tun daga ranar 17 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1837, Kanar Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg da sojojinsa na Faransa a lokacin balaguro na Col des Beni Aïcha sun fahimci cewa iko da yankin [[Thénia|Col des Beni Aïcha]] na da mahimmanci ga zaman lafiyar gabashin Algiers da Kabylia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection de documents concernant l'Algérie. Dossier 1 |url=https://www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/siv/rechercheconsultation/consultation/ir/pdfUD.action?irId=FRAN_IR_053541&udId=c-9rdnmbxx1-ollyw9pw18xn |access-date=16 April 2023 |website=culture.gouv.fr |language=fr}}</ref> Yaƙe-yaƙe da dama sun biyo bayan juna a wannan yanki har zuwa shekara ta 1857 lokacin da aka sasanta Kabylia kuma aka fara aiwatar da mulkin mallaka da na ɗan adam a ƙasar da aka yi wa ɓarna da ta'adi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MENERVILLE - .1871: C'est le soulèvement qui embrasa la Kabylie à la suite des difficultés rencontrées - [PDF Document] |url=https://fdocuments.fr/document/menerville-1871-cest-le-soulevement-qui-embrasa-la-kabylie-a-la-suite.html |website=fdocuments.fr |access-date=2025-06-08 |archive-date=2023-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125135206/https://fdocuments.fr/document/menerville-1871-cest-le-soulevement-qui-embrasa-la-kabylie-a-la-suite.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Don haka a cikin watan Yuli 1860, ɗan mulkin mallaka ''Paul Just'', ɗan asalin Embrun a Hautes Alpes, bisa ga umarnin Gwamna Janar Patrice de MacMahon, ya isa ga ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' tare da rakiyar rundunar soja don samun rangwamen aikin gona. Bayan wasu mazauna da yawa, ''Paul Just'' ya gina gidaje na katako don nemo sabon mazaunin, saboda haka sunan "Ƙauyen Wooden". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Menerville |url=https://jeanyvesthorrignac.fr/wa_files/INFO_20614_20MENERVILLE.pdf |access-date=16 April 2023 |website=jeanyvesthorrignac.fr |language=fr}}</ref> Wurin ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' da sauri ya zama mai horar da wasan kwaikwayo, kuma an buɗe gidan cin abinci a wurin da ɗakin karatu na katako da kuma wurin dafa abinci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Menerville nos souvenirs, col des Beni aïcha, Thenia, histoire |url=http://menerville.free.fr/histoire/histoire.htm |website=menerville.free.fr}}</ref> Ƙauyen 'yan mulkin mallaka don haka ya samo asali ne a hankali daga shekarun 1860 har zuwa 1871 lokacin da Pieds-Noirs suka rayu akan ƙananan kayan ƙasa da kuma dakatar da matafiya a mataki na ƙwazo. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Algérie - Ménerville — Geneawiki |url=https://fr.geneawiki.com/index.php/Alg%C3%A9rie_-_M%C3%A9nerville |access-date=2022-09-16 |publisher=Fr.geneawiki.com |language=fr}}</ref> == Yaƙi == A ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun 1837, 'yan tawayen Aljeriya sun taso daga kudancin ƙauyen ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka suka fito daga ''Palestro '''yanto, suka iso daga Issers da tudun ''Iflissen'', suka mamaye gaba ɗayan yankin ''[[Thénia|Menerville]]'' na gaba sai ''[[Thénia|Thenia]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqt9A2NX0TIC&pg=PA32|title = Lettres et carnets de route du commandant Briquelot de 1871 à 1896|isbn = 9782748113990}}</ref> Marabout [[Sheikh Boumerdassi|Cheikh Boumerdassi]], Cheikh na ''[[Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]]'', da Marabout [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki|Cheikh Boushaki]], Sheik na ''[[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki]]'', wanda ya jagoranci wannan hari na Aljeriya a kan Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Lower Kabylia. Daga nan ne ‘yan tawayen Iflissen (Flissas), Issers, Beni Aïcha, Beni-Amran da Khachnas suka je ƙauyen ‘yan mulkin mallaka na Col des Beni-Aïcha, inda mazauna garin suka samu nasarar tserewa cikin lokaci, amma wanda aka wawashe, sannan suka cinna wuta. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1873 |title=Revue des deux mondes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFpJAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA631}}</ref> Hakika, da tsakar rana a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun 1871, kusan dukkan Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa sun bar ƙauyen ''Col des Beni Aïcha'', kuma nan da nan 'yan tawayen [[Aljeriya]] suka mamaye unguwar. A nasa ɓangaren, [[Sheikh Mokrani|Cheikh Mokrani]], ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin 'yantacciyar ƙasar ''Palestro'', ya kuma ba da umarninsa ga sojojin 'yan tawaye, yayin da yake shiryawa da kuma shirya kame Algiers. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rinn |first=Louis |year=1891 |title=Histoire de l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F85JAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA247}}</ref> == Kai hari == [[Fayil:Thenia_11092012.jpg|thumb| [[Thénia]]]] Bayan [[Yaƙin Alma (Algeria)|yakin Alma]] ya koma kan 'yan tawayen Aljeriya a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun 1871, bayan isowar Kanar Alexandre Fourchault da sojojinsa na Faransa daga Algiers, 'yan Aljeriya sun dage kan [[Thénia|Col des Beni Aïcha]] don kokarin sake komawa kan Alma. Wannan shi ne yadda Kanar ''Alexandre Fourchault'', bayan ya sake kama ''Alma'', ya yi tafiya da kuzari a kan ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' wanda ya sake ɗauka bayan wani rikici mai tsanani a ranar 30 ga watan Afrilu 1871 tare da 'yan tawaye. Amma mutanen Aljeriya sun ci gaba da kai hari har zuwa ranar 8 ga watan Mayu 1871 suna kai farmaki kan hamlet na ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' daga kowane ɓangare, tun da yake a cikin wani kwandon ruwa mai kewaye da tsaunuka zuwa arewa da kudu. Kanar ''Fourchault'' ya killace kansa a cikin ƙauyen da aka kone kuma ya yi awon gaba da shi a lokacin da yake jiran ƙarin taimako daga Janar Orphis Léon Lallemand wanda ya taru a Alma domin ya garzaya kan ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' don yantar da shi daga rikicin [[Sheikh Mokrani|Cheikh Mokrani]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Faucon |first=Narcisse |year=1890 |title=Le livre d'or de l'Algérie: Histoire politique, militaire, administrative; événements et faits principaux; biographie des hommes ayant marqué dans l'armée, les sciences, les lettres, etc., de 1830 à 1889 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BhAqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA314}}</ref> Ba tare da jinkiri ba, kuma ba tare da jiran ƙarfafawa ba, Janar ''Lallemand'' ya bar ''Alma'' da kansa ƙasa, kuma washegari Talata 9 ga watan Mayu 1871, da ƙarfe 3 na rana, ruƙunin sojansa ya yaɗa zango a ''Col des Beni Aïcha'', wanda ke ba da damar shiga Great Kabylia. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1873 |title=Les Arabes Martyrs. Étude sur l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pPn2uPyBm70C&pg=PA15}}</ref> == Hukunta ƙauyuka == [[Fayil:Hôpital_de_Thénia.jpg|thumb| [[Soumâa|Dutsen]] Suma.]] A ranar 7 ga watan Mayu 1871, don haka aka umarci Colonel ''Fourchault'' da ya je ya ƙone ƙauyukan ''Ammal'' da ke gefen hagu na Oued Isser, waɗanda mazaunansu suka yi watsi da su, kuma dole ne ya yi aiki da ginshiƙi mai haske na sojojin ƙasa ba jakunkuna da sojan doki ba. Karfe 11 na safe ya ladabtar da ƙauyukan ‘yan tawaye da kokarin kamo Shehunan nan guda biyu, ya dawo sansanin Alma da karfe 7 na yamma, ya kuma aika da rahoto zuwa ga Janar Lallemand inda ya ce komai ya ‘gama da kyau. Ƙauyuka biyu (decheras) da Lallemand ya so ya yi musu, an kona su ba tare da harbin bindiga ba, in ban da wasu ‘yan Aljeriya guda biyu da aka tafi da su da makamai kuma aka kashe su nan take. Masu fafutuka sun kona wasu 'yan gourbi, kuma Turcos da Zouaves sun ɗauki nauyin ganimar da aka tattara.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6545253w/f284.item.r=Fourchault+Khachna+Beni-Aicha+Isser.zoom|title = L'Insurrection de la Grande Kabylie en 1871 / Par le colonel Robin|year = 1901}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga watan Mayu, 1871, da ƙarfe 5 na safe, shafi na Janar Lallemand ya tashi zuwa hanyar Beni-Aïcha, yana biye da tsaunuka waɗanda ke yin layin raba tsakanin kwarin Isser da na Corso. Wannan hanya tana da fa'idar kaiwa ga hanyar wucewa ta layin tudu, don guje wa matsalolin da za a shawo kan su idan dole ne mu tilasta hanyar kai tsaye. An yi babban tasha a maɓuɓɓugan Azela da Tilfaouïn. Khachna na yankin farar hula sun miƙa wuya kuma sun yi garkuwa da su; sun koma garuruwansu, ba su damu ba. Jim kaɗan kafin isa kan hanyar Beni Aïcha, Janar Lallemand ya yi shakku kan ko ƙauyukan [[Soumâa]], Gueddara, [[Meraldene]], Tabrahimt da Azela sun yi garkuwa da su. Kanar Fourchault, wanda ya yi tattaki a cikin ’yan gadi, ya tambayi jami’in kula da harkokin ƙasar da ya raka shi bayani kan wannan batu; Na karshen ya amsa da cewa bai da tabbas a kan haka, amma Janar Lallemand baya nisa a baya, kuma zai yi sauki a tuntuɓe shi. Mutanen waɗannan kauyukan sun fito daga gidajensu ba tare da makami ba, suka zo suka hadu da ginshikin domin yin biyayya. Kanar Fourchault, bisa la’akari da cewa waɗannan mutanen kauyen na cikin ‘yan tawayen da suka wawashe gidajen mashigin Beni-Aïcha, ya ba da umarnin kashe su da peloton maharba a kan dawakai waɗanda suka yi tattaki a ƙauyen, sannan wasu gungun sojoji suka bi su. Mafarautan sun kewaye mutanen [[Soumâa]], Gueddara, [[Meraldene]], Tabrahimt da Azela waɗanda suka ci gaba suka fara harbe-harbe a kusa da su. Wannan liyafar macabre da suka yi nisa ta ɗauke su, har ba su yi tunanin guduwa ba, su goma sha biyar suka faɗo matattu ɗaya bayan ɗaya. Fourchault ya zarce ƙauyen da aka yi awon gaba da shi inda sojojinsa suka harbe matan da ke gudu a cikin kwazazzabai tare da mutanen da ba a kai musu hari ba. Daya daga cikin mutanen ƙauyen da ya faɗa ƙarƙashin harsashin ya samu rauni ne kawai, sai ya tsaya babu motsi yana mai cewa ya mutu, kuma a lokacin da masu harbin suka je ɗauke masa wuta, sai ya ɗauki hanyarsa a cikin kwarin, ya yi nasarar tserewa, amma an kashe wasu maza biyar daga ƙauyukan, sannan kuma an kashe wata mata yayin da ta gudu zuwa cikin kwarin. Bayan wannan farmakin na azabtarwa, ginshiƙin Fourchault ya kafa bivouac a ƙauyen Col des Beni-Aïcha, da ƙarfe 4 na yamma bayan ya yi tafiya mai nisan kilomita 20, kuma ya sami ruwa a wurin maɓuɓɓugar ƙauyen da kuma wani maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da ke saman sansanin. An ba da umarnin tattara ayarin motocin da kayan da aka bari a Alma domin su kwana a ranar 9 ga watan Mayu suna hutawa a mashigar Beni Aïcha kafin a ci gaba da farautar 'yan tawayen.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6545253w/f285.item.r=Gueddara+Khachna+Beni-Aicha+Isser.zoom|title = L'Insurrection de la Grande Kabylie en 1871 / Par le colonel Robin|year = 1901}}</ref> == Kama Cheikhs == Kafin isa ''Col des Beni Aïcha'', Janar ''Lallemand'' ya ba da umarni a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1871 don kama [[Sheikh Boumerdassi|Cheikh Boumerdassi]] da [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki|Cheikh Mohamed Boushaki]] a cikin matsugunansu da wuraren ɓuya a tsaunukan ''Khachna'' da ''Ammal''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F85JAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA355|title = Histoire de l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie|last1 = Rinn|first1 = Louis|year = 1891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6545253w/f283.item.r=Fourchault+Ammal+Isser.zoom|title=L'Insurrection de la Grande Kabylie en 1871 / Par le colonel Robin|year=1901}}</ref> A ƙarshe [[Sheikh Boumerdassi|Cheikh Boumerdassi]], da ɗan uwansa [[Abdelkader Boumerdassi]], da kuma [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki|Cheikh Mohamed Boushaki]] an fitar da su aka kama su kafin a ɗaure su.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ij5IAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA277|title = Histoire littéraire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (1853-2005)|date = 26 March 2014|isbn = 9782811109653}}</ref> An fitar da Cheikh ''Mohamed Boumerdassi'' zuwa New Caledonia a shekara ta 1874, yana da shekaru 56 a lokacin kuma sunansa ''Mohamed ben Hamou ben Ali Boumerdassi'', mai lamba: 130133.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-j52rZbRgEC&pg=PA20|title = Le procès Konhu en Nouvelle-Calédonie : Une nouvelle affaire Outreau ?|isbn = 9782296113879|last1 = Sarda|first1 = Gérard|year = 2010}}</ref> Bayan da aka dakile wannan tada ƙayar bayan [[Sheikh Mokrani]], an ba da sanarwar kwacewa da kuma zagon ƙasa na 'yan tawayen Aljeriya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGOO0NwovKMC&q=D%C3%A9portation+1874+Cal%C3%A9donie+Kabylie|title = Kabyles du Pacifique|isbn = 9782910780005|last1 = Lallaoui|first1 = Mehdi|year = 1994}}</ref> Idan an yanke wa masu tayar da ƙayar baya hukuncin kisa ko kuma yin aiki mai tsanani na rayuwa, wasu kawai an fitar da su zuwa New Caledonia bayan an kama su a kurkuku a Fort Quélern, sannan jirgin La Loire ya kai shi a kan jirgin 34 na siyasa na Aljeriya ta hanyar jirgin na tara wanda ya bar tashar jiragen ruwa na Brest a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba 1874 da Noumé a tashar jiragen ruwa na shekarar 1874.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdlnAAAAMAAJ&q=1874|title = Déportations en Nouvelle-Calédonie des communards et des révoltés de la Grande Kabylie (1872 à 1876)|isbn = 9782738427960|last1 = Mailhé|first1 = Germaine|year = 1994}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]] * [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki]] * [[Sheikh Boumerdassi|Cheikh Boumerdassi]] == WaHanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{YouTube|AFl6d6lFtUo|(fr) Information on the capture of Algiers in 1830}} * {{YouTube|00QiSziElDo|(fr) The conquest of Algeria: Interview with Ahmed Djebbar}} * {{YouTube|jIRQIsRnAqo|1- (fr) The conquest of Algeria (1830-1847)}} * {{YouTube|txTj_wbH1EY|2- (fr) The conquest of Algeria (1830-1847)}} * {{YouTube|3Hbx7NydQUk|(fr) The conquest of Algeria: Interview with Jacques Frémeaux}} * {{YouTube|vcxv61UDufI|(fr) Conquest of Algeria - Marshal Bugeaud}} == Littattafai == * [https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Un_%C3%89pisode_de_l%E2%80%99insurrection_Kabyle._%E2%80%94_L%E2%80%99Alma,_Palestro (fr) Un Épisode de l'insurrection Kabyle.] [https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Un_%C3%89pisode_de_l%E2%80%99insurrection_Kabyle._%E2%80%94_L%E2%80%99Alma,_Palestro - L'Alma, Palestro] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lm9wen2fojqth751j2g7l1kws4wjb9c 894144 894143 2026-08-10T10:14:00Z Aisha SM 47788 894144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yakin Col des Beni Aïcha''' ko '''yakin Thenia''', wanda ya ɓarke a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1871, yakin Mokrani ne na tawayen Mokrani tsakanin 'yan tawayen [[Aljeriya]], da kuma Faransa, wacce ita ce ta yi mulkin mallaka a yankin tun a shekarar 1830. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rinn |first=Louis |year=1891 |title=Histoire de l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F85JAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA301}}</ref> == Gabatarwa == Bayan da ƴan tawayen Aljeriya suka karɓe iko da Palestro a ranar 14 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1871 bayan yakin Palestro, sun so su mamaye Mitidja da birnin [[Aljir|Algiers]]. Don cimma wannan, sojojin [[Sheikh Mokrani|Cheikh Mokrani]] sun ketare yankin Réghaïa ta hanyar Lower Kabylia, yayin da aka fara bazara na shekarar 1871 kuma Oued Isser yana cikin ambaliya. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Maximilien Joseph de Schauenburg &#124; Charge du 5e régiment de chasseurs à cheval contre des Cosaques, vers 1805-1807 &#124; Images d’Art |url=https://art.rmngp.fr/fr/library/artworks/maximilien-joseph-de-schauenburg_charge-du-5e-regiment-de-chasseurs-a-cheval-contre-des-cosaques-vers-1805-1807_huile-sur-toile |access-date=2022-09-16 |publisher=Art.rmngp.fr |language=fr |archive-date=2019-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501133317/https://art.rmngp.fr/fr/library/artworks/maximilien-joseph-de-schauenburg_charge-du-5e-regiment-de-chasseurs-a-cheval-contre-des-cosaques-vers-1805-1807_huile-sur-toile |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sojojin Aljeriya sun taso daga Palestro zuwa arewa maso gabas, nesa da sojojin Faransa da bivouac tun daga ranar 14 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1871, don isa yankin Laazib Zamoum na Faransa bayan kwanaki uku a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu inda suka kunna wuta a kewayen wannan toho na garin Faransa. Mazaunan Faransa da sojojin sun fara ne bayan [[Battle of Laazib Zamoum|yakin Laazib Zamoum]] don tserewa daga filin Issers zuwa [[Aljir|Algiers]], amma 'yan tawayen Aljeriya sun bi su zuwa Bordj Menaïel da aka kona a lokacin [[Battle of Bordj Ménaïel|yakin Bordj Ménaïel]], haka kuma a lokacin [[Battle of the Issers|yakin Issers]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Historique Ménerville - Ville — 1830-1962 ENCYCLOPEDIE de L'AFN |url=https://encyclopedie-afn.org/Historique_M%C3%A9nerville_-_Ville |access-date=2022-09-16 |publisher=Encyclopedie-afn.org |language=fr}}</ref> == Mazaunan Col des Beni Aïcha == Tun daga ranar 17 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1837, Kanar Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg da sojojinsa na Faransa a lokacin balaguro na Col des Beni Aïcha sun fahimci cewa iko da yankin [[Thénia|Col des Beni Aïcha]] na da mahimmanci ga zaman lafiyar gabashin Algiers da Kabylia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection de documents concernant l'Algérie. Dossier 1 |url=https://www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/siv/rechercheconsultation/consultation/ir/pdfUD.action?irId=FRAN_IR_053541&udId=c-9rdnmbxx1-ollyw9pw18xn |access-date=16 April 2023 |website=culture.gouv.fr |language=fr}}</ref> Yaƙe-yaƙe da dama sun biyo bayan juna a wannan yanki har zuwa shekara ta 1857 lokacin da aka sasanta Kabylia kuma aka fara aiwatar da mulkin mallaka da na ɗan adam a ƙasar da aka yi wa ɓarna da ta'adi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MENERVILLE - .1871: C'est le soulèvement qui embrasa la Kabylie à la suite des difficultés rencontrées - [PDF Document] |url=https://fdocuments.fr/document/menerville-1871-cest-le-soulevement-qui-embrasa-la-kabylie-a-la-suite.html |website=fdocuments.fr |access-date=2025-06-08 |archive-date=2023-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125135206/https://fdocuments.fr/document/menerville-1871-cest-le-soulevement-qui-embrasa-la-kabylie-a-la-suite.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Don haka a cikin watan Yulin shekarar 1860, ɗan mulkin mallaka ''Paul Just'', ɗan asalin Embrun a Hautes Alpes, bisa ga umarnin Gwamna Janar Patrice de MacMahon, ya isa ga ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' tare da rakiyar rundunar soja don samun rangwamen aikin gona. Bayan wasu mazauna da yawa, ''Paul Just'' ya gina gidaje na katako don nemo sabon mazaunin, saboda haka sunan "Ƙauyen Wooden". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Menerville |url=https://jeanyvesthorrignac.fr/wa_files/INFO_20614_20MENERVILLE.pdf |access-date=16 April 2023 |website=jeanyvesthorrignac.fr |language=fr}}</ref> Wurin ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' da sauri ya zama mai horar da wasan kwaikwayo, kuma an buɗe gidan cin abinci a wurin da ɗakin karatu na katako da kuma wurin dafa abinci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Menerville nos souvenirs, col des Beni aïcha, Thenia, histoire |url=http://menerville.free.fr/histoire/histoire.htm |website=menerville.free.fr}}</ref> Ƙauyen 'yan mulkin mallaka don haka ya samo asali ne a hankali daga shekarun 1860 har zuwa 1871 lokacin da Pieds-Noirs suka rayu akan ƙananan kayan ƙasa da kuma dakatar da matafiya a mataki na ƙwazo. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Algérie - Ménerville — Geneawiki |url=https://fr.geneawiki.com/index.php/Alg%C3%A9rie_-_M%C3%A9nerville |access-date=2022-09-16 |publisher=Fr.geneawiki.com |language=fr}}</ref> == Yaƙi == A ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun 1837, 'yan tawayen Aljeriya sun taso daga kudancin ƙauyen ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka suka fito daga ''Palestro '''yanto, suka iso daga Issers da tudun ''Iflissen'', suka mamaye gaba ɗayan yankin ''[[Thénia|Menerville]]'' na gaba sai ''[[Thénia|Thenia]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqt9A2NX0TIC&pg=PA32|title = Lettres et carnets de route du commandant Briquelot de 1871 à 1896|isbn = 9782748113990}}</ref> Marabout [[Sheikh Boumerdassi|Cheikh Boumerdassi]], Cheikh na ''[[Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]]'', da Marabout [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki|Cheikh Boushaki]], Sheik na ''[[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki]]'', wanda ya jagoranci wannan hari na Aljeriya a kan Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Lower Kabylia. Daga nan ne ‘yan tawayen Iflissen (Flissas), Issers, Beni Aïcha, Beni-Amran da Khachnas suka je ƙauyen ‘yan mulkin mallaka na Col des Beni-Aïcha, inda mazauna garin suka samu nasarar tserewa cikin lokaci, amma wanda aka wawashe, sannan suka cinna wuta. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1873 |title=Revue des deux mondes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFpJAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA631}}</ref> Hakika, da tsakar rana a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun 1871, kusan dukkan Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa sun bar ƙauyen ''Col des Beni Aïcha'', kuma nan da nan 'yan tawayen [[Aljeriya]] suka mamaye unguwar. A nasa ɓangaren, [[Sheikh Mokrani|Cheikh Mokrani]], ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin 'yantacciyar ƙasar ''Palestro'', ya kuma ba da umarninsa ga sojojin 'yan tawaye, yayin da yake shiryawa da kuma shirya kame Algiers. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rinn |first=Louis |year=1891 |title=Histoire de l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F85JAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA247}}</ref> == Kai hari == [[Fayil:Thenia_11092012.jpg|thumb| [[Thénia]]]] Bayan [[Yaƙin Alma (Algeria)|yakin Alma]] ya koma kan 'yan tawayen Aljeriya a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun 1871, bayan isowar Kanar Alexandre Fourchault da sojojinsa na Faransa daga Algiers, 'yan Aljeriya sun dage kan [[Thénia|Col des Beni Aïcha]] don kokarin sake komawa kan Alma. Wannan shi ne yadda Kanar ''Alexandre Fourchault'', bayan ya sake kama ''Alma'', ya yi tafiya da kuzari a kan ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' wanda ya sake ɗauka bayan wani rikici mai tsanani a ranar 30 ga watan Afrilu 1871 tare da 'yan tawaye. Amma mutanen Aljeriya sun ci gaba da kai hari har zuwa ranar 8 ga watan Mayu 1871 suna kai farmaki kan hamlet na ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' daga kowane ɓangare, tun da yake a cikin wani kwandon ruwa mai kewaye da tsaunuka zuwa arewa da kudu. Kanar ''Fourchault'' ya killace kansa a cikin ƙauyen da aka kone kuma ya yi awon gaba da shi a lokacin da yake jiran ƙarin taimako daga Janar Orphis Léon Lallemand wanda ya taru a Alma domin ya garzaya kan ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' don yantar da shi daga rikicin [[Sheikh Mokrani|Cheikh Mokrani]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Faucon |first=Narcisse |year=1890 |title=Le livre d'or de l'Algérie: Histoire politique, militaire, administrative; événements et faits principaux; biographie des hommes ayant marqué dans l'armée, les sciences, les lettres, etc., de 1830 à 1889 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BhAqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA314}}</ref> Ba tare da jinkiri ba, kuma ba tare da jiran ƙarfafawa ba, Janar ''Lallemand'' ya bar ''Alma'' da kansa ƙasa, kuma washegari Talata 9 ga watan Mayu 1871, da ƙarfe 3 na rana, ruƙunin sojansa ya yaɗa zango a ''Col des Beni Aïcha'', wanda ke ba da damar shiga Great Kabylia. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1873 |title=Les Arabes Martyrs. Étude sur l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pPn2uPyBm70C&pg=PA15}}</ref> == Hukunta ƙauyuka == [[Fayil:Hôpital_de_Thénia.jpg|thumb| [[Soumâa|Dutsen]] Suma.]] A ranar 7 ga watan Mayu 1871, don haka aka umarci Colonel ''Fourchault'' da ya je ya ƙone ƙauyukan ''Ammal'' da ke gefen hagu na Oued Isser, waɗanda mazaunansu suka yi watsi da su, kuma dole ne ya yi aiki da ginshiƙi mai haske na sojojin ƙasa ba jakunkuna da sojan doki ba. Karfe 11 na safe ya ladabtar da ƙauyukan ‘yan tawaye da kokarin kamo Shehunan nan guda biyu, ya dawo sansanin Alma da karfe 7 na yamma, ya kuma aika da rahoto zuwa ga Janar Lallemand inda ya ce komai ya ‘gama da kyau. Ƙauyuka biyu (decheras) da Lallemand ya so ya yi musu, an kona su ba tare da harbin bindiga ba, in ban da wasu ‘yan Aljeriya guda biyu da aka tafi da su da makamai kuma aka kashe su nan take. Masu fafutuka sun kona wasu 'yan gourbi, kuma Turcos da Zouaves sun ɗauki nauyin ganimar da aka tattara.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6545253w/f284.item.r=Fourchault+Khachna+Beni-Aicha+Isser.zoom|title = L'Insurrection de la Grande Kabylie en 1871 / Par le colonel Robin|year = 1901}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga watan Mayu, 1871, da ƙarfe 5 na safe, shafi na Janar Lallemand ya tashi zuwa hanyar Beni-Aïcha, yana biye da tsaunuka waɗanda ke yin layin raba tsakanin kwarin Isser da na Corso. Wannan hanya tana da fa'idar kaiwa ga hanyar wucewa ta layin tudu, don guje wa matsalolin da za a shawo kan su idan dole ne mu tilasta hanyar kai tsaye. An yi babban tasha a maɓuɓɓugan Azela da Tilfaouïn. Khachna na yankin farar hula sun miƙa wuya kuma sun yi garkuwa da su; sun koma garuruwansu, ba su damu ba. Jim kaɗan kafin isa kan hanyar Beni Aïcha, Janar Lallemand ya yi shakku kan ko ƙauyukan [[Soumâa]], Gueddara, [[Meraldene]], Tabrahimt da Azela sun yi garkuwa da su. Kanar Fourchault, wanda ya yi tattaki a cikin ’yan gadi, ya tambayi jami’in kula da harkokin ƙasar da ya raka shi bayani kan wannan batu; Na karshen ya amsa da cewa bai da tabbas a kan haka, amma Janar Lallemand baya nisa a baya, kuma zai yi sauki a tuntuɓe shi. Mutanen waɗannan kauyukan sun fito daga gidajensu ba tare da makami ba, suka zo suka hadu da ginshikin domin yin biyayya. Kanar Fourchault, bisa la’akari da cewa waɗannan mutanen kauyen na cikin ‘yan tawayen da suka wawashe gidajen mashigin Beni-Aïcha, ya ba da umarnin kashe su da peloton maharba a kan dawakai waɗanda suka yi tattaki a ƙauyen, sannan wasu gungun sojoji suka bi su. Mafarautan sun kewaye mutanen [[Soumâa]], Gueddara, [[Meraldene]], Tabrahimt da Azela waɗanda suka ci gaba suka fara harbe-harbe a kusa da su. Wannan liyafar macabre da suka yi nisa ta ɗauke su, har ba su yi tunanin guduwa ba, su goma sha biyar suka faɗo matattu ɗaya bayan ɗaya. Fourchault ya zarce ƙauyen da aka yi awon gaba da shi inda sojojinsa suka harbe matan da ke gudu a cikin kwazazzabai tare da mutanen da ba a kai musu hari ba. Daya daga cikin mutanen ƙauyen da ya faɗa ƙarƙashin harsashin ya samu rauni ne kawai, sai ya tsaya babu motsi yana mai cewa ya mutu, kuma a lokacin da masu harbin suka je ɗauke masa wuta, sai ya ɗauki hanyarsa a cikin kwarin, ya yi nasarar tserewa, amma an kashe wasu maza biyar daga ƙauyukan, sannan kuma an kashe wata mata yayin da ta gudu zuwa cikin kwarin. Bayan wannan farmakin na azabtarwa, ginshiƙin Fourchault ya kafa bivouac a ƙauyen Col des Beni-Aïcha, da ƙarfe 4 na yamma bayan ya yi tafiya mai nisan kilomita 20, kuma ya sami ruwa a wurin maɓuɓɓugar ƙauyen da kuma wani maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da ke saman sansanin. An ba da umarnin tattara ayarin motocin da kayan da aka bari a Alma domin su kwana a ranar 9 ga watan Mayu suna hutawa a mashigar Beni Aïcha kafin a ci gaba da farautar 'yan tawayen.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6545253w/f285.item.r=Gueddara+Khachna+Beni-Aicha+Isser.zoom|title = L'Insurrection de la Grande Kabylie en 1871 / Par le colonel Robin|year = 1901}}</ref> == Kama Cheikhs == Kafin isa ''Col des Beni Aïcha'', Janar ''Lallemand'' ya ba da umarni a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1871 don kama [[Sheikh Boumerdassi|Cheikh Boumerdassi]] da [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki|Cheikh Mohamed Boushaki]] a cikin matsugunansu da wuraren ɓuya a tsaunukan ''Khachna'' da ''Ammal''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F85JAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA355|title = Histoire de l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie|last1 = Rinn|first1 = Louis|year = 1891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6545253w/f283.item.r=Fourchault+Ammal+Isser.zoom|title=L'Insurrection de la Grande Kabylie en 1871 / Par le colonel Robin|year=1901}}</ref> A ƙarshe [[Sheikh Boumerdassi|Cheikh Boumerdassi]], da ɗan uwansa [[Abdelkader Boumerdassi]], da kuma [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki|Cheikh Mohamed Boushaki]] an fitar da su aka kama su kafin a ɗaure su.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ij5IAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA277|title = Histoire littéraire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (1853-2005)|date = 26 March 2014|isbn = 9782811109653}}</ref> An fitar da Cheikh ''Mohamed Boumerdassi'' zuwa New Caledonia a shekara ta 1874, yana da shekaru 56 a lokacin kuma sunansa ''Mohamed ben Hamou ben Ali Boumerdassi'', mai lamba: 130133.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-j52rZbRgEC&pg=PA20|title = Le procès Konhu en Nouvelle-Calédonie : Une nouvelle affaire Outreau ?|isbn = 9782296113879|last1 = Sarda|first1 = Gérard|year = 2010}}</ref> Bayan da aka dakile wannan tada ƙayar bayan [[Sheikh Mokrani]], an ba da sanarwar kwacewa da kuma zagon ƙasa na 'yan tawayen Aljeriya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGOO0NwovKMC&q=D%C3%A9portation+1874+Cal%C3%A9donie+Kabylie|title = Kabyles du Pacifique|isbn = 9782910780005|last1 = Lallaoui|first1 = Mehdi|year = 1994}}</ref> Idan an yanke wa masu tayar da ƙayar baya hukuncin kisa ko kuma yin aiki mai tsanani na rayuwa, wasu kawai an fitar da su zuwa New Caledonia bayan an kama su a kurkuku a Fort Quélern, sannan jirgin La Loire ya kai shi a kan jirgin 34 na siyasa na Aljeriya ta hanyar jirgin na tara wanda ya bar tashar jiragen ruwa na Brest a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba 1874 da Noumé a tashar jiragen ruwa na shekarar 1874.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdlnAAAAMAAJ&q=1874|title = Déportations en Nouvelle-Calédonie des communards et des révoltés de la Grande Kabylie (1872 à 1876)|isbn = 9782738427960|last1 = Mailhé|first1 = Germaine|year = 1994}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]] * [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki]] * [[Sheikh Boumerdassi|Cheikh Boumerdassi]] == WaHanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{YouTube|AFl6d6lFtUo|(fr) Information on the capture of Algiers in 1830}} * {{YouTube|00QiSziElDo|(fr) The conquest of Algeria: Interview with Ahmed Djebbar}} * {{YouTube|jIRQIsRnAqo|1- (fr) The conquest of Algeria (1830-1847)}} * {{YouTube|txTj_wbH1EY|2- (fr) The conquest of Algeria (1830-1847)}} * {{YouTube|3Hbx7NydQUk|(fr) The conquest of Algeria: Interview with Jacques Frémeaux}} * {{YouTube|vcxv61UDufI|(fr) Conquest of Algeria - Marshal Bugeaud}} == Littattafai == * [https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Un_%C3%89pisode_de_l%E2%80%99insurrection_Kabyle._%E2%80%94_L%E2%80%99Alma,_Palestro (fr) Un Épisode de l'insurrection Kabyle.] [https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Un_%C3%89pisode_de_l%E2%80%99insurrection_Kabyle._%E2%80%94_L%E2%80%99Alma,_Palestro - L'Alma, Palestro] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cg2qmu3b1h3yy5r41csk3f8fd60kecq 894145 894144 2026-08-10T10:14:42Z Aisha SM 47788 894145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yakin Col des Beni Aïcha''' ko '''yakin Thenia''', wanda ya ɓarke a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1871, yakin Mokrani ne na tawayen Mokrani tsakanin 'yan tawayen [[Aljeriya]], da kuma Faransa, wacce ita ce ta yi mulkin mallaka a yankin tun a shekarar 1830. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rinn |first=Louis |year=1891 |title=Histoire de l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F85JAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA301}}</ref> == Gabatarwa == Bayan da ƴan tawayen Aljeriya suka karɓe iko da Palestro a ranar 14 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1871 bayan yakin Palestro, sun so su mamaye Mitidja da birnin [[Aljir|Algiers]]. Don cimma wannan, sojojin [[Sheikh Mokrani|Cheikh Mokrani]] sun ketare yankin Réghaïa ta hanyar Lower Kabylia, yayin da aka fara bazara na shekarar 1871 kuma Oued Isser yana cikin ambaliya. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Maximilien Joseph de Schauenburg &#124; Charge du 5e régiment de chasseurs à cheval contre des Cosaques, vers 1805-1807 &#124; Images d’Art |url=https://art.rmngp.fr/fr/library/artworks/maximilien-joseph-de-schauenburg_charge-du-5e-regiment-de-chasseurs-a-cheval-contre-des-cosaques-vers-1805-1807_huile-sur-toile |access-date=2022-09-16 |publisher=Art.rmngp.fr |language=fr |archive-date=2019-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501133317/https://art.rmngp.fr/fr/library/artworks/maximilien-joseph-de-schauenburg_charge-du-5e-regiment-de-chasseurs-a-cheval-contre-des-cosaques-vers-1805-1807_huile-sur-toile |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sojojin Aljeriya sun taso daga Palestro zuwa arewa maso gabas, nesa da sojojin Faransa da bivouac tun daga ranar 14 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1871, don isa yankin Laazib Zamoum na Faransa bayan kwanaki uku a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu inda suka kunna wuta a kewayen wannan toho na garin Faransa. Mazaunan Faransa da sojojin sun fara ne bayan [[Battle of Laazib Zamoum|yakin Laazib Zamoum]] don tserewa daga filin Issers zuwa [[Aljir|Algiers]], amma 'yan tawayen Aljeriya sun bi su zuwa Bordj Menaïel da aka kona a lokacin [[Battle of Bordj Ménaïel|yakin Bordj Ménaïel]], haka kuma a lokacin [[Battle of the Issers|yakin Issers]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Historique Ménerville - Ville — 1830-1962 ENCYCLOPEDIE de L'AFN |url=https://encyclopedie-afn.org/Historique_M%C3%A9nerville_-_Ville |access-date=2022-09-16 |publisher=Encyclopedie-afn.org |language=fr}}</ref> == Mazaunan Col des Beni Aïcha == Tun daga ranar 17 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1837, Kanar Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg da sojojinsa na Faransa a lokacin balaguro na Col des Beni Aïcha sun fahimci cewa iko da yankin [[Thénia|Col des Beni Aïcha]] na da mahimmanci ga zaman lafiyar gabashin Algiers da Kabylia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection de documents concernant l'Algérie. Dossier 1 |url=https://www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/siv/rechercheconsultation/consultation/ir/pdfUD.action?irId=FRAN_IR_053541&udId=c-9rdnmbxx1-ollyw9pw18xn |access-date=16 April 2023 |website=culture.gouv.fr |language=fr}}</ref> Yaƙe-yaƙe da dama sun biyo bayan juna a wannan yanki har zuwa shekara ta 1857 lokacin da aka sasanta Kabylia kuma aka fara aiwatar da mulkin mallaka da na ɗan adam a ƙasar da aka yi wa ɓarna da ta'adi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MENERVILLE - .1871: C'est le soulèvement qui embrasa la Kabylie à la suite des difficultés rencontrées - [PDF Document] |url=https://fdocuments.fr/document/menerville-1871-cest-le-soulevement-qui-embrasa-la-kabylie-a-la-suite.html |website=fdocuments.fr |access-date=2025-06-08 |archive-date=2023-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125135206/https://fdocuments.fr/document/menerville-1871-cest-le-soulevement-qui-embrasa-la-kabylie-a-la-suite.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Don haka a cikin watan Yulin shekarar 1860, ɗan mulkin mallaka ''Paul Just'', ɗan asalin Embrun a Hautes Alpes, bisa ga umarnin Gwamna Janar Patrice de MacMahon, ya isa ga ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' tare da rakiyar rundunar soja don samun rangwamen aikin gona. Bayan wasu mazauna da yawa, ''Paul Just'' ya gina gidaje na katako don nemo sabon mazaunin, saboda haka sunan "Ƙauyen Wooden". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Menerville |url=https://jeanyvesthorrignac.fr/wa_files/INFO_20614_20MENERVILLE.pdf |access-date=16 April 2023 |website=jeanyvesthorrignac.fr |language=fr}}</ref> Wurin ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' da sauri ya zama mai horar da wasan kwaikwayo, kuma an buɗe gidan cin abinci a wurin da ɗakin karatu na katako da kuma wurin dafa abinci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Menerville nos souvenirs, col des Beni aïcha, Thenia, histoire |url=http://menerville.free.fr/histoire/histoire.htm |website=menerville.free.fr}}</ref> Ƙauyen 'yan mulkin mallaka don haka ya samo asali ne a hankali daga shekarun 1860 har zuwa 1871 lokacin da Pieds-Noirs suka rayu akan ƙananan kayan ƙasa da kuma dakatar da matafiya a mataki na ƙwazo. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Algérie - Ménerville — Geneawiki |url=https://fr.geneawiki.com/index.php/Alg%C3%A9rie_-_M%C3%A9nerville |access-date=2022-09-16 |publisher=Fr.geneawiki.com |language=fr}}</ref> == Yaƙi == A ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1837, ƴan tawayen Aljeriya sun taso daga kudancin ƙauyen ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka suka fito daga ''Palestro '''yanto, suka iso daga Issers da tudun ''Iflissen'', suka mamaye gaba ɗayan yankin ''[[Thénia|Menerville]]'' na gaba sai ''[[Thénia|Thenia]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqt9A2NX0TIC&pg=PA32|title = Lettres et carnets de route du commandant Briquelot de 1871 à 1896|isbn = 9782748113990}}</ref> Marabout [[Sheikh Boumerdassi|Cheikh Boumerdassi]], Cheikh na ''[[Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]]'', da Marabout [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki|Cheikh Boushaki]], Sheik na ''[[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki]]'', wanda ya jagoranci wannan hari na Aljeriya a kan Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Lower Kabylia. Daga nan ne ‘yan tawayen Iflissen (Flissas), Issers, Beni Aïcha, Beni-Amran da Khachnas suka je ƙauyen ‘yan mulkin mallaka na Col des Beni-Aïcha, inda mazauna garin suka samu nasarar tserewa cikin lokaci, amma wanda aka wawashe, sannan suka cinna wuta. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1873 |title=Revue des deux mondes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFpJAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA631}}</ref> Hakika, da tsakar rana a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun 1871, kusan dukkan Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa sun bar ƙauyen ''Col des Beni Aïcha'', kuma nan da nan 'yan tawayen [[Aljeriya]] suka mamaye unguwar. A nasa ɓangaren, [[Sheikh Mokrani|Cheikh Mokrani]], ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin 'yantacciyar ƙasar ''Palestro'', ya kuma ba da umarninsa ga sojojin 'yan tawaye, yayin da yake shiryawa da kuma shirya kame Algiers. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rinn |first=Louis |year=1891 |title=Histoire de l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F85JAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA247}}</ref> == Kai hari == [[Fayil:Thenia_11092012.jpg|thumb| [[Thénia]]]] Bayan [[Yaƙin Alma (Algeria)|yakin Alma]] ya koma kan 'yan tawayen Aljeriya a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun 1871, bayan isowar Kanar Alexandre Fourchault da sojojinsa na Faransa daga Algiers, 'yan Aljeriya sun dage kan [[Thénia|Col des Beni Aïcha]] don kokarin sake komawa kan Alma. Wannan shi ne yadda Kanar ''Alexandre Fourchault'', bayan ya sake kama ''Alma'', ya yi tafiya da kuzari a kan ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' wanda ya sake ɗauka bayan wani rikici mai tsanani a ranar 30 ga watan Afrilu 1871 tare da 'yan tawaye. Amma mutanen Aljeriya sun ci gaba da kai hari har zuwa ranar 8 ga watan Mayu 1871 suna kai farmaki kan hamlet na ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' daga kowane ɓangare, tun da yake a cikin wani kwandon ruwa mai kewaye da tsaunuka zuwa arewa da kudu. Kanar ''Fourchault'' ya killace kansa a cikin ƙauyen da aka kone kuma ya yi awon gaba da shi a lokacin da yake jiran ƙarin taimako daga Janar Orphis Léon Lallemand wanda ya taru a Alma domin ya garzaya kan ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' don yantar da shi daga rikicin [[Sheikh Mokrani|Cheikh Mokrani]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Faucon |first=Narcisse |year=1890 |title=Le livre d'or de l'Algérie: Histoire politique, militaire, administrative; événements et faits principaux; biographie des hommes ayant marqué dans l'armée, les sciences, les lettres, etc., de 1830 à 1889 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BhAqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA314}}</ref> Ba tare da jinkiri ba, kuma ba tare da jiran ƙarfafawa ba, Janar ''Lallemand'' ya bar ''Alma'' da kansa ƙasa, kuma washegari Talata 9 ga watan Mayu 1871, da ƙarfe 3 na rana, ruƙunin sojansa ya yaɗa zango a ''Col des Beni Aïcha'', wanda ke ba da damar shiga Great Kabylia. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1873 |title=Les Arabes Martyrs. Étude sur l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pPn2uPyBm70C&pg=PA15}}</ref> == Hukunta ƙauyuka == [[Fayil:Hôpital_de_Thénia.jpg|thumb| [[Soumâa|Dutsen]] Suma.]] A ranar 7 ga watan Mayu 1871, don haka aka umarci Colonel ''Fourchault'' da ya je ya ƙone ƙauyukan ''Ammal'' da ke gefen hagu na Oued Isser, waɗanda mazaunansu suka yi watsi da su, kuma dole ne ya yi aiki da ginshiƙi mai haske na sojojin ƙasa ba jakunkuna da sojan doki ba. Karfe 11 na safe ya ladabtar da ƙauyukan ‘yan tawaye da kokarin kamo Shehunan nan guda biyu, ya dawo sansanin Alma da karfe 7 na yamma, ya kuma aika da rahoto zuwa ga Janar Lallemand inda ya ce komai ya ‘gama da kyau. Ƙauyuka biyu (decheras) da Lallemand ya so ya yi musu, an kona su ba tare da harbin bindiga ba, in ban da wasu ‘yan Aljeriya guda biyu da aka tafi da su da makamai kuma aka kashe su nan take. Masu fafutuka sun kona wasu 'yan gourbi, kuma Turcos da Zouaves sun ɗauki nauyin ganimar da aka tattara.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6545253w/f284.item.r=Fourchault+Khachna+Beni-Aicha+Isser.zoom|title = L'Insurrection de la Grande Kabylie en 1871 / Par le colonel Robin|year = 1901}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga watan Mayu, 1871, da ƙarfe 5 na safe, shafi na Janar Lallemand ya tashi zuwa hanyar Beni-Aïcha, yana biye da tsaunuka waɗanda ke yin layin raba tsakanin kwarin Isser da na Corso. Wannan hanya tana da fa'idar kaiwa ga hanyar wucewa ta layin tudu, don guje wa matsalolin da za a shawo kan su idan dole ne mu tilasta hanyar kai tsaye. An yi babban tasha a maɓuɓɓugan Azela da Tilfaouïn. Khachna na yankin farar hula sun miƙa wuya kuma sun yi garkuwa da su; sun koma garuruwansu, ba su damu ba. Jim kaɗan kafin isa kan hanyar Beni Aïcha, Janar Lallemand ya yi shakku kan ko ƙauyukan [[Soumâa]], Gueddara, [[Meraldene]], Tabrahimt da Azela sun yi garkuwa da su. Kanar Fourchault, wanda ya yi tattaki a cikin ’yan gadi, ya tambayi jami’in kula da harkokin ƙasar da ya raka shi bayani kan wannan batu; Na karshen ya amsa da cewa bai da tabbas a kan haka, amma Janar Lallemand baya nisa a baya, kuma zai yi sauki a tuntuɓe shi. Mutanen waɗannan kauyukan sun fito daga gidajensu ba tare da makami ba, suka zo suka hadu da ginshikin domin yin biyayya. Kanar Fourchault, bisa la’akari da cewa waɗannan mutanen kauyen na cikin ‘yan tawayen da suka wawashe gidajen mashigin Beni-Aïcha, ya ba da umarnin kashe su da peloton maharba a kan dawakai waɗanda suka yi tattaki a ƙauyen, sannan wasu gungun sojoji suka bi su. Mafarautan sun kewaye mutanen [[Soumâa]], Gueddara, [[Meraldene]], Tabrahimt da Azela waɗanda suka ci gaba suka fara harbe-harbe a kusa da su. Wannan liyafar macabre da suka yi nisa ta ɗauke su, har ba su yi tunanin guduwa ba, su goma sha biyar suka faɗo matattu ɗaya bayan ɗaya. Fourchault ya zarce ƙauyen da aka yi awon gaba da shi inda sojojinsa suka harbe matan da ke gudu a cikin kwazazzabai tare da mutanen da ba a kai musu hari ba. Daya daga cikin mutanen ƙauyen da ya faɗa ƙarƙashin harsashin ya samu rauni ne kawai, sai ya tsaya babu motsi yana mai cewa ya mutu, kuma a lokacin da masu harbin suka je ɗauke masa wuta, sai ya ɗauki hanyarsa a cikin kwarin, ya yi nasarar tserewa, amma an kashe wasu maza biyar daga ƙauyukan, sannan kuma an kashe wata mata yayin da ta gudu zuwa cikin kwarin. Bayan wannan farmakin na azabtarwa, ginshiƙin Fourchault ya kafa bivouac a ƙauyen Col des Beni-Aïcha, da ƙarfe 4 na yamma bayan ya yi tafiya mai nisan kilomita 20, kuma ya sami ruwa a wurin maɓuɓɓugar ƙauyen da kuma wani maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da ke saman sansanin. An ba da umarnin tattara ayarin motocin da kayan da aka bari a Alma domin su kwana a ranar 9 ga watan Mayu suna hutawa a mashigar Beni Aïcha kafin a ci gaba da farautar 'yan tawayen.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6545253w/f285.item.r=Gueddara+Khachna+Beni-Aicha+Isser.zoom|title = L'Insurrection de la Grande Kabylie en 1871 / Par le colonel Robin|year = 1901}}</ref> == Kama Cheikhs == Kafin isa ''Col des Beni Aïcha'', Janar ''Lallemand'' ya ba da umarni a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1871 don kama [[Sheikh Boumerdassi|Cheikh Boumerdassi]] da [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki|Cheikh Mohamed Boushaki]] a cikin matsugunansu da wuraren ɓuya a tsaunukan ''Khachna'' da ''Ammal''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F85JAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA355|title = Histoire de l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie|last1 = Rinn|first1 = Louis|year = 1891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6545253w/f283.item.r=Fourchault+Ammal+Isser.zoom|title=L'Insurrection de la Grande Kabylie en 1871 / Par le colonel Robin|year=1901}}</ref> A ƙarshe [[Sheikh Boumerdassi|Cheikh Boumerdassi]], da ɗan uwansa [[Abdelkader Boumerdassi]], da kuma [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki|Cheikh Mohamed Boushaki]] an fitar da su aka kama su kafin a ɗaure su.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ij5IAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA277|title = Histoire littéraire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (1853-2005)|date = 26 March 2014|isbn = 9782811109653}}</ref> An fitar da Cheikh ''Mohamed Boumerdassi'' zuwa New Caledonia a shekara ta 1874, yana da shekaru 56 a lokacin kuma sunansa ''Mohamed ben Hamou ben Ali Boumerdassi'', mai lamba: 130133.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-j52rZbRgEC&pg=PA20|title = Le procès Konhu en Nouvelle-Calédonie : Une nouvelle affaire Outreau ?|isbn = 9782296113879|last1 = Sarda|first1 = Gérard|year = 2010}}</ref> Bayan da aka dakile wannan tada ƙayar bayan [[Sheikh Mokrani]], an ba da sanarwar kwacewa da kuma zagon ƙasa na 'yan tawayen Aljeriya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGOO0NwovKMC&q=D%C3%A9portation+1874+Cal%C3%A9donie+Kabylie|title = Kabyles du Pacifique|isbn = 9782910780005|last1 = Lallaoui|first1 = Mehdi|year = 1994}}</ref> Idan an yanke wa masu tayar da ƙayar baya hukuncin kisa ko kuma yin aiki mai tsanani na rayuwa, wasu kawai an fitar da su zuwa New Caledonia bayan an kama su a kurkuku a Fort Quélern, sannan jirgin La Loire ya kai shi a kan jirgin 34 na siyasa na Aljeriya ta hanyar jirgin na tara wanda ya bar tashar jiragen ruwa na Brest a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba 1874 da Noumé a tashar jiragen ruwa na shekarar 1874.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdlnAAAAMAAJ&q=1874|title = Déportations en Nouvelle-Calédonie des communards et des révoltés de la Grande Kabylie (1872 à 1876)|isbn = 9782738427960|last1 = Mailhé|first1 = Germaine|year = 1994}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]] * [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki]] * [[Sheikh Boumerdassi|Cheikh Boumerdassi]] == WaHanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{YouTube|AFl6d6lFtUo|(fr) Information on the capture of Algiers in 1830}} * {{YouTube|00QiSziElDo|(fr) The conquest of Algeria: Interview with Ahmed Djebbar}} * {{YouTube|jIRQIsRnAqo|1- (fr) The conquest of Algeria (1830-1847)}} * {{YouTube|txTj_wbH1EY|2- (fr) The conquest of Algeria (1830-1847)}} * {{YouTube|3Hbx7NydQUk|(fr) The conquest of Algeria: Interview with Jacques Frémeaux}} * {{YouTube|vcxv61UDufI|(fr) Conquest of Algeria - Marshal Bugeaud}} == Littattafai == * [https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Un_%C3%89pisode_de_l%E2%80%99insurrection_Kabyle._%E2%80%94_L%E2%80%99Alma,_Palestro (fr) Un Épisode de l'insurrection Kabyle.] [https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Un_%C3%89pisode_de_l%E2%80%99insurrection_Kabyle._%E2%80%94_L%E2%80%99Alma,_Palestro - L'Alma, Palestro] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hc4n2cpbsfwp02udksw0crlaacb9h0g 894146 894145 2026-08-10T10:15:17Z Aisha SM 47788 894146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yakin Col des Beni Aïcha''' ko '''yakin Thenia''', wanda ya ɓarke a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1871, yakin Mokrani ne na tawayen Mokrani tsakanin 'yan tawayen [[Aljeriya]], da kuma Faransa, wacce ita ce ta yi mulkin mallaka a yankin tun a shekarar 1830. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rinn |first=Louis |year=1891 |title=Histoire de l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F85JAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA301}}</ref> == Gabatarwa == Bayan da ƴan tawayen Aljeriya suka karɓe iko da Palestro a ranar 14 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1871 bayan yakin Palestro, sun so su mamaye Mitidja da birnin [[Aljir|Algiers]]. Don cimma wannan, sojojin [[Sheikh Mokrani|Cheikh Mokrani]] sun ketare yankin Réghaïa ta hanyar Lower Kabylia, yayin da aka fara bazara na shekarar 1871 kuma Oued Isser yana cikin ambaliya. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Maximilien Joseph de Schauenburg &#124; Charge du 5e régiment de chasseurs à cheval contre des Cosaques, vers 1805-1807 &#124; Images d’Art |url=https://art.rmngp.fr/fr/library/artworks/maximilien-joseph-de-schauenburg_charge-du-5e-regiment-de-chasseurs-a-cheval-contre-des-cosaques-vers-1805-1807_huile-sur-toile |access-date=2022-09-16 |publisher=Art.rmngp.fr |language=fr |archive-date=2019-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501133317/https://art.rmngp.fr/fr/library/artworks/maximilien-joseph-de-schauenburg_charge-du-5e-regiment-de-chasseurs-a-cheval-contre-des-cosaques-vers-1805-1807_huile-sur-toile |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sojojin Aljeriya sun taso daga Palestro zuwa arewa maso gabas, nesa da sojojin Faransa da bivouac tun daga ranar 14 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1871, don isa yankin Laazib Zamoum na Faransa bayan kwanaki uku a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu inda suka kunna wuta a kewayen wannan toho na garin Faransa. Mazaunan Faransa da sojojin sun fara ne bayan [[Battle of Laazib Zamoum|yakin Laazib Zamoum]] don tserewa daga filin Issers zuwa [[Aljir|Algiers]], amma 'yan tawayen Aljeriya sun bi su zuwa Bordj Menaïel da aka kona a lokacin [[Battle of Bordj Ménaïel|yakin Bordj Ménaïel]], haka kuma a lokacin [[Battle of the Issers|yakin Issers]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Historique Ménerville - Ville — 1830-1962 ENCYCLOPEDIE de L'AFN |url=https://encyclopedie-afn.org/Historique_M%C3%A9nerville_-_Ville |access-date=2022-09-16 |publisher=Encyclopedie-afn.org |language=fr}}</ref> == Mazaunan Col des Beni Aïcha == Tun daga ranar 17 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1837, Kanar Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg da sojojinsa na Faransa a lokacin balaguro na Col des Beni Aïcha sun fahimci cewa iko da yankin [[Thénia|Col des Beni Aïcha]] na da mahimmanci ga zaman lafiyar gabashin Algiers da Kabylia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection de documents concernant l'Algérie. Dossier 1 |url=https://www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/siv/rechercheconsultation/consultation/ir/pdfUD.action?irId=FRAN_IR_053541&udId=c-9rdnmbxx1-ollyw9pw18xn |access-date=16 April 2023 |website=culture.gouv.fr |language=fr}}</ref> Yaƙe-yaƙe da dama sun biyo bayan juna a wannan yanki har zuwa shekara ta 1857 lokacin da aka sasanta Kabylia kuma aka fara aiwatar da mulkin mallaka da na ɗan adam a ƙasar da aka yi wa ɓarna da ta'adi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MENERVILLE - .1871: C'est le soulèvement qui embrasa la Kabylie à la suite des difficultés rencontrées - [PDF Document] |url=https://fdocuments.fr/document/menerville-1871-cest-le-soulevement-qui-embrasa-la-kabylie-a-la-suite.html |website=fdocuments.fr |access-date=2025-06-08 |archive-date=2023-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125135206/https://fdocuments.fr/document/menerville-1871-cest-le-soulevement-qui-embrasa-la-kabylie-a-la-suite.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Don haka a cikin watan Yulin shekarar 1860, ɗan mulkin mallaka ''Paul Just'', ɗan asalin Embrun a Hautes Alpes, bisa ga umarnin Gwamna Janar Patrice de MacMahon, ya isa ga ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' tare da rakiyar rundunar soja don samun rangwamen aikin gona. Bayan wasu mazauna da yawa, ''Paul Just'' ya gina gidaje na katako don nemo sabon mazaunin, saboda haka sunan "Ƙauyen Wooden". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Menerville |url=https://jeanyvesthorrignac.fr/wa_files/INFO_20614_20MENERVILLE.pdf |access-date=16 April 2023 |website=jeanyvesthorrignac.fr |language=fr}}</ref> Wurin ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' da sauri ya zama mai horar da wasan kwaikwayo, kuma an buɗe gidan cin abinci a wurin da ɗakin karatu na katako da kuma wurin dafa abinci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Menerville nos souvenirs, col des Beni aïcha, Thenia, histoire |url=http://menerville.free.fr/histoire/histoire.htm |website=menerville.free.fr}}</ref> Ƙauyen 'yan mulkin mallaka don haka ya samo asali ne a hankali daga shekarun 1860 har zuwa 1871 lokacin da Pieds-Noirs suka rayu akan ƙananan kayan ƙasa da kuma dakatar da matafiya a mataki na ƙwazo. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Algérie - Ménerville — Geneawiki |url=https://fr.geneawiki.com/index.php/Alg%C3%A9rie_-_M%C3%A9nerville |access-date=2022-09-16 |publisher=Fr.geneawiki.com |language=fr}}</ref> == Yaƙi == A ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1837, ƴan tawayen Aljeriya sun taso daga kudancin ƙauyen ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka suka fito daga ''Palestro '''yanto, suka iso daga Issers da tudun ''Iflissen'', suka mamaye gaba ɗayan yankin ''[[Thénia|Menerville]]'' na gaba sai ''[[Thénia|Thenia]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqt9A2NX0TIC&pg=PA32|title = Lettres et carnets de route du commandant Briquelot de 1871 à 1896|isbn = 9782748113990}}</ref> Marabout [[Sheikh Boumerdassi|Cheikh Boumerdassi]], Cheikh na ''[[Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]]'', da Marabout [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki|Cheikh Boushaki]], Sheik na ''[[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki]]'', wanda ya jagoranci wannan hari na Aljeriya a kan Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Lower Kabylia. Daga nan ne ‘yan tawayen Iflissen (Flissas), Issers, Beni Aïcha, Beni-Amran da Khachnas suka je ƙauyen ‘yan mulkin mallaka na Col des Beni-Aïcha, inda mazauna garin suka samu nasarar tserewa cikin lokaci, amma wanda aka wawashe, sannan suka cinna wuta. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1873 |title=Revue des deux mondes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFpJAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA631}}</ref> Hakika, da tsakar rana a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1871, kusan dukkan Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa sun bar ƙauyen ''Col des Beni Aïcha'', kuma nan da nan 'yan tawayen [[Aljeriya]] suka mamaye unguwar. A nasa ɓangaren, [[Sheikh Mokrani|Cheikh Mokrani]], ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin 'yantacciyar ƙasar ''Palestro'', ya kuma ba da umarninsa ga sojojin 'yan tawaye, yayin da yake shiryawa da kuma shirya kame Algiers. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rinn |first=Louis |year=1891 |title=Histoire de l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F85JAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA247}}</ref> == Kai hari == [[Fayil:Thenia_11092012.jpg|thumb| [[Thénia]]]] Bayan [[Yaƙin Alma (Algeria)|yakin Alma]] ya koma kan 'yan tawayen Aljeriya a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun 1871, bayan isowar Kanar Alexandre Fourchault da sojojinsa na Faransa daga Algiers, 'yan Aljeriya sun dage kan [[Thénia|Col des Beni Aïcha]] don kokarin sake komawa kan Alma. Wannan shi ne yadda Kanar ''Alexandre Fourchault'', bayan ya sake kama ''Alma'', ya yi tafiya da kuzari a kan ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' wanda ya sake ɗauka bayan wani rikici mai tsanani a ranar 30 ga watan Afrilu 1871 tare da 'yan tawaye. Amma mutanen Aljeriya sun ci gaba da kai hari har zuwa ranar 8 ga watan Mayu 1871 suna kai farmaki kan hamlet na ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' daga kowane ɓangare, tun da yake a cikin wani kwandon ruwa mai kewaye da tsaunuka zuwa arewa da kudu. Kanar ''Fourchault'' ya killace kansa a cikin ƙauyen da aka kone kuma ya yi awon gaba da shi a lokacin da yake jiran ƙarin taimako daga Janar Orphis Léon Lallemand wanda ya taru a Alma domin ya garzaya kan ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' don yantar da shi daga rikicin [[Sheikh Mokrani|Cheikh Mokrani]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Faucon |first=Narcisse |year=1890 |title=Le livre d'or de l'Algérie: Histoire politique, militaire, administrative; événements et faits principaux; biographie des hommes ayant marqué dans l'armée, les sciences, les lettres, etc., de 1830 à 1889 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BhAqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA314}}</ref> Ba tare da jinkiri ba, kuma ba tare da jiran ƙarfafawa ba, Janar ''Lallemand'' ya bar ''Alma'' da kansa ƙasa, kuma washegari Talata 9 ga watan Mayu 1871, da ƙarfe 3 na rana, ruƙunin sojansa ya yaɗa zango a ''Col des Beni Aïcha'', wanda ke ba da damar shiga Great Kabylia. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1873 |title=Les Arabes Martyrs. Étude sur l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pPn2uPyBm70C&pg=PA15}}</ref> == Hukunta ƙauyuka == [[Fayil:Hôpital_de_Thénia.jpg|thumb| [[Soumâa|Dutsen]] Suma.]] A ranar 7 ga watan Mayu 1871, don haka aka umarci Colonel ''Fourchault'' da ya je ya ƙone ƙauyukan ''Ammal'' da ke gefen hagu na Oued Isser, waɗanda mazaunansu suka yi watsi da su, kuma dole ne ya yi aiki da ginshiƙi mai haske na sojojin ƙasa ba jakunkuna da sojan doki ba. Karfe 11 na safe ya ladabtar da ƙauyukan ‘yan tawaye da kokarin kamo Shehunan nan guda biyu, ya dawo sansanin Alma da karfe 7 na yamma, ya kuma aika da rahoto zuwa ga Janar Lallemand inda ya ce komai ya ‘gama da kyau. Ƙauyuka biyu (decheras) da Lallemand ya so ya yi musu, an kona su ba tare da harbin bindiga ba, in ban da wasu ‘yan Aljeriya guda biyu da aka tafi da su da makamai kuma aka kashe su nan take. Masu fafutuka sun kona wasu 'yan gourbi, kuma Turcos da Zouaves sun ɗauki nauyin ganimar da aka tattara.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6545253w/f284.item.r=Fourchault+Khachna+Beni-Aicha+Isser.zoom|title = L'Insurrection de la Grande Kabylie en 1871 / Par le colonel Robin|year = 1901}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga watan Mayu, 1871, da ƙarfe 5 na safe, shafi na Janar Lallemand ya tashi zuwa hanyar Beni-Aïcha, yana biye da tsaunuka waɗanda ke yin layin raba tsakanin kwarin Isser da na Corso. Wannan hanya tana da fa'idar kaiwa ga hanyar wucewa ta layin tudu, don guje wa matsalolin da za a shawo kan su idan dole ne mu tilasta hanyar kai tsaye. An yi babban tasha a maɓuɓɓugan Azela da Tilfaouïn. Khachna na yankin farar hula sun miƙa wuya kuma sun yi garkuwa da su; sun koma garuruwansu, ba su damu ba. Jim kaɗan kafin isa kan hanyar Beni Aïcha, Janar Lallemand ya yi shakku kan ko ƙauyukan [[Soumâa]], Gueddara, [[Meraldene]], Tabrahimt da Azela sun yi garkuwa da su. Kanar Fourchault, wanda ya yi tattaki a cikin ’yan gadi, ya tambayi jami’in kula da harkokin ƙasar da ya raka shi bayani kan wannan batu; Na karshen ya amsa da cewa bai da tabbas a kan haka, amma Janar Lallemand baya nisa a baya, kuma zai yi sauki a tuntuɓe shi. Mutanen waɗannan kauyukan sun fito daga gidajensu ba tare da makami ba, suka zo suka hadu da ginshikin domin yin biyayya. Kanar Fourchault, bisa la’akari da cewa waɗannan mutanen kauyen na cikin ‘yan tawayen da suka wawashe gidajen mashigin Beni-Aïcha, ya ba da umarnin kashe su da peloton maharba a kan dawakai waɗanda suka yi tattaki a ƙauyen, sannan wasu gungun sojoji suka bi su. Mafarautan sun kewaye mutanen [[Soumâa]], Gueddara, [[Meraldene]], Tabrahimt da Azela waɗanda suka ci gaba suka fara harbe-harbe a kusa da su. Wannan liyafar macabre da suka yi nisa ta ɗauke su, har ba su yi tunanin guduwa ba, su goma sha biyar suka faɗo matattu ɗaya bayan ɗaya. Fourchault ya zarce ƙauyen da aka yi awon gaba da shi inda sojojinsa suka harbe matan da ke gudu a cikin kwazazzabai tare da mutanen da ba a kai musu hari ba. Daya daga cikin mutanen ƙauyen da ya faɗa ƙarƙashin harsashin ya samu rauni ne kawai, sai ya tsaya babu motsi yana mai cewa ya mutu, kuma a lokacin da masu harbin suka je ɗauke masa wuta, sai ya ɗauki hanyarsa a cikin kwarin, ya yi nasarar tserewa, amma an kashe wasu maza biyar daga ƙauyukan, sannan kuma an kashe wata mata yayin da ta gudu zuwa cikin kwarin. Bayan wannan farmakin na azabtarwa, ginshiƙin Fourchault ya kafa bivouac a ƙauyen Col des Beni-Aïcha, da ƙarfe 4 na yamma bayan ya yi tafiya mai nisan kilomita 20, kuma ya sami ruwa a wurin maɓuɓɓugar ƙauyen da kuma wani maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da ke saman sansanin. An ba da umarnin tattara ayarin motocin da kayan da aka bari a Alma domin su kwana a ranar 9 ga watan Mayu suna hutawa a mashigar Beni Aïcha kafin a ci gaba da farautar 'yan tawayen.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6545253w/f285.item.r=Gueddara+Khachna+Beni-Aicha+Isser.zoom|title = L'Insurrection de la Grande Kabylie en 1871 / Par le colonel Robin|year = 1901}}</ref> == Kama Cheikhs == Kafin isa ''Col des Beni Aïcha'', Janar ''Lallemand'' ya ba da umarni a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1871 don kama [[Sheikh Boumerdassi|Cheikh Boumerdassi]] da [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki|Cheikh Mohamed Boushaki]] a cikin matsugunansu da wuraren ɓuya a tsaunukan ''Khachna'' da ''Ammal''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F85JAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA355|title = Histoire de l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie|last1 = Rinn|first1 = Louis|year = 1891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6545253w/f283.item.r=Fourchault+Ammal+Isser.zoom|title=L'Insurrection de la Grande Kabylie en 1871 / Par le colonel Robin|year=1901}}</ref> A ƙarshe [[Sheikh Boumerdassi|Cheikh Boumerdassi]], da ɗan uwansa [[Abdelkader Boumerdassi]], da kuma [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki|Cheikh Mohamed Boushaki]] an fitar da su aka kama su kafin a ɗaure su.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ij5IAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA277|title = Histoire littéraire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (1853-2005)|date = 26 March 2014|isbn = 9782811109653}}</ref> An fitar da Cheikh ''Mohamed Boumerdassi'' zuwa New Caledonia a shekara ta 1874, yana da shekaru 56 a lokacin kuma sunansa ''Mohamed ben Hamou ben Ali Boumerdassi'', mai lamba: 130133.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-j52rZbRgEC&pg=PA20|title = Le procès Konhu en Nouvelle-Calédonie : Une nouvelle affaire Outreau ?|isbn = 9782296113879|last1 = Sarda|first1 = Gérard|year = 2010}}</ref> Bayan da aka dakile wannan tada ƙayar bayan [[Sheikh Mokrani]], an ba da sanarwar kwacewa da kuma zagon ƙasa na 'yan tawayen Aljeriya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGOO0NwovKMC&q=D%C3%A9portation+1874+Cal%C3%A9donie+Kabylie|title = Kabyles du Pacifique|isbn = 9782910780005|last1 = Lallaoui|first1 = Mehdi|year = 1994}}</ref> Idan an yanke wa masu tayar da ƙayar baya hukuncin kisa ko kuma yin aiki mai tsanani na rayuwa, wasu kawai an fitar da su zuwa New Caledonia bayan an kama su a kurkuku a Fort Quélern, sannan jirgin La Loire ya kai shi a kan jirgin 34 na siyasa na Aljeriya ta hanyar jirgin na tara wanda ya bar tashar jiragen ruwa na Brest a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba 1874 da Noumé a tashar jiragen ruwa na shekarar 1874.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdlnAAAAMAAJ&q=1874|title = Déportations en Nouvelle-Calédonie des communards et des révoltés de la Grande Kabylie (1872 à 1876)|isbn = 9782738427960|last1 = Mailhé|first1 = Germaine|year = 1994}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]] * [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki]] * [[Sheikh Boumerdassi|Cheikh Boumerdassi]] == WaHanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{YouTube|AFl6d6lFtUo|(fr) Information on the capture of Algiers in 1830}} * {{YouTube|00QiSziElDo|(fr) The conquest of Algeria: Interview with Ahmed Djebbar}} * {{YouTube|jIRQIsRnAqo|1- (fr) The conquest of Algeria (1830-1847)}} * {{YouTube|txTj_wbH1EY|2- (fr) The conquest of Algeria (1830-1847)}} * {{YouTube|3Hbx7NydQUk|(fr) The conquest of Algeria: Interview with Jacques Frémeaux}} * {{YouTube|vcxv61UDufI|(fr) Conquest of Algeria - Marshal Bugeaud}} == Littattafai == * [https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Un_%C3%89pisode_de_l%E2%80%99insurrection_Kabyle._%E2%80%94_L%E2%80%99Alma,_Palestro (fr) Un Épisode de l'insurrection Kabyle.] [https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Un_%C3%89pisode_de_l%E2%80%99insurrection_Kabyle._%E2%80%94_L%E2%80%99Alma,_Palestro - L'Alma, Palestro] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qfprgi3c9vhval0o0u5wh005uqsux41 894147 894146 2026-08-10T10:16:07Z Aisha SM 47788 894147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yakin Col des Beni Aïcha''' ko '''yakin Thenia''', wanda ya ɓarke a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1871, yakin Mokrani ne na tawayen Mokrani tsakanin 'yan tawayen [[Aljeriya]], da kuma Faransa, wacce ita ce ta yi mulkin mallaka a yankin tun a shekarar 1830. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rinn |first=Louis |year=1891 |title=Histoire de l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F85JAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA301}}</ref> == Gabatarwa == Bayan da ƴan tawayen Aljeriya suka karɓe iko da Palestro a ranar 14 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1871 bayan yakin Palestro, sun so su mamaye Mitidja da birnin [[Aljir|Algiers]]. Don cimma wannan, sojojin [[Sheikh Mokrani|Cheikh Mokrani]] sun ketare yankin Réghaïa ta hanyar Lower Kabylia, yayin da aka fara bazara na shekarar 1871 kuma Oued Isser yana cikin ambaliya. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Maximilien Joseph de Schauenburg &#124; Charge du 5e régiment de chasseurs à cheval contre des Cosaques, vers 1805-1807 &#124; Images d’Art |url=https://art.rmngp.fr/fr/library/artworks/maximilien-joseph-de-schauenburg_charge-du-5e-regiment-de-chasseurs-a-cheval-contre-des-cosaques-vers-1805-1807_huile-sur-toile |access-date=2022-09-16 |publisher=Art.rmngp.fr |language=fr |archive-date=2019-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501133317/https://art.rmngp.fr/fr/library/artworks/maximilien-joseph-de-schauenburg_charge-du-5e-regiment-de-chasseurs-a-cheval-contre-des-cosaques-vers-1805-1807_huile-sur-toile |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sojojin Aljeriya sun taso daga Palestro zuwa arewa maso gabas, nesa da sojojin Faransa da bivouac tun daga ranar 14 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1871, don isa yankin Laazib Zamoum na Faransa bayan kwanaki uku a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu inda suka kunna wuta a kewayen wannan toho na garin Faransa. Mazaunan Faransa da sojojin sun fara ne bayan [[Battle of Laazib Zamoum|yakin Laazib Zamoum]] don tserewa daga filin Issers zuwa [[Aljir|Algiers]], amma 'yan tawayen Aljeriya sun bi su zuwa Bordj Menaïel da aka kona a lokacin [[Battle of Bordj Ménaïel|yakin Bordj Ménaïel]], haka kuma a lokacin [[Battle of the Issers|yakin Issers]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Historique Ménerville - Ville — 1830-1962 ENCYCLOPEDIE de L'AFN |url=https://encyclopedie-afn.org/Historique_M%C3%A9nerville_-_Ville |access-date=2022-09-16 |publisher=Encyclopedie-afn.org |language=fr}}</ref> == Mazaunan Col des Beni Aïcha == Tun daga ranar 17 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1837, Kanar Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg da sojojinsa na Faransa a lokacin balaguro na Col des Beni Aïcha sun fahimci cewa iko da yankin [[Thénia|Col des Beni Aïcha]] na da mahimmanci ga zaman lafiyar gabashin Algiers da Kabylia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection de documents concernant l'Algérie. Dossier 1 |url=https://www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/siv/rechercheconsultation/consultation/ir/pdfUD.action?irId=FRAN_IR_053541&udId=c-9rdnmbxx1-ollyw9pw18xn |access-date=16 April 2023 |website=culture.gouv.fr |language=fr}}</ref> Yaƙe-yaƙe da dama sun biyo bayan juna a wannan yanki har zuwa shekara ta 1857 lokacin da aka sasanta Kabylia kuma aka fara aiwatar da mulkin mallaka da na ɗan adam a ƙasar da aka yi wa ɓarna da ta'adi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MENERVILLE - .1871: C'est le soulèvement qui embrasa la Kabylie à la suite des difficultés rencontrées - [PDF Document] |url=https://fdocuments.fr/document/menerville-1871-cest-le-soulevement-qui-embrasa-la-kabylie-a-la-suite.html |website=fdocuments.fr |access-date=2025-06-08 |archive-date=2023-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125135206/https://fdocuments.fr/document/menerville-1871-cest-le-soulevement-qui-embrasa-la-kabylie-a-la-suite.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Don haka a cikin watan Yulin shekarar 1860, ɗan mulkin mallaka ''Paul Just'', ɗan asalin Embrun a Hautes Alpes, bisa ga umarnin Gwamna Janar Patrice de MacMahon, ya isa ga ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' tare da rakiyar rundunar soja don samun rangwamen aikin gona. Bayan wasu mazauna da yawa, ''Paul Just'' ya gina gidaje na katako don nemo sabon mazaunin, saboda haka sunan "Ƙauyen Wooden". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Menerville |url=https://jeanyvesthorrignac.fr/wa_files/INFO_20614_20MENERVILLE.pdf |access-date=16 April 2023 |website=jeanyvesthorrignac.fr |language=fr}}</ref> Wurin ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' da sauri ya zama mai horar da wasan kwaikwayo, kuma an buɗe gidan cin abinci a wurin da ɗakin karatu na katako da kuma wurin dafa abinci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Menerville nos souvenirs, col des Beni aïcha, Thenia, histoire |url=http://menerville.free.fr/histoire/histoire.htm |website=menerville.free.fr}}</ref> Ƙauyen ƴan mulkin mallaka don haka ya samo asali ne a hankali daga shekarun 1860 har zuwa 1871 lokacin da Pieds-Noirs suka rayu akan ƙananan kayan ƙasa da kuma dakatar da matafiya a mataki na ƙwazo. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Algérie - Ménerville — Geneawiki |url=https://fr.geneawiki.com/index.php/Alg%C3%A9rie_-_M%C3%A9nerville |access-date=2022-09-16 |publisher=Fr.geneawiki.com |language=fr}}</ref> == Yaƙi == A ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1837, ƴan tawayen Aljeriya sun taso daga kudancin ƙauyen ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka suka fito daga ''Palestro '''yanto, suka iso daga Issers da tudun ''Iflissen'', suka mamaye gaba ɗayan yankin ''[[Thénia|Menerville]]'' na gaba sai ''[[Thénia|Thenia]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqt9A2NX0TIC&pg=PA32|title = Lettres et carnets de route du commandant Briquelot de 1871 à 1896|isbn = 9782748113990}}</ref> Marabout [[Sheikh Boumerdassi|Cheikh Boumerdassi]], Cheikh na ''[[Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]]'', da Marabout [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki|Cheikh Boushaki]], Sheik na ''[[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki]]'', wanda ya jagoranci wannan hari na Aljeriya a kan Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Lower Kabylia. Daga nan ne ƴan tawayen Iflissen (Flissas), Issers, Beni Aïcha, Beni-Amran da Khachnas suka je ƙauyen ƴan mulkin mallaka na Col des Beni-Aïcha, inda mazauna garin suka samu nasarar tserewa cikin lokaci, amma wanda aka wawashe, sannan suka cinna wuta. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1873 |title=Revue des deux mondes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFpJAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA631}}</ref> Hakika, da tsakar rana a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1871, kusan dukkan Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa sun bar ƙauyen ''Col des Beni Aïcha'', kuma nan da nan 'yan tawayen [[Aljeriya]] suka mamaye unguwar. A nasa ɓangaren, [[Sheikh Mokrani|Cheikh Mokrani]], ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin 'yantacciyar ƙasar ''Palestro'', ya kuma ba da umarninsa ga sojojin 'yan tawaye, yayin da yake shiryawa da kuma shirya kame Algiers. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rinn |first=Louis |year=1891 |title=Histoire de l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F85JAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA247}}</ref> == Kai hari == [[Fayil:Thenia_11092012.jpg|thumb| [[Thénia]]]] Bayan [[Yaƙin Alma (Algeria)|yakin Alma]] ya koma kan 'yan tawayen Aljeriya a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun 1871, bayan isowar Kanar Alexandre Fourchault da sojojinsa na Faransa daga Algiers, 'yan Aljeriya sun dage kan [[Thénia|Col des Beni Aïcha]] don kokarin sake komawa kan Alma. Wannan shi ne yadda Kanar ''Alexandre Fourchault'', bayan ya sake kama ''Alma'', ya yi tafiya da kuzari a kan ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' wanda ya sake ɗauka bayan wani rikici mai tsanani a ranar 30 ga watan Afrilu 1871 tare da 'yan tawaye. Amma mutanen Aljeriya sun ci gaba da kai hari har zuwa ranar 8 ga watan Mayu 1871 suna kai farmaki kan hamlet na ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' daga kowane ɓangare, tun da yake a cikin wani kwandon ruwa mai kewaye da tsaunuka zuwa arewa da kudu. Kanar ''Fourchault'' ya killace kansa a cikin ƙauyen da aka kone kuma ya yi awon gaba da shi a lokacin da yake jiran ƙarin taimako daga Janar Orphis Léon Lallemand wanda ya taru a Alma domin ya garzaya kan ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' don yantar da shi daga rikicin [[Sheikh Mokrani|Cheikh Mokrani]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Faucon |first=Narcisse |year=1890 |title=Le livre d'or de l'Algérie: Histoire politique, militaire, administrative; événements et faits principaux; biographie des hommes ayant marqué dans l'armée, les sciences, les lettres, etc., de 1830 à 1889 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BhAqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA314}}</ref> Ba tare da jinkiri ba, kuma ba tare da jiran ƙarfafawa ba, Janar ''Lallemand'' ya bar ''Alma'' da kansa ƙasa, kuma washegari Talata 9 ga watan Mayu 1871, da ƙarfe 3 na rana, ruƙunin sojansa ya yaɗa zango a ''Col des Beni Aïcha'', wanda ke ba da damar shiga Great Kabylia. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1873 |title=Les Arabes Martyrs. Étude sur l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pPn2uPyBm70C&pg=PA15}}</ref> == Hukunta ƙauyuka == [[Fayil:Hôpital_de_Thénia.jpg|thumb| [[Soumâa|Dutsen]] Suma.]] A ranar 7 ga watan Mayu 1871, don haka aka umarci Colonel ''Fourchault'' da ya je ya ƙone ƙauyukan ''Ammal'' da ke gefen hagu na Oued Isser, waɗanda mazaunansu suka yi watsi da su, kuma dole ne ya yi aiki da ginshiƙi mai haske na sojojin ƙasa ba jakunkuna da sojan doki ba. Karfe 11 na safe ya ladabtar da ƙauyukan ‘yan tawaye da kokarin kamo Shehunan nan guda biyu, ya dawo sansanin Alma da karfe 7 na yamma, ya kuma aika da rahoto zuwa ga Janar Lallemand inda ya ce komai ya ‘gama da kyau. Ƙauyuka biyu (decheras) da Lallemand ya so ya yi musu, an kona su ba tare da harbin bindiga ba, in ban da wasu ‘yan Aljeriya guda biyu da aka tafi da su da makamai kuma aka kashe su nan take. Masu fafutuka sun kona wasu 'yan gourbi, kuma Turcos da Zouaves sun ɗauki nauyin ganimar da aka tattara.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6545253w/f284.item.r=Fourchault+Khachna+Beni-Aicha+Isser.zoom|title = L'Insurrection de la Grande Kabylie en 1871 / Par le colonel Robin|year = 1901}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga watan Mayu, 1871, da ƙarfe 5 na safe, shafi na Janar Lallemand ya tashi zuwa hanyar Beni-Aïcha, yana biye da tsaunuka waɗanda ke yin layin raba tsakanin kwarin Isser da na Corso. Wannan hanya tana da fa'idar kaiwa ga hanyar wucewa ta layin tudu, don guje wa matsalolin da za a shawo kan su idan dole ne mu tilasta hanyar kai tsaye. An yi babban tasha a maɓuɓɓugan Azela da Tilfaouïn. Khachna na yankin farar hula sun miƙa wuya kuma sun yi garkuwa da su; sun koma garuruwansu, ba su damu ba. Jim kaɗan kafin isa kan hanyar Beni Aïcha, Janar Lallemand ya yi shakku kan ko ƙauyukan [[Soumâa]], Gueddara, [[Meraldene]], Tabrahimt da Azela sun yi garkuwa da su. Kanar Fourchault, wanda ya yi tattaki a cikin ’yan gadi, ya tambayi jami’in kula da harkokin ƙasar da ya raka shi bayani kan wannan batu; Na karshen ya amsa da cewa bai da tabbas a kan haka, amma Janar Lallemand baya nisa a baya, kuma zai yi sauki a tuntuɓe shi. Mutanen waɗannan kauyukan sun fito daga gidajensu ba tare da makami ba, suka zo suka hadu da ginshikin domin yin biyayya. Kanar Fourchault, bisa la’akari da cewa waɗannan mutanen kauyen na cikin ‘yan tawayen da suka wawashe gidajen mashigin Beni-Aïcha, ya ba da umarnin kashe su da peloton maharba a kan dawakai waɗanda suka yi tattaki a ƙauyen, sannan wasu gungun sojoji suka bi su. Mafarautan sun kewaye mutanen [[Soumâa]], Gueddara, [[Meraldene]], Tabrahimt da Azela waɗanda suka ci gaba suka fara harbe-harbe a kusa da su. Wannan liyafar macabre da suka yi nisa ta ɗauke su, har ba su yi tunanin guduwa ba, su goma sha biyar suka faɗo matattu ɗaya bayan ɗaya. Fourchault ya zarce ƙauyen da aka yi awon gaba da shi inda sojojinsa suka harbe matan da ke gudu a cikin kwazazzabai tare da mutanen da ba a kai musu hari ba. Daya daga cikin mutanen ƙauyen da ya faɗa ƙarƙashin harsashin ya samu rauni ne kawai, sai ya tsaya babu motsi yana mai cewa ya mutu, kuma a lokacin da masu harbin suka je ɗauke masa wuta, sai ya ɗauki hanyarsa a cikin kwarin, ya yi nasarar tserewa, amma an kashe wasu maza biyar daga ƙauyukan, sannan kuma an kashe wata mata yayin da ta gudu zuwa cikin kwarin. Bayan wannan farmakin na azabtarwa, ginshiƙin Fourchault ya kafa bivouac a ƙauyen Col des Beni-Aïcha, da ƙarfe 4 na yamma bayan ya yi tafiya mai nisan kilomita 20, kuma ya sami ruwa a wurin maɓuɓɓugar ƙauyen da kuma wani maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da ke saman sansanin. An ba da umarnin tattara ayarin motocin da kayan da aka bari a Alma domin su kwana a ranar 9 ga watan Mayu suna hutawa a mashigar Beni Aïcha kafin a ci gaba da farautar 'yan tawayen.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6545253w/f285.item.r=Gueddara+Khachna+Beni-Aicha+Isser.zoom|title = L'Insurrection de la Grande Kabylie en 1871 / Par le colonel Robin|year = 1901}}</ref> == Kama Cheikhs == Kafin isa ''Col des Beni Aïcha'', Janar ''Lallemand'' ya ba da umarni a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1871 don kama [[Sheikh Boumerdassi|Cheikh Boumerdassi]] da [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki|Cheikh Mohamed Boushaki]] a cikin matsugunansu da wuraren ɓuya a tsaunukan ''Khachna'' da ''Ammal''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F85JAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA355|title = Histoire de l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie|last1 = Rinn|first1 = Louis|year = 1891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6545253w/f283.item.r=Fourchault+Ammal+Isser.zoom|title=L'Insurrection de la Grande Kabylie en 1871 / Par le colonel Robin|year=1901}}</ref> A ƙarshe [[Sheikh Boumerdassi|Cheikh Boumerdassi]], da ɗan uwansa [[Abdelkader Boumerdassi]], da kuma [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki|Cheikh Mohamed Boushaki]] an fitar da su aka kama su kafin a ɗaure su.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ij5IAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA277|title = Histoire littéraire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (1853-2005)|date = 26 March 2014|isbn = 9782811109653}}</ref> An fitar da Cheikh ''Mohamed Boumerdassi'' zuwa New Caledonia a shekara ta 1874, yana da shekaru 56 a lokacin kuma sunansa ''Mohamed ben Hamou ben Ali Boumerdassi'', mai lamba: 130133.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-j52rZbRgEC&pg=PA20|title = Le procès Konhu en Nouvelle-Calédonie : Une nouvelle affaire Outreau ?|isbn = 9782296113879|last1 = Sarda|first1 = Gérard|year = 2010}}</ref> Bayan da aka dakile wannan tada ƙayar bayan [[Sheikh Mokrani]], an ba da sanarwar kwacewa da kuma zagon ƙasa na 'yan tawayen Aljeriya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGOO0NwovKMC&q=D%C3%A9portation+1874+Cal%C3%A9donie+Kabylie|title = Kabyles du Pacifique|isbn = 9782910780005|last1 = Lallaoui|first1 = Mehdi|year = 1994}}</ref> Idan an yanke wa masu tayar da ƙayar baya hukuncin kisa ko kuma yin aiki mai tsanani na rayuwa, wasu kawai an fitar da su zuwa New Caledonia bayan an kama su a kurkuku a Fort Quélern, sannan jirgin La Loire ya kai shi a kan jirgin 34 na siyasa na Aljeriya ta hanyar jirgin na tara wanda ya bar tashar jiragen ruwa na Brest a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba 1874 da Noumé a tashar jiragen ruwa na shekarar 1874.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdlnAAAAMAAJ&q=1874|title = Déportations en Nouvelle-Calédonie des communards et des révoltés de la Grande Kabylie (1872 à 1876)|isbn = 9782738427960|last1 = Mailhé|first1 = Germaine|year = 1994}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]] * [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki]] * [[Sheikh Boumerdassi|Cheikh Boumerdassi]] == WaHanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{YouTube|AFl6d6lFtUo|(fr) Information on the capture of Algiers in 1830}} * {{YouTube|00QiSziElDo|(fr) The conquest of Algeria: Interview with Ahmed Djebbar}} * {{YouTube|jIRQIsRnAqo|1- (fr) The conquest of Algeria (1830-1847)}} * {{YouTube|txTj_wbH1EY|2- (fr) The conquest of Algeria (1830-1847)}} * {{YouTube|3Hbx7NydQUk|(fr) The conquest of Algeria: Interview with Jacques Frémeaux}} * {{YouTube|vcxv61UDufI|(fr) Conquest of Algeria - Marshal Bugeaud}} == Littattafai == * [https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Un_%C3%89pisode_de_l%E2%80%99insurrection_Kabyle._%E2%80%94_L%E2%80%99Alma,_Palestro (fr) Un Épisode de l'insurrection Kabyle.] [https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Un_%C3%89pisode_de_l%E2%80%99insurrection_Kabyle._%E2%80%94_L%E2%80%99Alma,_Palestro - L'Alma, Palestro] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m6xk681l3q0afbkokike3kjrxmu72ms 0 102020 894148 719671 2026-08-10T10:17:14Z Aisha SM 47788 894148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Balaguron Col des Beni Aïcha,''' ko '''balaguron Thénia,''' ko kuma kawai '''Beni Aïcha Expedition,''' balaguro ne a watan Mayun shekarar1837, lokacin da [[Cin nasarar Faransa a Aljeriya|Faransa ta mamaye Aljeriya]] . Wannan taron ya yi karo da sojojin mulkin mallaka a karkashin Kanar Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg da sojojin ''Beni Aïcha'' na ''Igawawen'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Trumelet |first=Corneille |date=February 27, 1887 |title=Une page de l'histoire de la colonisation algerienne: Bou-Farik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fhFQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA132 |publisher=A. Jourdan |via=Google Books}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berbrugger |first=A. (Louis Adrien) |date=February 27, 1857 |title=Les époques militaires de la Grande Kabilie |url=https://archive.org/details/lespoquesmilitai00berb |publisher=Alger : Bastide |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> == Mahallin tarihi == An kuma fara wannan balaguron ne a watan Mayun shekarar 1837 daga [[Aljir|Algiers]] zuwa birnin [[Constantine, Aljeriya|Constantine]] ta tsaunin Khachna a Kabylia . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Orléans |first=Ferdinand-Philippe-Louis-Charles-Henri |last2=Paris |first2=Louis-Philippe-Albert d'Orléans |last3=Chartres |first3=Robert Philippe Louis Eugène Ferdinand d'Orléans |date=February 27, 1870 |title=Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique, 1835-1839 |url=https://archive.org/details/campagnesdelarme00orla |publisher=Paris M. Lévy |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Wannan martani na soja ya biyo bayan rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Tafna tsakanin Janar Thomas Robert Bugeaud tare da sarki Abdelkader a {{Interlanguage link|Orania, Algeria|fr|Oranie}} . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Galibert |first=Léon |date=February 27, 1843 |title=Histoire de l'Algérie, ancienne et moderne, depuis les premiers établissements de Carthaginois jusques et y compris les dernières campagnes du Général Bugeaud. Avec une introduction sur les divers systèmes de colonisation qui ont précédé la conquète française |url=https://archive.org/details/histoiredelalg00gali |publisher=Paris Furne |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Yarjejeniyar ta amince da yadda Masarautar Abdelkader ke iko da wani babban yanki na cikin gida na [[Aljeriya|kasar Aljeriya]] a yanzu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 1888 |title=L'armée d'Afrique depuis la conquête d'Alger |url=https://archive.org/details/larmedafriquede00quesgoog |publisher=Jouvet |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Sarki Abdekader ya yi amfani da wannan yerjejeniyar don tabbatar da ikonsa a kan kabilun a duk fadin kasar, inda ya gina sabbin garuruwa da ke da nisa daga hannun Faransa tare da tsauraran gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rozey |first=A. G. |date=February 27, 1840 |title=Cris de conscience de l'Algérie |url=https://archive.org/details/crisdeconscience00roze |publisher=<nowiki>[Paris Impr. A. Gratiot, en vente chez Mlle Voizel [etc.]]</nowiki> |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Ya yi aiki musamman a Kabylia da sauran wurare don tayar da al'ummar [[Musulmi]] a karkashin ikon [[Faransa]] don su bijirewa ta hanyar zaman lafiya da soja ta hanyar mallakarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wagner |first=Moritz |year=1855 |title=The Tricolor on the Atlas: Or, Algeria and the French Conquest |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yu5AAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA288}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=1840 |title=Die Geschichte unserer Tage, oder Chronik der neuesten Zeit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b29UAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1247}}</ref> Ya so ya sarrafa hanyar da ke bi ta manyan kogunan da ke haɗa ''Algiers'' zuwa ''Constantine'', a wannan yanayin {{Interlanguage link|Oued Réghaïa|ar|وادي الرغاية}}, {{Interlanguage link|Oued Boudouaou|ar|وادي بودواو}}, {{Interlanguage link|Oued Corso|ar|وادي قورصو}}, {{Interlanguage link|Oued Boumerdès|ar|وادي بومرداس}}, Oued Meraldene da Oued Isser . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Orléans |first=Ferdinand-Philippe d' |year=1870 |title=Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique, 1835-1839 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vHVbO_AJDGkC&pg=PA270}}</ref> Wannan sha'awar ''sarki Abdelkader'' na sake fuskantar ''Faransawa'', ko da bayan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar, ya sa ya yi ikirarin a karkashin wannan yarjejeniya duk yankin gabashin {{Interlanguage link|Oued Boudouaou|ar|وادي بودواو}} tsakanin Kabyles na [[Beni Aïcha]] kuma wanda a zahiri ya haɗa da babbar hanyar tsakanin ''Algiers'' da ''Constantine'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Orléans |first=Ferdinand-Philippe d' |year=1870 |title=Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique, 1835-1839 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jsIRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA270}}</ref> == Raid a Reghaïa == ''Sarkin Abdelkader'' ya shirya harin a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1837 a yankin Réghaïa a gonar mai suna ''Mercier'', wanda aka sanya a cikin yarjejeniyar noma da ke kusa da iyakar ''Masarautar Abdelkader'' da kuma ''Oued Boudouaou'' wanda kuma aka yi wa lakabi da ''Oued Keddara'', kuma wannan, shi ne ya dora wa gwamnatinsa ta Tref da ''mulkin'' kasarsa. . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berbrugger |first=Adrien |year=1857 |title=Les époques militaires de la Grande Kabilie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WqtXAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA13}}</ref> ''Sarkin'' ya san cewa abokansa na kabilar Kabyle na ''Khachna'' da Issers za su iya tattara sojoji dubu shida (6000) a ƙafa da kuma dawakai har ɗari takwas (800) a cikin filin don muzgunawa ma'aikatun Faransa fiye da Boudouaou na yanzu. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Orléans |first=Ferdinand-Philippe-Louis-Charles-Henri |last2=Paris |first2=Louis-Philippe-Albert d'Orléans |last3=Chartres |first3=Robert Philippe Louis Eugène Ferdinand d'Orléans |date=February 27, 1870 |title=Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique, 1835-1839 |url=https://archive.org/details/campagnesdelarme00orla |publisher=Paris M. Lévy |via=Internet Archive}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOrléansParisChartres1870">Orléans, Ferdinand-Philippe-Louis-Charles-Henri; Paris, Louis-Philippe-Albert d'Orléans; Chartres, Robert Philippe Louis Eugène Ferdinand d'Orléans (February 27, 1870). [[iarchive:campagnesdelarme00orla|"Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique, 1835-1839"]]. Paris M. Lévy &#x2013; via Internet Archive.</cite></ref> Wannan shi ne yadda ''Sarkin'', lokacin da ya shirya harin da aka kai a ''Réghaïa'' da kuma sace-sacen gonaki na mulkin mallaka na Faransa, an ba da tabbacin samun mafaka mai tsaro tare da marabout na ''Beni Aïcha'', wanda ƙauyuka suka yi watsi da Oued Meraldene da Oued Isser . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moritz Wagner |first=D. |year=1841 |title=Reisen in der Regentschaft Algier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNVcAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA244}}</ref> Janar Damrémont ya cika da mamaki a [[Aljir|Algiers]] lokacin da ya sami labarin cewa yankin gabashin [[Casbah na Algiers]] na cikin tashin hankali sakamakon hare-haren da 'yan tawaye masu alaka da ''sarki Abdelkader'' suka kai. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wagner |first=Moritz |year=1841 |title=Reisen in der Regentschaft Algier in den Jahren 1836, 1837 und 1838 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kkJHyDNP1QC&pg=RA1-PA244}}</ref> Daga nan sai Janar din ya umarci Kanar Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg da ya shirya wani balaguro ta kasa da ruwa don kai farmaki kan agaji da mafaka na ''sarki Abdelkader'' a cikin ''Beni Aïcha'' don wargaza wannan nebula da ta kunshi kauyuka da dama da ke kusa da ''birnin Algiers'' . <ref>{{Cite web |year=1837 |title=Allgemeine Zeitung |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJ5HAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA992-IA101}}</ref> An riga an ajiye Kanar ''Schauenburg'' a ''Réghaïa'' a matsayin shugaban sojojin dawaki na ''{{Interlanguage link|1st African Hunter Regiment|fr|1er régiment de chasseurs d'Afrique}}'' don kare da kiyaye gonakin noma da aka wawashe a farkon yaƙi a cikin bazara na 1837. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1844 |title=L'Algérie ancienne et moderne, etc. Vignettes par Raffet et Rouargue frères |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iW9yWvc5FUYC&pg=PA625}}</ref> == Kutsawa tsakanin Beni Aïcha == [[Fayil:Colonel_Maximilien_Joseph_Schauenburg_4.jpg|thumb| Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg]] Janar ''Damrémont'' ya umarci Kanar ''Schauenburg'' da ya yi tattaki da daddare tare da ginshikin sojansa daga ''Réghaïa'' zuwa rafin ''[[Meraldene]]'' don ba wa maharan mamaki cikin barci, yayin da aka umurci Janar Alexandre Charles Perrégaux ya jagoranci jirgin ruwa wanda ya fara daga {{Interlanguage link|Port of Algiers|fr|Port d'Alger}} kuma wanda zai sauka a bakin tekun Zemmouri El Bahri na yanzu a wurin {{Interlanguage link|Port of Zemmouri|ar|ميناء زموري}} . <ref>{{Cite web |year=1927 |title=Correspondance du général Damrémont, gouverneur général des possessions françaises dans le nord de l'Afrique (1837) Pub |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BE4BAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> Dabarar da ta biyo baya ta kunshi saukar da Janar ''Pérregaux'' daga jirginsa da sojoji kusan dubu dubu a gabar tekun ''Beni Aïcha'' domin yin kwanton bauna tare da jira 'yan tawayen Kabyle da suka tsere daga yakin Kanar ''Schauenburg'' zuwa arewacin kwarin [[Meraldene]] ta hanyar tashi ta kauyukan Boukhanfar da Talamali, da nufin halaka su. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1855 |title=The tricolor on the atals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TaUEAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA289}}</ref> Mummunan yanayi wanda ba zato ba tsammani ya faru a kan {{Interlanguage link|Bay of Algiers|fr|Baie d'Alger}} ya watsar da wannan ingantaccen tsari saboda guguwar guguwa ta kama Janar ''Pérregaux'' kuma ya kasa fitar da jirginsa daga tashar ''jiragen ruwa na Algiers'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schuster |first=Georg H. |year=1842 |title=Correspondance militaire, ou recueil de modèles, pièces et actes authentiques relatifs au service militaire: ... Avec un vocabulaire militaire français - allemand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uG9eAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA132}}</ref> Duk da mummunan yanayi da ya auku a tsakiyar watan Mayun 1837 a kan Mitidja da Kabylia, Kanar ''Schauenburg'' ya bar sansaninsa na ''Réghaïa'' a daren 17 ga Mayu 1837 don ya gangaro zuwa kwarin ''Oued Boudouaou'' inda ya tara wani ginshikin soja na mutum dubu biyu don kai hari ''Beni Aïcha'' . <ref>{{Cite web |year=1837 |title=Gazzetta privilegiata di Bologna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18y0n4nJDQ8C&pg=RA19-PA17}}</ref> Wannan ginshiƙi na soja ya ƙunshi bataliyoyin runduna guda biyu na ''{{Interlanguage link|2nd light infantry regiment|fr|2e régiment d'infanterie légère}}'', bataliya na ''{{Interlanguage link|48th infantry regiment|fr|48e régiment d'infanterie}}'', mafarautan maharba dari biyu na ''{{Interlanguage link|1st African Hunter Regiment|fr|1er régiment de chasseurs d'Afrique}}'', ''spahis'' na yau da kullun, ''spahis'' marasa tsari ɗari, da guntu guda biyu na ƴan hawan dutse. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1863 |title=Compleḿent de l'Encycloped́ie moderne: Dictionnaire abreǵe ́ des sciences, des lettres, des arts, de l'industrie, de l'agriculture et du commerce |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ycYUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA375}}</ref> Kanar ''Schauenburg'' ya samu koma baya tare da dubban sojojinsa da ruwan sama da iska a cikin tafiyarsa na dare kafin ya isa rafin ''Meraldene'' kawai da karfe takwas na safiyar ranar 18 ga Mayu 1837, inda kungiyoyin ''Kabyles'' suka jira shi don ya magance ta kuma su hana shi ci gaba a ''Kabylia'' idan ya sami damar haye gadon ''Oued Isser'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Orléans |first=Ferdinand-Philippe d' |year=1870 |title=Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique 1835 - 1839 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W9fqTWb75bgC&pg=PA271}}</ref> A karkashin jagorancin [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki|Cheikh Ali Boushaki]], daruruwan Kabyles da ke zaune a kauyukan [[Meraldene]], Gueddara, [[Soumâa]], Djenah da [[Beni Arab]] da sauransu sun fara gudu tare da shiga rikici da Faransawa, kuma ta haka ne bataliyar farko ta ''{{Interlanguage link|2nd light infantry regiment|fr|2e régiment d'infanterie légère}}'' an kaddamar da shi ne a kan sake tattara mayaka 'yan gwagwarmayar Aljeriya don gaggauta kwace muhimmin matsayi na [[Thénia|Col des Beni Aïcha]], wanda kuma zai yi matukar tsada ga Faransawa idan aka jinkirta wannan kame da kuma ci gaba da kasancewa karkashin ikon kawancen ''sarki Abdelkader'' . <ref>{{Cite web |year=1870 |title=Campagnes de l'arme'e d'Afrique 1835-1839 par le Duc d'Orle'ans, publie' par ses fils, avec un portrait de l'auteur et une carte de l'Alge'rie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMD5fkVQMoMC&pg=PA271}}</ref> Yayin da aka kora Kabyles zuwa gangaren ƙauyukan Baloul da Tebabkha kusa da hanyar Oued Isser a kan dogon ƙazantar gabas na babban birnin ''Khachna'', sauran ƙauyukan sun naɗe a kan tudu suna shiga cikin sahu-sahu a arangama da rundunar sojojin ƙasa wanda daga nan ne suka sami asarar ɗan adam a cikin sahu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Galibert |first=Léon |year=1843 |title=Histoire de l'Algérie ancienne et moderne: Depuis les premiers établissements des carthaginois |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ilH0gaYdal8C&pg=PA625}}</ref> Daga nan ne aka fara farauya tsakanin 'yan tawayen Kabyle da sojojin Faransa don karbe iko da wannan budaddiyar da ke tsakanin Mitidja da Kabylia, tun lokacin da wani babban taimako ya taso daga Laazib Zamoum don karfafa Beni Aïcha a cikin jajircewar da suka yi a kan wata kasa ta kakanni wadda ta kasance mai kyau da fa'ida a gare su a kowane mataki == Ben Zamoum ya sake kai hari == Bayan da sojojin Manjo ''Schauenburg'' suka watse kusa da Oued Isser a ranar 18 ga Mayu 1837, an ba su umarni su tattara sahu-sahunsu da suka watse zuwa wuri guda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G6NDAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA2-PA271|title=Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique: 1835-1839|first=Ferdinand-Philippe d' Orléans (Duc|last=D'Orléans.)|date=February 27, 1870|publisher=M. Lévy|via=Google Books}}</ref> Cheikh Ben Zamoum ya fito daga yankin Iflissen Lebhar tare da kimanin Aljeriya dubu biyu (2,000) don dakatar da ci gaban Manjo ''Schauenburg'' zuwa yankinsa idan har yankin Beni Aïcha ya gaza toshe ci gaban Faransawa masu mamayewa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7NBAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA12-PA7|title=Gazette van Gend|date=February 27, 1837|publisher=By Jan Meyer|via=Google Books}}</ref> Filin Issers, wanda ya buɗe wa Faransawa, ya ga isowar tawagar daga Iflissen Lebhar don dakatar da runduna ta biyu mai sauƙin yawo a cikin ci gabanta mai haɗari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6mD0oLMWXcC&pg=RA1-PA625|title=L Algérie ancienne et moderne: depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours comprenant le bombardement de Tanger, la prise de Mogador, la bataille d'Isly et le glorieux combat de Djemma-Gazouat|first=Léon|last=Galibert|date=February 27, 1846|publisher=Furne et Cie.|via=Google Books}}</ref> Amma Faransawa sun hana wannan harin na Kabyle ta hanyar doke su da tsoratar da su sosai, sannan sojojin ƙasa da mahaya dawakai suka nufi arewacin gabar teku yayin da suke yada mayaƙan da suka warwatse a nesa a gefen duwatsu don kare su daga bin diddigi da kuma bibiyar Aljeriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9nj4CbhX5UkC&pg=PA375|title=Complément de l'encyclopédie moderne dictionnaire abrègè des sciences, des lettres, des arts de l'industrie, de l'agriculture et du commerce publié par mm. Firmin Didot Frères: 7. [Jaquier - Législatif, Corps-]|date=February 27, 1858|publisher=Firmin Didot Frères, Fils et C.ie|via=Google Books}}</ref> ''Schauenburg'' ya ba da umarni a hanzarta fitar da al'ummar da aka ba mamaki tare da dabbobinsu don su tarar da su a bakin rairayin Oued Merdja inda babu wani saukar jirgi da ya faru saboda ruwan sama da ƙanƙara, kuma ta haka ne maza da dabbobin Kabyle suka sami damar tserewa daga tarkon da aka shirya musu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7Zoe1sY3lQC&pg=PA369|title=Militär-Literatur-Zeitung|date=February 27, 1858|publisher=Mittler|via=Google Books}}</ref> ==Komawa baya== {{Main|Yaƙin Boudouaou na farko}} Manjo ''Schauenburg'' bai samu nasarar gudanar da aikin balaguro na shekarar 1837 a kan Beni Aïcha ba saboda ƙarancin lokaci da kuma azamar Kabyles na kare iyalansu, ƙauyukan su da kuma ƙasarsu, da kuma goyon bayan 'yan tawayen Beni Aïcha daga 'yan uwansu na Iflissen da suka fito daga Laazib Zamoum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7zojhayR0XsC&pg=PA375|title=Encyclopédie moderne: dictionnaire abrégé des sciences, lettres, arts...|date=February 27, 1858|publisher=Didot|via=Google Books}}</ref> ''Schauenburg'' ya gane cewa tsawon zama a ƙasar 'yan tawayen ''Beni Aïcha'' zai jawo masa babbar matsala, ba tare da wani sakamako mai kyau ba tunda ƙarfafawa da sojojin ''Kabyles'' sun fi ƙarfin rundunar sojojinsa, don haka ya sanar da cewa zai shirya shan kaye.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UbYTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA625|title=Histoire de l'Algérie ancienne et moderne depuis les premiers établissements des Carthaginois jusques et y compris les dernières campagnes du général Bugeaud: Avec une introduction sur les divers systèmes de colonisation qui ont précédé la conquête française|first=Léon|last=Galibert|date=February 27, 1843|publisher=Furne et Cie|via=Google Books}}</ref> Wannan manjo ya dawo washegari 19 ga Mayu 1837 ta hanyar gudanar da wani tattaki mai ƙarfi da tawagarsa zuwa sansaninsa na farko tsakanin Boudouaou da Réghaïa.<ref name="auto"/> ==Hotuna== <gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="160px"> File:Abd al-Qadir.jpg|[[Emir Abdelkader]] File:Damrémont par Julien.jpg|[[Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont]] File:Buste du général Perregaux.jpg|[[Alexandre Charles Perrégaux]] File:Photo boudouaou marine 08102014.jpg|[[First Battle of Boudouaou]] (1837) </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3yhk7irvmi9hec950nn8yoqm2anf1bp 894149 894148 2026-08-10T10:17:38Z Aisha SM 47788 894149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Balaguron Col des Beni Aïcha,''' ko '''balaguron Thénia,''' ko kuma kawai '''Beni Aïcha Expedition,''' balaguro ne a watan Mayun shekarar1837, lokacin da [[Cin nasarar Faransa a Aljeriya|Faransa ta mamaye Aljeriya]] . Wannan taron ya yi karo da sojojin mulkin mallaka a karkashin Kanar Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg da sojojin ''Beni Aïcha'' na ''Igawawen'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Trumelet |first=Corneille |date=February 27, 1887 |title=Une page de l'histoire de la colonisation algerienne: Bou-Farik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fhFQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA132 |publisher=A. Jourdan |via=Google Books}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berbrugger |first=A. (Louis Adrien) |date=February 27, 1857 |title=Les époques militaires de la Grande Kabilie |url=https://archive.org/details/lespoquesmilitai00berb |publisher=Alger : Bastide |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> == Mahallin tarihi == An kuma fara wannan balaguron ne a watan Mayun shekarar 1837 daga [[Aljir|Algiers]] zuwa birnin [[Constantine, Aljeriya|Constantine]] ta tsaunin Khachna a Kabylia . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Orléans |first=Ferdinand-Philippe-Louis-Charles-Henri |last2=Paris |first2=Louis-Philippe-Albert d'Orléans |last3=Chartres |first3=Robert Philippe Louis Eugène Ferdinand d'Orléans |date=February 27, 1870 |title=Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique, 1835-1839 |url=https://archive.org/details/campagnesdelarme00orla |publisher=Paris M. Lévy |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Wannan martani na soja ya biyo bayan rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Tafna tsakanin Janar Thomas Robert Bugeaud tare da sarki Abdelkader a {{Interlanguage link|Orania, Algeria|fr|Oranie}} . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Galibert |first=Léon |date=February 27, 1843 |title=Histoire de l'Algérie, ancienne et moderne, depuis les premiers établissements de Carthaginois jusques et y compris les dernières campagnes du Général Bugeaud. Avec une introduction sur les divers systèmes de colonisation qui ont précédé la conquète française |url=https://archive.org/details/histoiredelalg00gali |publisher=Paris Furne |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Yarjejeniyar ta amince da yadda Masarautar Abdelkader ke iko da wani babban yanki na cikin gida na [[Aljeriya|kasar Aljeriya]] a yanzu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 1888 |title=L'armée d'Afrique depuis la conquête d'Alger |url=https://archive.org/details/larmedafriquede00quesgoog |publisher=Jouvet |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Sarki Abdekader ya yi amfani da wannan yerjejeniyar don tabbatar da ikonsa a kan kabilun a duk faɗin ƙasar, inda ya gina sabbin garuruwa da ke da nisa daga hannun Faransa tare da tsauraran gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rozey |first=A. G. |date=February 27, 1840 |title=Cris de conscience de l'Algérie |url=https://archive.org/details/crisdeconscience00roze |publisher=<nowiki>[Paris Impr. A. Gratiot, en vente chez Mlle Voizel [etc.]]</nowiki> |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Ya yi aiki musamman a Kabylia da sauran wurare don tayar da al'ummar [[Musulmi]] a karkashin ikon [[Faransa]] don su bijirewa ta hanyar zaman lafiya da soja ta hanyar mallakarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wagner |first=Moritz |year=1855 |title=The Tricolor on the Atlas: Or, Algeria and the French Conquest |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yu5AAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA288}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=1840 |title=Die Geschichte unserer Tage, oder Chronik der neuesten Zeit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b29UAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1247}}</ref> Ya so ya sarrafa hanyar da ke bi ta manyan kogunan da ke haɗa ''Algiers'' zuwa ''Constantine'', a wannan yanayin {{Interlanguage link|Oued Réghaïa|ar|وادي الرغاية}}, {{Interlanguage link|Oued Boudouaou|ar|وادي بودواو}}, {{Interlanguage link|Oued Corso|ar|وادي قورصو}}, {{Interlanguage link|Oued Boumerdès|ar|وادي بومرداس}}, Oued Meraldene da Oued Isser . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Orléans |first=Ferdinand-Philippe d' |year=1870 |title=Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique, 1835-1839 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vHVbO_AJDGkC&pg=PA270}}</ref> Wannan sha'awar ''sarki Abdelkader'' na sake fuskantar ''Faransawa'', ko da bayan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar, ya sa ya yi ikirarin a karkashin wannan yarjejeniya duk yankin gabashin {{Interlanguage link|Oued Boudouaou|ar|وادي بودواو}} tsakanin Kabyles na [[Beni Aïcha]] kuma wanda a zahiri ya haɗa da babbar hanyar tsakanin ''Algiers'' da ''Constantine'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Orléans |first=Ferdinand-Philippe d' |year=1870 |title=Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique, 1835-1839 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jsIRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA270}}</ref> == Raid a Reghaïa == ''Sarkin Abdelkader'' ya shirya harin a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1837 a yankin Réghaïa a gonar mai suna ''Mercier'', wanda aka sanya a cikin yarjejeniyar noma da ke kusa da iyakar ''Masarautar Abdelkader'' da kuma ''Oued Boudouaou'' wanda kuma aka yi wa lakabi da ''Oued Keddara'', kuma wannan, shi ne ya dora wa gwamnatinsa ta Tref da ''mulkin'' kasarsa. . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berbrugger |first=Adrien |year=1857 |title=Les époques militaires de la Grande Kabilie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WqtXAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA13}}</ref> ''Sarkin'' ya san cewa abokansa na kabilar Kabyle na ''Khachna'' da Issers za su iya tattara sojoji dubu shida (6000) a ƙafa da kuma dawakai har ɗari takwas (800) a cikin filin don muzgunawa ma'aikatun Faransa fiye da Boudouaou na yanzu. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Orléans |first=Ferdinand-Philippe-Louis-Charles-Henri |last2=Paris |first2=Louis-Philippe-Albert d'Orléans |last3=Chartres |first3=Robert Philippe Louis Eugène Ferdinand d'Orléans |date=February 27, 1870 |title=Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique, 1835-1839 |url=https://archive.org/details/campagnesdelarme00orla |publisher=Paris M. Lévy |via=Internet Archive}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOrléansParisChartres1870">Orléans, Ferdinand-Philippe-Louis-Charles-Henri; Paris, Louis-Philippe-Albert d'Orléans; Chartres, Robert Philippe Louis Eugène Ferdinand d'Orléans (February 27, 1870). [[iarchive:campagnesdelarme00orla|"Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique, 1835-1839"]]. Paris M. Lévy &#x2013; via Internet Archive.</cite></ref> Wannan shi ne yadda ''Sarkin'', lokacin da ya shirya harin da aka kai a ''Réghaïa'' da kuma sace-sacen gonaki na mulkin mallaka na Faransa, an ba da tabbacin samun mafaka mai tsaro tare da marabout na ''Beni Aïcha'', wanda ƙauyuka suka yi watsi da Oued Meraldene da Oued Isser . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moritz Wagner |first=D. |year=1841 |title=Reisen in der Regentschaft Algier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNVcAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA244}}</ref> Janar Damrémont ya cika da mamaki a [[Aljir|Algiers]] lokacin da ya sami labarin cewa yankin gabashin [[Casbah na Algiers]] na cikin tashin hankali sakamakon hare-haren da 'yan tawaye masu alaka da ''sarki Abdelkader'' suka kai. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wagner |first=Moritz |year=1841 |title=Reisen in der Regentschaft Algier in den Jahren 1836, 1837 und 1838 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kkJHyDNP1QC&pg=RA1-PA244}}</ref> Daga nan sai Janar din ya umarci Kanar Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg da ya shirya wani balaguro ta kasa da ruwa don kai farmaki kan agaji da mafaka na ''sarki Abdelkader'' a cikin ''Beni Aïcha'' don wargaza wannan nebula da ta kunshi kauyuka da dama da ke kusa da ''birnin Algiers'' . <ref>{{Cite web |year=1837 |title=Allgemeine Zeitung |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJ5HAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA992-IA101}}</ref> An riga an ajiye Kanar ''Schauenburg'' a ''Réghaïa'' a matsayin shugaban sojojin dawaki na ''{{Interlanguage link|1st African Hunter Regiment|fr|1er régiment de chasseurs d'Afrique}}'' don kare da kiyaye gonakin noma da aka wawashe a farkon yaƙi a cikin bazara na 1837. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1844 |title=L'Algérie ancienne et moderne, etc. Vignettes par Raffet et Rouargue frères |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iW9yWvc5FUYC&pg=PA625}}</ref> == Kutsawa tsakanin Beni Aïcha == [[Fayil:Colonel_Maximilien_Joseph_Schauenburg_4.jpg|thumb| Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg]] Janar ''Damrémont'' ya umarci Kanar ''Schauenburg'' da ya yi tattaki da daddare tare da ginshikin sojansa daga ''Réghaïa'' zuwa rafin ''[[Meraldene]]'' don ba wa maharan mamaki cikin barci, yayin da aka umurci Janar Alexandre Charles Perrégaux ya jagoranci jirgin ruwa wanda ya fara daga {{Interlanguage link|Port of Algiers|fr|Port d'Alger}} kuma wanda zai sauka a bakin tekun Zemmouri El Bahri na yanzu a wurin {{Interlanguage link|Port of Zemmouri|ar|ميناء زموري}} . <ref>{{Cite web |year=1927 |title=Correspondance du général Damrémont, gouverneur général des possessions françaises dans le nord de l'Afrique (1837) Pub |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BE4BAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> Dabarar da ta biyo baya ta kunshi saukar da Janar ''Pérregaux'' daga jirginsa da sojoji kusan dubu dubu a gabar tekun ''Beni Aïcha'' domin yin kwanton bauna tare da jira 'yan tawayen Kabyle da suka tsere daga yakin Kanar ''Schauenburg'' zuwa arewacin kwarin [[Meraldene]] ta hanyar tashi ta kauyukan Boukhanfar da Talamali, da nufin halaka su. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1855 |title=The tricolor on the atals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TaUEAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA289}}</ref> Mummunan yanayi wanda ba zato ba tsammani ya faru a kan {{Interlanguage link|Bay of Algiers|fr|Baie d'Alger}} ya watsar da wannan ingantaccen tsari saboda guguwar guguwa ta kama Janar ''Pérregaux'' kuma ya kasa fitar da jirginsa daga tashar ''jiragen ruwa na Algiers'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schuster |first=Georg H. |year=1842 |title=Correspondance militaire, ou recueil de modèles, pièces et actes authentiques relatifs au service militaire: ... Avec un vocabulaire militaire français - allemand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uG9eAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA132}}</ref> Duk da mummunan yanayi da ya auku a tsakiyar watan Mayun 1837 a kan Mitidja da Kabylia, Kanar ''Schauenburg'' ya bar sansaninsa na ''Réghaïa'' a daren 17 ga Mayu 1837 don ya gangaro zuwa kwarin ''Oued Boudouaou'' inda ya tara wani ginshikin soja na mutum dubu biyu don kai hari ''Beni Aïcha'' . <ref>{{Cite web |year=1837 |title=Gazzetta privilegiata di Bologna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18y0n4nJDQ8C&pg=RA19-PA17}}</ref> Wannan ginshiƙi na soja ya ƙunshi bataliyoyin runduna guda biyu na ''{{Interlanguage link|2nd light infantry regiment|fr|2e régiment d'infanterie légère}}'', bataliya na ''{{Interlanguage link|48th infantry regiment|fr|48e régiment d'infanterie}}'', mafarautan maharba dari biyu na ''{{Interlanguage link|1st African Hunter Regiment|fr|1er régiment de chasseurs d'Afrique}}'', ''spahis'' na yau da kullun, ''spahis'' marasa tsari ɗari, da guntu guda biyu na ƴan hawan dutse. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1863 |title=Compleḿent de l'Encycloped́ie moderne: Dictionnaire abreǵe ́ des sciences, des lettres, des arts, de l'industrie, de l'agriculture et du commerce |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ycYUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA375}}</ref> Kanar ''Schauenburg'' ya samu koma baya tare da dubban sojojinsa da ruwan sama da iska a cikin tafiyarsa na dare kafin ya isa rafin ''Meraldene'' kawai da karfe takwas na safiyar ranar 18 ga Mayu 1837, inda kungiyoyin ''Kabyles'' suka jira shi don ya magance ta kuma su hana shi ci gaba a ''Kabylia'' idan ya sami damar haye gadon ''Oued Isser'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Orléans |first=Ferdinand-Philippe d' |year=1870 |title=Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique 1835 - 1839 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W9fqTWb75bgC&pg=PA271}}</ref> A karkashin jagorancin [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki|Cheikh Ali Boushaki]], daruruwan Kabyles da ke zaune a kauyukan [[Meraldene]], Gueddara, [[Soumâa]], Djenah da [[Beni Arab]] da sauransu sun fara gudu tare da shiga rikici da Faransawa, kuma ta haka ne bataliyar farko ta ''{{Interlanguage link|2nd light infantry regiment|fr|2e régiment d'infanterie légère}}'' an kaddamar da shi ne a kan sake tattara mayaka 'yan gwagwarmayar Aljeriya don gaggauta kwace muhimmin matsayi na [[Thénia|Col des Beni Aïcha]], wanda kuma zai yi matukar tsada ga Faransawa idan aka jinkirta wannan kame da kuma ci gaba da kasancewa karkashin ikon kawancen ''sarki Abdelkader'' . <ref>{{Cite web |year=1870 |title=Campagnes de l'arme'e d'Afrique 1835-1839 par le Duc d'Orle'ans, publie' par ses fils, avec un portrait de l'auteur et une carte de l'Alge'rie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMD5fkVQMoMC&pg=PA271}}</ref> Yayin da aka kora Kabyles zuwa gangaren ƙauyukan Baloul da Tebabkha kusa da hanyar Oued Isser a kan dogon ƙazantar gabas na babban birnin ''Khachna'', sauran ƙauyukan sun naɗe a kan tudu suna shiga cikin sahu-sahu a arangama da rundunar sojojin ƙasa wanda daga nan ne suka sami asarar ɗan adam a cikin sahu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Galibert |first=Léon |year=1843 |title=Histoire de l'Algérie ancienne et moderne: Depuis les premiers établissements des carthaginois |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ilH0gaYdal8C&pg=PA625}}</ref> Daga nan ne aka fara farauya tsakanin 'yan tawayen Kabyle da sojojin Faransa don karbe iko da wannan budaddiyar da ke tsakanin Mitidja da Kabylia, tun lokacin da wani babban taimako ya taso daga Laazib Zamoum don karfafa Beni Aïcha a cikin jajircewar da suka yi a kan wata kasa ta kakanni wadda ta kasance mai kyau da fa'ida a gare su a kowane mataki == Ben Zamoum ya sake kai hari == Bayan da sojojin Manjo ''Schauenburg'' suka watse kusa da Oued Isser a ranar 18 ga Mayu 1837, an ba su umarni su tattara sahu-sahunsu da suka watse zuwa wuri guda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G6NDAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA2-PA271|title=Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique: 1835-1839|first=Ferdinand-Philippe d' Orléans (Duc|last=D'Orléans.)|date=February 27, 1870|publisher=M. Lévy|via=Google Books}}</ref> Cheikh Ben Zamoum ya fito daga yankin Iflissen Lebhar tare da kimanin Aljeriya dubu biyu (2,000) don dakatar da ci gaban Manjo ''Schauenburg'' zuwa yankinsa idan har yankin Beni Aïcha ya gaza toshe ci gaban Faransawa masu mamayewa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7NBAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA12-PA7|title=Gazette van Gend|date=February 27, 1837|publisher=By Jan Meyer|via=Google Books}}</ref> Filin Issers, wanda ya buɗe wa Faransawa, ya ga isowar tawagar daga Iflissen Lebhar don dakatar da runduna ta biyu mai sauƙin yawo a cikin ci gabanta mai haɗari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6mD0oLMWXcC&pg=RA1-PA625|title=L Algérie ancienne et moderne: depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours comprenant le bombardement de Tanger, la prise de Mogador, la bataille d'Isly et le glorieux combat de Djemma-Gazouat|first=Léon|last=Galibert|date=February 27, 1846|publisher=Furne et Cie.|via=Google Books}}</ref> Amma Faransawa sun hana wannan harin na Kabyle ta hanyar doke su da tsoratar da su sosai, sannan sojojin ƙasa da mahaya dawakai suka nufi arewacin gabar teku yayin da suke yada mayaƙan da suka warwatse a nesa a gefen duwatsu don kare su daga bin diddigi da kuma bibiyar Aljeriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9nj4CbhX5UkC&pg=PA375|title=Complément de l'encyclopédie moderne dictionnaire abrègè des sciences, des lettres, des arts de l'industrie, de l'agriculture et du commerce publié par mm. Firmin Didot Frères: 7. [Jaquier - Législatif, Corps-]|date=February 27, 1858|publisher=Firmin Didot Frères, Fils et C.ie|via=Google Books}}</ref> ''Schauenburg'' ya ba da umarni a hanzarta fitar da al'ummar da aka ba mamaki tare da dabbobinsu don su tarar da su a bakin rairayin Oued Merdja inda babu wani saukar jirgi da ya faru saboda ruwan sama da ƙanƙara, kuma ta haka ne maza da dabbobin Kabyle suka sami damar tserewa daga tarkon da aka shirya musu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7Zoe1sY3lQC&pg=PA369|title=Militär-Literatur-Zeitung|date=February 27, 1858|publisher=Mittler|via=Google Books}}</ref> ==Komawa baya== {{Main|Yaƙin Boudouaou na farko}} Manjo ''Schauenburg'' bai samu nasarar gudanar da aikin balaguro na shekarar 1837 a kan Beni Aïcha ba saboda ƙarancin lokaci da kuma azamar Kabyles na kare iyalansu, ƙauyukan su da kuma ƙasarsu, da kuma goyon bayan 'yan tawayen Beni Aïcha daga 'yan uwansu na Iflissen da suka fito daga Laazib Zamoum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7zojhayR0XsC&pg=PA375|title=Encyclopédie moderne: dictionnaire abrégé des sciences, lettres, arts...|date=February 27, 1858|publisher=Didot|via=Google Books}}</ref> ''Schauenburg'' ya gane cewa tsawon zama a ƙasar 'yan tawayen ''Beni Aïcha'' zai jawo masa babbar matsala, ba tare da wani sakamako mai kyau ba tunda ƙarfafawa da sojojin ''Kabyles'' sun fi ƙarfin rundunar sojojinsa, don haka ya sanar da cewa zai shirya shan kaye.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UbYTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA625|title=Histoire de l'Algérie ancienne et moderne depuis les premiers établissements des Carthaginois jusques et y compris les dernières campagnes du général Bugeaud: Avec une introduction sur les divers systèmes de colonisation qui ont précédé la conquête française|first=Léon|last=Galibert|date=February 27, 1843|publisher=Furne et Cie|via=Google Books}}</ref> Wannan manjo ya dawo washegari 19 ga Mayu 1837 ta hanyar gudanar da wani tattaki mai ƙarfi da tawagarsa zuwa sansaninsa na farko tsakanin Boudouaou da Réghaïa.<ref name="auto"/> ==Hotuna== <gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="160px"> File:Abd al-Qadir.jpg|[[Emir Abdelkader]] File:Damrémont par Julien.jpg|[[Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont]] File:Buste du général Perregaux.jpg|[[Alexandre Charles Perrégaux]] File:Photo boudouaou marine 08102014.jpg|[[First Battle of Boudouaou]] (1837) </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1dan6hfxjr6wwq2kh8r3v1eptaa7smg 894150 894149 2026-08-10T10:18:09Z Aisha SM 47788 894150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Balaguron Col des Beni Aïcha,''' ko '''balaguron Thénia,''' ko kuma kawai '''Beni Aïcha Expedition,''' balaguro ne a watan Mayun shekarar1837, lokacin da [[Cin nasarar Faransa a Aljeriya|Faransa ta mamaye Aljeriya]] . Wannan taron ya yi karo da sojojin mulkin mallaka a karkashin Kanar Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg da sojojin ''Beni Aïcha'' na ''Igawawen'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Trumelet |first=Corneille |date=February 27, 1887 |title=Une page de l'histoire de la colonisation algerienne: Bou-Farik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fhFQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA132 |publisher=A. Jourdan |via=Google Books}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berbrugger |first=A. (Louis Adrien) |date=February 27, 1857 |title=Les époques militaires de la Grande Kabilie |url=https://archive.org/details/lespoquesmilitai00berb |publisher=Alger : Bastide |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> == Mahallin tarihi == An kuma fara wannan balaguron ne a watan Mayun shekarar 1837 daga [[Aljir|Algiers]] zuwa birnin [[Constantine, Aljeriya|Constantine]] ta tsaunin Khachna a Kabylia . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Orléans |first=Ferdinand-Philippe-Louis-Charles-Henri |last2=Paris |first2=Louis-Philippe-Albert d'Orléans |last3=Chartres |first3=Robert Philippe Louis Eugène Ferdinand d'Orléans |date=February 27, 1870 |title=Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique, 1835-1839 |url=https://archive.org/details/campagnesdelarme00orla |publisher=Paris M. Lévy |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Wannan martani na soja ya biyo bayan rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Tafna tsakanin Janar Thomas Robert Bugeaud tare da sarki Abdelkader a {{Interlanguage link|Orania, Algeria|fr|Oranie}} . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Galibert |first=Léon |date=February 27, 1843 |title=Histoire de l'Algérie, ancienne et moderne, depuis les premiers établissements de Carthaginois jusques et y compris les dernières campagnes du Général Bugeaud. Avec une introduction sur les divers systèmes de colonisation qui ont précédé la conquète française |url=https://archive.org/details/histoiredelalg00gali |publisher=Paris Furne |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Yarjejeniyar ta amince da yadda Masarautar Abdelkader ke iko da wani babban yanki na cikin gida na [[Aljeriya|kasar Aljeriya]] a yanzu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 1888 |title=L'armée d'Afrique depuis la conquête d'Alger |url=https://archive.org/details/larmedafriquede00quesgoog |publisher=Jouvet |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Sarki Abdekader ya yi amfani da wannan yerjejeniyar don tabbatar da ikonsa a kan kabilun a duk faɗin ƙasar, inda ya gina sabbin garuruwa da ke da nisa daga hannun Faransa tare da tsauraran gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rozey |first=A. G. |date=February 27, 1840 |title=Cris de conscience de l'Algérie |url=https://archive.org/details/crisdeconscience00roze |publisher=<nowiki>[Paris Impr. A. Gratiot, en vente chez Mlle Voizel [etc.]]</nowiki> |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Ya kuma yi aiki musamman a Kabylia da sauran wurare don tayar da al'ummar [[Musulmi]] a ƙarƙashin ikon [[Faransa]] don su bijirewa ta hanyar zaman lafiya da soja ta hanyar mallakarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wagner |first=Moritz |year=1855 |title=The Tricolor on the Atlas: Or, Algeria and the French Conquest |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yu5AAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA288}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=1840 |title=Die Geschichte unserer Tage, oder Chronik der neuesten Zeit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b29UAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1247}}</ref> Ya so ya sarrafa hanyar da ke bi ta manyan kogunan da ke haɗa ''Algiers'' zuwa ''Constantine'', a wannan yanayin {{Interlanguage link|Oued Réghaïa|ar|وادي الرغاية}}, {{Interlanguage link|Oued Boudouaou|ar|وادي بودواو}}, {{Interlanguage link|Oued Corso|ar|وادي قورصو}}, {{Interlanguage link|Oued Boumerdès|ar|وادي بومرداس}}, Oued Meraldene da Oued Isser . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Orléans |first=Ferdinand-Philippe d' |year=1870 |title=Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique, 1835-1839 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vHVbO_AJDGkC&pg=PA270}}</ref> Wannan sha'awar ''sarki Abdelkader'' na sake fuskantar ''Faransawa'', ko da bayan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar, ya sa ya yi ikirarin a karkashin wannan yarjejeniya duk yankin gabashin {{Interlanguage link|Oued Boudouaou|ar|وادي بودواو}} tsakanin Kabyles na [[Beni Aïcha]] kuma wanda a zahiri ya haɗa da babbar hanyar tsakanin ''Algiers'' da ''Constantine'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Orléans |first=Ferdinand-Philippe d' |year=1870 |title=Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique, 1835-1839 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jsIRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA270}}</ref> == Raid a Reghaïa == ''Sarkin Abdelkader'' ya shirya harin a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1837 a yankin Réghaïa a gonar mai suna ''Mercier'', wanda aka sanya a cikin yarjejeniyar noma da ke kusa da iyakar ''Masarautar Abdelkader'' da kuma ''Oued Boudouaou'' wanda kuma aka yi wa lakabi da ''Oued Keddara'', kuma wannan, shi ne ya dora wa gwamnatinsa ta Tref da ''mulkin'' kasarsa. . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berbrugger |first=Adrien |year=1857 |title=Les époques militaires de la Grande Kabilie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WqtXAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA13}}</ref> ''Sarkin'' ya san cewa abokansa na kabilar Kabyle na ''Khachna'' da Issers za su iya tattara sojoji dubu shida (6000) a ƙafa da kuma dawakai har ɗari takwas (800) a cikin filin don muzgunawa ma'aikatun Faransa fiye da Boudouaou na yanzu. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Orléans |first=Ferdinand-Philippe-Louis-Charles-Henri |last2=Paris |first2=Louis-Philippe-Albert d'Orléans |last3=Chartres |first3=Robert Philippe Louis Eugène Ferdinand d'Orléans |date=February 27, 1870 |title=Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique, 1835-1839 |url=https://archive.org/details/campagnesdelarme00orla |publisher=Paris M. Lévy |via=Internet Archive}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOrléansParisChartres1870">Orléans, Ferdinand-Philippe-Louis-Charles-Henri; Paris, Louis-Philippe-Albert d'Orléans; Chartres, Robert Philippe Louis Eugène Ferdinand d'Orléans (February 27, 1870). [[iarchive:campagnesdelarme00orla|"Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique, 1835-1839"]]. Paris M. Lévy &#x2013; via Internet Archive.</cite></ref> Wannan shi ne yadda ''Sarkin'', lokacin da ya shirya harin da aka kai a ''Réghaïa'' da kuma sace-sacen gonaki na mulkin mallaka na Faransa, an ba da tabbacin samun mafaka mai tsaro tare da marabout na ''Beni Aïcha'', wanda ƙauyuka suka yi watsi da Oued Meraldene da Oued Isser . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moritz Wagner |first=D. |year=1841 |title=Reisen in der Regentschaft Algier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNVcAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA244}}</ref> Janar Damrémont ya cika da mamaki a [[Aljir|Algiers]] lokacin da ya sami labarin cewa yankin gabashin [[Casbah na Algiers]] na cikin tashin hankali sakamakon hare-haren da 'yan tawaye masu alaka da ''sarki Abdelkader'' suka kai. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wagner |first=Moritz |year=1841 |title=Reisen in der Regentschaft Algier in den Jahren 1836, 1837 und 1838 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kkJHyDNP1QC&pg=RA1-PA244}}</ref> Daga nan sai Janar din ya umarci Kanar Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg da ya shirya wani balaguro ta kasa da ruwa don kai farmaki kan agaji da mafaka na ''sarki Abdelkader'' a cikin ''Beni Aïcha'' don wargaza wannan nebula da ta kunshi kauyuka da dama da ke kusa da ''birnin Algiers'' . <ref>{{Cite web |year=1837 |title=Allgemeine Zeitung |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJ5HAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA992-IA101}}</ref> An riga an ajiye Kanar ''Schauenburg'' a ''Réghaïa'' a matsayin shugaban sojojin dawaki na ''{{Interlanguage link|1st African Hunter Regiment|fr|1er régiment de chasseurs d'Afrique}}'' don kare da kiyaye gonakin noma da aka wawashe a farkon yaƙi a cikin bazara na 1837. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1844 |title=L'Algérie ancienne et moderne, etc. Vignettes par Raffet et Rouargue frères |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iW9yWvc5FUYC&pg=PA625}}</ref> == Kutsawa tsakanin Beni Aïcha == [[Fayil:Colonel_Maximilien_Joseph_Schauenburg_4.jpg|thumb| Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg]] Janar ''Damrémont'' ya umarci Kanar ''Schauenburg'' da ya yi tattaki da daddare tare da ginshikin sojansa daga ''Réghaïa'' zuwa rafin ''[[Meraldene]]'' don ba wa maharan mamaki cikin barci, yayin da aka umurci Janar Alexandre Charles Perrégaux ya jagoranci jirgin ruwa wanda ya fara daga {{Interlanguage link|Port of Algiers|fr|Port d'Alger}} kuma wanda zai sauka a bakin tekun Zemmouri El Bahri na yanzu a wurin {{Interlanguage link|Port of Zemmouri|ar|ميناء زموري}} . <ref>{{Cite web |year=1927 |title=Correspondance du général Damrémont, gouverneur général des possessions françaises dans le nord de l'Afrique (1837) Pub |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BE4BAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> Dabarar da ta biyo baya ta kunshi saukar da Janar ''Pérregaux'' daga jirginsa da sojoji kusan dubu dubu a gabar tekun ''Beni Aïcha'' domin yin kwanton bauna tare da jira 'yan tawayen Kabyle da suka tsere daga yakin Kanar ''Schauenburg'' zuwa arewacin kwarin [[Meraldene]] ta hanyar tashi ta kauyukan Boukhanfar da Talamali, da nufin halaka su. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1855 |title=The tricolor on the atals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TaUEAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA289}}</ref> Mummunan yanayi wanda ba zato ba tsammani ya faru a kan {{Interlanguage link|Bay of Algiers|fr|Baie d'Alger}} ya watsar da wannan ingantaccen tsari saboda guguwar guguwa ta kama Janar ''Pérregaux'' kuma ya kasa fitar da jirginsa daga tashar ''jiragen ruwa na Algiers'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schuster |first=Georg H. |year=1842 |title=Correspondance militaire, ou recueil de modèles, pièces et actes authentiques relatifs au service militaire: ... Avec un vocabulaire militaire français - allemand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uG9eAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA132}}</ref> Duk da mummunan yanayi da ya auku a tsakiyar watan Mayun 1837 a kan Mitidja da Kabylia, Kanar ''Schauenburg'' ya bar sansaninsa na ''Réghaïa'' a daren 17 ga Mayu 1837 don ya gangaro zuwa kwarin ''Oued Boudouaou'' inda ya tara wani ginshikin soja na mutum dubu biyu don kai hari ''Beni Aïcha'' . <ref>{{Cite web |year=1837 |title=Gazzetta privilegiata di Bologna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18y0n4nJDQ8C&pg=RA19-PA17}}</ref> Wannan ginshiƙi na soja ya ƙunshi bataliyoyin runduna guda biyu na ''{{Interlanguage link|2nd light infantry regiment|fr|2e régiment d'infanterie légère}}'', bataliya na ''{{Interlanguage link|48th infantry regiment|fr|48e régiment d'infanterie}}'', mafarautan maharba dari biyu na ''{{Interlanguage link|1st African Hunter Regiment|fr|1er régiment de chasseurs d'Afrique}}'', ''spahis'' na yau da kullun, ''spahis'' marasa tsari ɗari, da guntu guda biyu na ƴan hawan dutse. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1863 |title=Compleḿent de l'Encycloped́ie moderne: Dictionnaire abreǵe ́ des sciences, des lettres, des arts, de l'industrie, de l'agriculture et du commerce |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ycYUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA375}}</ref> Kanar ''Schauenburg'' ya samu koma baya tare da dubban sojojinsa da ruwan sama da iska a cikin tafiyarsa na dare kafin ya isa rafin ''Meraldene'' kawai da karfe takwas na safiyar ranar 18 ga Mayu 1837, inda kungiyoyin ''Kabyles'' suka jira shi don ya magance ta kuma su hana shi ci gaba a ''Kabylia'' idan ya sami damar haye gadon ''Oued Isser'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Orléans |first=Ferdinand-Philippe d' |year=1870 |title=Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique 1835 - 1839 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W9fqTWb75bgC&pg=PA271}}</ref> A karkashin jagorancin [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki|Cheikh Ali Boushaki]], daruruwan Kabyles da ke zaune a kauyukan [[Meraldene]], Gueddara, [[Soumâa]], Djenah da [[Beni Arab]] da sauransu sun fara gudu tare da shiga rikici da Faransawa, kuma ta haka ne bataliyar farko ta ''{{Interlanguage link|2nd light infantry regiment|fr|2e régiment d'infanterie légère}}'' an kaddamar da shi ne a kan sake tattara mayaka 'yan gwagwarmayar Aljeriya don gaggauta kwace muhimmin matsayi na [[Thénia|Col des Beni Aïcha]], wanda kuma zai yi matukar tsada ga Faransawa idan aka jinkirta wannan kame da kuma ci gaba da kasancewa karkashin ikon kawancen ''sarki Abdelkader'' . <ref>{{Cite web |year=1870 |title=Campagnes de l'arme'e d'Afrique 1835-1839 par le Duc d'Orle'ans, publie' par ses fils, avec un portrait de l'auteur et une carte de l'Alge'rie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMD5fkVQMoMC&pg=PA271}}</ref> Yayin da aka kora Kabyles zuwa gangaren ƙauyukan Baloul da Tebabkha kusa da hanyar Oued Isser a kan dogon ƙazantar gabas na babban birnin ''Khachna'', sauran ƙauyukan sun naɗe a kan tudu suna shiga cikin sahu-sahu a arangama da rundunar sojojin ƙasa wanda daga nan ne suka sami asarar ɗan adam a cikin sahu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Galibert |first=Léon |year=1843 |title=Histoire de l'Algérie ancienne et moderne: Depuis les premiers établissements des carthaginois |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ilH0gaYdal8C&pg=PA625}}</ref> Daga nan ne aka fara farauya tsakanin 'yan tawayen Kabyle da sojojin Faransa don karbe iko da wannan budaddiyar da ke tsakanin Mitidja da Kabylia, tun lokacin da wani babban taimako ya taso daga Laazib Zamoum don karfafa Beni Aïcha a cikin jajircewar da suka yi a kan wata kasa ta kakanni wadda ta kasance mai kyau da fa'ida a gare su a kowane mataki == Ben Zamoum ya sake kai hari == Bayan da sojojin Manjo ''Schauenburg'' suka watse kusa da Oued Isser a ranar 18 ga Mayu 1837, an ba su umarni su tattara sahu-sahunsu da suka watse zuwa wuri guda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G6NDAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA2-PA271|title=Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique: 1835-1839|first=Ferdinand-Philippe d' Orléans (Duc|last=D'Orléans.)|date=February 27, 1870|publisher=M. Lévy|via=Google Books}}</ref> Cheikh Ben Zamoum ya fito daga yankin Iflissen Lebhar tare da kimanin Aljeriya dubu biyu (2,000) don dakatar da ci gaban Manjo ''Schauenburg'' zuwa yankinsa idan har yankin Beni Aïcha ya gaza toshe ci gaban Faransawa masu mamayewa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7NBAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA12-PA7|title=Gazette van Gend|date=February 27, 1837|publisher=By Jan Meyer|via=Google Books}}</ref> Filin Issers, wanda ya buɗe wa Faransawa, ya ga isowar tawagar daga Iflissen Lebhar don dakatar da runduna ta biyu mai sauƙin yawo a cikin ci gabanta mai haɗari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6mD0oLMWXcC&pg=RA1-PA625|title=L Algérie ancienne et moderne: depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours comprenant le bombardement de Tanger, la prise de Mogador, la bataille d'Isly et le glorieux combat de Djemma-Gazouat|first=Léon|last=Galibert|date=February 27, 1846|publisher=Furne et Cie.|via=Google Books}}</ref> Amma Faransawa sun hana wannan harin na Kabyle ta hanyar doke su da tsoratar da su sosai, sannan sojojin ƙasa da mahaya dawakai suka nufi arewacin gabar teku yayin da suke yada mayaƙan da suka warwatse a nesa a gefen duwatsu don kare su daga bin diddigi da kuma bibiyar Aljeriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9nj4CbhX5UkC&pg=PA375|title=Complément de l'encyclopédie moderne dictionnaire abrègè des sciences, des lettres, des arts de l'industrie, de l'agriculture et du commerce publié par mm. Firmin Didot Frères: 7. [Jaquier - Législatif, Corps-]|date=February 27, 1858|publisher=Firmin Didot Frères, Fils et C.ie|via=Google Books}}</ref> ''Schauenburg'' ya ba da umarni a hanzarta fitar da al'ummar da aka ba mamaki tare da dabbobinsu don su tarar da su a bakin rairayin Oued Merdja inda babu wani saukar jirgi da ya faru saboda ruwan sama da ƙanƙara, kuma ta haka ne maza da dabbobin Kabyle suka sami damar tserewa daga tarkon da aka shirya musu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7Zoe1sY3lQC&pg=PA369|title=Militär-Literatur-Zeitung|date=February 27, 1858|publisher=Mittler|via=Google Books}}</ref> ==Komawa baya== {{Main|Yaƙin Boudouaou na farko}} Manjo ''Schauenburg'' bai samu nasarar gudanar da aikin balaguro na shekarar 1837 a kan Beni Aïcha ba saboda ƙarancin lokaci da kuma azamar Kabyles na kare iyalansu, ƙauyukan su da kuma ƙasarsu, da kuma goyon bayan 'yan tawayen Beni Aïcha daga 'yan uwansu na Iflissen da suka fito daga Laazib Zamoum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7zojhayR0XsC&pg=PA375|title=Encyclopédie moderne: dictionnaire abrégé des sciences, lettres, arts...|date=February 27, 1858|publisher=Didot|via=Google Books}}</ref> ''Schauenburg'' ya gane cewa tsawon zama a ƙasar 'yan tawayen ''Beni Aïcha'' zai jawo masa babbar matsala, ba tare da wani sakamako mai kyau ba tunda ƙarfafawa da sojojin ''Kabyles'' sun fi ƙarfin rundunar sojojinsa, don haka ya sanar da cewa zai shirya shan kaye.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UbYTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA625|title=Histoire de l'Algérie ancienne et moderne depuis les premiers établissements des Carthaginois jusques et y compris les dernières campagnes du général Bugeaud: Avec une introduction sur les divers systèmes de colonisation qui ont précédé la conquête française|first=Léon|last=Galibert|date=February 27, 1843|publisher=Furne et Cie|via=Google Books}}</ref> Wannan manjo ya dawo washegari 19 ga Mayu 1837 ta hanyar gudanar da wani tattaki mai ƙarfi da tawagarsa zuwa sansaninsa na farko tsakanin Boudouaou da Réghaïa.<ref name="auto"/> ==Hotuna== <gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="160px"> File:Abd al-Qadir.jpg|[[Emir Abdelkader]] File:Damrémont par Julien.jpg|[[Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont]] File:Buste du général Perregaux.jpg|[[Alexandre Charles Perrégaux]] File:Photo boudouaou marine 08102014.jpg|[[First Battle of Boudouaou]] (1837) </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l9vnc2iawew6f9szr5rrnck1mrhhhe1 894151 894150 2026-08-10T10:19:33Z Aisha SM 47788 894151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Balaguron Col des Beni Aïcha,''' ko '''balaguron Thénia,''' ko kuma kawai '''Beni Aïcha Expedition,''' balaguro ne a watan Mayun shekarar1837, lokacin da [[Cin nasarar Faransa a Aljeriya|Faransa ta mamaye Aljeriya]] . Wannan taron ya yi karo da sojojin mulkin mallaka a karkashin Kanar Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg da sojojin ''Beni Aïcha'' na ''Igawawen'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Trumelet |first=Corneille |date=February 27, 1887 |title=Une page de l'histoire de la colonisation algerienne: Bou-Farik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fhFQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA132 |publisher=A. Jourdan |via=Google Books}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berbrugger |first=A. (Louis Adrien) |date=February 27, 1857 |title=Les époques militaires de la Grande Kabilie |url=https://archive.org/details/lespoquesmilitai00berb |publisher=Alger : Bastide |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> == Mahallin tarihi == An kuma fara wannan balaguron ne a watan Mayun shekarar 1837 daga [[Aljir|Algiers]] zuwa birnin [[Constantine, Aljeriya|Constantine]] ta tsaunin Khachna a Kabylia . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Orléans |first=Ferdinand-Philippe-Louis-Charles-Henri |last2=Paris |first2=Louis-Philippe-Albert d'Orléans |last3=Chartres |first3=Robert Philippe Louis Eugène Ferdinand d'Orléans |date=February 27, 1870 |title=Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique, 1835-1839 |url=https://archive.org/details/campagnesdelarme00orla |publisher=Paris M. Lévy |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Wannan martani na soja ya biyo bayan rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Tafna tsakanin Janar Thomas Robert Bugeaud tare da sarki Abdelkader a {{Interlanguage link|Orania, Algeria|fr|Oranie}} . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Galibert |first=Léon |date=February 27, 1843 |title=Histoire de l'Algérie, ancienne et moderne, depuis les premiers établissements de Carthaginois jusques et y compris les dernières campagnes du Général Bugeaud. Avec une introduction sur les divers systèmes de colonisation qui ont précédé la conquète française |url=https://archive.org/details/histoiredelalg00gali |publisher=Paris Furne |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Yarjejeniyar ta amince da yadda Masarautar Abdelkader ke iko da wani babban yanki na cikin gida na [[Aljeriya|kasar Aljeriya]] a yanzu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 1888 |title=L'armée d'Afrique depuis la conquête d'Alger |url=https://archive.org/details/larmedafriquede00quesgoog |publisher=Jouvet |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Sarki Abdekader ya yi amfani da wannan yerjejeniyar don tabbatar da ikonsa a kan kabilun a duk faɗin ƙasar, inda ya gina sabbin garuruwa da ke da nisa daga hannun Faransa tare da tsauraran gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rozey |first=A. G. |date=February 27, 1840 |title=Cris de conscience de l'Algérie |url=https://archive.org/details/crisdeconscience00roze |publisher=<nowiki>[Paris Impr. A. Gratiot, en vente chez Mlle Voizel [etc.]]</nowiki> |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Ya kuma yi aiki musamman a Kabylia da sauran wurare don tayar da al'ummar [[Musulmi]] a ƙarƙashin ikon [[Faransa]] don su bijirewa ta hanyar zaman lafiya da soja ta hanyar mallakarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wagner |first=Moritz |year=1855 |title=The Tricolor on the Atlas: Or, Algeria and the French Conquest |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yu5AAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA288}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=1840 |title=Die Geschichte unserer Tage, oder Chronik der neuesten Zeit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b29UAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1247}}</ref> Ya so ya sarrafa hanyar da ke bi ta manyan kogunan da ke haɗa ''Algiers'' zuwa ''Constantine'', a wannan yanayin {{Interlanguage link|Oued Réghaïa|ar|وادي الرغاية}}, {{Interlanguage link|Oued Boudouaou|ar|وادي بودواو}}, {{Interlanguage link|Oued Corso|ar|وادي قورصو}}, {{Interlanguage link|Oued Boumerdès|ar|وادي بومرداس}}, Oued Meraldene da Oued Isser . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Orléans |first=Ferdinand-Philippe d' |year=1870 |title=Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique, 1835-1839 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vHVbO_AJDGkC&pg=PA270}}</ref> Wannan sha'awar ''sarki Abdelkader'' na sake fuskantar ''Faransawa'', ko da bayan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar, ya sa ya yi ikirarin a karkashin wannan yarjejeniya duk yankin gabashin {{Interlanguage link|Oued Boudouaou|ar|وادي بودواو}} tsakanin Kabyles na [[Beni Aïcha]] kuma wanda a zahiri ya haɗa da babbar hanyar tsakanin ''Algiers'' da ''Constantine'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Orléans |first=Ferdinand-Philippe d' |year=1870 |title=Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique, 1835-1839 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jsIRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA270}}</ref> == Raid a Reghaïa == ''Sarkin Abdelkader'' ya shirya harin a ranar 8 ga Mayun shekara ta 1837 a yankin Réghaïa a gonar mai suna ''Mercier'', wanda aka sanya a cikin yarjejeniyar noma da ke kusa da iyakar ''Masarautar Abdelkader'' da kuma ''Oued Boudouaou'' wanda kuma aka yi wa lakabi da ''Oued Keddara'', kuma wannan, shi ne ya dora wa gwamnatinsa ta Tref da ''mulkin'' kasarsa. . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berbrugger |first=Adrien |year=1857 |title=Les époques militaires de la Grande Kabilie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WqtXAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA13}}</ref> ''Sarkin'' ya san cewa abokansa na kabilar Kabyle na ''Khachna'' da Issers za su iya tattara sojoji dubu shida (6000) a ƙafa da kuma dawakai har ɗari takwas (800) a cikin filin don muzgunawa ma'aikatun Faransa fiye da Boudouaou na yanzu. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Orléans |first=Ferdinand-Philippe-Louis-Charles-Henri |last2=Paris |first2=Louis-Philippe-Albert d'Orléans |last3=Chartres |first3=Robert Philippe Louis Eugène Ferdinand d'Orléans |date=February 27, 1870 |title=Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique, 1835-1839 |url=https://archive.org/details/campagnesdelarme00orla |publisher=Paris M. Lévy |via=Internet Archive}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOrléansParisChartres1870">Orléans, Ferdinand-Philippe-Louis-Charles-Henri; Paris, Louis-Philippe-Albert d'Orléans; Chartres, Robert Philippe Louis Eugène Ferdinand d'Orléans (February 27, 1870). [[iarchive:campagnesdelarme00orla|"Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique, 1835-1839"]]. Paris M. Lévy &#x2013; via Internet Archive.</cite></ref> Wannan shi ne yadda ''Sarkin'', lokacin da ya shirya harin da aka kai a ''Réghaïa'' da kuma sace-sacen gonaki na mulkin mallaka na Faransa, an ba da tabbacin samun mafaka mai tsaro tare da marabout na ''Beni Aïcha'', wanda ƙauyuka suka yi watsi da Oued Meraldene da Oued Isser . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moritz Wagner |first=D. |year=1841 |title=Reisen in der Regentschaft Algier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNVcAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA244}}</ref> Janar Damrémont ya cika da mamaki a [[Aljir|Algiers]] lokacin da ya sami labarin cewa yankin gabashin [[Casbah na Algiers]] na cikin tashin hankali sakamakon hare-haren da 'yan tawaye masu alaka da ''sarki Abdelkader'' suka kai. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wagner |first=Moritz |year=1841 |title=Reisen in der Regentschaft Algier in den Jahren 1836, 1837 und 1838 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kkJHyDNP1QC&pg=RA1-PA244}}</ref> Daga nan sai Janar din ya umarci Kanar Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg da ya shirya wani balaguro ta kasa da ruwa don kai farmaki kan agaji da mafaka na ''sarki Abdelkader'' a cikin ''Beni Aïcha'' don wargaza wannan nebula da ta kunshi kauyuka da dama da ke kusa da ''birnin Algiers'' . <ref>{{Cite web |year=1837 |title=Allgemeine Zeitung |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJ5HAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA992-IA101}}</ref> An riga an ajiye Kanar ''Schauenburg'' a ''Réghaïa'' a matsayin shugaban sojojin dawaki na ''{{Interlanguage link|1st African Hunter Regiment|fr|1er régiment de chasseurs d'Afrique}}'' don kare da kiyaye gonakin noma da aka wawashe a farkon yaƙi a cikin bazara na 1837. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1844 |title=L'Algérie ancienne et moderne, etc. Vignettes par Raffet et Rouargue frères |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iW9yWvc5FUYC&pg=PA625}}</ref> == Kutsawa tsakanin Beni Aïcha == [[Fayil:Colonel_Maximilien_Joseph_Schauenburg_4.jpg|thumb| Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg]] Janar ''Damrémont'' ya umarci Kanar ''Schauenburg'' da ya yi tattaki da daddare tare da ginshikin sojansa daga ''Réghaïa'' zuwa rafin ''[[Meraldene]]'' don ba wa maharan mamaki cikin barci, yayin da aka umurci Janar Alexandre Charles Perrégaux ya jagoranci jirgin ruwa wanda ya fara daga {{Interlanguage link|Port of Algiers|fr|Port d'Alger}} kuma wanda zai sauka a bakin tekun Zemmouri El Bahri na yanzu a wurin {{Interlanguage link|Port of Zemmouri|ar|ميناء زموري}} . <ref>{{Cite web |year=1927 |title=Correspondance du général Damrémont, gouverneur général des possessions françaises dans le nord de l'Afrique (1837) Pub |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BE4BAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> Dabarar da ta biyo baya ta kunshi saukar da Janar ''Pérregaux'' daga jirginsa da sojoji kusan dubu dubu a gabar tekun ''Beni Aïcha'' domin yin kwanton bauna tare da jira 'yan tawayen Kabyle da suka tsere daga yakin Kanar ''Schauenburg'' zuwa arewacin kwarin [[Meraldene]] ta hanyar tashi ta kauyukan Boukhanfar da Talamali, da nufin halaka su. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1855 |title=The tricolor on the atals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TaUEAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA289}}</ref> Mummunan yanayi wanda ba zato ba tsammani ya faru a kan {{Interlanguage link|Bay of Algiers|fr|Baie d'Alger}} ya watsar da wannan ingantaccen tsari saboda guguwar guguwa ta kama Janar ''Pérregaux'' kuma ya kasa fitar da jirginsa daga tashar ''jiragen ruwa na Algiers'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schuster |first=Georg H. |year=1842 |title=Correspondance militaire, ou recueil de modèles, pièces et actes authentiques relatifs au service militaire: ... Avec un vocabulaire militaire français - allemand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uG9eAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA132}}</ref> Duk da mummunan yanayi da ya auku a tsakiyar watan Mayun 1837 a kan Mitidja da Kabylia, Kanar ''Schauenburg'' ya bar sansaninsa na ''Réghaïa'' a daren 17 ga Mayu 1837 don ya gangaro zuwa kwarin ''Oued Boudouaou'' inda ya tara wani ginshikin soja na mutum dubu biyu don kai hari ''Beni Aïcha'' . <ref>{{Cite web |year=1837 |title=Gazzetta privilegiata di Bologna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18y0n4nJDQ8C&pg=RA19-PA17}}</ref> Wannan ginshiƙi na soja ya ƙunshi bataliyoyin runduna guda biyu na ''{{Interlanguage link|2nd light infantry regiment|fr|2e régiment d'infanterie légère}}'', bataliya na ''{{Interlanguage link|48th infantry regiment|fr|48e régiment d'infanterie}}'', mafarautan maharba dari biyu na ''{{Interlanguage link|1st African Hunter Regiment|fr|1er régiment de chasseurs d'Afrique}}'', ''spahis'' na yau da kullun, ''spahis'' marasa tsari ɗari, da guntu guda biyu na ƴan hawan dutse. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1863 |title=Compleḿent de l'Encycloped́ie moderne: Dictionnaire abreǵe ́ des sciences, des lettres, des arts, de l'industrie, de l'agriculture et du commerce |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ycYUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA375}}</ref> Kanar ''Schauenburg'' ya samu koma baya tare da dubban sojojinsa da ruwan sama da iska a cikin tafiyarsa na dare kafin ya isa rafin ''Meraldene'' kawai da karfe takwas na safiyar ranar 18 ga Mayu 1837, inda kungiyoyin ''Kabyles'' suka jira shi don ya magance ta kuma su hana shi ci gaba a ''Kabylia'' idan ya sami damar haye gadon ''Oued Isser'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Orléans |first=Ferdinand-Philippe d' |year=1870 |title=Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique 1835 - 1839 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W9fqTWb75bgC&pg=PA271}}</ref> A karkashin jagorancin [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki|Cheikh Ali Boushaki]], daruruwan Kabyles da ke zaune a kauyukan [[Meraldene]], Gueddara, [[Soumâa]], Djenah da [[Beni Arab]] da sauransu sun fara gudu tare da shiga rikici da Faransawa, kuma ta haka ne bataliyar farko ta ''{{Interlanguage link|2nd light infantry regiment|fr|2e régiment d'infanterie légère}}'' an kaddamar da shi ne a kan sake tattara mayaka 'yan gwagwarmayar Aljeriya don gaggauta kwace muhimmin matsayi na [[Thénia|Col des Beni Aïcha]], wanda kuma zai yi matukar tsada ga Faransawa idan aka jinkirta wannan kame da kuma ci gaba da kasancewa karkashin ikon kawancen ''sarki Abdelkader'' . <ref>{{Cite web |year=1870 |title=Campagnes de l'arme'e d'Afrique 1835-1839 par le Duc d'Orle'ans, publie' par ses fils, avec un portrait de l'auteur et une carte de l'Alge'rie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMD5fkVQMoMC&pg=PA271}}</ref> Yayin da aka kora Kabyles zuwa gangaren ƙauyukan Baloul da Tebabkha kusa da hanyar Oued Isser a kan dogon ƙazantar gabas na babban birnin ''Khachna'', sauran ƙauyukan sun naɗe a kan tudu suna shiga cikin sahu-sahu a arangama da rundunar sojojin ƙasa wanda daga nan ne suka sami asarar ɗan adam a cikin sahu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Galibert |first=Léon |year=1843 |title=Histoire de l'Algérie ancienne et moderne: Depuis les premiers établissements des carthaginois |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ilH0gaYdal8C&pg=PA625}}</ref> Daga nan ne aka fara farauya tsakanin 'yan tawayen Kabyle da sojojin Faransa don karbe iko da wannan budaddiyar da ke tsakanin Mitidja da Kabylia, tun lokacin da wani babban taimako ya taso daga Laazib Zamoum don karfafa Beni Aïcha a cikin jajircewar da suka yi a kan wata kasa ta kakanni wadda ta kasance mai kyau da fa'ida a gare su a kowane mataki == Ben Zamoum ya sake kai hari == Bayan da sojojin Manjo ''Schauenburg'' suka watse kusa da Oued Isser a ranar 18 ga Mayu 1837, an ba su umarni su tattara sahu-sahunsu da suka watse zuwa wuri guda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G6NDAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA2-PA271|title=Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique: 1835-1839|first=Ferdinand-Philippe d' Orléans (Duc|last=D'Orléans.)|date=February 27, 1870|publisher=M. Lévy|via=Google Books}}</ref> Cheikh Ben Zamoum ya fito daga yankin Iflissen Lebhar tare da kimanin Aljeriya dubu biyu (2,000) don dakatar da ci gaban Manjo ''Schauenburg'' zuwa yankinsa idan har yankin Beni Aïcha ya gaza toshe ci gaban Faransawa masu mamayewa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7NBAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA12-PA7|title=Gazette van Gend|date=February 27, 1837|publisher=By Jan Meyer|via=Google Books}}</ref> Filin Issers, wanda ya buɗe wa Faransawa, ya ga isowar tawagar daga Iflissen Lebhar don dakatar da runduna ta biyu mai sauƙin yawo a cikin ci gabanta mai haɗari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6mD0oLMWXcC&pg=RA1-PA625|title=L Algérie ancienne et moderne: depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours comprenant le bombardement de Tanger, la prise de Mogador, la bataille d'Isly et le glorieux combat de Djemma-Gazouat|first=Léon|last=Galibert|date=February 27, 1846|publisher=Furne et Cie.|via=Google Books}}</ref> Amma Faransawa sun hana wannan harin na Kabyle ta hanyar doke su da tsoratar da su sosai, sannan sojojin ƙasa da mahaya dawakai suka nufi arewacin gabar teku yayin da suke yada mayaƙan da suka warwatse a nesa a gefen duwatsu don kare su daga bin diddigi da kuma bibiyar Aljeriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9nj4CbhX5UkC&pg=PA375|title=Complément de l'encyclopédie moderne dictionnaire abrègè des sciences, des lettres, des arts de l'industrie, de l'agriculture et du commerce publié par mm. Firmin Didot Frères: 7. [Jaquier - Législatif, Corps-]|date=February 27, 1858|publisher=Firmin Didot Frères, Fils et C.ie|via=Google Books}}</ref> ''Schauenburg'' ya ba da umarni a hanzarta fitar da al'ummar da aka ba mamaki tare da dabbobinsu don su tarar da su a bakin rairayin Oued Merdja inda babu wani saukar jirgi da ya faru saboda ruwan sama da ƙanƙara, kuma ta haka ne maza da dabbobin Kabyle suka sami damar tserewa daga tarkon da aka shirya musu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7Zoe1sY3lQC&pg=PA369|title=Militär-Literatur-Zeitung|date=February 27, 1858|publisher=Mittler|via=Google Books}}</ref> ==Komawa baya== {{Main|Yaƙin Boudouaou na farko}} Manjo ''Schauenburg'' bai samu nasarar gudanar da aikin balaguro na shekarar 1837 a kan Beni Aïcha ba saboda ƙarancin lokaci da kuma azamar Kabyles na kare iyalansu, ƙauyukan su da kuma ƙasarsu, da kuma goyon bayan 'yan tawayen Beni Aïcha daga 'yan uwansu na Iflissen da suka fito daga Laazib Zamoum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7zojhayR0XsC&pg=PA375|title=Encyclopédie moderne: dictionnaire abrégé des sciences, lettres, arts...|date=February 27, 1858|publisher=Didot|via=Google Books}}</ref> ''Schauenburg'' ya gane cewa tsawon zama a ƙasar 'yan tawayen ''Beni Aïcha'' zai jawo masa babbar matsala, ba tare da wani sakamako mai kyau ba tunda ƙarfafawa da sojojin ''Kabyles'' sun fi ƙarfin rundunar sojojinsa, don haka ya sanar da cewa zai shirya shan kaye.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UbYTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA625|title=Histoire de l'Algérie ancienne et moderne depuis les premiers établissements des Carthaginois jusques et y compris les dernières campagnes du général Bugeaud: Avec une introduction sur les divers systèmes de colonisation qui ont précédé la conquête française|first=Léon|last=Galibert|date=February 27, 1843|publisher=Furne et Cie|via=Google Books}}</ref> Wannan manjo ya dawo washegari 19 ga Mayu 1837 ta hanyar gudanar da wani tattaki mai ƙarfi da tawagarsa zuwa sansaninsa na farko tsakanin Boudouaou da Réghaïa.<ref name="auto"/> ==Hotuna== <gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="160px"> File:Abd al-Qadir.jpg|[[Emir Abdelkader]] File:Damrémont par Julien.jpg|[[Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont]] File:Buste du général Perregaux.jpg|[[Alexandre Charles Perrégaux]] File:Photo boudouaou marine 08102014.jpg|[[First Battle of Boudouaou]] (1837) </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] adnvg0w3kr8llmi74i49py59wii2pac 894152 894151 2026-08-10T10:20:13Z Aisha SM 47788 894152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Balaguron Col des Beni Aïcha,''' ko '''balaguron Thénia,''' ko kuma kawai '''Beni Aïcha Expedition,''' balaguro ne a watan Mayun shekarar1837, lokacin da [[Cin nasarar Faransa a Aljeriya|Faransa ta mamaye Aljeriya]] . Wannan taron ya yi karo da sojojin mulkin mallaka a karkashin Kanar Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg da sojojin ''Beni Aïcha'' na ''Igawawen'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Trumelet |first=Corneille |date=February 27, 1887 |title=Une page de l'histoire de la colonisation algerienne: Bou-Farik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fhFQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA132 |publisher=A. Jourdan |via=Google Books}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berbrugger |first=A. (Louis Adrien) |date=February 27, 1857 |title=Les époques militaires de la Grande Kabilie |url=https://archive.org/details/lespoquesmilitai00berb |publisher=Alger : Bastide |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> == Mahallin tarihi == An kuma fara wannan balaguron ne a watan Mayun shekarar 1837 daga [[Aljir|Algiers]] zuwa birnin [[Constantine, Aljeriya|Constantine]] ta tsaunin Khachna a Kabylia . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Orléans |first=Ferdinand-Philippe-Louis-Charles-Henri |last2=Paris |first2=Louis-Philippe-Albert d'Orléans |last3=Chartres |first3=Robert Philippe Louis Eugène Ferdinand d'Orléans |date=February 27, 1870 |title=Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique, 1835-1839 |url=https://archive.org/details/campagnesdelarme00orla |publisher=Paris M. Lévy |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Wannan martani na soja ya biyo bayan rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Tafna tsakanin Janar Thomas Robert Bugeaud tare da sarki Abdelkader a {{Interlanguage link|Orania, Algeria|fr|Oranie}} . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Galibert |first=Léon |date=February 27, 1843 |title=Histoire de l'Algérie, ancienne et moderne, depuis les premiers établissements de Carthaginois jusques et y compris les dernières campagnes du Général Bugeaud. Avec une introduction sur les divers systèmes de colonisation qui ont précédé la conquète française |url=https://archive.org/details/histoiredelalg00gali |publisher=Paris Furne |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Yarjejeniyar ta amince da yadda Masarautar Abdelkader ke iko da wani babban yanki na cikin gida na [[Aljeriya|kasar Aljeriya]] a yanzu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 1888 |title=L'armée d'Afrique depuis la conquête d'Alger |url=https://archive.org/details/larmedafriquede00quesgoog |publisher=Jouvet |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Sarki Abdekader ya yi amfani da wannan yerjejeniyar don tabbatar da ikonsa a kan kabilun a duk faɗin ƙasar, inda ya gina sabbin garuruwa da ke da nisa daga hannun Faransa tare da tsauraran gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rozey |first=A. G. |date=February 27, 1840 |title=Cris de conscience de l'Algérie |url=https://archive.org/details/crisdeconscience00roze |publisher=<nowiki>[Paris Impr. A. Gratiot, en vente chez Mlle Voizel [etc.]]</nowiki> |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Ya kuma yi aiki musamman a Kabylia da sauran wurare don tayar da al'ummar [[Musulmi]] a ƙarƙashin ikon [[Faransa]] don su bijirewa ta hanyar zaman lafiya da soja ta hanyar mallakarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wagner |first=Moritz |year=1855 |title=The Tricolor on the Atlas: Or, Algeria and the French Conquest |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yu5AAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA288}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=1840 |title=Die Geschichte unserer Tage, oder Chronik der neuesten Zeit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b29UAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1247}}</ref> Ya so ya sarrafa hanyar da ke bi ta manyan kogunan da ke haɗa ''Algiers'' zuwa ''Constantine'', a wannan yanayin {{Interlanguage link|Oued Réghaïa|ar|وادي الرغاية}}, {{Interlanguage link|Oued Boudouaou|ar|وادي بودواو}}, {{Interlanguage link|Oued Corso|ar|وادي قورصو}}, {{Interlanguage link|Oued Boumerdès|ar|وادي بومرداس}}, Oued Meraldene da Oued Isser . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Orléans |first=Ferdinand-Philippe d' |year=1870 |title=Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique, 1835-1839 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vHVbO_AJDGkC&pg=PA270}}</ref> Wannan sha'awar ''sarki Abdelkader'' na sake fuskantar ''Faransawa'', ko da bayan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar, ya sa ya yi ikirarin a karkashin wannan yarjejeniya duk yankin gabashin {{Interlanguage link|Oued Boudouaou|ar|وادي بودواو}} tsakanin Kabyles na [[Beni Aïcha]] kuma wanda a zahiri ya haɗa da babbar hanyar tsakanin ''Algiers'' da ''Constantine'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Orléans |first=Ferdinand-Philippe d' |year=1870 |title=Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique, 1835-1839 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jsIRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA270}}</ref> == Raid a Reghaïa == ''Sarkin Abdelkader'' ya shirya harin a ranar 8 ga Mayun shekara ta 1837 a yankin Réghaïa a gonar mai suna ''Mercier'', wanda aka sanya a cikin yarjejeniyar noma da ke kusa da iyakar ''Masarautar Abdelkader'' da kuma ''Oued Boudouaou'' wanda kuma aka yi wa lakabi da ''Oued Keddara'', kuma wannan, shi ne ya dora wa gwamnatinsa ta Tref da ''mulkin'' kasarsa. . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berbrugger |first=Adrien |year=1857 |title=Les époques militaires de la Grande Kabilie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WqtXAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA13}}</ref> ''Sarkin'' ya san cewa abokansa na kabilar Kabyle na ''Khachna'' da Issers za su iya tattara sojoji dubu shida (6000) a ƙafa da kuma dawakai har ɗari takwas (800) a cikin filin don muzgunawa ma'aikatun Faransa fiye da Boudouaou na yanzu. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Orléans |first=Ferdinand-Philippe-Louis-Charles-Henri |last2=Paris |first2=Louis-Philippe-Albert d'Orléans |last3=Chartres |first3=Robert Philippe Louis Eugène Ferdinand d'Orléans |date=February 27, 1870 |title=Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique, 1835-1839 |url=https://archive.org/details/campagnesdelarme00orla |publisher=Paris M. Lévy |via=Internet Archive}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOrléansParisChartres1870">Orléans, Ferdinand-Philippe-Louis-Charles-Henri; Paris, Louis-Philippe-Albert d'Orléans; Chartres, Robert Philippe Louis Eugène Ferdinand d'Orléans (February 27, 1870). [[iarchive:campagnesdelarme00orla|"Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique, 1835-1839"]]. Paris M. Lévy &#x2013; via Internet Archive.</cite></ref> Wannan shi ne yadda ''Sarkin'', lokacin da ya shirya harin da aka kai a ''Réghaïa'' da kuma sace-sacen gonaki na mulkin mallaka na Faransa, an ba da tabbacin samun mafaka mai tsaro tare da marabout na ''Beni Aïcha'', wanda ƙauyuka suka yi watsi da Oued Meraldene da Oued Isser . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moritz Wagner |first=D. |year=1841 |title=Reisen in der Regentschaft Algier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNVcAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA244}}</ref> Janar Damrémont ya cika da mamaki a [[Aljir|Algiers]] lokacin da ya sami labarin cewa yankin gabashin [[Casbah na Algiers]] na cikin tashin hankali sakamakon hare-haren da 'yan tawaye masu alaka da ''sarki Abdelkader'' suka kai. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wagner |first=Moritz |year=1841 |title=Reisen in der Regentschaft Algier in den Jahren 1836, 1837 und 1838 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kkJHyDNP1QC&pg=RA1-PA244}}</ref> Daga nan sai Janar din ya umarci Kanar Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg da ya shirya wani balaguro ta kasa da ruwa don kai farmaki kan agaji da mafaka na ''sarki Abdelkader'' a cikin ''Beni Aïcha'' don wargaza wannan nebula da ta kunshi kauyuka da dama da ke kusa da ''birnin Algiers'' . <ref>{{Cite web |year=1837 |title=Allgemeine Zeitung |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJ5HAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA992-IA101}}</ref> An kuma riga an ajiye Kanar ''Schauenburg'' a ''Réghaïa'' a matsayin shugaban sojojin dawaki na ''{{Interlanguage link|1st African Hunter Regiment|fr|1er régiment de chasseurs d'Afrique}}'' don kare da kiyaye gonakin noma da aka wawashe a farkon yaƙi a cikin bazara na 1837. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1844 |title=L'Algérie ancienne et moderne, etc. Vignettes par Raffet et Rouargue frères |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iW9yWvc5FUYC&pg=PA625}}</ref> == Kutsawa tsakanin Beni Aïcha == [[Fayil:Colonel_Maximilien_Joseph_Schauenburg_4.jpg|thumb| Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg]] Janar ''Damrémont'' ya umarci Kanar ''Schauenburg'' da ya yi tattaki da daddare tare da ginshikin sojansa daga ''Réghaïa'' zuwa rafin ''[[Meraldene]]'' don ba wa maharan mamaki cikin barci, yayin da aka umurci Janar Alexandre Charles Perrégaux ya jagoranci jirgin ruwa wanda ya fara daga {{Interlanguage link|Port of Algiers|fr|Port d'Alger}} kuma wanda zai sauka a bakin tekun Zemmouri El Bahri na yanzu a wurin {{Interlanguage link|Port of Zemmouri|ar|ميناء زموري}} . <ref>{{Cite web |year=1927 |title=Correspondance du général Damrémont, gouverneur général des possessions françaises dans le nord de l'Afrique (1837) Pub |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BE4BAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> Dabarar da ta biyo baya ta kunshi saukar da Janar ''Pérregaux'' daga jirginsa da sojoji kusan dubu dubu a gabar tekun ''Beni Aïcha'' domin yin kwanton bauna tare da jira 'yan tawayen Kabyle da suka tsere daga yakin Kanar ''Schauenburg'' zuwa arewacin kwarin [[Meraldene]] ta hanyar tashi ta kauyukan Boukhanfar da Talamali, da nufin halaka su. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1855 |title=The tricolor on the atals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TaUEAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA289}}</ref> Mummunan yanayi wanda ba zato ba tsammani ya faru a kan {{Interlanguage link|Bay of Algiers|fr|Baie d'Alger}} ya watsar da wannan ingantaccen tsari saboda guguwar guguwa ta kama Janar ''Pérregaux'' kuma ya kasa fitar da jirginsa daga tashar ''jiragen ruwa na Algiers'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schuster |first=Georg H. |year=1842 |title=Correspondance militaire, ou recueil de modèles, pièces et actes authentiques relatifs au service militaire: ... Avec un vocabulaire militaire français - allemand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uG9eAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA132}}</ref> Duk da mummunan yanayi da ya auku a tsakiyar watan Mayun 1837 a kan Mitidja da Kabylia, Kanar ''Schauenburg'' ya bar sansaninsa na ''Réghaïa'' a daren 17 ga Mayu 1837 don ya gangaro zuwa kwarin ''Oued Boudouaou'' inda ya tara wani ginshikin soja na mutum dubu biyu don kai hari ''Beni Aïcha'' . <ref>{{Cite web |year=1837 |title=Gazzetta privilegiata di Bologna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18y0n4nJDQ8C&pg=RA19-PA17}}</ref> Wannan ginshiƙi na soja ya ƙunshi bataliyoyin runduna guda biyu na ''{{Interlanguage link|2nd light infantry regiment|fr|2e régiment d'infanterie légère}}'', bataliya na ''{{Interlanguage link|48th infantry regiment|fr|48e régiment d'infanterie}}'', mafarautan maharba dari biyu na ''{{Interlanguage link|1st African Hunter Regiment|fr|1er régiment de chasseurs d'Afrique}}'', ''spahis'' na yau da kullun, ''spahis'' marasa tsari ɗari, da guntu guda biyu na ƴan hawan dutse. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1863 |title=Compleḿent de l'Encycloped́ie moderne: Dictionnaire abreǵe ́ des sciences, des lettres, des arts, de l'industrie, de l'agriculture et du commerce |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ycYUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA375}}</ref> Kanar ''Schauenburg'' ya samu koma baya tare da dubban sojojinsa da ruwan sama da iska a cikin tafiyarsa na dare kafin ya isa rafin ''Meraldene'' kawai da karfe takwas na safiyar ranar 18 ga Mayu 1837, inda kungiyoyin ''Kabyles'' suka jira shi don ya magance ta kuma su hana shi ci gaba a ''Kabylia'' idan ya sami damar haye gadon ''Oued Isser'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Orléans |first=Ferdinand-Philippe d' |year=1870 |title=Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique 1835 - 1839 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W9fqTWb75bgC&pg=PA271}}</ref> A karkashin jagorancin [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki|Cheikh Ali Boushaki]], daruruwan Kabyles da ke zaune a kauyukan [[Meraldene]], Gueddara, [[Soumâa]], Djenah da [[Beni Arab]] da sauransu sun fara gudu tare da shiga rikici da Faransawa, kuma ta haka ne bataliyar farko ta ''{{Interlanguage link|2nd light infantry regiment|fr|2e régiment d'infanterie légère}}'' an kaddamar da shi ne a kan sake tattara mayaka 'yan gwagwarmayar Aljeriya don gaggauta kwace muhimmin matsayi na [[Thénia|Col des Beni Aïcha]], wanda kuma zai yi matukar tsada ga Faransawa idan aka jinkirta wannan kame da kuma ci gaba da kasancewa karkashin ikon kawancen ''sarki Abdelkader'' . <ref>{{Cite web |year=1870 |title=Campagnes de l'arme'e d'Afrique 1835-1839 par le Duc d'Orle'ans, publie' par ses fils, avec un portrait de l'auteur et une carte de l'Alge'rie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMD5fkVQMoMC&pg=PA271}}</ref> Yayin da aka kora Kabyles zuwa gangaren ƙauyukan Baloul da Tebabkha kusa da hanyar Oued Isser a kan dogon ƙazantar gabas na babban birnin ''Khachna'', sauran ƙauyukan sun naɗe a kan tudu suna shiga cikin sahu-sahu a arangama da rundunar sojojin ƙasa wanda daga nan ne suka sami asarar ɗan adam a cikin sahu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Galibert |first=Léon |year=1843 |title=Histoire de l'Algérie ancienne et moderne: Depuis les premiers établissements des carthaginois |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ilH0gaYdal8C&pg=PA625}}</ref> Daga nan ne aka fara farauya tsakanin 'yan tawayen Kabyle da sojojin Faransa don karbe iko da wannan budaddiyar da ke tsakanin Mitidja da Kabylia, tun lokacin da wani babban taimako ya taso daga Laazib Zamoum don karfafa Beni Aïcha a cikin jajircewar da suka yi a kan wata kasa ta kakanni wadda ta kasance mai kyau da fa'ida a gare su a kowane mataki == Ben Zamoum ya sake kai hari == Bayan da sojojin Manjo ''Schauenburg'' suka watse kusa da Oued Isser a ranar 18 ga Mayu 1837, an ba su umarni su tattara sahu-sahunsu da suka watse zuwa wuri guda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G6NDAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA2-PA271|title=Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique: 1835-1839|first=Ferdinand-Philippe d' Orléans (Duc|last=D'Orléans.)|date=February 27, 1870|publisher=M. Lévy|via=Google Books}}</ref> Cheikh Ben Zamoum ya fito daga yankin Iflissen Lebhar tare da kimanin Aljeriya dubu biyu (2,000) don dakatar da ci gaban Manjo ''Schauenburg'' zuwa yankinsa idan har yankin Beni Aïcha ya gaza toshe ci gaban Faransawa masu mamayewa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7NBAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA12-PA7|title=Gazette van Gend|date=February 27, 1837|publisher=By Jan Meyer|via=Google Books}}</ref> Filin Issers, wanda ya buɗe wa Faransawa, ya ga isowar tawagar daga Iflissen Lebhar don dakatar da runduna ta biyu mai sauƙin yawo a cikin ci gabanta mai haɗari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6mD0oLMWXcC&pg=RA1-PA625|title=L Algérie ancienne et moderne: depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours comprenant le bombardement de Tanger, la prise de Mogador, la bataille d'Isly et le glorieux combat de Djemma-Gazouat|first=Léon|last=Galibert|date=February 27, 1846|publisher=Furne et Cie.|via=Google Books}}</ref> Amma Faransawa sun hana wannan harin na Kabyle ta hanyar doke su da tsoratar da su sosai, sannan sojojin ƙasa da mahaya dawakai suka nufi arewacin gabar teku yayin da suke yada mayaƙan da suka warwatse a nesa a gefen duwatsu don kare su daga bin diddigi da kuma bibiyar Aljeriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9nj4CbhX5UkC&pg=PA375|title=Complément de l'encyclopédie moderne dictionnaire abrègè des sciences, des lettres, des arts de l'industrie, de l'agriculture et du commerce publié par mm. Firmin Didot Frères: 7. [Jaquier - Législatif, Corps-]|date=February 27, 1858|publisher=Firmin Didot Frères, Fils et C.ie|via=Google Books}}</ref> ''Schauenburg'' ya ba da umarni a hanzarta fitar da al'ummar da aka ba mamaki tare da dabbobinsu don su tarar da su a bakin rairayin Oued Merdja inda babu wani saukar jirgi da ya faru saboda ruwan sama da ƙanƙara, kuma ta haka ne maza da dabbobin Kabyle suka sami damar tserewa daga tarkon da aka shirya musu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7Zoe1sY3lQC&pg=PA369|title=Militär-Literatur-Zeitung|date=February 27, 1858|publisher=Mittler|via=Google Books}}</ref> ==Komawa baya== {{Main|Yaƙin Boudouaou na farko}} Manjo ''Schauenburg'' bai samu nasarar gudanar da aikin balaguro na shekarar 1837 a kan Beni Aïcha ba saboda ƙarancin lokaci da kuma azamar Kabyles na kare iyalansu, ƙauyukan su da kuma ƙasarsu, da kuma goyon bayan 'yan tawayen Beni Aïcha daga 'yan uwansu na Iflissen da suka fito daga Laazib Zamoum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7zojhayR0XsC&pg=PA375|title=Encyclopédie moderne: dictionnaire abrégé des sciences, lettres, arts...|date=February 27, 1858|publisher=Didot|via=Google Books}}</ref> ''Schauenburg'' ya gane cewa tsawon zama a ƙasar 'yan tawayen ''Beni Aïcha'' zai jawo masa babbar matsala, ba tare da wani sakamako mai kyau ba tunda ƙarfafawa da sojojin ''Kabyles'' sun fi ƙarfin rundunar sojojinsa, don haka ya sanar da cewa zai shirya shan kaye.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UbYTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA625|title=Histoire de l'Algérie ancienne et moderne depuis les premiers établissements des Carthaginois jusques et y compris les dernières campagnes du général Bugeaud: Avec une introduction sur les divers systèmes de colonisation qui ont précédé la conquête française|first=Léon|last=Galibert|date=February 27, 1843|publisher=Furne et Cie|via=Google Books}}</ref> Wannan manjo ya dawo washegari 19 ga Mayu 1837 ta hanyar gudanar da wani tattaki mai ƙarfi da tawagarsa zuwa sansaninsa na farko tsakanin Boudouaou da Réghaïa.<ref name="auto"/> ==Hotuna== <gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="160px"> File:Abd al-Qadir.jpg|[[Emir Abdelkader]] File:Damrémont par Julien.jpg|[[Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont]] File:Buste du général Perregaux.jpg|[[Alexandre Charles Perrégaux]] File:Photo boudouaou marine 08102014.jpg|[[First Battle of Boudouaou]] (1837) </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ghqzvnf44jh4z2z4t87cft80pzw5ftt 0 102287 893818 886810 2026-08-09T19:01:44Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Manazarta */ 893818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}}{{databox}} '''École Française d'Abuja Marcel Pagnol''' ta kasance babbar makarantar sakandare ce ta Faransa a gundumar Kaura, [[Abuja]], [[Najeriya|Nigeria]] . Makaranta ce ta sakandare daga ajin farko a sakandare zuwa aji shida. Tun daga 2015 makarantar tana koyarwa kai tsaye har zuwa ''troisième'' kuma tana amfani da tsarin ilimin nesa na Cibiyar Ilimi ta ƙasa (CNED) don ''seconde'' da ''prèmiere ES''. Tana kusa da rukunin Gidajen Yarima da Gimbiya kuma tana kusa da Kasuwar Kaura, a kudancin Abuja. == Tarihin Makarantar == An buɗe makarantar a shekarar 1998 a cikin a Life Camp BNL; Harabar makarantar ta Prince and Princess Estate ta buɗe a cikin Afrilu 2010. An fara ginin harabar makarantar a watan Satumbar 2009. == Duba == * Institut français du Nijeriya. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} It opened in 1998 in a campus at Life Camp BNL; its current Prince and Princess Estate campus opened in April 2010. Construction began on the current campus in September 2009.<ref name=Hist/> ==See also== {{Portal|Nigeria|France|Schools}} * [[Institut français du Nigeria]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://www.lfmpabuja.com/ Lycée Français International Marcel Pagnol] {{Abuja}} {{International schools in Nigeria}} {{French schools in West Africa}} {{coord|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ecole Francaise Marcel Pagnol}} [[Category:International schools in Abuja]] [[Category:French international schools in Nigeria]] [[Category:Marcel Pagnol]] [[Category:1998 establishments in Nigeria]] [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1998]] {{Nigeria-school-stub}} kkd18ywedkcf2umydy8kytsaaqqocaa 893819 893818 2026-08-09T19:02:20Z NDG 37615 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contribs/Baffa ali|Baffa ali]] ([[User talk:Baffa ali|talk]]) to last version by WhisperToMe: Wrong language 740993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}}{{databox}} '''École Française d'Abuja Marcel Pagnol''' ta kasance babbar makarantar sakandare ce ta Faransa a gundumar Kaura, [[Abuja]], [[Najeriya|Nigeria]] . Makaranta ce ta sakandare daga ajin farko a sakandare zuwa aji shida. Tun daga 2015 makarantar tana koyarwa kai tsaye har zuwa ''troisième'' kuma tana amfani da tsarin ilimin nesa na Cibiyar Ilimi ta ƙasa (CNED) don ''seconde'' da ''prèmiere ES''. Tana kusa da rukunin Gidajen Yarima da Gimbiya kuma tana kusa da Kasuwar Kaura, a kudancin Abuja. == Tarihin Makarantar == An buɗe makarantar a shekarar 1998 a cikin a Life Camp BNL; Harabar makarantar ta Prince and Princess Estate ta buɗe a cikin Afrilu 2010. An fara ginin harabar makarantar a watan Satumbar 2009. == Duba == * Institut français du Nijeriya. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} 1phcju2waloum1cnj9rs8xj4xg2wsjg 0 102670 894176 662845 2026-08-10T10:32:35Z Aisha SM 47788 894176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yaƙin Rooihuiskraal''' a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 1881 yaƙin soji ne a lokacin Yaƙin Boer na Farko wanda ya gudana a Rooihuiskraal kusa da [[Pretoria]]. <ref name="BER">{{Cite web |date=18 February 2019 |title=Centurion-Verwoerdburg – Rooihuiskraal |url=https://onafhanklik.com/2019/02/18/centurion-verwoerdburg-rooihuiskraal/ |access-date=20 January 2024 |publisher=onafhanklik.com}}</ref> == Tarihi == Dakarun Pretoria na Burtaniya ƙarƙashin jagorancin Lt-Col George Frederick Gildea sun fice daga wuraren da suka yi wa ƙawanya a [[Pretoria]] domin shiga rundunar Janar George Pomeroy Colley a Natal.<ref name="WAR">{{Cite web |date=24 July 2023 |title=FIRST ANGLO-BOER WAR: BOER ATTACK CARBINEERS |url=https://www.irenefarm.co.za/timeline/first-anglo-boer-war-boer-attack-carbineers/ |access-date=20 January 2024 |publisher=irenefarm.co.za |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120025927/https://www.irenefarm.co.za/timeline/first-anglo-boer-war-boer-attack-carbineers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Boers ƙarƙashin jagorancin DJ Erasmus Jr sun samu iska na yunkurin Birtaniyya na tserewa daga Pretoria, kuma suka jike kansu a bayan wani katangar dutse da ke kewaye da tarin dabbobi a Rooihuiskraal. <ref name="WAR"/> == Yaƙi == Sojojin Birtaniya sun isa Rooihuiskraal a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairu 1881 kuma nan da nan sojojin Boer suka yi musu luguden wuta. A cikin ruɗanin da ya biyo baya a cikin layin Burtaniya, Lt-Col Gildea ya miƙe tsaye a cikin muryoyinsa yayin da yake kan doki don ƙarfafawa da tattara sojojinsa, lokacin da harsashi Boer ya buge shi a gindi. An tilastawa Burtaniya ja da baya zuwa matsayinsu na baya a Pretoria. <ref name="BER"/> An kashe sojan Biritaniya guda daya a lokacin yakin kuma an jikkata wasu 15 (ciki har da Lt-Col George Frederick Gildea). Ba a san adadin waɗanda suka mutu a ɓangaren Boer ba. <ref name="WAR"/> == Bayan haka == Yunkurin da Birtaniyya ta yi a Rooihuiskraal ya yi tasiri a kan sauran sojojin. Rundunar Pretoria Garrison ta ƙasa haɗuwa da sojojin Janar George Pomeroy Colley a Natal da kuma bayan yakin Tudun Majuba a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu, inda aka kashe Janar Colley, yakin Boer na farko ya zo karshe. An ayyana ajiyar dabbobi a Rooihuiskraal a matsayin abin tunawa na ƙasa. <ref name="BER"/> == Manazarta == 62dpymw8rhp4zc7ysqwhnu94tm078oh 894177 894176 2026-08-10T10:32:57Z Aisha SM 47788 894177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yaƙin Rooihuiskraal''' a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 1881 yaƙin soji ne a lokacin Yaƙin Boer na Farko wanda ya gudana a Rooihuiskraal kusa da [[Pretoria]]. <ref name="BER">{{Cite web |date=18 February 2019 |title=Centurion-Verwoerdburg – Rooihuiskraal |url=https://onafhanklik.com/2019/02/18/centurion-verwoerdburg-rooihuiskraal/ |access-date=20 January 2024 |publisher=onafhanklik.com}}</ref> == Tarihi == Dakarun Pretoria na Burtaniya ƙarƙashin jagorancin Lt-Col George Frederick Gildea sun fice daga wuraren da suka yi wa ƙawanya a [[Pretoria]] domin shiga rundunar Janar George Pomeroy Colley a Natal.<ref name="WAR">{{Cite web |date=24 July 2023 |title=FIRST ANGLO-BOER WAR: BOER ATTACK CARBINEERS |url=https://www.irenefarm.co.za/timeline/first-anglo-boer-war-boer-attack-carbineers/ |access-date=20 January 2024 |publisher=irenefarm.co.za |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120025927/https://www.irenefarm.co.za/timeline/first-anglo-boer-war-boer-attack-carbineers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Boers ƙarƙashin jagorancin DJ Erasmus Jr sun samu iska na yunkurin Birtaniyya na tserewa daga Pretoria, kuma suka jike kansu a bayan wani katangar dutse da ke kewaye da tarin dabbobi a Rooihuiskraal. <ref name="WAR"/> == Yaƙi == Sojojin Birtaniya sun isa Rooihuiskraal a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 1881 kuma nan da nan sojojin Boer suka yi musu luguden wuta. A cikin ruɗanin da ya biyo baya a cikin layin Burtaniya, Lt-Col Gildea ya miƙe tsaye a cikin muryoyinsa yayin da yake kan doki don ƙarfafawa da tattara sojojinsa, lokacin da harsashi Boer ya buge shi a gindi. An tilastawa Burtaniya ja da baya zuwa matsayinsu na baya a Pretoria. <ref name="BER"/> An kashe sojan Biritaniya guda daya a lokacin yakin kuma an jikkata wasu 15 (ciki har da Lt-Col George Frederick Gildea). Ba a san adadin waɗanda suka mutu a ɓangaren Boer ba. <ref name="WAR"/> == Bayan haka == Yunkurin da Birtaniyya ta yi a Rooihuiskraal ya yi tasiri a kan sauran sojojin. Rundunar Pretoria Garrison ta ƙasa haɗuwa da sojojin Janar George Pomeroy Colley a Natal da kuma bayan yakin Tudun Majuba a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu, inda aka kashe Janar Colley, yakin Boer na farko ya zo karshe. An ayyana ajiyar dabbobi a Rooihuiskraal a matsayin abin tunawa na ƙasa. <ref name="BER"/> == Manazarta == aj96l72lhxdusxn642i10vh8jq9a169 894178 894177 2026-08-10T10:33:22Z Aisha SM 47788 894178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yaƙin Rooihuiskraal''' a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 1881 yaƙin soji ne a lokacin Yaƙin Boer na Farko wanda ya gudana a Rooihuiskraal kusa da [[Pretoria]]. <ref name="BER">{{Cite web |date=18 February 2019 |title=Centurion-Verwoerdburg – Rooihuiskraal |url=https://onafhanklik.com/2019/02/18/centurion-verwoerdburg-rooihuiskraal/ |access-date=20 January 2024 |publisher=onafhanklik.com}}</ref> == Tarihi == Dakarun Pretoria na Burtaniya ƙarƙashin jagorancin Lt-Col George Frederick Gildea sun fice daga wuraren da suka yi wa ƙawanya a [[Pretoria]] domin shiga rundunar Janar George Pomeroy Colley a Natal.<ref name="WAR">{{Cite web |date=24 July 2023 |title=FIRST ANGLO-BOER WAR: BOER ATTACK CARBINEERS |url=https://www.irenefarm.co.za/timeline/first-anglo-boer-war-boer-attack-carbineers/ |access-date=20 January 2024 |publisher=irenefarm.co.za |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120025927/https://www.irenefarm.co.za/timeline/first-anglo-boer-war-boer-attack-carbineers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Boers ƙarƙashin jagorancin DJ Erasmus Jr sun samu iska na yunkurin Birtaniyya na tserewa daga Pretoria, kuma suka jike kansu a bayan wani katangar dutse da ke kewaye da tarin dabbobi a Rooihuiskraal. <ref name="WAR"/> == Yaƙi == Sojojin Birtaniya sun isa Rooihuiskraal a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 1881 kuma nan da nan sojojin Boer suka yi musu luguden wuta. A cikin ruɗanin da ya biyo baya a cikin layin Burtaniya, Lt-Col Gildea ya miƙe tsaye a cikin muryoyinsa yayin da yake kan doki don ƙarfafawa da tattara sojojinsa, lokacin da harsashi Boer ya buge shi a gindi. An tilastawa Burtaniya ja da baya zuwa matsayinsu na baya a Pretoria. <ref name="BER"/> An kuma kashe sojan Biritaniya guda daya a lokacin yakin kuma an jikkata wasu 15 (ciki har da Lt-Col George Frederick Gildea). Ba a san adadin waɗanda suka mutu a ɓangaren Boer ba. <ref name="WAR"/> == Bayan haka == Yunkurin da Birtaniyya ta yi a Rooihuiskraal ya yi tasiri a kan sauran sojojin. Rundunar Pretoria Garrison ta ƙasa haɗuwa da sojojin Janar George Pomeroy Colley a Natal da kuma bayan yakin Tudun Majuba a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu, inda aka kashe Janar Colley, yakin Boer na farko ya zo karshe. An ayyana ajiyar dabbobi a Rooihuiskraal a matsayin abin tunawa na ƙasa. <ref name="BER"/> == Manazarta == a39f8iroyp2j6jylir5gufr88dq1f94 0 102893 894135 644711 2026-08-10T10:10:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙasar Aljeriya''' ya ƙunshi al'ummar ƙasar Aljeriya da ke zaune a wajen ƙasar, musamman a [[Faransa]] har ma da sauran ƙasashen duniya.<ref>https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination</ref> Hakan dai ya samo asali ne sakamakon yawaitar gudun hijira da Aljeriya ta samu tun bayan ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] a shekara ta 1945,<ref name="Statistics Canada">{{cite web |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D |title=Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables |author=Statistics Canada |access-date=1 June 2016|author-link=Statistics Canada}}</ref> da kuma 'yancin da turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka baiwa Aljeriya na zama a babban birnin ƙasar Faransa tun daga shekarar 1947.<ref>{{cite web|title=Población por comunidades y provincias, país de nacimiento, edad (grupos quinquenales) y sexo|url=https://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=/t20/e245/p04/provi/l0/&file=0ccaa005.px#!tabs-tabla|publisher=Istituto Nacional de estadística|access-date=27 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ausländische Bevölkerung und Schutzsuchende nach Regionen und Herkunftsländern |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/Bevoelkerung/MigrationIntegration/Schutzsuchende/Tabellen/StaatsangehoerigkeitSchutzstatus.html|publisher=Statistics Germany|access-date=15 November 2017}}</ref> Su ne ƙungiyar ƙasashen waje mafi girma da ke wakilta a Faransa.<ref name=thecasbahpost>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecasbahpost.com/ou-vivent-les-algeriens-de-la-diaspora/|title=Où vivent les Algériens de la diaspora?|language=fr|website=thecasbahpost.com|date=10 September 2016 |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Algerini in Italia al 2022|url=https://www.tuttitalia.it/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri/algeria|publisher=Tuttitalia Cittadini stranieri al 2022|access-date=27 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37325/table|title=CBS StatLine - Bevolking; generatie, geslacht, leeftijd en herkomstgroepering, 1 januari|website=statline.cbs.nl|language=nl|access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, kyakkyawan yanayin tattalin arziki a Faransa ya kara dagula lamarin.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination|title=Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination|date=February 10, 2014|website=migrationpolicy.org|access-date=April 16, 2024|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414153852/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nepo.unicamp.br/observatorio/bancointerativo/numeros-imigracao-internacional/sincre-sismigra/ Immigrants in Brazil (2024, in Portuguese)]</ref> == Yawan jama'a == A cewar Gilles Pison, a shekara ta 2000, jimilar yawan bakin haure na Aljeriya (watau mutanen da aka haifa a Aljeriya da kuma waɗanda suke zaune a wajen ƙasar) a duk duniya an kiyasta sun haura mutane miliyan biyu, wanda ya kai kashi 6.8% na al'ummar ƙasar.<ref>{{citation|first=|last=|url=https://unpo.org/article/21520|title=Kabylia: Christian Churches Closed by Algerian Authorities|date=28 May 2019|publisher=Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization|quote=Since 2000, thousands of Algerian Muslims have put their faith in Christ. Algerian officials estimate the number of Christians at 50,000, but others say it could be twice that number.|access-date=22 June 2025|archive-date=15 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715132009/https://unpo.org/article/21520|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/eoir/file/826846/download|title=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|date=30 June 2015|publisher=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|quote=there is an estimated 20,000 to 100,000 evangelical Christians in Algeria, who practice their faith in mainly unregistered churches in the Kabyle region|access-date=27 May 2023|archive-date=15 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715132018/https://www.justice.gov/eoir/file/826846/download|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> A cewar Aida, kungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta Aljeriya mazauna ƙasashen waje da aka kafa a birnin Landan a shekara ta 2012, an kiyasta adadin ‘yan ƙasar Algeria ko kuma ‘yan asalin ƙasar Aljeriya da ke ƙasashen waje a shekarar 2012 ya kai miliyan 6. <ref name="AIDA - Algerian International Diaspora Association">{{Cite web |title=AIDA - Algerian International Diaspora Association |url=http://aida-association.org/diaspora/index.php?sr=6 |access-date=2017-02-12 |website=aida-association.org |archive-date=2023-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628045012/https://aida-association.org/diaspora/index.php?sr=6 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cewar masanin zamantakewa Hocine Khalfaoui, sama da kashi 80% na al'ummar Aljeriya sun zauna a Arewacin Amurka (Amurka da Kanada) sun ƙunshi mutane masu ilimi sosai.<ref name="Pison">{{cite book|date=2009|first1=Gilles|isbn=978-2-7467-1259-1|language=fr|last1=Pison|location=Paris|page=57|publisher=Autrement (Editions)|series=Atlas/Monde|title=Atlas de la population mondiale. Faut-il craindre la croissance démographique et le vieillissement ?}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> Fateh Ouazzani, shugaban Reage (Network of Algerians Graduated from French Prestigious Schools and Universities), ya ruwaito a cikin 2013 cewa akwai tsakanin 300,000 da 400,000 shugabannin Algerian da 'yan kasuwa, ko kuma mutane daga Aljeriya, a Faransa da Turai.<ref>{{Cite news|language=fr-FR|title=La diaspora algérienne, un atout exceptionnel inexploité - Algérie Focus|work=Algérie Focus|date=2013-06-18|url=http://www.algerie-focus.com/2013/06/la-diaspora-algerienne-un-atout-exceptionnel-inexploite/|access-date=2017-02-12|archive-date=2017-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314055644/http://www.algerie-focus.com/2013/06/la-diaspora-algerienne-un-atout-exceptionnel-inexploite|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 6epn0innwzetisuyvz476ljncatrfv2 0 102984 893993 874320 2026-08-10T04:48:04Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 893993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Morosi''' (ko '''Moorosi''' ; ya mutu 20 Nuwamban shekarar 1879) shi ne sarkin Baphuthi a yankin kudancin Basutoland . Ya jagoranci tawaye ga gwamnatin Cape Colony a 1879, don kare 'yancin kai kudancin kogin Orange . {{Sfn|Murray|1983}} Birtaniya ta ki taimakawa gwamnatin Cape. {{Sfn|Watson|1980}} Duk da haka, Letsie, babban babban sarki kuma ɗan farko na Moshoeshoe, da kuma yawancin tsarin mulkin Sotho, sun haɗu don tallafawa sojojin Cape, kuma an kashe tawayen bayan watanni da yawa na fadace-fadace. {{Sfn|Atmore|1983}} {{Sfn|Watson|1983}} An fille kan Morosi tare da yanke gawarsa da sojojin Cape. == Tarihin farko == Morosi ɗa ne ga Mokuane, mutumin Baphuthi, da Maidi ('yar sarki Tshosane) a Marunyeng (Thoteng na yanzu) a gundumar hoek na Mohale. Wannan ya kasance yayin tafiya zuwa sabon gida, tsaunin Thaba-Linoha, wanda yanzu ake kira Maphutseng. A cewar Manjo David Hook, wanda ya same shi, yana da ƙarami kuma yana da launin rawaya. {{Sfn|Jolly|1995}} A cikin shekara ta 1820s, a lokacin [[Mfecane]], Mohale ɗan'uwan babban hafsan Basutoland Moshoeshoe I, ya kuma yanke shawarar kai hari Baphuthi domin ya sace musu shanu. A lokacin da suke zaune a tushen [[Tele River|kogin Tele]], Mokuane yana da shekaru 60 sannan kuma don haka Morosi ya ɗauki mafi yawan nauyinsa. Mohale ya sami kananan shanu a lokacin da ya kai wa Baphuthi hari, a maimakon haka ya yi garkuwa da yaran su da yawa. Daga nan sai Baputhi ya biya Moshoeshoe I kuma ya gane girmansa don kwato 'yan kabilarsu. Daga nan sai Baputhi ya koma dutsen Bolepeletsa. A farkon shekara ta 1829, Morosi ya ci gaba da tafiya tare da Moshoeshoe I na nasara a kan Thembu na Ngubengcuka wanda ke zaune a ƙarƙashin Drakensberg, yana ɗauke da manyan garken shanu. Tafiyar hadin gwiwa ta biyu ta biyo baya a watan Mayu na wannan shekarar. {{Sfn|Sanders|1975}} == Shugaban Baphuthi == Yayin da Boer Great Trek ya ci gaba, Boers sun fara mamaye yankin Basuto. {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} Moshoeshoe Na gabatar da Morosi ga Benjamin D'Urban, Gwamnan Cape Colony, a Garin Graham a cikin Satumban shekara ta 1837. {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} Morosi ya yi nasara a fafatawar da Birtaniya ta yi a Dulcie's Nek a kan iyaka tsakanin gundumar Herschel na Cape Colony da Quthing District na Basutoland a ranar 21 ga Fabrairun shekarar 1851. {{Sfn|Hook|1906}} {{Sfn|Tylden|1969}} A cikin Afrilu 1851, Morosi tare da Loperi, Mohali da Letsi sun kai hari ga Major Donovan. {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} A lokacin [[Yaƙin Berea|yakin Berea]], lokacin da Sir George Cathcart ya kawo karfi cikin Basutoland a cikin shekara ta 1852, Morosi ne ke da alhakin kayar da shi. {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} Lokacin a cikin Nuwamban shekarar 1852, Cathcart ya sami Moshoeshoe ba zai iya yin tunani ba, ya yanke shawarar matsa masa. {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} 20 ga Disamba, 1852. {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} Sojojin Cathcart karkashin Kanar Eyre sun fi yawa kuma suna cikin matsala. {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} Bayan yaƙi, Moshoeshoe ya rubuta daga Thaba Bosiu : "A yau kun yi yaƙi da mutanena, kun kwashi shanu da yawa. Kamar yadda abin da kuka zo dominsa shi ne don samun diyya ga Boers, ina rokon ku da ku gamsu da abin da kuka karɓe. Ina roƙon zaman lafiya a gare ku. Kun nuna ikonku, kun azabtar da - bari ya isa in yi muku addu'a, kuma ba zan iya ba da umarni ga mutane duka ba. nan gaba." {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} An fara tashin hankali a tashar Mishan ta Beersheba a ranar 23 ga Maris na shekarar 1858 tsakanin Boers da Basuto. {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} A ranar 6 ga Mayu, wata rundunar 'yan ta'adda ta Orange ta yi maci kan Thaba Bosiu tare da fatattakar Basotho. {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} Shugaba Boshof ya yi kira ga Sir George Gray, gwamnan Cape... 15 Oktoba 1858 a ƙarshe an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar. {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} Babu wani tashin hankali har zuwa watan Yunin 1865, lokacin da shugaban kasar Johannes Brand ya aike da wa'adi ga Moshoeshoe bayan an daure wasu 'yan fashi na Free State burgers a kurkuku da kuma wulakanta su daga baya, sannan suka yi shelar yaki. {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} A ranar 19 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1865, Mista Burnet, kwamishinan farar hula na Aliwal North ya rubuta wa babban kwamishinan cewa Poshuli da Morosi ne suka tsara tsarin sata da yawa kuma Boers da Basutho sun yi karo da juna. {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} Tashe-tashen hankula masu gudana. A ranar 20 ga Yunin 1865, kafin hasken rana mayaƙa 2000 a ƙarƙashin Poshuli da Morosi suka tsallaka Caledon kusa da mahadarsa da Wilgeboom Spruit, kuma suka fara lalata gundumar da ke gabansu. Daga gonar da ke kusa da gama gari na Smithfield sun lalata bel ɗin ƙasa mai nisa na mil talatin zuwa [[Bloemfontein]]. Mazaunan, sun yi gargadin a daidai lokacin da za su ceci rayukansu, sun gudu ba tare da sun iya cire komai ba. Maharan sun kona gidajen, sun karya duk wani kayan aiki da ba za su iya cinnawa wuta ba, sun kuma kori tumaki fiye da 100,000, baya ga manyan garkunan shanu da dawakai. A cikin sa'a guda masu arziki a gundumar Caledon River sun zama marasa galihu. An kashe fararen fata 13. {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} Poshuli da Morosi sun lalata ƙasar, kuma a mahadar kogin Caledon da Wilgeboom, sun kashe fararen fata 13 a ranar 20 ga Yuni 1865. {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} An yi yunƙurin kai hari Thaba Bosiu a ranar 15 ga Agusta 1865. {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} A ranar 12 ga Maris na shekara ta 1868, aka ayyana Basutoland a matsayin yankin Biritaniya. {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} Sarki Moshoeshoe ya rasu a ranar 11 ga Maris 1870. {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 1871, Basutoland ta kasance cikin yankin Cape Colony. {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} A ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 1872, an kafa gwamnati mai alhakin a [[Cape Town]]. {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} == Yakin Morosi's 1879 == {{Location map|Lesotho}} Domin sanin taimakon soja da nasarorin da Morosi ya samu, mafi kwanan nan a yakin da Orange Free State, Moshoeshoe ya ba shi filayen a kudu maso yammacin Basutoland. {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} {{Sfn|Atmore|1983}} A nan, a cikin 1879, Doda ɗan Morosi da wasu 'yan kabilar Baphuthi sun ƙi biyan harajin bukka da aka yi yarjejeniya tsakanin sarakuna da gwamnatin Cape game da shigar da Basutoland zuwa Cape Colony a 1868. {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} John Austen, Alkalin Kotun, ya daure masu laifin amma rundunar Baphuthis ta 'yantar da su. {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} Dakarun Cape Mounted Riflemen (CMR) sun mayar da martani amma Morosi ya kore shi, wanda ya ki ya ba da dansa. {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} Morosi da mazan Baphuthi kusan 1,500, tare da mata da yaransu sun fake a kan wani dutse, inda ya bukaci mako guda da ya amsa tayin da gwamnatin Cape ta yi masa na dawowa lafiya idan ya bar masu laifin. {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} A cikin wannan makon, Morosi a hankali ya ƙaura zuwa wani dutse na 20&nbsp;mil mil a cikin kewayon Drakensberg, wanda ya zama sananne da Dutsen Morosi . {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, Morosi ya yi aikin gina katangar saman dutse. {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} Dutsen yana da ɗigon ɗigon ruwa ta bangarori uku kuma na huɗu ya ƙunshi gangaren 30°, wanda ya ƙarfafa da jerin katanga masu ƙarfi, {{Convert|8–12|feet}} maɗaukaki, marasa ƙarfi ga bindigogi, tare da madauki na bindigogi. {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} A can Morosi ya fake da sojoji kusan 300 na Baphuthi da isassun harsasai, abinci da shanu don yin tsayin daka, tun daga ranar 24 ga Maris, har zuwa lokacin da aka mamaye shi a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba. {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} {{Sfn|Atmore|Sanders|1971}} {{Sfn|Hulme|1990}} An yi wa Morosi kawanya da sojojin Cape 800 da Sotho 1,500, wadanda Griffith ya yaudare su a kan fahimtar cewa ba za a yi watsi da su ba a karkashin dokar kiyaye zaman lafiya ta Cape na 1878. {{Sfn|Atmore|Sanders|1971}} Harin farko a kan dutsen ya faru ne a ranar 8 ga Afrilu amma an fatattaki shi. {{Sfn|Tylden|1969}} Maza biyu a cikin wannan harin sun karbi Victoria Cross : Sergent Robert Scott da Trooper Peter Brown . {{Sfn|Tylden|1936}} {{Sfn|Hook|1906}} An kai hari na biyu a ranar 5 ga Yuni, wanda ya shafi Cape Mounted Yeomanry da aka kafa kwanan nan. {{Sfn|Tylden|1969}} Wannan harin kuma bai yi nasara ba kuma Likitan Likita Manjo Edmund Hartley ya sami kyautar Victoria Cross a nasa bangaren. {{Sfn|Tylden|1936}} Harin karshe da aka kai kan sansanin Morosi ya faru ne a daren 19–20 Nuwamba 1879 karkashin jagorancin Kanar Zachary Bayly . {{Sfn|Hulme|1990}} An aika da [[turmi]] da harsasai daga Garin Sarki William kuma aka gyara kusan {{Convert|400|metres}} daga bangon farko a bayan ginin da aka yi da sauri, ginin dutse. {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} An harba turmi a bangon katangar Morosi na tsawon kwanaki hudu da dare kafin harin. {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} Da karfe 12:30 na safe an yi ƙoƙari a kan dutsen ta hanyar tayar da tsautsayi, wanda aka fi sani da Bourne's Crack. {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} Jam'iyyar da ta yi kaca-kaca da ita ta kai kololuwa kafin mutanen Morosi su sake haduwa kan harin. {{Sfn|Callwell|1906}} Da isa saman, CMR ya yanke abokan gaba sannan suka tashi don nemo Morosi. {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} Wasu ƙananan ƙungiyoyi na Baphuthi suna ɓoye a cikin kogo, a cikin ɗaya daga cikinsu akwai Morosi. {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} Wani mai zaman kansa na CMR mai suna Whitehead ya harbe Morosi har lahira. {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} Bayan mutuwarsa, Morosi ya yanke jiki, sai kansa ya tafasa ya tube har zuwa kashi. {{Sfn|Boon|1885}} {{Sfn|Watson|1980}} A harin da aka kai masa, an kashe ‘ya’yan Morosi, in ban da Doda, wanda ya tsere tare da mutane kusan 120 ta hanyar tsalle cikin kogin Orange . An kuma kashe matan Morosi, da wasu mutane 200 na mutanensa. {{Sfn|Moodie|1888}} Tsawon watanni takwas Morosi da Baphuthi sun yi nasarar kame manyan sojojin Cape tare da yin amfani da fasaha na bindigogi. {{Sfn|Atmore|Sanders|1971}} == Rayuwa ta sirri == Moorosi yana da 'ya'ya maza da yawa, ciki har da Doda da Letuka. Letuka, wanda aka kashe a daidai lokacin da Moorosi, shi ne mahaifin Mocheko. Mocheko, a cikin 1913, ya yi ƙoƙari ya kasa mayar da kansa a matsayin shugaban Baphuthi == Gado == Rikicin da aka yi tsakanin Morosi da sojojin Cape na daya daga cikin ma'anar gudanar da mulki a Phuthiland da Basutoland gaba daya, wanda ya dogara da yin amfani da bindigogi da kuma kula da samar da tattalin arziki. {{Sfn|Atmore|1970}} {{Sfn|Nkemdirim|1977}} Gwamnatin Cape na Firayim Minista Gordon Sprigg, a ƙarshe ta shawo kan Morosi, ta samu taimakon sojojin Basuto da ke ɗauke da bindigogi. Koyaya, manufofin gwamnatin Cape na baya sun lalata duk wani amana ko aminci wanda Basuto ya kasance yana da ikon mallakar Cape Colony. Da fari dai, gwamnatin Cape ta sanya takunkumi a kan Basuto ta hanyar tsawaita dokar kiyaye zaman lafiya ta 1878 zuwa Basutoland a karon farko a cikin 1880. Hakanan ya keɓance filayen Morosi a cikin gundumar Quthing don zama fararen fata. Basuto ya yi tsayayya da kwance damara ya tashi cikin tawaye, wanda ya kai ga [[Yakin Bindiga na Basuto|yakin Basuto Gun War]] daga Satumba 1880 zuwa Afrilu 1881. {{Sfn|Atmore|1983}} Sojojin Cape sun kasa aiwatar da wannan umarni kuma sun mayar da Basutoland ga Burtaniya a cikin 1884. {{Sfn|Atmore|1980}} Don haka tawayen Morosi ya taka rawar gani wajen tabbatar da asalin yankin da kasancewar [[Lesotho]] a matsayin kasa ta kasa a yau. {{Sfn|Watson|1983}} == Magana == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d7u682tgdk6a3ye0v28jwootgg7hfc5 0 105793 893929 719898 2026-08-09T22:30:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wanjeri Nderu''' (an haife shi acikin shekara ta 1979) [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|'yar rajin kare hakkin ɗan adam]] ce daga [[Kenya|ƙasar Kenya]]. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Nderu acikin shekarar 1979 kuma ta girma a [[Nairobi]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=New-age warrior - Evewoman |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/article/2000168179/new-age-warrior |access-date=2020-02-14 |website=www.standardmedia.co.ke}}</ref> Ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Racecourse da ke Kariakor, Makarantar Mountain View Academy a Thika sannan ta halarci Makarantar Sakandaren Mata ta Kahuhia. <ref name=":0" /> Hankalinta a siyasance ya fara tun tana ƙarama, lokacin da aka kai wa kadarorinta hari a rikicin ‘Saba Saba’. <ref name=":0" /> Ta yi karatun aikin jarida a cibiyar sadarwa ta Kenya, kafin ta fara aiki a shekarar 2005 a cikin masana'antar inshora. <ref name=":0" /> A cikin shekarar 2013 Nderu ta bar masana'antar inshora tare da ra'ayin sa kai ga ƙungiyoyin adalci na zamantakewa na shekara guda. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=West |first=Kenya |date=2020-01-26 |title=Wanjeri Nderu: Setting The Records Straight {{!}} Kenya Insights |url=https://kenyainsights.com/wanjeri-nderu-setting-the-records-straight/ |access-date=2020-02-14 |language=en}}</ref> A wannan lokacin ne aka fara fafutukar ta. <ref name=":1" /> Don ba da kuɗin fafutuka da tallafa wa danginta ita ce mai ba da shawara ta hanyar sadarwa mai zaman kanta ga ƙungiyoyin sashe na uku. <ref name=":1" /> Ita ce Kikuyu kuma tana da aure da ‘ya’ya huɗu. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Wanjeri - Centre for Applied Human Rights, The University of York |url=https://www.york.ac.uk/cahr/defenders/protective-fellowship/past/wanjeri/ |access-date=2020-02-14 |website=www.york.ac.uk}}</ref> == Gwagwarmaya == Nderu tana kallon kanta a matsayin mai fafutukar tabbatar da adalci a zaman takewar jama'a, tana aiki don ba da haske kan yawancin rashin adalci a Kenya. Ta yi amfani da kafafen sada zumunta wajen wayar da kan jama’a kuma ta kan yi kamfen kan batutuwan da suka shiga tsakani tsakanin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, kamar fyaɗe ga ƙananan yara maza. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Honan |first=Edith |date=2016-12-23 |title=Activists in the Trenches: A Profile of Kenya's Wanjeri Nderu and Ruth Mumbi |url=https://thisisafrica.me/politics-and-society/activists-trenches-profile-kenyas-wanjeri-nderu-ruth-mumbi/ |access-date=2020-02-14 |website=This is africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta gudanar da kamfen da dama a yanar gizo, waɗanda suka haɗa da: #StopExtraJudicialKillings, #FreeSSudan4, da kuma kamfen cikin kwanciyar hankali da lumana. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=18 May 2018 |title=Kenya: One woman's relentless fight for human rights amid threats and reprisals |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2018/05/kenya-one-womans-relentless-fight-for-human-rights-amid-threats-and-reprisals/ |access-date=2020-02-14 |website=www.amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> An ci zarafin ta a kai da kuma ta yanar gizo a lokuta da dama. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=The Security and Protection of Human Rights Defenders at Risk — Wanjeri Nderu |url=https://securityofdefendersproject.org/inspirational-women/wanjeri-nderu |access-date=2020-02-14 |website=The Security and Protection of Human Rights Defenders at Risk |language=en-GB |archive-date=2019-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917071726/https://securityofdefendersproject.org/inspirational-women/wanjeri-nderu |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2014 an kama ta saboda halartar zanga-zangar lumana don nuna adawa da ƙarin albashin 'yan siyasa a Kenya. <ref name=":4" /> Acikin shekarar 2015 wani mutum ya kai mata hari a wata cibiyar kasuwanci, lamarin da ya sa fuskarta ta kumbura tallar da ta yi. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Khamadi |first=Shitemi |date=2015-07-03 |title=Wanjeri Nderu assaulted for tweeting on corruption |url=http://www.monitor.co.ke/2015/07/03/wanjeri-nderu-assaulted-for-tweeting-about-corruption/ |access-date=2020-02-14 |website=Kenya Monitor |language=en-GB |archive-date=2020-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227052031/http://www.monitor.co.ke/2015/07/03/wanjeri-nderu-assaulted-for-tweeting-about-corruption/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta zo kusa da rasa idonta. <ref name=":3" /> Nderu ta yi imanin cewa an kai mata hari ne saboda ta daɗe tana magana kan cin hanci da rashawa a Kenya, a cibiyar, da kuma ta yanar gizo. <ref name=":6" /> A shekarar 2017 wata motar da ba ta da alama ta bi ta gida, lamarin da ya tilasta mata barin motarta a wani waje, ta tsere ta wani cafe sannan ta samu gidan tasi. <ref name=":4" /> Shari'ar #JusticeForKhadija, wacce Nderu ke da hannu a ciki, ta bayyana irin rawar da mata musamman suke takawa a matakin fafutuka na asali a ƙasar Kenya.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nyabola, Nanjala|title=Digital democracy, analogue politics : how the Internet era is transforming politics in Kenya|isbn=978-1-78699-430-1|location=London|oclc=1063783996|year=2018}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2018, Nderu ta shiga Jami'ar York akan Haɗin gwiwar Masu Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam, tare da manufar koyan yadda ake ƙirƙirar sarari da tsarin don jin daɗin lafiyar hankali ga masu fafutuka a Kenya. <ref name=":2"/> Ta kuma shirya wani taron [[Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam|ranar kare hakkin bil'adama ta duniya]] a ofishin harkokin waje da na Commonwealth na Burtaniya.<ref>{{Citation|last=Foreign and Commonwealth Office|title=International Human Rights Day 2018|date=2018-12-10|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/foreignoffice/44441781260/|access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref> Acikin farkon shekarar ita da wasu masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil adama sun kai gwamnatin Kenya ƙara a gaban kotu kan cin hanci da rashawa a cikin kamfanonin gwamnati<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-25 |title=Activists converge in Nairobi for anti-Kenya Power march » Capital News |url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2019/07/activists-converge-in-nairobi-for-anti-kenya-power-march/ |access-date=2020-02-14 |website=Capital News |language=en-US}}</ref> gangamin da aka yi wa laƙabi '''da Dakatar da waɗannan ɓarayi a kan ku'''. <ref name=":5"/> A cikin shekarar 2019 ta shiga cikin Rahoton Jami'ar Birmingham game da cin zarafin jinsi a Kenya, tare da bayyana abubuwan da ta samu a matsayin mai fafutuka.<ref>Bradbury-Jones, C. and Weber, S., Experiences with participatory research and perspectives on ethical research partnerships on Gender Based Violence in Kenya. https://www.researchdatashare.org/sites/default/files/artifacts/media/pdf/report_on_kenya_interviews_final_2.pdf</ref> == Kyautattuka == * Kyautar Ranar Yaƙin Cin Hanci ta Duniya acikin shekara,ta 2016 - ''Kyautar Mutunci'' <ref name=":2"/> * Ƙungiyoyin Kariya don Masu Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam, 2018 - ''Zumunci'' <ref name=":2" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 696a876p1555dx4nqq7sc30nctwjm7z 0 106528 894052 686354 2026-08-10T07:31:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A [[Gambiya]], [[zubar da ciki]] ba bisa ka'ida ba ne sai dai don ceton [[Mutuwar uwa|rayuwar mahaifiyar]] ko don hana lahani na haihuwa. Zubar da ciki a Gambiya suna da yawan mace-mace da rikitarwa. Zubar da ciki ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin matasa. Gambiya tana da kunya game da ciki da zubar da ciki, kuma yawancin kungiyoyin kare hakkin mata a kasar suna adawa da shi. Cibiyoyin gwamnati suna ba da zubar da ciki ta hanyar amfani da misoprostol. Ba a yawan gurfanar da zubar da ciki a karni na 20. dokar zubar da ciki ta kasar, wacce aka rubuta a shekarar alif 1933 a karkashin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka, ta dogara ne akan dokar Burtaniya wacce ta haramta zubar da cikin ciki ba tare da wani dalili na doka ba. Bayan tabbatar da Gambiya game da [[Yarjejeniyar Maputo]] da Yarjejeniya kan kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna bambanci ga mata, [[Women's Act (The Gambia)|Dokar Mata]] ta 2010 ta ba da izinin zubar da ciki idan akwai haɗari ga rayuwar mahaifiyar ko tayin. Kasar ba ta da wata muhawara ta jama'a game da zubar da ciki, musamman a karkashin shugabancin mai iko na [[Yahya Jammeh]] . Cibiyar Kula da Hakkin Jima'i da Haihuwa, wacce aka kafa a cikin 2019, ta ba da shawara don halatta zubar da ciki. Kungiyoyin kasa da kasa sun bukaci kasar da ta kawo dokokinta daidai da yarjejeniyoyi. == Shari'a == Sashe na 140 na Dokar Laifuka ta Gambiya ya sanya samun zubar da ciki laifi wanda za'a iya hukunta shi da shekaru kurkuku. Sashe na 141 ya aikata laifuka game da zubar da ciki da kansa tare da hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru bakwai. Sashe na 142 ya hukunta samar da kayan aiki don zubar da ciki tare da shekaru uku a kurkuku. Sashe na 198 ya ce zubar da ciki ba laifi ba ne idan an yi shi don kare rayuwar mahaifiyar.<ref name="Nabaneh">{{Cite journal |last=Nabaneh |first=Satang |date=December 2019 |title=The Gambia's Political Transition to Democracy: Is Abortion Reform Possible? |journal=[[Health and Human Rights]] |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=169–180 |pmc=6927371 |pmid=31885446}}</ref> Dokar ba ta bayyana ka'idoji don zubar da ciki na doka ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lavelanet |first=Antonella F. |last2=Schlitt |first2=Stephanie |last3=Johnson |first3=Brooke Ronald, Jr. |last4=Ganatra |first4=Bela |date=20 December 2018 |title=Global Abortion Policies Database: a descriptive analysis of the legal categories of lawful abortion |journal=[[BMC International Health and Human Rights]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=44 |doi=10.1186/s12914-018-0183-1 |pmc=6302420 |pmid=30572956 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sashe na 30 na [[Women's Act (The Gambia)|Dokar Mata]] ta 2010 ya ba da izinin zubar da ciki idan [[Mutuwar uwa|Rayuwar mahaifiyar tana cikin haɗari]] ko kuma jaririn na iya samun nakasa da yawa: <ref name="Nabaneh"/>   {{blockquote|text=<nowiki /> # Kowace mace tana da ikon jin daɗin haƙƙinta na haihuwa, ciki har da ikon samun cire ciki ta hanyar likita, musamman idan ci gaba da daukar ciki yana barazana ga rayuwar uwa ko kuma na jaririn da ke cikin ciki. # Cire cikin da aka yarda da shi a ƙarƙashin sakin layi na (1) ba za a aiwatar da shi ba sai an tabbatar da matsayin lafiyar matan da abin ya shafa daga wani likita da aka yi rajista wanda yake da ƙwarewa a wannan fanni. # Idan matan da abin ya shafa tana cikin yanayi inda babu kayan aikin likitanci da suka dace, za a yi mata tura ta hanyar tsarin tura marasa lafiya da aka kafa a cikin tsarin lafiya. # Idan matan da abin ya shafa ba ta da ikon biyan kuɗin magani da ake bukata, Gwamnati za ta ɗauki nauyin kuɗin maganin.|author=Section 30 of the Women's Act 2010|multiline=yes}} == Tarihi == Ba a san komai game da halayen dokar al'ada ta kafin mulkin mallaka game da zubar da ciki ba. A cikin shari'ar zubar da ciki ta farko da aka rubuta, a cikin shekarar alif 1873, wani dan kasuwa na Burtaniya ya zargi sakataren mulkin mallaka da samar da zubar da jini ga wata mace mai suna Anna Evans; an bar shari'ar. A ƙarshen karni na 19, zubar da ciki ya zama ruwan dare kuma tuhuma ba ta da yawa. A cikin shekarun 1930, tsoron da ake yi game da yawan jima'i ya haifar da dokoki masu hanawa.<ref name="Nabaneh"/> Dokar zubar da ciki ta Gambiya, wani nau'i na Dokar Laifuka akan Mutum ta 1861, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ce ta gabatar da ita a shekarar 1933. <ref name="Berer & Hogart">{{Cite journal |last=Berer |first=Marge |last2=Hogart |first2=Leslie |date=December 2019 |title=EDITORIAL: Progress toward Decriminalization of Abortion and Universal Access to Safe Abortions: National Trends and Strategies |journal=[[Health and Human Rights]] |volume=21 |issue=2 |page=81 |pmc=6927373 |pmid=31885438}}</ref> Sashe na 198 ya dogara ne akan Dokar Tsaro ta Rayuwar Jarirai ta Burtaniya ta 1929. An gaji ka'idar azabtarwa ta mulkin mallaka daga na Burtaniya yayin da gwamnati ta ji cewa karamin mulkin mallaka tare da ƙananan aikata laifuka ba ya buƙatar nasa ka'idodi.<ref name="Nabaneh"/> Shari'ar shari'ar Burtaniya ta ''Rex da Bourne'' (1938) ta ba da izinin zubar da ciki saboda kiyaye lafiyar jiki ko ta hankali. Ba a taɓa gwada wannan ƙasa a kotun Gambiya ba, kuma dokokin Gambiya basu ambaci wannan ƙasa ba.<ref name="Nabaneh" /> === Bayan samun 'yancin kai === Gambiya ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'ikan nuna bambanci ga mata (CEDAW) a ranar 16 ga watan Afrilu shekarar alif 1993 da kuma [[Yarjejeniyar Maputo]] a ranar 25 ga Mayu 2005. Gambiya ta yi ajiya a kan labaran hudu na Yarjejeniyar Maputo, gami da Mataki na 14, wanda ke tabbatar da haƙƙin sabis na kiwon lafiya na haihuwa gami da zubar da ciki. Gwamnati, karkashin jagorancin [[Yahya Jammeh]], ba ta bayyana dalilin da ya sa ta kasance ba.<ref name="Nabaneh"/> A watan Maris na shekara ta alif 2006, Cibiyar Nazarin Dimokuradiyya da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Afirka, tare da hadin gwiwar Solidarity for African Women's Rights da kungiyoyin kare hakkin mata na gida, sun yi magana da Ofishin Mata Shugaban kasa, Ministan Harkokin Mata, da Ofishin Matan Mata. Sun kafa wata hanyar da Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa za ta sake duba dokar zubar da ciki ta hanyar tarurruka tare da wakilan gwamnati da jama'a. Gambiya ta janye ajiyarta zuwa Yarjejeniyar Maputo kwanaki kafin ta karbi bakuncin taron koli na shugaban kasashe na [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] na 2006. <ref name="Nabaneh"/> Gwamnati ta zartar da Dokar Mata a cikin shekarar alif 2010. Ya samo asali ne daga Sashe na 28 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Gambiya na 1997, game da haƙƙin mata. CEDAW da Yarjejeniyar Maputo sun rinjayi shi. Ba ta cika sharuɗɗan Yarjejeniyar Maputo da ke ba da zubar da ciki a lokuta na fyade, jima'i, da haɗari ga lafiyar mahaifiyar.<ref name="Nabaneh"/> Mulkin kama-karya na Yahya Jammeh ya tsananta wa masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam, wanda zai iya haifar da masu fafutuka don kauce wa tattauna zubar da ciki. Gwamnati ba ta gabatar da rahotanni na tilas ga [[Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam da Jama'a ta Afirka|Hukumar Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a]] ba har sai da aka sauya zuwa dimokuradiyya a karkashin [[Adama Barrow]]. A watan Agustan 2018, gwamnati ta gabatar da rahoto game da [[Yarjejeniya Ta Afirka Kan Hakkokin Ɗan Adam da Jama'a|Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a]] da Yarjejeniya ta Maputo, wanda ya lura da haramcin zubar da ciki da rashin bayanan zubar da zubar da jini. An sake duba shi a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019, kuma Mai ba da rahoto na musamman kan 'yancin mata a Afirka ya nemi ƙarin bayani game da matakai na gaba. Shirin Shirye-shiryen Kiwon Lafiya na Kasa, na Uwa, na Jarirai, na Yara da Matasa (2017-2021) ya ba da shawarar aiwatar da dabarun don inganta Kulawa bayan zubar da ciki.<ref name="Nabaneh"/> Kungiyoyin kasa da kasa kamar Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da Kwamitin Kare Kare Hakkin Yara sun bukaci Gambiya da ta ba da izini ga zubar da ciki. Wani rahoto na 2014 daga kungiyar kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba, kungiyoyin kare hakkin mata, da kungiyoyin jama'a sun ce ya kamata a kawo dokar daidai da dokar kasa da kasa. An ƙaddamar da Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Jima'i da Haihuwa, cibiyar sadarwar kungiyoyin Gambiya, a cikin 2019. Ya dauki bakuncin taron farko na National Coalition Building Taron Lafiya da 'Yancin Zaki da Rubuta, wanda Kamfen na Duniya don 'Yancin Mata don Zubar da Ciki, ya tallafawa, a ranar 4 ga Mayu 2019. Ministan Harkokin Mata, Yara, da Kula da Jama'a sun halarci taron. Wadanda suka halarci taron sun lura da bukatar hadin gwiwa don ba da shawara don halatta zubar da ciki a lokuta na fyade, dangi, da haɗarin lafiya. Sun ba da shawarar gyare-gyare ga kundin tsarin mulki wanda ke tabbatar da haƙƙin kiwon lafiya, gami da lafiyar haihuwa. == Yawan Faruwa == Daga shekara ta 2015 zuwa 2019, kashi 25% na daukar ciki ba a shirya su aka yi ba, kuma kashi 31% daga cikin wadannan ciki marasa shiri sun kare da zubar da ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--not stated--> |date=2022 |title=Gambia country profile |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/regions/africa/gambia |access-date=16 July 2024 |website=Guttmacher Institute}}</ref> A harshen Mandinka, ana kiran zubar da ciki da {{lang|mnk|konobondoo}} ({{IPA|mnk|konoboⁿdoː|}}), wanda ke nufin ''cire ciki''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dierickx |first1=Susan |last2=Balen |first2=Julie |last3=Longman |first3=Chia |last4=Rahbari |first4=Ladan |last5=Clarke |first5=Ed |last6=Jarjou |first6=Bintu |last7=Coene |first7=Gily |date=31 January 2019 |title='We are always desperate and will try anything to conceive': The convoluted and dynamic process of health seeking among women with infertility in the West Coast Region of The Gambia |journal=PLOS One |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=e0211634 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0211634 |doi-access=free|pmid=30703136 |pmc=6355002 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1411634D }}</ref> Bisa binciken da kungiyar Family Planning Association ta Gambia ta yi a 1996, matasa masu shekaru 14 zuwa 24, musamman a birane da yankunan kewayensu, suna da mafi yawan yawan zubar da ciki. Bincike kan zubar da ciki a Gambia kadan ne.<ref name="Nabaneh" /> Gambia na da matsalar mace-macen mata masu juna biyu da yawa, wato 443 cikin 100,000, wanda rashin samun zubar da ciki cikin aminci ke kara ta.<ref name="Nabaneh" /> Zubar da ciki ba tare da kulawa ba na haddasa rashin haihuwa da kuma ciki a wajen mahaifa.<ref name="Dierickx et al" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Anyanwu |first1=Matthew |last2=Titilope |first2=Grace |date=16 April 2021 |title=Ectopic pregnancy at the Gambian Tertiary hospital |journal=African Health Sciences |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=295–303 |doi=10.4314/ahs.v21i1.38 |doi-access=free|pmid=34394310 |pmc=8356603 }}</ref> Asibitocin gwamnati na iya ba da sabis na zubar da ciki ne kawai idan rayuwar mace na cikin hatsari. Ana amfani da magani guda ɗaya kawai, wato misoprostol, bisa ga ka’idojin ƙungiyar International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. Babu ka’idoji na kasa. Yawancin likitoci ba sa yarda su yi aikin zubar da ciki saboda rashin fahimtar doka da tsoron tuhuma.<ref name="Nabaneh" /> Ma’aikatar Lafiya ta gano cewa a 2018, an samu lamura 1,985 na kulawa bayan zubar da ciki. Mafi yawan mata da ke da matsaloli bayan zubar da ciki ba sa zuwa asibiti.<ref name="Nabaneh" /> {{As of|2021}}, kashi 2.9% na 'yan mata da matasa sun bayyana cewa sun taba zubar da ciki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahinkorah |first=Bright Opoku |date=4 September 2021 |title=Socio-demographic determinants of pregnancy termination among adolescent girls and young women in selected high fertility countries in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth |volume=21 |issue=1 |article-number=598 |doi=10.1186/s12884-021-04064-1 |doi-access=free|pmid=34481462 |pmc=8417988 }}</ref> Yawancin matasa suna samun sabis na zubar da ciki daga mutanen da ba su da horo kuma cikin hanyar da ba ta da aminci. Wannan na iya haifar da zubar da jini, kamuwa da cuta ko ma mutuwa.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ceesay Bah |first=Isatou |date=1 August 2023 |title=Women & Society : Cost of silence: Confronting teenage pregnancy in Gambia |url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/opinion/women-and-society-cost-of-silence-confronting-teenage-pregnancy-in-gambia |access-date=16 July 2024 |work=The Point}}</ref> Ciki a lokacin ƙuruciya na haddasa kashi 13% na mace-macen mata masu ciki a Gambia. A shekarar 2011, kasar ta samu lamura 19 na barin jarirai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lowe |first1=Mat |last2=Sagnia |first2=Phebian Ina Grant |last3=Awolaran |first3=Olusegun |last4=Mongbo |first4=Yves Armand Médessi |date=13 December 2021 |title=Sexual and reproductive health of adolescents and young people in Gambia: a systematic review |journal=Pan African Medical Journal |volume=40 |issue=221 |page=221 |doi=10.11604/pamj.2021.40.221.25774 |issn=1937-8688 |doi-access=free|pmid=35145583 |pmc=8797051 }}</ref> Manhajar Comprehensive Health Education tana magance batun zubar da ciki da aka hana doka.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jaiteh |first=Binta |date=28 August 2023 |title=CHE Principal Investigator discusses challenges affecting sexual and reproductive health of adolescents |url=https://www.voicegambia.com/2023/08/28/che-principal-investigator-discusses-challenges-affecting-sexual-and-reproductive-health-of-adolescents/ |access-date=16 July 2024 |work=The Voice |archive-date=28 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728033225/https://www.voicegambia.com/2023/08/28/che-principal-investigator-discusses-challenges-affecting-sexual-and-reproductive-health-of-adolescents/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bojang |first=Tabora |date=11 June 2021 |title='Women subjected to rape and incest should have abortion' |url=https://standard.gm/women-subjected-to-rape-and-incest-should-have-abortion-0/ |access-date=16 July 2024 |work=The Standard}}</ref> Duk da cewa malamai na samun horo kan manhajar ilimin jima’i, suna da matsala wajen tattauna batutuwa masu sarkakiya kamar zubar da ciki, kuma dalibai na kallon su a matsayin wadanda ba su da cancanta, wanda ke haddasa rashin ilimi tsakanin matasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sagnia |first1=Phebian I. G. |last2=Jeng |first2=Momodou |date=February 2023 |title=In-school adolescents' perception of sexuality education in region 1 of the Gambia |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajrh/article/view/245085 |journal=African Journal of Reproductive Health |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=49–56 |doi=10.29063/ajrh2023/v27i2.5 |doi-broken-date=11 July 2025 |pmid=37584939 |via=African Journals OnLine}}</ref> Saboda bambanci da sauran kasashe, Gambia ba ta da wata babbar kungiya ko muhawara ta jama’a dangane da zubar da ciki. Yawancin masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata na adawa da zubar da ciki saboda dalilan addini ko na ɗabi’a. Wasu ma ba sa ambaton batun domin kar su rasa goyon bayan da suke da shi a wasu fannoni.<ref name="Nabaneh" /> Ciki ba tare da aure ba da zubar da ciki duka suna fuskantar ƙyama daga al'ummar Gambia wacce mafi yawan ta Musulmai ne.<ref name="Nabaneh" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rerimoi |first1=A. J. |last2=Niemann |first2=J. |last3=Lange |first3=I. |last4=Timæus |first4=Im. M. |date=16 May 2019 |title=Gambian cultural beliefs, attitudes and discourse on reproductive health and mortality: Implications for data collection in surveys from the interviewer's perspective |journal=PLOS One |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=e0216924 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0216924 |doi-access=free|pmid=31095621 |pmc=6522014 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1416924R }}</ref> Mata da suka samu ciki ba tare da aure ba sukan ɓoye shi har sai sun yi zubar da ciki domin kauce wa gulma.<ref name="Parrish et al">{{Cite journal |last1=Parrish |first1=Sabine |last2=Vasan |first2=Senthil K. |last3=Karpe |first3=Fredrik |last4=Hardy-Johnson |first4=Polly |last5=Jarjou |first5=Ousman |last6=Bittaye |first6=Mustapha |last7=Prentice |first7=Andrew M. |last8=Ulijaszek |first8=Stanley |last9=Jobe |first9=Modou |date=24 May 2023 |title=Concealed pregnancy as an act of care? A qualitative analysis of motivations for concealing and non-disclosure of early pregnancy in The Gambia |journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=374 |doi=10.1186/s12884-023-05710-6 |doi-access=free|pmid=37226126 |pmc=10207755 }}</ref> Mata da dama ba sa magana kan batun kiwon lafiyar haihuwa sai an tambaye su.<ref name="Dierickx et al">{{Cite journal |last1=Dierickx |first1=Susan |last2=Coene |first2=Gily |last3=Evans |first3=Megan |last4=Balen |first4=Julie |last5=Longman |first5=Chia |date=4 December 2019 |title=The fertile grounds of reproductive activism in The Gambia: A qualitative study of local key stakeholders' understandings and heterogeneous actions related to infertility |journal=PLOS One |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=e0226079 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0226079 |doi-access=free|pmid=31800633 |pmc=6892487 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1426079D }}</ref> Mata masu ungozoma na gargajiya su ne ke yawan tattauna irin wadannan batutuwan da ake dauka a matsayin haram.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nyanzi |first1=Stella |last2=Manneh |first2=Hawah |last3=Walraven |first3=Gijs |date=April 2007 |title=Traditional Birth Attendants in Rural Gambia: Beyond Health to Social Cohesion |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30032487 |journal=African Journal of Reproductive Health |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=47 |doi=10.2307/30032487 |jstor=30032487 |pmid=17982947 |hdl=1807/61077 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Akwai wani ra'ayi da ke cewa aljannu za su iya haddasa zubar da ciki, don haka mata da dama sukan ɓoye cikin su a farkon watanni.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Laing |first1=Susan P. |last2=Sinmyee |first2=Smruti V. |last3=Rafique |first3=Khizar |last4=Smith |first4=Helen E. |last5=Cooper |first5=Max J. |date=September 2019 |title=Barriers to Antenatal Care in an Urban Community in the Gambia: An In-depth Qualitative Interview Study |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26357198 |journal=African Journal of Reproductive Health |volume=21 |issue=3 |page=67 |jstor=26357198 }}</ref><ref name="Parrish et al" /> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} iwj46mlxgr0upg6pttwpwhcd6uan47m 0 106809 894034 831482 2026-08-10T06:05:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894034 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} The '''2003 Ondo State gubernatorial election''' occurred on April 19, 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |title=19 April 2003 Gubernatorial Elections in Nigeria |url=https://africanelections.tripod.com/id85.html |access-date=May 25, 2021 |publisher=African Elections Database |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515183503/https://africanelections.tripod.com/id85.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria General Elections 12 & 19 April 2003 and 03 May 2003 |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/212733/Nigeria-general-elections_12-&-19-April-03-May-20016_EU-EOM-report.pdf |access-date=May 22, 2021 |publisher=European Union Election Observation Mission}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria's 2003 Elections: The Unacknowledged Violence |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/412eef5b4.html |access-date=May 22, 2021 |publisher=Ref World}}</ref> [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]'s Olusegun Agagu, a former Deputy Governor to [[Bamidele Olumilua]], won election for a first tenure, defeating Incumbent Governor, [[Alliance for Democracy (Nijeriya)|AD]]'s Adebayo Adefarati and three other candidates.<ref name="Da">{{Cite web |last=Aluko, Mobolaji E. |date=May 25, 2003 |title=What Happened in the South-West – The Myth of Massive Repudiation & Enthusiastic Acceptance |url=https://dawodu.com/aluko50.htm |access-date=May 19, 2021 |publisher=Dawodu.com}}</ref><ref name="AU">{{Cite journal |last=Akinyele, T. A. |date=Fall 2004 |title=The 2003 Elections in Nigeria: Views from a Policy Maker |url=https://web.ccsu.edu/afstudy/upd11-4.html |journal=Africa Update |publisher=CCSU |volume=XI |issue=4 |access-date=May 20, 2021 |archive-date=May 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527121943/https://web.ccsu.edu/AFSTUDY/upd11-4.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 22, 2003 |title=PDP captures 27 states; ANPP-7; AD-1 l Obasanjo set for victory |url=http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2003/apr/22/072.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327221428/http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2003/apr/22/072.html |archive-date=March 27, 2013 |access-date=May 20, 2021 |publisher=Biafra Nigeria World.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian States |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528072649/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 |access-date=2021-05-23 |publisher=World Statesmen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=May 23, 2003 |title=Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series, April 1st-30th 2003 Published May 29th 2003 |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-825X.00177 |journal=Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series |publisher=Wiley Online Library |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=15255–15290 |doi=10.1111/1467-825X.00177 |url-access=subscription |access-date=May 23, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 13, 2018 |title=5th Memorial Lecture 2018 |url=https://olusegunagagufoundation.org/program/5th-memorial-lecture-2018/ |access-date=May 26, 2021 |website=Olusegun Agagu Foundation |archive-date=June 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618111307/https://olusegunagagufoundation.org/program/5th-memorial-lecture-2018/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Olusegun Agagu ya zama mai nasara a zaben fidda gwani na [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]. Abokin aikinsa shi ne Omolade Oluwateru . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Emmanuel, Odang |date=October 8, 2020 |title=State Governors and Their Deputies |url=https://rainbownigeria.com/2020/10/08/state-governors-and-their-deputies-2/?_gl=1*1ks7sm*_ga*a3BDcWhmU3phVndTOUdnVVRxci10eVBOdC1uTmtXemRFN3Q3OHkxYk9WWHc4MnAtVDdnWEVyVXFERjFtVGV4cw.. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213338/https://rainbownigeria.com/2020/10/08/state-governors-and-their-deputies-2/?_gl=1*1ks7sm*_ga*a3BDcWhmU3phVndTOUdnVVRxci10eVBOdC1uTmtXemRFN3Q3OHkxYk9WWHc4MnAtVDdnWEVyVXFERjFtVGV4cw.. |archive-date=June 2, 2021 |access-date=May 31, 2021 |website=Rainbow Nigeria}}</ref> == Tsarin zabe == Ana zabar Gwamnan Jihar Ondo ta amfani da tsarin jefa kuri'a. == Sakamakon == Jimlar 'yan takara biyar da suka yi rajista tare da [[Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa|Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa mai zaman kanta]] don yin takara a zaben. <ref name="Gmj">{{Cite web |last=Aluko |first=Mobolaji E. |date=February 23, 2003 |title=NIGERIAN ELECTIONS 2003: Update 006: Nigerian Presidential & Gubernatorial Candidates |url=http://www.gamji.com/aluko/aluko46.htm |access-date=May 20, 2021 |publisher=Gamji}}</ref> Dan takarar PDP Olusegun Agagu ya lashe zaben na farko, inda ya doke Gwamnan AD mai ci, Adebayo Adefarati, da wasu 'yan takara uku.<ref name="AU"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 6, 2003 |editor-last=Odili, Chuck E. |title=Nigerian State Elected Governors 2003 |url=https://nigeriaworld.com/focus/states/governors2003.html |access-date=May 20, 2021 |publisher=Nigeriaworld}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 8, 2006 |title=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor 2005 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61586.htm |access-date=May 22, 2021 |publisher=US Department of State}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aondowase, Nyam |year=2015 |title=AN ANALYSIS OF THE 2003 AND 2007 ELECTORAL VIOLENCE IN NIGERIA |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/53451/Nyam_Analysis_2015.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=May 22, 2021 |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Onoja, Adoyi |date=2009 |title=Nature, Character and Outcomes of Post Election Challenges in Nigeria |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41854929 |format=JSTOR |journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria |publisher=Historical Society of Nigeria |volume=18 |pages=79–104 |jstor=41854929 |access-date=May 23, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 24, 2016 |title=Olusegun Agagu |url=https://litcaf.com/olusegun-agagu/ |access-date=May 25, 2021 |publisher=Litcaf |archive-date=May 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525225545/https://litcaf.com/olusegun-agagu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Adadin masu jefa kuri'a a jihar ya kai 1,504,181. Koyaya, kawai 63.83% (watau 960,080) na masu jefa kuri'a da aka yi rajista sun shiga cikin fitarwa.<ref name="Da"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aluko |first=Mobolaji E. |date=April 28, 2003 |title=A Preliminary Forensic Analysis of INEC's Website So Far |url=https://dawodu.com/aluko44.htm |access-date=May 25, 2021 |publisher=Dawodu.com}}</ref><ref name="AU"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} hkpheww81phgonafh7hnymiko3kngin 0 106818 894003 721430 2026-08-10T05:05:56Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 894003 wikitext text/x-wiki The condition of [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|human rights]] in the territory controlled by the [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Islamic State]] (IS) is considered to be among the worst in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 6, 2020 |title=ISIS Fast Facts |url=https://www.cnn.com/2014/08/08/world/isis-fast-facts/index.html |access-date=April 2, 2021 |website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FN: IS har begått ohyggliga brott mot mänskligheten |url=https://omni.se/fn-is-har-begatt-ohyggliga-brott-mot-manskligheten/a/9affcec6-29dd-402c-b3f8-6fc66b4e5c1a |access-date=2020-11-04 |website=Omni |language=sv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Puppincck |first=Gregor |date=October 2017 |title=ISIS Crimes: Justice Must Be Done! |url=https://eclj.org/geopolitics/pace/crimes-de-daech--justice-doit-tre-rendue- |access-date=April 2, 2021 |website=European Centre for Law & Justice}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Wille |first=Belkis |date=August 3, 2018 |title=Four Years on, Evidence of ISIS Crimes Lost to Time |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/08/03/four-years-evidence-isis-crimes-lost-time |access-date=April 2, 2021 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> The Islamic State's policies included acts of [[Kisan kiyashi|genocide]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bell |first=Stewart |date=June 5, 2019 |title=RCMP Explores Crimes Against Humanity Charges for Canadian ISIS Members |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/5346883/crimes-against-humanity-charges-canadians-syria/ |access-date=April 2, 2021 |website=Global News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 16, 2016 |title=UN Commission of Inquiry on Syria: ISIS is Committing Genocide Against the Yazidis |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/Pages/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=20113&LangID=E |access-date=April 3, 2021 |website=United Nations Human Rights Council}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="They Came to Destroy": ISIS Crimes Against the Yazidis |url=https://www.peacewomen.org/resource/%E2%80%9Cthey-came-destroy%E2%80%9D-isis-crimes-against-yazidis |access-date=April 3, 2021 |website=Peace Women |archive-date=March 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312165042/https://www.peacewomen.org/resource/%E2%80%9Cthey-came-destroy%E2%80%9D-isis-crimes-against-yazidis |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Gallazawa|torture]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Jack |date=August 15, 2017 |title=ISIS Torture Methods Revealed: Sitting With Severed Heads, Fuel Dousing and The 'Flying Carpet' |url=https://www.newsweek.com/torture-methods-isis-revealed-sitting-severed-heads-fuel-dousing-and-flying-650828 |access-date=April 3, 2021 |website=Newsweek}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saidova |first=Maftuna |date=June 25, 2018 |title=Rebuilding Iraq Should Include Mental Health Care for Yazidi Survivors |url=http://globaljusticecenter.net/blog/922-blog |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524173736/https://globaljusticecenter.net/blog/922-blog |archive-date=May 24, 2021 |access-date=April 2, 2021 |website=Global Justice Center}}</ref> and [[Bauta|slavery]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 13, 2015 |title=Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the human rights situation in Iraq in the light of abuses committed by the so-called Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant and associated groups |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session28/Documents/A_HRC_28_18_AUV.doc |access-date=April 3, 2021 |publisher=Human Rights Council}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Callimachi |first=Rukmini |last2=Rossback |first2=Andrew |date=April 4, 2018 |title=Extreme Brutality and Detailed Record-Keeping |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/04/04/world/middleeast/isis-documents-photos.html |access-date=April 2, 2021 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> Hukumar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNCHR) ta bayyana a watan Nuwamba na 2014 cewa Daular Islama tana "neman murkushe fararen hula a karkashinta da kuma mamaye kowane bangare na rayuwarsu ta hanyar ta'addanci, koyarwa, da kuma samar da ayyuka ga wadanda suka yi biyayya". Yawancin ayyukan daular Islama na aikata laifuka, ta'addanci, daukar ma'aikata da sauran ayyuka an rubuta su a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Yankunan [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] da [[Sharia|Sham]], wadanda daular Musulunci ta mamaye kuma suna da'awar a matsayin wani bangare na "Khalifanci" da suka yi wa kanta lakabi da "Khalifanci" ya ga an samar da daya daga cikin gwamnatocin da suka fi aikata laifuka da fasadi da tashe-tashen hankula a wannan zamani, kuma ta yi mulkin wannan yankin har zuwa lokacin da aka ci galaba a kanta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Houry |first=Nadim |date=February 5, 2019 |title=Bringing ISIS to Justice: Running Out of Time? |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/02/05/bringing-isis-justice-running-out-time |access-date=April 3, 2021 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> IS ta kashe dubban fararen hula, ta sace dubban mutane, kuma ta tilasta daruruwan dubban mutane su gudu. Ya aikata azabtarwa, fyade da yawa, auren tilas, manyan ayyukan Tsabtace kabilanci, Kisan kiyashi, fashi, cin hanci, [[Fasa ƙwauri ba bisa ƙa'ida ba|smuggling]], [[Bauta|Bautar]], sata yara, da kuma amfani da [[Yara a cikin soja|yara sojoji]]; a cikin aiwatar da tsauraran fassarori na dokar Sharia wanda ya dogara da tsoffin hanyoyin ƙarni na takwas, sun aiwatar da "sanarwa" na jama'a kamar yankewa, Gicciye, duka duka, yanka da rarraba mutane, da rabuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 26, 2018 |title=Iraq's Criminal Laws Preclude Justice for Women and Girls |url=http://globaljusticecenter.net/blog/20-publications/briefs-and-white-papers/914-iraq-s-criminal-laws-preclude-justice-for-women-and-girls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617180446/https://globaljusticecenter.net/blog/20-publications/briefs-and-white-papers/914-iraq-s-criminal-laws-preclude-justice-for-women-and-girls |archive-date=June 17, 2021 |access-date=April 2, 2021 |website=Global Justice Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Speckhard |first=Anne |date=24 January 2019 |title=The Punishments of the Islamic State – ICSVE |url=https://www.icsve.org/the-punishments-of-the-islamic-state/ |access-date=2020-11-04 |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927193440/https://www.icsve.org/the-punishments-of-the-islamic-state/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mambobin IS sun yi wa dubban 'yan mata da mata fyade (musamman membobin kungiyoyin da ba na [[Mabiya Sunnah|Sunni]] ba). Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama da kungiyoyin zaman lafiya da dama da suka hada da [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma Amnesty International sun zargi kungiyar IS da aikata laifukan cin zarafin bil adama, sannan kuma sun zargi kungiyar IS baki daya da kasancewa kungiyar masu aikata laifuka, wadda ta aikata laifukan yaki mafi tsanani tun bayan yakin duniya na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISIS {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/tag/isis |access-date=2020-11-04 |website=www.hrw.org}}</ref> == Ƙudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya == Wani rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka fitar a shekara ta 2014 ya bayyana cewa tsakanin 6 ga watan Yuli zuwa 10 ga Satumban 2014, IS da kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye da ke kawance da su sun kaddamar da tashin hankali a wani yanayi na tsari da yaduwa a fadin kasar Iraki. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa wadannan munanan ayyuka sun hada da sace-sacen dole da kuma cin zarafin mata da kananan yara. A watan Nuwamban 2014, kwamitin bincike na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai zaman kansa kan Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Siriya ya bayyana cewa kungiyar IS na aikata laifukan cin zarafin bil adama, kuma tana neman murkushe fararen hula a karkashinta da kuma mamaye kowane fanni na rayuwarsu ta hanyar ta'addanci, koyarwa, da kuma samar da ayyuka ga wadanda suka yi biyayya. <ref>Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic: Rule of Terror: Living under ISIS in Syria, 14 November 2014. {{Cite web |date=November 14, 2014 |title=Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arabic Republic |url=http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/5469b2e14.pdf. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121326/http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/5469b2e14.pdf. |archive-date=October 7, 2016 |access-date=April 3, 2021}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na 2015, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kare hakkin dan Adam "ta yi Allah wadai da ta'addanci da cin zarafi da fararen hula da ake kira Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (Daesh), al-Nusrah Front da sauran kungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, da ci gaba da cin zarafi da cin zarafi na 'yancin dan adam da take hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa da dokokin jin kai na kasa da kasa, da kuma sake tabbatarwa, ciki har da ayyukan ta'addanci a cikin Iraki da Levant. (Daesh), ba zai iya kuma bai kamata a danganta shi da kowane addini, ƙasa ko wayewa ba == Magana daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam == Wani rahoto da kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Human Rights Watch ta fitar a watan Nuwamban 2014 ya zargi mayakan IS da ke yankin Derna na kasar Libya da laifukan yaki da take hakkin dan Adam da kuma ta’addancin mazauna yankin. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta tattara bayanai kan wasu abubuwa uku da suka bayyana a fili inda aka kashe fursunonin tare da bulala akalla goma a bainar jama'a da Majalisar Shura ta Matasan Musulunci, wacce ta shiga kungiyar IS a watan Nuwamba. An kuma rubuta yadda aka fille kan wasu mazauna garin Derna guda uku da kuma wasu da dama na kisan gillar da aka yi wa alkalai, jami'an gwamnati, jami'an tsaro da sauransu. Sarah Leah Watson, darektan kungiyar HRW Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka, ta ce: "Ya kamata kwamandojin su fahimci cewa za su iya fuskantar shari'a a cikin gida ko kuma na kasa da kasa saboda babban take hakkin da sojojinsu ke yi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2014 |title=Libya: Extremists Terrorizing Derna Residents |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/11/27/libya-extremists-terrorizing-derna-residents |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205221049/http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/11/27/libya-extremists-terrorizing-derna-residents |archive-date=5 December 2014 |access-date=28 November 2014 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama daban-daban da kuma da dama daga cikin Turkmen na Iraki da kansu sun zargi kungiyar IS da cewa tana dauke da tunanin kyamar Turkiyya, wanda ya kai ga kisan kiyashin Turkmen na Iraki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-28 |title=Iraqi MP: ISIS killed hundreds and displaced thousands of Turkmens |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/mideast/2015/07/28/iraqi-mp-isis-killed-hundreds-and-displaced-thousands-of-turkmens |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214045725/https://www.dailysabah.com/mideast/2015/07/28/iraqi-mp-isis-killed-hundreds-and-displaced-thousands-of-turkmens |archive-date=2023-02-14 |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=Daily Sabah}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ISIS genocide of Yezidis and Christians – Department of Information Technology, KRG |url=https://us.gov.krd/en/issues/isis-genocide-of-yezidis-and-christians/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125123650/https://us.gov.krd/en/issues/isis-genocide-of-yezidis-and-christians/ |archive-date=2023-01-25 |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=us.gov.krd |language=en}}</ref> Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Amnesty International ta dora alhakin kisan kabilanci da kungiyoyin tsirarun addinai da ake yi a arewacin Iraki bisa ma'aunin tarihi. Ta fitar da wani rahoto na musamman a karshen shekara ta 2014 da ke bayyana yadda IS ta ke "tsare kai hare-hare kan al'ummomin musulmi wadanda ba na Larabawa ba da kuma wadanda ba 'yan Sunna ba, tare da kashe ko kuma sace daruruwan mutane, watakila dubbai, tare da tilastawa wasu fiye da 830,000 tserewa daga yankunan da ta kama tun ranar 10 ga watan Yunin 2014". Daga cikin wadannan mutane akwai Kiristocin Assuriya, Turkmen Shi'a, Shabak Shi'a, Yazidis, Kaka'i da Mandaean, wadanda suka rayu tare tsawon shekaru aru-aru a lardin Nineveh, wanda yawancin yankunansu suka zama karkashin ikon IS. <ref name="amnestyethnic">{{Cite web |date=September 2014 |title=DOCUMENT – IRAQ: ETHNIC CLEANSING ON HISTORIC SCALE: THE ISLAMIC STATE'S SYSTEMATIC TARGETING OF MINORITIES IN NORTHERN IRAQ |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde14/011/2014/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310161354/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde14/011/2014/en/ |archive-date=10 March 2015 |access-date=19 October 2014 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> == Kisan kare dangi da sauran laifukan yaki == IS's crimes of murder, ethnic cleansing, [[Bauta|enslavement]] and rape against Shia,<ref name="state.gov">{{Cite web |title=Remarks on Daesh and Genocide |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2016/03/254782.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121010250/https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2016/03/254782.htm |archive-date=21 January 2017 |access-date=26 March 2016 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref><ref name="amandaholpuch">{{Cite web |last=Amanda Holpuch |date=17 March 2016 |title=John Kerry: Isis is committing genocide in Syria and Iraq |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/17/john-kerry-isis-genocide-syria-iraq |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325135132/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/17/john-kerry-isis-genocide-syria-iraq |archive-date=25 March 2016 |access-date=26 March 2016 |website=the Guardian}}</ref> Christian,<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2016 |title=Isis is committing genocide against Yazidis and Christians, British MPs unanimously declare |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/isis-is-committing-genocide-against-yazidis-and-christians-british-mps-unanimously-declare-a6994456.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823023616/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/isis-is-committing-genocide-against-yazidis-and-christians-british-mps-unanimously-declare-a6994456.html |archive-date=23 August 2016 |access-date=27 October 2016 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref> Yazidis<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gonzalez |first=David |date=2016-11-30 |title=Documenting the Genocide of Iraq's Yazidis |url=https://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/11/30/documenting-the-genocide-of-iraqs-yazidi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808065932/https://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/11/30/documenting-the-genocide-of-iraqs-yazidi/ |archive-date=2019-08-08 |access-date=2019-06-17 |website=Lens Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> da kuma wasu tsirarun addinai daban-daban a yankunanta an amince da su a matsayin kisan kiyashi da Majalisar Turai da Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka suka yi a shekarar 2014. A cikin 2017, 'yan jaridar [[CNN]] Jomana Karadsheh da Chris Jackson sun ba da rahoto na musamman kan kokarin da Hukumar Shari'a ta Kasa da Kasa (CIJA) ta yi na gurfanar da IS a gaban kuliya kan laifukan yaki da aka yi wa Yazidawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Jomana Karadsheh,Chris |date=2017-10-11 |title=Fighting to bring ISIS to justice for war crimes against Yazidis |url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/10/11/middleeast/isis-yazidi-war-crimes-tribunal-investigation/index.html |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> There are also many Sunni Muslim victims of IS. Daya daga cikin mayakan IS da aka kama ya yi alfahari da yi wa mata sama da 200 fyade daga kungiyoyin tsiraru na Iraki tare da kashe sama da mutane 500 sannan ya yi ikirarin cewa shugabanni ne suka karfafa masa gwiwar yin hakan. A wasu lokuta, IS ta kashe mata da suka ki yin jima'i da mayakanta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-06 |title=Isis burns 19 women alive for rejecting sex slavery |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-burn-19-yazidi-women-to-death-in-mosul-for-refusing-to-have-sex-with-isis-militants-a7066956.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314055501/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-burn-19-yazidi-women-to-death-in-mosul-for-refusing-to-have-sex-with-isis-militants-a7066956.html |archive-date=2018-03-14 |access-date=2019-06-17 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> A cikin wani jawabi ga kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka gudanar a ranar 10 ga Mayu, 2021, wata tawagar bincike ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana cewa IS ta kaddamar da kisan kiyashi kan Yazidis "a matsayin kungiyar addini" a lokacin kisan kiyashin Sinjar, da nufin kawar da su "a zahiri da kuma ta halitta". === Kisan kiyashi na addini da na 'yan tsiraru, tilasta tuba, da fitarwa === [[Fayil:Yazidi_refugees.jpg|thumb|'Yan gudun hijirar [[Yazidi]] a Dutsen Sinjar a watan Agusta 2014]] IS tana tilasta wa mutane a yankunan da take sarrafawa su rayu bisa ga fassarar dokar shari'a. An samu rahotanni da dama na yadda kungiyar ke amfani da barazanar kisa, azabtarwa da yankan rago don tilasta musulunta.".<ref name="Zarocostas-clerics">{{Cite web |last=Zarocostas |first=John |date=8 July 2014 |title=U.N.: Islamic State executed imam of mosque where Baghdadi preached |url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/07/08/232563/un-islamic-state-executed-imam.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017115108/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/07/08/232563/un-islamic-state-executed-imam.html |archive-date=17 October 2014 |access-date=10 October 2014 |website=McClatchyDC}}</ref> IS tana jagorantar tashin hankali a kan Musulmai [[Shi'a|Shia]], [[Alawites]], Kiristoci na Assuriya da [[Armeniya]], [[Yazidi|Yazidis]], [[Druze]], Shabaks da Mandeans musamman. Mayakan IS sun yi niyya ga ƙungiyar Alawite ta Siriya. Rahotanni sun ce kungiyar IS da kungiyoyin masu da’awar jihadi ne suka jagoranci kai farmaki a kauyukan Alawite da ke lardin Latakia na kasar Syria a watan Agustan 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2013 |title=Syria: Executions, Hostage Taking by Rebels |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/10/10/syria-executions-hostage-taking-rebels |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921080531/https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/10/10/syria-executions-hostage-taking-rebels |archive-date=21 September 2019 |access-date=13 September 2019 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> [[Amnesty International]] ta dorawa kungiyar IS alhakin kawar da kabilanci da kungiyoyin tsirarun addinai a arewacin Iraki a kan "tsari mai tarihi", lamarin da ya jefa daukacin al'ummomi cikin hadarin sharewa daga taswirar Iraki. A cikin wani rahoto na musamman da ta fitar a ranar 2 ga watan Satumban 2014, kungiyar ta bayyana yadda kungiyar IS ta yi “tsare-tsare kan al’ummar Musulmi wadanda ba Larabawa ba da kuma wadanda ba Sunna ba, suna kashe ko kuma sace daruruwan mutane, watakila dubbai, tare da tilastawa wasu fiye da 830,000 tserewa daga yankunan da ta kama tun ranar 10 ga watan Yunin 2014”. Daga cikin wadannan mutane akwai Kiristocin Assuriya, Turkmen Shi'a, Shabak Shi'a, Kaka'i, Yazidawa da Mandaean, wadanda suka rayu tare tsawon shekaru aru-aru a lardin Nineveh, wadanda yawancinsu ke karkashin ikon IS.<ref name="amnestyethnic"/> Christians living in areas under IS control face four options: converting to Islam, paying a religious levy called the jizya, leaving the caliphate, or death. "We offer them three choices: Islam; the dhimma contract – involving payment of jizya; if they refuse this they will have nothing but the sword", IS said. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of IS till his 2019 demise, further noted that Christians who do not agree with those terms must "leave the borders of the Islamic Caliphate" within a specified deadline.<ref name="christian" /> IS had already set similar rules for Christians in Raqqa, once one of Syria's more liberal cities. However, on 29 March 2016, IS issued a decree preventing Christians and Armenians from leaving Raqqa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2016 |title=ISIS Bans Armenians and All Christians from Leaving Raqqa |url=https://massispost.com/2016/04/isis-bans-armenians-and-all-christians-from-leaving-raqqa/ |access-date=April 3, 2021 |website=MassisPost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2016 |title=Armenians and other Christians in Syria's Raqqa Banned to Leave the City by Extremists |url=https://armenpress.am/eng/news/841647/armenians-and-other-christians-in-syriaE28099s-raqqa-banned-to-leave-the-city-by-extremists.html |access-date=April 3, 2021 |website=ArmenPres}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Fabrairun 2015, a matsayin mayar da martani ga wani gagarumin farmakin da Kurdawa suka kai a gundumar Al-Hasakah, IS ta yi garkuwa da Kiristocin Assuriya 150 daga kauyukan da ke kusa da Tal Tamr (Tell Tamer) a arewa maso gabashin Syria, bayan kaddamar da wani gagarumin farmaki a yankin.<ref name="BBC-abducts">{{Cite web |date=23 February 2015 |title=Islamic State 'abducts dozens of Christians in Syria' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-31601451 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224152828/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-31601451 |archive-date=24 February 2015 |access-date=23 February 2015 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Jami'an Kurdawa sun yi ikirarin cewa yakin da IS ke yi da yankunan Kurdawa da Yezidi kamar Sinjar, wani shiri ne na mayar da kasashen Larabawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Neurink |first=Judit |date=29 December 2014 |title=Kurdish official: ISIS Capture of Shingal 'was part of Arabization campaign' |url=http://rudaw.net/mobile/english/interview/29122014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019105304/http://rudaw.net/mobile/english/interview/29122014 |archive-date=19 October 2017 |access-date=13 September 2019 |website=Rudaw}}</ref> A cewar jami'an tsaron Iraki, 'yan ta'addar IS sun kai hari a wani filin wasan kwallon kafa, da aka gina a kusa da wurin ibadar mabiya Shi'a a birnin Kirkuk. A ranar 24 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2019 ne suka harba turmi da ya yi sanadin mutuwar fararen hula shida tare da jikkata wasu tara, a ranar 24 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2019. A wani harin da aka kai kwana daya da ta gabata, an kai wani harin bam a kusa da wani masallaci da ke yankin Mussayyib da mabiya mazhabar shi'a ke da rinjaye, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane uku tare da raunata 34. ==== Musulmai Shia ==== Duk da kasancewar mafi rinjayen addini a Iraki, IS ta kashe Musulman Shi'a wadanda galibin mazauna kudancin kasar ne.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 August 2014 |title=Which groups are under threat by ISIS in Iraq? |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/08/world/meast/iraq-ethnic-groups-under-threat-isis/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127220547/http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/08/world/meast/iraq-ethnic-groups-under-threat-isis/index.html |archive-date=2016-01-27 |access-date=2015-12-22 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2014, IS ta riga ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta kashe Musulmai Shia 1,700 . <ref name=":0" /> IS, yana ƙoƙari ya kirkiro Khalifancin Musulmi na Sunni, ya lakafta duk Musulmai Shia marasa aminci.<ref name=":0" /> A sakamakon haka, sun yi niyya musamman ga al'ummomin Shia.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Harding |first=Luke |last2=Irbil |first2=Fazel Hawramy in |date=25 August 2014 |title=Isis accused of ethnic cleansing as story of Shia prison massacre emerges |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/25/isis-ethnic-cleansing-shia-prisoners-iraq-mosul |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210195150/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/25/isis-ethnic-cleansing-shia-prisoners-iraq-mosul |archive-date=2015-12-10 |access-date=2015-12-22 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> A cewar shaidu, bayan da kungiyar 'yan tawaye ta kwace birnin Mosul, sun raba fursunonin Sunni daga fursunonin Shia.<ref name=":1" /> An kai fursunonin Shia 650 zuwa wani wuri kuma an kashe su.<ref name=":1" /> Jami'an Kurdawa a Erbil sun ba da rahoton faruwar irin wannan lamari inda aka raba fursunonin Sunni da Shi'a tare da kashe fursunonin Shi'a.<ref name=":1" /> Wani lokaci, ana ƙone Shia da rai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-31 |title=21+ WARNING: ISIS Burns Four Iraqi Shi'ite Fighters Alive (VERY GRAPHIC) |url=http://www.tlvfaces.com/21-warning-isis-burns-four-iraqi-shiite-fighters-alive-very-graphic/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307011316/http://www.tlvfaces.com/21-warning-isis-burns-four-iraqi-shiite-fighters-alive-very-graphic/ |archive-date=2018-03-07 |access-date=2019-06-17 |website=TLVFaces |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Turkmen na Iraki ==== Turkmen na Iraki gaba daya ba su taba shiga cikin rikicin Iraki ba har sai da Daular Musulunci ta fara aiwatar da muzgunawa a kansu. An kashe Turkmen 200,000, an kashe dubbai, daruruwa kuma ba a gansu ba. Kungiyar Turkmen ta Iraki ta bayyana cewa harin da aka kai wa Turkmen wani yunkuri ne na kawar da kabilanci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-28 |title=Iraqi MP: ISIS killed hundreds and displaced thousands of Turkmens |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/mideast/2015/07/28/iraqi-mp-isis-killed-hundreds-and-displaced-thousands-of-turkmens |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=Daily Sabah}}</ref> ==== Kiristoci ==== Kiristoci na Iraki, mafi yawansu 'yan kabilar Assuriyawa ne a arewacin Iraki, IS ta yi niyya da su.<ref name=":0"/> Kungiyar ta gargadi Kiristoci cewa dole ne su tuba zuwa addinin Musulunci, su biya tarar, ko kuma su fuskanci kisa.<ref name=":0" /> A wani lokaci, IS ta karɓi Qaraqosh, birni mafi girma na Kirista a Iraki.<ref name=":0" /> Kiristoci da suka tsere daga birnin sun ba da rahoton kisan gilla da yanke kawuna. An sace wasu kuma an tsare su don fansa.<ref name=":2" /> An yi wa wasu bulala a bainar jama'a saboda kin tuba zuwa ga Islama.<ref name=":2" /> Kiristoci da yawa sun yi gudun hijira, suna tserewa daga ƙauyukansu don tserewa IS.<ref name=":0" /> Har ila yau, kungiyar ta lalata majami'u da wuraren ibada na Kirista.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISIL 'kidnaps scores of Christians' in Syria's Homs |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/08/isil-kidnaps-scores-christians-syria-homs-150807085430602.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222094801/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/08/isil-kidnaps-scores-christians-syria-homs-150807085430602.html |archive-date=2015-12-22 |access-date=2015-12-22 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> Mayakan na IS sun lalata tare da lalata wasu abubuwan tarihi na kiristoci da dama, kuma sun dauke giciye daga saman majami'u, tare da maye gurbinsu da tutocin IS.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2015 |title=Isis is trying to destroy all traces of Christianity in Mosul |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-attack-on-christianity-continues-in-mosul-fighters-destroy-all-religious-symbols-in-church-and-10112706.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222221248/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-attack-on-christianity-continues-in-mosul-fighters-destroy-all-religious-symbols-in-church-and-10112706.html |archive-date=2015-12-22 |access-date=2015-12-22 |website=The Independent |language=en-GB}}</ref> Sun sanyawa gidajen Kiristoci alamar "N" Larabci wanda ke nufin "Nasrane", kalmar da Musulmai ke amfani da ita wajen kwatanta mabiya addinin Kirista.<ref name=":2" /> ==== Yazidis ==== [[Fayil:Persecution_of_Yazidis_by_the_Islamic_State.jpg|right|thumb|301x301px|Hotuna daga saman, hagu da dama: 'Yan gudun hijirar Yazidi suna karɓar tallafi daga Kwamitin Ceto na Duniya. Wani memba na Ƙungiyar Nazarin Dutsen Sinjar ta Amurka wanda mazauna yankin ke gaishe da shi a kusa da Sinjar, Iraki. Ruwan ruwa a cikin C-17 Globemaster III kafin saukar da jirgin sama na jin kai ta Sojojin Sama na Amurka]] An yi wa tsanantawar Yazidis lakabi da kisan kare dangi. Wannan ƙungiyar addini ta fuskanci kisan kiyashi, tilasta tuba, tilasta gudun hijira, fyade, azabtarwa, bautar jima'i, da tilasta wa soja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-14 |title=Iraq: ISIS Escapees Describe Systematic Rape |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/14/iraq-isis-escapees-describe-systematic-rape |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612101852/https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/14/iraq-isis-escapees-describe-systematic-rape |archive-date=2019-06-12 |access-date=2019-06-17 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> Akwai kisan kiyashi da yawa a hare-hare a kauyukan Yazidi. A yawancin kisan kiyashi, 'yan ta'adda sun raba maza da mata.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=14 October 2014 |title=Isil carried out massacres and mass sexual enslavement of Yazidis, UN confirms |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11160906/Isil-carried-out-massacres-and-mass-sexual-enslavement-of-Yazidis-UN-confirms.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212102709/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11160906/Isil-carried-out-massacres-and-mass-sexual-enslavement-of-Yazidis-UN-confirms.html |archive-date=2019-02-12 |access-date=2015-12-22 |website=Telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> Bayan haka, an sanya maza a layi a wuraren dubawa a gefen hanya, an harbe su, kuma an rushe su cikin kaburbura.<ref name=":3" /> Wani lokaci ma, an ba maza zabin musulunta ko kuma a kashe su, don haka akwai lokuta da yawa na tilasta musulunta da kisa saboda ƙin musuluntar da IS.<ref name=":3" /> Sauran mazajen Yazidi an tilasta su shiga cikin haikalin Yazidi kuma an hura su a ciki ko kuma an kama su.<ref name=":3" /> Matan Yazidi da yaran da aka kama, maza da yawa sun sha yi musu fyade, galibi abokan wadanda suka yi garkuwa da su. Sun yi imanin cewa idan mayakan IS goma suka yi wa mace fyade, za ta zama musulma.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=6 October 2015 |title=ISIS 'forced pregnant Yazidi women to have abortions' |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/06/middleeast/pregnant-yazidis-forced-abortions-isis/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229193930/http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/06/middleeast/pregnant-yazidis-forced-abortions-isis/index.html |archive-date=2015-12-29 |access-date=2015-12-22 |website=CNN}}</ref> An kuma sayar da mutane da yawa a matsayin bayi na jima'i ga mayakan IS.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2015 |title=ISIS soldiers told to rape women 'to make them Muslim' - CNN.com |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/08/middleeast/isis-rape-theology-soldiers-rape-women-to-make-them-muslim/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221183343/http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/08/middleeast/isis-rape-theology-soldiers-rape-women-to-make-them-muslim/index.html |archive-date=2015-12-21 |access-date=2015-12-22 |website=CNN}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai rahotanni cewa an tilasta mata zuwa bautar jima'i an tilasta musu zubar da ciki.<ref name=":5" /> Da yawa daga cikin wadannan fursunoni sun yi ƙoƙari su kashe kansu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2015 |title='Hundreds' of Yazidis killing selves in ISIS slavery |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/05/middleeast/yazidi-women-suicide-in-isis-captivity/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223123131/http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/05/middleeast/yazidi-women-suicide-in-isis-captivity/index.html |archive-date=2015-12-23 |access-date=2015-12-22 |website=CNN}}</ref> The Sinjar massacre was the killing and abduction of thousands<ref name="plosmedicine">{{Cite journal |last=Cetorelli |first=Valeria |date=9 May 2017 |title=Mortality and kidnapping estimates for the Yazidi population in the area of Mount Sinjar, Iraq, in August 2014: A retrospective household survey |journal=PLOS Medicine |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=e1002297 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002297 |pmc=5423550 |pmid=28486492 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="5,000 Kurdish Yazidis executed by ISIL">{{Cite web |last=Spencer |first=Richard |date=14 October 2014 |title=Isil carried out massacres and mass sexual enslavement of Yazidis, UN confirms |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11160906/Isil-carried-out-massacres-and-mass-sexual-enslavement-of-Yazidis-UN-confirms.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212102709/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11160906/Isil-carried-out-massacres-and-mass-sexual-enslavement-of-Yazidis-UN-confirms.html |archive-date=12 February 2019 |access-date=27 October 2015 |website=[[Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> na 'Yan kabilar Yazidi a Sinjar (Kurdawa: شنگال Şingal) birni da gundumar Sinjar a lardin Nineveh na Iraki da IS ta yi a watan Agustan 2014. Wannan taron ya fara ne da mayakan IS suka kai hari tare da kwace Sinjar da garuruwan da ke makwabtaka da su a ranar 3 ga Agusta, yayin farmakin IS a farkon watan Agustan 2014. Jaridar New York Times ta ruwaito a ranar 7 ga watan Agustan 2014 cewa IS ta kashe mazajen Yazidi da dama a birnin Sinjar tare da daukar matansu ga mayakan jihadi marasa aure. An kuma ruwaito cewa mayakan IS sun kashe masu kula da goma na masallacin [[Shi'a|Shia]] Sayeda Zeinab a Sinjar kafin su fashe shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISIS enters Sinjar, blow up Sayeda Zeinab shrine and execute 10 Shiite Kurds |url=http://www.shafaaq.com/en/En_NewsReader/722d5349-2fc0-4601-a6bc-4535e31aabea |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730085038/http://www.shafaaq.com/en/En_NewsReader/722d5349-2fc0-4601-a6bc-4535e31aabea |archive-date=30 July 2017 |access-date=27 October 2015 |website=Shafaq-news-en}}</ref> Yayinda kewaye da Dutsen Sinjar ke ci gaba, IS ta kashe daruruwan Yazidis a akalla shida daga cikin ƙauyuka da ke kusa. An kashe mutane 250-300 a ƙauyen Hardan, 200 tsakanin Adnaniya da Jazeera, 70-90 a Qiniyeh, kuma a kan hanyar da ta fito daga shaidun al-Shimal sun ba da rahoton ganin gawawwaki da yawa.{{Sfn|OHCHR|UNAMI|2014}} An kuma kashe daruruwan wasu saboda kin tuba zuwa addinin Musulunci.<ref name="5,000 Kurdish Yazidis executed by ISIL"/> A ranar 15 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, a ƙauyen Yazidi na Khocho, a kudancin Sinjar, bayan da dukan jama'a suka karɓi ultimatum na jihadi don juyawa ko a kashe su, an kashe sama da mutane 80. Wani shaida ya ba da labarin cewa an fara juyowa a ƙauyen ne a ƙarƙashin tilastawa, amma lokacin da dattijon ƙauyen ya ki juyawa, an ɗauke dukkan mazajen a cikin manyan motoci a ƙarƙashin uzuri na kai su Sinjar, kuma an harbe su a hanya. amma da dattijon kauyen ya ki ya tuba, an dauki dukkan mutanen a cikin manyan motoci bisa zargin cewa an kai su Sinjar, kuma aka harbe su a hanya. A cewar rahotanni daga wadanda suka tsira da ransu da OHCHR ta zanta da su, a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, daukacin mazan kauyen Yazidi na Khocho, maza 400, IS ta tattara tare da harbe su, kuma an sace mata da yara kusan 1,000. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Malcolm |first=Candice |date=December 11, 2015 |title=Yazidis Face Genocide at Hands of Islamic State |url=https://www.securefreesociety.org/research/yazidis-face-genocide-at-hands-of-islamic-state/ |access-date=April 3, 2021 |website=Center for a Secure Free Society}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2015 |title=Between the Millstones: The State of Iraq's Minorities Since the Fall of Mosul |url=https://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Between-the-Millstones-English.pdf |access-date=April 3, 2021 |page=16}}</ref> A wannan rana, an ruwaito cewa an kashe maza 200 na Yazidi saboda kin tuba a kurkukun Tal Afar.{{Sfn|OHCHR|UNAMI|2014}} Kisan kiyashin ya faru akalla har zuwa ranar 25 ga watan Agusta lokacin da IS ta kashe wasu tsoffi Yazidi maza 14 a wurin Sheikh Mand Shrine a Jidala, yammacin Sinjar, tare da tarwatsa wurin ibada a wurin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights|OHCHR]] |last2=[[United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq|UNAMI]] |year=2014 |title=Report on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict in Iraq: 6 July – 10 September 2014 |url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/IQ/UNAMI_OHCHR_POC_Report_FINAL_6July_10September2014.pdf |access-date=4 April 2015 |page=15}}</ref> 40,000 ko fiye Yazidis sun makale a cikin tsaunukan Sinjar kuma galibi sojojin IS ne ke kewaye da su wadanda ke harbe su. Ba su da abinci, ruwa ko kulawar likita, suna fuskantar yunwa da rashin ruwa. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta ruwaito a cikin 2018 cewa IS ta kama Yazidi kusan 6,300 a Sinjar tare da tilasta matan Yazidi cikin "tsarin fyade da kuma bautar jima'i".<ref name=":7"/> A shekara ta 2014, hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa 9,347 a Iraki, sannan duk da haka; a shekara ta 2016 wani rahoto na biyu na Majalisar Dattijai ya kiyasta mutuwar 18,802 <ref>{{Cite web |last=JAMIESON |first=ALASTAIR |date=19 January 2016 |title=ISIS Death Toll: 18,800 Killed in Iraq in 2 Years, U.N. Says |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/isis-death-toll-18-800-killed-iraq-2-years-u-n499426 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604110533/http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/isis-death-toll-18-800-killed-iraq-2-years-u-n499426 |archive-date=2017-06-04 |access-date=2017-06-06 |website=NBC NEWS}}</ref> . Kisan kiyashi na Sinjar a shekarar 2014 ya haifar da kisan fararen hula tsakanin 2,000 da 5,000.<ref name="5,000 Kurdish Yazidis executed by ISIL"/> === Hare-haren da aka kai wa 'yan jarida === Kwamitin Kare 'Yan Jarida ya ce: "Ba tare da' yan jarida kyauta ba, wasu 'yancin bil'adama kaɗan ne za a iya samu. " <ref>{{Cite web |title=About CPJ |url=https://www.cpj.org/zinfo/aboutcpj2.html#how%7ctitle=aboutcpj%7cpublisher= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711170743/https://cpj.org/zinfo/aboutcpj2.html#how%7ctitle=aboutcpj%7cpublisher= |archive-date=2019-07-11 |access-date=2019-09-13 |publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists}}</ref> IS ta azabtar da kuma kashe' yan jaridar gida, haifar da abin da kungiyar Reporters Without Borders ta kira "labarai masu ban tsoro" a yankunan da IS ke iko da su. Rahotanni sun ce an bai wa mayakan IS umarni a rubuce domin su kashe ko kama ‘yan jarida.<ref name="en.rsf.org">{{Cite web |date=23 October 2014 |title=Areas controlled by Islamic State are news 'black holes' |url=http://en.rsf.org/iraq-areas-controlled-by-islamic-state-23-10-2014,47147.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070404/http://en.rsf.org/iraq-areas-controlled-by-islamic-state-23-10-2014,47147.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=13 September 2019 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref> A watan Disambar 2013, wasu 'yan kunar bakin wake biyu sun kai hari a hedkwatar gidan talabijin din Salaheddin tare da kashe 'yan jarida biyar, bayan da suka zargi gidan talabijin din da "bata sunan al'ummar Sunni na Iraki". Kungiyar Reporters Without Borders ta bayar da rahoton cewa, a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 2014, IS ta kwace kuma a ranar 11 ga watan Oktoba ta fille kan Raad al-Azzawi, wani mai daukar hoto na TV Salaheddin daga kauyen Samra da ke gabashin Tikrit. Ya zuwa Oktoba 2014, a cewar Journalistic Freedoms Observatory, IS ta gudanar da 'yan jarida tara kuma tana da wasu tara a karkashin kulawa a lardin Mosul da Salahuddin.<ref name="en.rsf.org"/> A cikin 2013 da kuma wani ɓangare na 2014, ƙungiyar IS da ake yi wa lakabi da Beatles ta samu kuma ta yi garkuwa da 'yan jarida 12 na yammacin Turai, tare da ma'aikatan agaji da sauran mutanen waje da aka yi garkuwa da su, jimlar 23 ko 24 da aka yi garkuwa da su. An kama wani dan jarida dan kasar Poland Marcin Suder a watan Yulin 2013 amma bayan watanni hudu ya tsere. Rukunin ya kashe 'yan jaridar Amurka James Foley da Steven Sotloff kuma ya fitar da bidiyon yanke kai. An saki takwas daga cikin sauran 'yan jarida don fansa: ɗan jaridar Danish Daniel Rye Ottosen,' yan jaridar Faransa Didier François, Edouard Elias, Nicholas Hénin, da Pierre Torres, da' yan jarida na Mutanen Espanya Marc Marginedas, Javier Espinosa, da Ricardo García Vilanova. Rukunin ya ci gaba da tsare ɗan jaridar Burtaniya John Cantlie da ma'aikaciyar agaji. 48n1ty79i0xiy01dw4tnt7ea6zzgp5p 0 107005 893665 854896 2026-08-09T16:02:20Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1297178370|Quaxing]]" 893665 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Nelson_Street_Quaxing.jpg|thumb|Hoton da aka buga tare da taken "Nelson Street Quaxing", wanda aka ɗauka a wannan ɓangaren Nelson Street Cycleway a Auckland wanda ke da launin ruwan hoda]] Quaxing ne neologism na 2015 wanda ke nufin "don sayarwa, a yammacin duniya, ta hanyar tafiya, keke ko sufuri na jama'a". Har ila yau, wani nau'i ne na gwagwarmayar sufuri don yaki da rarrabuwar sufuri, da kuma kawo ganuwa ga yiwuwar rayuwa ba tare da mota ba. == Asalin kalmar == A watan Janairun 2015, wani wakilin gida a Auckland, New Zealand, Dick Quax ya wallafa a shafinsa na Twitter, "Babu wanda ke amfani da jirgin don tafiye-tafiyen cinikin su... ainihin ra'ayin cewa mutane suna janyewa gida cinikin su a kan jirgin kasa yana da ban sha'awa. "<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2015 |title='Quaxing' gaffe goes global |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/quaxing-becomes-byword-in-verbal-battle-over-bike/G6UCM5GYQGTO4VDHKAJJ67DLSA/ |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref> Mutane sun amsa da hotuna na kansu suna cinikin su ta hanyar amfani da kalmar #quaxing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quaxing 101 |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/quaxing-101-thea-baker/ |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=www.linkedin.com |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana kalmar a kan shafukan yanar gizo da tweets kamar "Quax, [verb; past: quaxed, present: quaxing] - don siyayya, a yammacin duniya, ta hanyar tafiya, keke ko sufuri na jama'a. " [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] == Girman yanayin == Halin ya tara tururi a matsayin meme na intanet.<ref>{{Cite web |last=BarbC |date=13 July 2015 |title=Quaxing on Carlton Gore – bike lanes delivering customers already |url=https://www.bikeauckland.org.nz/quaxing-on-carlton-gore-bike-lanes-delivering-customers-already/ |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=Bike Auckland |language=en-NZ}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba kafofin watsa labarai sun ɗauki halin kuma sun rufe labarin da tasirinsa ga 'yan siyasa da masu tsarawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2015 |title=Quaxing |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/thepanel/audio/201754058/quaxing |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=RNZ |language=en-nz}}</ref> Kodayake yana nufin siyayya ta kowane hanyar da ba ta mota ba, masu tuka keke sun fi karɓa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Angus |first=Hilary |date=14 May 2015 |title=How #quaxing Became a Rallying Call for Everyday Cyclists |url=https://momentummag.com/quaxing/ |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=Momentum Mag}}</ref> Adireshin Jama'a ya zaɓi quaxing a matsayin Maganar Shekara a cikin 2015, wanda ya sami ƙarin ɗaukar kafofin watsa labarai don yanayin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Russell |date=21 December 2015 |title=PAWOTY: We are all quaxing now • Hard News • Public Address |url=https://publicaddress.net/hardnews/pawoty-we-are-all-quaxing-now/ |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=publicaddress.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2015 |title=The Word of The Year: "Quaxing" |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/morningreport/audio/201783641/the-word-of-the-year-quaxing |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=RNZ |language=en-nz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2015 |title='Quaxing' gaffe goes global |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/quaxing-becomes-byword-in-verbal-battle-over-bike/G6UCM5GYQGTO4VDHKAJJ67DLSA/ |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref> Momentum Mag ya bayyana quaxing kamar haka: == Manazarta == je8moj3p2zutkn837nut0jy0a5wv8xc 0 107083 893717 822504 2026-08-09T16:27:40Z Asiya Garba 46242 893717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Lunch_vendor.jpg|thumb|Abinci na titi a [[Lomé]].]] Abinci na Togo shinge abincin [[Togo|Jamhuriyar Togo]], ƙasa a nahiyar Afirka [[Doya|yam]] Afirka. Abinci na yau da kullun a cikin '''Abincin Togolese''' sun haɗa da [[masara]], [[shinkafa]], [[Gero|millet]], [[Rogo|cassava]], yam, plantain da [[wake]]. Masara ita ce abincin da aka fi cinyewa a Jamhuriyar Togo. Kifi muhimmiyar tushen furotin ce. Mutanen Togo sukan ci abinci a gida, to amma akwai kuma gidajen cin abinci da shagunan abinci. == Abinci da kirki == [[Fayil:Fufu-palmnutsoup.jpg|thumb|250x250px|''[[Fufu]]'' (hagu) da kuma kwai na dabino (dama).]] [[Fayil:Ablo.jpg|thumb|''Ablo'', abinci ne na [[masara]]]] Hanyar Togolese sau da yawa haɗuwa ce ta tasirin [[Al'adar nau'ikan abincin afrika|Afirka]], Faransanci, da Jamusanci. Abincin yana da sauces da yawa da nau'ikan pâté daban-daban, da yawa daga cikinsu an kuma yi su ne daga kwai, [[Tumatir|Tumar]], spinach, da kifi. Abincin ya haɗu da waɗannan abinci tare da nau'ikan [[nama]] da [[Kayan miya|kayan lambu]] daban-daban don ƙirƙirar jita-jita masu ɗanɗano. Gidajen abinci na gefen hanya suna sayar da abinci kamar groundnuts, Omelette, brochettes, masara-on-the-cob, da prawns da aka dafa. Ƙarin abinci da jita-jita sun haɗa da: * ''Agouti'', wanda aka fi sani da "masu yankan ciyawa". * ''[[Akpan]]'', mai yisti na masara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=L'akpan le yaourt végétal béninois qui a du potentiel |url=http://www.rfi.fr/hebdo/20170317-benin-akpan-yaourt-vegetal-artisanal-potentiel-productrice-after |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20200729124321/http://www.rfi.fr/hebdo/20170317-benin-akpan-yaourt-vegetal-artisanal-potentiel-productrice-after |archive-date=2020-07-29 |access-date=2020-04-10 |website=archive.wikiwix.com}}</ref> * ''Akume'', wanda aka shirya daga masara da aka yi amfani da shi tare da gefe, yawanci okra soup. * Gurasar sandar * Sau da yawa ana amfani da sili a matsayin kayan yaji * ''[[Fufu]]'' ya zama ruwan dare gama gari, wanda aka yi da yams da aka kwantar da su sannan aka buga su da pestle har sai sun kai ga daidaito. ''Fufu'' yawanci ana haɗa shi da sauces. * Naman awaki. * Koklo meme, kaza da aka gasa tare da sauce chili. * ''Kokonte'', wani pâté da aka yi da cassava * Pâté, kek ɗin da ake amfani da shi. * Peanuts == Kudancin Togolese abinci == [[Fayil:Gboma_dessi.jpg|thumb|Gboma déssi]] * Rice sauce d'arachide, abincin shinkafa da aka yi da soya. === Masu farawa === * Salad tare da [[Gwanda|papaya]] * Saladi na tumatir da [[albasa]] * Saladi na Avocado tare da sole * Saladi na avocado a cikin cubes, yawanci ana ba da shi tare da tumatir, kwai mai tauri da albasa === Sauces === * ''fétri'' déssi: okra sauce (fétri = okra; ''dessi'' = sauce) da aka dafa tare da man dabino ko wasu mai, naman sa, shrimp, crab, kifi mai hayakikifi mai shan sigari [[Fayil:Okro_soup_with_beef_and_Seafoods.jpg|thumb|Fétri ya ɓace]] * '''Gboma déssi''': sauce na spinach tare da nama, kifi mai hayaki, ko abincin teku * '''<nowiki><i id="mw1w">adémè</i></nowiki> déssi''': sauce na ganye (adémè) * Egoussi déssi: mai kauri sauce na tsaba na [[egusi]], ganyen ''gboma'', tumatir, albasa, kayan yaji, naman sa, ''akpanman'' (fatar saniya mai laushi), abincin teku [[Fayil:Egusi_soup_with_ponmo_and_beef.jpg|thumb|Da son kai]] * Gbôh-lan déssi: naman awaki * Alin déssi: sauce na tumaki * Gni-lan déssi: naman tumatir * '''Gni-fôti déssi''': naman sa tumatir sauce * '''Agbanmé déssi''': sauce na tumatir mai sauƙi tare da naman sa ko kifi * '''Dékou déssi''': kwayar dabino tare da nama, nama, kifi * Yébéssé-si: tumatir mai ɗanɗano da chili paste * Han-lan déssi: naman alade * Hô-lan déssi: sauce na tumatir mai shan sigari (Dasyprocta) * '''Azin'g déssi''': soya na man shanu * '''Lan-moumou déssi''': sauce na kifi tare da tumatir [[Fayil:Nigerian_Fisherman_Soup.jpg|thumb|Lan-moumou déssi]] * Kanlanmi déssi: soya na tumatir da aka dafa * '''Dowèwi déssi''': sauce tare da sabo ko sinadarin sinadarai [[Fayil:Anchovies_with_palm_oil.jpg|thumb|Dowèwi déssi]] * '''Gbékui déssi''': mai kauri mai kauri (''gboma'', ''amaranth'', ''Cleome gynandra'') tare da nama ko kifi <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dansi |first=Alexandre |last2=Adjatin |first2=Arlette |last3=Adoukonou-Sagbadja |first3=Hubert |last4=Faladé |first4=Victoire |date=January 2009 |title=Traditional leafy vegetables in Benin: folk nomenclature, species under threat and domestication |journal=Acta Botanica Gallica |volume=156 |issue=2 |pages=183–199 |doi=10.1080/12538078.2009.10516150}}</ref> * Déssi hé: farin sauce tare da kayan lambu da kifi === Starchs da gurasar === * '''''Akoumé''''': masara mai mahimmanci (mai ƙanshi), an dafa shi a cikin ruwan tafasa kuma ya zama babban haɗin kai ga sauces daban-daban. Manyan hanyoyi guda biyu: éwɔ-koumé: busassun garin masara da aka motsa kai tsaye cikin ruwan tafasa har sai ya yi tsayi. Idan an shirya shi da busassun garin cassava a maimakon haka, ana kiransa konkonte (kuma sananne ne a Ghana), kama da Amala na Mutanen Yoruba * ''Akoumé'' (a cikin [[Harshen Ga]]) daidai yake da <nowiki><i id="mwASw">akplè</i></nowiki> (Harshen Ewe), ko Banku (harshe Ga), kusa da tô ([[Burkina Faso]]). [[Fayil:Akple_and_ademe.jpg|thumb|Akoumé tare da sauce adémè]] * '''''Djenkoumé''''': nau'in gishiri, amiwɔ a [[Benin]]; gurasar masara da aka dafa tare da ruwan gishiri ko naman nama, an ci shi tare da nama. * '''[[Kom (food)|Kom (Dokounou)]]''': kwallaye masu tururi na precooked, gurasar masara mai yisti da aka lulluɓe a cikin ƙwayoyin masara; an ba da shi tare da kifi da aka dafa da kuma goge chili na musamman (''Yébéssé fionfion''). Ana cin Kom a ko'ina a Ghana tsakanin Mutanen Ewe, wanda aka sani da [[Kenkey]] a cikin harshen Mutanen Ga. [[Fayil:Ga_Kenkey_&_Shrimps.jpg|thumb|Kom tare da shrimps]] * '''Ablo''': tururi, ɗan ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano; kuma an yi shi da shinkafa. * '''[[Akpan]]''': mai laushi, dan kadan mai laushi na gari mai fermented, tururi a cikin ganyen ayaba. [[Fayil:Banku_Wrapped_in_Plantain_leaves.jpg|thumb|Akpan]] * '''Egblin''': kwallon da aka yi da cream na masara mai yisti sosai, an dafa shi a cikin ganyen cassava. * '''[[Fufu]]''': mash na yashi, cassava, plantain ko taro, an buga shi zuwa haske, mai sassauci; an ci shi tare da kifi ko naman nama ko tare da sauce na dabino (dékou déssi). [[Fayil:Fufu_and_light_soup_with_goat_meat.jpg|thumb|Fufu]] == Abin sha == * Red ruwan inabi * [[giya]] salon Amurka * Farin ruwan inabi == Dubi kuma == * [[Abincin Benin]] * [[Abincin Burkinabe|Abincin Burkina Faso]] * [[Kayan abinci na Ghana|Abincin Ghana]] * [[Jerin abincin Afirka]]  == Manazarta == ih76cvgioqueyzsz4zd9d6g3l8bv1i5 0 107330 894172 868732 2026-08-10T10:29:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894172 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''<nowiki/>'Yancin Dan Adam a [[Cuba|Cuban]]''' suna karkashin binciken kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, wadanda ke zargin gwamnatin Cuba da aikata laifuka na cin zarafin' yancin dan adam a kan mutanen Cuba, gami da ɗaurin kurkuku da shari'o'i marasa adalci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-06 |title=World Report 2020: Rights Trends in Cuba |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/cuba |access-date=2021-02-23 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Everything you need to know about human rights in Cuba |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/americas/cuba/report-cuba/ |access-date=2021-02-23 |website=www.amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa kamar su [[Amnesty International]] da [[Hakkin ɗan'adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli|Human Rights]] Watch sun ja hankalin ayyukan ƙungiyar kare [[Hakkin Dan Adam a Slovakia|hakkin dan Adam]] da kuma sanya mambobinta a matsayin fursunonin lamiri, kamar su Óscar Elías Biscet . Bugu da kari, an kirkiro Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Dimokuradiyya a Cuba karkashin jagorancin tsoffin 'yan siyasa Václav Havel na [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]], [[José María Aznar]] na [[Ispaniya|Spain]] da Patricio Aylwin na [[Chile]] don tallafawa ƙungiyar masu adawa da Cuba.<ref>The experts are: Alena Douhan, Special Rapporteur on the negative impact of the unilateral coercive measures on the enjoyment of human rights; George Katrougalos, Independent Expert on the promotion of a democratic and equitable international order; Attiya Waris, Independent Expert on foreign debt, other international financial obligations and human rights; Reem Alsalem, Special Rapporteur on violence against women and girls, its causes and consequences. {{cite web |date=7 February 2025 |title=United States: Experts dismayed by decision to reinstate Cuba as State Sponsor of Terrorism, call for lifting of unilateral coercive measure |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/02/united-states-experts-dismayed-decision-reinstate-cuba-state-sponsor |access-date=6 April 2026 |website=Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights. United Nations}}</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == An bayyana damuwa game da yadda ake tafiyar da tsarin da ya dace. A cewar Human Rights Watch, ko da yake Cuba, a hukumance ba ta yarda da Allah ba har zuwa 1992, yanzu "ya ba da damar mafi girma don bayyana addini fiye da yadda aka yi a shekarun da suka gabata, kuma ta yarda da dama kungiyoyin agaji na addini suyi aiki, gwamnati har yanzu tana kula da cibiyoyi na addini, ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa, da kuma daidaikun masu bi".<ref name="hrw1999">{{Cite web |year=1999 |title=Cuba's repressive machinery |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/cuba/Cuba996-01.htm#P348_12349 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Censorship a Cuba ya kasance a tsakiyar korafe-korafe.<ref name="RWB-Index2008">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Press Freedom Index 2008 |url=http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/cl_en_2008.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303221403/http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/cl_en_2008.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-03 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref><ref name="cubaonline">{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Going online in Cuba: Internet under surveillance |url=http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/rapport_gb_md_1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303221407/http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/rapport_gb_md_1.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-03 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref> A cewar rahoton Human Rights Watch daga shekara ta 2017 gwamnati ta ci gaba da dogaro da tsare-tsare na wucin gadi don tayar da masu sukar, masu gwagwarmaya masu zaman kansu, abokan adawar siyasa, da sauransu. Wannan rahoto ya kara da cewa Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam da Sakamako ta Kasa ta Cuba, kungiya mai zaman kanta mai 'yancin dan adam wacce ba ta da izinin hukuma kuma saboda haka gwamnati ta dauke ta ba bisa ka'ida ba, ta sami rahotanni sama da 7,900 na tsare-tsare daga Janairu zuwa Agusta 2016. Wannan yana wakiltar matsakaicin matsakaicin kowane wata na tsare-tsare a cikin shekaru shida da suka gabata.<ref name="Cuba Events of 2016">{{Cite web |date=12 January 2017 |title=World Report 2017: Rights Trends in Cuba |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/cuba |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Rahoton shekara-shekara na Amnesty International na 2017-2018 ya kuma bayyana karin tsare-tsaren da ake yi ba bisa ka'ida ba, korar jami'an gwamnati na nuna wariya da cin zarafi a cikin sana'o'in dogaro da kai da nufin sanya su shiru suna suka. Dangane da duk wani ci gaba da aka samu a fannin ilimi, Amnesty International ta ruwaito cewa ci gaban ilimi ya lalace ta hanyar satar bayanai ta yanar gizo da kuma ta layi. Cuba ta kasance galibi a rufe ga masu sa ido na kare hakkin dan adam masu zaman kansu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Cuba 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/americas/cuba/report-cuba/ |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> Cuba jagora ce ta yanki a batutuwan kare hakkin mata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-06 |title=Cuban women cite gender challenges as they push to open businesses |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/cuban-women-cite-gender-challenges-push-open-businesses-rcna11186 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Fact Sheet {{!}} UN Women Data Hub |url=https://data.unwomen.org/country/cuba |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=data.unwomen.org}}</ref> == Tarihi == A lokacin [[Daular Sipaniya|Mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya]], limamin Bartolomé de las Casas ya ba da labarin zalunci ga 'yan asalin ƙasar. Jirgin da ya biyo baya na bayi na Afirka zuwa tsibirin, wanda ya dauki sama da shekaru 300, ya haifar da shiga tsakani na sojojin [[Birtaniya]] da kuma ƙuduri "don dakatar da waɗannan cin zarafin".<ref>"Report from the British commissionary judge, Havana, to the Foreign secretary (Lord Stanley)." September 30, 1866. Thomas, Hugh. ''Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom''. p.1050.</ref> Tun lokacin da Cuba ta sami 'yancin kai a 1902, kungiyoyi daban-daban, a cikin Cuba da kuma duniya, sun soki gwamnatocin Cuba da suka biyo baya saboda cin zarafin' yancin dan adam a tsibirin. A ƙarshen zamanin mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya a Cuba, haƙƙin ɗan adam a tsibirin ya zama damuwa ta duniya. Bayan ziyarar da ya kai yankin a shekara ta 1898, Sanata Redfield Proctor na Amurka ya kiyasta cewa har zuwa 200,000 Cubans sun mutu daga yunwa da cututtuka a cikin "masu tsananin Mutanen Espanya", ainihin sansanonin taro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harvard Rhetorical Society |url=http://hcs.harvard.edu/~rhetoric/proctor.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807060847/http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~rhetoric/proctor.htm |archive-date=2011-08-07 |access-date=2006-08-27}}</ref> Damuwa ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa wajen samun goyon baya ga Yaƙin Mutanen Espanya da Amurka a Amurka. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, da kuma bin dogon lokaci na rashin zaman lafiya, gwamnatin jari-hujja ta 1924-33 ta Gerardo Machado ta zama mai mulki. Machado ya tsawaita mulkinsa har sai da Fulgencio Batista ya jagoranci wani bore da ake kira Revolt of Sergeants, a matsayin wani bangare na juyin mulkin da ya hambarar da Machado a shekara ta 1933. Batista kuma ya zama mai karfi bayan wasu shugabannin 'yan tsana har sai da aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kasa a 1940. A cewar Hugh Thomas, lokacin bayan Machado ya kasance alama ce ta cin hanci da rashawa da cin hanci da rashawa da cin hanci da rashawa. gansterismo a ko'ina cikin tsibirin.<ref>[[Hugh Thomas (writer)|Hugh Thomas]]. ''Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom''. p.388</ref> Daga 1940, Cuba tana da tsarin zaɓe na jam'iyyu da yawa har sai Fulgencio Batista (Shugaba daga 1940 zuwa 1944) ya yi juyin mulki tare da goyon bayan soja a ranar 10 ga Maris, 1952.<ref name="CIA, 1963 P. 1">CIA (1963). Political Murders in Cuba -- Batista Era Compared with Castro Regime</ref><ref name="Bethell-Cuba">{{cite book|title=Cuba|first=Leslie|last=Bethell}}</ref><ref name="Sweig-Inside">{{cite book|title=Inside the Cuban Revolution|first=Julia E.|last=Sweig|year=2002|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-01612-5|url=https://archive.org/details/insidecubanrevol00juli}}</ref><ref name="Wickham-Crowley, Timothy P. 1990 P. 63">Wickham-Crowley, Timothy P. (1990). Exploring Revolution: Essays on Latin American Insurgency and Revolutionary Theory. Armonk and London: M.E. Sharpe. P. 63 "Estimates of hundreds or perhaps about a thousand deaths due to Batista's terror are also supported by comments made by Fidel Castro and other Batista critics during the war itself."</ref><ref name="Guerra, Lillian 2012 p. 42">Guerra, Lillian (2012). Visions of Power in Cuba: Revolution, Redemption, and Resistance, 1959–1971. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 42 "The likely total was probably closer to three to four thousand."</ref><ref>''Conflict, Order, and Peace in the Americas'', by the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, 1978, p. 121. "The US-supported Batista regime killed 20,000 Cubans"</ref> Don kwantar da rashin jin daɗi a tsakanin jama'a - wanda aka nuna daga baya ta hanyar tarzomar ɗalibai da zanga-zangar -Batista ya kafa tsauraran ra'ayi na kafofin watsa labarai, yayin da kuma yana amfani da Ofishin sa na Tattalin Arziki na Kwaminisanci don aiwatar da manyan tarzoma, azabtarwa da kisa ga jama'a. Wadannan kashe-kashen sun hauhawa a cikin 1957, yayin da ra'ayoyin gurguzu suka zama mafi tasiri. An kashe mutane da yawa, tare da kiyasin da aka kashe daga ɗaruruwa zuwa kusan mutane 20,000.<ref name="Invisible">''Invisible Latin America'', by Samuel Shapiro, Ayer Publishing, 1963, {{ISBN|0-8369-2521-1}}, pg 77. "All told, Batista's second dictatorship cost the Cuban people some 20,000 dead"</ref><ref name="WGuide">''The World Guide 1997/98: A View from the South'', by University of Texas, 1997, {{ISBN|1-869847-43-1}}, pg 209. "Batista engineered yet another coup, establishing a dictatorial regime, which was responsible for the death of 20,000 Cubans."</ref><ref name="ThirdW">''The Third World in Perspective'', by H.A. Reitsma & J.M.G. Kleinpenning, {{ISBN|0-8476-7450-9}}, pg 344. "Under Batista at least 20,000 people were put to death."</ref> A ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 1960, Sanata John F. Kennedy, a tsakiyar yakin neman zabensa na shugabancin Amurka, ya soki dangantakar Batista da gwamnatin Amurka kuma ya soki gwamnatin Eisenhower don tallafa masa:<blockquote>Fulgencio Batista ya kashe 'yan Cuba 20,000 a cikin shekaru bakwai ... kuma ya mai da Demokradiyyar Cuba cikakkiyar 'yan sanda - yana lalata kowane 'yanci. Duk da haka taimakonmu ga gwamnatinsa, da rashin daidaiton manufofinmu, sun ba Batista damar kiran sunan Amurka don tallafawa mulkinsa na ta'addanci. Masu magana da yawun gwamnatin sun yaba wa Batista a bainar jama’a—suna yaba shi a matsayin babban abokin tarayya kuma abokin kirki—a lokacin da Batista ke kashe dubbai, yana lalata ’yancin kai na ƙarshe, da kuma sace ɗaruruwan miliyoyin daloli daga mutanen Cuba, kuma mun kasa matsa lamba don a yi zaɓe cikin ‘yanci.<ref name="JFK1960">[http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25660 Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy at Democratic Dinner, Cincinnati, Ohio, October 6, 1960] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014174405/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25660 |date=October 14, 2013 }} from the ''[[John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library]]''.</ref></blockquote>A cewar mujallar Time, "Yajin aikin ya kasance na ɗan gajeren lokaci: "Tare da babba, Batista ya zagaya cikin gari da gaba gaɗi yayin da 'yan sandansa suka ci gaba da yin cikakken ikonsu. Sa’ad da wata motar sintiri ta yi ta rediyo cewa ta yi artabu da ’yan tawaye kuma tana da ‘mataccen mutum da fursuna’, ma’aikacin ya ba da umurni cewa: ‘Ku harbe shi.’ Da tsakar rana, 'yan sanda suka kutsa cikin wani gidan kwana, suka kama wasu samari uku wadanda su ne shugabanin kungiyar Action Catholic Action ta Cuba, wadanda ke tausayawa Castro. Bayan sa'o'i biyu aka mika gawarwakinsu da aka yi musu, azabtarwa da harsashi da aka yi wa 'yan uwa. Adadin wadanda suka mutu: 43. "<ref name=":4">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,810279,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815000127/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,810279,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 15, 2009|magazine=Time|title=CUBA: Strongman's Round|date=April 21, 1958|access-date=May 4, 2010}}</ref> A shekara ta 1959, Fidel Castro da dakarunsa sun yi nasarar korar Batista daga mulki. A lokacin an sami sauye-sauye na asali a cikin tsarin shari'a da na siyasa. A cikin wannan lokacin riƙon ƙwarya an sami wasu damuwa game da tsarin da ya dace.<ref>The Day After — Cuba: His Brother's Keeper Foreign Policy archive.</ref><ref>[http://www.fiu.edu/~fcf/castro_year1/castroyr1.ruleoflaw.html The End of the Rule of Law March 1959] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312142726/http://www.fiu.edu/~fcf/castro_year1/castroyr1.ruleoflaw.html|date=March 12, 2013}} Fidel Castro, by Robert E. Quirk 1993</ref> Kungiyar "Cuban National Reconciliation Movement", wata kungiya mai tushe a Amurka wacce ke da'awar yin aiki a matsayin dandalin tattaunawa kan al'ummar Cuban, ta yi cikakken bayani kan abin da ta yi imani da cewa suna da sarkakiya yayin nazarin 'yancin dan adam nan da nan bayan juyin juya hali. A cikin shekarun 1960, munanan tashe-tashen hankula da aka fi sani da Tawayen Escambray tsakanin gwamnatin Cuba da 'yan adawa masu dauke da makamai na ci gaba da gudana, amma a farkon shekarun 1970 sun yi kasa a gwiwa. Kungiyar ta bayyana cewa a lokacin da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa suka bunkasa a shekarun 1970, lokaci mafi muni na danniya ya kare, wanda hakan ya sa tantancewar baya-bayan nan ba tare da wani bangare ba na lokacin. Har ila yau, yunkurin sulhun ya ba da misali da matsalolin da ake fuskanta wajen tantance asusun cin zarafi da aka saba raba kan bangaranci. A cewar kungiyar, 'yan gudun hijirar Cuba wadanda galibi su ne suka fara yin Allah wadai da gwamnatin Cuba, galibi suna da akidar kyamar gurguzu da kuma keta hakkin da wasu gwamnatocin suka aikata, yayin da da yawa daga cikin masu lura da al'amura, ba su yi la'akari da ikirari na mutanen Cuban da abin ya shafa ba.<ref>[http://memoria.fiu.edu/memoria/documents/Book_English.pdf <i>Cuban National Reconciliation movement</i>] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719193424/http://memoria.fiu.edu/memoria/documents/Book_English.pdf |date=2011-07-19 }} Task force report 2003</ref> Bayan hawan mulki a shekara ta 1959, gwamnatin Fidel Castro ta gina ingantacciyar injuna na danniya, a cewar Human Rights Watch.<ref name="hrw19992">{{cite web |year=1999 |title=Cuba's repressive machinery |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/cuba/Cuba996-01.htm#P348_12349 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Tun a farkon watan Satumbar 1959,<ref>British Foreign Office. Chancery American Department, Foreign Office, London September 2, 1959 (2181/59) to British Embassy Havana classified as restricted Released 2000 by among British Foreign Office papers FOREIGN OFFICES FILES FOR CUBA Part 1: Revolution in Cuba "in our letter 1011/59 May 6 we mentioned that a Russian workers' delegation had been invited to participate in the May Day celebrations here, but had been delayed. The interpreter with the party, which arrived later and stayed in Cuba a few days, was called Vadim Kotchergin although he was at the time using what he subsequently claimed was his mother's name of Liston (?). He remained in the background, and did not attract any attention.."</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=November 7, 2005 |title=El campo de entrenamiento "Punto Cero" donde el Partido Comunista de Cuba (PCC) adiestra a terroristas nacionales e internacionales |url=http://www.canf.org/2005/1es/noticias-de-Cuba/2005-nov-07-el-campo-de-entrenamiento.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030031149/http://www.canf.org/2005/1es/noticias-de-Cuba/2005-nov-07-el-campo-de-entrenamiento.htm |archive-date=October 30, 2007 |access-date=2008-01-08 |publisher=[[Cuban American National Foundation]]}} (English title: The training camp "Point Zero" where the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC) trained national and international terrorists) "... Los coroneles soviéticos de la KGB Vadim Kochergin y Victor Simonov (ascendido a general en 1970) fueron entrenadores en "Punto Cero" desde finales de los años 60 del siglo pasado. Uno de los" graduados" por Simonov en este campo de entrenamiento es Ilich Ramírez Sánchez, más conocido como "Carlos El Chacal". Otro "alumno" de esta instalación del terror es el mexicano Rafael Sebastián Guillén, alias "subcomandante Marcos", quien se "graduó" en "Punto Cero" a principio de los años 80."</ref> an ga Vadim Kotchergin (ko Kochergin), wakilin KGB, a Cuba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2005 |title=El campo de entrenamiento "Punto Cero" donde el Partido Comunista de Cuba (PCC) adiestra a terroristas nacionales e internacionales |url=http://www.canf.org/2005/1es/noticias-de-Cuba/2005-nov-07-el-campo-de-entrenamiento.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030031149/http://www.canf.org/2005/1es/noticias-de-Cuba/2005-nov-07-el-campo-de-entrenamiento.htm |archive-date=October 30, 2007 |access-date=2008-01-08 |publisher=[[Cuban American National Foundation]]}} (English title: The training camp "Point Zero" where the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC) trained national and international terrorists)<br /><br /> "... Los coroneles soviéticos de la KGB Vadim Kochergin y Victor Simonov (ascendido a general en 1970) fueron entrenadores en "Punto Cero" desde finales de los años 60 del siglo pasado. Uno de los" graduados" por Simonov en este campo de entrenamiento es Ilich Ramírez Sánchez, más conocido como "Carlos El Chacal". Otro "alumno" de esta instalación del terror es el mexicano Rafael Sebastián Guillén, alias "subcomandante Marcos", quien se "graduó" en "Punto Cero" a principio de los años 80."</ref> Jorge Luis Vasquez, dan kasar Cuban wanda aka daure shi a Gabashin Jamus, ya bayyana cewa 'yan sanda na sirri na Gabashin Jamus Stasi sun horar da ma'aikatan Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Cuba (MININT).<ref>{{cite news |last=Levitin |first=Michael |date=November 4, 2007 |title=La Stasi entrenó a la Seguridad cubana |url=http://www.elnuevoherald.com/209/story/112259.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928223044/http://www.elnuevoherald.com/209/story/112259.html |archive-date=September 28, 2008 |publisher=Nuevo Herald}}</ref> === Kashe-kashen siyasa === An yi kimantawa daban-daban don tabbatar da yawan kisan gillar siyasa da aka gudanar a madadin gwamnatin Cuban tun bayan juyin juya halin. A cikin watanni biyu na farko na 1959, gwamnatin Castro ta kashe sama da jami'an Batista 300,<ref name="APfeb59">{{cite news |last1=Berrellez |first1=Robert |date=23 February 1959 |title=True Picture Of Batista Regime's Atrocities In Cuba Begins To Emerge |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1338&dat=19590223&id=NP1XAAAAIBAJ&pg=2501,4729775 |access-date=19 March 2017 |work=[[Spokane Daily Chronicle]] |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> tare da masanin tarihin Latin Amurka Thomas E. Skidmore ya ce an kashe mutane 550 a cikin watanni shida na farko na 1959. <ref name="Atlas">{{Cite web |title=Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls |url=http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat6.htm#Cuba59 |access-date=2020-10-14 |website=users.erols.com}}</ref> A cikin wani labarin UPI na Afrilu 1961, hukumar ta bayyana cewa kimanin "700 sun mutu kafin 'yan wasan Castro' tsakanin 1959 da 1961.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 April 1961 |title=Seven including ex-Castroite executed |url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1961/04/20/Seven-including-ex-Castroite-executed/1205884581438/ |access-date=19 March 2017 |work=[[United Press International|UPI]] |language=en}}</ref> The World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators ya tabbatar da cewa an yi kisa na siyasa 2,113 tsakanin shekarun 1958-67, yayin da masanin tarihin Burtaniya Hugh Thomas, ya bayyana a cikin bincikensa ''Cuba ko neman 'yanci'' <ref name="Atlas" /> cewa "watakila" kashe-kashen 5,000 ya faru a shekarar 1970.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cuba or the Pursuit of Freedom Hugh Thomas |url=http://www.longitudebooks.com/find/p/7230/mcms.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607162823/http://www.longitudebooks.com/find/p/7230/mcms.html |archive-date=2013-06-07 |access-date=2013-07-19 |website=longitudebooks.com}}</ref><ref name="Atlas" /> Yawancin wadanda aka kashe kai tsaye bayan juyin juya halin 1959 'yan sanda ne,' yan siyasa da masu ba da labari ga mulkin Batista waɗanda aka zarge su da laifuka kamar azabtarwa da kisan kai, kuma shari'arsu ta jama'a da kisa sun sami goyon baya sosai tsakanin jama'ar Cuba. Yawancin malamai sun yarda cewa wadanda aka kashe sun kasance masu laifi kamar yadda ake tuhuma, amma shari'arsu ba ta bi tsari da ya dace ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Resurrection of Che Guevara |url=http://nova.wpunj.edu/newpolitics/issue25/farber25.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129121500/http://nova.wpunj.edu/newpolitics/issue25/farber25.htm |archive-date=2011-11-29 |access-date=2017-02-04 |website=nova.wpunj.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Resurrection of Che Guevara |url=http://nova.wpunj.edu/newpolitics/issue25/farber25.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129121500/http://nova.wpunj.edu/newpolitics/issue25/farber25.htm |archive-date=2011-11-29 |access-date=2017-02-04 |website=nova.wpunj.edu}}</ref> Gwamnatin Cuban ta tabbatar da irin wadannan matakan a kan dalilan cewa a Cuba, yin amfani da hukuncin kisa ga masu aikata laifukan yaki da sauransu sun bi irin wannan hanyar da Allies suka bi a baya a lokacin gwajin Nuremberg. Wasu malaman Cuban sun ci gaba da cewa idan gwamnati ba ta sanya dokoki masu tsanani a kan masu azabtarwa, [[Ta'addanci|'yan ta'adda]], da sauran masu laifi da gwamnatin Batista ta yi amfani da su ba, mutane da kansu za su dauki adalci a hannunsu.<ref>Raul Gomez Treto, "Thirty Years of Cuban Revolutionary Penal Law", <i>Latin American Perspectives</i>, Vol. 18, No. 2, Spring, 1991, pp. 114–125</ref> === An zargi sansanin tilasta aiki da cin zarafin fursunoni === A shekara ta 1987, an gudanar da wani "Tribunal on Cuba" a birnin Paris domin gabatar da shaidar tsoffin fursunoni na tsarin hukunta laifukan Cuba ga kafafen yada labarai na duniya. Wata kungiyar yaki da gurguzu da Amurka ke daukar nauyin wannan taro mai suna Resistance International da "Coalition of Committees for the Rights of Man in Cuba". Shaidu da aka gabatar a kotun, a gaban wani komitin kasa da kasa, sun yi zargin cewa ana fuskantar azabtarwa a gidajen yarin Cuba da kuma “sansanoni masu wahala”. Azabawar ta kunshi duka, gwaje-gwajen halittu wadanda suka hada da hana abinci, tambayoyi na tashin hankali da yanayin rayuwa mara tsafta.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070610074457/http://polarch.sas.ac.uk/pdf_documents/TropicalGulag.pdf Tribunal on Cuba] Paris April 1986</ref> Alkalin kotun ya amince da zargin kama shi ba bisa ka'ida ba; yanke hukunci ta hanyar kotun soja ba tare da jama'a ko mai kare shi ba; lokacin da fursunoni suka shafe a sansanonin aiki masu wahala ba tare da isasshen abinci, sutura ko kulawar likita ba; da kuma kame yaran da suka haura shekara tara. === Cin zarafin siyasa na ilimin hauka === Kodayake Cuba tana da alaƙa da siyasa da Tarayyar Soviet tun lokacin da Amurka ta yanke dangantaka da Cuba jim kadan bayan Firayim Minista Fidel Castro ya hau mulki a shekarar 1959, ƙananan zarge-zarge game da cin zarafin siyasa na ilimin kwakwalwa a wannan ƙasar sun fito kafin ƙarshen shekarun 1980. : 74 Americas Watch da [[Amnesty International]] sun buga rahotanni waɗanda suka yi nuni da shari'o'in yiwuwar asibiti ba tare da izini ba da kuma kula da fursunonin siyasa.<ref name="Medicine betrayed" /> : 75 Wadannan rahotanni sun shafi asibitin Gustavo Machin a Santiago na Cuba a kudu maso gabashin kasar da kuma babban asibitin mahaukaci a [[Havana]].<ref name="Medicine betrayed" /> : 75 A shekara ta 1977, an buga wani rahoto game da zargin cin zarafin ilimin kwakwalwa a Cuba a Amurka kuma ya gabatar da shari'o'in rashin kulawa a asibitocin kwakwalwa na Cuba wanda ya samo asali ne daga farkon shekarun 1970.<ref name="Medicine betrayed" /> : 75 Yana gabatar da zarge-zarge masu tsanani waɗanda ke da'awar cewa fursunoni waɗanda suka ƙare a cikin unguwanni na asibitocin mahaukaci a Santiago de Cuba da Havana suna fuskantar hanyoyin rashin lafiya waɗanda suka haɗa da maganin lantarki ba tare da amfani da kayan kwantar da hankali ba ko anesthesia.<ref name="Medicine betrayed" /> : 75 Aikace-aikacen da aka ruwaito na ECT a cikin unguwanni na shari'a yana da alama, aƙalla a yawancin shari'o'in da aka ambata, ba isasshen magani na asibiti ba ne don yanayin da aka gano fursunoni - a wasu lokuta ba a gano fursunonin ba.<ref name="Medicine betrayed" /> : An bayyana yanayi 75 a cikin unguwanni na shari'a a cikin maganganu masu banƙyama kuma a bayyane suke da bambanci sosai da yanayin da ke cikin sauran sassan asibitocin mahaukaci waɗanda aka ce suna da kyau kuma na zamani.<ref name="Medicine betrayed" /> : 75 {{Rp|75}} A watan Agustan 1981, an kama masanin tarihin Marxist Ariel Hidalgo kuma an zarge shi da "ta da tsarin zamantakewa, hadin kan kasa da kasa da kuma Jihar Socialist" kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru takwas a kurkuku. : 75 A watan Satumbar 1981, an kai shi daga hedikwatar tsaron jihar zuwa unguwar Carbó-Serviá (forensic) na asibitin Havana Psychiatric kuma ya zauna a can na makonni da yawa.<ref name="Medicine betrayed" /> : 76 {{Rp|76}} == Cuba ta zamani == === Matsalar siyasa === Wani rahoto na 2009 na Human Rights Watch ya kammala cewa "Raúl Castro ya ci gaba da bindigar Cuba a wuri... tun lokacin da ɗan'uwansa Fidel Castro ya ba shi iko. " <ref name="HRW 2009">{{Cite web |date=2009-11-18 |title=New Castro, Same Cuba: Political Prisoners in the Post-Fidel Era |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/11/18/cuba-ra-l-castro-imprisons-critics-crushes-dissent |access-date=2012-02-17 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Rahoton ya gano cewa "[yawan fursunonin siyasa da aka kama a ƙarƙashin Fidel suna ci gaba da lalacewa a kurkuku, kuma Raúl ya yi amfani da dokoki masu tsanani da gwaji na karya don ɗaure yawancin waɗanda suka yi ƙarfin hali don yin amfani da hakkinsu na asali. "[s] Gidan Freedom House da [[gwamnati]] Amurka ke tallafawa ya rarraba Cuba a matsayin "Ba Free ba", <ref name="FH Cuba1">{{Cite web |title=Cuba |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/country/cuba |access-date=2012-02-17 |website=Freedom House}}</ref> kuma ya lura cewa "Cuba ita ce kadai ƙasa a cikin Amurka da ke yin jerin Freedom House na Mafi Girma: Ƙungiyoyin Mafi Girma a Duniya don yaduwar cin zarafin [[Ƴancin siyasa|'yanci]] siyasa da' yanci na jama'a". <ref name="FH Cuba1" /> Rahoton Duniya na 2017 na Human Rights Watch ya rubuta cewa [[Ɗan jarida|'yan jarida]] masu zaman kansu waɗanda aka ɗauka suna ƙarƙashin kamfen ɗin lalata da kuma kamawa na son rai, kamar yadda masu fasaha da masana kimiyya suke buƙatar mafi girma.<ref name="Cuba Events of 2016"/> [[Fayil:Press_conference,_Havana.jpg|right|thumb|Jorge Luis García Pérez ya kai farmaki ga narkewar Cuban a matsayin mika wuya ga mulkin Castro]] Wani rahoto na 1999 Human Rights Watch ya lura cewa babban alhakin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida shine saka idanu kan yawan mutanen Cuban don alamun rashin amincewa.<ref name="HRW-Cuba1999-VIII">{{Cite web |year=1999 |title=VIII. ROUTINE REPRESSION |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/cuba/Cuba996-08.htm#P1517_344135 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> A cikin 1991 sabbin hanyoyin biyu don sa ido da sarrafawa na ciki sun fito. Shugabannin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci sun shirya tsarin tsaro da kariya (Sistema Unico de Vigilancia y Protección, SUVP). Brigades na Rapid Action (Brigadas de Acción Rapida, wanda kuma ake kira Brigades na Saurin Amsa, ko Brigadas de Respuesta Rápida) suna lura da sarrafa masu adawa.<ref name="HRW-Cuba1999-VIII" /> Har ila yau, gwamnati "tana riƙe fayilolin ilimi da na aiki (expedientes escolares y laborales) ga kowane ɗan ƙasa, inda jami'ai ke yin rikodin ayyukan ko maganganun da za su iya ɗaukar aminci ga juyin juya halin. Kafin ci gaba zuwa sabuwar makaranta ko matsayi, dole ne a fara ɗaukar rikodin mutum a karɓa".<ref name="HRW-Cuba1999-VIII" /> Yunkurin adawa a Cuba tarin mutane ne da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, mafi yawansu suna aiki don girmama haƙƙin mutum a tsibirin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report 2004 {{!}} Cuba |url=http://web.amnesty.org/report2004/cub-summary-eng |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608152653/http://web.amnesty.org/report2004/cub-summary-eng |archive-date=June 8, 2007 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin sanannun 'yan adawar Cuban sun hada da Ladies in White (masu karɓar Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought), Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da shugaban al'ummar Cuban Jesús Permuy, Marta Beatriz Roque, da kuma wanda aka zaba don Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya kuma wanda ya lashe Kyautar Sakharov Oswaldo Payá, da Óscar Elías Biscet, da Jorge Luis García Pérez "Antúnez". A ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2019, Ma'aikatar Kasuwancin Amurka ta sanar da cewa, Amurka za ta kakabawa Cuba sabbin takunkumai, sakamakon rashin kyawun bayanan da take da shi na kare hakkin dan Adam da kuma goyon bayan gwamnatin Venezuela. Musamman ma, ci gaba da tsare José Daniel Ferrer an bayyana shi a wata sanarwa ta daban wacce ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta fitar. Ferrer wanda ke jagorantar kungiyar Patriotic Union of Cuba (UNPACU), gwamnatin Cuba na tsare a gidan yari kuma ba a bayyana inda yake ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2019 |title=US Levies New Sanctions on Cuba Over Human Rights, Venezuela |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/americas_us-levies-new-sanctions-cuba-over-human-rights-venezuela/6177839.html |access-date=18 October 2019 |website=Voice of America}}</ref> === Censorship === Cuba a hukumance ta amince da haƙƙin farar hula da na siyasa da aka lissafta a cikin Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Bil Adama ta Duniya a 1948. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ka'idoji a cikin sanarwar ita ce dagewar 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da ra'ayi. A cewar kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Cuba na shekarar 1992, an ba da damar fadin albarkacin baki "bisa manufofin al'ummar gurguzu" kuma an ba da izinin yin zane-zane "muddin abin da ke cikinsa bai saba wa juyin juya halin Musulunci ba".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of the Republic of Cuba, 1992 |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/research/cuba-constitution.html |access-date=October 1, 2023 |website=University of Minnesota Human Right Library}}</ref> Tsarin Mulki na Cuba na 2019 ya cire harshen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cuba's Constitution of 2019 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Cuba_2019.pdf?lang=en#page=53&zoom=100,624,781 |access-date=October 1, 2023 |website=constituteproject.org}}</ref> Matsayin Cuba ya kasance a kasan Index na 'yancin' yan jarida na 2008 wanda Reporters Without Borders (RWB) suka tattara. <ref name="RWB-Index2008"/> An kira Cuba daya daga cikin kasashe goma da aka fi tantancewa a duniya ta Kwamitin Kare 'Yan Jarida.<ref name="CPJ-2006">{{Cite web |title=10 most censored countries |url=http://www.cpj.org/censored/censored_06.html |publisher=The Committee to Protect Journalists}}</ref> A cewar Kwamitin Kare 'Yan Jarida na Amurka, kafofin yada labarai a Cuba suna aiki ne a karkashin kulawar Sashen Juyin Juyin Juya Hali na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis, wanda "ke haɓaka da daidaita dabarun farfaganda".<ref name="CPJ-2006"/> Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa [waɗanda?] suka yi imanin cewa waɗannan labaran suna ba da ikon yin amfani da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ga jihar. Hukumar Inter-American kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ta tantance cewa: "A bayyane yake cewa yin amfani da' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a ƙarƙashin wannan labarin na Kundin Tsarin Mulki yana ƙarƙashin mahimman abubuwa guda biyu: a gefe guda, adanawa da ƙarfafa Jihar Kwaminisanci; a gefe guda kuma, buƙatar rufe duk wani zargi na ƙungiyar da ke mulki. " Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta [[Amnesty International]] ta tabbatar da cewa mallakar duniya ta kafofin watsa labarai tana nufin cewa an ƙuntata 'yancin faɗakar da' yanci. Don haka yin amfani da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki an ƙuntata shi ta hanyar rashin hanyoyin sadarwa na jama'a da ke fadowa daga waje da ikon jihar. Human Rights ta ce: "Rashin amincewa da sa ido kan haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayin aikin da ya dace, gwamnati ta musanta matsayin doka ga ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa na cikin gida. Mutanen da ke cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna fuskantar tsangwama ta tsari, tare da gwamnati ta sanya cikas don hana su yin rubuce-rubuce game da yanayin haƙƙin ɗan Adam Watch da Amnesty International sun hana su aikawa da manufofin binciken gaskiya zuwa Cuba. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe kaɗan a duniya don hanawa da ke aiki ga ƙungiyoyin sadarwa na Red Cross na Cuba. Tallafin kudi da wakilcin shari'a ana bayar da su ne ta hanyar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasashen waje a matsayin wani ɓangare na Cibiyar sadarwa ta Cuba ta EU . <ref name="People in Need">{{Cite web |title=Direct aid to the persecuted |url=https://www.clovekvtisni.cz/en/what-we-do/human-rights-support/cuba |website=People in Need}}</ref>  An fara yunkurin tsari da tsarin bayar da rahoto wanda gwamnati ba ta amince da shi ba a shekarar 1993. Ƙoƙarin neman kamfanin dillancin labarai mai zaman kansa, wanda ba a tantance shi ba, ya jagoranci jagorancin mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam na Cuba kuma shugaban jam'iyyar Christian Democratic Movement Jesús Permuy . <ref name="The Miami Herald" /> Ya fara ne a watan Mayu na wannan shekarar a matsayin membobin Civic Democratic Action, ƙungiyar laima ta kusan ƙungiyoyin adawa na Castro ashirin, sun kafa kawance tare da Kungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Cuban Mai Zaman Kanta. <ref name="The Miami Herald" /> Ƙoƙarin ya gaza. Rahoton Reporters Without Borders na Oktoba 2006 ya gano cewa amfani da Intanet yana da matukar ƙuntatawa kuma ana sa ido sosai. Samun dama yana yiwuwa ne kawai tare da izinin gwamnati kuma ana rarraba kayan aiki. Ana kula da imel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Voeux |first=Claire |last2=Pain |first2=Julien |date=October 2006 |title=Going online in Cuba: Internet under surveillance |url=http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/rapport_gb_md_1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303221407/http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/rapport_gb_md_1.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-03 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref> Ana korar 'yan jaridar kasashen waje bisa tsari daga Cuba, misali. An kori fitattun 'yan jaridar Gazeta Wyborcza, Anna Bikont da Seweryn Blumsztahn a shekara ta 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-05-20 |title=CUBA |url=https://cpj.org/2005/05/cuba-3/ |access-date=2021-01-20 |website=Committee to Protect Journalists |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, Human Rights Watch ta bayyana cewa "an hana [[Yancin taro|'yancin taro]] sosai a Cuba, kuma an haramta masu adawa da siyasa daga haɗuwa a cikin manyan kungiyoyi. " A shekara ta 2006, Amnesty ta bayyana cewa ""Dukkanin' yancin ɗan adam, ƙungiyoyin farar hula da ƙwararru da ƙungiyoyin da ke akwai a yau a Cuba a waje da hukuma na kayan aikin gwamnati da ƙungiyoyin jama'a da gwamnati ke sarrafawa an hana su samun matsayin doka. Wannan sau da yawa yana sanya mutane da ke cikin haɗari ga waɗannan ƙungiyoyin fuskantar tsangwama, tsoratar ko tuhumar laifi don ayyukan da ke nuna ikon yin amfani da ƙungiyoyi na asali na ƙungiyoyi na ƙa' yanci na ƙungiyoyi. Hukumomin Cuban sun amince da cibiyar ƙungiyar kwadago ta ƙasa guda ɗaya kawai, Central de Trabajadores de Cuba (CTC). Gwamnati a fili ta haramta kungiyoyin kwadago masu zaman kansu, ana cin zarafi da tsare masu fafutuka, sannan an daure shugabannin kungiyoyin da suka yi yunkurin cin gashin kansu. Ba a amince da ‘yancin yajin aiki a doka ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2019 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Cuba |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/cuba/ |access-date=October 1, 2023 |website=U.S. Department of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor}}</ref> === Jama'a === A cikin 2001 an yi ƙoƙari Oswaldo Payá Sardiñas da wasu daga Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Kirista, da ke aiki a matsayin Varela Project, don samun plebiscite na ƙasa ta hanyar amfani da tanadi a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Cuba wanda ya ba da damar ɗan ƙasa.<ref name="HumanRightsWatch">[https://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/01/18/cuba12207.htm "Cuba"]. [[Human Rights Watch]]. Retrieved September 6, 2012.</ref> Idan gwamnati ta karbe ta kuma ta amince da kuri’ar jama’a, da gyare-gyaren za su kafa abubuwa kamar ‘yancin yin tarayya, ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki, ’yancin yada labarai, da kuma fara sana’o’i masu zaman kansu. Majalisar dokokin kasar ta ki amincewa da koken kuma a martanin da aka yi an gudanar da kuri'ar raba gardama don nuna goyon bayan gurguzu ta zama wani tsari na din-din-din na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, wanda gwamnati ta yi ikirarin amincewa da kashi 99% na masu jefa kuri'a.<ref>[http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR250012006 Amnesty International report 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718170319/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR250012006|date=2008-07-18}}</ref> Wani muhimmin aiki shi ne kafa Majalisar don Bunkasa Al'umma. Majalisar don inganta ƙungiyoyin jama'a a Cuba wani haɗin gwiwa ne na ƙungiyoyin fararen hula masu zaman kansu 365 tare da manufofin da aka bayyana na "samar da al'adun dimokuradiyya", "haɓaka motsin zamantakewa", ƙarfafa ƙungiyar Majalisar, sadarwa tsakanin ƙungiyoyi don inganta ƙungiyoyin jama'a, ta yin amfani da duk hanyoyin da ake da su don yaƙar talauci da neman inganta yanayin rayuwar al'umma, haɓaka ilimi na gaskiya game da abubuwan da suka shafi rayuwar jama'a da tarihin zamantakewar Cuba, a duk tarihin tattalin arziki na Cuba, a cikin dukan ayyukan tattalin arziki na Cuba, da ci gaban tattalin arziki. kariya da kiyaye albarkatun kasa da muhallin halittu, da inganta al'adu na gaskiya kan 'yancin aiki. Majalisar ta yi taron farko a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2019 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Cuba |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/cuba/ |access-date=October 1, 2023 |website=U.S. Department of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor}}</ref><ref>[http://www.cubaverdad.net/workers_paradise.htm "Is Cuba a 'Workers Paradise'?."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115220420/http://www.cubaverdad.net/workers_paradise.htm|date=2008-01-15}} Cuba Verdad. Retrieved September 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.cubaverdad.net/independent_trade_unions.htm "Independent Trade Unions In Cuba."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115220355/http://www.cubaverdad.net/independent_trade_unions.htm|date=2008-01-15}} Cuba Verdad. Retrieved September 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.cubaverdad.net/violations_of_social_and_labor.htm "Violations of social and labor rights."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118040156/http://www.cubaverdad.net/violations_of_social_and_labor.htm|date=2008-01-18}} Cuba Verdad. Retrieved September 2012.</ref> === Hukuncin kisa === Cuba ta sanya dokar hana yin amfani da hukuncin kisa a shekara ta 1999. Duk da haka, an yi bangaranci lokacin da, a shekara ta 2003, an kashe mutane uku daga cikin gungun mutane goma saboda fashin jirgin ruwa. Masu garkuwar dai na yunkurin isa Florida ne, amma man fetur ya kare daga rabin hanyar da suka nufa. Bayan tsayuwar kwanaki biyu, jirgin ruwan ya samu rakiyar kwale-kwalen da ke tsaron gabar tekun zuwa wata tashar ruwa ta Kuba, da alama don mai; a lokacin da masu garkuwa da mutane suka fara tsalle-tsalle a sassan jirgin, sai dai hukumomin kasar sun fatattaki maharan tare da samun galaba a kansu. An yanke wa wasu maza hudu hukuncin daurin rai-da-rai, kuma sauran mata ukun da abin ya shafa sun samu zaman gidan yari na shekaru 1-5.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 April 2003 |title=Cuba ferry hijackers executed |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2941041.stm |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> === Ayyukan ƙin yarda === Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam ciki har da Amnesty International sun daɗe suna sukar abin da hukumomin Cuba suka kira "Actos de repudiation" (actos de rebudio). Wadannan ayyukan suna faruwa ne lokacin da manyan kungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa suka yi amfani da maganganu, suka tsoratar da kuma wani lokacin da suka kai hari da kuma jefa duwatsu da sauran abubuwa a gidajen Cubans waɗanda ake la'akari da masu adawa da juyin juya hali. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam suna zargin cewa ana aiwatar da waɗannan ayyukan ne tare da hadin gwiwa tare da jami'an tsaro kuma wani lokacin sun haɗa da Kwamitocin Tsaro na Juyin Juya Halin ko Brigades na Saurin Juya Hanyar. === Shahararrun fursunonin lamiri === * A shekara ta 1960, an yanke wa Armando Valladares hukunci kan zargin sanya bama-bamai a wuraren jama'a kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru talatin a kurkuku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=And when will Miami's terrorist nest be cleared out? |url=http://www.granma.cu/ingles/2009/junio/juev11/Miami.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304021436/http://www.granma.cu/ingles/2009/junio/juev11/Miami.html |archive-date=2012-03-04 |access-date=March 4, 2012 |website=Granma Internacional}}</ref> Shi da magoya bayansa sun yi jayayya cewa bai taɓa kasancewa cikin 'yan sanda na Batista ba kamar yadda magoya bayan Castro suka yi zargin, kuma cewa ɗaurinsa sakamakon adawa ne da gwamnatin Castro. Valladares ya yi iƙirarin cewa an azabtar da shi kuma an kunyata shi yayin da yake yajin aikin yunwa don nuna rashin amincewa da cin zarafin kurkuku; ya yi iccirarin cewa masu gadi sun hana shi ruwa har sai ya zama mai hauka, kuma sun ci gaba da yin fitsari a bakinsa da fuskarsa. Bugu da ƙari, ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana buƙatar amfani da keken guragu bayan yajin aikin yunwa mafi tsawo. Gwamnatin Cuban ta musanta duka ikirarin, kuma ta ba da shaidar bidiyo ga Regis Debray na Valladares tsaye da tafiya. An saki Valladares daga kurkuku bayan ya yi shekaru ashirin da biyu na hukuncinsa, saboda wani bangare na ceto na Shugaban Faransa [[François Mitterrand]]. Marubucin mai ra'ayin mazan jiya David Horowitz tun daga lokacin ya kira Valladares "Jam'in 'Yancin Dan Adam". * A shekara ta 1973, an tura marubucin gay Reinaldo Arenas zuwa kurkuku bayan an tuhume shi kuma an yanke masa hukunci da 'rashin jituwa' da kuma bugawa a kasashen waje don kauce wa tantancewa a Cuba. Ya tsere daga kurkuku kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya bar Cuba ta hanyar jefa kansa daga bakin teku a kan bututun ciki na taya. Yunkurin ya gaza kuma an sake kama shi a kusa da Lenin Park kuma an ɗaure shi a kurkuku a sanannen El Morro Castle tare da masu kisan kai da masu fyade. Bayan ya tsere daga Cuba a cikin 1980 Mariel Boatlift, Arenas ya bayyana mummunan abin da ya jimre a karkashin gwamnatin Cuban a cikin tarihin kansa Antes que anochezca (1992), fassarar Turanci Before Night Falls (1993). * A ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, 1998, kotun Havana ta yanke wa [[Reynaldo Alfaro García]], memba na Jam'iyyar Democratic Solidarity, hukuncin shekaru uku a kurkuku saboda "yaduwar farfagandar abokan gaba" da kuma "rashin jita-jita". * Desi Mendoza, wani likitan Cuban, an daure shi saboda yin maganganun da ke sukar martani na Cuba ga annobar cutar dengue a Santiago na Cuba wanda ya yi zargin ya haifar da mutuwar mutane da yawa. An kori Dokta Mendoza daga aikinsa a asibitin Cuban shekaru uku da suka gabata don kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta. Daga baya aka sake shi saboda rashin lafiya, dangane da barin kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MEDICAL LETTER WRITING ACTION {{!}} Dr Desi MENDOZA Rivero {{!}} CUBA |url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR250281997?open%26of%3DENG-348 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060415060951/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR250281997?open&of=ENG-348 |archive-date=2006-04-15 |access-date=2005-09-26 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2013 |title=Scientific Responsibility, Human Rights & Law Program |url=https://www.aaas.org/program/scientific-responsibility-human-rights-law |website=AAAS - The World's Largest General Scientific Society}}</ref> * Óscar Elías Biscet, likita, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku na tsawon shekaru 25 saboda rashin tashin hankali, amma adawa da Castro. * A farkon shekara ta 2003, an daure mutane da yawa, ciki har da 'yan jarida masu zaman kansu, masu ɗakin karatu da sauran abokan adawar gwamnatin Castro bayan gajeren gwaji, tare da wasu hukuncin da ya wuce shekaru 20, a kan zargin karɓar kuɗi daga Amurka don aiwatar da ayyukan adawa da gwamnati. * Wani rahoto na [[Amnesty International]], CUBA: 'yanci na asali har yanzu ana kai musu hari, ya yi kira ga "kotu na Cuba da su saki duk fursunonin lamiri nan da nan kuma ba tare da wani sharadi ba" da kuma "kaddamar da duk dokokin da ke hana' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, taro da tarayya, da kuma dakatar da duk ayyukan don tayar da masu adawa, 'yan jarida, da masu kare hakkin dan adam". * An ruwaito cewa an saki Jorge Luis García Pérez daga kurkuku a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007 bayan ya cika cikakken hukuncinsa na shekaru 17 da kwanaki 34 saboda, yana da shekaru 25, ya yi ihu da Fidel Castro. An yanke wa García Antúnez hukunci na sabotage bayan hukumomi sun zarge shi da ƙone gonakin sukari, sabotage, yada "farfagandar abokan gaba", da kasancewa cikin mallakar makami ba bisa ka'ida ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Insufficient medical care for Jorge Luis García Pérez |url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engAMR250032001!Open |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070112015238/http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engAMR250032001%21Open |archive-date=January 12, 2007 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> * Dokta Ariel Ruiz Urquiola, wanda Amnesty International ta ayyana "wani fursuna na lamiri" kuma ta bukaci a sake shi "nan da nan kuma ba tare da wani sharadi ba". * A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2020, [[Mataki Na Sha Tara (19)|Mataki na 19]], Cibiyar Bayar da Bayani ta Yakin da Zaman Lafiya da [[Amnesty International]] ta bukaci gwamnatin Cuba da ta saki fursuna na lamiri da kuma ɗan jarida mai zaman kansa, Roberto Quiñones Haces. Bayan shari'ar a watan Agustan 2019 kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekara guda saboda juriya da rashin biyayya game da aikinsa a matsayin ɗan jarida mai zaman kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2020 |title=Cuba: Government must release journalist and prisoner of conscience Roberto Quiñones Haces |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/09/gobierno-cubano-debe-liberar-al-periodista-y-preso-de-conciencia-roberto-quinones-haces/ |access-date=2 September 2020 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> === Tafiya da ƙaura === Ya zuwa ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2013, an soke duk takunkumin tafiye-tafiye da sarrafawa da gwamnatin Cuba ta sanya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 23, 2013 |title=Reforma migratoria también favorece a los militantes cubanos |url=http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/internacionales/275273-reforma-migratoria-favorece-militantes-cubanos/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118050741/http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/internacionales/275273-reforma-migratoria-favorece-militantes-cubanos/ |archive-date=January 18, 2017 |access-date=January 16, 2017 |website=El Nuevo Diario}}</ref> Tun daga wannan ranar, kowane ɗan ƙasar Cuba, tare da fasfo mai inganci, na iya barin ƙasar ƙarƙashin ƙuntatawa ta gudanarwa da gwamnati ta ɗora. Dalibai suna buƙatar izinin tafiya daga makarantarsu, ma'aikata daga ma'aikatansu. Dukansu suna karkashin ikon gwamnati. Bukatun biza ga 'yan ƙasar Cuban sun fi ƙuntatawa na shigarwa ta gudanarwa da hukumomin wasu jihohin da aka sanya wa' yan ƙasar Cuba sau da yawa suna haɗa (a keta haƙƙin ɗan adam) waɗannan buƙatun tabbatar da izini don tafiya (ƙasashen Schengen EU). Wasu daga cikin buƙatun ƙasashe na uku kamar isar kuɗi na kuɗi da alaƙar kuɗi da ƙasar (dukiya, samun kudin shiga) ba za su iya cika su Cubans ba saboda yanayin tattalin arzikin wurin. 'Yan Cuba kaɗan ne ke da (tabbatar) kuɗin shiga don nuna za su iya biyan kuɗin tafiya da zama. Yawancin suna buƙatar mai tallafawa. A cikin 2014, 'yan ƙasar Cuba suna da ba tare da biza ko biza ba a lokacin isowa ƙasashe da yankuna 61, wanda ke matsayin fasfo na Cuban na 69 a duniya. Mutanen da ke riƙe da ƴan ƙasar Spain biyu da na Cuba a yanzu an ba su izinin tafiya cikin walwala, ta yin amfani da fasfo ɗin su na Sipaniya a madadin biza ga ƙasashen da ke buƙatar bizar fasfo ɗin Cuban. Haka kuma, tun daga wannan ranar, gwamnatin Cuba ta tsawaita wa'adin lokacin da aka ba da izini a kasashen waje daga watanni 11 zuwa 24, wanda ya baiwa Cuban da suka dawo cikin wa'adin watanni 24 su ci gaba da rike matsayinsu da fa'idar "Mazaunin Cikin Gida na Cuba". Idan ɗan ƙasar ya kasance daga Cuba sama da watanni 24, to matsayinsa zai canza zuwa "Mazaunin Cuban na waje" kuma zai rasa gata a ciki. Ta wannan sauyi, babu wani abu kamar balaguron "ba bisa ka'ida" ko "mara izini" ba, don haka mutanen da suka bar Cuba ta hanyoyin da ba na al'ada ba (kwale-kwale da dai sauransu) ba sa keta dokar Cuban, don haka ba za a iya tsare su ko ɗaure su ba. Kafin Janairu 13, 2013, 'yan ƙasar Cuba ba za su iya tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje ba, barin ko komawa Cuba ba tare da samun izinin hukuma ba tare da neman fasfo da izinin tafiye-tafiye na gwamnati, wanda sau da yawa aka hana shi.<ref name="travel">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2005 |title=Essential Background: Overview of human rights issues in Cuba |url=http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/01/18/cuba12207.htm |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Balaguron balaguro ba tare da izini ba a wasu lokuta yakan haifar da tuhumar aikata laifuka. Ya zama ruwan dare, a wancan lokacin, cewa wasu ƴan ƙasar da aka ba izinin yin balaguro (musamman ma’aikatan lafiya da sauran ƙwararrun ƙwararrun da ake ganin suna da mahimmanci ga ƙasar) ba a ba su izinin ɗaukar yaransu zuwa ƙasashen waje ba. A yayin da likitocin Cuban suka sauya sheka zuwa Amurka idan aka tura su zuwa wani "aiki" daga Cuba zuwa kowace ƙasa, ba za a bari duk yaran da aka bari a baya su shiga cikin iyayensu da suka sauya sheka ba na tsawon shekaru goma, ko da sun sami takardar visa ta waje, kuma ko da kuwa shekarun su.<ref name="travel" /> An ba da izinin shugaban adawar Castro Oswaldo Payá ya yi tafiya zuwa kasashen waje don karɓar Kyautar Sakharov, amma Ladies in White ba ta yi ba. Daga 1959 zuwa 1993, wasu Cubans miliyan 1.2 (kimanin 10% na yawan jama'a na yanzu) sun bar tsibirin zuwa Amurka, <ref name="census.gov">{{Cite web |title=Arquivo.pt |url=https://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/000797.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090709154810/http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/000797.html |archive-date=2009-07-09 |access-date=2013-07-19}}</ref> sau da yawa ta hanyar ruwa a cikin ƙananan jiragen ruwa da rafts masu rauni. A cikin shekarun farko, da yawa daga cikin waɗanda za su iya neman zama ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya-Cuba na biyu sun tafi Spain. Bayan lokaci an ƙyale Yahudawan Cuba da dama su yi ƙaura zuwa Isra'ila bayan shawarwarin da ba su dace ba; akasarin Yahudawa 10,000 ko fiye da suka kasance a Cuba a 1959 sun fice. Tun bayan rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet, 'yan Cuba da yawa a yanzu suna zama a ƙasashe dabam-dabam, wasu sun ƙare a ƙasashen Tarayyar Turai. Yawancin Cuban suna zaune a [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] da [[Kanada]]. At times the exodus was tolerated by the Cuban government as a "release valve"; at other times the government has impeded it. Some Cubans left for economic reasons and some for political ones. Others emigrated by way of the U.S. Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay, which is blocked on the Cuban (land) side by barbed-wired fences and land mines.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A shekara ta 1995 gwamnatin Amurka ta kulla yarjejeniya da gwamnatin Cuba don warware rikicin ƙaura da ya haifar da Mariel Boatlift na 1980, lokacin da Castro ya buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa ga duk wanda ke son tafiya. Sakamakon shawarwarin dai shi ne yarjejeniyar da a karkashinta aka bukaci Amurka ta ba da biza 20,000 a duk shekara ga bakin haure na Cuba. Ba a cika cika wannan adadin ba; Gwamnatin Bush ta ki amincewa da wannan doka, inda ta bayar da biza 505 ga Cuban a cikin watanni shida na farkon shekarar 2003. Ta kuma toshe wasu 'yan Cuban da ke da biza. Ranar 13 ga Yuli, 1994, Cubans 72 sun yi ƙoƙari su bar tsibirin a kan wani jirgin ruwa na yakin duniya na biyu mai suna 13 de Marzo. A wani yunƙurin da sojojin ruwan Cuba suka yi na dakatar da jirgin, an aike da jiragen sintiri domin su tare tug ɗin. Ma’aikatan jirgin da wadanda suka tsira da ransu sun ruwaito cewa, jiragen ruwan Cuban sun yi kaca-kaca da jirgin tare da fesa ma fasinjojin nasa da rowan wuta mai tsananin zafi, inda suka mamaye da yawa daga cikin jirgin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amnesty International |date=June 30, 1997 |title=Cuba: The sinking of the "13 de Marzo" Tugboat on 13 July 1994 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr25/013/1997/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006044025/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr25/013/1997/en/ |archive-date=October 6, 2022 |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> Jami'an tsaron gabar tekun Amurka sun ba da rahoton cewa, tsagaitawar da aka yi a manyan tekuna, an kwatanta ta da tashin hankali ne da hukumomi da kuma mutuwar bakin haure. A cewar hukumomin guda, an kai mutanen Cuban zuwa Amurka a cikin kwale-kwale masu sauri ta hanyar wasu masu aikata laifukan da suka kware a safarar mutane, tsoffin masu safarar muggan kwayoyi, da ke kudancin Florida, wadanda a yanzu ke ganin haramtattun mutane fiye da kwayoyi. Wadannan masu laifin suna karbar dala dubu 8 zuwa 12 ga kowane mutum, tare da cika kananan jiragen ruwa. Yawancin waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin ƙaura mutane ne da ke da dangi a Amurka, wasu waɗanda ba su cancanci a ɗauke su a matsayin baƙi na doka ba a Amurka, ko waɗanda ba sa son jiran lokacinsu a cikin adadin shekara-shekara, wanda aka sanya a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar ƙaura don baƙi na doka. <ref name="Gomez"/> Since November 1966, the Cuban Tun daga Nuwamba 1966, Dokar Daidaita Kuba ta ba da izinin zama ta atomatik ga kusan duk Cuban da suka isa bisa doka ko ba bisa ka'ida ba bayan shekara ɗaya da kwana ɗaya a Amurka. Babu wani baƙo daga wata ƙasa da ke da wannan gata. Takaddama kan wannan manufa ta ta'allaka ne kan asarar masana kimiyar Cuba, kwararru, masu fasaha da sauran kwararrun mutane, amma kuma ta haifar da fargabar rikicin kaura.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A ƙarshen shekara ta 2005 wanda ya ƙare a ranar 30 ga Satumba, Hukumar Tsaro ta Amurka ta ba da rahoton cewa ta tsayar da Cubans 2,712 a teku, fiye da ninki biyu na 1,225 da aka ruwaito a shekara ta 2004 <ref name="Gomez"/> Adadin na 2005 shine na uku mafi girma na Cubans da aka tsayar a cikin Florida madaidaiciya a cikin shekaru 12 da suka gabata. An bayar da rahoton mafi girma a 1993 tare da 3,656 da 1994 lokacin da sama da 'yan Cuba 30,000 suka yi hijira ba bisa ka'ida ba saboda abin da ake kira rikicin ƙaura tsakanin ƙasashe biyu.<ref name="Gomez" /> Yarjejeniyar ƙaura ta 1994 da 1995 da aka sanya hannu tsakanin Havana da Washington, kuma wanda ya fito ne saboda rikicin a watan Agustan 1994, har yanzu yana aiki. Wadannan yarjejeniyoyi sun tilasta wa Amurka ta mayar da duk wadanda hukumomin Amurka suka tsayar a teku zuwa Cuba, ban da lokuta inda za'a iya tabbatar da tsanantawa ta siyasa don tabbatar da gudun hijira a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=8/28/00: Fact Sheet: Cuba-U.S. Migration Accord |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/regions/wha/cuba/fs_000828_migration_accord.html |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=1997-2001.state.gov}}</ref> The accords were designed to discourage those who would consider emigrating illegally by sea but the Bush administration has not complied with Washington's part of the agreements.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2012}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Although the Coast Guard says that only 2.5 percent of the Cubans intercepted are granted political asylum, the public understanding, the public perception in Cuba and among the Cuban community in Miami, is not the same. And since that is not the perception, more and more people continue to illegally leave the island by sea causing fatal consequences. According to studies carried out by Cuban experts on the island, it is estimated that at least 15 percent of those that attempt to cross the sea die before reaching the US.<ref name="Gomez">{{Cite web |date=February 2006 |title=Washington's Weapon to Create a Migratory Crisis |url=https://groups.yahoo.com/group/CubaNews/message/46114 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130210071227/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/CubaNews/message/46114 |archive-date=February 10, 2013 |publisher=AIN{{Clarify|date=September 2024|reason=What is AIN?}}}}</ref> Koyaya, alkaluman waɗanda suka tsere daga wasu ƙasashen Latin Amurka ko Caribbean na asali sun kwatanta daidai da na Cuba. A cikin kasafin kudi na 2005, 3,612 Dominicans aka tsince a kan manyan tekuna yunƙurin zuwa Amurka ba bisa ka'ida ba (900 fiye da Cuban da aka kama) kuma a cikin 2004, Haiti 3,229 kuma an karbo (2,000 fiye da 1,225 Cubans na shekarar kasafin kuɗi). Jaridar O Globo ta kasar Brazil ta buga labarin kan bakin haure ba bisa ka’ida ba a Amurka, inda ta nakalto majiyoyin hukuma, inda ta yi nuni da cewa, a zangon farko na shekarar 2005, an dakatar da ‘yan kasar Brazil 27,396 daga ketare iyakokin Amurka ba bisa ka’ida ba, matsakaita 4,556 a kowane wata da 152 a rana. A cikin 2004, jimlar baƙi 1,160,000, an dakatar da su lokacin da suke ƙoƙarin shiga Amurka ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, kashi 93 daga cikinsu (kusan 1,080,000) 'yan Mexico ne.<ref name="Gomez"/> === Ilimi === Ilimi a Cuba kyauta ne a kowane mataki kuma Ma'aikatar Ilimi ce ke jagoranta. A cikin 1961 gwamnati ta ba da izini ga duk cibiyoyin ilimi masu zaman kansu kuma ta gabatar da tsarin ilimi na jihar. === Kula da lafiya === Gwamnatin Cuban tana aiki a kan tsarin kiwon lafiya na kasa kuma tana ɗaukar cikakken alhakin kasafin kuɗi da gudanarwa don kula da lafiyar 'yan ƙasa. Gwamnati ta haramta duk wani zaɓi mai zaman kansa ga tsarin kiwon lafiya na kasa. A shekara ta 1976, an tsara shirin kiwon lafiya na Cuba a cikin Mataki na 50 na kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya ce, "Kowane mutum yana da '[[Ƴancin Lafiya|'yancin lafiya]] da kulawa". Kula da lafiya a Cuba ma kyauta ne, kodayake ƙalubalen sun haɗa da ƙananan albashi ga likitoci, wuraren da ba su da kyau, samar da kayan aiki mara kyau, da kuma yawan rashin magunguna masu mahimmanci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2017 |title=Why an American went to Cuba for cancer care |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-39640165 |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=The Committee Office, House of Commons |date=28 March 2001 |title=Cuban Health Care Systems and its implications for the NHS Plan |url=http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200001/cmselect/cmhealth/30/30ap91.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821213607/http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200001/cmselect/cmhealth/30/30ap91.htm |archive-date=21 August 2013 |access-date=19 July 2013 |publisher=Select Committee on Health}}</ref> Koyaya, babu haƙƙin sirri, ko yardar mai haƙuri, ko haƙƙin yin zanga-zanga ko gurfanar da likita ko asibiti saboda rashin aiki.<ref name="Hirschfeld">{{Cite journal |last=Hirschfeld |first=Katherine |date=July 2007 |title=Re-examining the Cuban Health Care System: Towards a Qualitative Critique |url=http://www.miscelaneasdecuba.net/media/pdf/Article-Hirschfeld-Press.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Cuban Affairs |volume=2 |issue=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317225912/http://www.miscelaneasdecuba.net/media/pdf/Article-Hirschfeld-Press.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-17 |access-date=2025-07-24}}</ref> Yawancin mutanen Cuba suna gunaguni game da siyasa a cikin maganin kiwon lafiya da yanke shawara na kiwon lafiya.<ref name="Hirschfeld" /> <ref name="Hirschfeld"/> Bayan shafe watanni tara a dakunan shan magani na Cuban, masanin ilimin ɗan adam Katherine Hirschfeld ya rubuta "Ƙara fahimtar da na yi game da aikata laifin Cuba na rashin amincewa ya haifar da wata tambaya mai tayar da hankali: har zuwa wane irin kyakkyawan yanayin kasa da kasa game da tsarin kula da lafiyar Cuban da al'adar jihar na murkushe 'yan adawa da kuma tsoratarwa a boye ko kuma daure shi zai zama masu suka?" Ana sa ran likitocin iyali su adana rikodin "haɗin siyasa" na marasa lafiya. Kula da annobar cututtuka ya zama tare da kula da siyasa.<ref name="Hirschfeld-since1898" /> === 'Yanci na addini === A cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan Juyin Juya Halin Cuba, ayyukan [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Roman Katolika]] sun iyakance sosai kuma a cikin 1961 an kwace duk dukiyar da kungiyoyin addinai ke riƙe ba tare da diyya ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crahan |first=Margaret E. |date=1979 |title=Salvation through Christ or Marx: Religion in Revolutionary Cuba |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/165694 |journal=Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=156–184 |doi=10.2307/165694 |issn=0022-1937 |jstor=165694 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> An kori daruruwan malamai, ciki har da bishop, daga kasar har abada. Shugabannin Cuban sun kasance [[Mulhidanci|mai musun wanzuwar Allah]] har zuwa 1992 lokacin da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta amince da ba da damar mabiya addini su shiga jam'iyyar. A shekara ta 1998, [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul II]] ya ziyarci tsibirin kuma an ba shi izinin gudanar da manyan taro na waje kuma an ba da Visa ga firistoci goma sha tara na kasashen waje da suka zauna a kasar. Bugu da kari, wasu kungiyoyin addinai a Cuba kamar al'ummar [[Yahudawa]] yanzu an ba su izinin gudanar da ayyukan jama'a da shigo da kayan addini da abinci na kosher don Idin Ƙetarewa, da kuma karɓar malamai da sauran baƙi na addini daga ƙasashen waje. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2008, Cuba ta yi bikin bude Cocin Orthodox na Rasha a Havana a wani bikin da Raúl Castro, Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Esteban Lazo, Shugaban Majalisar Ricardo Alarcón, da sauran mutane suka halarta.<ref name="Orthodox Cathedral">"Raúl Castro Attends Dedication of Russian Orthodox Cathedral in Havana". 20 Oct. 2008. Retrieved 14 Apr. 2009. ''Cuban News Agency''. {{Cite web |title=Raúl Castro Attends Dedication of Russian Orthodox Cathedral in Havana |url=http://www.cubanews.ain.cu/2008/1020asisteraul.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024082557/http://www.cubanews.ain.cu/2008/1020asisteraul.htm |archive-date=2008-10-24 |access-date=2009-04-14}}</ref> Jaridar Cuban ta lura cewa babban cocin shine na farko a cikin Latin Amurka.<ref name="Orthodox Cathedral" /> A cikin 2022, Freedom House ta kimanta 'yancin addini na Cuba a matsayin 3 daga 4, yana lura da cewa' yancin addini ya inganta a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Wani rahoto na 2023 ya gano cewa an tattara bayanan keta 'yancin addini fiye da ninki biyu daga 272 a 2021 zuwa 657 a 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cuba: Documented religious freedom violations more than double in 2022 |url=https://www.csw.org.uk/2023/02/06/press/5930/article.htm |website=www.csw.org.uk}}</ref> === 'Yancin mata === Cuba ta kasance mai tseren gaba a yankin a cikin 'yancin mata. Game da haƙƙin haihuwa, matan Cuban suna da izinin haihuwa har zuwa shekaru biyu da kuma samun damar zubar da ciki kyauta.<ref name=":3" /> Mata suna jagorantar kusan kashi 50% na gidaje a Cuba. Kashi sittin cikin dari na masu sana'a na Cuba mata ne.<ref name=":3" /> Mata na Cuban suma suna da babban wakilci a kasar, tare da mata da ke riƙe da kashi 48.9% na kujerun majalisa a Majalisar Dokokin Cuban. === Tortura === . == Dangantakar launin fata ==   Esteban Morales Dominguez ya yi nuni ga wariyar launin fata da aka kafa a cikin littafinsa Kalubale na Matsalar launin fata a Cuba (Fundación Fernando Ortiz). Siyasar kabilanci a Cuba bayan juyin-juya hali ta tattauna siyasar kabilanci da ta mamaye Cuban kwaminisanci. [[Enrique Patterson]], a rubuce a cikin ''Miami Herald'', ya bayyana tseren a matsayin "bom na zamantakewa" kuma ya ce, "Idan gwamnatin Cuba ta ba da izinin baƙar fata na Cuba su shirya da kuma tayar da matsalolinsu kafin [masu hukuma] ... mulkin kama karya zai faɗi". Carlos Moore, wanda ya rubuta da yawa game da batun, ya ce "Akwai barazanar da ba a bayyana ba, baƙi a Cuba sun san cewa duk lokacin da kuka tayar da tseren a Cuba, kuna zuwa kurkuku. Saboda haka, gwagwarmaya a Cuba ta bambanta. Ba za a iya samun yunkurin kare hakkin bil'adama ba. " <ref name="barrier" /> Za ku sami baƙar fata 10,000 da suka mutu nan take. " Ya ce sabuwar tsara ta baƙar fata na Cuba suna kallon siyasa ta wata hanya.<ref name="barrier" />&nbsp; Jorge Luis García Pérez, sanannen ɗan adam na Afro-Cuban da mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam da dimokuradiyya wanda aka ɗaure shi na tsawon shekaru 17, a cikin wata hira da aka yi da Directorio Democrático Cubano na Florida <ref name="directorio">{{Cite web |title=Cuban former political prisoner Jorge Luis García Perez Antúnez: I felt death was very close several times |url=http://www.directorio.org/mediacoverage/note.php?note_id=1546 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429182538/http://www.directorio.org/mediacoverage/note.php?note_id=1546 |archive-date=2009-04-29}}</ref> ya ce "Hukumomin ƙasarmu ba su taɓa yarda da cewa baƙar fata ya yi adawa da juyin juya halin ba. A lokacin shari'ar, launi na fata ya kara tsananta halin da ake ciki. Daga baya lokacin da masu gadi suka wulakanta ni a kurkuku, koyaushe suna kirana da baƙar fata".<ref name="directorio" /> Duk da wadannan shingen duk da haka, ana yaba wa Cuba sau da yawa saboda ci gaban juyin juya halin Cuba a fannonin daidaiton launin fata. A lokacin jagorancinsa, Castro ya soke wariyar launin fata a cikin kasuwanci da wuraren jama'a yayin da yake gabatar da sauye-sauye na daidaito a fannoni kamar aiki, albashi, tsaro na zamantakewa, da ilimi. Adadin wadanda suka kammala karatun sakandare ya fi girma a tsakanin baƙi fiye da tsakanin fararen fata a Cuba, yayin da akasin haka gaskiya ne a duka Brazil da Amurka.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=A Lesson From Cuba on Race |url=https://globalhealth.washington.edu/sites/default/files/Fuente%20A%20Lesson%20From%20Cuba%20on%20Race%20-%20The%20New%20York%20Times131117.pdf |access-date=2021-03-07}}</ref> A fannin tsammanin rayuwa, tsammanin rayuwa na wadanda ba fararen fata na Cuba sun kasance shekara guda kawai fiye da na fararen fata; tsammanin rayuwa ya kasance daidai ga dukkan kabilun. Wani alama mai karfi na jin daɗin jama'a, wanda ke da alaƙa da samun damar samun sabis na kiwon lafiya (kamar yadda aka nuna, musamman, a cikin mutuwar jarirai), abinci mai gina jiki da ilimi, gibin tseren Cuban a cikin tsammanin rayuwa ya kasance ƙasa da waɗanda aka samu a cikin al'ummomin kabilanci masu wadata kamar Brazil (kimanin shekaru 6.7) da Amurka (kimani shekaru 6.3) a wannan lokacin.<ref name=":1" /> Saboda wadannan sauye-sauyen zamantakewa yawan mutanen Afro Cuban shine mafi yawan baƙar fata da ke rayuwa a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fidel Castro's Legacy On Race Relations In Cuba And Abroad |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/12/03/504274605/fidel-castros-legacy-on-race-relations-in-cuba-and-abroad |access-date=2021-03-07 |website=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> A fannin jagorancin kasa har yanzu ana iya ganin abubuwan da suka faru kafin juyin juya halin lokacin da suka zo ga batun launi, tare da Afro Cubans har yanzu ba su cimma daidaito ba idan ya zo ga wakilci. Duk da haka, an gabatar da gyare-gyare tun a cikin shekarun 1970s lokacin da Castro "ya yi aiki don kara yawan wakilan siyasa na Afro-Cuban, tare da kashi na Black membobin Majalisar Jiha da ke fadada daga 12.9% a 1976 zuwa 25.8% ta 2003".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Glassman |first=Naomi |date=2021-03-07 |title=Revolutionary Racism : Afro‑Cubans in an Era of Economic Change |url=https://www.cetri.be/Revolutionary-Racism-Afro‑Cubans |access-date=2021-03-07 |website=Centre tricontinental |language=en}}</ref> == Black Spring == A watan Maris na shekara ta 2003, gwamnatin Cuba ta kama mutane da yawa (ciki har da 'yan jarida da masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam), kuma ta tuhume su da tayar da kayar baya saboda zargin hadin gwiwar da suka yi da James Cason, shugaban Sashen Harkokin Amurka a Havana. <ref>{{Cite web |last=San Martin |first=Nancy |date=20 March 2003 |title=35 Cuban dissidents arrested |url=http://www.hermanos.org/docs/tmh032103.html |website=The Miami Herald}}</ref> An yi wa wadanda ake tuhuma shari'a kuma an yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku daga shekaru 15 zuwa 28. A cikin duka, an ba mutane 75 dogon hukunci na matsakaicin shekaru 17 kowannensu. Daga cikin wadanda aka yanke musu hukunci sun hada da Raúl Rivero, Marta Beatriz Roque, da Oscar Elías Biscet . [[Amnesty International]] ta bayyana gwajin a matsayin "da sauri kuma a bayyane ba daidai ba".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Amnesty International USA's Online Action Center! |url=http://takeaction.amnestyusa.org/action/index.asp?step=2&item=10678 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040427121421/http://takeaction.amnestyusa.org/action/index.asp?step=2 |archive-date=2004-04-27 |access-date=2004-05-04 |website=Amnesty International USA}}</ref> Ministan harkokin wajen Cuba Felipe Pérez Roque ya musanta wadannan zarge-zargen, ya kuma mai da martani: "Cuba na da 'yancin kare kanta da kuma aiwatar da hukunci kamar yadda sauran kasashe ke yi, kamar yadda Amurka ke hukunta wadanda suka hada kai da wata kasar waje domin yi wa jama'arsu da yankunansu barna".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cuba Responds to Rough Lies on 75 Imprisoned Mercenaries |url=http://www.ain.cubaweb.cu/2004/marzo/25cmconferencia.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050108055623/http://www.ain.cubaweb.cu/2004/marzo/25cmconferencia.htm |archive-date=2005-01-08 |access-date=2004-09-21}}</ref> A yayin shari'ar, an gabatar da shaidun da ke nuna cewa wadanda ake tuhuma sun karbi kudade daga Sashen Bukatun Amurka. Jami'an Cuban sun yi iƙirarin cewa manufar wannan tallafin ita ce zagon ƙasa ga ƙasar Cuba, da kawo cikas ga tsarin cikin gida, da kuma lalata tattalin arzikin Cuban. A nasa bangaren, Cason ya musanta bayar da kudade ga kowa a Cuba. A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 2004, gwamnatin Cuba ta saki uku daga cikin wadanda aka kama a watan Maris na shekara ta 2003: Oscar Espinosa Chepe, [[Marcelo López]], da [[Margarito Broche]] . Wannan aikin ya biyo bayan ganawa tsakanin jakadan Spain da ministan harkokin waje na Cuba. A cikin kwanaki masu zuwa an sake wasu masu adawa hudu: Raúl Rivero, [[Osvaldo Alfonso Valdés]], [[Edel José García]] da [[Jorge Olivera]] An sake wasu fursunoni bakwai a baya saboda dalilai na kiwon lafiya. == Hakkin LGBT a Cuba == Hakkokin 'yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, maza biyu, da masu canza jinsi a Cuba sun sami bunkasuwa a tsawon lokaci, daga wariyar da ake nunawa a mafi yawan karni na 20 zuwa abin da yanzu ake la'akari da wasu manufofin LGBT masu ci gaba a Latin Amurka. === Nuna bambanci === Dubban masu luwadi, Shaidun Jehobah, masu ƙin yarda da lamiri, da masu adawa an tilasta su gudanar da aikin soja na tilas a cikin shekarun 1960 a sansanonin UMAP, inda suke ƙarƙashin "sake koyarwa" siyasa. Kwamandojin soja sun zalunta fursunoni. Carlos Alberto Montaner ya ce "An kafa sansanonin tilasta aiki tare da sauri don "gyara" irin wannan karkatarwa ... Magana da jiki, aske kawuna, aiki daga asuba zuwa faɗuwar rana, hammocks, datti, karancin abinci ... sansanonin sun kara cikawa yayin da hanyoyin kamawa suka zama masu dacewa. " <ref name="Hirschfeld-since1898" />&nbsp;&nbsp; A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, saboda "tsarkakewar zamantakewar jama'a", gwamnatin Castro ta yi iƙirarin tsaftace fasahar "masu cin zarafin sodomitic" da kuma "masu rawa marasa lafiya". Bugu da ƙari, an kulle maza masu dogon gashi kuma an yanke gashin su.<ref name="Lumsden" /> An ruwaito Castro sau ɗaya ya tabbatar da cewa, "a cikin ƙasar, babu masu luwadi", kafin ya yi iƙirarin a 1992 cewa luwadi "halayyar ɗan adam ce ta halitta wacce dole ne a girmama ta kawai". Wani tushe ya ba da rahoton Castro kamar yadda ya yi tir da "maricones" ("Fagots") a matsayin " wakilai na mulkin mallaka". Castro ya kuma bayar da rahoton cewa "kada a ba da izinin 'yan luwadi a cikin mukamai inda za su iya yin tasiri ga matasa". === Gyara na karni na 21 === Cuba ta yi gyare-gyare a karni na 21, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Israel |first=Esteban |date=2006-07-03 |title=Castro's niece fights for new revolution |url=http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/cgi-script/csArticles/articles/000021/002197.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822022909/http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/cgi-script/csArticles/articles/000021/002197.htm |archive-date=2006-08-22 |agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> musamman ta hanyar nasarar raba gardama ta Dokar Iyali ta 2022. A shekara ta 2003, Carlos Sanchez na Ƙungiyar Lesbian da Gay ta Duniya ya ba da rahoto game da matsayin 'yan luwadi a Cuba wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa gwamnatin Cuba ba ta sanya wani hukunci na doka ga' yan 'yan lu'u-lu'u masu lu'u a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Sanchez, ILGA LAC rep tells us about his cuban experience |url=http://www.ilga.org/news_results.asp?LanguageID%3D1%26FileCategory%3D10%26ZoneID%3D5%26FileID%3D26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628192450/http://www.ilga.org/news_results.asp?LanguageID=1&FileCategory=10&ZoneID=5&FileID=26 |archive-date=2006-06-28 |access-date=2006-03-27}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2005 tiyata na sake fasalin jima'i ga masu canza launin fata kyauta ne a karkashin doka, kuma gwamnati ce ke biyan su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 6, 2008 |title=HEALTH-CUBA: Free Sex Change Operations Approved |url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=42693 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612094759/http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=42693 |archive-date=2010-06-12 |publisher=Inter Press Service}}</ref> Har ila yau, [[Havana]] yanzu tana da yanayin "mai rai da kuzari" gay da lesbian. A wata hira da ya yi da jaridar Mexico ta La Jornada a shekara ta 2010, Sakataren Farko na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Cuba, Fidel Castro, ya kira tsananta wa 'yan luwadi yayin da yake kan mulki "babban zalunci, rashin adalci!" Da yake ɗaukar alhakin tsanantawa, ya ce, "Idan kowa yana da alhakin, ni ne ... Muna da matsaloli masu yawa, matsalolin rayuwa ko mutuwa. A cikin waɗannan lokutan ban iya magance wannan al'amari [na 'yan luwadi ba]. Na sami kaina cikin nutsewa, musamman, a cikin Rikicin Oktoba, a cikin yakin, a cikin tambayoyin siyasa. " Castro da kansa ya yi amanna cewa mugunyar da ake yi wa 'yan luwadi a Cuba ya samo asali ne daga halin da kasar ta kasance kafin juyin juya hali game da luwadi".&nbsp; Mariela Castro, 'yar Sakatariyar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta farko Raúl Castro, ta yi ta kokarin neman 'yancin 'yan madigo tare da goyon bayan gwamnatin Cuban da ke kula da ilimin jima'i da ta ke jagoranta. Mariela ta ce mahaifinta ya goyi bayan shirin nata, yana mai cewa mahaifinta ya shawo kan kyamarsa ta farko don tallafa wa 'yarsa. Sashe na raba gardama na Dokar Iyali ta 2022 ya halatta auren jinsi guda da tallafi ta iyaye masu jinsi guda. Cuba yanzu tana da ɗaya daga cikin matsayi mafi ci gaba game da haƙƙin LGBT na tsakanin ƙasashen Latin Amurka.<ref name=":2" /> == Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya == <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">Tun bayan juyin juya halin Cuban dai an sha tafka muhawara da muhawara a kan hakkin dan Adam na kasar Cuba a hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Zai zama abin walƙiya mai maimaitawa a bayan fage na duniya mai ƙarfi a lokacin yakin cacar baki da kuma cikin shekaru masu zuwa.</sup> Ƙoƙarin da aka shirya da kuma ci gaba da yunkurin kasa da kasa da manyan kungiyoyin 'yan adawa na Cuba suka ƙaddamar (misali Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Miami, <ref name="Verdeja">Sam Verdeja, Guillermo Martinez, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=k186e30BHmgC&pg=PT232 Cubans, an Epic Journey: The Struggle of Exiles for Truth and Freedom]'' (2012). p. 241, {{ISBN|1935806203}}.</ref> UNIDAD Cubana, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emergency intervention of world leaders urged in favor of Cuban political prisoners |url=http://www.cubdest.org/0312/c0307marthae.html |access-date=2020-10-14 |website=www.cubdest.org}}</ref> Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Kirista ta Cuba, da sauransu) da kuma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (kamar Human Rights Watch) sun shiga UNHRC kuma za su zama ci gaba a [[Geneva]]. Wadannan kungiyoyi wani lokacin suna wakiltar nau'ikan abubuwan da suka shafi Cuban daban-daban, kamar 'yancin addini (misali ƙungiyoyin Kirista-Democrat, jam'iyyun, da kungiyoyi) <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 1995 |title=United Nations Economic and Social Council, Commission on Human Rights, Fifty-First Session, E/CN.4/1995/INF.1 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/172070/files/E_CN.4_1995_INF.1-EN.pdf |access-date=June 26, 2019 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 1995 |title=United Nations Economic and Social Council, Commission on Human Rights, Fifty-First Session, E/CN.4/1995/MISC.2 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/169318/files/E_CN.4_1995_Misc.2-ES.pdf |access-date=June 26, 2019 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> da ilimi (misali Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Duniya don Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya), <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 12, 1996 |title=Commission begins consideration of rights of indigenous peoples; Press Release HR/CN/733 |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/1996/19960412.hrcn733.html |publisher=[[United Nations]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 1996 |title=Commission on Human Rights; Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, Forty-Eighth Session, E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/Misc.1 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/236707/files/E_CN.4_Sub.2_1996_Misc.1-ES.pdf |access-date=June 25, 2019}}</ref> waɗanda suka haɗu a kan batun haƙƙin ɗan adam. Wani karfi mai tasiri wanda aka ba shi lambar yabo tare da yin aiki da kuma jagorantar kokarin kare hakkin dan adam na Cuban na kasa da kasa, musamman a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], ya kasance mai fafutuka kuma shugaban al'ummar Cuban Jesús Permuy . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hamilton |first=Robert |date=2018-10-01 |title=Ros-Lehtinen, other community leaders salute Jesús Permuy |url=https://communitynewspapers.com/coral-gables-news/ros-lehtinen-other-community-leaders-salute-jesus-permuy/ |access-date=2020-10-14 |website=Miami's Community News |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayanan Miami Herald game da Cuban Christian Democrat Movement ya bayyana cewa Permuy ya jagoranci dabarun diflomasiyya na kasa da kasa don kiran cin zarafin bil'adama na gwamnatin Castro da aiki tare da wasu gwamnatocin Kirista-Democratic don hana goyon bayan kasa da kasa har sai an yi canje-canje na gwamnati don magance cin zarafin dan adam. Kodayake kokarin kare hakkin dan adam na hadin gwiwar da ke jagorantar kungiyar ta NGO ga Cuba da farko ya yi gwagwarmaya don samun karfin gwiwa a cikin UNHRC, tasirin su ya karu a hankali, musamman yayin da manyan kungiyoyi suka sami Matsayi na Ba da Shawara wanda ya fadada albarkatun su da fallasa su a can.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congressional Record House Articles |url=https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2017/10/11/house-section/article/H7959-4 |access-date=2020-10-14 |website=www.congress.gov}}</ref> Wani muhimmin canji a cikin wadannan kokarin ya zo ne a shekarar 1984 lokacin da Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Permuy ta samu nasarar yin kira ga a cire wakilin diflomasiyyar Cuba, Luis Sola Vila, daga wani babban kwamiti na Hukumar Kare Hakkin dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma a maye gurbinsa da wakilin daga Ireland, abokin tarayya na Kirista-Democratic a adawar gwamnatin Castro. <ref name="Ducassi" /> Wani muhimmin lokaci ya zo ne a shekarar 1987 lokacin da Shugaban Amurka [[Ronald Reagan]] ya nada Armando Valladares, tsohon fursunonin siyasa na Cuban na shekaru 22, a matsayin jakadan Amurka a hukumar. A shekara ta 1992, an sami canji mai yawa a Geneva yayin da wakilan UNHRC suka sauya daga kin amincewa da farko, sannan rashin kulawa da kuma rungumar kokarin diflomasiyya na ƙungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Castro. Tun daga shekara ta 1990, Amurka kanta ta gabatar da ƙuduri daban-daban ga Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta shekara-shekara da ke sukar rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na Cuba. An bayyana shawarwarin da rashin jituwa na diflomasiyya a matsayin "kusan shekara-shekara". Yarjejeniya ta dogon lokaci tsakanin kasashe na Latin Amurka ba ta fito ba. An zartar da ƙudurin 1990-1997, amma an ƙi su a cikin 1998.<ref name="Herald" /> Ƙoƙarin da Amurka ta yi na gaba sun yi nasara ta hanyar ƙarancin ƙuri'a. A Amurka, wasu gwamnatoci suna goyon bayan zargi, wasu suna adawa da shi, suna ganin shi a matsayin magudi na mummunar batun kare hakkin dan adam don inganta ware tsibirin da kuma tabbatar da takunkumin da ya gabata.<ref name="coha-OAS-UNHRC" /> Kasashen Tarayyar Turai sun kada kuri'a a duniya a kan Cuba tun 1990, kodayake an nemi cewa ƙudurin ya kamata ya ƙunshi nassoshi game da mummunan tasirin takunkumin tattalin arziki. == Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na Cuba == * Daraktan Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Cuba (Directorio) * Gidauniyar 'Yancin Dan Adam a Cuba * Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Dimokuradiyya a Cuba * Majalisar 'Yancin Cuba * Masu adawa da Cuba * Mata a Fararen == Dubi kuma == * Naƙasasshiyar a Cuba * sansanin tsare-tsare na Guantanamo Bay * Sebastian Arcos Bergnes * Darsi Ferrer Ramírez * 'Yan fursunonin siyasa na Cuba yajin aikin yunwa na 2010 == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jkqshvyzirguxco3g4fzxzfv91wxqpm 0 107681 893733 822515 2026-08-09T16:33:42Z Asiya Garba 46242 893733 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Rafe Pomerance''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1946) masanin muhalli ne na Amurka. Ya kasance Babban Jami'in Manufofin Arctic na Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Woodwell . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scientists |url=https://www.woodwellclimate.org/people/scientists/ |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=Woodwell Climate |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1970s, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen wayar da kan jama'a game da [[Hadarin sauyin|haɗarin canjin yanayi]] ga masu tsara manufofi na Amurka. Matsayinsa a lokacin shekarar 1979 zuwa 1989 an ba da cikakken bayani a cikin littafin Losing Earth, na Nathaniel Rich . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Pomerance ya girma ne a Cos Cob, Connecticut, <ref name="thedcline.org">{{Cite web |date=26 April 2019 |title=Longtime Kalorama Triangle resident, a 'dauntless warrior,' continues his 40-year fight against climate change |url=https://thedcline.org/2019/04/26/longtime-kalorama-triangle-resident-a-dauntless-warrior-continues-his-40-year-fight-against-climate-change/ |access-date=2019-08-02 |website=TheDCLine.org |language=en-US}}</ref> ɗan mai fafutukar zaman lafiya Josephine (née Wertheim) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Josephine Wertheim Pomerance |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/pomerance-josephine-wertheim |access-date=2023-06-17 |website=Jewish Women's Archive |language=en}}</ref> da kuma masanin gine-gine Ralph Pomerance. Shi jikan Maurice Wertheim ne da Alma Morgenthau, kuma jikan Henry Morgenthau Sr. Shi ne na kabilanci Bayahude. Ya kammala karatu daga [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] a shekarar 1968, tare da B.A. a Tarihi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alum who sounded climate change alarm featured at Reunion |url=https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2019/06/alum-who-sounded-climate-change-alarm-featured-reunion |access-date=2019-08-02 |website=Cornell Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Cornell, Pomerance ya kuma yi aiki a cikin shirin talauci a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa na VISTA da ke aiki ga Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Albarka ta Virginia. Ya fara aikinsa na muhalli a shekarar 1972 yana aiki ne don Taron Muhalli na Birni <ref>{{Cite web |title=Urban Environment Conference Flyer · Give Earth a Chance: Environmental Activism in Michigan |url=http://michiganintheworld.history.lsa.umich.edu/environmentalism/items/show/517 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=michiganintheworld.history.lsa.umich.edu}}</ref> a karkashin Sanata Phil Hart inda suka yi aiki a kan batutuwan gubar a cikin man fetur da sake fasalin asusun amincewa na babbar hanya (don hada da tallafin sufuri na jama'a). A shekara ta 1973 ya kaddamar da National Clean Air Coalition kuma ya zama mai tsara shi na tsawon shekaru 5.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-26 |title=Longtime Kalorama Triangle resident, a 'dauntless warrior,' continues his 40-year fight against climate change |url=https://thedcline.org/2019/04/26/longtime-kalorama-triangle-resident-a-dauntless-warrior-continues-his-40-year-fight-against-climate-change/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=TheDCLine.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya shiga kungiyar Friends of the Earth a shekarar 1975 yana neman iska mai tsabta <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Gordon |date=16 May 1994 |title=Don't forget Friends of the Earth |url=https://www.hcn.org/issues/issue-11/dont-forget-friends-of-the-earth/ |access-date=30 June 2024 |website=High Country News}}</ref> kuma ya kasance shugabanta na tsawon shekaru hudu har zuwa 1984. Daga 1986 zuwa 1993, ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Mataimakin Canjin yanayi da Rashin Ozone a Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rafe Pomerance |url=https://www.silverlining.ngo/rafe-pomerance |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=SilverLining |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Warming: Myth or Reality {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?14924-1/global-warming-myth-reality |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref> A shekara ta 1993, an kuma nada shi Mataimakin Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati na Muhalli da Ci Gaban a karkashin shugaban Amurka [[Bill Clinton]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rafe Pomerance |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/global/oes/pomerance.html |access-date=2018-08-02 |website=1997-2001.state.gov}}</ref> A cikin wannan rawar ya shiga cikin tattaunawar kan gandun daji, GMO, Shirin coral reef na kasa da kasa, da canjin yanayi wanda ya haifar da Yarjejeniyar Kyoto . Ya bar sashen a 1999 kuma ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta, Cibiyar Manufofin Yanayi inda ya jagoranci nasarar samun Gwamnatin Tarayya ta kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba - Makamashi, wacce aka sanya hannu a cikin doka a 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polar Research Board Members |url=http://dels.nas.edu/global/prb/Board-Members |access-date=2019-08-02 |website=dels.nas.edu |archive-date=2019-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730120054/http://dels.nas.edu/global/prb/Board-Members |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shi mai ba da shawara ne ga Rethink Energy Florida da aikin su "Keep Florida Above Water".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keep Florida Above Water |url=https://www.rethinkenergyflorida.org/keep-florida-above-water/ |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=ReThink Energy Florida |language=en-US}}</ref> Daga 2015 zuwa 2019 ya yi aiki a [https://www.nationalacademies.org/prb/polar-research-board Kwamitin Bincike na Polar] na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Amurka. A cikin 2014 ya ƙaddamar da Arctic 21, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scientists to discuss global threats from climate change in the Arctic |url=https://sciencesources.eurekalert.org/news-releases/502739 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=EurekAlert! |language=en}}</ref> cibiyar sadarwa ta ƙungiyoyi da suka himmatu don sadarwa game da warwarewar Arctic. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arctic 21 on Twitter/X |url=https://twitter.com/arctic21?lang=en |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sheila V . |date=2016-03-29 |title=Sea Ice in Melting Arctic Dwindles to Another Record Low |url=https://insideclimatenews.org/news/29032016/arctic-sea-ice-record-low-maximum-winter-extent-climate-change/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Inside Climate News |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Kogin Amurka, Shugaban Kwamitin League of Conservation Voters, da kuma Potomac Conservancy. == Yunkurin canjin yanayi == Pomerance ya fara sha'awar canjin yanayi bayan karanta rahoton EPA na 1978, " [https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/9101EEN8.txt?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1995%20Thru%201999%7C1976%20Thru%201980%7C2006%20Thru%202010%7C1991%20Thru%201994%7C2000%20Thru%202005%7C1986%20Thru%201990%7C1981%20Thru%201985%7CPrior%20to%201976&Docs=&Query=600778019&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=2&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&UseQField=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5CZYFILES%5CINDEX%20DATA%5C76THRU80%5CTXT%5C00000029%5C9101EEN8.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=-%7Ch&MaximumDocuments=15&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r85g16/r85g16/x150y150g16/i500&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x Kimanin Muhalli na Coal Liquefaction: Rahoton Shekara-shekara] ". Rahoton EPA ya ambaci "rahoton da Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Kasa (NAS) ta yi wanda ya yi gargadin cewa ci gaba da yin amfani da man fetur na burbushin halittu a matsayin tushen makamashi na farko fiye da 20 zuwa 30 fiye da shekaru zai iya haifar da ƙara yawan matakan yanayi na carbon dioxide. Sakamakon greenhouse da haɗuwa da yawan zafin jiki na duniya da kuma sakamakon canjin yanayi zai iya, bisa ga NAS ya jagoranci 'mahimmanci da kuma lalata kalmomi na <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Budden |first=K |last2=Zieger |first2=W |date=1978 |title=ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF COAL LIQUEFACTION |url=https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?Lab=ORD&dirEntryId=46636&keyword=liquefaction&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50&CFID=63976490&CFTOKEN=25706323 |journal=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |volume=EPA/600/7-78/019}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025}}</ref> <nowiki>''</nowiki> "Lambobin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin "lambobin kalmomi" suna lalata "Lambobin Ƙira. masana kimiyya don amsoshi. Ya hada kai da masanin kimiya Gordon MacDonald inda ya fara tsara tarurruka da jami'an gwamnati domin tattauna batun sauyin yanayi. Ganawar su tare da babban masanin kimiyyar White House, Frank Press, ya haifar da nazarin ilimin kimiyya na kasa, "Carbon Dioxide da Climate: Assessment Scientific", wanda aka fi sani da rahoton Charney, na farko na National Academy kima wanda yayi ƙoƙari ya ƙididdige tasirin karuwar CO akan yanayi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Charney Report: 40 years ago, scientists accurately predicted climate change |url=https://phys.org/news/2019-07-charney-years-scientists-accurately-climate.html |access-date=2019-08-06 |website=phys.org |language=en-us}}</ref> Pomerance ya shiga Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Duniya a 1986 kuma ya ci gaba da ƙoƙari yaƙi don manufofin canjin yanayi. Shi da Gus Speth sun shawo kan Sanata John Chafee don gudanar da sauraron 10 da 11 ga Yuni, 1986 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Majkut |first=Joseph |date=2016-06-15 |title=John Chafee's 1986 Climate Hearings |url=https://www.niskanencenter.org/john-chafees-1986-climate-hearings/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Niskanen Center |language=en}}</ref> a kan "Ozone Depletion, the Greenhouse Effect, and Climate Change", tare da James Hansen kasancewa babban shaida. Shaidar Hansen a wannan sauraron da shaidar Majalisar Dattijai ta 1988 wanda Sanata Tim Wirth ya jagoranta, game da tasirin canjin yanayi yanzu ana ɗaukar su a matsayin canji a cikin wayar da kan jama'a game da batun. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Besel |first=Richard D. |year=2013 |title=Accommodating Climate Change Science: James Hansen and the Rhetorical/Political Emergence of Global Warming |url=https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://en.wikipedia.org/&httpsredir=1&article=1014&context=comm_fac |journal=Science in Context |volume=26 |pages=137–152 |doi=10.1017/S0269889712000312 |s2cid=18364313 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Labaran da suka yi game da waɗannan sauraron sun kasance da yawa, wanda ya haifar da wayar da kan jama'a game da batun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Time to Wake Up: Chafee Hearings, Climate Change, and Trump {{!}} U.S. Senator Sheldon Whitehouse of Rhode Island |url=https://www.whitehouse.senate.gov/news/speeches/time-to-wake-up-chafee-hearings-climate-change-and-trump |access-date=2019-08-06 |website=www.whitehouse.senate.gov |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 1989, a taron duniya kan canjin yanayi, Pomerance da sauransu sun ba da shawarar gabatar da wani manufa. Shawararsa ita ce "rage kashi 20 cikin 100 a cikin hayakin carbon ta hanyar 2000." Wannan burin ya zama sananne a duniya a matsayin manufa don rage hayakin hayaki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Manne |first=Alan S. |last2=Richels |first2=Richard G. |date=1991 |title=Global {{CO2}} Emission Reductions - the Impacts of Rising Energy Costs |journal=The Energy Journal |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=87–107 |doi=10.5547/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol12-No1-6 |issn=0195-6574 |jstor=41322404}}</ref> A cikin 2023 ya bayyana hangen nesa na saita iyaka a kan hauhawar matakin teku, a matsayin hanyar yin burin canjin yanayi ya fi dacewa. An bayyana waɗannan ra'ayoyin a cikin "The Case for Capping Sea Level Rise" A cikin 2025, Pomerance ya ci gaba da magana game da muhimmancin hauhawar matakin teku da ci gaba da narkewar Greenland Ice Sheet. Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi ta dauki Pomerance a matsayin "Unsung Hero of the Climate Wars".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unsung Heroes of the Climate Wars |url=http://climate.org/archive/resources/climate-archives/conferences/washington-summit-heroes-climate-wars.html |access-date=2019-08-02 |website=climate.org }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kokarin da ya yi a cikin shekarun 1980 sun kasance batun wani labarin [[New York Times]] na 2018 mai taken "Losing Earth: The Decade We Almost Stopped Climate Change". Labarin ya kawo hankali sosai ga aikin da ya gabata. Ra'ayoyinsa game da muhawara mai tasowa game da manufofin canjin yanayi an taƙaita su a cikin wata hira ta 2020 da Nancy Rosenblum ta yi wanda taken shine magana da Pomerance ya kirkira: "The Fate of Greenland is the Fate of Miami".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-22 |title=A Conversation |url=https://www.amacad.org/publication/conversation-rosenblum-pomerance |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Pomerance ta yi aure kuma tana da 'ya'ya uku. Ya zauna a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] tun daga shekara ta 1970.<ref name="thedcline.org"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hk0edny4oxbo0rr181lenjv6wdnqlk5 893734 893733 2026-08-09T16:33:53Z Asiya Garba 46242 893734 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Rafe Pomerance''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1946) masanin muhalli ne na Amurka. Ya kasance Babban Jami'in Manufofin Arctic na Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Woodwell . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scientists |url=https://www.woodwellclimate.org/people/scientists/ |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=Woodwell Climate |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1970s, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen wayar da kan jama'a game da [[Hadarin sauyin|haɗarin canjin yanayi]] ga masu tsara manufofi na Amurka. Matsayinsa a lokacin shekarar 1979 zuwa 1989 an ba da cikakken bayani a cikin littafin Losing Earth, na Nathaniel Rich . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Pomerance ya kuma girma ne a Cos Cob, Connecticut, <ref name="thedcline.org">{{Cite web |date=26 April 2019 |title=Longtime Kalorama Triangle resident, a 'dauntless warrior,' continues his 40-year fight against climate change |url=https://thedcline.org/2019/04/26/longtime-kalorama-triangle-resident-a-dauntless-warrior-continues-his-40-year-fight-against-climate-change/ |access-date=2019-08-02 |website=TheDCLine.org |language=en-US}}</ref> ɗan mai fafutukar zaman lafiya Josephine (née Wertheim) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Josephine Wertheim Pomerance |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/pomerance-josephine-wertheim |access-date=2023-06-17 |website=Jewish Women's Archive |language=en}}</ref> da kuma masanin gine-gine Ralph Pomerance. Shi jikan Maurice Wertheim ne da Alma Morgenthau, kuma jikan Henry Morgenthau Sr. Shi ne na kabilanci Bayahude. Ya kammala karatu daga [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] a shekarar 1968, tare da B.A. a Tarihi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alum who sounded climate change alarm featured at Reunion |url=https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2019/06/alum-who-sounded-climate-change-alarm-featured-reunion |access-date=2019-08-02 |website=Cornell Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Cornell, Pomerance ya kuma yi aiki a cikin shirin talauci a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa na VISTA da ke aiki ga Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Albarka ta Virginia. Ya fara aikinsa na muhalli a shekarar 1972 yana aiki ne don Taron Muhalli na Birni <ref>{{Cite web |title=Urban Environment Conference Flyer · Give Earth a Chance: Environmental Activism in Michigan |url=http://michiganintheworld.history.lsa.umich.edu/environmentalism/items/show/517 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=michiganintheworld.history.lsa.umich.edu}}</ref> a karkashin Sanata Phil Hart inda suka yi aiki a kan batutuwan gubar a cikin man fetur da sake fasalin asusun amincewa na babbar hanya (don hada da tallafin sufuri na jama'a). A shekara ta 1973 ya kaddamar da National Clean Air Coalition kuma ya zama mai tsara shi na tsawon shekaru 5.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-26 |title=Longtime Kalorama Triangle resident, a 'dauntless warrior,' continues his 40-year fight against climate change |url=https://thedcline.org/2019/04/26/longtime-kalorama-triangle-resident-a-dauntless-warrior-continues-his-40-year-fight-against-climate-change/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=TheDCLine.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya shiga kungiyar Friends of the Earth a shekarar 1975 yana neman iska mai tsabta <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Gordon |date=16 May 1994 |title=Don't forget Friends of the Earth |url=https://www.hcn.org/issues/issue-11/dont-forget-friends-of-the-earth/ |access-date=30 June 2024 |website=High Country News}}</ref> kuma ya kasance shugabanta na tsawon shekaru hudu har zuwa 1984. Daga 1986 zuwa 1993, ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Mataimakin Canjin yanayi da Rashin Ozone a Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rafe Pomerance |url=https://www.silverlining.ngo/rafe-pomerance |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=SilverLining |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Warming: Myth or Reality {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?14924-1/global-warming-myth-reality |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref> A shekara ta 1993, an kuma nada shi Mataimakin Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati na Muhalli da Ci Gaban a karkashin shugaban Amurka [[Bill Clinton]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rafe Pomerance |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/global/oes/pomerance.html |access-date=2018-08-02 |website=1997-2001.state.gov}}</ref> A cikin wannan rawar ya shiga cikin tattaunawar kan gandun daji, GMO, Shirin coral reef na kasa da kasa, da canjin yanayi wanda ya haifar da Yarjejeniyar Kyoto . Ya bar sashen a 1999 kuma ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta, Cibiyar Manufofin Yanayi inda ya jagoranci nasarar samun Gwamnatin Tarayya ta kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba - Makamashi, wacce aka sanya hannu a cikin doka a 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polar Research Board Members |url=http://dels.nas.edu/global/prb/Board-Members |access-date=2019-08-02 |website=dels.nas.edu |archive-date=2019-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730120054/http://dels.nas.edu/global/prb/Board-Members |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shi mai ba da shawara ne ga Rethink Energy Florida da aikin su "Keep Florida Above Water".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keep Florida Above Water |url=https://www.rethinkenergyflorida.org/keep-florida-above-water/ |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=ReThink Energy Florida |language=en-US}}</ref> Daga 2015 zuwa 2019 ya yi aiki a [https://www.nationalacademies.org/prb/polar-research-board Kwamitin Bincike na Polar] na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Amurka. A cikin 2014 ya ƙaddamar da Arctic 21, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scientists to discuss global threats from climate change in the Arctic |url=https://sciencesources.eurekalert.org/news-releases/502739 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=EurekAlert! |language=en}}</ref> cibiyar sadarwa ta ƙungiyoyi da suka himmatu don sadarwa game da warwarewar Arctic. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arctic 21 on Twitter/X |url=https://twitter.com/arctic21?lang=en |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sheila V . |date=2016-03-29 |title=Sea Ice in Melting Arctic Dwindles to Another Record Low |url=https://insideclimatenews.org/news/29032016/arctic-sea-ice-record-low-maximum-winter-extent-climate-change/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Inside Climate News |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Kogin Amurka, Shugaban Kwamitin League of Conservation Voters, da kuma Potomac Conservancy. == Yunkurin canjin yanayi == Pomerance ya fara sha'awar canjin yanayi bayan karanta rahoton EPA na 1978, " [https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/9101EEN8.txt?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1995%20Thru%201999%7C1976%20Thru%201980%7C2006%20Thru%202010%7C1991%20Thru%201994%7C2000%20Thru%202005%7C1986%20Thru%201990%7C1981%20Thru%201985%7CPrior%20to%201976&Docs=&Query=600778019&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=2&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&UseQField=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5CZYFILES%5CINDEX%20DATA%5C76THRU80%5CTXT%5C00000029%5C9101EEN8.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=-%7Ch&MaximumDocuments=15&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r85g16/r85g16/x150y150g16/i500&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x Kimanin Muhalli na Coal Liquefaction: Rahoton Shekara-shekara] ". Rahoton EPA ya ambaci "rahoton da Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Kasa (NAS) ta yi wanda ya yi gargadin cewa ci gaba da yin amfani da man fetur na burbushin halittu a matsayin tushen makamashi na farko fiye da 20 zuwa 30 fiye da shekaru zai iya haifar da ƙara yawan matakan yanayi na carbon dioxide. Sakamakon greenhouse da haɗuwa da yawan zafin jiki na duniya da kuma sakamakon canjin yanayi zai iya, bisa ga NAS ya jagoranci 'mahimmanci da kuma lalata kalmomi na <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Budden |first=K |last2=Zieger |first2=W |date=1978 |title=ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF COAL LIQUEFACTION |url=https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?Lab=ORD&dirEntryId=46636&keyword=liquefaction&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50&CFID=63976490&CFTOKEN=25706323 |journal=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |volume=EPA/600/7-78/019}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025}}</ref> <nowiki>''</nowiki> "Lambobin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin "lambobin kalmomi" suna lalata "Lambobin Ƙira. masana kimiyya don amsoshi. Ya hada kai da masanin kimiya Gordon MacDonald inda ya fara tsara tarurruka da jami'an gwamnati domin tattauna batun sauyin yanayi. Ganawar su tare da babban masanin kimiyyar White House, Frank Press, ya haifar da nazarin ilimin kimiyya na kasa, "Carbon Dioxide da Climate: Assessment Scientific", wanda aka fi sani da rahoton Charney, na farko na National Academy kima wanda yayi ƙoƙari ya ƙididdige tasirin karuwar CO akan yanayi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Charney Report: 40 years ago, scientists accurately predicted climate change |url=https://phys.org/news/2019-07-charney-years-scientists-accurately-climate.html |access-date=2019-08-06 |website=phys.org |language=en-us}}</ref> Pomerance ya shiga Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Duniya a 1986 kuma ya ci gaba da ƙoƙari yaƙi don manufofin canjin yanayi. Shi da Gus Speth sun shawo kan Sanata John Chafee don gudanar da sauraron 10 da 11 ga Yuni, 1986 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Majkut |first=Joseph |date=2016-06-15 |title=John Chafee's 1986 Climate Hearings |url=https://www.niskanencenter.org/john-chafees-1986-climate-hearings/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Niskanen Center |language=en}}</ref> a kan "Ozone Depletion, the Greenhouse Effect, and Climate Change", tare da James Hansen kasancewa babban shaida. Shaidar Hansen a wannan sauraron da shaidar Majalisar Dattijai ta 1988 wanda Sanata Tim Wirth ya jagoranta, game da tasirin canjin yanayi yanzu ana ɗaukar su a matsayin canji a cikin wayar da kan jama'a game da batun. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Besel |first=Richard D. |year=2013 |title=Accommodating Climate Change Science: James Hansen and the Rhetorical/Political Emergence of Global Warming |url=https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://en.wikipedia.org/&httpsredir=1&article=1014&context=comm_fac |journal=Science in Context |volume=26 |pages=137–152 |doi=10.1017/S0269889712000312 |s2cid=18364313 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Labaran da suka yi game da waɗannan sauraron sun kasance da yawa, wanda ya haifar da wayar da kan jama'a game da batun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Time to Wake Up: Chafee Hearings, Climate Change, and Trump {{!}} U.S. Senator Sheldon Whitehouse of Rhode Island |url=https://www.whitehouse.senate.gov/news/speeches/time-to-wake-up-chafee-hearings-climate-change-and-trump |access-date=2019-08-06 |website=www.whitehouse.senate.gov |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 1989, a taron duniya kan canjin yanayi, Pomerance da sauransu sun ba da shawarar gabatar da wani manufa. Shawararsa ita ce "rage kashi 20 cikin 100 a cikin hayakin carbon ta hanyar 2000." Wannan burin ya zama sananne a duniya a matsayin manufa don rage hayakin hayaki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Manne |first=Alan S. |last2=Richels |first2=Richard G. |date=1991 |title=Global {{CO2}} Emission Reductions - the Impacts of Rising Energy Costs |journal=The Energy Journal |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=87–107 |doi=10.5547/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol12-No1-6 |issn=0195-6574 |jstor=41322404}}</ref> A cikin 2023 ya bayyana hangen nesa na saita iyaka a kan hauhawar matakin teku, a matsayin hanyar yin burin canjin yanayi ya fi dacewa. An bayyana waɗannan ra'ayoyin a cikin "The Case for Capping Sea Level Rise" A cikin 2025, Pomerance ya ci gaba da magana game da muhimmancin hauhawar matakin teku da ci gaba da narkewar Greenland Ice Sheet. Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi ta dauki Pomerance a matsayin "Unsung Hero of the Climate Wars".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unsung Heroes of the Climate Wars |url=http://climate.org/archive/resources/climate-archives/conferences/washington-summit-heroes-climate-wars.html |access-date=2019-08-02 |website=climate.org }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kokarin da ya yi a cikin shekarun 1980 sun kasance batun wani labarin [[New York Times]] na 2018 mai taken "Losing Earth: The Decade We Almost Stopped Climate Change". Labarin ya kawo hankali sosai ga aikin da ya gabata. Ra'ayoyinsa game da muhawara mai tasowa game da manufofin canjin yanayi an taƙaita su a cikin wata hira ta 2020 da Nancy Rosenblum ta yi wanda taken shine magana da Pomerance ya kirkira: "The Fate of Greenland is the Fate of Miami".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-22 |title=A Conversation |url=https://www.amacad.org/publication/conversation-rosenblum-pomerance |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Pomerance ta yi aure kuma tana da 'ya'ya uku. Ya zauna a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] tun daga shekara ta 1970.<ref name="thedcline.org"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i17ywdls7rop5xr33d3gh222jm7u6gp 893737 893734 2026-08-09T16:34:26Z Asiya Garba 46242 893737 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Rafe Pomerance''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1946) masanin muhalli ne na Amurka. Ya kasance Babban Jami'in Manufofin Arctic na Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Woodwell . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scientists |url=https://www.woodwellclimate.org/people/scientists/ |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=Woodwell Climate |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1970s, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen wayar da kan jama'a game da [[Hadarin sauyin|haɗarin canjin yanayi]] ga masu tsara manufofi na Amurka. Matsayinsa a lokacin shekarar 1979 zuwa 1989 an ba da cikakken bayani a cikin littafin Losing Earth, na Nathaniel Rich . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Pomerance ya kuma girma ne a Cos Cob, Connecticut, <ref name="thedcline.org">{{Cite web |date=26 April 2019 |title=Longtime Kalorama Triangle resident, a 'dauntless warrior,' continues his 40-year fight against climate change |url=https://thedcline.org/2019/04/26/longtime-kalorama-triangle-resident-a-dauntless-warrior-continues-his-40-year-fight-against-climate-change/ |access-date=2019-08-02 |website=TheDCLine.org |language=en-US}}</ref> ɗan mai fafutukar zaman lafiya Josephine (née Wertheim) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Josephine Wertheim Pomerance |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/pomerance-josephine-wertheim |access-date=2023-06-17 |website=Jewish Women's Archive |language=en}}</ref> da kuma masanin gine-gine Ralph Pomerance. Shi jikan Maurice Wertheim ne da Alma Morgenthau, kuma jikan Henry Morgenthau Sr. Shi ne na kabilanci Bayahude. Ya kammala karatu daga [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] a shekarar 1968, tare da B.A. a Tarihi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alum who sounded climate change alarm featured at Reunion |url=https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2019/06/alum-who-sounded-climate-change-alarm-featured-reunion |access-date=2019-08-02 |website=Cornell Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Cornell, Pomerance ya kuma yi aiki a cikin shirin talauci a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa na VISTA da ke aiki ga Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Albarka ta Virginia. Ya fara aikinsa na muhalli a shekarar 1972 yana aiki ne don Taron Muhalli na Birni <ref>{{Cite web |title=Urban Environment Conference Flyer · Give Earth a Chance: Environmental Activism in Michigan |url=http://michiganintheworld.history.lsa.umich.edu/environmentalism/items/show/517 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=michiganintheworld.history.lsa.umich.edu}}</ref> a karkashin Sanata Phil Hart inda suka yi aiki a kan batutuwan gubar a cikin man fetur da sake fasalin asusun amincewa na babbar hanya (don hada da tallafin sufuri na jama'a). A shekara ta 1973 ya kaddamar da National Clean Air Coalition kuma ya zama mai tsara shi na tsawon shekaru 5.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-26 |title=Longtime Kalorama Triangle resident, a 'dauntless warrior,' continues his 40-year fight against climate change |url=https://thedcline.org/2019/04/26/longtime-kalorama-triangle-resident-a-dauntless-warrior-continues-his-40-year-fight-against-climate-change/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=TheDCLine.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya shiga kungiyar Friends of the Earth a shekarar 1975 yana neman iska mai tsabta <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Gordon |date=16 May 1994 |title=Don't forget Friends of the Earth |url=https://www.hcn.org/issues/issue-11/dont-forget-friends-of-the-earth/ |access-date=30 June 2024 |website=High Country News}}</ref> kuma ya kasance shugabanta na tsawon shekaru hudu har zuwa 1984. Daga 1986 zuwa 1993, ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Mataimakin Canjin yanayi da Rashin Ozone a Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rafe Pomerance |url=https://www.silverlining.ngo/rafe-pomerance |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=SilverLining |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Warming: Myth or Reality {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?14924-1/global-warming-myth-reality |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref> A shekara ta 1993, an kuma nada shi Mataimakin Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati na Muhalli da Ci Gaban a karkashin shugaban Amurka [[Bill Clinton]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rafe Pomerance |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/global/oes/pomerance.html |access-date=2018-08-02 |website=1997-2001.state.gov}}</ref> A cikin wannan rawar ya shiga cikin tattaunawar kan gandun daji, GMO, Shirin coral reef na kasa da kasa, da canjin yanayi wanda ya haifar da Yarjejeniyar Kyoto . Ya bar sashen a 1999 kuma ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta, Cibiyar Manufofin Yanayi inda ya jagoranci nasarar samun Gwamnatin Tarayya ta kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba - Makamashi, wacce aka sanya hannu a cikin doka a 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polar Research Board Members |url=http://dels.nas.edu/global/prb/Board-Members |access-date=2019-08-02 |website=dels.nas.edu |archive-date=2019-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730120054/http://dels.nas.edu/global/prb/Board-Members |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shi mai ba da shawara ne ga Rethink Energy Florida da aikin su "Keep Florida Above Water".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keep Florida Above Water |url=https://www.rethinkenergyflorida.org/keep-florida-above-water/ |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=ReThink Energy Florida |language=en-US}}</ref> Daga 2015 zuwa 2019 ya yi aiki a [https://www.nationalacademies.org/prb/polar-research-board Kwamitin Bincike na Polar] na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Amurka. A cikin 2014 ya ƙaddamar da Arctic 21, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scientists to discuss global threats from climate change in the Arctic |url=https://sciencesources.eurekalert.org/news-releases/502739 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=EurekAlert! |language=en}}</ref> cibiyar sadarwa ta ƙungiyoyi da suka himmatu don sadarwa game da warwarewar Arctic. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arctic 21 on Twitter/X |url=https://twitter.com/arctic21?lang=en |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sheila V . |date=2016-03-29 |title=Sea Ice in Melting Arctic Dwindles to Another Record Low |url=https://insideclimatenews.org/news/29032016/arctic-sea-ice-record-low-maximum-winter-extent-climate-change/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Inside Climate News |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Kogin Amurka, Shugaban Kwamitin League of Conservation Voters, da kuma Potomac Conservancy. == Yunkurin canjin yanayi == Pomerance ya fara sha'awar canjin yanayi bayan karanta rahoton EPA na 1978, " [https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/9101EEN8.txt?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1995%20Thru%201999%7C1976%20Thru%201980%7C2006%20Thru%202010%7C1991%20Thru%201994%7C2000%20Thru%202005%7C1986%20Thru%201990%7C1981%20Thru%201985%7CPrior%20to%201976&Docs=&Query=600778019&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=2&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&UseQField=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5CZYFILES%5CINDEX%20DATA%5C76THRU80%5CTXT%5C00000029%5C9101EEN8.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=-%7Ch&MaximumDocuments=15&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r85g16/r85g16/x150y150g16/i500&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x Kimanin Muhalli na Coal Liquefaction: Rahoton Shekara-shekara] ". Rahoton EPA ya ambaci "rahoton da Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Kasa (NAS) ta yi wanda ya yi gargadin cewa ci gaba da yin amfani da man fetur na burbushin halittu a matsayin tushen makamashi na farko fiye da 20 zuwa 30 fiye da shekaru zai iya haifar da ƙara yawan matakan yanayi na carbon dioxide. Sakamakon greenhouse da haɗuwa da yawan zafin jiki na duniya da kuma sakamakon canjin yanayi zai iya, bisa ga NAS ya jagoranci 'mahimmanci da kuma lalata kalmomi na <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Budden |first=K |last2=Zieger |first2=W |date=1978 |title=ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF COAL LIQUEFACTION |url=https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?Lab=ORD&dirEntryId=46636&keyword=liquefaction&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50&CFID=63976490&CFTOKEN=25706323 |journal=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |volume=EPA/600/7-78/019}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025}}</ref> <nowiki>''</nowiki> "Lambobin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin "lambobin kalmomi" suna lalata "Lambobin Ƙira. masana kimiyya don amsoshi. Ya hada kai da masanin kimiya Gordon MacDonald inda ya fara tsara tarurruka da jami'an gwamnati domin tattauna batun sauyin yanayi. Ganawar su tare da babban masanin kimiyyar White House, Frank Press, ya haifar da nazarin ilimin kimiyya na kasa, "Carbon Dioxide da Climate: Assessment Scientific", wanda aka fi sani da rahoton Charney, na farko na National Academy kima wanda yayi ƙoƙari ya ƙididdige tasirin karuwar CO akan yanayi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Charney Report: 40 years ago, scientists accurately predicted climate change |url=https://phys.org/news/2019-07-charney-years-scientists-accurately-climate.html |access-date=2019-08-06 |website=phys.org |language=en-us}}</ref> Pomerance ya shiga Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Duniya a 1986 kuma ya ci gaba da ƙoƙari yaƙi don manufofin canjin yanayi. Shi da Gus Speth sun shawo kan Sanata John Chafee don gudanar da sauraron 10 da 11 ga Yuni, 1986 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Majkut |first=Joseph |date=2016-06-15 |title=John Chafee's 1986 Climate Hearings |url=https://www.niskanencenter.org/john-chafees-1986-climate-hearings/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Niskanen Center |language=en}}</ref> a kan "Ozone Depletion, the Greenhouse Effect, and Climate Change", tare da James Hansen kasancewa babban shaida. Shaidar Hansen a wannan sauraron da shaidar Majalisar Dattijai ta 1988 wanda Sanata Tim Wirth ya jagoranta, game da tasirin canjin yanayi yanzu ana ɗaukar su a matsayin canji a cikin wayar da kan jama'a game da batun. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Besel |first=Richard D. |year=2013 |title=Accommodating Climate Change Science: James Hansen and the Rhetorical/Political Emergence of Global Warming |url=https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://en.wikipedia.org/&httpsredir=1&article=1014&context=comm_fac |journal=Science in Context |volume=26 |pages=137–152 |doi=10.1017/S0269889712000312 |s2cid=18364313 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Labaran da suka yi game da waɗannan sauraron sun kasance da yawa, wanda ya haifar da wayar da kan jama'a game da batun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Time to Wake Up: Chafee Hearings, Climate Change, and Trump {{!}} U.S. Senator Sheldon Whitehouse of Rhode Island |url=https://www.whitehouse.senate.gov/news/speeches/time-to-wake-up-chafee-hearings-climate-change-and-trump |access-date=2019-08-06 |website=www.whitehouse.senate.gov |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 1989, a taron duniya kan canjin yanayi, Pomerance da sauransu sun ba da shawarar gabatar da wani manufa. Shawararsa ita ce "rage kashi 20 cikin 100 a cikin hayakin carbon ta hanyar 2000." Wannan burin ya zama sananne a duniya a matsayin manufa don rage hayakin hayaki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Manne |first=Alan S. |last2=Richels |first2=Richard G. |date=1991 |title=Global {{CO2}} Emission Reductions - the Impacts of Rising Energy Costs |journal=The Energy Journal |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=87–107 |doi=10.5547/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol12-No1-6 |issn=0195-6574 |jstor=41322404}}</ref> A cikin 2023 ya bayyana hangen nesa na saita iyaka a kan hauhawar matakin teku, a matsayin hanyar yin burin canjin yanayi ya fi dacewa. An bayyana waɗannan ra'ayoyin a cikin "The Case for Capping Sea Level Rise" A cikin 2025, Pomerance ya ci gaba da magana game da muhimmancin hauhawar matakin teku da ci gaba da narkewar Greenland Ice Sheet. Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi ta dauki Pomerance a matsayin "Unsung Hero of the Climate Wars".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unsung Heroes of the Climate Wars |url=http://climate.org/archive/resources/climate-archives/conferences/washington-summit-heroes-climate-wars.html |access-date=2019-08-02 |website=climate.org }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kokarin da ya yi a cikin shekarun 1980 sun kasance batun wani labarin [[New York Times]] na 2018 mai taken "Losing Earth: The Decade We Almost Stopped Climate Change". Labarin ya kawo hankali sosai ga aikin da ya gabata. Ra'ayoyinsa game da muhawara mai tasowa game da manufofin canjin yanayi an taƙaita su a cikin wata hira ta 2020 da Nancy Rosenblum ta yi wanda taken shine magana da Pomerance ya kirkira: "The Fate of Greenland is the Fate of Miami".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-22 |title=A Conversation |url=https://www.amacad.org/publication/conversation-rosenblum-pomerance |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Pomerance ta yi aure kuma tana da 'ya'ya uku. Ya zauna a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] tun daga shekara ta 1970.<ref name="thedcline.org"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7n72lfzacsgof7umpm7wywhztppmg3b 893738 893737 2026-08-09T16:34:49Z Asiya Garba 46242 893738 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Rafe Pomerance''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1946) masanin muhalli ne na Amurka. Ya kasance Babban Jami'in Manufofin Arctic na Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Woodwell . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scientists |url=https://www.woodwellclimate.org/people/scientists/ |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=Woodwell Climate |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1970s, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen wayar da kan jama'a game da [[Hadarin sauyin|haɗarin canjin yanayi]] ga masu tsara manufofi na Amurka. Matsayinsa a lokacin shekarar 1979 zuwa 1989 an ba da cikakken bayani a cikin littafin Losing Earth, na Nathaniel Rich . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Pomerance ya kuma girma ne a Cos Cob, Connecticut, <ref name="thedcline.org">{{Cite web |date=26 April 2019 |title=Longtime Kalorama Triangle resident, a 'dauntless warrior,' continues his 40-year fight against climate change |url=https://thedcline.org/2019/04/26/longtime-kalorama-triangle-resident-a-dauntless-warrior-continues-his-40-year-fight-against-climate-change/ |access-date=2019-08-02 |website=TheDCLine.org |language=en-US}}</ref> ɗan mai fafutukar zaman lafiya Josephine (née Wertheim) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Josephine Wertheim Pomerance |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/pomerance-josephine-wertheim |access-date=2023-06-17 |website=Jewish Women's Archive |language=en}}</ref> da kuma masanin gine-gine Ralph Pomerance. Shi jikan Maurice Wertheim ne da Alma Morgenthau, kuma jikan Henry Morgenthau Sr. Shi ne na kabilanci Bayahude. Ya kammala karatu daga [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] a shekarar 1968, tare da B.A. a Tarihi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alum who sounded climate change alarm featured at Reunion |url=https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2019/06/alum-who-sounded-climate-change-alarm-featured-reunion |access-date=2019-08-02 |website=Cornell Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Cornell, Pomerance ya kuma yi aiki a cikin shirin talauci a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa na VISTA da ke aiki ga Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Albarka ta Virginia. Ya fara aikinsa na muhalli a shekarar 1972 yana aiki ne don Taron Muhalli na Birni <ref>{{Cite web |title=Urban Environment Conference Flyer · Give Earth a Chance: Environmental Activism in Michigan |url=http://michiganintheworld.history.lsa.umich.edu/environmentalism/items/show/517 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=michiganintheworld.history.lsa.umich.edu}}</ref> a karkashin Sanata Phil Hart inda suka yi aiki a kan batutuwan gubar a cikin man fetur da sake fasalin asusun amincewa na babbar hanya (don hada da tallafin sufuri na jama'a). A shekara ta 1973 ya ƙaddamar da National Clean Air Coalition kuma ya zama mai tsara shi na tsawon shekaru 5.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-26 |title=Longtime Kalorama Triangle resident, a 'dauntless warrior,' continues his 40-year fight against climate change |url=https://thedcline.org/2019/04/26/longtime-kalorama-triangle-resident-a-dauntless-warrior-continues-his-40-year-fight-against-climate-change/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=TheDCLine.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kuma shiga ƙungiyar Friends of the Earth a shekarar 1975 yana neman iska mai tsabta <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Gordon |date=16 May 1994 |title=Don't forget Friends of the Earth |url=https://www.hcn.org/issues/issue-11/dont-forget-friends-of-the-earth/ |access-date=30 June 2024 |website=High Country News}}</ref> kuma ya kasance shugabanta na tsawon shekaru hudu har zuwa 1984. Daga 1986 zuwa 1993, ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Mataimakin Canjin yanayi da Rashin Ozone a Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rafe Pomerance |url=https://www.silverlining.ngo/rafe-pomerance |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=SilverLining |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Warming: Myth or Reality {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?14924-1/global-warming-myth-reality |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref> A shekara ta 1993, an kuma nada shi Mataimakin Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati na Muhalli da Ci Gaban a karkashin shugaban Amurka [[Bill Clinton]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rafe Pomerance |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/global/oes/pomerance.html |access-date=2018-08-02 |website=1997-2001.state.gov}}</ref> A cikin wannan rawar ya shiga cikin tattaunawar kan gandun daji, GMO, Shirin coral reef na kasa da kasa, da canjin yanayi wanda ya haifar da Yarjejeniyar Kyoto . Ya bar sashen a 1999 kuma ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta, Cibiyar Manufofin Yanayi inda ya jagoranci nasarar samun Gwamnatin Tarayya ta kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba - Makamashi, wacce aka sanya hannu a cikin doka a 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polar Research Board Members |url=http://dels.nas.edu/global/prb/Board-Members |access-date=2019-08-02 |website=dels.nas.edu |archive-date=2019-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730120054/http://dels.nas.edu/global/prb/Board-Members |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shi mai ba da shawara ne ga Rethink Energy Florida da aikin su "Keep Florida Above Water".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keep Florida Above Water |url=https://www.rethinkenergyflorida.org/keep-florida-above-water/ |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=ReThink Energy Florida |language=en-US}}</ref> Daga 2015 zuwa 2019 ya yi aiki a [https://www.nationalacademies.org/prb/polar-research-board Kwamitin Bincike na Polar] na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Amurka. A cikin 2014 ya ƙaddamar da Arctic 21, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scientists to discuss global threats from climate change in the Arctic |url=https://sciencesources.eurekalert.org/news-releases/502739 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=EurekAlert! |language=en}}</ref> cibiyar sadarwa ta ƙungiyoyi da suka himmatu don sadarwa game da warwarewar Arctic. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arctic 21 on Twitter/X |url=https://twitter.com/arctic21?lang=en |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sheila V . |date=2016-03-29 |title=Sea Ice in Melting Arctic Dwindles to Another Record Low |url=https://insideclimatenews.org/news/29032016/arctic-sea-ice-record-low-maximum-winter-extent-climate-change/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Inside Climate News |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Kogin Amurka, Shugaban Kwamitin League of Conservation Voters, da kuma Potomac Conservancy. == Yunkurin canjin yanayi == Pomerance ya fara sha'awar canjin yanayi bayan karanta rahoton EPA na 1978, " [https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/9101EEN8.txt?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1995%20Thru%201999%7C1976%20Thru%201980%7C2006%20Thru%202010%7C1991%20Thru%201994%7C2000%20Thru%202005%7C1986%20Thru%201990%7C1981%20Thru%201985%7CPrior%20to%201976&Docs=&Query=600778019&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=2&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&UseQField=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5CZYFILES%5CINDEX%20DATA%5C76THRU80%5CTXT%5C00000029%5C9101EEN8.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=-%7Ch&MaximumDocuments=15&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r85g16/r85g16/x150y150g16/i500&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x Kimanin Muhalli na Coal Liquefaction: Rahoton Shekara-shekara] ". Rahoton EPA ya ambaci "rahoton da Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Kasa (NAS) ta yi wanda ya yi gargadin cewa ci gaba da yin amfani da man fetur na burbushin halittu a matsayin tushen makamashi na farko fiye da 20 zuwa 30 fiye da shekaru zai iya haifar da ƙara yawan matakan yanayi na carbon dioxide. Sakamakon greenhouse da haɗuwa da yawan zafin jiki na duniya da kuma sakamakon canjin yanayi zai iya, bisa ga NAS ya jagoranci 'mahimmanci da kuma lalata kalmomi na <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Budden |first=K |last2=Zieger |first2=W |date=1978 |title=ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF COAL LIQUEFACTION |url=https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?Lab=ORD&dirEntryId=46636&keyword=liquefaction&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50&CFID=63976490&CFTOKEN=25706323 |journal=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |volume=EPA/600/7-78/019}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025}}</ref> <nowiki>''</nowiki> "Lambobin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin "lambobin kalmomi" suna lalata "Lambobin Ƙira. masana kimiyya don amsoshi. Ya hada kai da masanin kimiya Gordon MacDonald inda ya fara tsara tarurruka da jami'an gwamnati domin tattauna batun sauyin yanayi. Ganawar su tare da babban masanin kimiyyar White House, Frank Press, ya haifar da nazarin ilimin kimiyya na kasa, "Carbon Dioxide da Climate: Assessment Scientific", wanda aka fi sani da rahoton Charney, na farko na National Academy kima wanda yayi ƙoƙari ya ƙididdige tasirin karuwar CO akan yanayi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Charney Report: 40 years ago, scientists accurately predicted climate change |url=https://phys.org/news/2019-07-charney-years-scientists-accurately-climate.html |access-date=2019-08-06 |website=phys.org |language=en-us}}</ref> Pomerance ya shiga Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Duniya a 1986 kuma ya ci gaba da ƙoƙari yaƙi don manufofin canjin yanayi. Shi da Gus Speth sun shawo kan Sanata John Chafee don gudanar da sauraron 10 da 11 ga Yuni, 1986 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Majkut |first=Joseph |date=2016-06-15 |title=John Chafee's 1986 Climate Hearings |url=https://www.niskanencenter.org/john-chafees-1986-climate-hearings/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Niskanen Center |language=en}}</ref> a kan "Ozone Depletion, the Greenhouse Effect, and Climate Change", tare da James Hansen kasancewa babban shaida. Shaidar Hansen a wannan sauraron da shaidar Majalisar Dattijai ta 1988 wanda Sanata Tim Wirth ya jagoranta, game da tasirin canjin yanayi yanzu ana ɗaukar su a matsayin canji a cikin wayar da kan jama'a game da batun. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Besel |first=Richard D. |year=2013 |title=Accommodating Climate Change Science: James Hansen and the Rhetorical/Political Emergence of Global Warming |url=https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://en.wikipedia.org/&httpsredir=1&article=1014&context=comm_fac |journal=Science in Context |volume=26 |pages=137–152 |doi=10.1017/S0269889712000312 |s2cid=18364313 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Labaran da suka yi game da waɗannan sauraron sun kasance da yawa, wanda ya haifar da wayar da kan jama'a game da batun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Time to Wake Up: Chafee Hearings, Climate Change, and Trump {{!}} U.S. Senator Sheldon Whitehouse of Rhode Island |url=https://www.whitehouse.senate.gov/news/speeches/time-to-wake-up-chafee-hearings-climate-change-and-trump |access-date=2019-08-06 |website=www.whitehouse.senate.gov |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 1989, a taron duniya kan canjin yanayi, Pomerance da sauransu sun ba da shawarar gabatar da wani manufa. Shawararsa ita ce "rage kashi 20 cikin 100 a cikin hayakin carbon ta hanyar 2000." Wannan burin ya zama sananne a duniya a matsayin manufa don rage hayakin hayaki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Manne |first=Alan S. |last2=Richels |first2=Richard G. |date=1991 |title=Global {{CO2}} Emission Reductions - the Impacts of Rising Energy Costs |journal=The Energy Journal |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=87–107 |doi=10.5547/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol12-No1-6 |issn=0195-6574 |jstor=41322404}}</ref> A cikin 2023 ya bayyana hangen nesa na saita iyaka a kan hauhawar matakin teku, a matsayin hanyar yin burin canjin yanayi ya fi dacewa. An bayyana waɗannan ra'ayoyin a cikin "The Case for Capping Sea Level Rise" A cikin 2025, Pomerance ya ci gaba da magana game da muhimmancin hauhawar matakin teku da ci gaba da narkewar Greenland Ice Sheet. Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi ta dauki Pomerance a matsayin "Unsung Hero of the Climate Wars".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unsung Heroes of the Climate Wars |url=http://climate.org/archive/resources/climate-archives/conferences/washington-summit-heroes-climate-wars.html |access-date=2019-08-02 |website=climate.org }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kokarin da ya yi a cikin shekarun 1980 sun kasance batun wani labarin [[New York Times]] na 2018 mai taken "Losing Earth: The Decade We Almost Stopped Climate Change". Labarin ya kawo hankali sosai ga aikin da ya gabata. Ra'ayoyinsa game da muhawara mai tasowa game da manufofin canjin yanayi an taƙaita su a cikin wata hira ta 2020 da Nancy Rosenblum ta yi wanda taken shine magana da Pomerance ya kirkira: "The Fate of Greenland is the Fate of Miami".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-22 |title=A Conversation |url=https://www.amacad.org/publication/conversation-rosenblum-pomerance |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Pomerance ta yi aure kuma tana da 'ya'ya uku. Ya zauna a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] tun daga shekara ta 1970.<ref name="thedcline.org"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] obxrzbfui3fwx5ei5bqbv70v5aiqpu7 893740 893738 2026-08-09T16:35:11Z Asiya Garba 46242 893740 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Rafe Pomerance''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1946) masanin muhalli ne na Amurka. Ya kasance Babban Jami'in Manufofin Arctic na Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Woodwell . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scientists |url=https://www.woodwellclimate.org/people/scientists/ |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=Woodwell Climate |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1970s, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen wayar da kan jama'a game da [[Hadarin sauyin|haɗarin canjin yanayi]] ga masu tsara manufofi na Amurka. Matsayinsa a lokacin shekarar 1979 zuwa 1989 an ba da cikakken bayani a cikin littafin Losing Earth, na Nathaniel Rich . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Pomerance ya kuma girma ne a Cos Cob, Connecticut, <ref name="thedcline.org">{{Cite web |date=26 April 2019 |title=Longtime Kalorama Triangle resident, a 'dauntless warrior,' continues his 40-year fight against climate change |url=https://thedcline.org/2019/04/26/longtime-kalorama-triangle-resident-a-dauntless-warrior-continues-his-40-year-fight-against-climate-change/ |access-date=2019-08-02 |website=TheDCLine.org |language=en-US}}</ref> ɗan mai fafutukar zaman lafiya Josephine (née Wertheim) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Josephine Wertheim Pomerance |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/pomerance-josephine-wertheim |access-date=2023-06-17 |website=Jewish Women's Archive |language=en}}</ref> da kuma masanin gine-gine Ralph Pomerance. Shi jikan Maurice Wertheim ne da Alma Morgenthau, kuma jikan Henry Morgenthau Sr. Shi ne na kabilanci Bayahude. Ya kammala karatu daga [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] a shekarar 1968, tare da B.A. a Tarihi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alum who sounded climate change alarm featured at Reunion |url=https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2019/06/alum-who-sounded-climate-change-alarm-featured-reunion |access-date=2019-08-02 |website=Cornell Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Cornell, Pomerance ya kuma yi aiki a cikin shirin talauci a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa na VISTA da ke aiki ga Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Albarka ta Virginia. Ya fara aikinsa na muhalli a shekarar 1972 yana aiki ne don Taron Muhalli na Birni <ref>{{Cite web |title=Urban Environment Conference Flyer · Give Earth a Chance: Environmental Activism in Michigan |url=http://michiganintheworld.history.lsa.umich.edu/environmentalism/items/show/517 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=michiganintheworld.history.lsa.umich.edu}}</ref> a karkashin Sanata Phil Hart inda suka yi aiki a kan batutuwan gubar a cikin man fetur da sake fasalin asusun amincewa na babbar hanya (don hada da tallafin sufuri na jama'a). A shekara ta 1973 ya ƙaddamar da National Clean Air Coalition kuma ya zama mai tsara shi na tsawon shekaru 5.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-26 |title=Longtime Kalorama Triangle resident, a 'dauntless warrior,' continues his 40-year fight against climate change |url=https://thedcline.org/2019/04/26/longtime-kalorama-triangle-resident-a-dauntless-warrior-continues-his-40-year-fight-against-climate-change/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=TheDCLine.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kuma shiga ƙungiyar Friends of the Earth a shekarar 1975 yana neman iska mai tsabta <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Gordon |date=16 May 1994 |title=Don't forget Friends of the Earth |url=https://www.hcn.org/issues/issue-11/dont-forget-friends-of-the-earth/ |access-date=30 June 2024 |website=High Country News}}</ref> kuma ya kasance shugabanta na tsawon shekaru hudu har zuwa 1984. Daga 1986 zuwa 1993, ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Mataimakin Canjin yanayi da Rashin Ozone a Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rafe Pomerance |url=https://www.silverlining.ngo/rafe-pomerance |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=SilverLining |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Warming: Myth or Reality {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?14924-1/global-warming-myth-reality |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref> A shekara ta 1993, an kuma naɗa shi Mataimakin Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati na Muhalli da Ci Gaban a karkashin shugaban Amurka [[Bill Clinton]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rafe Pomerance |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/global/oes/pomerance.html |access-date=2018-08-02 |website=1997-2001.state.gov}}</ref> A cikin wannan rawar ya shiga cikin tattaunawar kan gandun daji, GMO, Shirin coral reef na kasa da kasa, da canjin yanayi wanda ya haifar da Yarjejeniyar Kyoto . Ya bar sashen a 1999 kuma ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta, Cibiyar Manufofin Yanayi inda ya jagoranci nasarar samun Gwamnatin Tarayya ta kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba - Makamashi, wacce aka sanya hannu a cikin doka a 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polar Research Board Members |url=http://dels.nas.edu/global/prb/Board-Members |access-date=2019-08-02 |website=dels.nas.edu |archive-date=2019-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730120054/http://dels.nas.edu/global/prb/Board-Members |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shi mai ba da shawara ne ga Rethink Energy Florida da aikin su "Keep Florida Above Water".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keep Florida Above Water |url=https://www.rethinkenergyflorida.org/keep-florida-above-water/ |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=ReThink Energy Florida |language=en-US}}</ref> Daga 2015 zuwa 2019 ya yi aiki a [https://www.nationalacademies.org/prb/polar-research-board Kwamitin Bincike na Polar] na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Amurka. A cikin 2014 ya ƙaddamar da Arctic 21, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scientists to discuss global threats from climate change in the Arctic |url=https://sciencesources.eurekalert.org/news-releases/502739 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=EurekAlert! |language=en}}</ref> cibiyar sadarwa ta ƙungiyoyi da suka himmatu don sadarwa game da warwarewar Arctic. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arctic 21 on Twitter/X |url=https://twitter.com/arctic21?lang=en |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sheila V . |date=2016-03-29 |title=Sea Ice in Melting Arctic Dwindles to Another Record Low |url=https://insideclimatenews.org/news/29032016/arctic-sea-ice-record-low-maximum-winter-extent-climate-change/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Inside Climate News |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Kogin Amurka, Shugaban Kwamitin League of Conservation Voters, da kuma Potomac Conservancy. == Yunkurin canjin yanayi == Pomerance ya fara sha'awar canjin yanayi bayan karanta rahoton EPA na 1978, " [https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/9101EEN8.txt?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1995%20Thru%201999%7C1976%20Thru%201980%7C2006%20Thru%202010%7C1991%20Thru%201994%7C2000%20Thru%202005%7C1986%20Thru%201990%7C1981%20Thru%201985%7CPrior%20to%201976&Docs=&Query=600778019&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=2&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&UseQField=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5CZYFILES%5CINDEX%20DATA%5C76THRU80%5CTXT%5C00000029%5C9101EEN8.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=-%7Ch&MaximumDocuments=15&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r85g16/r85g16/x150y150g16/i500&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x Kimanin Muhalli na Coal Liquefaction: Rahoton Shekara-shekara] ". Rahoton EPA ya ambaci "rahoton da Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Kasa (NAS) ta yi wanda ya yi gargadin cewa ci gaba da yin amfani da man fetur na burbushin halittu a matsayin tushen makamashi na farko fiye da 20 zuwa 30 fiye da shekaru zai iya haifar da ƙara yawan matakan yanayi na carbon dioxide. Sakamakon greenhouse da haɗuwa da yawan zafin jiki na duniya da kuma sakamakon canjin yanayi zai iya, bisa ga NAS ya jagoranci 'mahimmanci da kuma lalata kalmomi na <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Budden |first=K |last2=Zieger |first2=W |date=1978 |title=ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF COAL LIQUEFACTION |url=https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?Lab=ORD&dirEntryId=46636&keyword=liquefaction&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50&CFID=63976490&CFTOKEN=25706323 |journal=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |volume=EPA/600/7-78/019}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025}}</ref> <nowiki>''</nowiki> "Lambobin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin "lambobin kalmomi" suna lalata "Lambobin Ƙira. masana kimiyya don amsoshi. Ya hada kai da masanin kimiya Gordon MacDonald inda ya fara tsara tarurruka da jami'an gwamnati domin tattauna batun sauyin yanayi. Ganawar su tare da babban masanin kimiyyar White House, Frank Press, ya haifar da nazarin ilimin kimiyya na kasa, "Carbon Dioxide da Climate: Assessment Scientific", wanda aka fi sani da rahoton Charney, na farko na National Academy kima wanda yayi ƙoƙari ya ƙididdige tasirin karuwar CO akan yanayi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Charney Report: 40 years ago, scientists accurately predicted climate change |url=https://phys.org/news/2019-07-charney-years-scientists-accurately-climate.html |access-date=2019-08-06 |website=phys.org |language=en-us}}</ref> Pomerance ya shiga Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Duniya a 1986 kuma ya ci gaba da ƙoƙari yaƙi don manufofin canjin yanayi. Shi da Gus Speth sun shawo kan Sanata John Chafee don gudanar da sauraron 10 da 11 ga Yuni, 1986 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Majkut |first=Joseph |date=2016-06-15 |title=John Chafee's 1986 Climate Hearings |url=https://www.niskanencenter.org/john-chafees-1986-climate-hearings/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Niskanen Center |language=en}}</ref> a kan "Ozone Depletion, the Greenhouse Effect, and Climate Change", tare da James Hansen kasancewa babban shaida. Shaidar Hansen a wannan sauraron da shaidar Majalisar Dattijai ta 1988 wanda Sanata Tim Wirth ya jagoranta, game da tasirin canjin yanayi yanzu ana ɗaukar su a matsayin canji a cikin wayar da kan jama'a game da batun. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Besel |first=Richard D. |year=2013 |title=Accommodating Climate Change Science: James Hansen and the Rhetorical/Political Emergence of Global Warming |url=https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://en.wikipedia.org/&httpsredir=1&article=1014&context=comm_fac |journal=Science in Context |volume=26 |pages=137–152 |doi=10.1017/S0269889712000312 |s2cid=18364313 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Labaran da suka yi game da waɗannan sauraron sun kasance da yawa, wanda ya haifar da wayar da kan jama'a game da batun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Time to Wake Up: Chafee Hearings, Climate Change, and Trump {{!}} U.S. Senator Sheldon Whitehouse of Rhode Island |url=https://www.whitehouse.senate.gov/news/speeches/time-to-wake-up-chafee-hearings-climate-change-and-trump |access-date=2019-08-06 |website=www.whitehouse.senate.gov |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 1989, a taron duniya kan canjin yanayi, Pomerance da sauransu sun ba da shawarar gabatar da wani manufa. Shawararsa ita ce "rage kashi 20 cikin 100 a cikin hayakin carbon ta hanyar 2000." Wannan burin ya zama sananne a duniya a matsayin manufa don rage hayakin hayaki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Manne |first=Alan S. |last2=Richels |first2=Richard G. |date=1991 |title=Global {{CO2}} Emission Reductions - the Impacts of Rising Energy Costs |journal=The Energy Journal |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=87–107 |doi=10.5547/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol12-No1-6 |issn=0195-6574 |jstor=41322404}}</ref> A cikin 2023 ya bayyana hangen nesa na saita iyaka a kan hauhawar matakin teku, a matsayin hanyar yin burin canjin yanayi ya fi dacewa. An bayyana waɗannan ra'ayoyin a cikin "The Case for Capping Sea Level Rise" A cikin 2025, Pomerance ya ci gaba da magana game da muhimmancin hauhawar matakin teku da ci gaba da narkewar Greenland Ice Sheet. Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi ta dauki Pomerance a matsayin "Unsung Hero of the Climate Wars".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unsung Heroes of the Climate Wars |url=http://climate.org/archive/resources/climate-archives/conferences/washington-summit-heroes-climate-wars.html |access-date=2019-08-02 |website=climate.org }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kokarin da ya yi a cikin shekarun 1980 sun kasance batun wani labarin [[New York Times]] na 2018 mai taken "Losing Earth: The Decade We Almost Stopped Climate Change". Labarin ya kawo hankali sosai ga aikin da ya gabata. Ra'ayoyinsa game da muhawara mai tasowa game da manufofin canjin yanayi an taƙaita su a cikin wata hira ta 2020 da Nancy Rosenblum ta yi wanda taken shine magana da Pomerance ya kirkira: "The Fate of Greenland is the Fate of Miami".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-22 |title=A Conversation |url=https://www.amacad.org/publication/conversation-rosenblum-pomerance |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Pomerance ta yi aure kuma tana da 'ya'ya uku. Ya zauna a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] tun daga shekara ta 1970.<ref name="thedcline.org"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7r43smcvuxnyj8bw4x73bby2iolic8p 0 107960 893978 890397 2026-08-10T02:28:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893978 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Wisconsin_ref_2001.jpg|thumb|Taswirar Wisconsin gaba ɗaya]] [[Wisconsin]], wata jiha a Midwestern Amurka, tana da babban yanki daban-daban da aka sani da siffofin da glaciers suka kirkira a lokacin Wisconsin glaciation shekaru 17,000 da suka gabata. Ana iya raba [[Jihohin Tarayyar Amurka|jihar]] zuwa yankuna biyar - Lake Superior Lowland, Northern Highland, Central Plain, Eastern Ridges & Lowlands, da Western Upland. Yankin kudu maso yammacin jihar, wanda ba a rufe shi da [[Gileshiya (Tsaunin kankara)|kankara]] a lokacin zamanin kankara na baya-bayan nan, an san shi da Yankin Driftless . Gilashin Wisconsin ya kafa Wisconsin Dells, Devil's Lake, da Kettle Moraine. Ana kare yankuna da yawa a cikin jihar, gami da Devil's Lake State Park, da Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, da Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest. Wisconsin has a humid continental climate across the entire state, with four distinct seasons. Temperatures typically range from a high of {{Convert|80|°F|°C}} in the summer months to a low of {{Convert|5|°F|°C}} in the winter months. The state is bounded by several rivers—the [[Mississippi (kogi)|Mississippi]], St. Croix, and Menominee rivers—and lakes Michigan and Superior. Wisconsin has an average elevation of {{Convert|1050|ft|m}},<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Elevation Ranking (by mean elevation) from NETSTATE.COM |url=https://www.netstate.com/states/tables/state_elevation_mean.htm |access-date=2021-10-17 |website=www.netstate.com |archive-date=2023-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202143805/https://www.netstate.com/states/tables/state_elevation_mean.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> and is the 23rd-largest in the country, with an area of {{Convert|65,496|sqmi|km2}}. == Wurin da girmansa == [[Fayil:Map_of_USA_WI.svg|thumb|Yanayin Wisconsin a Amurka]] Wisconsin is located in the East North Central United States, and is considered to be a part of the Midwest. The state has a total area of {{Convert|65,496|sqmi|km2}}, making it the 23rd largest U.S. State.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wisconsin Geography Trivia – State Cartographer's Office – UW–Madison |url=https://www.sco.wisc.edu/wisconsin/geography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120173719/https://www.sco.wisc.edu/wisconsin/geography/ |archive-date=2021-01-20 |access-date=2021-03-25 |website=www.sco.wisc.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=United States Summary: 2010, Population and Housing Unit Counts, 2010 Census of Population and Housing |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019110435/http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-1.pdf |archive-date=2012-10-19 |access-date=2021-03-25 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> Of this area, 17% is water, primarily Lake Michigan, Superior, and the many inland lakes in Wisconsin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Wet Is Your State? The Water Area of Each State |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005081440/https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state |archive-date=2021-10-05 |access-date=2021-10-14 |website=www.usgs.gov}}</ref> Wisconsin tana da iyaka da Lake Superior da [[Michigan]] zuwa arewa; da Lake Michigan zuwa gabas; da [[Illinois]] zuwa kudu; da [[Iowa]] zuwa kudu maso yamma da [[Minnesota]] zuwa arewa maso yamma. An warware takaddamar kan iyaka da Michigan ta hanyar shari'o'i biyu, duka Wisconsin v. Michigan, a cikin 1935 da 1936. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rohde |first=William C. |title=Wisconsin–Upper Michigan State Boundary Surveys |url=http://www.wsls.org:80/wis-mich.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925153615/http://www.wsls.org:80/wis-mich.htm |archive-date=2009-09-25 |access-date=September 29, 2008 |publisher=Wisconsin Society of Land Surveyors}}</ref> Yankunan jihar sun hada da Kogin Mississippi da St. Croix a yamma, da Kogin Menominee da Montreal a arewa. Jihar tana cikin Yankin Lokaci na Tsakiya (UTC-6). <ref>{{Cite web |title=North American Time Zones |url=http://nist.time.gov/images/US_time_zones.gif |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607173353/http://nist.time.gov/images/US_time_zones.gif |archive-date=June 7, 2015 |access-date=2008-09-30 |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology}}</ref> The point farthest from the state border ({{Convert|94.24|mi|km}}) is about {{Convert|15|mi|km}} southwest of Wausau at <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|44.8824|N|89.912|W|region:US-WI_type:landmark}}. [[Fayil:Wisconsin-counties-map.gif|thumb|Yankunan Wisconsin]] == Yanayin ɗan adam ==   Ya zuwa kididdigar 2020, Wisconsin tana da yawan mutane 5,893,718, kuma ta kasance ta 27 a Amurka a yawan jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020) |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |access-date=May 1, 2021 |website=Census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Population Density Data (1910–2020) |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/density-data-text.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003034332/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/density-data-text.html |archive-date=2021-10-03 |access-date=2021-10-13 |website=Census.gov |language=EN-US}}</ref> cibiyar yawan jama'a tana cikin Green Lake County, a cikin garin [[Markesan, Wisconsin|Markesan]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population and Population Centers by State – 2000 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705075500/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |archive-date=July 5, 2013 |access-date=2007-08-18 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Wisconsin is divided into 72 counties, and has 190 cities, 407 villages, and 1250 towns. Approximately 939,489 residents live in Milwaukee County, making it both the most populous and most densely populated county. Most of its residents live in the city of Milwaukee, which is the most populous city in the state.<ref name="cen">{{Cite web |title=Wisconsin QuickFacts |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/55000.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303055517/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/55000.html |archive-date=2013-03-03 |access-date=2013-03-04 |website=U.S. Census Bureau}} (2010 Census)</ref> Madison, in Dane County, is the capital of the state. Dane County has 561,504 residents, making it the second-most populous.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Dane County, Wisconsin Demographics and Housing 2020 Decennial Census |url=https://data.tallahassee.com/census/total-population/total-population-change/dane_county_wisconsin/050-55025/?vtb=place |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813163758/https://data.tallahassee.com/census/total-population/total-population-change/dane_county_wisconsin/050-55025/?vtb=place |archive-date=2021-08-13 |access-date=2021-10-14 |website=Tallahassee Democrat |language=en}}</ref> Marathon County is the largest in area, having {{Convert|1,544.91|sqmi|sqkm}}.<ref name="GR1">{{Cite web |date=August 22, 2012 |title=2010 Census Gazetteer Files |url=http://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/counties_list_55.txt |access-date=August 6, 2015 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> This county contains the 45°N, 90°W point, one of four points that are halfway between both the poles and equator, and between both the Prime and 180th meridian. The location is noted by a metal ground marker.<ref>{{Cite web |title=45 X 90 Geographical Marker |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/45-x-90-geographical-marker |access-date=2017-11-04 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en}}</ref> == Yanayi == [[Fayil:Köppen_Climate_Types_Wisconsin.png|thumb|Nau'ikan yanayi na Köppen na Wisconsin, ta amfani da yanayin yanayi na 1991-2020.]] Yawancin Wisconsin suna da yanayin zafi mai zafi (Köppen ''Dfb''), yayin da yankunan kudanci da kudu maso yammacin ake rarraba su a matsayin yanayin zafi mai sanyi (Köpp ''Dfa''). Mafi girman zafin jiki da aka taɓa yin rikodin a cikin jihar ya kasance a cikin Wisconsin Dells, a ranar 13 ga Yuli, 1936, inda ya kai {{Convert|114|F|C}} ° F (46 ° C). Mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki da aka taɓa yin rikodin ya kasance a ƙauyen Couderay, inda ya kai -55 ° F (-48 ° C) a ranar 2 da 4 ga Fabrairu, 1996. <ref name="uwexclimate">{{Cite web |last=Benedetti |first=Michael |title=Climate of Wisconsin |url=http://www.uwex.edu/sco/stateclimate.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117094615/http://www.uwex.edu/sco/stateclimate.html |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |access-date=March 16, 2007 |publisher=The University of Wisconsin–Extension}}</ref> Matsakaicin [[Yayafi|ruwan sama]] na shekara-shekara ya kasance daga inci 28 (710 zuwa inci 34 (860 . Har ila yau, jihar tana karɓar babban dusar ƙanƙara na yau da kullun, matsakaicin kusan inci 40 (100 a cikin sassan kudanci, tare da har zuwa inci 160 (410 a kowace shekara a cikin Lake Superior snowbelt a kowace shekara.<ref name="uwexclimate"/><div style="width:85%;">{{Weather box}}</div> == Yankunan ƙasa ==   [[Fayil:Wisconsin_geographic_provinces.svg|left|thumb|Wisconsin ta kasu kashi biyar.]] Wisconsin, wanda ke tsakanin Great Lakes da Kogin Mississippi, gida ne ga siffofi daban-daban na ƙasa. Ana iya raba jihar zuwa yankuna biyar daban-daban - Lake Superior Lowland, Northern Highland, Central Plain, Western Upland, da Eastern Ridges & Lowlands. Lawrence Martin ya kirkiro wannan tsari don raba jihar zuwa yankuna. An bayyana yankuna daban-daban ta hanyar tasirin tasirin [[Gileshiya (Tsaunin kankara)|kankara]] a lokacin glaciation na Wisconsin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Where is Wisconsin? Wisconsin – The Badger State – is one of the East North Central States. Its capital is Madison. |url=https://www.curriculumvisions.com/search/W/wisconsin/wisconsin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014192718/https://www.curriculumvisions.com/search/W/wisconsin/wisconsin.html |archive-date=2021-10-14 |access-date=2021-10-14 |website=www.curriculumvisions.com}}</ref> [[Fayil:Timms_Hill,_Wisconsin.JPG|thumb|Timms Hill shine mafi girman yanayin halitta a Wisconsin a {{Convert|1951.5|ft|m}} ; yana cikin garin Hill, Price County.]] A arewa, Kogin Superior Lowland ya mamaye bel na ƙasa kusa da Babban Tafkin.  Yankin fili ne mai lebur, yana gangara a hankali zuwa Tafkin Superior.  Mafi yawan yankin dazuzzuka ne—wanda bishiyar aspen da birch suka mamaye.  Yankin kuma ya haɗa da Tekun Ruwa na Kasa na Apostolic.[1]  A yankin arewa ta tsakiya na jihar, Arewacin Highland yana da gauraye dazuzzuka masu gauraye da katako da suka hada da kadada 1,500,000 (6,100 km2) Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest, da kuma dubunnan tafkuna na kankara.  Gabaɗaya filin yana sama da sauran jihar, tare da tuddai akai-akai, kuma ya haɗa da mafi girman matsayi na jihar.mms Hill.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Northern Highland Ecological Landscape – Wisconsin DNR |url=https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/landscapes/index.asp?mode=detail&Landscape=12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023230643/https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/landscapes/index.asp?mode=detail&Landscape=12 |archive-date=2020-10-23 |access-date=2021-10-14 |website=dnr.wi.gov}}</ref> A tsakiyar jihar, Tsakiyar Tsakiya tana da nau'o'in dutse na musamman kamar Dells na Kogin Wisconsin, ban da gonaki masu arziki. Yankin gabaɗaya fili ne mai yashi, wanda Glacial Lake Wisconsin ya rufe da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wisconsin Geological & Natural History Survey » 5. Central Sand Plains |url=https://wgnhs.wisc.edu/wisconsin-geology/major-landscape-features/central-sand-plains/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207184937/https://wgnhs.wisc.edu/wisconsin-geology/major-landscape-features/central-sand-plains/ |archive-date=2021-02-07 |access-date=2021-10-14 |website=wgnhs.wisc.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Central Sand Plains Ecological Landscape – Wisconsin DNR |url=https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/landscapes/index.asp?mode=detail&Landscape=5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116115527/https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/landscapes/index.asp?mode=detail&Landscape=5 |archive-date=2021-01-16 |access-date=2021-10-14 |website=dnr.wi.gov}}</ref> A kudu maso yamma, Yammacin Upland wuri ne mai tsawo tare da cakuda gandun daji da gonaki, gami da [[Dutsen|bluffs]] da yawa a kan Kogin Mississippi. An bayyana yankin ta hanyar tsaunuka marasa daidaituwa, gami da duk Baraboo Range. Yammacin Upland wani bangare ne na Yankin Driftless, wanda ya hada da sassan Iowa, Illinois, da Minnesota. Wannan yanki bai rufe shi da kankara ba a lokacin zamanin kankara na baya-bayan nan, Wisconsin Glaciation . Wannan yanki ya ƙunshi yawancin koguna a Wisconsin, gami da Natural Landmark Cave of the Mounds . Gundumar Langlade tana da ƙasa da ba a samu ba a waje da gundumar da ake kira Antigo silt loam . <ref>{{Cite web |last=United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service |date=April 1999 |title=Wisconsin State Soil: Antigo Silt Loam |url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_019841.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516155048/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_019841.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2017 |access-date=October 17, 2017}}</ref> Yankin Eastern Ridges da Lowlands, a kudu maso gabas, gida ne ga yawancin manyan biranen jihar. Yankin yana yammacin Tafkin Michigan, kuma da farko fili ne, yana gangarowa zuwa tafkin. Duwatsun sun haɗa da Niagara Escarpment, Black River Escarpement, da Magnesia Escarpment . [[Fayil:Wyalusing.jpg|thumb|Yankin Driftless na kudu maso yammacin Wisconsin yana da halayen bluffs da aka sassaka a cikin dutse mai laushi ta ruwa daga narkewar Ice age glaciers. Hoton shi ne haɗuwar kogin [[Mississippi (kogi)|Mississippi]] da Wisconsin.]] == Ilimin ƙasa ==   Wisconsin tana da tsarin geologic da ajiya waɗanda suka bambanta da shekaru daga sama da shekaru biliyan uku zuwa dubban shekaru, tare da yawancin duwatsu suna da miliyoyin shekaru. An halicci tsoffin tsarin geologic sama da shekaru miliyan 600 da suka gabata a lokacin Precambrian, tare da mafi yawan kasancewa a ƙasa da ajiyar glacial. Duwatsun Proterozoic sun samar da yawancin ajiyar Wisconsin na musamman. Yawancin Baraboo Range ya ƙunshi Baraboo Quartzite, da sauran Precambrian metamorphic rock.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=April 1981 |title=Bedrock Geology of Wisconsin |url=https://wgnhs.wisc.edu/pubshare/M067.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804145204/https://wgnhs.wisc.edu/pubshare/M067.pdf |archive-date=2021-08-04 |access-date=2021-10-14}}</ref> A lokacin Pleistocene, manyan kankara sun rufe Wisconsin. Gilashin sun shimfiɗa duwatsu, an sassaƙa dutse, kuma sun ajiye yashi da dutse a wurare da yawa na jihar. Tafkuna da yawa sun kasance sakamakon wannan ƙanƙara da ke zana ƙananan wurare a cikin ƙasa.<ref name=":1"/> Hanyoyi daban-daban sun ratsa Wisconsin. Niagara Escarpment shine mafi tsawo, yana gudana daga New York ta hanyar Ontario, Michigan, Wisconsin, da Illinois. Black River Escarpment yana gudana kusa da Niagara Escarpement . Magnesian Escarpment shine mafi shahara, yana gudana daga arewa zuwa kudu. Dutsen da ke cikin Niagara Escarpment shine dolomite, yayin da gajerun tuddai guda biyu suna da dutse mai laushi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gaither Merlin Randall |date=1954 |title=Ground water conditions in the sandstone aquifer of northwest Dane County, Wisconsin |url=http://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/7281/89089012264_20070413162326.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020082247/https://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/7281/89089012264_20070413162326.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=2021-10-20 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin]]}}</ref> == Yanayin jiki == Wisconsin tana da iyaka da Kogin Mississippi da Kogin St. Croix zuwa yamma. Jihar tana da koguna da rafi sama da 12,000, jimlar mil 84,000 (135,000 a tsawon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rivers {{!}} Wisconsin DNR |url=https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/rivers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030215318/https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/rivers |archive-date=2020-10-30 |access-date=2020-10-30 |website=dnr.wisconsin.gov}}</ref> An sanya sunan jihar ne bayan Kogin Wisconsin mai tsawon kilomita 430 (kilomita 690). An samo sunansa daga yarukan Algonquin na 'yan asalin ƙasar. An fara rubuta sunan a matsayin "Meskousing" ta hanyar Jacques Marquette a cikin shekara ta 1673, amma daga baya masu binciken Faransa suka canza shi zuwa "Ouisconsin" a cikin karni na 18. An sauƙaƙa sunan zuwa "Wisconsin" a cikin karni na 19, yayin da aka yi amfani da shi ga sabon Yankin Wisconsin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-12 |title=Wisconsin's Name: Where It Came From and What It Means |url=https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS3663 |access-date=2021-10-16 |website=Wisconsin Historical Society |language=en |archive-date=2021-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017013221/https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS3663 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kogin ya samo asali ne a cikin Lac Vieux Desert kusa da iyaka da Upper Peninsula na Michigan . Yana gudana a kudu tare da filin glacial na tsakiyar Wisconsin, kafin ya juya zuwa yamma a Portage kuma ya shiga Kogin Mississippi {{Convert|3|mi|km}} kudu da Prairie du Chien. Kogin Baraboo mai ba da gudummawa ne, kuma ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin ruwa mafi tsawo a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=River Facts and Resources {{!}} Wisconsin DNR |url=https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/Rivers/FactsResources.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031131333/https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/Rivers/FactsResources.html |archive-date=2020-10-31 |access-date=2020-10-30 |website=dnr.wisconsin.gov}}</ref> [[Green Bay, Wisconsin|Green Bay]] tributary)">Kogin Fox ya samo asali ne a tsakiyar Wisconsin, yana gudana zuwa arewa ta hanyar Tafkin Winnebago, ya shiga Bay of Green Bay, tare da birnin Green Bay yana bakin sa. Sassan biyu na Kogin Fox sun kai kilomita 182 (kilomita 293), ƙidaya nisan ta hanyar Tafkin Winnebago yana ba da mil 200 (kilominta 320). Sunan ya samo asali ne daga fassarar sunan Mutanen Meskwaki, yayin da kogin ke gudana ta cikin yankinsu. Yankin birni na Fox Cities ya haɗa da birane da yawa a gefen kogi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Communities |url=https://www.foxcities.org/explore/community |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209123932/https://www.foxcities.org/explore/community |archive-date=February 9, 2019 |access-date=February 8, 2019 |website=www.foxcities.org}}</ref> === Tafkuna === [[Fayil:LakeWinnebagoSunset.jpg|thumb|Rana a kan Tafkin Winnebago]] Wisconsin yana da iyaka da Lake Superior a arewa da tafkin Michigan a gabas.[1]  Jihar tana da tafkuna sama da 15,000, jimilla kusan eka miliyan 1 (4,000 km2).  A cikin Wisconsin, Lakes Superior da Michigan jimlar kadada miliyan 6.4 (26,000 km2).[2]  Tare da manyan tafkuna biyu, Wisconsin yana da fiye da mil 500 (kilomita 800) na bakin teku.[3]  Tafkin Winnebago shine mafi girma tafkin cikin kasa, wanda ya kai sama da eka 137,700 (557 km2), da mil 88 (kilomita 142) na bakin teku.  An samo tafkin ne daga tafkin Glacial Oshkosh kimanin shekaru 12,000 da suka wuce.[4]  Tafkin Iblis yana da siffar rectangular, kuma yana da nisa sama da mil daga arewa zuwa kudu, da rabin mil gabas zuwa yamma.[5].  Tafkin Wisconsin tafki ce da ke gefen kogin Wisconsin, kuma tana rufe kadada 1,500 (6.1 km2).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Novak |first=Steven |title=Fish Lake Wisconsin - Columbia County, Wisconsin |url=https://www.lake-link.com/wisconsin-lakes/columbia-county/lake-wisconsin/1079/ |access-date=2021-10-17 |website=Lake-Link |language=en}}</ref> === Tsibirin === [[Fayil:Washington_Island_map.jpg|thumb|320x320px|Tsibirin da ke kusa da ƘofarYankin Ƙofar]] Yawancin tsibiran da aka ambata a cikin Wisconsin suna cikin Manyan Tekuna.  Mutane da yawa suna kewaye da Kofar Peninsula a tafkin Michigan, ko kuma wani yanki ne na Tsibirin Manzo a cikin Babban Tafkin. Kogin Mississippi kuma yana da tarin tsibirai a kan iyakar yammacin jihar.  Tafkunan cikin gida da koguna sun ƙunshi sauran tsibiran Wisconsin.  Tafkuna da yawa, gami da tafkin Beaver Dam, Lake Fox, da Lake Winnebago, suna da tsibirai da yawa.  Manyan koguna, kamar Kogin Wisconsin da Kogin Fox, suna da tsibirai da yawa kuma.  Tsibirin Doty, a cikin Kogin Fox, yana da faɗin mil ɗaya kuma tsayinsa mil ɗaya da rabi.[2]  Tsibirin Faransa, a cikin kogin Mississippi a cikin birnin La Crosse, ya ƙunshi yanki mai faɗin murabba'in mil 2.02 (5.2 km2) kuma yana da yawan jama'a 4,207.[3].<ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{Cite web |title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files – Wisconsin |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_55.txt |access-date=March 18, 2021 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Tsibirin Madeline a cikin Lake Superior shine mafi girma daga cikin Tsibirin Manzanni. Al'ummar La Pointe tana kan iyakar yamma, kuma tsibirin gaba ɗaya yana da yawan mutane 302.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-06-13 |title=Town of La Pointe {{!}} Madeline Island Chamber of Commerce |url=https://www.madelineisland.com/madeline-island/town-of-lapoint-govt/ |access-date=2021-10-19 |website=www.madelineisland.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Tsibirin Washington a cikin Tafkin Michigan yana da mil 7 (11 arewa maso gabashin Ƙarshen Ƙofar. Tsibirin yana da nisan kilomita biyar da nisan mil takwas, yana rufe yanki na nisan kilomita 23.51 (kilomita 37.84). garin tsibirin Washington ya rufe tsibirin, da kuma tsibirai da ke kewaye da shi, tare da jimlar yawan jama'a 708. === Ruwa === [[Fayil:Cambrian-Ordovician_Aquifer_System.webp|thumb|Tsarin ruwa na Cambrian-Ordovician Tsawon ruwa  ]] Kogin Cambrian-Ordovician ba shi da zurfi da farko a ƙarƙashin Wisconsin amma ya kai [[Illinois]], [[Iowa]], [[Indiana|Indiya]], [[Minnesota]], [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]], da Upper Peninsula na Michigan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey |url=https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/cambrian-ordovician-aquifer-system |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=www.usgs.gov}}</ref> Ana fitar da ruwa daga ruwa kuma ana fitar da shi ta hanyar noma, kasuwanci, da kuma amfani da zama wanda ba zai iya jurewa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-08 |title=Groundwater depletion is a big problem, even in the Great Lakes region |url=https://www.wbez.org/stories/groundwater-depletion-is-a-big-problem-even-in-the-great-lakes-region/58c5d7ed-3bd9-4e4b-8df0-19ec94fe7c74 |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=WBEZ Chicago |language=en}}</ref> == Yankunan da aka kare == [[Fayil:Big_waves_on_Devils_Island_shoreline_(e99f5cd1-548c-439d-962d-0c03204c2bf8).jpg|thumb|Yankin Tsibirin Iblis, tsibirin Manzanni na kasaTsibirin Manzanni na Kasa Lakeshore]] Wisconsin tana da wuraren shakatawa na jihar 67, wanda ke rufe fiye da kadada 60,570 (².1 ), kuma da yawa an san su a cikin ƙasa. Yankin Wasanni na Jihar Chippewa Moraine ya rufe kadada 3,063 (12.40 km2), kuma yana adana wurare masu yawa na kankara. The Ice Age National Scenic Trail yana gudana ta wurin shakatawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area {{!}} Wisconsin DNR |url=https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/parks/chipmoraine |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=dnr.wisconsin.gov}}</ref> Gidan shakatawa na Devil's Lake yana cikin Baraboo Range, kudu da Baraboo, kuma yana rufe kadada 9,217 (37.30 km2), yana mai da shi mafi girman wurin shakatawa a jihar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pick a Park – WDNR |url=http://dnr.wi.gov/org/land/parks/specific/pickapark.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510033903/http://dnr.wi.gov/org/land/parks/specific/pickapark.html |archive-date=2009-05-10 |access-date=2009-01-25 |publisher=[[Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources]]}}</ref><ref name="July 2012">{{Cite journal |date=July 2012 |title=Regional & Property Analysis: Sauk Prairie Recreation Area |pages=1–67}}</ref> Gidan shakatawa na jihar ya hada da {{Convert|500|ft|m|-high}} Quartzite bluffs kewaye da tafkin, da kuma {{Convert|11|mi|km}} na Ice Age Trail. Gidan shakatawa na Interstate ya ƙunshi wuraren shakatawa guda biyu da ke kusa da iyakar Minnesota-Wisconsin. Yankin Wisconsin ya rufe kadada 1,330 (5.4 km2), kuma gefen Minnesota ya rufe kadana 298 (1.21 km2). Gidan shakatawa yana kan ''Dalles'' na Kogin St. Croix, wani zurfin kwarin basalt. Wyalusing State Park yana a wurin haɗuwa da Kogin Wisconsin da Mississippi, kuma yana rufe kadada 2,628 (10.64 km2). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wyalusing State Park {{!}} Wisconsin DNR |url=https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/parks/wyalusing |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=dnr.wisconsin.gov}}</ref>&nbsp; Wisconsin kuma yana da yankuna masu kariya a ƙarƙashin kulawar Sabis ɗin Parking na ƙasa. The Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, tare da Lake Superior, wani bakin teku ne na ƙasa wanda ya ƙunshi 21 na tsibirin Manzo, jimlar kadada 69,372 (280.74 km2).[2]  Trail Age Trail hanya ce mai ban sha'awa ta ƙasa da ke rufe mil 1,200 (kilomita 1,900), bin ƙarshen moraine na Wisconsin Glaciation.]  Ƙarshen yamma yana cikin wurin shakatawa na Interstate, kuma ƙarshen gabas yana cikin wurin shakatawa na jihar Potawatomi, tare da bakin kofa.[4]  Hanyar ta ratsa ta cikin 30 na 72 na Wisconsin. Titin kogin Scenic na kasa na Saint Croix yana kare mil 252 (kilomita 406) na kogin St. Croix da Namekagon.[6] Wisconsin tana da gandun daji da yawa, suna rufe fiye da kadada 471,3 (1,907.40 ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Laura |date=2015-10-27 |title=You'll Be Blown Away By These 7 Amazing State Forests In Wisconsin |url=https://www.onlyinyourstate.com/wisconsin/state-forests-wi/ |access-date=2021-10-17 |website=OnlyInYourState |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017013221/https://www.onlyinyourstate.com/wisconsin/state-forests-wi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jimlar ƙasar da ke cikin gandun daji ta rufe kadada miliyan {{Convert|16|e6acre|km2}} (65,000 km2), ko 46%, na yankin ƙasar jihar. [[Kettle Moraine]] State Forest">Kettle Moraine State Forest ya rufe kadada 56,000 (230 km2) a yankin kudu maso gabashin jihar. Babban fasalin gandun daji shine Kettle Moraine, wanda aka kirkira a lokacin Wisconsin Glaciation.<ref name="magazine">{{Cite journal |last=McFadzen |first=Mike |date=December 2014 |title=The Kettle Moraine State Forest has the cure for cabin fever |url=http://dnr.wi.gov/wnrmag/ |journal=Wisconsin Natural Resources |publisher=[[Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources]] |pages=4–6 |access-date=December 26, 2014}}</ref> Akwai gandun daji guda daya da Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka ta Amurka ke sarrafawa a jihar, Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest. An kafa shi a cikin 1933 a matsayin gandun daji biyu daban-daban, amma an kiyaye shi a matsayin ƙungiya ɗaya tun daga 1998. <ref>{{Cite web |title=United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service |url=http://www.fs.usda.gov/r09/chequamegon-nicolet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608000358/https://www.fs.usda.gov/main/cnnf/about-forest |archive-date=June 8, 2021 |access-date=September 2, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The National Forests of the United States |url=https://foresthistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/National-Forests-of-the-U.S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028014355/http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Places/National%20Forests%20of%20the%20U.S.pdf |archive-date=October 28, 2012 |access-date=September 2, 2021 |publisher=ForestHistory.org}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5ocahq8njqlvixr5rsk872zj231kdyy 0 107989 893635 673788 2026-08-09T12:57:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Taron [[Canjin yanayi]] na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya''' taron shekara-shekara ne da ake gudanarwa a cikin tsarin Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkinobho kan Canjin Yanayin (UNFCCC). Suna aiki a matsayin taron al'ada na jam'iyyun UNFCCC - [[Taron jam'iyyu|Taron Jam'iyyun]] (COP) - don tantance ci gaba wajen magance canjin yanayi, kuma farawa a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, don tattauna Yarjejeniyar Kyoto don kafa wajibai na doka ga ƙasashe masu tasowa don rage hayakin gas.<ref name="climate-leaders.org">{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=What is the UNFCCC & the COP |url=http://www.climate-leaders.org/climate-change-resources/india-at-cop-15/unfccc-cop |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327142028/http://www.climate-leaders.org/climate-change-resources/india-at-cop-15/unfccc-cop |archive-date=27 March 2009 |access-date=5 December 2009 |website=Climate Leaders |publisher=Lead India}}</ref> Farawa a shekara ta 2005 taron ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin "Taron Jam'iyyun da ke aiki a matsayin Taron Jam'iyya ga Yarjejeniyar Kyoto" (CMP); kuma jam'iyyun taron da ba jam'iyyu ba ne na iya shiga cikin tarurrukan da suka shafi yarjejeniyar a matsayin masu kallo. Daga 2011 zuwa 2015, an yi amfani da tarurrukan don tattauna [[Yarjejeniyar Paris]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na Dandalin Durban, wanda ya haifar da hanyar gaba ɗaya zuwa matakin yanayi.<ref name="Cambridge University Press">{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> Duk wani rubutu na ƙarshe na COP dole ne a amince da shi ta hanyar yarjejeniya. An gudanar da taron farko na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Canjin Yanayi a 1995 a Berlin.<ref name="bmub">{{Cite journal |date=27 December 2012 |title=Stages of climate change negotiations |url=http://www.bmub.bund.de/en/topics/climate-energy/climate/international-climate-policy/climate-conferences/chronicle-of-climate-change-conferences/ |url-status=live |journal=Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113134034/http://www.bmub.bund.de/en/topics/climate-energy/climate/international-climate-policy/climate-conferences/chronicle-of-climate-change-conferences/ |archive-date=13 January 2017 |access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="UNFCCC">{{Cite journal |date=2014 |title=More Background on the COP |url=http://unfccc.int/bodies/body/6383.php |url-status=live |journal=UNFCC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115111224/http://unfccc.int/bodies/body/6383.php |archive-date=15 November 2016 |access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref> == Matsayin taron canjin yanayi == Kasashen membobin UNFCCC suna haɗuwa a kowace shekara a Taron Jam'iyyun (COP) don tantance ci gaba wajen yaki da canjin yanayi. COP tana ba da dandamali ga gwamnatoci, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don yin aiki tare da ƙayyade dabarun manufofin yanayi na duniya da aiki. Wadannan tarurruka suna ba da damar tattauna matakan kula da yanayi, rage hayakin carbon, da inganta sauyawa zuwa hanyoyin samar da makamashi masu ɗorewa. Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nations |first=United |title=UN Climate Change Conferences |url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> yana aiki ne a matsayin mahimman forums don tsara manufofin duniya, inda wakilan kasashe daban-daban suka hada kai wajen magance rage fitar da iskar gas a duniya da kuma tallafawa jihohi wajen inganta juriyar su ga tasirin yanayi. == Jerin tarurruka da wurare == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Sunan !Wani suna !Birnin da ya karbi bakuncin, Ƙasar !Shugaban COP !Shugabancin COP !Kungiyoyin Yankin COP [1] Ƙungiyoyin Yankin |- |1995 |COP 1<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwSA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> | |[[Berlin]], Jamus |[[Angela Merkel]], Ministan Muhalli |{{Flag|Germany}} |Yammacin Turai da Sauran Kungiyoyi (WEOG) |- |1996 |COP 2<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwVw">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> | |[[Geneva]], Switzerland '' (shugabancin Zimbabwe) '' |Chen Chimutengwende, Ministan Muhalli da Yawon Bude Ido <ref>{{Cite web |last=UNFCCC |date=29 October 1996 |title=REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON ITS SECOND SESSION, HELD AT GENEVA FROM 8 TO 19 JULY 1996 |url=https://unfccc.int/cop4/resource/docs/cop2/15.pdf |access-date=13 March 2025}}</ref> |{{Flag|Zimbabwe}} |Ƙungiyar Afirka ( '' (Switzerland ta karbi bakuncin) '' ) |- |1997 |COP 3<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwbQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> | |[[Kyoto]], Japan |Hiroshi Ohki, Ministan Jiha |{{Flag|Japan}} |Kungiyar Asiya da Pacific |- |1998 |COP 4<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwew">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> | |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |María Julia Alsogaray, Sakatariyar albarkatun kasa da ci gaba mai dorewa |{{Flag|Argentina}} |Ƙungiyar Latin Amurka da Caribbean (GRULAC) |- |1999 |COP 5<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwig">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> | |Bonn, Jamus (shugabancin Poland) '' (Fadar shugabancin Poland) '' |Jan Szyszko, Ministan Muhalli |{{Flag|Poland}} |Kungiyar Gabashin Turai '' (Jamus da aka shirya) '' |- |2000 |COP 6<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwnQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> | |[[Hague]], Netherlands |Jan Pronk, Ministan Gidaje, Shirye-shiryen Yankin da Muhalli |{{Flag|Netherlands}} |WEOG |- |2001 |COP 6-2<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwqw">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> | |Bonn, Jamus |Jan Pronk, Ministan Gidaje, Shirye-shiryen Yankin da Muhalli |{{Flag|Netherlands}} |WEOG |- |2001 |COP 7<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwuQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> | |[[Marrakesh|Marrakech]], Maroko |Mohamed Elyazghi, Ministan Muhalli |{{Flag|Morocco}} |Ƙungiyar Afirka |- |2002 |COP 8<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwxw">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> | |New Delhi, Indiya |T.R. Baalu, Ministan Muhalli da dazuzzuka |{{Flag|India}} |Kungiyar Asiya da Pacific |- |2003 |COP 9<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mw1Q">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> | |[[Milano|Milan]], Italiya '' (shugabancin Hungary) '' |[[:hu:Persányi_Miklós|Miklós Persányi]], Ministan Muhalli <ref>{{Cite web |title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003 |url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html |access-date=26 July 2025 |archive-date=12 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012134925/https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |{{Flag|Hungary}} |Kungiyar Gabashin Turai '' (Italiya ce ta shirya) '' |- |2004 |COP 10<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mw7A">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> | |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |Ginés González García, Ministan Lafiya da Muhalli |{{Flag|Argentina}} |GRULAC |- |2005 |COP 11<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mw-g">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> |CMP 1&nbsp; |[[Montréal|Montreal]], Kanada |Stéphane Dion, Ministan Muhalli |{{Flag|Canada}} |WEOG |- |2006 |COP 12<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAQk">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> |CMP 2&nbsp; |[[Nairobi]], Kenya |Kivutha Kibwana, Ministan Muhalli |{{Flag|Kenya}} |Ƙungiyar Afirka |- |2007 |COP 13<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwARk">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> |CMP 3&nbsp; |Bali, Indonesia |[[Rachmat Witoelar]], Ministan Muhalli |{{Flag|Indonesia}} |Kungiyar Asiya da Pacific |- |2008 |COP 14<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwASg">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> |CMP 4&nbsp; |Poznań, Poland |Maciej Nowicki, Ministan Muhalli |{{Flag|Poland}} |Kungiyar Gabashin Turai |- |2009 |COP 15<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwATg">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> |CMP 5&nbsp; |[[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]], Denmark |Connie Hedegaard, Ministan Yanayi da Makamashi |{{Flag|Denmark}} |WEOG |- |2010 |COP 16<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAUc">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> |CMP 6&nbsp; |[[Cancun|Cancún]], Mexico |Patricia Espinosa, Sakatariyar Harkokin Waje |{{Flag|Mexico}} |GRULAC |- |2011 |COP 17<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAVY">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> |CMP 7&nbsp; |[[Durban]], Afirka ta Kudu |Maite Nkoana-Mashabane, Ministan Harkokin Kasashen Duniya da Haɗin Kai |{{Flag|South Africa}} |Ƙungiyar Afirka |- |2012 |COP 18<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAWU">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> |CMP 8&nbsp; |[[Doha]], Qatar |Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah, Mataimakin Firayim Minista |{{Flag|Qatar}} |Kungiyar Asiya da Pacific |- |2013 |COP 19<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAXQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> |CMP 9&nbsp; |[[Wosaa|Warsaw]], Poland |Marcin Korolec, Ministan Muhalli |{{Flag|Poland}} |Kungiyar Gabashin Turai |- |2014 |COP 20<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAYM">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> |CMP 10&nbsp; |[[Lima]], Peru |Manuel Pulgar-Vidal, Ministan Muhalli |{{Flag|Peru}} |GRULAC |- |2015 |COP 21<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAZI">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> |CMP 11&nbsp; |[[Faris|Paris]], Faransa |[[Laurent Fabius]], Ministan Harkokin Waje |{{Flag|France}} |WEOG |- |2016 |COP 22<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAaE">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> |CMP 12 / CMA 1&nbsp;&nbsp; |[[Marrakesh|Marrakech]], Maroko |Salaheddine Mezouar, Ministan Harkokin Waje |{{Flag|Morocco}} |Ƙungiyar Afirka |- |2017 |COP 23<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAbE">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> |CMP 13 / CMA 1-2&nbsp;&nbsp; |Bonn, Jamus '' (shugabancin Fiji) '' |Frank Bainimarama, Firayim Minista <ref>{{Cite web |last=UNFCCC |date=3 July 2017 |title=PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event |url=https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event |access-date=13 March 2025}}</ref> |{{Flag|Fiji}} |Kungiyar Asiya da Pacific (Jamus ta shirya) '' (Jamus da aka shirya) '' |- |2018 |COP 24<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAck">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> |CMP 14 / CMA 1-3&nbsp;&nbsp; |Katowice, Poland |Michał Kurtyka, Sakataren Gwamnati |{{Flag|Poland}} |Kungiyar Gabashin Turai |- |2019 |COP 25<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAdk">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> |CMP 15 / CMA 2&nbsp;&nbsp; |[[Madrid]], Spain (shugabancin Chile) '' (Fadar shugaban kasar Chile) '' |Carolina Schmidt, Ministan Muhalli <ref>{{Cite web |last=UNFCCC |date=1 December 2019 |title=UN speech at COP |url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/conferences/past-conferences/un-climate-change-conference-december-2019/speeches-and-statements-at-cop-25 |access-date=13 March 2025}}</ref> |{{Flag|Chile}} |GRULAC '' (Spain ta karbi bakuncin) '' |- |2021 |COP 26<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAfE">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> |CMP 16 / CMA 3&nbsp;&nbsp; |[[Glasgow]], Burtaniya |[[Alok Sharma]], Shugaban COP26 |{{Flag|United Kingdom}} |WEOG |- |2022 |COP 27<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAgE">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> |CMP 17 / CMA 4&nbsp;&nbsp; |Sharm El Sheikh, Misira |Sameh Shoukry, Ministan Harkokin Waje |{{Flag|Egypt}} |Ƙungiyar Afirka |- |2023 |COP 28<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAhE">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> |CMP 18 / CMA 5&nbsp;&nbsp; |[[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]], U.A.E. |Sultan Al Jaber, Ministan Masana'antu da Fasaha |{{Flag|United Arab Emirates}} |Kungiyar Asiya da Pacific |- |2024 |COP 29<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAiE">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> |CMP 19 / CMA 6&nbsp;&nbsp; |[[Baku]], Azerbaijan |Mukhtar Babayev, Ministan Muhalli da albarkatun kasa |{{Flag|Azerbaijan}} |Kungiyar Gabashin Turai <ref name="COP29">{{Cite web |last=Hancock |first=Alice |date=2023-12-08 |title=Eastern European nations pave way for Baku to host COP29 |url=https://www.ft.com/content/95965689-d79b-4924-992a-8b4a9d7a8fe6 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231209103018/https://www.ft.com/content/95965689-d79b-4924-992a-8b4a9d7a8fe6 |archive-date=9 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Financial Times}}</ref> |- |2025 |COP 30<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAjU">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> |CMP 20 / CMA 7&nbsp;&nbsp; |[[Belém]], Brazil |André Corrêa do Lago, Sakataren Yanayi, Makamashi, da Muhalli <ref>{{Cite web |title=Designation of the President of COP30 |url=https://www.gov.br/mre/en/contact-us/press-area/press-releases/designation-of-the-president-of-cop30}}</ref> |{{Flag|Brazil}} |GRULAC |- |2026 |COP 31<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAkg">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> |CMP 21 / CMA 8&nbsp;&nbsp; |''don a ƙaddara'' |''don a ƙaddara'' |''don a ƙaddara'' |WEOG |- |2027 |COP32 |CMP 22 / CMA 9&nbsp;&nbsp; |''don a ƙaddara'' |''don a ƙaddara'' |''don a ƙaddara'' |Ƙungiyar Afirka |} == 1995: COP 1, Berlin, Jamus == Taron farko na UNFCCC na jam'iyyun ya gudana daga 28 ga Maris zuwa 7 ga Afrilu 1995 a [[Berlin]], Jamus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Berlin Climate Change Conference - March 1995 |url=https://unfccc.int/conference/berlin-climate-change-conference-march-1995 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=unfccc.int}}</ref> Wakilan daga jam'iyyun 117 da jihohin masu lura 53 sun halarci taron. Ɗaya daga cikin batutuwan da suka shafi COP 1 shine isasshen alkawuran ƙasashe daban-daban, wanda ya haifar da umarni don fara tsari zuwa matakin ƙasashe daban na tsawon lokacin bayan 2000. Wannan ya haɗa da ƙarfafa alkawuran Ƙungiyoyin Ƙaddamarwa na I a cikin Mataki na 4.2 (a) da (b). <ref name="summary-report-28-march-7-april-1995">{{Cite web |title=Summary report 28 March – 7 April 1995 |url=http://enb.iisd.org/events/unfccc-cop-1/summary-report-28-march-7-april-1995 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=IISD Earth Negotiations Bulletin |language=en}}</ref> Wakilan kuma sun kafa: wani matukin jirgi don ayyukan hadin gwiwa; yarjejeniyar cewa ya kamata Sakatariyar Dindindin ta kasance a Bonn, Jamus; da kuma Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa. Wakilan taron ba su cimma yarjejeniya ba kan Dokokin Hanyar, kuma an jinkirta yanke shawara kan ka'idojin jefa kuri'a zuwa COP 2.<ref name="summary-report-28-march-7-april-1995"/> == 1996: COP 2, Geneva, Switzerland == COP 2 ya faru ne daga 8-19 Yuli 1996 a [[Geneva]], Switzerland. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2016 |title=1996: COP2, Geneva, Switzerland |url=http://www.climatechange.lk/News/COP02.html |url-status=live |journal=Climate Change |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115194144/http://www.climatechange.lk/News/COP02.html |archive-date=15 November 2016 |access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref> An lura da sanarwar ministocin (amma ba a karɓa ba) a ranar 18 ga Yulin 1996, kuma ya nuna wata sanarwa ta matsayin Amurka da Timothy Wirth, tsohon Mataimakin Sakataren Harkokin Duniya na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya gabatar a wannan taron, wanda: <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2016 |title=Part 4. Commentary on Impacts: Climate Science, Politics and Feedbacks |url=http://www.chooseclimate.org/cleng/part3.html |url-status=live |journal=Choose Climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325103737/http://www.chooseclimate.org/cleng/part3.html |archive-date=25 March 2019 |access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1 September 1996 |title=US commitment on greenhouse gases |url=https://www.buildinggreen.com/newsbrief/us-commitment-greenhouse-gases |url-status=live |journal=Building Green |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115194358/https://www.buildinggreen.com/newsbrief/us-commitment-greenhouse-gases |archive-date=15 November 2016 |access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref>&nbsp; # An yarda da binciken kimiyya game da canjin yanayi wanda Kwamitin Intergovernmental kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) ya bayar a cikin kimantawa ta biyu (1995); # An ƙi tufafi "ka'idojin jituwa" don goyon bayan sassauci; # An kira shi don "ƙaddamar da doka ta tsakiya". == Manazarta == oizamfhrrzf90dt59xnxrph8xv7jqyk 0 108016 893802 673894 2026-08-09T17:55:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''PTAAGMB''' (Ruwa-Talima-Yankin-Altitude Glacier Mass Balance) == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Ana amfani da samfurin PTAAGMB don lissafin ma'aunin ma'auni na kankara, babban mai nuna lafiyarta, kuma yana shirya canje-canje ga ma'auninta a tsawon lokaci don hango makomarta. An haɓaka shi a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 ta hanyar masanin ilimin kankara Wendell Tangborn, samfurin PTAAGMB yana ba da sauƙin sauƙin kuma abin dogaro ga aikin ƙalubale na auna kankara ta hannu ta amfani da ramukan dusar ƙanƙara da katako. Misali na PTAAGMB kawai yana buƙatar bayanai daga hazo da zafin jiki (PT) kallo daga tashoshin yanayi na kusa da kuma rarraba yankin-tsawo (AA). == Daidaitaccen Girma da Canjin Yanayi == Glaciers suna da matukar damuwa ga canje-canje na minti daya a cikin yanayi kuma suna amsawa ta hanyar canza girman su da kuma ci gaba ko komawa baya. Ma'auni mai yawa, ko bambancin tsakanin tarin dusar ƙanƙara da dusar ƙara da raguwar kankara, yana da mahimmanci ga lafiyar kankara da rayuwarta. Columbia Glacier a Alaska babban dutse ne na ruwa wanda ya fara raguwa sosai a cikin shekarun 1970s saboda sauye-sauyen yanayi kuma ya fara fitar da yawancin kankara a cikin Prince William Sound. Wadannan kankara ne ke da alhakin zubar da mai mai mai a shekarar 1989 lokacin da kyaftin din mai ya yi kokarin kauce musu kuma ya fadi. == Yankin-Altitude Rarraba == Maɓallin samfurin PTAAGMB shine rarraba yankin-tsawo na kankara, wanda shine kawai yankin kankara a matsayin aikin tsawo. Bayanan AA alama ce ta musamman ta kankara wanda dubban shekaru na rushewar dutsen da ke ƙarƙashin kankara ya tsara shi. Don haka, rarraba tsawo na yankin ya saka a ciki tarihin yanayi na baya wanda ya kafa kankara. Misali na PTAAGMB yana amfani da dabi'u na yau da kullun na irin waɗannan masu canji na ma'auni kamar tsawo na dusar ƙanƙara, ma'aunin ma'aikatar, ma'amala da kuma yawan yankin tarawa suna da alaƙa a duk lokacin ablation ta amfani da koma baya na digiri biyu don samun kuskuren da ya fi dacewa. Lokacin da aka sami mafi ƙarancin matsakaicin kuskure (ko matsakaicin R2), ana ɗaukar ma'aunin da aka samar da sauran masu canji na ainihi. Ana amfani da dabarar ingantawa mai sauƙi don ƙayyade ƙimar ƙimar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin algorithms don canza abubuwan lura na yanayi zuwa tarin dusar ƙanƙara da dusar ƙara da ƙanƙarar ƙanƙanta. == Aikace-aikacen Gishiri == An yi amfani da samfurin PTAAGMB cikin nasara a kan kan kankara da yawa a sassa daban-daban na duniya: a Amurka, kankara na Alaska Bering, Gulkana, Lemon Creek, Mendenhall, Wolverine da Wrangell Range; a Jihar Washington, a kan Kudancin Cascade Glacier; a Turai, kan kan kan kan dutsen Austrian Hintereisferner, Kesselwanferner da Vernagt Ferner. An ƙaddara ma'auni da runoff na Langtang Glacier a [[Nepal]] tare da samfurin PTAAGMB ta amfani da abubuwan lura na yau da kullun da aka lura a Kathmandu. Wannan shi ne kawai kankara na Himalayan wanda aka lissafa ma'auni da runoff.<ref>Mass balance and runoff of the partially debris-covered Langtang Glacier, Nepal, Tangborn. W. and Rana, Birbal, Debris Covered Glaciers, Proceedings of a workshop held in Seattle, WA.USA, September 2000, IAHS Publication no. 264, 2000.</ref> == Ƙididdigar Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙara == Wani fasalin samfurin PTAAGMB shine ikon kimanta kaurin kankara daga saurin kwararar kankara da ma'aunin ma'auni. An gano matsakaicin kauri na Kudancin Cascade Glacier ya kasance mita 83 a cikin 1965, bisa ga saurin gudu da ma'auni. Ma'aunin zurfin rami na kankara ya sa daga baya ya yarda da wannan ƙididdigar.<ref>Mass balance, runoff and surges of Bering Glacier, Alaska, Tangborn, W. The Cryosphere, 7, 1-9, 2013</ref> == Daidaitaccen Mass, Runoff da Ƙididdigar Hawan == An lissafa ma'auni, runoff da surges na Bering Glacier tare da samfurin PTAAGMB ta amfani da lura da yanayi a [[Cordova, Alaska|Cordova]] da [[Yakutat, Alaska]]. Rashin girman kankara da aka auna tare da samfurin PTAAGMB ya yarda a cikin 0.8% na asarar da aka aunawa tare da hanyar geodetic. Runoff daga Bering Glacier (wanda aka samo daga simulated ablation da ruwan sama) yana da alaƙa da hudu daga cikin hawan kankara da suka faru tun daga shekara ta 1951. == Kwatanta Hanyoyin Daidaita Jama'a == Kwatanta ma'aunin ma'auni na kankara ta hanyar glaciological, hydrological da kuma taswirar hanyoyin sun nuna cewa kankara a ciki suna adana ruwa mai yawa.<ref>A Comparison of glacier mass balance by glaciological, hydrological and mapping methods, South Cascade Glacier, Washington, Tangborn, W, Krimmel, R., Meier, M, Snow and Ice Symposium, Proceedings of the Moscow Symposium, August, 1971: IAHS-AISH, Pub. No. 104, 1975.</ref> Ruwa da aka adana a cikin kankara yanzu ana ɗaukarsa mabuɗin fahimtar rushewar Antarctic da [[Greenland kankara|Greenland Ice Caps]]. == Ƙarin Bayani == Wani shafin yanar gizon tare da sakamakon PTAAGMB da aka ruwaito daga kankara daban-daban 9, 5 daga cikinsu an kwatanta su da ma'aunin hannu, ana iya gani a [http://ptaagmb.com www.ptaagmb.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415123348/https://www.ptaagmb.com/ |date=2025-04-15 }}. [[Fayil:Gulkana2.png|none|thumb|PTAAGMB Model vs. Manual Measurements Kwatanta Chart]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 39memp7f78ayhgz6krl3lpy7o7ia73l 0 108180 893804 818729 2026-08-09T18:37:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893804 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:UPEACE-view.jpg|right|thumb|Ra'ayi na Cibiyar Costa Rica]] '''[[jami'a|jami'an]] Zaman Lafiya''' (UPEACE) jami'a ce ta kasa da kasa da kuma haɗe da Ƙungiyar gwamnati da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kafa a matsayin kungiyar yarjejeniya a shekarar 1980. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Charter of the University for Peace annexed to the International Agreement Establishing the University for Peace |url=http://www.upeace.org/pdf/charter.pdf |access-date=2025-07-27 |archive-date=2017-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011233157/http://www.upeace.org/pdf/charter.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jami'ar tana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri, digiri, da zartarwa da suka shafi nazarin zaman lafiya da rikici, muhalli da ci gaba, da dokar kasa da kasa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Institute |first=Amani |date=2016-08-31 |title=Amani Institute partners with the United Nations mandated University for Peace |url=https://amaniinstitute.org/amani-institute-partners-with-the-united-nations-mandated-university-for-peace/ |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=Amani Institute |archive-date=2023-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601153030/https://amaniinstitute.org/amani-institute-partners-with-the-united-nations-mandated-university-for-peace/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hedikwatar Jami'ar Zaman Lafiya tana cikin wani yanki na halitta kusa da Ciudad Colón, [[Costa Rica]] . Koyaya, jami'ar tana da kasancewar a wasu ƙasashe, musamman Somalia <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us - Institute for Peace, Security & Development (IPSED) |url=https://ipsed.org/about-us/ |access-date=2022-10-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> da Netherlands. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Upeace The Hague - Welcome |url=https://www.upeace.nl/ |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=www.upeace.nl |language=NL}}</ref> Yarjejeniyar Jami'ar Zaman Lafiya, wadda Majalisar Dattijai ta karɓa a cikin ƙuduri 35/55 a cikin 1980, ta bayyana manufar jami'ar kamar haka:<blockquote>"don samar da bil'adama tare da cibiyar ilimi mafi girma ta duniya don zaman lafiya tare da manufar inganta tsakanin dukkan 'yan adam ruhun fahimta, haƙuri da zaman lafiya, don ƙarfafa hadin kai tsakanin mutane da kuma taimakawa rage cikas da barazanar zaman lafiya da ci gaba a duniya, daidai da burin da aka ayyana a cikin [[Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]. "<ref name=":0"/></blockquote>Kungiyar tana da Matsayi mai lura a [[Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma tana da ofishin dindindin a hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkinobho a New York.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nations |first=United |title=Intergovernmental and Other Organizations |url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/intergovernmental-and-other-organizations |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi da dangantaka da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya == [[Fayil:UPEACE-campus.jpg|alt=|thumb|250x250px|UPEACE Rodrigo Carazo Campus, Costa Rica]] Jami'ar zaman lafiya ta fara aiki ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da amince wada ita ta hanyar ƙuduri 34/111 na 14 ga Disamba 1979 na [[Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]. Wannan ƙuduri ya kuma kafa kwamiti na kasa da kasa wanda, tare da haɗin gwiwar gwamnatin Costa Rica, an nemi ya shirya tsarin jami'ar da aka tsara - ya fara kirkirar Jami'ar zaman lafiya. Bayan haka, ta hanyar ƙuduri 35/55 na 5 ga Disamba 1980, <ref>{{Cite web |title=UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES/35/55 on the Establishment of UPEACE |url=http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/35/55 |website=United Nations Official Document |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da yarjejeniyar kafa Jami'ar Zaman Lafiya ta hanyar karɓar Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa don Kafa Jami'ar zaman lafiya tare da Yarjejeniyar Jami'ar Salama. <ref name=":0"/> d A cikin 1999, Sakatare Janar [[Kofi Annan]] ya ɗauki ƙarin matakai don sake farfado da Jami'ar zaman lafiya ta hanyar canza mayar da hankali daga na gida da na yanki zuwa hangen nesa na duniya. Tare da wannan canjin mayar da hankali shine canjin harshen aiki na jami'ar, daga Mutanen Espanya zuwa Turanci, da kuma ƙaddamar da shirin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sainz |first=Juan |title=Overview of the University for Peace |url=https://www.facebook.com/watch/live/?ref=watch_permalink&v=808768699770288 |access-date=28 June 2024 |website=Preamble to Conversation with Ambassador Jacquelin O'Neill (Canada) |publisher=Facebook Live}}</ref> Jami'ar zaman lafiya wani bangare ne na bangaren ilimi na tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma tana da matsayin mai lura a Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkinobho, <ref>See "Other Resources" at {{Cite web |title=UN Bodies |url=https://www.un.org/en/peace/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112174113/https://www.un.org/en/peace/ |archive-date=12 January 2012 |access-date=16 September 2020 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2009 |title=Observer status for the University for Peace in the General Assembly : resolution / adopted by the General Assembly |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/643196?ln=en |access-date=16 September 2020 |publisher=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> yayin da take kula da 'yancin kanta a cikin al'amuran ilimi, kudi da gudanarwa. Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya shine shugaban girmamawa na UPEACE. Kamar yadda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da umarnin jami'ar, Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkinobho yana ba da rahoto lokaci-lokaci game da ayyukan Jami'ar Zaman Lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES/64/83 |url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/466/81/PDF/N0946681.pdf?OpenElement |publisher=United Nations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Report of the UN Secretary General on the University for Peace, A/64/281, dated 11 August 2009. |url=http://www.upeace.org/PDF/SG%27s%20Report%20-%202009%20%28English%29.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011234537/http://www.upeace.org/PDF/SG%27s%20Report%20-%202009%20%28English%29.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2017 |access-date=3 September 2012}}</ref> Babban hukumar gudanar da jami'ar ita ce Majalisar Jami'ar Zaman Lafiya . Ya ƙunshi mambobi 17, goma daga cikinsu Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Darakta Janar na [[UNESCO]] ne suka nada su, biyu da gwamnatin Costa Rica ta zaba, wasu kuma manyan ma'aikatan Jami'ar Zaman Lafiya, Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkinobho, da Majalisar Dinkin duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=University for Peace |url=https://www.upeace.org/pages/upeace-council |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=www.upeace.org |archive-date=2022-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001020825/https://www.upeace.org/pages/upeace-council |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hedikwatar da babban harabar == Babban harabar jami'ar, Rodrigo Carazo Campus, yana da nisan kilomita 30 kudu maso yammacin San José, Costa Rica. Yawancin shirye-shiryen masters da doctoral ana gudanar da su daga wannan wuri. Jami'ar tana da haɗin mazauna da masu ziyara. Garin da ya fi kusa da dutsen da jami'ar ta kasance shine Ciudad Colón, wanda shine inda yawancin ɗalibai, ma'aikata, da ma'aikatan jami'ar ke zaune.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ciudad Colón, Costa Rica - City Guide |url=https://www.govisitcostarica.com/region/city.asp?cID=227 |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=Go Visit Costa Rica |language=en}}</ref> === Shirin Yarjejeniyar Duniya === Babban harabar jami'ar zaman lafiya ta karbi bakuncin sakatariyar kasa da kasa na shirin Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya, wanda manufarsa ita ce " inganta sauye-sauye zuwa hanyoyin rayuwa masu dorewa da kuma al'ummar duniya da aka kafa bisa tsarin da'a daya wanda ya hada da girmamawa da kulawa ga al'ummar rayuwa, mutuncin muhalli, 'yancin ɗan adam na duniya, mutunta bambancin, adalci na tattalin arziki, dimokiradiyya, da al'adun zaman lafiya."  Ana aiwatar da wannan manufa ta hanyar amfani da Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya a matsayin babban tsarin jagora. A cikin shekara ta 2012, an ba da shirin Yarjejeniyar Duniya da Jami'ar Zaman Lafiya tare da haɗin gwiwar Shugaban UNESCO kan Ilimi don Ci gaba mai dorewa da Yarjejeniyar Kasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Corporate Sustainability Reporting Project Description on the Earth Charter Center on Education For Sustainable Development |url=https://sdgs.un.org/partnerships/corporate-sustainability-reporting |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs}}</ref> Ana gudanar da aikin da ya shafi wannan kujerar UNESCO a Cibiyar Yarjejeniyar Duniya don Ilimi don Ci gaba mai dorewa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Center for Education for Sustainable Development (UPEACE) renews EDU Accreditation |url=https://www.edu.int/edu-news/earth-charter-center-for-education-for-sustainable-development-upeace-renews-edu-accreditation}}</ref> wanda aka buɗe a babban harabar UPEACE a cikin 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Short History of the Earth Charter Initiative |url=http://www.earthcharterchina.org/eng/history2.html |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=www.earthcharterchina.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 1, 2014 |title=Earth Charter International: Inauguration and International Conference |url=https://earthcharter.org/earth-charter-international-inauguration-and-international-conference/ |access-date=June 1, 2023 |website=Earth Charter International}}</ref> [[Fayil:Peace_Park.jpg|thumb|Gidan shakatawa na zaman lafiya a Jami'ar zaman lafiya]] === Gidan shakatawa na zaman lafiya da ajiyar yanayi === Harabar tana kewaye da wurin yanayi mai kyau(Peace Park) wanda ya ƙunshi gandun daji na biyu da ragowar dajin farko (ha200) a tsakiyar kwarin Costa Rica.  Tana ba da mafaka ga dabbobi masu shayarwa irin su birai da barewa, dabbobi masu rarrafe, da nau'ikan tsuntsaye sama da 300, da kuma nau'ikan bishiyoyi kusan 100.  Wuraren da jami'ar ta ke da su da kuma yankin da aka karewa sun kai hekta 303.  Wurin shakatawa yana ƙunshe da hanyoyin tafiye-tafiye da yawa da abubuwan tarihi ga masu gina zaman lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=The Tico |date=2016-07-25 |title=University for Peace brings a global community to Ciudad Colón |url=https://ticotimes.net/2016/07/25/university-peace |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=The Tico Times {{!}} Costa Rica News {{!}} Travel {{!}} Real Estate |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Baya ga ayyukan da ke harabar Costa Rica, Jami'ar Zaman Lafiya tana da ofisoshin kasa da kasa da yawa da abokan tarayya. === Afirka === Jami'ar zaman lafiya ta kafa shirin ta na Afirka a shekara ta 2002. Shirin yana da niyyar motsawa da ƙarfafa iyawa a Afirka don koyarwa, horarwa da gudanar da bincike a fannonin zaman lafiya da nazarin rikici. A matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin, jami'ar ta kafa yarjejeniyar haɓaka ƙwarewa tare da cibiyoyi 27 a Afirka, galibi jami'o'i.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UPEACE- IPSED launches a New MA and PhD Programmes in the Puntland State of Somalia. - Institute for Peace, Security & Development (IPSED) |url=https://ipsed.org/upeace-ipsed-launches-a-new-ma-and-phd-programmes-in-the-puntland-state-of-somalia/ |access-date=2023-12-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> Shekaru biyar na farko na shirin sun mayar da hankali ne kan samar da manhajoji da kayayyakin koyarwa da bayar da gajerun kwasa-kwasai da tarurrukan bita da tarurruka da karawa juna sani a sassa daban-daban na Afirka.  A cikin wannan lokacin, shirin ya jawo kusan mahalarta dubu ɗaya daga masana ilimi, masu tsara manufofi da ƙungiyoyin jama'a Tun daga 2007, shirin na Afirka ya yi aiki tare da wasu jami'o'in haɗin gwiwa don haɓaka shirye-shiryen digiri na biyu da za su kasance a jami'o'in Afirka.  Babban manufar wannan yunƙurin ita ce ƙara ƙarfafa ƙarfin Afirka da gina ƙwararrun ƙwararru don ƙarin fahimtar rikice-rikice a Afirka, rigakafin su da samar da yanayin da zai samar da dawwamammen zaman lafiya da ci gaba a yankin. Tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya, Tsaro da Ci gaba, UPEACE tana ba da shirye-shiryen masters da PhD da suka shafi bayanan ilimi na jami'a a Somalia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UPEACE- IPSED launches a New MA and PhD Programmes in the Puntland State of Somalia. - Institute for Peace, Security & Development (IPSED) |url=https://ipsed.org/upeace-ipsed-launches-a-new-ma-and-phd-programmes-in-the-puntland-state-of-somalia/ |access-date=2023-12-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2022, dalibai 166 sun kammala karatu daga shirin Somaliya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=More than 100 Somali students graduate from University for Peace, including country's president {{!}} Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs |url=https://dppa.un.org/en/more-100-somali-students-graduate-university-peace-including-countrys-president |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=dppa.un.org |archive-date=2023-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226164634/https://dppa.un.org/en/more-100-somali-students-graduate-university-peace-including-countrys-president |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shugaban kasar Somalia na yanzu, Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, ya kare takardar jarabawarsa ta Ph.D. a Jami'ar zaman lafiya.<ref name=":1" /> Jami'ar ta sanar da niyyar fara shirin karatun Ph.D. mai suna bayan Hassan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aweys |first=Khadar |date=2023-05-28 |title=Historic agreement signed for presidential PhD Scholarship in Somalia |url=https://sonna.so/en/historic-agreement-signed-for-presidential-phd-scholarship-in-somalia/ |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=Somali National News Agency |language=en-US}}</ref> === Turai === A watan Janairun 2012, UPEACE ta bude cibiyar a The [[Hague]], Netherlands, wanda ke zaune a Ginin Kwalejin Fadar Zaman Lafiya. Yana inganta ayyukan jami'ar a Turai kuma yana aiki a kan ilimi da bincike a cikin nazarin zaman lafiya, yana aiki tare da cibiyoyin ilimi da manufofi a yankin Hague.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Upeace The Hague - UPEACE Centre The Hague |url=https://www.upeace.nl/index.php?page=who-we-are&pid=286 |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=www.upeace.nl |language=NL}}</ref> An kafa Ofishin Geneva na Jami'ar Zaman Lafiya a shekara ta 2001. Manufar ofishin Geneva ita ce ta ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban ayyukan shirye-shiryen jami'a a Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya, shiga tare da al'ummar ilimi a Geneva, da kuma sauƙaƙe dangantakar ma'aikata a cikin Turai da kuma tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=University for Peace {{!}} The United Nations Office at Geneva |url=https://www.ungeneva.org/en/blue-book/missions/intergovernmental/university-peace |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=www.ungeneva.org |language=en}}</ref> === Asiya === Har zuwa 2023, Jami'ar Zaman Lafiya ta shirya hadin gwiwa Shirin Nazarin Masu Zaman Lafiya na Asiya (APS) tare da Gidauniyar Nippon da Jami'ar Ateneo de Manila. Masu karatun APS sun sami digiri na Master of Arts daga Jami'ar zaman lafiya da kuma digiri na biyu a cikin Ci gaban Jama'a na Transdisciplinary daga Jami'an Ateneo de Manila . <ref>{{Cite web |title=University for Peace |url=https://www.upeace.org/departments/asian-peacebuilders-scholarships |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=www.upeace.org }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Peacebuilders Scholarship {{!}} Ateneo Global |url=https://global.ateneo.edu/dual-degree |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=global.ateneo.edu}}</ref> == Malamai == Jami'ar Aminci tana ba da digiri na biyu, digiri na uku, da shirye-shiryen zartarwa a fagen zaman lafiya, muhalli da dokokin duniya.  Ayyukan ilimi da bincike an tsara su a sassa hudu: dokokin kasa da kasa, nazarin zaman lafiya da rikici, yanayi da ci gaba, da kuma nazarin yanki.  Sashen na ƙarshe yana ba da ilimi cikin Mutanen Espanya maimakon Ingilishi.  Baya ga shirye-shiryenta, jami'ar tana ba da shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa tare da Jami'ar Amurka, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Jami'ar Pace, UNITAR, Jami'ar Ateneo de Manila da sauran ƙungiyoyi da yawa. === Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Duniya === * MA a cikin Dokar Kasa da Kasa da Sarraba Rikici * MA a cikin Dokar Kasa da Kasa da 'Yancin Dan Adam '' (an samo shi a cikin Turanci da Mutanen Espanya) '' * MA a cikin Shari'ar Kasa da Kasa da diflomasiyya === Ma'aikatar Nazarin Zaman Lafiya da Rikicin === * MA a cikin Rushewar Rikicin, Zaman Lafiya da Ci gaba '' (koyarwa a cikin Mutanen Espanya) '' * MA a cikin Jima'i da Zaman Lafiya * MA a cikin Kimiyyar 'Yan asalin ƙasar da Nazarin Zaman Lafiya * MA a cikin Nazarin Zaman Lafiya na Duniya * MA a cikin Ilimi na Zaman Lafiya * MA a cikin Addini, Al'adu da Nazarin Zaman Lafiya * MA a cikin Zaman Lafiya mai dorewa a Duniya ta zamani (online) '' (a kan layi) '' === Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ci Gaban === * MA a cikin Muhalli, Ci gaba da Zaman Lafiya '' (an samo shi a cikin Turanci da Mutanen Espanya) '' * MA a cikin Gudanar da Hakki da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki mai dorewa * MSc a cikin Muhalli da Al'umma === Ma'aikatar Nazarin Yankin === * MA a cikin Shari'ar Kasa da Kasa ta 'Yancin Dan Adam * MA a cikin warware rikice-rikice, zaman lafiya da ci gaba * MA a cikin Muhalli, Ci gaba da Zaman Lafiya === Digiri na biyu da haɗin gwiwa === * Shawarwarin rikice-rikice da Haɗin Kai da Dokar Kasa da Kasa da 'Yancin Dan Adam (MA biyu tare da Jami'ar Brandeis, Amurka) * Cybercrime, Cybersecurity da Dokar Kasa da Kasa (haɗin LL.M. tare da Cibiyar Nazarin Laifuka da Adalci ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Turin, Italiya) * Nazarin Ci Gaban da diflomasiyya (tare da MA tare da UNITAR) * Dokar Muhalli da Dokar Kasa da Kasa & 'Yancin Dan Adam (LLM / MA tare da Jami'ar Pace) * 'Yancin Dan Adam da Al'adu don Zaman Lafiya (haɗin MA tare da Jami'ar Pontifical Xavierian, Colombia) * Shari'ar Kasa da Kasa da 'Yancin Dan Adam (MA biyu tare da Jami'ar Hankuk ta Nazarin Kasashen Waje, Seoul, Koriya) * Media, Peace and Conflict Studies (MA biyu tare da Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul, Koriya) * Albarkatun Halitta da Ci gaba mai dorewa (MA biyu tare da Jami'ar Amurka, Washington DC, Amurka) <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |title=International Affairs: Natural Resources & Sustainable Development |url=https://www.american.edu/sis/nrsd/ |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=American University |language=en}}</ref> * Ci gaba mai ɗorewa (MA biyu tare da Jami'ar Hankuk ta Nazarin Kasashen Waje, Seoul, Koriya) * Transnational Crime and Justice (haɗin LL.M. tare da Cibiyar Nazarin Laifuka da Adalci ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Turin, Italiya) * Haɗin gwiwar Ruwa da diflomasiyya (ma'a / MSc / MS sau uku tare da Cibiyar IHE Delft don Ilimi na Ruwa, Netherlands da Jami'ar Jihar Oregon, Amurka) === Shirin Doctoral === Jami'ar zaman lafiya tana da shirin digiri a cikin nazarin zaman lafiya da rikici tun shekarar 2012. Shirin yana ba da hanyar bincike da kuma hanyar sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UPEACE Doctoral Programme in Peace and Conflict Studies |url=http://www.upeace.org/academic/doctorate/ |publisher=University for Peace}}</ref> === Takaddun shaida === Jami'ar ta kasance memba na kungiyar SINAES ta Costa Rican tun shekara ta 2008. <ref name=":2"/> SINAES ta kimanta kuma ta amince da manyan shirye-shiryen digiri a jami'ar, yayin da sauran shirye-shiryenta ke cikin aiwatar da takardar shaidar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Universidad para la Paz |url=https://www.sinaes.ac.cr/universidades/universidad-para-la-paz/ |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=SINAES |language=es}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, digiri da jami'ar ta bayar an amince da su a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa, kamar yadda Yarjejeniyar Jami'ar Zaman Lafiya ta ba da iko ga "ba da digiri na biyu da digiri". Kamar yadda aka yanke shawarar kafa Jami'ar Zaman Lafiya ta hanyar yarjejeniya a cikin Babban Taron, izinin bayar da digiri a ka'idar doka ce a duk ƙasashe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About University for Peace Accreditation |url=https://www.upeace.org/pages/accreditation |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=University for Peace (upeace.org)}}</ref> Jami'ar don Zaman Lafiya ta tabbatar da ita ta Ƙungiyar Jami'o'i ta Duniya / UNESCO. == Bayar da haƙƙin ɗan adam == Jami'ar zaman lafiya ta kuma kafa Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta UPEACE wacce aka kirkira a cikin tsarin aikin jami'ar. Ayyukan Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta UPEACE suna neman inganta fahimta, girmamawa da jin daɗin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya. Cibiyar tana aiwatar da wannan manufar ta hanyar ilimin haƙƙin ɗan adam, horo, bincike, gina iyawa, da ayyukan wayar da kan jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UPeace Human Rights Centre – University for Peace Human Rights Centre |url=https://hrc.upeace.org/ |access-date=2023-12-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> Jami'ar zaman lafiya ta dauki bakuncin Ofishin Taimako na Shari'a kyauta ga 'yan jarida a Costa Rica. A cikin 2023, ofishin ya gabatar da wani rahoto mai mahimmanci game da samun dama ga bayanai da kafofin watsa labarai a lokacin zaben 2022. == Shahararrun ma'aikata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 95xpwc8kkkqa8988pyay3up0aasap3y 0 108394 893883 712256 2026-08-09T20:58:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893883 wikitext text/x-wiki Veronica Koman (an haife ta 14 Yuni Shekara ta 1988) yar gwagwarmayar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ’yar Indonesiya ce kuma lauya, wacce aka sani da yada bayanai kan lardunan Papua da West [[Papua]]. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Sir Ronald Wilson Human Rights Award a watan Oktoba shekara ta 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2019 |title=Indonesian human rights lawyer wins prize for West Papua work |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/401682/indonesian-human-rights-lawyer-wins-prize-for-west-papua-work |access-date=4 November 2019 |website=[[RNZ]] |language=en-nz}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Koman a [[Medan]], Arewacin Sumatra a ranar 14 ga Yuni 1988. Ta kammala karatu daga fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Pelita Harapan. A shekara ta 2016, ta sami tallafin karatu na gwamnatin Indonesia don ci gaba da karatu a Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia, ta kammala karatu tare da masters a fannin shari'a a watan Yulin shekara ta 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiratraman |first=Herlambang P |date=26 August 2020 |title=Veronica Koman case another nail in the coffin of intellectual freedom |url=https://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/veronica-koman-case-another-nail-in-the-coffin-of-intellectual-freedom/ |access-date=9 March 2022 |archive-date=11 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311221102/https://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/veronica-koman-case-another-nail-in-the-coffin-of-intellectual-freedom/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga gwagwarmayarta a Papua, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin lauya ga masu neman mafaka daga [[Afghanistan]] da [[Iran]].<ref name="suara" /> A watan Mayun shekara ta 2017, ta halarci zanga-zangar neman a saki tsohon gwamnan Jakarta [[Basuki Tjahaja Purnama]] daga gidan yari, kuma ta ba da jawabin sukar gwamnatin Joko Widodo. A watan Satumban shekara ta 2019, 'yan sandan Indonesiya sun bayyana sunan Koman wanda ake zargi a karkashin dokar bayanai da na mu'amalar lantarki ta kasar bisa zargin "tazarta" da kuma " yada labaran karya". Tana Ostiraliya a lokacin kuma ta ki komawa Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wibawa |first=Tasha |date=2019-09-18 |title=Indonesian anger mounts as police chase lawyer hiding in Australia |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-09-18/veronica-koman-pro-papua-lawyer-may-be-hiding-australia/11516246 |access-date=2019-11-07 |website=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref> Indonesia ta yi barazanar neman Interpol da ta ba [[Sanarwar Interpol|ja sanarwa]] don kama ta. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] csj8ari26okr7uhb6u4zagjm3n5fj2y 0 108425 893999 676860 2026-08-10T04:51:34Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 893999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Cibiyar Turai ta tsarin tsarin mulki da hakkin dan adam (ECCHR) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta, wacce ba ta koyarwa ba ce ta hanyar aiwatar da hakkokin ɗan adam ta hanyar shari'a. Amfani da Kothu, ya yi ƙoƙarin riƙe wasu 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na jihohi da ba su da ke hakkin Dan-Adam. <Ref> "European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECCHR)"</ref> an kafa shi ne a shekarar 2007 Wolfgang Kaleck tare da gungun lauyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, don taimakawa kare kare hakkin dan Adam na duniya, ta hanyar sauran hakkin dan Adam da na kasa, ta hanyar aikata arziki na kasa. ECCHR ya shiga cikin saurayin, ta amfani da Turai, ƙasa da ƙasa da ƙasa don taimakawa kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. <Ref>"about - ECCHR - EUROPEAN CENTER FOR CONSTITUTIONAL AND HUMAN RIGHTS (en)"</ref> Ofishin ECCHR suna cikin babban masana'antar sabulu a Berlin, tare da gine-ginen gine-gine da sauran hukumomin masu bincike da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam. <Ref>"Berlin's No 1 digital detective agency is on the trail of human rights abusers"</ref> ECCHR ya sami hankalin jama'a a shekarar 2017, lokacin da ya shigar da karar mai laifi ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Jamus da Mataimakin Darakta Gina ta zarge ta a azabtarwa. <Ref> "German NGO seeks arrest over CIA torture"</ref> a shekarar 2021, ta shigar da shari'ar shari'a da jami'an Chechen biyar don laifuka kan bil adama. ,,<Ref>"German NGO files legal case against Chechen officials over anti-gay purges"</ref> ==Batutuwa da mayar da hankali== ECCHRR ta fara, yana ci gaba, da kuma tallafawa shari'ar hakkin dan adam na dabarun riƙe jihar da 'yan wasan da ba na jihohi ba ne game da take hakkin Dan-Adam. Yin hakan, ECCHR yayi ƙoƙarin yin aiki a kan lokuta waɗanda ke nuna tabbaci da matsalolin zamantakewa da ke cikin takamaiman fadin kuɗi, zamantakewa, sojoji ko siyasa. ECCHR sau da yawa yana da muhimmiyar muhawara game da waɗannan batutuwan daga mahangar mai mahimmanci. ECCHR mai bayyana shari'o'in amma kuma bincika, bincike, kuma yana taimakawa wajen yin la'akari da dabarun ci gaban da ke bayarwa na shari'a. <Ref>"How we work"</ref>Kungiyar gudanar da aiki a tsakanin cibiyar sadarwa ta kungiyoyin abokin tarayya, lauyoyi da wadanda ke cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam. Aikin ECCHR ya mai da hankali kan lokuta a cikin bangarorin: ==Laifuka na kasa da kasa da lissafi== Laifukan kasa da kasa da kuma harkar lissafi da nufin tabbatar da cewa karancin dokar kasa da kasa da kasa, kamar laifukan yaki, wadanda azabtarwa da sauran laifuka, ana zaluntar da wadanda aka kawo wa yin adalci. ECCHR yana mai da hankali kan aikinta a cikin ƙasashe masu zuwa da Jigogi:<ref> "universal justice - ECCHR - EUROPEAN CENTER FOR CONSTITUTIONAL AND HUMAN RIGHTS (en)"</ref> Laifukan yaki da laifuffuka don bil'adama sun mamaye misali a Siriya, <ref> "Syria: 'This case is about saving humanity'"</ref> sri Lanka, Columbia <ref>"Trade Union Violence in Colombia as Crime against Humanity | Business & Human Rights Resource Centre"</ref> da Argentina Ka'idojin hakkin ya aikata hakkin mutum a kan ta'addanci da USA, ,<ref> Fuchs, Christian (10 June 2017). "CIA: Trump's Darling". Die Zeit (in German). ISSN 0044-2070. Retrieved 4 January 2018</ref> da <ref> "'Reasonable basis' to believe British soldiers abused captives, prosecutor says | Times & Star"</ref> abokansua cikin guantánam, <ref> "Torture survivors and experts: "Torture doesn't work""</ref> da Afghanistan da kuma ta hanyar Drone ta buge ,,<ref>"Menschenrechtler fordern Ende der Aufweichung des Völkerrechts bei Kampfdrohnen"</ref> <ref>"Kriegsverbrecherprozess am OLG Stuttgart"</ref> Tsagawar ɗan adam yana da hakkin hakkin mutum ciki har da azabtarwa da tashin hankali a [[Yemen]], <ref>"Die juristische Presseschau vom 7. September 2017"</ref> Columbia, Syria da Koniya. Yin ma'amala da laifukan na mulkin mallaka a cikin Argentina da [[Chile]] (Konani Danidad ,<ref>"German doctor jailed for role in secret Nazi paedophile sect Colonia Dignidad in Chile"</ref> NATO da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin [[Serbiya|Serbia]] da Afghanistan Ƙaura ECCHR na shirin ƙaura na ECCHR don kariya da haƙƙin 'yan gudun hijirar da kuma ƙalubalanci manufofin mafaka a Turai ta hanyar aikin dabaru. Yankunan da aka mayar da hankali sun hada da: ==Gudun hijira== Pu mafaka, manufofin 'yan gudun hijira ,<ref>"ECCHR asks EU Ombudsman to inquiry into EASO's role at Greek hotspots | European Council on Refugees and Exiles (ECRE)"</ref> Ba za a iya tursasawa da tura-baya ba a kan iyakar EU na EU <ref>"Spain: Court backs migrants over 'collective expulsion' human rights complaint"</ref> ===Harkokin kasuwanci da 'yancin ɗan adam=== Kasuwancin Hakkin dan Adam da Tsarin Hakkin dan Adam yana kallon manyan fannoni uku: ayyukan kamfanoni a gwamnatin masu samar da kayayyaki da ayyukan kasuwanci da suka shafi hakkokin tattalin arziki da ke shafar hakkokin tattalin arziki. Wuraren mayar da hankali sun hada da: <ref>"business and human rights - ECCHR - EUROPEAN CENTER FOR CONSTITUTIONAL AND HUMAN RIGHTS (en)"</ref> Cooperation of companies with regimes and conflict parties and their relation to human rights violations (e.g. in Syria,,<ref>"Important step in the " Lafarge in Syria " case: Nomination of three investigative judges | Business & Human Rights Resource Centre"</ref> ] Yemen,<ref> "Italian officials and German firm face legal action over Saudi arms sales",</ref>, Argentina) Yanayin aiki na mutum a cikin sarkar samar da kayan duniya a cikin A agro da kuma masana'antu na pakistan, China, Bangladesh, Qatar ,<ref>"Strategic Litigation to Address Forced Labour | GRUNDUNDMENSCHENRECHTSBLOG"</ref> Samun dama ga ƙasa da rayuwa (e. G. A Zimbabwe, Peru <ref>"Human Rights, the Environment and Mining: Holding Transnational Corporations Accountable | OHRH"</ref> ==Cibiyar da doka ta shiga tsakani== A cikin Cibiyar shigar da doka, ECCHR tana mai da hankali kan mahangar da ra'ayoyi game da doka, musamman game da tsauraran iko na iko. Ta hanyar hada ka'idodi na doka da kuma musayar ra'ayi tare da cibiyoyin bincike, masu fasaha da abokan aiki a duk faɗin jama'a da kuma al'umma da al'umma. <Ref>"Institute for Legal Intervention | ECCHR - EUROPEAN CENTER FOR CONSTITUTIONAL AND HUMAN RIGHTS"</ref> acikin ainihin wannan aikin ya ta'allaka fahimtar cewa dangantakar ikon iko da haka ne ta hanyar kayan aiki na al'umma, amma kuma da karancin damar doka. Muhimmin sashi na aikin ECCHR shine mahimmancin horo na doka, wanda ECCHR ke horarwa a kai a kai kuma ilmantar da masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam. ==Horo na doka== Masu horar da shari'a na ECCHR na bayar da mahalarta dan dandamali ga ka'idar kuma gudanar da dokar kare hakkin dan kare dan dan adam na duniya. Yana nufin haɓaka da ƙarin bincike mai mahimmanci game da al'amuran doka na zamani na doka da jama'a. <Ref>"Education Program - ECCHR - EUROPEAN CENTER FOR CONSTITUTIONAL AND HUMAN RIGHTS (en)"</ref> ECCHR ta da'awar cewa tun daga 2008 kimanin lauyoyin kare hakkin dan adam 400 daga kasashe sama da 40 sun kasance masu sa kai ko horo a kungiyar. <Ref>"Alumni Network"</ref> ==Dangantakar jama'a da bayar da shawarwari== ECCHR ya tsara taron tattaunawa da sauran al'amuran gwamnati, suna gudanar da rahoton kafofin watsa labaru, kuma suna wallafa rahotannin yanar gizo da kuma sadarwa don sanar da jama'a game da cin zarafin mutum game da cin zarafin mutane a duniya. <Ref>"How we work"</ref> ==Manazarta== ia2afslgt33vljmzcgxox30b1bjfafq 0 108632 893946 678134 2026-08-09T23:23:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Wilbär1.jpg|thumb|Wilbär a cikin gidan zoo na Wilhelma .]] '''Wil[[wiktionary:Bär|Bär]]''' (10 Disamba 2007 - Nuwamba 2024) wani Beyar polar ne wanda aka haife shi a cikin bauta a gidan zoo na Wilhelma a [[Stuttgart]], [[Jamus]] . <ref name="Guardian" /> Wilbär ya fara fitowa a fili a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 2008, yana iyo tare da mahaifiyarsa. Sunansa ya fito ne daga hada sunan gidan zoo tare da kalmar Jamusanci don bear (Bär).<ref name="Guardian" /> Jami'an gidan zoo sun yi rajistar sunan a matsayin alamar kasuwanci. == Sweden == A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009, Wilbär ya bar gidan zoo na Wilhelma kuma an tura shi zuwa wurin shakatawa na Orsa Grönklitt a Sweden. A can ya haɗu da Ewa, daga Zoo na Rotterdam, kuma ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa daga Jamus a ranar haihuwarsa. A cikin bazara na shekara ta 2011, jami'an gidan zoo sun yi tunanin Ewa na iya zama mai ciki.<ref>Michael Gerster, [http://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/inhalt.eisbaer-in-schweden-wilbaer-wird-vielleicht-vater.65b9738b-2d6a-4576-9bcd-7fe67470cf8b.html?page=0 "Wilbär wird vielleicht Vater"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204212719/https://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/inhalt.eisbaer-in-schweden-wilbaer-wird-vielleicht-vater.65b9738b-2d6a-4576-9bcd-7fe67470cf8b.html?page=0 |date=2024-12-04 }}, ''[[Stuttgarter Nachrichten]]'', updated 22 March 2011 {{In lang|de}}</ref> An haifi jariri na farko na Wilbär, Miki, a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013. An haifi 'ya'yan tagwaye biyu, Noori da Nanook, a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=July 28, 2022 |title=Captive polar bears: Wilbär |url=http://www.bearconservation.org.uk/captive-polar-bears-wilbar/ |access-date=September 7, 2022 |website=Bear Conservation Working for Bears}}</ref> == Netherlands == A ranar 12 ga Maris, 2022, an tura Wilbär zuwa [[Dierenrijk Zoo|Gidan namun daji na Dierenrijk]] a [[Nuenen]], Netherlands.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=July 28, 2022 |title=Captive polar bears: Wilbär |url=http://www.bearconservation.org.uk/captive-polar-bears-wilbar/ |access-date=September 7, 2022 |website=Bear Conservation Working for Bears}}</ref> Ya mutu a can a tsakiyar Nuwamba 2024. <ref>[https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.in-stuttgart-geboren-eisbaer-wilbaer-in-eindhoven-gestorben.3c05a8f3-4ecb-45e3-8643-648d50dbfbe9.html "Eisbär Wilbär in Eindhoven gestorben"], ''[[Stuttgarter Zeitung]]'', updated 22 November 2024 {{In lang|de}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} og4bjquwt68kkn3qdw8sfif4z9z8342 0 109251 894010 800164 2026-08-10T05:09:20Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 894010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Misk_Knowe_and_Bog_Farm.JPG|thumb|250x250px|Misk Knowes a kan tsohuwar tsibirin Ardeer yana kallon tsohuwar hanyar teku.]] Ardeer wani karamin gari ne wanda yanzu aka kafa shi a cikin Stevenston a kan tsibirin Ardeer, a cikin Ikklisiya na Stevenston, Arewacin Ayrshire, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ardeer |url=http://www.scottish-places.info/towns/townfirst1606.html |access-date=11 March 2010 |publisher=Edinburgh school of GeoSciences}}</ref> asalin tsibiri ne kuma daga baya tsarin yashi mai yawa ya zama shafin yanar gizon Nobel Explosives, babban mai samar da '''fashewa''' na duniya ga masana'antun [[hakar ma'adinai]] da dutse kuma babban mai kunnawa a cikin ƙira da ci gaban kayayyaki don masana'antun sunadarai da tsaro a cikin karni na 20, kamfanin ya kasance mataimakin Nobel Enterprises. Yankin yanzu yana daga cikin yankin da ya fi muhimmanci a Arewacin Ayrshire don Biodiversity. == Yanayin ƙasa == === Tsibirin Ardeer === Ardeer ya taɓa zama tsibiri tare da tashar teku da ke gudana tare don fita a kusa da Kwalejin Auchenharvie. Taswirar Blaeu ta 1654, bisa ga taswirar Timothy Pont na kusan 1600 a bayyane yake yana nuna wani karamin tsibiri tare da ƙauyukan Ardeer, Dubbs, Bogend, Longford, Snodgrass, Lugton Mill da Bartonholm duk suna kan ko kusa da bakin teku. Tsibirin karami ne kuma bai kai ga Bartonholm ba, babu inda yake kusa da girman tsibirin Ardeer na yanzu. Ruwan Lugton ya buɗe cikin bay a wannan lokacin kuma ba cikin Garnock ba. Taswirar Robert Gordon ta 1636-52 ta nuna bakin tekun kamar yadda yake cikin ƙasa fiye da yanzu kuma tsibirin Ardeer ba a nuna shi ba, ana nuna shi a kan giciye ko ƙetare. Roy A wannan lokacin ne aka watsar da tsohuwar tashar jiragen ruwa a Seagatefoot a ƙarshe wani sabon tashar jiragen sama da aka gina a Fullarton a cikin 1665 kuma matsanancin motsi na yashi da aka rubuta dangane da tsohuwar jiragen ruwa na iya ƙone tashar teku wanda ya sanya Ardeer tsibiri. Taswirar 1872 ta nuna tsibiri mai girma a ƙarshen tsibirin Ardeer wanda ya haɗa da shafin yanar gizon Big Idea na yanzu. Wannan tsibirin ba a rubuta shi a kan taswirar Ordnance Survey na baya ba kuma saboda haka yana da yanayi na ɗan lokaci saboda yashi mai canzawa, guguwa da aka samo daga iska, da dai sauransu. na al'ada na manyan yashi da tsarin bakin teku. A ƙarshen 1902 an rubuta cewa "A cikin 'yan shekarun nan wasu ƙananan lochs, ko dubs, sun wanzu tsakanin Kilwinning da Stevenston, ƙwaƙwalwar da, aƙalla, an adana shi da sunan Dubbs Farm. " Ardeer House, Castlehill, Bartonholm, da Bogside sun kasance a bakin tekun. Geology na yankin yana nuna ajiyar kogi tare da hanyar tsohuwar kogi. === Yankin Ardeer === [[Fayil:Ardeer_-_old_seashore_area.JPG|left|thumb|250x250px|Tsohon tashar teku da bakin teku tare da Ardeer a hagu]] [[Fayil:Inch_Road.JPG|thumb|250x250px|Tsohuwar hanyar Inch da ke gudana zuwa Misk da Bog Farms]] A ƙarshen karni na 17 tsibirin ya zama tsibirin, saboda taswirar John Adair ta 1685 ba ta nuna tsibirin ba kuma Kogin Garnock ya bi hanyarsa ta yanzu. Taswirar Armstrong ta 1747-55 kuma ba ta nuna tsibiri ba kuma an yi alama da yankin a matsayin yashi kawai, mazaunin farko yana cikin Knowes da Bog. Hanyar, Hanyar Knowes, ta bi hanyar tsohuwar hanyar ruwa, tana gudana daga Stevenston zuwa Kilwinning. Taswirar Thomson ta 1832 ta nuna Inch Road tana gudana kai tsaye zuwa Misk, ƙaramin rukuni na gine-gine a kan tsibirin kanta. 'Misk' a cikin Scots yana nufin yanki na ƙasa mai laushi. Sunan wurin 'Inch Road' na iya tunatar da tarihin Ardeer a matsayin karamin tsibiri, kuma inci na iya komawa ga ƙananan tsibirai a cikin gishiri, wanda aka rufe da bazara-tides, amma ana amfani dashi azaman makiyaya ga shanu.<ref name="Scots Dictionary" /> Mai mallakar gidan Ardeer, Patrick Warner, ya sami ƙwarewa a cikin farfado da ƙasa a lokacin da yake gudun hijira a Holland kuma a ƙarshen karni na 17 aikinsa na farko shi ne ya zubar da layin bogs ko dubs ta hanyar yanke Master Gott ko rami, kuma wannan tsarin zubar da ruwa daga baya an haɗa shi cikin Stevenston Canal wanda ya gudu zuwa Dubbs. Yankin yana da ragowar The Big Idea, gidan kayan gargajiya wanda ke aiki daga 2000 zuwa 2003 yana murna da abubuwan kirkiro da masu kirkiro na Scotland. An yi watsi da shi tun lokacin da aka rufe shi a lokacin rani na shekara ta 2003. == Tarihi == === Labaran da aka yi === Wani labari ya ba da labarin Saint Winning ya aika da 'yan majami'arsa su kama kifi a cikin [[River Garnock|Kogin Garnock]], duk da haka ba tare da la'akari da yadda suka yi kokari ba ko kuma tsawon lokacin da suka dage ba za su iya kama komai ba. Saint Winning don mayar da martani ga mummunar kogi ya sanya la'ana a kan kogi, yana hana shi samun kifi a cikin ruwansa; kogi ya amsa ta hanyar canza hanya kuma ta haka ya guje wa la'anar. A bayyane yake cewa kogin ya canza hanyarsa sosai a tarihin da aka rubuta, a baya ya shiga teku a Stevenston. Robin Campbell ya ba da labarin kisan matar Earl na Eglinton a Ardeer da Nigellus, Abbot na Kilwinning Abbey a karni na 16. Masu [[Aikin Hajji|aikin hajji]] sun zo Kilwinning Abbey wani bangare saboda mu'ujizai da aka yi a can kuma Earl na Eglinton, mai bin John Knox, ya nuna rashin gaskatawarsa kuma ya bayyana cewa zai daina biyan zakka ga 'yan majami'a. A matsayin fansa, masanin ya shirya Countess na Eglinton don a yi amfani da ita a kan tafiyarta ta al'ada zuwa Ardrossan ta hanyar Ardeer. Monks sun kai ta wani bothy da ya lalace, a ƙarƙashinsa akwai wani dutse mai laushi; an ɗaure ta a nan kuma ta mutu da yunwa. Jarumin bai taba iya samun ta ba, kodayake an gano bawanta da ya nitse a bakin rairayin bakin teku kuma labaran kukan muryar mace da aka ɓoye a cikin faduwar raƙuman ruwa a Ardeer da kuma wata mace mai wahala wacce ta ɓace lokacin da aka kusanci ta fara yaduwa. Bayan jarumin ya mutu an ce masanin karshe na Kilwinning Abbey ya furta rabonsa a cikin wannan mummunar laifi kuma ta haka ya bayyana gaskiyar bayan bacewar Countess na Eglinton. === Archaeology === ; Kafin tarihi An gano kayan tarihi da yawa daga tsibirin Ardeer, gami da manyan kibiyoyi 54 na flint; 167 scrapers; wuka 24; gouge na Late Bronze Age; wani ɓangare na bead na Bronze Age, bead mai laushi na gilashin shuɗi mai duhu; zoben shale, armlets da dai sauransu; 2 Roman-British Brooches; pin na tagulla da shugaban na biyu; farkon karni na 10, 'Whitby' nau' na Anglo-Saxon na tagulla ƙarshen ƙarni na 14. A shekara ta 1906, yashi ya bayyana wani ɗan ƙaramin cairn kamar {{Convert|15|by|10|ft|m|1}} a girma da kuma {{Convert|3|ft|m|1}} mai tsayi a tsakiya, wanda ya ƙunshi duwatsu kusan tamanin na ruwa. Wannan ya rufe aƙalla guraren cinerary goma sha shida, galibi masu siffar guga. An lalata wurin da ayyukan gine-gine a wurin da aka ba da kyautar Nobel. Wani shafin [[crannog]] yana tsakanin gonar Todhills da shafin Bogend Farm . Yankin da aka sani da 'Snap Green', wanda ambaliyar ruwa ta cika a lokacin bazara, an nuna shi kusa da ƙarshen tsibirin a cikin 1856. An nuna cewa wurare masu yawa na gishiri sun wanzu a Misk a karni na 19. Motsi na yashi a kan tsibirin Ardeer dole ne ya kasance da sauri kamar yadda rubuce-rubuce suka nuna cewa dutse da hakar ma'adinai a Misk Colliery sun fallasa ƙasa mai wadata a Ardeer tare da alamun noma da kayan tarihi irin su tukwane har ma da bututun taba wanda ya fara nomawa ba kafin tsakiyar karni na 16 ba lokacin da aka fara gabatar da taba. ; Dutsen Castle Timothy Pont yana nufin dunes na yashi a matsayin Knoppes kuma ya bayyana cewa a wani lokaci wani babban gidan sarauta yana nan a kan babban dunes ko mole na ƙasa, har yanzu an san shi a lokacinsa da Castle Hill. An yi muhawara ko yana magana ne game da sanannen Castle Hill wanda ke cikin ƙasa. Robin Campbell ya ba da labari game da Gidan Ardeer wanda ke kan yashi na Ardeer kuma 'Picts' ne suka gina shi, suna ɗauke da duwatsu a fadin 'ƙasar.' An ce babbar guguwa ta lalata gine-ginen, wadda matar manomi ta kawo a kan yashi a Misk lokacin da ya nutsar da shi a cikin bog da ke kusa. A ƙarni na 18 kawai ragowar kurciya da wasu bishiyoyi masu iska ne kawai aka ce sun tsira. === Gidan wuta === Wannan dukiya, a baya Dovecothall, tana cikin Stevenston, kusa da shafin tsohon ƙauyen Piperheugh. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu mallakar shi ne mai Alkawari Patrick Warner, minista wanda aka tilasta masa tserewa zuwa Holland bayan Yaƙin Bothwell Bridge . Ya taɓa tsayawa a bakin tekun kuma an ce ya kasance wuri ne da aka fi so, an sami anchors a wurare daban-daban a cikin ƙasa. Wani kogo da aka wanke a teku yana da ɗan gajeren baya ga gidan. === Ginin ƙarfe na Stevenston === A cikin 1849 Kamfanin Glengarnock Iron ya gina murhu guda biyar a bakin tekun Ardeer don narkar da baƙin ƙarfe. An shigo da ma'adinin ƙarfe ta tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ardrossan kuma don rage farashin Merry da Cunningham Ltd., magajin kamfanin Glengarnock, sun fara gina tashar jiragen kasa ta hanyar zubar da datti a cikin teku. Bayan an kammala yadudduka 300 na waɗannan ayyukan ya zama bayyananne cewa babu wani jirgi da zai iya tsayawa lafiya a nan saboda ƙarfin guguwar hunturu. An watsar da tashar jirgin ruwa kuma har zuwa yau an san shi da 'tsohuwar tashar jirgin sama' ko 'slag point'. An rufe ayyukan a 1931 kuma an rushe su a 1935. === Ramin kwal === Ramin kwal na West Field ya kasance a cikin Ardeer Park na yanzu. A cikin kusan 1800 an kira ramukan Raise, Dip, Gabas ta Farko, Crank, Stair, Gabas na Biyu, Tsohon Injin, Bowbridge, da Bridge Shank. Stevenston Canal ne ya yi wa waɗannan hidima, da yawa tare da nasu rassan sadaukarwa. === Nobel Explosives shuka === Yankin Ardeer shine shafin yanar gizon masana'antar kera dinamite wanda Alfred Bernhard Nobel ya gina. Bayan ya bincika ƙasar don wani wuri mai nisa don kafa masana'antar fashewa, Nobel a ƙarshe ya sami kadada 100 (hectare 40) daga Earl na Eglinton, kuma ya kafa Masana'antar Dynamite ta Burtaniya a 1871, kuma ya ci gaba da ƙirƙirar abin da aka bayyana a lokacin a matsayin masana'antar mai fashewa mafi girma a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ardeer Peninsula |url=http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst3884.html |access-date=11 March 2010 |publisher=Edinburgh school of GeoSciences}}</ref> Masana'antar tana da tashar jiragen ruwa ta kanta a kan Kogin Garnock a tashar jiragen kasa da ke ba da sabis ga jiragen ruwa da ke zubar da fashewar lokaci ko shigo da kayan aiki don ayyukan. A mafi girma, shafin ya dauki ma'aikata kusan 13,000 a wani wuri mai nisa kuma yana da tashar jirgin kasa ta kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ardeer Factory |url=http://www.threetowners.com/Ardeer%20Factory/ardeer_factory.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091018010859/http://threetowners.com/Ardeer%20Factory/ardeer_factory.htm |archive-date=18 October 2009 |access-date=11 March 2010 |publisher=Threetowners.com}}</ref> An yi amfani da tashar ne kawai ga ma'aikata da baƙi na musamman tare da kasuwanci a cikin masana'antar ICI, kuma ba ta taɓa tsayawa ta fasinja ta yau da kullun ba. Har zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1960, akwai jiragen kasa biyu a kowace rana don jigilar ma'aikata. Kodayake layin ba ya wanzu, dandalin da aka watsar ya kasance, an ɓoye shi a ƙarƙashin tsiro mai yawa. Manajanta na farko shi ne George McRoberts FRSE kuma wasu sanannun ma'aikata sun hada da Edwin Mervyn Patterson wanda ya kasance manajan daga 1954 zuwa 1982. == Sufuri == === Hanyoyin ruwa === [[Fayil:The_Master_Gott_drain_at_Ardeer.JPG|thumb|250x250px|Master Gott (ruwa) daga Ardeer Roadbridge]] Canal na Stevenston na 1772 shine tashar kasuwanci ta farko a Scotland. Tsawon magudanar ruwa ya wuce {{Convert|2|mi|km|0}}, ba shi da makulli, ya kai {{Convert|12|ft|m|1}} fadi kuma yana da zurfin {{Convert|4|ft|m|1}}, tare da yawancin yanke ta biyo bayan tsohuwar hanyar Kogin Garnock, tarihin zamanin da Ardeer ya kasance tsibiri. Ana tsammanin Master Gott ko magudanar ruwa shine wurin da ya rage na ƙarshe. An yi amfani da gawayi a cikin jiragen ruwa kuma an zubar da sharar a kan hanya don zama abin fashewar iska, yashi mai yashi shine matsala mai maimaitawa. Ruwan ruwa ya fito ne daga dam akan Stevenston Burn. Ardeer Quarry wanda ya samar da Stevenston Stone da aka fitar dashi zuwa Ireland daga Saltcoats Harbor kusan tabbas yana amfani da magudanar ruwa don jigilar kayan aikin dutse. Shirin 1798 na Stevenston Colliery ya nuna Misk Canal na kimanin mil 1 (1.5 kilomita) yana gudana zuwa yamma sannan zuwa arewa zuwa Misk Coalfield daga Kogin Garnock . === Jirgin ƙasa === A cikin 1840 an buɗe tashar a Ardeer, mai suna Stevenston, a kan layin da ke tafiya daga Ardrossan zuwa [[Glasgow]]. An kuma gina tashar jirgin kasa, Ardeer Platform, a kudancin garin, yana ba da sabis ga yawancin ma'aikatan masana'antar Nobel; an rufe shi a 1966. A shekara ta 1836 an gina hanyar dawakai daga Saltcoats zuwa Bowbridge Pit da sauransu a yankin da yanzu shine Ardeer Park . == Wasanni == === Kungiyar Golf ta Ardeer === Ƙasar ICI ta kasance gida ga kulob din golf na Ardeer. Hanyar asali ta kasance ramuka 9 a yankin Sandyhills na Stevenston. Kodayake hanyar ta daɗe tana tafiya gidan kulob din ja na asali ya kasance. Daga nan ne kulob din ya koma yankin Ardeer na Stevenston, tare da bude sabon filin a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1905. Wannan hanya ce ta gaskiya da ke gefen teku da aka shimfiɗa a cikin dunes tsakanin garin da teku a ƙasar mallakar Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd (ICI). ICI ita ce inda kulob din ya jawo mafi yawan membobinta, gami da Hamilton McInally, zakaran Scottish Amateur na 1937, 1939 & 1947. Jackie Cannon ta kasance memba kafin ta lashe gasar zakarun Scotland a shekarar 1969 tana da shekaru 52, wanda ya fi tsufa. A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] ICI ta karɓi uku daga cikin ramuka don aikin yaƙi kuma ta zama tashar balloon. An dawo da ramuka uku bayan yakin don tabbatar da cewa hanya ta kasance gwaji mai kyau kamar yadda ta kasance. Wannan ba shine wurin hutawa na karatun Ardeer ba saboda a farkon shekarun sittin an yi wa membobin babbar matsala lokacin da aka kira jami'an kulob din zuwa hedkwatar Sashen Nobel na ICI. Gidan kulob din da ƙasar da ke dauke da filin golf ana buƙatar su don gina sabon masana'anta don ƙera gishiri don amfani a masana'antar nailan. Kungiyar ba ta da wani zaɓi a kan batun kamar yadda ICI ta mallaki ƙasar. Bayan tarurruka da yawa, an yanke shawarar cewa Lochend shine inda za a sake haihuwar filin wasan golf na Ardeer. Ci gaba da ci gaba a cikin shekaru 38 da suka gabata don ɗaukar hanyar zuwa abin da yake a yau ta hanyar ƙoƙari mai ƙarfi na mambobi da ma'aikatan kore. An inganta magudanar ruwa a cikin shekaru don tabbatar da duk golf na shekara. Akwai haɗuwa da tsofaffi da ƙananan bishiyoyi na kowane nau'i da ke kewaye da hanyoyi kuma an yi amfani da ƙonewa guda biyu waɗanda ke kewayewa cikin hanya. Ci gaba da ci gaba ga wuraren teeing, kore da hanya gabaɗaya yana nufin cewa tarihi har yanzu yana cikin yin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Golf Club |url=http://www.ardeergolfclub.co.uk/ |access-date=13 March 2010 |publisher=Ardeer Golf Club}}</ref> === Sauran wasanni === Taswirar OS ta inci 25 ta 1895 tana nuna kewayon bindiga a kan tsibirin tare da manufofi da aka saita a tsakanin mita 100 da mujallar. A cikin 1908 an nuna filin wasan cricket da pavilion a cikin tsohuwar filin golf.&nbsp; == Ilimi == === Makarantu === An bude makarantar firamare ta Ardeer a watan Agusta 1982. Makarantar tana cikin yankin Ardeer na Stevenston a Clark Crescent kuma tana aiki da shekaru 5 zuwa 11 a makarantar firamare da aji na yara. Tsohon Makarantar Firamare ta Ardeer ta zauna a kan Garven Road, kafin a rufe ta a ƙarshen 1981. == Al'adu == === Cocin Ikklisiya === A cikin zuciyar Ardeer shine Shore Road Ardeer Parish wanda aka buɗe shi a hukumance a ranar Jumma'a, 14 ga Yuni 1895, aikin keɓewa da Rev. Alexander Robertson McEwan ke gudanarwa. Wa'azin farko na Rev Andrew Morris Moodie a cikin sabon cocin ya kasance ga yara, sosai, a yammacin Lahadi, 16 ga Yuni 1895. Ginin Gothic ne na farkon karni na 20 a cikin salon madaidaiciya, wanda John Bennie Wilson ya tsara. Perpendicular Gothic, yana da hasumiya mai matakai biyu, tare da shafts a kusurwoyi zuwa matakin sama da ke gefen fitilu masu laushi; shinge yana da gwagwarmaya da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa suna cikin kusurwoyin. Ikilisiyar Ardeer a halin yanzu tana da ministoci biyu; Rev John Lafferty da Rev David Hebenton waɗanda aka raba tsakanin Ardeer da cocin da ke da alaƙa, Ikilisiyar Livingstone Parish, kawai a ɗan gajeren nesa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parish |url=http://www.ardeerparishchurch.org.uk/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904073659/http://www.ardeerparishchurch.org.uk/ |archive-date=4 September 2011 |access-date=13 March 2010 |publisher=Ardeer Parish Church}}</ref> === Yankin rairayin bakin teku === Ardeer kuma gida ne ga rairayin bakin teku na hukuma (wanda yake a 55°36′52′′N 4°42′54′′W / 55.614508°N 4.714867°W / 55. 614508; -4.714867) a kudu maso yammacin ƙasar Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beach |url=http://www.nakedscotland.org.uk/b/ardeer |access-date=11 May 2016 |publisher=Naked Scotland |archive-date=3 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603150229/http://www.nakedscotland.org.uk/b/ardeer |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Dabbobin daji a tsibirin Ardeer == Kafin masana'antu ta fara a ƙarshen karni na 19, tsibirin ya kunshi mafi yawan tsarin dune mai motsi wanda ke da iyaka da rairayin bakin teku a yamma da gishiri da laka a gefen Kogin Garnock a gabas. Magana ta farko game da "Ardeer Hills" a cikin 1775 ta nuna girman girman yawancin dunes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A new map of Ayrshire... - Maps of Scotland |url=https://maps.nls.uk/joins/797.html |access-date=2020-08-04 |website=maps.nls.uk |archive-date=2021-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116153232/https://maps.nls.uk/joins/797.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kodayake ci gaban masana'antar fashewa ta Nobel (kuma daga baya ICI) ya haifar da daidaitawa da sake dawo da yankuna masu yawa, bukatun kasuwancin (yana buƙatar nisanta raka'a don dalilai na aminci) ya ba da damar riƙe yanayin yankin gaba ɗaya. A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, hakar yashi ya haifar da asarar ha 20 na dunes amma rabin kudancin tsibirin har yanzu yana riƙe da yawancin halayensa na asali. Lokacin da aka bincika tsibirin don Majalisar Arewacin Ayrshire a cikin 2015 an gano shi ne mafi kyawun wurin halittu a Arewacin Ayrshirye. Wani ɓangare na tsibirin shine Shafin Nazarin Kimiyya na Musamman (Bogside Flats). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bogside Flats SSSI |url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/239}}</ref> Har ila yau, tsibirin yana da matsayi mai mahimmanci a cikin wani yanki wanda ya haɗa da wuraren ajiyar yanayi guda biyu (Garnock Floods wanda Scottish Wildlife Trust ke sarrafawa da Bogside Reserve wanda RSPB ke sarrafawa).&nbsp; === Gidajen zama === Yankin teku na tsibirin yana da iyaka da bango na teku wanda aka gina daga 1926 zuwa 1929. Wannan ya rage yawan motsi na dunes amma yana rushewa a wurare, wanda zai iya ba da damar sake motsi. Yankin yashi ya zama mafi yawan tsibirin kuma ya kasance rabin halitta a ko'ina cikin rabin kudancin. Yawancin wannan yankin na tsibirin ya mamaye yankin ciyawa mai laushi tare da manyan wuraren dune heath da Dune slack. A gefen gabas na tsibirin akwai gishiri da laka na Kogin Garnock wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na Bogside Flats SSSI. An dasa wasu sassan arewacin rabin tsibirin tare da conifers, galibi Corsican pine (''Pinus nigra'') a tsakiyar karni na 20. Wadannan shuke-shuke an bar su da yawa ba tare da taɓa su ba. Sakamakon gandun daji mai tsayi shine wurin zama mai ban sha'awa a kudancin Scotland kuma yana da mahimmanci dangane da yawan itatuwan da suka mutu. Har ila yau, an sami adadi mai yawa na sake farfado da gandun daji a wurare daban-daban, wanda ya ƙunshi birches (''Betula'' spp.), willows (''Salix'' spp.), alder (''Alnus glutinosa'') da sycamore (''Acer pseudoplatanus''). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Philp |first=B |last2=Hamlin |first2=I |last3=Lavery |first3=A |date=2020 |title=Insects and arachnids of Ardeer, North Ayrshire, Scotland |journal=The Glasgow Naturalist |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=31–38 |doi=10.37208/tgn27215 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Biodiversity === Kimanin nau'in 1500 an rubuta su a Ardeer wanda kashi biyu bisa uku sune invertebrates, yana mai da shi ɗayan mahimman shafuka don kwari a Scotland. Daga cikin wadannan ƙudan zuma da wasps (Hymenoptera) da beetles (Coleoptera) suna da mahimmanci. Ardeer ana zaton shi ne mafi kyawun shafin a Scotland don ƙudan zuma da wasps, saboda yashi mai yashi da yalwar furanni na daji. Daga cikin sanannun jinsuna sune colletes na arewa (''Colletes floralis'') wanda ke da rarrabawar Hebridean a Scotland da nau'o'i da yawa, kamar colletes mai gashi (Colletes fodiens) da kuma wasp mai laushi (''[[Oxybelus mandibularis]]'') wanda galibi kudu ne a Burtaniya kuma ana samun su a wasu shafuka kaɗan a Scotland. Binciken kwari a Ardeer ya gano nau'in 341 wanda 22 daga cikinsu ba su da yawa a cikin ƙasa ko ƙarancin (Red Data Book, ƙarancin ƙasa / ƙarancin ko sananne a cikin ƙasa). Daga cikin wadannan akwai kwari na ƙasa ''Harpalus neglectus'' wanda shine rikodin farko na Scotland da ''[[Stenolophus mixtus]]'' wanda shine rikodi na biyu na Scotland, tare da kwari na clown ''[[Hypocaccus rugiceps]]'' wanda Ardeer shine mafi yawan rikodin arewacin kwanan nan na Burtaniya. Ardeer kuma gida ne ga kwari mai ban sha'awa na Minotaur, ''Typhaeus typhoeus'', wanda ke da sansanin Scotland a cikin dunes na Ardeer da Irvine . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Philp |first=B. |title=Ardeer - Ayrshire's overlooked gem. |journal=British Wildlife |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=332–340}}</ref> Ardeer yana riƙe da mafi yawan mutanen Ayrshire na duhu kore fritillary da grayling butterflies da kuma wasu ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa, gami da ƙarancin yashi kamar Dart na bakin teku da wainscot na bakin teku. Fiye da nau'ikan gizo-gizo 100 an rubuta su a Ardeer tare da gizo-gizarin wolf (Lycosidae) suna da mashahuri sosai, tare da rabin nau'in a cikin jerin Scotland. Daga cikin wadannan ƙwararren ƙwararren dune na ƙasa ''[[Xerolycosa miniata]]'' yana da mahimmanci, kasancewar galibi nau'in kudanci ne. Daga cikin nau'ikan tsuntsaye 122 da aka rubuta ƙaramin whitethroat yana da mahimmanci, kamar yadda yake daidai a iyakar arewa maso yammacin rarraba Turai kuma Ardeer da yankin Gabashin Garnock makwabta suna da yawan kiwo mafi girma a Ayrshire. Sauran sanannun nau'o'in da aka rubuta a shafin sun hada da hen harrier, long-eared owl, osprey da snow bunting. A lokacin ƙaura da hunturu Garnock mudflats da estuary suna riƙe da mahimman lambobi na wigeon, greenshank da sauran tsuntsayen daji da waders. === Barazanar da ke tattare da namun daji === A baya matakan tsaro da ke da alaƙa da masana'antar fashewa sun kare wuraren zama a kan tsibirin. Koyaya yankin yanzu yana cikin barazana daga tushe biyu. Da farko, Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba da Dokar Ci Gaban Musamman ga yankin Ardeer a 1953. Wannan har yanzu yana ba da damar ci gaba ba tare da binciken tsarawa na yau da kullun ba wanda za'a buƙaci a wasu wurare a Scotland. Abu na biyu, an ba da kuɗin gwamnati a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Girma ta Ayrshire wanda zai iya haifar da ci gaban kasuwanci, gidaje da nishaɗi a kusa da kogin Irvine / Garnock. Wannan na iya haifar da asarar wuraren zama kuma saboda haka yawancin jinsunan da suka ƙware sosai a cikinsu. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] a00cn79b3dkfr2gofka5j2p41zwrsvq 0 109744 894011 722219 2026-08-10T05:10:14Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 894011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Santé Environnement Faransa''' (ASEF) ƙungiyar lafiya ce mai zaman kanta da muhalli wacce likitocin Faransa biyu Patrice Halimi da Pierre Souvet suka kafa a cikin 2008. A halin yanzu yana tattara fiye da 2 500 kwararrun kiwon lafiya kuma an gane shi a matsayin ƙungiyar masu sha'awar jama'a. Babban manufarsa shine sanar da jama'a game da harkokin kiwon lafiya da muhalli. Yana aiki a kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci da yawa: ingancin iska, canjin yanayi, bambancin halittu, raƙuman ruwa na lantarki, abinci mai gina jiki, aikin lambu, wasanni, da dai sauransu. A cewar shafin yanar gizon ASEF, kungiyar tana gudanar da nazari, shirya taro, buga jagororin aiki da kuma buga labarai na yanzu game da lafiya da muhalli.<ref>"Qui sommes-nous" Archived 2016-04-06 at the Wayback Machine, ASEF, 2008</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa ASEF a hukumance a cikin 2008 don amsa bullar cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da lalata muhalli. Drs Patrice Halimi da Pierre Souvet, mambobin kungiyar da suka kafa kungiyar, sun bayyana a cikin wani shiri na gidan rediyon Faransa Faransa Al'adunsu na wayar da kan jama'a game da illar gurbacewar muhalli ga lafiyar bil'adama. Don haka, sun bayyana aniyar su don ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar Santé Muhalli ta Faransa don aiwatar da wannan aikin. Kungiyar tana da ma'aikata biyu da kuma likitocin sa kai sama da 2500. Mambobi biyu da suka kafa kungiyar har yanzu suna da hannu a cikin kungiyar. Dr Pierre Souvet, Shugaba, likitan zuciya ne a asibitocin kusa da [[Marseille]]. A cikin 2008, an zabe shi "Doctor of the Year"<ref>Interview Founding members ASEF", France culture, 14 February 2009</ref> Dokta Patrice Halimi, Babban Sakatare, likitan yara ne a Aix-en-Provence. == Ayyuka == Ƙungiyar ta mai da hankali kan fannoni 10 masu fifiko: yara, gidaje, abinci mai gina jiki, kayan shafawa, aikin lambu, gurɓataccen iska, wayoyin hannu, dacewa, duniyar duniyar da kuma matsalolin kiwon lafiya masu tasowa. == Yarantaka == ASEF na gudanar da yakin neman bayanan jama'a game da tasirin tasirin muhalli akan ci gaban yara. A shekara ta 2009, jaridar Le Monde ta Faransa ta buga sakamakon wani bincike da ASEF ta gudanar kan ingancin iska a gidajen reno na Faransa. Ya samo "matakan benzene da formaldehyde da kyau sama da matakin da aka yarda da shi". A wannan shekarar, an sake buga wani bincike kan gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gadon jarirai da ke fitowa a gidan yanar gizon News Santé.<ref>Pollutants emitted by baby's cots", ASEF, 19 October 2009</ref> === Gidaje === Kungiyar ta kuma yi magana game da kamuwa da gurbacewar iska a cikin gida. "Gidanmu na dauke da sinadarai sama da 900 wadanda muke shafe kusan sa'o'i 12 a kowace rana," in ji Dokta Pierre Souvet, shugaban kungiyar, a wata hira da aka yi da shi a mujallar Bio addict. Abinci mai gina jiki ASEF ta kasance mai aiki a yawancin binciken abinci da abinci mai gina jiki. A cikin 2013, an buga wani bincike kan hanyoyin ciyar da yara kanana a jaridar Faransa Le Parisien. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa "kashi 87% na yaran ba sa gane kudan zuma, kashi daya bisa uku na su ba za su iya gane leda, kurji ko ma artichoke ba" === Kayan shafawa === Ƙungiyar ta mayar da hankali ga wani ɓangare na aikinta akan kyau da jin dadi. Dangane da taƙaitawar kimiyya, ASEF na da niyyar faɗakar da samfuran kayan kwalliya waɗanda zasu iya cutar da lafiya. A cikin Maris 2016, wata sanarwar manema labarai ta sanar da fitowar jagora mai amfani kan gurbacewar da ke cikin kayan kwalliya.<ref>Organic cosmetics", Féminin Bio, 16 January 2015</ref> === Aikin lambu === ASEF tana goyan bayan ayyuka masu sauƙi da nufin kiyaye bambancin halittu, da ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da illar magungunan kashe qwari akan lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli. Dokta Patrice Halimi, babban sakataren kungiyar, ya ce a cikin wata hira "Samun bayanai yana da mahimmanci, masu amfani da su su san gubar wadannan abubuwa". === Iskar waje === Ƙungiyar ta magance damuwa game da ingancin iska a waje. A cikin 2015, an buga wani binciken da ya danganci ingancin iska akan wasiƙar Le Parisien. An gudanar da wannan binciken a biranen Faransa guda uku: [[Faris|Paris]], [[Grenoble]] da Aix-en-Provence. === Wayar hannu === A cikin Mai 2011, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta rarraba filayen ƙananan mitoci a matsayin "yiwuwar cutar daji". Duk da rikice-rikice, ASEF yana ba da shawara don iyakance bayyanar da igiyoyin lantarki. Ya inganta kamfen ɗin bayanai don wayar da kan jama'a game da illolin wuce gona da iri da amfani da wayar hannu.<ref>"Effects of pesticides on human health", ASEF, 16 October 2015</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kungiyoyin Lafiya]] pbwfava054667hq0qkpx2bgpya72s8r 0 109777 893895 878997 2026-08-09T21:24:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893895 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Villa Gesell''' birni ne na bakin teku a Villa Gesell Partido, Lardin Buenos Aires, [[Argentina]] . An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1931, tare da niyyar juya filin dune zuwa gonar katako.<ref name="hist"/> Ci gaban birnin ya ba shi damar haɗa biranen da ke kusa da Mar de las Pampas, Las Gaviotas da Mar Azul. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Carlos_Gesell.jpg|left|thumb|258x258px|Carlos Idaho Gesell, wanda ya kafa Villa Gesell]] Sunan garin bayan Carlos Idaho Gesell (1891–1979), ɗan masanin tattalin arzikin Jamus Silvio Gesell.  Carlos Gesell ya sayi itace a Tigre don kasuwancinsa, kuma yana son [[shuka]] pine a wani wuri kusa da Mar del Plata don rage farashi.  Gesell ba ya shirin gina birni a lokacin.  Héctor Guerrero, wanda ya mallaki mafi yawan filaye a yankin, ya gaya masa cewa yashi murabba'in kilomita 16.48 (6.36 sq mi) ana sayarwa akan pesos 28,000, kuma Gesell ya saye su a cikin 1931 lokacin da ya bincika ko akwai ruwan ƙasa a yankin.  Tsawon bakin tekun ya kai kilomita 10 (6.21 mi).  Nan da nan ya fara dazuzzuka, kuma ya gina wa kansa gida a 1932. Wannan gidan yanzu ya zama gidan kayan gargajiya na birni. .<ref name="hist"/> Aikin gandun daji bai ci gaba kamar yadda ake tsammani ba: iska mai ƙarfi mai gishiri ta motsa yashi kuma ta cutar da tsire-tsire, ta fallasa kuma ta bushe tushensu. Gesell ya hayar masanin ilimin noma na Jamus Carlos Bodesheim a shekarar 1934, wanda bai sami mafita ba. Daga nan sai ya aiwatar da sababbin ra'ayoyi guda biyu. Da farko, ya dasa ciyawa mai yawa, wanda zai iya rayuwa a cikin dunes, don ya rataye yashi a wurin. Ya dasa bishiyoyi tare da tushen tubed, don haka tushen ya nemi ruwa mai zurfi a cikin ƙasa kuma iska ba za ta iya tsage su ba. Har yanzu asarar ta kasance mai yawa, amma tana raguwa. A cikin 1938 ya koyi game da ''Acacia longifolia'' na Australiya, wanda ya dace da yashi da iskar saline, kuma ya kara yawan nitrogen. Acacia ya yi nasara, kuma ya shirya tsire-tsire don Acacias su kare bishiyoyi daga iska.<ref name="hist">[http://www.voyagesell.com.ar/villa-gesell/historia-de-villa-gesell/ Historia de Villa Gesell] {{In lang|es}}</ref> Carlos Gesell ya zauna har abada a yankin daga shekarar 1937 zuwa gaba. Ya fara rasa kudi a shekara ta 1940, don haka ya gina wani karamin lokaci mai suna "La Golondrina" (Spanish: The swallow). Masu yawon bude ido na farko sune Starks. Mista Stark ya kasance manajan reshen gida na kamfanin Siemens. Starks sun inganta garin a [[Buenos Aires]], kuma an gina wasu masauki na yawon bude ido. An haɗa garin da Hanyar Lardin 11 a cikin 1943.<ref name="hist"/> Tare da sabbin gidaje ga masu yawon bude ido da mazauna yankin, an juya yankin zuwa wurin zama na birni mai kyau, don haka Gesell ya fara kula da ayyukan birane da ake buƙata, kamar samar da abinci, wutar lantarki, man fetur da bita na mota. Ya haramta abin sha mai barasa, sigari da duk wani abu da ya dauka a matsayin mugunta. Ya yi tsayayya da kafa gidan caca na gida, wanda a ƙarshe aka kafa a garin Pinamar da ke kusa. Birnin ya ga babban shige da fice na Turai a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], wanda ya gina otal-otal na farko da gidajen cin abinci. Yawancin Italiyanci sun yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikatan gini, kuma yawancin Mutanen Espanya suna gudanar da shaguna da otal-otal. Ci gaban birane ya karu sosai a cikin shekarun 1960, yayin da mutanen da suka sayi ƙasa kuma suka gina gidaje a cikin watanni shida aka mayar da su rabin farashin asalin ƙasar.<ref name="hist"/> Ginin ya fadada a hankali yana kan iyakar bakin teku, kuma a yau yana ci gaba da girma kuma ya haɗa wasu wuraren shakatawa guda uku zuwa kudu, wato, Mar de las Pampas, Las Gaviotas da Mar Azul. Villa Gesell ya kasance sanannen wurin yawon bude ido tun daga shekarun 1940. <ref name="hist"/> Villa Gesell ya zama sananne shekaru da yawa a matsayin wurin yawon bude ido ga matasa, amma a cikin 2008 gwamnatoci suna neman jawo hankalin masu yawon budewa a maimakon haka. An maye gurbin bikin "Gesell Rock" na shekara-shekara da wasan kwaikwayo na iyali. A cikin 2020 An kashe Fernando Báez Sosa a Villa Gesell, wanda ya sami sananne a duk faɗin ƙasar. == Yanayi == {{Weather box}} == Yawon shakatawa == [[Fayil:Villa_Gesell_playa.jpg|thumb|Yankin rairayin bakin teku na Villa Gesell.]] [[Fayil:Villa_Gesell_-_Dunas_(2).jpg|thumb|Dunes a Villa Gesell .]] Kasancewar birni na bakin teku, babban wurin yawon buɗe ido a cikin Villa Gesell shine bakin teku.[ Tekun Villa Gesell yana da nisan kilomita 10 (6 mi), tare da gangare mai laushi, da wuraren shakatawa iri-iri da aka gina tare; Garuruwan Mar de las Pampas, Las Gaviotas da Mar Azul da suka mamaye gabar tekun zuwa nisan kilomita 21 (13 mi)[] Birnin yana da ma'aikatan ceto 150. Akwai hasumiya mai nisan {{Convert|30|km|mi|0}} (19 zuwa kudu, kewaye da gandun daji, wanda shine makoma ga yawon shakatawa. Ita ce hasumiya ta biyu mafi girma a bakin tekun lardin Buenos Aires, ta biyu kawai a Bahía Blanca . Yankin da ke kusa da hasken wuta yana aiki a matsayin ajiyar yanayi. Birnin yana da gidan zoo, filin golf, kasuwar sana'o'i da yawa.<ref>[http://www.welcomeargentina.com/villagesell/ Villa Gesell] {{In lang|es}}</ref> Villa Gesell da Pinamar, biranen yawon bude ido guda biyu, suna da gasa ta yanki game da irin kasuwancin yawon bude hankali da suke kula da shi. Pinamar yana da niyyar masu yawon bude ido na Argentina masu arziki, yayin da Villa Gesell ke da niyyar matsakaicin aji.<ref>[http://www.minutouno.com.ar/minutouno/nota/65489__page_6/ Villa Gesell y Pinamar, "hippies" y "chetos": la guerra del verano que enfrenta a los adolescentes] {{In lang|es}}</ref> == Sufuri == Filin jirgin sama na Villa Gesell ne ke ba da sabis ga birnin. An gina Villa Gesell tare da babbar hanyar da ke gudana daidai da bakin teku. Gine-ginen yana da cakuda salon, tare da gine-gine daban-daban, siffofi da launuka.<ref name="Menos cemento, más madera y arena">[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/857721-menos-cemento-mas-madera-y-arena Menos cemento, más madera y arena] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827011833/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/857721-menos-cemento-mas-madera-y-arena |date=2015-08-27 }} {{In lang|es}}</ref> An gano ci gaban birane a rairayin bakin teku yana da lahani ga muhalli, yayin da rairayin rairayin kan ya zama karami a hankali a kowace shekara. Birnin ya nemi juyar da wannan tasirin, kuma yayin da franchises na kowane spa ya fara karewa, ba a sabunta su ba. An rushe gine-ginen bulo da kankare kuma an maye gurbinsu da ƙananan gine-ginan katako. An dakatar da zirga-zirgar motoci kusa da rairayin bakin teku, kuma an ba da izinin hayar rairayin kankara a matsakaicin tanti 80.<ref name="Menos cemento, más madera y arena" /> == Kuskuren fim din ''X-Men'' == A cikin fim din 2011 X-Men: First Class, Magneto ya yi tafiya zuwa Villa Gesell, Argentina (kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin fim din), amma yanayin ya canza gaba ɗaya, kuma a maimakon haka ya nuna abin da ya yi kama da Bariloche, a yankin Patagonia na kudancin Argentina. Mazaunan Villa Gesell sun yi fushi game da rikice-rikice da kuskuren da wannan ya haifar, suna jin cewa fim din ya kamata ya nuna wa masu sauraro a duniya abin da Villa Gesell yake da gaske.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eight Times Hollywood Got Argentina Wrong {{!}} The Bubble {{!}} Argentina News |url=https://www.thebubble.com/argentina-us-media/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119061756/http://www.thebubble.com/argentina-us-media |archive-date=2017-11-19}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=X-Men en Villa Gesell: Un error de película |url=http://www.pulsogeselino.com.ar/x-men-en-villa-gesell-un-error-de-pelicula/ |access-date=2025-08-02 |archive-date=2025-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250808140130/http://www.pulsogeselino.com.ar/x-men-en-villa-gesell-un-error-de-pelicula/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5v33umhef2y8eq5qa4wlenq9jtizzon 0 110045 893977 890391 2026-08-10T01:27:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893977 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Dubai_Skyline_on_10_January_2008.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Girgije a kan Dubai a cikin hunturu]] [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]] tana da hamada mai zafi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Geographic Location & Climate |url=https://mediaoffice.ae/general-information/geographic-location-climate |access-date=21 Apr 2024 |website=Dubai Government Media Office}}</ref> yanayin zafi. Dubai tana da yanayi biyu - hunturu da rani. Ruwan sama yana ƙaruwa 'yan shekarun da suka gabata a cikin birni yana tarawa zuwa fiye da {{Convert|130|mm|2}} in) a kowace shekara. == Lokaci == === Lokacin bazara === Lokacin bazara a Dubai yana farawa kusan satin ƙarshe na Afrilu kuma yana ƙarewa kusan satin farko na Oktoba.  Wannan lokacin yana da yanayin zafi sosai, iska mai zafi da zafi mai yawa.  Saboda kusancin birnin da teku, yanayin zafi a Dubai ya dan yi sanyi a lokacin rani idan aka kwatanta da sauran garuruwan yankin Gulf kamar Kuwait City da Riyadh.  Duk da haka, wannan yana nufin birnin yana da zafi mai yawa wanda zai iya sa yanayin ya zama marar kyau a lokacin rani.  Ana samun karancin ruwan sama a cikin watannin bazara, amma yanayin iska yana tabbatar da cewa ana samun [[Guguwa|guguwar]] kura akai-akai.  Tsawa mai karfi, guguwa mai zafi, da guguwar kura ba bakon abu ba ne a cikin birnin a wannan lokacin, wadannan suna tare da iska mai karfi daga arewa maso yamma da kuma yanayin zafi.  Yanayin zafi akai-akai yana wuce 38 °C (100 °F) a wannan lokacin kuma yana faɗi zuwa kusan 26 °C (79 °F) na dare.  Mafi girman zafin jiki da aka rubuta a Dubai shine 50.1 °C (122 °F), wanda ya kai a watan Yuli 2023. <ref name="khaleejtimes.com">{{Cite web |title=UAE temperature crosses 50°C for first time this summer |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/uae-temperatures-cross-50oc-for-first-time-this-summer |access-date=July 20, 2023 |website=Khaleej Times}}</ref> Lokacin hunturu a Dubai yana farawa a cikin makon da ya gabata na Oktoba kuma yana ci gaba har zuwa tsakiyar Afrilu. Yawancin hazo yana faruwa a wannan kakar. hadari mai karfi ba sabon abu ba ne a cikin birni a wannan lokacin, waɗannan suna tare da iska mai karfi na arewa maso yamma da ƙananan yanayin zafi. Matsakaicin lokacin rana a lokacin Janairu, watan da ya fi sanyi, yana kusa da {{Convert|22|C|0}} ° C (72 ° F) tare da saukar dare na {{Convert|12|C|0}} ° C ({{Convert|5|C|0}} ° F). Mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki da aka rubuta a Dubai shine 5 ° C (41 ° F), wanda aka kai a farkon safiya daga 10 zuwa 12 Janairu 2021.<ref name="Report">{{Cite web |title=UAE weather: Temperature dips to below 0°C |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/weather/uae-weather-temperature-dips-to-below-0degc |access-date=2021-01-15 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tasirin mai zafi na birni yana yin tasiri akan Dubai ma, misali a cikin watannin hunturu lokacin da yanayin zafi a kai a kai yana faɗuwa zuwa kusan 15 °C (59 °F) kuma ya ragu a bayan gari da kewayensa, yanayin zafi a Tsakiyar Dubai da wuya ya faɗi ƙasa da 18 °C (64 °F).  Ana iya ganin wannan a fili idan aka kwatanta bayanan yanayi daga filayen jiragen sama guda biyu na birnin - Filin Jirgin Sama na Dubai da Filin Jirgin Sama na Al Maktoum.  A lokacin rani duk da haka, akasin haka ne tare da matsakaicin tsayin da zai kai kusan 43 °C (109 °F) a bayan gari da 38 °C (100 °F) a tsakiyar Dubai == Rarrabawar == {{Schemebox|city=Dubai|source_k=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=49114&cityname=Dubai,+United+Arab+Emirates|title=Dubai, United Arab Emirates Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|website=Weatherbase|access-date=2019-07-02}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MrJiDwAAQBAJ&q=dubai+koppen+bwh&pg=PA168|title=Urban Land Systems: An Ecosystems Perspective|last1=Millington|first1=iAndrew|last2=Nagendra|first2=Harini|last3=Kopecká|first3=Monika|date=2018-07-02|publisher=MDPI|isbn=9783038429173|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/OMDB|title=Dubai International Airport - SKYbrary Aviation Safety|website=www.skybrary.aero|access-date=2019-07-02}}</ref>|initial_k={{KoppenClimate|BWh}}|description_k=Hot [[desert climate]]{{efn|Also called tropical and subtropical [[desert climate]]}}|source_t=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kkh.ltrr.arizona.edu/kkh/climate/trewartha_maps.htm|title=Trewartha maps|website=kkh.ltrr.arizona.edu|access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref>|initial_t={{TrewarthaClimate|BWh}}|description_t=[[Desert climate]]|source_a=<ref>{{Citation|title=Русский: Климатические пояса Земли по Б. П. Алисову.|date=2011-06-16|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alisov%27s_classification_of_climate_ru.jpg|access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref>|initial_a={{n/a}}|description_a=[[Tropical climate]]{{efn|Dry [[tropical climate]]}}|source_s=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.pinimg.com/originals/c5/16/b8/c516b8c463fa99df0da778f768c85965.jpg|title=World Strahler Climate Map}}</ref>|initial_s={{n/a}}|description_s=Dry [[tropical climate]]|source_tw=<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Feddema|first=Johannes J.|date=January 2005|title=A Revised Thornthwaite-Type Global Climate Classification|journal=Physical Geography|language=en|volume=26|issue=6|pages=442–466|doi=10.2747/0272-3646.26.6.442|bibcode=2005PhGeo..26..442F |s2cid=128745497|issn=0272-3646}}</ref>|initial_tw={{center|''E A' ''}}|description_tw=[[Arid]] and [[megathermal]]|source_n=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/geographie/klimaklassifikation/4159|title=Klimaklassifikation|website=www.spektrum.de|language=de|access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klett.de/sixcms/media.php/klett72.a.427.de/upload/klimazonen_neef.jpg|title=Klimazonen nach E. Neef (1989)|publisher=Klett-Perthes}}</ref>|initial_n={{n/a}}|description_n=Dry climate of [[trade winds]]}}{{Weather box}}{{Weather box}} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" ! colspan="14" |Bayanan yanayi na Dubai |- !Wata !Jan !Fabrairu !Tekun !Afrilu !Mayu !Yuni !Yuli !Aug !Satumba !Oktoba !Nuwamba !Disamba ! style="border-left-width:medium" |Shekara |- !Matsakaicin zafin teku ° C (° F) | style="background:#ff8100; color:#000;" |20.8(69.4)<br /> | style="background:#ff9e00; color:#000;" |20.6(69.1)<br /> | style="background:#ff8500; color:#000;" |22.3(72.1)<br /> | style="background:#ff5800; color:#000;" |25.0(77.0)<br /> | style="background:#ff1700; color:#fff;" |28.5(83.3)<br /> | style="background:#f10000; color:#fff;" |30.7(87.2)<br /> | style="background:#e80000; color:#fff;" |32.2(90.0)<br /> | style="background:#e10000; color:#fff;" |32.8(91.0)<br /> | style="background:#e40000; color:#fff;" |31.9(89.4)<br /> | style="background:#f30000; color:#fff;" |29.7(85.5)<br /> | style="background:#ff1b00; color:#fff;" |27.1(80.8)<br /> | style="background:#ff5a00; color:#000;" |23.3(74.0)<br /> | style="background:#f20; color:#fff; border-left-width:medium;" |27.1(80.8)<br /> |- !Matsakaicin UltravioletAlamar Ultraviolet | style="background:#f85900; color:#000;" |6 | style="background:#d8001d; color:#000;" |8 | style="background:#d8001d; color:#000;" |10 | style="background:#6b49c8; color:#000;" |11+ | style="background:#6b49c8; color:#000;" |11+ | style="background:#6b49c8; color:#000;" |11+ | style="background:#6b49c8; color:#000;" |11+ | style="background:#6b49c8; color:#000;" |11+ | style="background:#6b49c8; color:#000;" |11+ | style="background:#d8001d; color:#000;" |8 | style="background:#f85900; color:#000;" |6 | style="background:#f7e400; color:#000;" |5 | style="background:#d8001d; color:#000; border-left-width:medium;" |9.2 |- ! colspan="14" style="background:#F8F9FA;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;" |Tushen #1: seatemperature.org <ref name="Seatemperature">{{Cite web |title=Monthly Dubai water temperature chart |url=http://www.seatemperature.org/middle-east/united-arab-emirates/dubai-december.htm |access-date=20 January 2014 |publisher=Seatemperatures.org}}</ref> |- ! colspan="14" style="background:#F8F9FA;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;" |Tushen #2: Weather Atlas <ref name="Weather Atlas">{{Cite web |title=Dubai, United Arab Emirates – Climate data |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/united-arab-emirates/dubai-climate |access-date=8 March 2017 |publisher=Weather Atlas }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |} == Yanayin yanayi == The climate of Dubai is warm and sunny due to its position near the line of the Tropic of Cancer.<ref name="dubai.com">{{Cite web |date=2013-05-27 |title=Dubai Geography – Information, climate and weather in Dubai |url=http://www.dubai.com/v/geography/ |access-date=2013-06-01 |publisher=Dubai.com}}</ref> During the winter season it has an average daytime temperature of {{Convert|25|C|F}}. Nighttime temperatures near the coastline range between {{Convert|12|C|F}} to {{Convert|15|C|F}}, while in the desert they are {{Convert|5|C|F}} with the nights being relatively cool throughout the year. Near coastal areas humidity averages between 50% and 60%. In the summer, the weather in Dubai is very hot and humid, with temperatures exceeding {{Convert|43|C|F}} mainly in the months of July and August. The sea temperature could also reach {{Convert|37|C|F}}, with humidity averaging over 90%.<ref name="dubai.com" /> Rainfall in Dubai is infrequent and does not last for a long period. It mostly rains during the winter period between November and March in the form of short downpours and an occasional thunderstorm. On average, rain falls only 25 days a year. Fabrairu shine watan da ya fi ruwan sama a Dubai tare da matsakaicin {{Convert|35|mm|in}} in) na ruwan sama.{{Convert|27|C|F}} Yanayi a Dubai ya bushe sosai a watan Yuni tare da kadan ko babu ruwan sama; duk da haka, ruwan sama mai yawa tare da tsawa na iya faɗuwa ba zato ba tsammani a wasu kwanaki a watan Yuni, duk da cewa shi ne watan da ya fi bushewa a Dubai, tare da misali shine Yuni 21, 2019. <ref name="visit-dubai-city.com">{{Cite web |title=Weather in Dubai City – Information on the Weather in Dubai, UAE |url=http://www.visit-dubai-city.com/weather-in-dubai.html |access-date=2013-06-01 |publisher=Visit-dubai-city.com |archive-date=2013-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921214141/http://www.visit-dubai-city.com/weather-in-dubai.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2019 |title=Rain lashes UAE after scorching 49°C temperatures |url=https://www.thenational.ae/uae/environment/rain-lashes-uae-after-scorching-69-c-temperatures-1.877219}}</ref> Maris da Disamba suma sun yi rikodin ruwan sama. Ruwan sama a lokacin Janairu, Afrilu, Yuli, Oktoba da Nuwamba kusan matsakaici ne yayin da adadin ruwan sama a watan Mayu, Agusta da Satumba ya fi ƙasa.<ref name="visit-dubai-city.com" /> Watanni mafi zafi sune Yuli da Agusta tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi wanda ya wuce {{Convert|43|C|F}} ° C (109 ° F). Janairu shine watan da ya fi sanyi tare da saman kusan {{Convert|24|C|F}} ° C (75 ° F) da kuma ƙasa na kusan {{Convert|16|C|F}} ° C (61 ° F). Dubai tana da zafi sosai kuma tana da danshi watanni na Yuli da Agusta, tare da yanayin zafi da ke kusa da {{Convert|45|C|F}} ° C (113 ° F), kuma tare da ƙananan ƙasa da {{Convert|30|C|F}} ° C (86 ° F), yana mai da shi mafi kyawun lokacin ziyartar Dubai. A cikin watanni na Mayu, Yuni, Satumba, da Oktoba, yanayin zafi yana da zafi, amma yana da kyau sosai, tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin {{Convert|41|C|F}} ° C (106 ° F) kuma tare da raguwa na kusan 27 ° C (81 ° F) a matsakaici, yana mai da shi lokaci mai kyau don ziyartar rairayin bakin teku ko tafkin iyo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magnus Hansén |title=All year weather in Dubai |url=http://www.allyearweather.com/dubai.php |access-date=2022-08-09 |publisher=Allyearweather.com |archive-date=2022-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526035914/https://www.allyearweather.com/dubai.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dubai, Dubai - June Weather - Holiday Weather |url=https://www.holiday-weather.com/dubai/averages/june/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Weather in UAE {{pipe}} Winter, Spring, Summer and Autumn |url=https://seawings.ae/weather-in-uae/#:~:text=Summer%20season%20in%20UAE%3A,very%20high%20averaging%20over%2090%25 |access-date=2025-08-03 |archive-date=2024-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302033838/https://seawings.ae/weather-in-uae/#:~:text=Summer%20season%20in%20UAE%3A,very%20high%20averaging%20over%2090%25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Yanayin yanayi ta wata == <section end="weatherbox" />A watan Janairu matsakaicin zafin rana a Dubai yawanci yana kusa da {{Convert|25|C|F}} ° C (77 ° F), tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin kusan {{Convert|16|C|F}} ° C (61 ° F). Matsakaicin ruwan sama shine 10 mm (0.4 inci) na, tare da ruwan sama gabaɗaya yana faɗuwa kwanaki biyu kawai na wata. Yayinda matsakaicin zafin teku a watan Janairu shine {{Convert|22|C|F}} ° C (72 ° F). <ref name="weather2flights.com"/> An kuma san Janairu da samun kwanakin abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba. A ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2008, an rubuta ruwan sama na {{Convert|110|mm|in}} in) a cikin awanni 24.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-01-16 |title=Downpour continues as Dubai receives record rainfall |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/environment/downpour-continues-as-dubai-receives-record-rainfall-1.78027 |access-date=2013-06-01 |website=Gulf News}}</ref>&nbsp; A watan Fabrairu matsakaicin zafin rana a Dubai shine {{Convert|27|C|F}} ° C (81 ° F) tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin yawan zafin dare na {{Convert|17|C|F}} ° C (63 ° F). Matsakaicin ruwan sama shine {{Convert|35|mm|in}} in) a lokacin Fabrairu. Yayinda matsakaicin zafin teku shine {{Convert|22|C|F}} ° C (72 ° F). <ref name="weather2flights.com"/> A watan Maris matsakaicin zafin rana shine {{Convert|30|C|F}} ° C (86 ° F), tare da matsakaicin zafi da zafi. Matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki a watan Maris shine kimanin {{Convert|20|C|F}} ° C (68 ° F). Matsakaicin ruwan sama shine {{Convert|27|mm|in}} in) a lokacin Maris, tare da ruwan sama gabaɗaya yana faɗuwa kwanaki huɗu kawai na watan. Yayinda matsakaicin zafin teku shine {{Convert|23|C|F}} ° C (73 ° F). <ref name="weather2flights.com"/> Hadari mai karfi sau da yawa ya mamaye birnin a wannan watan, wanda ya biyo bayan karuwar yanayin zafi. A watan Afrilu matsakaicin zafin rana shine {{Convert|34|C|F}} ° C (93 ° F), tare da zafi da zafi. Matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki a watan Afrilu shine kimanin {{Convert|23|C|F}} ° C (73 ° F). Matsakaicin ruwan sama shine {{Convert|8|mm|in}} in) tare da ruwan sama gabaɗaya yana faɗuwa kwanaki biyu kawai na wata. Matsakaicin zafin teku a watan Afrilu shine {{Convert|24|C|F}} ° C (75 ° F). <ref name="weather2flights.com"/> A ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 2024, babban ambaliyar ruwa ya faru a Dubai yayin da sama da inci 6.5 (shekaru 2 na ruwan sama) ya fadi a birnin a cikin rana 1 kawai. A watan Mayu matsakaicin zafin rana shine {{Convert|1|mm|in}}" >38 ° C (100 ° F), tare da zafi da zafi sosai. Matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki a watan Mayu shine kimanin {{Convert|26|C|F}} ° C (79 ° F). Matsakaicin ruwan sama shine 1 in) a lokacin Mayu, tare da ruwan sama gabaɗaya yana faɗuwa a rana ɗaya kawai na wata. Matsakaicin zafin teku shine {{Convert|28|C|F}} ° C (82 ° F). <ref name="weather2flights.com"/> A watan Yuni matsakaicin zafin rana shine {{Convert|1|mm|in}}" 40 ° C (104 ° F), tare da zafi da zafi sosai. Matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki a watan Yuni shine kimanin {{Convert|28|C|F}} ° C (82 ° F). Matsakaicin ruwan sama bai kai 1 in) ba a watan Yuni, tare da yiwuwar ruwan sama wanda za'a iya sa ran ya fadi a daya daga cikin kwanakin watan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Video: Rain hits parts of Dubai, Sharjah; weather warning issued |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/weather/video-rain-hits-parts-of-dubai-sharjah-weather-warning-issued}}</ref> Matsakaicin zafin teku a watan Yuni shine {{Convert|31|C|F}} ° C (88 ° F). <ref name="weather2flights.com"/> A watan Yuli matsakaicin zafin rana yana da yawa {{Convert|1|mm|in}}" data-mw='{"parts":[{"templ>43 ° C (109 ° F) tare da matsanancin zafi da zafi. Matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki a watan Yuli shine kimanin {{Convert|31|C|F}} ° C (88 ° F). Matsakaicin ruwan sama yana da kusan 1 in) a watan Yuli, tare da ruwan sama a wasu lokuta yana faɗuwa a daya dag kwanakin watan. Matsakaicin zafin teku a watan Yuli shine {{Convert|32|C|F}} ° C (90 ° F). <ref name="weather2flights.com">{{Cite web |title=Airports – Who flies there? |url=http://www.weather2flights.com/airports/index.php?airport=DXB#weather_october |access-date=2013-06-01 |publisher=Weather2flights.com |archive-date=2014-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812204240/http://www.weather2flights.com/airports/index.php?airport=DXB#weather_october |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hadari mai karfi sau da yawa yana tasowa da sauri a cikin waɗannan watanni na rani kuma ya buge kewayen birnin a yankuna kamar Filin jirgin saman DWC, Al Lisaili, Lahbab, Al Khawaneej, Al Awir da Muhaisnah, musamman a ƙarshen rana. A watan Agusta matsakaicin zafin rana yana da yawa {{Convert|1|mm|in}}"43 ° C (109 ° F), tare da matsanancin zafi da zafi. Matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki a watan Agusta shine kimanin {{Convert|32|C|F}} ° C (90 ° F). Matsakaicin ruwan sama bai kai 1 in) ba a watan Agusta, tare da yiwuwar ruwan sama wanda za'a iya sa ran ya fadi a daya daga cikin kwanakin watan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2019 |title=Here's why UAE was hit by rain and dust storm in summer |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/weather/heres-why-uae-was-hit-by-rain-and-dust-storm-in-summer-1.65969554}}</ref> Matsakaicin zafin teku a watan Agusta shine {{Convert|33|C|F}} ° C (91 ° F). <ref name="weather2flights.com"/> A watan Satumba matsakaicin zafin rana shine {{Convert|39|C|F}} ° C (102 ° F), tare da zafi da zafi sosai. Matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki a watan Satumba shine {{Convert|28|C|F}} ° C (82 ° F). Akwai karancin damar samun ruwan sama a watan Satumba. Matsakaicin zafin teku a watan Satumba shine {{Convert|32|C|F}} ° C (90 ° F). <ref name="weather2flights.com"/> A watan Oktoba matsakaicin zafin rana shine {{Convert|36|C|F}} ° C (97 ° F), tare da zafi da zafi. Matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki a watan Oktoba shine {{Convert|25|C|F}} ° C (77 ° F). Matsakaicin zafin teku a kusa da Filin jirgin saman Dubai a watan Oktoba shine {{Convert|30|C|F}} ° C (86 ° F). <ref name="weather2flights.com"/> A watan Nuwamba matsakaicin zafin rana shine 31 °C (88 °F), tare da matsakaicin zafi da zafi.  Matsakaicin mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki a cikin Nuwamba shine 21 °C (70 °F).  A matsakaita milimita 3 (0.12 in) na ruwan sama na iya faruwa a watan Nuwamba.  Matsakaicin zafin teku a watan Nuwamba shine.<ref name="weather2flights.com"/> A watan Disamba matsakaicin zafin rana shine {{Convert|27|C|F}} ° C (81 ° F), sanyi zuwa dumi tare da zafi mai yawa. Matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki a watan Disamba shine {{Convert|18|C|F}} ° C (64 ° F). Matsakaicin ruwan sama watan shine {{Convert|15|mm|in}} in). Tare da ruwan sama yawanci yana faɗuwa a cikin kwanaki 2 kawai na wata. Matsakaicin zafin teku a watan Disamba shine {{Convert|25|C|F}} ° C (77 ° F). <ref name="weather2flights.com"/> == Sandstorms da matsanancin abubuwan da suka faru == A lokacin rani, wani yanki mai matsin lamba yana tasowa a kan Dubai yana tilasta iska mai karfi ta arewa maso yamma don busawa daga Saudi Arabia. Wadannan iskõki, wanda aka fi sani da Shamal (arewa) a cikin Larabci, sun zama masu saurin gaske kuma ba za a iya hango su ba a lokacin da suka isa Dubai, suna ɗaga yashi na hamada da rage ganuwa. Yankin yashi na iya ɗaukar kwanaki da yawa; sanannun yashi da abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi da suka faru a Dubai a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata sun haɗa da: * Tsakanin 10 ga Yuni da 29 ga Yuni 2024, wani mummunan zafi ya afku a Dubai da sauran sassan UAE tare da zafin da ya kai 46 °C (115 °F) a cikin birnin da kuma 49.4 °C (120.9 °F) a cikin unguwannin bayan gari, maimakon yanayin da aka saba yi na 38 °C (100 °F) a cikin birnin °C (100 °F)  yankunan kewayen wannan zamani.  Kodayake Dubai kuma ta sami 'yan milimita 1.00 (0.04 in) na ruwan sama a farkon safiya tsakanin 18 zuwa 21 ga Yuni, yanayin zafi ya kasance mai dumi a kusan 33 °C (91 °F), wanda yawanci zai kasance 28 °C (82 °F) a ranakun al'ada a watan Yuni.[1]  Irin wannan zafin kuma ya faru a Dubai a cikin Mayu 2025, tsakanin 21 ga Mayu da 26 ga Mayu 2025 tare da birnin ya sake kai 46 ° C (115 °F) da kewayen da ya kai 49.5 °C (121.1 °F), wanda ya mai da shi mafi zafi a watan Mayu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-28 |title=UAE just recorded its hottest May temperature ever — and it's not over yet |url=https://www.timeoutdubai.com/news/uae-record-breaking-temperatures-may#:~:text=On%20Saturday%20May%2024%2C%20temperatures,Dhabi%20on%20Friday%20May%2023. |access-date=2025-05-30}}</ref> * .<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-18 |title=Dubai hit by dangerous 'feels like' temperature of 62C |url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2024/07/18/it-feels-like-62c-in-dubai-why-is-heat-and-humidity-such-a-deadly-combination |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2024, yanayin yanayin 'Dubai' ya tashi zuwa mummunan 62C.[  Hukumomi a Dubai sun ba da gargadi tare da shawarci mazauna da masu yawon bude ido da su dauki matakan riga-kafi dangane da hakan * Hukumomi a Dubai sun ba da gargadi tare da shawarci mazauna yankin da masu yawon bude ido da su dauki matakan riga-kafi dangane da hakan. Tsakanin 1 ga Yuni da 8 ga Yuni 2025, Dubai ta fuskanci yanayi mai sanyi a wannan lokacin tare da iska mai ƙarfi da ke kaiwa zuwa 40 km/h (25 mph) wanda ke kawo zafin rana a waje daga yadda aka saba 41 °C (106 °F) a ranar 2 ga Yuni zuwa matsakaicin 34 °C (93 °F) tare da mafi ƙarancin faɗuwar 4 ° C  (75 °F) a cikin birni zuwa ƙasan 20.4 °C (68.7 °F) a bayan gari ciki har da Margham, abin mamakin yanayin sanyi ya faru a ranar 2 da 3 ga Yuni 2023..<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2025 |title=NCM: Lowest temperature recorded in UAE on Tuesday morning was 18.4°C in Raknah |url=https://en.aletihad.ae/news/uae/4579897/ncm--lowest-temperature-recorded-in-uae-on-tuesday-morning-w |access-date=10 June 2025}} </ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2025 |title=NCM: The lowest temperature recorded over the UAE Saturday morning is 16.4°C in Damtha, Al Ain Region at 5:15am local time |url=https://en.aletihad.ae/news/uae/4580942/ncm--the-lowest-temperature-recorded-over-the-uae-saturday-m |access-date=10 June 2025}} </ref> Hakanan ruwan sama ya faru a wasu yankuna a Dubai tsakanin 6 zuwa 8 ga Yuni 2025, ciki har da Nad al Sheba, Emirates Road bayan City Academic, da Margham, da Hatta, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa wacce ke da ban mamaki na Dubai.  Ruwan sama ya kuma afkawa wasu yankuna a UAE, ciki har da Fujairah;  da Khorfakkan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-06 |title=Eid Al Adha 2025: Rains hit some parts of UAE as residents celebrate start of holiday |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/weather/eid-al-adha-2025-rainfall-june-6?_refresh=true |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-12 |title=Monsoon-loving Indian expats chase rain in UAE desert |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/environment/monsoon-loving-indian-expats-chase-rain-in-uae-desert-2-1.500160959 |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-08 |title=UAE summer: Want to catch hail in June? You can do so right here in the Emirates |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/uae-summer-want-to-catch-hail-in-june-you-can-do-so-right-here-in-the-emirates?_refresh=true |access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> == Bayani == {{Climate chart|Dubai|16|25|40|17|27|35|20|30|26|23|34|20|25|38|5|27|40|3|30|43|4|31|43|3|28|39|2|25|36|5|21|32|25|18|27|30}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] idjwp0i2iz0wwjrpdardng7n7s58aqo 0 110187 894192 791570 2026-08-10T11:18:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Kurdawa]] suna da dogon tarihin nuna bambanci da gwamnatin [[Turkiyya]] ta yi musu.<ref name="Levene">{{Cite journal |last=Levene, Mark |year=1998 |title=Creating a Modern 'Zone of Genocide': The Impact of Nation- and State-Formation on Eastern Anatolia, 1878–1923 |journal=Holocaust and Genocide Studies |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=393–433 |doi=10.1093/hgs/12.3.393 |quote=The persistence of genocide or near-genocidal incidents from the 1890s through the 1990s, committed by Ottoman and successor Turkish and Iraqi states against Armenian, Kurdish, Assyrian, and Pontic Greek communities in Eastern Anatolia, is striking. ... the creation of this 'zone of genocide' in Eastern Anatolia cannot be understood in isolation, but only in light of the role played by the Great Powers in the emergence of a Western-led international system.<p> In the last hundred years, four Eastern Anatolian groups—[[Armenians]], Kurds, [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], and [[Greeks]]—have fallen victim to state-sponsored attempts by the Ottoman authorities or their Turkish or Iraqi successors to eradicate them. Because of space limitations, I have concentrated here on the genocidal sequence affecting Armenians and Kurds only, though my approach would also be pertinent to the Pontic Greek and Assyrian cases.</p>}}</ref> An yi kisan kiyashi a kan Kurdawa tun lokacin da aka kafa Jamhuriyar Turkiyya a shekarar 1923. Daga cikin mafi mahimmanci shine kisan kiyashi da ya faru a lokacin kisan kiyashin Dersim, lokacin da [[Sojan Turkiyya|Sojojin Turkiyya]] suka kashe fararen hula 40,000-70,000 kuma aka tura mutane 11,818 zuwa gudun hijira.<ref name="Radikal">[https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=dersim+massacre&oq=dersim+#d=gs_qabs&t=1726488835520&u=%23p%3DOLZY1UDUOYcJ "Resmi raporlarda Dersim katliamı: 13 bin kişi öldürüldü"], ''[[Radikal]]'', November 19, 2009. {{In lang|tr}}</ref> A cewar McDowall, an kashe mutane 40,000.<ref name="McDowall209">David McDowall, ''A modern history of the Kurds'', I.B.Tauris, 2002, {{ISBN|978-1-85043-416-0}}, p. 209.</ref> Kisan kiyashi na Zilan na 1930 kisan kiyashi ne na mazaunan Kurdawa na Turkiyya a lokacin tawaye na Ararat, wanda aka kashe 5,000 zuwa 47,000 .<ref>Pınar Selek, ''Barışamadık'', İthaki Yayınları, 2004, {{ISBN|978-975-8725-95-3}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=MIEmg86jO5kC&dq=%22Zilan+katliam%22&pg=PA109 p. 109.] {{In lang|tr}}</ref> [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}} An haramta amfani da yaren Kurdawa, tufafi, al'adun gargajiya, da sunaye, kuma yankunan Kurdawa sun kasance a ƙarƙashin dokar soja har zuwa 1946.<ref>H. Hannum, ''Autonomy, Sovereignty, and Self-determination'', 534 pp., University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996, {{ISBN|0-8122-1572-9}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8122-1572-4}} (see page 186).</ref> A cikin ƙoƙari na musanta wanzuwar kabilanci na Kurdawa, gwamnatin Turkiyya ta rarraba Kurdawa a matsayin "Turks na Dutsen" har zuwa shekarun 1980s. Kalmomin "Kurds", "[[Kurdistan]]", da "Kurdish" gwamnatin Turkiyya ta haramta su a hukumance. Bayan juyin mulkin soja na 1980, an haramta yaren Kurdawa a hukumance a rayuwar jama'a da ta sirri. Mutane da yawa da suka yi magana, buga, ko raira waƙa a yaren Kurdawa an kama su kuma an ɗaure su. Amma duk da cewa an ɗaga haramcin yin magana a cikin yaren da ba na Turkiyya ba a cikin shekarata 1991, manufar Kurdawa ita ce a gane ta a matsayin mutane daban-daban fiye da Turkiyya ko kuma a haɗa Kurdawa a matsayin harshen koyarwa, amma sau da yawa ana rarraba wannan a matsayin rabuwa ko goyon bayan Jam'iyyar Ma'aikatan Kurdistan (PKK).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karakoç |first=Ekrem |last2=Sarıgil |first2=Zeki |date=June 2020 |title=Why Religious People Support Ethnic Insurgency? Kurds, Religion and Support for the PKK |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/politics-and-religion/article/abs/why-religious-people-support-ethnic-insurgency-kurds-religion-and-support-for-the-pkk/849D2EF7A64EA895D00714A82D0B3DB0 |journal=Politics and Religion |language=en |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=251 |doi=10.1017/S1755048319000312 |issn=1755-0483 |s2cid=202266557 |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A halin yanzu, ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a yi amfani da yaren Kurdawa a matsayin harshen koyarwa a makarantun masu zaman kansu da na jama'a, duk da haka akwai makarantun da ke ƙin wannan haramcin.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Cizre'de Kürtçe eğitim verilen okulda öğrenciler karne aldı |url=https://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/cizrede-kurtce-egitim-verilen-okulda-ogrenciler-karne-aldi |access-date=2018-04-19 |website=CNN Türk |language=tr}}</ref> Gwamnatin Turkiyya ta zargi wadanda suka bukaci karin 'yancin al'adu da ilimi na Kurdawa daga ta'addanci ko goyon baya ga JaJam'iyyar Ma'aikatan Kurdistan). [13]<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Skutnabb-Kangas |first=Tove |author-link=Tove Skutnabb-Kangas |last2=Fernandes |first2=Desmond |author-link2=Desmond Fernandes |date=2008 |title=Kurds in Turkey and in (Iraqi) Kurdistan: A Comparison of Kurdish Educational Language Policy in Two Situations of Occupation |url=https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1182&context=gsp |journal=Genocide Studies and Prevention |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=45–46 |doi=10.3138/gsp.3.1.43 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A lokacin rikicin Kurdawa-Turkiyya, an sanya takunkumin hana abinci a kauyuka da garuruwan Kurdawa.[1][2] Akwai lokuta da dama da jami'an tsaron Turkiyya suka yi ta korar Kurdawa daga kauyukansu da karfi.[3] An ce an kona kauyuka da dama ko kuma an lalata su.[4][3] A cikin shekarun 1990 zuwa farkon 2000, an hana jam'iyyun siyasa da ke wakiltar muradun Kurdawa.[5] A shekara ta 2013, yarjejeniyar tsagaita bude wuta ta kawo karshen tashe tashen hankula har zuwa watan Yunin 2015, lokacin da aka sake samun tashin hankali tsakanin PKK da gwamnatin Turkiyya kan rikicin Rojava da Islama. An yi ta samun tashe-tashen hankula a kan talakawan Kurdawa kuma an kai hari kan hedkwata da rassan jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party mai rajin kare hakkin Kurdawa.[6] Kotun kare hakkin bil'adama ta Turai da sauran kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa sun yi Allah wadai da Turkiyya kan dubban take hakkin bil'adama a kan Kurdawa.[7][8] [shafi da ake buƙata] Yawancin hukunce-hukuncen suna da alaƙa da aiwatar da kashe-kashen fararen hula,[9]  azabtarwa, [10] ƙaura ta tilastawa,[11] ruguza ƙauyuka,[12] [13] [14] kama ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, [15] da kisan kai da bacewar 'yan jarida, masu fafutuka da 'yan siyasa.[16] == Tambayoyi == === Ilimi === A [[Turkanci|Turkiyya]], kawai harshen koyarwa a cikin tsarin ilimi shine Turkiyya; Ba a yarda da Kurdawa a matsayin harshen farko a cikin tsarin ilimin jama'a ba.<ref name="ETPR">{{Cite web |title=Turkey 2006 Progress Report |url=http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2006/Nov/tr_sec_1390_en.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060409/http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2006/nov/tr_sec_1390_en.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2006-12-28 |publisher=[[European Commission]]}}</ref> Jama'ar Kurdawa na Turkiyya sun daɗe suna neman a haɗa Kurdawa a matsayin harshen koyarwa a makarantun jama'a da kuma batun. An rufe wani gwaji a gudanar da makarantun koyar da yaren Kurdawa masu zaman kansu a shekara ta 2004 saboda yanayin tattalin arziki mara kyau na mutanen yankin. A halin yanzu akwai wasu makarantun masu zaman kansu da ba a san su ba da ilimi a yaren Kurdawa.<ref name=":1"/> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2008 ilimi a cikin Kurdawa doka ce, amma bukatun suna da wuyar cikawa sabili da haka ilimi a cikin Kurdish ba a samun sauƙin isa ba. Sau da yawa ana zargin mutane da tallafawa ta'addanci idan sun yi ƙoƙari su shirya ilimi a cikin yaren Kurdawa.[6]<ref name=":3"/> An ba da izinin yaren Kurdawa a matsayin batun a jami'o'i, amma a zahiri akwai ƙananan darussan majagaba. === Al'adu da yawa da daidaitawa === Saboda yawan Kurdawa a Turkiyya, gwamnatoci masu zuwa sun kalli bayyanar asalin Kurdawa ta hanyar kishin kasa na Turkiyya, a matsayin barazana ga hadin kan Turkiyya. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan zarge-zargen al'adun al'adu yana da alaƙa da cin zarafin tarihin jihar na yaren Kurdawa. An rufe wallafe-wallafen Kurdawa da aka kirkira a cikin shekarun 1960 da shekarar 1970 a karkashin dalilai daban-daban na shari'a. Bayan Juyin mulkin soja na Turkiyya na 1980, an haramta yaren Kurdawa a hukumance a cibiyoyin gwamnati. Dan majalisa na Amurka Bob Filner ya yi magana game da "[[Kisan Al'adu|Kisan kare dangi na al'adu]]", yana jaddada cewa "hanyar rayuwa da aka sani da Kurdawa tana ɓacewa da tsananin tsoro". Mark Levene ya nuna cewa ayyukan daidaitawa ba a iyakance su ga daidaitawa da al'adu ba, kuma abubuwan da suka faru a ƙarshen karni na 19 sun ci gaba har zuwa shekarar 1990.<ref name="Levene"/> Desmond Fernandes da Tove Skutnabb-Kangas sun yi iƙirarin cewa Turkiyya ta kafa shirin [[Kisan kiyashi|kisan kare dangi]] (bisa ga sashe na 2 (a) da 2 (e) na Yarjejeniyar kisan kare kare dangi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya) a kan Kurdawa, wanda ke da niyyar daidaitawa su.<ref name="Skutnabb-kangas2008">{{Cite journal |last=Skutnabb-Kangas |first=Tove |author-link=Tove Skutnabb-Kangas |last2=Fernandes, Desmond |author-link2=Desmond Fernandes |date=April 2008 |title=Kurds in Turkey and in (Iraqi) Kurdistan: a Comparison of Kurdish Educational Language Policy in Two Situations of Occupation |url=https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1182&context=gsp |journal=Genocide Studies and Prevention |volume=3 |pages=43–73 |doi=10.3138/gsp.3.1.43 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Babu wata al'umma ko babbar kungiya da ta amince da ra'ayin kisan kare dangi. Desmond Fernandes, babban malami a Jami'ar De Montfort, ya karya manufofin hukumomin Turkiyya cikin waɗannan rukunoni: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gomidas Institute |url=http://www.gomidas.org/forum/af4kurds.htm |access-date=2021-06-24 |website=www.gomidas.org |archive-date=2020-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022233112/http://www.gomidas.org/forum/af4kurds.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> # Shirin tilasta daidaitawa, wanda ya haɗa da, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, haramta Harshen Kurdawa, da kuma tilasta ƙaura Kurdawa zuwa yankunan da ba na Kurdawa ba na Turkiyya. # Hana duk wata kungiya da ke adawa da rukuni na farko. # Rikicin tashin hankali na duk wani juriya na Kurdawa. === Bayyana al'adu === Tsakanin shekarata 1983 da shekarar 1991, an hana shi yadawa, bugawa da / ko watsawa a cikin kowane harshe ban da [[Turkanci|Turkiyya]], sai dai idan wannan harshe shine harshen farko na hukuma na ƙasar da Turkiyya ke da alaƙar diflomasiyya da ita. Kodayake wannan haramcin ya shafi kowane harshe, yana da tasiri mafi girma a kan yaren Kurdawa, wanda ba shine harshen hukuma na farko na kowace ƙasa ba, duk da cewa ana magana da shi a ko'ina a yankin Kurdawa.<ref name="Article 2932">{{Cite web |date=2003-04-15 |title=Kürtçe yabancı dil mi? |url=http://www.evrensel.net/03/04/15/kose.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927171858/http://www.evrensel.net/03/04/15/kose.html |archive-date=2007-09-27 |access-date=2007-07-08 |website=Evrensel |language=tr}}</ref> A watan Yunin shekarar 2004, gidan talabijin na jama'a na Turkiyya TRT ya fara watsa shirye-shiryen Kurdawa na rabin sa'a, kuma a ranar 8 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2006, Majalisar Rediyo da Talabijin (RTÜK) ta ba da izinin tashoshin talabijin guda biyu (Gün TV da Söz TV) da tashar rediyo guda ɗaya (Medya FM) don samun iyakantaccen sabis a cikin harshen Kurdawa. Wannan dokar ta fara aiki ne a matsayin ƙoƙari na biyan ɗayan bukatun [[Tarayyar Turai]] don zama memba a tattaunawar da ta yi da Turkiyya. Sabuwar ka'idar za ta ba da sa'o'i biyar na watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo na mako-mako da hudu na talabijin. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, kamfanin watsa shirye-shiryen Turkiyya TRT ya ƙaddamar da tashar yaren Kurdawa ta farko: TRT Kurdî . Duk da wadannan gyare-gyare, har yanzu an hana amfani da Kurdawa a cikin jama'a da cibiyoyin gwamnati har zuwa shekaru da yawa da suka gabata. A ranar 14 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2007, Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta yanke shawarar cire Abdullah Demirbaş daga ofishinsa a matsayin zababben magajin gari na gundumar Sur ta Diyarbakır . Sun kuma cire zaɓaɓɓun membobin majalisa. Babban kotun ta amince da shawarar ma'aikatar kuma ta yanke hukuncin cewa "bayar da bayanai game da ayyuka daban-daban na birni kamar al'adu, fasaha, muhalli, tsaftace birni da kiwon lafiya a cikin harsuna ban da Turkiyya ya sabawa Kundin Tsarin Mulki". Wannan ya faru ne duk da gaskiyar cewa bisa ga karamar hukumar da aka ambata a sama, kashi 72% na mutanen gundumar suna amfani da Kurdawa a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun. A wani lamari, magajin garin Diyarbakır, Osman Baydemir, ya fuskanci irin wannan tsarin tambayoyi da hanyoyin shari'a. Shari'arsa tana da alaƙa da amfani da kalmar Kurdawa ''Sersala Mu Pîroz Be'' (Happy New Year) a cikin katunan bikin sabuwar shekara da gari ya bayar. Mai gabatar da kara ya rubuta cewa: "An ƙaddara cewa wanda ake zargi ya yi amfani da hukuncin Kurdawa a cikin katin bikin, 'Sersala We Piroz Be' (Happy New Year). "Ni, a madadin jama'a, ina buƙatar a hukunta shi a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 222/1 na Dokar Shari'a ta Turkiyya". A halin yanzu, an warware waɗannan batutuwan na ɗan lokaci; shafin yanar gizon hukuma na Municipality a yau yana da harsuna uku: Turkiyya, Kurdawa da Ingilishi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Duty Telephone Service |url=http://www.diyarbakir.bel.tr/default.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831202619/http://www.diyarbakir.bel.tr/default.aspx |archive-date=2014-08-31 |access-date=2014-06-24 |publisher=Diyarbakir Buyuksehir Municipality Software and Programming Branch Office}}</ref> === Wakilin siyasa === {| class="wikitable" align="right" |+Jam'iyyun Kurdawa da aka haramta a Turkiyya !Jam'iyyar !Shekarar da aka haramta |- |Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Jama'a (HEP) |1993 |- |Jam'iyyar 'Yanci da Dimokuradiyya (ÖZDEP) |1993 |- |Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya (DEP) |1994 |- |Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a (HADEP) |2003 |- |Jam'iyyar Democrat Society Party (DTP) |2009 |} Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Turkiyya ya haramta kafa jam'iyyun siyasa bisa kabilanci. Mataki na 81 na Dokar Jam'iyyar Siyasa ya bayyana cewa ana ba da izinin amfani da Turkiyya ne kawai a cikin ayyukan siyasa na jam'iyyun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey Law of Political Parties |url=https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/7853/file/Turkey_law_political_parties_1983_am2014_en.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213125817/https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/7853/file/Turkey_law_political_parties_1983_am2014_en.pdf |archive-date=13 December 2019 |access-date=13 December 2019 |website=Legislationonline}}</ref> Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Turkiyya ta rufe jam'iyyun siyasa da yawa na Kurdawa a karkashin uzuri na tallafawa PKK. A shekara ta 2012, an kafa jam'iyyar Democratic Party ta Kurdish Peoples ta hagu kuma jam'iyyar ta ci gaba da aiki, ta sami kujeru 50 a majalisa bayan Zaben Nuwamba 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=YSK |title=Nov. 2015 Election Results |url=http://www.ysk.gov.tr/ysk/content/conn/YSKUCM/path/Contribution%20Folders/SecmenIslemleri/Secimler/2015MVES/96-D.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701112955/http://www.ysk.gov.tr/ysk/content/conn/YSKUCM/path/Contribution%2520Folders/SecmenIslemleri/Secimler/2015MVES/96-D.pdf |archive-date=2019-07-01 |access-date=2018-04-19}}</ref> A Turkiyya, bayan shekara ta 2014, an kafa siyasa kamar Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Kurdistan a Turkiyya (PDK-T), Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Kurdistan (PSK), Jam'iyya ta 'Yanci ta Kurdistan "PAK" da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Kurdistan. Amma, a cikin 2019, Babban Mai gabatar da kara na Kotun Koli ya gabatar da karar rufewa a kan KKP, PAK, PSK da PDK-T saboda suna da kalmar 'Kurdistan' a cikin sunayensu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Closure Case for Parties Which Have 'Kurdistan' in Their Names |url=https://bianet.org/english/politics/205383-closure-case-for-parties-which-have-kurdistan-in-their-names# |access-date=29 January 2021 |publisher=Bianet}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Four Kurdistani parties in Turkey face closure over name |url=https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/18891-Four-Kurdistani-parties-in-Turkey-face-closure-over-name |access-date=29 January 2021 |publisher=Kurdistan24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kürdistan isimli partilerin kapatılması davasına karşı 400 kişilik ortak bildiri |url=https://www.rudaw.net/turkish/kurdistan/140520203 |access-date=29 January 2021 |publisher=Rûdaw}}</ref> === Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu a cikin gida (IDPs) === A cikin shekarun 1980 da shekarar 1990, Turkiyya ta kori yawancin 'yan ƙasa daga yankunan karkara a kudu maso gabashin Anatolia ta hanyar lalata dubban ƙauyuka da amfani da ƙaura ta tilasta.<ref name="hrw-2018-10-23">{{Cite web |title=Turkey: 'Still critical': Introduction |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/turkey0305/3.htm#_Toc97005223 |access-date=2021-08-29 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Gwamnatin Turkiyya ta yi iƙirarin cewa an tilasta ƙaura ne don kare Kurdawa daga ƙungiyar 'yan gwagwarmayar Kurdawa ta Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). Kodayake jami'an tsaro na Turkiyya ba su bambanta mayakan da ke dauke da makamai daga fararen hula da ya kamata su kare ba. A tsakiyar shekarun 1990s, an shafe kauyuka sama da 3,000 daga taswirar kuma bisa ga adadi na hukuma an kori mazauna kauyen Kurdawa 378,335 kuma sun bar marasa gida.<ref name="hrw-2018-10-23" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Displaced and Disregarded |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/turkey/ |access-date=2021-08-29 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/Turkey2.htm |access-date=2021-08-29 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile of Internal Displacement: Turkey |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3bd98d600.html |access-date=2021-08-29 |publisher=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |language=en |via=Refworld}}</ref> === Taswirar === A cikin shekarata 2017, Turkiyya ta haramta kalmomin "[[Kurdistan]]" da "Yankunan Kurdawa". A cikin Shekarar 2018, gwamnati tana da taswirar da aka samar da mai amfani na Kurdistan, wanda ta yi la'akari da "farfaganda ta'addanci", an cire shi daga Google Maps. == Tarihi == Bayan juyin juya halin Young Turk a farkon karni na 20 da kuma furewar kishin kasa na Turkiyya, lalacewa ko daidaitawa da 'yan tsiraru (musamman Armeniyawa, Assuriyawa, Helenawa da [[Kurdawa]]) ya kasance tsari ne mai maimaitawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Levene, Mark |year=1998 |title=Creating a Modern 'Zone of Genocide': The Impact of Nation- and State-Formation on Eastern Anatolia, 1878–1923 |journal=Holocaust and Genocide Studies |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=393–433 |doi=10.1093/hgs/12.3.393 |quote=The persistence of genocide or near-genocidal incidents from the 1890s through the 1990s, committed by Ottoman and successor Turkish and Iraqi states against Armenian, Kurdish, Assyrian, and Pontic Greek communities in Eastern Anatolia, is striking. ... the creation of this "zone of genocide" in Eastern Anatolia cannot be understood in isolation, but only in light of the role played by the Great Powers in the emergence of a Western-led international system.<br /> In the last hundred years, four Eastern Anatolian groups—Armenians, Kurds, Assyrians, and Greeks—have fallen victim to state-sponsored attempts by the Ottoman authorities or their Turkish or Iraqi successors to eradicate them. Because of space limitations, I have concentrated here on the genocidal sequence affecting Armenians and Kurds only, though my approach would also be pertinent to the Pontic Greek and Assyrian cases.}}</ref> Dokar Maido da Turkiyya ta 1934 ta shirya hanya don tilasta zama da sake zama. == Abubuwan da aka zaɓa == === Leyla Zana === A shekara ta 1994, Leyla Zana - wacce, shekaru uku da suka gabata, ita ce mace ta farko ta Kurdawa da aka zaba a majalisar dokokin [[Turkanci|Turkiyya]] - an yanke mata hukuncin shekaru 15 saboda "magana ta rabuwa". A lokacin da aka rantsar da ita a matsayin 'yar majalisa a shekarar 1991, an ruwaito cewa ta bayyana kanta a matsayin Kurdawa. Ta yi rantsuwa da aminci a cikin Turkiyya, kamar yadda doka ta buƙaci, sannan ta kara da ita a cikin Kurdawa, "Na kammala wannan tsari a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba. Zan yi gwagwarmaya don mutanen Kurdawa da Turkiyya su zauna tare a cikin tsarin dimokuradiyya. " <ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-07-25 |title=Racism and the administration of justice |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ACT40/020/2001/en |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> Majalisar ta fashe da ihu na "Separatist", "Terrorist", da kuma "Kashe ta".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-09-11 |title=The ex-Kurdish MP Leyla Zana is not allowed to go abroad |url=https://humanrightshouse.org/articles/the-ex-kurdish-mp-leyla-zana-is-not-allowed-to-go-abroad/ |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=Human Rights House Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008, an yanke mata hukuncin shekaru biyu a kurkuku saboda zargin "yaduwar farfagandar ta'addanci" ta hanyar cewa a cikin jawabin, "Kurdawa suna da shugabannin uku, wato Massoud Barzani, Jalal Talabani da [[Abdullah Öcalan|Abdullah Ocalan]]. " Na ƙarshe shine shugaban kuma wanda ya kafa PKK (Kurdistan Worker's Party). === Akin Birdal === A shekara ta 2000, an daure shugaban Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turkiyya Akin Birdal a karkashin Mataki na 312 saboda jawabin da ya yi kira ga "zaman lafiya da fahimta" tsakanin Kurdawa da Turks. An tilasta masa ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa, saboda Dokar Ƙungiyoyi ta hana mutanen da suka karya wannan da sauran dokoki da yawa daga aiki a matsayin jami'an ƙungiyar. === Kurkuku na Diyarbakır (2006) === Rikicin tashin hankali ya faru a birane da yawa a kudu maso gabas a watan Maris da Afrilun shekarar 2006. Fiye da mutane 550 ne aka tsare su sakamakon wadannan abubuwan, ciki har da yara sama da 200. Kungiyar lauyoyin Diyarbakır ta gabatar da korafe-korafe sama da 70 na rashin kulawa ga hukumomi. An kaddamar da bincike a cikin 39 daga cikin wadannan da'awar. A lokacin abubuwan da suka faru a Diyarbakır, an gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na fursunoni a wuraren da aka tsare su. A cewar rahoton hukumar, "wannan ya saba wa dokoki da sakonni da Ma'aikatar Shari'a da Lafiya suka bayar da kuma 'yancin aikin likita". Har ila yau, hukumar ta yi imanin cewa "sabon tanadi da aka gabatar a watan Yunin shekarar 2006 don gyara dokar yaki da ta'addanci na iya lalata yaki da azabtarwa da rashin kulawa".<ref name="ETPR"/> Hukumar ta kuma jaddada cewa "komawa ga al'ada a kudu maso gabas za a iya cimma ta hanyar bude tattaunawa tare da takwarorinsu na gida".<ref name="ETPR" /> "Ya kamata a bi cikakkiyar dabarun don cimma ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na yankin da kuma kafa yanayi ga mutanen Kurdawa don jin daɗin cikakken haƙƙoƙi da 'yanci. Batutuwan da ake buƙatar magance su sun haɗa da dawowar mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu, diyya ga asarar da wadanda ke fama da ta'addanci, bam da kuma batun masu tsaron ƙauye".<ref name="ETPR" /> === Istanbul haramtacciyar wasan yaren Kurdawa === A watan Oktoban shekarar 2020, gwamnan Istanbul ya haramta wasan kwaikwayo na yaren Kurdawa ''Beru'' jim kadan kafin wasan kwaikwayo na farko a cikin birni. An yi shi shekaru uku da suka gabata a Turkiyya da kuma kasashen waje ba tare da fitowa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karakas |first=Burcu |date=17 October 2020 |title=Turkey bans Kurdish-language play in Istanbul |url=https://www.dw.com/en/turkey-bans-kurdish-language-play-in-istanbul/a-55306289 |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=DW.COM |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Matsayi na yanzu == A shekara ta 2009, mai watsa shirye-shiryen jihar, TRT, ya ƙaddamar da tashar (TRT 6) a cikin yaren Kurdawa. ''Rahoton Ci Gaban Turkiyya na shekarar 2006'' ya jaddada cewa, bisa ga Dokar Jam'iyyun Siyasa, amfani da harsuna ban da Turkiyya ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a rayuwar siyasa. An ga wannan lokacin da Leyla Zana ta yi magana da yaren Kurdish a lokacin da aka rantsar da ita a matsayin 'yar majalisa an kama ta a shekarar 1994 kuma an tuhume ta da cin amana da zama memba a cikin Jam'iyyar Ma'aikatan Kurdistan (PKK). An yanke wa Zana da sauran hukuncin shekaru 15 a kurkuku.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kürkçü |first=Ertugrul |date=Fall 2003 |title=Defiance Under Fire: Leyla Zana: Prisoner of Conscience |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/amnestynow/leyla.html |journal=Amnesty Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060212100408/http://www.amnestyusa.org/amnestynow/leyla.html |archive-date=February 12, 2006 |access-date=2008-09-13}}</ref> Kafin wannan a cikin 1992, 'yan sanda sun kai hari Cibiyar Kurdawa a Istanbul wadanda suka kama mutane biyar kuma suka kwace littattafai kan yaren Kurdawa, adabi, da tarihi.<ref>Baets, Antoon de. ''Censorship of Historical Thought'', p.471. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002. {{ISBN|0-313-31193-5}}.</ref> Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta kammala tun daga shekara ta 2006 cewa "dukan Turkiyya ba su da ci gaba sosai wajen tabbatar da bambancin al'adu da inganta girmamawa da kariya ga 'yan tsiraru daidai da ka'idojin kasa da kasa".<ref name="ETPR"/> Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta kan wariyar launin fata da rashin haƙuri (ECRI) ta ba da rahoton cewa (tun daga watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010): "Amfani da jama'a da jami'an yaren Kurdawa ke yi ya sa su bude ga gurfanar da su, kuma kare jama'a ta hanyar mutanen Kurdawa ko 'yan tsiraru akai-akai yana haifar da gurfanar a karkashin Dokar Laifi. " Daga bayanin shekarar 1994 a Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Duniya: "matar da ta karya Kundin Tsarin Mulki a Turkiyya ya yi adawa da Kurdawa kuma ya ci gaba da yin amfani da shi".<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECRI report on Turkey (4th cycle) |url=http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/ecri/Country-by-country/Turkey/TUR-CBC-IV-2011-005-ENG.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Implementation of the Helsinki Accords Criminalizing Parliamentary Speech in Turkey. Briefing by the International Human Rights Law Group." May 1994. Before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Washington DC. |url=http://csce.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=Files.Download&FileStore_id=189 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624015920/http://csce.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=Files.Download&FileStore_id=189 |archive-date=2012-06-24 |access-date=2018-09-19}}</ref> Hare-hare 128 a kan ofisoshin HDP, jam'iyyar kare hakkin Kurdawa, sun faru a duk faɗin ƙasar. == Dubi kuma == * Ƙin yarda da Kurdawa ta Turkiyya * Tsanantawa ga Kurdawa * Racism in Turkey § Against Kurds * Rashin jin daɗi na Kurdawa == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.khrp.org/ Shirin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Kurdawa] * [http://kurdishrights.org/ Kungiyar 'Yancin Kurdawa] * [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/850840/turkey-ffm-report-2019.pdf Rahoton Ofishin Gida na Burtaniya na 2019 na Ofishin Binciken Gaskiya, Turkiyya: Kurdawa, HDP da PKK] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jkdet7fkf074orlriwwefquuj6mhyv9 0 110229 894188 890645 2026-08-10T10:48:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ana magance haƙƙin ɗan adam a New Zealand a cikin takardu daban-daban waɗanda suka zama kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar. Musamman, manyan dokoki guda biyu da ke kare haƙƙin ɗan adam sune Dokar ''''<nowiki/>'Yancin Dan Adam a New Zealand''' ta 1993 da Dokar' Yancin New Zealand ta 1990. <ref> name="HRC about">{{Cite web |title=What are human rights? |url=https://www.hrc.co.nz/your-rights/human-rights/what-are-human-rights/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402235217/http://www.hrc.co.nz/your-rights/human-rights/what-are-human-rights/ |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=11 August 2011 |publisher=The Human Rights Commission}}</ref> Bugu da kari, New Zealand ta kuma tabbatar da yarjejeniyar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da yawa. Rahoton 'Yancin Dan Adam na 2009 na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya lura cewa gwamnati gabaɗaya tana girmama haƙƙin mutane, amma ta nuna damuwa game da matsayin zamantakewar' 'Yan asalin ƙasar.<ref> name="2009 Human Rights Report">{{Cite web |title=New Zealand |url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eap/136003.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324230732/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eap/136003.htm |archive-date=2010-03-24}}</ref> == Tarihi == An ba da izinin duniya ga mazajen Māori sama da 21 a 1867, kuma an faɗaɗa shi ga mazajen Turai a 1879. <ref name=":1"> name="Māori and the Vote">{{Cite web |title=Māori and the Vote |url=http://www.elections.org.nz/study/education-centre/history/maori-vote.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208154827/http://www.elections.org.nz/study/education-centre/history/maori-vote.html |archive-date=8 February 2013 |access-date=10 August 2011 |publisher=Elections.org.nz}}</ref> A shekara ta 1893, New Zealand ita ce kasa ta farko da ta ba da izinin zaɓe na duniya;<ref name="Byrnes, A, Connors, JF & L Bik 1997 192">{{cite book|last1=Byrnes|first1=A|last2=Connors|first2=JF|first3=L|last3=Bik|title=Advancing the Human Rights of Women: Using International Human Rights Standards in Domestic Litigation|year=1997|publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat|isbn=9780850925159|page=192}}</ref> duk da haka, mata ba su cancanci tsayawa a majalisa ba har zuwa 1919. Wani fasalin tsarin zaɓe na New Zealand shine wani nau'i na wakilci na musamman ga Māori a majalisa. Da farko an yi la'akari da mafita ta wucin gadi a kan halittarta a 1867, wannan tsarin daban ya tsira daga muhawara game da dacewa da tasiri. Masu sukar sun bayyana wakilci na musamman a matsayin nau'in wariyar launin fata.<ref name=":1" /> A shekara ta 1992, lokacin da Royal Commission on the Electoral System ya ba da shawarar soke tsarin daban, wakilci mai karfi daga kungiyoyin Māori ya haifar da tsira.<ref> name="NZ History online">{{Cite web |last=Ministry for Culture and Heritage |title=Change in the 20th century – Maori and the vote |url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/maori-and-the-vote/twentieth-century |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422054923/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/maori-and-the-vote/twentieth-century |archive-date=22 April 2008 |access-date=14 April 2008 |publisher=NZ History online}}</ref> An tattauna haƙƙin ɗan adam a New Zealand a cikin kundin tsarin mulki. Bugu da kari, New Zealand ta kuma tabbatar da yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa da yawa a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]. Rahoton 'Yancin Dan Adam na 2009 na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya lura cewa gwamnati gabaɗaya tana girmama haƙƙin mutane, amma ta nuna damuwa game da matsayin zamantakewar' 'Yan asalin ƙasar.<ref> name="2009 Human Rights Report">{{Cite web |title=New Zealand |url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eap/136003.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324230732/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eap/136003.htm |archive-date=2010-03-24}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009, a karo na farko New Zealand ta shirya wani bita na kasa (UPR) a Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]].<ref> name="Human Rights Commission">{{Cite web |title=NZs National Universal Periodic Review (UPR) Report |url=https://www.hrc.co.nz/your-rights/human-rights/our-work/universal-periodic-review/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403090810/http://www.hrc.co.nz/your-rights/human-rights/our-work/universal-periodic-review/ |archive-date=3 April 2015 |access-date=7 May 2008 |publisher=Human Rights Commission}}</ref> A lokacin wannan tsarin bita na tsara kasashe da yawa sun yaba da rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na New Zealand kuma sun gano cewa fahimtar New Zealand a matsayin al'umma mai adalci da daidaito yana da mahimmanci ga sunanta na duniya. Yankunan da aka umarci al'ummar da su ci gaba sun haɗa da bambance-bambance da Māori suka samu kamar yadda manyan alamun zamantakewa da tattalin arziki suka nuna da kuma girman tashin hankali na iyali da tashin hankali ga mata da yara.<ref> name="Wong">{{Cite web |last=Wong |first=Gilbert |title=NZ makes clear stand for human rights at UN |url=http://www.hrc.co.nz/home/hrc/newsandissues/nzmakesclearstandforhumanrightsatun.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124201953/http://www.hrc.co.nz/home/hrc/newsandissues/nzmakesclearstandforhumanrightsatun.php |archive-date=24 November 2010 |access-date=11 May 2009 |publisher=Human Rights Commission}}</ref> == Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa == [[Fayil:Helen_Clark_and_John_Key-3,_UNDP.jpg|thumb|John Key da Helen Clark a hedikwatar UNDP.]] A shekara ta 2009 New Zealand tana neman matsayi a Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . An janye tayin a watan Maris na wannan shekarar don ba da damar kyakkyawar hanya ga Amurka don lashe kujerar, bayan Shugaban Amurka [[Barack Obama]] ya sauya matsayin kasarsa na baya cewa majalisar ta rasa amincinta. Sa'an nan Ministan Harkokin Waje na New Zealand Murray McCully ya bayyana cewa "Mun yi imanin cewa membobin Amurka na majalisa za su ƙarfafa shi kuma su sa ya zama mafi tasiri... Ta kowane ma'auni, membobin majalisa ta Amurka sun fi haifar da canje-canje masu kyau da sauri fiye da yadda za mu iya sa ran cimma su".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahil Nagpal |first=DPA |title=New Zealand drops Human Rights Council bid, steps aside for US |url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/news/262420,new-zealand-drops-human-rights-council-bid-steps-aside-for-us.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824205520/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/news/262420,new-zealand-drops-human-rights-council-bid-steps-aside-for-us.html |archive-date=24 August 2018 |access-date=25 August 2018 |publisher=Top News}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009, a karo na farko New Zealand ta shirya wani bita na kasa (UPR) a Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a [[Geneva|Geneva, Switzerland]].<ref> name="Human Rights Commission">{{Cite web |title=NZs National Universal Periodic Review (UPR) Report |url=https://www.hrc.co.nz/your-rights/human-rights/our-work/universal-periodic-review/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403090810/http://www.hrc.co.nz/your-rights/human-rights/our-work/universal-periodic-review/ |archive-date=3 April 2015 |access-date=7 May 2008 |publisher=Human Rights Commission}}</ref> A lokacin wannan tsarin bita na tsara kasashe da yawa sun yaba da rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na New Zealand kuma sun gano cewa fahimtar New Zealand a matsayin al'umma mai adalci da daidaito yana da mahimmanci ga sunanta na duniya. Yankunan da aka umarci al'ummar da su ci gaba sun haɗa da bambance-bambance da Māori suka samu kamar yadda manyan alamun zamantakewa da tattalin arziki suka nuna da kuma girman tashin hankali na iyali da tashin hankali ga mata da yara.<ref> name="Wong">{{Cite web |last=Wong |first=Gilbert |title=NZ makes clear stand for human rights at UN |url=http://www.hrc.co.nz/home/hrc/newsandissues/nzmakesclearstandforhumanrightsatun.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124201953/http://www.hrc.co.nz/home/hrc/newsandissues/nzmakesclearstandforhumanrightsatun.php |archive-date=24 November 2010 |access-date=11 May 2009 |publisher=Human Rights Commission}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Yarjejeniya !An sanya hannu !An tabbatar da shi |- |Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci tsakanin launin fata |25 ga Oktoba 1966 |22 ga Nuwamba 1972 |- |Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa |12 ga Nuwamba 1968 |28 Disamba 1978 |- |Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci ga mata |17 ga Yuli 1980 |10 Janairu 1985 |- |[[Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara]] |1 ga Oktoba 1990 |6 ga Afrilu 1993 |- |Yarjejeniya game da azabtarwa da sauran mummunan hali ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa |14 Janairu 1986 |10 Disamba 1989 |- |[[Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu]] |12 ga Nuwamba 1968 |28 Disamba 1978 |- |[[Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin masu lalura ta musamman|Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Mutanen da ke da nakasa]] |30 Maris 2007 |25 Satumba 2008 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities – New Zealand Ministry of Justice |url=https://www.justice.govt.nz/justice-sector-policy/constitutional-issues-and-human-rights/human-rights/international-human-rights/crpd/ |website=www.justice.govt.nz}}</ref> |} == Tsarin shari'a == Tsarin shari'a yana ɗaukar tsarin [[Sarauta|mulkin mallaka]] na dimokuradiyya na wakilai. Ba tare da kundin Tsarin mulki guda ɗaya ba, an aiwatar da takardun [[Tsarin majalisa|majalisa]] daban-daban kamar Dokar Tsarin Mulki ta 1986, Dokar Aikace-aikacen Dokokin Masarauta ta 1988, Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta New Zealand ta 1990 da Dokar 'Yanci ta Dan Adam ta 1993 don rufe irin waɗannan yankuna. Hakkin dan adam a New Zealand ba a taɓa kare shi da wani takarda ko doka na tsarin mulki ba, kuma babu wata hukuma da ke da alhakin tilasta shi. Saboda wajibai na haƙƙin ɗan adam na New Zealand ba su da tushe kuma suna cikin dokar al'ada, Majalisar na iya yin watsi da su idan ta zaɓi. [[Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (New Zealand)|Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam]] ta gano wannan tsari na kundin tsarin mulki a matsayin yankin da ke buƙatar aiki don gano damar da za a ba da babbar tasiri ga kariya ta haƙƙin ɗan adam.<ref name="Human Rights Review 2010">{{citation|title=Human Rights in New Zealand 2010|publisher=Human Rights Commission}}</ref> === Rahotanni na Sashe na 7 === Sashe na 7 na Dokar 'Yancin Kasuwanci yana buƙatar Babban Lauyan ya jawo hankalin Majalisar game da gabatar da duk wani Dokar da ba ta dace da Dokar ba. Ma'aikatar Shari'a, wacce ke shirya wannan shawara ga Babban Lauyan, tana buƙatar akalla makonni biyu don sake duba dokar. Ga jerin takardun kudi da Babban Lauyan ya ruwaito kamar yadda ba su dace da Dokar 'Yancin New Zealand ba 1990. === Ra'ayoyi daban-daban === Rahoton 2009 na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya lura cewa, "doka ta samar da shari'a mai zaman kanta, kuma gwamnati gabaɗaya tana girmama 'yancin shari'a a aikace".[t]<ref> name="2009 Human Rights Report">{{Cite web |title=New Zealand |url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eap/136003.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324230732/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eap/136003.htm |archive-date=2010-03-24}}</ref> A cikin 'yan shekarun nan an nuna damuwa cewa New Zealand ba ta yin aiki sosai game da haƙƙin ɗan adam kamar yadda ta kasance. Wani binciken da aka fitar a shekarar 2015, Fault Lines: Human Rights in New Zealand ya ce [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|dokar kare hakkin dan adam]] ta New Zealand - Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam da Dokar 'YanYancin Dan adam - "sun kasance matsala kuma ba su hana wucewar wasu dokoki ba, wanda ke keta haƙƙin".<ref>[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11426982 New Zealand's human rights performance slipping], New Zealand Herald, 2 April 2015</ref> == 'Yancin Jama'a == === 'Yanci na magana === Hakkin [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin magana]] ba a kare shi a bayyane ta hanyar doka ta kowa a New Zealand ba amma an haɗa shi da koyarwa da yawa da nufin kare' yancin magana.<ref>Andrew Butler and [[Petra Butler]] The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act: a commentary (LexisNexis NZ Ltd, Wellington, 2005) at 305</ref> Jarida mai zaman kanta, ingantaccen shari'a, da tsarin siyasa na dimokuradiyya suna haɗuwa don tabbatar da 'yancin magana da na' yan jarida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Zealand |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41654.htm}}</ref> Musamman, an adana 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a sashi na 14 na Dokar 'Yancin New Zealand ta 1990 (BORA) wanda ya bayyana cewa:<blockquote>"Kowane mutum yana da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, gami da' yancin neman, karɓa, da kuma ba da bayanai da ra'ayoyi na kowane nau'i a kowane nau'in".</blockquote>Wannan tanadin ya nuna cikakkun bayanai a cikin Mataki na 19 na ICCPR. Kotunan New Zealand sun jaddada muhimmancin wannan haƙƙin da muhimmancinsa ga dimokuradiyya. An bayyana shi a matsayin hakki na farko wanda ba tare da [[Dokokin doka|mulkin doka]] ba zai iya aiki yadda ya kamata ba. Dama ba kawai shine tushe na dimokuradiyya ba; yana kuma tabbatar da cikawa da kansa ga membobinta ta hanyar inganta ilimi da bayyana gaskiya.<ref>R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Simms [2000] 2 AC 115 at p125</ref> Saboda haka, an ba da cikakken fassarar haƙƙin. Kotun daukaka kara ta ce sashi na 14 "yana da faɗi kamar tunanin ɗan adam da tunanin mutum".<ref>Moonen v Film and Literature Board of Review [2000] 2 NZLR 9 para 15</ref> 'Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki ya ƙunshi' yancin magana, 'yancin yada labarai, watsawa da karɓar ra'ayoyi da bayanai,' yancin faɗar magana a cikin fasaha, da haƙƙin yin shiru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NZ Human Rights – Human Rights Commission |url=http://www.hrc.co.nz/report/chapters/chapter08/expression01.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329054301/http://www.hrc.co.nz/report/chapters/chapter08/expression01.html |archive-date=2012-03-29 |access-date=2011-09-11 |website=www.hrc.co.nz}}</ref> Hakkin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ya kai ga haƙƙin neman damar yin amfani da bayanan hukuma. An bayar da wannan a cikin Dokar Bayanai ta hukuma ta 1982. ==== Iyakoki ==== Akwai iyakoki a kan wannan haƙƙin, kamar yadda yake tare da duk sauran haƙƙoƙin da ke cikin BORA.<blockquote>Ba zai kasance a cikin amfanin al'umma don ba da damar 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ya zama lasisi ba tare da la'akari da yin watsi da ko rage wasu hakkoki da' yanci ba.<ref>Tipping J in Hosking v Runting [2005] 1 NZLR 1</ref></blockquote> * girmama hakkoki da sunayen wasu; da * kare tsaron kasa, tsarin jama'a, ko lafiyar jama'a da ɗabi'a. An haramta maganganun ƙiyayya a New Zealand a ƙarƙashin Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1993 a ƙarƙashin sashe na 61 da 131. Wadannan sassan suna ba da tasiri ga labarin 20 na ICCPR. Wadannan sassan da wadanda suka riga su ba a yi amfani da su ba.<ref name="hrc.co.nz">{{Cite web |title=Hate expression |url=http://www.hrc.co.nz/report/chapters/chapter08/expression02.html#hat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516123832/http://www.hrc.co.nz/report/chapters/chapter08/expression02.html#hat |archive-date=2012-05-16 |access-date=2011-09-11}}</ref> Suna buƙatar yardar Babban Lauyan don gurfanar da su. Karfafawa ga rashin jituwa tsakanin launin fata ya kasance laifi ne tun lokacin da aka kafa Dokar Dangantaka ta Kasa ta 1971. Gunaguni game da rashin jituwa na launin fata sau da yawa ya shafi maganganun da aka yi a fili game da dangantakar Māori-Pākehā da shige da fice, da kuma maganganun 'yan siyasa ko wasu jama'a game da al'ummomin 'yan tsiraru.<ref name="hrc.co.nz" /> Rashin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|mutunci]] a baya ya kasance laifi ne a New Zealand a karkashin Dokar Laifuka ta 1961 amma tun daga lokacin an soke shi a karkashin [http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2019/0004/latest/LMS22750.html Dokar Kwaskwarimar Laifuka ta 2019]. ==== 'Yanci na kafofin watsa labarai ==== An kuma amince da 'yancin kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin muhimmiyar ka'idar dimokuradiyya. New Zealand ta kasance a matsayi na takwas a kan Press Freedom Index 2010 kuma akwai karfi na shari'a, jama'a da kafofin watsa labarai inda aka keta wannan haƙƙin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Human Rights in New Zealand |url=http://www.hrc.co.nz/hrc_new/hrc/cms/files/documents/Human_Rights_Review_2010_Full.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707184724/http://www.hrc.co.nz/hrc_new/hrc/cms/files/documents/Human_Rights_Review_2010_Full.pdf |archive-date=7 July 2011 |access-date=11 September 2011}}</ref> Sashe na 68 na Dokar Shaida ta 2006 ya ba da ƙwarewar dama ga 'yan jarida waɗanda ke son kare asalin tushen su. Kotun daukaka kara ta kuma sanya jagororin ga 'yan sanda yayin binciken wuraren kafofin watsa labarai don dalilai na tilasta bin doka, don su kasance masu kariya.<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>"Dokar New Zealand dole ne ta amince da cewa a lokuta inda fara aikata laifuka mai yiwuwa Kotun tana da ikon da za ta hana haɗarin raina Kotun ta hanyar ba da umarni. Amma ba za a tsoma baki da 'yancin' yan jarida da sauran kafofin watsa labarai ba kuma dole ne a nuna cewa akwai ainihin yiwuwar buga kayan da za su nuna bambanci da adalci na shari'ar".</blockquote> === Hakkin yin shari'a mai kyau === An bayyana shari'ar adalci a New Zealand a matsayin " sauraron kotu wanda ke da tsari kawai ga bangarorin biyu"; duk yana kunshe da kowane ɗan ƙasa a New Zealand, kuma yana da mahimmanci a cikin aikin tsarin adalci. Yankin da wannan haƙƙin farar hula da na laifi ya fi tasiri a cikin hanyoyin aikata laifuka, duk da haka har yanzu yana da tasiri sosai a wasu fannoni na dokar New Zealand, kamar dokar gudanarwa (saboda amfani da Dokar Shari'a). Wannan muhimmin dama ya kasance a aikace tun daga farkon New Zealand saboda ci gaba da Dokar Ingilishi a lokacin mulkin mallaka, kuma ya ci gaba da bunkasa cikin shekaru tare da al'ummar duniya. ==== Magna Carta ==== Ana ganin Magna Carta (1215) a matsayin daya daga cikin kayan aikin da suka gabata don bayyana a sarari haƙƙin shari'a mai kyau ga dukan 'yanci. Ya dace da dokar New Zealand saboda an jera shi a cikin Dokar Aikace-aikacen Dokokin Imperial na 1988, wanda ke ba da damar wasu Dokokin Ingilishi su zama doka. Muhimmin sashi shine Sashe na 39: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Treasures in full: Magna Carta |url=http://www.bl.uk/treasures/magnacarta/translation/mc_trans.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922140335/http://www.bl.uk/treasures/magnacarta/translation/mc_trans.html |archive-date=22 September 2014 |access-date=6 May 2014 |website=www.bl.uk}}</ref> An gano cewa ya shirya hanyar shari'a ta juriya, daidaito a gaban doka, habeas corpus da kuma haramtacciyar ɗaurin kurkuku; duk haƙƙoƙin da ke cikin inuwa na haƙƙin shari'a mai adalci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fair Trial from a UK perspective |url=http://www.findlaw.co.uk/law/government/constitutional_law/fundamental_rights/500299.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506080727/http://www.findlaw.co.uk/law/government/constitutional_law/fundamental_rights/500299.html |archive-date=2014-05-06 |access-date=2014-05-06}}</ref> ==== Dokar Shari'a ==== Dokar doka, da aka samu a cikin kowace al'umma ta dimokuradiyya ciki har da New Zealand, ita ce ainihin ikon da doka ke da shi a kan kowane ɗan ƙasa, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu ba. An bayyana shi a matsayin rukunan da ke riƙe da doka sama da dukkan 'yan ƙasa daidai, har ma da jami'an gwamnati suna da alhakin kotunan shari'a na yau da kullun. ==== Alkawari na kasa da kasa da New Zealand ta amince da su ==== Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa ita ce babbar yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa wacce ke ba da damar yin shari'a mai kyau. Mataki na 14 (1) ya ce:<blockquote>"Dukan mutane za su kasance daidai a gaban kotuna da kotuna. A cikin ƙaddamar da duk wani laifi da ake tuhuma a kansa, ko kuma hakkokinsa da wajibai a cikin karar doka, kowa zai sami damar sauraron adalci da jama'a ta hanyar kotun da ta dace, mai zaman kanta da rashin son kai da doka ta kafa. 'Yan jarida da jama'ana za a cire su daga duk ko wani ɓangare na shari'a saboda dalilai na ɗabi'a, tsarin jama'a ko tsaron kasa a cikin al'umma na dimokuradiyya, ko kuma lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi ya zama abin da shi, ko kuma idan shari'a na masu zaman kansu na shari'ar jama'a za su saukaka kara ya zama dole a cikin shari'a ta kasance a cikin shari-harin shari'a a cikin shari"</blockquote>New Zealand ta kuma yi alkawarin tabbatar da Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) da kuma tallafawa kokarin Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam (OHCHR), kuma ta kafa Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (Te Kahui Tangata) don tabbatar da wannan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights – New Zealand and the United Nations – NZHistory, New Zealand history online |url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/universal-declaration-of-human-rights |website=www.nzhistory.net.nz}}</ref> ===== Dokar 'Yancin New Zealand ta 1990 ===== An yi tunanin cewa New Zealand ta zartar da Dokar 'Yancin Kai don cika wajibai ga Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (ICCPR), a matsayin jam'iyya ta jihar, sashi na 25 na wannan Dokar yana da mahimmanci ya sake maimaita Mataki na 14 na ICCPR.<blockquote>"Sashe na 25 Mafi ƙarancin Hanyar Laifi Kowane wanda ake tuhuma da laifi yana da, dangane da ƙaddamar da tuhumar, mafi ƙarancin haƙƙoƙi masu zuwa: (a) haƙƙin yin sauraro da sauraro na jama'a ta hanyar kotu mai zaman kanta da rashin son kai: (b) haƙƙin da za a yi a yi masa shari'a ba tare da jinkiri ba: (c) haƙƙin zama marar laifi har sai an tilasta masa zama shaida ko ya zama mai laifi a kan shari'a: (a da aka yanke hukunci) don samun hukunci mai girma: haƙƙin da aka yankewa ga shari'a don samun hukunci: haƙƙin neman hukunci na shari'a ga shari'ar da aka yanke masa hukunci:</blockquote> ===== Dokar Shari'a ta 2011 ===== Kodayake Dokar Shari'a ta 2011 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Criminal Procedure Act 2011 No 81 (as at 01 July 2018), Public Act Contents – New Zealand Legislation |url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2011/0081/latest/DLM3359962.html |website=www.legislation.govt.nz}}</ref> da farko ba ta tsara haƙƙin shari'a mai adalci ba, duk da haka ana iya ganin cewa haƙƙin shariʼa mai adalci shine babban dalilin da ke bayan wasu ayyuka. Tebur mai zuwa ya lissafa wasu sassan, inda haƙƙin shari'a mai kyau yana da mahimmanci ga kotuna suyi la'akari. {| class="wikitable" !Sashe !Abinda ke ciki !Haɗin zuwa Shari'a Mai Kyau |- |s18 |Kotun ta ba da umarnin ƙarin bayani. |Dole ne kotun ta gamsu da cewa ya zama dole don shari'a mai adalci. |- |s197 |Ikon share kotun. |Don a wanke kotun dole ne kotun ta gamsu da cewa akwai "gaskiya hadarin nuna bambanci ga shari'ar adalci". |- |s200 |Cire asalin wanda ake tuhuma. |Don hana asalin wanda ake tuhuma ya faru, dole ne kotun ta gamsu da cewa wallafa sunan zai "haɓaka ainihin haɗarin nuna bambanci ga shari'ar adalci". |- |s202 |Cire asalin duk wani shaidu, wadanda abin ya shafa, da kuma mutanen da ke da alaƙa. |Kotun na iya yin hakan ne kawai idan kotun ta gamsu cewa wallafa ainihin asalin zai iya "haɓaka ainihin haɗarin nuna bambanci ga shari'ar adalci". |- |s205 |Cire shaidu da gabatarwar. |Cirewa na iya faruwa ne kawai lokacin da kotun ta gamsu cewa littafin zai "haɓaka ainihin haɗarin nuna bambanci ga shari'a mai adalci". |- |s232 |Daukaka kara |Dole ne a karɓi roko lokacin da aka yi wani rashin adalci, wanda zai iya haɗawa da sakamakon da ake gani a matsayin shari'ar rashin adalci. |} ==== Hakkin yin shari'a mai kyau da kafofin watsa labarai ==== Baya ga iyakokin sashe na 4, 5 da 6 na Dokar 'Yancin, da kuma kundin tsarin mulkin New Zealand "marasa rubuce-rubuce", wasu hakkoki na iya hana haƙƙin zuwa shari'a mai adalci inda haƙƙin ɗaya zai iya mamaye wani. Misali mafi kyau shine dangantakar da ke tsakanin 'yancin magana da haƙƙin shari'a mai kyau. Wadannan hakkoki biyu koyaushe suna rikici, saboda yanayin kafofin watsa labarai. A New Zealand, akwai mai da hankali kan gano daidaituwa tsakanin bambancin hakkoki; kotuna suna mai da hankali ga daidaituwa tsakanin haƙƙin mutum ɗaya da na wani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crown Law Office "Contempt and the Media: Constitutional Safeguard or State Censorship" (1 January 1998) |url=http://www.crownlaw.govt.nz/uploads/Contempt.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802065239/http://www.crownlaw.govt.nz/uploads/Contempt.pdf |archive-date=2014-08-02 |access-date=2014-05-06}}</ref> Kodayake babu wani abu da ke bayyana matsayi na haƙƙoƙi, kotun a zahiri tana da ikon iyakance haƙƙin ɗaya don tabbatar da wani. A New Zealand akwai cikakken fahimtar muhimmancin 'yancin magana. Koyaya, an gan shi a lokuta da yawa, kotun ta tabbatar da haƙƙin shari'a mai kyau game da 'yancin magana ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai. An ce a yayin rikici, idan duk sauran abubuwa sun yi daidai tsakanin hakkoki biyu, haƙƙin shari'a mai adalci ya kamata ya ci nasara. Koyaya an yi jayayya cewa ya kamata a ba da haƙuri mafi girma ga 'yancin magana lokacin da batun ya haɗa da wani abu na "sha'awar jama'a mai yawa". Gabaɗaya, 'yancin' yan jarida da na magana ba haƙƙin da za a tsoma baki ba ne, kuma lokacin da tsangwama ta faru dole ne a gan shi a matsayin iyakancewa mai kyau, amma kuma, idan bugawa ta faru game da shari'ar, nuna bambanci mai tsanani zai taso. === 'Yanci na addini === An tattauna 'yancin addini musamman a cikin Dokar 'Yancin New Zealand ta 1990, kuma gwamnati ta girmama wannan a aikace.<ref name="2009 Human Rights Report">{{Cite web |title=New Zealand |url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eap/136003.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324230732/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eap/136003.htm |archive-date=2010-03-24}}</ref> === 'Yancin siyasa === New Zealand dimokuradiyya ce ta majalisa, kuma saboda haka tana samun haƙƙoƙin da ke da alaƙa da irin wannan tsarin. Hakkin dimokuradiyya ya haɗa da haƙƙin zaɓe, haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa su shiga (kai tsaye ko a kaikaice) a cikin gwamnati, da haƙƙin samun daidaito ga hidimar jama'a. Akwai aikin da ke tattare da shi na zama ɗan ƙasa mai alhakin, ko kuma kasancewa a shirye ya taka rawar mutum a cikin al'amuran jama'a da kuma mutunta haƙƙoƙi da 'yanci na wasu. Wadannan hakkoki suna ba da damar shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a da siyasa idan aka yi la'akari da su tare.<ref name="HRC report human rights today">{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Commission of New Zealand 'Human Rights in New Zealand today' |url=http://www.hrc.co.nz/report/chapters/chapter06/democratic01.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108080905/http://www.hrc.co.nz/report/chapters/chapter06/democratic01.html |archive-date=2012-01-08 |access-date=2011-09-11}}</ref> ==== Tsarin Mulki ==== Hakkin siyasa da na dimokuradiyya ana nufin za a tabbatar da su ta hanyar Kundin Tsarin Mulki na New Zealand. Ɗaya daga cikin tushen da yawa da suka hada da kundin tsarin mulki shine Dokar 'Yancin New Zealand ta 1990. Wannan dokar ita ce bangare na farko na kundin tsarin mulkin New Zealand don komawa musamman ga Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (ICCPR) tare da haƙƙin da ke ciki. Tare da Dokar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta New Zealand ta 1993, waɗannan dokoki guda biyu sun zama tushen kariya ga Kare Hakkin dan Adam a New Zealand. Ba a haɗa su kai tsaye cikin tsarin shari'a ba, duk da haka yawancin haƙƙoƙin da ke cikin ICCPR an sake su a cikin Dokar 'Yancin 1990. Wadannan sun hada da haƙƙin zaɓe a ƙarƙashin sashi na 12, da kuma 'yancin tarayya a ƙarƙashin sashe na 17.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 No 109 (as at 01 July 2013), Public Act Contents – New Zealand Legislation |url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1990/0109/latest/DLM224792.html |website=www.legislation.govt.nz}}</ref> Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1993 ta kuma shafi rashin nuna bambanci bisa ga ra'ayi na siyasa a karkashin sashi na 21.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Act 1993 No 82 (as at 28 September 2017), Public Act 21 Prohibited grounds of discrimination – New Zealand Legislation |url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1993/0082/latest/DLM304475.html |website=www.legislation.govt.nz}}</ref> An nuna damuwa cewa saboda yanayin kundin tsarin mulkin New Zealand, da rashin cikakken haɗin kai cikin tsarin shari'a, ba a kare haƙƙoƙi a ƙarƙashin ICCPR ba.[1] Dokar 'Yancin Kasuwanci ta 1990 ba doka ce mai ƙarfi ba, kuma wannan yana nufin cewa za a iya soke shi ta hanyar rinjaye mai sauƙi a cikin majalisa. Abinda ya saba da wannan damuwa shi ne cewa haƙƙoƙi suna cikin kundin tsarin mulkin New Zealand ba tare da la'akari ba; duk da haka gano su ne ɓangaren da ke da wahala. ==== 'Yancin Zabe ==== Hakkin zabe sun hada da 'yancin jefa kuri'a a cikin' yan majalisa, da kuma' yancin yin takara a majalisar wakilai. Ana yin wannan ta hanyar kuri'a ta sirri, kuma akwai 'yancin jefa kuri'a na duniya, tare da' yancin jefa kuriʼa da aka ba maza da mata masu shekaru 18 da sama waɗanda suke' yan ƙasar New Zealand ko mazauna dindindin. 'Yancin haɗuwa yana bawa mutane damar haɗuwa da wasu mutane a cikin ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke bayyanawa, ingantawa, bi da kuma kare bukatun kowa gaba ɗaya. Dokar Zabe ta 1993 ma tana da mahimmanci saboda tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan takardun' 'kundin Tsarin Mulki' da ke ƙunshe da tanadi Wadannan suna kula da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a da girman masu jefa kuri'u waɗanda ke wakiltar 'mutane'. A cikin mahallin New Zealand, tabbatar da tanadi yana daya daga cikin hanyoyin da suka fi tasiri don kare haƙƙoƙi, saboda babu yiwuwar cikakken kariya saboda koyarwar Masarautar Majalisar. Koyaya tanadi na karfafawa zai bayyana don nuna niyyar kare haƙƙoƙi. Sashe na 6 na Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ya ba da fassarar shari'a don tallafawa bukatun kare haƙƙin, wanda ke bawa alƙalai damar fassara game da tanadi a wasu dokoki waɗanda zasu iya bayyana don hana haƙƙin ɗan adam. Wannan da kansa yana da adawa, tare da muhawara cewa ba da damar irin wannan tanadi ya wanzu yana lalata koyarwar Masarautar Majalisar Dokoki kuma yana shafar haƙƙin siyasa na 'yan ƙasa yayin da ya ba da damar alƙalai marasa zaɓaɓɓu da waɗanda ba su wakilci ba su fassara haƙƙoƙin da suka dace. Za a yi barazanar kare hakkin dan adam a karkashin Universal Declaration of Human Rights a karkashin wannan zargi, kamar yadda wadanda zasu iya samun lauyoyi masu kyau za su kasance da fa'ida mafi girma. Ko wannan gaskiya ne a aikace ba a tabbatar da shi ba, duk da haka yana daya daga cikin manyan batutuwan adawa da Dokar 'Yancin Kai kafin a fara shi ==== Yanayin New Zealand ==== ICCPR kuma ya ƙunshi maganganu game da duk mutanen da ke da haƙƙin ƙaddamar da kansu. Wani bangare na wannan haƙƙin [[Ƙaddamar da kai]] shine haƙƙin ƙayyade matsayin siyasa kyauta. Ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya sun yarda cewa haƙƙin dimokuradiyya da na siyasa suna buƙatar kariya ga wasu haƙƙoƙi da 'yanci, gami da haƙƙin adalci, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, haƙƙin taron zaman lafiya da' yancin haɗuwa da ke cikin ICCPR. Dole ne a ji daɗi ba tare da nuna bambanci ba. An bayyana wannan a cikin ICCPR (kazalika da Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna bambanci ga mata) (CEDAW) da Yarjejeniya kan kawar da nuna bambanci na launin fata (CERD). Dukansu CEDAW da CERD suna ba da takamaiman cewa Jiha ya kamata ta dauki matakai don tabbatar da daidaito na wakilci da shiga mata, da kuma dukkan kabilun da kabilun, a cikin matakai da cibiyoyin siyasa (Mataki na 7 na CEDAU da Mataki na 5c na CERD). <ref name="HRC report human rights today"/> New Zealand ta nuna tsarin da ake kiyaye wadannan hakkokin siyasa. Daidaitaccen yiwuwar wakilci ya wanzu ga kowane ɗan ƙasa, ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ko launin fata ba. A wannan bangaren, tsarin haƙƙin dimokuradiyya a ƙarƙashin ICCPR (da sauran tarurrukan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya) an cika shi tare da mata da kungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru da ke iya jefa kuri'a, kuma a zabe su a majalisar. Misali, New Zealand tana da 'yan majalisa mata, da kuma wadanda ke cikin Māori, Pacific Islander, Asiya, 'yan luwadi da' yan tsiraru Musulmi. Ana ci gaba da kare haƙƙin siyasa na Māori ta hanyar ba wa mutanen Māori zaɓi don kasancewa a kan Janar ko jerin zaɓe na Māori, da kuma samun kujerun da aka tanada a cikin Majalisar Wakilai. Wannan tsari a bi da bi yana tsara yawan masu jefa kuri'a na Māori, Janar masu jefa kuriʼa kuma ta haka ne jerin kujerun jam'iyya a karkashin tsarin zaɓe na wakilci na wakilci. Ana kuma ba 'yan ƙasa ƙarin damar shiga cikin tsarin da kuma aiwatar da wasu' yancin dimokuradiyya ta hanyar 'yan ƙasa da aka fara raba gardama' (ko Shirin ɗan ƙasa). Koyaya waɗannan ba su da ɗaure a Majalisar kuma saboda haka ba lallai bane su sami babban tasiri. Duk da haka yana ba da taimako kan ra'ayin jama'a ga masu tsara manufofi, kuma ana iya la'akari da sakamakon yayin tsara Bills a matakai daban-daban.<ref name="HRC report human rights today"/> Har ila yau, ana kare haƙƙin siyasa da na dimokuradiyya a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Waitangi, ɗaya daga cikin takardun kafa na New Zealand da kuma tushen doka a ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulkin da ba a rubuta ba. Mataki na 1 na Yarjejeniyar ya ƙaddamar da haƙƙin yin mulki a New Zealand a matsayin tushen [[Tsarin Westminster]] na gwamnati. Hakkin Māori na gudanar da al'amuran su inda ya cancanta ya bayyana ta Mataki na 2, kuma yadda duk 'yan New Zealand ke da wakilci a cikin cibiyoyin Jiha, kuma wanda' yan New Zealand ke shiga cikin matakai na siyasa kamar jefa kuri'a an rufe shi da Mataki na 3.<ref name="HRC report human rights today"/> ==== Tsarin kare haƙƙin siyasa ==== An yi zargi, a tsawon shekaru, game da wannan "kundin Tsarin Mulki da ba a rubuta shi ba" da kuma ƙarfafawa mai yawa daga al'ummomin duniya don canza wannan. Binciken Lokaci na Duniya na 2009 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitutional issues & human rights – New Zealand Ministry of Justice |url=http://www.justice.govt.nz/policy/constitutional-law-and-human-rights/human-rights/international-human-rights-instruments/universal-periodic-review/upr-documents-relating-to-new-zealand-1%7CThe |website=www.justice.govt.nz }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> a kan New Zealand, ta hanyar Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam, kyakkyawar alama ce ta wannan. A cikin wannan bita an nuna damuwa cewa, saboda kundin tsarin mulki, ba a kafa shi ba, babu kariya mai mahimmanci ga haƙƙin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitutional issues & human rights – New Zealand Ministry of Justice |url=http://www.justice.govt.nz/policy/constitutional-law-and-human-rights/human-rights/international-human-rights-instruments/universal-periodic-review/upr-documents-relating-to-new-zealand-1/first-report-2009/NZ_UPR_National_Report_2009.pdf |website=www.justice.govt.nz |access-date=2025-08-03 |archive-date=2013-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213151614/http://www.justice.govt.nz/policy/constitutional-law-and-human-rights/human-rights/international-human-rights-instruments/universal-periodic-review/upr-documents-relating-to-new-zealand-1/first-report-2009/NZ_UPR_National_Report_2009.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin bita jihohi da yawa sun nuna damuwarsu game da rashin kariya ga haƙƙin ɗan adam, saboda tsarin tsarin mulki; an ga dukkan jihohi suna ba da shawarar New Zealand ta ɗauki matakai zuwa ga tsarin mulki, sabili da haka sun kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam. Baya ga waɗannan batutuwan da aka kawo, al'ummar duniya gaba ɗaya sun yaba da aikin New Zealand na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, kamar adadin tabbatarwa da aka kammala da kuma aikin tare da mutanen Māori. Akwai ƙananan motsi zuwa tsarin mulki mai ƙarfi da rubuce-rubuce a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata. "Tattaunawa ta Tsarin Mulki" <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Constitution Conversation – He kaupapa nui te kaupapa ture |url=http://www.ourconstitution.org.nz/ |website=www.ourconstitution.org.nz |access-date=2025-08-03 |archive-date=2025-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250814043026/http://www.ourconstitution.org.nz/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> a cikin 2013, wani taron kasa da kasa, wani zaɓi ne wanda ya yi la'akari da abin da ya kamata a yi, yayin da yake la'akari le ra'ayoyin jama'a.<ref name="Beetham, D. 2002">Beetham, D. (2002). Democracy and human rights: Contrast and convergence. Seminar on the Interdependence between Democracy and Human Rights, Conference papers. Geneva: Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights</ref> Babu wani abu da ya fito daga wannan. Akwai ra'ayi cewa ba tambaya ce game da "idan" ba amma game da "lokacin" canjin zai faru, yayin da New Zealand ke ci gaba da bunkasa a cikin asalin kansa. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Hakkokin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu == Dokar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta New Zealand ta shekarar 1990 tana mai da hankali ne musamman kan kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na siyasa da na zamantakewa.<ref name="Reclaiming Economic 1993">Paul Hunt "Reclaiming Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1993) 1 Waikato L Rev 141."</ref> A shekarar 1988, Kwamitin Zaɓe na Majalisa kan Shari’a da Sauya Dokoki (Justice and Law Reform Select Committee) ya ba da shawarar a haɗa haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al’adu (ESCR) cikin dokar ta 1990,<ref>''Final Report of the Justice and Law Reform Committee on a White Paper on a Bill of Rights for New Zealand'' (1988) 1.8C, 3.</ref> amma Gwamnati ta ƙi amincewa da hakan.<ref name="Reclaiming Economic 1993" /> A halin yanzu, ana ɗaukar cewa ESCR ba su da damar shari’a a cikin New Zealand domin suna shafar manufofi da rabon albarkatu, abubuwan da Gwamnati da Majalisar Dokoki ne kawai ke da hurumin yanke hukunci a kansu.<ref>See for example the New Zealand High Court decision of ''Lawson v Housing New Zealand'' [1997] 2 NZLR 474.</ref> Duk da haka, wasu ɓangarorin haƙƙin ESCR ana kare su ta wasu dokokin cikin gida.<ref name="Including Economic 2012">Joss Opie "A Case for Including Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990" (2012) 43 VUWLR 471 at 482.</ref> New Zealand ba ta rattaba hannu kan [[Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]].<ref name="justice.govt.nz">{{cite web |title=Constitutional issues & human rights – New Zealand Ministry of Justice |url=http://www.justice.govt.nz/policy/constitutional-law-and-human-rights/human-rights/international-human-rights-instruments/international-human-rights-instruments-1/international-covenant-on-economic-social-and-cultural-rights/international-covenant-on-economic-social-and-cultural-rights |website=www.justice.govt.nz |access-date=2026-06-30 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081344/http://www.justice.govt.nz/policy/constitutional-law-and-human-rights/human-rights/international-human-rights-instruments/international-human-rights-instruments-1/international-covenant-on-economic-social-and-cultural-rights/international-covenant-on-economic-social-and-cultural-rights |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Haƙƙin samun isasshen yanayin rayuwa == Dubi gabaɗaya: Haƙƙin madaidaicin matsayin rayuwa Haƙƙin samun isasshen ma'aunin rayuwa ya ƙunshi wasu ESCR, kamar haƙƙin abinci, ruwa da gidaje. == Manazarta == 8oh3zm3f2xx5awm2wl7qjhx53j49tgz 0 110310 894185 891287 2026-08-10T10:39:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Hakkin ''dan adam a'' [[Jamus]] yana jin daɗin babban matakin kariya, a cikin ka'idar da kuma aiki, kuma an tsarkake su a cikin Grundgesetz. Kasar ta tabbatar da mafi yawan yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa da kasa. Rahotanni daga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kamar [[Amnesty International]] sun tabbatar da babban matakin bin haƙƙin ɗan adam, yayin da wasu, kamar mai bincike Tobias Singelnstein, suka nuna batutuwa da yawa, musamman zalunci na 'yan sanda <ref>{{Cite web |last=Prof. Dr. Tobias Singelnstein |date=n.d. |title=Strafverfahren gegen Polizisten wegen Körperverletzung im Amt |url=https://strafrecht-online.org/stuff/tacheles-polizeigewalt.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623183641/http://strafrecht-online.org/stuff/tacheles-polizeigewalt.pdf |archive-date=2016-06-23 |access-date=2018-08-12}}</ref> da kuma cin zarafin [[Ƴan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]]. Rahoton Freedom in the World na 2008 wanda aka ba da kuɗin Freedom House na Amurka ya ba Jamus maki "1" (mafi kyawun yiwuwar) don haƙƙin siyasa da [[Ƴancin Jama'a|'Yancin jama'a]]. == Dokar == Tsarin mulkin Jamus, Grundgesetz, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 23 ga Mayu, 1949, ya mai da hankali kan haƙƙin ɗan adam. Maganarsa ta farko, "Gwamnatin Dan Adam ba za a iya keta ta ba", ana fassara ta azaman kare jimlar haƙƙin ɗan adam. Wannan sakin layi yana karewa da "ma'anar har abada" kuma ba za a iya canza shi ba. Yana da tasiri mai yawa a kan aikin shari'a; alal misali, an yi amfani da shi don tabbatar da haƙƙin ƙuduri na Bayanai a cikin binciken 1983 na Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Tarayya ta Jamus. Koyaya, biyo bayan abubuwan da suka faru daga Jamhuriyar Weimar, Jamus tana ganin kanta a matsayin wehrhafte Demokratie (''Dimokuradiyya'' mai ƙarfi); ayyukan da aka yi niyya don cire tsarin dimokuradiyya ba a rufe su da haƙƙin ɗan adam ba. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya tabbatar da dukkan hakkoki daga Universal Declaration of Human Rights (wanda kansa ba shi da doka), ban da haƙƙin da ba a iyakance shi ba don mafaka. Tabbatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam]] ta ba da damar' yan ƙasa su daukaka kara ga Kotun Turai ta 'Yancin dan Adam. An kafa aikin soja na tilas ga maza a shekarar 1956. A kowane lokaci, masu adawa da lamiri na iya zaɓar yin ''Zivildienst'' (aikin farar hula) a maimakon haka. A lokacin ayyukan biyu, an dakatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam da yawa kamar [['Yanci na motsi|'yancin motsi]]. Tun daga 1 ga Yulin 2011, gwamnati ba ta da ikon yin amfani da haƙƙin a ƙarƙashin wannan labarin, wato, aikin soja a halin yanzu na son rai ne a Jamus. Koyaya, babu wani shiri na soke dokokin da ke ba da izinin aikin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2010 |title=Kabinettsbeschluss: Wehrpflicht wird zum 1. Juli 2011 ausgesetzt |url=http://www.rp-online.de/wirtschaft/unternehmen/wehrpflicht-wird-zum-1-juli-2011-ausgesetzt-aid-1.481249 |publisher=[[Rheinische Post|RP Online]] |language=de}}</ref> == Yarjejeniya == {| class="wikitable" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" |'''Babban Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNTC |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/Treaties.aspx?id=4&subid=A&lang=en |access-date=10 January 2018 |website=Treaties.un.org}}</ref> |'''Kasancewar Jamus''' |'''Babban yarjejeniyar CoE'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=CoE human rights treaties |url=http://www.conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeTraites.asp?MA=44&TI=&LO=999&AO=&AV=&CM=2&CL=ENG |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219111636/http://www.conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeTraites.asp?MA=44&TI=&LO=999&AO=&AV=&CM=2&CL=ENG |archive-date=19 February 2012 |access-date=10 January 2018 |website=BConventions.coe.int}}</ref> |'''Kasancewar Jamus''' |- |Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci tsakanin launin fata |An tabbatar da shi a shekarar 1969 |[[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam]] |An tabbatar da shi a 1952 |- |Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa |An tabbatar da shi a 1973 |Yarjejeniya 1 (ECHR) |An tabbatar da shi a shekara ta 1957 |- |Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Farko (ICCPR) |Shigarwa a 1993 |Yarjejeniya ta 4 (ECHR) |An tabbatar da shi a shekarar 1968 |- |Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu (ICCPR) |An tabbatar da shi a shekarar 1992 |Yarjejeniya ta 6 (ECHR) |An tabbatar da shi a shekarar 1989 |- |[[Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu]] |An tabbatar da shi a 1973 |Yarjejeniya ta 7 (ECHR) |An sanya hannu a cikin 1985 |- |Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci ga mata |An tabbatar da shi a shekarar 1985 |Yarjejeniya ta 12 (ECHR) |An sanya hannu a cikin 2000 |- |Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka (CEDAW) |An tabbatar da shi a shekara ta 2002 |Yarjejeniya ta 13 (ECHR) |An tabbatar da shi a shekara ta 2004 |- |Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa |An tabbatar da shi a cikin 1990 |Yarjejeniyar Jama'a ta Turai |An tabbatar da shi a shekarar 1965 |- |Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka (CAT) |An tabbatar da shi a cikin 2008 |Ƙarin Yarjejeniyar 1988 (ESC) |An sanya hannu a cikin 1988 |- |[[Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara]] |An tabbatar da shi a shekarar 1992 |Ƙarin Yarjejeniyar 1995 (ESC) |''Ba a sanya hannu ba'' |- |Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka game da Shigawar Yara a cikin Rikicin Makamai (CRC) |An tabbatar da shi a shekara ta 2004 |Yarjejeniyar Jama'a ta Turai da aka sake fasalin |An sanya hannu a cikin 2007 |- |Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka game da sayar da yara, karuwanci na yara da hotunan batsa na yara (CRC) |An tabbatar da shi a cikin 2009 |Yarjejeniyar Turai don Rigakafin azabtarwa da Rashin Mutum ko Rashin Girma ko Hukunci |An tabbatar da shi a cikin 1990 |- |[[Kariyar Ma'aikata Matafiya|Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkin Dukkanin Ma'aikatan Mutanen da ke ƙaura da Iyalansu]] |''Ba a sanya hannu ba'' |Yarjejeniyar Turai don Yankin ko Harsunan Ƙananan |An tabbatar da shi a cikin 1998 |- |[[Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin masu lalura ta musamman|Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Mutanen da ke da nakasa]] |An tabbatar da shi a cikin 2009 |Yarjejeniyar Tsarin don Kare Ƙananan Ƙasa |An tabbatar da shi a cikin 1997 |- |Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka (CRPD) |An tabbatar da shi a cikin 2009 |Yarjejeniyar kan Aiki game da Cin Hanci da Mutane |An sanya hannu a shekara ta 2005 |- |Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Cin Hanci da Rashawa |An sanya hannu a cikin 2014 |Kayan yaki da cin hanci da rashawa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya |An sanya hannu a shekara ta 2003 |- |} Jamus kuma memba ce ta Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . Ya amince da ikon [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya]]. == Rahotanni == Rahotanni na [[Amnesty International]] na 2005 da 2006 galibi suna sukar - kodayake ba su da yawa kuma galibi ana azabtar da su sosai - wasu shari'o'in zalunci na 'yan sanda, cin zarafin [[Ƴan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]], da hare-haren [[wariyar launin fata]]. Rahoton Freedom in the World na 2008 wanda aka ba da kuɗin Freedom House na Amurka ya ba Jamus maki "1" (mafi kyawun yiwuwar) don haƙƙin siyasa da [[Ƴancin Jama'a|'Yancin jama'a]]. == Batutuwa == === Kulawa === Dole ne [[Alkali|Alƙali]] ya ba da umarni. Yawancin lokaci, ba za a iya tsare wanda ake zargi ba fiye da watanni shida ba tare da yanke masa hukunci ba. An soke hukuncin kisa. Kotun na iya ba da umarnin cewa a tsare mutum har abada ko da bayan an kammala hukuncin, idan an yanke wa mutumin hukunci na manyan laifuka kuma an hukunta shi, bayan shaidar gwani, don zama haɗari ga jama'a (''Sicherungsverwahrung''). [[C.I.A|CIA]] ta sace ɗan ƙasar Jamus Khalid El-Masri a shekara ta 2005 kuma ta tsare shi ba tare da shari'a ba har tsawon watanni, kodayake ba shi da laifi. An sanar da leken asirin Jamus da wuri game da wannan, amma ba su yi komai ba, wanda ke ƙarƙashin muhawara mai tsanani na siyasa. === 'Yanci na magana === Tsarin mulki ya tabbatar da 'yancin magana. Koyaya, ''Volksverhetzung'' (ta da mutane) laifi ne, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin yada ƙiyayya ko zagi ga wani ɓangare na jama'a. A cikin 1994, an kara sakin layi wanda ya haramta musanta laifuffukan Nazi. === 'Yanci na taro === Taron jama'a na sararin samaniya yana buƙatar (yawanci) sanarwar da ta gabata ga hukumomin gida, amma babu izini. Hukumomi na iya hana tarurruka ne kawai saboda damuwa game da lafiyar jama'a ko kuma shigar da kungiyoyin da aka haramta. === 'Yanci na' yan jarida === An kafa 'yancin' yan jarida sosai a Jamus; 2009 Press Freedom Index of Reporters Without Borders ya kimanta Jamus a wuri 18 na kasashe 175. Mafi shahararren abin da ya shafi ƙuntatawar 'yan jarida kyauta shine abin kunya na Spiegel na 1962, lokacin da Ministan Tsaro Franz Josef Strauß ya ba da umarnin kama' yan jarida da yawa ba bisa ka'ida ba bayan wani labarin da ke zarginsa da cin hanci. Wannan abin kunya ya haifar da korar Strauß daga ofishin kuma ya lalata sunan Chancellor Konrad Adenauer sosai. A shekara ta 2005, ministan cikin gida Otto Schily ya ba da izinin kai hari kan ofisoshin jaridar Cicero, wanda aka soki shi a matsayin hari kan 'yancin' yan jarida daga wani bangare na' yan jaridar Jamus. Harin ya dogara ne akan zargin da aka yi na ɓoye asirin jihar. Koyaya, a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 2007, Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Tarayya ta yanke hukuncin cewa zargin cewa ɗan jarida yana taimakawa wajen cin amanar asirin jihar bai isa ya tabbatar da bincike ba, don haka harin ba bisa ka'ida ba ne. An yi la'akari da binciken a matsayin karfafa 'yancin' yan jarida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ein Fehler ist aufgetreten: Die gesuchte Seite ist leider nicht verfügbar (Fehlernummer 404) &#124; tagesschau.de |url=https://www.tagesschau.de/aktuell/meldungen/0,1185,OID6460308_NAV_REF1,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414045713/https://www.tagesschau.de/aktuell/meldungen/0,1185,OID6460308_NAV_REF1,00.html |archive-date=2020-04-14 |access-date=2017-08-31}}</ref> Wani abin kunya game da leken asiri kan 'yan jarida ta hanyar hukumar sirri ta ''Bundesnachrichtendienst'', wanda ya fara a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2006, ba a share shi ba tukuna. === Rikicin 'yan sanda === Musamman saboda abubuwan da suka faru ta hanyar mulkin Nazi, siyasar Jamus da mutane suna mai da hankali sosai ga ikon da hanyar aiki na 'yan sanda. A cikin Jamus amfani da bindigogi - har ma da 'yan sanda - an tsara shi sosai kuma akwai (idan aka kwatanta da wasu ƙasashe) kawai 'yan lokuta kaɗan na harbe-harbe da' yan sanda ke harba a kowace shekara.<ref>Christoph Gusy: ''Polizeirecht''. ⁷2009, {{ISBN|978-3-16-148921-1}}</ref> Koyaya, akwai wasu abubuwan da suka faru a cikin shekarun da suka gabata: A ranar 5 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2009 wani mutum ya mutu a asibiti bayan ya fada cikin kwatsam yayin da yake hannun 'yan sanda a Hagen a ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairu inda aka ɗaure shi fuska da fuska. Ofishin mai gabatar da kara ya dakatar da bincikensa kuma ya gano cewa ƙarfin da 'yan sanda suka yi amfani da shi ya dace, duk da cewa tun daga shekara ta 2000, an horar da jami'an' yan sanda don kada su hana mutum fuska saboda haɗarin asphyxia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Germany &#124; Amnesty International Report 2009 |url=http://report2009.amnesty.org/en/regions/europe-central-asia/germany |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902125828/http://report2009.amnesty.org/en/regions/europe-central-asia/germany |archive-date=2009-09-02 |access-date=2009-11-24}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2008, kotun yankin Dessau ta wanke jami'an 'yan sanda biyu da kashe Oury Jalloh sakamakon sakaci. Oury Jalloh ya mutu a shekara ta 2005 lokacin da gobara ta tashi a cikin tantaninsa, inda aka hana shi zuwa gado. A cikin dalilan da ya yi na baki don yanke hukunci, kotun ta bayyana rashin shaidar a matsayin dalilin da ya sa aka wanke shi, kuma ta soki shaidun mafi yawan jami'an 'yan sanda wadanda suka kasance shaidu a cikin shari'ar kotu. A ranar 13 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2012, kotun yankin Magdeburg ta soke hukuncin da aka yi a baya, kuma ta yanke hukunci kan kisan kai. Wani zargi na baya na cutar jiki tare da mummunan sakamako ya bar shi ta hanyar masu gabatar da kara saboda rashin shaidar. Kotun ta yanke wa jami'in da ake tuhuma hukuncin tarar Yuro 10,800, wanda ya wuce rokon Yuro 6,300 da masu gabatar da kara suka yi. === Tortura === Babu rahotanni game da amfani da azabtarwa a cikin tsari a [[Jamus]]. Koyaya, akwai wasu abubuwan da suka faru. A shekara ta 2002, mataimakin shugaban 'yan sanda na Frankfurt Wolfgang Daschner ya umarci wani jami'in da ke karkashinsa ya yi barazanar yin amfani da karfi don samun bayanin inda wanda aka sace yake (an kashe wanda aka sace ba da daɗewa ba bayan sace shi, amma wanda ake zargin ya shaida wa 'yan sanda cewa yaron yana raye, kuma Daschner ya yanke shawarar karya dokar da yaron ya yi don ceton rayuwarsa).  Wannan ya jawo cece-kuce kan halaccin irin wadannan matakan.  An yanke wa Daschner hukuncin zuwa mafi ƙarancin hukunci mai yuwuwa na tara.  Daschner da jami'in da ke ƙarƙashinsa sun ci gaba da aiki. In a trial against terror suspect Mounir El Motassadeq, a court used evidence provided by US authorities, despite widespread evidence of torture in US detainment camps.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2012}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The conviction was rejected in appeal due to lack of evidence. In January 2007 he was condemned for 15 years in detention.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2012}} Masu gwagwarmayar Psychiatric Survivor sun ba da rahoton sau da yawa cewa ba su da mutunci, sun cika ka'idojin kuma suna fuskantar su a matsayin azabtarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Psychiatrische Zwangsbehandlung ist Folter |url=http://www.bpe-online.de/verband/vorstandsmitteilungen/Psychiatrische%20Zwangsbehandlung%20ist%20Folter%20mit%20Prof.%20Simon.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324200609/http://bpe-online.de/verband/vorstandsmitteilungen/Psychiatrische%20Zwangsbehandlung%20ist%20Folter%20mit%20Prof.%20Simon.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2016 |access-date=10 January 2018 |website=Bpe-online.de}}</ref> A cikin 2011 da 2012, Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Tarayyar Jamus da Kotun Shari'a ta Tarayya sun bayyana cewa ba a taɓa samun isasshen tushen doka don tilastawa ba kamar yadda aka yi har zuwa lokacin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bundesverfassungsgericht - Presse - Verfassungsbeschwerde eines im Maßregelvollzug Untergebrachten gegen medizinische Zwangsbehandlung in einem weiteren Fall erfolgreich - auch baden-württembergische gesetzliche Regelung verfassungswidrig |url=http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/pressemitteilungen/bvg11-063.html |access-date=10 January 2018 |website=Bundesverfassungsgericht.de}}</ref> A karkashin zanga-zangar masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam wadanda masanin ilimin zamantakewa Farfesa Wolf-Dieter Narr ya goyi bayan su, Gwamnatin Jamus da kuma gwamnatocin jihohin tarayya sun fara aiki don saurin halatta magani ba tare da son rai ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Massaker an Grundrechten geplant: Demobericht Justizministerkonferenz |url=http://www.zwangspsychiatrie.de/2012/11/massaker-an-grundrechten-geplant-demobericht-justizministerkonferenz/ |access-date=10 January 2018 |website=Zwangspsycjiatrie.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=» Demo gegen Zwangspsychiatrie auf dem SPD Landesparteitag 2012 in Wiesloch Meinungsverbrechen.de |url=http://www.meinungsverbrechen.de/?p=323 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314024358/https://meinungsverbrechen.de/?p=323 |archive-date=14 March 2022 |access-date=10 January 2018 |website=Meinungsverbrechen.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Renneberg |first=Dr. Verena |title=SPD und Koalition stimmen für Zwangsbehandlungen |url=http://www.bundestag.de/dokumente/textarchiv/2013/42502841_kw03_de_zwangsbehandlung/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203012351/http://www.bundestag.de/dokumente/textarchiv/2013/42502841_kw03_de_zwangsbehandlung/ |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=10 January 2018 |website=Bundestag.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ärzteblatt |first=Deutscher Ärzteverlag GmbH, Redaktion Deutsches |date=17 May 2013 |title=Deutsches Ärzteblatt: Baden-Württemberg: Konsens über neue Regeln für Zwangsbehandlung in der Psychiatrie |url=http://www.aerzteblatt.de/nachrichten/54451/Baden-Wuerttemberg-Konsens-ueber-neue-Regeln-fuer-Zwangsbehandlung-in-der-Psychiatrie |access-date=10 January 2018 |website=Aerzteblatt.de}}</ref> A lokacin da aka kafa na farko daga cikin wadannan dokoki, Rapporteur na Musamman kan azabtarwa ko wasu mummunan, rashin mutunci ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa na Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Juan E. Méndez, ya ba da rahoton ayyukan zamba a cikin saitunan kiwon lafiya a duk duniya da kuma manufofin da ke inganta waɗannan ayyukan. Ya bayyana cewa: "duka wannan umarni da hukumomin yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun tabbatar da cewa magani ba tare da son rai ba da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi ilimin hauka a wuraren kiwon lafiya sune nau'o'in azabtarwa da rashin kulawa" kuma cewa "yana da mahimmanci cewa cikakkiyar haramtacciyar haramtacciya a kan duk matakan tilasta da wadanda ba a yarda da su ba, gami da hanawa da kuma tsare-tsare na mutane da ke da nakasa ta hankali ko ta hankali, ya kamata su yi amfani da su".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Méndez |first=Juan E. |title=Report on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment |publisher=OHCHR}}</ref> === Kulawa === Jam'iyyu da dama, irin su na hannun dama na "National Democratic Party of Germany" (NPD) da kuma tsarin gurguzu na jam'iyyar Hagu, suna karkashin kulawar Verfassungsschutz ("Ofishin Kare Tsarin Mulki na Tarayya"). An soki amfani da masu sanar da 'yan sanda a wasu lokuta a matsayin wuce gona da iri [ana maganar hujja]. An yi watsi da wani yunkuri na yiwa NPD lakabin haramtacciyar kungiya, saboda ya bayyana cewa yawancin ayyukan NPD da gaske Verfassungsschutz ne ke sarrafa su.[1] Baya ga jam'iyyu, gwamnatin Jamus ta sanya cocin Scientology da membobinta a Jamus karkashin kulawar Verfassungsschutz tun 1997 bisa zargin da ake yi na soke oda bisa Grundgesetz na Jamus. Duba kuma: Kimiyyar Kimiyya a Jamus. == Jama'a masu rauni == === Ƙananan yara da iyaye na ƙasashen waje === 'Yan tsiraru na kabilanci ba su da wakilci a cikin tsarin siyasa da rayuwar jama'a, musamman ma aikin gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Githu Muigai |title=Report of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/racism/rapporteur/docs/A_HRC_14_43_Add.2.pdf |access-date=10 January 2018 |website=2.ohchr.org}}</ref> Akwai wasu lokuta na hare-hare kan 'yan tsiraru a kasar ta kungiyoyin dama, kodayake Jamus - musamman saboda abubuwan da suka gabata - tana mai da hankali sosai kan haƙuri da haɗin kai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Australia: Refugee Review Tribunal |date=17 November 2010 |title=Germany |url=https://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416012746/http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=AUS_RRT&type=&coi=DEU&rid=&docid=4d761c562&skip=0 |archive-date=16 April 2013 |access-date=21 August 2021 |website=Refworld |publisher=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees}}</ref> A cikin 2010 Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta ba da rahoton cewa " tashin hankali na masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na dama da cin zarafin 'yan tsiraru da baƙi matsaloli ne".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Germany |url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eur/136033.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315151402/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eur/136033.htm |archive-date=2010-03-15 |website=2009 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices |publisher=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor – U.S. State Department}}</ref> === Cinikin mutane ===   An sami karuwar wayar da kan jama'a game da fataucin mutane a matsayin batun haƙƙin ɗan adam a Turai (duba babban labarin: fataucin ɗan adam). Ƙarshen kwaminisanci da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet da Yugoslavia sun ba da gudummawa ga karuwar fataucin mutane, tare da yawancin wadanda abin ya shafa mata ne da aka tilasta wa karuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trafficking in human beings |url=http://www.coe.int/T/E/Com/Files/Themes/trafficking/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040307062424/http://www.coe.int/T/E/Com/Files/Themes/trafficking/ |archive-date=2004-03-07 |access-date=2015-03-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2004 |title=A modern slave's brutal odyssey |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3979725.stm |website=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Jamus ƙasa ce mai wucewa da makoma ga mutane, da farko mata, waɗanda aka yi fataucin su galibi daga Tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai da kuma daga Afirka don manufar cin zarafin jima'i. Rasha kadai ta kai kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na wadanda aka gano 1,235 da aka ruwaito a shekara ta 2003, shekarar da ke da kididdigar. A karo na farko, kididdigar Jamus ta haɗa da 'yan ƙasar Jamus waɗanda suka ƙidaya 127.<ref>{{Cite web |title=V. Country Narratives -- Countries A through G |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2005/46613.htm |access-date=10 January 2018 |website=State.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Germany - Coalition Against Trafficking of Women |url=http://www.catwinternational.org/factbook/Germany.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070125132809/http://www.catwinternational.org/factbook/Germany.php |archive-date=2007-01-25 |access-date=2007-05-21}}</ref> === Hakkin LGBT ===   'Hakkokin 'yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, bisexual da transgender (LGBT) a Jamus sun samo asali sosai a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. Tun daga ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2017, Jamus ta halalta auren jinsi, wanda ke ba da haƙƙi iri ɗaya kamar yadda ma'auratan ke samu. Ɗaukar mataki na jinsi ɗaya kuma ya kasance doka tun shekara ta 2005 kuma an faɗaɗa shi a cikin 2013 don ba da damar wani da ke da alaƙa da jima'i ya ɗauki yaron da abokin tarayya ya riga ya ɗauka; duk da haka, ba a riga an kafa dokar haɗin gwiwa ba. Kariyar nuna wariya dangane da yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi ya bambanta a duk faɗin Jamus, amma a ka'ida an haramta wariya a aikin yi da samar da kayayyaki da sabis a duk ƙasar. An ba wa masu canjin jinsi damar canza jinsin su na doka tun daga 1980. Da farko dokar ta bukaci a yi musu tiyatar gyaran al'aurarsu domin a canza muhimman takaddun shaida. Tuni dai aka ayyana hakan a matsayin sabawa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar === Hakkin jima'i === Mutanen da ke tsakanin jima'i a [[Jamus]] ba su da wata sanarwa game da hakkinsu ga mutuncin jiki da ikon cin gashin kansu na jiki, kuma babu takamaiman kariya daga nuna bambanci bisa ga halaye na jima'i. Dangane da binciken da Majalisar Dokokin Jamus ta yi a shekarar 2012, gwamnati ta zartar da doka a shekarar 2013 da aka tsara don rarraba wasu jarirai masu jima'i zuwa rukuni na uku. Jama'a da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun soki dokar kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne.<ref name="adv-de">{{Cite web |last=Viloria |first=Hida |date=November 6, 2013 |title=Op-ed: Germany's Third-Gender Law Fails on Equality |url=http://www.advocate.com/commentary/2013/11/06/op-ed-germany’s-third-gender-law-fails-equality |website=The Advocate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2013 |title=OII Australia, "German proposals for a "third gender" on birth certificates miss the mark", 20 August 2013 |url=http://oii.org.au/23183/germany-third-gender-birth-certificates/ |access-date=6 October 2014 |website=OII Australia - Intersex Australia |archive-date=20 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820180647/http://oii.org.au/23183/germany-third-gender-birth-certificates/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Binciken da aka buga a cikin 2016 bai sami raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin adadin sa hannun likita na intersex akan jarirai da yara tare da yanayin intersex a cikin lokacin daga 2005 zuwa 2014.<ref name="kloppel2016">{{Cite journal |last=Klöppel |first=Ulrike |date=December 2016 |title=Zur Aktualität kosmetischer Operationen "uneindeutiger" Genitalien im Kindesalter |url=https://www.gender.hu-berlin.de/de/publikationen/gender-bulletins/texte-42/kloeppel-2016_zur-aktualitaet-kosmetischer-genitaloperationen |url-status=dead |journal=Gender Bulletin |issue=42 |issn=0947-6822 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204171338/https://www.gender.hu-berlin.de/de/publikationen/gender-bulletins/texte-42/kloeppel-2016_zur-aktualitaet-kosmetischer-genitaloperationen |archive-date=2017-02-04 |access-date=2017-05-31}}</ref> Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Amnesty International sun shiga kungiyoyin farar hula na cikin gida don yin kira ga kariya. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4uauevtejvxjudsa8hdnegzxeam2d5t 0 110754 894191 813670 2026-08-10T11:11:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  [[Fayil:Vietnamese_Black_April_(Tháng_Tư_Đen)_Democracy,_Human_Rights_Rally_63.jpg|thumb|Taron neman sakin Nguyễn Quốc Quân a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2012, a lokacin "Black Afrilu"]] [[Fayil:Viet_Tan_Party_(Đảng_Việt_Tân)_infobooth_and_recruitment_centre.jpg|thumb|Kamfanin bayanai na Jam'iyyar Việt Tân a taron neman dimokuradiyya, kare hakkin dan adam]] '''<nowiki/>'Yancin Dan Adam a [[Vietnam]]''' (Vietnamese) suna cikin mafi talauci a duniya, kamar yadda masana ilimi na cikin gida da na waje daban-daban suka yi la'akari da su, masu adawa da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) irin su Amnesty International (AI), Human Rights Watch (HRW), da Hukumar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (OHCHR).<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2020 |title=Vietnam: World Report |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2021/country-chapters/vietnam |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=English |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview: Vietnam |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/viet-nam/ |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=[[Amnesty International]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ratcliffe |first=Rebecca |date=17 February 2022 |title=Vietnamese activists routinely placed under house arrest, report finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/feb/17/vietnamese-activists-routinely-placed-under-house-arrest-report-finds |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> Wannan ya kasance batun jayayya tsakanin Gwamnatin Vietnam, karkashin jagorancin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis (CPV), da sauran kasashe da kungiyoyin siyasa, kamar [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU) da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. A karkashin kundin tsarin mulki na yanzu, CPV ita ce kawai jam'iyyar siyasa ta doka: duk sauran jam'iyyun an haramta su, suna mai da Vietnam ɗaya daga cikin 'yan jihohin jam'iyya ɗaya da aka kafa bisa doka, tare da [[Sin|China]], [[Cuba]], [[Eritrea]], [[Laos]], da [[Koriya ta Arewa]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2017 |title=How One-Party States Work in Cuba, Vietnam & North Korea |url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/how-one-party-states-work-in-cuba-vietnam-north-korea.html |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=study.com}}</ref> Zaben da aka yi a Vietnam an nuna shi a matsayin wani abu ne kawai na roba, tare da kowane zabe wanda ya haifar da kashi 99% na kuri'un CPV. [[Ƴancin yin Tarayya|'Yanci na tarayya]],' [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin magana]],' yanci na manema labarai, da' yancin yanayi mai lafiya an hana su sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sochua |first=Mu |title=Vietnam's National Assembly Vote: A Futile Gesture |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/05/vietnams-national-assembly-vote-a-futile-gesture/ |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |quote=The May 23 election is designed to affix a '''rubber stamp''' to the Vietnamese Communist Party’s monopoly on political power.}}</ref> 'Yan ƙasa da ke sukar gwamnatin Vietnam ko waɗanda ke tattauna wasu batutuwa da CPV ta ɗauka "maras yarda" sau da yawa suna fuskantar tsoratarwa da ɗaurin kurkuku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2021 |title=Vietnam jails journalists for 'propaganda' critical of state |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-vietnam-security-trial-idUSKBN29A0VI |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> Har ila yau, gwamnatin Vietnam ta yi amfani da ma'aikatan yanar gizo da masu ra'ayin kishin kasa ko "kungiyoyin ra'ayoyin jama'a", masu sharhi na siyasa da jihohi da ba a san su ba waɗanda ke yaki da duk wani ra'ayi na rashin amincewa da manufofin CPV ko zanga-zangar kan matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam. Ana kiyaye ''Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Vietnam'' a kowace shekara a ranar 11 ga Mayu a jihar [[Virginia]] ta Amurka, musamman ta Vietnamese diaspora waɗanda suka bar bayan Yaƙin Vietnam da Faduwar Saigon da kuma masu adawa da suka tsere daga ƙasar a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya.{{Efn|Also known as the "Liberation of Saigon" by the regime.}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=§ 2.2-3310.3. Vietnam Human Rights Day |url=https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title2.2/chapter33/section2.2-3310.3/ |website=Virginia's Legislative Information System}}</ref> == Hakki == === Hakkin muhalli === ''De jure'', Mataki na 43 na kundin tsarin mulkin Vietnam ya haɗa da haƙƙin yanayi mai lafiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Prosperous and green in the Anthropocene: The human right to a healthy environment in Southeast Asia |url=https://rwi.lu.se/pyramid-publications/prosperous-and-green-in-the-anthropocene-the-human-right-to-a-healthy-environment-in-southeast-asia/ |access-date=2021-04-22 |website=The Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law |language=en-US}}</ref> Jihar tana da alhakin "...kare muhalli; sarrafawa, kuma yadda ya kamata kuma yana amfani da albarkatun halitta; kare yanayi da bambancin halittu; ɗaukar mataki a cikin rigakafi da juriya game da bala'o'i na halitta; da kuma amsawa ga [[Canjin yanayi]]. " <ref name=":0" /> Wadannan haƙƙoƙin sun ci gaba ta hanyar Dokar Kare Muhalli a cikin 2014. <ref name=":0" /> === 'Yanci na addini === {{Excerpt|Freedom of religion in Vietnam}} == Hakkin takamaiman kungiyoyi == === Hakkin LGBT === {{Excerpt|LGBT rights in Vietnam}} === Ƙananan kabilun === A cewar kundin tsarin mulkin Vietnam: "Dukkan ƙabilun suna daidai da juna, haɗin kai da mutunta juna kuma suna taimakon juna don ci gaban juna; duk ayyukan wariya da rarrabuwa na ƙasa an haramta su sosai. " 'Yan tsiraru na Cham, Montagnard da Khmer Krom sun haɗu tare a cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru (FULRO), don yin yaki da Vietnamese don samun 'yancin kai a lokacin yakin Vietnam. 'Yan ta'addar FULRO na karshe sun mika wuya ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 1992. Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci daban-daban kamar Montagnard Foundation, Inc., Ofishin Champa na Duniya, da Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation sun yi zargin cewa jama'ar Vietnamese da gwamnati suna ci gaba da cin zarafin ɗan adam a kan Degar (Montagnards), Cham, da Khmer Krom. Vietnam ta zaunar da 'yan kabilar Vietnam sama da miliyan guda a filayen Montagnard a tsaunukan tsakiya. Kungiyar Montagnard ta gudanar da wata gagarumar zanga-zangar adawa da Vietnamese a cikin 2001, wanda ya jagoranci Vietnamese don murkushe zanga-zangar da karfi tare da rufe dukkanin yankin ga baki. === Kaddamar da Chams === Cham a Vietnam ana gane su ne kawai a matsayin ƴan tsiraru, kuma ba a matsayin ƴan asalin ƙasar ta gwamnatin Vietnam ba duk da kasancewarsu ƴan asalin yankin. Dukansu Hindu da Musulmi Chams sun fuskanci zalunci na addini da kabilanci da ƙuntatawa akan imaninsu a karkashin gwamnatin Vietnam na yanzu, tare da kasar Vietnam ta kwace kadarorin Cham tare da hana Cham kiyaye akidarsu. An mayar da gidajen ibada na Hindu zuwa wuraren yawon bude ido ba tare da son Cham Hindu ba. A cikin 2010 da 2013, al'amura da dama sun faru a ƙauyukan Thanh Tín da Phươc Nhơn, inda 'yan Vietnamese suka kashe Cham. Musulman Cham na Mekong Delta suma an mayar da su saniyar ware a fannin tattalin arziki da kuma jefa su cikin talauci sakamakon manufofin gwamnatin Vietnam, inda Kinh 'yan kabilar Vietnam suka zauna a mafi yawan yankunan Cham tare da goyon bayan jihohi, kuma ayyukan addini na tsiraru an yi niyya don kawar da gwamnatin Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Philip |date=December 2006 |title=Economy in Motion: Cham Muslim Traders in the Mekong Delta |url=http://www.chamstudies.com/members/philiptaylor(chammuslimtraders).pdf |url-status=dead |journal=The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology |publisher=The Australian National University |volume=7 |issue=3 |page=238 |doi=10.1080/14442210600965174 |issn=1444-2213 |s2cid=43522886 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923202224/http://www.chamstudies.com/members/philiptaylor(chammuslimtraders).pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2014}}</ref> A cikin 2012, 'Yan sanda na Vietnam a ƙauyen Chau Giang sun shiga [[Masallaci]] Cham, sun sace janareta na lantarki, kuma sun yi wa' yan matan Cham fyade.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-14 |title=Mission to Vietnam Advocacy Day (Vietnamese-American Meet up 2013) in the U.S. Capitol. A UPR report By IOC-Campa |url=http://www.chamtoday.com/index.php/news-tin-t-c/100-mission-to-vietnam-advocacy-day |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140217070518/http://www.chamtoday.com/index.php/news-tin-t-c/100-mission-to-vietnam-advocacy-day |archive-date=17 February 2014 |access-date=2014-06-17 |publisher=Chamtoday.com}}</ref> Gwamnatin Vietnam na fargabar cewa shaidar tasirin Cham a yankin da ake takaddama a kan tekun kudancin kasar Sin zai kawo hankali ga take hakkin bil'adama da kashe-kashen wasu tsiraru a Vietnam kamar wadanda aka aikata a tashe-tashen hankula na 2001 da 2004, kuma ya kai ga kawo batun 'yancin cin gashin kai na Cham, tun lokacin da 'yan Vietnam suka mamaye Cham a cikin yakin Vietnam da kuma ci gaba da lalata al'adun Cham 18. kayayyakin tarihi da aka bari a baya, ganima ko gini a saman haikalin Cham, gina gonaki a kansu, hana ayyukan addini na Cham, da barin ambaton babban birnin Cham na Song Luy da aka lalata a cikin mamayewar 1832 a cikin littattafan tarihi da jagororin yawon shakatawa. Halin da Cham ke ciki idan aka kwatanta da na 'yan kabilar Vietnam ba shi da inganci, inda Cham ba ta da ruwa da wutar lantarki da kuma zama a gidajen da aka yi da laka. == Rahoton == === Rahoton UNHRC na Vietnam === ''Wani rahoto da gwamnatin Vietnam ta tsara a ranar 18 ga Yuni 2007 don Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don nazarin aiwatar da hakkokin bil'adama a cikin kasar Viet Nam ya bayyana cewa: Ga kasar Viet Nam, mutane duka biyu ne na ƙarshe na haƙiƙa da kuma motsa jiki na kowane manufofin ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, kuma karewa da inganta 'yancin ɗan adam a ko da yaushe manufofin gwamnati ne. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na 1992, babbar doka ta kasar, ya ba da tabbacin cewa dukkan ‘yan kasa suna samun daidaiton ‘yancin siyasa, tattalin arziki, al’adu da zamantakewa, kuma daidai suke a gaban doka. Kowane dan kasa na da hakkin shiga cikin harkokin tafiyar da kasa da al'umma, 'yancin yin addini da imani, 'yancin tafiya da zama a cikin kasar Viet Nam, 'yancin yin korafe-korafe da korafe-korafe, 'yancin samun aiki, ilimi da kiwon lafiya da dai sauransu ba tare da la'akari da jinsi, launin fata da addini ba. A kan haka, dokokin Vietnamese suna ƙididdige takamaiman haƙƙoƙin daidai da ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya.''<ref name="report of Vietnam">{{Cite web |title=News &#124; Embassy of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in the United States |url=http://www.vietnamembassy-usa.org/news/story.php?d=20090424174141}}</ref> A cewar ofishin jakadancin Vietnam, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tabbatar da rahoton kare hakkin dan adam na Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UN ratify Vietnam's human rights report |url=http://www.vietnewsonline.vn/News/Politics/8181/UN-ratify-Vietnams-human-rights-report.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009032800/http://www.vietnewsonline.vn/News/Politics/8181/UN-ratify-Vietnams-human-rights-report.htm |archive-date=9 October 2011}}</ref> Ofishin jakadancin ya kuma bayyana cewa yawancin waɗannan ƙasashe sun yaba da sabuntawar Vietnam, nasarorin da kuma jajircewa mai ƙarfi don inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vietnam adheres to human rights, says diplomat |url=http://www.vietnamembassy-usa.org/news/story.php?d=20090511153755}}</ref> Bisa rahoton da cibiyar watsa labaru ta Intanet ta kasar Sin ta fitar a shekarar 1997, kasar Vietnam ta yi sauye-sauye da dama ga kundin tsarin mulkinta, da dokokinta, da manufofinta masu amfani a fannin hakkin dan Adam, tun bayan da Đổi Mới, ko kuma sake fasalin tattalin arziki a shekarar 1986. Misali, an yi wa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar kwaskwarima a shekarar 1991, don ba da kariya ga "yancin siyasa, jama'a, al'adu, tattalin arziki da na farko." haramta azabtarwa. Bangaren kasa da kasa, Vietnam ita ce ta biyu mai rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniya ta Hakkokin Yara. Ko da yake Vietnam tana riƙe da hukuncin kisa, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1992 ya rage yawan laifukan da suka cancanta daga 44 zuwa 29, kuma sama da kashi 90% na yawan jama'a suna samun damar kula da lafiya. A fannin kare hakkin mata, Vietnam tana matsayi na 2 a tsakanin kasashen Asiya da tekun Pasifik sannan ta 9 a cikin kasashe 135 a yawan 'yan majalisar mata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 1997 |title=Human Rights in Vietnam During Renovation Process: Achievements, Challenges and Prospects |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/bjrenquan/190897.htm |access-date=28 August 2010 |publisher=[[China Internet Information Center]]}}</ref> === Rahotanni game da haƙƙin ɗan adam a Vietnam === Rahotanni na Amurka na baya-bayan nan suna kula da irin wannan ra'ayi da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa waɗanda ke da waɗannan ra'ayoyin sun haɗa da Human Rights Watch <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2010 |title=Vietnam's Human Rights Defenders |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/03/23/vietnams-human-rights-defenders |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> da Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2009 |title=UPR: Vietnam's Human Rights Violations Exposed by |url=http://www.unpo.org/article/9401 |access-date=20 December 2010 |publisher=UNPO |archive-date=25 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525232311/http://www.unpo.org/article/9401 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nuna tsanantawar addini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SUMMARY PREPARED BY THE OFFICE OF THE HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, IN ACCORDANCE WITH PARAGRAPH 15 (C) OF THE ANNEX TO HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL RESOLUTION 5/1* |url=https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session5/VN/A_HRC_WG6_5_VNM_3_E.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126075604/https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session5/VN/A_HRC_WG6_5_VNM_3_E.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=2020-10-14}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta nuna damuwa game da "yawan yanayin rashin haƙuri a Vietnam ga masu kare hakkin bil adama da membobin al'ummomin addini da ba a san su ba." Ta yi kira ga gwamnati da ta kawo karshen danniya da ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki, imani da taro, da kuma sakin ‘yan fursunonin siyasa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Motion for a resolution on human rights in Vietnam and Laos – B7-0157/2009 |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=MOTION&reference=B7-2009-0157&language=EN |access-date=20 December 2010 |publisher=Europarl.europa.eu}}</ref> 'Yancin fadin albarkacin baki ya kasance matsala yayin da hukumomin Vietnam ke ci gaba da amfani da tsauraran dokokin tsaron kasa don hukunta masu sukar gwamnatin Vietnam. A cewar ofishin kula da harkokin waje da na Commonwealth da na gwamnatin Biritaniya, kafofin yada labarai na hukuma sun ci gaba da kula da su ta hanyar sanya ido da hana gwamnati shiga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vietnam &#124; Human Rights and Democracy 2012 |url=http://www.hrdreport.fco.gov.uk/human-rights-in-countries-of-concern/vietnam/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723035402/http://www.hrdreport.fco.gov.uk/human-rights-in-countries-of-concern/vietnam/ |archive-date=23 July 2013 |access-date=1 September 2013}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2017, Vietnam ta rike fursunonin siyasa sama da 100 saboda laifin sukar gwamnati ko shiga cikin addinai, zanga-zangar, fafutuka, ko jam'iyyun siyasar da gwamnati ba ta amince da su ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rushford |first=Greg |date=23 July 2013 |title=Mr. Sang Comes to Washington |url=http://rushfordreport.com/?p=333 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928004807/http://rushfordreport.com/?p=333 |archive-date=28 September 2013 |access-date=1 September 2013 |publisher=Rushford Report}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2017 |title=Vietnam: Release All Political Prisoners |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/11/03/vietnam-release-all-political-prisoners |access-date=21 April 2019 |website=hrw.org |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch, gwamnatin kasar Vietnam ta kara tsaurara matakan murkushe 'yan adawa da masu rajin kare hakkin bil'adama da kuma 'yan jarida masu zaman kansu, gabanin babban taron jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Vietnam karo na 13 da ya gudana a watan Janairun 2021. Kotun ta kuma kara zaman gidan yari ga 'yan adawar da ke zaman gidan yari.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2020 |title=Vietnam: Crackdown on Peaceful Dissent Intensifies |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/06/19/vietnam-crackdown-peaceful-dissent-intensifies |access-date=19 June 2020 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2021, [[Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Ƴancin Dan Adam|Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam]] ya yi Allah wadai da hukunci da yanke hukunci na dogon lokaci da aka yi wa wasu fitattun masu kare hakkin dan adam hudu da 'yan jarida a Vietnam. Hukunce-hukuncen da ake yi wa Do Nam Truong, Trinh Ba Phoung, Nguyen Thi Tam da Pham Doan Trang sun samo asali ne daga ci gaba da ba da shawarwari da bayar da rahoto kan haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙasar Viet Nam..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Viet Nam: UN experts appalled by the conviction of four human rights defenders |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?LangID=E&NewsID=28009 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=OHCHR}}</ref> == Kaddamar da masu adawa a karni na ashirin da daya == A shekara ta 2009, an kama Lê Công Định, lauya wanda shekaru da yawa da suka gabata ya yi aiki ga gwamnati a cikin wata shari'ar da ta yi nasara a kan manoman Kifi na Amurka, kuma an tuhume shi da laifin aikata laifuka; an kuma kama abokan aikinsa da yawa. Yawancin gwamnatocin Yammacin Turai sun yi Allah wadai da matakin, kuma kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun yi zargin cewa kamawar saboda goyon bayan Le Cong Dinhs ga 'yancin magana.<ref name="BBC1" /> [[Amnesty International]] ta kira shi da abokan aikinsa da aka kama fursunoni na lamiri.<ref name="BBC1" /> === Shekaru na 2010 === Ya zuwa shekara ta 2011, Vietnam tana da wasu mutane da yawa a tsare wadanda [[Amnesty International]] ta dauka a matsayin fursunonin lamiri: [[Cù Huy Hà Vũ|Ya Huy Hà Vũ]], wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin "yiwarfarfaganda a kan jihar" don ba da tambayoyi ga manema labarai na kasashen waje; <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2011 |title=Prominent Vietnamese activist jailed over democracy calls |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pre01/185/2011/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429053933/http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?id=ENGPRE201104052283 |archive-date=29 April 2011 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |id=PRE 01/185/2011}}</ref> [[Nguyễn Đan Quế]], wanda aka yi masa hukuncin "kiy da hannu da rarraba takardu" yana kira ga hambarar da gwamnati; <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2011 |title=Vietnamese authorities must release Dr. Nguyen Dan Que |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2011/02/vietnamese-authorities-must-release-dr-nguyen-dan-que/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429043201/http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?id=ENGPRE010892011&rss=iar |archive-date=29 April 2011 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> da kuma [[Roman Catholic priest|Firist na Roman Katolika]] [[Nguyen Van Ly|Thadeus Nguyễn Văn Lý]] (wanda aka fi sani da Uba Thaddeus) wanda aka tsare don "yễn" <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2011 |title=Viet Nam: Further information: Catholic priest risks being returned to prison: Father Nguyen Van Ly |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa41/001/2011/en/ |access-date=17 April 2011 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |id=ASA 41/001/2011}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2019, hukumomin Vietnam sun kama tare da yankewa wani mai fafutukar dimokaradiyyar Australiya, Chau Van Kham, daurin shekaru 12 a gidan yari bisa zargin "bayar da kudaden ta'addanci". An kama mutumin mai shekaru 70 a duniya saboda kasancewar sa na kungiyar masu fafutukar tabbatar da dimokuradiyya ta Việt Tân. An yi ikirarin tuhume-tuhumen da ake zarginsa da cewa ba su da tushe balle makama kuma siyasa ce ta masu rajin kare hakkin dan Adam, lauyoyi da kuma iyalansa. A watan Yunin 2023, bayan shafe shekaru hudu a gidan yari, jaridar The Guardian ta ruwaito cewa an saki dan fafutuka daga gidan yari bisa dalilan jin kai, tare da kokarin gwamnatin Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2023 |title=Australian democracy activist Chau Van Kham released from Vietnam jail and reunited with family |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/jul/11/australian-democracy-activist-chau-van-kham-released-from-vietnam-jail-and-reunited-with-family |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> === Shekaru na 2020 === An kama mutane da yawa kuma an yi musu shari'a a shekarar 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2022 |title=Vietnam: Dozens of Rights Activists Detained, Tried |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/01/13/vietnam-dozens-rights-activists-detained-tried}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2023, an yanke wa mai fafutuka Trần Văn Bang hukuncin daurin shekaru takwas a gidan yari bayan ya yi rubutu a Facebook yana sukar gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2023 |title=Vietnam: Free Democracy Campaigner Tran Van Bang |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/05/11/vietnam-free-democracy-campaigner-tran-van-bang |access-date=13 May 2023 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Vietnam - wanda 'yan adawa da Vietnam suka kafa == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == * {{Cite web |title=Rafto Laureates |url=http://www.rafto.no/Default.aspx?tabid=479&subtabid=504 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820014929/http://www.rafto.no/Default.aspx?tabid=479&subtabid=504 |archive-date=20 August 2006 |access-date=9 December 2006}} == Haɗin waje == {{Commons category-inline}} * [http://nhanquyen.vn/index.php?newlang=english Jaridar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Vietnam] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100317082632/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eap/136015.htm Rahoton Ma'aikatar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Amurka 2009 Vietnam] * [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange|IFEX]].org/en/content/view/full/164/" id="mwA3w" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Censorship a Vietnam - IFEX * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Vietnam a shafukan yanar gizo na kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na duniya: Human Rights Watch da [https://web.archive.org/web/20130917030819/http://www.fidh.org/-Vietnam,234- FIDH] * [http://www.vietnamhumanrights.net/IndexE.html Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Vietnam] * Vietnam: daga "Vision" zuwa Gaskiya. 'Yancin Dan Adam a Vietnam a karkashin Shugabancin ASEAN [[Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya|FIDH]], 2010 * [http://www.unpo.org/article/9401 UNPO - Rahoton 'Yancin Dan Adam na Vietnam 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525232311/http://www.unpo.org/article/9401 |date=2014-05-25 }} * [http://www.vietnamembassy-usa.org/news/story.php?d=20090424174141 Rahoton kasa na Vietnam a karkashin sake dubawa na duniya na Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130619195731/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5628&giella1=eng 'Yan asalin ƙasar suna fuskantar tsanantawa da gangan a Vietnam] * [https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo41440 Bayyana Dokar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Gwamnatin Vietnam a Ci gaba da Tattaunawar Amurka da Vietnam: Jin sauraro a gaban Kwamitin Afirka, Lafiya ta Duniya, 'Yancin Dan Adam na Duniya, da Kungiyoyin Kasa da Kasa na Kwamitin Harkokin Waje, Majalisar Wakilai, Taron Ɗari da goma sha uku, Taron Farko, 11 ga Afrilu 2013] * [https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo42124 Ci gaba da zalunci ta Gwamnatin Vietnam: Jin sauraro a gaban Kwamitin kan Afirka, Lafiya ta Duniya, 'Yancin Dan Adam na Duniya, da Kungiyoyin Kasa da Kasa na Kwamitin kan Harkokin Waje, Majalisar Wakilai, Majalisa ta Ɗari da goma sha uku, Taron Farko, 4 Yuni 2013] * Vietnam: An bayyana murkushe zanga-zangar lumana, [[Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya|FIDH]] 2023. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1w35dwoo2j5ivugmrwx751mlom7qsss 0 110931 894182 721136 2026-08-10T10:35:14Z Aisha SM 47788 894182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Alps_satellite_in_winter.jpg|right|thumb|Alps da aka gani daga sararin samaniya]] [[Alps]] sun samar da babban tsaunuka da ke mamaye Tsakiyar Turai, gami da sassan [[Italiya]], [[Faransa]], [[Switzerland]], [[Liechtenstein]], Austria, [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]], [[Jamus]] da [[Hungariya|Hungary]]. [[Fayil:Alpenrelief_02.jpg|right|thumb|400x400px|Hoton inuwa / hypsometric na Alps tare da iyakokin ƙasashe.]] Wannan labarin ya bayyana iyakokin Alps gaba ɗaya da kuma raguwa na kewayon, yana bin hanyar babban sarkar Alps kuma yana tattauna tabkuna da kankara da aka samu a yankin. == Yankin == A wasu yankuna, kamar gefen Basin Po, gefen Alps ba shi da tabbas, amma inda Alps ke kan iyaka da wasu yankuna masu tsaunuka ko tuddai, iyakar na iya zama da wuya a sanya. Wadannan kewayon makwabta sun hada da Apennines, Massif Central, Jura, Black Forest, Bohemian Forest, Carpathians, da duwatsu na Balkan Peninsula. Yankin tsakanin Apennines da Alps yawanci ana ɗaukar shi Colle di Cadibona, a 435 m sama da matakin teku, sama da Savona a bakin tekun Italiya.&nbsp; Rhône ya samar da iyaka mai kyau tsakanin Alps da aka kafa da kuma Massif Central da aka kafa ta hanyar dutsen wuta. Da yake motsawa, Rhône ya juya zuwa gabas kusa da [[Lyon]], kuma ya wuce kudu da kewayon Jura kafin ya kai Tafkin Geneva. Yankin ƙasa mai laushi ya kai daga can zuwa Tafkin Neuchâtel, yana ci gaba da iyaka, tare da Jura zuwa arewa maso yamma da Alps zuwa kudu maso gabas. Daga Tafkin Neuchâtel zuwa haɗuwa da Rhine, Aare ya zama iyaka. Black Forest ya rabu da Alps ta hanyar Rhine da Lake Constance, amma ainihin iyaka yana da wahala a kudancin Jamus, inda ƙasar ta gangara a hankali don saduwa da duwatsu (wanda aka sani a cikin Jamusanci kamar ''Schwäbisch-Bayerisches Alpenvorland'', "Swabian-Bavarian pre-Alps"). A Austria, Danube yana gudana zuwa arewacin Alps, yana kuma raba shi daga mafi yawan gandun daji na Bohemian, kodayake wasu ƙananan yankuna, kamar Dunkelsteiner Wald a kudancin Wachau, suna cikin yanayin ƙasa na gandun daji ya Bohemian duk da kasancewa a kudancin Danube. [[Vienna]]_Woods" id="mwPQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Vienna Woods">Woods na Vienna kusa da Vienna ya zama kusurwar arewa maso gabashin Alps, kuma a nan Danube ya wuce kusa da Alps (duba Viennese Basin). <ref name="alpsmap">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Travel map of the Alps |url=http://alps.zoom-maps.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206002059/http://alps.zoom-maps.com/ |archive-date=2010-12-06 |access-date=2010-12-09 |publisher=GeoCenter}}</ref> Gabashin Vienna, kawai Marisfeld, fili mai faɗin kilomita 30 ya raba gabashin Alps daga Ƙananan Carpathians. Bayan Vienna, Basin Pannonian, babban yanki na tsaunuka, ya haɗu da gefen Alps, a bayyane yake iyakance iyakar gabashin Alps. Za a sami tsawo mafi kudu maso gabashin Alps a [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]], gami da [[Po (river)|Po]]" id="mwSw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Pohorje">Pohorje, Kamnik Alps da Julian Alps (wanda aka raba na ƙarshe tare da Italiya). Ana iya ɗaukar garin Idrija a matsayin alamar layin raba tsakanin Alps zuwa arewa da karst plateau zuwa kudu, wanda ke kaiwa ga duwatsu na Balkan Peninsula.<ref name="alpsmap">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Travel map of the Alps |url=http://alps.zoom-maps.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206002059/http://alps.zoom-maps.com/ |archive-date=2010-12-06 |access-date=2010-12-09 |publisher=GeoCenter}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101206002059/http://alps.zoom-maps.com/ "Travel map of the Alps"]. GeoCenter. Archived from [http://alps.zoom-maps.com/ the original] on 2010-12-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-09</span></span>.</cite></ref> Sauran gefen kudancin Alps an iyakance shi a bayyane ta kwandon Po. Wannan iyakar Alps, duk da haka, galibi yana da ra'ayi kuma yana buɗewa ga jayayya. Musamman, wasu mutane sun ƙuntata amfani da kalmar "Alps" zuwa tsaunuka mafi girma a tsakiyar kewayon, suna rage tuddai da tsaunuka da ke kewaye da su zuwa matsayin "pre-Alps" ko tuddai. Wannan wani lokacin na iya haifar da ma'anoni masu rikitarwa, kamar Mont Ventoux ana ɗaukarsa a waje da Alps (babu tsaunuka masu girman da ke kewaye da shi, kuma yana da nisa sosai daga babban sarkar Alps). Ba zai yiwu a ayyana Alps ta hanyar ilimin ƙasa ba, tun da abubuwan da suka faru da suka haifar da Alps sun kuma haifar da kewayen makwabta kamar Carpathians (duba kuma ilimin ƙasa na Alps). Alps wani yanki ne na musamman na tsarin lissafi na mafi girma, amma Alps sun hada da sassa uku na lissafi, Gabas, Yamma da Kudancin Alps. == Rarrabawar == Yayin da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi a cikin Alps za a iya bayyana su cikin sauƙi ta hanyar wucewa ta kowane gefe, ayyana manyan raka'a na iya zama matsala. Akwai rarrabuwar al'ada tsakanin tsaunukan Yamma da Alps na Gabas, wanda ke amfani da Splügen Pass (Italiyanci: Passo dello Spluga) a kan iyakar Switzerland da Italiya, tare da Rhine zuwa arewa da tafkin Como a kudu a matsayin ma'anar fasali. Yayin da Splügen Pass ba shine mafi ƙasƙanci ko mafi mahimmancin wucewa a cikin Alps ba, yana da kusan rabi tare da babban sarkar, kuma yana yin iyaka mai dacewa. === Gabashin Alps === Ana rarraba Alps na Gabas bisa ga lithology daban-daban (abin da ke cikin dutse) na sassan tsakiya na Alps da kungiyoyi a gefen arewa da kudancin: * Yankin Flysch (daga Vienna Woods zuwa Bregenz Forest). * Arewacin Limestone Alps, tsaunuka har zuwa 3000 m; * Tsakiyar Gabashin Alps (Austria, Switzerland), tsaunuka har zuwa 4050 m; * Kudancin Limestone Alps, tsaunuka har zuwa 3500 m. Yankin tsakanin Tsakiyar Gabashin Alps da Kudancin Limestone Alps shine Periadriatic Seam . Arewacin Limestone Alps sun rabu da Tsakiyar Gabashin Alps ta Yankin Grauwacken . Koyaya, rarrabawar ƙasa, bisa ga tectonics, yana nuna tsarin daban: * ''Tsarin Helvetic'' a arewa (ciki har da tsaunukan Jura, waɗanda ba na yankin Alps ba), * ''Tsarin Penninic'': galibi Tsakiyar Alps (Engadine da "Tauern window") da Flysch Alps, * ''Tsarin Austroalpine'': Arewacin Limestone Alps, yankin Graywacke-Schist, Tsakiyar Crystalline, * Kudancin Alps (Kudancin Limestone Alps da sauran sarƙoƙi a kudancin Periadriatic Seam) * kudu da babban kuskuren ƙasa ("alpine-dinaric seam") sassan Dinarides. === Yammacin Alps === Yammacin Alps galibi ana raba su cikin wadannan: * Alps na Liguria (daga Savona zuwa Colle di Tenda) * Alps na teku (daga Colle di Tenda zuwa Colle della Maddalena) * Cottian Alps (daga Colle de la Maddalena zuwa Montgenevre Pass) * Dauphiné Alps (daga Col du Mont Genevre zuwa Col du Mont Cenis) * Graian Alps (daga Col du Mont Cenis zuwa Col Ferret) * Chablais Alps (daga Tafkin Geneva zuwa Col des Montets) * Pennine Alps (daga Col Ferret zuwa Simplon Pass) * Lepontine Alps (daga Simplon Pass zuwa Splügen Pass) * Bernese Alps (arewacin Rhône zuwa Grimsel Pass) * Urner Alps (daga Grimsel Pass zuwa Reuss) * Glarus Alps (arewa maso gabashin Oberalp Pass) * Appenzell Alps (arewacin Sargans) A cikin Gabashin Alps, ɓangaren da aka fi amfani da shi shine Rarrabawar Alpine Club ta 1984, wanda ya raba yankin zuwa kusan ƙananan yankuna saba'in. == Babban sarkar == "Babban sarkar Alps" ya bi magudanar ruwa daga Tekun Bahar Rum zuwa Wienerwald, ya ratsa da yawa daga cikin mafi girma da shahararrun kololuwa a cikin Alps.  Mafi mahimmancin wucewa da kololuwar da ta ke haye ana ba da su a ƙasa (tsaunuka suna lanƙwasa, suna wucewa ba tare da an gano su ba).  Daga Colle di Cadibona zuwa Col de Tende yana tafiya zuwa yamma, kafin ya juya zuwa arewa maso yamma sannan, kusa da Colle de la Maddalena, zuwa arewa.  Bayan isa kan iyakar Switzerland, layin babban layin ya doshi kusan gabas-arewa-gabas, inda yake bi har zuwa karshensa kusa da Vienna. * Colle di Cadibona (Italiya, 435 m) * Colle di Tenda / Col de Tende (Faransa / Italiya, 1908 m) * Colle della Maddalena / Col de Larche (Faransa / Italiya, 1994 m) Monte Viso (Faransi / Italiya), 3841 m) ** Monte Viso (Faransa / Italiya, 3841 m) * Col de Montgenèvre (Faransa / Italiya, 1854 m) * Col de Fréjus (Faransa / Italiya, 2537 m) * Col du Mont Cenis (Faransa, 2084 m) Aiguille de la Grande Sassière (Faransi / Italiya, 3751 m) ** Aiguille de la Grande Sassière (Faransa / Italiya, 3751 m) * Little St Bernard Pass (Faransa / Italiya, 2188 m) Mont Blanc / Monte Bianco (Faransi / Italiya), 4810.45 m, [1] mafi girman matsayi a cikin Alps) ** Mont Blanc / Monte Bianco (Faransa / Italiya, 4810.45 m, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-11-05 |title=Mont Blanc shrinks by 45cm in two years |url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/mont-blanc-shrinks-by-45cm-in-two-years-20091106-i0kk.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214082228/https://www.smh.com.au/environment/mont-blanc-shrinks-by-45cm-in-two-years-20091106-i0kk.html |archive-date=2023-02-14 |website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref> mafi girman matsayi a cikin Alps) * Babban St. Bernard Pass (Switzerland / Italiya, 2469 m) Matterhorn / Monte Cervino (Switisse / Italiya), 4478 m) Monte Rosa (Switwitzerland / Italy, 4634 m) ** Matterhorn / Monte Cervino (Switzerland / Italiya, 4478 m) ** Monte Rosa (Switzerland / Italiya, 4634 m) * Simplon Pass (Switzerland, 2005 m) Blinnenhorn (Swit Switzerland / Italiya, 3374 m) ** Blinnenhorn (Switzerland / Italiya, 3374 m) * Saint Gotthard Pass (Switzerland, 2044 m) Rheinwaldhorn (Swit Switzerland, 3402 m) ** Rheinwaldhorn (Switzerland, 3402 m) * Splügen Pass / Passo dello Spluga (Switzerland / Italiya, 2113 m) * Maloja Pass (Switzerland, 1809 m) Piz Bernina (Swit Switzerland / Italiya, 4049 m) ** Piz Bernina (Switzerland / Italiya, 4049 m) * Fuorn Pass (Switzerland, 2419 m) Piz Sesvenna (Swit Switzerland / Italiya, 3205 m) ** Piz Sesvenna (Switzerland / Italiya, 3205 m) * Reschen Pass (Austria / Italiya, 1504 m) Weißkugel (Austria / Italy, 3738 m) ** Weißkugel (Austria / Italiya, 3738 m) * Timmelsjoch / Passo del Rombo (Austria / Italiya, 2491 m) ** Zuckerhütl (Austria, 3507 m, mafi girman matsayi a cikin Stubaier Alpen) * Brenner Pass (Austria / Italiya, 1371 m) Hochfeiler (Austria / Italy, 3509 m) Großvenediger (Austria, 3666 m) Großglockner (Austria, 3798 m, dutse mafi girma a Austria) ** Hochfeiler (Austria / Italiya, 3509 m) ** Grossvenediger (Austria, 3666 m) ** Großglockner (Austria, 3798 m, dutse mafi girma a Austria) * Hochtor (Austria, 2575 m) ** Ankogel (Austria, 3246 m) * Radstädter Tauern (Austria, 1739 m) ** Hochgolling (Austria, 2863 m) * Shober Pass (Austria, 849 m) ** Hochschwab (Austria, 2277 m) * Gerichtsberg (Austria, 581 m) Schöpfl (Austria, 893 m, mafi girman matsayi a Wienerwald) ** Schöpfl (Austria, 893 m, mafi girman matsayi a cikin Wienerwald) * Danube, 160 m Wasu daga cikin tsaunuka mafi girma a cikin Alps, duk da haka, sun fada gefe ɗaya ko wani na babban sarkar. Wadannan sun hada da: * Barre des Écrins (Faransa, 4102 m, mafi girman matsayi a cikin Dauphiné Alps) * Gran Paradiso (Italiya, 4061 m, mafi girman matsayi a cikin Graian Alps) * Finsteraarhorn (Switzerland, 4274 m, mafi girman matsayi na Berner Oberland) * Jungfrau (Switzerland, 4158 m, Berner Oberland) * Ortler / Cima Ortles (Italiya, 3905 m) * Marmolada (Italiya, 3343 m, mafi girman matsayi a cikin Dolomites) * Tödi (Switzerland, 3614 m, mafi girman matsayi na Glarus Alps) * Triglav (Slovenia, 2864 m, mafi girman matsayi a cikin Julian Alps). Don ƙarin cikakken jerin abubuwan da suka wuce, don Allah duba labaran game da yankuna na Alps. == Gilashin kankara == Akwai [[Gileshiya (Tsaunin kankara)|kankara]] da yawa a cikin Alps, mafi tsawo daga cikinsu shine aletsch Glacier a cikin Bernese Alps. Ana iya samun su a duk manyan kungiyoyin tsaunuka daga Dauphiné Alps a Faransa zuwa Hohe Tauern a tsakiyar Austria, kuma manyan hanyoyin hawa a kan yawancin tsaunuka mafi girma suna wucewa kan kan kankara. == Tafkuna == Ana samun manyan tabkuna kaɗan a cikin jikin Alps, amma da yawa suna kusa da gefen, musamman a wuraren da harsunan glacier suka rufe a baya. Wadannan sun hada da Tafkin Geneva a gefen arewacin alps, a kan iyakar Faransa / Switzerland, Lago Maggiore, Tafkin Como da Tafkin Garda a gefen kudancin Alps a Italiya / Switzerland, da tabkuna na Switzerland, kudancin Jamus da Austrian Salzkammergut a arewa. == Koguna ==  {{Alps orography}}Babban tafkin ruwa na Alps sune na Rhine, Rhone, Danube da Po. Wadannan suna da manyan masu ba da gudummawa: * Rhine: Aare, Reuss, baya Rhine; * Rhone: Durance, Drôme, Isere; * Danube: Sava, Drava, Mur, Enns, Inn; * Po: Oglio, Adda, Ticino, Dora Baltea. Sauran manyan koguna da ke zubar da Alps sun hada da Var, Adige da Piave . Rashin ruwa uku na Rhine-Rhone-Po yana kudu da Furka Pass kusa da taron kolin Witenwasserenstock, a 46°31′N 8°27′E / 46.517°N 8.450°E / 46.517, 8.450; Rashin ruwa sau uku na Rhino-Po-Danube yana a Lunghin Pass, [[Grisons]] (46°25′N 9°17′E / 36.417°N 9.650°E / 36.4617; 9.650, 2645 m; Rashin ruwan uku na Po-Danuba-Adige ne a kudancin 10°267 na 10.66.66.66,66.67. == Dubi kuma == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8698tczhs6e08gbxy6mp1kpynptkos1 894183 894182 2026-08-10T10:38:01Z Aisha SM 47788 894183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Alps_satellite_in_winter.jpg|right|thumb|Alps da aka gani daga sararin samaniya]] [[Alps]] sun samar da babban tsaunuka da ke mamaye Tsakiyar Turai, gami da sassan [[Italiya]], [[Faransa]], [[Switzerland]], [[Liechtenstein]], Austria, [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]], [[Jamus]] da [[Hungariya|Hungary]]. [[Fayil:Alpenrelief_02.jpg|right|thumb|400x400px|Hoton inuwa / hypsometric na Alps tare da iyakokin ƙasashe.]] Wannan labarin ya bayyana iyakokin Alps gaba ɗaya da kuma raguwa na kewayon, yana bin hanyar babban sarkar Alps kuma yana tattauna tabkuna da kankara da aka samu a yankin. == Yankin == A wasu yankuna, kamar gefen Basin Po, gefen Alps ba shi da tabbas, amma inda Alps ke kan iyaka da wasu yankuna masu tsaunuka ko tuddai, iyakar na iya zama da wuya a sanya. Wadannan kewayon makwabta sun hada da Apennines, Massif Central, Jura, Black Forest, Bohemian Forest, Carpathians, da duwatsu na Balkan Peninsula. Yankin tsakanin Apennines da Alps yawanci ana ɗaukar shi Colle di Cadibona, a 435 m sama da matakin teku, sama da Savona a bakin tekun Italiya.&nbsp; Rhône ya samar da iyaka mai kyau tsakanin Alps da aka kafa da kuma Massif Central da aka kafa ta hanyar dutsen wuta. Da yake motsawa, Rhône ya juya zuwa gabas kusa da [[Lyon]], kuma ya wuce kudu da kewayon Jura kafin ya kai Tafkin Geneva. Yankin ƙasa mai laushi ya kai daga can zuwa Tafkin Neuchâtel, yana ci gaba da iyaka, tare da Jura zuwa arewa maso yamma da Alps zuwa kudu maso gabas. Daga Tafkin Neuchâtel zuwa haɗuwa da Rhine, Aare ya zama iyaka. Black Forest ya rabu da Alps ta hanyar Rhine da Lake Constance, amma ainihin iyaka yana da wahala a kudancin Jamus, inda ƙasar ta gangara a hankali don saduwa da duwatsu (wanda aka sani a cikin Jamusanci kamar ''Schwäbisch-Bayerisches Alpenvorland'', "Swabian-Bavarian pre-Alps"). A Austria, Danube yana gudana zuwa arewacin Alps, yana kuma raba shi daga mafi yawan gandun daji na Bohemian, kodayake wasu ƙananan yankuna, kamar Dunkelsteiner Wald a kudancin Wachau, suna cikin yanayin ƙasa na gandun daji ya Bohemian duk da kasancewa a kudancin Danube. [[Vienna]]_Woods" id="mwPQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Vienna Woods">Woods na Vienna kusa da Vienna ya zama kusurwar arewa maso gabashin Alps, kuma a nan Danube ya wuce kusa da Alps (duba Viennese Basin). <ref name="alpsmap">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Travel map of the Alps |url=http://alps.zoom-maps.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206002059/http://alps.zoom-maps.com/ |archive-date=2010-12-06 |access-date=2010-12-09 |publisher=GeoCenter}}</ref> Gabashin Vienna, kawai Marisfeld, fili mai faɗin kilomita 30 ya raba gabashin Alps daga Ƙananan Carpathians. Bayan Vienna, Basin Pannonian, babban yanki na tsaunuka, ya haɗu da gefen Alps, a bayyane yake iyakance iyakar gabashin Alps. Za a sami tsawo mafi kudu maso gabashin Alps a [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]], gami da [[Po (river)|Po]]" id="mwSw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Pohorje">Pohorje, Kamnik Alps da Julian Alps (wanda aka raba na ƙarshe tare da Italiya). Ana iya ɗaukar garin Idrija a matsayin alamar layin raba tsakanin Alps zuwa arewa da karst plateau zuwa kudu, wanda ke kaiwa ga duwatsu na Balkan Peninsula.<ref name="alpsmap">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Travel map of the Alps |url=http://alps.zoom-maps.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206002059/http://alps.zoom-maps.com/ |archive-date=2010-12-06 |access-date=2010-12-09 |publisher=GeoCenter}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101206002059/http://alps.zoom-maps.com/ "Travel map of the Alps"]. GeoCenter. Archived from [http://alps.zoom-maps.com/ the original] on 2010-12-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-09</span></span>.</cite></ref> Sauran gefen kudancin Alps an iyakance shi a bayyane ta kwandon Po. Wannan iyakar Alps, duk da haka, galibi yana da ra'ayi kuma yana buɗewa ga jayayya. Musamman, wasu mutane sun ƙuntata amfani da kalmar "Alps" zuwa tsaunuka mafi girma a tsakiyar kewayon, suna rage tuddai da tsaunuka da ke kewaye da su zuwa matsayin "pre-Alps" ko tuddai. Wannan wani lokacin na iya haifar da ma'anoni masu rikitarwa, kamar Mont Ventoux ana ɗaukarsa a waje da Alps (babu tsaunuka masu girman da ke kewaye da shi, kuma yana da nisa sosai daga babban sarkar Alps). Ba zai yiwu a ayyana Alps ta hanyar ilimin ƙasa ba, tun da abubuwan da suka faru da suka haifar da Alps sun kuma haifar da kewayen makwabta kamar Carpathians (duba kuma ilimin ƙasa na Alps). Alps wani yanki ne na musamman na tsarin lissafi na mafi girma, amma Alps sun haɗa da sassa uku na lissafi, Gabas, Yamma da Kudancin Alps. == Rarrabawar == Yayin da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi a cikin Alps za a iya bayyana su cikin sauƙi ta hanyar wucewa ta kowane gefe, ayyana manyan raka'a na iya zama matsala. Akwai rarrabuwar al'ada tsakanin tsaunukan Yamma da Alps na Gabas, wanda ke amfani da Splügen Pass (Italiyanci: Passo dello Spluga) a kan iyakar Switzerland da Italiya, tare da Rhine zuwa arewa da tafkin Como a kudu a matsayin ma'anar fasali. Yayin da Splügen Pass ba shine mafi ƙasƙanci ko mafi mahimmancin wucewa a cikin Alps ba, yana da kusan rabi tare da babban sarkar, kuma yana yin iyaka mai dacewa. === Gabashin Alps === Ana rarraba Alps na Gabas bisa ga lithology daban-daban (abin da ke cikin dutse) na sassan tsakiya na Alps da kungiyoyi a gefen arewa da kudancin: * Yankin Flysch (daga Vienna Woods zuwa Bregenz Forest). * Arewacin Limestone Alps, tsaunuka har zuwa 3000 m; * Tsakiyar Gabashin Alps (Austria, Switzerland), tsaunuka har zuwa 4050 m; * Kudancin Limestone Alps, tsaunuka har zuwa 3500 m. Yankin tsakanin Tsakiyar Gabashin Alps da Kudancin Limestone Alps shine Periadriatic Seam . Arewacin Limestone Alps sun rabu da Tsakiyar Gabashin Alps ta Yankin Grauwacken . Koyaya, rarrabawar ƙasa, bisa ga tectonics, yana nuna tsarin daban: * ''Tsarin Helvetic'' a arewa (ciki har da tsaunukan Jura, waɗanda ba na yankin Alps ba), * ''Tsarin Penninic'': galibi Tsakiyar Alps (Engadine da "Tauern window") da Flysch Alps, * ''Tsarin Austroalpine'': Arewacin Limestone Alps, yankin Graywacke-Schist, Tsakiyar Crystalline, * Kudancin Alps (Kudancin Limestone Alps da sauran sarƙoƙi a kudancin Periadriatic Seam) * kudu da babban kuskuren ƙasa ("alpine-dinaric seam") sassan Dinarides. === Yammacin Alps === Yammacin Alps galibi ana raba su cikin wadannan: * Alps na Liguria (daga Savona zuwa Colle di Tenda) * Alps na teku (daga Colle di Tenda zuwa Colle della Maddalena) * Cottian Alps (daga Colle de la Maddalena zuwa Montgenevre Pass) * Dauphiné Alps (daga Col du Mont Genevre zuwa Col du Mont Cenis) * Graian Alps (daga Col du Mont Cenis zuwa Col Ferret) * Chablais Alps (daga Tafkin Geneva zuwa Col des Montets) * Pennine Alps (daga Col Ferret zuwa Simplon Pass) * Lepontine Alps (daga Simplon Pass zuwa Splügen Pass) * Bernese Alps (arewacin Rhône zuwa Grimsel Pass) * Urner Alps (daga Grimsel Pass zuwa Reuss) * Glarus Alps (arewa maso gabashin Oberalp Pass) * Appenzell Alps (arewacin Sargans) A cikin Gabashin Alps, ɓangaren da aka fi amfani da shi shine Rarrabawar Alpine Club ta 1984, wanda ya raba yankin zuwa kusan ƙananan yankuna saba'in. == Babban sarkar == "Babban sarkar Alps" ya bi magudanar ruwa daga Tekun Bahar Rum zuwa Wienerwald, ya ratsa da yawa daga cikin mafi girma da shahararrun kololuwa a cikin Alps.  Mafi mahimmancin wucewa da kololuwar da ta ke haye ana ba da su a ƙasa (tsaunuka suna lanƙwasa, suna wucewa ba tare da an gano su ba).  Daga Colle di Cadibona zuwa Col de Tende yana tafiya zuwa yamma, kafin ya juya zuwa arewa maso yamma sannan, kusa da Colle de la Maddalena, zuwa arewa.  Bayan isa kan iyakar Switzerland, layin babban layin ya doshi kusan gabas-arewa-gabas, inda yake bi har zuwa karshensa kusa da Vienna. * Colle di Cadibona (Italiya, 435 m) * Colle di Tenda / Col de Tende (Faransa / Italiya, 1908 m) * Colle della Maddalena / Col de Larche (Faransa / Italiya, 1994 m) Monte Viso (Faransi / Italiya), 3841 m) ** Monte Viso (Faransa / Italiya, 3841 m) * Col de Montgenèvre (Faransa / Italiya, 1854 m) * Col de Fréjus (Faransa / Italiya, 2537 m) * Col du Mont Cenis (Faransa, 2084 m) Aiguille de la Grande Sassière (Faransi / Italiya, 3751 m) ** Aiguille de la Grande Sassière (Faransa / Italiya, 3751 m) * Little St Bernard Pass (Faransa / Italiya, 2188 m) Mont Blanc / Monte Bianco (Faransi / Italiya), 4810.45 m, [1] mafi girman matsayi a cikin Alps) ** Mont Blanc / Monte Bianco (Faransa / Italiya, 4810.45 m, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-11-05 |title=Mont Blanc shrinks by 45cm in two years |url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/mont-blanc-shrinks-by-45cm-in-two-years-20091106-i0kk.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214082228/https://www.smh.com.au/environment/mont-blanc-shrinks-by-45cm-in-two-years-20091106-i0kk.html |archive-date=2023-02-14 |website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref> mafi girman matsayi a cikin Alps) * Babban St. Bernard Pass (Switzerland / Italiya, 2469 m) Matterhorn / Monte Cervino (Switisse / Italiya), 4478 m) Monte Rosa (Switwitzerland / Italy, 4634 m) ** Matterhorn / Monte Cervino (Switzerland / Italiya, 4478 m) ** Monte Rosa (Switzerland / Italiya, 4634 m) * Simplon Pass (Switzerland, 2005 m) Blinnenhorn (Swit Switzerland / Italiya, 3374 m) ** Blinnenhorn (Switzerland / Italiya, 3374 m) * Saint Gotthard Pass (Switzerland, 2044 m) Rheinwaldhorn (Swit Switzerland, 3402 m) ** Rheinwaldhorn (Switzerland, 3402 m) * Splügen Pass / Passo dello Spluga (Switzerland / Italiya, 2113 m) * Maloja Pass (Switzerland, 1809 m) Piz Bernina (Swit Switzerland / Italiya, 4049 m) ** Piz Bernina (Switzerland / Italiya, 4049 m) * Fuorn Pass (Switzerland, 2419 m) Piz Sesvenna (Swit Switzerland / Italiya, 3205 m) ** Piz Sesvenna (Switzerland / Italiya, 3205 m) * Reschen Pass (Austria / Italiya, 1504 m) Weißkugel (Austria / Italy, 3738 m) ** Weißkugel (Austria / Italiya, 3738 m) * Timmelsjoch / Passo del Rombo (Austria / Italiya, 2491 m) ** Zuckerhütl (Austria, 3507 m, mafi girman matsayi a cikin Stubaier Alpen) * Brenner Pass (Austria / Italiya, 1371 m) Hochfeiler (Austria / Italy, 3509 m) Großvenediger (Austria, 3666 m) Großglockner (Austria, 3798 m, dutse mafi girma a Austria) ** Hochfeiler (Austria / Italiya, 3509 m) ** Grossvenediger (Austria, 3666 m) ** Großglockner (Austria, 3798 m, dutse mafi girma a Austria) * Hochtor (Austria, 2575 m) ** Ankogel (Austria, 3246 m) * Radstädter Tauern (Austria, 1739 m) ** Hochgolling (Austria, 2863 m) * Shober Pass (Austria, 849 m) ** Hochschwab (Austria, 2277 m) * Gerichtsberg (Austria, 581 m) Schöpfl (Austria, 893 m, mafi girman matsayi a Wienerwald) ** Schöpfl (Austria, 893 m, mafi girman matsayi a cikin Wienerwald) * Danube, 160 m Wasu daga cikin tsaunuka mafi girma a cikin Alps, duk da haka, sun fada gefe ɗaya ko wani na babban sarkar. Wadannan sun hada da: * Barre des Écrins (Faransa, 4102 m, mafi girman matsayi a cikin Dauphiné Alps) * Gran Paradiso (Italiya, 4061 m, mafi girman matsayi a cikin Graian Alps) * Finsteraarhorn (Switzerland, 4274 m, mafi girman matsayi na Berner Oberland) * Jungfrau (Switzerland, 4158 m, Berner Oberland) * Ortler / Cima Ortles (Italiya, 3905 m) * Marmolada (Italiya, 3343 m, mafi girman matsayi a cikin Dolomites) * Tödi (Switzerland, 3614 m, mafi girman matsayi na Glarus Alps) * Triglav (Slovenia, 2864 m, mafi girman matsayi a cikin Julian Alps). Don ƙarin cikakken jerin abubuwan da suka wuce, don Allah duba labaran game da yankuna na Alps. == Gilashin kankara == Akwai [[Gileshiya (Tsaunin kankara)|kankara]] da yawa a cikin Alps, mafi tsawo daga cikinsu shine aletsch Glacier a cikin Bernese Alps. Ana iya samun su a duk manyan kungiyoyin tsaunuka daga Dauphiné Alps a Faransa zuwa Hohe Tauern a tsakiyar Austria, kuma manyan hanyoyin hawa a kan yawancin tsaunuka mafi girma suna wucewa kan kan kankara. == Tafkuna == Ana samun manyan tabkuna kaɗan a cikin jikin Alps, amma da yawa suna kusa da gefen, musamman a wuraren da harsunan glacier suka rufe a baya. Wadannan sun hada da Tafkin Geneva a gefen arewacin alps, a kan iyakar Faransa / Switzerland, Lago Maggiore, Tafkin Como da Tafkin Garda a gefen kudancin Alps a Italiya / Switzerland, da tabkuna na Switzerland, kudancin Jamus da Austrian Salzkammergut a arewa. == Koguna ==  {{Alps orography}}Babban tafkin ruwa na Alps sune na Rhine, Rhone, Danube da Po. Wadannan suna da manyan masu ba da gudummawa: * Rhine: Aare, Reuss, baya Rhine; * Rhone: Durance, Drôme, Isere; * Danube: Sava, Drava, Mur, Enns, Inn; * Po: Oglio, Adda, Ticino, Dora Baltea. Sauran manyan koguna da ke zubar da Alps sun hada da Var, Adige da Piave . Rashin ruwa uku na Rhine-Rhone-Po yana kudu da Furka Pass kusa da taron kolin Witenwasserenstock, a 46°31′N 8°27′E / 46.517°N 8.450°E / 46.517, 8.450; Rashin ruwa sau uku na Rhino-Po-Danube yana a Lunghin Pass, [[Grisons]] (46°25′N 9°17′E / 36.417°N 9.650°E / 36.4617; 9.650, 2645 m; Rashin ruwan uku na Po-Danuba-Adige ne a kudancin 10°267 na 10.66.66.66,66.67. == Dubi kuma == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] au9we3t9hsz815icecbb0q2plm9u2oi 0 111106 893976 798616 2026-08-10T01:19:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See Template:Infobox Settlement for additional fields that may be available--> <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ---------------->|name=Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya|official_name=City of Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya<br />{{lang|th|เทศบาลนครพระนครศรีอยุธยา}}|other_name=Principality of Ayutthaya|named_for=[[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]|native_name={{lang|th|พระนครศรีอยุธยา}}|nickname=|settlement_type=[[List of municipalities in Thailand#City-municipality|City Municipality]] <!-- images and maps ----------->|image_skyline=Naresuan-Road-Ayutthaya.jpg|image_alt=A busy street at day in Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya|image_caption=|image_seal=Ayutthaya city seal.png|pushpin_map=Thailand<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map -->|pushpin_mapsize=250|pushpin_label_position=right<!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none -->|pushpin_map_caption=Location in [[Thailand]] <!-- Location ------------------>|subdivision_type=[[List of sovereign states|Country]]|subdivision_name={{THA}}|subdivision_type1=[[Provinces of Thailand|Province]]|subdivision_name1=[[Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya province|Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya]]|subdivision_type2=[[Districts of Thailand|District]]|subdivision_name2=[[Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya district|Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya]] <!-- Politics ----------------->|government_footnotes=|government_type=City Municipality|leader_title=Mayor|leader_name=Somsong Sappakosonlakul|established_title=<!-- Settled -->|established_date=<!-- Area --------------------->|unit_pref=<!--Enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric-->|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=14.84<!-- ALL fields with measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion-->|area_land_km2=<!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on unit conversion-->|area_water_km2=|area_water_percent=<!-- Elevation -------------------------->|elevation_footnotes=<!--for references: use<ref> </ref> tags-->|elevation_m=|elevation_max_m=|elevation_min_m=<!-- Population ----------------------->|population_as_of=2020|population_footnotes=|population_note=Registered residents only|population_total=50,830|population_density_km2=auto<!--For automatic calculation, any density field may contain: auto --> <!-- General information --------------->|timezone=[[Time in Thailand|ICT]]|utc_offset=+7|timezone_DST=|utc_offset_DST=|coordinates={{coord|14|20|52|N|100|33|38|E|region:TH|display=inline,title}} <!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->|postal_code_type=[[Postal codes in Thailand|Postcode]]|postal_code=13xxx|area_code_type=[[Telephone numbers in Thailand|Area code]]|area_code=(+66) 35|website=[http://www.ayutthayacity.go.th/ ayutthayacity.go.th/]|footnotes=}}'''Phra Nakhon Si '''Ayutthaya'''''' (Thai), ko kuma a cikin gida kuma kawai Ayutthay shine babban birnin Lardin Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya na [[Tailan|Thailand]]. Ayutthaya ita ce babban birnin Masarautar Ayutthaya . Da yake a tsibirin a wurin haɗuwar kogin Chao Phraya da Pa Sak, Ayutthaya shine wurin haihuwar wanda ya kafa [[Bangkok]], Sarki Rama I. An adana rushewar tsohuwar birni a cikin Tarihin Tarihin Ayutthay .{{IPA|th|pʰráʔ ná(ʔ).kʰɔ̄ːn sǐː ʔā.jút.tʰā.jāː|pron}}{{IPA|th|pʰráʔ ná(ʔ).kʰɔ̄ːn sǐː ʔā.jút.tʰā.jāː|pron}}{{IPA|th|pʰráʔ ná(ʔ).kʰɔ̄ːn sǐː ʔā.jút.tʰā.jāː|pron}} == Magana == [[Fayil:Fra_Mauro_World_Map_detail_South_East_Asian_mainland.jpg|left|thumb|An nuna Ayutthaya a cikin Taswirar Fra Mauro na duniya (kimanin 1450 AZ, tare da kudu a saman) a ƙarƙashin sunan "Scierno", wanda aka samo daga Farisa "Shahr-i Naw", ma'ana "Sabon Birni" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scierno: the Land of Smiles |url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/09/06/headlines/headlines_30012911.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061019074059/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/09/06/headlines/headlines_30012911.php |archive-date=2006-10-19 |website=[[The Nation (Thailand)|The Nation]]}}</ref>]] Sunan ''Ayutthaya'' ya kuma samo asali ne daga Sanskrit 安__rupt - Ayodhya kuma ya fito ne daga tarihin ƙasar Thai ''Ramakien''; {{Lang|th-Latn|phra}} (daga Khmer: ''preah'' cas) shine prefix don suna game da mutum na sarauta, kuma {{Lang|th-Latn|nakhon}} (daga Pali: ''Nagara'') yana nuna muhimmiyar ko babban birni. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:View_of_Ayuthia,_Siam,_now_known_to_the_Siamese_as_Krung_Kao_Wellcome_L0020134.jpg|left|thumb|Halin sararin samaniya na Ayutthaya, wanda John Thomson ya ɗauka, farkon 1866]] [[Fayil:Plan_de_la_Ville_de_Ayutthaya_(City_Map)_by_Bellin_1751.png|thumb|Taswirar Birni na Ayutthaya a cikin 1687]] Kafin ranar da aka kafa Ayutthaya ta gargajiya, shaidar archaeological da rubuce-rubuce sun nuna cewa Ayutthay na iya kasancewa tun daga ƙarshen karni na 13 a matsayin garin tashar jiragen ruwa. : 44-5 Ana iya ganin ƙarin shaidar wannan tare da Wat Phanan Choeng, wanda aka kafa a 1324, shekaru 27 kafin kafuwar Ayutthaya. An kafa Ayutthaya bisa hukuma a cikin shekarar 1351 [a] ta Sarki U Thong, wanda ya je can don gujewa barkewar cutar sankarau a Lopburi kuma ya ayyana ta a matsayin babban birnin masarautarsa, wanda galibi ake kira Masarautar Ayutthaya ko Siam. Ayutthaya ya zama babban birnin Siamese na biyu bayan Sukhothai. An kiyasta cewa Ayutthaya a shekara ta 1600 tana da yawan jama'a kusan 300,000, tare da kila yawan mutanen ya kai 1,000,000 a kusa da 1700, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama daya daga cikin manyan biranen duniya a wancan lokacin, [2] lokacin da ake kiranta da "Venice of the East".". {{Ref label|reference_name_a|a|a}} A shekara ta 1767, sojojin Burma sun lalata birnin, wanda ya haifar da rushewar masarautar. An adana rushewar tsohuwar birni a cikin wurin shakatawa na tarihi na Ayutthaya, <ref name="Thailands World.com-2011-09-22">{{Cite web |title=Ayutthaya Historical Park |url=http://www.thailandsworld.com/ayutthaya/index.cfm |access-date=2011-09-22 |publisher=Asia's World Publishing Limited |archive-date=2011-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005054355/http://thailandsworld.com/ayutthaya/index.cfm |url-status=dead }}</ref> wanda aka amince da shi a duniya a matsayin [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Gidan Tarihin Duniya]] na [[UNESCO]]. Rushewar, wanda ke dauke da ''prang'' (hasumiyoyi masu tsarki) da manyan gidajen ibada, suna ba da ra'ayi game da darajar birnin da ta gabata.<ref name="UNESCO-2011-09-22">{{Cite web |title=Historic City of Ayutthaya |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/576 |access-date=2011-09-22 |publisher=[[UNESCO]]}}</ref> An sake kafa Ayutthaya ta zamani a 'yan kilomita zuwa gabas. == Yawan jama'a == Tun daga shekara ta 2005, yawan mutanen Ayutthaya yana raguwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Thailand: Major Cities, Towns & Communes - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/thailand/cities/ |access-date= |website=}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Ranar kimantawa !31 Disamba 2005 !31 Disamba 2010 !31 Disamba 2015 !31 Disamba 2019 |- |'''Yawan jama'a''' |55,097 |54,190 |52,940 |50,830 |} Birnin yana da kimanin kilomita 40 (64 a arewacin [[Bangkok]]. === Yanayi === Ayutthaya, wanda ke cikin filayen tsakiya, yanayi uku ne suka shafi shi: * Lokacin zafi: Maris - Mayu * Lokacin ruwan sama: Yuni - Oktoba * Lokacin sanyi: Nuwamba - Fabrairu == Gidan yanar gizon Ayutthaya == === Shahararrun wuraren al'adu === {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" ! width="100" |Sunan ! width="100" |Hoton ! width="100" |An gina shi ! width="100" |Masu tallafawa ! width="400" |Bayani |- |Wat Yai Chai Mongkhon |[[Fayil:Ayutthaya_Wat_Yai_Chai_Mongkhon_2.jpg|150x150px]] |1357<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vandenburg |first=Tricky |title=Wat Yai Chaimongkhon |url=https://www.ayutthaya-history.com/Temples_Ruins_YaiChaiMongkhon.html |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=History of Ayutthaya - Temples and Ruins}}</ref> |Sarki Ramathibodi I <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vandenburg |first=Tricky |title=Wat Yai Chaimongkhon |url=https://www.ayutthaya-history.com/Temples_Ruins_YaiChaiMongkhon.html |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=History of Ayutthaya - Temples and Ruins}}</ref> |Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun temples a Ayutthaya |- |Wat Mahathat |[[Fayil:Templo_Mahathat,_Ayutthaya,_Tailandia,_2013-08-23,_DD_06.jpg|150x150px]] |1374 |Sarki Borommaracha I | |- |Wat Chai Watthanaram |[[Fayil:Sunset_at_Wat_Chaiwatthanaram,_Ayutthaya,_Thailand.jpg|150x150px]] |1630 |Sarki Prasat Thong |Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun temples a Ayutthaya |- |Wat Phanan Choeng |[[Fayil:001_Vihara_seen_from_the_Side_(9188173523).jpg|150x150px]] |1324 | | |- |Wat Phra Si Sanphet |[[Fayil:Ayutthaya_Tapinaklari.jpg|150x150px]] |1350 |Sarki Ramathibodi I | |- |[[Wihan Phra Mongkhon Bophit]] |[[Fayil:001_Wihan_Phra_Mongkhon_Bophit_(9197756441).jpg|150x150px]] |c. 1637 (maido da c. 1742/20th karni, a lokuta da yawa) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vandenberg |first=Tricky |date=July 2009 |title=Wihan Phra Mongkhon Bophit |url=https://ayutthaya-history.com/Temples_Ruins_ViharnMongkhonBophit.html |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=History of Ayutthaya - Temples and Ruins}}</ref> |Sarki Chairacha Sarki Borommakot <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vandenberg |first=Tricky |title=Wihan Phra Mongkhon Bophit |url=https://ayutthaya-history.com/Temples_Ruins_ViharnMongkhonBophit.html |access-date=22 July 2021 |website=History of Ayutthaya - Temples and Ruins}}</ref><br /> |An mayar da shi sau ɗaya ko sau biyu a cikin karni na 18. An rage shi zuwa rushewa bayan faduwar Ayutthaya a cikin shekara ta 1767. An mayar da shi a karni na 20. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vandenberg |first=Tricky |title=Wihan Phra Mongkhon Bophit |url=https://ayutthaya-history.com/Temples_Ruins_ViharnMongkhonBophit.html |access-date=22 July 2021 |website=History of Ayutthaya - Temples and Ruins}}</ref> |- |Wat Na Phra Maza |[[Fayil:Ubosot_of_Wat_Na_Phra_Men.jpg|150x150px]] |1503<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vandenberg |first=Tricky |date=September 2009 |title=Temples and Ruins - Wat Na Phra Men |url=https://www.ayutthaya-history.com/Temples_Ruins_NaPhraMen.html |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=History of Ayutthaya}}</ref> |Sarki Ramathibodi na II |Ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun haikalin da aka adana don tsira bayan Fall of Ayutthaya a cikin 1767. An mayar da shi a lokacin mulkin Rama III ({{Abbr|r.|reigned}} 1824-51). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vandenberg |first=Tricky |date=September 2009 |title=Temples and Ruins - Wat Na Phra Men |url=https://www.ayutthaya-history.com/Temples_Ruins_NaPhraMen.html |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=History of Ayutthaya}}</ref> |- |Wat Ratchaburana |[[Fayil:Wat_Ratchaburana_(Ayutthaya).jpg|187x187px]] |1424 |Sarki Borommarachathirat na II | |- |[[Wat Pradu Songtham]] | | |A karkashin goyon bayan sarauta daga Sarki Songtham ({{Abbr|r.|reigned}} 1611-28) har zuwa faduwar Ayutthaya a cikin 1767 <ref>{{Cite web |last=May |first=Ken |date=September 2009 |title=Temples and Ruins - Wat Pradu Songtham |url=https://www.ayutthaya-history.com/Temples_Ruins_PraduSongtham.html |access-date=22 July 2021 |website=History of Ayutthaya}}</ref> |Sarki Uthumphon ya shiga aikin zuhudu a wannan haikalin bayan tilasta masa ya sauka a shekara ta 1758 <ref>{{Cite web |last=May |first=Ken |date=September 2009 |title=Temples and Ruins - Wat Pradu Songtham |url=https://www.ayutthaya-history.com/Temples_Ruins_PraduSongtham.html |access-date=22 July 2021 |website=History of Ayutthaya}}</ref> |- |[[Wat Lokaya Sutharam]] |[[Fayil:Wat_Lokayasutharam_(Temple)_Ayuthaya,_Thailand.jpg|150x150px]] |1452 |Sarki Intharacha | |- |[[Wat Phra Ram]] |[[Fayil:Templo_Phra_Ram,_Ayutthaya,_Tailandia,_2013-08-23,_DD_04.jpg|236x236px]] |1369 |Sarki Ramesuan | |- |Wat Phutthaisawan |[[Fayil:Ayutwputhaisawan0506a.jpg|200x200px]] |Kafin 1350 |Sarki Ramathibodi I |An gina shi kafin a kafa Ayutthaya |- |Chedi Phukhao Thong |[[Fayil:Wat_Phu_Khao_Thong_(Ayutthaya).jpg|150x150px]] |c. 1569, 1587 (wanda aka sake ginawa a 1744) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vandenberg |first=Tricky |date=July 2009 |title=Wat Phukhao Thong |url=https://www.ayutthaya-history.com/Temples_Ruins_PhukhaoThong.html |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=History of Ayutthaya - Temples and Ruins}}</ref> |Sarki (Prince a lokacin) Naresuan Borommakot <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vandenberg |first=Tricky |date=July 2009 |title=Wat Phukhao Thong |url=https://www.ayutthaya-history.com/Temples_Ruins_PhukhaoThong.html |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=History of Ayutthaya - Temples and Ruins}}</ref><br /> |An gina shi don tunawa da nasarar yaƙi bayan 'yancin Ayutthaya daga Burma a cikin 1584 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vandenberg |first=Tricky |date=July 2009 |title=Wat Phukhao Thong |url=https://www.ayutthaya-history.com/Temples_Ruins_PhukhaoThong.html |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=History of Ayutthaya - Temples and Ruins}}</ref> |- |Wat Thammikarat |[[Fayil:Ruins_of_Chedi_Singha_Lom_Wat_Thammikarat.jpg|150x150px]] |Kafin 1350 |Sarkin Lavo |An gina shi kafin a kafa Ayutthaya |- |Wat Kudi Dao |[[Fayil:โบสถ์วัดกุฎีดาวด้านหลัง.jpg|150x150px]] |1711 ko baya <ref>{{Cite web |last=May |first=Ken |date=September 2009 |title=History of Ayutthaya - Temples And Ruins |url=https://www.ayutthaya-history.com/Temples_Ruins_Kudidao.html |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=Wat Kudi Dao}}</ref> |Yarima, daga baya Sarki Borommakot <ref>{{Cite web |last=May |first=Ken |date=September 2009 |title=History of Ayutthaya - Temples And Ruins |url=https://www.ayutthaya-history.com/Temples_Ruins_Kudidao.html |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=Wat Kudi Dao}}</ref> |Misali mai kyau na ƙarni na 18 na Late Ayutthaya wat gine-gine. An mayar da shi a wani bangare.<ref>{{Cite web |last=May |first=Ken |date=September 2009 |title=History of Ayutthaya - Temples And Ruins |url=https://www.ayutthaya-history.com/Temples_Ruins_Kudidao.html |access-date=23 July 2021 |website=Wat Kudi Dao}}</ref> |- |} === Gidajen tarihi === * Cibiyar Nazarin Tarihi ta Ayutthaya * Gidan kayan gargajiya na Chao Sam Phraya: Gidan kayan tarihi na musamman yana nuna abubuwan da aka tono a Wat Racha Burana da Wat Maha That. === Sauran wuraren yawon bude ido === [[Fayil:St_Joseph's_Church,_Ayutthaya.jpg|right|thumb|Cocin St. Joseph]] * Wang Luang * Wat Suwan Dararam * Cocin St. Joseph * Baan Holland Birnin yana a wurin haɗuwar kogin Chao Phraya, Lopburi da Pa Sak, kuma a kan babbar hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta arewa maso kudu da ke haɗa [[Chiang Mai]] zuwa [[Bangkok]]. Tsohon birni yana kan tsibirin da aka kafa ta hanyar karkatar da Chao Phraya a gefen yamma da kudu, Pa Sak a gefen gabas da kuma tashar Klong Muang a gefen arewa. Kimanin tsakiyar tsohuwar birni shine 14°20′N 100°34′E / 14.333°N 100.567°E / 14. 333; 100.567. === Kasuwar Dare ta Ayutthaya === Kasuwar tana ba da damammakin sayayya, gami da abinci iri-iri, tufafi, da kayan aikin hannu. Baƙi za su iya jin daɗin jita-jita na gargajiya na Thai irin su pad Thai, shinkafa mai ɗanɗano mango, da miya mai yum, da kuma nau'ikan abinci na duniya. Kasuwar kuma ta shahara saboda ɗimbin kayan tarihi masu ban sha'awa, waɗanda suka haɗa da jakunkuna na hannu, kayan ado, da masaku. Yanayin yana da ɗorewa da kuzari, tare da ƴan wasan kida, kiɗa, da fitilu masu ban sha'awa suna ƙara yanayin shagali..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Travel tips {{!}} Budget travel, resources, inspiration and more |title=Visit Ayutthaya – UNESCO World Heritage Site |url=https://www.mortraveling.com/2023/01/Visit-Ayutthaya-UNESCO.html |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=Travel tips {{!}} Budget travel, resources, inspiration and more |language=en}}</ref> === Kasuwar Ayutthaya === Akwai kasuwar da ba a san ta sosai ba a Ayutthaya da ake kira '''Klong Sabua''' wanda ya fi shahara tare da masu yawon bude ido na Thai fiye da matafiya na kasashen waje. Babban abin jan hankali shine gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ruwa, wanda aka ce shi ne kawai irin sa a Thailand, wanda ke nuna wasan kwaikwayo na raye-raye na tatsuniyoyin Thai da kiɗa na Sepaa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Travel tips {{!}} Budget travel, resources, inspiration and more |title=Visit Ayutthaya – UNESCO World Heritage Site |url=https://www.mortraveling.com/2023/01/Visit-Ayutthaya-UNESCO.html |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=Travel tips {{!}} Budget travel, resources, inspiration and more |language=en}}</ref> == Sufuri == [[Fayil:Ayutthaya_Railway_Station.JPG|right|thumb|Tashar jirgin kasa ta Ayutthaya]] === Iska === Filin jirgin saman da ya fi kusa shi ne Filin jirgin sama na Don Mueang na Bangkok, cibiyar masu ɗaukar kasafin kuɗi na yanki. Wata hanya mai tsawo ta haɗa Terminal 1 zuwa tashar jirgin kasa ta Don Muang, inda jiragen kasa na Ayutthaya ke gudana akai-akai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to get to Ayutthaya |url=https://www.travelfish.org/transport/thailand/bangkok_and_surrounds/ayutthaya/ayutthaya/all}}</ref> === Jirgin ƙasa === Jiragen ƙasa zuwa Ayutthaya suna barin Tashar Hua Lamphong ta Bangkok kusan kowane awa tsakanin karfe 4:20 na safe. da kuma karfe 10:00 na yamma. Farashin aji na 3 shine baht 20 don tafiyar awa 1.5. Ana samun jadawalin jirgin ƙasa daga tashar bayanai a tashar Hua Lamphong, Bangkok . <ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Ayutthaya - Temples & Ruins - Introduction |url=http://www.ayutthaya-history.com/Temples_Ruins_Introduction.html}}</ref> == A cikin almara == * Wani gari mai taken Thailand mai suna "Ayothaya" ya bayyana a cikin kwamfuta na sirri MMORPG Ragnarok Online. * Ayutthaya mataki ne a cikin Soul Calibur II . * Haikali a Wat Phra Si Sanphet da Wat Ratchaburana daga Ayutthaya sun bayyana a cikin Street Fighter II, Kickboxer (a matsayin "Stone City"), Mortal Kombat, Mortal Kombet Annihilation, da kuma Mortal Kombate Conquest. * Siffar Buddha da ke kwance daga rushewar Ayutthaya ta bayyana a matakin Sagat a mafi yawan wasannin Street Fighter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Buddha Statue |url=http://fightingstreet.com/folders/variousinfofolder/buddhastatue/buddhastatue.html |access-date=2011-12-18 |publisher=Fightingstreet.com |archive-date=2012-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116041251/http://fightingstreet.com/folders/variousinfofolder/buddhastatue/buddhastatue.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * An nuna shi a cikin fim din 2005 "The King Maker". * Halakar 1630 na kwata na Jafananci na Ayutthaya a umarnin Prasat Thong da sakamakonsa yana da mahimmanci ga ɗaya daga cikin labarun a cikin jerin labaran 1632 Ring of Fire III, "Duk yaran Allah a Gabas mai Ruwa" na [[Garrett W. Vance]]. * A cikin wasan Nintendo DS na 2010 Golden Sun: Dark Dawn, manyan haruffa sun ziyarci birnin 'Ayuthay', wanda ke da alaƙa da al'adun Thai da gine-gine. * Taswirar jigon Thailand mai suna "Ayutthaya" ya bayyana a cikin wasan bidiyo na Overwatch . * An nuna Ayutthaya a cikin wasan bidiyo na 2016 Civilization VI a matsayin birni mai ban sha'awa, yana haɓaka al'adun al'adu a cikin kowane wayewa da yake da alaƙa da shi a halin yanzu. == Hotuna == <gallery> Fayil:Ayutthaya,_Elephants,_Thailand.jpg|Elephants Fayil:Ayutthaya,_Elephant_festival,_Thailand.jpg|Elephant Fayil:Ayutthaya,_Monk,_Thailand.jpg|Buddhist monk in Ayutthaya Fayil:Templo_Phra_Si_Sanphet,_Ayutthaya,_Tailandia,_2013-08-23,_DD_16.jpg|Wat Phra Si Sanphet Fayil:Templo_Mahathat,_Ayutthaya,_Tailandia,_2013-08-23,_DD_05.jpg|Mahathat, Ayutthaya historical park Fayil:Mercado_flotante,_Ayutthaya,_Tailandia,_2013-08-23,_DD_02.jpg|Floating market of Ayutthaya Fayil:Templo_Thammikarat,_Ayutthaya,_Tailandia,_2013-08-23,_DD_07.jpg|Thammikarat temple Fayil:Ayutthaya_city_at_night,_Thailand.jpg|Ayutthaya city centre at night </gallery> [[Rukuni:Biranen Thailand]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] g0dmfup4odxwrp31e2u926op5xu96nk 0 111446 893648 699953 2026-08-09T14:07:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Kummu_2021_quantiles.jpg|thumb|Canje-canje da aka hango don halittu na Duniya a ƙarƙashin yanayin sauyin yanayi daban-daban guda biyu don 2081-2100. Layin saman shine yanayin ƙarancin hayaki, jere na ƙasa shine yanayin hayaki mai yawa. Biomes an rarraba su tare da tsarin wuraren rayuwa na Holdridge. Canjin 1 ko 100% (launuka masu duhu) yana nuna cewa yankin ya koma cikin wani nau'i daban-daban.<ref name="Kummu2021">{{Cite journal |last=Kummu |first=Matti |last2=Heino |first2=Matias |last3=Taka |first3=Maija |last4=Varis |first4=Olli |last5=Viviroli |first5=Daniel |date=21 May 2021 |title=Climate change risks pushing one-third of global food production outside the safe climatic space |journal=One Earth |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=720–729 |bibcode=2021OEart...4..720K |doi=10.1016/j.oneear.2021.04.017 |pmc=8158176 |pmid=34056573}}</ref>]] [[Canjin yanayi]] yanzu yana canza halittu, yana shafar yanayin halittu na ƙasa da na ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse gas fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems:Summary for Policymakers |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2019/08/Edited-SPM_Approved_Microsite_FINAL.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Summary for Policymakers — Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/chapter/summary-for-policymakers/ |access-date=2019-12-23}}</ref> Canjin yanayi yana wakiltar canje-canje na dogon lokaci a cikin zafin jiki da matsakaicin yanayin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2019 |title=Climate Change |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/climate-change/ |access-date=1 November 2021 |website=National Geographic |archive-date=31 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231070002/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/climate-change/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan yana haifar da karuwa mai yawa a cikin mitar da tsananin [[Matsanancin yanayi|Abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi]]. Kamar yadda yanayin yanayi na yankin ke canzawa, canji a cikin tsire-tsire da Dabbobi ya biyo baya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Van der Putten |first=Wim H. |last2=Macel |first2=Mirka |last3=Visser |first3=Marcel E. |date=2010-07-12 |title=Predicting species distribution and abundance responses to climate change: why it is essential to include biotic interactions across trophic levels |url= |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=365 |issue=1549 |pages=2025–2034 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2010.0037 |pmc=2880132 |pmid=20513711}}</ref> Misali, daga cikin nau'o'in 4000 da Rahoton Bincike na shida na IPCC ya bincika, an gano rabin sun canza rarraba su zuwa mafi girman latitudes ko tsawo don mayar da martani ga canjin yanayi. Bugu da ƙari, canjin yanayi na iya haifar da rushewar muhalli tsakanin jinsunan da ke hulɗa, ta hanyar canje-canje a cikin halayyar da phenology, ko ta hanyar rashin daidaituwa na yanayi.<ref name="Sales et al (2020)">{{Cite journal |last=Sales |first=L. P. |last2=Culot |first2=L. |last3=Pires |first3=M. |date=July 2020 |title=Climate niche mismatch and the collapse of primate seed dispersal services in the Amazon |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=247 |issue=9 |pages=108628 |bibcode=2020BCons.24708628S |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108628 |s2cid=219764670}}</ref> Misali, canjin yanayi na iya haifar da jinsuna su motsa a wurare daban-daban, wanda zai iya rushe hulɗar su da juna.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Malhi |first=Yadvinder |last2=Franklin |first2=Janet |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Solan |first4=Martin |last5=Turner |first5=Monica G. |last6=Field |first6=Christopher B. |last7=Knowlton |first7=Nancy |date=2020-01-27 |title=Climate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=375 |issue=1794 |pages=20190104 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2019.0104 |issn=0962-8436 |pmc=7017779 |pmid=31983329}}</ref><ref name="Sales et al (2021)">{{Cite journal |last=Sales |first=L. P. |last2=Rodrigues |first2=L. |last3=Masiero |first3=R. |date=November 2020 |title=Climate change drives spatial mismatch and threatens the biotic interactions of the Brazil nut |journal=Global Ecology and Biogeography |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=117–127 |doi=10.1111/geb.13200 |s2cid=228875365}}</ref> Ana bayar da misalan tasiri akan wasu nau'ikan halittu a cikin masu zuwa. Bincike kan kwararowar hamada yana da sarkakiya, kuma babu wani ma'auni guda daya da zai iya ayyana dukkan bangarori. Duk da haka, ana sa ran za a sami ƙarin matsananciyar sauyin yanayi zai ƙara yawan busasshiyar ƙasa a nahiyoyin duniya. Yawancin fadada za a gani a yankuna kamar "kudu maso yammacin Amurka ta Arewa, arewacin Afirka, kudancin Afirka, da Ostiraliya". <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2019-08-06 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=2022-02-10 |access-date=2019-10-22 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> [[Tsauni|Duwatsu]] sun rufe kusan kashi 25 cikin 100 na farfajiyar duniya kuma suna ba da gida ga fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin goma na yawan mutanen duniya. Canje-canje a cikin yanayin duniya suna haifar da haɗari da yawa ga wuraren zama na dutse.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Nogués-Bravoa D. |last2=Araújoc M.B. |last3=Erread M.P. |last4=Martínez-Ricad J.P. |date=August–October 2007 |title=Exposure of global mountain systems to climate warming during the 21st Century |journal=Global Environmental Change |volume=17 |issue=3–4 |pages=420–8 |bibcode=2007GEC....17..420N |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.11.007}}</ref> Boreal gandun daji, wanda aka fi sani da ''Taiga'', suna dumama da sauri fiye da matsakaicin duniya, <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=SPECIAL REPORT: GLOBAL WARMING OF 1.5 °C; Chapter 3: Impacts of 1.5°C global warming on natural and human systems |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/chapter-3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305235004/https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/chapter-3/ |archive-date=2019-03-05 |website=ilcc.ch |publisher=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change}}</ref> wanda ke haifar da yanayin bushewa a cikin Taiga, wanda ke haifar le yawan tasirin da ke biyowa. <ref name="forestry">{{Cite journal |last=Hogg |first=E.H. |last2=P.Y. Bernier |year=2005 |title=Climate change impacts on drought-prone forests in western Canada |journal=Forestry Chronicle |volume=81 |issue=5 |pages=675–682 |doi=10.5558/tfc81675-5 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Canjin yanayi yana da tasiri kai tsaye a kan yawan amfanin gandun daji, da kuma lafiyarta da sake farfadowa.<ref name="forestry" /> Kusan babu wani tsarin halittu da ke da rauni ga canjin yanayi kamar coral reefs. Kimanin da aka sabunta a {{Convert|2|C-change|F-change}} ya nuna cewa ko da a matsakaicin karuwar duniya na {{Convert|1.5|C-change|F-change}} ° C (2.7 ° F) a kan yanayin zafi na masana'antu, kawai 0.2% na coral reefs na duniya za su iya tsayayya da raƙuman ruwa, sabanin 84% da za su iya yin hakan yanzu, tare da adadi ya sauka zuwa 0% a 2 ° C (3.6 ° F) warming da kuma bayan haka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dixon |first=Adele M. |last2=Forster |first2=Piers M. |last3=Heron |first3=Scott F. |last4=Stoner |first4=Anne M. K. |last5=Beger |first5=Maria |date=1 February 2022 |title=Future loss of local-scale thermal refugia in coral reef ecosystems |journal=PLOS Climate |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=e0000004 |doi=10.1371/journal.pclm.0000004 |s2cid=246512448 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunne |first=Daisy |date=1 February 2022 |title=Last refuges for coral reefs to disappear above 1.5C of global warming, study finds |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/last-refuges-for-coral-reefs-to-disappear-above-1-5c-of-global-warming-study-finds/ |website=[[Carbon Brief]]}}</ref> == Kalmomin da rarrabuwa == A Duniya, halittu sune manyan sassan da ke cikin [[Climate|yanayi]] halittu, wanda [[Community (ecology)|al'umma]] ta halitta ta musamman da kuma yanayin yanki da aka raba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The world's biomes |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/index.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204035155/http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/index.php |archive-date=2008-12-04 |access-date=2008-11-25 |website=www.ucmp.berkeley.edu}}</ref> Biome guda ɗaya zai haɗa da tsarin halittu da yankuna masu yawa. Dangane da rarrabawar [[World Wildlife Fund|Asusun Kula da namun daji na Duniya]], yanayin ƙasa, na ruwa da na ruwa mai laushi kowannensu ya ƙunshi ''daruruwan'' yankuna, kusan nau'ikan halittu ''goma sha biyu'', da kuma adadi ɗaya na yankuna na halittu == Tasirin Gabaɗaya == Rahoton Bincike na huɗu na IPCC na 2007 ya kammala cewa a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata, dumama da mutum ya haifar da wataƙila yana da tasiri ga tsarin halittu da yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rosenzweig |first=C. |last2=Casassa |first2=G. |last3=Karoly |first3=D. J. |last4=Imeson |first4=A. |last5=Liu |first5=C. |last6=Menzel |first6=A. |last7=Rawlins |first7=S. |last8=Root |first8=T. L. |last9=Seguin |first9=B. |last10=Tryjanowski |first10=P. |year=2007 |title=Assessment of observed changes and responses in natural and managed systems |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/33180/ |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=79–131 |doi=10.5167/uzh-33180 |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2023-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307174151/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/33180/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Root |first=T. L. |last2=MacMynowski |first2=D. P |last3=Mastrandrea |first3=M. D. |last4=Schneider |first4=S. H. |date=17 May 2005 |title=Human-modified temperatures induce species changes: Joint attribution |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=102 |issue=21 |pages=7465–7469 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0502286102 |pmc=1129055 |pmid=15899975 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Assessing Key Vulnerabilities and the Risk from Climate Change |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg2/assessing-key-vulnerabilities-and-the-risk-from-climate-change/ |website=AR4 Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability}}</ref> Rahoton Bincike na shida ya gano cewa rabin dukkan jinsunan da ke da bayanai na dogon lokaci sun sauya kewayon su zuwa pole (ko sama ga jinsunan dutse). Kashi biyu bisa uku sun sami abubuwan da suka faru a farkon shekara a baya. Yawancin lokutan kiwo na nau'in tsuntsaye na Turai an canza su zuwa lokutan da suka gabata, kamar yadda sauye-sauye a kwanakin kiwo suka nuna.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reiczigel |first=Jenő |last2=Erős |first2=Nándor |last3=Szabó |first3=Alfréd |last4=Vadas |first4=Anita-Bernadett |last5=Rózsa |first5=Lajos |date=30 October 2024 |title=Changes of nestling ringing dates in nine bird species over seven decades |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |language=en |volume=14 |pages=26055 |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-76845-5 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=11522564}}</ref> Yankin daruruwan tsuntsayen Arewacin Amurka sun koma arewa a matsakaicin 1.5 km / shekara a cikin shekaru 55 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Martins |first=Paulo Mateus |last2=Anderson |first2=Marti J. |last3=Sweatman |first3=Winston L. |last4=Punnett |first4=Andrew J. |date=2024-04-09 |title=Significant shifts in latitudinal optima of North American birds |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=121 |issue=15 |pages=e2307525121 |bibcode=2024PNAS..12107525M |doi=10.1073/pnas.2307525121 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=11009622 |pmid=38557189}}</ref>&nbsp; Bugu da ƙari, canjin yanayi na iya rushe yanayin muhalli tsakanin jinsunan da ke hulɗa, ta hanyar canje-canje akan halayyar da phenology, ko ta hanyar rashin daidaituwa na yanayi.<ref name="Sales et al (2020)2">{{Cite journal |last=Sales |first=L. P. |last2=Culot |first2=L. |last3=Pires |first3=M. |date=July 2020 |title=Climate niche mismatch and the collapse of primate seed dispersal services in the Amazon |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=247 |issue=9 |pages=108628 |bibcode=2020BCons.24708628S |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108628 |s2cid=219764670}}</ref> Rushewar ƙungiyoyin jinsuna-nau'in yana da yiwuwar sakamako na motsi na yanayi na kowane nau'in jinsuna a wurare daban-daban.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Malhi |first=Yadvinder |last2=Franklin |first2=Janet |last3=Seddon |first3=Nathalie |last4=Solan |first4=Martin |last5=Turner |first5=Monica G. |last6=Field |first6=Christopher B. |last7=Knowlton |first7=Nancy |date=2020-01-27 |title=Climate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=375 |issue=1794 |pages=20190104 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2019.0104 |issn=0962-8436 |pmc=7017779 |pmid=31983329}}</ref><ref name="Sales et al (2021)2">{{Cite journal |last=Sales |first=L. P. |last2=Rodrigues |first2=L. |last3=Masiero |first3=R. |date=November 2020 |title=Climate change drives spatial mismatch and threatens the biotic interactions of the Brazil nut |journal=Global Ecology and Biogeography |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=117–127 |doi=10.1111/geb.13200 |s2cid=228875365}}</ref> Canjin yanayi na iya, saboda haka, haifar da wani halaka, mafi shiru kuma mafi yawan an yi watsi da shi: halakawar hulɗar jinsuna. A sakamakon rarraba sararin samaniya na ƙungiyoyin jinsuna, [[Sabis ɗin yanayin halittu|Ayyukan yanayin halittu]] da aka samo daga hulɗar halittu suma suna cikin haɗari daga rashin daidaituwa na yanayi.<ref name="Sales et al (2020)" /> Dukan rikice-rikicen yanayin halittu za su faru a baya a ƙarƙashin canjin yanayi mai tsanani: a ƙarƙashin yanayin {{Convert|2|C-change|F-change}} mai tsananin fitarwa, yanayin halittu a cikin tekuna masu zafi zai zama na farko da za su fuskanci rikice-rikice na kwatsam kafin 2030, tare da gandun daji na wurare masu zafi da ke biyo baya ta 2050. Gabaɗaya, kashi 15% na tarurrukan muhalli za su sami sama da kashi 20% na jinsinsu ba zato ba tsammani idan kamar yadda zafin jiki ya kai {{Convert|4|C-change|F-change}} ° C (7.2 ° F); akasin haka, wannan zai faru da ƙasa da 2% idan zafin ya kasance ƙasa da 2 ° C (3.6 ° F). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trisos |first=Christopher H. |last2=Merow |first2=Cory |last3=Pigot |first3=Alex L. |date=8 April 2020 |title=The projected timing of abrupt ecological disruption from climate change |journal=Nature |volume=580 |issue=7804 |pages=496–501 |bibcode=2020Natur.580..496T |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2189-9 |pmid=32322063 |s2cid=256822113 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Abubuwan da ke rayuwa a duniya == === Yankin hamada da wuraren da ba su da ruwa === Bincike game da [[Desertification|hamada]] yana da rikitarwa, kuma babu ma'auni guda ɗaya wanda zai iya bayyana dukkan fannoni. Koyaya, ana sa ran canjin yanayi mai tsanani zai kara yawan wuraren da ba su da ruwa a nahiyoyin duniya: daga 38% a ƙarshen karni na 20 zuwa 50% ko 56% a ƙarshen karni ya 21, a ƙarƙashin "mai matsakaici" da kuma hanyoyin wakilci masu zafi 4.5 da 8.5. Za a ga mafi yawan fadada a yankuna kamar "kudu maso yammacin Arewacin Amurka, iyakar arewacin Afirka, kudancin Afirka, da Ostiraliya<ref name=":5"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5c8shhy9pt6udjqz5l90b6pcpz9ne0m 0 111669 894008 826856 2026-08-10T05:08:37Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|1|0 */ 894008 wikitext text/x-wiki Hakkin dan adam a cikin Ba'athist Syria ba su wanzu ba. An dauki rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na gwamnati a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi muni a duniya. A sakamakon haka, shahararrun kungiyoyin kasa da kasa sun yi Allah wadai da Syria ta Ba'athist, ciki har da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], Human Rights Watch, [[Amnesty International]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2011 |title=Human Rights Council debates situation of human rights in Syrian Arab Republic in Special Session |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2011/08/human-rights-council-debates-situation-human-rights-syrian-arab-republic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512100813/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2011/08/human-rights-council-debates-situation-human-rights-syrian-arab-republic |archive-date=12 May 2023 |website=United Nations:OHCHR}}</ref> <ref name="AmInt2009">{{Cite web |title=Amnesty International Report 2009, Syria |url=http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/syria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007231314/http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/syria |archive-date=7 October 2009 |access-date=28 April 2017}}</ref> da [[Tarayyar Turai]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2023 |title=European Union (EU) imposes further sanctions on Syrian regime |url=https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2023/04/24/eu-sanctions-syrian-regime-netherlands |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501155117/https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2023/04/24/eu-sanctions-syrian-regime-netherlands |archive-date=1 May 2023 |website=Government of the Netherlands}}</ref> An ƙuntata 'yanci na jama'a,' yancin siyasa,' yanci na magana da taro a ƙarƙashin Gwamnatin neo-Ba'athist na [[Bashar al-Assad]], wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin gwamnatocin da suka fi zalunci a duniya".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Freedom in the World 2023: Syria |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/syria/freedom-world/2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309145759/https://freedomhouse.org/country/syria/freedom-world/2023 |archive-date=9 March 2023 |website=[[Freedom House]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yacoubian |first=Mona |date=14 March 2023 |title=Syria's Stalemate Has Only Benefitted Assad and His Backers |url=https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/03/syrias-stalemate-has-only-benefitted-assad-and-his-backers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318081024/https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/03/syrias-stalemate-has-only-benefitted-assad-and-his-backers |archive-date=18 March 2023 |website=USIP}}</ref> Zaben 50 na Freedom in the World, rahoton shekara-shekara da Freedom House ta buga tun 1973, ya sanya Siriya a matsayin "Mafi muni daga cikin Mafi muni" a cikin ƙasashen "Ba 'yanci ba". Rahoton ya lissafa Siriya a matsayin daya daga cikin kasashe biyu don samun mafi ƙarancin sakamako (1/100). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Freedom in the World 2023: Syria |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/syria/freedom-world/2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309145759/https://freedomhouse.org/country/syria/freedom-world/2023 |archive-date=9 March 2023 |website=[[Freedom House]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=March 2023 |title=Freedom in the World: 2023 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2023-03/FIW_World_2023_DigtalPDF.pdf |edition=50th anniversary |page=31 |via=Freedom House}}</ref> Juyin mulkin shekarar 1963 da kwamitin soji na jam'iyyar Ba'ath ta Siriya ya yi ne ya kori 'yan Ba'athist a kan karagar mulki, wanda ya ba su damar kafa daular kama-karya a Siriya. Bayan wani lokaci na gwagwarmayar neman madafun iko a cikin jam'iyyu wanda ya kai ga juyin mulkin 1970, Janar Hafez al-Assad ya zama shugaban kasar Siriya; kafa mulkin kama-karya na gadon gidan Assad. A cikin shekaru sittin na mulkinta, hukumomin tsaro sun haramtawa duk wani kungiyoyi na zamantakewa, siyasa da tattalin arziki masu zaman kansu ba tare da jam'iyyar Baath ko gwamnatin ba; tabbatar da cewa jihar tana da cikakken ikon mallakar duk nau'ikan kungiyoyi. Yanayin gaggawa ya fara aiki daga 1963 har zuwa Afrilu 2011, yana ba da ikon tsaro na kamawa da tsare fararen hula; gami da fursunonin lamiri.<ref name="AmInt2009">{{Cite web |title=Amnesty International Report 2009, Syria |url=http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/syria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007231314/http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/syria |archive-date=7 October 2009 |access-date=28 April 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091007231314/http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/syria "Amnesty International Report 2009, Syria"]. Archived from [http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/syria the original] on 7 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Daga 1973 zuwa 2012, Siriya kasa ce mai jam'iyya daya. Yayin da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Syria na shekarar 2012 ya tabbatar da kafa jam'iyyun siyasa da sunan kafa; Tsarin rajista a aikace ya kasance mai wahala kuma gwamnatin ta bincika sosai. Ayyukan siyasa masu zaman kansu ba tare da Ba'ath ba sun raunana a yankunan da gwamnati ke karkashin ikon Mukhabarat kuma suna sa ido sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Freedom in the World 2023: Syria |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/syria/freedom-world/2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309145759/https://freedomhouse.org/country/syria/freedom-world/2023 |archive-date=9 March 2023 |website=[[Freedom House]]}}</ref> Babu wani bangaren shari'a mai zaman kansa, domin ya zama wajibi ga dukkan alkalai da masu gabatar da kara su amince da 'yan jam'iyyar Ba'ath. Dakarun sojan Ba'ath suna da ikon kama mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba tare da gurfanar da su gaban kotu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Freedom in the World 2023: Syria |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/syria/freedom-world/2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309145759/https://freedomhouse.org/country/syria/freedom-world/2023 |archive-date=9 March 2023 |website=[[Freedom House]]}}</ref> An zargi hukumomi da tayar da hankali da kuma ɗaure masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam da sauran masu sukar gwamnati. 'Yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, ƙungiya da taro an sarrafa su sosai, kuma' yan tsiraru na kabilanci sun fuskanci nuna bambanci.<ref name="AmInt2009">{{Cite web |title=Amnesty International Report 2009, Syria |url=http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/syria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007231314/http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/syria |archive-date=7 October 2009 |access-date=28 April 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091007231314/http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/syria "Amnesty International Report 2009, Syria"]. Archived from [http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/syria the original] on 7 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="HRW" /> A Tsawon shekaru da dama na mulkin daular Assad tsakanin 1970 da 2011; Sama da ‘yan Syria 70,000 ne aka yi wa bacewar tilas, sama da 40,000 aka kashe ta hanyar kisan gilla da kuma dubban daruruwan fararen hula suka rasa muhallansu ta hanyar korarsu. After an initial period of economic liberalization that failed to improve human rights in the early 2000s, [[Bashar al-Assad]] launched a string of crackdowns that imprisoned numerous intellectuals and cultural activists; thereby ending the Damascus Spring. At the onset of the Arab Spring in 2011, the country's human rights situation remained among the worst in the world; characterized by [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|arbitrary arrests]], mass surveillance by the dreaded secret police and systematic repression of ethnic minorities, such as the [[Kurdawa|Kurds]].<ref name="reuters">{{Cite web |date=2011-01-24 |title=Syria among worst for rights abuses: HRW report |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-rights-idUSTRE70N5S620110124 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150754/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/24/us-syria-rights-idUSTRE70N5S620110124 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=1 July 2017 |website=Reuters}}</ref> The government was guilty of crimes against humanity based on witness accounts of deaths in custody<ref>{{Cite web |title=Document |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/document/?indexNumber=mde24%2f5415%2f2017&language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726212128/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/document/?indexNumber=mde24%2f5415%2f2017&language=en |archive-date=26 July 2019 |access-date=2019-06-17 |publisher=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> including extrajudicial executions,{{Efn|Sources:<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-accuses-syria-of-mass-executions-and-burning-bodies/2017/05/15/b7b66c86-3986-11e7-8854-21f359183e8c_story.html |title=U.S. Says Syria built crematorium to handle mass prisoner killings – the Washington Post |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=5 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706044935/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-accuses-syria-of-mass-executions-and-burning-bodies/2017/05/15/b7b66c86-3986-11e7-8854-21f359183e8c_story.html |archive-date=6 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/ai-estimates-up-to-13000-civilians-executed-in-syrian-military-prison-over-four-years/a-37435537|title=AI estimates up to 13,000 civilians executed in Syrian military prison over four years – News|date=7 February 2017|work=Deutsche Welle|access-date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430025758/http://www.dw.com/en/ai-estimates-up-to-13000-civilians-executed-in-syrian-military-prison-over-four-years/a-37435537|archive-date=30 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ijrcenter.org/2016/02/17/un-experts-widespread-abuses-and-killings-of-detainees-in-syria/|title=UN Experts: Widespread Abuses and Killings of Detainees in Syria|date=17 February 2016|access-date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728172101/http://www.ijrcenter.org/2016/02/17/un-experts-widespread-abuses-and-killings-of-detainees-in-syria/|archive-date=28 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/04/09/syria-extrajudicial-executions|title=Syria: Extrajudicial Executions|date=9 April 2012|access-date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324050307/https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/04/09/syria-extrajudicial-executions|archive-date=24 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>}} [[Gallazawa|torture]],{{Efn|Sources:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-war-news-latest-doctor-reveals-horrific-torture-in-prison-as-amnesty-international-estimates-a7196171.html|title=10 Syrian prisoners 'dying every day' amid horrific torture and abuse|website=[[Independent.co.uk]] |date=17 August 2016|access-date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518125039/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-war-news-latest-doctor-reveals-horrific-torture-in-prison-as-amnesty-international-estimates-a7196171.html|archive-date=18 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-syria-prisons-torture-20160817-snap-story.html|title=Report documents horrific torture in Syrian prisons|date=17 August 2016|access-date=28 April 2017|work=Los Angeles Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408234631/http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-syria-prisons-torture-20160817-snap-story.html|archive-date=8 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/inside-the-torture-chamber-of-assads-inquisition-squads-7180869.html|title=Inside the torture chamber of Assad's inquisition squads|website=[[Independent.co.uk]] |date=19 February 2012|access-date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613035541/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/inside-the-torture-chamber-of-assads-inquisition-squads-7180869.html|archive-date=13 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/07/middleeast/syria-saydnaya-prison-detainee-stories/index.html|title=These men say they survived torture in a Syrian prison|author=Emanuella Grinberg and Eyad Kourdi|publisher=CNN|date=8 February 2017 |access-date=13 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813185829/http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/07/middleeast/syria-saydnaya-prison-detainee-stories/index.html|archive-date=13 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21712142-dissidents-are-being-exterminated-syrian-jails-assads-torture-dungeons|title=Assad's torture dungeons|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=9 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709082943/https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21712142-dissidents-are-being-exterminated-syrian-jails-assads-torture-dungeons|archive-date=9 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>}} rape,{{Efn|Sources:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoISyria/A-HRC-37-CRP-3.pdf?platform=hootsuite |title=Archived copy |access-date=18 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319084709/http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoISyria/A-HRC-37-CRP-3.pdf?platform=hootsuite |archive-date=19 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://orient-news.net/en/news_show/111962/0/Surviving-Assad-Syrian-women-tell-stories-of-rape-torture|title=Surviving Assad: Syrian women tell stories of rape, torture|access-date=10 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312053359/http://orient-news.net/en/news_show/111962/0/Surviving-Assad-Syrian-women-tell-stories-of-rape-torture|archive-date=12 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/04/syria-has-a-massive-rape-crisis/274583/|title=Syria Has a Massive Rape Crisis|first=Lauren|last=Wolfe|website=[[The Atlantic]] |date=3 April 2013 |access-date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425142658/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/04/syria-has-a-massive-rape-crisis/274583/|archive-date=25 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>}} arbitrary detentions, ethnic cleansing, genocides, massacres, state terrorism and [[Rashin da aka tilasta|forced disappearances]] during the crackdown against the 2011 Syrian Revolution and the ensuing Civil War. The government had also conducted numerous chemical attacks against its own civilians.{{Efn|Sources:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/ignoring-un-russia-and-assad-continue-syrian-chemical-weapons-and-bombing-attacks-labeled-war-crimes|title=Ignoring UN, Russia and Assad continue Syrian chemical weapons and bombing attacks labeled war crimes|first=George|last=Russell|website=[[Fox News]] |date=6 March 2017|access-date=11 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425092749/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/03/06/ignoring-un-russia-and-assad-continue-syrian-chemical-weapons-and-bombing-attacks-labeled-war-crimes.html|archive-date=25 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-ghouta-idUKKBN1FB13F|title=Rescuers in rebel-held Syrian area accuse government of gas attack|date=2018-01-22|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-06-17|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609010150/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-ghouta-idUKKBN1FB13F|archive-date=9 June 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2018/06/13/opcw-fact-finding-mission-confirms-sarin-chlorine-use-syria/|title=The OPCW Fact Finding Mission Confirms More Sarin and Chlorine Use in Syria|date=2018-06-13|website=bellingcat|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617063158/https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2018/06/13/opcw-fact-finding-mission-confirms-sarin-chlorine-use-syria/|archive-date=17 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/panel-blames-syrian-forces-khan-sheikhoun-attack-171026212414046.html|title=UN panel blames Syrian forces for Khan Sheikhoun attack|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=2019-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163208/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/panel-blames-syrian-forces-khan-sheikhoun-attack-171026212414046.html|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>}} == Tarihin 'yancin ɗan adam == Juyin mulkin da aka yi a shekarar 1963 da kwamitin soji na jam'iyyar Baath ta kasar Siriya ya kifar da jamhuriya ta biyu ta Siriya karkashin jagorancin shugaba Nazim al-Qudsi, wanda ya haifar da mulkin Baath na tsawon shekaru da dama. Sabon tsarin mulkin ya aiwatar da manufofin injiniyan zamantakewa kamar kwace kadarori masu yawa, jihar ta ba da umarnin sake rarraba filaye da dukiya, babban aikin tantancewa, kawar da cibiyoyin buga littattafai masu zaman kansu, mayar da bankuna kasa, tsarin ilimi da masana'antu. An kafa dokar ta-baci wadda ta soke duk wasu jam'iyyun siyasa tare da baiwa sojoji iko mai karfi; mulkin kasar yadda ya kamata a matsayin ‘yan sanda. An gudanar da share fage a ko'ina cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a, tsarin mulki; kuma sojojin sun cika makil da masu biyayya ga jam’iyyar. Ba'ath na Siriya sun sami tasiri sosai daga jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Larabawa ta Akram Hawrani wadda ta yi riko da Marxism.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=This day in history: The Ba'ath Party comes to power in Syria |url=https://en.majalla.com/node/287416/documents-memoirs/day-history-ba%E2%80%99ath-party-comes-power-syria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309190918/https://en.majalla.com/node/287416/documents-memoirs/day-history-ba%E2%80%99ath-party-comes-power-syria |archive-date=9 March 2023 |website=Al Majalla}}</ref> A cikin Maris 1964, an hana Yahudawa yin tafiya fiye da kilomita 5 (3 mi) daga garuruwansu. <ref name="jsource2">{{Cite web |title=Jews of Syria |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jews-of-syria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617092914/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jews-of-syria |archive-date=17 June 2018 |access-date=2019-06-17 |website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref> An hana Yahudawa yin aiki da gwamnati ko bankuna, ba za su iya samun lasisin tuƙi ba, kuma an hana su siyan kadarori. Ko da yake an hana Yahudawa fita daga ƙasar, amma a wasu lokuta ana ba su izinin tafiya ƙasashen waje don kasuwanci ko na likita. Duk wani Bayahude da aka ba da izinin barin ƙasar dole ne ya bar jinginar dala $300- $1,000 da kuma dangin da za a yi amfani da su azaman garkuwa don tabbatar da cewa sun dawo. An yi titin filin jirgin sama a kan makabartar Yahudawa da ke birnin Damascus, sannan an rufe makarantun Yahudawa tare da mika wa musulmi. ’Yan sandan sirri suna sa ido a kai a kai a Ƙarshen Yahudawa na Dimashƙu, waɗanda suka halarta a hidimar majami’a, bukukuwan aure, mashaya mashaya, da sauran taron Yahudawa. ’Yan sandan sirri sun sa ido sosai kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin Yahudawan Siriya da baƙi kuma suna ajiye fayil a kan kowane ɗan Yahudawa. Yahudawa kuma sun sa ‘yan sandan sirrin sun karanto wayoyinsu tare da karanta wasikunsu.<ref name="jsource">{{Cite web |title=Jews in Islamic Countries: Syria |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/syrianjews.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217101221/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/syrianjews.html |archive-date=17 December 2016 |access-date=17 June 2018}}</ref> Bayan nasarar [[Isra'ila]] a cikin Yakin Kwanaki shida na 1967, an kara karfafa ƙuntatawa, kuma ana iya kashe Yahudawa 57 a Qamishli a cikin kisan gilla. Al'ummomin Damascus, Aleppo, da Qamishli sun kasance a karkashin tsare-tsare na gida na tsawon watanni takwas bayan yakin. An kori ma'aikatan Yahudawa da yawa bayan Yaƙin Kwanaki shida. Bayan kawar da ƙungiyoyin Baathist masu adawa ta hanyar juyin mulki a shekara ta 1970, Janar Hafez al-Assad ya kafa cikakken rinjaye a kan jam'iyyar Baath tare da kafa mulkin kama-karya wanda ya shafi addininsa. Tsarin gwamnatin Assad na 'yan sandan ya ta'allaka ne da kungiyar Ba'ath, sojojin Siriya cike da manyan 'yan Ba'ath da kuma 'yan Alawiyya masu biyayya ga iyalan Assad. Hafez ya mulki Siriya tsawon shekaru talatin, inda ya tura matakan danniya tun daga satar bayanai zuwa hanyoyin ta'addanci na kasa kamar kisan jama'a, korar jama'a da kuma ayyuka kamar azabtarwa, wadanda aka yi gaba daya kan fararen hula.[1] SS-Haupsturmfuhrer Alois Brunner, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen aiwatar da Holocaust a matsayin na hannun daman Adolf Eichmann, ya taimaka wa al-Assad wajen shirya 'yan sandan sirri na Baath tare da horar da su a kan ayyukan azabtarwa na Nazi Jamus.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandler |first=Adam |date=1 December 2014 |title=Eichmann's Best Man Lived and Died in Syria |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/12/eichmanns-best-man-lived-and-died-in-syria/383296/ |access-date=7 October 2024 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> Irin waɗannan ayyukan sun kasance ana amfani da su nan da 2021.<ref name="NYBrunner" /> [[Fayil:After_Hama_Massacre_26.jpg|thumb|Tankin sojojin Ba'ath na Syria yana birgima kan rugujewar unguwannin birnin jim kadan bayan kisan kiyashin da Hama ya yi a shekara ta 1982, wanda ya kashe fararen hula kimanin 40,000.]] In 1982, [[Hafez al-Assad]] responded to an insurrection led by the [[Ƴan'uwa Musulmai|Muslim Brotherhood]] in the city of Hama by sending paramilitary forces that indiscriminately killed between 40,000 and 55,000 civilians including children, women, and the elderly during the Hama massacre.<ref name="What Lies Beneath">{{Cite journal |last=Ghadry |first=Farid N. |date=Winter 2005 |title=Syrian Reform: What Lies Beneath |url=http://www.meforum.org/683/syrian-reform-what-lies-beneath |url-status=live |journal=The Middle East Quarterly |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304204216/http://www.meforum.org/683/syrian-reform-what-lies-beneath |archive-date=4 March 2011 |access-date=2 April 2011}}</ref> State-violence perpetrated by Assad's reign have targeted women extensively, subjecting them to discrimination and gender-based violence.<ref name="AmInt2009">{{Cite web |title=Amnesty International Report 2009, Syria |url=http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/syria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007231314/http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/syria |archive-date=7 October 2009 |access-date=28 April 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091007231314/http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/syria "Amnesty International Report 2009, Syria"]. Archived from [http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/syria the original] on 7 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Between 1980 and 2000, more than 17,000 Syrian civilians were subjected to [[Rashin da aka tilasta|forced disappearance]] from the Ba'athist regime. During Baathist occupation of Lebanon, numerous Lebanese, Palestinian and other Arab civilians went missing. More than 35 torture techniques were reported to be employed in Syrian prisons and military detention centres during this time. A 1983 report published by [[Amnesty International]] revealed that Assad regime routinely committed mass-executions of alleged dissidents and engaged in the extensive [[Gallazawa|torture]] of prisoners of conscience. Various torture methods in Syrian prisons include electrocutions, ablazing, sexual violence, castration, etc. A shekara ta 2000, Bashar al-Assad ya gaji tsarin mulkin kama karya na Ba'athist Syria bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa. Tsarin mulkinsa ya kasance da rikice-rikice da zalunci fiye da na Hafez al-Assad. An danganta wannan ga rashin ƙwarewar Bashar a cikin tsaro da harkokin siyasa, ban da rashin tsaro game da rayuwar mulkin iyalinsa. Rahoton Freedom House na 2006 ya lissafa Siriya daga cikin mafi munin kasashe don ƙuntata 'yanci na farar hula da' yancin siyasa; yana ba ta mafi ƙarancin maki a duka matakan biyu. A cikin 2023, Freedom House ta kimanta damar mutane ga [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|'Yancin siyasa]] a Siriya a matsayin mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin rahoton shekara-shekara na Freedom in the World akan ƙasashe 210. Siriya ta kasance "-3" a cikin haƙƙin siyasa - ƙasa da sikelin ta 1 zuwa 7, tare da [[Sudan ta Kudu]] da [[Yammacin Sahara]] - kuma an ba Siriya darajar "Ba Free ba". Tun daga 2022, Siriya tana da ƙasa mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin rahoto.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Countries and Territories |url=https://freedomhouse.org/countries/freedom-world/scores |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Syria: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/syria/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> A cewar rahoton na 2008 game da haƙƙin ɗan adam na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, "girmama 'yancin ɗan adam" gwamnatin Siriya ya tsananta. Jami’an tsaro suna kama da tsare mutane ba tare da bayar da wani dalili ba, galibi suna tsare fursunoni a “tsawon zaman shari’a da tsare-tsare”, da kuma “ azabtarwa da cin zarafin fursunoni da fursunoni”. Gwamnati ta sanya takunkumi mai yawa a kan 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, yada labarai, taro, da kuma kungiyoyi, a cikin yanayin cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati. A cewar Cibiyar Harkokin Labaran Larabawa, "duk da yanayin siyasa na gaba ɗaya", akwai "alamu na canji mai kyau," a lokacin zaben 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Arab Press Network |url=http://www.arabpressnetwork.org/articlesv2.php?id=1226 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721002827/http://www.arabpressnetwork.org/articlesv2.php?id=1226 |archive-date=2011-07-21 |access-date=2010-03-06}}</ref> A cewar wani rahoto na 2008 daga Reporters without Borders, "Dole ne 'yan jarida su tantance kansu sosai saboda tsoron jefa su cikin gidan yarin Adra". A shekara ta 2009 an haɗa Siriya a cikin sashin Freedom House na "Mafi munin Mafi muni" kuma an ba shi darajar 7 don 'Yancin Siyasa: da 6 don' Yancin Bil'adama. A cewar Human Rights Watch, tun daga shekara ta 2009 yanayin talauci na haƙƙin ɗan adam na Siriya ya "ƙasa sosai". Hukumomi sun kama masu gwagwarmayar siyasa da kare hakkin dan adam, sun tantance shafukan yanar gizo, sun tsare masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo, kuma sun sanya haramtacciyar tafiye-tafiye. Hukumomin tsaro da yawa na Siriya suna ci gaba da tsare mutane ba tare da takardar izinin kamawa ba. Babu jam'iyyun siyasa da aka ba da lasisi kuma dokar ta baci, wadda aka ɗora a 1963, ta ci gaba da aiki. Hanyoyi daban-daban na azabtarwa da aka tura a cibiyoyin tsare-tsare da kurkuku na Siriya sun haɗa da duka na yau da kullun, fyade, tashin hankali na jima'i, "''Bisat al-rih''" (kafet mai tashi), da sauransu. Kafin barkewar juyin juya halin Siriya a shekara ta 2011, an dauki halin da ake ciki na 'yancin dan adam na Ba'athist Syria a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi muni a duniya. Kayan soja na Ba'athist sun kama fararen hula da yawa, sun azabtar da masu adawa da kuma tsananta wa Kurdawa na Siriya. 'Yan sanda na Siriya sun ci gaba da kama 'yan jarida, masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam, shafukan yanar gizo mai tantancewa, haramta hanyoyin watsa labarai, tsare masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo, da kuma sanya haramtacciyar tafiye-tafiye. tsare-tsare, [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]], da ɓacewar tilas sun yadu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Syria: Events of 2008 |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2009/country-chapters/syria |website=HRW.org}}</ref> An kama masu adawa da Kurdawa da masu gwagwarmayar siyasa a kai a kai kuma an ɗaure su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Syria: Events of 2008 |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2009/country-chapters/syria |website=HRW.org}}</ref> An haramta maganganun asalin Kurdawa, tare da nuna bambanci ga Kurdawa kuma an bi da su a matsayin "yan ƙasa na biyu" a cikin Ba'athist Syria.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Syria: Events of 2008 |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2009/country-chapters/syria |website=HRW.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Syria: Events of 2008 |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2009/country-chapters/syria |website=HRW.org}}</ref> Mummunan tashin hankali da ta'addancin da gwamnatin Assad da masu mara masa baya na kasashen waje ke yi a duk fadin kasar bayan barkewar juyin juya halin kasar Siriya a shekara ta 2011 ba a taba ganin irinsa ba, wanda ya zarta ayyukan sauran masu mulkin kama karya na Larabawa wadanda suka murkushe yunkurin kasashen Larabawa. Har ma ya zarce mummunan tashin hankalin da Hafez al-Assad ya yi a lokacin Kisan Hama. Ta hanyar bin munanan manufofin duniya don murkushe juriya da makamai, Bashar ya lalata yawancin kayayyakin more rayuwa na fararen hula, al'adu da tattalin arzikin Syria. Ba kamar mahaifinsa ba, Bashar ya kashe fararen hular Siriya da yawa kuma ya rasa ƴancin kai na siyasa ga 'yan wasan waje kamar Rasha da [[Iran]]. Ya zuwa shekarar 2023, fiye da kashi uku na yankunan Siriya sun kasance a wajen ikon gwamnatin Ba'ath. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2017, Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka sun kai hari kan wani sansanin sojan sama na Siriya <ref>{{Cite web |last=Griffin |first=Jennifer |date=6 April 2017 |title=US launches missiles into Syria in response to chemical weapons attack |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/us-launches-missiles-into-syria-in-response-to-chemical-weapons-attack |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428091158/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/04/06/us-launches-missiles-into-syria-in-response-to-chemical-weapons-attack.html |archive-date=28 April 2017 |access-date=28 April 2017 |website=[[Fox News]]}}</ref> wanda aka yi amfani da shi don gudanar da Harin makamai masu guba a kan fararen hula na Siriya. Wannan harin kuma an san shi da Harin makami mai linzami na Shayrat na 2017. A cikin 2018, sojojin hadin gwiwa ciki har da Amurka, Faransa, da Ingila sun kuma gudanar da jerin hare-haren soja a Siriya. == Tsarin shari'a == Ba'athist Syria tana da dogon tarihi na kamawa, shari'o'i marasa adalci da kuma tsawo tsare wadanda ake zargi. Dubban fursunonin siyasa sun kasance a tsare, tare da da mutane da yawa daga cikin haramtaccen Muslim Brotherhood da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis. Tun daga watan Yunin 2000, Shugaba al-Assad ya saki fursunonin siyasa sama da 700 na dogon lokaci, kodayake an ruwaito cewa har yanzu ana ɗaure kimanin 4,000.<ref name="HRW" /> Bayani game da waɗanda aka tsare dangane da tuhumar siyasa ko tsaro ba a bayyana su ba. <ref name="HRW" /> Gwamnati ba ta yarda da alhakin kusan 'yan Lebanon 17,000 da Palasdinawa waɗanda suka " bace" a Lebanon a cikin 1980s da farkon 1990s kuma ana zaton an ɗaure su a Siriya.<ref name="HRW" /> A shekara ta 2009, an kama daruruwan mutane kuma an ɗaure su saboda dalilai na siyasa. An bayar da rahoton cewa 'yan sanda na soja sun kashe akalla fursunoni 17.<ref name="AmInt2009">{{Cite web |title=Amnesty International Report 2009, Syria |url=http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/syria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007231314/http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/syria |archive-date=7 October 2009 |access-date=28 April 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091007231314/http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/syria "Amnesty International Report 2009, Syria"]. Archived from [http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/syria the original] on 7 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Masu gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam suna ci gaba da yin niyya da kuma ɗaure su. <ref name="HRW" /> <ref name="AmInt2009" /><ref> see also {{Cite web |title=Human Rights Watch 2006 Report |url=http://hrw.org/englishwr2k7/docs/2007/01/11/syria14722.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115122233/http://www.hrw.org/englishwr2k7/docs/2007/01/11/syria14722.htm |archive-date=2010-11-15 |access-date=2007-04-25 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}} </ref> A ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2020, Netherlands ta bukaci a tuhumi shugaban Syria Bashar al-Assad da laifin laifukan yaki da cin zarafin bil adama da aka aikata a lokacin yakin basasa. Jami'an kasar Holland sun aike da sanarwa ga gwamnatin Siriya kan matakan shari'a da ya kamata a dauka tare da gabatar da kara a kotun kasa da kasa kan gazawar gwamnatin Siriya na yin shawarwari karkashin tsarin MDD.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Netherlands puts Syria on notice for human rights abuses |url=https://www.dw.com/en/netherlands-puts-syria-on-notice-for-human-rights-abuses/a-54983941 |access-date=18 September 2020 |website=DW News}}</ref> == Fursunoni na lamiri == [[Fayil:(5)_Montreal_Syrian_solidarity_demonstration_March_27.jpg|right|thumb|Zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga al'ummar Siriya a birnin Montreal. Alamar tana cewa: "Dakatar da azabtarwa da cin zarafin fursunoni a Siriya!"]] Daga cikin ɗimbin fursunonin lamiri da aka kama a shekara ta 2009, da kuma ɗaruruwan fursunonin siyasa da aka riga aka tsare a kurkuku, wasu fitattun fursunonin sun haɗa da: * Kamal al-Labwani, a prisoner of conscience who had three years added to his 12-year sentence for allegedly "broadcasting false or exaggerated news which could affect the morale of the country", on account of remarks he was alleged to have made in his prison cell.<ref name="AmInt2009">{{Cite web |title=Amnesty International Report 2009, Syria |url=http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/syria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007231314/http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/syria |archive-date=7 October 2009 |access-date=28 April 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091007231314/http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/syria "Amnesty International Report 2009, Syria"]. Archived from [http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/syria the original] on 7 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> * Nabil Khlioui, an alleged Islamist from Deir al-Zour, who with at least 10 other Islamists, most are presumed to be from Deir al-Zour, remained in incommunicado detention without charge or trial at the end of 2009.<ref name="AmInt2009" /> * Mashaal Tammo, the killed spokesperson for the unauthorized Kurdish Future Current group, who was 'held incommunicado for 12 days and charged with "aiming to provoke civil war or sectarian fighting", "conspiracy" and three other charges commonly brought against Kurdish activists, charges that could lead to the death penalty.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2017}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> * Twelve leaders of a prominent gathering of opposition groups, the Damascus Declaration, continue to serve 30-month prison terms. Among those detained is Riad Seif, 62, a former member of parliament who is in poor health. * Habib Saleh was sentenced to three years in jail for "spreading false information" and "weakening national sentiment" in the form of writing articles criticizing the government and defending opposition figure Riad al-Turk.<ref name="w.r.p555" /> {{Quote box|A wannan daren Hamada ya farka yana bukatar amfani da bandaki. Wani mai gadi ne ya buge shi har zuwa bandaki, amma ya shiga shi kadai. Da ya bude rumfar farko, sai ya ga tarin gawarwaki, an yi masu duka da shudi. Ya kara samun wasu biyu a rumfar ta biyu, a sume suka rasa idanunsu. Akwai wani jiki kusa da nutsewa. Hamada ya fito a firgice, amma mai gadi ya mayar da shi ya ce masa, "pee bisa gawar." Ya kasa. Ya fara jin kamar ya rasa rikonsa akan gaskiya. A cewar [[Hukumar bincike ta kasa da kasa mai zaman kanta kan Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Siriya |U.N. bincike]], matattun fursunonin an "ajiye su a bandakuna" a rassan tsaro da yawa a [[Damascus]].}} * Ɗaya daga cikin fursunoni da aka saki shi ne Aref Dalila . Ya yi shekaru bakwai daga cikin shekaru goma da aka yanke masa a kurkuku, yawancin su a cikin kurkuku mai zaman kansa kuma a cikin rashin lafiya, saboda sa hannu a cikin abin da ake kira "Damascus Spring" kafin a sake shi ta hanyar gafarar shugaban kasa.<ref name="AmInt2009">{{Cite web |title=Amnesty International Report 2009, Syria |url=http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/syria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007231314/http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/syria |archive-date=7 October 2009 |access-date=28 April 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091007231314/http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/syria "Amnesty International Report 2009, Syria"]. Archived from [http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/syria the original] on 7 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> * A watan Yunin 2010, [[Mohannad al-Hassani]], shugaban kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Siriya (Swasiya) kuma wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Martin Ennals ta 2010 don masu kare hakkin dan Adam, an same shi da laifin "raunin halin kasa" da kuma "bayar da labarai na karya a cikin Siriya wanda zai iya raunana halin al'umma". An yanke masa hukuncin shekaru uku a kurkuku. Kurkukun Sednaya shi kadai yana da fursunonin siyasa sama da 600. Hukumomin sun tsare mutane da yawa a gidan kurkuku na tsawon shekaru, galibi sun wuce hukuncin da aka yanke musu na shari'a. Kimanin fursunoni 17,000 da suka bace tsawon shekaru sun nuna cewa Syria na iya boye kaburbura.<ref name="What Lies Beneath">{{Cite journal |last=Ghadry |first=Farid N. |date=Winter 2005 |title=Syrian Reform: What Lies Beneath |url=http://www.meforum.org/683/syrian-reform-what-lies-beneath |url-status=live |journal=The Middle East Quarterly |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304204216/http://www.meforum.org/683/syrian-reform-what-lies-beneath |archive-date=4 March 2011 |access-date=2 April 2011}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGhadry2005">Ghadry, Farid N. (Winter 2005). [http://www.meforum.org/683/syrian-reform-what-lies-beneath "Syrian Reform: What Lies Beneath"]. ''The Middle East Quarterly''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110304204216/http://www.meforum.org/683/syrian-reform-what-lies-beneath Archived] from the original on 4 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> A wani rahoto da ta fitar a shekara ta 2006, kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Human Rights Watch ta bayar da rahoton yadda ake ci gaba da tsare "dubban" fursunonin siyasa a Syria, "da yawa daga cikinsu 'yan kungiyar 'yan uwa musulmi da kuma jam'iyyar gurguzu ne da aka dakatar." A cewar kwamitin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Syria, akwai fursunonin siyasa 4,000 da ake tsare da su a gidajen yarin Syria a shekara ta 2006. <ref> {{Cite web |title=Human Rights Watch 2006 Report |url=http://hrw.org/englishwr2k7/docs/2007/01/11/syria14722.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115122233/http://www.hrw.org/englishwr2k7/docs/2007/01/11/syria14722.htm |archive-date=2010-11-15 |access-date=2007-04-25 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}} </ref> == Tortura == [[File:Alois_Brunner.JPG|thumb|SS-Haupsturmfuhrer Alois Brunner, hannun dama na Adolf Eichmann, ya taimaka wa [[Hafez al-Assad]] wajen shirya 'Yan sanda na sirri na Ba'athist kuma ya horar da su kan ayyukan [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]] na Nazi, a karkashin mafaka ta sirri a Siriya.]] A watan Agustan 2016, Amnesty International ta fitar da wani rahoto da ke magance matsalar azabtarwa da cin zarafi a gidajen yarin gwamnatin Syria wadanda suka hada da cin zarafin bil adama. Tun lokacin da rikicin ya fara a watan Maris na 2011, kungiyar ta kasa da kasa ta kiyasta cewa mutane 17,723 ne ke mutuwa a gidan yari a Syria – wanda ya kai sama da 300 ke mutuwa a kowane wata. A cewar rahoton, sojojin gwamnati sun yi amfani da azabtarwa don tsoratar da 'yan adawa. Amma a yau, suna amfani da shi a matsayin wani sashe na kai hari kan 'yan adawa. A cewar shaidar wasu da suka tsira, an gallazawa fursunonin azaba iri-iri da nufin bata musu mutuntaka, kuma a lokuta da dama ana kashe su. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Amnesty International ta ce dole ne a gurfanar da wadanda ke da hannu a wannan ta'asa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2016 |title=Harrowing accounts of torture, inhuman conditions and mass deaths in Syria's prisons |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/08/harrowing-accounts-of-torture-inhuman-conditions-and-mass-deaths-in-syrias-prisons/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819073351/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/08/harrowing-accounts-of-torture-inhuman-conditions-and-mass-deaths-in-syrias-prisons/ |archive-date=19 August 2016 |access-date=2016-08-18 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> A gidan yarin Sednaya kadai, an kashe fursunoni 13,000 ba tare da shari'a ba tsakanin 2011 da 2015, galibi ta hanyar ratayewa. Wannan wani bangare ne na turawar Assad don kawar da duk masu adawa da mulkinsa. A ranar 6 ga watan Yulin 2020, iyalai na wadanda aka tsare a cikin kurkuku na Gwamnatin [[Siriya]] sun sami hotunan danginsu da suka mutu a cikin hotunan kafofin watsa labarai na mai daukar hoto na 'yan sanda wanda ya zama mai ba da labari, mai suna, Kaisar. Hotunan suna daga cikin dubban hotuna na wadanda aka azabtar, wadanda aka fitar da su daga Siriya a shekarar 2013. An kuma bayyana cewa yawancin 'yan Turai suna cikin wadanda aka azabtar. An bayyana bayyanar [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]], fyade, [[Kisan Kiyashi|Kisan kiyashi]], hallaka ta hanyar Rahoton Kaisar na 2014, wanda ya rubuta shaidar hoto na mummunan aiki da ke faruwa a cikin kurkukun soja na Siriya. Rahoton ya rubuta jimlar hotuna na dijital 55,000 na jikin mutum da aka azabtar ko aka raba kusan 11,000 da aka tsare.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite web |title=Report: Syria tortured and executed 11,000 |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/01/report-syria-tortured-executed-11000-20141211307452644.html |access-date=5 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |last=Ian Black |date=21 January 2014 |title=Syrian regime document trove shows evidence of 'industrial scale' killing of detainees |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/20/evidence-industrial-scale-killing-syria-war-crimes?view=desktop |access-date=5 November 2014 |website=the Guardian}}</ref> Da yake kwatanta wasu dabarun azabtarwa da aka saki a kan 'yan Siriya da aka kama a kurkukun soja, mai ficewar soja Kaisar ya ce:<blockquote>"A bayyane yake cewa an azabtar da su, ba a azabtar da su na yini ɗaya ko biyu ba, an azabtar da su na tsawon watanni masu yawa. Jikinsu rafke ne, kwarangwal ne zalla. Akwai mutane, yawancinsu an zare idanuwansu. Akwai wutar lantarki, za ka iya gane duhun da ke jikinsu da aka yi amfani da su a wurin. An yi amfani da wukake da kuma manyan igiyoyi da ake amfani da su a jikinsu. gawarwakin wadannan mutane 'kowane nau'in azabtarwa,'amma lalatawar idanuwa sun bar tunanin yadda aka kirga nakasu don tilastawa bayanai zuwa 2013, gawarwakin sun cika ma'ajiyar gawarwaki tare da zube a wani garejin ajiye motoci a wani asibitin sojoji.</blockquote>A cikin 2023, [[Kanada]] da [[Holand|Netherlands]] sun haɗa kai don shigar da [[Kanada da Netherlands v. Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Siriya|karar]] a kan Gwamnatin Assad a Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya (ICJ); suna tuhumar Assad da ba da umarnin [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]], fyade da sauran dabarun lalata da daruruwan dubban fursunoni a cikin cibiyoyin kurkuku na Siriya, gami da mata da yara. Wannan korafin hadin gwiwa ya yi tir da mulkin Ba'athist don haifar da "ciwo da wahala na jiki da na tunani" a matsayin dabarar da aka yi niyya don azabtar da yawan Mutanen Siriya gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2023 |title=Joint statement by Canada and the Kingdom of the Netherlands on instituting proceedings at the International Court of Justice to hold Syria to account for torture |url=https://www.government.nl/documents/diplomatic-statements/2023/06/12/joint-statement-by-canada-and-the-netherlands-on-instituting-proceedings-at-the-international-court-of-justice-to-hold-syria-to-account-for-torture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613135748/https://www.government.nl/documents/diplomatic-statements/2023/06/12/joint-statement-by-canada-and-the-netherlands-on-instituting-proceedings-at-the-international-court-of-justice-to-hold-syria-to-account-for-torture |archive-date=13 June 2023 |website=Government of Netherlands}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2023 |title=Canada and the Kingdom of the Netherlands jointly institute proceedings against the Syrian Arab Republic and request the Court to indicate provisional measures |url=https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/188/188-20230612-PRE-01-00-EN.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613135950/https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/188/188-20230612-PRE-01-00-EN.pdf |archive-date=13 June 2023 |website=International Court of Justice.org |pages=1, 2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2023 |title=Canada and the Kingdom of Netherlands vs. the Syrian Arab Republic |url=https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/188/188-20230608-REQ-01-00-EN.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612142054/https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/188/188-20230608-REQ-01-00-EN.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2023 |website=International Court of Justice.org}}</ref> A cikin wata sanarwa daban, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Holland ta zargi Bashar al-Assad da aikata mummunan take hakkin dan adam, [[Laifin Yaƙi|Laifukan yaki]] da kuma dabarun rashin mutunci a kan mutanen Siriya "a babban sikelin". Ayyukan hadin gwiwa sun kasance ne bayan maimaita veto na Rasha a cikin Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wanda ya hana kokarin gurfanar da Bashar al-Assad kan laifukan yaki a Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya. == 'Yanci na addini == Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da [['Yancin addini|'yancin addini]]. Koyaya, Gwamnati ta ƙuntata wannan haƙƙin. Duk da yake babu wata addinin gwamnati, Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya buƙaci cewa shugaban kasa Musulmi ne kuma ya ayyana cewa [[Shari'a]] Musulunci, fadada dokar Shari'a ta Musulunci, shine babban tushen doka.<ref name="Jurisprudence">{{Cite web |last=Mutahhari |first=Morteza |author-link=Morteza Motahhari |title=Jurisprudence and its Principles |url=http://www.al-islam.org/jurisprudence/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129064232/http://www.al-islam.org/jurisprudence/ |archive-date=29 January 2011 |access-date=2010-12-08 |publisher=Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an}}</ref> A cewar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta "Rahoton 'Yancin Addini na Duniya na 2007", Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da' yancin bangaskiya da ayyukan addini, idan dai al'adun addini ba su dame tsarin jama'a ba. A cewar rahoton, Gwamnatin Siriya ta sa ido kan ayyukan dukkan kungiyoyi, gami da kungiyoyin addini, sun hana masu tuba, wanda ta dauki barazana ga dangantakar tsakanin kungiyoyin addini. Rahoton ya ce Gwamnati ta nuna bambanci ga Shaidun Jehobah kuma akwai rahotanni na lokaci-lokaci na ƙananan tashin hankali tsakanin ƙungiyoyin addinai, wasu daga cikin su saboda rikice-rikicen tattalin arziki maimakon haɗin addini. Akwai wasu damuwa tsakanin 'yan tsiraru na addini cewa sauye-sauyen dimokuradiyya zai haifar da zalunci ga' yan tsiraru masu addini ta ƙungiyoyin Islama waɗanda yanzu aka danne. [[Fayil:Clockwise from top left - Fara Zeibak, Mazal Zeibak, Eva Saad and Lulu Zeibak.jpg|left|thumb|286x286px|’Yan’uwan Zeibak: ’Yan matan Siriya-Yahudawa huɗu (’yan’uwa mata uku da ɗan uwansu) waɗanda aka yi musu fyade, aka kashe su, aka yanka su yayin da suke ƙoƙarin gudu zuwa Isra’ila a shekara ta 1974.]] A ranar 14 ga Afrilun 1974, an yi wa 'yan matan Yahudawa hudu fyade, kashe su tare da yanke jiki bayan yunkurin guduwa zuwa Isra'ila. Jami’an ‘yan sandan kan iyaka ne suka gano gawarwakinsu a wani kogo da ke tsaunin Zabdani a arewa maso yammacin birnin Damascus tare da gawarwakin wasu yaran Yahudawa biyu, Natan Shaya mai shekaru 18 da kuma Kassem Abadi mai shekaru 20, wadanda aka kashe a baya-bayan nan.<ref>Friedman, Saul S. (1989). Without Future: The Plight of Syrian Jewry. Praeger Publishers. {{ISBN|978-0-275-93313-5}}</ref> Hukumomin Siriya sun ajiye gawarwakin dukkan shida a cikin jaka a gaban gidajen iyayensu a yankin Yahudawa na Dimashƙu. Sunni na Sham sun fuskanci tsananin wariya da mugun nufi daga na'urorin Baath na Alawiyyawa; tun da jiga-jigan gwamnatin suka danganta su da 'yan adawar Siriya. Sakamakon haka al'ummar Sunni na kasar Siriya sun fuskanci mafi yawa daga cikin zalunci da laifukan yaki da gwamnatin Ba'ath ta yi a lokacin yakin basasar kasar Siriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Freedom in the World 2023: Syria |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/syria/freedom-world/2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309145759/https://freedomhouse.org/country/syria/freedom-world/2023 |archive-date=9 March 2023 |website=[[Freedom House]]}}</ref> == 'Yancin mata == Gwamnatin Siriya na nuna wariya ga mata ta hanyar matakan gudanarwa da suka toshe muryoyinsu da kuma yin lalata da mata a siyasance. Rikicin jima'i ya dade da zama dabarar gwamnati don tilasta bin jama'a. A lokacin yakin basasar Syria, an yi amfani da manyan laifukan fyade a matsayin wata babbar dabara ta yaki da gwamnatin Assad da mayakan Ba’ath a fadin kasar ta Syria. An bayyana cin zarafin mata ta fuskar siyasa da bangaranci a matsayin wani ginshiki na dabarun mulkin soja. Shabiha masu adawa da Sunna da sauran masu goyon bayan Assad suna aiwatar da wannan manufa ne bisa ka'ida, a kan mata da 'yan mata 'yan Sunna. Mata da yawa da ake zargi da nuna juyayi na 'yan adawa ne wasu jami'an tsaro na Ba'ath na tara su tare da yin lalata da su a cibiyoyin tsare gwamnati da gidajen yarin sojoji. Ana yi wa matan karkara da matalauta fyade, da cin zarafi, duka da azabtarwa ba daidai ba a gidajen yarin sojoji. Wata tsohuwa Mukhabarat ta sace mata da yawa tare da yi mata fyade a ofisoshin 'yan sandan sirri. A cewar yawancin wadanda suka tsira, ba za su iya komawa cikin al'ummarsu ba tare da yin adalci a kan wadanda suka aikata laifin ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Forestier |first=Marie |date=March 2017 |title="You want freedom? This is your freedom": Rape as a Tactic of the Assad Regime – |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/77616043.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412205948/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/77616043.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2019 |website=LSE Centre for Women Peace and Security}}</ref> == Hakkin LGBT == Mataki na 520 na kundin hukunta manyan laifuka na 1949, ya haramta yin jima'i, watau "dangantakar jiki da ta sabawa tsarin yanayi", kuma ta tanadi daurin shekaru uku a gidan yari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |title=Refworld – Syria: Treatment and human rights situation of homosexuals: Legal provisions concerning homosexual activity; social treatment of homosexuals (including the issue of "honour killings") |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/4a16a9d92.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110023009/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/4a16a9d92.pdf |archive-date=10 January 2011 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=Refworld}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010 'yan sandan Syria sun fara wani farmaki da ya kai ga kama mutane sama da 25. An tuhumi mutanen da laifuffuka daban-daban da suka hada da luwadi da shan muggan kwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba, da karfafa dabi'ar luwadi da shirya bukukuwan batsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brocklebank, Christopher |date=2010-06-23 |title=Syrian authorities crack down on gay men |url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2010/06/23/syrian-authorities-crack-down-on-gay-men/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011160101/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2010/06/23/syrian-authorities-crack-down-on-gay-men |archive-date=11 October 2010 |access-date=2010-12-07 |website=Pink News}}</ref> == 'Yanci na motsi == 'Yan Siriya ba za su iya barin kasar ba tare da "visa na fita" da hukumomi suka bayar ba.<ref name="What Lies Beneath">{{Cite journal |last=Ghadry |first=Farid N. |date=Winter 2005 |title=Syrian Reform: What Lies Beneath |url=http://www.meforum.org/683/syrian-reform-what-lies-beneath |url-status=live |journal=The Middle East Quarterly |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304204216/http://www.meforum.org/683/syrian-reform-what-lies-beneath |archive-date=4 March 2011 |access-date=2 April 2011}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGhadry2005">Ghadry, Farid N. (Winter 2005). [http://www.meforum.org/683/syrian-reform-what-lies-beneath "Syrian Reform: What Lies Beneath"]. ''The Middle East Quarterly''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110304204216/http://www.meforum.org/683/syrian-reform-what-lies-beneath Archived] from the original on 4 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> Mataki na 13 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights ya ba da haƙƙin ɗan adam na 'Yanci na Motsawa kamar haka " (1) Kowane mutum yana da haƙƙin' yancin motsi da zama a cikin iyakokin kowace jiha. (2) Kowane mutum na da haƙƙin barin kowace ƙasa, gami da nasa, da komawa ƙasarsa. " An ce haramcin ya karu sosai tun daga shekara ta 2006, kodayake ainihin kididdigar yana da wuya a samu kamar yadda hukumomin tsaro na sirri galibi su ne ke ba da haramcin. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Siriya, a cikin Mataki na 38 (3), ya ba da izinin 'yancin motsi "a cikin yankunan jihar sai dai idan an hana shi ta hanyar yanke shawara ta shari'a ko ta hanyar aiwatar da dokokin kiwon lafiya da aminci na jama'a". Bayan lashe zaben shugaban kasa na 2007 a Siriya da kashi 99.82% na kuri'un da aka ayyana, Bashar al-Assad ya aiwatar da matakai da dama wadanda suka kara zafafa danniya na siyasa da al'adu a Siriya. Gwamnatin Assad ta fadada dokar hana tafiye-tafiye a kan 'yan adawa, masana, marubuta da masu fasaha da ke zaune a Siriya; hana su da iyalansu fita kasashen waje. A shekara ta 2010, jaridar The Economist ta bayyana gwamnatin Siriya a matsayin "mafi muni a cikin kasashen Larabawa", wanda ya shiga cikin dokar hana tafiye-tafiye da kuma hana zirga-zirgar jama'a. Fiye da mutane 400 a Syria ne takunkumin hana zirga-zirga na gwamnatin Assad ya takaita a shekarar 2010. A wannan lokacin, gwamnatin Assad ta kama 'yan jarida da yawa kuma ta rufe cibiyoyin yada labarai masu zaman kansu, ban da karfafa tantancewar Intanet. From 2011 to 2015, the last four years of the Syrian war, the freedom of movement has been most widely restricted in certain areas and on certain individuals.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2017}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Restrictions vary between regions, partly because of continuous fighting in certain areas.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2017}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> In rebel held areas there are severe restrictions on the movement of government supporters (or people thought to be government supporters).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2017}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Foreign diplomats are unable to visit a majority of Syria, and are often not allowed outside of Damascus (Syrian capital).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2017}} A yankunan Jindires a Afrin, da Ras al Ayn, an aiwatar da dokar hana fita a 2012 da 2013 yayin da kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye suka kafa dokar hana fita da karfe 5 na yamma, bayan haka ba za a iya ganin kowa a bainar jama'a ba. Sai kuma a cikin watan Disamba na 2014, an sanar da hana tafiye-tafiye a kan mazan Siriya masu shekaru 18 zuwa 42 (shekarun soja). Takardar ta bayyana cewa dole ne dukkan mazajen Syria su sami izini na musamman na ficewa daga kasar, daga jami’an soji. Misali na haramtacciyar tafiye-tafiye na mutum shine Louay Hussein, shugaban kungiyar adawa a Siriya (Building the Syrian State, ko jam'iyyar BSS), bai iya halartar tattaunawar zaman lafiya a Moscow a watan Afrilun 2015 ba saboda gwamnati ta ki kawar da haramtacciyarsa ta rayuwa, duk da haka a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 2015 Hussein ya yi nasarar kauce wa haramcinsa ya gudu zuwa Spain. Har ila yau, masu kare hakkin dan adam na Siriya suna da ƙuntataccen motsi ta hanyar kama su. An kama masu kare hakkin dan adam Mazen Darwish, Hani Al-Zitani, da Hussein Gharir a watan Fabrairun 2012 saboda 'bayyana ayyukan ta'addanci'. Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yi kira akai-akai da a sake su. Jami'ar Al-Furat da ke birnin Deir ez-Zor na fuskantar takunkumin hana zirga-zirga daga 'yan ta'addar ISIS. A watan Janairun 2015 ne aka bayar da da'ira ga shingayen binciken ISIS da ke yankin domin binciki duk daliban jami'ar da ke wucewa. Domin karfafa gwiwar dalibai su yi watsi da karatunsu su shiga cikin kungiyar ISIS, ‘yan tawayen suna takurawa daliban shiga tsakanin yankunan gwamnati da yankunan da ISIS ke rike da su, tare da hana dalibai da dama shiga ko fita cikin harabar jami’ar. Baya ga haka kuma, akwai wasu takunkumin hana motsi da aka sanya wa Mata, alal misali, dokar kasar Syria a yanzu ta bai wa maza damar sanya takunkumi kan wasu 'yan uwa mata. Matan da suka haura shekaru 18 suna da damar yin balaguro zuwa wajen Syria, amma mijin mace na iya gabatar da bukatar a haramta wa matarsa barin kasar. Daga Yuli 2013, a wasu ƙauyuka a Siriya (wato Mosul, Raqqu da Deir el-Zour), ISIS ta daina barin mata su bayyana a bainar jama'a su kaɗai, dole ne su kasance tare da dangi / waliyyi namiji da aka sani da muharrami. Security checkpoints in civilian areas set up by the government and by ISIS have allowed them to monitor these restrictions.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2017}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> With the males of Syria often being involved in the fighting, no matter which side, this is leaving many Syrian women at home alone with the children, stranded and unable to leave to purchase food and supplies.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2017}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Further, women in Tel Abyad and Idlib city have been banned from driving by ISIS and Jabhat al-Nursa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2017}} Wasu kasashe sun fara rufe iyakokinsu ga 'yan gudun hijirar Syria. A ranar 7 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 2013, Turkiyya ta gina katanga mai tsawon mita biyu a kan iyakar Siriya a gundumar Nusaybin inda ake yawan gwabza fada da 'yan tawaye. Daga nan kuma a ranar 9 ga watan Maris Turkiyya ta rufe wasu mashigarta guda biyu daga Syria, Oncupinar da Cilvegozu, a matsayin mayar da martani ga karuwar tashe-tashen hankula da fargabar wani shiri na ta'addanci. Ya zuwa wannan lokaci Turkiyya ta karbi 'yan gudun hijirar Siriya kusan miliyan biyu. Har yanzu ana maraba da manyan motocin agaji su tsallaka kan iyaka, amma an rufe shi ga daidaikun mutane. The Ba'athist regime pursued practice of issuing exit visas with strict requirements.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2017}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> It also closed the Damascus airport frequently because of growing violence.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2017}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Bans on travel were frequently used against human rights activists and their associates, often these people would not learn about their travel ban until they were prevented leaving the country.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2017}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Usually no explanations are given for these travel restrictions.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2017}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The government often bans members of the opposition and their families from traveling abroad, and they are targeted if they attempt to, causing opposition families to fear to attempt to leave Syria for fear of being attacked at the airport or border crossing.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2017}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Though this action is illegal under international law, Syrian courts have been known to decline to interfere in matters of national security.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2017}} Mataki na 38 (1) na kundin tsarin mulkin Ba'athist Syria ya bayyana cewa "babu wani ɗan ƙasa da za a iya fitar da shi daga ƙasar, ko kuma a hana shi komawa ciki". Wannan, tare da Mataki na 13 na Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya na Haƙƙin Dan Adam ya haifar da haƙƙin haƙƙin tafiye-tafiye na duniya gabaɗaya. Baya ga hana ‘yan kasar ficewa daga Syria, an kuma sha samun hana ‘yan kasar komawa Syria, ko sun fita ba bisa ka’ida ba ko a’a. An dauki mataki mai kyau dangane da hakan ne a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilun 2015, lokacin da hukumomin Syria suka sanar da cewa 'yan kasar da suka tsere daga yakin za su sake samun fasfo ba tare da tantancewa daga hukumar leken asiri ba, ko kuma ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Hijira da Fasfo. Wadannan ‘yan kasar dai sun gudu ne daga kasar ba bisa ka’ida ba, ko dai ba su dauki fasfo dinsu ba, ko kuma sun rasa su. Human Rights Watch ta ruwaito a cikin Oktoba 2021 cewa 'yan gudun hijirar da suka koma Siriya bisa ga zabin kansu sun sha wahala mai tsanani "cin zarafin bil'adama da kuma tsanantawa a hannun gwamnatin Siriya da kungiyoyin sa kai, ciki har da azabtarwa, kisan gilla, da kuma yin garkuwa da su."<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2021 |title="Our Lives Are Like Death": Syrian Refugee Returns from Lebanon and Jordan |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/10/20/our-lives-are-death/syrian-refugee-returns-lebanon-and-jordan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020060022/https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/10/20/our-lives-are-death/syrian-refugee-returns-lebanon-and-jordan |archive-date=20 October 2021 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2021 |title=Syria: Returning Refugees Face Grave Abuse |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/10/20/syria-returning-refugees-face-grave-abuse |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020042042/https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/10/20/syria-returning-refugees-face-grave-abuse |archive-date=20 October 2021 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == 'Yanci na magana da kafofin watsa labarai == Kodayake yawan kafofin watsa labarai na cikin gida sun karu a cikin 2000s, Jam'iyyar Ba'ath ta ci gaba da kula da iko da kuma tantancewa ga manema labarai. An kama 'yan jarida da masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo kuma an gwada su. A shekara ta 2009, kwamitin kare 'yan jarida ya kira Siriya lamba ta uku a cikin jerin kasashe goma mafi munin da za a yi wa mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo, saboda kamawa, cin zarafi, da ƙuntatawa da marubutan kan layi a Siriya suka fuskanta. Tsayar da Intanet a cikin Ba'athist Syria ya kasance mai yawa. Gwamnatin Ba'ath ta haramta shafukan yanar gizo kan dalilai na siyasa kuma ta kama mutanen da ke shiga su. Ana buƙatar cafes na Intanet don yin rikodin duk maganganun da masu amfani suka sanya a dandalin tattaunawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bashar Al-Assad, President, Syria |url=http://en.rsf.org/predator-bashar-al-assad,37213.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055816/http://en.rsf.org/predator-bashar-al-assad%2C37213.html |archive-date=2016-03-04 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref> An toshe shafukan yanar gizo irin su Wikipedia Larabci, [[YouTube]] da [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] daga 2008 zuwa 2011. An gano tacewa da toshewa a cikin wuraren kayan aikin siyasa da Intanet, kuma suna zaɓaɓɓu a cikin zamantakewa da rikice-rikice / tsaro ta hanyar OpenNet Initiative a watan Agusta 2009. Siriya ta kasance a cikin Reporters Without Borders' Enemy of the Internet tun 2006 lokacin da aka kafa jerin. baya ga tace ire-iren abubuwan da ke cikin gidan yanar gizo, gwamnatin Ba'ath ta Siriya ta sa ido sosai kan yadda ake amfani da Intanet tare da tsare 'yan kasar "saboda bayyana ra'ayoyinsu ko bayar da rahoto ta yanar gizo." Dokokin da ba su da fa'ida da faɗin kalmomi suna gayyatar gwamnati cin zarafi kuma sun sa masu amfani da Intanet su shiga aikin tantance kansu don gujewa dalilan da suka sa jihar ta kama. Gwamnatin Ba'ath ta rufe cibiyar yada labarai da fadin albarkacin baki ta Syria a watan Satumban 2009. Ita ce kungiya mai zaman kanta daya tilo ta kasar da ta kware kan harkokin yada labarai, shiga yanar gizo, da sa ido kan kafafen yada labarai a lokacin yakin neman zabe. Ta yi aiki ba tare da amincewar gwamnati ba, kuma ta sanya ido kan take hakkin 'yan jarida kuma ta dauki alhakin hana yada jaridu da mujallu da damapq. Sojojin tsaro na Ba'athist na Siriya sun kama kuma sun doke masu zanga-zangar a ranar 15 ga Yuni 2020. An fara zanga-zangar ne a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2020, a gaban cibiyar gwamnan game da gazawar gwamnati na magance faduwar tattalin arziki, lalacewar yanayin rayuwa da cin hanci da rashawa. [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|HRW]] ta yi kira ga hukumomin Siriya da su saki fursunonin da ke zanga-zangar lumana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2020 |title=Syria: Protesters Describe Beatings, Arrests |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/06/28/syria-protesters-describe-beatings-arrests |access-date=28 June 2020 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Ko da 'yan jarida masu goyon bayan mulkin da aka ba su damar bayar da rahoto a cikin kasar sun kama su da jami'an tsaro kan sakonnin kafofin sada zumunta ko tuhume-tuhumen da ba a fahimta ba kamar kasancewa "ba tare da layi ba". == Kula da Jama'a == Gwamnatin Ba'ath ta mallaki Siriya a matsayin mulkin kama karya kuma ta yi wa kowane bangare na al'ummar Siriya tsaro na tsawon shekaru.<ref name="ifimes.org">{{Cite web |title=Syria: Between oppression and freedom |url=https://www.ifimes.org/en/researches/syria-between-oppression-and-freedom/3325 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410215253/https://www.ifimes.org/en/researches/syria-between-oppression-and-freedom/3325 |archive-date=10 April 2022 |website=Ifimes}}</ref> Kwamandojin jami'an tsaro na gwamnati - wanda ya kunshi Sojojin Larabawa na Siriya, 'Yan sanda na sirri, da' yan bindiga na Ba'athist - kai tsaye sun aiwatar da ayyukan zartarwa na jihar Siriya ba tare da la'akari da tsari da ya dace da [[Dokokin doka|mulkin doka]] ba. Ayyukan tsaro sun rufe kungiyoyin farar hula, sun rage 'yancin motsi a cikin ƙasar kuma sun haramta wallafe-wallafen siyasa da alamomi wadanda ba na Ba'athist ba.<ref name="ifimes.org" /> A lokacin Mulkin Ba'athist, aikin Soja na al'ummar Siriya ya kara karfi. Adadin ma'aikata a cikin Sojojin Siriya da ƙungiyoyin leken asiri daban-daban sun karu sosai daga 65,000 a 1965 zuwa 530,000 a 1991; kuma sun wuce 700,000 a 2004. 'Yan sandan sirri na Ba'ath sun kunshi fikafikai guda hudu: na janar na leken asiri da kuma daraktocin tsaro na siyasa, wadanda ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida ta Syria ke kula da su, da kuma hukumar leken asiri ta soja da kuma daraktocin leken asiri na sojojin sama, wadanda ma'aikatar tsaron Syria ke kula da su. Hukumar kula da harkokin tsaro ta kasa ta jam'iyyar Socialist Baath Party ce ke kula da wadannan daraktoci guda hudu kai tsaye, kuma shugabannin rassa hudun sun kai rahoto kai tsaye ga shugaban kasar Syria, wanda kuma shi ne babban sakataren jam'iyyar Ba'ath. Tsarin sa ido na Mukhabarat ya zama ruwan dare, kuma an kiyasta sama da jami'ai 65,000 na cikakken lokaci suna aiki a rassa daban-daban a cikin 2000s. Bugu da kari, akwai dubban daruruwan ma'aikata na wucin gadi da masu ba da labari a sassa daban-daban na leken asirin Syria. Dangane da kimantawa, akwai memba ɗaya na rassa daban-daban na 'yan sanda na sirri na Ba'athist ga kowane ɗan ƙasa 158, wanda aka ce yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a duniya.<ref name="ifimes.org">{{Cite web |title=Syria: Between oppression and freedom |url=https://www.ifimes.org/en/researches/syria-between-oppression-and-freedom/3325 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410215253/https://www.ifimes.org/en/researches/syria-between-oppression-and-freedom/3325 |archive-date=10 April 2022 |website=Ifimes}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220410215253/https://www.ifimes.org/en/researches/syria-between-oppression-and-freedom/3325 "Syria: Between oppression and freedom"]. ''Ifimes''. Archived from [https://www.ifimes.org/en/researches/syria-between-oppression-and-freedom/3325 the original] on 10 April 2022.</cite></ref> Babban jami'in leken asiri, tsaro na siyasa, da kuma sassan leken asiri na soji na 'yan sandan sirri na Ba'ath suna da rassa da dama a dukkanin gwamnonin da gwamnatin Assad ke iko da su, inda dukkaninsu ke da hedikwata a Damascus. Tare da rashin hukunta gwamnati da gwamnatin Assad ta yi, jami'an Mukhabarat sun yi tasiri sosai a kan hukumomin gida, ƙungiyoyin farar hula da kuma tsarin mulki, inda suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara shawarwarin gudanarwa na Ba'ath. Bugu da ƙari, an sami fafatawa tsakanin ƙungiyoyi da gwagwarmayar mulki a tsakanin sassa daban-daban na ƴan sandan sirri. Masana kimiyya da yawa sun bayyana kayan aikin soja, bureaucratic, da na' yan sanda na sirri na jihar Ba'athist kamar yadda suke samar da tsarin zamantakewa da siyasa na pyramidal tare da tsarin sa ido na Orwellian wanda aka tsara don kawar da ayyukan jama'a masu zaman kansu da rashin amincewa da siyasa tun daga farkonsa. A lokacin mulkin Baath, Syria na daya daga cikin kasashe biyar da aka jera a cikin jerin sunayen ‘yan jarida mara iyaka na “Makiyin Intanet na Jihohi” a watan Maris na 2013, wanda jerin kasashe ne da gwamnatoci ke gudanar da ayyukan sa ido kan kafafen yada labarai wanda ya haifar da tsauraran matakan hana samun bayanai da kuma rayuwar mutum. Gwamnatin Assad ta kara kaimi wajen sa ido kan yanar gizo da sa ido kan yanar gizo a lokacin yakin basasar Syria da sojojinta ta yanar gizo sun tsunduma cikin fasahohin injiniyan zamantakewa da dama da matakan sa ido irin su phishing, malware da kuma katse kiran Skype. == Yaƙin basasar Siriya == A lokacin Yaƙin basasar Siriya, wani rahoto na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bayyana ayyukan da jami'an tsaro suka yi a matsayin ''"babban keta haƙƙin ɗan adam"''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2011 |title=UN report: Syrian forces commit 'gross violations' of human rights, CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/11/28/world/meast/syria-un-report/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129205607/http://www.cnn.com/2011/11/28/world/meast/syria-un-report/index.html |archive-date=29 November 2011 |access-date=29 November 2011 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya rubuta 'yan bindiga da suka ki harba a cikin jama'a masu zaman lafiya ba tare da gargadi ba, tambayoyi masu tsanani ciki har da abubuwan cin zarafin jima'i na maza da fyade na yara maza, kashe asibitoci lokacin da suka ji rauni suka nemi taimako, da kuma harbe yara a matsayin yara biyu.<ref name="online">{{Cite web |last=Lauria |first=Joe |date=29 November 2011 |title=More than 250 children among dead, U.N. says |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203935604577066623669457632 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710042103/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203935604577066623669457632 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |access-date=29 November 2011 |website=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2011, Human Rights Watch ta bayyana cewa rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na Siriya ya fito fili a yankin. Duk da yake Human Rights Watch ba ta sanya masu laifi ba, mutane da yawa sun nuna rahoton kare hakkin dan adam na Siriya a matsayin mafi muni a duniya a cikin 2010.<ref name="reuters">{{Cite web |date=2011-01-24 |title=Syria among worst for rights abuses: HRW report |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-rights-idUSTRE70N5S620110124 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150754/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/24/us-syria-rights-idUSTRE70N5S620110124 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=1 July 2017 |website=Reuters}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-rights-idUSTRE70N5S620110124 "Syria among worst for rights abuses: HRW report"]. ''Reuters''. 24 January 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150754/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/24/us-syria-rights-idUSTRE70N5S620110124 Archived] from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Tun a farkon jawabinsa na bainar jama'a a ranar 30 ga Maris 2011, Assad ya bayyana aniyarsa ta kawar da zanga-zangar da karfin tuwo. Ya kuma bayyana zanga-zangar a matsayin makarkashiyar kiyayya da Siriya don tayar da “Fitna” sannan kuma ya ninka matsayinsa na kin jinin Larabawa yana mai cewa: “Binne tada tarzoma aiki ne na kasa, da’a, da kuma addini, kuma duk wanda zai iya bayar da gudunmawa wajen binne ta kuma ba sa cikinta, babu sulhu ko tsaka-tsaki a cikin hakan. A cikin Afrilu 2011, Assad ya kafa Central Crisis Management Cell, wani kwamiti na sirri wanda ya ƙunshi manyan jami'an Baath da kuma manyan dangin Assad, wanda ya shirya tsagaita wuta na ƙasa don murkushe zanga-zangar juyin juya halin Siriya. Yayin da juyin juya halin Musulunci ya bazu a dukkan lardunan kasar ta Siriya, kungiyar 'yan tawayen kasar ta yanke shawarar zafafa danniya ta hanyar kara kai hare-hare tare da daidaita matakan tsaro, a wani taron jam'iyyar Ba'ath. Muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin sabon dabarun murkushe sun hada da: * An umarci 'yan sanda na sirri da sojoji da su fara manyan hare-hare a cikin gidajen masu tsara zanga-zangar da' yan jarida masu zaman kansu * "da zarar an wanke kowane bangare daga mutanen da ake nema", Sojojin Ba'ath sun mamaye waɗannan yankuna a ƙarƙashin kariya ta Sojojin Siriya kuma sun hana waɗanda suka tsira komawa gidajensu * Kafa "kwamitin bincike na hadin gwiwa" karkashin jagorancin shugabannin sassan tsaro na Baathist a duk larduna don tsare masu fafutuka da ake zargi da kuma bincika su a kurkuku * Canja wurin binciken a duk rassan tsaro don gano ƙarin wadanda ake zargi * An ba da umarnin ga shugabannin lardin jam'iyyar waɗanda aka umurce su da su aiwatar da umarnin cikin sauri a yankunansu {{Quote box|Muna da kisan kai, muna da halaka, muna da [[azabtarwa]], muna da [[fyade]], muna da sauran nau'ikan [[fitilar jima'i]]. Muna da tsarewar zalunci. Muna da [[gyara]]. Babu shakka sun kai ga shugaba [[Bashar al-Assad|Assad]]. Ina nufin, wannan babban ƙasa ne, ƙoƙarin da aka tsara. Akwai takardu da sunansa a ciki. A bayyane yake, yana tsara wannan dabarar.. Mun sami mafi kyawun shaida akan Assad da ƙwaƙƙwaransa fiye da yadda muke da shi a kan [Milosevic] a [Yugoslavia]…|source=- Lauya [[Stephen Rapp]], Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Shari'a da Laifukan Kasa da Kasa (CIJA), kan laifuffukan yaki na gwamnatin Assad<ref>{{Cite news | last=Pileggi |first=Tamar |date=18 Fabrairu 2021 |title=Tsohon mai gabatar da kara: Karin hujjoji na laifukan yaki da aka yi wa Shugaban Syria Assad | BS Newswork |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bashar-al-assad-syria-60-minutes-2021-02-18/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220181937/https://www.cbsnews.com/labarai/bashar-al-assad-syria-60-minutes-2021-02-18/ |archive-date=20 December 2021}}|align=right|width=25em}} Yayinda [[Navi Pillay]], [[Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Ƴancin Dan Adam|Babban Kwamishinan]] [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] na 'Yancin Dan Adam, ya ce bangarorin biyu a cikin rikici sun bayyana sun aikata [[Laifin Yaƙi|Laifukan yaki]] a shekarar 2012, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2012 |title=Assad's regime, Syrian rebels both committed war crimes: U.N. official |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/07/02/224077.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731154420/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/07/02/224077.html |archive-date=31 July 2012 |access-date=12 July 2012 |publisher=Al Arabiya News}}</ref> Hukumar Bincike ta Duniya mai zaman kanta ta Majalisar Dinkinobho kan Siriya ta kuma zargi yawancin ta'addanci a kan sojojin Gwamnatin Assad. Sojojin Baathist ne ke da alhakin mafi yawan kashe-kashen a lokacin yakin, wanda ya fi yawan wadanda suka mutu da kungiyoyi kamar IS suka yi. Fiye da mutuwar 21,000 sun faru a cikin 2015 kadai, tare da fiye da 75% daga cikinsu (fiye da 15,700) da sojojin gwamnatin Siriya suka aikata. Har ila yau, hare-haren gwamnati sun haifar da mutuwar fararen hula sama da 12,000, tare da kusan 38% na wadanda abin ya shafa mata da yara ne. On 2 March 2018, [[Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Ƴancin Dan Adam|UN High Commissioner for Human Rights]], Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein said, "Syria must be referred to the [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|International Criminal Court]]. Attempts to thwart justice, and shield these criminals, are disgraceful." Commission for International Justice and Accountability (CIJA), an independent war-crimes documentation agency has been conducting investigations on the crimes and atrocities committed during the Syrian war, with the organization employing around a hundred Syrians and Iraqis in the country, some of them insiders within the state bureaucratic apparatus. In December 2018, CIJA chief Stephen Rapp who formerly served as the US Ambassador for Global Criminal Justice, stated that war-crimes committed by the Syrian regime constituted a "solid kind of evidence that we haven't really had since Nuremberg, when the Nazis were prosecuted." The proofs of documented crimes included a vast array of sources, ranging from 2 million video footages to the documents seized from the Baathist regional committees and command Crisis Centres. Rapp asserted that despite Russian objections in the UN Security Council, the evidences are sufficient for an [[Sanarwar Interpol|international arrest warrant]].<ref name="Taub" /><ref name="Hall" /> === Cibiyoyin Tsaro === Cibiyoyin tsare mutanen da gwamnatin Assad ke gudanarwa na daya daga cikin manyan laifukan cin zarafin bil adama a Syria. A cikin 2014, Rahoton Kaisar ya nuna hotuna masu ban tsoro da aka fitar da su daga gidan yarin Syria sun nuna "kisan kisa na tsare-tsare na sama da fursunoni 11,000 da gwamnatin Syria ta yi a wani yanki" a cikin shekara biyu da rabi na yakin basasar Syria. Wani rahoton bincike na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekarar 2016 ya bayyana fursunonin da ake tsare da su a gidajen yarin Syria da cewa suna fama da “mummunan yanayin rayuwa” da ke tattare da rashin tsabta muhalli, rashin tsafta da abinci da kuma azabtarwa ta tsari. Bayan mutuwar fursunonin da ake tsare da su, gwamnatin kasar ta sha raba takardun bogi don ikirarin cewa fursunonin sun mutu ne saboda dalilai na halitta. Rahoton ya kuma yi Allah wadai da manufofin gwamnatin Assad na azabtarwa da yanke hukuncin kisa a wuraren da ake tsare da su a matsayin "kare a matsayin wani laifi na cin zarafin bil'adama". An kwatanta dungeons na Siriya da Sansanin hallaka na Nazi na [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]], saboda girman azabtarwa da kisan kiyashi da ke gudana a cikin hanyoyin kurkuku. Jarida Russ Wellen ya ba da rahoton cewa "na'urar kashewa ta jihar ta wuce ikon tsarin don sarrafawa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wellen |first=Russ |date=18 April 2016 |title=Bad as ISIL is, Assad is Worse |url=https://fpif.org/bad-islamic-state-assad-worse/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328012029/https://fpif.org/bad-islamic-state-assad-worse/ |archive-date=28 March 2022}}</ref> A cikin 2017 cikakkun bayanai sun fito game da gidan yarin Sednaya, gidan yarin sojoji kusa da Damascus wanda gwamnatin Assad ke aiki. An yi amfani da gidan yarin wajen tsare dubban fursunoni, na farar hula da kuma 'yan adawa na gwamnati. Amnesty International ta kiyasta cewa an kashe mutane tsakanin 5,000 zuwa 13,000 ba bisa ka'ida ba a gidan yari daya tsakanin Satumba 2011 da Disamba 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2016 |title=End the horror in Syria's torture prisons |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2016/08/syria-torture-prisons/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163406/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2016/08/syria-torture-prisons/ |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=2018-06-12 |publisher=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> Bayanan wadanda suka tsira daga kurkuku na gwamnati sun bayyana yanayin rashin mutunci, yunwa, raunin tunani, da azabtarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anonymous |date=2017-06-26 |title=At 15 I was tortured in Assad's prisons. I escaped, but thousands still suffer {{!}} Anonymous |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jun/26/months-tortured-assad-prisons-syria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612210508/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jun/26/months-tortured-assad-prisons-syria |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=2018-06-12 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Haka kuma mata sun fuskanci cin zarafi da laifukan yaki a cikin gidajen yarin Assad. Rahoton 2017 na Lauyoyi da Likitoci don Haƙƙin Dan Adam (LDHR) <ref>{{Cite web |title=LDHR Report: Voices From The Dark |url=http://guernica37.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Voices-from-the-Dark.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908214159/http://guernica37.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Voices-from-the-Dark.pdf |archive-date=8 September 2017}}</ref> ta tattara bayanan sirri daga matan da suka tsira daga fyade da azabtarwa a gidajen yarin Assad. Rahoton Amnesty na shekara ta 2017 kan gidan yarin Sednaya na Siriya ya bayyana hanyoyin azabtarwa da yanayin rayuwa na cibiyoyin tsare sojoji da gidajen yari a matsayin "marasa mutunci", yana mai cewa:<blockquote>"Ana azabtar da 'yan bindiga tun daga lokacin da aka kama su, a lokacin "bikin maraba" - kalmar da aka saba amfani da ita ta hanyar fursunoni da masu gadi na Siriya don yin amfani da mummunan duka da aka samu bayan isowa a wurin tsare-tsare - kuma a duk lokacin tambayoyinsu. Hanyoyin azabtarwa na yau da kullun sun haɗa da mummunan duka, amfani da girgizar lantarki, tashin hankali na jima'i ciki har da wuraren cin zarafi da tsare-tsaren damuwa. Ana amfani da su a cikin tarurruka masu yawa a cikin lokuta masu yawa a kan hanyoyin cin zarafin su, ana gudanar da su, ana amfani da su, suna da su a kan matakan kulawa da su, matakan kulawa da cututtukan iska masu yawa, ana hana su, ana kiyaye su a cikin cututtukansu masu tsabtace, ana amfani dasu, ana amfani dashi, ana amfani amfani da su da su a lokuta masu tsabtace su a cikin yanayin kulawa da su a hankali, ana amfani su a cikin yanayi masu yawa.</blockquote>A ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 2020, wasu tsoffin jami’an ‘yan sandan sirri na Syria guda biyu, Anwar R. da Eyad A., da ake zargi da aikata laifukan yaki a cibiyar tsare tsare da gwamnatin Syria ke gudanarwa, sun bayyana a wata kotun Jamus domin yin irinsa na farko. A cewar wani rahoto na 2018 da kwamitin kwararru na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya fitar, cibiyoyin tsare tsare da gwamnatin Assad ke gudanarwa sun azabtar da sama da mutane 4,000 daga cikin masu zanga-zangar da aka tsare tare da kashe akalla wasu 58. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Germany: Syrian ex-secret police go on trial for war crimes |url=https://apnews.com/d6063fc2fb3b795980c07dc61b83ac67\ |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=Associated Press News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DETENTION IN THE SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC:A Way Forward |url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoISyria/AWayForward_DetentionInSyria.pdf |access-date=8 March 2018 |website=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights}}</ref> === Rashin Daukakawa === Tun bayan yakin basasa a shekara ta 2011, sama da mutane 100,000 ne ake tsare da su, ko aka tilasta musu bace ko kuma suka bace a Syria a shekarar 2019. Akalla 90,000 daga cikinsu ana tunanin an tsare su ko kuma aka bace a gidajen yari na kasar ta Siriya. Wasu rahotannin kuma sun yi kiyasin cewa sama da fararen hula 128,000 ne dakarun gwamnatin suka yi garkuwa da su ko kuma suka bace ta tilas nan da shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2019 |title=At Least 98,000 Forcibly Disappeared Persons in Syria Since March 2011 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/least-98000-forcibly-disappeared-persons-syria-march-2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901185915/https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/least-98000-forcibly-disappeared-persons-syria-march-2011 |archive-date=1 September 2019 |website=OCHA: relief web}}</ref><ref name="amnesty.org">{{Cite web |date=30 August 2019 |title=Syria: Families left alone to find answers about disappeared relatives |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2019/08/syria-families-left-alone-to-find-answers-about-disappeared-relatives/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209040941/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2019/08/syria-families-left-alone-to-find-answers-about-disappeared-relatives/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Amnesty International ta bayyana a cikin sanarwar manema labarai ta 2019:<blockquote>"Har zuwa yau, Gwamnatin Siriya ta kasa bayyana makomar, sunaye da kuma wurin mutanen da jami'an tsaro na Siriya suka tsare da kuma bace. An sanar da wasu iyalai game da mutuwar danginsu a tsare, ko kuma daga ƙarshe sun sami damar gano cewa ƙaunataccen su ya mutu a tsare. Wadanda suka karɓi takardar shaidar mutuwa - kawai "shaida" da aka bayar - an ɗaure su bisa doka don yin rajistar mutuwar mutum a cikin bayanan farar hula, don samun takardar shaidaya ta hukuma. "<ref name="amnesty.org">{{Cite web |date=30 August 2019 |title=Syria: Families left alone to find answers about disappeared relatives |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2019/08/syria-families-left-alone-to-find-answers-about-disappeared-relatives/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209040941/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2019/08/syria-families-left-alone-to-find-answers-about-disappeared-relatives/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |website=Amnesty International}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20211209040941/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2019/08/syria-families-left-alone-to-find-answers-about-disappeared-relatives/ "Syria: Families left alone to find answers about disappeared relatives"]. ''Amnesty International''. 30 August 2019. Archived from [https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2019/08/syria-families-left-alone-to-find-answers-about-disappeared-relatives/ the original] on 9 December 2021.</cite></ref></blockquote>Tsakanin shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta 2015, an kashe fararen hula sama da 17,700 da aka kama a kurkuku. Tsakanin Maris 2011 da Maris 2023, an kiyasta fararen hula 154,000 da aka ɓace, an sace su ko kuma an tsare su a Syria; tare da mutane sama da 135,000 da ake [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]], daurewa ko mutuwa a [['Yancin Dan Adam a Siriya ta Ba'ath|Cibiyoyin tsare-tsare na gwamnati]] tun daga shekara ta 2023. A watan Yunin 2023, [[Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Babban Taron]] [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ya kada kuri'a don kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta don bincika inda daruruwan dubban fararen hula da suka ɓace da aka tilasta su ɓace, an kashe su ko kuma suna fama da kurkuku a gwamnatin Siriya. Hakan ya biyo bayan kara bukatar kafa hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kungiyoyin fararen hula na Syria sama da dari suka amince da su da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama kamar Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch da kwamitin Red Cross na kasa da kasa. Manufar sabuwar hukumar ita ce tabbatar da ingantacciyar haɗin kai don tattara bayanan mutanen da suka ɓace. Gwamnatin Assad ta yi tir da zaben a matsayin "tsangwama ga baki daya" a harkokin cikin gida na Syria. === sace yara === [[Navi Pillay]], [[Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Ƴancin Dan Adam|Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam]], ya bayyana a watan Maris na 2012 cewa Sojojin Siriya da sojojin Ba'athist suna satar, tsare da azabtar da yara.<ref name="BBC News">{{Cite web |date=28 March 2012 |title=Syria authorities target children, says UN rights chief |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-17532966 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721034202/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-17532966 |archive-date=21 July 2014 |access-date=30 June 2012 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Da yake ba da shawarar cewa Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kamata ya mika Bashar al-Assad don gurfanar da shi a [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya]] (ICC), Navi Pillay ya ce:<blockquote>"Sun tafi don neman yaran - ga kowane dalili - da yawa. An tsare daruruwa ana azabtar da su ... abin ban tsoro ne kawai, ... Yara sun harbe a gwiwa, tare da manya a cikin yanayi na rashin jin daɗi, an hana su magani don raunin da suka samu, ko dai an yi garkuwa da su a matsayin tushen bayanai. "<ref name="BBC News">{{Cite web |date=28 March 2012 |title=Syria authorities target children, says UN rights chief |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-17532966 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721034202/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-17532966 |archive-date=21 July 2014 |access-date=30 June 2012 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref></blockquote>Tun a shekara ta 2011 ne gwamnatin Assad ke kame tare da tsare kananan yara ba tare da an gurfanar da su a gaban kotu ba har sai da suka kai shekaru 18, bayan da aka tura su kotunan sojan Ba'ath tare da kashe su. Rahoton bincike na 2024 na Sashin Binciken Jarida na Siriya (SIRAJ) ya gano yara 24 na Siriya da aka tilastawa bacewarsu, aka kwace musu kadarorinsu, aka tsare su daga baya kuma aka kashe su bayan sun kai shekaru 18. Rahoton, bisa wata majiya mai tushe a cikin gwamnatin Assad, tattaunawa da iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa, da majiyoyin jama'a, sun ba da umarnin kashe wadanda suka mutu fiye da 6, wadanda shekarunsu ya kai 8, wadanda suka kai shekaru 6, da haihuwa. Kotuna biyu na sojojin Ba'ath a gidan yarin Seydnaya da kuma cikin garin al-Dimas tsakanin 2014 zuwa 2017, suna ambaton bayanan shaidun gani da ido na wani dan sanda a cikin 'yan sandan sojan Ba'athist. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Al Ibrahim, Skaf |first=Ali, Mohamad |date=28 October 2024 |title=Delayed Execution: The Syrian Regime Detains Minors in Prisons to Execute Them Upon Reaching 18 |url=https://sirajsy.net/the-syrian-regime-detains-minors/ |website=SIRAJ}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Al-Marsad * Dokar Tsaro ta Tsaro ta Suriya * [[Hakkokin ɗan Adam a kasashen Musulmi|'Yancin Dan Adam a Kasashen Musulunci]] * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Tarayyar Demokradiyya ta Arewacin Siriya * [[Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da Gabas ta Tsakiya|'Yancin Dan Adam a Gabas ta Tsakiya]] * [[Cinikin mutane a Siriya]] * Yaƙin basasar Siriya * Cibiyar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Siriya * Farashin Wissam == Bayanan da ke ƙasa == [[Rukuni:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 5kuu48edddnrqczrtnh5p6ropn2m2qa 0 112412 893980 695053 2026-08-10T03:02:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yankunan duniya''' tsari ne don bayyana iyakoki ga tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam akan Tsarin Duniya. Bayan wadannan iyakoki, yanayin bazai iya ci gaba da sarrafa kansa ba. Wannan zai nufin tsarin Duniya zai bar lokacin kwanciyar hankali na Holocene, wanda al'ummar ɗan adam suka ci gaba.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Rockström |first=Johan |last2=Steffen |first2=Will |last3=Noone |first3=Kevin |last4=Persson |first4=Åsa |last5=Chapin |first5=F. Stuart |last6=Lambin |first6=Eric F. |last7=Lenton |first7=Timothy M. |last8=Scheffer |first8=Marten |last9=Folke |first9=Carl |last10=Schellnhuber |first10=Hans Joachim |last11=Nykvist |first11=Björn |date=2009 |title=A safe operating space for humanity |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |language=en |volume=461 |issue=7263 |pages=472–475 |bibcode=2009Natur.461..472R |doi=10.1038/461472a |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=19779433 |s2cid=205049746 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Rockström |first=Johan |last2=Steffen |first2=Will |last3=Noone |first3=Kevin |last4=Persson |first4=Åsa |last5=Chapin |first5=F. Stuart III |last6=Lambin |first6=Eric |last7=Lenton |first7=Timothy M. |last8=Scheffer |first8=Marten |last9=Folke |first9=Carl |last10=Schellnhuber |first10=Hans Joachim |last11=Nykvist |first11=Björn |date=2009 |title=Planetary Boundaries: Exploring the Safe Operating Space for Humanity |url=http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol14/iss2/art32/ |journal=[[Ecology and Society]] |language=en |volume=14 |issue=2 |doi=10.5751/ES-03180-140232 |issn=1708-3087 |s2cid=15182169 |id=art32 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rockström |first=Johan |last2=Gupta |first2=Joyeeta |last3=Qin |first3=Dahe |last4=Lade |first4=Steven J. |last5=Abrams |first5=Jesse F. |last6=Andersen |first6=Lauren S. |last7=Armstrong McKay |first7=David I. |last8=Bai |first8=Xuemei |last9=Bala |first9=Govindasamy |last10=Bunn |first10=Stuart E. |last11=Ciobanu |first11=Daniel |last12=DeClerck |first12=Fabrice |last13=Ebi |first13=Kristie |last14=Gifford |first14=Lauren |last15=Gordon |first15=Christopher |date=2023 |title=Safe and just Earth system boundaries |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=619 |issue=7968 |pages=102–111 |bibcode=2023Natur.619..102R |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06083-8 |pmc=10322705 |pmid=37258676 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadannan iyakoki tara sune [[Canjin yanayi]], acidisation na teku, raguwar ozone na stratospheric, kwararar biogeochemical a cikin sake zagayowar nitrogen, yawan amfani da Ruwa mai laushi na duniya, [[Amfani da Ƙasa|canjin tsarin ƙasa]], lalacewar amincin biosphere, gurɓataccen sinadarai, da ɗorawar iska. Tsarin ya dogara ne akan shaidar kimiyya cewa ayyukan ɗan adam, musamman na al'ummomin masana'antu tun lokacin [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]], sun zama babban direba na canjin muhalli na duniya. Dangane da tsarin, "ƙetare ɗaya ko fiye da iyakokin duniya na iya zama mai lahani ko ma bala'i saboda haɗarin ƙetare ƙofofin da za su haifar da canjin muhalli ba tare da layi ba, ba zato ba tsammani a cikin tsarin nahiyar zuwa tsarin duniya. "<ref name=":4"/> Abinda ke cikin tsarin shine cewa [[Tarihin ɗan-Adam|Al'ummomin mutane]] sun sami damar bunƙasa a ƙarƙashin yanayin yanayi da yanayin muhalli na Holocene. Har zuwa inda ba a ƙetare iyakokin tsarin duniya ba, suna nuna "yanki mai aminci" ga al'ummomin ɗan adam a duniya.<ref name=":5"/> Masu goyon bayan tsarin iyakar duniya sun ba da shawarar komawa ga wannan tsarin muhalli da yanayi; sabanin kimiyyar ɗan adam da fasaha da gangan suna haifar da yanayi mai fa'ida. Manufar ba ta magance yadda mutane suka canza yanayin muhalli sosai don dacewa da kansu ba. Holocene na yanayi da muhalli wannan tsarin yana la'akari da shi a matsayin "yanki mai aminci" ba ya haɗa da aikin gona na masana'antu. Don haka wannan tsarin yana neman sake tantance yadda za a ciyar da jama'ar zamani. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ra'ayin ya zama mai tasiri a cikin al'ummomin duniya (misali Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ci gaba mai dorewa), gami da gwamnatoci a kowane mataki, kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, jama'a da al'ummar kimiyya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=November 2019 |title=Ten years of nine planetary boundaries |url=https://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/research-news/2019-11-01-ten-years-of-nine-planetary-boundaries.html |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=www.stockholmresilience.org |language=en |archive-date=2020-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528053817/https://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/research-news/2019-11-01-ten-years-of-nine-planetary-boundaries.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tsarin ya kunshi matakai tara na canjin duniya. A shekara ta 2009, a cewar Rockström da sauransu, an riga an ƙetare iyakoki uku (hasarar halittu, canjin yanayi da sake zagayowar nitrogen), yayin da wasu ke cikin haɗarin ƙetare su.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |date=2009 |title=Earth's boundaries? |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |language=en |volume=461 |issue=7263 |pages=447–448 |bibcode=2009Natur.461R.447. |doi=10.1038/461447b |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=19779405 |s2cid=29052784 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 2015, da yawa daga cikin masana kimiyya a cikin rukunin asali sun buga sabuntawa, suna kawo sabbin marubuta da sabon bincike na samfurin. Dangane da wannan sabuntawa, an ƙetare iyakoki huɗu: canjin yanayi, asarar amincin biosphere, canjin tsarin ƙasa, canjin sake zagayowar biogeochemical (phosphorus da nitrogen). <ref name="Cornell2015">{{Cite journal |last=Steffen |first=Will |last2=Richardson |first2=Katherine |last3=Rockström |first3=Johan |last4=Cornell |first4=Sarah E. |last5=Fetzer |first5=Ingo |last6=Bennett |first6=Elena M. |last7=Biggs |first7=Reinette |last8=Carpenter |first8=Stephen R. |last9=de Vries |first9=Wim |last10=de Wit |first10=Cynthia A. |last11=Folke |first11=Carl |date=2015 |title=Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1259855 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |language=en |volume=347 |issue=6223 |pages=1259855 |doi=10.1126/science.1259855 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=25592418 |s2cid=206561765 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Masana kimiyya sun kuma canza sunan iyakar "Loss of biodiversity" zuwa "Changing in biosphere integrity" don jaddada cewa ba kawai yawan jinsuna ba har ma da aikin biosphere gaba ɗaya yana da mahimmanci ga kwanciyar hankali na tsarin Duniya. Hakazalika, an sake sunan iyakar "Chemical pollution" zuwa "Gabatar da sababbin abubuwa", yana fadada ikon yin la'akari da nau'ikan kayan da mutane suka samar da ke rushe tsarin tsarin duniya. A cikin 2022, bisa ga wallafe-wallafen da ke akwai, an kammala gabatar da sababbin abubuwa a matsayin iyakar duniya ta 5 da aka keta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Persson |first=Linn |last2=Carney Almroth |first2=Bethanie M. |last3=Collins |first3=Christopher D. |last4=Cornell |first4=Sarah |last5=de Wit |first5=Cynthia A. |last6=Diamond |first6=Miriam L. |last7=Fantke |first7=Peter |last8=Hassellöv |first8=Martin |last9=MacLeod |first9=Matthew |last10=Ryberg |first10=Morten W. |last11=Søgaard Jørgensen |first11=Peter |date=2022-01-18 |title=Outside the Safe Operating Space of the Planetary Boundary for Novel Entities |url=https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c04158 |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=1510–1521 |bibcode=2022EnST...56.1510P |doi=10.1021/acs.est.1c04158 |issn=0013-936X |pmc=8811958 |pmid=35038861}}</ref> An kammala canjin ruwan sha a matsayin iyakar duniya ta 6 a cikin 2023.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Richardson |first=Katherine |last2=Steffen |first2=Will |last3=Lucht |first3=Wolfgang |date=2023-09-13 |title=Earth beyond six of nine planetary boundaries |journal=[[Science Advances]] |volume=9 |issue=37 |bibcode=2023SciA....9H2458R |doi=10.1126/sciadv.adh2458 |pmc=10499318 |pmid=37703365 |s2cid=261742678 |id=eadh2458 |access-date=}}</ref> == Bayani da ka'idoji == Babban ra'ayi na tsarin iyakokin duniya shine cewa kiyaye kiyaye tsarin da aka lura da shi na tsarin duniya a cikin Holocene shine wajibi ga bin bil'adama na ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na dogon lokaci.{{Sfn|Rockström|28 others|2009}} Tsarin iyakokin duniya yana ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar dorewa duniya saboda yana kawo sikelin duniya da kuma dogon lokaci a cikin mayar da hankali.<ref name="Cornell2015"/> Tsarin ya bayyana "tsarin tallafin rayuwa na duniya" guda tara da ke da muhimmanci don kiyaye "yanayin Holocene da ake so", kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya ƙayyade yadda aka riga an tura bakwai daga cikin waɗannan tsarin.<ref name=":1"/> An bayyana iyakoki don taimakawa wajen bayyana "sarari mai aminci don ci gaban ɗan adam", wanda shine ingantawa akan hanyoyin da ke da niyyar rage [[Tasirin ɗan adam a kan muhalli|Tasirin ɗan adam]] a duniyar.{{Sfn|Rockström|28 others|2009}} Tsarin ya dogara ne akan shaidar kimiyya cewa ayyukan ɗan adam, musamman na al'ummomin masana'antu tun lokacin [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]], sun zama babban direba na [[Canjin muhalli]] na duniya. Dangane da tsarin, "ƙetare ɗaya ko fiye da iyakokin duniya na iya zama mai lahani ko ma bala'i saboda haɗarin ƙetare ƙofofin da za su haifar da canjin muhalli ba tare da layi ba, ba zato ba tsammani a cikin tsarin nahiyar zuwa tsarin duniya. " Tsarin ya ƙunshi matakai tara na canjin duniya.{{Sfn|Rockström|28 others|2009}} A shekara ta 2009, an riga an ƙetare iyakoki biyu, yayin da wasu ke cikin haɗarin ƙetare su.<ref name=":1"/> Ƙididdigar da aka yi daga baya ta nuna cewa uku daga cikin waɗannan iyakoki - [[Canjin yanayi]], asarar halittu, da iyakar kwararar biogeochemical - sun bayyana sun ƙetare. Masana kimiyya sun bayyana yadda karya iyakoki ke kara barazanar rushewar aiki, har ma da rushewa, a cikin tsarin halittu na Duniya a hanyoyin da zasu iya zama bala'i ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Duk da yake sun nuna rashin tabbas na kimiyya, sun nuna cewa karya iyakoki na iya "samar da ra'ayoyin da zasu iya haifar da ƙetare ƙofofin da ke rage ikon dawowa cikin matakan aminci". Yankunan sun kasance "mai laushi, ƙididdigar farko kawai, kewaye da manyan rashin tabbas da gibin ilimi" waɗanda ke hulɗa a hanyoyi masu rikitarwa waɗanda ba a fahimta sosai ba {{Sfn|Rockström|28 others|2009}} Tsarin iyakokin duniya ya kafa tushe don sauyawa ga tsarin mulki da gudanarwa, daga ainihin nazarin bangarorin iyakokin ci gaba da nufin rage mummunan abubuwan waje, zuwa kimantawar sararin samaniya don ci gaban ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Rakhyun E. |last2=Kotzé |first2=Louis J. |date=2021 |title=Planetary boundaries at the intersection of Earth system law, science and governance: A state-of-the-art review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/reel.12383 |journal=Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law |language=en |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=3–15 |bibcode=2021RECIE..30....3K |doi=10.1111/reel.12383 |issn=2050-0386}}</ref> Yankunan duniya suna nunawa, kamar yadda yake, " filin wasa na duniya" ga bil'adama idan za a guje wa babban [[Tasirin ɗan adam a kan muhalli|Canjin muhalli da mutum ya haifar]] a duniya.<ref name="Cornell2015"/> === Marubutan === Marubutan wannan tsarin sun kasance ƙungiyar Tsarin Duniya da [[Kimiyyar muhalli|Masana kimiyyar muhalli]] a cikin 2009 karkashin jagorancin Johan Rockström daga Cibiyar Resilience ta Stockholm da Will Steffen daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia. Sun yi aiki tare da manyan malamai 26, ciki har da Nobel laureate Paul Crutzen, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Cibiyar Nazarin sararin samaniya ta Goddard James Hansen, masanin ilimin teku Katherine Richardson, masanin yanayin ƙasa [[Diana Liverman]] da babban mai ba da shawara kan yanayin Jamus Hans Joachim Schellnhuber. Yawancin masana kimiyya masu ba da gudummawa sun shiga cikin dabarun-samar da haɗin gwiwar Kimiyya ta Duniya, wanda ya fara cibiyar binciken canjin duniya ta Future Earth. Kungiyar ta so ta ayyana "sararin aiki mai aminci ga bil'adama" ga al'ummar kimiyya da yawa, a matsayin wajibi ga Ci gaba mai ɗorewa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jpr65pywyn4cl2bmb0omwp5c0ry8uy2 0 112771 893718 822507 2026-08-09T16:28:13Z Asiya Garba 46242 893718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Plastic_sequestration2.jpg|alt=585g of plastic sequestered into an ecobrick. - Ecobrick and photo by Aang Hudaya, Bogor, Indonesia.|thumb|585g na filastik da aka kulle a cikin wani ecobrick. - Ecobrick da hoto na Aang Hudaya, Bogor, Indonesia.]] '''Tsayar da [[Plastic|filastik]]''' wata hanya ce ta sarrafa sharar filastik wanda kuma ke tabbatar da filastic da aka yi amfani da shi daga masana'antu da kuma daga cikin muhalli a cikin tubalan gini da za a iya amfani da su ta hanyar tarwatsawa. Tsayar da filastik yana motsawa ta hanyar [[Kare Muhalli|Kare muhalli]] kuma an tsara shi akan tsarin duniya na tsayar da carbon. Fitowa daga gwagwarmayar garuruwa da al'ummomi a [[Global North and Global South|Kudancin Duniya]] don magance [[Gurbacewar Robobi|gurɓataccen filastik]], hanyoyin tarwatsa filastik suna da alaƙa da kasancewa a cikin gida, ba babban birni ba, ba masana'antu ba da ƙarancin fasaha. <ref name="Ecobricks.org Plastic Sequestration2">{{Cite web |title=Plastic Sequestration |url=https://www.ecobricks.org/sequest/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009054149/https://www.ecobricks.org/sequest/ |archive-date=2021-10-09 |access-date=2022-01-24 |website=Ecobricks.org}}</ref> An bayyana kwace filastik ta hanyar burin tabbatar da filastik daga muhalli da kuma daga tsarin masana'antu mai ƙarfi / carbon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Precious Plastic |url=https://onearmy.earth//project/precious-plastic |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=onearmy.earth |language=en}}</ref> Dangane da kawar da hanyoyin lalacewar sunadarai da na jiki da na [[Abiotic component|abiotic]] da na biotic, tsare filastik yana da niyyar cimma waɗannan burin, ta hanyar rage girman filastik na filastik.<ref name="Chamas Moon Zheng et al 20202">{{Cite journal |last=Chamas |first=Ali |last2=Moon |first2=Hyunjin |last3=Zheng |first3=Jiajia |last4=Qiu |first4=Yang |last5=Tabassum |first5=Tarnuma |last6=Jang |first6=Jun Hee |last7=Abu-Omar |first7=Mahdi |last8=Scott |first8=Susannah L. |last9=Suh |first9=Sangwon |date=9 March 2020 |title=Degradation Rates of Plastics in the Environment |journal=ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=3494–3511 |doi=10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06635 |s2cid=212404939 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana amfani da tubalan gini da ke fitowa daga kwace filastik a cikin aikace-aikacen da ke karewa daga lalacewa kuma suna kiyaye filastik daga matakai na masana'antu har abada, don haka hana hayakin carbon.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |last2= |first2= |title=Earth & Ecobrick Building |url=https://ecobricks.org/en/earth.php |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Ecobricks.org |language=en}}</ref> == Hanyar da ake amfani da ita == [[Fayil:Tanzania-precious-plastic-plank.jpg|alt=A man holding a board made from plastic in front of bags of PET bottles.|thumb|Don magance gurɓataccen filastik a Tanzania, na'urori masu sauƙi suna ba da damar samar da allon filastik da tubali.]] === Shirye-shiryen === Gabaɗaya, ƙwace filastik yana farawa ta hanyar raba filastik daga kwayoyin halitta da sauran kayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Precious Plastic Community |url=https://community.preciousplastic.com/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=community.preciousplastic.com |language=en}}</ref> Ana tsabtace filastik kuma a bushe shi kafin a tarwatsa shi da hannu a cikin tubalan da yawa - yawanci ta amfani da sanda ko latsawa. === Misalan === Misalan kwace filastik sun haɗa da ecobricks, cigbricks, ecobriks na teku, Ubuntu blox, musamman allon filastik da tubalan da aka yi, da wasu samfuran motsi na filastik mai daraja. Hanyoyin da ake amfani da su wajen kwace filastik sun bambanta da [[Wajen zubar da shara|zubar da shara]] da binne filastik. The Global Ecobrick Alliance, ya bayyana kwace filastik a matsayin wanda ba na masana'antu ba, manual, carbon-neutral compaction na amfani, tsabta da busassun filastik wanda ke samun yawa a kan 0.33g / ml da takamaiman raguwar ƙasa (SSDR <ref name="Chamas Moon Zheng et al 2020">{{Cite journal |last=Chamas |first=Ali |last2=Moon |first2=Hyunjin |last3=Zheng |first3=Jiajia |last4=Qiu |first4=Yang |last5=Tabassum |first5=Tarnuma |last6=Jang |first6=Jun Hee |last7=Abu-Omar |first7=Mahdi |last8=Scott |first8=Susannah L. |last9=Suh |first9=Sangwon |date=9 March 2020 |title=Degradation Rates of Plastics in the Environment |journal=ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=3494–3511 |doi=10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06635 |s2cid=212404939 |doi-access=free}}</ref>) a ƙasa da 0.1 μm shekara-1 . <ref name="Ecobricks.org Plastic Sequestration">{{Cite web |title=Plastic Sequestration |url=https://www.ecobricks.org/sequest/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009054149/https://www.ecobricks.org/sequest/ |archive-date=2021-10-09 |access-date=2022-01-24 |website=Ecobricks.org}}</ref> === Ginin Ginin Gida === [[Fayil:The_'Y_Hwb'_earthen_round_house,_built_using_cob_and_ecobricks_by_Incredible_Edible_Porthmadog,_North_Wales,_UK.jpg|thumb|Gidan zagaye na 'Y Hwb', wanda aka gina ta amfani da cob da ecobricks ta hanyar Incredible Edible Porthmadog, Arewacin Wales, Burtaniya.]] Gina tare da tubalan da suka haifar da tarwatsawa wani bangare ne na tsarin tsare filastik. Yawanci, ana amfani da Cob_ (kayan aiki) / adobe / ginin ƙasa don rufe tubalan gaba ɗaya. Aikace-aikacen gine-ginen ƙasa dole ne su kare daga duk nau'ikan lalacewar filastik (watau zafi, haske, friction, wuta, da dai sauransu). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Webb |first=Hayden |last2=Arnott |first2=Jaimys |last3=Crawford |first3=Russell |last4=Ivanova |first4=Elena |date=28 December 2012 |title=Plastic Degradation and Its Environmental Implications with Special Reference to Poly(ethylene terephthalate) |journal=Polymers |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.3390/polym5010001 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Hanyoyin ginin ƙasa suna tabbatar da cewa za a iya cire tubalan ba tare da lalacewa ba daga ginin lokacin da ya zo ƙarshen. Hanyoyin ginin ƙasa suma suna tabbatar da cewa tsarin gini ya kasance carbon-neutral.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-11 |title=Rumoer 78 Earth by RuMoer - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/rumoer/docs/issue78-2 |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=issuu.com |language=en}}</ref> == Ka'idar == An tsara manufar tsare filastik a matsayin sabis na muhalli wanda ke bin misalin duniya na tsare carbon a taron Bandung Spirit na shekara-shekara na 50 na Jami'ar Le Havre, a cikin takarda da Ani Himawati da Russell Maier suka gabatar. Gina kan wannan ra'ayi, Global Ecobrick Alliance ta haɓaka tsarin ka'idoji da ka'idojin don ƙuntata filastik don cire aikace-aikacen da ba [[Sabis ɗin yanayin halittu|Ayyukan muhalli]] ba ne, da kuma ƙarfafa hanyoyin ƙuntata da aikace-aikace waɗanda suke.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.ecobricks.org/en/about.php |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Ecobricks.org |language=en}}</ref> Ka'idodin kwace filastik sun dogara ne akan ka'idodin Ka'idojin Duniya, waɗanda ke tsara sigogi na gudummawar muhalli, bincike ta [[Cibiyar Shariar Muhalli ta Duniya|Cibiyar Shari'ar Muhalli ta Duniya]] game da tasirin carbon na Masana'antar filastik, da kimiyya na hana lalacewar polymer. # Wannan tsari yana tabbatar da filastik daga dukkan nau'ikan sinadarai da lalacewar jiki da kuma daga aikin masana'antu. # Abubuwan da aka fitar ba za a iya sake amfani da su ba, yayin da suke kula da aikace-aikacen da ke da nutsewar ƙasa na dogon lokaci. # Dole ne a gudanar da wannan tsari a matsayin kamfani mai zaman kansa, na duniya. # Shirin yana haifar da ƙwace ƙarin carbon da filastik fiye da yadda aka kara ta hanyar hayaki da maye gurbin filastik. # Tsarin da abubuwan da ya fitar suna tallafawa bambancin rayuwa. # Kamfanin yana bin sawu kuma yana bayyana duk tasirin filastik, carbon da biodiversity na tsarinsa. === Kimiyya === [[Fayil:Plastique_dégradé_UV_altitude.jpg|thumb|Rashin iska na farstik na baya-bayan nan (PVC) wanda aka fallasa ga iska, iska, hasken rana na ultraviolet da mummunan yanayi (Pyrenees) ]] Manufar kwace filastik ita ce ƙirƙirar yanayi don hana kuma lalacewar jiki da sinadarai na filastik (watau depolymerization, gyaran sinadarai, asarar taro ko mineralization zuwa CO₂ da H₂) da kuma fitar da hayaki na aikin masana'antu. Rashin lalacewar polymer na filastik yana faruwa ta hanyoyi biyu: (i) na jiki, kamar fashewa, raguwa, da flaking, ko (ii) sunadarai, yana nufin canje-canje a matakin kwayoyin.<ref name="Chamas Moon Zheng et al 2020">{{Cite journal |last=Chamas |first=Ali |last2=Moon |first2=Hyunjin |last3=Zheng |first3=Jiajia |last4=Qiu |first4=Yang |last5=Tabassum |first5=Tarnuma |last6=Jang |first6=Jun Hee |last7=Abu-Omar |first7=Mahdi |last8=Scott |first8=Susannah L. |last9=Suh |first9=Sangwon |date=9 March 2020 |title=Degradation Rates of Plastics in the Environment |journal=ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=3494–3511 |doi=10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06635 |s2cid=212404939 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChamasMoonZhengQiu2020">Chamas, Ali; Moon, Hyunjin; Zheng, Jiajia; Qiu, Yang; Tabassum, Tarnuma; Jang, Jun Hee; Abu-Omar, Mahdi; Scott, Susannah L.; Suh, Sangwon (9 March 2020). [[doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06635|"Degradation Rates of Plastics in the Environment"]]. ''ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering''. '''8''' (9): <span class="nowrap">3494–</span>3511. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06635|10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06635]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212404939 212404939].</cite></ref> Rashin lalacewar sinadarai da na jiki yana faruwa ta hanyar hanyoyin halittu da abiotic. Hanyoyin kwace filastik dole ne su hana lalacewar sunadarai da na jiki, ta hanyar toshe biotic (aikin microbe) da abiotic (haske, zafi, acid, da dai sauransu) hanyoyin lalacewa da kuma hana sake sarrafa masana'antu.<ref name="Ecobricks.org Plastic Sequestration">{{Cite web |title=Plastic Sequestration |url=https://www.ecobricks.org/sequest/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009054149/https://www.ecobricks.org/sequest/ |archive-date=2021-10-09 |access-date=2022-01-24 |website=Ecobricks.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ecobricks.org/sequest/ "Plastic Sequestration"]. ''Ecobricks.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211009054149/https://www.ecobricks.org/sequest/ Archived] from the original on 2021-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-24</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ana fitar da shi lokacin da ake sarrafa filastik ta hanyar masana'antu (watau sake amfani, zubar da shara, ƙonewa) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sl70uclqq09ql3lvav42zli8yvjmzib 0 112858 894023 732894 2026-08-10T05:17:03Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 894023 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Kenneth Roth''' (an haife shi a watan Satumba 23, 1955) lauyan Amurka ne, mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam, kuma marubuci. Ya kasance babban darektan [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] (HRW) daga 1993 zuwa 2022. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Kenneth Roth a ranar 23 ga Satumba, 1955, a Elmhurst, Illinois, ga Muriel T. Roth da Walter S. Roth . Mahaifinsa ɗan gudun hijira ne na Yahudawa wanda ya tsere daga Nazi [[Jamus]].<ref name="brownalumnimagazine">{{Cite web |title=Tyranny Has a Witness |url=https://www.brownalumnimagazine.com/articles/2011-01-06/tyranny-has-a-witness |access-date=2021-04-26 |website=www.brownalumnimagazine.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Security in a Turbulent World - Yale Law School |url=https://law.yale.edu/yls-today/yale-law-school-events/national-security-turbulent-world |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=law.yale.edu}}</ref> Iyalin Walter suna da kantin yanka a Jamus kusa da [[Frankfurt]] lokacin da [[Adolf Hitler]] ya zo mulki. Kenneth Roth ya girma ne a [[Deerfield|Deerfield, Illinois]] . <ref name="nytimes_bio">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Aina J. |date=April 26, 2022 |title=Kenneth Roth, 'Godfather' of Human Rights Work, to Step Down |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/26/world/americas/kenneth-roth-human-rights-watch.html |access-date=18 September 2022 |website=New York Times}}</ref> Ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Brown a 1977 tare da BA a tarihi kuma ya sami Juris Doctor daga Yale Law School a 1980. <ref name="brownalumnimagazine"/><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2004 |title=Ken Roth Executive Director |url=http://hrw.org/about/bios/kroth.htm |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Yuni, 2011, Roth ya yi aure a cocin Anglican ga Annie Sparrow. == Ayyuka == [[Fayil:Msc2012_20120205_004_Roth_SZwez.jpg|thumb|Roth a shekarar 2012]] Roth ya yi aiki a cikin sirri a matsayin mai gabatar da kara kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Lauyan Amurka na Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka na Gundumar Kudancin New York da binciken Iran-Contra a Washington DC.<ref name="winnipeg">{{Cite web |date= |title=Kenneth Roth Biography |url=https://www.uwinnipeg.ca/index/newsflash-050203-2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725002708/https://www.uwinnipeg.ca/index/newsflash-050203-2 |archive-date=July 25, 2011 |access-date=September 9, 2009 |website=The University of Winnipeg |publisher=}}</ref> Sana'ar Roth a cikin 'yancin ɗan adam ta fara ba tare da jin daɗi ba. Kos ɗin kare hakkin ɗan adam ɗaya da aka bayar a Makarantar Yale Law an soke shi akai-akai, kuma da kammala karatunsa ya gano cewa ayyuka a fagen ba su da yawa. Sakamakon haka, yayin da yake aiki a matsayin lauya, kuma ya ba da gudummawar dare da karshen mako yana yin ayyukan kare hakkin ɗan adam, yana mai da hankali kan [1] Soviet shigar da dokar yaƙi a [[Poland]] a cikin 1981. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Watch |url=http://socialsciences.in/article/human-rights-watch |access-date=2021-03-18 |website=socialsciences.in |archive-date=2012-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915100739/http://www.socialsciences.in/article/human-rights-watch |url-status=dead }}</ref> Roth ya shiga Human Rights Watch (HRW) a shekarar 1987 a matsayin mataimakin darektan. Ayyukansa na farko sun kasance a kan Haiti kuma a hankali ya kai ga Cuba <ref>{{Cite web |title=INTRODUCTION TO THE WORK OF AMERICAS WATCH |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1989/WR89/Americas.htm |access-date=2021-03-18 |website=hrw.org}}</ref> da Gabas ta Tsakiya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 1992 |title=Kuwait: Human Rights after February 28, 1991 |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2013/06/13/ALKWT92-001.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223092552/https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2013/06/13/ALKWT92-001.pdf |archive-date=February 23, 2017 |access-date=March 18, 2021 |website=justice.gov}}</ref> da sauran wurare. Tun 1993 (lokacin da Aryeh Neier ya bar zama shugaban Cibiyar Budaddiyar Jama'a ta George Soros), Roth ya zama babban darektan gudanarwa. <ref name="winnipeg"/> da HRW. Yayin da yake ofishin, ma'aikatan HRW sun karu daga 60 zuwa 552; HRW ta raba lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel a shekarar 1997 saboda haramta ayyukan nakiyoyi, ta taimaka wajen kafa kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa da kuma haramta yara a aikin soja. Roth yayi murabus daga HRW a ranar 31 ga Agusta 2022. Bayan barin HRW, Roth ya ce ya yi niyyar rubuta littafi.<ref name="nytimes_bio"/> Roth ya sami digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Brown, <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2011 |title=Brown to confer 10 honorary doctorates May 29 |url=https://news.brown.edu/articles/2011/04/honoraries |access-date=2021-03-18 |website=News from Brown |publisher=Brown University}}</ref> Kwalejin Bowdoin, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Honorary Degrees |url=https://www.bowdoin.edu/president/honorary-degrees/index.html |access-date=2021-03-18 |website=Office of the President}}</ref> Jami'ar Ottawa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Roth, Kenneth |url=https://www.uottawa.ca/president/bio/roth-kenneth |access-date=2021-03-18 |website=Office of the President}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025}}</ref> da Jami'ar Amurka ta Paris <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-09 |title=Honorary Degree Recipients |url=https://www.aup.edu/about/history/honorary-degree-recipients |access-date=2021-03-18 |website=www.aup.edu}}</ref> Ya kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Dimokuradiyya ta [[Athens]], lambar yabo ta William Rogers daga Jami'ar Brown da lambar yabo ta Jean Mayer Global Citizenship daga Jami'an Tufts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City of Athens Democracy Award |url=https://www.athensdemocracyforum.com/city-athens-democracy-award |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302161504/https://www.athensdemocracyforum.com/city-athens-democracy-award |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-18 |website=Athens Democracy Forum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The William Rogers Award |url=https://alumni-friends.brown.edu/volunteer/recognition/william-rogers-award |access-date=2021-03-18 |website=Alumni & Friends, Brown University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Institute for Global Leadership, Tufts University 2004-05 Annual Report |url=https://www.tuftsgloballeadership.org/sites/default/files/images/resources/0405AR.pdf |access-date=2025-08-11 |archive-date=2022-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703134703/http://tuftsgloballeadership.org/sites/default/files/images/resources/0405AR.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya yi aiki a Kwamitin Masu Kula da Cibiyar Watson a Jami'ar Brown, Kwamitin Gwamnoni na Kwalejin Bard Berlin, da kuma Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Humanitarian da Ci Gaban na Gidauniyar Novo Nordisk. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of Governors. Watson Institute |url=https://watson.brown.edu/people/board |access-date=2021-03-18 |website=Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Governance at Bard College Berlin |url=https://berlin.bard.edu/about-us/governance/ |access-date=2021-03-18 |website=berlin.bard.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Novo Nordisk Foundation establishes a new advisory panel for its humanitarian grants |url=https://novonordiskfonden.dk/en/news/novo-nordisk-foundation-establishes-a-new-advisory-panel-for-its-humanitarian-grants/ |access-date=2021-03-18 |website=Novo Nordisk Fonden}}</ref> == Abokan hulɗa na Makarantar Harvard Kennedy == A cikin 2021, an ba Roth wata ƙungiya a Cibiyar Carr ta Makarantar Harvard Kennedy don Manufofin 'Yancin Dan Adam. An janye tayin a cikin 2023. Roth ya ce janyewar ta kasance ne saboda sukar da ya yi wa Isra'ila. Michael Massing ya ba da rahoton ikirarin Roth a cikin Nation. Roth ya gaya wa Guardian da Amy Goodman a kan ''Dimokuradiyya Yanzu'' cewa ya yi imanin cewa shugaban makarantar Harvard Kennedy Douglas Elmendorf ya mika wuya ga masu ba da gudummawa na Harvard waɗanda ke da karfi ga magoya bayan Isra'ila. Farfesa a makarantar Kennedy Kathryn Sikkink ta ce an gaya mata cewa Elmendorf ta yi tunanin Human Rights Watch tana da "rashin son kai ga Isra'ila" kuma cewa tweets na Roth akan Isra'ila sun damu, abubuwan da ta yi jayayya da dean.<ref name="Nation" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 6, 2023 |title=Harvard blocks role for former Human Rights Watch head over Israel criticism |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2023/jan/06/harvard-kennedy-school-blocks-role-former-head-human-rights-watch-israel |website=the Guardian}}</ref> Bayan korafin Roth, ACLU, Pen America, da sauran masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam sun yi Allah wadai da shawarar Makarantar Kennedy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-08 |title=Harvard Kennedy School condemned for denying fellowship to Israel critic |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/jan/08/kennedy-school-human-rights-watch |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> A ''Ƙasar'' 10 ga watan Janairun 2023, HRW ta wallafa wata wasika ga Shugaba Lawrence Bacow wanda ya ce ta damu da "tasiri mai dorewa ga malamai da masu gwagwarmaya, musamman Palasdinawa, wadanda bai kamata su ji tsoron tasirin kwararru daga Jami'ar Harvard ko wata ma'aikata ba idan sun rubuta ko kuma sun yi magana da kyau game da gwamnatin Isra'ila. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=The New Arab |date=January 11, 2023 |title=HRW 'concerned' after ex-director loses Harvard offer |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/hrw-concerned-after-ex-director-loses-harvard-offer |website=The New Arab}}</ref> Bayan wadannan rahotanni, daruruwan masu haɗin gwiwar Harvard sun yi kira ga Elmendorf ya yi murabus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hundreds Call for Resignation of Harvard Kennedy School Dean Accused of Blocking Fellowship Over Israel Criticism &#124; News &#124; The Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/1/11/hks-ken-roth-backlash/ |website=www.thecrimson.com}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga watan Janairun 2023, Makarantar Kennedy, wacce ta musanta zargin Roth, ta sauya shawarar ta, ta sake ba Roth zumunci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schuessler |first=Jennifer |last2=Tracy |first2=Marc |date=January 19, 2023 |title=Harvard Reverses Course on Human Rights Advocate Who Criticized Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/19/arts/harvard-israel-antisemitism-roth.html |website=The New York Times |via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> Elmendorf ya ce shawarar farko da ya yanke ta kasance cikin "kuskure" kuma ba a yi niyya ba "don takaita muhawara a makarantar Kennedy game da 'yancin ɗan adam a kowace ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Al Jazeera Staff |title=Harvard reverses course, will offer former HRW chief a fellowship |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/1/19/harvard-reverses-course-will-offer-former-hrw-chief-a-fellowship |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> Roth ya mayar da martani da cewa Elmendorf ya kasa cewa komai don tantance mutanen da ya ce "wadanda ke da alaka da shi" wadanda ya ce suna da hannu wajen yanke hukuncin nasa na farko. "Cikakken bayyana gaskiya shine mabuɗin don tabbatar da cewa ba a aiwatar da irin wannan tasirin a wasu lokuta," in ji Roth, ya kara da cewa: "Na biyu, na ci gaba da damuwa game da 'yancin ilimi. Bisa la'akari da shekaru 30 na jagorancin Human Rights Watch, na iya haskaka wani haske mai zurfi game da shawarar Dean Elmendorf, amma wasu kuma fa? Matsalar mutanen da aka hukunta saboda sukar Isra'ila ba ta iyakance ga ni kadai ba. "<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 19, 2023 |title=Harvard reverses decision on role for Israel critic after outcry |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2023/jan/19/harvard-kenneth-roth-fellowship-israel-criticism |website=the Guardian}}</ref> A cikin kaka na 2023, Roth ya shiga Makarantar Jama'a da Harkokin Duniya ta Princeton a matsayin malami da Charles da Marie Robertson Farfesa Ziyarci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-27 |title=Behind The Research: Kenneth Roth Champions Universal Human Rights |url=https://paw.princeton.edu/article/behind-research-kenneth-roth-champions-universal-human-rights |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Princeton Alumni Weekly |language=en |archive-date=2024-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329151119/https://paw.princeton.edu/article/behind-research-kenneth-roth-champions-universal-human-rights |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƙin shiga Masar da China == A cikin 2014, gwamnatin Masar ta hana Roth shiga kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-11 |title=Egypt: Human Rights Watch Delegation Refused Entry |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/08/11/egypt-human-rights-watch-delegation-refused-entry |access-date=2021-04-01 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> Ya je Masar ne domin fitar da rahoto kan kisan gillar da gwamnatinta ta yi a Rabaa a watan Agustan 2013 kan masu zanga-zanga 817. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-12 |title=All According to Plan |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2014/08/12/all-according-plan/raba-massacre-and-mass-killings-protesters-egypt |access-date=2021-04-01 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, kasar Sin ta ba da sanarwar takunkumi da ba a bayyana ba a kan HRW da sauran kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da yawa saboda alaƙa da ƙungiyar dimokuradiyya ta [[Hong Kong]]. A watan Janairun 2020, Roth ya ce an hana shi shiga Hong Kong. Yana shirin kaddamar da Rahoton Duniya na kungiyar, wanda ke da wata kasida da ke cewa kasar Sin tana da barazana ga haƙƙin ɗan adam a duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-25 |title=World Report 2020 |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020 |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-03 |title=World Report 2020: Rights Trends in China's Global Threat to Human Rights |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/global |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> Geng Shuang, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen kasar Sin, ya shaidawa manema labarai cewa, ba zai karanta rahoton ba, yana mai zargin kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch da murguda gaskiya, yana mai da'awar cewa yanayin hakkin dan Adam na kasar Sin shi ne "mafi kyawu a tarihi". == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120504073030/http://china.hrw.org/profile/kenneth_roth Tarihin HRW na hukuma na Kenneth Roth] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130430171301/http://www.sandiego.edu/peacestudies/institutes/ipj/programs/distinguished_lecture_series/biographies/kenneth_roth.php Rubutun lacca da bidiyon jawabin Roth a Cibiyar Joan B. Kroc don Zaman Lafiya da Adalci a Jami'ar San Diego, Satumba 2007] * Appearancesa kanC-SPAN [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] qedz2lf99iw7t53vaoh35vg81fh1jjp 0 112926 894065 696547 2026-08-10T08:09:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:2000+_year_global_temperature_including_Medieval_Warm_Period_and_Little_Ice_Age_-_Ed_Hawkins.svg|thumb|Matsakaicin yanayin zafi na duniya ya nuna cewa Little Ice Age ba wani lokaci ne na duniya ba amma wani abu ne na yanki wanda ke faruwa kusa da ƙarshen raguwar zafin jiki mai tsawo wanda ya riga ya riga ya wuce dumamar duniya ta baya-bayan nan.<ref name="Hawkins_20200130">{{Cite web |last=Hawkins |first=Ed |date=30 January 2020 |title=2019 years |url=https://www.climate-lab-book.ac.uk/2020/2019-years/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202220240/https://www.climate-lab-book.ac.uk/2020/2019-years/ |archive-date=2 February 2020 |website=climate-lab-book.ac.uk}} "The data show that the modern period is very different to what occurred in the past. The often quoted Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age are real phenomena, but small compared to the recent changes."</ref>]] Little Ice Age ('''LIA''') wani lokaci ne na sanyaya yanki, musamman a yankin Arewacin Atlantic. Ba zamanin kankara na gaskiya ba ne na duniya.<ref name="Was there a 'Little Ice Age' and a 'Medieval Warm Period'?">{{Cite web |title=Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis |url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/070.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060529044319/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/070.htm |archive-date=29 May 2006 |access-date=2 August 2007 |publisher=UNEP/GRID-Arendal}}</ref> François E. Matthes ne ya gabatar da kalmar a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya a cikin 1939. An bayyana lokacin ne a al'ada kamar yadda ya kai daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa 19, amma wasu masana sun fi son wani madadin lokaci daga kimanin 1300 zuwa kimanin 1850. <ref name="NASA Glossary">{{Cite web |title=Earth observatory Glossary L–N |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/glossary/l/n |access-date=17 July 2015 |publisher=NASA |place=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Green Belt, Maryland}}</ref> [5]<ref name="miller2012">{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Gifford H. |last2=Geirsdóttir |first2=Áslaug |last3=Zhong |first3=Yafang |last4=Larsen |first4=Darren J. |last5=Otto-Bliesner |first5=Bette L. |author-link5=Bette Otto-Bliesner |last6=Holland |first6=Marika M. |author-link6=Marika Holland |last7=Bailey |first7=David A. |last8=Refsnider |first8=Kurt A. |last9=Lehman |first9=Scott J. |last10=Southon |first10=John R. |last11=Anderson |first11=Chance |last12=Björnsson |first12=Helgi |last13=Thordarson |first13=Thorvaldur |date=30 January 2012 |title=Abrupt onset of the Little Ice Age triggered by volcanism and sustained by sea-ice/ocean feedbacks |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120130131509.htm |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=n/a |bibcode=2012GeoRL..39.2708M |citeseerx=10.1.1.639.9076 |doi=10.1029/2011GL050168 |s2cid=15313398}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matthews |first=John A. |last2=Briffa |first2=Keith R. |year=2005 |title=The 'little ice age': Re-evaluation of an evolving concept |journal=Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=17–36 |bibcode=2005GeAnA..87...17M |doi=10.1111/j.0435-3676.2005.00242.x |s2cid=4832081}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1.4.3 Solar Variability and the Total Solar Irradiance – AR4 WGI Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change Science |url=https://archive.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch1s1-4-3.html |access-date=24 June 2013 |publisher=Ipcc.ch |archive-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219023510/https://archive.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch1s1-4-3.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> NASA Earth Observatory ya lura da lokuta uku na sanyi. Ɗaya ya fara ne game da 1650, wani game da 1770, kuma na ƙarshe a cikin 1850, dukansu an raba su da ɗan gajeren zafi.<ref name="NASA Glossary"/> Rahoton Bincike na Uku na Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ya yi la'akari da cewa lokacin da yankunan da LIA ta shafa sun ba da shawarar sauye-sauyen yanayi na yanki masu zaman kansu, maimakon karuwar kankara a duniya. A mafi yawancin, akwai sanyaya mai sauƙi na Arewacin Hemisphere a lokacin.<ref name="Was there a 'Little Ice Age' and a 'Medieval Warm Period'?"/> An gabatar da dalilai da yawa: ƙarancin cyclical a cikin hasken rana, haɓakar aikin dutsen wuta, canje-canje a cikin yaduwar teku, bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin duniya da kuma karkatawar axial (tilastawar orbital), bambancin yanayi na duniya, da raguwa a cikin yawan mutane (kamar daga kisan kiyashi na [[Genghis Khan]], [[Black Death]] da annoba da ke fitowa a Amurka a kan tuntuɓar Turai <ref name="Brierley et al 2019">{{Cite journal |last=Koch |first=Alexander |last2=Brierley |first2=Chris |last3=Maslin |first3=Mark M. |last4=Lewis |first4=Simon L. |date=1 March 2019 |title=Earth system impacts of the European arrival and Great Dying in the Americas after 1492 |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |volume=207 |pages=13–36 |bibcode=2019QSRv..207...13K |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.12.004 |doi-access=free}}</ref>). == Yankunan da ke ciki == Kwamitin Intergovernmental kan Rahoton Bincike na Uku na Canjin Yanayi (TAR) na 2001 ya bayyana yankunan da abin ya shafa: {{Blockquote|Evidence from mountain glaciers does suggest increased glaciation in a number of widely spread regions outside Europe prior to the twentieth century, including Alaska, New Zealand and [[Patagonia]]. However, the timing of maximum glacial advances in these regions differs considerably, suggesting that they may represent largely independent regional [[Climate variability and change|climate changes]], not a globally-synchronous increased glaciation. Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "[[Medieval Warm Period]]" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.&nbsp;... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.<ref name="Was there a 'Little Ice Age' and a 'Medieval Warm Period'?"/>}} == Yin soyayya == [[Fayil:Hvalsey_Church.jpg|thumb|Rubutun rubuce-rubuce na ƙarshe na Norse Greenlanders sun fito ne daga auren 1408 a Cocin Hvalsey, wanda yanzu shine mafi kyawun lalacewar Norse.]] Babu wata yarjejeniya game da lokacin da Little Ice Age ya fara, amma jerin abubuwan da suka faru kafin a san mafi ƙarancin yanayi sau da yawa ana ambaton su. A cikin karni na 13, [[Gileshiya (Tsaunin kankara)|kankara]] ya fara ci gaba zuwa kudu a Arewacin Atlantic, kamar yadda kankara a [[Greenland]] suka yi. Shaidar da aka bayar ta nuna fadada kankara kusan a duk duniya. Dangane da kwanan wata na radiocarbon na kimanin samfurori 150 na kayan shuke-shuke da suka mutu tare da tushen da aka tattara daga ƙarƙashin kankara a [[Baffin Island|Tsibirin Baffin]] da [[Ayislan|Iceland]], Miller et al. (2012) <ref name="miller20122">{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Gifford H. |last2=Geirsdóttir |first2=Áslaug |last3=Zhong |first3=Yafang |last4=Larsen |first4=Darren J. |last5=Otto-Bliesner |first5=Bette L. |author-link5=Bette Otto-Bliesner |last6=Holland |first6=Marika M. |author-link6=Marika Holland |last7=Bailey |first7=David A. |last8=Refsnider |first8=Kurt A. |last9=Lehman |first9=Scott J. |last10=Southon |first10=John R. |last11=Anderson |first11=Chance |last12=Björnsson |first12=Helgi |last13=Thordarson |first13=Thorvaldur |date=30 January 2012 |title=Abrupt onset of the Little Ice Age triggered by volcanism and sustained by sea-ice/ocean feedbacks |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120130131509.htm |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=n/a |bibcode=2012GeoRL..39.2708M |citeseerx=10.1.1.639.9076 |doi=10.1029/2011GL050168 |s2cid=15313398}}</ref> sun bayyana cewa lokacin sanyi da ci gaban kankara sun fara kwatsam tsakanin 1275 da 1300, sannan "mai karfi sosai" daga 1430 zuwa 1455.<ref name="miller20122" /> Sabanin haka, sake fasalin yanayi wanda ya danganci tsawon glacial <ref name="Worldwide glacier retreat">{{Cite web |date=18 March 2005 |title=Worldwide glacier retreat |url=http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=129 |access-date=2 August 2007 |publisher=RealClimate}}</ref> bai nuna babban bambanci daga 1600 zuwa 1850 ba amma koma baya mai karfi daga baya.<ref name="Oerlemans2005">{{Cite journal |last=Oerlemans |first=J. |year=2005 |title=Extracting a Climate Signal from 169 Glacier Records |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/14965/files/PAL_E2112.pdf |journal=Science |volume=308 |issue=5722 |pages=675–677 |bibcode=2005Sci...308..675O |doi=10.1126/science.1107046 |pmid=15746388 |s2cid=26585604}}</ref> == Manazarta == bo1wdeqnv7vf8o3zpr52t47jmrdslne 0 113200 893625 699940 2026-08-09T12:11:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tamsin Edwards''' masanin kimiyyar yanayi ne na Burtaniya kuma Farfesa a Kwalejin King's London . <ref>{{Cite web |title=King's College London - Edwards, Dr Tamsin |url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/sspp/departments/geography/people/academic/edwards/index.aspx |access-date=23 May 2018 |website=Kcl.ac.uk}}</ref> Ita sananniyar mai sadarwa ce ta kimiyya kuma tana rubutu ga Laburaren Kimiyya na Jama'a (PLOS). <ref name="amaw">{{Cite web |title=All Models Are Wrong |url=http://blogs.plos.org/models/ |access-date=2018-05-15 |website=All Models Are Wrong |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Edwards ya zama mai sha'awar ilimin lissafi bayan ya karanta A Brief History of Time . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-17 |title=The Real Deal: Tamsin Edwards, Climate Modeller |url=http://highheelsinthelab.blogspot.co.uk/2011/01/real-deal-tamsin-edwards-climate_17.html |access-date=2018-05-15 |website=highheelsinthelab.blogspot.co.uk}}</ref> Yar Michael Edwards, ta kammala A-Levels a Physics, Chemistry da Maths a St Margaret's School, a Exeter. <ref name="TheIceAndTheFire">{{Cite web |date=2016-08-03 |title=The Poetry & Science of Ice and Fire |url=http://www.champernowne.org/science-ice-fire/ |access-date=2018-08-22 |publisher=Champernowne Trust}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About me |url=https://planetearth.imascientist.org.uk/profile/tamsinedwards/ |access-date=2023-02-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta yi karatun kimiyyar lissafi a Makarantar Physics da Astronomy a Jami'ar Manchester . Ta kammala digirin digirgir a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Manchester a karkashin kulawar Brian Cox . Rubutun ta ya bincika samar da Z bosons, wanda aka gano ta hanyar lalacewarsu zuwa muons, ta amfani da bayanan da aka tattara a Tevatron.<ref name="phd" /> == Bincike da aiki == Edwards ya shiga Jami'ar Open a matsayin malami, yana aiki a cikin ƙungiyar Palaeoenvironmental Change . Tana amfani da samfuran kwamfuta don yin hasashen da nazarin canjin yanayi, tare da sha'awar tasirin tasirin tasirin matakin teku na canje-canje a cikin kankara na Antarctic. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamsin Edwards - Stories of Change - OpenLearn - Open University |url=http://www.open.edu/openlearn/nature-environment/the-environment/creative-climate/stories-change/tamsin-edwards-stories-change |access-date=2018-05-15 |website=Open.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Risk5">{{Cite book|edition=Steve}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Tamsin |date=2015-11-18 |title=Antarctic ice sheet collapse will cause sea levels to rise. So what's new? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2015/nov/18/antarctic-ice-sheet-collapse-sea-level-rise-whats-new |access-date=2018-05-15 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Ta yi nazarin yadda layin ƙanƙara (ma'anar da ta rabu da dutsen nahiyar kuma tana iyo cikin teku) ke shafar yawan kwararar kankara, kuma ta kiyasta tasirin ra'ayoyi masu kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Tamsin Edwards:Reconciling projections of the Antarctic contribution to sea level rise |url=http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/newsandeventspggrp/imperialcollege/naturalsciences/mathematics/mathsseminars/eventssummary/event_15-5-2017-12-15-14 |access-date=2018-05-15 |website=Imperial College London}}</ref> A cikin 2017 Edwards ya shiga Kwalejin King's London a matsayin malami a fannin ilimin ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=King's College London - Edwards, Dr Tamsin |url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/sspp/departments/geography/people/academic/edwards/index.aspx |access-date=2018-05-15 |website=Kcl.ac.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> Za ta zama jagorar marubuciya don Babi na 9 (Ocean, cryosphere, da canjin matakin teku) na Rahoton Bincike na shida na [[Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi|Kwamitin Gwamnati kan Canjin Yanayi]] . <ref name="AR6">{{Cite web |title=Working Group I contribution to the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6-WG1) |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/authors/report.authors.php?q=35&p= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527220712/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/authors/report.authors.php?q=35&p= |archive-date=27 May 2018 |access-date=2018-05-22 |publisher=[[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]]}}</ref> Edwards ya rubuta wani sanannen shafin yanar gizon kimiyya wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Jama'a (PLOS) ta shirya.<ref name="amaw2">{{Cite web |title=All Models Are Wrong |url=http://blogs.plos.org/models/ |access-date=2018-05-15 |website=All Models Are Wrong |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta rubuta wa ''[[The Guardian]]'' kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga surori ga littattafai game da canjin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CaSE {{!}} One climate data point |url=http://www.sciencecampaign.org.uk/news-media/guest-blog/one-climate-data-point.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508051356/http://www.sciencecampaign.org.uk/news-media/guest-blog/one-climate-data-point.html |archive-date=8 May 2018 |access-date=2018-05-15 |website=Sciencecampaign.org.uk}}</ref><ref name="Risk62">{{Cite book|edition=Steve}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamsin Edwards |url=https://www.theguardian.com/profile/tamsin-edwards |access-date=2018-05-15 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Yin aiki tare da [[Met Office|Ofishin Met]], Edwards ya kirkiro albarkatun ilimi game da hauhawar matakin teku don [[2017 taron canjin yanayi na zamani|Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2017]] ("COP23"). <ref>{{Cite web |title=COP 23 |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate-guide/science/uk/cop/cop23 |access-date=2018-05-15 |website=Met Office}}</ref> A shekara ta 2014 ta ba da jawabin [[TED|TEDx]] a [[CERN]], ''Yadda za a ƙaunaci rashin tabbas a Kimiyya ta Yanayi.'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Tamsin |title=Ripples of Curiosity |url=http://tedxcern.web.cern.ch/speakers/tamsin-edwards |access-date=2018-05-15 |website=tedxcern.web.cern.ch |language=en}}</ref> Bayan fadace-fadace tsakanin masana kimiyya da masu shakka a kan Twitter a cikin 2014, Edwards ya kasance wani ɓangare na wani abincin dare yana tattauna yadda za su iya kwantar da hankalin muhawara. Abincin dare ya hada da [[David Rose (journalist)|David Rose]] da [[Richard A. Betts]], kuma Edwards ita ce kadai mace.<ref name=":12" /> A shekara ta 2015 an yi bikin ne a matsayin daya daga cikin mata ashirin da ke "yi raƙuman ruwa" a [[Taron Sauyin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2015|Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2015]]. Ta lashe lambar yabo ta 2016 ta British Science Association [[Charles Lyell]] don Kimiyya ta Muhalli. Ta tattauna yadda za a iya amfani da samfuran kwamfuta don hango hasashen rushewar kankara da kuma yadda za a sadarwa da rashin tabbas.<ref name=":22" /> A cikin 2017 an bayyana ta a cikin jerin ''[[HuffPost]]'' Australia's Breaking The Ice . Ita ce mai magana a bikin Bluedot na 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamsin Edwards – Bluedot Festival |url=https://www.discoverthebluedot.com/profile/tamsin-edwards |access-date=2018-05-15 |website=Bluedot Festival |language=en}}</ref> Edwards ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan kimiyya ga [[BBC]]. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara a kan [[BBC]]'s Climate Change by Numbers, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta American Association for the Advancement of Science for Science Journalism, <ref name="AAAS Kavli">{{Cite web |date=2015-11-10 |title=The 2015 Winners Named in Expanded AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Awards Competition |url=https://www.aaas.org/sja2015 |access-date=2018-05-22 |publisher=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]}}</ref> da kuma lambar yabo ta 2015 don "Mafi kyawun Gabatarwa na Kimiyya a cikin Muhalli" daga EuroPAWS.<ref name="EuroPAWS">{{Cite web |date=2015-11-25 |title=The 2015 Science TV and New Media Award Winners |url=http://europaws.org/archive/2015-festival/the-2015-science-tv-and-new-media-award-winners/ |access-date=2018-05-22 |publisher=EuroPAWS |archive-date=2018-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418032221/http://europaws.org/archive/2015-festival/the-2015-science-tv-and-new-media-award-winners/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta bayyana a BBC Radio 4 da BBC World Service . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Change, State of the World's Plants, Antibiotic Resistance, Telephone Metadata, Bat Detective, BBC Inside Science - BBC Radio 4 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07b9r3m |access-date=2018-05-15 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Life Scientific: Tamsin Edwards on models of climate change |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000wjpn |access-date=2021-05-19 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Health Advice for Gay Men When Homosexuality is Illegal, The Science Hour - BBC World Service |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03v2yqq |access-date=2018-05-15 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> An ba ta lambar yabo ta 2020 Climate Science Communications Award ta Royal Meteorological Society . <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=7 June 2021 |title=Pioneering urban meteorologist is the first female recipient of the Symons Gold Medal |url=https://www.rmets.org/news/pioneering-urban-meteorologist-first-female-recipient-symons-gold-medal |access-date=7 June 2021 |website= |publisher=[[Royal Meteorological Society]] |quote=Awarded as an outstanding climate scientist who has been a leading and highly respected communicator of climate science for over a decade. She has set the standard internationally for pro-active, open and objective communication with the public on climate change and its scientific basis and has built a huge reputation for clarity and as a trusted voice of authority.}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2021, Edwards ta shiga cikin wani taron kwararru na kasa da kasa da ake kira Climate Change: Me ya sa ya kamata mu damu? , wanda Cibiyar Tarihin Kimiyya ta shirya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date= |title=Climate Change: Why Should We Care? |url=https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/see-and-do/climate-talks/why-should-we-care |access-date=16 June 2021 |website= |publisher=[[Science Museum Group]] |quote=}}</ref> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa == * {{Cite journal |last=Nick |first=Faezeh M. |last2=Vieli |first2=Andreas |last3=Langer Andersen |first3=Morten |last4=Joughin |first4=Ian |last5=Payne |first5=Anthony J |last6=Edwards |first6=Tamsin L. |last7=Pattyn |first7=Frank |last8=van de Wal |first8=Roderik |year=2013 |title=Future sea-level rise from Greenland's main outlet glaciers in a warming climate |url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/48981/2/Nick_2013_Nature__Nick2013jp.pdf |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=497 |issue=7448 |pages=235–238 |bibcode=2013Natur.497..235N |doi=10.1038/nature12068 |pmid=23657350 |s2cid=4400824}} * {{Cite journal |last=Hawkins |first=Ed |last2=Edwards |first2=Tamsin |last3=McNeall |first3=Doug |year=2014 |title=Pause for thought |url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/48973/1/Hawkins_2014_Nature_Climate_change__Hawkins2014kb.pdf |journal=[[Nature Climate Change]] |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=154–156 |bibcode=2014NatCC...4..154H |doi=10.1038/nclimate2150 |s2cid=85406377}} * {{Cite journal |last=Ritz |first=Catherine |last2=Edwards |first2=Tamsin L. |last3=Durand |first3=Gaël |last4=Payne |first4=Anthony J |last5=Peyaud |first5=Vincent |last6=Hindmarsh |first6=Richard C. A. |year=2015 |title=Potential sea-level rise from Antarctic ice-sheet instability constrained by observations |url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/48790/3/Ritz_et_al%202015.pdf |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=528 |issue=7580 |pages=115–118 |bibcode=2015Natur.528..115R |doi=10.1038/nature16147 |pmid=26580020 |s2cid=4462953}} * {{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Tamsin |date=4 December 2017 |title=Future of the Sea: Current and Future Impacts of Sea Level Rise on the UK |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/future-of-the-sea-impacts-of-sea-level-rise-on-the-uk |website=Foresight Future of the Sea project |publisher=[[Government Office for Science]]}} * {{Cite journal |last=Edwards |first=Tamsin L. |last2=Brandon |first2=Mark A. |last3=Durand |first3=Gaël |last4=Edwards |first4=Neil R. |last5=Golledge |first5=Nicholas R. |last6=Holden |first6=Philip B. |display-authors=etal |year=2019 |title=Revisiting Antarctic ice loss due to marine ice-cliff instability |url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/revisiting-antarctic-ice-loss-due-to-marine-icecliff-instability(2be1cc71-9f4c-4956-9fea-7138065f8969).html |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=566 |issue=7742 |pages=58–64 |bibcode=2019Natur.566...58E |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-0901-4 |pmid=30728522 |s2cid=59606547 |hdl-access=free |access-date=2025-08-11 |archive-date=2022-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219094649/https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/revisiting-antarctic-ice-loss-due-to-marine-icecliff-instability(2be1cc71-9f4c-4956-9fea-7138065f8969).html |url-status=dead }} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] taxb6q4ky09tk4c4gs8fge5w2cvb3eg 0 114695 894080 703934 2026-08-10T08:37:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} (FOC, Finnish '''Kanadan Suomalainen Järjestö''' ) ƙungiyar al'adun Kanada ce ta Finnish . An kafa ta a cikin shekarar 1911 a matsayin '''Ƙungiyar Socialist ta Finnish na Kanada''' ( ''Kanadan Suomalainen Sosialistinen Järjestö'' ). FOC ita ce ƙungiyar al'adu mafi tsufa ta ƙasar Finn a Kanada. An fara haɗa shi da Social Democratic Party of Canada sannan kuma tare da [[Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Kanada]] . A yau FOC ba ta da alaƙa da siyasa. Tana da ƙasa da mambobi 200, waɗanda galibi manyan ƴan ƙasa ne a yankunan [[Toronto]], [[Vancouver]], Sudbury da Thunder Bay . == Tarihi == Ƙungiyar Finnish ta Kanada an kafa ta ne a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1911 ta 'yan gurguzu na Finland waɗanda aka kore su daga [[Socialist Party of Canada|Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Kanada]]. Wani muhimmin mutum a cikin kafa shi ne mai tayar da kayar baya na Finnish-Kanada kuma mai fafutukar mata [[Sanna Kannasto]] . A ƙarshen 1911 FOC tana da mazauna 19 da fiye da mambobi 1,500. Shekaru uku bayan haka adadin mambobin ya kai sama da 3,000 tare da mazauna 64 a duk faɗin ƙasar. Ɗari biyar daga cikin membobin mata ne. A cikin shekarun 1920 da 1930, kungiyar ta shiga cikin rikici na ci gaba tare da ƙungiyoyi masu sassaucin ra'ayi, masu zamantakewa, da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a ciki da ba tare da al'ummar Finnish a Kanada ba, wanda aka tabbatar da jita-jita na "komitocin karɓar baƙi" masu aiki a cikin al'ummomin da ke kusa da Sudbury inda kwamitocin cikin gida za su raba su zuwa "Reds" ko "Whites", tare da aka gano Reds da aka karfafa su su su su zauna kuma White su matsa zuwa wani wuri. A shekara ta 1931 'yan jam'iyyar Social Democrats sun bar FOC kuma kungiyar tana da alaƙa da kwaminisanci. An dakatar da shi a shekara ta 1940 saboda [[Dokokin Tsaro na Kanada]] amma an sake ayyana shi a matsayin doka a 1943 yayin da Kanada ta zama abokiyar [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] a shekara ta 1941. FOC ta buga jaridar yaren Finnish ''Vapaus'' a Sudbury daga 1917 zuwa 1974. Jaridar da ta gabata Ty crucisa ta fadi a shekarar 1915. === Tarihin Tarihi === Akwai asusun Ƙungiyar Finnish ta Kanada a Library and Archives Canada . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Finnish Organization of Canada fonds description at Library and Archives Canada |url=http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=106027&lang=eng |access-date=November 10, 2022 |website= }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Lambar bayanan ajiya ita ce R5279.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Finding Aid of Finnish Organization of Canada fonds |url=https://data2.archives.ca/pdf/pdf001/p000002505.pdf |access-date=November 10, 2022 |website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Finding Aid of Finnish Organization of Canada fonds |url=https://data2.archives.ca/pdf/pdf001/p000002506.pdf |access-date=November 10, 2022 |website=}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 69g2donjdokycz5532w1mlu7ddpfq1v 0 115115 894057 707024 2026-08-10T07:48:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Òlòturé: The Journey''''' jerin iyakance ne na 2024 na [[Najeriya]], mabiyi ga wasan kwaikwayo na [[Najeriya]] ''[[Òlóturé|Òlòturé]]'' (2019), wanda [[Kenneth Gyang]] ya jagoranta kuma [[Mo Abudu]] ya shirya. Fim ɗin ya ci gaba da daɗaɗa labarin Òlòtúré, ɗan [[Ɗan jarida|jarida]] matashin ɗan jarida wanda bincikensa na ɓoye kan [[Cinikin jima'i|fataucin jima'i]] da [[Safarar Mutane|fataucin mutane]] ya jefa ta cikin duniyar haɗari, tsira, da juriya. An sake shi akan [[Netflix]] a ranar 28 ga Yuni, 2024, abin da ke gaba ya zurfafa cikin jigogi na cin zarafi, fansa, da yaƙin neman adalci. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Toromade |first=Samson |date=2024-07-04 |title=What 'Oloture: The Journey' says about the real cost of illegal japa |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/oloture-the-journey-and-the-real-cost-of-illegal-japa/bbswjel |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Eti-Inyene |first=Brooks |date=2024-07-08 |title=Beverly Osu says shooting Netflix's 'Oloture: The Journey' was intense |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/beverly-osu-says-shooting-netflixs-oloture-the-journey-was-intense/4r3cgsl |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en |archive-date=2024-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816231428/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/beverly-osu-says-shooting-netflixs-oloture-the-journey-was-intense/4r3cgsl |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-06 |title=Mo Abudu Announces New Series, Oloture: The Journey – Independent Newspaper Nigeria |url=https://independent.ng/mo-abudu-announces-new-series-oloture-the-journey/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Silsilar tauraro wani gungu na simintin gyare-gyare da suka hada da [[Sharon Ooja]], [[Beverly Osu]], [[Omoni Oboli]], [[Daniel Etim Effiong|Daniel Etim-Effiong]], da [[Patrick Doyle (Nigerian actor)|Patrick Doyle]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2024-07-09 |title=Mo Abudu Wants You To Know These Facts About “Òlòtūré: The Journey” |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2024/07/facts-about-oloture-the-journey/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-01 |title=Oloture: The Journey is planned to release on Netflix on June 28 - Daily Trust |url=https://dailytrust.com/oloture-the-journey-is-planned-to-release-on-netflix-on-june-28/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=DailyTrust |language=en-US}}</ref> Jerin ya sami kyakkyawan bita daga masu sukar, waɗanda suka yaba da wasan kwaikwayon, labari, da jerin ayyukan, kodayake wasu zarge-zarge an yi niyya ne ga yawan tashin hankali. == Bayani game da shi == '<nowiki/>'''''[[Òlóturé|Olotūré]]''': Tafiyar''' ta ci gaba daga inda sashi na farko - Òlòtúré ya ƙare, ya ci gaba da labarin '''Ehi''' wani ɗan jarida mai bincike wanda ke tafiya a ɓoye a ƙoƙarin fallasa jima'i da fataucin mutane, nan da nan ta sami kanta a kan hanyar zuwa [[Turai]] inda za a yi amfani da ita da sauran 'yan mata daidai. Abin farin ciki ga 'yan matan, wani bala'i ya faru da motansu a kan hanyar zuwa Turai kuma an buɗe ƙanƙanin taga don tserewa don su koma ga iyalansu a [[Najeriya]], Ehi ya ki yin hakan kuma ya zaɓi ci gaba da tafiya. Ba da daɗewa ba ta sami kanta tana canzawa a matsayin mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje a ƙoƙarin shiga [[Turai]] tare da fasfo na karya, tafiyar ta cika da ƙalubale da yawa ciki har da 'yan bindiga da ba a san su ba da ke kai hari ga motansu kuma suna kashe kowa sai dai Ehi da Peju. Ehi ta ci gaba da fuskantar kalubale da yawa a kan hanyarta, ta sadu da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban tare da niyya daban-daban, wasu abokai ne, baƙi, masu satar mutane, masu cin hanci da rashawa, har ma da masu aikin tsaro masu cin hanzari a shirye su yi amfani da halin da take ciki yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Onu |first=Stephen |date=2024-06-30 |title=MOVIE REVIEW: ‘Òlòtūré: The Journey’ excels in its realistic depiction of human trafficking horrors |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/708486-movie-review-oloture-the-journey-excels-in-its-realistic-depiction-of-human-trafficking-horrors.html |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> == Zaɓaɓɓen 'yan wasa == * [[Sharon Ooja]] a matsayin Ehi (Oloture) * [[Daniel Etim Effiong|Daniel Etim-Effiong]] a matsayin Tony * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Alero * [[Bucci Franklin]] a matsayin Ade * Pearl Wats a matsayin Jewel * Yarima Rodn3y a matsayin Mazi * [[Ikechukwu|Ikechukwu Onunaka]] a matsayin Chucks * [[Beverly Osu]] a matsayin Peju * [[Binta Ayo Mogaji|Ayo Mogaji]] a matsayin mahaifiyar Ehi * [[Patrick Doyle (Nigerian actor)|Patrick Doyle]] a matsayin Sir Phillip * [[Stan Nze]] a matsayin Ben * [[Efa Iwara]] a matsayin Femi * [[Adebukola Oladipupo|Bukola Oladipupo]] a matsayin kyakkyawa == Samarwa da saki == An saki jerin iyakantaccen sashi uku <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-02 |title=Oloture: The Journey And Its Forked Path. |url=https://the49thstreet.com/oloture-the-journey-and-its-forked-path/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> a ranar 28, Yuni 2024. [[Beverly Osu]] tana tunani game da kwarewarta na yin fim a [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] duk da yanayin yanayi mai tsanani ya jaddada gaskiyar cewa kwarewar ta taimaka mata ta nutse cikin rawar.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Eti-Inyene |first=Brooks |date=2024-07-08 |title=Beverly Osu says shooting Netflix's 'Oloture: The Journey' was intense |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/beverly-osu-says-shooting-netflixs-oloture-the-journey-was-intense/4r3cgsl |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en |archive-date=2024-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816231428/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/beverly-osu-says-shooting-netflixs-oloture-the-journey-was-intense/4r3cgsl |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Mo Abudu]], babban furodusa na fim din ya bayyana cewa ya dauki shekaru biyu don kammala daukar/nuni na fim din, yana kuma jaddada cewa yayin nunin a [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], 'yan wasan da ma'aikatan duk suna da tseren mita 100 a kowace rana a kokarin kiyaye babban ruhu da kuma ci gaba da kowa da motsawa yayin nunin fina-finai.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2024-07-09 |title=Mo Abudu Wants You To Know These Facts About “Òlòtūré: The Journey” |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2024/07/facts-about-oloture-the-journey/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == mhhxt3lhhe1sxgf54g093z55udfxxwq 0 115382 893987 720070 2026-08-10T04:23:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893987 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''''Yin tafiya tare da...''''' {{Efn|'''''Walking with...''''' is the conventional umbrella title for the franchise.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rawnsley |first1=Ming-Yeh T. |author1-link=Ming-Yeh Rawnsley |author2-link=Gary D. Rawnsley |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qb9aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT175 |title=Connecting Taiwan: Participation – Integration – Impacts |last2=Rawnsley |first2=Gary D. |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-26894-3 |editor-last=Storm |editor-first=Carsten |language=en |chapter=Science communication in Taiwan}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |title=BBC - Worldwide Press Office - Walking with Spacemen |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/bbcworldwide/worldwidestories/pressreleases/2003/03_march/wws.shtml |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Other names sometimes used include '''''Walking with Prehistoric Life<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2022 |title=11 Must-Watch Dinosaur Movies That Aren't 'Jurassic Park' |url=https://collider.com/dinosaur-movies-that-arent-jurassic-park/ |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=Collider |language=en-US}}</ref>''''' and '''''Prehistoric Earth'''''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Calderaro |first=Marc |date=31 July 2008 |title=Prehistoric Earth: A Natural History, PopMatters |url=https://www.popmatters.com/prehistoric-earth-a-natural-history-2496135312.html |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=PopMatters |language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[Walking with Dinosaurs]]'' (1999), ''[[Walking with Beasts|Beasts]]'' (2001) and ''[[Walking with Monsters|Monsters]]'' (2005) have also been marketed together as the '''''Trilogy of Life'''''.<ref name=":5">''Walking with Monsters'' DVD - ''Trilogy of Life'' featurette</ref>}} wani nau'in kafofin watsa labarai ne na paleontology wanda BBC Studios Science Unit ta samar da kuma watsawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Støen |first=Michael |date=2022 |title=1999: The BBC simulates prehistoric wildlife |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09636625211068944 |journal=Public Understanding of Science |language=en |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=524–529 |doi=10.1177/09636625211068944 |issn=0963-6625 |pmid=35062833 |s2cid=246165620 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kamfanin ya fara ne da jerin Walking with Dinosaurs (1999), wanda Tim Haines ya kirkira. Ya zuwa yanzu shirin kimiyya da aka fi kallo a gidan talabijin na Burtaniya a cikin karni na 20, <ref name=":172"/> Walking with Dinosaurs (1999) ya haifar da kayan aboki da jerin abubuwa biyar: Walking with Beasts (2001), Walking with Cavemen (2003), Sea Monsters (2003), Walking with Monsters (2005), da Walking with dinosaurs (2025). Jerin a cikin ikon mallakar yawanci suna amfani da haɗuwa da hotunan kwamfuta da animatronics, waɗanda aka haɗa tare da hotunan wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwa a wurare daban-daban, don nuna dabbobi na prehistoric a cikin salon al'adun gargajiya. ''Yin tafiya tare da...'' An yaba wa shirye-shiryen saboda tasirin su na musamman da kuma sadarwar kimiyya. Kodayake masana kimiyya sun yaba da su sosai saboda kokarin da suka yi na bin kimiyya da kuma nuna rayuwar da ta gabata a matsayin dabbobi maimakon dodanni na fim, an yi amfani da wasu zargi na ilimi a cikin jerin don rashin bayyana ta hanyar labarinsu abin da ke hasashe da abin da ya dogara da gaskiya.<ref name=":92">{{Cite web |last=Naish |first=Darren |author-link=Darren Naish |date=4 July 2021 |title=Reminiscing About Walking With Dinosaurs, Part 2 |url=https://tetzoo.com/blog/2021/7/3/reminiscing-about-walking-with-dinosaurs-part-2 |access-date=30 April 2022 |website=Tetrapod Zoology |language=en-GB}}</ref> Baya ga manyan jerin biyar, nasarar Walking tare da... Har ila yau ya haifar da samar da Walking tare da Dinosaurs na musamman abubuwan da suka faru The ''Ballad na Big Al'', The Giant Claw da Land of Giants . Har ila yau, an haɗa ikon mallakar da littattafai da yawa, kayayyaki, wasannin bidiyo da wasan kwaikwayo na raye-raye Walking with Dinosaurs − The Arena Spectacular . A cikin 2013, Neil Nightingale da Barry Cook ne suka shirya fim din da ya danganci Walking with Dinosaurs, tare da wannan sunan. A cikin 2025, BBC da PBS sun samar da sabon jerin Walking with Dinosaurs, tare da Kirsty Wilson a matsayin mai nunawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2025 |title=Walking With Dinosaurs - Everything you need to know about the new series |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/walking-with-dinosaurs-everything-you-need-to-know/ |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Ci gaba == === Jerin asali na 1999 === {{Television ratings graph|- <!-- New Blood -->|18.91 <!-- Time of the Titans -->|17.75 <!-- Cruel Sea -->|17.96 <!-- Giant of the Skies -->|16.8 <!-- Spirits of the Ice Forest -->|15.95 <!-- Death of a Dynasty -->|15.68 <!-- S01_AV -->|17.18|- <!-- The Ballad of Big Al-->|N/A <!-- S02_AV -->|N/A|- <!-- New Dawn -->|13.99 <!-- Whale Killer -->|11.34 <!-- Land of Giants -->|9.27 <!-- Next of Kin -->|N/A <!-- Sabre Tooth -->|5.87 <!-- Mammoth Journey -->|9.48 <!-- S03_AV -->|9.99|- <!-- The Giant Claw -->|6.83 <!-- Land of Giants -->|5.76 <!-- S04_AV -->|6.30|- <!-- First Ancestors -->|7.63 <!-- Blood Brothers -->|6.21 <!-- Savage Family -->|N/A <!-- The Survivors -->|N/A <!-- S05_AV -->|6.92|- <!-- Dangerous Seas -->|7.59 <!-- Into the Jaws of Death -->|6.94 <!-- To Hell... and Back? -->|6.52 <!-- S06_AV -->|7.02|- <!-- 1 -->|4.57 <!-- 2 -->|N/A <!-- 3 -->|N/A <!-- S07_AV -->|4.57|- <!-- The Orphan -->|2.99 <!-- The River Dragon -->|2.47 <!-- Band of Brothers -->|2.54 <!-- The Pack -->|N/A <!-- The Journey -->|2.33 <!-- Island of Giants -->|N/A <!-- S08_AV -->|2.58|title=Walking with...|country=UK|season_title=Series|color1=#295354|color2=#D09916|color3=#54575A|color4=#222222|color5=#68411C|color6=#31485C|color7=#091411|color8=#C6D9E4|legend1=''Walking with Dinosaurs''|legend2=''The Ballad of Big Al''|legend3=''Walking with Beasts''|legend4=''The Giant Claw'' & ''Land of Giants''|legend5=''Walking with Cavemen''|legend6=''Sea Monsters''|legend7=''Walking with Monsters''|legend8=''Walking with Dinosaurs'' (2025)|average=y|bar_width=9|x_intervals=5|y_intervals=2|refs=<ref name="barb">{{Cite web|title=Weekly top 30 programmes on TV sets (July 1998 – Sept 2018) &#124; BARB|url=https://www.barb.co.uk/viewing-data/weekly-top-30/|access-date=5 January 2023|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="barb2025">{{cite web |url=https://www.barb.co.uk/viewing-data/most-viewed-programmes/ |title=Weekly Top 50 Programmes |work=[[Barb Audiences]] |access-date=2 June 2025 }} (No permanent link available. Search for relevant dates.)</ref>}} [[Fayil:Eustreptospondylus_head.jpg|left|thumb|Shugaban tsana na dinosaur ''Eustreptospondylus'', wanda aka yi amfani da shi a Walking with Dinosaurs (1999) ]] Walking with Dinosaurs ya samo asali ne daga mai gabatar da talabijin na kimiyya na [[BBC]] a lokacin Tim Haines a cikin 1996. Fim din 1993 na Jurassic Park ne ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi, Haines ya yi la'akari da shirin shirin da ya fi dacewa da kimiyya ta amfani da dabarun da Jurassic park don kawo dinosaur zuwa rayuwa. Kodayake irin wannan jerin da farko an ji tsoron cewa yana da tsada sosai don samarwa, musamman idan aka yi la'akari da farashin samar da Jurassic Park, Haines ya sami nasarar saukar da farashin ta hanyar aiki tare da kamfanin zane-zane na Burtaniya mai suna Framestore. Sai kawai bayan samar da matukin jirgi na minti shida a cikin 1997 ne Haines ya sami nasarar samun kudade don jerin; BBC, BBC Worldwide da Discovery Channel ne suka ba da kuɗin Walking with Dinosaurs, tare da manyan saka hannun jari daga TV Asahi a Japan da ProSieben a Jamus. A farashin £ 6.1 miliyan ($ 9.9 miliyan), Walking with Dinosaurs ya kai sama da £ 37,654 ($ 61,112) a minti daya don samarwa, yana mai da shi jerin shirye-shiryen da suka fi tsada a minti daya da aka taba yi.<ref name=":GUIN">{{Cite web |title=Most expensive television documentary series per minute |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-expensive-television-documentary-series-per-minute |access-date=30 April 2022 |website=Guinness World Records |language=en-gb}}</ref> Sakamakon gani na Walking with Dinosaurs an yi su ne ta hanyar Framestore kuma 'yan tsana da animatronics an yi su da kamfanin Crawley Creatures na musamman.<ref name=":92"/> Nasarar Walking with Dinosaurs ta haifar da saurin kirkirar Walking tare da... a matsayin alama ta jerin shirye-shirye. Bayan Walking with Dinosaurs, Haines ya kafa kamfanin samar da Impossible Pictures tare da Jasper James, ɗaya daga cikin masu samar da Walking with dinosaurs. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Impossible Pictures Appoints New Managing Director - UK Broadcast News {{!}} 23 November 2006 |url=https://www.4rfv.co.uk/industrynews/57099/impossible_pictures_appoints_new_managing_director |access-date=3 May 2022 |website=www.4rfv.co.uk}}</ref> === Shekaru na 2000 === 2000Ga fassarar wannan rubutu daga Turanci zuwa Hausa: ----An saki wani ƙashi na musamman na shirin ''Dinosaurs'' mai suna ''[[The Ballad of Big Al]]'', wanda ya mayar da hankali kan samfurin ''[[Allosaurus]]'' guda ɗaya. A shekara ta 2001 aka fitar da cikakken jerin ci gaba na farko: ''[[Walking with Beasts]]'', wanda ya binciki rayuwar Cenozoic, bayan zamanin dinosaur. Kamar yadda aka yi da ''Walking with Dinosaurs'' a baya, ''Beasts'' ma ra'ayin Haines ne. Haines ya yi niyyar gabatar da jama'a ga nau'o'in dabbobi na Cenozoic, waɗanda ba a yawan wakilta su a cikin al'adu kamar dinosaur ba. Haines ya kasance a matsayin babban mai kula da shirin, tare da James da Nigel Paterson suna aiki a matsayin masu shirya da masu bada umarni. ''Beasts'' ya fi wahalar samarwa fiye da ''Dinosaurs'', saboda akwai abubuwan da suka shafi mamammali irin su gashi, gemu, girar ido da sauran sassan da ba su da tsari sosai, waɗanda ba a samu a jikin dinosaur, da kuma saboda masu kallo sun fi sanin yadda mamammali ke motsi da hali, don haka sauƙin gano kuskure. ----Kana so in ci gaba da fassara sauran rubutun da ya rage? Kuma kana so in yi ta a salon rubutu mai sauƙi ko na ilimi? [[File:Walking_with_Spacemen_book_cover.png|thumb|Rufe na farko don littafin aboki na jerin BBC na 2004 ''Space Odyssey'', da farko an yi niyyar zama wani ɓangare na Walking tare da... ikon mallakar a matsayin "Tafiya tare da Spacemen"]] A ƙarshen 2002 da farkon 2003, an watsa wasu abubuwan musamman na ''Dinosaurs'': Land of Giants da The Giant Claw . Wadannan na musamman sun fito da mai gabatar da namun daji Nigel Marven a matsayin "masanin ilimin ''Dabbobi'' mai tafiya". Haɗin Marven yafi don masu sauraro su sami kyakkyawar fahimta game da sikelin dabbobin da aka nuna.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=The Giant Claw {{!}} Impossible Pictures |url=http://impossiblepictures.co.uk/project/the-giant-claw/ |access-date=18 October 2020 |website=impossiblepictures.co.uk}}</ref> Yayinda Haines, James da Impossible Pictures suka yi aiki a kan Land of Giants da The Giant Claw, BBC ta samar da ƙarin jerin ba tare da sa hannunsu ba: Walking with Cavemen, wanda aka watsa a shekara ta 2003. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2014 |title='Walking with Dinosaurs' - the Television Phenomenon |url=https://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A87827629 |access-date=25 April 2022 |website=The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy: Earth Edition |archive-date=14 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314122139/https://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A87827629 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cavemen sun yi aiki a matsayin ci gaba ga Beasts, suna bincika Juyin Halitta na ɗan adam. Richard Dale da Peter Georgi ne suka kirkiro jerin, dukansu biyu sun yi aiki tare a kan shirye-shirye irin su The Human Body, kuma sun fito da Robert Winston a matsayin mai gabatarwa. Nasarar Land of Giants da The Giant Claw ta haifar da kirkirar Sea Monsters, wanda aka watsa a shekara ta 2003, wani miniseries da ke bincika "teku bakwai mafi muni a kowane lokaci", tare da Marven. Jerin ''Space Odyssey'' (2004), wanda Haines da James suka samar a Impossible Pictures tare da BBC Worldwide, Discovery Channel da ProSieben, da farko za a kira su Walking with Spacemen. Dukkanin shugabannin BBC da ProSieben sun sanar da Walking tare da Spacemen a matsayin mataki na gaba mai ma'ana a cikin jerin, biyo bayan tafiya ta fara da Walking with Dinosaurs, Beasts and Cavemen . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Meza |first=Ed |date=27 March 2003 |title=ProSieben, Discovery 'Spacemen' in orbit |url=https://variety.com/2003/scene/markets-festivals/prosieben-discovery-spacemen-in-orbit-1117883674/ |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> ''Space Odyssey'' ya yi amfani da sakamako na musamman da dabarun daga Walking tare da... takardun shaida don yin hasashen yadda 'yan saman jannati zasu iya bincika taurari daban-daban a cikin [[Tsarin hasken rana]] a kan manufofi masu aiki. <ref name=":1" /> Duk da canjin taken, ''Space Odyssey'' a wasu lokuta ana kiranta Walking with Spacemen kuma bayan da aka saki shi kuma an yi amfani da tsohon taken a wasu kayan abokin tarayya, gami da taken farkon bugu na littafin abokin, wanda Haines da Christopher Riley suka rubuta. Maimakon jerin shirye-shiryen nan gaba, Haines da Impossible Pictures sun yanke shawarar kammala Walking tare da... jerin ta hanyar yin shirin a kan zamanin Paleozoic da ba a yi amfani da shi sosai ba, wanda aka kafa kafin dinosaur. Walking with Monsters, wanda aka watsa a shekara ta 2005, ya yi amfani da tasirin da ya fi dacewa na duk ikon mallakar, saboda ci gaban fasaha a lokacin samar da shi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2016 |title=Walking With... Series |url=https://www.framestore.com/work/walking-series?language=en |access-date=25 April 2022 |website=Framestore}}</ref> Framestore da Crawley Creatures sun dawo don yin zane-zane na kwamfuta da animatronics, bi da bi, ga kowane jerin maye gurbin da Impossible Pictures suka samar.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2001 |title=Making Of - Computer Graphics |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/beasts/makingof/cg/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011221074333/http://www.bbc.co.uk/beasts/makingof/cg/index.shtml |archive-date=21 December 2001 |publisher=bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2001 |title=Making Of - Animatronics |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/beasts/makingof/anim/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011221070809/http://www.bbc.co.uk/beasts/makingof/anim/ |archive-date=21 December 2001 |publisher=bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="Framestore">{{Cite web |date=15 February 2012 |title=Framestore CFC Makes Sea Monsters |url=https://www.creativeplanetnetwork.com/news/framestore-cfc-makes-sea-monsters-396143 |access-date=25 October 2020 |website=Creative Planet Network |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2019 |title=Films, TV & Adverts |url=https://crawley-creatures.com/films-tv-adverts/ |access-date=17 October 2020 |website=Crawley Creatures |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":4"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mike |date=25 October 2010 |title=The People Behind Prehistoric Animal Animatronics and Puppetry |url=https://blog.everythingdinosaur.co.uk/blog/_archives/2010/10/25/4664347.html |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=Everything Dinosaur Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> Yin tafiya tare da Cavemen wanda ya shafi Framestore amma ba Crawley Creatures ba. Kamfanoni da yawa sun yi tasirin Walking with Cavemen, gami da Altered States FX, Animated Extras da BGFX.<ref name=":CV">{{Cite web |title=fantasy makeups {{!}} hominids and cavegirls {{!}} Suzanne Cave in 'Walking with Cavemen' {{!}} themakeupgallery |url=https://www.themakeupgallery.info/fantasy/hominid/walkingsc.htm |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=www.themakeupgallery.info |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514191657/https://themakeupgallery.info/fantasy/hominid/walkingsc.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan fitowar Monsters, Impossible Pictures, Framestore da sauran da ke da hannu an tilasta su ci gaba da yin fim da kuma samar da wasu jerin kamar Primeval (2007-2011) saboda kamfanoni da masu gudanarwa sun rasa sha'awar tallafawa shirye-shiryen da suka danganci gaskiya game da rayuwar prehistoric.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Naish |first=Darren |author-link=Darren Naish |date=24 June 2021 |title=Reminiscing About Walking With Dinosaurs, Part 1 |url=https://tetzoo.com/blog/2021/6/23/reminiscing-about-walking-with-dinosaurs-part-1 |access-date=30 April 2022 |website=Tetrapod Zoology |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen talabijin na asali == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+''Yin tafiya tare da...'' jerin asali ! scope="col" |Jerin ! scope="col" |Ranar fitarwa (UK) ! scope="col" |Darakta (s) ! scope="col" |Masu samarwa ! scope="col" |Abubuwan da suka faru ! scope="col" |Mai ba da labari (UK) ! scope="col" |Mawallafi |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" |''Yin tafiya tare da Dinosaurs'' | style="text-align:center" |4 ga Oktoba - 8 ga Nuwamba 1999 |Tim Haines & Jasper James |John Lynch, Tim Haines & Jasper James |6 | rowspan="3" |Kenneth Branagh | rowspan="4" |Ben Bartlett |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" |''Ballad na Big Al'' | style="text-align:center" |25 ga Disamba 2000 |Kate Bartlett |Mick Kaczorowski, Tim Haines & Joshua C. Berkley |1 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" |''Yin tafiya tare da dabbobi'' | style="text-align:center" |15 ga Nuwamba - 20 ga Disamba 2001 |Jasper James & Nigel Paterson |Tim Haines, Jasper James & Nigel Paterson |6 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" |''Babban Claw / Land of Giants'' | style="text-align:center" |30 Disamba 2002 - 1 Janairu 2003 |Tim Haines & Jasper James |Tim Haines, Gaynelle Evans, Adam Kemp da Jasper James |2 |Nigel Marven{{Efn|Also presenter in the series}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" |''Yin tafiya tare da mahayan dawakai'' | style="text-align:center" |27 Maris - 23 Afrilu 2003 |Richard Dale |Richard Dale, Peter Georgi, Nick Green, Mark Hedgecoe da Peter Oxley |4 |Robert Winston{{Efn|Also presenter in the series}} |Alan Parker |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" |''Dabbobin Ruwa'' | style="text-align:center" |9-23 Nuwamba 2003 |Jasper James |Tim Haines, Adam Kemp da Jasper James |3 |Karen Hayley{{Efn|Nigel Marven also stars in the series as a presenter}} | rowspan="2" |Ben Bartlett |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" |''Yin tafiya tare da dodanni'' | style="text-align:center" |5 Nuwamba 2005{{Efn|''Walking with Monsters'' first aired as an [[omnibus (broadcast)|omnibus]] version, cut together into a single 90-minute instalment, on 5 November 2005. The series as divided into three episodes first aired a month later, 8–19 December 2005.}} |Chloe Leland |Tim Haines & Chloe Leland |3 |Kenneth Branagh |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" |''Yin tafiya tare da Dinosaurs'' | style="text-align:center" |25 ga Mayu - 29 ga Yuni 2025 |Kirsty Wilson |Tom Hewitson, Stephen Cooter, da Owen Gower |6 |Bertie Carvel |Ty Unwin |} === ''Yin tafiya tare da Dinosaurs'' (1999) === {{Notelist}} An tsara shi a matsayin "Tarihin Halitta na dinosaur" na farko da kuma jerin da za su samar da masu kallo da "window zuwa duniyar da ta ɓace", <ref name=":172"/> ''Yin tafiya tare da Dinosaurs'' yana bincika rayuwa a zamanin Mesozoic, musamman dinosaur, a cikin tsarin al'adun gargajiya. === ''Ballad na Big Al'' (2000) === {{Walking with}}Tafiya da wani 5Abu na farko na musamman na Walking with Dinosaurs da za a saki shi ne The ''Ballad na Big Al'' (2000). Big Al ya bi samfurin ''Allosaurus'' guda ɗaya wanda ake kira "Big Al" wanda aka sake gina tarihin rayuwarsa bisa ga burbushin da aka adana da kyau na wannan sunan. === ''Yin tafiya tare da dabbobi'' (2001) === {{Impossible Pictures}}Bazai yiyuba ''Yin tafiya tare da ''Dabbobi'''' ya biyo bayan ''Yin tafiya tare da Dinosaurs'' a nuna rayuwar prehistoric a cikin salon rubuce-rubuce. Dabbobi suna bin diddigin rayuwar dabbobi, musamman hauhawar dabbobi masu shayarwa zuwa rinjaye, a zamanin Cenozoic. Har ila yau, jerin suna ba da haske game da juyin halitta na ɗan adam, tare da wani labari da aka sadaukar da shi ga ''Australopithecus'' da bayyanar Neanderthals da mutane na zamani. === Giant Claw / Land of Giants (2002-2003) === {{Television ratings graph|- <!-- New Blood -->|18.91 <!-- Time of the Titans -->|17.75 <!-- Cruel Sea -->|17.96 <!-- Giant of the Skies -->|16.8 <!-- Spirits of the Ice Forest -->|15.95 <!-- Death of a Dynasty -->|15.68 <!-- S01_AV -->|17.18|- <!-- The Ballad of Big Al-->|N/A <!-- S02_AV -->|N/A|- <!-- New Dawn -->|13.99 <!-- Whale Killer -->|11.34 <!-- Land of Giants -->|9.27 <!-- Next of Kin -->|N/A <!-- Sabre Tooth -->|5.87 <!-- Mammoth Journey -->|9.48 <!-- S03_AV -->|9.99|- <!-- The Giant Claw -->|6.83 <!-- Land of Giants -->|5.76 <!-- S04_AV -->|6.30|- <!-- First Ancestors -->|7.63 <!-- Blood Brothers -->|6.21 <!-- Savage Family -->|N/A <!-- The Survivors -->|N/A <!-- S05_AV -->|6.92|- <!-- Dangerous Seas -->|7.59 <!-- Into the Jaws of Death -->|6.94 <!-- To Hell... and Back? -->|6.52 <!-- S06_AV -->|7.02|- <!-- 1 -->|4.57 <!-- 2 -->|N/A <!-- 3 -->|N/A <!-- S07_AV -->|4.57|- <!-- The Orphan -->|2.99 <!-- The River Dragon -->|2.47 <!-- Band of Brothers -->|2.54 <!-- The Pack -->|N/A <!-- The Journey -->|2.33 <!-- Island of Giants -->|N/A <!-- S08_AV -->|2.58|title=Walking with...|country=UK|season_title=Series|color1=#295354|color2=#D09916|color3=#54575A|color4=#222222|color5=#68411C|color6=#31485C|color7=#091411|color8=#C6D9E4|legend1=''Walking with Dinosaurs''|legend2=''The Ballad of Big Al''|legend3=''Walking with Beasts''|legend4=''The Giant Claw'' & ''Land of Giants''|legend5=''Walking with Cavemen''|legend6=''Sea Monsters''|legend7=''Walking with Monsters''|legend8=''Walking with Dinosaurs'' (2025)|average=y|bar_width=9|x_intervals=5|y_intervals=2|refs=<ref name="barb">{{Cite web|title=Weekly top 30 programmes on TV sets (July 1998 – Sept 2018) &#124; BARB|url=https://www.barb.co.uk/viewing-data/weekly-top-30/|access-date=5 January 2023|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="barb2025">{{cite web |url=https://www.barb.co.uk/viewing-data/most-viewed-programmes/ |title=Weekly Top 50 Programmes |work=[[Barb Audiences]] |access-date=2 June 2025 }} (No permanent link available. Search for relevant dates.)</ref>}}Abubuwa biyu na musamman daga baya, The Giant Claw (2002) da Land of Giants (2003), tauraron "masanin ilimin dabbobi mai tafiya" Nigel Marven yayin da yake tafiya a baya a lokaci don saduwa da hulɗa da rayuwar prehistoric. === Yin tafiya tare da Cavemen (2003) === {{Notelist}} Walking with Cavemen ya biyo bayan Walking with Dinosaurs da Walking with Beasts a cikin karɓar salon takardun iri ɗaya, kodayake a wannan lokacin ya haɗa da mai gabatarwa Robert Winston. Cavemen ya bi labarin juyin halitta na ɗan adam ta hanyar bincika mahimman abubuwan da suka faru a kan hanyar daga ''Australopithecus afarensis'' zuwa mutane na zamani. Shirin sau da yawa yana mai da hankali kan wasu haruffa da alakarsu da juna don samun damar masu kallo. === ''Dabbobin Ruwa'' (2003) === {{Walking with}}Tafiya da wani Sea Monsters sake taurari Nigel Marven a matsayin "masanin tafiye-tafiye na lokaci" wanda a wannan lokacin yana tafiya zuwa lokuta daban-daban guda bakwai a cikin prehistory, yana nutsewa a cikin "teku bakwai mafi muni a kowane lokaci" kuma yana saduwa da hulɗa tare da halittu na prehistoric waɗanda ke zaune a cikinsu. === ''Yin tafiya tare da dodanni'' (2005) === {{Impossible Pictures}}Bazai yiyuba Yin aiki a matsayin jerin shirye-shirye zuwa Walking with Dinosaurs, Walking with Monsters yana bincika rayuwar prehistoric na zamanin Paleozoic. Jerin yana mai da hankali kan "gwagwarmayar rayuwa ga mafi dacewa", ta amfani da labarun dabbobi daban-daban don jefa Palaeozoic a matsayin dogon "yaƙi" tsakanin kungiyoyin dabbobi daban'daban don rinjaye, wasu daga cikinsu an bayyana su a cikin mahallin jerin kamar yadda suke da alaƙa da mutane. === ''Yin tafiya tare da Dinosaurs'' (2025) === <references /> Farfadowar ikon mallakar, jerin 2025 sun ba da labarin dinosaur guda shida. Kowane labari an raba shi tsakanin sassan prehistoric na dabbobi na CGI da aka saita a cikin shimfidar wurare na rayuwa, da sassan zamani da suka shafi ayyukan paleontologist a wuraren tonowa inda aka gano kowane dinosaur. == Karɓar baƙi == === Godiya gaisuwa === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Sashe !''Yin tafiya tare da Dinosaurs'' !''Ballad na Big Al'' !''Yin tafiya tare da dabbobi'' !''Ƙasar Giants / The Giant Claw'' !''Yin tafiya tare da mahayan dawakai'' !''Dabbobin Ruwa'' !''Yin tafiya tare da dodanni'' |- |Kyautar Annie |Nasarar Fasaha a fagen motsa jiki| {{Won}} | | | | | | |- | rowspan="5" |Kyautar BAFTA TV |Kyakkyawan Sabuntawa| {{Won}} | | | | | | |- |Mafi Kyawun Kiɗa na Talabijin na asali| {{Won}} | | | | | | |- |Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Interactive | || {{Won}} | | | | |- |Sauti mafi kyau (Factual) | || {{Nom}} | | | | |- |Mafi kyawun Tasirin Bayani & Tsarin Hotuna | || {{Nom}}| {{Won}} || {{Won}}| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="7" |Kyautar Emmy ta farko |Kyakkyawan Shirin Animated (Sa'a daya ko fiye) | {{Won}}| {{Won}}| {{Won}}| {{Won}} | || {{Won}} |- |Kyakkyawan Tasirin Bayani na Musamman don Miniseries, Movie ko Musamman| {{Won}}| {{Nom}} | | | | | |- |Kyakkyawan Kayan Kiɗa don Miniseries, Movie, ko Musamman| {{Nom}} || {{Nom}} | | | | |- |Kyakkyawan Nasarar da aka samu a Shirye-shiryen da ba na Gaskiya ba| {{Nom}} | | | | | | |- |Kyakkyawan Nasarar da aka samu a Shirye-shiryen da ba na Gaskiya ba - Haɗakar da Sauti| {{Nom}} | | | | | | |- |Kyakkyawan Nasarar da aka samu a Shirye-shiryen da ba na Gaskiya ba - Gyaran Sauti| {{Won}} | | | | | | |- |Kyakkyawan Gyara Sauti don Shirin da ba na Gaskiya ba || {{Won}} | | | | | |- |[[Monitor Award|Kyautar Kulawa]] |Fim na asali na Telebijin na Musamman - 3D Animation | || {{Won}} | | | | |- |Kyautar Talabijin ta Kasa |Shirin Gaskiya Mafi Shahararren| {{Nom}} | | | | | | |- | rowspan="2" |Kyautar Kungiyar Fim da Talabijin ta Intanet |Mafi kyawun Tasirin Bayani a cikin Jerin || {{Won}} | | | | | |- |Mafi Kyawun Bayani na Musamman || {{Won}} | | | | | |- |Kyautar Golden Laurel |Mafi Kyawun Kiɗa na Talabijin na asali| {{Nom}} | | | | | | |- |Kyautar Peabody |Kyautar Peabody| {{Won}} | | | | | | |- | rowspan="5" |Kyautar Talabijin ta RTS |Zane da Sabuntawa| {{Won}} | | | | | | |- |Mafi kyawun Tasirin Bayani - Tasirin Dijital| {{Won}} | | | | | | |- |Mafi kyawun Hoto| {{Nom}} | | | | | | |- |Multi-Media da Interactive | || {{Won}} | | | | |- |Mafi kyawun Mai gabatarwa (Factual) | | || {{Nom}} || {{Nom}} | |- |Kyautar <nowiki><i id="mwAv8">TV Quick</i></nowiki> |Shirin Gaskiya Mafi Kyawu| {{Won}} | | | | | | |- |Kyautar TCA |Kyakkyawan Nasarar Labarai da Bayanai| {{Nom}} | | | | | | |- |Kyautar TRIC |Shirin Shirye-shiryen Shekara| {{Won}} | | | | | | |- |Kyautar Bayanan Bayani |Kyakkyawan Tasirin Bayani a cikin Shirye-shiryen Talabijin | | | | || {{Nom}} | |- |Kyautar Matashi Mai Fasaha |Mafi kyawun Shirin Talabijin na Ilimi ko Jerin| {{Won}} | | | | | | |} An watsa Walking with Dinosaurs don yin rikodin masu sauraro a cikin 1999 kuma wani lokacin ana ɗaukar shi mafi girman jerin shirye-shiryen kimiyya da aka taɓa kirkira. <ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Benton |first=Michael J. |author-link=Michael Benton |date=2001 |title=The Science of ''Walking with Dinosaurs'' |url=https://cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com/blogs.bristol.ac.uk/dist/5/537/files/2019/08/2003scienceWWD.pdf |journal=Teaching Earth Sciences |volume=24 |pages=371–400}}</ref> Tare da masu kallo miliyan 15 da ke kallon labarin farko a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1999 da kuma wasu miliyan 3.91 da ke kallon shi a maimaitawa a ranar Lahadi bayan haka, Walking with Dinosaurs shine shirin kimiyya da aka fi kallo a tarihin talabijin na Burtaniya.<ref name=":172">{{Cite journal |last=Scott |first=Karen D. |last2=White |first2=Anne M. |date=2003 |title=Unnatural History? Deconstructing the Walking with Dinosaurs Phenomenon |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0163443703025003002 |journal=Media, Culture & Society |language=en |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=315–332 |doi=10.1177/0163443703025003002 |issn=0163-4437 |s2cid=143566889 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Adadin masu kallo ya ragu a hankali don jerin daga baya; watsa shirye-shiryen farko na Walking with Beasts a cikin 2001 yana da kusan masu kallo miliyan 8 kuma watsa shirye-zane na farko na Walks with Monsters a cikin 2005 ya ja hankalin masu kallo miliyan 4.57 . <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=10 May 2006 |title=Planet Earth sees off CGI |url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/may/10/broadcasting.bbc1 |access-date=25 April 2022 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Rahotanni da aka nuna a ƙasa bayanai ne na kwanaki 7, gami da duka abubuwan da suka faru na asali da maimaita su bayan wasu kwanaki. Akwai bayanai kawai don manyan shirye-shirye 30 dangane da masu kallo; abubuwan da aka lakafta N / A sun kasa isa ga manyan shirye-'shirye 30 yayin watsa su. <references /> == ''Duniyar Prehistoric'' == * ''Yin tafiya tare da Dinosaurs: Tarihin Halitta'' (1999), na Tim Haines <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2000 |title=Nonfiction Book Review: Walking with Dinosaurs: A Natural History by Tim Haines |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780789451873 |access-date=1 May 2022 |website=Publishers Weekly}}</ref> * Yin tafiya tare da dabbobi: A Prehistoric Safari (2001), na Tim Haines <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=1 November 2001 |title=Nonfiction Book Review: Walking with Prehistoric Beasts by Tim Haines |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780563537632 |access-date=29 April 2022 |website=Publishers Weekly}}</ref> * Yin tafiya tare da Cavemen: Tsaya ido-da-Eye tare da kakanninku (2003), na John Lynch da Louise Barrett <ref name=":62">{{Cite web |date=2003 |title=Nonfiction Book Review: WALKING WITH CAVEMEN |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780789497758 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Publishers Weekly}}</ref> * Sea Monsters: Prehistoric Predators of the Deep (2003), na Nigel Marven da Jasper James <ref name="proquest">{{Cite journal |last=Sellers |first=LaRue |year=2004 |title=Chased by Sea Monsters: Prehistoric Predators of the Deep |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/4d66f455d6851fa88373ee5ec04029b0/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=40590 |journal=The Science Teacher |volume=71 |issue=7 |pages=85}}</ref> * ''Yin tafiya tare da Dinosaurs'' (2025), na Andrew Cohen, Helen Thomas, da Kirsty Wilson <ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Walking With Dinosaurs |url=https://www.dk.com/uk/book/9780241761533-walking-with-dinosaurs/ |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=dkbooks |language=en}}</ref> === Sauran littattafai === Walking with Monsters ba ta kasance tare da littafin aboki ba, a maimakon haka jerin sun kasance a cikin 2006 tare da littafin The Complete Guide to Prehistoric Life, encyclopedia da aikin bincike tare da hotuna daga duk ikon mallakar, wanda Haines da Paul Chambers suka rubuta. <ref name=":63">{{Cite web |last=Palmer |first=Douglas |date=5 October 2005 |title=Book Review: Myriad monsters |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18825201-900-book-review-myriad-monsters/ |access-date=25 April 2022 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US}}</ref> Baya ga littattafan aboki da The Complete Guide to Prehistoric Life, an saki wasu littattafai da yawa ''Yin tafiya tare da...'' jerin daban-daban. Walking with Dinosaurs ya kasance ban da littafin abokinsa kuma tare da Walking with dinosaurs: The Evidence (2000) na David Martill da Darren Naish da Walking tare da Dinosaurs: The Facts (2000) na Michael Benton, duka littattafan suna aiki don tabbatar da kimiyya a bayan jerin.<ref name=":10"/> Daga cikin littattafan yara daban-daban da aka saki tare da Walking tare da... shirye-shiryen shirye-shirye shine littafin yara na The ''Ballad na Big Al'' na Stephen Cole, mai taken ''Allosaurus! '' ''Rayuwa da Mutuwar Big Al'', da kuma 3D albums, sticker albums da kuma hotuna mujallu don duka Walking with Dinosaurs da Walking with Beasts.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Nancy J. |last2=Giorgis |first2=Cyndi |date=2002 |title=Children's Books: Pleasure Reading |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20205139 |journal=The Reading Teacher |volume=55 |issue=8 |pages=780–788 |issn=0034-0561 |jstor=20205139}}</ref> == Kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki == Baya ga Walking with Monsters, duk Walking tare da... jerin sun ƙaddamar tare da shafukan yanar gizo masu zuwa. <ref name=":172"/><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=16 December 2001 |title=BBC - Science - Beasts |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/beasts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011216035407/http://www.bbc.co.uk/beasts/ |archive-date=16 December 2001 |access-date=5 January 2023}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite web |title=BBC - Science & Nature - Sea Monsters |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/prehistoric_life/tv_radio/wwseamonsters/ |access-date=26 April 2022 |website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Asalin shafin yanar gizon Walking with Dinosaurs na 1999 an dauke shi da sabon abu a lokacin kuma ya haɗa da bayanan kimiyya, fayilolin gaskiya, ƙamus, da wasanni da ƙwarewa.<ref name=":172" /> Abubuwan da ke cikin shafukan yanar gizo na jerin da suka biyo baya sun kasance iri ɗaya, suna ba da bayanan kimiyya da wasannin da suka biyo bayan.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":18" /> In addition to the games on the website, full ''Walking with...'' games have also been developed. The first such game was the freeware video game ''Dinosaur World'', developed by Asylum Entertainment and published by the [[BBC|BBC Imagineering]] in June 2001. ''Dinosaur World'' is an adaptation of ''The Ballad of Big Al'' where players try to find various animals and plants. The game was never finished but could be downloaded from the BBC website in its alpha form.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> There was also a video game adaptation of ''Walking with Beasts'', ''Walking with Beasts: Operation Salvage'', developed by Absolute Studios and published by BBC Worldwide Ltd. in 2001. ''Operation Salvage'' is a top-down shooter where players travel back in time to observe animals and fight time-traveling enemies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2001 |title=65 Million Years of Strategy |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2001/10/05/65-million-years-of-strategy |website=IGN}}</ref> Another ''Walking with Dinosaurs'' game was released in 2013, titled simply ''Walking with Dinosaurs'', to accompany the film adaptation of the series released that year. ''Walking with Dinosaurs'' is an augmented reality game developed by Supermassive Games in collaboration with the BBC.<ref name="joystiq">{{Cite web |date=31 October 2013 |title=Wonderbook gets more Harry Potter, dinosaurs, detectives on Nov. 12 |url=http://www.joystiq.com/2013/10/31/wonderbook-gets-more-harry-potter-dinosaurs-detectives-on-nov/ |access-date=1 November 2013 |publisher=Joystiq}}</ref> == Bayani == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] io3ziif4tzx914vpcymz5yszql3bgqr 0 115402 893730 834067 2026-08-09T16:32:15Z Asiya Garba 46242 893730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gidan shakatawa tsari ne wanda aka tsara don daidaita zafin jiki da danshi na muhalli a ciki. Akwai nau'ikan '''greenhouse''' daban-daban, amma dukansu suna da manyan wuraren da aka rufe da kayan bayyane waɗanda ke barin hasken rana ya wuce kuma ya toshe shi azaman zafi. Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su a cikin ɗakunan zamani don ganuwa da rufin su ne filastik mai tsayi da aka yi da polycarbonate, fim din filastik da aka yi na polyethylene, ko bangarorin gilashi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2017 |title=How To Choose A Glazing Material For A Year Round Greenhouse |url=https://ceresgs.com/how-to-choose-a-glazing-material-for-a-year-round-greenhouse/ |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=April 4, 2023 |website=Ceres Greenhouse Solutions }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Lokacin da aka fallasa ciki na greenhouse ga hasken rana, zafin jiki yana ƙaruwa, yana ba da mahalli mai kariya ga tsire-tsire su girma har ma a yanayin sanyi. Ana kuma amfani da kalmomin '''greenhouse''', gilashin gilashi, da hothouse sau da yawa don komawa ga gine-ginen da aka yi amfani da su don noma shuke-shuke. Takamaiman kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita ta dogara da kayan aiki da tsarin dumama da aka yi aiki a cikin ginin. A zamanin yau, ana gina ɗakunan ɗakunan ɗakuna tare da kayan aiki iri-iri, kamar itace da filastik na polyethylene.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=September 3, 2015 |title=Way Back When: A History Of The English Glasshouse |url=https://hartley-botanic.co.uk/magazine/a-history-of-the-english-glasshouse/ |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=April 4, 2023 |website=Hartley Botanic}}</ref> '''Gidan gilashi''', a gefe guda, wani nau'i ne na gargajiya wanda aka yi da bangarorin gilashi ne kawai wanda ke ba da damar haske ya shiga. Kalmar hothouse tana nuna cewa greenhouse yana da zafi na wucin gadi. Koyaya, ana iya rarraba tsarin zafi da wanda ba a ɗora shi ba a matsayin ɗakunan ajiya. [[Fayil:TomateJungpflanzenAnzuchtNiederlande.jpg|thumb|Matasa shuke-shuke na tumatir don dasa su a cikin wani masana'antu mai girman gaske a Westland, NetherlandsYammacin Yammacin]] Greenhouses na iya kasancewa a cikin girman daga ƙananan sheds zuwa gine-ginen masana'antu da manyan gidajen gilashi. Mafi ƙanƙanta misali shine ƙaramin greenhouse da aka sani da Tsarin sanyi, yawanci ana amfani dashi a gida, yayin da manyan greenhouses na kasuwanci sune manyan wuraren samar da fasaha don kayan lambu, furanni ko kuma 'ya'yan itatuwa. Gidan gilashi yana cike da kayan aiki ciki har da shigarwar tantancewa, dumama, sanyaya, da hasken wuta, kuma kwamfuta na iya sarrafa shi don inganta yanayin don ci gaban shuka. Ana amfani da dabaru daban-daban don sarrafa yanayin girma, gami da zafin iska, zafi na dangi da rashi na matsin tururi, don samar da yanayi mafi kyau don noma takamaiman amfanin gona. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Bachman_greenhouse.jpg|thumb|Cucumbers reached to the ceiling in a greenhouse in Richfield, Minnesota, where market gardeners grew a wide variety of produce for sale in Minneapolis, {{Circa|1910}}]] [[Fayil:Orangerie_du_château_de_Versailles_le_11_septembre_2015_-_90.jpg|thumb|Versailles Orangerie a Fadar Versailles, Faransa.]] === Daular Romawa === Kafin ci gaban greenhouses, ayyukan noma sun ƙuntata ga yanayin yanayi. Dangane da yankin yanayi na al'ummomi, mutane sun iyakance ga zaɓaɓɓun nau'o'in jinsuna da lokacin shekara wanda za su iya shuka shuke-shuke. Duk da haka a kusa da 30 AZ, Daular Romawa ta gina yunkurin farko da aka rubuta na yanayin wucin gadi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Crumpacker |first=Mark |date=June 27, 2019 |title=A Look Back At The Amazing History Of Greenhouses |url=https://medium.com/@MarkCrumpacker/a-look-back-at-the-amazing-history-of-greenhouses-adf301162a7b |access-date=April 4, 2023 |website=Medium}}</ref> Saboda rashin lafiya na sarki Tiberius, likitocin sarauta sun ba da shawarar cewa sarki ya ci kumara daya a rana.<ref name=":1" /> Cucumbers, duk da haka, tsire-tsire ne masu laushi kuma ba sa girma cikin sauƙi a duk shekara. Sabili da haka, Romawa sun tsara wani yanayi na wucin gadi, kamar greenhouse, don samun cucumbers ga sarki duk shekara. Ana dasa cucumbers a cikin kekuna masu ƙafa waɗanda aka sanya su a cikin rana kowace rana, sannan aka ɗauke su ciki don kiyaye su da dumi da dare. Ana adana cucumbers a ƙarƙashin firam ko a cikin gidajen cucumber da aka rufe da ko dai zane mai da aka sani da ''specularia'' ko tare da takalma na selenite (a.k.a. ''lapis specularis''), bisa ga bayanin Pliny the Elder. === Koriya ta ƙarni na 15 === Babban ci gaba na gaba a cikin ƙirar greenhouse ya fito ne daga Koriya a karni na 15 a lokacin daular [[Joseon]]. A cikin 1450s, Soon ui Jeon ya bayyana gidan zafi na farko a cikin rubutun da ake kira ''Sangayorok'' . <ref name=":22"/> Ba da daɗewa ba ui Jeon ya zama likita ga dangin sarauta, kuma ''Sangayorok'' an yi niyyar samar da muhimmiyar ilimin noma da aikin gida.<ref name=":22"/> A cikin sashin fasahar noma, nan da nan ui Jeon ya rubuta yadda za a gina greenhouse wanda ya iya noma kayan lambu da sauran tsire-tsire a cikin hunturu.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Yoon |first=Sang Jun |last2=Woudstra |first2=Jan |date=Summer 2007 |title=Advanced Horticultural Techniques in Korea: The Earliest Documented Greenhouses |journal=Garden History |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=68–84 |jstor=25472355}}</ref> Tsarin Koriya ya kara tsarin ''[[ondol]]'' ga tsarin.<ref name=":22"/> ''ondol'' tsarin dumama ne na Koriya da ake amfani da shi a cikin gida, wanda ke gudanar da bututun bututu daga tushen zafi a ƙarƙashin bene.<ref name=":22"/> Baya ga ''ondol'', an kuma dumama tukunyar da aka cika da ruwa don ƙirƙirar tururi da ƙara yawan zafin jiki da danshi a cikin greenhouse.<ref name=":22"/> Wadannan greenhouses na Koriya sune greenhouses masu aiki na farko da ke sarrafa zafin jiki, maimakon kawai dogaro da makamashi daga rana.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=September 3, 2015 |title=Way Back When: A History Of The English Glasshouse |url=https://hartley-botanic.co.uk/magazine/a-history-of-the-english-glasshouse/ |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=April 4, 2023 |website=Hartley Botanic}}</ref> Zane har yanzu ya haɗa da hanyoyin dumama, kamar windows na ''[[Korean paper|hanji]]'' masu haske don kama haske da bangon [[Cob (material)|cob]] don riƙe zafi, amma murhu ya ba da ƙarin iko akan yanayin wucin gadi.<ref name=":22"/> Annals of the Joseon Dynasty sun tabbatar da cewa an gina gine-ginen da suka hada da ''ondol'' don samar da zafi ga bishiyoyin [[Mandarin orange|Orange na Mandarin]] a lokacin hunturu na 1438.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Yoon |first=Sang Jun |last2=Woudstra |first2=Jan |date=Summer 2007 |title=Advanced Horticultural Techniques in Korea: The Earliest Documented Greenhouses |journal=Garden History |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=68–84 |jstor=25472355}}</ref> === Karni na 17 === Ma'anar greenhouses kuma ta bayyana a [[Holand|Netherlands]] sannan [[Ingila]] a karni na 17, tare da tsire-tsire. Wasu daga cikin wadannan yunkurin farko sun buƙaci aiki mai yawa don rufewa da dare ko don yin sanyi. Akwai matsaloli masu tsanani tare da samar da isasshen zafi da daidaitattun zafi a cikin waɗannan ɗakunan farko. An kammala gidan 'stove' na farko (mai zafi) a Burtaniya a Chelsea Physic Garden a shekara ta 1681. A yau, [[Holand|Netherlands]] tana da manyan gidaje masu yawa a duniya, wasu daga cikinsu suna da girma sosai har suna iya samar da miliyoyin kayan lambu a kowace shekara. Gwaje-gwaje tare da ƙirar greenhouse ya ci gaba a cikin karni na 17 a Turai, yayin da fasaha ta samar da gilashi mafi kyau da dabarun gini suka inganta. Gidan greenhouse a Fadar Versailles misali ne na girman su da cikakkun bayanai; ya fi mita 150 (490 tsawo, mita 13 (43 fadi, da mita 14 (46 tsaunuka. === Karni na 18 === Andrew Faneuil, wani attajiri dan kasuwa na Boston, ya gina gidan greenhouse na farko na Amurka a cikin shekara ta 1737. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Greenhouse Manual |url=https://www.usbg.gov/sites/default/files/usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf |publisher=US Botanical Garden}}</ref> [[Fayil:Washington's_greenhouse.jpg|thumb|Sake gina gidan George Washington a Dutsen Vernon]] Lokacin da ya dawo Dutsen Vernon bayan yakin, [[George Washington]] ya koyi game da gidan da aka gina a gidan Carroll na Dutsen Clare (Maryland) . Margaret Tilghman Carroll ce ta tsara shi, mai kula da lambu mai ƙwazo wanda ke noma itatuwan citrus a cikin wannan orange.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Margaret Tilghman Carroll &#124; TCLF |url=https://www.tclf.org/pioneer/margaret-tilghman-carroll |website=www.tclf.org}}</ref> A shekara ta 1784 Washington ta rubuta ta neman cikakkun bayanai game da ƙirar ɗakinta, kuma ta bi. Washington ta rubuta cewa: == Manazarta == l0vhgp8d7dvsye1q9vpgllh9hxgterw 893731 893730 2026-08-09T16:32:51Z Asiya Garba 46242 893731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gidan shakatawa tsari ne wanda aka tsara don daidaita zafin jiki da danshi na muhalli a ciki. Akwai nau'ikan '''greenhouse''' daban-daban, amma dukansu suna da manyan wuraren da aka rufe da kayan bayyane waɗanda ke barin hasken rana ya wuce kuma ya toshe shi azaman zafi. Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su a cikin ɗakunan zamani don ganuwa da rufin su ne filastik mai tsayi da aka yi da polycarbonate, fim din filastik da aka yi na polyethylene, ko bangarorin gilashi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2017 |title=How To Choose A Glazing Material For A Year Round Greenhouse |url=https://ceresgs.com/how-to-choose-a-glazing-material-for-a-year-round-greenhouse/ |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=April 4, 2023 |website=Ceres Greenhouse Solutions }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Lokacin da aka fallasa ciki na greenhouse ga hasken rana, zafin jiki yana ƙaruwa, yana ba da mahalli mai kariya ga tsire-tsire su girma har ma a yanayin sanyi. Ana kuma amfani da kalmomin '''greenhouse''', gilashin gilashi, da hothouse sau da yawa don komawa ga gine-ginen da aka yi amfani da su don noma shuke-shuke. Takamaiman kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita ta dogara da kayan aiki da tsarin dumama da aka yi aiki a cikin ginin. A zamanin yau, ana gina ɗakunan ɗakunan ɗakuna tare da kayan aiki iri-iri, kamar itace da filastik na polyethylene.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=September 3, 2015 |title=Way Back When: A History Of The English Glasshouse |url=https://hartley-botanic.co.uk/magazine/a-history-of-the-english-glasshouse/ |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=April 4, 2023 |website=Hartley Botanic}}</ref> '''Gidan gilashi''', a gefe guda, wani nau'i ne na gargajiya wanda aka yi da bangarorin gilashi ne kawai wanda ke ba da damar haske ya shiga. Kalmar hothouse tana nuna cewa greenhouse yana da zafi na wucin gadi. Koyaya, ana iya rarraba tsarin zafi da wanda ba a ɗora shi ba a matsayin ɗakunan ajiya. [[Fayil:TomateJungpflanzenAnzuchtNiederlande.jpg|thumb|Matasa shuke-shuke na tumatir don dasa su a cikin wani masana'antu mai girman gaske a Westland, NetherlandsYammacin Yammacin]] Greenhouses na iya kasancewa a cikin girman daga ƙananan sheds zuwa gine-ginen masana'antu da manyan gidajen gilashi. Mafi ƙanƙanta misali shine ƙaramin greenhouse da aka sani da Tsarin sanyi, yawanci ana amfani dashi a gida, yayin da manyan greenhouses na kasuwanci sune manyan wuraren samar da fasaha don kayan lambu, furanni ko kuma 'ya'yan itatuwa. Gidan gilashi yana cike da kayan aiki ciki har da shigarwar tantancewa, dumama, sanyaya, da hasken wuta, kuma kwamfuta na iya sarrafa shi don inganta yanayin don ci gaban shuka. Ana amfani da dabaru daban-daban don sarrafa yanayin girma, gami da zafin iska, zafi na dangi da rashi na matsin tururi, don samar da yanayi mafi kyau don noma takamaiman amfanin gona. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Bachman_greenhouse.jpg|thumb|Cucumbers reached to the ceiling in a greenhouse in Richfield, Minnesota, where market gardeners grew a wide variety of produce for sale in Minneapolis, {{Circa|1910}}]] [[Fayil:Orangerie_du_château_de_Versailles_le_11_septembre_2015_-_90.jpg|thumb|Versailles Orangerie a Fadar Versailles, Faransa.]] === Daular Romawa === Kafin ci gaban greenhouses, ayyukan noma sun ƙuntata ga yanayin yanayi. Dangane da yankin yanayi na al'ummomi, mutane sun iyakance ga zaɓaɓɓun nau'o'in jinsuna da lokacin shekara wanda za su iya shuka shuke-shuke. Duk da haka a kusa da 30 AZ, Daular Romawa ta gina yunkurin farko da aka rubuta na yanayin wucin gadi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Crumpacker |first=Mark |date=June 27, 2019 |title=A Look Back At The Amazing History Of Greenhouses |url=https://medium.com/@MarkCrumpacker/a-look-back-at-the-amazing-history-of-greenhouses-adf301162a7b |access-date=April 4, 2023 |website=Medium}}</ref> Saboda rashin lafiya na sarki Tiberius, likitocin sarauta sun ba da shawarar cewa sarki ya ci kumara daya a rana.<ref name=":1" /> Cucumbers, duk da haka, tsire-tsire ne masu laushi kuma ba sa girma cikin sauƙi a duk shekara. Sabili da haka, Romawa sun tsara wani yanayi na wucin gadi, kamar greenhouse, don samun cucumbers ga sarki duk shekara. Ana dasa cucumbers a cikin kekuna masu ƙafa waɗanda aka sanya su a cikin rana kowace rana, sannan aka ɗauke su ciki don kiyaye su da dumi da dare. Ana adana cucumbers a ƙarƙashin firam ko a cikin gidajen cucumber da aka rufe da ko dai zane mai da aka sani da ''specularia'' ko tare da takalma na selenite (a.k.a. ''lapis specularis''), bisa ga bayanin Pliny the Elder. === Koriya ta ƙarni na 15 === Babban ci gaba na gaba a cikin ƙirar greenhouse ya fito ne daga Koriya a karni na 15 a lokacin daular [[Joseon]]. A cikin 1450s, Soon ui Jeon ya bayyana gidan zafi na farko a cikin rubutun da ake kira ''Sangayorok'' . <ref name=":22"/> Ba da daɗewa ba ui Jeon ya zama likita ga dangin sarauta, kuma ''Sangayorok'' an yi niyyar samar da muhimmiyar ilimin noma da aikin gida.<ref name=":22"/> A cikin sashin fasahar noma, nan da nan ui Jeon ya rubuta yadda za a gina greenhouse wanda ya iya noma kayan lambu da sauran tsire-tsire a cikin hunturu.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Yoon |first=Sang Jun |last2=Woudstra |first2=Jan |date=Summer 2007 |title=Advanced Horticultural Techniques in Korea: The Earliest Documented Greenhouses |journal=Garden History |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=68–84 |jstor=25472355}}</ref> Tsarin Koriya ya kara tsarin ''[[ondol]]'' ga tsarin.<ref name=":22"/> ''ondol'' tsarin dumama ne na Koriya da ake amfani da shi a cikin gida, wanda ke gudanar da bututun bututu daga tushen zafi a ƙarƙashin bene.<ref name=":22"/> Baya ga ''ondol'', an kuma dumama tukunyar da aka cika da ruwa don ƙirƙirar tururi da ƙara yawan zafin jiki da danshi a cikin greenhouse.<ref name=":22"/> Wadannan greenhouses na Koriya sune greenhouses masu aiki na farko da ke sarrafa zafin jiki, maimakon kawai dogaro da makamashi daga rana.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=September 3, 2015 |title=Way Back When: A History Of The English Glasshouse |url=https://hartley-botanic.co.uk/magazine/a-history-of-the-english-glasshouse/ |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=April 4, 2023 |website=Hartley Botanic}}</ref> Zane har yanzu ya haɗa da hanyoyin dumama, kamar windows na ''[[Korean paper|hanji]]'' masu haske don kama haske da bangon [[Cob (material)|cob]] don riƙe zafi, amma murhu ya ba da ƙarin iko akan yanayin wucin gadi.<ref name=":22"/> Annals of the Joseon Dynasty sun tabbatar da cewa an gina gine-ginen da suka hada da ''ondol'' don samar da zafi ga bishiyoyin [[Mandarin orange|Orange na Mandarin]] a lokacin hunturu na 1438.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Yoon |first=Sang Jun |last2=Woudstra |first2=Jan |date=Summer 2007 |title=Advanced Horticultural Techniques in Korea: The Earliest Documented Greenhouses |journal=Garden History |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=68–84 |jstor=25472355}}</ref> === Ƙarni na 17 === Ma'anar greenhouses kuma ta bayyana a [[Holand|Netherlands]] sannan [[Ingila]] a karni na 17, tare da tsire-tsire. Wasu daga cikin wadannan yunkurin farko sun buƙaci aiki mai yawa don rufewa da dare ko don yin sanyi. Akwai matsaloli masu tsanani tare da samar da isasshen zafi da daidaitattun zafi a cikin waɗannan ɗakunan farko. An kammala gidan 'stove' na farko (mai zafi) a Burtaniya a Chelsea Physic Garden a shekara ta 1681. A yau, [[Holand|Netherlands]] tana da manyan gidaje masu yawa a duniya, wasu daga cikinsu suna da girma sosai har suna iya samar da miliyoyin kayan lambu a kowace shekara. Gwaje-gwaje tare da ƙirar greenhouse ya ci gaba a cikin karni na 17 a Turai, yayin da fasaha ta samar da gilashi mafi kyau da dabarun gini suka inganta. Gidan greenhouse a Fadar Versailles misali ne na girman su da cikakkun bayanai; ya fi mita 150 (490 tsawo, mita 13 (43 fadi, da mita 14 (46 tsaunuka. === Karni na 18 === Andrew Faneuil, wani attajiri dan kasuwa na Boston, ya gina gidan greenhouse na farko na Amurka a cikin shekara ta 1737. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Greenhouse Manual |url=https://www.usbg.gov/sites/default/files/usbg-greenhouse_manual.pdf |publisher=US Botanical Garden}}</ref> [[Fayil:Washington's_greenhouse.jpg|thumb|Sake gina gidan George Washington a Dutsen Vernon]] Lokacin da ya dawo Dutsen Vernon bayan yakin, [[George Washington]] ya koyi game da gidan da aka gina a gidan Carroll na Dutsen Clare (Maryland) . Margaret Tilghman Carroll ce ta tsara shi, mai kula da lambu mai ƙwazo wanda ke noma itatuwan citrus a cikin wannan orange.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Margaret Tilghman Carroll &#124; TCLF |url=https://www.tclf.org/pioneer/margaret-tilghman-carroll |website=www.tclf.org}}</ref> A shekara ta 1784 Washington ta rubuta ta neman cikakkun bayanai game da ƙirar ɗakinta, kuma ta bi. Washington ta rubuta cewa: == Manazarta == 7kih6xdlweag38t9jcs5lumvvryw137 0 115671 893749 732465 2026-08-09T16:37:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Tokunbo''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na [[Najeriya]] na shekarar 2024 wanda [[Netflix]] ta rarraba. [[Ramsey Nouah]] ne ya shirya fim din kuma Joy Odiete da [[Chris Odeh]] ne suka samar da shi. An yi fim din ne a [[Najeriya]] da Sèmè ta [[Benin|Jamhuriyar Benin]] . Tauraron fim din shine [[Gideon Okeke]] a matsayin jagora, tare da [[Chidi Mokeme]], [[Norbert Young]], [[Funlola Aofiyebi-Raimi]], Stanley Chibunna, da kuma Darasimi Nadi . Fim din ya biyo bayan Tókunbò, wanda Gideon Okeke ya nuna, tsohon mai safarar mota wanda aka ba shi sa'o'i uku don isar da 'yar jami'in gwamnati ga wanda ya kama ta, tare da barazanar cewa iyalinsa za su fuskanci mummunar sakamako idan ya kasa. An saki ''Tokunbo'' a [[Netflix]] a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta, 2024, ta hanyar Ramsey Films Productions . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Augoye |first=Jayne |date=2024-08-20 |title=Ramsey Nouah directs action film 'Tokunbo' staring Gideon Okeke (TRAILER) |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/726268-ramsey-nouah-directs-action-film-tokunbo-staring-gideon-okeke-trailer.html |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> == Makirci == Fim din ''[[Tokunbo]]'' ya shafi rayuwar halinsa, Tókunbò, (Gideon Okeke) wanda da farko ya ba da motoci ba bisa ka'ida ba ga wani sanannen ɗan fashi mai suna Gaza (Chidi Mokeme) yayin da yake jiran haihuwar ɗansa. Da yake shaida yanayin tashin hankali na Gaza, Tókunbò ya yanke shawarar barin rayuwarsa ta aikata laifuka kuma ya mai da hankali kan matarsa, Lisa, da sabon ɗansu, Chris. Watanni goma sha takwas bayan haka, Tókunbò wanda yanzu ke aiki a matsayin direban taksi, yana gwagwarmaya don samar da iyalinsa da kuma tabbatar da cewa Chris yana karɓar magani mai mahimmanci don transplantation zuciyarsa. Koyaya, kuɗin da ya samu bai isa ba, wanda ya tilasta masa ya sake neman taimakon kuɗi daga Gaza. Lokacin da Gaza ta ki, Tókunbò ya koma tuka taksi, inda ya yi tuntuɓe a kan wayar salula da wani mai jigilar kaya ya bar a baya wanda ke isar da kayayyaki ba bisa ka'ida ba don kudade masu yawa. Da yake amfani da damar, Tókunbò ya ɗauki ainihin mai jigilar kuma ya fara isar da kaya. Ƙudurinsa ya yi tsalle lokacin da aka ba shi aikin jigilar wata yarinya mai suna Nike (Darasimi Nadi) zuwa iyakar Sèmè. Yayin da halin da ake ciki ya ci gaba, an bayyana cewa Nike 'yar Gwamnan [[Babban Bankin Najeriya|Babban Bankin]] Folashade ce (Funlola Aofiyebi-Raimi), wanda ya fara aiki mai zurfi bayan ya san sace 'yarta. == Waƙoƙi == Rex Ricketts ne ya kirkiro sauti na fim din, yayin da DJ Neptune, Patoranking Peter Akor (GunzZ), da Prettyboy D-O suka kirkiro bayanan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Onabanjo |first=Adedamola |date=2021-06-16 |title=Prettyboy D-O Is As Cryptic And Crude As Ever On 'Living In Bondage' |url=https://culturecustodian.com/prettyboy-d-o-living-in-bondage/ |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.) |language=en-GB}}</ref> An saki na farko "''Gaza''" a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2021-09-24 |title=New Music + Video: DJ Neptune feat. Patoranking – Gaza |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/09/dj-neptune-patoranking-gaza/ |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> == Fitarwa == [[Ramsey Nouah|Ramsey Films Productions]] da Sozo Films sun fara bunkasa ''Tokunbo'' a ƙarshen 2022 kuma sun ci gaba da watanni da yawa. Thecla Uzozie da Todimu Adegoke ne suka rubuta rubutun kuma Joy Odiete da [[Chris Odeh]] ne suka samar da shi. Babban daukar hoto na ''Tokunbo'' ya faru ne a Legas, Najeriya, da Sèmè [[Benin|Jamhuriyar Benin]]. [[Ramsey Nouah]] ne ya ba da umarnin wanda a baya ya yi aiki a kan ayyukan da yawa ciki har da Living in Bondage: Breaking Free . <ref>{{Cite web |last=ShockNG |date=2022-11-28 |title=Tokunbo Movie by Ramsey Nouah Begins Principal Photography |url=https://shockng.com/tokunbo-movie-ramsey-nouah/ |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=ShockNG |language=en-US}}</ref> == Saki == A watan Yulin 2024, an ba da sanarwar cewa Netflix ta sayi haƙƙin rarraba sabon fim din Ramsey Noua; an fara shirya fim din ne don a saki shi a watan Agustan 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeyinka |first=Ayomitide |date=2024-07-25 |title=Ramsey Nouah's New Film, "Tokunbo", Starring Gideon Okeke, Adunni Ade, and More is Set for Netflix Release on August 23 » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/ramsey-nouahs-new-film-tokunbo-starring-gideon-okeke-adunni-ade-and-more-is-set-for-netflix-release-on-august-23/ |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Oshunloye |first=Taiwo |date=2024-08-20 |title=TRAILER: Ramsey Nouah's 'Tokunbo' premieres Aug 23 - starring Gideon Okeke |url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/trailer-ramsey-nouah-tokunbo-premieres-aug-23/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=TheCable Lifestyle |language=en-US}}</ref> ''Tokunbo'' ya fara ne a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas, Najeriya]], a ranar 19 ga watan Agusta, 2024, tare da tallafawa daga Amstel Malta . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mix |first=Pulse |date=2024-08-21 |title='Tokunbo' premieres as Gideon Okeke leads in Ramsey Nouah's new thriller |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/tokunbo-debuts-with-gideon-okeke-leading-in-ramsey-nouahs-new-thriller/49beqjm |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kan |first=Toni |date=2024-08-20 |title=Ramsey Nouah's 'Tokunbo' premieres to Nollywood elite |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/ramsey-nouahs-tokunbo-premieres-to-nollywood-elite/ |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=The Lagos Review |language=en-US}}</ref> An fitar da fim din a [[Netflix]] ta hanyar [[Ramsey Nouah|Ramsey Films Productions]] a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta, 2024 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=C.J. |first=Nelson |title=Netflix's Tòkunbò is an Artfully Executed Nigerian Thriller - Okayplayer |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/netflix-nigeria-tokunbo-thriller/ |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=www.okayafrica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Eti-Inyene |first=Brooks |date=2024-08-21 |title=See trailer for new Ramsey Nouah-directed film 'Tokunbo' |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/tokunbo-see-trailer-for-new-ramsey-nouah-directed-film/pzn1lhr |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en |archive-date=2024-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824181752/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/tokunbo-see-trailer-for-new-ramsey-nouah-directed-film/pzn1lhr |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Iraa |date=2024-08-21 |title=Tokunbo OTT release date Netflix: When to watch Gideon Okeke's upcoming film |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/tokunbo-ott-release-date-netflix-when-to-watch-gideon-okekes-upcoming-film-640334.html |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref> == Karɓar baƙi == '''Amsa mai mahimmanci''' On the mai tarawashafin yanar gizonTumatir da ya lalace, 40% na sake dubawa na masu sukar 5 suna da kyau, tare da matsakaicin darajar 2.5/10.[14] Archi Sengupta na Leisure Byte ya bayyana fim din a matsayin abin nishaɗi da kuma kwarewa mai ban sha'awa wanda ke sa masu kallo suyi tsammani har zuwa ƙarshe. Ta hanyar mayar da hankali kan batutuwan zamantakewa, yana amfani da "lokacin da ke gudana" don kara tashin hankali da kuma ba da fim din taurari 3/5.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Archi |date=2024-08-23 |title=Tokunbo Movie Review (2024) {{!}} Leisurebyte |url=https://www.leisurebyte.com/tokunbo-movie-review/ |access-date=2024-08-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Pramit Chatterjee na DM Talkies ya kimanta fim din 1 tauraruwa daga cikin taurari 5 kuma ya rubuta "Tokunbo agogo ne mai sa barci; babu wani abu, babu wani abu da ya rage".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Pramit |date=2024-08-24 |title='Tokunbo' Netflix Review: A Nigerian Action-Thriller That Forgets To Be Thrilling Or Action-Packed |url=https://dmtalkies.com/tokunbo-netflix-review-2024-netflix-nigerian-film/ |access-date=2024-08-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> Daniel Hart na Ready Steady Cut ya kimanta fim din 1 tauraruwa daga cikin taurari 5 kuma ya rubuta "Tare da ayyukan fim din B kai tsaye daga kwalejin fim, fim din Najeriya yana jan hankalin masu sauraro cikin kwarewar barci. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hart |first=Daniel |date=2024-08-24 |title='Tòkunbò' Is An Amateurish Nigerian Thriller |url=https://readysteadycut.com/2024/08/24/tokunbo-review/ |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=Ready Steady Cut |language=en-GB}}</ref> Confidence Cletus na Premium Times ya bayyana cewa, "Yayin da launi na bidiyo ya sami nasarar kafa sautin don al'amuran aiki, wasan kwaikwayon ya kasance mai laushi, kuma fim din ya kasance mai banƙyama". Ta kuma yaba da "aiki" na Darasimi Nadi kuma ta rubuta, "Darasimi Nadi koyaushe ta kasance yar wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa. A matsayinta na Nike, ta yi aiki na musamman, tana iya canza yanayin. Koyaya, za ta iya ba da kyakkyawan aiki tare da ƙarin jagora". Har ila yau, Confidence ta bayyana cewa [[Chidi Mokeme]] ta ba da kyakkyawan aiki a matsayin Gaza, sanannen ɗan fashi. Ayyukansa suna da kyau. Ta ba fim din matsakaicin darajar 4/10.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cletus |first=Confidence |date=2024-08-25 |title=MOVIE REVIEW: Tokunbo: Supposed action thriller-turned-sleeping pill |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/727873-movie-review-tokunbo-supposed-action-thriller-turned-sleeping-pill.html |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7r5xtenljsu542r0m2omjmuxyaka6ui 0 116057 893642 712913 2026-08-09T13:22:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kpone Thermal Power Station II''', kuma Kpone Independent Thermal Power Power Station, tashar wutar lantarki ce mai amfani da man fetur mai amfani da makamashi da yawa da ke aiki a Ghana.<ref name="Progress">{{Cite web |last=EAC |date=30 July 2015 |title=Ghana: Kpone IPP thermal power plant making progress |url=http://www.esi-africa.com/news/ghana-kpone-ipp-thermal-power-plant-making-progress/ |access-date=24 February 2016 |publisher=Esi-Africa.com (EAC)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Volta River Authority {{!}} Kpone Thermal Power Station |url=https://www.vra.com/our_mandate/kpone_thermal_power_station.php |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=www.vra.com |archive-date=2024-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124224050/https://www.vra.com/our_mandate/kpone_thermal_power_station.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Wurin da yake == Tashar wutar lantarki tana cikin unguwar Kpone na tashar jiragen ruwa ta Tema, kimanin kilomita 32 (20 , gabashin gundumar kasuwanci ta tsakiya ta [[Accra]], babban birnin kuma birni mafi girma a kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=25 February 2016 |title=Distance between Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana and Kpone, Tema Metropolitan, Greater Accra, Ghana |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Ghana_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Accra%2C%20Greater%20Accra%2C%20Ghana&toplace=Kpone%2C%20Tema%20Metropolitan%2C%20Greater%20Accra%2C%20Ghana%2C&dt1=ChIJc6e3soSQ3w8R0y0OZdhO0b4&dt2=ChIJ2TjJWVl-IBARMBy2Ly3x_lU |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Tashar wutar lantarki mallakar CenPower Holdings ne, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.cenpowerholdings.com/ |website=cenpowerholdings.com}}</ref> wani kamfani mai zaman kansa mai samar da wutar lantarki wanda ya ƙunshi masu hannun jarin Ghana na gida, Kamfanin Kuɗi na Afirka (46%) da InfraCo Limited (24%). Rukuni biyar na Ayyukan Wutar Lantarki an ba da kwangilar EPC don tsarawa, sayan, ginawa da ƙaddamar da tashar wutar lantarki. WorleyParsons, wani kamfani na kasa da kasa wanda ya ƙware a aikin injiniya, siye da gini an hayar shi ta Rukunin Biyar don aiwatar da ayyukan ƙira. Za a yi amfani da ruwan teku da ake shiga ta bututun karkashin kasa wajen kwantar da tashar wutar lantarki, tare da mayar da kwararar ruwan zafi zuwa cikin teku ta bututun karkashin kasa makamancin haka. Za a sayar da wutar da wannan tasha ta samar kai tsaye ga [[Ayyukan rarraba wutar lantarki Ghana|Kamfanin Lantarki na Ghana]] (ECG), domin hadewa cikin tashar wutar lantarki ta kasar Ghana. <ref name="Progress"/> == Kudade da jadawalin == Ana sa ran cewa farashin ginin ya kai kimanin dala miliyan 900, wanda aka aro daga [[Kamfanin Kudi na Afirka (AFC)|Kamfanin Kudi na Afirka]] (AFC). Sauran masu ba da kuɗi da abokan haɗin kai sun haɗa da [[Sumitomo Corporation|Kamfanin Sumitomo]] da [[Netherlands Development Finance Company|FMO]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=GNA |date=31 January 2015 |title=Kpone IPP will be cost-efficient – Cenpower boss |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/Kpone-IPP-will-be-cost-efficient-Cenpower-boss-344713 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Ghanaweb.com Quoting [[Ghana News Agency]] (GNA)}}</ref> Ginin ya fara ne a shekarar 2015 kuma masana'antar ta fara aiki a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cenpower Generation Company Limited (Cenpower or CGC) |url=https://www.cenpowergen.com/ |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=www.cenpowergen.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Bangaren wutar lantarki a Ghana|Sashin wutar lantarki a Ghana]] * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a == Manazarta == eyu7n196brep4xwq5pyj70fgl9qsojc 0 116957 893881 716736 2026-08-09T20:38:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Uwargidanmu Sarauniyar Najeriya Pro-Cathedral''', kuma ana kiranta da '''Abuja Cathedral''', ita ce babban cocin Roman Katolika Archdiocese na Abuja, babban birnin [[Najeriya]] . Wanda ke kan titin Funmilayo Kuti a Garki, ana sa ran za a maye gurbinsa da babban cocin manzanni goma sha biyu na birnin bayan kammala shi. Da farko an kira shi "Church of All Saints" kuma yana da firist na farko a shekarar 1983. Ikklisiyar cocin ta bi Latin Rite. Yana aiki a matsayin mahaifiyar cocin archdiocese (Archidioecesis Abugensis), wanda aka kirkira a matsayin [[Mission sui juris|manufa sui juris]] a 1981 kuma aka ɗaukaka shi zuwa matsayin archiepiscopal a 1994 ta hanyar bijimi "Quo aptius" na [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul II]]. Yana ƙarƙashin alhakin fastoci na Archbishop Ignatius Kaigama . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheney |first=David M. |title=Abuja (Archdiocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy] |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dabuj.html |access-date=2017-02-01 |website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org}}</ref> Paparoma John Paul II ya ziyarce shi a shekarar 1988, kamar yadda [[Shugaban Nijeriya|Shugaban Najeriya]], [[Goodluck Jonathan]], ya yi a shekarar 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Porte della Misericordia |url=http://www.iubilaeummisericordiae.va/content/gdm/it/mondo/porte-della-misericordia.event.cathedral-our-lady-queen-of-nigeria-archdiocese-of-abuja.html |access-date=2017-02-01 |website=www.iubilaeummisericordiae.va |archive-date=2022-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715132056/http://www.iubilaeummisericordiae.va/content/gdm/it/mondo/porte-della-misericordia.event.cathedral-our-lady-queen-of-nigeria-archdiocese-of-abuja.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == dy95aeiwb886nm0vmky4c8bj9htxidh 0 117510 894005 729283 2026-08-10T05:06:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yusuf Iddrisu,'''(an haife shi ranan 15 gawatan Yuni 1964) ɗan siyasan ne Ghana ne kuma malami. Ya taba zama dan majalisa na farko a jamhuriya ta hudu ta Ghana mai wakiltar mazabar Yendi a [[Yankin Arewaci (Ghana)|yankin Arewacin]] [[Ghana]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPs - List of 2013 - 2017 (6th Parliament) MPs |url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps-by-year-group/index.php?group=2463 |access-date=2021-02-17 |website=www.ghanamps.com |archive-date=2020-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803144702/http://www.ghanamps.com/mps-by-year-group/index.php?group=2463 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Yusuf Iddrisu a ranar 15 ga watan Yuni, 1964, a yankin Arewacin kasar Ghana. Ya halarci [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah]] kuma ya sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha a masana'antar littattafai. == Sana'a == Yusuf Iddrisu ya taba zama dan majalisa a mazabar Yendi daga ranar 7 ga watan Janairun 1993 zuwa 7 ga watan Janairun 1997. Malami ne a wancan lokacin. == Siyasa == An fara zaben Yusuf Iddrisu a matsayin dan majalisa na farko a jamhuriya ta hudu ta Ghana a shekarar 1992 a zaben majalisar dokokin Ghana bisa tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress . A lokacin babban zaben kasar Ghana na shekarar 1996, ya sha kaye a hannun Malik Al-Hassan Yakubu na sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party (NPP) wanda ya lashe kujerar da kuri'u 13,743 wanda ya kai kashi 47.60% na kason. Ya ci Sulemana Ibn Iddrisu, Jnr. na jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress wanda ya samu kuri'u 7,107 wanda ke da kashi 24.60% na kaso 24.60 da Nalari Nyoja John na jam'iyyar People's National Convention (PNC) wanda ya samu kuri'u 2,150 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 7.50% na kason. <ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Ghana Election 1992 Results - Yendi Constituency |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/1992/northern/162/index.php |access-date=2021-02-17 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Ghana Election 1996 Results - Yendi Constituency |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/1996/northern/162/index.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215200926/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/1996/northern/162/index.php |archive-date=2024-02-15 |access-date=2021-02-17 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Shi [[musulmi]] ne . == manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] q3qqnav2rqt90rr17xfhx5s52it18rs 0 117936 894166 722449 2026-08-10T10:26:55Z Aisha SM 47788 894166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kyautar Nishaɗi ta 2015''' ita ce bugu na 10 na lambar [[Nigeria Entertainment Awards|yabo ta Nishaɗi ta Najeriya]] . [[Wizkid]] ya kuma sami mafi yawan lambobin yabo yayin da Olamide ya sami mafi yawan nadi tare da uku a cikin nau'ikan kyaututtuka 39. [[Kizz Daniel|Kiss Daniel]] ya lashe kyautar Best New Act to Watch award yayin da Praiz ya lashe lambar yabo ta R&B Act bayan da ya hambarar da manyan 'yan wasa irin su [[Banky W]], [[Chidinma]], [[Seyi Shay]], Timi Dakolo da Shaydee . An gudanar da kyautar ne a cibiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Skirball da [[New York (birni)|ke birnin New York]] na [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] kuma [[Osas Ighodaro]] da [[Ice Prince]] ne suka dauki nauyin bakunci. == Wadanda suka ci nasara da wadanda aka zaba == A ƙasa akwai jerin waɗanda aka zaɓa da waɗanda suka yi nasara ga shahararrun nau'ikan kiɗan. An ba da fifiko ga waɗanda suka yi nasara da ƙarfi. === Rukuni na kiɗa === ====Hottest Single of The Year==== *'''"[[Ojuelegba (Wizkid song)|Ojuelegba]] – [[Wizkid (musician)|Wizkid]]"''' **"[[Woju (song)|Woju]]" – [[Kiss Daniel]] **"Shoki Remix" – [[Lil Kesh]], [[Olamide]], [[Davido]] **"[[Godwin (Korede Bello song)|Godwin]]" – [[Korede Bello]] **"Shake Body" – [[Skales]] **"[[Dorobucci]]" – [[Mavin Records|The Mavins]] ====Best New Act to Watch==== *'''[[Kiss Daniel]]''' **[[Di'Ja]] **CDQ **[[Korede Bello]] **[[Lil Kesh]] **Ayo Jay **[[Falz]] ====Gospel Artist of The Year==== *'''[[Tope Alabi]]''' **[[Obiwon]] **Eben **[[Nathaniel Bassey]] **Psalm Ebube **Onos Ariyo **Flo ====Indigenous Artist of the Year==== *'''[[Wasiu Alabi Pasuma|Pasuma]]''' **[[Olamide]] **[[Phyno]] **[[Flavour N'abania]] **[[MC Galaxy]] **[[Jaywon]] ====Best R&B Artist of the Year==== *'''[[Praiz]]''' **[[Banky W]] **[[Chidinma]] **[[Seyi Shay]] **[[Timi Dakolo]] **[[Shaydee]] ====Best Pop Artist of the Year==== *'''[[Davido]]''' **[[Sean Tizzle]] **Presh **[[Wizkid (musician)|Wizkid]] **[[Runtown]] **[[Burna Boy]] {{col-float-break|width=33%}} ====Female Artist of the Year==== *'''[[Yemi Alade]]''' **[[Aramide]] **[[Seyi Shay]] **[[Cynthia Morgan]] **[[Di'Ja]] **[[Eva Alordiah]] ====Male Artist of the Year==== *'''[[Wizkid (musician)|Wizkid]]''' **[[Olamide]] **[[Skales]] **[[Flavour N'abania]] **[[Davido]] **[[Patoranking]] ====Best Rap Act of the Year==== *'''[[Olamide]]''' **[[Reminisce (musician)|Reminisce]] **[[Ice Prince]] **[[Phyno]] **Falz **[[M.I Abaga|M.I]] ====Music Producer of the Year==== *'''[[Shizzi]]''' **[[Pheelz]] **[[Legendury Beatz]] **[[Young Jonn]] **[[DJ Coublon]] **T Spize ====Best Music Video of the Year (Artist and Director)==== *'''"Aww" – [[Di'Ja]] and Unlimited LA''' **"Ibadan" – QDot featuring [[Olamide]]) and HG2 Films **"Condo" – [[YCEE]] featuring [[Patoranking]] and [[Clarence Peters]] **"Shugga" – [[Eva Alordiah|Eva]] and Woltrk Ent & Radioactiiv **"Onye" – [[Waje]] featuring [[Tiwa Savage]] and [[Kemi Adetiba]] **"Crazy" – [[Seyi Shay]] and [[Meji Alabi]] & [[JM Films]] {{col-float-break|width=33%}} ====Most Promising Act to Watch==== *'''[[Simi (singer)|Simi]]''' **Danagog **[[Niniola]] **TJan **[[Tonye Garrick|Tonye]] **Pere Carter **[[Sunkanmi]] **TeeGee Da Unusual ====Diaspora Artist of the Year==== *'''Stylezz''' **Bils **Jay Cube **[[Emmy Gee]] **Moelogo **Lioness ====African Artist of the Year (Non-Nigerian)==== *'''[[Eddy Kenzo]]''' **[[Diamond Platnumz]] **[[Sauti Sol]] **[[Sarkodie (rapper)|Sarkodie]] **[[Stonebwoy]] **[[AKA (rapper)|AKA]] **[[MzVee]] ====Afrobeat Artist of the Year==== *'''[[2face Idibia]]''' **[[Lagbaja]] **[[Femi Kuti]] **[[Seun Kuti]] **Tony Oladipo Allen **Ara ====Best Dance/Live Performance==== *'''[[MC Galaxy]]''' **[[Yemi Alade]] **[[P-Square]] **[[Omawumi]] **[[Wizkid (musician)|Wizkid]] **[[Olamide]] ====Album of the Year==== *'''''[[Thankful (Flavour N'abania album)|Thankful]] – [[Flavour N'abania]]''''' **''[[Baba Hafusa]]'' – [[Reminisce (musician)|Reminisce]] **''[[Street OT]]'' – [[Olamide]] **''[[King of Queens (album)|King of Queens]]'' – [[Yemi Alade]] **''[[Ayo (Wizkid album)|Ayo]]'' – [[Wizkid (musician)|Wizkid]] **''[[Rich & Famous (album)|Rich & Famous]]'' – [[Praiz]] {{col-float-break|width=33%}} ====Best Collabo of The Year==== *'''"Bad Girl Remix" – [[Mr 2Kay]] featuring [[Seyi Shay]] & [[Cynthia Morgan]]''' **"Indomie Remix" – Mastercraft featuring CDQ & [[Davido]] **"Shoki" – Lil Kesh featuring [[Davido]] & [[Olamide]] **"Collabo" – [[P-Square]] featuring [[Don Jazzy]] **"Condo" – [[YCEE]] featuring [[Patoranking]] **"Marry Me" – [[Falz]] featuring [[Yemi Alade]] {{col-float-end}} === Rukunin fina-finai === ====Actor of the Year (Nollywood)==== *'''[[Gabriel Afolayan]] (''[[The Antique (2014 film)|The Antique]]'')''' **[[Kunle Afolayan]] (''[[October 1 (film)|October 1]]'') **[[Wole Ojo]] (''[[Brave (2014 film)|Brave]]'') **[[OC Ukeje]] (''[[Secret Room]]'') **Yakubu Mohammed (''Dark Closet'') **[[Femi Jacobs]] (''[[The Meeting (2012 film)|The Meeting]]'') ====Actress of the Year (Nollywood)==== *'''Ruth Kadiri (''Matter Arising'')''' **[[Rita Dominic]] (''[[The Meeting (2012 film)|The Meeting]]'') **Weruche Opia (''When Love Happens'') **[[Linda Ejiofor]] (''[[Secret Room]]'') **[[Joke Silva]] (''Folly'') **[[Kehinde Bankole]] (''[[October 1 (film)|October 1]]'') ====Film Director of the Year (Nollywood)==== *'''[[Kunle Afolayan]] (''[[October 1 (film)|October 1]]'')''' **Eneaji Chris (''[[Secret Room]]'') **[[Mildred Okwo]] (''[[The Meeting (2012 film)|The Meeting]]'' **DJ Tee & Darasen Richards (''[[The Antique (2014 film)|The Antique]]'') **[[Stanlee Ohikhuare]] (''Verdict'') **[[LowlaDee]] (''[[Brave (2014 film)|Brave]]'') ====Actor of the Year (Indigenous Films)==== *'''Adekola Odunlade''' **[[Obi Emelonye]] **Zubby Micheal **Ibikunle Oladipo **[[Jide Kosoko]] **Yakubu Mohammed {{col-float-break|width=33%}} ====Actress of the Year (Indigenous Films)==== *'''[[Toyin Aimakhu]] (''Alakada'')''' *Aborisade Abisola (''Temiloluwa ATM'') **[[Fathia Balogun]] (''Iya Alalake'') **Halima Fatete (''Har da Mijina'') **Onyekachukwu Okeke (''Olanma'') **Ariyike Akinyanju (''Eyinju Eledumare'') ====Film Director of the Year (Indigenous Films)==== *'''Olanrewaju Abiodun''' **Blessing Adejumo **Amechi Ukeje **[[Niji Akanni]] **Okey Zubelu **Ugezu J. Ugezu ====Film of the Year (Indigenous Films)==== *'''''Alakada''''' **''Ibaje'' **''Wazo'' **''Eyinju Eledumare'' **''Har da Mijina'' **''[[Onye Ozi]]'' ====Film of the Year – Producer (Africa)==== *'''''Shattered Romance''''' **''Far'' **''[[Devil in the Detail (2014 film)|Devil in the Detail]]'' **''A Letter from Adam'' **''[[Fundi-Mentals]]'' ====Actor of the Year (Africa)==== *'''[[Majid Michel]] (''Knocking on Heavens Doors'')''' **[[Adjetey Anang]] (''[[Devil in the Detail (2014 film)|Devil in the Detail]]'') **[[Gerald Langiri]] (''[[Fundi-Mentals]]'') **[[James Gardiner (actor)|James Gardiner]] (''Shattered Romance'') {{col-float-break|width=33%}} ====Actress of the Year (Africa)==== *'''[[Sonia Ibrahim]]''' **Terry Pheto **Joselyn Dumas **[[Lydia Forson]] **[[Okawa Shaznay]] ====Film Director of the Year (Africa)==== *'''Alex Konstantaras''' **[[Shirley Frimpong-Manso]] **[[Eddie Nartey]] **Gilbert Agbor **Sam Kessie ====Actor of the Year (Nigeria in Hollywood)==== *'''[[Chiwetel Ejiofor]]''' **[[Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje]] **[[David Oyelowo]] **Hakeem Kae Kazeem **[[Gbenga Akinnagbe]] ====Actress of the Year (Nigeria in Hollywood)==== *'''[[Adepero Oduye]]''' **[[Carmen Ejogo]] **[[Caroline Chikezie]] **[[Enuka Okuma]] == Magana == g2pf0um51ta60yxs7ixuxnrhorhno66 894167 894166 2026-08-10T10:27:13Z Aisha SM 47788 894167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kyautar Nishaɗi ta 2015''' ita ce bugu na 10 na lambar [[Nigeria Entertainment Awards|yabo ta Nishaɗi ta Najeriya]] . [[Wizkid]] ya kuma sami mafi yawan lambobin yabo yayin da Olamide ya sami mafi yawan nadi tare da uku a cikin nau'ikan kyaututtuka 39. [[Kizz Daniel|Kiss Daniel]] ya lashe kyautar Best New Act to Watch award yayin da Praiz ya lashe lambar yabo ta R&B Act bayan da ya hambarar da manyan 'yan wasa irin su [[Banky W]], [[Chidinma]], [[Seyi Shay]], Timi Dakolo da Shaydee . An gudanar da kyautar ne a cibiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Skirball da [[New York (birni)|ke birnin New York]] na [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] kuma [[Osas Ighodaro]] da [[Ice Prince]] ne suka dauki nauyin bakunci. == Waɗanda suka ci nasara da wadanda aka zaba == A ƙasa akwai jerin waɗanda aka zaɓa da waɗanda suka yi nasara ga shahararrun nau'ikan kiɗan. An ba da fifiko ga waɗanda suka yi nasara da ƙarfi. === Rukuni na kiɗa === ====Hottest Single of The Year==== *'''"[[Ojuelegba (Wizkid song)|Ojuelegba]] – [[Wizkid (musician)|Wizkid]]"''' **"[[Woju (song)|Woju]]" – [[Kiss Daniel]] **"Shoki Remix" – [[Lil Kesh]], [[Olamide]], [[Davido]] **"[[Godwin (Korede Bello song)|Godwin]]" – [[Korede Bello]] **"Shake Body" – [[Skales]] **"[[Dorobucci]]" – [[Mavin Records|The Mavins]] ====Best New Act to Watch==== *'''[[Kiss Daniel]]''' **[[Di'Ja]] **CDQ **[[Korede Bello]] **[[Lil Kesh]] **Ayo Jay **[[Falz]] ====Gospel Artist of The Year==== *'''[[Tope Alabi]]''' **[[Obiwon]] **Eben **[[Nathaniel Bassey]] **Psalm Ebube **Onos Ariyo **Flo ====Indigenous Artist of the Year==== *'''[[Wasiu Alabi Pasuma|Pasuma]]''' **[[Olamide]] **[[Phyno]] **[[Flavour N'abania]] **[[MC Galaxy]] **[[Jaywon]] ====Best R&B Artist of the Year==== *'''[[Praiz]]''' **[[Banky W]] **[[Chidinma]] **[[Seyi Shay]] **[[Timi Dakolo]] **[[Shaydee]] ====Best Pop Artist of the Year==== *'''[[Davido]]''' **[[Sean Tizzle]] **Presh **[[Wizkid (musician)|Wizkid]] **[[Runtown]] **[[Burna Boy]] {{col-float-break|width=33%}} ====Female Artist of the Year==== *'''[[Yemi Alade]]''' **[[Aramide]] **[[Seyi Shay]] **[[Cynthia Morgan]] **[[Di'Ja]] **[[Eva Alordiah]] ====Male Artist of the Year==== *'''[[Wizkid (musician)|Wizkid]]''' **[[Olamide]] **[[Skales]] **[[Flavour N'abania]] **[[Davido]] **[[Patoranking]] ====Best Rap Act of the Year==== *'''[[Olamide]]''' **[[Reminisce (musician)|Reminisce]] **[[Ice Prince]] **[[Phyno]] **Falz **[[M.I Abaga|M.I]] ====Music Producer of the Year==== *'''[[Shizzi]]''' **[[Pheelz]] **[[Legendury Beatz]] **[[Young Jonn]] **[[DJ Coublon]] **T Spize ====Best Music Video of the Year (Artist and Director)==== *'''"Aww" – [[Di'Ja]] and Unlimited LA''' **"Ibadan" – QDot featuring [[Olamide]]) and HG2 Films **"Condo" – [[YCEE]] featuring [[Patoranking]] and [[Clarence Peters]] **"Shugga" – [[Eva Alordiah|Eva]] and Woltrk Ent & Radioactiiv **"Onye" – [[Waje]] featuring [[Tiwa Savage]] and [[Kemi Adetiba]] **"Crazy" – [[Seyi Shay]] and [[Meji Alabi]] & [[JM Films]] {{col-float-break|width=33%}} ====Most Promising Act to Watch==== *'''[[Simi (singer)|Simi]]''' **Danagog **[[Niniola]] **TJan **[[Tonye Garrick|Tonye]] **Pere Carter **[[Sunkanmi]] **TeeGee Da Unusual ====Diaspora Artist of the Year==== *'''Stylezz''' **Bils **Jay Cube **[[Emmy Gee]] **Moelogo **Lioness ====African Artist of the Year (Non-Nigerian)==== *'''[[Eddy Kenzo]]''' **[[Diamond Platnumz]] **[[Sauti Sol]] **[[Sarkodie (rapper)|Sarkodie]] **[[Stonebwoy]] **[[AKA (rapper)|AKA]] **[[MzVee]] ====Afrobeat Artist of the Year==== *'''[[2face Idibia]]''' **[[Lagbaja]] **[[Femi Kuti]] **[[Seun Kuti]] **Tony Oladipo Allen **Ara ====Best Dance/Live Performance==== *'''[[MC Galaxy]]''' **[[Yemi Alade]] **[[P-Square]] **[[Omawumi]] **[[Wizkid (musician)|Wizkid]] **[[Olamide]] ====Album of the Year==== *'''''[[Thankful (Flavour N'abania album)|Thankful]] – [[Flavour N'abania]]''''' **''[[Baba Hafusa]]'' – [[Reminisce (musician)|Reminisce]] **''[[Street OT]]'' – [[Olamide]] **''[[King of Queens (album)|King of Queens]]'' – [[Yemi Alade]] **''[[Ayo (Wizkid album)|Ayo]]'' – [[Wizkid (musician)|Wizkid]] **''[[Rich & Famous (album)|Rich & Famous]]'' – [[Praiz]] {{col-float-break|width=33%}} ====Best Collabo of The Year==== *'''"Bad Girl Remix" – [[Mr 2Kay]] featuring [[Seyi Shay]] & [[Cynthia Morgan]]''' **"Indomie Remix" – Mastercraft featuring CDQ & [[Davido]] **"Shoki" – Lil Kesh featuring [[Davido]] & [[Olamide]] **"Collabo" – [[P-Square]] featuring [[Don Jazzy]] **"Condo" – [[YCEE]] featuring [[Patoranking]] **"Marry Me" – [[Falz]] featuring [[Yemi Alade]] {{col-float-end}} === Rukunin fina-finai === ====Actor of the Year (Nollywood)==== *'''[[Gabriel Afolayan]] (''[[The Antique (2014 film)|The Antique]]'')''' **[[Kunle Afolayan]] (''[[October 1 (film)|October 1]]'') **[[Wole Ojo]] (''[[Brave (2014 film)|Brave]]'') **[[OC Ukeje]] (''[[Secret Room]]'') **Yakubu Mohammed (''Dark Closet'') **[[Femi Jacobs]] (''[[The Meeting (2012 film)|The Meeting]]'') ====Actress of the Year (Nollywood)==== *'''Ruth Kadiri (''Matter Arising'')''' **[[Rita Dominic]] (''[[The Meeting (2012 film)|The Meeting]]'') **Weruche Opia (''When Love Happens'') **[[Linda Ejiofor]] (''[[Secret Room]]'') **[[Joke Silva]] (''Folly'') **[[Kehinde Bankole]] (''[[October 1 (film)|October 1]]'') ====Film Director of the Year (Nollywood)==== *'''[[Kunle Afolayan]] (''[[October 1 (film)|October 1]]'')''' **Eneaji Chris (''[[Secret Room]]'') **[[Mildred Okwo]] (''[[The Meeting (2012 film)|The Meeting]]'' **DJ Tee & Darasen Richards (''[[The Antique (2014 film)|The Antique]]'') **[[Stanlee Ohikhuare]] (''Verdict'') **[[LowlaDee]] (''[[Brave (2014 film)|Brave]]'') ====Actor of the Year (Indigenous Films)==== *'''Adekola Odunlade''' **[[Obi Emelonye]] **Zubby Micheal **Ibikunle Oladipo **[[Jide Kosoko]] **Yakubu Mohammed {{col-float-break|width=33%}} ====Actress of the Year (Indigenous Films)==== *'''[[Toyin Aimakhu]] (''Alakada'')''' *Aborisade Abisola (''Temiloluwa ATM'') **[[Fathia Balogun]] (''Iya Alalake'') **Halima Fatete (''Har da Mijina'') **Onyekachukwu Okeke (''Olanma'') **Ariyike Akinyanju (''Eyinju Eledumare'') ====Film Director of the Year (Indigenous Films)==== *'''Olanrewaju Abiodun''' **Blessing Adejumo **Amechi Ukeje **[[Niji Akanni]] **Okey Zubelu **Ugezu J. Ugezu ====Film of the Year (Indigenous Films)==== *'''''Alakada''''' **''Ibaje'' **''Wazo'' **''Eyinju Eledumare'' **''Har da Mijina'' **''[[Onye Ozi]]'' ====Film of the Year – Producer (Africa)==== *'''''Shattered Romance''''' **''Far'' **''[[Devil in the Detail (2014 film)|Devil in the Detail]]'' **''A Letter from Adam'' **''[[Fundi-Mentals]]'' ====Actor of the Year (Africa)==== *'''[[Majid Michel]] (''Knocking on Heavens Doors'')''' **[[Adjetey Anang]] (''[[Devil in the Detail (2014 film)|Devil in the Detail]]'') **[[Gerald Langiri]] (''[[Fundi-Mentals]]'') **[[James Gardiner (actor)|James Gardiner]] (''Shattered Romance'') {{col-float-break|width=33%}} ====Actress of the Year (Africa)==== *'''[[Sonia Ibrahim]]''' **Terry Pheto **Joselyn Dumas **[[Lydia Forson]] **[[Okawa Shaznay]] ====Film Director of the Year (Africa)==== *'''Alex Konstantaras''' **[[Shirley Frimpong-Manso]] **[[Eddie Nartey]] **Gilbert Agbor **Sam Kessie ====Actor of the Year (Nigeria in Hollywood)==== *'''[[Chiwetel Ejiofor]]''' **[[Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje]] **[[David Oyelowo]] **Hakeem Kae Kazeem **[[Gbenga Akinnagbe]] ====Actress of the Year (Nigeria in Hollywood)==== *'''[[Adepero Oduye]]''' **[[Carmen Ejogo]] **[[Caroline Chikezie]] **[[Enuka Okuma]] == Magana == me6636shscibaed1tov0wo0kko19wmm 894168 894167 2026-08-10T10:27:38Z Aisha SM 47788 894168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kyautar Nishaɗi ta 2015''' ita ce bugu na 10 na lambar [[Nigeria Entertainment Awards|yabo ta Nishaɗi ta Najeriya]] . [[Wizkid]] ya kuma sami mafi yawan lambobin yabo yayin da Olamide ya sami mafi yawan nadi tare da uku a cikin nau'ikan kyaututtuka 39. [[Kizz Daniel|Kiss Daniel]] ya lashe kyautar Best New Act to Watch award yayin da Praiz ya lashe lambar yabo ta R&B Act bayan da ya hambarar da manyan ƴan wasa irin su [[Banky W]], [[Chidinma]], [[Seyi Shay]], Timi Dakolo da Shaydee . An gudanar da kyautar ne a cibiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Skirball da [[New York (birni)|ke birnin New York]] na [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] kuma [[Osas Ighodaro]] da [[Ice Prince]] ne suka dauki nauyin bakunci. == Waɗanda suka ci nasara da wadanda aka zaba == A ƙasa akwai jerin waɗanda aka zaɓa da waɗanda suka yi nasara ga shahararrun nau'ikan kiɗan. An ba da fifiko ga waɗanda suka yi nasara da ƙarfi. === Rukuni na kiɗa === ====Hottest Single of The Year==== *'''"[[Ojuelegba (Wizkid song)|Ojuelegba]] – [[Wizkid (musician)|Wizkid]]"''' **"[[Woju (song)|Woju]]" – [[Kiss Daniel]] **"Shoki Remix" – [[Lil Kesh]], [[Olamide]], [[Davido]] **"[[Godwin (Korede Bello song)|Godwin]]" – [[Korede Bello]] **"Shake Body" – [[Skales]] **"[[Dorobucci]]" – [[Mavin Records|The Mavins]] ====Best New Act to Watch==== *'''[[Kiss Daniel]]''' **[[Di'Ja]] **CDQ **[[Korede Bello]] **[[Lil Kesh]] **Ayo Jay **[[Falz]] ====Gospel Artist of The Year==== *'''[[Tope Alabi]]''' **[[Obiwon]] **Eben **[[Nathaniel Bassey]] **Psalm Ebube **Onos Ariyo **Flo ====Indigenous Artist of the Year==== *'''[[Wasiu Alabi Pasuma|Pasuma]]''' **[[Olamide]] **[[Phyno]] **[[Flavour N'abania]] **[[MC Galaxy]] **[[Jaywon]] ====Best R&B Artist of the Year==== *'''[[Praiz]]''' **[[Banky W]] **[[Chidinma]] **[[Seyi Shay]] **[[Timi Dakolo]] **[[Shaydee]] ====Best Pop Artist of the Year==== *'''[[Davido]]''' **[[Sean Tizzle]] **Presh **[[Wizkid (musician)|Wizkid]] **[[Runtown]] **[[Burna Boy]] {{col-float-break|width=33%}} ====Female Artist of the Year==== *'''[[Yemi Alade]]''' **[[Aramide]] **[[Seyi Shay]] **[[Cynthia Morgan]] **[[Di'Ja]] **[[Eva Alordiah]] ====Male Artist of the Year==== *'''[[Wizkid (musician)|Wizkid]]''' **[[Olamide]] **[[Skales]] **[[Flavour N'abania]] **[[Davido]] **[[Patoranking]] ====Best Rap Act of the Year==== *'''[[Olamide]]''' **[[Reminisce (musician)|Reminisce]] **[[Ice Prince]] **[[Phyno]] **Falz **[[M.I Abaga|M.I]] ====Music Producer of the Year==== *'''[[Shizzi]]''' **[[Pheelz]] **[[Legendury Beatz]] **[[Young Jonn]] **[[DJ Coublon]] **T Spize ====Best Music Video of the Year (Artist and Director)==== *'''"Aww" – [[Di'Ja]] and Unlimited LA''' **"Ibadan" – QDot featuring [[Olamide]]) and HG2 Films **"Condo" – [[YCEE]] featuring [[Patoranking]] and [[Clarence Peters]] **"Shugga" – [[Eva Alordiah|Eva]] and Woltrk Ent & Radioactiiv **"Onye" – [[Waje]] featuring [[Tiwa Savage]] and [[Kemi Adetiba]] **"Crazy" – [[Seyi Shay]] and [[Meji Alabi]] & [[JM Films]] {{col-float-break|width=33%}} ====Most Promising Act to Watch==== *'''[[Simi (singer)|Simi]]''' **Danagog **[[Niniola]] **TJan **[[Tonye Garrick|Tonye]] **Pere Carter **[[Sunkanmi]] **TeeGee Da Unusual ====Diaspora Artist of the Year==== *'''Stylezz''' **Bils **Jay Cube **[[Emmy Gee]] **Moelogo **Lioness ====African Artist of the Year (Non-Nigerian)==== *'''[[Eddy Kenzo]]''' **[[Diamond Platnumz]] **[[Sauti Sol]] **[[Sarkodie (rapper)|Sarkodie]] **[[Stonebwoy]] **[[AKA (rapper)|AKA]] **[[MzVee]] ====Afrobeat Artist of the Year==== *'''[[2face Idibia]]''' **[[Lagbaja]] **[[Femi Kuti]] **[[Seun Kuti]] **Tony Oladipo Allen **Ara ====Best Dance/Live Performance==== *'''[[MC Galaxy]]''' **[[Yemi Alade]] **[[P-Square]] **[[Omawumi]] **[[Wizkid (musician)|Wizkid]] **[[Olamide]] ====Album of the Year==== *'''''[[Thankful (Flavour N'abania album)|Thankful]] – [[Flavour N'abania]]''''' **''[[Baba Hafusa]]'' – [[Reminisce (musician)|Reminisce]] **''[[Street OT]]'' – [[Olamide]] **''[[King of Queens (album)|King of Queens]]'' – [[Yemi Alade]] **''[[Ayo (Wizkid album)|Ayo]]'' – [[Wizkid (musician)|Wizkid]] **''[[Rich & Famous (album)|Rich & Famous]]'' – [[Praiz]] {{col-float-break|width=33%}} ====Best Collabo of The Year==== *'''"Bad Girl Remix" – [[Mr 2Kay]] featuring [[Seyi Shay]] & [[Cynthia Morgan]]''' **"Indomie Remix" – Mastercraft featuring CDQ & [[Davido]] **"Shoki" – Lil Kesh featuring [[Davido]] & [[Olamide]] **"Collabo" – [[P-Square]] featuring [[Don Jazzy]] **"Condo" – [[YCEE]] featuring [[Patoranking]] **"Marry Me" – [[Falz]] featuring [[Yemi Alade]] {{col-float-end}} === Rukunin fina-finai === ====Actor of the Year (Nollywood)==== *'''[[Gabriel Afolayan]] (''[[The Antique (2014 film)|The Antique]]'')''' **[[Kunle Afolayan]] (''[[October 1 (film)|October 1]]'') **[[Wole Ojo]] (''[[Brave (2014 film)|Brave]]'') **[[OC Ukeje]] (''[[Secret Room]]'') **Yakubu Mohammed (''Dark Closet'') **[[Femi Jacobs]] (''[[The Meeting (2012 film)|The Meeting]]'') ====Actress of the Year (Nollywood)==== *'''Ruth Kadiri (''Matter Arising'')''' **[[Rita Dominic]] (''[[The Meeting (2012 film)|The Meeting]]'') **Weruche Opia (''When Love Happens'') **[[Linda Ejiofor]] (''[[Secret Room]]'') **[[Joke Silva]] (''Folly'') **[[Kehinde Bankole]] (''[[October 1 (film)|October 1]]'') ====Film Director of the Year (Nollywood)==== *'''[[Kunle Afolayan]] (''[[October 1 (film)|October 1]]'')''' **Eneaji Chris (''[[Secret Room]]'') **[[Mildred Okwo]] (''[[The Meeting (2012 film)|The Meeting]]'' **DJ Tee & Darasen Richards (''[[The Antique (2014 film)|The Antique]]'') **[[Stanlee Ohikhuare]] (''Verdict'') **[[LowlaDee]] (''[[Brave (2014 film)|Brave]]'') ====Actor of the Year (Indigenous Films)==== *'''Adekola Odunlade''' **[[Obi Emelonye]] **Zubby Micheal **Ibikunle Oladipo **[[Jide Kosoko]] **Yakubu Mohammed {{col-float-break|width=33%}} ====Actress of the Year (Indigenous Films)==== *'''[[Toyin Aimakhu]] (''Alakada'')''' *Aborisade Abisola (''Temiloluwa ATM'') **[[Fathia Balogun]] (''Iya Alalake'') **Halima Fatete (''Har da Mijina'') **Onyekachukwu Okeke (''Olanma'') **Ariyike Akinyanju (''Eyinju Eledumare'') ====Film Director of the Year (Indigenous Films)==== *'''Olanrewaju Abiodun''' **Blessing Adejumo **Amechi Ukeje **[[Niji Akanni]] **Okey Zubelu **Ugezu J. Ugezu ====Film of the Year (Indigenous Films)==== *'''''Alakada''''' **''Ibaje'' **''Wazo'' **''Eyinju Eledumare'' **''Har da Mijina'' **''[[Onye Ozi]]'' ====Film of the Year – Producer (Africa)==== *'''''Shattered Romance''''' **''Far'' **''[[Devil in the Detail (2014 film)|Devil in the Detail]]'' **''A Letter from Adam'' **''[[Fundi-Mentals]]'' ====Actor of the Year (Africa)==== *'''[[Majid Michel]] (''Knocking on Heavens Doors'')''' **[[Adjetey Anang]] (''[[Devil in the Detail (2014 film)|Devil in the Detail]]'') **[[Gerald Langiri]] (''[[Fundi-Mentals]]'') **[[James Gardiner (actor)|James Gardiner]] (''Shattered Romance'') {{col-float-break|width=33%}} ====Actress of the Year (Africa)==== *'''[[Sonia Ibrahim]]''' **Terry Pheto **Joselyn Dumas **[[Lydia Forson]] **[[Okawa Shaznay]] ====Film Director of the Year (Africa)==== *'''Alex Konstantaras''' **[[Shirley Frimpong-Manso]] **[[Eddie Nartey]] **Gilbert Agbor **Sam Kessie ====Actor of the Year (Nigeria in Hollywood)==== *'''[[Chiwetel Ejiofor]]''' **[[Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje]] **[[David Oyelowo]] **Hakeem Kae Kazeem **[[Gbenga Akinnagbe]] ====Actress of the Year (Nigeria in Hollywood)==== *'''[[Adepero Oduye]]''' **[[Carmen Ejogo]] **[[Caroline Chikezie]] **[[Enuka Okuma]] == Magana == be4zdqqdjhrsdklntkdzcloxro6coqw 0 118132 893949 723614 2026-08-09T23:43:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox person|suna=William Barnabas Qurix|birth_date=4 nubembar,1961 (shekaru 63)|citizenship=Najeriya|occupation=Mallami Mai bincike}} ''''''Williams Barnabas Qurix'''''' ko kuma Williams Barnabas Quriz (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1961) shi ne mai kula da jami'ar Najeriya, masanin ilimi, kuma mai bincike. Shugaban Najeriya, [[Bola Tinubu]], ne ya nada shi a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban [[Jami'ar Kimiyya ta Tarayya Kachia]] (FUASK) a watan Maris na shekarar 2025. Sanan ya kasance tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban [[Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna]] da [[Jami'ar Bingham]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nation |first=The |date=2014-02-05 |title=We’re the best funded state university, says kasu VC |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/were-the-best-funded-state-university-says-kasu-vc/ |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=The Nation Newspaper |language=en-US}}</ref> (2018-2024 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-07 |title=Embrace Challenges Ahead, Bingham Varsity Tells 1500 Newly Admitted Students |url=https://dailytrust.com/embrace-challenges-ahead-bingham-varsity-tells-1500-newly-admitted-students/ |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref>).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-04 |title=Bingham University Declares Zero-tolerance For Sex For Grades, Matriculates 925 Students |url=https://dailytrust.com/bingham-university-declares-zero-tolerance-for-sex-for-grades-matriculates-925-students/ |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Exclusive |first=Apex News |date=2024-01-12 |title=Professor Qurix hands over to Professor Ayuba as Vice Chancellor of Bingham University, Karu |url=https://apexnewsexclusive.com/professor-qurix-hands-over-to-professor-ayuba-as-vice-chancellor-of-bingham-university-karu/ |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=Apex News Exclusive |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> na Wata daya kafin nadin sa a FUASK, Wanda gwamnan jihar Plateau, [[Caleb Mutfwang]] ne ya nada shi Shugaban Majalisar Gudanarwa da kuma Pro-Chancellor na [[Jami'ar Jihar Filato|Jami'ar Jihar Plateau]], [[Bokkos]].<ref name="This Day" /> == Ilimi da aiki == Qurix ya sami M.Sc da Ph.D a fannin Gine-gine daga [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]], [[Tarihin Zariya|Zaria]] . Vanguard Nigeria ya nakalto Qurix, yana mai cewa bayan nadinsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Kimiyya ta Tarayya Kachia, yana cewa: {{Blockquote}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 15a92uf984i78wnsycg0hdkihb04dyx 0 120827 893693 822708 2026-08-09T16:20:52Z Asiya Garba 46242 893693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Speciesbox|image=Corylus avellana.jpg|image_caption=Leaves and nuts|status=LC|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Shaw, K. |author2=Roy, S. |author3=Wilson, B. |date=2014 |title=''Corylus avellana'' |volume=2014 |article-number=e.T63521A3125935 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T63521A3125935.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>|genus=Corylus|species=avellana|authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]|range_map=Corylus avellana range.svg|range_map_caption=Distribution map}} '''''Corylus avellana''''', '''Hazel na yau da kullun''', nau'in shuka ne mai fure a cikin iyalin birch Betulaceae . Shrubs yawanci suna girma mita 3-8 (10-26 feet) tsawo. Kwayar tana da zagaye, sabanin kwayar Filbert mai tsawo. Hazel na yau da kullun asalinsa ne a [[Turai]] da [[Yammacin Asiya]]. Ana kuma noma nau'in ne saboda kwayoyinta. Sunan 'hazelnut' ya shafi kwayoyin kowane nau'in a cikin jinsin ''Corylus'', to amma a cikin yanayin kasuwanci yawanci yana bayyana ''C. avellana&nbsp;''. Wannan hazelnut ko cob nut, ƙwayoyin iri, ana iya cinyewa kuma ana amfani da shi ba tare da an dafa shi ba, an gasa shi, ko kuma an niƙa shi cikin mai. A tarihi, itacen ya kasance muhimmin bangare na shinge da aka yi amfani da shi azaman iyakokin filin a cikin ƙasa na [[Ingila]]. An kuma shuka itacen a matsayin coppice, tare da sandunan da aka yi amfani da su don ginin wattle-and-daub da shinge na noma. == Bayyanawa == Common hazel is typically a shrub reaching {{Convert|3–8|m}} tall, but can reach {{Convert|15|m}}. The leaves are deciduous, rounded, {{Convert|6–12|cm}} long and across, softly hairy on both surfaces, and with a double-serrate margin. The flowers are produced very early in spring, before the leaves, and are monoecious with single-sex wind-pollinated catkins. Male catkins are pale yellow and 5–12&nbsp;cm long, while female flowers are very small and largely concealed in the buds with only the bright red {{Convert|1–3|mm}} long styles visible. The [['ya'yan itace|fruit]] is a nut, produced in clusters of one to five together, each nut held in a short leafy involucre ("husk") which encloses about three-quarters of the nut. The nut is roughly spherical to oval, {{Convert|15–20|mm}} long and {{Convert|12–20|mm}} broad (larger, up to 25&nbsp;mm long, in some cultivated selections), yellow-brown with a pale scar at the base. The nut falls out of the involucre when ripe, about 7–8 months after pollination. Ana rarrabe shi da sauƙi daga filbert mai alaƙa da juna (''Corylus maxima'') ta hanyar ɗan gajeren involucre; a cikin filbert an rufe kwai gaba ɗaya ta hanyar kwai mai kama da kwai.   == Tarihin lissafi == Sunan kimiyya avellana ya samo asali ne daga garin Avella a [[Italiya]], kuma Linnaeus ne ya zaba shi daga littafin Leonhart Fuchs De historia stirpium commentarii insignes (1542), inda aka bayyana nau'in a matsayin "''Avellana nux sylvestris''" ("nox na daji na Avella"). Wannan sunan an ɗauke shi ne daga littafin Pliny the Elder na ƙarni na farko A.D. encyclopedia Naturalis Historia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=LacusCurtius • Pliny the Elder's Natural History — Book 23 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/23*.html |website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref> == Rarraba == ''Corylus avellana'' yana kuma faruwa ne daga Ireland da Tsibirin Burtaniya a kudu zuwa Iberia, [[Italiya]], [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]], [[Turkiyya]] da [[Cyprus]], arewa zuwa tsakiyar Scandinavia, da gabas zuwa tsakiyar Dutsen Ural, Caucasus, da arewa maso yammacin [[Iran]]. == Muhalli == Ganyen suna ba da abinci ga dabbobi da yawa, gami da Lepidoptera kamar ƙwaro mai ɗauke da shari'a ''Coleophora anatipennella'' . An gano caterpillars na asu mai ɓoyewa ''Alabonia geoffrella'' suna cin abinci a cikin rassan hazel na yau da kullun. 'Ya'yan itace suna iya zama mafi mahimmancin abincin dabba, duka ga invertebrates da suka dace don kewaye da harsashi (yawanci ta hanyar ovipositing a cikin furanni mata, wanda kuma ke ba da kariya ga zuriya) da kuma ga vertebrates waɗanda ke sarrafawa don buɗe su (kamar Squirrels da corvids). Dukansu suna dauke da kwari daga masu shuka hazelnut. Tushen ''C. avellana'' kuma ana amfani da su a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin fungus na ectomycorrhizal kamar ''Laccaria laccata'' (Mai yaudara), ''Russula ochroleuca'' (Ochre Brittlegill) da Paxillus involutus (Brown Rollrim), waɗanda sune mafi yawan rikodin mycorrhicial fungi a Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harley |first=J.L. |last2=Harley |first2=E.L. |date=1987 |title=A checklist of mycorrhiza in the British flora. |journal=New Phytologist |volume=105 |pages=1–102 |bibcode=1987NewPh.105S...1H |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1987.tb00674.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin Bahar Rum, ana samun Black Truffle (''Tuber melanosporum'') a kan tushen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Santelices |first=R. |last2=Palfner |first2=G. |date=2010 |title=Controlled rhizogenesis and mycorrhization of hazelnut (''Corylus avellana'' L.) cuttings with Black truffle (''tuber melanosporum'' Vitt.). |journal=Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=204–212 |doi=10.4067/S0718-58392010000200003 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Shuka == [[Fayil:Hazelnut_in_blossom.jpg|thumb|''Corylus avellana'' 'Contorta']] Akwai nau'ikan hazel da yawa, har zuwa nau'ikan 400 (a cikin 2011) na C. avellana an sanya musu suna.[1] Jerin nau'ikan sun hada da Barcelona, Butler, Casina, Clark Cosford, Daviana, Delle Langhe, Ingila, Ennis, Fillbert, Halls Giant, Jemtegaard, Kent Cob, Lewis, Tokolyi, Tonda Gentile, Tonda di Giffoni, [2] Tonda Romana, Wanliss Pride, da Willamette. [3] Har ila yau, ya haɗa da nau'ikan hazelnuts na Poland: Kataloński da Webba Cenny . [4] Wasu daga cikin wadannan ana shuka su ne don takamaiman halaye na kwai ciki har da girman kwai mai girma, da kuma kayan 'ya'yan itace na farko da na baya, yayin da wasu ana shuka a matsayin masu shuka shuka. Yawancin hazelnuts na kasuwanci suna yaduwa daga tsiro. Wasu nau'ikan suna da asalin hazel da filbert na yau da kullun. Wadannan kayan ado masu zuwa sun sami lambar yabo ta Royal Horticultural Society of Garden Merit: * 'Contorta' <ref>{{Cite web |title=''Corylus avellana'' 'Contorta' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/97648/Corylus-avellana-Contorta/Details |access-date=27 September 2020 |publisher=RHS}}</ref> (corkscrew hazel, sandar tafiya ta Harry Lauder) Wannan iri-iri yana da rassan da ke girma a cikin curves da spirals ba kamar sauran nau'ikan hazel da ganye masu laushi ba. Tsawon kyawawan kyawawan kyaututtuka na yau da kullun ne. An gano shi a cikin shinge a 1863 a Gloucestershire a kan Frocester Court Estate kuma masu mallakar gidaje kamar Henry Reynolds-Moreton, 3rd Earl of Ducie da masanin lambu Edward Augustus Bowles sun shahara. Yanzu ya shahara a lambunan Burtaniya.<ref name="RHS2025">{{Cite journal |last=Armitage |first=James |date=2025 |title=Corylus avellana 'Contorta' |journal=The Garden |volume=150 |issue=1 |pages=50–54}}</ref> * 'Red Majestic' <ref>{{Cite web |title=''Corylus avellana'' 'Red Majestic' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/172191/Corylus-avellana-Red-Majestic-(PBR)/Details |access-date=27 September 2020 |publisher=RHS}}</ref> Wannan nau'in ja-purple leaved an haife shi ne daga 'Contorta' don haka kuma yana da shimfiɗa, al'ada mai laushi.<ref name="RHS2025">{{Cite journal |last=Armitage |first=James |date=2025 |title=Corylus avellana 'Contorta' |journal=The Garden |volume=150 |issue=1 |pages=50–54}}</ref> == Amfani da shi == A cewar New Sunset Western Garden Book, hazelnut na Turai yana daga cikin tsire-tsire masu tsire-shuke da aka fi girma don samar da kwai na kasuwanci. Wannan [[Katako|itace]] ya zama ruwan dare a yawancin gandun daji na Turai. Yana da kwai muhimmin bangare na shinge wanda ya kasance iyakokin filin gargajiya a cikin lowland [[Ingila]]. An kuma shuka itacen ne a al'ada a matsayin coppice, sandunan da aka yanke kuma aka yi amfani da su don ginin wattle-and-daub da shinge na noma. === Hazelnuts === [[Fayil:Hazelnuts_(Corylus_avellana)_-_whole_with_kernels.jpg|thumb|Hazelnuts]] {{Reflist|2}} Hazelnuts suna da wadataccen furotin da kitse mara cikawa. Har ila yau, suna dauke da Manganese, jan ƙarfe, bitamin E, thiamine, da Magnesium. Ana shuka hazel na yau da kullun don kwayoyinta a cikin gonakin kasuwanci a [[Turai]], [[Turkiyya]], [[Iran]] da Caucasus. Sunan "hazelnut" ya shafi kwayoyin kowane nau'in nau'in ''Corylus''. Wannan hazelnut ko cobnut, ƙwayoyin iri, ana iya cinyewa kuma ana amfani da su ba tare da an gasa su ba, ko kuma an niƙa su cikin mai. Iri yana da fata mai launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan hoda wanda ke da ɗanɗano [[Dandano|mai zafi]] kuma wani lokacin ana cire shi kafin dafa abinci. Babban mai samar da hazelnuts, da babban gefe, shine Turkiyya, musamman Lardin Giresun. Samar da hazelnut na Turkiyya na tan 625,000 yana da kusan kashi 75% na samar da duniya. ==== Biochemistry ==== == Dubi kuma == * ''Gevuina avellana'' (Chilean hazelnut, ko Gevuina hazelnut) == Manazarta == {{Nuts}} == Haɗin na waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Corylus avellana|''Corylus avellana''}} * [http://www.euforgen.org/species/corylus-avellana/ ''Corylus avellana''] - bayanai, raka'a na kiyaye kwayoyin halitta da albarkatun da suka danganci. Shirin Bayanan Kwayoyin daji na Turai (EUFORGEN) {{Taxonbar|from=Q124969}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8fwdrm86ti000colw795w0giqv24flz 893695 893693 2026-08-09T16:21:08Z Asiya Garba 46242 893695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Speciesbox|image=Corylus avellana.jpg|image_caption=Leaves and nuts|status=LC|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Shaw, K. |author2=Roy, S. |author3=Wilson, B. |date=2014 |title=''Corylus avellana'' |volume=2014 |article-number=e.T63521A3125935 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T63521A3125935.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>|genus=Corylus|species=avellana|authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]|range_map=Corylus avellana range.svg|range_map_caption=Distribution map}} '''''Corylus avellana''''', '''Hazel na yau da kullun''', nau'in shuka ne mai fure a cikin iyalin birch Betulaceae . Shrubs yawanci suna girma mita 3-8 (10-26 feet) tsawo. Kwayar tana da zagaye, sabanin kwayar Filbert mai tsawo. Hazel na yau da kullun asalinsa ne a [[Turai]] da [[Yammacin Asiya]]. Ana kuma noma nau'in ne saboda kwayoyinta. Sunan 'hazelnut' ya shafi kwayoyin kowane nau'in a cikin jinsin ''Corylus'', to amma a cikin yanayin kasuwanci yawanci yana bayyana ''C. avellana&nbsp;''. Wannan hazelnut ko cob nut, ƙwayoyin iri, ana iya cinyewa kuma ana amfani da shi ba tare da an dafa shi ba, an gasa shi, ko kuma an niƙa shi cikin mai. A tarihi, itacen ya kasance muhimmin bangare na shinge da aka yi amfani da shi azaman iyakokin filin a cikin ƙasa na [[Ingila]]. An kuma shuka itacen a matsayin coppice, tare da sandunan da aka yi amfani da su don ginin wattle-and-daub da shinge na noma. == Bayyanawa == Common hazel is typically a shrub reaching {{Convert|3–8|m}} tall, but can reach {{Convert|15|m}}. The leaves are deciduous, rounded, {{Convert|6–12|cm}} long and across, softly hairy on both surfaces, and with a double-serrate margin. The flowers are produced very early in spring, before the leaves, and are monoecious with single-sex wind-pollinated catkins. Male catkins are pale yellow and 5–12&nbsp;cm long, while female flowers are very small and largely concealed in the buds with only the bright red {{Convert|1–3|mm}} long styles visible. The [['ya'yan itace|fruit]] is a nut, produced in clusters of one to five together, each nut held in a short leafy involucre ("husk") which encloses about three-quarters of the nut. The nut is roughly spherical to oval, {{Convert|15–20|mm}} long and {{Convert|12–20|mm}} broad (larger, up to 25&nbsp;mm long, in some cultivated selections), yellow-brown with a pale scar at the base. The nut falls out of the involucre when ripe, about 7–8 months after pollination. Ana kuma rarrabe shi da sauƙi daga filbert mai alaƙa da juna (''Corylus maxima'') ta hanyar ɗan gajeren involucre; a cikin filbert an rufe kwai gaba ɗaya ta hanyar kwai mai kama da kwai.   == Tarihin lissafi == Sunan kimiyya avellana ya samo asali ne daga garin Avella a [[Italiya]], kuma Linnaeus ne ya zaba shi daga littafin Leonhart Fuchs De historia stirpium commentarii insignes (1542), inda aka bayyana nau'in a matsayin "''Avellana nux sylvestris''" ("nox na daji na Avella"). Wannan sunan an ɗauke shi ne daga littafin Pliny the Elder na ƙarni na farko A.D. encyclopedia Naturalis Historia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=LacusCurtius • Pliny the Elder's Natural History — Book 23 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/23*.html |website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref> == Rarraba == ''Corylus avellana'' yana kuma faruwa ne daga Ireland da Tsibirin Burtaniya a kudu zuwa Iberia, [[Italiya]], [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]], [[Turkiyya]] da [[Cyprus]], arewa zuwa tsakiyar Scandinavia, da gabas zuwa tsakiyar Dutsen Ural, Caucasus, da arewa maso yammacin [[Iran]]. == Muhalli == Ganyen suna ba da abinci ga dabbobi da yawa, gami da Lepidoptera kamar ƙwaro mai ɗauke da shari'a ''Coleophora anatipennella'' . An gano caterpillars na asu mai ɓoyewa ''Alabonia geoffrella'' suna cin abinci a cikin rassan hazel na yau da kullun. 'Ya'yan itace suna iya zama mafi mahimmancin abincin dabba, duka ga invertebrates da suka dace don kewaye da harsashi (yawanci ta hanyar ovipositing a cikin furanni mata, wanda kuma ke ba da kariya ga zuriya) da kuma ga vertebrates waɗanda ke sarrafawa don buɗe su (kamar Squirrels da corvids). Dukansu suna dauke da kwari daga masu shuka hazelnut. Tushen ''C. avellana'' kuma ana amfani da su a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin fungus na ectomycorrhizal kamar ''Laccaria laccata'' (Mai yaudara), ''Russula ochroleuca'' (Ochre Brittlegill) da Paxillus involutus (Brown Rollrim), waɗanda sune mafi yawan rikodin mycorrhicial fungi a Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harley |first=J.L. |last2=Harley |first2=E.L. |date=1987 |title=A checklist of mycorrhiza in the British flora. |journal=New Phytologist |volume=105 |pages=1–102 |bibcode=1987NewPh.105S...1H |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1987.tb00674.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin Bahar Rum, ana samun Black Truffle (''Tuber melanosporum'') a kan tushen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Santelices |first=R. |last2=Palfner |first2=G. |date=2010 |title=Controlled rhizogenesis and mycorrhization of hazelnut (''Corylus avellana'' L.) cuttings with Black truffle (''tuber melanosporum'' Vitt.). |journal=Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=204–212 |doi=10.4067/S0718-58392010000200003 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Shuka == [[Fayil:Hazelnut_in_blossom.jpg|thumb|''Corylus avellana'' 'Contorta']] Akwai nau'ikan hazel da yawa, har zuwa nau'ikan 400 (a cikin 2011) na C. avellana an sanya musu suna.[1] Jerin nau'ikan sun hada da Barcelona, Butler, Casina, Clark Cosford, Daviana, Delle Langhe, Ingila, Ennis, Fillbert, Halls Giant, Jemtegaard, Kent Cob, Lewis, Tokolyi, Tonda Gentile, Tonda di Giffoni, [2] Tonda Romana, Wanliss Pride, da Willamette. [3] Har ila yau, ya haɗa da nau'ikan hazelnuts na Poland: Kataloński da Webba Cenny . [4] Wasu daga cikin wadannan ana shuka su ne don takamaiman halaye na kwai ciki har da girman kwai mai girma, da kuma kayan 'ya'yan itace na farko da na baya, yayin da wasu ana shuka a matsayin masu shuka shuka. Yawancin hazelnuts na kasuwanci suna yaduwa daga tsiro. Wasu nau'ikan suna da asalin hazel da filbert na yau da kullun. Wadannan kayan ado masu zuwa sun sami lambar yabo ta Royal Horticultural Society of Garden Merit: * 'Contorta' <ref>{{Cite web |title=''Corylus avellana'' 'Contorta' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/97648/Corylus-avellana-Contorta/Details |access-date=27 September 2020 |publisher=RHS}}</ref> (corkscrew hazel, sandar tafiya ta Harry Lauder) Wannan iri-iri yana da rassan da ke girma a cikin curves da spirals ba kamar sauran nau'ikan hazel da ganye masu laushi ba. Tsawon kyawawan kyawawan kyaututtuka na yau da kullun ne. An gano shi a cikin shinge a 1863 a Gloucestershire a kan Frocester Court Estate kuma masu mallakar gidaje kamar Henry Reynolds-Moreton, 3rd Earl of Ducie da masanin lambu Edward Augustus Bowles sun shahara. Yanzu ya shahara a lambunan Burtaniya.<ref name="RHS2025">{{Cite journal |last=Armitage |first=James |date=2025 |title=Corylus avellana 'Contorta' |journal=The Garden |volume=150 |issue=1 |pages=50–54}}</ref> * 'Red Majestic' <ref>{{Cite web |title=''Corylus avellana'' 'Red Majestic' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/172191/Corylus-avellana-Red-Majestic-(PBR)/Details |access-date=27 September 2020 |publisher=RHS}}</ref> Wannan nau'in ja-purple leaved an haife shi ne daga 'Contorta' don haka kuma yana da shimfiɗa, al'ada mai laushi.<ref name="RHS2025">{{Cite journal |last=Armitage |first=James |date=2025 |title=Corylus avellana 'Contorta' |journal=The Garden |volume=150 |issue=1 |pages=50–54}}</ref> == Amfani da shi == A cewar New Sunset Western Garden Book, hazelnut na Turai yana daga cikin tsire-tsire masu tsire-shuke da aka fi girma don samar da kwai na kasuwanci. Wannan [[Katako|itace]] ya zama ruwan dare a yawancin gandun daji na Turai. Yana da kwai muhimmin bangare na shinge wanda ya kasance iyakokin filin gargajiya a cikin lowland [[Ingila]]. An kuma shuka itacen ne a al'ada a matsayin coppice, sandunan da aka yanke kuma aka yi amfani da su don ginin wattle-and-daub da shinge na noma. === Hazelnuts === [[Fayil:Hazelnuts_(Corylus_avellana)_-_whole_with_kernels.jpg|thumb|Hazelnuts]] {{Reflist|2}} Hazelnuts suna da wadataccen furotin da kitse mara cikawa. Har ila yau, suna dauke da Manganese, jan ƙarfe, bitamin E, thiamine, da Magnesium. Ana shuka hazel na yau da kullun don kwayoyinta a cikin gonakin kasuwanci a [[Turai]], [[Turkiyya]], [[Iran]] da Caucasus. Sunan "hazelnut" ya shafi kwayoyin kowane nau'in nau'in ''Corylus''. Wannan hazelnut ko cobnut, ƙwayoyin iri, ana iya cinyewa kuma ana amfani da su ba tare da an gasa su ba, ko kuma an niƙa su cikin mai. Iri yana da fata mai launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan hoda wanda ke da ɗanɗano [[Dandano|mai zafi]] kuma wani lokacin ana cire shi kafin dafa abinci. Babban mai samar da hazelnuts, da babban gefe, shine Turkiyya, musamman Lardin Giresun. Samar da hazelnut na Turkiyya na tan 625,000 yana da kusan kashi 75% na samar da duniya. ==== Biochemistry ==== == Dubi kuma == * ''Gevuina avellana'' (Chilean hazelnut, ko Gevuina hazelnut) == Manazarta == {{Nuts}} == Haɗin na waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Corylus avellana|''Corylus avellana''}} * [http://www.euforgen.org/species/corylus-avellana/ ''Corylus avellana''] - bayanai, raka'a na kiyaye kwayoyin halitta da albarkatun da suka danganci. Shirin Bayanan Kwayoyin daji na Turai (EUFORGEN) {{Taxonbar|from=Q124969}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q8epub4nno9cxn4gq1j2bc5cd5ghi70 893697 893695 2026-08-09T16:21:24Z Asiya Garba 46242 893697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Speciesbox|image=Corylus avellana.jpg|image_caption=Leaves and nuts|status=LC|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Shaw, K. |author2=Roy, S. |author3=Wilson, B. |date=2014 |title=''Corylus avellana'' |volume=2014 |article-number=e.T63521A3125935 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T63521A3125935.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>|genus=Corylus|species=avellana|authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]|range_map=Corylus avellana range.svg|range_map_caption=Distribution map}} '''''Corylus avellana''''', '''Hazel na yau da kullun''', nau'in shuka ne mai fure a cikin iyalin birch Betulaceae . Shrubs yawanci suna girma mita 3-8 (10-26 feet) tsawo. Kwayar tana da zagaye, sabanin kwayar Filbert mai tsawo. Hazel na yau da kullun asalinsa ne a [[Turai]] da [[Yammacin Asiya]]. Ana kuma noma nau'in ne saboda kwayoyinta. Sunan 'hazelnut' ya shafi kwayoyin kowane nau'in a cikin jinsin ''Corylus'', to amma a cikin yanayin kasuwanci yawanci yana bayyana ''C. avellana&nbsp;''. Wannan hazelnut ko cob nut, ƙwayoyin iri, ana iya cinyewa kuma ana amfani da shi ba tare da an dafa shi ba, an gasa shi, ko kuma an niƙa shi cikin mai. A tarihi, itacen ya kasance muhimmin bangare na shinge da aka yi amfani da shi azaman iyakokin filin a cikin ƙasa na [[Ingila]]. An kuma shuka itacen a matsayin coppice, tare da sandunan da aka yi amfani da su don ginin wattle-and-daub da shinge na noma. == Bayyanawa == Common hazel is typically a shrub reaching {{Convert|3–8|m}} tall, but can reach {{Convert|15|m}}. The leaves are deciduous, rounded, {{Convert|6–12|cm}} long and across, softly hairy on both surfaces, and with a double-serrate margin. The flowers are produced very early in spring, before the leaves, and are monoecious with single-sex wind-pollinated catkins. Male catkins are pale yellow and 5–12&nbsp;cm long, while female flowers are very small and largely concealed in the buds with only the bright red {{Convert|1–3|mm}} long styles visible. The [['ya'yan itace|fruit]] is a nut, produced in clusters of one to five together, each nut held in a short leafy involucre ("husk") which encloses about three-quarters of the nut. The nut is roughly spherical to oval, {{Convert|15–20|mm}} long and {{Convert|12–20|mm}} broad (larger, up to 25&nbsp;mm long, in some cultivated selections), yellow-brown with a pale scar at the base. The nut falls out of the involucre when ripe, about 7–8 months after pollination. Ana kuma rarrabe shi da sauƙi daga filbert mai alaƙa da juna (''Corylus maxima'') ta hanyar ɗan gajeren involucre; a cikin filbert an rufe kwai gaba ɗaya ta hanyar kwai mai kama da kwai.   == Tarihin lissafi == Sunan kimiyya avellana ya samo asali ne daga garin Avella a [[Italiya]], kuma Linnaeus ne ya zaba shi daga littafin Leonhart Fuchs De historia stirpium commentarii insignes (1542), inda aka bayyana nau'in a matsayin "''Avellana nux sylvestris''" ("nox na daji na Avella"). Wannan sunan an ɗauke shi ne daga littafin Pliny the Elder na ƙarni na farko A.D. encyclopedia Naturalis Historia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=LacusCurtius • Pliny the Elder's Natural History — Book 23 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/23*.html |website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref> == Rarraba == ''Corylus avellana'' yana kuma faruwa ne daga Ireland da Tsibirin Burtaniya a kudu zuwa Iberia, [[Italiya]], [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]], [[Turkiyya]] da [[Cyprus]], arewa zuwa tsakiyar Scandinavia, da gabas zuwa tsakiyar Dutsen Ural, Caucasus, da arewa maso yammacin [[Iran]]. == Muhalli == Ganyen suna ba da abinci ga dabbobi da yawa, gami da Lepidoptera kamar ƙwaro mai ɗauke da shari'a ''Coleophora anatipennella'' . An kuma gano caterpillars na asu mai ɓoyewa ''Alabonia geoffrella'' suna cin abinci a cikin rassan hazel na yau da kullun. 'Ya'yan itace suna iya zama mafi mahimmancin abincin dabba, duka ga invertebrates da suka dace don kewaye da harsashi (yawanci ta hanyar ovipositing a cikin furanni mata, wanda kuma ke ba da kariya ga zuriya) da kuma ga vertebrates waɗanda ke sarrafawa don buɗe su (kamar Squirrels da corvids). Dukansu suna dauke da kwari daga masu shuka hazelnut. Tushen ''C. avellana'' kuma ana amfani da su a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin fungus na ectomycorrhizal kamar ''Laccaria laccata'' (Mai yaudara), ''Russula ochroleuca'' (Ochre Brittlegill) da Paxillus involutus (Brown Rollrim), waɗanda sune mafi yawan rikodin mycorrhicial fungi a Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harley |first=J.L. |last2=Harley |first2=E.L. |date=1987 |title=A checklist of mycorrhiza in the British flora. |journal=New Phytologist |volume=105 |pages=1–102 |bibcode=1987NewPh.105S...1H |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1987.tb00674.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin Bahar Rum, ana samun Black Truffle (''Tuber melanosporum'') a kan tushen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Santelices |first=R. |last2=Palfner |first2=G. |date=2010 |title=Controlled rhizogenesis and mycorrhization of hazelnut (''Corylus avellana'' L.) cuttings with Black truffle (''tuber melanosporum'' Vitt.). |journal=Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=204–212 |doi=10.4067/S0718-58392010000200003 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Shuka == [[Fayil:Hazelnut_in_blossom.jpg|thumb|''Corylus avellana'' 'Contorta']] Akwai nau'ikan hazel da yawa, har zuwa nau'ikan 400 (a cikin 2011) na C. avellana an sanya musu suna.[1] Jerin nau'ikan sun hada da Barcelona, Butler, Casina, Clark Cosford, Daviana, Delle Langhe, Ingila, Ennis, Fillbert, Halls Giant, Jemtegaard, Kent Cob, Lewis, Tokolyi, Tonda Gentile, Tonda di Giffoni, [2] Tonda Romana, Wanliss Pride, da Willamette. [3] Har ila yau, ya haɗa da nau'ikan hazelnuts na Poland: Kataloński da Webba Cenny . [4] Wasu daga cikin wadannan ana shuka su ne don takamaiman halaye na kwai ciki har da girman kwai mai girma, da kuma kayan 'ya'yan itace na farko da na baya, yayin da wasu ana shuka a matsayin masu shuka shuka. Yawancin hazelnuts na kasuwanci suna yaduwa daga tsiro. Wasu nau'ikan suna da asalin hazel da filbert na yau da kullun. Wadannan kayan ado masu zuwa sun sami lambar yabo ta Royal Horticultural Society of Garden Merit: * 'Contorta' <ref>{{Cite web |title=''Corylus avellana'' 'Contorta' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/97648/Corylus-avellana-Contorta/Details |access-date=27 September 2020 |publisher=RHS}}</ref> (corkscrew hazel, sandar tafiya ta Harry Lauder) Wannan iri-iri yana da rassan da ke girma a cikin curves da spirals ba kamar sauran nau'ikan hazel da ganye masu laushi ba. Tsawon kyawawan kyawawan kyaututtuka na yau da kullun ne. An gano shi a cikin shinge a 1863 a Gloucestershire a kan Frocester Court Estate kuma masu mallakar gidaje kamar Henry Reynolds-Moreton, 3rd Earl of Ducie da masanin lambu Edward Augustus Bowles sun shahara. Yanzu ya shahara a lambunan Burtaniya.<ref name="RHS2025">{{Cite journal |last=Armitage |first=James |date=2025 |title=Corylus avellana 'Contorta' |journal=The Garden |volume=150 |issue=1 |pages=50–54}}</ref> * 'Red Majestic' <ref>{{Cite web |title=''Corylus avellana'' 'Red Majestic' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/172191/Corylus-avellana-Red-Majestic-(PBR)/Details |access-date=27 September 2020 |publisher=RHS}}</ref> Wannan nau'in ja-purple leaved an haife shi ne daga 'Contorta' don haka kuma yana da shimfiɗa, al'ada mai laushi.<ref name="RHS2025">{{Cite journal |last=Armitage |first=James |date=2025 |title=Corylus avellana 'Contorta' |journal=The Garden |volume=150 |issue=1 |pages=50–54}}</ref> == Amfani da shi == A cewar New Sunset Western Garden Book, hazelnut na Turai yana daga cikin tsire-tsire masu tsire-shuke da aka fi girma don samar da kwai na kasuwanci. Wannan [[Katako|itace]] ya zama ruwan dare a yawancin gandun daji na Turai. Yana da kwai muhimmin bangare na shinge wanda ya kasance iyakokin filin gargajiya a cikin lowland [[Ingila]]. An kuma shuka itacen ne a al'ada a matsayin coppice, sandunan da aka yanke kuma aka yi amfani da su don ginin wattle-and-daub da shinge na noma. === Hazelnuts === [[Fayil:Hazelnuts_(Corylus_avellana)_-_whole_with_kernels.jpg|thumb|Hazelnuts]] {{Reflist|2}} Hazelnuts suna da wadataccen furotin da kitse mara cikawa. Har ila yau, suna dauke da Manganese, jan ƙarfe, bitamin E, thiamine, da Magnesium. Ana shuka hazel na yau da kullun don kwayoyinta a cikin gonakin kasuwanci a [[Turai]], [[Turkiyya]], [[Iran]] da Caucasus. Sunan "hazelnut" ya shafi kwayoyin kowane nau'in nau'in ''Corylus''. Wannan hazelnut ko cobnut, ƙwayoyin iri, ana iya cinyewa kuma ana amfani da su ba tare da an gasa su ba, ko kuma an niƙa su cikin mai. Iri yana da fata mai launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan hoda wanda ke da ɗanɗano [[Dandano|mai zafi]] kuma wani lokacin ana cire shi kafin dafa abinci. Babban mai samar da hazelnuts, da babban gefe, shine Turkiyya, musamman Lardin Giresun. Samar da hazelnut na Turkiyya na tan 625,000 yana da kusan kashi 75% na samar da duniya. ==== Biochemistry ==== == Dubi kuma == * ''Gevuina avellana'' (Chilean hazelnut, ko Gevuina hazelnut) == Manazarta == {{Nuts}} == Haɗin na waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Corylus avellana|''Corylus avellana''}} * [http://www.euforgen.org/species/corylus-avellana/ ''Corylus avellana''] - bayanai, raka'a na kiyaye kwayoyin halitta da albarkatun da suka danganci. Shirin Bayanan Kwayoyin daji na Turai (EUFORGEN) {{Taxonbar|from=Q124969}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qf8seanzwdoaci4hgz4on1jopmda7h7 0 121294 893660 798600 2026-08-09T15:31:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Playmaker shine kundi na biyu na studio na mawakin [[Najeriya]] Phyno, wanda aka saki a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2016, karkashin Penthauze Music. Kundin yana nuna bako daga MI, Flavor, Onyeka Onwenu, Tidinz, Mr Eazi, Olamide, DeCarlo, 2Baba, Burna Boy, P-Square, and Zoro . An gudanar da samarwa ta hanyar Del B, Masterkraft, Major Bangz, Benjamz, Tunex, Chris Stringz, Tspize, da Kezyklef. Playmaker ya ƙunshi waƙoƙin guda kamar "Connect," "Ezege," "Fada Fada," "E Sure For Me," da "Pino Pino," kuma an yi rikodin shi a cikin Igbo da Pidgin na Najeriya . Mai kunna wasa shine mai biyo baya zuwa Sarakuna 2 (2015). == Marasa aure == Kundin jagorar guda, "Connect," an sake shi a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 2015 kuma Tspize ne ya samar da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akan, Jonathan |date=3 November 2016 |title=Phyno - 'Connect' |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/new-music-phyno-connect/byew6wc |access-date=26 November 2024 |publisher=Pulse Nigeria |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203042730/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/new-music-phyno-connect/byew6wc |url-status=dead }}</ref> An sake shi na biyu, "Ezege," a ranar 26 ga Janairu 2016 kuma [[Daga B|Del B]] ne ya samar. Na uku, "Fada Fada" yana da Olamide kuma Masterkraft ne ya samar da shi. An sake shi a kan 5 Mayu 2016, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Idowu, Tomi |date=5 May 2016 |title=Music: Fada Fada: Phyno Ft. Olamide |url=https://culturecustodian.com/music-fada-fada-phyno-ft-olamide/ |access-date=26 November 2024 |publisher=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.)}}</ref> ya lashe Song of the Year, kuma an zaba shi don Mafi kyawun Pop Single a bugun 2016 na Headies . An zabi Furodusa, Masterkraft, a matsayin Mawallafi na Shekara don "Fada Fada" a bikin. Na huɗu na huɗu, "E Sure For Me" an sake shi akan 7 Yuli 2016 kuma Kezyklef ne ya samar dashi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Azuka |date=8 July 2016 |title=[Single] Phyno – E Sure For Me |url=https://filterfree.ng/music/audio/single-phyno-e-sure-for-me/ |access-date=26 November 2024 |website=Filterfree.ng }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An saki na biyar, "Pino Pino" a kan 9 Oktoba 2016 kuma Benjamz ne ya samar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2016 |title=New Music: Phyno – Pino Pino |url=https://soundcity.tv/new-music-phyno-pino-pino/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927103150/https://soundcity.tv/new-music-phyno-pino-pino/ |archive-date=27 September 2021 |access-date=26 November 2024 |website=Soundcity}}</ref> == Mahimman liyafar == ''Playmaker'' ya sami tabbataccen sharhi gabaɗaya daga masu suka. Joey Akan na ''Pulse Nigeria'' ya ba wa albam din lamba 4 cikin 5, yana mai cewa ''Playmaker'' ya nuna girmansa daga mawaƙin rapper zuwa ƙwararren mai fasaha wanda ke haɗa [[highlife]] da hip-hop . Ya ba da haske game da ɗimbin labaran albam, zurfin zurfafa tunani, da kuma samar da daidaito, yana mai tabbatar da cewa yana ƙarfafa matsayin Phyno a matsayin babban jigo a cikin kiɗan kiɗan Najeriya. Wilfred Okiche na ''360nobs'' ya lura cewa kundin yana nuna canjinsa daga rap ɗin hardcore zuwa salon kiɗa daban-daban, yana haɗawa da kabilar Igbo da Highlife tare da roƙon kasuwanci. Okiche ya ƙarasa da cewa, " ''Mai wasan kwaikwayo'' babban ne, mai bazuwa, mai sheki, marar kyau amma a ƙarshe yana da fa'ida." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okiche, Wilfred |date=14 November 2016 |title=Album Review: Phyno – The Playmaker |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/11/album-review-phyno-the-playmaker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115135550/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/11/album-review-phyno-the-playmaker/ |archive-date=15 November 2016 |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=360nobs}}</ref> Jim Donnett na ''tooXclusive'' ya kima ''Playmaker'' ta Phyno 4 a cikin 5, yana nuna fa'idodin kiɗan sa da kuma ikon mai zane na haɗa rap tare da sauran nau'ikan nau'ikan, yana mai da kundin yana jan hankalin jama'a da yawa. Donnett ya ƙarasa da cewa, "[ ''The Playmaker'' ] aiki ne mai tauraro wanda ba wai kawai ya haskaka mawaƙin ba, har ila yau yana haskaka ƙungiyarsa a cikin galaxy inda ƙoƙarin da masu sana'anta ke yi na ƙin yarda da sautin samfurin yaro na gida ya ba da damar haskaka kansa." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Donnett, Jim |title=ALBUM REVIEW: Phyno – The Playmaker |url=https://tooxclusive.com/artist-album-reviews/album-review-phyno-the-playmaker/ |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=[[tooXclusive]]}}</ref> === Yabo === An zabi ''Playmaker'' don Mafi kyawun Kundin Rap da Album na Shekara a bugu na 2018 na The Headies <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2018 |title=Headies 2018: Full list of nominees |url=https://punchng.com/headies-2018-full-list-of-nominees/ |access-date=3 August 2024 |publisher=Ayodele Oluwagbemi}}</ref> da Mafi kyawun Album a bugu na 2017 na Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2017 |title=Wizkid, Davido, Tiwa Savage, Jidenna and More Nominated For 2017 Nigeria Entertainment Awards |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/nigerian-entertainment-awards-2017-wizkid-davido/ |access-date=3 August 2024 |publisher=Damola Durosomo}}</ref> == Waƙa da jeri ==   == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 5f8xtvgi5e0ctp30h6ogcymh8mnraba 0 121601 894012 793625 2026-08-10T05:10:46Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 894012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Mustela.erminea.jpg|alt=A stoat in its natural range (in this case the [[Ardennes]] in Belgium).|right|thumb|A stoat in the [[Ardennes]] in Belgium, within its natural range]] An gabatar da stoat (Mustela erminea) a cikin New Zealand don sarrafa zomaye da zomaye, amma yanzu babbar barazana ce ga yawan tsuntsayen. Yanayin yanayin stoat yana iyakance ga sassan Arewacin Hemisphere. Nan da nan kafin zaman jama'a, New Zealand ba ta da wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa na ƙasa ban da jemagu, amma mazauna Polynesia da Turai sun gabatar da dabbobi iri-iri. Ba kasafai ba, a Southland, an ba da rahoton cewa fur na stoats ya zama fari, kasancewar gashin da aka fi sani da ermine, wanda ke ƙawata riguna na sarauta. [[Fayil:Self-resetting_rat_and_stoat_trap.jpg|thumb|Rukunin da ke sake farfadowa da tarkon]] [[Fayil:Stoat_emerging_from_a_bird_nesting_box.jpg|thumb|Tsuntsu yana fitowa daga akwatin tsuntsaye, kusa da [[Raglan, New Zealand|Raglan]]]] == Gabatarwa na stoats == Turawan ƙawance ne suka gabatar da zomo a matsayin abincin abinci da naman dabbobi, kuma a shekarun 1870 ya zama babbar barazana ga sabuwar tattalin arzikin noma da ta haɓaka. Manoma sun fara neman bullo da mustelids (ciki har da stoats) don shawo kan annobar zomo. Masana kimiyya a New Zealand da Biritaniya sun ba da gargaɗi game da haɗarin da ke tattare da rayuwar [[tsuntsu]] daga stoats, ciki har da Masanin ilimin ornithologist na New Zealand Walter Buller. An yi watsi da gargaɗin kuma an fara gabatar da stoats daga Biritaniya a cikin 1880s. A cikin shekaru shida, an lura da raguwar yawan tsuntsaye. A shekara ta 1930 kungiyar [[Auckland]] Acclimatisation Society ta yi kamfen don kawo karshen kariya ga mustelids da cats. Kokarin juyawa na mai kula da kariya na New Zealand Richard Henry an cire shi lokacin da stoats suka yi iyo zuwa Resolution Island. An kawar da Stoats daga Tsibirin Chalky da sauran tsibirai na Fiordland a farkon shekarun 2000, kuma masana kimiyya sun ɗauka cewa ba za su iya ƙetare shingen ruwa na 300 m ba, amma stoats sun zama suna iya sake mamayewa: gwajin DNA ya tabbatar da cewa stoats suna yin iyo a kai a kai zuwa tsibirai a lokacin rani, musamman a cikin shekaru mast tsawo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hansford |first=Dave |date=July–August 2018 |title=The first test |url=https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/the-first-test/ |journal=New Zealand Geographic |volume=152 |pages=74–91}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010, an ga wani abu a kan abin da aka yi tunanin Tsibirin Kapiti ne mara kyau, kuma a watan Agusta na shekara mai zuwa [[Ma'aikatar Karewa (New Zealand)|Ma'aikatar Karewa]] ta New Zealand ta sami nasarar cire uku. Da alama ba zai yiwu ba cewa wani stoat zai iya tsallaka tsawon kilomita biyar na bude teku daga Kapiti Coast <ref name=":0" /> amma sun cika masu iyo: a cikin gwaji a cikin tanki mai ruwa, wani stoat ya yi tafiya a kan matsakaiciyar halin yanzu na sa'o'i biyu ba tare da tsayawa ba, daidai da yin iyo 1.8 km.&nbsp; == Barazanar rayuwar tsuntsaye == New Zealand tana da kaso mai yawa na tsutsotsin ƙasa da tsuntsayen da ba su tashi ba, saboda tsayin daka na keɓewar ƙasa da kuma ƙarancin dabbobi masu shayarwa. Tsuntsaye na asali sun samo asali ne don cike wuraren da dabbobi masu shayarwa ke shagaltar da su a yawancin sauran wurare. Stoats sune babbar barazana ga waɗannan tsuntsaye masu rarrafe na ƙasa da ramuka, waɗanda ke da iyakacin hanyoyin tserewa tururuwa. A wasu yankunan mutanen whio yanzu kashi 70% maza ne, daga tururuwa suna kai hari kan agwagi mata masu kwai.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hansford |first=Dave |date=July–August 2018 |title=The first test |url=https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/the-first-test/ |journal=New Zealand Geographic |volume=152 |pages=74–91}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHansford2018">Hansford, Dave (July–August 2018). [https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/the-first-test/ "The first test"]. ''New Zealand Geographic''. '''152''': <span class="nowrap">74–</span>91.</cite></ref> [[Fayil:Dion_Arnold_with_a_stoat.jpg|thumb|Stoat ya kama cikin tarko a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin kula da mai farauta a White Heron Sanctuary a Waitangiroto Nature Reserve a Whataroa.]] Baya ga tsuntsaye, stoats na cin kwari, beraye da beraye. A lokacin "ƙudan zuma", lokacin da bishiyoyin kudan zuma (nau'in Nothofagus) suke samar da nau'in iri mai yawa fiye da na al'ada, yawan stoat yana fuskantar canje-canje a halin tsinkaya. Tare da yawan adadin iri na beech, berayen da beraye suna karuwa sosai, kuma karuwar ganima yana ƙarfafa kiwo. Lambobin stoat mafi girma suna rage yawan rodents kuma stoats suna farautar tsuntsaye.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Purdey |first=D. C. |last2=C. M. King |last3=B Lawrence |date=2004 |title=Age structure, dispersion and diet of a population of stoats (''Mustela erminea'') in southern Fiordland during the decline phase of the beechmast cycle |url=http://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/bitstream/10289/230/1/content.pdf |journal=New Zealand Journal of Zoology |publisher=The Royal Society of New Zealand |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=205–225 |doi=10.1080/03014223.2004.9518373 |access-date=2009-11-30 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Misali, yawan jama’ar dajin da ke cikin hadarin ya ragu da kashi uku a tsakanin shekarar 2006 zuwa 2007, bayan wata annoba da ta barke a shekarar 2005-2006 ta shafe fiye da rabin takin a wuraren da ba a iyakance adadin stoat ta hanyar tarko. == Matakan sarrafawa == [[Fayil:Dead_stoat,_trapped_in_Fiordland_National_Park.jpg|thumb|Wani matattu da aka samo daga tarko a Fiordland]] Stoats suna da wuyar sarrafawa tunda suna da jin kunya, tarko-daidaitawa, kuma suna da yawan haihuwa. A wasu yankuna inda akwai yawan tsuntsaye masu haɗari, an aiwatar da shirin kamawa. Hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita ita ce amfani da ramin stoat - akwatin katako tare da karamin ƙofar a gefe ɗaya don ba da damar stoat ya shiga. Sau da yawa [[ƙwai]] ne kuma ana sanya tarko a cikin ramin don kashe stoat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stoats |url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/pests-and-threats/animal-pests/animal-pests-a-z/stoats/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130061907/http://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/pests-and-threats/animal-pests/animal-pests-a-z/stoats/ |archive-date=30 January 2016 |access-date=2016-01-22 |publisher=New Zealand Department of Conservation}}</ref> Gwaje-gwaje na baya-bayan nan na sabon ƙirar tarkon tsayawa don yankuna masu nisa sun kasance masu ƙarfafawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2017 |title=Making Great Island great again |url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/news/media-releases/2017/making-great-island-great-again/ |access-date=2017-10-16 |publisher=Department of Conservation}}</ref> "Mainland Islands", yankunan da aka kare a kan ƙasar New Zealand waɗanda ke amfani da iko mai zurfi na kwari da aka gabatar, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mainland islands |url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/our-work/mainland-islands/ |access-date=2016-01-22 |publisher=New Zealand Department of Conservation}}</ref> sun tsaya kamawa a kan iyakar su. Ana amfani da shinge mai tabbatar da mai farauta, ta amfani da kyakkyawar igiya, don kiyaye stoats daga wuraren da aka kare. An kuma bincika hanyoyin ƙuntata kiwon dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-12-13 |title='Natural born killers' bred in New Zealand for the first time |url=http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/news/release.asp?Ne_ID=63 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418050023/http://landcareresearch.co.nz/news/release.asp?Ne_ID=63 |archive-date=2012-04-18 |access-date=2016-01-22 |publisher=Landcare Research}}</ref> A cikin watan Agusta 2022 wani namiji guda stoat ya sami nasarar yin iyo zuwa tsibirin Chalky, muhimmiyar mafaka da filin kiwo na kakapo aku mai hatsarin gaske. Da yake ganin cewa babbar barazana ce ga namun dajin tsibirin, hukumar kiyaye zaman lafiya ta New Zealand (DOC) ta kaddamar da wani gagarumin aiki na kawar da shi, wanda ya hada da kwararru masu kama tarko, karnuka, kyamarorin sawu, jirage masu saukar ungulu da jiragen ruwa. Aikin dai ya kai kimanin dalar Amurka 300,000 kuma ya dauki watanni takwas har sai da aka kama barayin da aka kashe. DOC ta kare tsadar farashin, inda ta bayyana cewa madadin zai kasance yana tashi da kakapo daga tsibirin, tare da kudin da ya kai miliyoyin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tikekar |first=Dhruv |date=2024-04-10 |title=Why one country spent a small fortune to kill a single, elusive, furry predator |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/04/10/world/new-zealand-stoat-chalky-island-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> == Shari'a == Ko da yake an san stoats a matsayin kwaro mai yuwuwa kafin a shigar da su cikin New Zealand, an ba su kariya a ƙarshen 1936. A matsayin hanyar hana asarar rayayyun halittu, yanzu akwai hukunci mai tsanani na gabatar da stoats a cikin wuraren da aka karewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=Chris |date=2003-04-13 |title=New penalties for releasing pests in to sanctuaries |url=http://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/new-penalties-releasing-pests-sanctuaries |access-date=2016-01-22 |website=beehive.govt.nz |publisher=New Zealand Government}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Karewa a New Zealand * Tsuntsaye na New Zealand * [[Stirrai da suke mamaye a New Zealand|Dabbobi masu mamayewa a New Zealand]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/pests-and-threats/animal-pests-and-threats/stoats/ Tsuntsaye] a [[Ma'aikatar Karewa (New Zealand)|Ma'aikatar Karewa]] * Ferret da Stoat Binciken da aka adana 2011-06-14 a a Landcare Research * [https://teara.govt.nz/en/introduced-animal-pests/page-4 Stoats da cats] a Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New ZealandTe Ara: Encyclopedia na New Zealand * "Mutuwa ta ɓace", Otago Daily Times, 24 Janairu 2022 4vx9g1voh88ivyfcjth6yjtgfxi12x9 0 122846 893736 885691 2026-08-09T16:34:10Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357026229|Joy Grant-Ekong]]" 893736 wikitext text/x-wiki   Joy Grant-Ekong wacce aka fi sani da Joy Aiyegbeni ita ce mai shirya fina-finai da talabijin ta Najeriya, darektan, mai kula da rubutun kuma mai ba da shawara kan samarwa, wanda aka sani da fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2020 Mama Drama da One Too Many [4] <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2021 |title=First Look at the forthcoming film "One Too Many" starring Jide Kosoko, Omowunmi Dada & Dakore Akande |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/04/one-too-many-nollywood-film/ |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=Bella Naija}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == .<ref name="Daily" />An haifi Joy Grant-Ekong a Legas, Najeriya . Ta fara samarwa a shekara ta 2003 lokacin da ta shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Ojo Ladipo sannan ta koma [[Wale Adenuga Productions]] a matsayin manajan ci gaba. Joy Grant-Ekong ta shiga wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullun na M-Net mai suna ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' daga kakar wasa ta biyu kuma ta zama shugaban sashen mataimakan darektan zuwa kakar wasa ta huɗu.<ref name="Daily2" /> == Ayyuka == A cikin 2016, ta samar da fim mai taken Babysitting Ejiro, fim din M-Net na Victor Sanchez Aghahowa, da fim mai suna ''InLine'' wanda [[Tope Oshin]] ya jagoranta, wanda aka watsa a cikin fina-finai a duk fadin kasar a cikin 2017. Joy Grant-Ekong ta samar da fim mai tsawo Mama Drama da Echoes a cikin 2019. <ref name="Tribune" /> A cikin 2020, ta samar da Hell Ride, wanda ya lashe kyautar Best First feature na kasa da kasa a 2022 Toronto International Nollywood Film Festival (TINFF). A cikin 2020, an ambaci sunanta daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai da ke tsara masana'antar fina-falla ta Najeriya ta hanyar Vanguard . A cikin 2021, ta samar da One Too Many . == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |Shekara ! rowspan="2" |Taken ! colspan="2" |Matsayi ! rowspan="2" |Ref |- !Daraktan !Mai gabatarwa |- |2016 |''Ejiro mai zama jariri''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |2017 |''A cikin layi''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7492760/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_wr_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''Sakamakon''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |''Yaudara''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''Jirgin Jahannama''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt23468652/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- |''Wasan kwaikwayo na Mama''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt12424356/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- |2022 |''Ɗaya da yawa''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |2023 |''Yana da Sauƙin Kashewa''|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}} | |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2017 |Komawa a cikin bikin fim din akwatin, California |Mafi kyawun Fim na Tsawon Lokaci |''A cikin layi''|{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |Bikin Fim na Zuma |Hoton da ya fi dacewa |''Jirgin Jahannama''|{{Won}} | |- |Bikin Fim na Nollywood na Duniya na Toronto (TINFF) |Mafi kyawun fasalin farko na kasa da kasa |Jirgin Jahannama|{{Won}} | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 214tbirctvhdmb5kf91tpryz1uk04z7 893742 893736 2026-08-09T16:35:27Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 893742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Joy Grant-Ekong wacce aka fi sani da Joy Aiyegbeni ita ce mai shirya fina-finai da talabijin ta Najeriya, darektan, mai kula da rubutun kuma mai ba da shawara kan samarwa, wanda aka sani da fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2020 Mama Drama da One Too Many [4] <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2021 |title=First Look at the forthcoming film "One Too Many" starring Jide Kosoko, Omowunmi Dada & Dakore Akande |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/04/one-too-many-nollywood-film/ |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=Bella Naija}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == .<ref name="Daily" />An haifi Joy Grant-Ekong a Legas, Najeriya . Ta fara samarwa a shekara ta 2003 lokacin da ta shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Ojo Ladipo sannan ta koma [[Wale Adenuga Productions]] a matsayin manajan ci gaba. Joy Grant-Ekong ta shiga wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullun na M-Net mai suna ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' daga kakar wasa ta biyu kuma ta zama shugaban sashen mataimakan darektan zuwa kakar wasa ta huɗu.<ref name="Daily2" /> == Ayyuka == A cikin 2016, ta samar da fim mai taken Babysitting Ejiro, fim din M-Net na Victor Sanchez Aghahowa, da fim mai suna ''InLine'' wanda [[Tope Oshin]] ya jagoranta, wanda aka watsa a cikin fina-finai a duk fadin kasar a cikin 2017. Joy Grant-Ekong ta samar da fim mai tsawo Mama Drama da Echoes a cikin 2019. <ref name="Tribune" /> A cikin 2020, ta samar da Hell Ride, wanda ya lashe kyautar Best First feature na kasa da kasa a 2022 Toronto International Nollywood Film Festival (TINFF). A cikin 2020, an ambaci sunanta daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai da ke tsara masana'antar fina-falla ta Najeriya ta hanyar Vanguard . A cikin 2021, ta samar da One Too Many . == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |Shekara ! rowspan="2" |Taken ! colspan="2" |Matsayi ! rowspan="2" |Ref |- !Daraktan !Mai gabatarwa |- |2016 |''Ejiro mai zama jariri''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |2017 |''A cikin layi''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7492760/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_wr_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''Sakamakon''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |''Yaudara''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''Jirgin Jahannama''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt23468652/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- |''Wasan kwaikwayo na Mama''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt12424356/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- |2022 |''Ɗaya da yawa''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |2023 |''Yana da Sauƙin Kashewa''|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}} | |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2017 |Komawa a cikin bikin fim din akwatin, California |Mafi kyawun Fim na Tsawon Lokaci |''A cikin layi''|{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |Bikin Fim na Zuma |Hoton da ya fi dacewa |''Jirgin Jahannama''|{{Won}} | |- |Bikin Fim na Nollywood na Duniya na Toronto (TINFF) |Mafi kyawun fasalin farko na kasa da kasa |Jirgin Jahannama|{{Won}} | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 4klqeffcvpd52l5ewechxs0rhkkzwv9 893746 893742 2026-08-09T16:36:26Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 893746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Joy Grant-Ekong wacce aka fi sani da Joy Aiyegbeni ita ce mai shirya fina-finai da talabijin ta Najeriya, darektan, mai kula da rubutun kuma mai ba da shawara kan samarwa, wanda aka sani da fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2020 Mama Drama da One Too Many [4] <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2021 |title=First Look at the forthcoming film "One Too Many" starring Jide Kosoko, Omowunmi Dada & Dakore Akande |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/04/one-too-many-nollywood-film/ |access-date == Rayuwa ta farko == .<ref name="Daily" />An haifi Joy Grant-Ekong a Legas, Najeriya . Ta fara samarwa a shekara ta 2003 lokacin da ta shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Ojo Ladipo sannan ta koma [[Wale Adenuga Productions]] a matsayin manajan ci gaba. Joy Grant-Ekong ta shiga wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullun na M-Net mai suna ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' daga kakar wasa ta biyu kuma ta zama shugaban sashen mataimakan darektan zuwa kakar wasa ta huɗu.<ref name="Daily2" /> == Ayyuka == A cikin 2016, ta samar da fim mai taken Babysitting Ejiro, fim din M-Net na Victor Sanchez Aghahowa, da fim mai suna ''InLine'' wanda [[Tope Oshin]] ya jagoranta, wanda aka watsa a cikin fina-finai a duk fadin kasar a cikin 2017. Joy Grant-Ekong ta samar da fim mai tsawo Mama Drama da Echoes a cikin 2019. <ref name="Tribune" /> A cikin 2020, ta samar da Hell Ride, wanda ya lashe kyautar Best First feature na kasa da kasa a 2022 Toronto International Nollywood Film Festival (TINFF). A cikin 2020, an ambaci sunanta daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai da ke tsara masana'antar fina-falla ta Najeriya ta hanyar Vanguard . A cikin 2021, ta samar da One Too Many . == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |Shekara ! rowspan="2" |Taken ! colspan="2" |Matsayi ! rowspan="2" |Ref |- !Daraktan !Mai gabatarwa |- |2016 |''Ejiro mai zama jariri''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |2017 |''A cikin layi''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7492760/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_wr_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''Sakamakon''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |''Yaudara''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''Jirgin Jahannama''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt23468652/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- |''Wasan kwaikwayo na Mama''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt12424356/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- |2022 |''Ɗaya da yawa''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |2023 |''Yana da Sauƙin Kashewa''|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}} | |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2017 |Komawa a cikin bikin fim din akwatin, California |Mafi kyawun Fim na Tsawon Lokaci |''A cikin layi''|{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |Bikin Fim na Zuma |Hoton da ya fi dacewa |''Jirgin Jahannama''|{{Won}} | |- |Bikin Fim na Nollywood na Duniya na Toronto (TINFF) |Mafi kyawun fasalin farko na kasa da kasa |Jirgin Jahannama|{{Won}} | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] cibu18blvicxvnl3hlqkewfocl6yq5q 893750 893746 2026-08-09T16:37:19Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 893750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Joy Grant-Ekong wacce aka fi sani da Joy Aiyegbeni ita ce mai shirya fina-finai da talabijin ta Najeriya, darektan, mai kula da rubutun kuma mai ba da shawara kan samarwa, wanda aka sani da fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2020 Mama Drama da One Too Many [4] <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2021 |title=First Look at the forthcoming film "One Too Many" starring Jide Kosoko, Omowunmi Dada & Dakore Akande |url=https://ww == Rayuwa ta farko == .<ref name="Daily" />An haifi Joy Grant-Ekong a Legas, Najeriya . Ta fara samarwa a shekara ta 2003 lokacin da ta shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Ojo Ladipo sannan ta koma [[Wale Adenuga Productions]] a matsayin manajan ci gaba. Joy Grant-Ekong ta shiga wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullun na M-Net mai suna ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' daga kakar wasa ta biyu kuma ta zama shugaban sashen mataimakan darektan zuwa kakar wasa ta huɗu.<ref name="Daily2" /> == Ayyuka == A cikin 2016, ta samar da fim mai taken Babysitting Ejiro, fim din M-Net na Victor Sanchez Aghahowa, da fim mai suna ''InLine'' wanda [[Tope Oshin]] ya jagoranta, wanda aka watsa a cikin fina-finai a duk fadin kasar a cikin 2017. Joy Grant-Ekong ta samar da fim mai tsawo Mama Drama da Echoes a cikin 2019. <ref name="Tribune" /> A cikin 2020, ta samar da Hell Ride, wanda ya lashe kyautar Best First feature na kasa da kasa a 2022 Toronto International Nollywood Film Festival (TINFF). A cikin 2020, an ambaci sunanta daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai da ke tsara masana'antar fina-falla ta Najeriya ta hanyar Vanguard . A cikin 2021, ta samar da One Too Many . == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |Shekara ! rowspan="2" |Taken ! colspan="2" |Matsayi ! rowspan="2" |Ref |- !Daraktan !Mai gabatarwa |- |2016 |''Ejiro mai zama jariri''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |2017 |''A cikin layi''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7492760/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_wr_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''Sakamakon''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |''Yaudara''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''Jirgin Jahannama''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt23468652/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- |''Wasan kwaikwayo na Mama''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt12424356/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- |2022 |''Ɗaya da yawa''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |2023 |''Yana da Sauƙin Kashewa''|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}} | |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2017 |Komawa a cikin bikin fim din akwatin, California |Mafi kyawun Fim na Tsawon Lokaci |''A cikin layi''|{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |Bikin Fim na Zuma |Hoton da ya fi dacewa |''Jirgin Jahannama''|{{Won}} | |- |Bikin Fim na Nollywood na Duniya na Toronto (TINFF) |Mafi kyawun fasalin farko na kasa da kasa |Jirgin Jahannama|{{Won}} | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] d2gqg41lz60lovamw4hdqi0vkgt41ui 893753 893750 2026-08-09T16:38:13Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 893753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Joy Grant-Ekong wacce aka fi sani da Joy Aiyegbeni ita ce mai shirya fina-finai da talabijin ta Najeriya, darektan, mai kula da rubutun kuma mai ba da shawara kan samarwa, wanda aka sani da fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2020 Mama Drama da One Too Many [4] <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2021 |title=First Look at the forthcoming film "One Too Many" starrin == Rayuwa ta farko == .<ref name="Daily" />An haifi Joy Grant-Ekong a Legas, Najeriya . Ta fara samarwa a shekara ta 2003 lokacin da ta shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Ojo Ladipo sannan ta koma [[Wale Adenuga Productions]] a matsayin manajan ci gaba. Joy Grant-Ekong ta shiga wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullun na M-Net mai suna ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' daga kakar wasa ta biyu kuma ta zama shugaban sashen mataimakan darektan zuwa kakar wasa ta huɗu.<ref name="Daily2" /> == Ayyuka == A cikin 2016, ta samar da fim mai taken Babysitting Ejiro, fim din M-Net na Victor Sanchez Aghahowa, da fim mai suna ''InLine'' wanda [[Tope Oshin]] ya jagoranta, wanda aka watsa a cikin fina-finai a duk fadin kasar a cikin 2017. Joy Grant-Ekong ta samar da fim mai tsawo Mama Drama da Echoes a cikin 2019. <ref name="Tribune" /> A cikin 2020, ta samar da Hell Ride, wanda ya lashe kyautar Best First feature na kasa da kasa a 2022 Toronto International Nollywood Film Festival (TINFF). A cikin 2020, an ambaci sunanta daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai da ke tsara masana'antar fina-falla ta Najeriya ta hanyar Vanguard . A cikin 2021, ta samar da One Too Many . == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |Shekara ! rowspan="2" |Taken ! colspan="2" |Matsayi ! rowspan="2" |Ref |- !Daraktan !Mai gabatarwa |- |2016 |''Ejiro mai zama jariri''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |2017 |''A cikin layi''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7492760/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_wr_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''Sakamakon''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |''Yaudara''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''Jirgin Jahannama''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt23468652/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- |''Wasan kwaikwayo na Mama''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt12424356/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- |2022 |''Ɗaya da yawa''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |2023 |''Yana da Sauƙin Kashewa''|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}} | |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2017 |Komawa a cikin bikin fim din akwatin, California |Mafi kyawun Fim na Tsawon Lokaci |''A cikin layi''|{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |Bikin Fim na Zuma |Hoton da ya fi dacewa |''Jirgin Jahannama''|{{Won}} | |- |Bikin Fim na Nollywood na Duniya na Toronto (TINFF) |Mafi kyawun fasalin farko na kasa da kasa |Jirgin Jahannama|{{Won}} | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] f8829klcq4lo3dgu9oj6djlp76s9tk8 893755 893753 2026-08-09T16:38:48Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 893755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Joy Grant-Ekong wacce aka fi sani da Joy Aiyegbeni ita ce mai shirya fina-finai da talabijin ta Najeriya, darektan, mai kula da rubutun kuma mai ba da shawara kan samarwa, wanda aka sani da fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2020 Mama Drama da One Too Many [4] <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April == Rayuwa ta farko == .<ref name="Daily" />An haifi Joy Grant-Ekong a Legas, Najeriya . Ta fara samarwa a shekara ta 2003 lokacin da ta shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Ojo Ladipo sannan ta koma [[Wale Adenuga Productions]] a matsayin manajan ci gaba. Joy Grant-Ekong ta shiga wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullun na M-Net mai suna ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' daga kakar wasa ta biyu kuma ta zama shugaban sashen mataimakan darektan zuwa kakar wasa ta huɗu.<ref name="Daily2" /> == Ayyuka == A cikin 2016, ta samar da fim mai taken Babysitting Ejiro, fim din M-Net na Victor Sanchez Aghahowa, da fim mai suna ''InLine'' wanda [[Tope Oshin]] ya jagoranta, wanda aka watsa a cikin fina-finai a duk fadin kasar a cikin 2017. Joy Grant-Ekong ta samar da fim mai tsawo Mama Drama da Echoes a cikin 2019. <ref name="Tribune" /> A cikin 2020, ta samar da Hell Ride, wanda ya lashe kyautar Best First feature na kasa da kasa a 2022 Toronto International Nollywood Film Festival (TINFF). A cikin 2020, an ambaci sunanta daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai da ke tsara masana'antar fina-falla ta Najeriya ta hanyar Vanguard . A cikin 2021, ta samar da One Too Many . == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |Shekara ! rowspan="2" |Taken ! colspan="2" |Matsayi ! rowspan="2" |Ref |- !Daraktan !Mai gabatarwa |- |2016 |''Ejiro mai zama jariri''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |2017 |''A cikin layi''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7492760/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_wr_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''Sakamakon''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |''Yaudara''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''Jirgin Jahannama''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt23468652/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- |''Wasan kwaikwayo na Mama''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt12424356/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- |2022 |''Ɗaya da yawa''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |2023 |''Yana da Sauƙin Kashewa''|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}} | |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2017 |Komawa a cikin bikin fim din akwatin, California |Mafi kyawun Fim na Tsawon Lokaci |''A cikin layi''|{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |Bikin Fim na Zuma |Hoton da ya fi dacewa |''Jirgin Jahannama''|{{Won}} | |- |Bikin Fim na Nollywood na Duniya na Toronto (TINFF) |Mafi kyawun fasalin farko na kasa da kasa |Jirgin Jahannama|{{Won}} | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 5eb123vsj5222zh7e4jijmiyn5qif7u 893758 893755 2026-08-09T16:39:14Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 893758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Joy Grant-Ekong wacce aka fi sani da Joy Aiyegbeni ita ce mai shirya fina-finai da talabijin ta Najeriya, darektan, mai kula da rubutun kuma mai ba da shawara kan samarwa, wanda aka sani da fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2020 Mama Drama da One Too Many [4] == Rayuwa ta farko == .<ref name="Daily" />An haifi Joy Grant-Ekong a Legas, Najeriya . Ta fara samarwa a shekara ta 2003 lokacin da ta shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Ojo Ladipo sannan ta koma [[Wale Adenuga Productions]] a matsayin manajan ci gaba. Joy Grant-Ekong ta shiga wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullun na M-Net mai suna ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' daga kakar wasa ta biyu kuma ta zama shugaban sashen mataimakan darektan zuwa kakar wasa ta huɗu.<ref name="Daily2" /> == Ayyuka == A cikin 2016, ta samar da fim mai taken Babysitting Ejiro, fim din M-Net na Victor Sanchez Aghahowa, da fim mai suna ''InLine'' wanda [[Tope Oshin]] ya jagoranta, wanda aka watsa a cikin fina-finai a duk fadin kasar a cikin 2017. Joy Grant-Ekong ta samar da fim mai tsawo Mama Drama da Echoes a cikin 2019. <ref name="Tribune" /> A cikin 2020, ta samar da Hell Ride, wanda ya lashe kyautar Best First feature na kasa da kasa a 2022 Toronto International Nollywood Film Festival (TINFF). A cikin 2020, an ambaci sunanta daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai da ke tsara masana'antar fina-falla ta Najeriya ta hanyar Vanguard . A cikin 2021, ta samar da One Too Many . == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |Shekara ! rowspan="2" |Taken ! colspan="2" |Matsayi ! rowspan="2" |Ref |- !Daraktan !Mai gabatarwa |- |2016 |''Ejiro mai zama jariri''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |2017 |''A cikin layi''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7492760/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_wr_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''Sakamakon''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |''Yaudara''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''Jirgin Jahannama''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt23468652/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- |''Wasan kwaikwayo na Mama''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt12424356/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- |2022 |''Ɗaya da yawa''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |2023 |''Yana da Sauƙin Kashewa''|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}} | |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2017 |Komawa a cikin bikin fim din akwatin, California |Mafi kyawun Fim na Tsawon Lokaci |''A cikin layi''|{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |Bikin Fim na Zuma |Hoton da ya fi dacewa |''Jirgin Jahannama''|{{Won}} | |- |Bikin Fim na Nollywood na Duniya na Toronto (TINFF) |Mafi kyawun fasalin farko na kasa da kasa |Jirgin Jahannama|{{Won}} | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 5kymdrrysaqx6sxbsrk8jlgvbe7fbbd 893764 893758 2026-08-09T16:40:54Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 893764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Joy Grant-Ekong wacce aka fi sani da Joy Aiyegbeni ita ce mai shirya fina-finai da talabijin ta Najeriya, darektan, mai kula da rubutun kuma mai ba da shawara kan samarwa, wanda aka sani da fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2020 Mama Drama da One Too Many [4] == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Joy Grant-Ekong a Legas, Najeriya . Ta fara samarwa a shekara ta 2003 lokacin da ta shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Ojo Ladipo sannan ta koma [[Wale Adenuga Productions]] a matsayin manajan ci gaba. Joy Grant-Ekong ta shiga wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullun na M-Net mai suna ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' daga kakar wasa ta biyu kuma ta zama shugaban sashen mataimakan darektan zuwa kakar wasa ta huɗu.<ref name="Daily2" /> == Ayyuka == A cikin 2016, ta samar da fim mai taken Babysitting Ejiro, fim din M-Net na Victor Sanchez Aghahowa, da fim mai suna ''InLine'' wanda [[Tope Oshin]] ya jagoranta, wanda aka watsa a cikin fina-finai a duk fadin kasar a cikin 2017. Joy Grant-Ekong ta samar da fim mai tsawo Mama Drama da Echoes a cikin 2019. <ref name="Tribune" /> A cikin 2020, ta samar da Hell Ride, wanda ya lashe kyautar Best First feature na kasa da kasa a 2022 Toronto International Nollywood Film Festival (TINFF). A cikin 2020, an ambaci sunanta daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai da ke tsara masana'antar fina-falla ta Najeriya ta hanyar Vanguard . A cikin 2021, ta samar da One Too Many . == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |Shekara ! rowspan="2" |Taken ! colspan="2" |Matsayi ! rowspan="2" |Ref |- !Daraktan !Mai gabatarwa |- |2016 |''Ejiro mai zama jariri''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |2017 |''A cikin layi''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7492760/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_wr_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''Sakamakon''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |''Yaudara''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''Jirgin Jahannama''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt23468652/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- |''Wasan kwaikwayo na Mama''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt12424356/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- |2022 |''Ɗaya da yawa''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |2023 |''Yana da Sauƙin Kashewa''|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}} | |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2017 |Komawa a cikin bikin fim din akwatin, California |Mafi kyawun Fim na Tsawon Lokaci |''A cikin layi''|{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |Bikin Fim na Zuma |Hoton da ya fi dacewa |''Jirgin Jahannama''|{{Won}} | |- |Bikin Fim na Nollywood na Duniya na Toronto (TINFF) |Mafi kyawun fasalin farko na kasa da kasa |Jirgin Jahannama|{{Won}} | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 79qkmq8n10dq8a4lg0u9rx6axm9laqj 893767 893764 2026-08-09T16:41:44Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 893767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Joy Grant-Ekong wacce aka fi sani da Joy Aiyegbeni ita ce mai shirya fina-finai da talabijin ta Najeriya, darektan, mai kula da rubutun kuma mai ba da shawara kan samarwa, wanda aka sani da fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2020 Mama Drama da One Too Many [4] == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Joy Grant-Ekong a Legas, Najeriya . Ta fara samarwa a shekara ta 2003 lokacin da ta shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Ojo Ladipo sannan ta koma [[Wale Adenuga Productions]] a matsayin manajan ci gaba. Joy Grant-Ekong ta shiga wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullun na M-Net mai suna ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' daga kakar wasa ta biyu kuma ta zama shugaban sashen mataimakan darektan zuwa kakar wasa ta huɗu. == Ayyuka == A cikin 2016, ta samar da fim mai taken Babysitting Ejiro, fim din M-Net na Victor Sanchez Aghahowa, da fim mai suna ''InLine'' wanda [[Tope Oshin]] ya jagoranta, wanda aka watsa a cikin fina-finai a duk fadin kasar a cikin 2017. Joy Grant-Ekong ta samar da fim mai tsawo Mama Drama da Echoes a cikin 2019. <ref name="Tribune" /> A cikin 2020, ta samar da Hell Ride, wanda ya lashe kyautar Best First feature na kasa da kasa a 2022 Toronto International Nollywood Film Festival (TINFF). A cikin 2020, an ambaci sunanta daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai da ke tsara masana'antar fina-falla ta Najeriya ta hanyar Vanguard . A cikin 2021, ta samar da One Too Many . == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |Shekara ! rowspan="2" |Taken ! colspan="2" |Matsayi ! rowspan="2" |Ref |- !Daraktan !Mai gabatarwa |- |2016 |''Ejiro mai zama jariri''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |2017 |''A cikin layi''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7492760/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_wr_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''Sakamakon''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |''Yaudara''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''Jirgin Jahannama''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt23468652/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- |''Wasan kwaikwayo na Mama''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt12424356/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- |2022 |''Ɗaya da yawa''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |2023 |''Yana da Sauƙin Kashewa''|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}} | |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2017 |Komawa a cikin bikin fim din akwatin, California |Mafi kyawun Fim na Tsawon Lokaci |''A cikin layi''|{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |Bikin Fim na Zuma |Hoton da ya fi dacewa |''Jirgin Jahannama''|{{Won}} | |- |Bikin Fim na Nollywood na Duniya na Toronto (TINFF) |Mafi kyawun fasalin farko na kasa da kasa |Jirgin Jahannama|{{Won}} | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ib7su75hfy3nzxvmsarj2pexesoh2fi 893771 893767 2026-08-09T16:42:26Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 893771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Joy Grant-Ekong wacce aka fi sani da Joy Aiyegbeni ita ce mai shirya fina-finai da talabijin ta Najeriya, darektan, mai kula da rubutun kuma mai ba da shawara kan samarwa, wanda aka sani da fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2020 Mama Drama da One Too Many [4] == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Joy Grant-Ekong a Legas, Najeriya . Ta fara samarwa a shekara ta 2003 lokacin da ta shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Ojo Ladipo sannan ta koma [[Wale Adenuga Productions]] a matsayin manajan ci gaba. Joy Grant-Ekong ta shiga wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullun na M-Net mai suna ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' daga kakar wasa ta biyu kuma ta zama shugaban sashen mataimakan darektan zuwa kakar wasa ta huɗu. == Ayyuka == A cikin 2016, ta samar da fim mai taken Babysitting Ejiro, fim din M-Net na Victor Sanchez Aghahowa, da fim mai suna ''InLine'' wanda [[Tope Oshin]] ya jagoranta, wanda aka watsa a cikin fina-finai a duk fadin kasar a cikin 2017. Joy Grant-Ekong ta samar da fim mai tsawo Mama Drama da Echoes a cikin 2019. <ref name="Tribune" /> A cikin 2020, ta samar da Hell Ride, wanda ya lashe kyautar Best First feature na kasa da kasa a 2022 Toronto International Nollywood Film Festival (TINFF). A cikin 2020, an ambaci sunanta daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai da ke tsara masana'antar fina-falla ta Najeriya ta hanyar Vanguard . A cikin 2021, ta samar da One Too Many . == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |Shekara ! rowspan="2" |Taken ! colspan="2" |Matsayi ! rowspan="2" |Ref |- !Daraktan !Mai gabatarwa |- |2016 |''Ejiro mai zama jariri''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |2017 |''A cikin layi''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7492760/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_wr_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''Sakamakon''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |''Yaudara''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''Jirgin Jahannama''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt23468652/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- |''Wasan kwaikwayo na Mama''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt12424356/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- |2022 |''Ɗaya da yawa''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |2023 |''Yana da Sauƙin Kashewa''|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}} | |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2017 |Komawa a cikin bikin fim din akwatin, California |Mafi kyawun Fim na Tsawon Lokaci |''A cikin layi''|{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |Bikin Fim na Zuma |Hoton da ya fi dacewa |''Jirgin Jahannama''|{{Won}} | |- |Bikin Fim na Nollywood na Duniya na Toronto (TINFF) |Mafi kyawun fasalin farko na kasa da kasa |Jirgin Jahannama|{{Won}} | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ng03a4m2o2erm2gcu70g4otyckppfsp 0 124260 894025 785057 2026-08-10T05:18:28Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 894025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Laburare''' '''na Jami'ar Yammacin Ostiraliya''' (UWA) tsarin ɗakin karatu ne wanda ya ƙunshi wurare biyar na ɗakin karatu a harabar jami'ar da kuma kusa da ita. An san ɗakunan karatu suna tallafawa ayyuka da kayan aiki iri-iri, gami da koyarwa, koyo, bincike da tallafin IT, da wuraren koyo. == Tarihi == Lokacin da Jami'ar Western Australia ta fara koyar da ɗalibai a shekarar 1913 kuma aka gina ginin farko a wurin Irwin Street, an ware £2000 kacal don siyan littattafai kusan ɗari. An kafa ɗakin karatu na reshen kiɗa tun daga shekarar 1935, shekaru da yawa kafin a kafa sashen kiɗa na UWA. A shekarun 1960, an sanya wa ɗakin karatu suna ɗakin karatu na Wigmore Music Library bayan kyaututtuka masu yawa daga mai goge Alice Ivy Wigmore, don girmama mahaifiyarta.[1] An buɗe wani gini mai manufa don ɗakin karatu na Wigmore Music Library a shekarar 1976, wanda ya haɗa da ɗakunan tattaunawa da wuraren karatu na yau da kullun.[2] An sake amfani da wannan ginin ɗakin karatu a shekarar 2020 ta UWA Conservatorium of Music a matsayin wuri don yin atisaye da wasan kwaikwayo, kuma yanzu ana kiransa Wigmore Music Studio.[3] Tarin ɗakin karatu na kiɗa, wanda yanzu yake cikin ɗakin karatu na Reid, ya haɗa da maki, yin bugu na ayyukan kiɗa, rikodin sauti, DVD/bidiyo, littattafan tunani, da mujallu na ilimi. == Gine-gine == === Laburaren Reid === [[Fayil:View_from_Reid_Library_1st_floor_entrance_llooking_north.jpg|alt=A panorama showing an open grassed area seen from the first floor|thumb|339x339px|Wani kyakkyawan kallo daga ƙofar bene na farko na ɗakin karatu na Reid yana kallon arewa zuwa ga Tropical Grove.]] An sanya wa ɗakin karatu na Reid suna bayan Sir Alexander Reid (Chancellor na UWA 1956–1968), an buɗe ƙofofinsa ga masu karatu a watan Fabrairun 1964, inda aka buɗe shi a hukumance a watan Mayun 1964.<ref>Hawkes, Emma. [https://www.library.uwa.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/2131036/History-of-collections.pdf “History of the Collection of The University of Western Australia Library, 1913 – 1999”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331203151/http://www.library.uwa.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/2131036/History-of-collections.pdf |date=2020-03-31 }}. 1999</ref> Ginin ya buɗe ga jama'a, inda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Tagulla ta Cibiyar Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) ta 1964 kuma an ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin gine-ginen jami'a mafi kyau a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]].<ref>Hawkes, Emma. [https://www.library.uwa.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/2131036/History-of-collections.pdf “History of the Collection of The University of Western Australia Library, 1913 – 1999”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331203151/http://www.library.uwa.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/2131036/History-of-collections.pdf |date=2020-03-31 }}. 1999</ref> === Laburare na J Robin Warren === Laburaren J Robin Warren (wanda a da aka fi sani da Laburaren Likitanci da Hakora) yana kan titin Monash kusa da Cibiyar Lafiyar Baka ta Yammacin Ostiraliya da Cibiyar Lafiya ta Sarauniya [[Elizabeth II]]. Buɗe ɗakin karatu a ƙarshen 2001 ya haɗa tarin kayan da aka tattara daga Laburaren Likitanci a wurin Asibitin Sarauniya Elizabeth II da Laburaren Likitanci da ke cikin Asibitin Hakora na [[Perth]]. A lokacin da Sir Ronald Wilson ya buɗe shi a hukumance a watan Afrilun 2002, an amince da shi a matsayin babban tarin kayan likita da haƙori a Yammacin Ostiraliya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An sanya wa ɗakin karatun suna ne bayan Farfesa (John) Robin Warren, wanda ya karɓi kyautar Nobel ta Medicine tare da Farfesa Barry J Marshall, a shekarar 2005 saboda gano cewa ƙwayoyin cuta [[Helicobacter pylori]] ne ke haifar da gyambon ciki. == Manazarta == <references /> bnhgtx16u0fxzmykuaxjq4ijhgl5rfc 0 124609 894024 883914 2026-08-10T05:17:39Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 894024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Shraddha Walkar''' wata mace ce 'yar Indiya mai shekaru 27 wacce saurayinta mai shekaru 28 kuma abokin zama Aaftab Amin Poonawala ya kashe a [[Delhi]] a ranar 18 ga Mayu 2022.<ref name="freepressjournal.in">{{Cite web |title=Delhi Murder: Mumbai youth Aaftab threw body parts of Shraddha everyday in Chhatarpur forest hoping animals would eat them |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/delhi-shocker-mumbai-youth-aaftab-threw-body-parts-of-shraddha-everyday-in-chhattarpur-forest-hoping-animals-would-eat-them |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> == Abin da ya faru == Shari'ar ta bayyana kusan watanni shida bayan kisan, lokacin da mahaifin Shraddha ya gabatar da korafin mutanen da suka ɓace bayan ya san daga abokan Shraddha cewa ba su iya tuntuɓar ta ba sama da watanni biyu da rabi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Man Killed Partner In Delhi, Dumped Body Pieces At 2 am For 18 Days: Cops |url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/body-chopped-into-35-pieces-disposed-across-delhi-over-18-days-at-2-am-3517633 |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Mayu 2022, mai shekaru 28 Aaftab Poonawala ya rataye abokin aikinsa mai suna Shraddha a kan wata gardama sannan ya ci gaba da raba jikinta zuwa kashi 35, wanda ake zargin yana neman fuskarta don ɓoye ainihinta.<ref name=":0" /> An yi amfani da firiji mai lita 300 don adana sassan jikinta, wanda aka zubar da shi a cikin gandun daji na Chhatarpur a cikin kwanaki 18 masu zuwa, a kusa da 2 AM kowace dare don kauce wa tuhuma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Murder: Aftab used to SLAP the severed head of Shraddha kept in fridge, Unlimited CRUELTY inside Hate Story 2022 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/delhi-murder-aftab-used-to-slap-the-severed-head-of-shraddha-kept-in-fridge-unlimited-cruelty-inside-hate-story-2022-2536292.html |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-14 |title=Woman's murder by live-in partner: How horror unfolded in a first-floor flat, under nose of neighbours |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/woman-murder-live-in-partner-horror-unfolded-first-floor-flat-8268446/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="freepressjournal.in">{{Cite web |title=Delhi Murder: Mumbai youth Aaftab threw body parts of Shraddha everyday in Chhatarpur forest hoping animals would eat them |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/delhi-shocker-mumbai-youth-aaftab-threw-body-parts-of-shraddha-everyday-in-chhattarpur-forest-hoping-animals-would-eat-them |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/delhi-shocker-mumbai-youth-aaftab-threw-body-parts-of-shraddha-everyday-in-chhattarpur-forest-hoping-animals-would-eat-them "Delhi Murder: Mumbai youth Aaftab threw body parts of Shraddha everyday in Chhatarpur forest hoping animals would eat them"]. ''Free Press Journal''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2022 |title=Shraddha Walkar murder: Police widen search, focus on skulls found across Delhi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/shraddha-walkar-murder-police-widen-search-focus-on-skulls-found-across-delhi-8274634/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> 'Yan sanda na Delhi ne suka kama Poonawala a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shraddha murder case: Charred her face to hide identity, confesses Aftab |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/shraddha-murder-case-charred-her-face-to-hide-identity-confesses-aftab/articleshow/95576737.cms |access-date=2022-11-19 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> Mahaifin Shraddha ya bukaci hukuncin kisa ga Aaftab.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Murder: Aftab used to SLAP the severed head of Shraddha kept in fridge, Unlimited CRUELTY inside Hate Story 2022 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/delhi-murder-aftab-used-to-slap-the-severed-head-of-shraddha-kept-in-fridge-unlimited-cruelty-inside-hate-story-2022-2536292.html |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> == Game da Shraddha Walkar == Shraddha Walkar ta zauna tare da iyalinta har zuwa 2018, wanda ya kunshi mahaifiyarta da ɗan'uwanta a Vasai, Gundumar Palghar, [[Maharashtra]] . Ta yi karatu a wata makarantar maigidana a Vasai kuma ta shiga cikin karatun BMM a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Viva, Virar . Daga baya ta fice daga karatun. Mahaifinta, Vikas Walkar, ya zauna daban kuma yana gudanar da kasuwancin sabis na lantarki. Yayinda yake aiki a cibiyar kira ta MNC a Malad, Shraddha ya sadu da Aaftab Amin Poonawala ta hanyar aikace-aikacen Bumble. Aaftab kuma mazaunin Vasai ne. Ya tafi Kwalejin L.S. Raheja don karatun BMM. Ya kuma yi aiki a wannan cibiyar kira. A cikin 2019, ta tashi ta zauna tare da shi, ba tare da son iyalinta ba, waɗanda suka yi tsayayya da dangantakar addinai da ra'ayin zama tare da wani "ta san komai". Abokai da dangin Shraddha sun ci gaba da zargin Poonawala da cin zarafin Walkar a kai a kai kafin kisan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shraddha murder case: Charred her face to hide identity, confesses Aftab |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/shraddha-murder-case-charred-her-face-to-hide-identity-confesses-aftab/articleshow/95576737.cms |access-date=2022-11-19 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> An ce suna jayayya akai-akai game da batutuwan kudi, kuma suna jayayya lokacin da kisan ya faru. A lokacin tambayoyin, Aftab ya furta laifin kuma ya ce sun yi yaƙi sau da yawa yayin da Shraddha ke matsa masa don aure.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Dexter: All You Need To Know About TV Show That Allegedly Inspired Aftab Poonawala |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aftab-ameen-poonawala-shraddha-walkar-dexter-all-you-need-to-know-about-tv-show-that-allegedly-inspired-aftab-poonawala-3522315 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Mahaifin Shraddha, Vikas Walkar, bai san cewa tana zaune a Delhi ba, kuma tana tunanin tana Bangalore. Duk lokacin da ya tambaye ta game da abokin tarayya, ba za ta yi magana da yawa game da shi ba. Mahaifinta ya kuma bayyana cewa ta fi kusa da kawunta fiye da shi. == Wanda ake zargi == Aaftab Poonawala ya yi aiki a wannan cibiyar kiran MNC kamar Shraddha Walkar, wanda ya sadu da shi a Bumble . Ya furta kisan bayan 'yan sanda sun gano bambance-bambance a cikin maganganunsa kuma sun dawo da shaidar kisan. Daga nan aka kai shi cikin daji don gano ragowar Shraddha.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shraddha murder case: Charred her face to hide identity, confesses Aftab |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/shraddha-murder-case-charred-her-face-to-hide-identity-confesses-aftab/articleshow/95576737.cms |access-date=2022-11-19 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-14 |title=Woman's murder by live-in partner: How horror unfolded in a first-floor flat, under nose of neighbours |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/woman-murder-live-in-partner-horror-unfolded-first-floor-flat-8268446/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2022 |title=Shraddha Walkar murder: Police widen search, focus on skulls found across Delhi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/shraddha-walkar-murder-police-widen-search-focus-on-skulls-found-across-delhi-8274634/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun kawo ƙungiyar kare don gano sassan jikin. Koyaya, ba a iya samun ɓangarori da yawa, gami da kai ba. An gano ɓangarori goma sha uku na jikinta, wanda yawancin ƙasusuwa suka rage. A kan wasan DNA, an tabbatar da cewa sassan jikin sun kasance na Shraddha.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-09 |title=Shraddha Walkar case: Aftab Poonawala charged with murder, disappearance of evidence |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/shraddha-walkar-killing-case-aftab-poonawala-charged-for-murder-101683609544768.html |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Da yake shi ƙwararren mai dafa abinci ne, Aaftab ya san yadda za a raba shi kuma a adana nama.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shraddha murder case: Charred her face to hide identity, confesses Aftab |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/shraddha-murder-case-charred-her-face-to-hide-identity-confesses-aftab/articleshow/95576737.cms |access-date=2022-11-19 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> 'Yan sanda na Delhi sun kuma bayyana cewa bayan da ya bincika Google, ya tsabtace tabo na jini daga ƙasa tare da wasu sunadarai kuma ya zubar da tufafin da aka shafa. Aaftab ya yi wahayi daga shirin talabijin na ''Dexter'' don zubar da jikin. Ya saba barci a cikin dakin da ya yanka jikin wanda aka azabtar. Ya kasance yana ganin fuska bayan ya ajiye shi a cikin firiji kuma ya tsabtace firiji bayan ya zubar da sassan jiki.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Dexter: All You Need To Know About TV Show That Allegedly Inspired Aftab Poonawala |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aftab-ameen-poonawala-shraddha-walkar-dexter-all-you-need-to-know-about-tv-show-that-allegedly-inspired-aftab-poonawala-3522315 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=NDTV.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aftab-ameen-poonawala-shraddha-walkar-dexter-all-you-need-to-know-about-tv-show-that-allegedly-inspired-aftab-poonawala-3522315 "Dexter: All You Need To Know About TV Show That Allegedly Inspired Aftab Poonawala"]. ''NDTV.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Ya fara ne ta hanyar yanke hanta da hanji. A cikin ikirarinsa, Aaftab ya bayyana cewa ya shirya kashe Shraddha Walkar mako guda kafin ya yi hakan. Koyaya, ganin ta cikin motsin rai da kuka, sai ya yanke shawarar "tsayawa daga baya". Ya yi imanin cewa Shraddha Walkar yana da matsalolin amincewa kuma ya zarge shi da yaudarar duk lokacin da ya yi magana da wani a waya. A ranar 31 ga watan Yulin 2023, an gabatar da mahaifin Shraddha Walkar, Vikas Madan Walkar, a gaban kotun zaman a Saket a matsayin mai gabatar da kara, inda ya shaida cewa Aaftab Poonawala ya gaya masa cewa ya sayi cokali, [[Wuƙa|wuƙaƙe]] biyu, da [[GUDUMA|guduma]] kuma ya yanke wuyan hannu biyu na Shraddha a cikin dare, ya sanya sassan jiki a cikin jaka na polythene.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shraddha murder case: Charred her face to hide identity, confesses Aftab |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/shraddha-murder-case-charred-her-face-to-hide-identity-confesses-aftab/articleshow/95576737.cms |access-date=2022-11-19 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> A cikin wannan zaman, ɗan'uwan Shraddha Shreejay Walkar ya ba da shaida a kan Aaftab, yana mai cewa makonni biyu bayan barin gidanta, Shraddha ta gaya masa cewa ita da Aaftab suna fada da yawa - Magana da jiki. Ta gaya masa cewa Aaftab zai buge ta a wasu lokuta.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shraddha murder case: Charred her face to hide identity, confesses Aftab |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/shraddha-murder-case-charred-her-face-to-hide-identity-confesses-aftab/articleshow/95576737.cms |access-date=2022-11-19 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> Duk da ƙoƙarin yin tunani tare da ita, ta ki ta rabu da shi, tana cewa Aaftab zai nemi gafara a gare ta bayan kowane gwagwarmaya, kuma za ta yarda da neman gafara kuma ta ci gaba da zama tare da shi. Bayan wannan, hulɗar Shreejay da Shraddha ta ragu sosai, bayan ya yi imanin cewa Aaftab ya rinjaye ta gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Murder: Aftab used to SLAP the severed head of Shraddha kept in fridge, Unlimited CRUELTY inside Hate Story 2022 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/delhi-murder-aftab-used-to-slap-the-severed-head-of-shraddha-kept-in-fridge-unlimited-cruelty-inside-hate-story-2022-2536292.html |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> Bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarsu, Shreejay ta shawarci Shraddha da ta sake rabuwa da Aaftab, wanda ba ta saurara ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-14 |title=Woman's murder by live-in partner: How horror unfolded in a first-floor flat, under nose of neighbours |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/woman-murder-live-in-partner-horror-unfolded-first-floor-flat-8268446/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> == Kamawa == 'Yan sanda na Delhi sun tuhumi Aaftab Amin Poonawalla da kashe Shraddha Walkar da kuma yanka jikinta a watan Mayu 2022. Takardar tuhumar ta dogara ne akan shaidar da shaidar shaidu. 'Yan sanda sun yi zargin cewa ya maƙure Shraddha kuma ya zubar da gawar. An kama Aaftab bayan binciken ya sami wurin karshe a Delhi. A halin yanzu yana zaune a gidan yarin Tihar na lamba 4 a Yammacin Delhi, inda ake sa ido akai-akai.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-09 |title=Shraddha Walkar case: Aftab Poonawala charged with murder, disappearance of evidence |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/shraddha-walkar-killing-case-aftab-poonawala-charged-for-murder-101683609544768.html |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/shraddha-walkar-killing-case-aftab-poonawala-charged-for-murder-101683609544768.html "Shraddha Walkar case: Aftab Poonawala charged with murder, disappearance of evidence"]. ''Hindustan Times''. 9 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=On Camera, Men With Swords Attack Police Van Carrying Aaftab Poonawala |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/police-van-carrying-aaftab-poonawala-accused-of-killing-girlfriend-attacked-in-delhi-3560411 |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Har ila yau, 'yan sanda na Delhi sun gabatar da takardar tuhuma mai tsawon shafuka 6,629 a kansa. An gabatar da takardar cajin kwanaki 75 bayan binciken ya fara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Murder: Aftab used to SLAP the severed head of Shraddha kept in fridge, Unlimited CRUELTY inside Hate Story 2022 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/delhi-murder-aftab-used-to-slap-the-severed-head-of-shraddha-kept-in-fridge-unlimited-cruelty-inside-hate-story-2022-2536292.html |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2022, lokacin da ake dawo da Aaftab zuwa kurkuku daga Laboratory na Kimiyya na Yammacin Delhi, 'yan sanda masu amfani da takobi na Hindu Sena sun kai hari kan motar 'yan sanda. Kungiyar ta nisanta kanta daga lamarin, tana mai cewa abin da masu fafutuka suka yi ya kasance ne saboda manufar kansu, kuma kungiyar ba za ta taba tallafawa duk wani aikin da ya saba wa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ba.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=On Camera, Men With Swords Attack Police Van Carrying Aaftab Poonawala |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/police-van-carrying-aaftab-poonawala-accused-of-killing-girlfriend-attacked-in-delhi-3560411 |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=NDTV.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/police-van-carrying-aaftab-poonawala-accused-of-killing-girlfriend-attacked-in-delhi-3560411 "On Camera, Men With Swords Attack Police Van Carrying Aaftab Poonawala"]. ''NDTV.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> A ranar 15 ga Maris 2024, bisa ga bukatar lauyansa Akshay Bhandari, Babban Kotun Delhi ta ba da umarnin gidan yarin Tihar da ya bar Aaftab Poonawala daga gidan yarin sa'o'i takwas kowace rana kamar sauran fursunoni. A baya, an ba shi izinin fita daga gidan kurkukunsa na sa'o'i biyu.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shraddha murder case: Charred her face to hide identity, confesses Aftab |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/shraddha-murder-case-charred-her-face-to-hide-identity-confesses-aftab/articleshow/95576737.cms |access-date=2022-11-19 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> Wani benci ne ya ba da umarnin a kan wata takarda da Mai Shari'a Suresh Kumar Kait ke jagoranta a kan wata korafi da Poonawala ya gabatar, yana cewa ba za a iya tsare shi a kurkuku ba a ƙarƙashin "garb na tsaro".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Murder: Aftab used to SLAP the severed head of Shraddha kept in fridge, Unlimited CRUELTY inside Hate Story 2022 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/delhi-murder-aftab-used-to-slap-the-severed-head-of-shraddha-kept-in-fridge-unlimited-cruelty-inside-hate-story-2022-2536292.html |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> == Halin da aka yi == Kaushal Kishore, Ministan Harkokin Gidaje da Harkokin Birane, ya ce ma'aurata da ke son zama tare dole ne su yi rajista a kotu ko kuma su sami rajista mai kyau. Ya kuma kara da cewa ya kamata mata su nisanta daga irin wannan dangantakar rayuwa.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shraddha murder case: Charred her face to hide identity, confesses Aftab |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/shraddha-murder-case-charred-her-face-to-hide-identity-confesses-aftab/articleshow/95576737.cms |access-date=2022-11-19 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Murder: Aftab used to SLAP the severed head of Shraddha kept in fridge, Unlimited CRUELTY inside Hate Story 2022 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/delhi-murder-aftab-used-to-slap-the-severed-head-of-shraddha-kept-in-fridge-unlimited-cruelty-inside-hate-story-2022-2536292.html |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> Vishwa Hindu Parishad ta ambaci lamarin a matsayin misali na "Jihad na soyayya", wanda ya bukaci gwamnatin tsakiya ta yi dokoki don dakatar da irin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru, ya kara da cewa sun rubuta abubuwan 420 na jihadi na soyayya a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata daga [[New Delhi]] kadai. Kungiyar ta kuma yanke shawarar kaddamar da kamfen daga 21 zuwa 31 ga Disamba 2022 don wayar da kan jama'a game da jihadi na soyayya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shraddha murder case: Charred her face to hide identity, confesses Aftab |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/shraddha-murder-case-charred-her-face-to-hide-identity-confesses-aftab/articleshow/95576737.cms |access-date=2022-11-19 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> Mahaifin Walkar ya kuma zargi Poonawala da yin abin da ya kira jihadi na soyayya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Murder: Aftab used to SLAP the severed head of Shraddha kept in fridge, Unlimited CRUELTY inside Hate Story 2022 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/delhi-murder-aftab-used-to-slap-the-severed-head-of-shraddha-kept-in-fridge-unlimited-cruelty-inside-hate-story-2022-2536292.html |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> An yi bikin auren addinai da za a yi a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 2022 a Vasai, garin Aaftab da Shraddha, dole ne a soke shi saboda kungiyoyin Hindu na gida da suka tuntubi mai gidan auren kuma suka bukaci ya soke taron don tabbatar da zaman lafiya a yankin.[1] Lamarin ya faru ne sakamakon Babban edita Sudharshan News Suresh Chavanke yana amfani da katin gayyatar auren ma'auratan a [[Twitter]]. Duk da yake da farko ma'auratan ba su da masaniya game da katin gayyatar bikin aurensu ya bazu a kafofin sada zumunta, sai suka yanke shawarar dakatar da liyafar bayan jawabin siyasa da ta dauka.[2] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ip1qvk3trmmz2gf855cijirbrr61vjz 0 125193 893646 753561 2026-08-09T13:52:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An gina '''tashar jiragen ruwa ta Hawthorn''' a watan Afrilun 1916 ta Hawthorn Tramways Trust (HTT). An gina ta a kusurwar titin Power da Wallen Road, Hawthorn, wani yanki na [[Melbourne]], Ostiraliya. An kuma san ta da '''Gidan Tarihi na Melbourne Tram'''. Tashar jiragen ruwa tana kusa da mahadar manyan layukan HTT guda biyu. Hukumar Melbourne &amp;amp; Metropolitan Tramways (MMTB) ta karɓe ta a shekarar 1920. A shekarar 1925, an yi amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa a matsayin makaranta don koyar da direbobin jiragen ruwa da masu tukin jirgin ƙasa. A shekarar 1940, an kuma yi amfani da ginin don yin kayan aiki ga ma'aikatan MMTB. An rufe rumbun ajiyar kayan aiki a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 1965,<ref>{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Friends of Hawthorn Tram Depot: Melbourne Tram Museum @ Hawthorn Depot |url=http://www.hawthorntramdepot.org.au/index.htm |access-date=29 July 2012 |website=hawthorntramdepot.org.au |archive-date=25 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125100226/http://hawthorntramdepot.org.au/index.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> amma an ci gaba da amfani da shi don horarwa da ƙera kayan aiki har zuwa shekarun 1990. A shekarar 1996, an ƙara ma'ajiyar kayan tarihi a cikin Rijistar Gado ta Victoria.<ref>[https://www.sydneytramwaymuseum.com.au/members.old/Trolley_Wire/097%20-%20Trolley%20Wire%20-%20Apr%201965.pdf Hawthorn Depot Closed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116154222/https://www.sydneytramwaymuseum.com.au/members.old/Trolley_Wire/097%20-%20Trolley%20Wire%20-%20Apr%201965.pdf |date=2025-11-16 }} ''[[Trolley Wire]]'' issue 97 April 1965 page 11</ref> A watan Agusta na shekarar 1998, Ministan Sufuri Robin Cooper ya sanar da cewa za a sake gina wurin a matsayin wani rukunin gidaje ta Kamfanin Urban Land Corporation, tare da wani ɓangare na wurin ajiyar kayan tarihi. Ministan Sufuri Peter Batchelor ne ya buɗe gidan kayan tarihi a ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2003. == Abokan Tashar Motocin Hawthorn Tram == Gidan tarihin tram mallakar VicTrack ne, amma gidan tarihin yana ƙarƙashin ma'aikata kuma yana ƙarƙashin kulawar Abokan Hawthorn Tram Depot. Wannan rukunin ƙungiya ce mai sa kai, mai zaman kanta, wacce aka kafa don adana tarihin tram na Melbourne. Gidan tarihin yana da tram 17 da aka gyara gaba ɗaya.[1] Tarin ya haɗa da ɗaya daga cikin tram ɗin kebul na asali na Melbourne. ''Jaridar Bellcord'' ita ce mujallar Friends of Hawthorn Tram Depot. Ana buga ta a kowace shekara. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} indwwu5tcmqir08fatrqp7imzjzwsd0 0 125368 893955 798961 2026-08-10T00:08:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wurin shakatawa na Wireless Hill Park''' wani wurin shakatawa ne {{Convert|40|ha}} a Ardross, Yammacin Ostiraliya wanda shine wurin da tsohon '''tashar Applecross Wireless yake''', {{Efn|When the station was constructed, the site was in [[Applecross, Western Australia|Applecross]].<ref name=SignificanceAssessment/><ref name=Timeline/> Due to subsequent changes to suburban boundaries, the site is now in Ardross.<ref>{{cite object |title=Park & national heritage listing |medium=Information display |museum=Wireless Hill Telecommunications Museum |location=Inside museum |date=2012-10-14 }}</ref><ref>"Wireless Hill Park Remoteness & Connectivity", Information displayed outside the Wireless Hill Museum, 2015-05-17</ref>}} wani gidan rediyo na farko a Yammacin Ostiraliya. An kiyaye gine-ginen tashar kuma yanzu haka gidan '''tarihi na Wireless Hill''' ne. Wurin yana cikin Rijistar Gidaje ta Ƙasa da kuma Rijistar Wurare na Jiha. Wurin shakatawa kuma muhimmin yanki ne na daji a birane. == Tarihi == Wireless Hill yana kan ƙasar ƙungiyar mutanen Whadjuk Noongar da ke zaune a Beeliar, waɗanda suka rayu a yankin tsawon shekaru aru-aru.<ref>"The Engine Room", Information displayed inside the Wireless Hill Museum, 2015-05-17</ref> Sun san yankin da '''{{Lang|nys|Yagan Mia}}'''. A shekarar 1909, Gwamnatin Commonwealth ta yanke shawarar cewa a kafa tashoshin telegraph mara waya a bakin tekun Ostiraliya. A shekara mai zuwa, ta yi kwangilar Australasian Wireless Limited don gina tashar Perth, a wurin da yanzu ake kira Wireless Hill. An fara share wurin da ginin a shekarar 1911, inda aka kammala gina tashar Applecross Wireless kuma aka buɗe ta a hukumance a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 1912. Da farko dai, Australasian Wireless ce ta mallaki kuma ke gudanar da tashar Applecross Wireless, a madadin Ma'aikatar Postmaster-General (PMG), {{Efn|The ''Wireless Telegraphy Act 1905''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/C1905A00008|title=Wireless Telegraphy Act 1905|publisher=Australian Government|access-date=2024-10-27}}</ref> gave the Commonwealth Government the exclusive right to establish and operate radio stations.<ref name=Timeline/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.airwaysmuseum.com/Coastal%20Radio%20Stations.htm|title=The Role of Coastal Radio Stations in the Early Days of Communications With Aircraft|author=Roger Meyer|access-date=2012-10-15|archive-date=2012-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024002400/http://www.airwaysmuseum.com/Coastal%20Radio%20Stations.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} a matsayin sabis na kasuwanci don jigilar kaya. A shekarar 1916, sakamakon Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal Australia ta karɓi iko da tashar (da kuma dukkan tashoshin rediyo na bakin teku na Australiya), ta riƙe ma'aikatan da ke akwai kuma ta ba su mukaman sojojin ruwa a matsayin jami'ai marasa kwamishinonin aiki.[1] [2] [3] Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta ci gaba da riƙe iko har zuwa 1920.[4] [1] Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta sake karɓar iko da tashar daga 1939 zuwa 1945, a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, [4] [1] ta sake riƙe ma'aikatan da ke akwai.[5] A shekarar 1947, sabuwar Hukumar Sadarwa ta Ƙasashen Waje (OTC) ta karɓi iko kan dukkan tashoshin mara waya daga PMG. == Bushland == Wurin shakatawa na Wireless Hill ya ƙunshi {{Convert|38|ha}} na daji da ke kewaye da {{Convert|2|ha}} na filin shakatawa na ciyawa. Yankin daji gida ne ga furanni da yawa na daji, tsirrai na asali,<ref name="FriendsWildflowesr" /> tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu rarrafe.<ref>"The Engine Room", Information displayed inside the Wireless Hill Museum, 2015-05-17</ref> An jera shi a matsayin wurin 336 a kan " Bush Forever ",<ref name="FriendsWildflowesr">{{Cite web |title=Wildflowers and other Native Plants |url=http://www.friendsofwirelesshill.org/wildflowers.html |access-date=2012-10-15 |publisher=Friends of Wireless Hill}}</ref> manufar gwamnatin jiha don kare gandun daji mai mahimmanci a yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bush Forever |url=http://www.bushlandperth.org.au/component/content/article/1-current-activities/4-bush-forever |access-date=2012-10-15 |publisher=Urban Bushland Council WA Inc |archive-date=2013-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409225621/http://www.bushlandperth.org.au/component/content/article/1-current-activities/4-bush-forever |url-status=dead }}</ref> An share mafi yawan yankin lokacin da aka gina tashar Applecross Wireless <ref name="FriendsAbout">{{Cite web |title=About Wireless Hill Park |url=http://www.friendsofwirelesshill.org/aboutwireless.html |access-date=2012-10-15 |publisher=Friends of Wireless Hill}}</ref> ko kuma jim kaɗan bayan haka a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya saboda dalilai na tsaro. An dasa ciyawar veldt na tsawon shekaru don hana zaizayar ƙasa, amma daji ya sake farfaɗo da kansa daga tsaba daga shuke-shuke a yankunan da ke kewaye.<ref name="FriendsAbout" /> Wurin shakatawa yana da hanyoyi da dama na tafiya a cikinsa.<ref>"The Engine Room", Information displayed inside the Wireless Hill Museum, 2015-05-17</ref> <ref>"The Engine Room", Information displayed inside the Wireless Hill Museum, 2015-05-17</ref>   == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ccq4nsvyctqt6tbu5zpjsx8hqffg7p2 0 126527 894027 757522 2026-08-10T05:19:31Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 894027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin Moyle Park''' makarantar sakandare ce a Clondalkin, County Dublin, [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]] . == Tarihi == Marist Brothers ne suka kafa makarantar a shekara ta 1957, <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://www.moyleparkcollege.ie/history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827082524/http://www.moyleparkcollege.ie/history.html |archive-date=27 August 2014 |website=moyleparkcollege.ie}}</ref> kuma ta girma tare da yawan mutanen yankin. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2017, babu sauran Marist Brothers da suka koyar a makarantar. A shekara ta 2007 Kwalejin Moyle Park ta yi bikin Jubilee na Zinariya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jubilee |url=http://www.moyleparkcollege.ie/Jubilee.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118175536/http://www.moyleparkcollege.ie/Jubilee.htm |archive-date=18 November 2007 |website=moyleparkcollege.ie}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Oktoba an gudanar da wani bikin a zauren wasanni don yin bikin. Shugaban Ireland na lokacin Mary McAleese ne ya halarci wannan kuma wanda ya bude lambun Jubilee na zinariya. Niamh Cahalane ya zama shugaban daga Maurice Hartigan a watan Agustan 2016. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A lokacin watanni na rani, kwalejin tana karbar bakuncin Kwalejin Harshen Turanci ta Moyle Park. Wannan aikin bazara yana ganin fiye da dalibai 300 na kasa da kasa sun zo kwalejin don koyon Turanci a matsayin yare na biyu. Dalibai sun zo daga [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], Faransa da Italiya kuma sun zauna a yankunan Clondalkin, Palmerstown, Tallaght da Lucan na Dublin. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] == Shahararrun ɗalibai na baya == Shahararrun ɗalibai da suka gabata sun haɗa da: [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2025}} * Dan siyasa da ministan gwamnati na Ireland John Curran * Babban Manajan kwallon kafa na Dublin Jim Gavin * Babban Manajan kwallon kafa na Longford Jack Sheedy * Tsohon Babban Dan wasan kwallon kafa na Dublin Derek Murray * Mai dambe na Olympics Kenny Egan * Mai gabatar da talabijin Brian Ormond * Dan wasan kwallon kafa na yanzu na Millwall Aidomo Emakhu . <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://www.moyleparkcollege.ie/history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827082524/http://www.moyleparkcollege.ie/history.html |archive-date=27 August 2014 |website=moyleparkcollege.ie}}</ref> * Dan wasan kwallon kafa na yanzu na Jamhuriyar Ireland U21 Sinclair Armstrong <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jubilee |url=http://www.moyleparkcollege.ie/Jubilee.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118175536/http://www.moyleparkcollege.ie/Jubilee.htm |archive-date=18 November 2007 |website=moyleparkcollege.ie}}</ref> == Manazarta == dqxw9fuwkpd0g96p0yjgesz64u3vguc 0 126560 894014 800258 2026-08-10T05:11:20Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 894014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Link Interac Inc.''' kamfani ne na [[Japan]] wanda aka kafa a 1972 <ref name="InteracAbout">{{Cite web |title=Interac: Japan's leading private provider of Assistant Language Teachers – Official Website |url=http://www.interacnetwork.com/recruit/ |access-date=9 February 2011 |website=See "About Interac" section |archive-date=7 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207074525/http://www.interacnetwork.com/recruit/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> wanda ke mai da hankali ga samar da Mataimakin Malaman Harshe (ALTs) ga makarantun firamare, tsakiya, da sakandare na jama'a a Japan. Daga 2010 zuwa 2014, Interac mallakar Advantage Partners ne. Tun daga watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2014, Interac ya zama wani ɓangare na Link & Motivation Inc (TSE:2170) kuma an canza sunansa zuwa Link Interac Inc. == Magana == Sunan shine acronym don Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi ta Duniya da Bincike, kodayake kamfanin bai Tata aiki a ƙarƙashin wannan sunan ba. == Bayyanawa da tarihi == Interac ita ce babbar mai ba da sabis mai zaman kanta ta Japan na ƙwararrun malamai na ƙasashen waje ga gwamnatin Japan ta hanyar shirin ALT. A matsayin daya daga cikin manyan ma'aikata marasa gwamnati na 'yan kasashen waje a Japan suna daukar ma'aikata kusan 3,500 a Japan a fadin cibiyar sadarwa ta ofisoshi 13. Kimanin 3,200 daga cikin wadannan ma'aikata ba Jafananci ba ne. Interac ya fara ne a matsayin mai ba da sabis na ilimi na kamfanoni amma daga tsakiyar shekarun 1990 ya fara samar da ALTs da sabis na da suka shafi ilimi ga Kwamitin Ilimi a duk faɗin Japan. Kamfanin yana da rassa goma sha biyar na cikin gida a cikin Japan, <ref name="japantoday1">{{Cite web |date=26 March 2012 |title=Japan Today: Executive Impact: Interac – Darrin McNeal |url=http://www.japantoday.com/category/executive-impact/view/interac |access-date=2012-05-11}}</ref> tare da ofisoshin da ke da alaƙa a Salt Lake City da Oxford. Akwai kimanin ma'aikatan gudanarwa 100, da kuma ƙungiyar koyarwa ta sama da 2,500 ALTs da malamai na harshe don Turanci da sauran harsuna.<ref name="japantoday1" /><ref name="interacnetwork1">{{Cite web |title=Interac website – About Interac |url=https://www.interacnetwork.com/recruit/info.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419231629/http://www.interacnetwork.com/recruit/info.html |archive-date=April 19, 2012 |access-date=2012-05-11}}</ref> == Abokan ciniki == Link Interac yana da rassa goma sha biyar da ke kula da kungiyoyin abokan ciniki daban-daban sama da 7,000. Yawancin waɗannan allon ilimi ne na gida waɗanda Interac ke ba da ALTs. Matsayin wannan koyarwar a makarantun jama'a yana da girma sosai, kuma kimantawa bisa ga ƙididdigar gwamnati shine cewa kusan 17.33%, ko 1 cikin ɗalibai 5.76, malamin Interac ne ke koyar da shi kowane mako.<ref>[https://interacnetwork.com/about-us/about-us-ljc/ Link and Motivation Group]</ref> Kimanin kashi 10% na kasuwancinsa yana cikin samar da koyarwar harshe ga kamfanoni kamar su Ito-Yokado, Honda, Hitachi, Mitsubishi, da NEC, da kuma kungiyoyin gwamnatin Japan kamar su Hukumar hadin kan kasa da kasa ta Japan.<ref name="japantoday1"/><ref name="interacnetwork1"/> == Wakilin Tarayyar == A yammacin Japan wasu malamai na Interac suna wakiltar Janar Union. A kudancin Japan Malaman Interac suna wakiltar Fukuoka General Union. A yankin [[Tokyo]] da arewa maso gabashin Japan, malamai na Interac sun haɗu a cikin "Zenkoku Ippan Tokyo General Union Tozen ALTs" na gida. == Dubi kuma == * Ilimi a Japan * Shirin JET == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kamfanoni]] 872taxry8qk3mjvp1vxqfw2tzgqo43c 0 126912 894078 758642 2026-08-10T08:35:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894078 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Alliance Française na Wuhan (Faransa pronunciation: [aljɑ̃s fʁɑ̃sɛːz də u.an], [] i; "Wuhan French Alliance") kungiya ce mai zaman kanta, ba ta gwamnati ba. Manufarta ita ce inganta harshen Faransanci da al'adun Francophone a Wuhan da Hubei, da kuma musayar al'adu; duk a cikin mahallin cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya ta Alliance Française . [1]frfrfrcmn == Tarihi == == Cibiyar Harshen Faransanci == Alliance Française de Wuhan ya dogara ne akan shafuka uku; babban cibiyar a Wuchang, mahaɗin a Hankou da Hanyang. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Abubuwan al'adu da zamantakewa == == Shirin Bayyanawa == == Jama'a == == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130414091323/http://wuhan.afchine.org/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] * [http://www.whu.edu.cn/ Jami'ar Wuhan] * [http://www.afchine.org/ Haɗin gwiwar Faransanci a kasar Sin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226164436/http://www.afchine.org/ |date=2016-12-26 }} htnq2rvcjlh98zgu9fd5ixr1jg79605 0 127060 894018 791012 2026-08-10T05:13:51Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 894018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gidan St Michael''' wata cibiyar ilimi ce ta Australiya a cikin Crafers a wajen [[Adelaide]], a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Society of the Sacred Mission, wanda aka kafa a 1947 kuma wanda wuta ta lalata a cikin gobarar Ash Laraba a 1983 jim kadan bayan rufe shi. Ya horar da 'yan takara don naɗa a cikin Ikilisiyar Anglican ta [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] . == Asalin == Wani dan kasuwa na mulkin mallaka, John Bakewell (wanda shi ne ɗan dan majalisa na Kudancin Australia William Bakewell), ya gina gida a Dutsen Lofty (wanda yanzu ake kira Crafers) wanda ya kira "Koralla". 'Yar Bakewell, Audine, ta auri likitan Irish, Arthur Pryce Evelyn O'Leary . <ref>{{Cite web |title=RAMC Officers of the Malta Garrison: Thomas Connor O'Leary |url=https://www.maltaramc.com/regsurg/o/olearytc.html |access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref> O'Leary ya mutu a 1929 kuma a 1943 gwauruwarsa ta bar "Koralla" zuwa Anglican Diocese na Adelaide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Elson: St Michael's House, Crafers – My Memories |url=https://www.users.picknowl.com.au/~robertel/SSM.html |access-date=14 March 2021 |archive-date=1 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701122729/http://users.picknowl.com.au/~robertel/SSM.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bryan Robin, Bishop na Adelaide daga 1941 zuwa 1956, ya ƙarfafa membobin Society of the Sacred Mission (SSM) su zo Adelaide daga Kelham don kafa kwalejin tauhidi don haɓaka yawan malamai. An kafa SSM a London a 1893 ta hanyar Fr Herbert Kelly kuma a shekara mai zuwa ya fara horar da ma'aikata don firist. A cikin 1903, SSM ta sayi Kelham Hall, wanda daga nan ya zama asalin gidan St Michael.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Elson: St Michael's House, Crafers – My Memories |url=https://www.users.picknowl.com.au/~robertel/SSM.html |access-date=14 March 2021 |archive-date=1 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701122729/http://users.picknowl.com.au/~robertel/SSM.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Shekaru na kwaleji == Dalibai ne a gidan St Michael (tare da na Kwalejin Ormond a Jami'ar [[Melbourne]]) wadanda suka kasance na farko a Ostiraliya don kiyaye makon Addu'a don Haɗin kan Kirista, a cikin shekarun 1950.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RAMC Officers of the Malta Garrison: Thomas Connor O'Leary |url=https://www.maltaramc.com/regsurg/o/olearytc.html |access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref> Daliban St Michael sun nuna rashin amincewa da Yaƙin [[Vietnam]], wanda aka dauka a matsayin aikin rikici a lokacin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Elson: St Michael's House, Crafers – My Memories |url=https://www.users.picknowl.com.au/~robertel/SSM.html |access-date=14 March 2021 |archive-date=1 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701122729/http://users.picknowl.com.au/~robertel/SSM.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Halakawa == A ranar Laraba ta Ash a cikin 1983 sassan Kudancin Australia da Victoria sun fuskanci mummunar gobarar daji, wanda aka sani da gobarar [[Ash Wednesday|Ash Laraba]]. Gidan St Michael ya lalace, kuma ba a sake gina shi ba. Sauran mambobin SSM sun tsira daga gobarar ta hanyar ɓoyewa a cikin ginshiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RAMC Officers of the Malta Garrison: Thomas Connor O'Leary |url=https://www.maltaramc.com/regsurg/o/olearytc.html |access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref> Wadanda suka tsere daga wuta sun hada da Fr Jonathan Ewer, na karshe da ya gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Elson: St Michael's House, Crafers – My Memories |url=https://www.users.picknowl.com.au/~robertel/SSM.html |access-date=14 March 2021 |archive-date=1 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701122729/http://users.picknowl.com.au/~robertel/SSM.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RAMC Officers of the Malta Garrison: Thomas Connor O'Leary |url=https://www.maltaramc.com/regsurg/o/olearytc.html |access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref> Rashin rushewar kawai shine tsohon gidan ƙofar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Elson: St Michael's House, Crafers – My Memories |url=https://www.users.picknowl.com.au/~robertel/SSM.html |access-date=14 March 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dukan ɗakin karatu na 40,000, wanda aka sayar wa Kwalejin Trinity a Melbourne don jiran rufe kwalejin, ya ɓace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RAMC Officers of the Malta Garrison: Thomas Connor O'Leary |url=https://www.maltaramc.com/regsurg/o/olearytc.html |access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref> Kelham ya rufe a 1971, kuma an warwatsa ɗakin karatu, a wani bangare zuwa gidan St Michael. Dukkanin waɗannan kundin sun ɓace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Elson: St Michael's House, Crafers – My Memories |url=https://www.users.picknowl.com.au/~robertel/SSM.html |access-date=14 March 2021 |archive-date=1 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701122729/http://users.picknowl.com.au/~robertel/SSM.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwalejin tauhidin ba ta sake buɗewa ba; gidan firist ɗin ya koma Diggers Rest a Victoria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RAMC Officers of the Malta Garrison: Thomas Connor O'Leary |url=https://www.maltaramc.com/regsurg/o/olearytc.html |access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref> == Manazarta == 2uffggakl5fk2rkral0ce9mgu016dm3 0 127378 893787 759795 2026-08-09T16:50:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tom McNamara''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 1990) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom McNamara |url=https://afltables.com/afl/stats/players/T/Tom_McNamara1.html |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=AFL Tables |archive-date=March 1, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250301140023/https://afltables.com/afl/stats/players/T/Tom_McNamara1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Australiya wanda ya taka leda a Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Australiya (AFL). An dauki shi a lamba ta 66 ta Melbourne Demons a cikin 2007 AFL National Draft, McNamara ya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida. An dauke shi ne daga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kudancin Australia (SANFL) ta Kudancin Adelaide, kuma ya kammala karatun AIS / AFL Academy. Shi ne dan wasan da ya fi ƙanƙanta da aka zaba a cikin shirin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom McNamara |url=https://afltables.com/afl/stats/players/T/Tom_McNamara1.html |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=AFL Tables |archive-date=March 1, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250301140023/https://afltables.com/afl/stats/players/T/Tom_McNamara1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> McNamara ya fara buga wasan farko na AFL a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya buga wasanni uku a kakar, amma a ƙarshen kakar wasa mai zuwa, bayan ya kasa buga wasa a shekara ta 2010, Melbourne ta cire McNamara. Duk da haka, daga baya aljanu suka sake shi a cikin 2011_Rookie_Draft" id="mwHw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="2010 AFL Draft">Rookie Draft, watanni kawai bayan haka.[undefined] McNamara ya buga wasa daya kawai a shekarar 2011 kuma an sake cire shi a karshen kakar.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] aqvwa0jtq4f15oyvjckbxatvq34k68n 0 127719 893775 760677 2026-08-09T16:44:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thomas Jonas''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1991) tsohon kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na Australiya wanda ya buga wa Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Port Adelaide a gasar kwallon kafa ta Australiya (AFL). == Ayyukan AFL == Jonas ya fara fitowa a babban matakin a kakar AFL ta 2011.[1] Jonas, tare da tsohon abokin wasan John Butcher, sun fara bugawa a zagaye na 21, a kan Hawthorn inda aka ci Port Adelaide da maki 165.[2] Har zuwa yau, ya kasance mafi munin cin nasara da kowane dan wasa ya sha a wasan farko a tarihin VFL / AFL.[3] An dakatar da shi na wasanni shida a shekarar 2016 saboda ya buga Andrew Gaff na West Coast da gangan, ya bar Gaff ba tare da sanin komai ba har minti biyu. Bayan dakatarwarsa ta ƙare, Jonas ya rasa sauran kakar saboda raunin hamstring. A cikin 2018, ya ce "ya ji kamar an dakatar da shi na rabin shekara".<ref>{{AFL Tables|ref=T/Tom_Jonas.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hawthorn v Port Adelaide - Sat, 13-Aug-2011 2:10 PM |url=http://afltables.com/afl/stats/games/2011/101320110813.html |access-date=9 October 2016 |publisher=AFL Tables |archive-date=23 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823014637/http://afltables.com/afl/stats/games/2011/101320110813.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> An nada Jonas a matsayin kyaftin tare da abokin aikinsa Ollie Wines a kakar 2019. A shekara mai zuwa ya ɗauki alhakin kyaftin din, tare da Wines ya zama mataimakin kyaftin din.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thomas Jonas Player Profile, Port Adelaide Football Club |url=http://www.portadelaidefc.com.au/players/playerprofile/thomasjonas/tabid/8475/playerid/22332/category/rookie/season/2011/selected/bio/default.aspx |website=portadelaidefc.com.au}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2023, Jonas ya sanar da cewa zai yi ritaya bayan kammala kakar 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thomas Jonas Player Profile, Port Adelaide Football Club |url=http://www.portadelaidefc.com.au/players/playerprofile/thomasjonas/tabid/8475/playerid/22332/category/rookie/season/2011/selected/bio/default.aspx |website=portadelaidefc.com.au}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Jonas ya kammala karatun shari'a, bayan ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Adelaide. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] clt929d2nyr147zi6r9230qonb7epkk 0 127780 893680 822696 2026-08-09T16:16:11Z Asiya Garba 46242 893680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:House_in_Toteil_002.jpg|thumb|Gidan da aka yi da yumbu tare da rufin da aka yi a Toteil, kusa da Kassala, [[Sudan]]]] '''Tsarin [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]]''' gini ne ko wani tsari da aka yi da ƙasa. Tun da ƙasa abu ne mai yawa, an kuma yi amfani da shi a cikin gini tun kafin tarihi. Ana iya haɗa shi da wasu kayan, matsewa da / ko yin burodi don ƙara ƙarfi. Abubuwan tsarin ƙasa na iya zama masu sauƙi kamar laka, ko laka da aka gauraya da kara don yin cob. Ana iya gina gidaje masu ƙarfi daga sod ko turf. Za'a kuma iya dai-daita ƙasa ta hanyar ƙara lemun tsami ko siminti, kuma ana iya haɗa shi cikin ƙasa mai laushi. Ginin yana da sauri tare da adobe ko bricks da aka riga aka kafa, tubalan ƙasa, jaka ko tubalin yumɓu. {{Efn|Fired bricks and concrete are derived from earth, but structures built from these materials are usually not considered earth structures.{{sfn|Rael|2009|p=9}}}} Nau'o'in tsarin ƙasa sun haɗa da mafaka na ƙasa, inda aka saka gida gaba ɗaya ko kuma a wani ɓangare a cikin ƙasa ko kuma an rufe shi cikin ƙasa. Gidajen ƙasa na 'yan asalin Amurka misalai ne. Wattle da daub daub gidaje suna amfani da "wattle" na sanduna da aka haɗa tare da sanduna don samar da kwanciyar hankali ga ganuwar laka. An gina Gidajen Sod a arewa maso yammacin gabar Turai, kuma daga baya mazauna Turai a kan filayen Arewacin Amurka. Ana gina gine-ginen adobe ko bulo a duniya kuma sun haɗa da gidaje, gine-gidan gida, masallatai da majami'u. Fujian Tulous manyan gine-ginen ƙasa ne masu garu a kudu maso gabashin [[Sin|China]] waɗanda ke da mafaka ga iyalai 80. Sauran nau'ikan tsarin ƙasa sun haɗa da tuddai da pyramids da aka yi amfani da su don dalilai na addini, digues, ganuwar riƙe ƙasa mai ɗorewa, sansani, rami da madatsar ruwa. == Ƙasa == [[Fayil:SoilTexture_USDA.svg|thumb|Nau'ikan ƙasa ta hanyar yumɓu, yashi da yashi kamar yadda USDA ta yi amfani da shi]] An halicci ƙasa daga dutse wanda aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar sunadarai ko ta jiki, an kai shi, an ajiye shi kuma an zubar da shi.{{Sfn|USDA|1974}} Yankin ƙasa sun haɗa da [[yashi]], laka da yumɓu. Yankin yashi sune mafi girma a 2 zuwa 0.05 millimeters (0.0787 zuwa 0.0020 in) a diamita kuma yumbu mafi ƙanƙanta a ƙasa da 0.002 millimeters (7.9 in) a Diamita.{{Sfn|Soil Composition and Formation, SCDNR}} Dukkanin yashi da yashi galibi ƙwayoyin dutse ne, gami da Quartz, calcite, feldspar da Mica.{{Sfn|Shah|Shroff|2003}} Gilashin yawanci ma'adanai ne na phyllosilicate tare da tsarin takarda.{{Sfn|Soil Composition and Formation, SCDNR}} Ƙananan ƙwayoyin yumɓu suna hulɗa da juna ta jiki da kuma sunadarai. Ko da karamin rabo na yumɓu yana shafar kaddarorin jiki na ƙasa fiye da yadda za a iya tsammani.{{Sfn|Shah|Shroff|2003}} Yumbu irin su kaolinite ba sa fadadawa ko kwangila lokacin da aka yi masa ruwa ko bushewa, kuma suna da amfani don yin tubali. Sauran, kamar su smectites, suna fadada ko yin kwangila sosai lokacin da rigar ko bushe, kuma ba su dace da gini ba.{{Sfn|Soil Composition and Formation, SCDNR}} Loam cakuda ne na yashi, yashi da yumɓu wanda babu wanda ya fi yawa. Ana ba da ƙasa sunaye daban-daban dangane da rabo na yashi, yashi da yumɓu kamar "Silt Loam", "Clay Loam" da "Silty Clay".{{Sfn|Ball|Norton|2002}} Ginin Loam, batun wannan labarin, wanda ake kira adobe construction lokacin da yake amfani da tubalin yumɓu marasa wuta, tsohuwar fasahar gini ce. An yi amfani da shi a farkon wayewar [[Bahar Rum]], [[Misra|Misira]] da [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamiya]], a cikin kwarin [[Kogin Indus|Indus]], Ganges da [[Yellow River|Yellow]], a Tsakiya da [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]]. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005 kimanin mutane biliyan 1.5 ne ke zaune a cikin gidajen da aka gina da laka.{{Sfn|Koch|Koch|Seidl|2005}} {{Efn|One source estimates that as many as three billion people live in earth buildings.{{sfn|Rael|2009|p=9}}}} A cikin ýan shekarun nan, sha'awar gine-ginen laka ta farfado a cikin kasashe masu tasowa. Ana kuma ganinsa a matsayin hanyar rage amfani da man fetur da gurɓataccen abu, musamman carbon dioxide, yayin ƙerawa, da kuma ƙirƙirar yanayin rayuwa mai dadi ta hanyar babban taro da babban shawo kan kayan.[1] Manyan fasahohin guda biyu an buga su ko kuma an buga su da ƙasa, yumɓu ko laka, wanda ake kira pise de terre a Faransanci, da adobe, yawanci ta amfani da tubalin da aka bushe da rana da aka yi da laka da cakuda kara.[1] [lower-alpha 1] == Kayan aiki == [[Fayil:Mud_and_thatch_houses.JPG|thumb|Gidajen laka da ciyawa na gargajiya suna samar da gidan iyali kusa da [[Tamale, Ghana]]]] [[Fayil:Mud_houses_are_commonly_found_in_various_regions_of_Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|Gidajen laka a [[Kandahar]], [[Afghanistan]]]] Duniya yawanci tana buƙatar wani nau'in aiki don amfani a cikin gini. Ana iya haɗa shi da ruwa don yin laka, ana iya ƙara kara kara kara, ana iya amfani da wasu nau'ikan kayan daidaitawa kamar lime ko siminti don ƙarfafa ƙasa, kuma ana iya haɗa ƙasa don ƙara ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Watson|1993}} === Mud === Ginin laka yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin hanyoyin da za a ''China'' ganuwar. Ana samar da laka mai laushi da hannu don yin tushe na bango, kuma an ba da izinin bushewa. Ana ƙara ƙarin laka kuma an ba da izinin bushewa don samar da darussan da suka biyo baya har sai an kammala bango. Tare da laka mai laushi, ana cika nau'in laka da aka yi da hannu da laka mai rigar kuma an ba da izinin bushewa.{{Sfn|Cornerstones Community Partnerships|2006}} A Iran, ana kiran ganuwar laka da aka yi da laka a matsayin gine-ginen chine. Kowane hanya yana da kimanin inci 18 zuwa 24 (460 zuwa 610 kauri, kuma kimanin inci 18 ruo 24 (460 ruo 610 . Yawanci ana amfani da dabarar don ganuwar lambu amma ba don gina gida ba, mai yiwuwa saboda damuwa game da ƙarfin ganuwar da aka yi ta wannan hanyar.{{Sfn|McHenry|1984}} Rashin amfani ga tsarin shi ne cewa ana iya ciyar da lokaci mai yawa yana jiran kowane hanya ya bushe.{{Sfn|McHenry|1984}} Wata dabara, da aka yi amfani da ita a wuraren da itace yake da yawa, ita ce gina gidan katako da kuma cika shi da laka, da farko don samar da rufi. A wasu sassan [[Ingila]] an yi amfani da irin wannan dabarar tare da cob.{{Sfn|Cornerstones Community Partnerships|2006}} === Cob === [[Fayil:Cob_wall_in_Harwell_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1483279.jpg|thumb|Cob bango a Harwell, Oxfordshire, Ingila, daruruwan shekaru, an rufe shi da ciyawar don kare shi daga ruwa]] Cob, wani lokacin ana kiransa "monolithic adobe", kayan gini ne na halitta wanda aka yi da ƙasa wanda ya haɗa da yumɓu, yashi ko ƙananan duwatsu da kayan halitta kamar kara.{{Sfn|ICAEN|2004}} Ana gina ganuwar Cob a cikin darussan, ba su da haɗin dutse kuma suna buƙatar 30% ko fiye da yumɓu a cikin ƙasa. Ana iya amfani da Cob a matsayin cikawa a cikin gine-gine na post-and-beam, amma ana amfani dashi sau da yawa don ganuwar ɗaukar kaya, kuma yana iya ɗaukar har zuwa hawa biyu. Ganuwar cob ya kamata ta kasance aƙalla inci 16 (410 kauri, kuma rabo na faɗin zuwa tsawo bai kamata ya zama fiye da ɗaya zuwa goma ba.{{Sfn|ICAEN|2004}} Yawancin lokaci za a shafa shi a ciki da waje tare da cakuda lime, ƙasa da yashi. Cob yana da tsayayya da wuta, kuma ƙarfin zafi yana taimakawa wajen daidaita yanayin zafi na cikin gida.{{Sfn|ICAEN|2004}} Gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa cob yana da juriya ga aikin girgizar ƙasa. Koyaya, lambobin gini a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa bazai gane cob a matsayin kayan da aka amince da su ba.{{Sfn|Goodnow|2007}} === Sod ko turf === [[Fayil:Sod_House_Detail_(4245555122).jpg|thumb|Gilashin Sod a bangon gidan]] Za'a iya amfani da tubalin yanka, wanda ake kira ''terrone'' Mutanen Espanya, don yin ganuwar da ta dace. Ana yanka sod daga ƙasa wanda ke da mat mai nauyi na tushen ciyawa, wanda za'a iya samunsa a ƙasashen kogi. An tsaya a gefen ya bushe kafin a yi amfani da shi a cikin gini.{{Sfn|McHenry|1984}} Mazauna Turai a kan Filayen Arewacin Amurka sun gano cewa yaduwar da ba za ta iya lalacewa ba saboda daskarewa ko ruwan sama ya fito ne daga busassun sloughs.{{Sfn|Rollings-Magnusson|2012}} An yi amfani da turf sau ɗaya don ganuwar gidaje a Ireland, Scotland da Iceland, inda har yanzu ana iya samun wasu gidajen turf. Gidan turf na iya zama shekaru hamsin ko fiye idan an kiyaye shi sosai a cikin yanayin sanyi.{{Sfn|Berge|2009}} Icelanders sun gano cewa ''Ƙarfi'' kyawun turf shine Strengur, saman 5 centimeters (2.0 in) na ciyawa turf.{{Sfn|Berge|2009}} === Ƙasa mai daidaitawa === Yumbu yawanci yana da ƙarfi kuma yana da ƙarfi lokacin da ya bushe, amma ya zama mai laushi sosai lokacin da ya sha ruwa. Yumbu mai bushe yana taimakawa wajen riƙe bango na ƙasa tare, amma idan bango ya fallasa kai tsaye ga ruwan sama, ko ruwa da ke gudana daga rufin, yana iya zama mai cike.{{Sfn|Jagadish|2007}} Duniya na iya zama "mai tsayayya" don sa ta fi tsayayya da yanayi. Ayyukan daidaita ƙasa ta hanyar ƙara lemun tsami yana da ƙarnuka.{{Sfn|Teter|Liu|Kent|1964}} Hakanan ana iya ƙara siminti ko bitumen a cikin ƙasa da aka nufa don gini wanda ke ƙara ƙarfi, kodayake ƙasa mai ƙarfi ba ta da ƙarfi kamar yumɓu ko siminti.{{Sfn|Teter|Liu|Kent|1964}} Ana iya amfani da cakuda siminti da lime, ko pozzolana da lime, don daidaitawa.{{Sfn|Jagadish|2007}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rxj9gcdahr71v5vv9s82q5eeavwg8ym 893681 893680 2026-08-09T16:16:30Z Asiya Garba 46242 893681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:House_in_Toteil_002.jpg|thumb|Gidan da aka yi da yumbu tare da rufin da aka yi a Toteil, kusa da Kassala, [[Sudan]]]] '''Tsarin [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]]''' gini ne ko wani tsari da aka yi da ƙasa. Tun da ƙasa abu ne mai yawa, an kuma yi amfani da shi a cikin gini tun kafin tarihi. Ana iya haɗa shi da wasu kayan, matsewa da / ko yin burodi don ƙara ƙarfi. Abubuwan tsarin ƙasa na iya zama masu sauƙi kamar laka, ko laka da aka gauraya da kara don yin cob. Ana iya gina gidaje masu ƙarfi daga sod ko turf. Za'a kuma iya dai-daita ƙasa ta hanyar ƙara lemun tsami ko siminti, kuma ana iya haɗa shi cikin ƙasa mai laushi. Ginin yana da sauri tare da adobe ko bricks da aka riga aka kafa, tubalan ƙasa, jaka ko tubalin yumɓu. {{Efn|Fired bricks and concrete are derived from earth, but structures built from these materials are usually not considered earth structures.{{sfn|Rael|2009|p=9}}}} Nau'o'in tsarin ƙasa sun haɗa da mafaka na ƙasa, inda aka saka gida gaba ɗaya ko kuma a wani ɓangare a cikin ƙasa ko kuma an rufe shi cikin ƙasa. Gidajen ƙasa na ƴan asalin Amurka misalai ne. Wattle da daub daub gidaje suna amfani da "wattle" na sanduna da aka haɗa tare da sanduna don samar da kwanciyar hankali ga ganuwar laka. An gina Gidajen Sod a arewa maso yammacin gabar Turai, kuma daga baya mazauna Turai a kan filayen Arewacin Amurka. Ana gina gine-ginen adobe ko bulo a duniya kuma sun haɗa da gidaje, gine-gidan gida, masallatai da majami'u. Fujian Tulous manyan gine-ginen ƙasa ne masu garu a kudu maso gabashin [[Sin|China]] waɗanda ke da mafaka ga iyalai 80. Sauran nau'ikan tsarin ƙasa sun haɗa da tuddai da pyramids da aka yi amfani da su don dalilai na addini, digues, ganuwar riƙe ƙasa mai ɗorewa, sansani, rami da madatsar ruwa. == Ƙasa == [[Fayil:SoilTexture_USDA.svg|thumb|Nau'ikan ƙasa ta hanyar yumɓu, yashi da yashi kamar yadda USDA ta yi amfani da shi]] An halicci ƙasa daga dutse wanda aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar sunadarai ko ta jiki, an kai shi, an ajiye shi kuma an zubar da shi.{{Sfn|USDA|1974}} Yankin ƙasa sun haɗa da [[yashi]], laka da yumɓu. Yankin yashi sune mafi girma a 2 zuwa 0.05 millimeters (0.0787 zuwa 0.0020 in) a diamita kuma yumbu mafi ƙanƙanta a ƙasa da 0.002 millimeters (7.9 in) a Diamita.{{Sfn|Soil Composition and Formation, SCDNR}} Dukkanin yashi da yashi galibi ƙwayoyin dutse ne, gami da Quartz, calcite, feldspar da Mica.{{Sfn|Shah|Shroff|2003}} Gilashin yawanci ma'adanai ne na phyllosilicate tare da tsarin takarda.{{Sfn|Soil Composition and Formation, SCDNR}} Ƙananan ƙwayoyin yumɓu suna hulɗa da juna ta jiki da kuma sunadarai. Ko da karamin rabo na yumɓu yana shafar kaddarorin jiki na ƙasa fiye da yadda za a iya tsammani.{{Sfn|Shah|Shroff|2003}} Yumbu irin su kaolinite ba sa fadadawa ko kwangila lokacin da aka yi masa ruwa ko bushewa, kuma suna da amfani don yin tubali. Sauran, kamar su smectites, suna fadada ko yin kwangila sosai lokacin da rigar ko bushe, kuma ba su dace da gini ba.{{Sfn|Soil Composition and Formation, SCDNR}} Loam cakuda ne na yashi, yashi da yumɓu wanda babu wanda ya fi yawa. Ana ba da ƙasa sunaye daban-daban dangane da rabo na yashi, yashi da yumɓu kamar "Silt Loam", "Clay Loam" da "Silty Clay".{{Sfn|Ball|Norton|2002}} Ginin Loam, batun wannan labarin, wanda ake kira adobe construction lokacin da yake amfani da tubalin yumɓu marasa wuta, tsohuwar fasahar gini ce. An yi amfani da shi a farkon wayewar [[Bahar Rum]], [[Misra|Misira]] da [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamiya]], a cikin kwarin [[Kogin Indus|Indus]], Ganges da [[Yellow River|Yellow]], a Tsakiya da [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]]. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005 kimanin mutane biliyan 1.5 ne ke zaune a cikin gidajen da aka gina da laka.{{Sfn|Koch|Koch|Seidl|2005}} {{Efn|One source estimates that as many as three billion people live in earth buildings.{{sfn|Rael|2009|p=9}}}} A cikin ýan shekarun nan, sha'awar gine-ginen laka ta farfado a cikin kasashe masu tasowa. Ana kuma ganinsa a matsayin hanyar rage amfani da man fetur da gurɓataccen abu, musamman carbon dioxide, yayin ƙerawa, da kuma ƙirƙirar yanayin rayuwa mai dadi ta hanyar babban taro da babban shawo kan kayan.[1] Manyan fasahohin guda biyu an buga su ko kuma an buga su da ƙasa, yumɓu ko laka, wanda ake kira pise de terre a Faransanci, da adobe, yawanci ta amfani da tubalin da aka bushe da rana da aka yi da laka da cakuda kara.[1] [lower-alpha 1] == Kayan aiki == [[Fayil:Mud_and_thatch_houses.JPG|thumb|Gidajen laka da ciyawa na gargajiya suna samar da gidan iyali kusa da [[Tamale, Ghana]]]] [[Fayil:Mud_houses_are_commonly_found_in_various_regions_of_Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|Gidajen laka a [[Kandahar]], [[Afghanistan]]]] Duniya yawanci tana buƙatar wani nau'in aiki don amfani a cikin gini. Ana iya haɗa shi da ruwa don yin laka, ana iya ƙara kara kara kara, ana iya amfani da wasu nau'ikan kayan daidaitawa kamar lime ko siminti don ƙarfafa ƙasa, kuma ana iya haɗa ƙasa don ƙara ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Watson|1993}} === Mud === Ginin laka yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin hanyoyin da za a ''China'' ganuwar. Ana samar da laka mai laushi da hannu don yin tushe na bango, kuma an ba da izinin bushewa. Ana ƙara ƙarin laka kuma an ba da izinin bushewa don samar da darussan da suka biyo baya har sai an kammala bango. Tare da laka mai laushi, ana cika nau'in laka da aka yi da hannu da laka mai rigar kuma an ba da izinin bushewa.{{Sfn|Cornerstones Community Partnerships|2006}} A Iran, ana kiran ganuwar laka da aka yi da laka a matsayin gine-ginen chine. Kowane hanya yana da kimanin inci 18 zuwa 24 (460 zuwa 610 kauri, kuma kimanin inci 18 ruo 24 (460 ruo 610 . Yawanci ana amfani da dabarar don ganuwar lambu amma ba don gina gida ba, mai yiwuwa saboda damuwa game da ƙarfin ganuwar da aka yi ta wannan hanyar.{{Sfn|McHenry|1984}} Rashin amfani ga tsarin shi ne cewa ana iya ciyar da lokaci mai yawa yana jiran kowane hanya ya bushe.{{Sfn|McHenry|1984}} Wata dabara, da aka yi amfani da ita a wuraren da itace yake da yawa, ita ce gina gidan katako da kuma cika shi da laka, da farko don samar da rufi. A wasu sassan [[Ingila]] an yi amfani da irin wannan dabarar tare da cob.{{Sfn|Cornerstones Community Partnerships|2006}} === Cob === [[Fayil:Cob_wall_in_Harwell_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1483279.jpg|thumb|Cob bango a Harwell, Oxfordshire, Ingila, daruruwan shekaru, an rufe shi da ciyawar don kare shi daga ruwa]] Cob, wani lokacin ana kiransa "monolithic adobe", kayan gini ne na halitta wanda aka yi da ƙasa wanda ya haɗa da yumɓu, yashi ko ƙananan duwatsu da kayan halitta kamar kara.{{Sfn|ICAEN|2004}} Ana gina ganuwar Cob a cikin darussan, ba su da haɗin dutse kuma suna buƙatar 30% ko fiye da yumɓu a cikin ƙasa. Ana iya amfani da Cob a matsayin cikawa a cikin gine-gine na post-and-beam, amma ana amfani dashi sau da yawa don ganuwar ɗaukar kaya, kuma yana iya ɗaukar har zuwa hawa biyu. Ganuwar cob ya kamata ta kasance aƙalla inci 16 (410 kauri, kuma rabo na faɗin zuwa tsawo bai kamata ya zama fiye da ɗaya zuwa goma ba.{{Sfn|ICAEN|2004}} Yawancin lokaci za a shafa shi a ciki da waje tare da cakuda lime, ƙasa da yashi. Cob yana da tsayayya da wuta, kuma ƙarfin zafi yana taimakawa wajen daidaita yanayin zafi na cikin gida.{{Sfn|ICAEN|2004}} Gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa cob yana da juriya ga aikin girgizar ƙasa. Koyaya, lambobin gini a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa bazai gane cob a matsayin kayan da aka amince da su ba.{{Sfn|Goodnow|2007}} === Sod ko turf === [[Fayil:Sod_House_Detail_(4245555122).jpg|thumb|Gilashin Sod a bangon gidan]] Za'a iya amfani da tubalin yanka, wanda ake kira ''terrone'' Mutanen Espanya, don yin ganuwar da ta dace. Ana yanka sod daga ƙasa wanda ke da mat mai nauyi na tushen ciyawa, wanda za'a iya samunsa a ƙasashen kogi. An tsaya a gefen ya bushe kafin a yi amfani da shi a cikin gini.{{Sfn|McHenry|1984}} Mazauna Turai a kan Filayen Arewacin Amurka sun gano cewa yaduwar da ba za ta iya lalacewa ba saboda daskarewa ko ruwan sama ya fito ne daga busassun sloughs.{{Sfn|Rollings-Magnusson|2012}} An yi amfani da turf sau ɗaya don ganuwar gidaje a Ireland, Scotland da Iceland, inda har yanzu ana iya samun wasu gidajen turf. Gidan turf na iya zama shekaru hamsin ko fiye idan an kiyaye shi sosai a cikin yanayin sanyi.{{Sfn|Berge|2009}} Icelanders sun gano cewa ''Ƙarfi'' kyawun turf shine Strengur, saman 5 centimeters (2.0 in) na ciyawa turf.{{Sfn|Berge|2009}} === Ƙasa mai daidaitawa === Yumbu yawanci yana da ƙarfi kuma yana da ƙarfi lokacin da ya bushe, amma ya zama mai laushi sosai lokacin da ya sha ruwa. Yumbu mai bushe yana taimakawa wajen riƙe bango na ƙasa tare, amma idan bango ya fallasa kai tsaye ga ruwan sama, ko ruwa da ke gudana daga rufin, yana iya zama mai cike.{{Sfn|Jagadish|2007}} Duniya na iya zama "mai tsayayya" don sa ta fi tsayayya da yanayi. Ayyukan daidaita ƙasa ta hanyar ƙara lemun tsami yana da ƙarnuka.{{Sfn|Teter|Liu|Kent|1964}} Hakanan ana iya ƙara siminti ko bitumen a cikin ƙasa da aka nufa don gini wanda ke ƙara ƙarfi, kodayake ƙasa mai ƙarfi ba ta da ƙarfi kamar yumɓu ko siminti.{{Sfn|Teter|Liu|Kent|1964}} Ana iya amfani da cakuda siminti da lime, ko pozzolana da lime, don daidaitawa.{{Sfn|Jagadish|2007}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 826mspm64wq4zpur3febaw95ptfrfu2 0 127909 893678 822693 2026-08-09T16:15:22Z Asiya Garba 46242 893678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cob''', '''cobb''', ko '''clom''' (a Wales) kayan gini ne na halitta wanda aka yi daga ƙasa, ruwa, kayan kwayoyin halitta (yawanci straw), kuma wani lokacin lime. Abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa sun bambanta, kuma idan ba su ƙunshi cakuda dai-dai ba, ana kuma iya canza shi da yashi ko yumɓu. Cob yana da tsayayya da wuta, tabbacin tsutsa, mai tsayayya ga aikin girgizar ƙasa, kuma yana amfani da kayan aiki masu tsada, kodayake yana da aiki sosai. Ana kuma iya amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar siffofin fasaha da zane-zane, kuma an farfado da amfani da shi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ta hanyar gine-gine na halitta da ƙungiyoyin dorewa. A cikin takardun gine-gine na fasaha da injiniya, kamar Uniform Building Code na yammacin Amurka, ana iya kiran cob a matsayin "ma'aunin yumbu mara ƙonewa," lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin tsarin tsari. Hakanan ana iya kiransa "ƙaddamarwa" a cikin abubuwan da ba na tsari ba, kamar "ƙaddar da yashi," ko kuma "ƙaddarar kwayoyin halitta," kamar inda cob shine mai cikawa tsakanin gidan waya da ginin katako. == Tarihi da amfani == [[Fayil:Cob_stitch_copy.jpg|thumb|Gyaran "Cob stitch" a kan tsohuwar gidan gargajiya na gargajiya a Devon, Ingila]] [[Fayil:Maison_de_Jeanne,_Sévérac-le-Château.jpg|thumb|Gidan Jeanne, Sevérac-le-Château. Ginin katako da cob]] ''''cob'''' kalma ce ta Turanci da aka tabbatar a kusa da shekara ta 1600 don kayan gini na dā wanda aka yi amfani da shi don gini tun zamanin da. Amfani da wannan kayan a Iran ya wuce shekaru 4000. Maganar cob da cobbing ba a bayyane yake ba, to amma a hanyoyi da yawa yana nufin doke ko ''yajin aiki'', wanda shine yadda ake amfani da kayan cob a bango.<ref>{{cite news |last=Goodnow |first=Cecelia |date=October 5, 2007 |title=Thinking of building a cob home? |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/lifestyle/article/Thinking-of-building-a-cob-home-1251753.php |newspaper=Seattle Post-Intelligencer}}</ref> Ana amfani da irin waɗannan kayan da hanyoyin gine-ginen ƙasa a duniya, kamar ''adobe'', ''''Yumbu mai laushi'''', <ref name="Rapp" /> yashi mai laushi. <ref>Wright, Joseph. "COB(B, sb3. 1.", ''The English Dialect Dictionary, Being the Complete Vocabulary of All Dialect Words Still in Use, or Known to Have Been in Use during the Last Two Hundred Years''. London: H. Frowde;, 1898. 676-677. Print.</ref> ''Wychert'', yumbu daubins, ''Swidish'' ([[Yaren Asante|Asante Twi]]), [4] torchis (Faransanci), <ref name="CL" /> ''bauge'' (Faransci), <ref name="CL" /> bousille (Faransaniya laka tare da moss), [3] yumbu-''Pahsa'' (Tsakiyar Asiya), da ''cat da yumɓu''. [4] Ana iya samun tsarin Cob a cikin yanayi daban-daban a duk faɗin duniya. Misalan Turai sun hada da:   == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} jgt57mwp60jcci5g494jx5zj06tiydz 893679 893678 2026-08-09T16:15:46Z Asiya Garba 46242 893679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cob''', '''cobb''', ko '''clom''' (a Wales) kayan gini ne na halitta wanda aka yi daga ƙasa, ruwa, kayan kwayoyin halitta (yawanci straw), kuma wani lokacin lime. Abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa sun bambanta, kuma idan ba su ƙunshi cakuda dai-dai ba, ana kuma iya canza shi da yashi ko yumɓu. Cob yana da tsayayya da wuta, tabbacin tsutsa, mai tsayayya ga aikin girgizar ƙasa, kuma yana amfani da kayan aiki masu tsada, kodayake yana da aiki sosai. Ana kuma iya amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar siffofin fasaha da zane-zane, kuma an farfado da amfani da shi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ta hanyar gine-gine na halitta da ƙungiyoyin dorewa. A cikin takardun gine-gine na fasaha da injiniya, kamar Uniform Building Code na yammacin Amurka, ana iya kiran cob a matsayin "ma'aunin yumbu mara ƙonewa," lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin tsarin tsari. Hakanan ana iya kiransa "ƙaddamarwa" a cikin abubuwan da ba na tsari ba, kamar "ƙaddar da yashi," ko kuma "ƙaddarar kwayoyin halitta," kamar inda cob shine mai cikawa tsakanin gidan waya da ginin katako. == Tarihi da amfani == [[Fayil:Cob_stitch_copy.jpg|thumb|Gyaran "Cob stitch" a kan tsohuwar gidan gargajiya na gargajiya a Devon, Ingila]] [[Fayil:Maison_de_Jeanne,_Sévérac-le-Château.jpg|thumb|Gidan Jeanne, Sevérac-le-Château. Ginin katako da cob]] ''''cob'''' kalma ce ta Turanci da aka tabbatar a kusa da shekara ta 1600 don kayan gini na dā wanda aka yi amfani da shi don gini tun zamanin da. Amfani da wannan kayan a Iran ya wuce shekaru 4000. Maganar cob da cobbing ba a bayyane yake ba, to amma a hanyoyi da yawa yana nufin doke ko ''yajin aiki'', wanda shine yadda ake amfani da kayan cob a bango.<ref>{{cite news |last=Goodnow |first=Cecelia |date=October 5, 2007 |title=Thinking of building a cob home? |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/lifestyle/article/Thinking-of-building-a-cob-home-1251753.php |newspaper=Seattle Post-Intelligencer}}</ref> Ana kuma amfani da irin waɗannan kayan da hanyoyin gine-ginen ƙasa a duniya, kamar ''adobe'', ''''Yumbu mai laushi'''', <ref name="Rapp" /> yashi mai laushi. <ref>Wright, Joseph. "COB(B, sb3. 1.", ''The English Dialect Dictionary, Being the Complete Vocabulary of All Dialect Words Still in Use, or Known to Have Been in Use during the Last Two Hundred Years''. London: H. Frowde;, 1898. 676-677. Print.</ref> ''Wychert'', yumbu daubins, ''Swidish'' ([[Yaren Asante|Asante Twi]]), [4] torchis (Faransanci), <ref name="CL" /> ''bauge'' (Faransci), <ref name="CL" /> bousille (Faransaniya laka tare da moss), [3] yumbu-''Pahsa'' (Tsakiyar Asiya), da ''cat da yumɓu''. [4] Ana iya samun tsarin Cob a cikin yanayi daban-daban a duk faɗin duniya. Misalan Turai sun hada da:   == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} at921hjhhy5xdzyizkrdoq7ix0p5g3u 0 127915 893684 822699 2026-08-09T16:17:48Z Asiya Garba 46242 893684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''kayan gini na yumbu''', sau da yawa an taƙaita shi zuwa '''CBM''', kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin ilimin kimiyyar archaeology don rufe duk kayan gini da aka yi da yumɓu. An kuma yi amfani da shi musamman, to amma ba kawai ba, dangane da kayan gini na [[Romawa na Da|Roman]]. Kalmar ce mai amfani kuma mai mahimmanci saboda, musamman lokacin da aka samo shi da farko a cikin binciken archaeological, yana iya zama da wahala a rarrabe, alal misali, raguwar tubali daga raguwar rufin ko teburin bene. Koyaya, kayan gini na yumbu yawanci ana kuma iya rarrabe su daga raguwar yumbu ta hanyar ƙarancin su. == Dubi kuma == [[Fayil:Brick wall (-29wiki).jpg|thumb|Ganuwar tubali ta al'ada.]] * Adobe - Abubuwan gini na ƙasa da kayan halitta * Antefix - Ƙarƙashin tashar don murfin rufin * Architectural terracotta - Kayan gini na yumɓu da aka ƙone * Brick - Block ko guda ɗaya na kayan yumbu da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ginin masonry * Brickwork - Masonry da aka yi da tubali da turmi * Clay - Ƙasa mai kyau mai laushi * Cob (material) - Abubuwan gini da aka yi da ƙasa da fiber * Imbrex and tegula, wanda aka fi sani da Roman roofing tiles - Rufin rufin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin gine-ginen Girka da Romawa na dā * Mudbrick - Ginin ƙasa don gini * Palmette - Tsarin ado wanda ya danganci ganyen dabino na itacen dabino * Pilae stacks - Tiles da aka yi amfani da su don tallafawa bene a kan hypocaust * Roman brick - Hanyar tubali da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin gine-ginen Romawa na Dā * Tile - Abubuwan da aka ƙera don rufe wurare == Ƙarin karantawa == *   *   == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120710053536/http://www.archaeology.co.uk/join-in/research-body/archaeological-ceramic-building-materials-group.htm ''Archaeology na yanzu'' Archaeological Ceramic Building Materials Group] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120426082547/http://www.soagarch.org.uk/vcbm.html Kudancin Oxfordshire Archaeological Group Kayan Ginin Ginin Gida (Gabatarwa)] pzjk1vsyp2i5wula82d4ut58dp89lfh 893685 893684 2026-08-09T16:18:08Z Asiya Garba 46242 893685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''kayan gini na yumbu''', sau da yawa an taƙaita shi zuwa '''CBM''', kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin ilimin kimiyyar archaeology don rufe duk kayan gini da aka yi da yumɓu. An kuma yi amfani da shi musamman, to amma ba kawai ba, dangane da kayan gini na [[Romawa na Da|Roman]]. Kalmar ce mai amfani kuma mai mahimmanci saboda, musamman lokacin da aka samo shi da farko a cikin binciken archaeological, yana kuma iya zama da wahala a rarrabe, alal misali, raguwar tubali daga raguwar rufin ko teburin bene. Koyaya, kayan gini na yumbu yawanci ana kuma iya rarrabe su daga raguwar yumbu ta hanyar ƙarancin su. == Dubi kuma == [[Fayil:Brick wall (-29wiki).jpg|thumb|Ganuwar tubali ta al'ada.]] * Adobe - Abubuwan gini na ƙasa da kayan halitta * Antefix - Ƙarƙashin tashar don murfin rufin * Architectural terracotta - Kayan gini na yumɓu da aka ƙone * Brick - Block ko guda ɗaya na kayan yumbu da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ginin masonry * Brickwork - Masonry da aka yi da tubali da turmi * Clay - Ƙasa mai kyau mai laushi * Cob (material) - Abubuwan gini da aka yi da ƙasa da fiber * Imbrex and tegula, wanda aka fi sani da Roman roofing tiles - Rufin rufin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin gine-ginen Girka da Romawa na dā * Mudbrick - Ginin ƙasa don gini * Palmette - Tsarin ado wanda ya danganci ganyen dabino na itacen dabino * Pilae stacks - Tiles da aka yi amfani da su don tallafawa bene a kan hypocaust * Roman brick - Hanyar tubali da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin gine-ginen Romawa na Dā * Tile - Abubuwan da aka ƙera don rufe wurare == Ƙarin karantawa == *   *   == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120710053536/http://www.archaeology.co.uk/join-in/research-body/archaeological-ceramic-building-materials-group.htm ''Archaeology na yanzu'' Archaeological Ceramic Building Materials Group] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120426082547/http://www.soagarch.org.uk/vcbm.html Kudancin Oxfordshire Archaeological Group Kayan Ginin Ginin Gida (Gabatarwa)] gsyal6fkyxs0zgq5e02lkl8na2judsp 0 129150 893979 764426 2026-08-10T02:58:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Common Ground''' ƙungiya ce ta agaji da masu fafutuka [[Birtaniya|ta Burtaniya]] . An kafa ta a shekarar 1982 ta hannun Susan Clifford da Angela King, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Clifford & King - Author biog, Hodder & Stoughton |url=http://www.hodder.co.uk/author_details.asp?author=19327 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625181033/http://www.hodder.co.uk/author_details.asp?author=19327 |archive-date=25 June 2013 |access-date=18 September 2007}}</ref> Common Ground tana da nufin haɓaka " ɓangaren jama'a " (kalmar da Common Ground ta ƙirƙira a shekarun 1980). == Tsari da tsari == Ƙungiyar Common Ground ta kasance ƙungiya ce da ba ta mambobi ba (wanda aka ba da tallafi da gudummawa) tare da King da Clifford a matsayin daraktoci masu tsara ayyuka da ƙananan ma'aikata, yawanci ƙungiya ce da aka taru don wani aiki na musamman. Tsawon shekaru, waɗannan sun haɗa da Darren Giddings, Daniel Keech, Jane Kendall, Beatrice Mayfield, Joanna Morland, John Newton, Kate O'Farrell, Helen Porter, Stephen Turner, Neil Sinden da Karen Wimhurst. Asalinsu suna zaune a [[Landan]], yanzu sun zauna a Toller Fratrum, Dorset . Akwai daraktoci biyar masu girmamawa waɗanda ke ba da jagora da kimantawa, ciki har da har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 2006, memba na wanda ya kafa Roger Deakin, marubucin littafin ''Waterlog'', wani abin girmamawa ga 'yin iyo na daji'. == Yi aiki tare da masu fasaha == Da yake tushensa daga ƙungiyoyin muhalli da kiyayewa kamar [[Abokan Duniya|Friends of the Earth]], King da Clifford sun ji cewa ana yin watsi da al'adar ne kawai ta hanyar amfani da abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba. An kafa Common Ground don magance hakan. A tsawon wanzuwarta, ƙungiyar ta gabatar da ra'ayoyin zamantakewa da muhalli ta hanyar wasu manyan tsare-tsare, waɗanda galibi suka haɗa da haɗin kan al'ummomi da masu fasaha. Sun yi aiki sosai tare da masu fasaha [[Andy Goldsworthy]] da [[Peter Randall-Page]] . ''New Milestones'', a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, sun kawo masu sassaka zuwa cikin al'ummomi a [[South West England|Kudu maso Yammacin Ingila]] don yin ayyukan da suka dace da yanayin ƙasa daban-daban a can. ''Confluence'' (1998–2001) ta ga mawaƙa (gami da mai zane-zane Helen Porter da mawakiya [[Karen Wimhurst]] ) suna aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin al'umma a duk faɗin kogin, [[River Stour, Dorset|Stour]] a [[Southern England|Kudancin Ingila]] . ''Taswirar Parish'' ta ƙarfafa mutane su yi taswirorin wurarensu, suna nuna abin da ke da mahimmanci ga mutanen da ke zaune a can maimakon zane-zanen bushe. == 'Babban Guguwa' na 1987 == Ƙungiyar Common Ground tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi kaɗan da suka ga a cikin Babban Guguwar 1987 ba a lalata shi gaba ɗaya ba, amma dama ce ga yanayi ya sake tabbatar da kansa. Sun buga kuma sun rarraba katunan gaisuwa 56,000, suna ɗauke da zane-zane na David Nash suna ƙarfafa mutane su bar yanayi ya yi aikinsa, kada su yi gaggawar tsaftacewa, kamar yadda bishiyar da ta faɗi ba lallai ba ne ta mutu == Ranar Apple da kuma tallata amfanin gona na gida == Kayan amfanin gona na gida wani abin damuwa ne ga ƙungiyar, inda [[Tuffa|apple]] ke aiki ta wasu hanyoyi a matsayin alama ga abincin gida da tasirinsu ga al'umma da yanayin ƙasa: "Tuffar da kuke ci ita ce yanayin da kuke ƙirƙira" in ji ɗaya daga cikin fosta masu launi. A shekarar 1990 sun kafa Ranar Apple a matsayin abin da aka mayar da hankali a kai don bikin ɗaruruwan nau'ikan apple waɗanda aka yi watsi da su don fifita wasu nau'ikan apple masu dacewa da manyan kantuna. Tun daga lokacin ya zama abin da aka saba gani a kowace shekara, a ranar 21 ga Oktoba kowace shekara. Dangane da wannan shine kamfen ɗin su na ''Community Orchards'' . A watan Oktoba 2007 Hodder &amp;amp; Stoughton sun buga cikakken bugu na ''Littafin Tushen Apple'' na Common Ground <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20061021/ai_n16804644 |title=Cleve West, Independent, 21 Oct 2006 |access-date=3 January 2026 |archive-date=26 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026013634/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20061021/ai_n16804644 |url-status=dead }}</ref> wanda ya ƙunshi jerin nau'ikan apple 2,300 da aka noma a tsibiran Burtaniya. == Taswirar ruhin wuri == Sun ƙirƙiro [http://www.englandinparticular.info/abc/ab-abc.html ABC na Gida] da Taswirorin Parish a matsayin hanyoyin bayyana bambancin wuri na gida. Waɗannan kayan aikin sun yi tasiri sosai: An yi Taswirorin Parish tun daga shekarun 1980, farawa da baje kolin 'Knowing Your Place' a 1987; misalan kwanan nan sun haɗa da West Sussex a Burtaniya, gundumar Piemonte a [[Italiya]] da kuma a [[California]] Amurka <ref>{{Cite web |title=Clifford & King - Author biog, Hodder & Stoughton |url=http://www.hodder.co.uk/author_details.asp?author=19327 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625181033/http://www.hodder.co.uk/author_details.asp?author=19327 |archive-date=25 June 2013 |access-date=18 September 2007}}</ref> == Littattafai == Sauran ayyukan an yi su ne bisa ga wallafe-wallafe, kuma sun haɗa da ''Field Days'' and ''Trees, Woods and the Green Man'', kuma sun fara da littafin Richard Mabey mai suna ''[[Flora Britannica]]'' . Sun fitar da littattafai da dama, waɗanda suka haɗa da masu buga littattafai na ƙasa da waɗanda aka buga da kansu, waɗanda suka haɗa da ''Holding Your Ground'', ''Second Nature'', ''Apple Games and Customs'', ''In A Nutshell'', ''The Apple Source Book'', ''From Place to PLACE'', ''New Milestones'', ''Leaves'' (daga wani baje kolin Andy Goldsworthy) da kuma waƙoƙi uku, ''Trees Be Company'', ''Field Days'' da ''The River's Voice'' . Babban aikinsu na baya-bayan nan shine ''Ingila a Musamman'', wani taƙaitaccen bayani game da bambancin gida wanda Hodder &amp;amp; Stoughton ya buga a watan Mayu na 2006, <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20061021/ai_n16804644 |title=Cleve West, Independent, 21 Oct 2006 |access-date=3 January 2026 |archive-date=26 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026013634/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20061021/ai_n16804644 |url-status=dead }}</ref> da kuma sabon bugu na ''The Apple Source Book'', wanda Hodder ya fitar a watan Oktoba na 2007. == Manazarta == 1z0hc2xxbcvl4la3o3ey4x98lcxx1lj 0 131219 893650 798582 2026-08-09T14:35:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Edward Goderich Greeves''' (16 Disamba 1878 - 11 Agusta 1935) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Australiya wanda ya buga wasa da Geelong a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Victorian (VFL). == Shekaru na farko == Greeves, ɗan Edward Goderich da Julia Anderson, an haife shi a Skipton, Victoria, a ranar 16 ga Disamba 1878.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Greeves, Edward Goderich (1878–1935) |url=http://gnet.geelongcollege.vic.edu.au:8080/wiki/GREEVES-Edward-Goderich-1878–1935.ashx |access-date=3 July 2015 |publisher=Heritage Guide to The Geelong College }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya kasance sanannen ɗan wasa a [[Kwalejin Geelong]], wanda ya shiga a 1890, kyaftin din ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa, kuma ya lashe Kofin Kwalejin a 1897. == Ayyukan VFL == Greeves ya fara buga wa Geelong a cikin jerin wasannin karshe na VFL na 1897, gasar zagaye-zagaye tsakanin manyan bangarori hudu na league. Geelong, wanda ya rasa wasan farko ga Essendon, ya kira kyaftin din Kwalejin Geelong mai shekaru 18 don wasan su na biyu na jerin, da Melbourne a Brunswick Street Oval . Da yake wasa a matsayin mai goyon baya, an ruwaito Greeves ya yi kyau a matsayinsa, tare da gefen Geelong da ke samun nasara ta maki tara don ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin tseren don firaministan.<ref name="Melbourne" /> Ya ci gaba da zama a cikin tawagar a zagaye na uku da na karshe na jerin, inda Geelong ya ci Collingwood a Gabashin Melbourne, nasarar da ta isa kawai don tabbatar da matsayi na biyu ga Geelong, kamar yadda Essendon ya kasance ba a ci nasara ba. A cikin kakar 1898, Greeves ya sami damarsa ta farko a zagaye na biyar a kan Fitzroy kuma Geelong Advertiser ya bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya buga "wasan ban mamaki" a matsayin mai tafiya, amma ba zai sake bayyana ba har tsawon watanni biyu.[undefined] Ya buga wasanni uku ga Geelong a ƙarshen kakar, ciki har da mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo a cikin nasara a kan Melbourne, wanda ya buga a matsayin mai tsakiya.[2][1] Tare da alkawuransa na Kwalejin Geelong, Greeves ya kasance na yau da kullun a cikin ƙungiyar Geelong a shekara ta 1899, kakar wasa ta ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Greeves, Edward Goderich (1878–1935) |url=http://gnet.geelongcollege.vic.edu.au:8080/wiki/GREEVES-Edward-Goderich-1878–1935.ashx |access-date=3 July 2015 |publisher=Heritage Guide to The Geelong College }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya buga wasanni 14, na karshe ya kasance mai rikodin rikodin a kan St Kilda, maki 162 zuwa 1, wanda zai kasance na tsawon shekaru 20.<ref name="AFLTables">{{Cite web |title=AFL Tables – Ted Greeves – Games Played |url=http://afltables.com/afl/stats/players/T/Ted_Greeves_gm.html |access-date=3 July 2015 |publisher=AFL Tables |archive-date=13 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713120904/http://afltables.com/afl/stats/players/T/Ted_Greeves_gm.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Greeves, Edward Goderich (1878–1935) |url=http://gnet.geelongcollege.vic.edu.au:8080/wiki/GREEVES-Edward-Goderich-1878–1935.ashx |access-date=3 July 2015 |publisher=Heritage Guide to The Geelong College }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta baya == Greeves ta auri Frances Adaline Nasmith a ranar 28 ga Janairun 1903, a Ikilisiyar Scots, Collins Street, Melbourne. Ma'auratan sun zauna a Warragul.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Greeves, Edward Goderich (1878–1935) |url=http://gnet.geelongcollege.vic.edu.au:8080/wiki/GREEVES-Edward-Goderich-1878–1935.ashx |access-date=3 July 2015 |publisher=Heritage Guide to The Geelong College }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An haifi ɗansu na fari, Edward Jr., daga baya a wannan shekarar. Ya lashe lambar yabo ta Brownlow a 1924 kuma ya zama Geelong Legend da Australian Football Hall of Famer. A ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1935, Greeves ya mutu a Geelong yana da shekaru 56. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|1}} eet94l6qeirgedy171mwj256pl4xgtg 0 131778 893948 798924 2026-08-09T23:40:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''William John Schofield''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Janairu a shekarar 1989) ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Australiya wanda ya taɓa bugawa ƙungiyar West Coast Eagles wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Australia (AFL). Tsawonsa ya kai {{Convert|196|cm|ftin}} da nauyin {{Convert|92|kg|lb}}, ɗan wasan baya ne mai iya amfani da dama wanda ya taka rawar gani a matsayi mai mahimmanci da kuma rabin baya a tsawon rayuwarsa. West Coast ta zaɓe shi daga Geelong Falcons da zaɓin 50 a cikin zaɓen ƙasa na shakarar 2006, kuma ya fara wasa a zagaye na 17 na kakar wasa ta AFL ta 2007. Schofield ya buga wasanni biyu na ƙarshe na AFL : rashin nasara a 2015 da nasara a 2018. Ya sami damar zama memba na dindindin a West Coast a 2016 bayan ya buga wasanni 150 a ƙungiyar. Ya yi ritaya bayan kakar wasa ta shekarar 2020. A watan Afrilun a shekarar 2023, Schofield ya fito daga ritaya don taimakawa Eagles a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta West Australian Football League (WAFL) saboda matsalar raunin da ya samu a ƙungiyar. Schofield a halin yanzu tana karbar bakuncin shirin BackChat Podcast tare da tsohon abokin wasanta na Eagles Hamish Brayshaw da kuma ɗan jarida Dan Const, sannan kuma tana fitowa a wasannin Fox Footy da ake watsawa a Perth. == Aikin ƙarami == Asalinsa daga Geelong, Victoria, Schofield ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta matasa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Newtown &amp;amp; Chilwell, [[Kwalejin Geelong]] a gasar Associated Public Schools of Victoria (APS), da kuma Geelong Falcons a gasar TAC. An sanya masa suna a cikin ƙungiyar shekaru goma ta Kwalejin Geelong ta 2001–2010 a matsayin ɗan wasan baya na gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FOOTBALL (Sport) |url=http://gnet.geelongcollege.vic.edu.au:8080/wiki/FOOTBALL-Sport.ashx |access-date=23 December 2018 |website=Heritage Guide to The Geelong College |publisher=[[Geelong College]] |archive-date=26 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326055957/http://gnet.geelongcollege.vic.edu.au:8080/wiki/FOOTBALL-Sport.ashx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Schofield kuma ƙwararren ɗan wasa ne a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, kuma an gayyace shi ya shiga gasar neman guraben karatu ta duniya.<ref name="2015 Schofield family" /> == Aikin AFL == === 2007–2013: Farkon aikin === An zaɓi Schofield a West Coast tare da zaɓe na 50 gabaɗaya a cikin daftarin ƙasa na shekarar 2006, Kuma ya fara buga wasa a matakin farko na West Coast a zagaye na 17 na kakar wasa ta shekarar 2007 da Western Bulldogs a filin wasa na Docklands . <ref name="AFL Tables">{{Cite web |title=Will Schofield |url=https://afltables.com/afl/stats/players/W/Will_Schofield.html |access-date=10 October 2018 |website=AFL Tables |archive-date=10 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210063435/https://afltables.com/afl/stats/players/W/Will_Schofield.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga 2007 zuwa 2009, Schofield yawanci yana wakiltar Peel Thunder a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta West Australia (WAFL), yana buga wasanni 41 na WAFL a cikin shekaru uku.<ref name="WAFL stats">{{Cite web |title=Will SCHOFIELD |url=http://www.wafl.com.au/players/view/1904 |access-date=16 October 2018 |website=www.wafl.com.au |archive-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930224448/http://www.wafl.com.au/players/view/1904 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wannan lokacin, ya buga wasanni 15 na AFL.<ref name="AFL Tables" /> A shekarar 2010, Schofield ya fara wasa akai-akai a AFL, inda ya kai wasanni 20 a kakar wasa a karon farko a rayuwarsa.<ref name="AFL Tables" /> Ya buga wasanni 12 daga cikin wasanni 13 na farko a kakar wasa ta AFL ta 2011, inda ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin shekaru biyu (zuwa ƙarshen 2013) a tsakiyar shekara. Schofield ya samu kuri'a ɗaya a gasar Brownlow Medal ta 2011 ;<ref name="2011 Brownlow">{{Cite web |title=2011 Brownlow Medal |url=https://afltables.com/afl/brownlow/brownlow2011.html |access-date=22 December 2018 |website=AFL Tables |archive-date=29 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929075053/https://afltables.com/afl/brownlow/brownlow2011.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{As of|2018|12|22}} Bai taɓa yin zaɓen wani a rayuwarsa ba.<ref name="AFL Tables WC Brownlow">{{Cite web |title=West Coast Brownlow Medal Career Totals |url=https://afltables.com/afl/brownlow/westcoast_totals.html |access-date=22 December 2018 |website=AFL Tables |archive-date=22 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222173713/https://afltables.com/afl/brownlow/westcoast_totals.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Schofield ya kammala kakar wasa da wasanni 23, sannan ya sake yin wasanni 20 a shekarar 2012.<ref name="AFL Tables" /> Schofield ya buga wasanni 16 a kakar wasa ta AFL ta shekarar 2013, inda ya samu matsakaicin bugun ƙwallo 7.8, ƙwallon hannu 4.3 da maki, da kuma tackles 2.2 a kowane wasa. 2013 shi ma shine kakar wasa ta farko da Schofield ya buga wa East Perth a WAFL [1] a matsayin wani ɓangare na jadawalin West Coast-East Perth.[2] Wasannin da suka shahara a kakar wasa ta AFL sun haɗa da ƙoƙarin zubar da jini 14, maki tara, da kuma ƙoƙarin tackle uku a kan Western Bulldogs a zagaye na 6; zagaye na 16 na Western Derby inda ya tara maki shida, jefa ƙwallo 17, kwallaye biyu da bugun ƙwallo bakwai; da kuma wasa na zagaye na 19 da Gold Coast inda ya rubuta tackles huɗu, maki biyar, kwallaye biyu da jefa ƙwallo 14. [3] A zagaye na 8, Schofield ya shawo kan matsalar da yatsansa ya samu don buga kwata na ƙarshe na wasan: koci John Worsfold ya yaba da ƙoƙarinsa kuma ya kiyasta cewa zai rasa "makonni biyu" bayan tiyata.[4] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] duixmmkji97l0auouberq3prj0jilpm 0 134001 893885 775243 2026-08-09T21:20:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin Victorian don Kurame''' (VCD), wacce ke kan titin St Kilda a [[Melbourne]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=History 1860-1910 – Victorian College for the Deaf |url=https://www.vcd.vic.edu.au/history-1860-1910/ |access-date=2022-05-04 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710190029/https://www.vcd.vic.edu.au/history-1860-1910/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ostiraliya, ita ce makarantar kurame mafi tsufa a Victoria, wacce aka buɗe a 1860. Kwalejin Victorian don Kurame ita ce kaɗai ƙwararriyar shirin zuwa aji na 12 a fannin Ilimin Kurame a Ostiraliya. Ana ba da ilimi ta amfani da falsafar koyarwa ta harsuna biyu ta hanyar [[Auslan]], harshen al'ummar kurame ta Ostiraliya, da Turanci a matsayin harshe na biyu. Yana da muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin al'adun kurame na Ostiraliya. == Tarihi == A ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 1859, wata wasiƙa ta bayyana a Melbourne Argus, tana neman taimako ga yaran kurame na yankin saboda babu wani shiri na ilimi ga waɗannan yaran. Frederick John Rose ya amsa jerin wasiƙun da ya samu daga zamansa a Sandhurst ( Bendigo ) kuma ya ƙulla abota da marubuciya Sarah Ann Lewis, wacce 'yarta, Lucy Ann Lewis, ta zama ɗaliba ta farko. FJ Rose wani kurma ne mai ilimi wanda ya fito daga Ingila a shekarar 1852 kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar Old Kent Road for the Beaf da ke Landan. Rose ta fara kurma tana da shekaru 6 bayan ta kamu da cutar Scarlet Fever. A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1860, Rose ta buɗe makarantar 'Makarantar Kurame da Beba ta Victoria' a wurin zama da ke Titin Peel. Windsor. Yawan makarantun ya ƙaru cikin sauri cikin 'yan shekaru kuma dole ne ya ƙaura sau uku. A shekara ta 1861, ya koma wani ƙaramin gida a Titin Henry, Windsor, a shekara ta 1862, ya koma wani gida a Titin Nelson, Windsor, sannan na uku a shekara ta 1864, ya koma Leal House a Titin Commercial, Prahran Bayan an yi ƙaura sau uku kuma da yawan jama'a ke ci gaba da ƙaruwa, Kwamitin ya fahimci cewa lokaci ya yi da za a gina gida na dindindin da kuma gini na musamman. A shekara ta 1865, Gwamnati ta ba da tallafin fili a kusurwar Titin St Kilda da Babban Titin, Prahran, kuma aka gina kuma aka buɗe babban ginin dutse mai launin shuɗi a shekara ta 1866. Ya dace da cewa wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban makarantar farko mutum ne mai ilimi, Rose abin koyi ne ga ɗalibai da yawa. Da ba don mutumin da ke yin mafarki haka ba, da dubban 'yan Victorian ba za su fi kyau ba a fannin ilimi da zamantakewa, domin Kwalejin Victorian ta Kurame ta ci gaba da zama cibiyar ɗalibai na al'ummar Kurame. Rose ta mutu a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1920 tana da shekaru 89. An binne shi a makabartar St Kilda . Asalin sunan da aka yi wa lakabi da Cibiyar Kurame da Dumb ta Victoria, an cire Dumb daga sunan a shekarar 1949 kuma ita ce cibiyar farko da ta yi kama da ita a duniya da ta cire kalmar Dumb daga taken ta. Daga nan sai makarantar ta zama Makarantar Yara Kurame ta Victoria. Sannan a shekarar 1995 aka canza sunan zuwa Kwalejin Kurame ta Victoria. === Sunaye === * 1862 - Cibiyar Kurame da Bebaye ta Victoria * 1949 - Makarantar Victorian don Yara Kurame (VSDC) * 1995 - Kwalejin Victorian don Kurame (VCD) == Duba kuma == * Frederick J Rose * Yara Kurame a Ostiraliya == Ƙarin karatu == * Burchett, JH (1964). ''Mafi Girma ga Mafi Girma - labarin Makarantar Victorian don Yara Kurame.'' Melbourne: Shagon Littattafai na Hall. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} jn1y6pzpduaq5nz1n3bqkfvnl41qo7c 0 136270 893732 818689 2026-08-09T16:32:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox baseball biography|name=Todd Stottlemyre|position=[[Pitcher]]|bats=Left|throws=Right|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1965|5|20}}|birth_place=[[Yakima, Washington]], U.S.|debutleague=MLB|debutdate=April 6|debutyear=1988|debutteam=Toronto Blue Jays|finalleague=MLB|finaldate=June 26|finalyear=2002|finalteam=Arizona Diamondbacks|statleague=MLB|stat1label=[[Win–loss record (pitching)|Win–loss record]]|stat1value=138–121|stat2label=[[Earned run average]]|stat2value=4.28|stat3label=[[Strikeouts]]|stat3value=1,587|teams=* [[Toronto Blue Jays]] ({{baseball year|1988}}–{{baseball year|1994}}) * [[Oakland Athletics]] ({{baseball year|1995}}) * [[St. Louis Cardinals]] ({{baseball year|1996}}–{{baseball year|1998}}) * [[Texas Rangers (baseball)|Texas Rangers]] ({{baseball year|1998}}) * [[Arizona Diamondbacks]] ({{baseball year|1999}}–{{baseball year|2000}}, {{baseball year|2002}})|highlights=* 2× [[World Series champion]] ({{wsy|1992}}, {{wsy|1993}})}}Todd Vernon Stottlemyre (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Mayu, 1965) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon baseball ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka. Ya buga wasanni 15 a gasar Major League Baseball a matsayin ɗan wasan fara wasan daga 1988 zuwa 2002, musamman a matsayin memba na Toronto Blue Jays wanda ya lashe gasar World Series biyu tare da su a 1992 da 1993 Ya kuma buga wa Oakland Athletics, St. Louis Cardinals, Texas Rangers, da Arizona Diamondbacks . == Sana'a == An zaɓi Stottlemyre a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na [[New York Yankees]] a zagaye na 5 na zaɓen ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na 1983, amma bai sanya hannu ba. <ref>name="BaseballReference">{{Cite web |title=Todd Stottlemyre Stats |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/s/stottto01.shtml |website=Baseball Reference}}</ref> Ya halarci Kwalejin Al'umma ta Yakima Valley . A shekarar 1985, Stottlemyre ya buga wasan ƙwallon baseball na lokacin bazara na kwaleji tare da Harwich Mariners na Cape Cod Baseball League kuma an naɗa shi a matsayin ɗan wasan da ya fi kowa taka rawa a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Major League Baseball Players From the Cape Cod League |url=http://capecodbaseball.org.ismmedia.com/ISM3/std-content/repos/Top/2012website/archives/Current%20Year/All_Time_MLB_CCBL_Alumni.pdf |access-date=September 25, 2019 |publisher=capecodbaseball.org |archive-date=December 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207020925/http://capecodbaseball.org.ismmedia.com/ISM3/std-content/repos/Top/2012website/archives/Current%20Year/All_Time_MLB_CCBL_Alumni.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An zaɓe shi ta hannun St. Louis Cardinals a zagaye na 1 (zaɓi na 1) na zaɓen ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na 1985 (Sakandare na Janairu), amma bai sake sanya hannu ba. Kungiyar Toronto Blue Jays ta zaɓe shi daga UNLV a matsayin ɗan wasa na uku da aka zaɓa a cikin daftarin MLB 1985 kuma ya sanya hannu tare da su a ranar 12 ga Agusta, 1985. <ref>name="BaseballReference">{{Cite web |title=Todd Stottlemyre Stats |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/s/stottto01.shtml |website=Baseball Reference}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/s/stottto01.shtml "Todd Stottlemyre Stats"]. ''Baseball Reference''.</cite></ref> Ya shafe shekaru bakwai tare da Blue Jays, yana taimaka musu lashe gasar World Series ta 1992 da 1993. Mafi kyawun kakarsa ta zo ne a shekarar 1991, lokacin da ya yi nasara sau 15, ya jefa wasanni 219 tare da ERA na 3.78. <ref> name="BaseballAlmanac">{{Cite web |title=Todd Stottlemyre Baseball Stats |url=https://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=stottto01 |website=Baseball Almanac}}</ref> Stottlemyre ya rattaba hannu da Oakland Athletics don kakar wasa ta 1995. <ref>name="BaseballAlmanac Trades">{{Cite web |title=Todd Stottlemyre Trades and Transactions |url=https://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/trades.php?p=stottto01 |website=Baseball Almanac}}</ref> An sayar da shi ga Cardinals kafin kakar wasa ta 1996 inda ya sanya lambobi masu daraja na kusan shekaru uku. <ref name="BaseballAlmanac">{{Cite web |title=Todd Stottlemyre Baseball Stats |url=https://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=stottto01 |website=Baseball Almanac}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=stottto01 "Todd Stottlemyre Baseball Stats"]. ''Baseball Almanac''.</cite></ref> A ranar 31 ga Yuli, 1998 (ranar ƙarshe ta ciniki) Cardinals sun sayar da shi tare da Royce Clayton zuwa Texas Rangers don musanya da Darren Oliver, Fernando Tatis da ɗan wasa da za a sanya wa suna daga baya ( Mark Little ). <ref> name="BaseballAlmanac Trades" </ref> Stottlemyre bai iya kwaikwayon nasarar da ya samu a baya ba kuma ya yi ritaya a matsayin memba na Arizona Diamondbacks a 2002. A shekara ta 2000 aka ba shi lambar yabo ta Branch Rickey Award, wadda ta girmama kyakkyawan aikinsa na al'umma. == Rahoton masu binciken ƙasa == Kwallonsa mai sauri, matsakaicin gudu (mai girma), ya kai kusan 92-93&nbsp;Stottlemyre yana da ikon sarrafa bugunsa sama da matsakaici. Salon bugunsa kai tsaye ne - yana amfani da ƙwallon sauri ta ciki don ƙalubalantar masu bugunsa. Bugu da ƙari, yana da ƙwallon slider sama da matsakaici, ƙwallon curveball, <ref>name="SI.com">{{Cite web |last=Pearlman |first=Jeff |date=February 28, 2000 |title=Against All Odds Diamondbacks Righthander Todd Stottlemyre is Trying To Do What No One Before Him Has Ever Done: Pitch Effectively With a Torn Rotator Cuff |url=https://www.si.com/vault/2000/02/28/275191/against-all-odds-diamondbacks-righthander-todd-stottlemyre-is-trying-to-do-what-no-one-before-him-has-ever-done-pitch-effectively-with-a-torn-rotator-cuff |access-date=26 October 2012 |publisher=Sports Illustrated |archive-date=23 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123113241/https://www.si.com/vault/2000/02/28/275191/against-all-odds-diamondbacks-righthander-todd-stottlemyre-is-trying-to-do-what-no-one-before-him-has-ever-done-pitch-effectively-with-a-torn-rotator-cuff |url-status=dead }}</ref> sannan daga baya, mai raba kwallo (wanda abokin wasansa Dave Stewart ya ɗauka). Rashin ƙarfinsa a matsayin mai jefa kwallo, kodayake ana muhawara a kai, shine hasashensa na fuskantar masu bugunsa na gaba, jefa kwallo a kan 'zuciyar' farantin gida, ƙwallon sauri da aka buga, da ƙwallon lanƙwasa mai faɗi. Sauya gudu ba wani ɓangare ne na kundin waƙoƙinsa ba; Stottlemyre bai sami ingantaccen canji ba. <ref name="Prime" /> == Abubuwan da suka faru == Yayin da yake buga wa Blue Jays wasa a wasa na 4 na gasar Duniya ta 1993 a kan Philadelphia Phillies, Stottlemyre ya yi ƙoƙarin komawa daga na farko zuwa na uku a kan waƙar da Roberto Alomar ya buga. Ƙwarewarsa ta gudu a kan waƙar tushe ta nuna rashin ƙwarewa; ya yi jinkiri tsakanin tushe na biyu da na uku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Major League Baseball Players From the Cape Cod League |url=http://capecodbaseball.org.ismmedia.com/ISM3/std-content/repos/Top/2012website/archives/Current%20Year/All_Time_MLB_CCBL_Alumni.pdf |access-date=September 25, 2019 |publisher=capecodbaseball.org |archive-date=December 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207020925/http://capecodbaseball.org.ismmedia.com/ISM3/std-content/repos/Top/2012website/archives/Current%20Year/All_Time_MLB_CCBL_Alumni.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ƙoƙarin ya sa aka jefa shi/aka yi masa alama yayin da yake zamewa da kai zuwa tushe na uku, kuma yana goge haɓarsa a cikin wannan aikin. <ref>{{cite news |date=July 11, 1985 |title=Cape League Wrapup |url=http://digital.olivesoftware.com/Olive/APA/Yarmouth/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=BAR%2F1985%2F07%2F11&id=Ar00902&sk=6C31D98C&viewMode=image |pages=9 |newspaper=Barnstable Patriot |location=Barnstable, MA |access-date=January 11, 2026 |archive-date=April 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427023111/http://digital.olivesoftware.com/Olive/APA/Yarmouth/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=BAR/1985/07/11&id=Ar00902&sk=6C31D98C&viewMode=image |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan ya sa Ed Rendell, Magajin Garin Philadelphia a lokacin, ya yi wa Stottlemyre ba'a, yayin da ya ƙara da cewa zai iya buga waƙarsa. Bayan Stottlemyre da abokan aikinsa sun lashe gasar, Stottlemyre ya amsa tsokaci a taron nasara da ya biyo baya, yana nuna rashin jin daɗinsa ga magajin gari ta hanyar furtawa, "Za ka iya sumbace ni!". <ref name="SI.com">{{Cite web |last=Pearlman |first=Jeff |date=February 28, 2000 |title=Against All Odds Diamondbacks Righthander Todd Stottlemyre is Trying To Do What No One Before Him Has Ever Done: Pitch Effectively With a Torn Rotator Cuff |url=https://www.si.com/vault/2000/02/28/275191/against-all-odds-diamondbacks-righthander-todd-stottlemyre-is-trying-to-do-what-no-one-before-him-has-ever-done-pitch-effectively-with-a-torn-rotator-cuff |access-date=26 October 2012 |publisher=Sports Illustrated }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPearlman2000">Pearlman, Jeff (February 28, 2000). [https://www.si.com/vault/2000/02/28/275191/against-all-odds-diamondbacks-righthander-todd-stottlemyre-is-trying-to-do-what-no-one-before-him-has-ever-done-pitch-effectively-with-a-torn-rotator-cuff "Against All Odds Diamondbacks Righthander Todd Stottlemyre is Trying To Do What No One Before Him Has Ever Done: Pitch Effectively With a Torn Rotator Cuff"]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Sports Illustrated<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></ref> A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 1994, an kama Stottlemyre da abokin wasansa na Blue Jays Dave Stewart a Dunedin, Florida, saboda sukar wani jami'in tsaro da kuma kin amincewa da kama su bayan wata takaddama ta taso tsakanin Stewart, wanda Stottlemyre ke raka shi, a wani gidan rawa na dare, bisa zargin kin biyan kudin kariya na dala $3 da Stewart ya yi. <ref>{{cite news |date=July 11, 1985 |title=Cape League Wrapup |url=http://digital.olivesoftware.com/Olive/APA/Yarmouth/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=BAR%2F1985%2F07%2F11&id=Ar00902&sk=6C31D98C&viewMode=image |pages=9 |newspaper=Barnstable Patriot |location=Barnstable, MA |access-date=January 11, 2026 |archive-date=April 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427023111/http://digital.olivesoftware.com/Olive/APA/Yarmouth/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=BAR/1985/07/11&id=Ar00902&sk=6C31D98C&viewMode=image |url-status=dead }}</ref> An same Stottlemyre da Stewart ba su da laifi bayan zaman shari'a na kwanaki bakwai. == Aikin bayan ƙwallon baseball == Bayan ya yi ritaya daga wasan baseball a shekara ta 2002, Stottlemyre ya zama mai sharhi kan kasuwar hannayen jari na Merrill Lynch . Tun daga shekarar 2010, Stottlemyre memba ne na ACN Inc., yana gudanar da wata hanyar sadarwa a cikin kamfanin tallan matakai da yawa yana sayar da sadarwa, makamashi, banki, da sauran ayyuka. Yanzu shi ne Mataimakin Shugaban Yankin Platinum na kamfanin. Stottlemyre yana aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na kamfanoni da dama. == Na Kai == Yana da aure da 'ya'ya biyar, <ref name="Stottlemyre2009">{{Cite journal |last=Staff |year=2009 |title=The face of trading: Play ball (Interview with Todd Stottlemyre) |journal=Active Trader Magazine |volume=10 |issue=7 |page=54}}</ref> Stottlemyre shine ɗa na biyu ga Mel Stottlemyre (1941–2019), tsohon mai jefa ƙwallon [[New York Yankees]] kuma mai horar da ƙwallon MLB na dogon lokaci. Babban ɗan'uwa Mel Jr. (wanda aka haifa a shekarar 1963) shi ma ya yi wasa a manyan lig-lig na Kansas City Royals a shekarar 1990, kuma kwanan nan shi ne mai horar da ƙwallon ƙafa na [[Miami Marlins]] . == Duba kuma == * Wadanda suka lashe kyautar Arizona Diamondbacks da kuma shugabannin gasar * Jerin shugabannin 'yan wasan ƙwallon baseball da suka yi fice a tarihin wasan ƙwallon baseball na Major League * Jerin 'yan wasan Major League Baseball na ƙarni na biyu * Jerin tarihin ƙungiyar St. Louis Cardinals * Jerin tarihin ƙungiyar Toronto Blue Jays * Jerin 'yan wasan da za su fara gasar cin kofin duniya == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2cjql9y0sm07iqt5r8l6ixqs6hehumv 0 137124 894060 799371 2026-08-10T07:53:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ādams Kāpostiņš''' (Latgalian: Odumeņš Kopusteņš, 27 Yuli 1905 - 7 Fabrairu 1987) ɗan [[Laitfiya|Latvia]] da Latgalian ceramicist ne. <ref name="du.lv">{{Cite web |title=Ādams Kāpostiņš (Odumeņš Kopusteņš) |url=https://latgalesdati.du.lv/persona/2079 |access-date=4 February 2021 |website=latgalesdati.du.lv |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193209/https://latgalesdati.du.lv/persona/2079 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Ādams Kāpostiņš a ƙauyen [[Puša]] da ke yankin Puša, daular Rasha a shekara ta 1905. Ya zama mai gyaran yumbu a shekara ta 1919, yana da shekaru 14, yana ci gaba da al'adar iyali. Kakansa da mahaifinsa suma masu gyaran yumbu ne. Ɗaya daga cikin alamun kasuwancin Kāpostiņš sune kwalaben fuska da siffofi na yumbu. [1] An zaɓi ayyukansa don nunin tun daga 1955. [2] Kāpostiņš ya yi wani baje kolin kansa a Rēzekne a bikin cika shekaru 75 da ya yi a 1980 [3] kuma an nuna ayyukansa a cikin baje kolin da ke wajen SSR ta Latvia . Kapostiņš ya mutu a [[Puša]] a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 1987. <ref name="du.lv"/> A shekarar 2015, an yi wani baje koli a gidan adana kayan tarihi na Rainis da ke Jasmuiža Manor, wanda aka keɓe don bikin cika shekaru 110 na Kāpostiņš. Ya ƙunshi murhun tayal na musamman da aka gyara wanda aka ƙaura daga gidan masu yin yumbu a Puša, wanda aka yi shi da farko ta Kāpostiņš. <ref name="aspazijarainis.lv">{{Cite web |title=House of Traditional Latgalian Culture and Handicrafts Opens in Jasmuiža |url=http://www.aspazijarainis.lv/en/house-traditional-latgalian-culture-handicrafts-opens-jasmuiza/ |access-date=16 February 2021 |website=aspazijarainis.lv }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Daraja == * 1981: Lambar Yabo ta Andrejs Paulāns == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1987]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1905]] k4nhznu0retno0xwolxp2zu9bivfyn3 0 137790 894141 850306 2026-08-10T10:12:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} E-girls (wani lokacin ana kiransu E-Girls ko e-girls; yana tsaye ne ga Exile Girls) [[Girl group|ƙungiyar 'yan mata]] ce ta Japan da LDH ta kirkira kuma ta gudanar yayin da ta sanya hannu kan lakabin kiɗa Rhythm Zone daga Avex . Ya zuwa shekara ta 2017, ƙungiyar ta kunshi mambobi 11; 8 daga cikinsu sun haɗa da membobin kungiyoyin Farin Ciki da Fure. An halicce su a matsayin 'yar'uwa ga ƙungiyar ɗan Exile, E-girls sun fara Fitarwa a cikin 2011 tare da "Celebration". Bayan jerin rikodin gabatarwa, E-girls sun fitar da rikodin su na farko Lesson 1 shekaru biyu bayan haka. A cikin shekara ta 2013, ɗayan su "Gomennasai no Kissing You" ya sa 'yan mata su sami nasarar kasuwanci, suna sayar da raka'a sama da 100,000, kuma kundin iyayenta Colorful Pop (2014), ya sadu da sake dubawa mai kyau da babban aiki a kan Oricon Albums Chart. Tare da mambobi da yawa da suka tashi daga kungiyar, E-girls sun fitar da kundi na uku na E.G. Time (2015), wanda ya ga canji a cikin kiɗan su da isar da murya. A wannan shekarar, LDH ta sanar da canje-canje ga jerin su, wanda ya haifar da rashin wasu mambobi daga waƙoƙinsu "Anniversary!!" da "Dance Dance Dance". Da farko a shekara tare da mafi kyawun kundin su na E.G. Smile: E-girls Best (2016), ƙungiyar ta sanar da jigogin E.G Pop da E.G". Cool tare da waƙoƙin "E.G. Summer Rider", "Pink Champagne" da "Go! Go! Let's Go!". An saki kundi na huɗu, ''E.G. Crazy'', a watan Janairun 2017. Da farko a matsayin ƙungiyar gumaka ta Japan, 'yan mata E-girls sun rabu kuma suna da buƙatu da al'adu daban-daban yayin da ayyukansu ke ci gaba, kuma sun zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin mata a cikin kiɗa na Japan. Bugu da ƙari, salon kiɗan su, wanda ya fara ne a matsayin J-pop mai laushi da kiɗa na rawa, ya fara fadada yayin da aka saki kundin da suka biyo baya. Tun lokacin da suka fara, an kafa ƙungiyoyi uku daga membobin da aka zaɓa daga E-girls, kuma sun bincika duka kiɗa da ƙoƙarin zamani. Kungiyar ta rushe a ƙarshen 2020. == Tarihi == === 2011-2012: Farko da saki guda ɗaya === A cikin shekara ta 2011, ƙungiyar yarinya ta Japan Exile ta gudanar da taron sauraro na ƙasa don matasa mata masu fasaha. Da farko, taron ya kasance don samun mambobi ne ga ƙungiyar rawa mai suna Flower, wanda LDH ta gudanar kuma ya riga ya ƙunshi mambobi huɗu, amma sun yanke shawarar yin amfani da sabon ƙungiyar rawa da murya mai suna Bunny.''The Never Ending Story'' (CD; Liner notes). E-Girls. Rhythm Zone. 2013. RZCD-59325. Bayan daukar masu rawa Nozomi Bando da Harumi Sato, da masu murya uku Reina Washio, Kyoka Ichiki, da Chiharu Muto, Exile's Hiro - babban furodusa da Shugaba na LDH - ya sanar da "Girls Entertainment Project", wanda daga baya aka canza shi zuwa E-Girls; ya tabbatar da cewa zai kunshi dukkan mambobi daga Dream, Happiness, da Flower. Ba a kafa Bunny a matsayin wani ɓangare na E-Girls ba, kuma za su Fure aiki daban a cikin 2013, amma ba su taɓa yin wani aiki ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Profile |url=http://e-girls-ldh.jp/profile/ |access-date=14 January 2017 |publisher=E-girls official website (e-girls-ldh.jp) |language=ja}}</ref> Bayan kafa su, E-girls sun kunshi mambobi 21. A ranar 28 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2011, kungiyar ta fara Fitarwa tare da wakarsu "Celebration", wacce ta kai saman goma a kan Oricon Singles Chart.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2011 |title=Celebration (DVD) – E-Girls |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/552190/products/943771/1/ |access-date=14 January 2017 |publisher=[[Oricon]] News |language=ja}}</ref> Sayaka Yamamoto ta zama memba na farko na E-girls da ta bar kungiyar, sannan kuma ƙungiyarta Dream; alkawarinta ya fara ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jasy & Connie |date=17 June 2013 |title=Dream |url=http://jame-world.com/us/articles-107270-dream.html |access-date=14 January 2017 |publisher=Jame World}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, sun fito da wakarsu ta biyu "One Two Three" a watan Afrilu, wanda ya yi matsakaici a kan sigogi fiye da rikodin su na baya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Profile |url=http://e-girls-ldh.jp/profile/ |access-date=14 January 2017 |publisher=E-girls official website (e-girls-ldh.jp) |language=ja}}</ref> Don sakin, an kara sabbin mambobi biyu a cikin ƙungiyar: Reina Kizu da Anna Suda, dukansu sun fito ne daga EGD (EXPG Girls Dancers), ƙungiyar rawa da aka kafa a Exile Professional Gym Academy . A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, an gayyaci 'yan mata E-girls don yin sabon wakarsu a Hello Japan One Asia Tour 2012 Tian, wani taron kai tsaye a Saitama Super Arena wanda shirin kiɗa na Koriya MCount Down ya shirya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=「MCountdown」主催K-POPイベントをスペシャでオンエア |url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/68043 |access-date=2020-03-30 |website=音楽ナタリー |language=ja |archive-date=2013-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410025928/https://natalie.mu/music/news/68043 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kafin shirye-shiryen lambar da suka biyo baya "Bayan Ni", memba na Farin Ciki Mayu Sugieda ya tafi hutu a watan Agusta don samun magani bayan an gano shi da mononucleosis mai kamuwa da cuta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jasy & Connie |date=17 June 2013 |title=Dream |url=http://jame-world.com/us/articles-107270-dream.html |access-date=14 January 2017 |publisher=Jame World}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, LDH ta kara da wasu mambobi da yawa a cikin 'yan mata na E, gami da' yan mata daga ƙungiyar Bunny da ba a fara ba da kuma masu rawa na EGD. Gabaɗaya, E-girls sun ƙunshi mambobi 31, tare da Dream's Sayaka Yamamato, da Happiness' Mimu Hioki da Sugeida a kan hutu. Bayan ya ce wannan, LDH ta ba da sanarwar sabbin ka'idoji don kowane memba ya horar da kowane saki mai zuwa don nunawa a cikin layi; alal misali, 16 ne kawai daga cikin mambobi 31 suka bayyana a kan murfin jaket don "Bollow Me".<ref name=":0">''Follow Me'' (CD; Liner notes). E-Girls. Rhythm Zone. 2012. RZCD-59187. </ref> An saki ɗayan a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012, kuma ya kasance nasarar kasuwanci a Japan, yana canza raka'a 500,000 na dijital.<ref name=":0" /> Ba da daɗewa ba, memba na Farin Ciki Mimu Hioki ya bar kungiyar a watan Oktoba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Happiness' Mimu on Hiatus Until Graduation |url=http://aramatheydidnt.livejournal.com/3314356.html |access-date=10 March 2015 |publisher=Arama They Didn't!: Japanese Entertainment News}}</ref> === 2013: ''Darasi na 1'' da haɓaka shahara === A farkon shekara ta 2013, mambobi uku daga Bunny sun bar E-Girls. Bugu da ƙari, memba na EGD Ruri Kawamoto da wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na asali mai suna Momoka Nakajima sun shiga E-Girls kuma sun fara fitowa a cikin "The Never Ending Story", wanda sunan ƙungiyar ya zama E-girls.<ref>''The Never Ending Story'' (CD; Liner notes). E-Girls. Rhythm Zone. 2013. RZCD-59325.</ref> Nasarar kasuwanci ce, ta kai lamba ta biyu a kan jadawalin Oricon, kuma ta zama fasalin su na farko don haɗawa da dukkan mambobi 29 a kan murfin jaket.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 February 2013 |title=The Never Ending Story – E-girls |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/552190/products/1005280/1/ |access-date=14 January 2017 |publisher=Oricon News |language=ja}}</ref> Abubuwan da suka biyo baya, "Candy Smile", sun yi matsakaici a kan sigogi amma sun sami takardar shaidar zinariya daga Ƙungiyar Masana'antu ta Japan (RIAJ). Bugu da ƙari, an inganta Kawamoto a matsayin mai ba da murya kuma ta raira waƙar B-gefe "Love Letter", wanda ya nuna mata memba na farko na E-girls don canza matsayi. A ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 'yan mata sun inganta rikodin su na farko Lesson 1, wanda ya sayar da raka'a da yawa a kan Oricon Albums Chart, ya fara a lamba daya kuma ya tsara sama da makonni 70 da ba a jere ba.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2013 |title=Lesson 1 – E-girls |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/552190/products/1014341/1/ |access-date=14 January 2017 |publisher=Oricon News |language=ja}}</ref> Wannan shi ne ƙoƙari na ƙarshe na memba na EGD Reina Kizu, wanda ya bar kungiyar wasu watanni bayan haka; Nakajima ya maye gurbin matsayinta a hukumance.<ref>''Lesson 1'' (CD; Liner notes). E-Girls. Rhythm Zone. 2013. RZCD-59343.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l7nzk5tulx43blqf6l4e2bttpn6xgho 0 137956 893651 887319 2026-08-09T14:42:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''LUNA SEA''' (wanda aka tsara a matsayin LUNA SEA) ƙungiyar mawaƙa ce ta Japan da aka kafa a yankin Kanagawa a shekarar 1986. Saboda amfani da kayan shafawa da kayan ado a farkon aikin su da kuma yaduwar shahararsu, ana daukar su daya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi masu nasara da tasiri a cikin motsi na visual kei. A cikin tsakiyar shekarun 1990s sun yi amfani da kayan shafawa kaɗan, kuma bayan hutu na shekara guda a cikin shekarar 1997, sun dawo tare da salon dutse na al'ada kuma sun rage tufafinsu a kan mataki. Sun rabu a shekara ta 2000. A shekara ta 2003, HMV ta sanya Luna Sea a lamba 90 a cikin jerin sunayen 100 mafi mahimmancin ayyukan gargajiya na Japan.<ref name="hmv_top_100">{{Cite web |title=Top 100 Japanese pops Artists - No.90 |url=https://www.hmv.co.jp/news/newsDetail.asp?newsnum=308150081 |access-date=2011-09-06 |website=hmv.co.jp |language=ja}}</ref> Da farko an kafa shi a 1986, ta hanyar bassist J da rhythm guitarist Inoran yayin da suke makarantar sakandare, an fara kiran ƙungiyar Lunacy. A shekara ta 1989 sun dauki jagoran guitarist Sugizo, drummer Shinya da vocalist [[Ryuichi Kawamura|Ryuichi]], jerin da suka kasance iri ɗaya. Sun fito da wasu kaset na demo kafin su sake suna kansu Luna Sea kuma su saki kundi na farko mai taken kansu a 1991. Kungiyar ta sami nasarar da suka samu tare da yawon shakatawa a shekarar 1991, wanda ya taimaka musu samun kwangila tare da MCA Victor, kuma tare da sakin kundi na biyu Image (1992), wanda ya kai lamba tara a kan jadawalin kiɗa na Oricon. Bayan kundin da aka yaba da shi Eden (1993), Mother (1994) da Style (1996), ƙungiyar ta sauya ''Uwar'' Universal a 1998 kuma ta fitar da kundin studio mafi kyawun siyarwa, Shine . A ƙarshen shekara ta 2000, bayan kundi na bakwai na Lunacy, Luna Sea ya rushe. Luna Sea ta sake haɗuwa don kide-kide na sake haɗuwa a cikin 2007 a [[Tokyo Dome]], kuma a cikin 2008 don taron tunawa da ɓoye. A shekara ta 2010 kungiyar ta sake haɗuwa a hukumance kuma ta gudanar da yawon shakatawa na duniya. Shekaru uku bayan haka sun fito da sabon kundi na farko a cikin shekaru goma sha uku, A Will . Kundin su na tara, ''Luv'', ya biyo bayan shekaru hudu a cikin 2017. A ƙarshen 2019, kundi na goma na Cross, wanda Steve Lillywhite ya samar, ya zama na farko da suka fara zuwa saman ''Billboard Japan''. == Tarihi == === 1986-1991: Tsarin da kundi na farko === [[Fayil:Luna_Sea_logo.svg|right|thumb|Alamar ƙungiyar, da aka yi amfani da ita tun 1991]] Abokan yara Jun "J" Onose da Kiyonobu "Inoran" Inoue sun kafa ƙungiyar da ake kira Lunacy a makarantar sakandare a shekarar 1986. <ref name="JRRGodBless">{{Cite web |date=2007-08-27 |title=LUNA SEA: God Bless You |url=http://jrockrevolution.com/2007/08/webzine/luna-sea-god-bless-you-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109153939/http://jrockrevolution.com/2007/08/webzine/luna-sea-god-bless-you-26 |archive-date=2016-01-09 |access-date=2013-03-01 |website=JRock Revolution}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> An zaɓi sunan ne saboda sun ji wani abu mai kama da "hauka" a cikin sautin su, makomar da suke so, da abubuwan da suke yi.{{Sfn|My Way|2025}} Yayin da sauran mambobin suka bar don neman aiki ko kwaleji, sun dauki dan wasan Pinocchio Shinya Yamada da kuma dan wasan guitar Yasuhiro "Sugizo" Sugihara a ranar 16 ga Janairu, 1989. <ref name="JRRGodBless" /> {{Sfn|My Way|2025}} J da farko ya tambayi Shinya, amma mai bugawa ya nace cewa abokinsa Sugizo ma ya shiga, kuma bassist bai yi tsayayya ba yayin da ya sami yiwuwar saitin guitar tsakanin Inoran da Sugizo ya zama mai ban sha'awa.{{Sfn|My Way|2025}}<ref name="30interview">{{Cite web |title=LUNA SEA / INORAN×J 結成30周年、バンドの礎を築いた2人が語り合う |url=https://natalie.mu/music/pp/lunasea03 |access-date=2019-07-08 |website=[[Natalie (website)|Natalie]] |language=ja |archive-date=2019-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610233330/https://natalie.mu/music/pp/lunasea03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cewar Sugizo, sun buga kide-kide guda daya kafin su kori mai muryarsu saboda rashin baiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FACTORY721 CS0009 : THEMSELVES - SUGIZO |url=https://www.fujitv.co.jp/FACTORY/CS0009/sugizo.html |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=Factory 721 |publisher=[[Fuji TV]] |language=Japanese}}</ref> Koyaya, a cikin tarihin kansa, J ya tuna cewa mai ba da labari Yasuhiro "Yasu" Imai, ɗaya daga cikin abokansa mafi kusa, ba zato ba tsammani ya gaya masa wata rana cewa yana so ya bar.{{Sfn|My Way|2025}}<ref name="YasuRealName">{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=https://djkensei.com/profile |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=DJ Kensai Official Website |language=ja |quote=LUNA SEA初代VOCAL今井康裕のアイウェアLESS THAN HUMANのオフィシャル12"リリース(2008)}}</ref> Ya yi hasashen cewa Yasu na iya zama mara jin daɗi saboda, kamar kowane rukuni, membobin sun girma a hanyoyi daban-daban, bambance-bambance a cikin shugabanci ya zama bayyananne, kuma tsammanin su na juna ya karu a hankali.{{Sfn|My Way|2025}} A lokaci guda, J ya koyi cewa [[Ryuichi Kawamura]] (wanda ake kira "Rayla") yana la'akari da barin ƙungiyarsa Slaughter, kuma ya ce lokacin ya yi aiki sosai ga Ryuichi don maye gurbin Yasu mai fita a ranar 6 ga Mayu. <ref name="JRRGodBless" /> {{Sfn|My Way|2025}} Kamfanin da aka kammala na Lunacy ya fara fitowa a kan mataki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo mai iya zama 100 a Machida, Tokyo a ranar 29 ga Mayu, 1989 <ref name="JRRGodBless"/><ref name="30interview"/> Sun fitar da faifan demo na farko, "Lunacy", a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, tare da duk ɗaruruwan da aka sayar.<ref name="Luna Sea Biography">{{Cite web |title=Luna Sea Website Biography |url=http://www.lunasea.jp/app-def/S-102/wp/biography |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025052055/http://www.lunasea.jp/app-def/S-102/wp/biography |archive-date=October 25, 2012 |access-date=October 20, 2012 |website=lunasea.jp |publisher=Luna Sea Inc |language=ja}}</ref> A watan Oktoba, sun canja ayyukansu zuwa Meguro, inda suka yi a wuraren zama kamar Rock-May-Kan da Live Station.<ref name="Luna Sea Biography" /> A watan Disamba, an saki demo na biyu na ƙungiyar "Shade", tare da duk dubban kofe da aka sayar, kuma a ranar 17 ga Disamba ƙungiyar ta sayar da dukkan tikiti 150 don wasan kwaikwayo na mutum ɗaya na farko a Machida Play House . <ref name="Luna Sea Biography" /> A cikin 1990, Lunacy ya ci gaba da buga kananan wurare, amma ya gudanar da kide-kide na farko a waje da Tokyo a [[Osaka]]. Sun gudanar da kide-kide na farko na ranar tunawa, Kurofuku Gentei Gig (黒服限定GIG; "kide-kode black gig"), a Machida Play House a ranar 10 ga Yuni, inda suka rarraba demo kyauta "Lastly".<ref name="Luna Sea Biography" /> Lokacin da ƙungiyar ta fara aiki don ƙirƙirar kundi na farko, J ya ba da shawarar Lunacy canza sunansu. Ya ji cewa ci gaba da sunan da ke nufin "hauka" na iya kama su da kuma tsare su, kuma yana son wanda ya ba da ma'ana mai zurfi da fa'ida.{{Sfn|My Way|2025}} "Luna Sea" ba zato ba tsammani ya zo masa wata rana, kuma ya ba da shawarar rubuta shi a cikin Jafananci a matsayin "月海", wanda zai haifar da makamashi mai ban mamaki wanda ke tunatar da raguwa da kwarara na raƙuman ruwa.{{Sfn|My Way|2025}} Bugu da ƙari, yana son cewa akwai ƙungiyoyi kaɗan waɗanda suka yi amfani da wani abu da aka samo a cikin yanayi kamar sunansu, da kuma gaskiyar cewa babu wata ƙungiya da za ta yi ƙarfin hali ta canza sunansu a irin wannan muhimmin lokaci kamar kundi na farko.{{Sfn|My Way|2025}} Ba a yi amfani da rubutun Jafananci ba, kuma an gudanar da kide-kide na farko tare da sabon sunan a Live Station a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> A farkon shekara ta 1991, an gano su ta hanyar ɓoye kuma sun sanya hannu ga abokin aikinsa na X Japan Yoshiki mai zaman kansa, Extasy Records . [1][undefined] Luna Sea ta shiga cikin lakabin Nuclear Fusion Tour a watan Maris tare da Gilles de Rais da Sighs of Love Potion . [1] A kan yawon shakatawa, an rarraba samfurin CD na 3 ciki har da waƙa daga kowane rukuni kyauta, wanda suka ba da gudummawa ga ɗan gajeren samfurin "Precious".[2] An saki mai Tekun Luna Sea a ranar 21 ga Afrilu. [3] Sun gudanar da manyan wasan kwaikwayo a duk shekara tare da yawon shakatawa na farko na kasa mai taken Under the New Moon, wanda aka raba shi zuwa kafafu uku ko "Episodes", tare da wasan kwaikwayo 45, wanda kide-kide na ƙarshe ya ja hankalin masu sauraro sama da dubu ɗaya.[3] Yawon shakatawa ya tara mutane dubu goma sha bakwai gabaɗaya.[3] A ranar 29 ga watan Oktoba, sun yi wasan kwaikwayo a wannan shekarar na Extasy Summit, a Nippon Budokan da aka sayar. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] o2ux8xbu4vtzvvr8238zttqs47xx58e 0 138396 893649 783280 2026-08-09T14:11:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893649 wikitext text/x-wiki   Tatsuya Ishihara (Japanese: 石原 立也, Hepburn: Ishihara Tatsuya; an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1966) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Japan, darektan talabijin da fim. Yin aiki don Kyoto Animation tun 1988, [1] ya ba da umarnin The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya, Clannad, Nichijou, Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions and Sound! Euphonium. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == == Ayyuka == Kyautarsa ta farko a matsayin darektan fitowar ita ce ta 1995 na Tenchi Universe mai taken "Babu Bukatar Damuwa!". A cikin 2021, ya maye gurbin Yasuhiro Takemoto a matsayin darektan Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid S, bayan mutuwar ta a lokacin harin konewar Kyoto Animation. == Hotunan fina-finai == === Talabijin === ==== A matsayin darektan jerin ==== * ''Iska'' (2005) * ''Kanon'' (2006) * ''Clannad'' (2007) * ''Clannad Bayan Labari'' (2008) * ''Rashin jin daɗi na Haruhi Suzumiya'' (2006, 2009) * ''Nichijou'' (2011) * ''Ƙauna, Chunibyo &amp;amp; Sauran Ra'ayoyi'' (2012) <ref>"The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya". (May 2007) ''Newtype USA''. pp.&nbsp;48–49.</ref> * ''Ƙauna, Chunibyo &amp;amp; Sauran Ra'ayoyi - Zuciya ta Throb-'' (2014) * ''Sauti! Euphonium'' (2015) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Loo |first=Egan |date=December 27, 2014 |title=Kyoto Animation Streams Sound! Euphonism Anime's Promo |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-12-27/kyoto-animation-streams-sound-euphonism-anime-promo/.82680 |access-date=December 27, 2022 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> * Yawancin launuka Phantom World (2016) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Loo |first=Egan |date=August 28, 2015 |title=Kyoto Animation's Myriad Colors Phantom World Anime Casts Sumire Uesaka |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-08-28/kyoto-animation-myriad-colors-phantom-world-anime-casts-sumire-uesaka/.92238 |access-date=December 27, 2022 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> * ''Sauti! Euphonium 2'' (2016) <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 1, 2016 |script-title=ja:吹奏楽に青春を懸けるアニメ「響け！ユーフォニアム2」キービジュアル公開 |url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/196593 |access-date=December 27, 2022 |website=[[Natalie (website)|Natalie]] |publisher=Natasha, Inc. |language=ja |archive-date=December 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227112038/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/196593 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid S (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mateo |first=Alex |date=February 23, 2021 |title=Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid S Anime's 1st Promo Video Unveils Cast, Staff |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-02-23/miss-kobayashi-dragon-maid-s-anime-1st-promo-video-unveils-cast-staff/.169869 |access-date=December 27, 2022 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> * ''Sauti! Euphonium 3'' (2024) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hodgkins |first=Crystalyn |date=August 4, 2023 |title=Sound! Euphonium Anime's 3rd Season Premieres in April 2024 |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-08-04/sound-euphonium-anime-3rd-season-premieres-in-april-2024/.200981 |access-date=August 4, 2023 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] im3zx0637hhl3u7nhpbitti54loxynh 0 139649 893982 790676 2026-08-10T03:43:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yasmine Alexandra Arrington''' (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 1993) <ref> name="SIMMONS: Jack Kent Cooke's legacy continues to produce winners">{{Cite web |last=Simmons |first=Deborah |date=1 December 2013 |title=SIMMONS: Jack Kent Cooke's legacy continues to produce winners |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/dec/1/simmons-jack-kent-cookes-ultimate-legacy-continues/?page=all |access-date=18 November 2015 |publisher=The Washington Times}}</ref> ita ce wadda ta kafa kuma Daraktar Gudanarwa ta ScholarCHIPS kuma ta lashe kyautar Peace First Prize a shekarar 2015, kyautar JM Kaplan Innovation Prize da kyautar DC Social Innovation Prize a shekarar 2015. <ref> name="Peace First Announces 2015 Prize Winners">{{Cite web |date=27 October 2015 |title=10/27/2015 Peace First Announces 2015 Prize Winners |url=http://www.newprofit.org/peace-first-announces-2015-prize-winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119005811/http://www.newprofit.org/peace-first-announces-2015-prize-winners/ |archive-date=19 November 2015 |access-date=18 November 2015 |website=Newprofit.org |publisher=New Profit}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Yasmine Arrington kuma ta girma a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] <ref> name="CRFW-CRFW 2013 Curvy Spokesmodel Contest">{{Cite web |title=CRFW 2013 Curvy Spokesmodel Contest |url=http://www.curvesrockweekend.com/2013curvyspokesmodel.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118232822/http://www.curvesrockweekend.com/2013curvyspokesmodel.html |archive-date=18 November 2015 |access-date=18 November 2015 |publisher=Curves Rock Fashion Weekend}}</ref> Tun daga lokacin ƙuruciyarta har zuwa lokacin da ta kai shekara goma sha ɗaya mahaifin Arrington yana gidan yari sau da yawa. <ref> name="Huff Post-Growing Up With an Incarcerated Parent, Learning How to Forgive">{{Cite web |last=Arrington |first=Yasmine |date=22 September 2015 |title=Growing Up With an Incarcerated Parent, Learning How to Forgive |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/yasmine-arrington/growing-up-with-an-incarc_1_b_8178014.html |access-date=18 November 2015 |publisher=Huffington Post}}</ref> Mahaifiyar Arrington ta rasu a shekararta ta farko a makarantar sakandare. Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Benjamin Banneker da ke Northwest DC, <ref name="SIMMONS: Jack Kent Cooke's legacy continues to produce winners">{{Cite web |last=Simmons |first=Deborah |date=1 December 2013 |title=SIMMONS: Jack Kent Cooke's legacy continues to produce winners |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/dec/1/simmons-jack-kent-cookes-ultimate-legacy-continues/?page=all |access-date=18 November 2015 |publisher=The Washington Times}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSimmons2013">Simmons, Deborah (1 December 2013). [http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/dec/1/simmons-jack-kent-cookes-ultimate-legacy-continues/?page=all "SIMMONS: Jack Kent Cooke's legacy continues to produce winners"]. The Washington Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> inda ta kasance a cikin wani shiri mai suna LearnServe International, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta DC wadda ke ba matasa damar zama masu kawo sauyi a zamantakewa. <ref>name="Beyond Inspiring: Meet Yasmine Arrington, Founder Of ScholarCHIPS">{{Cite web |last=Penn |first=Stephanie |date=3 September 2015 |title=Beyond Inspiring: Meet Yasmine Arrington, Founder Of ScholarCHIPS |url=http://dailyvenusdiva.com/2015/09/03/beyond-inspiring-meet-yasmine-arrington-founder-of-scholarchips/ |access-date=18 November 2015 |publisher=Daily Venus Diva |archive-date=6 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106153639/http://dailyvenusdiva.com/2015/09/03/beyond-inspiring-meet-yasmine-arrington-founder-of-scholarchips/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta yi karatun Sadarwa da Tarihi a Jami'ar Elon da ke Elon, North Carolina . <ref>name="CRFW-CRFW 2013 Curvy Spokesmodel Contest" </ref> Arrington ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 2015. <ref> name="BISNOW-Fred Abramson's Lasting Legacy">{{Cite web |last=Slavinsky |first=Roksana |date=1 July 2015 |title=Fred Abramson's Lasting Legacy |url=https://www.bisnow.com/washington-dc/news/washington-dc-legal/fred-abramsons-lasting-legacy-47557 |access-date=18 November 2015 |publisher=BISNOW}}</ref> Arrington ɗalibi ne mai digiri a Makarantar Allahntaka ta Jami'ar Howard. == ScholarCHIPS == A shekarar 2010, Arrington ta kafa ScholarCHIPS, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta wadda ke ba wa ɗaliban makarantar sakandare jagoranci, tallafi da kuɗi don neman ilimi mai zurfi. <ref name="Huff Post-Growing Up With an Incarcerated Parent, Learning How to Forgive">{{Cite web |last=Arrington |first=Yasmine |date=22 September 2015 |title=Growing Up With an Incarcerated Parent, Learning How to Forgive |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/yasmine-arrington/growing-up-with-an-incarc_1_b_8178014.html |access-date=18 November 2015 |publisher=Huffington Post}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFArrington2015">Arrington, Yasmine (22 September 2015). [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/yasmine-arrington/growing-up-with-an-incarc_1_b_8178014.html "Growing Up With an Incarcerated Parent, Learning How to Forgive"]. Huffington Post<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Tun daga watan Yulin 2015, ƙungiyoyin sun ba da tallafin karatu sama da dala 180,000 ga ɗalibai 61 da ke karatunsu a kwaleji. <ref name="Beyond Inspiring: Meet Yasmine Arrington, Founder Of ScholarCHIPS">{{Cite web |last=Penn |first=Stephanie |date=3 September 2015 |title=Beyond Inspiring: Meet Yasmine Arrington, Founder Of ScholarCHIPS |url=http://dailyvenusdiva.com/2015/09/03/beyond-inspiring-meet-yasmine-arrington-founder-of-scholarchips/ |access-date=18 November 2015 |publisher=Daily Venus Diva |archive-date=6 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106153639/http://dailyvenusdiva.com/2015/09/03/beyond-inspiring-meet-yasmine-arrington-founder-of-scholarchips/ |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPenn2015">Penn, Stephanie (3 September 2015). [http://dailyvenusdiva.com/2015/09/03/beyond-inspiring-meet-yasmine-arrington-founder-of-scholarchips/ "Beyond Inspiring: Meet Yasmine Arrington, Founder Of ScholarCHIPS"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106153639/http://dailyvenusdiva.com/2015/09/03/beyond-inspiring-meet-yasmine-arrington-founder-of-scholarchips/ |date=2015-11-06 }}. Daily Venus Diva<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> ScholarCHIPS kuma tana shirya taron shekara-shekara na ƙwarewar rayuwa a kwaleji wanda ke ba wa matasan yankin horo kan batutuwa kamar ilimin kuɗi, yadda ake gina bashi, lafiyar jima'i, dangantaka mai kyau, da haɓaka sana'a. ScholarCHIPS tana neman wargaza ƙyama da nauyin kunya da ke tattare da samun iyaye da ke tsare. A yau akwai matasa sama da miliyan 2 a Amurka tare da iyaye a gidan yari. == Sana'a == Arrington ƙwararriyar mai ƙirar kayan kwalliya ce kuma mai magana da ke ƙarfafa gwiwa. An naɗa Arrington a matsayin CurvySpokesmodel don Curves Rock Fashion Weekend 2013 kuma an naɗa ta a watan Oktoba na 2015 Curvy Girl of the Month don CurvyGirlChronicles.net, wani shafin yanar gizo da aka keɓe don amincewa da jiki, lanƙwasa masu lafiya da kuma kyawun ciki. Arrington ta yi aiki a matsayin mai koyon hulɗa da jama'a a Tashar Watsa Labarai ta Jama'a, mai koyon Gudanar da Asusun a Ogilvy da Mather da kuma a matsayin Jami'ar Ilimi tare da Hager Sharp. An nuna Arrington a gidajen rediyo na ƙasa da dama, talabijin, kan layi da kuma jaridu saboda ayyukanta kamar Black Girls Rock, <ref>{{Cite web |title=CRFW Curvy Spokesmodel Contest |url=http://www.curvesrockweekend.com/2013curvyspokesmodel.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118232822/http://www.curvesrockweekend.com/2013curvyspokesmodel.html |archive-date=2015-11-18 |access-date=2015-12-12 |website=www.curvesrockweekend.com}}</ref> The Washington Post, Baltimore Times, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Howard divinity student helps children of incarcerated parents go to college |url=http://baltimoretimes-online.com/news/2015/nov/27/howard-divinity-student-helps-children-incarcerate/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213074057/http://baltimoretimes-online.com/news/2015/nov/27/howard-divinity-student-helps-children-incarcerate/ |archive-date=2015-12-13 |access-date=2015-12-10 |website=baltimoretimes-online.com}}</ref> The Huffington Post, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Education and Mentorship: The Keys to the Doors of Freedom |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/americas-promise-alliance/education-and-mentorship_b_8775378.html |access-date=2015-12-10 |website=The Huffington Post}}</ref> Forbes Magazine, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scholarships Aren't Enough |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kerryhannon/2013/11/25/scholarships-arent-enough/ |access-date=2015-12-10 |website=Forbes}}</ref> TeenVogue, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yasmine Arrington on Starting a College Scholarship Fund {{!}} Teen Vogue |url=http://www.teenvogue.com/story/yasmine-arrington-college-scholarships |access-date=2015-12-10 |website=Teen Vogue}}</ref> Essence, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Youth Activists: Meet Yasmine Arrington, Founder and Creator or ScholarCHIPS |url=http://www.essence.com/2013/02/05/rising-stars-youth-activists |access-date=2015-12-10 |website=Essence.com}}</ref> Black Enterprise, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yasmine Arrington Awards ScholarCHIPS to Youth of Incarcerated Parents |url=http://www.blackenterprise.com/career/yasmine-arrington-scholarchips/ |access-date=2015-12-10 |website=Black Enterprise |language=en-US}}</ref> Daily Venus Diva Magazine, Tom Joyner Morning Show, <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Cherie S. |title=Jacque Reid Goes Inside Her Story with Yasmine Arrington |url=http://blackamericaweb.com/2012/10/30/jacque-reid-goes-inside-her-story-with-yasmine-arrington/ |access-date=2015-12-10 |website=Black America Web}}</ref> WJLA, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Redskins' scholarship helps local girl achieve dreams, graduate college |url=http://wjla.com/sports/sports-talk/redskins-scholarship-helps-local-girl-achieve-dreams-graduate-college--114279 |access-date=2015-12-10 |website=WJLA |language=en-US}}</ref> WUSA9 <ref>{{Cite web |title=D.C. students talk financial literacy |url=http://www.wusa9.com/story/news/local/dc/2015/11/28/dc-students-talk-financial-literacy/76506846/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200216/http://www.wusa9.com/story/news/local/dc/2015/11/28/dc-students-talk-financial-literacy/76506846/ |archive-date=2015-12-08 |access-date=2015-12-10 |website=WUSA9}}</ref> da sauransu. An kuma nuna Arrington a manyan allunan talla guda biyu a birnin New York. == Lambobin yabo da karramawa == * Arrington ita ce ta lashe kyautar hidimar al'umma ta Iris Holt McEwen ta shekarar 2013 daga ƙungiyar Omicron Delta Kappa ta Jami'ar Elon. <ref name="Elon University">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Philip |date=26 April 2013 |title=Leadership lauded at ODK awards ceremony |url=http://www.elon.edu/e-net/Article/68481 |access-date=18 November 2015 |publisher=Elon University}}</ref> * A shekarar 2012 an nuna ta a shirin Black Girls Rock na Black Entertainment Television, kuma an ba ta kyautar Making A Difference. <ref name="Beyond Inspiring: Meet Yasmine Arrington, Founder Of ScholarCHIPS"/> * Ta kasance malamar Kwalejin Jack Kent Cooke Foundation a shekarar 2013. <ref name="SIMMONS: Jack Kent Cooke's legacy continues to produce winners"/> * Mai Nasara na Ƙasa na AXA na 2011 * Masanin Gidauniyar Abramson <ref name="BISNOW-Fred Abramson's Lasting Legacy">{{Cite web |last=Slavinsky |first=Roksana |date=1 July 2015 |title=Fred Abramson's Lasting Legacy |url=https://www.bisnow.com/washington-dc/news/washington-dc-legal/fred-abramsons-lasting-legacy-47557 |access-date=18 November 2015 |publisher=BISNOW}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSlavinsky2015">Slavinsky, Roksana (1 July 2015). [https://www.bisnow.com/washington-dc/news/washington-dc-legal/fred-abramsons-lasting-legacy-47557 "Fred Abramson's Lasting Legacy"]. BISNOW<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> * Gidauniyar Nasara ta Kwalejin Washington Redskins Malami 1000 <ref name="SIMMONS: Jack Kent Cooke's legacy continues to produce winners" /> * Kyautar Jaruman da ba a taɓa jin su ba ta Jagorancin Linowes. <ref name="Hassel">{{Cite web |date=24 July 2013 |title="The Tassel Is Worth The Hassel," Says Yasmine Arrington, Founder of ScholarCHIPS |url=http://society.argylenews.com/press_release.aspx?quotThe-Tassel-Is-Worth-The-Hasselquot-Says-Yasmine-Arrington-Founder-of-ScholarCHIPS-11648 |access-date=18 November 2015 |publisher=Argyle News}}</ref> * Wanda ya lashe kyautar zaman lafiya ta farko ta 2015 <ref name="Peace First Announces 2015 Prize Winners">{{Cite web |date=27 October 2015 |title=10/27/2015 Peace First Announces 2015 Prize Winners |url=http://www.newprofit.org/peace-first-announces-2015-prize-winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119005811/http://www.newprofit.org/peace-first-announces-2015-prize-winners/ |archive-date=19 November 2015 |access-date=18 November 2015 |website=Newprofit.org |publisher=New Profit}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20151119005811/http://www.newprofit.org/peace-first-announces-2015-prize-winners/ "10/27/2015 Peace First Announces 2015 Prize Winners"]. ''Newprofit.org''. New Profit. 27 October 2015. Archived from [http://www.newprofit.org/peace-first-announces-2015-prize-winners/ the original] on 19 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> * Disamba 2023 Jaruman [[CNN]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 2ocnlnjy0ssjxrbqya3ghx0y3xp1g52 0 140284 893983 793681 2026-08-10T03:45:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}''Rubutun tsutsa'''''Yasmine Motarjemi''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1955) ƙwararren masani ne na kare lafiya kuma mai ba da labari. == Tarihin rayuwa == Motarjemi ta yi karatun sinadarai da ilmin halitta a Jami'ar Claude-Bernard da ke Lyon da kuma dabarun masana'antar abinci a Jami'ar Montpellier, kafin ta yi karatun digirin digirgir a fannin fasahar abinci a Jami'ar Lund. Daga nan ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike a wannan jami'ar.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A cikin 1990, ta shiga [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] a Geneva, inda ta zama gwaniyar kimiyya da Daraktan Tsaro da Taimako na Abinci. Daga shekara ta 2000, a matsayin Manajan Tsaro na Abinci da Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa, ta zama mai kula da lafiyar abinci a hedikwatar [[Nestlé|Nestle]] a [[Vevey]]. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A shekarar 2003, bayan korafin da iyaye suka yi mata, ta so ta janye daga kasuwar biskit ɗin jarirai da kamfanin kera na ƙasa da ƙasa ya ƙera. [1] Tun daga shekarar 2006, ta yi kira da a yi bincike kan gubar kayayyakin jarirai. A shekara ta 2009, wani babban guba na abinci na melamine-contaminated madara lamarin da ya haifar da cutar koda ya shafi jarirai 300,000 a kasar Sin, 13 daga cikinsu sun mutu.<ref name=":0" /> An inganta darektan kayayyakin da suka yi laifi kuma ya zama manajanta. Ya cire nauyinta kuma ya mayar da ita ga ayyukan da ba su da muhimmanci. A shekara ta 2010, an kore ta. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, ta shigar da kara a kan Nestlé tare da kotun canton na Vaud saboda cin zarafin halin kirki da tunani. Ta hanyar hukunci na 7 ga Janairun 2020, kotun daukaka kara ta amince da dalilan cin zarafi kuma an tsoratar da ita a cikin "hanyar rashin fahimta". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Motarjemi contre Nestlé |url=https://www.humanrights.ch/fr/litiges-strategiques/cas-traites/motarjemi-nestle/ |access-date=18 July 2021 |website=www.humanrights.ch |language=fr |archive-date=18 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718073053/https://www.humanrights.ch/fr/litiges-strategiques/cas-traites/motarjemi-nestle/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PRESS RELEASE - Food Safety Whistleblower Vindicated While Swiss Law Makers Flounder - Whistleblowing International Network |url=https://whistleblowingnetwork.org/News-Events/News/News-Archive/PRESS-RELEASE-Food-Safety-Whistleblower-Vindicat.aspx |access-date=18 July 2021 |website=whistleblowingnetwork.org}}</ref> A cikin 2023, Nestlé ta janye roko, kuma kamfanin ya biya miliyan 2 na Swiss francs, 100,000 francs don farashin shari'a da kuma alamar 1 na alama don lalacewar ɗabi'a.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Cerf |first=Arthur |date=2024-12-26 |title=Yasmine Motarjemi, en guerre solitaire contre Nestlé et l’impunité |url=https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/alimentation/yasmine-motarjemi-en-guerre-solitaire-contre-nestle-et-limpunite-20241226_TGWZM32YQBHWPN2NABVDPHFX2M/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=Libération |language=fr}}</ref> A cikin 2019, ta sami lambar yabo ta GUE / NGL don 'yan jarida, masu ba da labari da masu kare haƙƙin bayanai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2020 |title=GUE/NGL awards its Journalists, Whistleblowers and Defenders of the Right to Information prize |url=https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu/news/article/guengl-awards-its-journalists-whistleblowers-and-defenders-of-the-right-to-information-prize |access-date=20 July 2021 |website=The Parliament Magazine |language=en}}</ref> An zabi Motarjemi don Prix Courage 2020 ta mujallar Swiss Beobachter, kyautar da ke girmamawa da inganta mutane "waɗanda ke yaƙi ba tare da tsoro ba kuma tare da sadaukarwa ga ra'ayi - don buɗewa, haɗin kai da adalci na Switzerland". == Bayanan littattafai == * (Matsayi) Encyclopedia on Food Safety, Academic Press, 2014 * ''Abin da Daular Nestle ta ɓoye maka'', Ed Robert Laffont, (a Faransanci), 2025, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-27 |title=Scandales chez Nestlé : "Tout ce qui se passe dans cette entreprise, la direction l'autorise", affirme Yasmine Motarjemi |url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/podcasts/l-invite-de-7h50/l-invite-de-7h50-du-jeudi-27-mars-2025-8721900 |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=France Inter |language=fr}}</ref>{{ISBN|978-2221279250}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4f20ibgntanuw4vxgpy9ne7y1qixokl 0 141079 894054 796788 2026-08-10T07:34:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zulaikha Abd ar-Rahman Abu Risha''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1942; Larabci: ) mawaki ne kuma mai fafutuka na Jordan. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara game da haƙƙin mata, musamman game da yin [[Larabci|Harshen Larabci]] ya fi dacewa da jinsi. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Zulaikha Abu Risha a shekara ta 1942 a Acre, wani birni a cikin abin da ke yanzu [[Isra'ila]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-11-13 |title=Rights group calls on Jordan to drop lawsuit against poet |url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/rights-group-calls-jordan-drop-lawsuit-against-poet |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=The New Arab |language=en |archive-date=2022-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329154135/https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/rights-group-calls-jordan-drop-lawsuit-against-poet |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=زليخة أبو ريشة |url=http://culture.gov.jo/new/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%88-%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%A8/7325--%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A9--%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88-%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519185844/http://culture.gov.jo/new/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%88-%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%91%D8%A7%D8%A8/7325--%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A9--%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88-%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A9 |archive-date=2016-05-19 |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=Jordan Ministry of Culture |language=ar}}</ref> Ta bayyana kanta kamar tana da asalin [[Falasdinawa|Palasdinawa]], Jordan, da Siriya. Ta yi karatun adabin Larabci a Jami'ar Jordan, ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a 1966 da kuma digiri na biyu a 1989. <ref name=":5"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2002-12-14 |title=Members of the Jury - Ibn Rushd Prize for Freedom of Thought 2002 |url=https://ibn-rushd.net/wp/en/2002/12/14/members-of-the-jury-2002/ |access-date=2021-07-22 |website=Ibn Rushd Fund Website |language=en-US}}</ref> Daga baya ta nemi digiri a Jami'ar Exeter, inda ta rubuta rubutunta a kan "Mata a cikin Littattafan Mata na Larabci" <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=Spring 2002 |title=Contributors - Zuleikha Abu-Risha |url=https://www.banipal.co.uk/contributors/contributor.cfm?contributor_id=105 |access-date=2021-07-20 |website=Banipal (UK) Magazine of Modern Arab Literature}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Abu Risha watakila an fi saninta da aikinta a matsayin mawaki da marubucin almara.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Zulaikha Aburisha |url=https://www.arabicfiction.org/en/node/1425 |access-date=2021-07-20 |website=International Prize for Arabic Fiction}}</ref> An dauke ta a matsayin fitacciyar memba na fannin wallafe-wallafen Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khoshman |first=Afaf A. |title=To Teach Students to Learn, Teach Philosophy |url=http://ujnews2.ju.edu.jo/en/english/Lists/UjnewsWriters/Disp_FormNews1.aspx?ID=1417 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727152758/http://ujnews2.ju.edu.jo/en/english/Lists/UjnewsWriters/Disp_FormNews1.aspx?ID=1417 |archive-date=2021-07-27 |access-date=2021-07-22 |website=The University of Jordan News |language=en-us}}</ref> A shekara ta 1987, Abu Risha ta wallafa tarin gajeren labari In the Cell, wanda ta lashe lambar yabo daga Jami'ar Jordan. <ref name=":0"/><ref name=":2"/> Ta kuma rubuta akalla littattafai 10 na shayari tun daga shekarar 1998, da kuma littafi na rubutun tarihin kansa, ''Ghajarul ma'a'', a shekarar 1999. <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1"/> Kuma ta samar da ayyuka da yawa na wallafe-wallafen yara, da kuma binciken ilimi na 2002 game da jinsi, Towards a Theory of Children's Literature (2002). <ref name=":2" /> Ta hanyar karbar bakuncin abubuwan da [[Ƴan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]] suka fada tatsuniyoyi, ta samar da littafin Timeless Tales: Folktales Told by Syrian Refugees, wanda ke dauke da labarun gargajiya 21.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-08-25 |title=9 Short Stories by Syrian Women, in Translation |url=https://arablit.org/2021/08/25/9-short-stories-by-syrian-women-in-translation/ |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=Arablit |language=en-US}}</ref> Abu Risha kuma ya rubuta rubuce-rubuce game da sukar mata, adabi, fasaha, da jinsi da harshe. Ta kasance marubuciya ga jaridu da mujallu a Jordan da kuma fadin Larabawa. <ref name=":2"/> Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin edita na mujallu al-Mu'allim / at-talib (wanda [[UNESCO]] / UNRWA ta buga) da ''Al-Funun'' (mujallar fasaha da Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta Jordan ta buga), kuma a matsayin darakta na al-Warraqat li-d-dirasat wal-buhuth, gidan wallafe-wallafen mata. <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0"/> A cikin 2019, ta yi aiki a matsayin alƙali don Kyautar Kasa da Kasa don Labaran Larabci.<ref name=":2" /> Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin malamar jami'a <ref name=":2"/> kuma ta yi aiki a ranar darakta a Cibiyar Nazarin Mata a [[Amman]], Jordan . <ref name=":0"/> Abu Risha kuma an san ta da aikinta a matsayin mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam da kare hakkin mata. <ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Zulaikha Aburisha |url=https://www.arabicfiction.org/en/node/1425 |access-date=2021-07-20 |website=International Prize for Arabic Fiction}}</ref> Ta yi gwagwarmaya don yin harshen Larabci ya fi hada mata, ta rubuta littattafai biyu a kan batun: The Absent Language: Towards a Gender-Neutral Language (1996) da The Language Female: Papers on Discourse and Gender (2009). <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2002-12-14 |title=Members of the Jury - Ibn Rushd Prize for Freedom of Thought 2002 |url=https://ibn-rushd.net/wp/en/2002/12/14/members-of-the-jury-2002/ |access-date=2021-07-22 |website=Ibn Rushd Fund Website |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Zulaikha ABURISHA |url=https://www.hayfestival.com/artist.aspx?artistid=10054 |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=Hay Festival}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-01 |title=Zulaikha Abu Risha |url=http://lifeandlegends.com/zulaikha-abu-risha/ |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=Life and Legends}}</ref> Kaddamar da hakkin mata tun farkon shekarun 1980 ya sanya ta zama manufa ga kungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, wadanda suka nemi tayar da tashin hankali a kanta.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2021-11-12 |title=Jordan: Authorities must guarantee poet Zulaikha Abu Risha's right to free expression |url=https://www.article19.org/resources/jordan-authorities-must-guarantee-poet-zulaikha-abu-rishas-right-to-freedom-of-expression/ |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=ARTICLE 19 |language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau, ta kasance makasudin karar da aka yi mata daga Ofishin Masu Shari'a na Amman don yin tsokaci game da Islama. <ref name=":42">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-11-13 |title=Rights group calls on Jordan to drop lawsuit against poet |url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/rights-group-calls-jordan-drop-lawsuit-against-poet |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=The New Arab |language=en |archive-date=2022-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329154135/https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/rights-group-calls-jordan-drop-lawsuit-against-poet |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":7" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 7gfusdxskr1bmhs32k5kw0uc310hig1 0 141322 894180 817651 2026-08-10T10:34:12Z Aisha SM 47788 894180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad ibn Pulad''' ko, '''Muhammad Khan''' ko, Muhammad khan I (Chagatai da [[Farisawa|Farisa]]: محمد ابن پولاد; r. 1342-1343) ya kuma kasance Khan na Chagatai Khanate, Ya kasance jikan tsohon Chagatai khan Könchek, ta hanyar ɗansa Pulad. Ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da shi ba. A cewar ''[[Shajrat ul Atrak]]'', tarihin asalin Turks da Tatars, ya yi ƙoƙari ya dakatar da rushewar siyasa a cikin ulus dinsa.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Shajrat Ul Atrak, Or Genealogical Tree of the Turks and Tatars; Tr. [From the Pers.] and Abridged by Col. Miles |isbn=1021283355 |pages=45}}</ref> Muhammad a bayyane yake [[Musulmi]] ne yana yin hukunci da sunansa. {{S-start}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl|title=[[Chagatai Khans|Khan of Chagatai Khanate]]}} {{S-aft}} {{S-end}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * SHAJRAT UL ATRAK, ko GENEALOGICAL TREE na Turks da TATARS; TRANSLATED da ABRIDGED wanda Col. Miles ya fassara. * Ts. Enkhчимэг - "Mongolyn цагаадайн Saddam" 2006 shi 8y31y80qf8v1drqnohnv9dyqqvgrft9 0 141332 893933 797613 2026-08-09T22:55:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ramadan a Ostiraliya''' lokaci ne mai tsarki kuma wata na tara a [[Hijira kalanda|kalandar Musulunci]], wanda Musulmai 'yan Australiya ke yi kamar sauran Musulmai a duk duniya. A [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], wata al'umma mai al'adu daban-daban da addinai daban-daban a wannan watan mai tsarki tana da azumi, addu'a, tunani, al'adun gargajiya da tarukan al'umma, wanda ke nuna al'adun al'adu daban-daban na kasar. == Bayani == Ramadan lokaci ne na ci gaban ruhaniya, tarbiyyar kai, da kuma ƙara ibada. Musulmai suna kaurace wa abinci, abin sha, da sauran buƙatu na jiki tun daga fitowar alfijir har zuwa faɗuwar rana, suna mai da hankali kan addu'a, sadaka, da al'umma. A Ostiraliya, kiyaye Ramadan yana nuna bambancin addini a ƙasar da kuma al'adun al'ummomin Musulmi masu ƙarfi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 12, 2024 |title=Ramadan kicks off in much of Asia, a day after most of the Middle East |url=https://apnews.com/article/ramadan-asia-indonesia-malaysia-c14b95797fe1a55bb8ec626063c18714 |website=AP News}}</ref> <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=February 16, 2025 |title=Celebrating Ramadan in Australia: Traditions, Unity, and Community Spirit |url=https://aro.org.au/hunger-relief/celebrating-ramadan-in-australia-traditions-unity-and-community-spirit}}</ref> == Kwanaki da ganin wata == Ana tantance farkon watan Ramadan ta hanyar ganin sabon wata . Misali, a shekarar 2025, Majalisar Limaman Ƙasa ta Ostiraliya (ANIC) ta sanar da cewa Ramadan ya fara ne a ranar Asabar, 1 ga Maris bayan ganin jinjirin wata a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu. Duk da haka, wasu al'ummomi sun lura da farkon a ranar Lahadi, 2 ga Maris, saboda rahotannin ganin wata daban-daban. <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Ramadan Calendar 2025 |url=https://islamicrelief.org.au/ramadan-calendar-2025/ |website=Islamic Relief Australia}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=When Is Ramadan 2025 in Australia? |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/australia/ramadan-begins |website=www.timeanddate.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Toutate |first=Issam |date=February 28, 2025 |title=First Day of Ramadan 2025 in Australia Confirmed on March 1 |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2025/02/177405/first-day-of-ramadan-2025-in-australia-confirmed-on-march-1/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramadan in Australia |url=https://imcq.org.au/en/islamic-articles/ramadan-in-australia/ |website=IMCQ |access-date=2026-02-23 |archive-date=2026-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124142934/https://imcq.org.au/en/islamic-articles/ramadan-in-australia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hakazalika, [[Australian Fatwa Council|Majalisar Fatawa ta Australiya]] da Babban Mufti na Australiya, Dr. [[Ibrahim Abu Mohammed|Ibrahim Abu Mohamed]], sun tabbatar da ranar farawa bisa ga lissafin ilmin taurari wanda ke nuna ganin wata na tsawon mintuna 12 bayan faɗuwar rana a [[Sydney]] da mintuna 16 a [[Perth]] . <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |date=February 24, 2025 |title=The Commencement of The Holy Month of Ramadan 1446H – 2025 » ANIC |url=https://anic.org.au/the-commencement-of-the-holy-month-of-ramadan-1446h-2025/}}</ref> == Tsawon lokacin azumi da yanayi == Yanayin ƙasar Ostiraliya yana haifar da lokutan azumi daban-daban a faɗin ƙasar. A lokacin Ramadan, lokutan azumi na iya kasancewa daga kimanin awanni 11 zuwa 13, ya danganta da yanayi da yanki. Yanayin da ke tattare da shi kuma yana shafar ayyukan yau da kullun na masu azumi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=What to know about Ramadan |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/what-to-know-about-ramadan/pwgsonlxk |website=SBS News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 16, 2025 |title=Celebrating Ramadan in Australia: Traditions, Unity, and Community Spirit |url=https://aro.org.au/hunger-relief/celebrating-ramadan-in-australia-traditions-unity-and-community-spirit?utm_source=chatgpt.com}}</ref> == Bukukuwan al'adu da abubuwan da suka faru a cikin al'umma == Ana bikin Ramadan a Ostiraliya tare da al'adu da al'adu daban-daban. Wani abin sha'awa shine bikin " [[Lakemba Nights]] " a [[Sydney]], wanda ke jan hankalin baƙi sama da miliyan ɗaya kowace shekara. Bikin ya ƙunshi rumfunan abinci, wasannin kwaikwayo na al'adu, da addu'o'in gama gari, wanda ke nuna bambancin al'ummar Musulmi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lakemba Nights during Ramadan 2026 {{pipe}} Australian Festivals Guide |url=https://marketsandstallholders.com/events/lakemba-nights-during-ramadan/}}</ref> == Manazarta == 3416nf7fw95xzalemy4j9ie62u7c1sm 0 143973 894056 805613 2026-08-10T07:44:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ângela Viegas Santiago''' 'yar siyasar Sao Toméan ce. Ta riƙe muƙamin ministar noma ta ƙasar sannan ta riƙe muƙamin ministar kuɗi daga shekarar 2008 zuwa 2010. == Rayuwa == Viegas 'yar ƙasar Sao Tome ce. Ta yi karatun tattalin arziki kuma ta je Portugal don yin digirinta na uku a fannin ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Lisbon. <ref name="abook">{{Cite web |title=Atlantic Bookshop |url=https://www.atlanticbookshop.pt/autor/angela-santiago |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=www.atlanticbookshop.pt |language=pt}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a Bankin Duniya, kuma a matsayinta na mai ba da shawara. Ta yi aiki tsawon shekaru da dama kan batutuwan da suka shafi kuɗi da manufofin gwamnati. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bio Angela Viegas |url=https://www.encontrojovensinvestigadorescplp.org/bio-angela-viegas.html |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=ENCONTRO DE JOVENS INVESTIGADORES DA CPLP SOBRE ÁFRICA |language=pt-PT |archive-date=2025-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121012002/https://www.encontrojovensinvestigadorescplp.org/bio-angela-viegas.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Viegas ta kasance Ministar Noma da Raya Karkara ta ƙasarta har zuwa ranar 22 ga watan Yunin 2008. lokacin da ta zama Ministar Kuɗi a ƙarƙashin Firayim Minista Joaquim Rafael Branco. A ranar 11 ga watan Oktoba, 2008, a matsayinta na ministar kuɗi ta ƙasarta, ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Kamfanin Kuɗi na Duniya (IFC) a madadin Sao Tome da Principe a Washington DC. <ref name="minsign">{{Cite web |title=Schedule of Events - 2008 Annual Meetings -- International Monetary Fund and World Bank Group |url=https://www.imf.org/external/am/2008/schedule.htm |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=www.imf.org}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2010, ta sanya hannu kan wasiƙun niyya da Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya don ɗaukar nauyin sharuɗɗan da za su ba ƙasarta damar samun ƙarin tallafin kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 1, 2010 |title=São Tomé and Príncipe: Letter of Intent, Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies, and Technical Memorandum of Understanding |url=https://www.imf.org/external/np/loi/2010/stp/020110.pdf |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=IMF}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, ta zama babbar mai ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki (mai ba da shawara) a Babban Bankin São Tomé da Príncipe (BCSTP). <ref name=":0"/> A shekarar da ta biyo baya, ta kare harshen Faransanci tana magana a Jami'ar Sao Tome da Principe,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 April 2016 |title=Pourquoi la langue française est-elle utile à Sao Tomé et Principe ? |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gcLPB__f2Yk&ab_channel=TV5MONDE |access-date=18 January 2025 |work=[[TV5Monde]] |archive-date=21 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121004602/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gcLPB__f2Yk&ab_channel=TV5MONDE |url-status=live }}</ref> inda ta kasance Farfesa wacce ke kula da digirin jami'ar a fannin Kimiyyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasuwanci. <ref name="abook"/> A cikin shekarar 2002 ta buga littafinta, ''Os desafios do desenvolvimento socioeconómico nos microestados insulares'', a cikin Portuguese, wanda ya kalli ƙalubalen da ke fuskantar ƙananan ƙasashe.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Santiago |first=Ângela Viegas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Jv6zgEACAAJ |title=Os desafios do desenvolvimento socioeconómico nos microestados insulares: S. Tomé e Príncipe |date=2022 |publisher=Lisbon International Press |isbn=978-989-37-2481-1 |language=pt}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] t7h1cf5kr1xo2k9ouxymr3c88bf1pls 0 144916 893937 813065 2026-08-09T23:04:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Weetamoo''' (wanda ake kira Wee-TAH-moo) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Life Story: Weetamoo |url=https://wams.nyhistory.org/early-encounters/english-colonies/weetamoo/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Women & the American Story |archive-date=2023-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929125253/https://wams.nyhistory.org/early-encounters/english-colonies/weetamoo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> (kimanin 1635 &#x2013; 1676), wanda kuma ake kira '''Weethao''', '''Weetamoe''', '''Wattimore''', '''Namumpum''', da '''Tatapanunum''', shugabar ' yan asalin Amurka ce ta Pocasset Wampanoag . Ita ce ''sunksqua'', ko kuma mace sachem, ta kabilar Pocasset, wacce ta mamaye Tiverton, Rhode Island a shekarar 1620. Pocasset, wadda ta jagoranta, ɗaya ce daga cikin ƙabilun Wampanoag. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Weetamoo a ƙauyen Mattapoiset na Pokanoket ko kuma a yankin Kogin Taunton na Rhode Island. Mahaifinta Corbitant ne kuma ɗan ƙabilar Pocasset ne kimanin 1618–1630. Tana da ƙanwarta mai suna Wootonekanuske kuma ba ta da 'yan'uwa. Tun tana ƙarama, Weetamoo ta fuskanci ayyukan diflomasiyya na Pocasset. Ta rungumi ra'ayin mahaifinta game da 'yan mulkin mallaka. Ba kamar sauran 'yan mulkin mallaka na lokacin ba, Corbitant ya ƙi 'yan mulkin mallaka da dangin 'yan asalin ƙasar. Ya yi imanin cewa ƙasar ya kamata ta ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun 'yan asalin Amurka kuma dole ne 'yan mulkin mallaka su bar yankin. Weetamoo abokiyar ƙabilu ce ta kud da kud da shugabannin sauran ƙabilu, wanda daga baya ya ba ta damar ƙulla ƙawance a lokacin mulkinta. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙawayenta na kud da kud ita ce Awashonks, 'yar ƙabilar Sakonnet ta Rhode Island. Tun tana ƙarama ta saba da Wamsutta da Metacomet Massasoit, shugaban ƙungiyar Wampanoag Confederacy. Dukansu za su taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar Weetamoo ta girma. Weetamoo ya yi wani bincike na hangen nesa wanda ke "kashe ran yaro", wanda al'ada ce ta maza. Weetamoo misali ne na farko na sassaucin jinsi, yana gudanar da ayyukan maza da mata 'yan asalin Amurka. Ta koyi yadda ake gina matsugunan dindindin da na wucin gadi, noma amfanin gona, shirya fatu, farautar ƙananan dabbobi, kifi, da dafa abinci. An kuma don yin yaƙi kuma ta koyi diflomasiyya da shugabanci ta hanyar lura da mahaifinta da sauran dattawa kamar Massasoit. == Maza da yara == A lokacin rayuwarta, Weetamoo ta haifi akalla maza biyar: Winnepurket, Wamsutta (Alexander), Quequequanachet, Petonowit, da Quinnapin . Duk da haka, majiyoyi da yawa sun tabbatar da auren Weetamoo da Wamsutta, Petonowit, da Quinnapin ne kawai. An zaɓi dukkan mazajenta a matsayin ƙawance na siyasa. Mijinta na farko, Winnepurket, shi ne Sachem na Saugus, Massachusetts kuma ya mutu jim kaɗan bayan sun yi aure. Mijinta na biyu, Wamsutta (wanda Turawan Ingila suka fi sani da Alexander, sunan da ya riƙe har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1662 ) shi ne babban ɗan Massasoit, babban ɗan Wampanoag kuma ya halarci bikin Thanksgiving na farko tare da Mahajjata . An yi aure a ko kafin 1653, [ana hasashen cewa] tana da ɗa ɗaya da Wamsutta, kodayake ba a san ranar haihuwa da suna ba. Bayan mutuwar Massasoit, Wamsutta ta zama ɗan Wampanoag. Wannan ya ɗaukaka matsayin Weetamoo a matsayin ɗan Pocasset kuma matar ɗan Wampanoag. A ƙarƙashin al'adun asali, Weetamoo ta ci gaba da mallakar haƙƙin mallakar ƙasarta bayan aure. Duk da haka, a 1662, Wamsutta ta yi ƙoƙarin sayar da ƙasar Pocasset ga Peter Talman daga Rhode Island. Weetamoo ta ƙalubalanci shawarar Wamsutta na sayar da ƙasar Pocasset kuma ta bayyana a gaban Kotun Janar ta Plymouth. Ta yi ikirarin cewa Wamsutta tana sayar da filayen Pocasset ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Ta yi nasara a wannan ƙarar kotu a kan mijinta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Martino-Trutor |first=Gina M. |date=2015 |title=As Potent a Prince as Any Round About Her: Rethinking Weetamoo of the Pocasset and Native Female Leadership in Early America |journal=Journal of Women's History |volume=27 |issue=3 |page=43 |doi=10.1353/jowh.2015.0032}}</ref> A lokacin aurensu, ƙabilar ta yi haɗin gwiwa da [[Ingila]] a kan mutanen Narragansett, kodayake daga baya Ingilishi ya karya yarjejeniyar da suka yi da ƙabilar. Wamsutta ya yi rashin lafiya kuma ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani yayin tattaunawa da Ingilishi. Ɗan'uwansa Metacom (Philip) ya gaje shi a matsayin Shugaban Wampanoag. Matar Metacom ita ce 'yar'uwar Weetamoo, Wootonekanuske. Ba a san komai game da mijin Weetamoo na uku Quequequanachet ba. Ta kawo ƙarshen auren mijinta na huɗu Petonowit/Petananuet (wanda Ingilishi ke kira "Ben" ) lokacin da ya goyi bayan Ingila a lokacin Yaƙin Sarki Philip . A lokacin bazara na 1675, Petananuet ya haɗu da Kyaftin Benjamin Church na Plymouth a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Wetamoos. Duk da haka, yana raba masa bayanai game da Weetamoo. Ya sanar da Church cewa Wetamoo ta halarci wani rawa na al'ada da Metacom ta shirya da nufin samun haɗin gwiwa da ita a lokacin yaƙin Sarki Philip. A wannan lokacin Metacom da 'yan mulkin mallaka suna neman goyon bayanta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Martino-Trutor |first=Gina M |date=2015 |title=As Potent a Prince as Any Round About Her: Rethinking Weetamoo of the Pocasset and Native Female Leadership in Early America |journal=Journal of Women's History |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=44 |doi=10.1353/jowh.2015.0032}}</ref> Wannan bayanin ya goyi bayan zargin Church cewa Weetamoo tana goyon bayan Metacom. Aurenta na ƙarshe shine da Quinnapin, ɗan Niantic Narraganset sachem Ninigret kuma jikan Narragansett sachem Canonchet . An siffanta shi a matsayin "jarumi mai kyau" kuma an yi aurensu a watan Agusta ko Satumba 1675. [1] An tsara wannan auren ne don ƙarfafa da kuma ƙarfafa kawancen Wampanoag-Narragansett da 'yan mulkin mallaka. [2] Auren ya bayyana cewa yana da ƙarfi kuma ma'auratan suna da aƙalla ɗa ɗaya tare, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 1676. [3] An kama Quinnapin a shekara ta 1676. [1] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Yan siyasa]] t2lu6pscvkj5wzm0ttqawh04g0r7z39 0 145009 893652 837739 2026-08-09T14:47:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893652 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Temi_Dollface_on_The_Juice_Ndanitv_in_2014_01.jpg|thumb|Temi Dollface a shirin "The Juice" a shekarar 2014 a [[Ndani TV|NdaniTV]]]] '''Temi DollFace''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Agusta, '''Temitope Samantha Phil-Ebosie''' ) mawaƙiya ce 'yar Najeriya mai suna electro-pop-soul, wacce ta girma a Ingila. Ana siffanta waƙarta a matsayin "wani nau'in kiɗa mai daɗi, kuzari da wasan kwaikwayo". <ref name="Eden">{{Cite web |title=Temi Dollface: A Star On The Rise |url=http://edenlifenigeria.com/temi-dollface-a-star-on-the-rise/ |access-date=20 September 2016 |publisher=Eden Lifestyle}}</ref> An fi saninta da waƙarta ta 2013 mai suna "Pata Pata", wacce ta sami zaɓen AFRIMA sau huɗu a Gasar All Africa Music Awards don "Best Video", "Revelation Of The African Continent", "Best African Pop Song" da "Most Promising African Artist On The Continent". A shekarar 2016, TemiDollFace ta fitar da waƙar "Beep Beep", kafin fitowar kundin waƙoƙi. == Sana'a == An sanya hannu kan Dollface tare da Sony Records a Burtaniya na tsawon shekaru biyar. <ref name="Eden"/> A watan Satumba na 2013, Mary J Blige ta gayyaci Dollface don ta tallafa mata a wasan kwaikwayo na "Sisters with Soul" a Expo Centre Lagos. Tun daga lokacin ta goyi bayan irin su [[Chris Brown]], Rahsaan Patterson, Femi Kuti, [[Keziah Jones]], da sauransu, kuma [[Coca-cola|Coca-Cola]] ta gayyace ta don ta fito a shirin talabijin na kiɗan Nairobi ''Coke Studio'', tare da [[Sunny Ade|King Sunny Ade]] da [[M.I Abaga|MI Abaga]] . <ref name="SIT">{{Cite web |title=Temi dollface Biography |url=http://www.soundit.com.ng/artists/temidollface-biography-soundit-com-ng/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812013119/http://www.soundit.com.ng/artists/temidollface-biography-soundit-com-ng/ |archive-date=12 August 2017 |access-date=23 September 2016 |publisher=Soundit.com}}</ref> A shekarar 2013 ta fitar da wakar "Pata Pata" <ref name="Eden"/> wadda ta fito a jerin waƙoƙin Ndanitv Gidi Up . Waƙar ta sami damar lashe kyaututtuka huɗu na AFRIMA a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na All Africa Music Awards na Disamba 2014 don "Best Video", "Revelation Of The African Continent", "Best African Pop Song" da "Most Promising African Artist On The Continent". Bidiyon waƙar ya shahara, kuma ana nuna shi akai-akai a tashoshi kamar [[MTV World]], Channel O, [[Soundcity]], [[One music]], TVC, da sauransu. <ref name="SIT"/> Bayan fitar da waƙar "Just Like That (Story)", <ref name="SIT"/> a shekarar 2016, TemiDollFace ta fitar da waƙarta ta uku, "Beep Beep", kafin fitowar kundin waƙoƙi. Mujallar ''Music in Africa'' ta bayyana waƙar a matsayin wani ɓangare na "gudummawar mai fasaha wajen motsa 'Ƙarfin 'Yan Mata' zuwa cibiyar al'adun pop da tattaunawar siyasa". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Temi Dollface releases new single 'Beep Beep' |url=http://musicinafrica.net/temi-dollface-releases-new-single-%E2%80%98beep-beep |access-date=20 September 2016 |publisher=Music in Africa |archive-date=24 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924104809/http://musicinafrica.net/temi-dollface-releases-new-single-%E2%80%98beep-beep |url-status=dead }}</ref> Waƙar soyayya ce da aka saita a cikin wani gidan rawa na shekarun 1930. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2016 |title=Temi DollFace's 'Beep Beep' Video Is a Self-Love Anthem Set in a 1930s Cabaret |url=http://www.okayafrica.com/video/temi-dollface-beep-beep/ |access-date=20 September 2016 |publisher=Okay Africa |archive-date=24 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924113956/http://www.okayafrica.com/video/temi-dollface-beep-beep/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''VivaNaija'' ta rubuta: "Sabuwar waƙar da mawaƙin Najeriya, Temi Dollface, ta yi kyau sosai. Nau'ikan waƙar afrobeat tare da nau'ikan Jill Scott . Ina jin nu-soul, ina jin funk. Janelle Monáe ta zauna tare da Erykah Badu a cikin wani gidan shayi na burlesque kuma ta sha shayi tare da Fela. Ina son, ina son, ina son duk abin da na ji." <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2016 |title=Temi Dollface is smooth, suave and sophisticated with her single "Beep Beep" |url=http://www.viva-naija.com/temi-dollface-smooth-suave-sophisticated-single-beep-beep/ |access-date=23 September 2016 |publisher=Viva Naija}}</ref> Dollface a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka zaɓa don "Mafi Kyawun Mawakan Mata a Yammacin Afirka" a Gasar All Africa Music Awards (AFRIMA), tare da waƙarta "School Your Face". [1] An ambato Dollface tana cewa game da "School Your Face": "A matsayina na mai ƙirƙira, ina son yin wasa da bambanci da kalmomi kamar yadda nake yi da tufafi. Da gaske ina buƙatar wannan abin da ke haifar da wani ra'ayi sannan ni ma na ƙirƙiro sauran da kaina." [2] A watan Oktoban 2016, an shirya ta bayyana a gasar London Felabration 2016 tare da [[Dele Sosimi Afrobeat Orchestra]] da mawaka kamar [[Breis]], Bumi Thomas, [[Afrikan Boy]] da [[Tiggs da Author]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2016 |title=Celebrate the Legacy of Fela Kuti at London's 'Felabration' With Dele Sosimi Afrobeat Orchestra + Very Special Guests |url=http://www.okayafrica.com/events/fela-kuti-felabration-london-dele-sosimi-afrobeat-orchestra/ |access-date=20 September 2016 |publisher=Okay Africa |archive-date=25 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625031802/http://www.okayafrica.com/events/fela-kuti-felabration-london-dele-sosimi-afrobeat-orchestra/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Dollface, wacce take da sha'awar motsa jiki, <ref name="Eden"/> ta sami kulawa sosai game da salon kwalliyarta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2016 |title=18 Temi Dollface photos that show she's got no competition in fashion |url=https://thenet.ng/18-temi-dollface-photos-that-show-shes-got-no-competition-in-fashion/ |access-date=20 September 2016 |publisher=Thenet.ng}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2015 |title=Love it or Leave it Alone? Temi Dollface Shows off her Own Style of Rocking 'Gele' |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/06/love-it-or-leave-it-alone-temi-dollface-shows-off-her-own-style-of-rocking-gele/ |access-date=20 September 2016 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 8heo8a25dhs0uud2m4ehly7i98mfwje 0 145406 893691 838905 2026-08-09T16:19:57Z Asiya Garba 46242 893691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Blessing Ejiofor''' Listenⓘ (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Satumban shekara ta 1998) ƴar wasan ƙwallon kwando ce ta Najeriya kuma memba ne na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya . Ta kuma fito ne daga [[Ebonyi]], Najeriya, ta buga wasan Kwando na kwaleji a Jami'ar Vanderbilt, Chipola da Jami'ar West Virginia . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-10-03 |title=Get To Know … Blessing Ejiofor |url=https://vucommodores.com/get-to-know-blessing-ejiofor/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Vanderbilt University Athletics |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Light |first=Mitch |date=2018-02-26 |title=Unexpected Blessing: Blessing Ejiofor is thankful to be at Vanderbilt after high school recruiting scandal |url=https://news.vanderbilt.edu/2018/02/26/unexpected-blessing-blessing-ejiofor-is-thankful-to-be-at-vanderbilt-after-high-school-recruiting-scandal/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Vanderbilt University |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan aikinta na kwaleji, ta yi wasa a Spain da Faransa. == Rayuwa ta farko == Ejiofor ta fara buga ƙwallon kwando tun tana da shekaru 13. <ref name=":0"/> Tun tana ƙarama, ta zaɓi Jami'ar Vanderbilt a matsayin makarantar da take mafarkin samu. <ref name=":1"/> A shekarar 2014, Ejiofor, wacce take <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodfriend |first=Betsy |date=2018-01-19 |title=Blessing Ejiofor making tough transition from Nigeria to Nashville |url=https://vanderbilthustler.com/2018/01/18/blessing-ejiofor-making-tough-transition-from-nigeria-to-nashville/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=The Vanderbilt Hustler}}</ref> a makarantar sakandare, ta yi tafiya zuwa Amurka bayan da Evelyn Mack Academy da ke [[Charlotte, Arewacin Carolina|Charlotte, North Carolina]] ta ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin 'yar wasan ƙwallon kwando. Duk da haka, ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta Eastside da ke Paterson, New Jersey, inda ta jawo hankalinta game da wasan ƙwallon kwando da take yi kuma aka ba ta tallafin karatu zuwa Vanderbilt. Bayan ta yi rajista a Vanderbilt a shekarar 2016, Ejiofor ta fahimci cewa takardar izinin ɗaliba ta ƙare na tsawon shekara guda, saboda Eastside ba ta shigar da takaddun da suka dace don sabunta ta ba. Ejiofor ta koma Najeriya na tsawon shekara guda, kuma ta koma Vanderbilt bayan an sabunta takardar izinin ɗaliba ta don shekarar karatu ta 2017-2018. <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Nespor |first=Cody |date=2020-03-30 |title=WVU Center Blessing Ejiofor's Story Featured on '60 Minutes' |url=https://wvsportsnow.com/wvu-center-blessing-ejiofors-story-featured-on-60-minutes/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=WV Sports Now |language=en-US}}</ref> == Aikin kwaleji ==   A matsayinta na ɗalibi a Vanderbilt, Ejiofor ta zira kwallaye 28 a ƙungiyar Commodores, inda ta buga matsakaicin mintuna 5.6 a wasanni 22. Bayan shekararta ta farko, Ejiofor ta koma Kwalejin Chipola da ke Florida, inda ta buga wasa na tsawon kakar wasa ɗaya. Daga nan ta sake komawa Jami'ar West Virginia . [1] [2] == Sana'ar ƙwararru == Ejiofor ta fara aikinta na ƙwararru da CD Talent a gasar Spanish Liga Femenina 2 de Baloncesto a shekara ta 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Competiciones FEB - Blessing Ejiofor |url=https://baloncestoenvivo.feb.es/jugador/888974/2525154 |access-date=21 May 2024 |website=baloncestoenvivo.feb.es |language=Spanish |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521105704/https://baloncestoenvivo.feb.es/jugador/888974/2525154 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2022–2023, ta sanya hannu da COB Calais. Ta zauna a Faransa a kakar wasa mai zuwa, inda ta sanya hannu da Cavigal Nice Basket . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] px03j60caswv63v1mvt7oxm5xwutda2 893692 893691 2026-08-09T16:20:23Z Asiya Garba 46242 893692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Blessing Ejiofor''' Listenⓘ (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Satumban shekara ta 1998) ƴar wasan ƙwallon kwando ce ta Najeriya kuma memba ne na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya . Ta kuma fito ne daga [[Ebonyi]], Najeriya, ta buga wasan Kwando na kwaleji a Jami'ar Vanderbilt, Chipola da Jami'ar West Virginia . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-10-03 |title=Get To Know … Blessing Ejiofor |url=https://vucommodores.com/get-to-know-blessing-ejiofor/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Vanderbilt University Athletics |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Light |first=Mitch |date=2018-02-26 |title=Unexpected Blessing: Blessing Ejiofor is thankful to be at Vanderbilt after high school recruiting scandal |url=https://news.vanderbilt.edu/2018/02/26/unexpected-blessing-blessing-ejiofor-is-thankful-to-be-at-vanderbilt-after-high-school-recruiting-scandal/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Vanderbilt University |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan aikinta na kwaleji, ta yi wasa a Spain da Faransa. == Rayuwa ta farko == Ejiofor ta fara buga ƙwallon kwando tun tana da shekaru 13. <ref name=":0"/> Tun tana ƙarama, ta zaɓi Jami'ar Vanderbilt a matsayin makarantar da take mafarkin samu. <ref name=":1"/> A shekarar 2014, Ejiofor, wacce take <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodfriend |first=Betsy |date=2018-01-19 |title=Blessing Ejiofor making tough transition from Nigeria to Nashville |url=https://vanderbilthustler.com/2018/01/18/blessing-ejiofor-making-tough-transition-from-nigeria-to-nashville/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=The Vanderbilt Hustler}}</ref> a makarantar sakandare, ta yi tafiya zuwa Amurka bayan da Evelyn Mack Academy da ke [[Charlotte, Arewacin Carolina|Charlotte, North Carolina]] ta ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin 'yar wasan ƙwallon kwando. Duk da haka, ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta Eastside da ke Paterson, New Jersey, inda ta jawo hankalinta game da wasan ƙwallon kwando da take yi kuma aka ba ta tallafin karatu zuwa Vanderbilt. Bayan ta yi rajista a Vanderbilt a shekarar 2016, Ejiofor ta fahimci cewa takardar izinin ɗaliba ta ƙare na tsawon shekara guda, saboda Eastside ba ta shigar da takaddun da suka dace don sabunta ta ba. Ejiofor ta koma Najeriya na tsawon shekara guda, kuma ta koma Vanderbilt bayan an sabunta takardar izinin ɗaliba ta don shekarar karatu ta 2017-2018. <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Nespor |first=Cody |date=2020-03-30 |title=WVU Center Blessing Ejiofor's Story Featured on '60 Minutes' |url=https://wvsportsnow.com/wvu-center-blessing-ejiofors-story-featured-on-60-minutes/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=WV Sports Now |language=en-US}}</ref> == Aikin kwaleji ==   A matsayinta na ɗalibi a Vanderbilt, Ejiofor ta zira kwallaye 28 a ƙungiyar Commodores, inda kuma ta buga matsakaicin mintuna 5.6 a wasanni 22. Bayan shekararta ta farko, Ejiofor ta koma Kwalejin Chipola da ke Florida, inda ta buga wasa na tsawon kakar wasa ɗaya. Daga nan ta sake komawa Jami'ar West Virginia . [1] [2] == Sana'ar ƙwararru == Ejiofor ta fara aikinta na ƙwararru da CD Talent a gasar Spanish Liga Femenina 2 de Baloncesto a shekara ta 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Competiciones FEB - Blessing Ejiofor |url=https://baloncestoenvivo.feb.es/jugador/888974/2525154 |access-date=21 May 2024 |website=baloncestoenvivo.feb.es |language=Spanish |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521105704/https://baloncestoenvivo.feb.es/jugador/888974/2525154 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2022–2023, ta sanya hannu da COB Calais. Ta zauna a Faransa a kakar wasa mai zuwa, inda ta sanya hannu da Cavigal Nice Basket . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] kvwtvbsltiv02oibg6paww0nymp8mt4 3 146846 893801 814988 2026-08-09T17:54:19Z Deepfriedokra 13105 Deepfriedokra moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Nathan Veritas]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Renamed user 888a311f0fccfbfeae3b7f0aa70f1354]] without leaving a redirect: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Nathan Veritas|Nathan Veritas]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Renamed user 888a311f0fccfbfeae3b7f0aa70f1354|Renamed user 888a311f0fccfbfeae3b7f0aa70f1354]]" 814988 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Nathan Veritas! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Nathan Veritas|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 28 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) f74vk6qftt83eg05gy7pfcsn7xr2xo4 0 147987 893839 820505 2026-08-09T19:40:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''URL X''' wata manhajar tsaron URL ce ta kamfanoni da kamfanin TraceX Labs ya haɓaka.<ref>https://www.uniindia.com/how-this-indian-startup-tracex-labs-is-addressing-url-based-phishing-risks-for-enterprises/india/news/3759264.html United News of India</ref> An ƙera ta ne domin nazari, rarrabewa, da sa ido kan hanyoyin yanar gizo domin gano yiwuwar barazana kamar shafukan phishing, mugayen redirects, da URLs masu alaƙa da malware.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharathi |first=Vartha |title=TraceX Labs Develops AI-Based Cybersecurity Tools to Detect Phishing, Malware and Online Scams |url=https://english.varthabharati.in/karnataka/tracex-labs-develops-ai-based-cybersecurity-tools-to-detect-phishing-malware-and-online-scams |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Vartha Bharati |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ವಾರ್ತಾಭಾರತಿ |date=2026-03-11 |title=ಟ್ರೇಸ್‌ಎಕ್ಸ್ ಲ್ಯಾಬ್ಸ್ AI ಆಧಾರಿತ ಸೈಬರ್ ಸುರಕ್ಷತಾ ಉಪಕರಣಗಳನ್ನು ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿಪಡಿಸಿದೆ |url=https://www.varthabharati.in/technology/tracex-labs-develops-ai-based-cybersecurity-tools-address-emerging-digital-threats-2119181 |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=www.varthabharati.in |language=kn}}</ref> Ana amfani da wannan manhaja ne musamman a cikin ƙungiyoyi da kamfanoni, inda take amfani da bincike na ainihin lokaci, nazarin hanyar haɗi mai motsi, da bayanan threat intelligence domin tantance URLs a lokacin da aka buɗe su, maimakon dogaro da bayanan barazana na tsaye kawai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muddhala |first=Prabhu |date=2026-03-01 |title=URL X: TraceX Labs రూపొందించిన AI ఆధారిత భద్రతా వేదిక ఫిషింగ్ దాడులకు రియల్-టైమ్‌లో అడ్డుకట్ట {{!}} URL X by TraceX Labs: AI-Powered Platform Transforming Real-Time Phishing and Malware Protection |url=https://www.tv5news.in/national/url-x-tracex-labs-ai-powered-phishing-and-malware-protection-981035 |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=www.tv5news.in |language=te }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/enterprise-url-security-platform-designed-to-monitor-and-control-url-based-risks Sikkim Express</ref> == See also == * [[Cyber security|Computer security]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} e0k9wsyw3jo58p9c71dzmzf06wtn6fn 0 149089 893724 829450 2026-08-09T16:29:49Z Asiya Garba 46242 893724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Naman sa''', wanda aka fi sani da '''naman sa''' kawai, yanki ne mai faɗi da fuskoki iri ɗaya, wanda yawanci ake yankawa daidai gwargwado zuwa ga zare na tsoka. A cikin hidimar abinci na yau da kullun, abinci ɗaya yana da nauyin da ba shi da yawa wanda ya kama daga {{Convert|120|to|600|g|oz|0}} . Ana gasa naman sa a gasa, a soya a cikin tukunya, ko a gasa . Ana kuma dafa mafi taushin yanka daga bayan gida da haƙarƙari da sauri, ta amfani da busasshen wuta, sannan a yi hidima gaba ɗaya. Ana dafa ƙananan yanka daga yanka ko zagaye da ɗan danshi ko kuma a yi musu taushi ta hanyar injina (kamar, misali, naman sa mai siffar cube ).<ref>"What Is a Club Steak? Another Culinary Mystery Solved". ''about.com''. Archived from the original on 2 December 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2018.</ref><ref /> == Bambancin yanki == [[Fayil:US_Beef_cuts.svg|right|thumb|Yanka naman sa na Amurka.]] === Ostiraliya === A Ostiraliya, ana kiran naman sa da "nama" kawai kuma ana iya siyan sa ba tare da dafa shi ba a manyan kantuna, mahauta, da wasu ƙananan shaguna. Ana sayar da shi a matsayin abinci a kusan kowace mashaya, bistro, ko gidan cin abinci wanda ya ƙware a kan abincin zamani na Ostiraliya, kuma ana sanya shi bisa ga inganci da kuma yadda aka yanka shi. Yawancin wurare yawanci suna da yanka uku zuwa bakwai daban-daban na naman sa a menu kuma suna yin sa daga shuɗi zuwa mai kyau gwargwadon abin da ake so. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ana yin naman nama tare da zaɓin miya da zaɓin soyayyen dankalin turawa (wanda aka sani da soyayyen dankalin turawa daga tasirin Faransa; duba ƙasa) ko dankalin turawa da aka niƙa . Haka kuma ana yin zaɓi na ƙarin salatin gefe ko kayan lambu da aka dafa. === Faransa === A Faransa, naman nama, wanda ake kira {{Lang|fr|bifteck}} a cikin gida, ana kiransa nama ne., yawanci ana yin hidima da dankalin turawa ( {{Lang|fr|pommes frites}} a Faransanci). Haɗin ana kiransa da soyayyen nama . Ba a saba ba da kayan lambu da nama ta wannan hanyar ba, amma ana iya yin salati mai kore ko kuma (mafi yawanci) a lokaci guda. Sau da yawa ana yin salati tare da miyar Faransa ta gargajiya. === Indonesiya === A Indonesia, bistik jawa abinci ne na naman sa wanda abincin Holland ke tasiri a kai. Wani naman sa na Indonesiya kuma shine solo na selat wanda ke da tasirin Dutch, wani nau'in Surakarta, na Tsakiyar Java . === Italiya === A Italiya, ba a cin naman nama sosai ba sai bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu saboda ƙauye mai tsauri ba ya ɗaukar buƙatun sarari da albarkatu na manyan garken shanu cikin sauƙi. Duk da haka, wasu yankuna na Piedmont, Lombardy, da Tuscany sun shahara da ingancin namansu. Bistecca alla fiorentina sanannen abinci ne na Florence ; yawanci ana yin sa da salati kawai. Tun daga shekarun 1960 zuwa gaba, ribar tattalin arziki ta bai wa ƙarin 'yan Italiya damar cin abinci mai launin ja. === Meziko === A Mexico, da kuma a Spain da sauran tsoffin yankunan mulkin mallaka na Spain, {{Lang|es|[[bistec]]}} ( kalmar aro daga Sifaniyanci daga Ingilishi "beefsteak") tana nufin abincin da aka yi da yankakken naman sa mai gishiri da barkono. Wani nau'in {{Lang|es|bistec}} na Mexico yawanci ana yin amfani da kayan aikin rage nama. Sau da yawa ana yin abincin a cikin tortillas a matsayin taco . === Sipaniya === Spain da [[Daular Sipaniya|tsoffin yankunanta]] suna da nau'ikan {{Lang|es|bistec encebollado}} (naman sa da albasa). Ana iya samunsa a ko'ina cikin Latin Amurka . === Ƙasar Ingila === A Burtaniya, a gidajen cin abinci na nama, naman yana tsufa na tsawon makonni da yawa, ana ƙara masa gishirin teku da barkono sannan a gasa a kan gasa. Sannan ana ba da shi da dankali, kayan lambu da salatin wedge tare da miya. Yawanci ana ba da miya a gefe kamar barkono, Diane, bordelaise, namomin kaza ko miyar Béarnaise. A gidajen cin abinci da mashaya na yau da kullun, naman sau da yawa ana ba da shi da dankalin turawa mai kauri matsakaici (chips), albasa soyayye, namomin kaza, zoben albasa da tumatir. === Amurka === [[Fayil:Surf_and_turf.jpg|right|thumb|Surf da ciyawa]] A Amurka, wani gidan cin abinci wanda ya ƙware a fannin naman shanu shi ne gidan nama . Gidajen nama mafi tsada suna ba da mafi girman darajar naman sa kuma galibi suna busar da shi na tsawon makonni da yawa. Naman sa mai kyau da aka dafa a kan gasasshen gasasshen nama da broilers yana samar da nama mai wahalar kwaikwayonsa a ɗakin girki na gida. Abincin dare na nama na yau da kullun ya ƙunshi nama, wanda za a iya ɗora shi da albasa ko namomin kaza da aka soya, tare da abincin gefe mai sitaci ; yawanci dankalin da aka gasa ko aka niƙa, ko dankalin da aka soya mai kauri wanda aka sani da soyayyen nama . Barkono, shinkafa, taliya, ko [[wake]] suma gefe ne na gama gari. Salatin gefe ko ƙaramin rabo na kayan lambu da aka dafa galibi suna tare da nama da gefe, tare da masara a kan cob, wake kore, alayyafo mai kirim, asparagus, tumatir, namomin kaza, wake, da zoben albasa suna shahara. Ana yin burodi gabaɗaya, yawanci biredi ne na abincin dare . == Manazarta == ktz20t6orqx1clsia7jpwn4kn8vlvcz 893725 893724 2026-08-09T16:30:13Z Asiya Garba 46242 893725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Naman sa''', wanda aka fi sani da '''naman sa''' kawai, yanki ne mai faɗi da fuskoki iri ɗaya, wanda yawanci ake yankawa daidai gwargwado zuwa ga zare na tsoka. A cikin hidimar abinci na yau da kullun, abinci ɗaya yana da nauyin da ba shi da yawa wanda ya kama daga {{Convert|120|to|600|g|oz|0}} . Ana gasa naman sa a gasa, a soya a cikin tukunya, ko a gasa . Ana kuma dafa mafi taushin yanka daga bayan gida da haƙarƙari da sauri, ta amfani da busasshen wuta, sannan a yi hidima gaba ɗaya. Ana dafa ƙananan yanka daga yanka ko zagaye da ɗan danshi ko kuma a yi musu taushi ta hanyar injina (kamar, misali, naman sa mai siffar cube ).<ref>"What Is a Club Steak? Another Culinary Mystery Solved". ''about.com''. Archived from the original on 2 December 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2018.</ref><ref /> == Bambancin yanki == [[Fayil:US_Beef_cuts.svg|right|thumb|Yanka naman sa na Amurka.]] === Ostiraliya === A Ostiraliya, ana kiran naman sa da "nama" kawai kuma ana iya siyan sa ba tare da dafa shi ba a manyan kantuna, mahauta, da wasu ƙananan shaguna. Ana sayar da shi a matsayin abinci a kusan kowace mashaya, bistro, ko gidan cin abinci wanda ya ƙware a kan abincin zamani na Ostiraliya, kuma ana sanya shi bisa ga inganci da kuma yadda aka yanka shi. Yawancin wurare yawanci suna da yanka uku zuwa bakwai daban-daban na naman sa a menu kuma suna yin sa daga shuɗi zuwa mai kyau gwargwadon abin da ake so. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ana yin naman nama tare da zaɓin miya da zaɓin soyayyen dankalin turawa (wanda aka sani da soyayyen dankalin turawa daga tasirin Faransa; duba ƙasa) ko dankalin turawa da aka niƙa . Haka kuma ana yin zaɓi na ƙarin salatin gefe ko kayan lambu da aka dafa. === Faransa === A Faransa, naman nama, wanda kuma ake kira {{Lang|fr|bifteck}} a cikin gida, ana kiransa nama ne., yawanci ana yin hidima da dankalin turawa ( {{Lang|fr|pommes frites}} a Faransanci). Haɗin ana kiransa da soyayyen nama . Ba a saba ba da kayan lambu da nama ta wannan hanyar ba, amma ana iya yin salati mai kore ko kuma (mafi yawanci) a lokaci guda. Sau da yawa ana yin salati tare da miyar Faransa ta gargajiya. === Indonesiya === A Indonesia, bistik jawa abinci ne na naman sa wanda abincin Holland ke tasiri a kai. Wani naman sa na Indonesiya kuma shine solo na selat wanda ke da tasirin Dutch, wani nau'in Surakarta, na Tsakiyar Java . === Italiya === A Italiya, ba a cin naman nama sosai ba sai bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu saboda ƙauye mai tsauri ba ya ɗaukar buƙatun sarari da albarkatu na manyan garken shanu cikin sauƙi. Duk da haka, wasu yankuna na Piedmont, Lombardy, da Tuscany sun shahara da ingancin namansu. Bistecca alla fiorentina sanannen abinci ne na Florence ; yawanci ana yin sa da salati kawai. Tun daga shekarun 1960 zuwa gaba, ribar tattalin arziki ta bai wa ƙarin 'yan Italiya damar cin abinci mai launin ja. === Meziko === A Mexico, da kuma a Spain da sauran tsoffin yankunan mulkin mallaka na Spain, {{Lang|es|[[bistec]]}} ( kalmar aro daga Sifaniyanci daga Ingilishi "beefsteak") tana nufin abincin da aka yi da yankakken naman sa mai gishiri da barkono. Wani nau'in {{Lang|es|bistec}} na Mexico yawanci ana yin amfani da kayan aikin rage nama. Sau da yawa ana yin abincin a cikin tortillas a matsayin taco . === Sipaniya === Spain da [[Daular Sipaniya|tsoffin yankunanta]] suna da nau'ikan {{Lang|es|bistec encebollado}} (naman sa da albasa). Ana iya samunsa a ko'ina cikin Latin Amurka . === Ƙasar Ingila === A Burtaniya, a gidajen cin abinci na nama, naman yana tsufa na tsawon makonni da yawa, ana ƙara masa gishirin teku da barkono sannan a gasa a kan gasa. Sannan ana ba da shi da dankali, kayan lambu da salatin wedge tare da miya. Yawanci ana ba da miya a gefe kamar barkono, Diane, bordelaise, namomin kaza ko miyar Béarnaise. A gidajen cin abinci da mashaya na yau da kullun, naman sau da yawa ana ba da shi da dankalin turawa mai kauri matsakaici (chips), albasa soyayye, namomin kaza, zoben albasa da tumatir. === Amurka === [[Fayil:Surf_and_turf.jpg|right|thumb|Surf da ciyawa]] A Amurka, wani gidan cin abinci wanda ya ƙware a fannin naman shanu shi ne gidan nama . Gidajen nama mafi tsada suna ba da mafi girman darajar naman sa kuma galibi suna busar da shi na tsawon makonni da yawa. Naman sa mai kyau da aka dafa a kan gasasshen gasasshen nama da broilers yana samar da nama mai wahalar kwaikwayonsa a ɗakin girki na gida. Abincin dare na nama na yau da kullun ya ƙunshi nama, wanda za a iya ɗora shi da albasa ko namomin kaza da aka soya, tare da abincin gefe mai sitaci ; yawanci dankalin da aka gasa ko aka niƙa, ko dankalin da aka soya mai kauri wanda aka sani da soyayyen nama . Barkono, shinkafa, taliya, ko [[wake]] suma gefe ne na gama gari. Salatin gefe ko ƙaramin rabo na kayan lambu da aka dafa galibi suna tare da nama da gefe, tare da masara a kan cob, wake kore, alayyafo mai kirim, asparagus, tumatir, namomin kaza, wake, da zoben albasa suna shahara. Ana yin burodi gabaɗaya, yawanci biredi ne na abincin dare . == Manazarta == 4g67n1mkgvq1yw126r57fmrgcpz1rfx 893726 893725 2026-08-09T16:30:38Z Asiya Garba 46242 893726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Naman sa''', wanda aka fi sani da '''naman sa''' kawai, yanki ne mai faɗi da fuskoki iri ɗaya, wanda yawanci ake yankawa daidai gwargwado zuwa ga zare na tsoka. A cikin hidimar abinci na yau da kullun, abinci ɗaya yana da nauyin da ba shi da yawa wanda ya kama daga {{Convert|120|to|600|g|oz|0}} . Ana gasa naman sa a gasa, a soya a cikin tukunya, ko a gasa . Ana kuma dafa mafi taushin yanka daga bayan gida da haƙarƙari da sauri, ta amfani da busasshen wuta, sannan a yi hidima gaba ɗaya. Ana dafa ƙananan yanka daga yanka ko zagaye da ɗan danshi ko kuma a yi musu taushi ta hanyar injina (kamar, misali, naman sa mai siffar cube ).<ref>"What Is a Club Steak? Another Culinary Mystery Solved". ''about.com''. Archived from the original on 2 December 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2018.</ref><ref /> == Bambancin yanki == [[Fayil:US_Beef_cuts.svg|right|thumb|Yanka naman sa na Amurka.]] === Ostiraliya === A Ostiraliya, ana kiran naman sa da "nama" kawai kuma ana iya siyan sa ba tare da dafa shi ba a manyan kantuna, mahauta, da wasu ƙananan shaguna. Ana sayar da shi a matsayin abinci a kusan kowace mashaya, bistro, ko gidan cin abinci wanda ya ƙware a kan abincin zamani na Ostiraliya, kuma ana sanya shi bisa ga inganci da kuma yadda aka yanka shi. Yawancin wurare yawanci suna da yanka uku zuwa bakwai daban-daban na naman sa a menu kuma suna yin sa daga shuɗi zuwa mai kyau gwargwadon abin da ake so. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ana yin naman nama tare da zaɓin miya da zaɓin soyayyen dankalin turawa (wanda aka sani da soyayyen dankalin turawa daga tasirin Faransa; duba ƙasa) ko dankalin turawa da aka niƙa . Haka kuma ana yin zaɓi na ƙarin salatin gefe ko kayan lambu da aka dafa. === Faransa === A Faransa, naman nama, wanda kuma ake kira {{Lang|fr|bifteck}} a cikin gida, ana kiransa nama ne., yawanci ana yin hidima da dankalin turawa ( {{Lang|fr|pommes frites}} a Faransanci). Haɗin ana kiransa da soyayyen nama . Ba a saba ba da kayan lambu da nama ta wannan hanyar ba, amma ana iya yin salati mai kore ko kuma (mafi yawanci) a lokaci guda. Sau da yawa ana yin salati tare da miyar Faransa ta gargajiya. === Indonesiya === A Indonesia, bistik jawa abinci ne na naman sa wanda abincin Holland ke tasiri a kai. Wani naman sa na Indonesiya kuma shine solo na selat wanda ke da tasirin Dutch, wani nau'in Surakarta, na Tsakiyar Java . === Italiya === A Italiya, ba a cin naman nama sosai ba sai bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu saboda ƙauye mai tsauri ba ya ɗaukar buƙatun sarari da albarkatu na manyan garken shanu cikin sauƙi. Duk da haka, wasu yankuna na Piedmont, Lombardy, da Tuscany sun shahara da ingancin namansu. Bistecca alla fiorentina sanannen abinci ne na Florence ; yawanci ana yin sa da salati kawai. Tun daga shekarun 1960 zuwa gaba, ribar tattalin arziki ta bai wa ƙarin 'yan Italiya damar cin abinci mai launin ja. === Meziko === A Mexico, da kuma a Spain da sauran tsoffin yankunan mulkin mallaka na Spain, {{Lang|es|[[bistec]]}} ( kalmar aro daga Sifaniyanci daga Ingilishi "beefsteak") tana nufin abincin da aka yi da yankakken naman sa mai gishiri da barkono. Wani nau'in {{Lang|es|bistec}} na Mexico yawanci ana yin amfani da kayan aikin rage nama. Sau da yawa ana yin abincin a cikin tortillas a matsayin taco . === Sipaniya === Spain da [[Daular Sipaniya|tsoffin yankunanta]] suna da nau'ikan {{Lang|es|bistec encebollado}} (naman sa da albasa). Ana iya samunsa a ko'ina cikin Latin Amurka . === Ƙasar Ingila === A Burtaniya, a gidajen cin abinci na nama, naman yana tsufa na tsawon makonni da yawa, ana ƙara masa gishirin teku da barkono sannan a gasa a kan gasa. Sannan ana ba da shi da dankali, kayan lambu da salatin wedge tare da miya. Yawanci ana kuma ba da miya a gefe kamar barkono, Diane, bordelaise, namomin kaza ko miyar Béarnaise. A gidajen cin abinci da mashaya na yau da kullun, naman sau da yawa ana ba da shi da dankalin turawa mai kauri matsakaici (chips), albasa soyayye, namomin kaza, zoben albasa da tumatir. === Amurka === [[Fayil:Surf_and_turf.jpg|right|thumb|Surf da ciyawa]] A Amurka, wani gidan cin abinci wanda ya ƙware a fannin naman shanu shi ne gidan nama . Gidajen nama mafi tsada suna ba da mafi girman darajar naman sa kuma galibi suna busar da shi na tsawon makonni da yawa. Naman sa mai kyau da aka dafa a kan gasasshen gasasshen nama da broilers yana samar da nama mai wahalar kwaikwayonsa a ɗakin girki na gida. Abincin dare na nama na yau da kullun ya ƙunshi nama, wanda za a iya ɗora shi da albasa ko namomin kaza da aka soya, tare da abincin gefe mai sitaci ; yawanci dankalin da aka gasa ko aka niƙa, ko dankalin da aka soya mai kauri wanda aka sani da soyayyen nama . Barkono, shinkafa, taliya, ko [[wake]] suma gefe ne na gama gari. Salatin gefe ko ƙaramin rabo na kayan lambu da aka dafa galibi suna tare da nama da gefe, tare da masara a kan cob, wake kore, alayyafo mai kirim, asparagus, tumatir, namomin kaza, wake, da zoben albasa suna shahara. Ana yin burodi gabaɗaya, yawanci biredi ne na abincin dare . == Manazarta == 86a882ivoivcgv7u9b1p4wugfcnn6is 0 151937 893844 838839 2026-08-09T19:43:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Uche Kalu''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1986) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Enyimba team page |url=http://www.enyimbafc.net/team/playerDetails.php?playerID=5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209212552/http://www.enyimbafc.net/team/playerDetails.php?playerID=5 |archive-date=9 December 2011 |access-date=11 June 2012}}</ref> tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|na Najeriya]] . Ba shi da alaƙa da tsohon abokin wasan Enyimba Henry Uche, ko kuma ɗan wasan tsakiya na Najeriya kuma ɗan wasan tsakiya da ke zaune a Indiya [[Kalu Uche]] . == Sana'a == A shekarar 2007, an nada shi a matsayin "Ɗan wasa mafi daraja" a gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya bayan ya koma [[Enyimba International F.C.|Enyimba]] daga ƙungiyar Bussdor United FC ta mataki na biyu <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2010 |title=SPECIAL REPORT – LIST OF SCORERS IN THE NIGERIA FOOTBALL LEAGUE 2009-2010 (PART ONE) |url=https://westafricanfootball.com/2010/10/17/special-report-list-of-scorers-in-the-nigeria-football-league-2009-2010-part-one/ |access-date=13 March 2017 |website=westafricanfootball.com}}</ref> Duk da haka, ya yi fama da raunuka a 'yan shekarun nan. Bayan da ya kasa yin yunƙurin canja wurinsa zuwa ƙungiyar Botola [[Wydad AC|Wydad Casablanca]] a watan Fabrairun 2012, <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2012 |title=Striker Uche Kalu rejoins Enyimba after failed Wydad transfer - Goal.com |url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/1656/nigeria/2012/02/18/2913974/striker-uche-kalu-rejoins-enyimba-after-failed-wydad |access-date=13 March 2017 |website=goal.com}}</ref> ya koma Enyimba. Ya koma ƙungiyar Çaykur Rizespor ta Turkiyya a matsayi na biyu a watan Agusta na 2012, kuma ya zura kwallo kuma ya taimaka a wasansa na farko. A watan Janairun 2014, Uche Kalu ya koma Adanaspor a kan yarjejeniyar aro. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Error - /article.xhtml: value of context variable is not an instance of the component bound to the context variable: news. If you are using hot deploy, you may have attempted to hot deploy a session or application-scoped component definition while using an old instance in the session. |url=http://www.nigeriafootball.com/article,3040,Uche-Kalu-loaned-to-Adanaspor |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314062754/http://www.nigeriafootball.com/article,3040,Uche-Kalu-loaned-to-Adanaspor |archive-date=14 March 2017 |access-date=13 March 2017 |website=nigeriafootball.com}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2015, Kalu ya shiga gasar cin kofin zakarun Kazakhstan da FC Tobol, <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2015 |title=Уче Калу прибыл в расположение Тобола |url=http://www.sports.kz/news/uche-kalu-pribyil-v-raspolojenie-tobola |access-date=29 January 2015 |website=sports.kz/ |language=ru}}</ref> inda ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara guda da kulob din a ranar 6 ga Fabrairun 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2015 |title=Нигерийский кочевник |url=http://www.fc-tobol.kz/rus/news/3173/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206153741/http://www.fc-tobol.kz/rus/news/3173/ |archive-date=6 February 2015 |access-date=6 February 2015 |website=fc-tobol.kz/ |publisher=[[FC Tobol]] |language=ru}}</ref> Kalu ya koma Adanaspor a watan Janairun 2016, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara ɗaya da rabi. A ranar 24 ga Afrilun 2016, Adanaspor ta tabbatar da cewa za ta buga wasa a matakin farko na ƙwallon ƙafa ta Turkiyya bayan shekaru 12. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2016 |title=Adanaspor Uche Kalu'yu 1.5 yıllığına renklerine bağladı |url=http://www.adanaspor.com.tr/haberler/adanaspor-uche-kalu-yu-1-5-yilligina-renklerine-bagladi.html |access-date=8 January 2016 |website=www.adanaspor.com.tr/ |publisher=[[Adanaspor]] |language=tr |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305180009/http://www.adanaspor.com.tr/haberler/adanaspor-uche-kalu-yu-1-5-yilligina-renklerine-bagladi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Agusta na 2019, 'yan wasan Niger Uche Kalu da Kenya [[Peter Opiyo]] sun rattaba hannu kan kwangila da FC Altyn Asyr daga [[Turkmenistan]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uche Kalu - Soccer player profile & career statistics - Global Sports Archive |url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/people/soccer/uche-kalu/60135/}}</ref> Wannan shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na farko na ƙasashen waje a tarihin ƙungiyar kuma ɗan wasa na farko a kakar Ýokary Liga ta 2019 . == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya B wadda ta lashe gasar cin kofin WAFU Nations Cup ta 2010. Kocin Najeriya Stephen Keshi ya kira shi a 2012. Ya fara buga wasa a matakin babban ɗan wasa a wasan da Eagles suka buga da Angola a watan Janairun 2012, inda suka tashi babu ci 0-0. Ya zura ƙwallo ta farko a wasan sada zumunci da Masar a ƙarshen shekarar. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] nog8h0mwjfn0kimyphbb2r4c8owfukh 0 152560 893626 841081 2026-08-09T12:16:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tananesh II''' Jirgin fasinja ne mai tsawon mita 38 (124 in) -tsawon, 150-ton (150-tsawon ton) wanda kamfanin sufuri da kayan aiki na Habasha (EIH) ya saya 2024. Daga Afrilu 2024, jirgin ya fara tafiya ta kasa da kasa daga Djibouti zuwa Habasha, yana yin sufuri na cikin gida tare da makomarsa a Tafkin Tana.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title="Tana Nesh II" Arrives in Ethiopia, Set to Revolutionize Lake Tana Transport |url=https://ebc.et/newsdetails.aspx?newsid=11124 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=ebc.et }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Bayani da tafiye-tafiye == gTananesh II jirgin fasinja ne mai tsawon mita 38 (124 in) -tsawon, 150-ton (150-tsawon) wanda kamfanin sufuri da kayan aiki na Habasha (EIH) ya saya. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024, jirgin ya isa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Djibouti don jigilar ruwa, a cewar EIH, jirgin na iya ɗaukar fasinjoji har zuwa mutane 180.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-01 |title=Two modern boats arrive at Djibouti port for inland water transport |url=https://www.fanamc.com/english/two-modern-boats-arrive-at-djibouti-port-for-inland-water-transport/ |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=Welcome to Fana Media Corporation S.C |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> Tananesh II ya bar Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Doraleh ta Djibouti a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2025 don tafiya a cikin Habasha tare da makomarsa a Tafkin Tana. A ranar 8 ga Mayu 2025, jirgin ya isa iyakar Habasha kuma Adama ta karbe shi a ranar 11 ga Yuni. A ƙarshen Afrilu da Yuni, jirgin ya ziyarci [[Addis Ababa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title="Tana Nesh II" Arrives in Ethiopia, Set to Revolutionize Lake Tana Transport |url=https://ebc.et/newsdetails.aspx?newsid=11124 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=ebc.et }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * 2025 a Habasha == Manazarta == n8g17967to8jfsept6ruwa9qa4d4rps 0 153279 893743 851036 2026-08-09T16:35:42Z Asiya Garba 46242 893743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam din Gilgel Gaba II''' madatsar ruwa ce mai tsayi 250 m tare da tashar wutar lantarki mai alaƙa a kan [[Kogin Omo]] a [[Itofiya|Habasha]]. Tana kusa da kilomita {{Cvt|62|km}} (39 yammacin Sodi a cikin Yankin Yankin Kudancin Habasha. A lokacin da aka ba da cikakken aikin, madatsar ruwan ita ce ta uku mafi girma a Afirka tare da fitar da wutar lantarki kusan 1,870 Megawatt (MW), don haka fiye da ninki biyu na jimlar shigarwar Habasha daga matakin a shekarar 2007 na 814 MW. Dam din Gibe III wani bangare ne na cascade na Gibe, jerin madatsun ruwa ciki har da madatsar ruwa ta Gibe I (184 MW) da tashar wutar lantarki ta Gibe II (420 MW) da kuma madatsar ruwan Gibe IV (1,472 MW) da Gibe V (560 MW). Dam din da ke akwai mallakar kuma ana sarrafa su ne ta kamfanin lantarki na Habasha, wanda kuma shine abokin ciniki na Dam din Gibe III.&nbsp; Aikin dalar Amurka biliyan 1.8 ya fara ne a shekarar 2006, kuma an fara samar da wutar lantarki a watan Oktoban 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |access-date=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |access-date=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |access-date=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> Sauran janareton sun fara aiki a shekarar 2016. Aikin ya fuskanci jinkiri sosai; a watan Mayun 2012, an shirya kammala aikin a watan Yunin 2013. Firayim Minista [[Hailemariam Desalegn]] ne ya kaddamar da madatsar ruwan a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 2016. == Zane == Madatsar ruwa ta Gilgel Gibe III ita ce {{Cvt|610|m|ft|-long}} da kuma {{Cvt|243|m}} madatsar ruwa mai cike da siminti mai tsayi. Yana hana ƙarfin ma'ajiyar ruwa na {{Cvt|14.7|km3|mi3}} da kuma faɗin saman {{Cvt|210|km2|mi2}} , an tattara daga yankin magudanar ruwa na {{Cvt|34150|km2|mi2}} . Ma'ajiyar ma'ajiyar ruwa mai rai (mai aiki ko "mai amfani") ita ce {{Cvt|11.75|km3|mi3}} da kuma ma'ajiyar matattun {{Cvt|2.95|km3|mi3}} . Matsayin aiki na yau da kullun na ma'ajiyar ruwa shine {{Cvt|892|m|ft}} sama da matakin teku tare da matsakaicin {{Cvt|893|m}} kuma aƙalla {{Cvt|800|m|ft}} . [[Hanyar Zube|Magudanar ruwa]] ta madatsar ruwa tana da {{Cvt|108|m}} mai tsayi da [[Kofar ambaliya|ƙofar ambaliyar ruwa -]] wanda aka sarrafa shi tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin fitarwa na {{Cvt|18000|m3/s|ft3/s}} . Ruwa sama da {{Cvt|873|m}} sama da matakin teku za a iya fitar da shi ta ƙofofinsa. Ciyar da gidan wutar lantarki na madatsar ruwa akwai ramuka biyu waɗanda kowanne ya rarrafe zuwa ramuka biyar daban-daban ga kowane injin turbine. Gidan wutar lantarki yana ɗauke da tankuna 187 guda goma.&nbsp;Injinan samar da wutar lantarki na MW waɗanda injinan Francis ke tallafawa don jimlar ƙarfin wutar lantarki 1,870&nbsp;MW. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |access-date=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> Tsarin farko na madatsar ruwan ya yi nuni da madatsar ruwan da ke cike da duwatsu. Duk da haka, saboda matsaloli wajen samun isasshen inshora ga madatsar ruwan da ke cike da duwatsu, an canza tsarin zuwa siminti mai cike da na'urori. == fa'idodi == Babban fa'idar madatsar ruwan ita ce samar da wutar lantarki [[Makamashi mai sabuntawa|mai sabuntawa]] kuma ana iya tura ta . An yi hasashen cewa za ta samar da kusan rabin wutar lantarki ga Habasha sannan ta fitar da sauran rabin zuwa [[Kenya]] (500 MW), [[Sudan]] (200 MW) da [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] (200 MW). Duk da haka, an daɗe ana jinkiri wajen cimma Yarjejeniyar Siyan Wutar Lantarki . Kenya ce kawai ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Fahimta don siyan wutar lantarki daga madatsar ruwan. Bankin Duniya ya amince da ba da kuɗaɗen layin wutar lantarki ga Kenya a watan Yulin 2012. Samun damar shiga tashar wutar lantarki a Habasha a halin yanzu yana da ƙasa sosai. Kasa da kashi 2% na al'ummar karkara ta Habasha, wanda ya kai kashi 85% na jimillar al'ummar, suna da damar shiga tashar. Tare da goyon bayan Bankin Duniya, gwamnati tana gudanar da wani babban aiki na faɗaɗa hanyar samun wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara. A shekara ta 2003, ƙarancin ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki tare da mummunan fari ya haifar da katsewar wutar lantarki na tsawon awanni 15 sau biyu a mako na tsawon watanni shida, wanda ya yi sanadiyyar asarar tattalin arziki da aka kiyasta dala miliyan 200. A shekara ta 2008 da 2009, Habasha ta sake fuskantar katsewar wutar lantarki da raguwar wutar lantarki . A cewar International Rivers Network, katsewar wutar lantarki ya faru ne sakamakon fari, saboda kusan dukkan samar da wutar lantarki a Habasha ana amfani da wutar lantarki ne. A cewar wannan majiya, duk da karuwar damar shiga tashar wutar lantarki, yawan amfani da wutar lantarki zai iya kasancewa ƙasa a nan gaba saboda matakin talauci da ake ciki. <ref name="IRN" /> Ko da ba tare da tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Gibe III ba, a cewar wata majiya, Habasha tana da isasshen ƙarfin da aka sanya na megawatts 400. A karkashin shirye-shiryen ci gaban Habasha na yanzu, an ce kasar za ta dogara da wutar lantarki fiye da kashi 95% a kan ruwa. Habasha ta yi hasashen cewa fitar da wutar lantarki zai samar da kudaden shiga kusan dala miliyan 407 a kowace shekara, wanda ya zarce darajar fitar da kofi mafi daraja a kasar, wato kofi. <ref name="IRN" /> == Rigima == Aikin yana da cece-kuce saboda tasirinsa na muhalli da zamantakewa, wanda girmansa a kansa ya zama abin cece-kuce; saboda bayar da kwangilar ginin ba tare da gasa ba; da kuma saboda zargin rashin gaskiya a cikin lamuran ayyukan. Misali, ba a buga kimar muhalli da tasirin zamantakewa ba sai bayan shekaru biyu da fara ginin.<ref>BBC <nowiki>News:The</nowiki> dam that divides Ethiopians, March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Kiyasin ya nuna cewa aikin zai haifar da kananan matsaloli ta muhalli da zamantakewa. Duk da haka, masu sukar suna la'akari da shi a matsayin aibi duka ta fuskar daidaito da kuma haƙiƙa. Daga cikin wadannan masu sukar har da kungiyar Aiki ta Albarkatun Afirka wacce ta fitar da sanarwa tana mai cewa "Bayanan adadi [da masu inganci] da ke kunshe cikin kusan dukkanin manyan sassan rahoton an zabo su a fili don daidaito da manufar da aka kayyade na tabbatar da kammala ginin madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III"<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> bala'i."<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Wani fitaccen mai sukar dam din shi ne masanin burbushin halittu na kasar Kenya Richard Leakey wanda ya ce "aikin yana da kura-kurai matuka dangane da tunaninsa, dangane da cikakkarsa, dangane da sakamakonsa"[20]. A cikin watan Yunin 2011 kwamitin UNESCO na UNESCO a zamansa na 35 da ya gudanar a birnin Paris na kasar Faransa ya yi kira da a dakatar da aikin gina madatsar ruwan, don gabatar da duk wani bincike na madatsar ruwa, sannan ya bukaci kasashen Habasha da Kenya da su gayyaci cibiyar kula da kayayyakin tarihi ta duniya/IUCN domin duba tasirin da madatsar ruwa ke da shi a tafkin Turkana, wurin tarihi na duniya.[21] == Tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa == A cewar hukumomin kasar Habasha, da zarar an gina madatsar ruwa adadin ruwan da ke kwarara cikin tafkin ba zai canza ba. Bambanci kawai zai kasance mafi kwanciyar hankali a cikin shekara - ƙari a lokacin rani, da ƙasa a lokacin rigar. Firayim Ministan Habasha Meles Zenawi ya fada a wata hira da BBC cewa: "Babban tasirin muhallin aikin yana da matukar fa'ida. Yana kara yawan ruwa a cikin tsarin kogin, yana daidaita matsalar ambaliya gaba daya, wanda ya kasance babbar matsala, yana inganta rayuwar jama'a a karkashin kasa saboda za su yi ayyukan ban ruwa, kuma ko ta yaya hakan ba zai shafi tafkin Turkana ba. Wannan shi ne abin da bincikenmu ya nuna."[22]. A cewar masu suka, madatsar ruwan za ta yi illa ga al’ummar ‘yan asalin.<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dam din zai dakatar da ambaliya a lokuta da dama, wanda zai yi tasiri a kasa da kogin Omo da tafkin Turkana da kuma mutanen da suka dogara da wadannan halittun don rayuwarsu. A cewar Terri Hathaway, darektan shirin Afirka na Rivers na kasa da kasa, Gibe III "dam ne mafi lalata da ake ginawa a Afirka." Aikin zai yi Allah wadai da "rabin miliyan na mutanen yankin da ke fama da yunwa da rikici."[23]. === Tasiri kan rayuwar mazauna karamar kwarin Omo === An yi kiyasin cewa sama da mutane 200,000 ne ke dogaro da kogin Omo da ke karkashin dam din don wani nau'i na rayuwa kamar tabarbarewar ambaliyar ruwa, kuma yawancin wadannan kabilu na rayuwa cikin matsananciyar yunwa. Masu sukar sun bayyana cewa madatsar Gibe III na iya dagula lamarinsu. ’Yan asalin ƙasar sun dogara ne kan noman abinci a bakin kogi, da kuma kiwo, don tsira. Dam din Gibe III da raguwar matakan ruwa da kuma yanayin kwararar ruwa a cikin kogin Omo na barazana ga ci gaba da zabi biyu kacal na rayuwa a cikin wannan yanayi mara dadi—babu wasu hanyoyi.<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Mutanen da ke zaune a yankin aikin wani yanki ne na Kudancin Kudancin Habasha, rukuni na mutane daban-daban. Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilun da dam ɗin ya shafa sun haɗa da al’ummomi daban-daban guda takwas: Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom da Daasanach.[15] Stephen Corry, Daraktan kungiyar kare hakkin 'yan asalin kasar ta Survival International ya ce, "Dam din Gibe III zai zama bala'in bala'i ga kabilun kwarin Omo. Za a lalatar da filayensu da rayuwarsu, duk da haka 'yan kalilan ne ke da ra'ayin abin da ke gaba. Gwamnati ta keta kundin tsarin mulkin Habasha da dokokin kasa da kasa a cikin tsarin siyan kayayyaki. Babu wani aikin da ya kamata a yi a waje da wannan aikin." Wasu majiyoyi sun lura cewa, lokacin da aka yi hira da su, mutanen kauyuka da dama ba su taba jin labarin dam din Gibe III ba, kuma da yawa daga cikinsu ba su ma san menene dam din ba.[19] Wannan manuniya ce ta gazawar tuntuɓar juna da amincewar jama'a ga ƴan asalin ƙasar. Tsira, tare da gangamin kawo sauyi na bankin duniya, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Turkana Rivers da International Rivers sun kaddamar da koke na dakatar da madatsar ruwa[24]. Masu goyon bayan madatsar ruwa sun yi zargin cewa ana shirin fitar da ambaliyar ruwa ta wucin gadi daga cikin tafki. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ana hasashen ayyukan ban ruwa don inganta rayuwar al'ummar ƙasa.[25] Kamar yadda ya zama sananne ga jama'a a cikin Nuwamba 2011 ta hanyar wani rahoto na Cibiyar Oakland, hakika akwai shirye-shirye masu yawa na noman auduga da rake a kan hekta 445,000 a cikin ƙananan kwarin Omo. Za a iya ba da tallafin noman rake da taimako daga Indiya, wacce ke da himma sosai wajen haɓaka samar da sukari na Habasha. Masu saka hannun jari a gonakin galibin kamfanoni ne na gwamnatin Habasha.[18] == Rahotanni game da take hakkin dan Adam == === Tasiri kan yanayin muhalli na ƙananan kwarin Omo === Ragewar ruwan kogin Omo da ya samo asali daga madatsar ruwan Gibe III zai yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin da ke kewaye da kogin. Kogin Omo ya kasance gida ne kawai ga dazuzzukan kogin kogin da ya saura a busasshiyar yankin kudu da hamadar sahara. Rayuwar wannan dajin ya dogara ne kan ambaliyar ruwan kogin Omo, wanda zai daina aikin dam. Wannan na iya sa 290 km2 na gandun daji ya " bushe" daga rashin ruwa. Ragewar ruwa kuma zai yi mummunan tasiri, idan ba a kawar da shi ba, duk ayyukan tattalin arziki da ke da alaƙa da Kogin Omo kamar noma, kamun kifi, da yawon buɗe ido. Matsayin ruwan kogin Omo yana da mahimmanci don sake cajin ruwan karkashin kasa a cikin kwarin Omo.<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Idan ruwan kogin ya ragu da zarar an gina madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III, to ba za ta iya sake cika ruwan karkashin kasa ba, lamarin da ya sa akasarin tafsirin ya rasa ruwan karkashin kasa, wanda ke yin illa ga mutane da muhalli. Yayin da ruwan kogin Omo ya ragu, zaftarewar gabar kogin zai karu, wanda hakan zai haifar da karuwar kwararowar ruwa a cikin kogin, da asarar kasa don noman amfanin gona a gefen kogin, da asarar wuraren zama a kogin.[19] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a watan Disamba na shekarar 2012 ya bayyana cewa madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III na kasar Habasha zai haifar da bala'in jin kai da kuma babban rikici na makami a kan iyaka.[26] Gina daya daga cikin madatsun ruwa mafi tsayi a duniya a kogin Omo da ke kudancin kasar Habasha, zai haifar da gamuwa da yunwa a tsakanin 'yan asalin kasar rabin miliyan a yankin da ke fama da yunwa, lamarin da ya haifar da babban rikici na makamai a yankin kan iyaka da kasashe uku saboda bacewar albarkatun kasa, a cewar wani sabon rahoto daga kungiyar agaji ta African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Masifar Bil'adama da Rikicin Yaki da Makamai na Yanki a Yankin Matsakaici na Habasha, Kenya, da Sudan ta Kudu: Tsarin Gibe III da aka tsara a Habasha" ya yi nazari kan cikakken tasirin da madatsar ruwan ke da shi tare da zargin cewa gwamnatin Habasha ko bankunan ci gaban kasa da kasa da ke da ruwa da tsaki a aikin ba a gudanar da wani nazari na muhalli ko zamantakewa game da cikakken tasirin kan iyakoki ba. Wani memba na ARWG da mai bincike na dogon lokaci a yankin ne ya rubuta shi, Claudia J. Carr, farfesa a Jami'ar California, Berkeley. Rahoton mai shafuka 250 ya dogara ne akan ingantaccen bincike na tushen filin da ya shafi sa hannu na mazauna yankin a cikin mafi yawan yankunan da ke kan iyaka. Tuni dai kasar Habasha ta fara aikin gina madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III tare da kogin Omo, tare da sanin cewa zai haifar da raguwar kwararar kogin a kasa da kuma raguwar kwararar ruwa zuwa tafkin Turkana na kasar Kenya, wanda ke samun kashi 90 na ruwansa daga kogin. A cewar rahoton na ARWG, wadannan sauye-sauyen za su lalata hanyoyin rayuwa na akalla makiyaya 200,000, masu noma da masunta da suka dogara da ambaliyar ruwa a kogin Omo 300,000 makiyaya da masunta a kusa da gabar tafkin Turkana - lamarin da zai jefa kabilun yankin cikin rikici mai nasaba da iyaka da Sudan ta Kudu. Rahoton ya ba da kyakkyawan tsari na ci gaba mai cike da kura-kurai, sakamakon bukatu na musamman na kudi na duniya da gwamnatocin Afirka. A cikin wannan tsari, yana gano manyan haɗarin da ba a kula da su ba ko akasin haka, ba ko kaɗan daga cikinsu shine kiyasin binciken yanayin ƙasa na Amurka na babban haɗarin girgizar ƙasa 7 ko 8 a yankin madatsar ruwan Gibe III. Farfesa Carr a cikin sabon littafinta [27] ya kara yin nazari kan yadda hanyoyin ci gaba da kudade na kasa da kasa, gwamnatocin Afirka da masana'antun shawarwari na duniya zasu iya haifar da irin wannan mummunan sakamako ga yawancin mutanen da irin wannan ci gaba ya shafa. === Tasiri kan tafkin Turkana === Girman tasirin da madatsar ruwa da ayyukan noman ruwa da madatsar ruwa za ta haifar a matakin ruwan tafkin Turkana na da cece-kuce. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a bankin raya kasashen Afirka a watan Nuwamban shekarar 2010, ya kammala da cewa, cika dam din zai rage yawan ruwan tafkin da tsawon mita biyu, idan ba a yi aikin ban ruwa ba. Ban ruwa zai haifar da raguwar matakin tafkin.[28] Kawayen tafkin Turkana, wata kungiyar kasar Kenya dake wakiltar kungiyoyin ‘yan asalin yankin arewa maso yammacin kasar Kenya wadanda rayuwarsu ke da alaka da tafkin Turkana, sun yi kiyasin cewa madatsar ruwan na iya rage girman tafkin Turkana da tsawon mita 10 wanda zai shafi mutane dubu 300.[29] Wannan na iya haifar da ƙarar ruwan ɗimbin gishiri zuwa inda ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin da ke kusa da tafkin ba za su iya sha ba. A halin yanzu, gishirin ruwan ya kai kusan 2332 mg/l, kuma an yi kiyasin cewa raguwar mitoci 10 na ruwan tafkin Turkana na iya sa gishiri ya tashi zuwa 3.397 g/L.[19] Har ila yau, kiwon salinity na iya rage yawan kifin da ke cikin tafkin, wanda mutanen da ke kusa da tafkin Turkana suka dogara da su don ciyar da su da kuma rayuwarsu. A cewar masu suka, wannan "zai hukunta tafkin zuwa ga mutuwa ba a hankali ba."[9]. A cewar masu goyon bayan madatsar ruwan, tasirin da tafkin Turkana zai yi zai takaita ne ga rage kwararar ruwa na wucin gadi yayin da ake cike tafki. Majiyoyi daban-daban sun bayyana cewa cikawar zai iya ɗauka tsakanin yanayi guda ɗaya zuwa uku.[9][25] Jimillar adadin ajiyar tafki na madatsar ruwan Gibe III zai kasance tsakanin mita biliyan 11.75 zuwa cubic biliyan 14, ya danganta da tushe. A cewar kamfanin da ke gina madatsar ruwan, hakan zai rage yawan ruwan da ke cikin tafkin da “kasa da 50 cm a kowace shekara har tsawon shekaru uku” kuma gishirin “ba zai canza ta kowace fuska ba”[25]. A cewar kwamitin kula da muhallin tafkin na duniya, kashi 90% na ruwan tafkin Turkana, kogin Omo ne ke kai shi, wanda za a gina madatsar ruwa a kai.[30] Ba tare da wata hanya ba, tafkin Turkana yana asarar ruwa mita 2.3 a kowace shekara saboda ƙawancewar yanayi, kuma matakinsa yana kula da sauyin yanayi da yanayi. Don kwatancen, matakin tarihi na tafkin Turkana ya ragu daga tsayin mita 20 sama da matakin yau a cikin shekarun 1890 zuwa irin na yau a shekarun 1940 da 1950. Daga nan sai ya sake karuwa a hankali da mita 7 har ya kai kololuwa a wajen 1980, daga baya kuma ya sake raguwa[30]. Takaitacciyar kimanta muhalli da zamantakewa (ESIA) na aikin ba ta tantance tasirin dam din kan ruwa da ingancin ruwan tafkin Turkana ba.[31] Daraktan hukumar kula da harkokin ruwa ta Kenya, John Nyaoro, ya bayar da hujjar cewa dam din ba zai yi wani mummunan tasiri a tafkin Turkana ba.[32] === Sauran tasirai === An yi hasashen cewa akwai kusan 50-75% na zubar ruwa daga tafki saboda karaya da yawa a cikin basalt a wurin da aka shirya tafki.[15] Sakamakon hasarar ruwa a tafki, dam din ba zai iya samar da wutar lantarki mai yawa ba, haka kuma da karancin wutar lantarki da za a iya fitarwa zuwa wasu kasashe da ke kusa. Har ila yau, madatsar ruwa da tafki suna da rauni ga ayyukan girgizar kasa saboda girgizar kasa da zabtarewar kasa a yankin aikin Gibe III.[19] Girgizar kasa na iya haifar da karaya mai girma ga dam din kuma suna da saukin kamuwa da kwararar ruwa tare da rage hanyoyin tattalin arziki. Bugu da ƙari, zabtarewar ƙasa za ta cika tafki kuma za a iya adana ƙarancin ruwa. Wannan kuma yana nufin za a samar da ƙarancin wutar lantarki.[15] === Ƙimar tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa === Haka kuma an samu cece-kuce saboda tantance tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa da kuma nazarin tasirin muhalli da ya gabata (EIS) ba a yi shi ba sai bayan shekaru biyu da fara aikin ginin dam.[9] Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Habasha tana buƙatar a yi kimanta tasirin muhalli ga kowane aiki "mai yiwuwa ya haifar da mummunan tasirin muhalli" kuma "dole ne a ƙaddamar da EIS kafin fara wani gini ko duk wani aiwatar da aikin."[33]. === Ƙimar tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa na hukuma === Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) da Agriconsulting na Italiya sun gudanar da Ƙimar Muhalli da Tasirin Tasirin Jama'a (ESIA), tare da MDI Consulting Engineers daga Habasha. A cewar Anthony Mitchell, injiniyan injiniya wanda ya gabatar da wani bincike mai zaman kansa kan yiwuwar madatsar ruwa ga bankin raya Afirka, masu kamfanin CESI sun hada da dillalai da za su iya cin gajiyar aikin kuma ba a bayyana wannan rikici na sha'awa a cikin bayanin tasirin ba.[34] A matsayin wani ɓangare na tantancewar, a cewar Kamfanin Project, an gudanar da shawarwarin jama'a tare da "jami'ai da cibiyoyi, mutanen da aikin ya shafa da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu"[1]. A cewar masu suka, waɗannan shawarwarin sun kasance kaɗan. Mafi mahimmanci, an kammala tantancewar ne kawai a cikin Yuli 2008, kusan shekaru biyu bayan fara ginin, wanda ya saba wa dokar Habasha kuma ya bambanta da kyakkyawan yanayin duniya na kimanta muhalli.[15] Hakanan, an kafa kwamitin ba da shawara kan muhalli mai zaman kansa har zuwa ƙarshen Yuli 2009, [1] a bayyane yake a cikin wani yunƙuri na jinkiri don gamsar da sukar aikin. === Madadin bayanin tasirin muhalli === Kungiyar Aiki ta Albarkatun Afirka (ARWG), hadin gwiwa na masu ba da shawara takwas daga ko'ina cikin duniya, sun gudanar da bayanin tasirin muhalli mai zaman kansa na nasu ga madatsar Gibe III. An yi madaidaicin bayanin tasirin tasiri ne saboda zargin cin hanci da rashawa da rashin daidaito na kimanta tasirin tasiri na hukuma[19]. Kungiyar ta ARWG ta soki yawancin maganganun da aka yi a hukumance ta Gibe III ESIA. Dangane da kwararar ruwa zuwa tafkin Turkana, sun bayyana cewa dam din na Gibe III zai haifar da raguwar yawan kwararar kogin da kashi 57-60%.[19] Har ila yau, ARWG ta lura cewa ba lallai ba ne yawan ruwan da ke da muhimmanci ga muhallin kogin Omo da Turkana, amma yanayin yanayi da kuma lokacin kwararar ruwa yana da matukar muhimmanci, saboda an daidaita wasu kwayoyin halittun da ake amfani da su wajen ciyar da su, da haifuwa, da girma, da dai sauransu don magance sauyin yanayi a lokutan ruwa.[19] Fitar da ruwa ta hanyar wucin gadi daga madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III zuwa cikin kogin Omo ba zai wadatar da biyan bukatun wadannan kwayoyin halittu ba. Bugu da kari, kungiyar ta ARWG ta bayyana cewa, “babu wani abin tarihi na nasara da dorewar aiwatarwa” na shirin kwaikwayar ambaliyar ruwa ta wucin gadi a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, don haka ba ta da tabbacin cewa za a ci gaba da gudanar da irin wannan shirin a madatsar ruwan Gibe III.[19] == Kyautar kwangilar gini == An bayar da kwangilar gina madatsar ruwa ne a shekarar 2006 ga Salini Costruttori na Italiya. An ba da ƙirar aikin injiniya ga Studio Pietrangeli[35] da kuma kulawar ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italiya - Coyne et Bellier, Faransa) a matsayin wakilin Kamfanin Lantarki na Habasha. An bayar da kwangilar ga Salini Construttori bayan tattaunawa kai tsaye maimakon ba da izinin yin kwangilar daga wasu kamfanoni masu cancanta. Cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi na kasa da kasa na bukatar yin gasa na kwangilar gine-gine, wanda hakan ya sa gwamnatin Habasha ta yi wahala samun lamuni daga gare su.[9] Babban manajan Hukumar Lantarki ta Habasha, Mihert Debeba, ya kare tsallake tsarin tsarin, yayin da ya tsallake wani tsari na "sharadi masu kyau" da Habasha ba za ta iya cimma ba, wanda zai dakatar da duk wani ci gaban wutar lantarki.[9] An bayar da kwangilar gina madatsar ruwa ne a shekarar 2006 ga Salini Costruttori na Italiya. An ba da ƙirar aikin injiniya ga Studio Pietrangeli[35] da kuma kulawar ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italiya - Coyne et Bellier, Faransa) a matsayin wakilin Kamfanin Lantarki na Habasha. An bayar da kwangilar ga Salini Construttori bayan tattaunawa kai tsaye maimakon ba da izinin yin kwangilar daga wasu kamfanoni masu cancanta. Cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi na kasa da kasa na bukatar yin gasa na kwangilar gine-gine, wanda hakan ya sa gwamnatin Habasha ta yi wahala samun lamuni daga gare su.[9] Babban manajan Hukumar Lantarki ta Habasha, Mihert Debeba, ya kare tsallake tsarin tsarin, yayin da ya tsallake wani tsari na "sharadi masu kyau" da Habasha ba za ta iya cimma ba, wanda zai dakatar da duk wani ci gaban wutar lantarki.[9] == kudade == An kiyasta kudin da aka kashe a madatsar ruwa da wutar lantarkin ya kai Yuro biliyan 1.55. An kiyasta kudin layin da ya tashi daga tashar wutar lantarki zuwa tashar Wolayta Sodo da ke kusa da Yuro miliyan 35. Wadannan kudaden ba su hada da kudaden da ake kashewa wajen gina ko inganta layukan wutar lantarki zuwa Addis Abeba da kuma zuwa Djibouti zuwa Arewa maso Gabashin Dam din, zuwa Sudan ta Yamma da kuma zuwa Kenya a Kudu, duk suna da tazarar kilomita 500 zuwa 1000 daga madatsar ruwa. Ƙididdigar farashin ba ta haɗa da farashin tsawaita hanyar rarraba wutar lantarki don haɓaka damar samun wutar lantarki yadda ya kamata ba. Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, samun wutar lantarki a kasashen da ke son cin moriyar wutar lantarki har yanzu yana da rauni a kashi 16% a Kenya da kashi 36% a Sudan.[37] A cewar shafin yanar gizon Gibe III, yawancin kudin da aka kashe na gina madatsar ruwan da kanta gwamnatin Habasha ce ta dauki nauyinta da kudadenta.[1] Duk da haka, wani ɓangare na aikin yana samun kuɗi ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na kamfani mai suna "Millennium Bond" wanda Hukumar Kula da Lantarki ta Habasha (EEPCO) ta bayar kuma an sayar da ita tare da mazauna Habasha.[38] Gwamnatin Habasha ta kuma bukaci tallafin dalar Amurka miliyan 250 daga gwamnatin Italiya don ayyukan farar hula. A cikin 2008, JPMorgan Chase da hukumar kula da lamuni ta Italiya SACE sun ƙi ba da kuɗi. A watan Mayun shekarar 2010 EEPco da kamfanin sarrafa injinan lantarki na Dongfang mallakar gwamnatin kasar Sin, sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna don samar da na'urorin lantarki da injina don aikin. Yarjejeniyar tana goyon bayan rance daga Bankin Masana'antu da Kasuwanci na China wanda aka bayar da rahoton cewa ya cika kashi 85% na dalar Amurka miliyan 495.[39][40][41] Kungiyoyin kare muhalli na kasa da kasa sun soki lamunin da cewa "munafunci ne" da kuma keta alkawarin da ICBC ta dauka kan manufar kasar Sin ta Green Credit.[42] A baya Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai (EIB) ya yi tunanin ba da rancen dalar Amurka miliyan 341 don samar da wutar lantarki da kayan aikin madatsar ruwa. Ya ba da kuɗin karatun tattalin arziki, kuɗi da fasaha don dam.[1][15] A cikin Yuli 2010 EIB ta dakatar da ba da tallafin nazarin muhalli da zamantakewa don madatsar ruwa, tana mai cewa an sami "madadin kuɗaɗen kuɗi" [43]. Bankin Raya Afirka ya kuma yi tunanin bayar da rancen dalar Amurka miliyan 250 don na'urorin lantarki na masana'antar. Bankin Duniya ya kuma yi la'akari da bayar da tallafin aikin. A shekara ta 2008 Bankin Duniya ya yanke shawarar kin bin cikakken binciken dam din, saboda rashin yin takara ga babban dan kwangilar[34]. Bankin Exim na kasar Sin ne ya ba da kudin isar da layin dogo zuwa Addis Ababa. An ba da kwangilar ga Kamfanin Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Co., Ltd. (TBEA) na kasar Sin a ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2009.[1] A watan Yuli 2012 Bankin Duniya ya amince da lamunin dalar Amurka miliyan 684 don aikin babbar hanyar wutar lantarki ta Gabas wanda zai ba da gudummawar layin watsa wutar lantarki kai tsaye mai tsawon Kilovolt 500 tsakanin tashar Wolayta/Sodo a Habasha da tashar Suswa a Kenya.[44] Kungiyoyin kare muhalli sun soki lamunin a matsayin kudade na madatsar ruwa ta Gilgel Gibe III ta bayan gida.[45] == Gilgel Gibe IV Dam == A ranar 15 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009, jaridar Shanghai Daily ta bayar da rahoton wata yarjejeniyar dala biliyan 1.9 tsakanin kamfanin Sino Hydro Corporation na kasar Sin da hukumar wutar lantarki ta Habasha domin gina madatsun ruwa na Gibe IV da Halele Werabesa. ==manazarta== l1e90xh1xgsa76s7mowxf5vtonm0d9b 893744 893743 2026-08-09T16:36:03Z Asiya Garba 46242 893744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam din Gilgel Gaba II''' madatsar ruwa ce mai tsayi 250 m tare da tashar wutar lantarki mai alaƙa a kan [[Kogin Omo]] a [[Itofiya|Habasha]]. Tana kusa da kilomita {{Cvt|62|km}} (39 yammacin Sodi a cikin Yankin Yankin Kudancin Habasha. A lokacin da aka ba da cikakken aikin, madatsar ruwan ita ce ta uku mafi girma a Afirka tare da fitar da wutar lantarki kusan 1,870 Megawatt (MW), don haka fiye da ninki biyu na jimlar shigarwar Habasha daga matakin a shekarar 2007 na 814 MW. Dam din Gibe III wani bangare ne na cascade na Gibe, jerin madatsun ruwa ciki har da madatsar ruwa ta Gibe I (184 MW) da tashar wutar lantarki ta Gibe II (420 MW) da kuma madatsar ruwan Gibe IV (1,472 MW) da Gibe V (560 MW). Dam din da ke akwai mallakar kuma ana sarrafa su ne ta kamfanin lantarki na Habasha, wanda kuma shine abokin ciniki na Dam din Gibe III.&nbsp; Aikin dalar Amurka biliyan 1.8 ya fara ne a shekarar 2006, kuma an fara samar da wutar lantarki a watan Oktoban 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |access-date=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |access-date=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |access-date=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> Sauran janareton sun fara aiki a shekarar 2016. Aikin ya fuskanci jinkiri sosai; a watan Mayun 2012, an shirya kammala aikin a watan Yunin 2013. Firayim Minista [[Hailemariam Desalegn]] ne ya kaddamar da madatsar ruwan a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 2016. == Zane == Madatsar ruwa ta Gilgel Gibe III ita ce {{Cvt|610|m|ft|-long}} da kuma {{Cvt|243|m}} madatsar ruwa mai cike da siminti mai tsayi. Yana hana ƙarfin ma'ajiyar ruwa na {{Cvt|14.7|km3|mi3}} da kuma faɗin saman {{Cvt|210|km2|mi2}} , an tattara daga yankin magudanar ruwa na {{Cvt|34150|km2|mi2}} . Ma'ajiyar ma'ajiyar ruwa mai rai (mai aiki ko "mai amfani") ita ce {{Cvt|11.75|km3|mi3}} da kuma ma'ajiyar matattun {{Cvt|2.95|km3|mi3}} . Matsayin aiki na yau da kullun na ma'ajiyar ruwa shine {{Cvt|892|m|ft}} sama da matakin teku tare da matsakaicin {{Cvt|893|m}} kuma aƙalla {{Cvt|800|m|ft}} . [[Hanyar Zube|Magudanar ruwa]] ta madatsar ruwa tana da {{Cvt|108|m}} mai tsayi da [[Kofar ambaliya|ƙofar ambaliyar ruwa -]] wanda aka sarrafa shi tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin fitarwa na {{Cvt|18000|m3/s|ft3/s}} . Ruwa sama da {{Cvt|873|m}} sama da matakin teku za a iya fitar da shi ta ƙofofinsa. Ciyar da gidan wutar lantarki na madatsar ruwa akwai ramuka biyu waɗanda kowanne ya rarrafe zuwa ramuka biyar daban-daban ga kowane injin turbine. Gidan wutar lantarki yana ɗauke da tankuna 187 guda goma.&nbsp;Injinan samar da wutar lantarki na MW waɗanda injinan Francis ke tallafawa don jimlar ƙarfin wutar lantarki 1,870&nbsp;MW. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |access-date=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> Tsarin farko na madatsar ruwan ya yi nuni da madatsar ruwan da ke cike da duwatsu. Duk da haka, saboda matsaloli wajen samun isasshen inshora ga madatsar ruwan da ke cike da duwatsu, an canza tsarin zuwa siminti mai cike da na'urori. == fa'idodi == Babban fa'idar madatsar ruwan ita ce samar da wutar lantarki [[Makamashi mai sabuntawa|mai sabuntawa]] kuma ana iya tura ta . An yi hasashen cewa za ta samar da kusan rabin wutar lantarki ga Habasha sannan ta fitar da sauran rabin zuwa [[Kenya]] (500 MW), [[Sudan]] (200 MW) da [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] (200 MW). Duk da haka, an daɗe ana jinkiri wajen cimma Yarjejeniyar Siyan Wutar Lantarki . Kenya ce kawai ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Fahimta don siyan wutar lantarki daga madatsar ruwan. Bankin Duniya ya amince da ba da kuɗaɗen layin wutar lantarki ga Kenya a watan Yulin shekara ta 2012. Samun damar shiga tashar wutar lantarki a Habasha a halin yanzu yana da ƙasa sosai. Kasa da kashi 2% na al'ummar karkara ta Habasha, wanda ya kai kashi 85% na jimillar al'ummar, suna da damar shiga tashar. Tare da goyon bayan Bankin Duniya, gwamnati tana gudanar da wani babban aiki na faɗaɗa hanyar samun wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara. A shekara ta 2003, ƙarancin ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki tare da mummunan fari ya haifar da katsewar wutar lantarki na tsawon awanni 15 sau biyu a mako na tsawon watanni shida, wanda ya yi sanadiyyar asarar tattalin arziki da aka kiyasta dala miliyan 200. A shekara ta 2008 da 2009, Habasha ta sake fuskantar katsewar wutar lantarki da raguwar wutar lantarki . A cewar International Rivers Network, katsewar wutar lantarki ya faru ne sakamakon fari, saboda kusan dukkan samar da wutar lantarki a Habasha ana amfani da wutar lantarki ne. A cewar wannan majiya, duk da karuwar damar shiga tashar wutar lantarki, yawan amfani da wutar lantarki zai iya kasancewa ƙasa a nan gaba saboda matakin talauci da ake ciki. <ref name="IRN" /> Ko da ba tare da tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Gibe III ba, a cewar wata majiya, Habasha tana da isasshen ƙarfin da aka sanya na megawatts 400. A karkashin shirye-shiryen ci gaban Habasha na yanzu, an ce kasar za ta dogara da wutar lantarki fiye da kashi 95% a kan ruwa. Habasha ta yi hasashen cewa fitar da wutar lantarki zai samar da kudaden shiga kusan dala miliyan 407 a kowace shekara, wanda ya zarce darajar fitar da kofi mafi daraja a kasar, wato kofi. <ref name="IRN" /> == Rigima == Aikin yana da cece-kuce saboda tasirinsa na muhalli da zamantakewa, wanda girmansa a kansa ya zama abin cece-kuce; saboda bayar da kwangilar ginin ba tare da gasa ba; da kuma saboda zargin rashin gaskiya a cikin lamuran ayyukan. Misali, ba a buga kimar muhalli da tasirin zamantakewa ba sai bayan shekaru biyu da fara ginin.<ref>BBC <nowiki>News:The</nowiki> dam that divides Ethiopians, March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Kiyasin ya nuna cewa aikin zai haifar da kananan matsaloli ta muhalli da zamantakewa. Duk da haka, masu sukar suna la'akari da shi a matsayin aibi duka ta fuskar daidaito da kuma haƙiƙa. Daga cikin wadannan masu sukar har da kungiyar Aiki ta Albarkatun Afirka wacce ta fitar da sanarwa tana mai cewa "Bayanan adadi [da masu inganci] da ke kunshe cikin kusan dukkanin manyan sassan rahoton an zabo su a fili don daidaito da manufar da aka kayyade na tabbatar da kammala ginin madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III"<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> bala'i."<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Wani fitaccen mai sukar dam din shi ne masanin burbushin halittu na kasar Kenya Richard Leakey wanda ya ce "aikin yana da kura-kurai matuka dangane da tunaninsa, dangane da cikakkarsa, dangane da sakamakonsa"[20]. A cikin watan Yunin 2011 kwamitin UNESCO na UNESCO a zamansa na 35 da ya gudanar a birnin Paris na kasar Faransa ya yi kira da a dakatar da aikin gina madatsar ruwan, don gabatar da duk wani bincike na madatsar ruwa, sannan ya bukaci kasashen Habasha da Kenya da su gayyaci cibiyar kula da kayayyakin tarihi ta duniya/IUCN domin duba tasirin da madatsar ruwa ke da shi a tafkin Turkana, wurin tarihi na duniya.[21] == Tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa == A cewar hukumomin kasar Habasha, da zarar an gina madatsar ruwa adadin ruwan da ke kwarara cikin tafkin ba zai canza ba. Bambanci kawai zai kasance mafi kwanciyar hankali a cikin shekara - ƙari a lokacin rani, da ƙasa a lokacin rigar. Firayim Ministan Habasha Meles Zenawi ya fada a wata hira da BBC cewa: "Babban tasirin muhallin aikin yana da matukar fa'ida. Yana kara yawan ruwa a cikin tsarin kogin, yana daidaita matsalar ambaliya gaba daya, wanda ya kasance babbar matsala, yana inganta rayuwar jama'a a karkashin kasa saboda za su yi ayyukan ban ruwa, kuma ko ta yaya hakan ba zai shafi tafkin Turkana ba. Wannan shi ne abin da bincikenmu ya nuna."[22]. A cewar masu suka, madatsar ruwan za ta yi illa ga al’ummar ‘yan asalin.<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dam din zai dakatar da ambaliya a lokuta da dama, wanda zai yi tasiri a kasa da kogin Omo da tafkin Turkana da kuma mutanen da suka dogara da wadannan halittun don rayuwarsu. A cewar Terri Hathaway, darektan shirin Afirka na Rivers na kasa da kasa, Gibe III "dam ne mafi lalata da ake ginawa a Afirka." Aikin zai yi Allah wadai da "rabin miliyan na mutanen yankin da ke fama da yunwa da rikici."[23]. === Tasiri kan rayuwar mazauna karamar kwarin Omo === An yi kiyasin cewa sama da mutane 200,000 ne ke dogaro da kogin Omo da ke karkashin dam din don wani nau'i na rayuwa kamar tabarbarewar ambaliyar ruwa, kuma yawancin wadannan kabilu na rayuwa cikin matsananciyar yunwa. Masu sukar sun bayyana cewa madatsar Gibe III na iya dagula lamarinsu. ’Yan asalin ƙasar sun dogara ne kan noman abinci a bakin kogi, da kuma kiwo, don tsira. Dam din Gibe III da raguwar matakan ruwa da kuma yanayin kwararar ruwa a cikin kogin Omo na barazana ga ci gaba da zabi biyu kacal na rayuwa a cikin wannan yanayi mara dadi—babu wasu hanyoyi.<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Mutanen da ke zaune a yankin aikin wani yanki ne na Kudancin Kudancin Habasha, rukuni na mutane daban-daban. Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilun da dam ɗin ya shafa sun haɗa da al’ummomi daban-daban guda takwas: Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom da Daasanach.[15] Stephen Corry, Daraktan kungiyar kare hakkin 'yan asalin kasar ta Survival International ya ce, "Dam din Gibe III zai zama bala'in bala'i ga kabilun kwarin Omo. Za a lalatar da filayensu da rayuwarsu, duk da haka 'yan kalilan ne ke da ra'ayin abin da ke gaba. Gwamnati ta keta kundin tsarin mulkin Habasha da dokokin kasa da kasa a cikin tsarin siyan kayayyaki. Babu wani aikin da ya kamata a yi a waje da wannan aikin." Wasu majiyoyi sun lura cewa, lokacin da aka yi hira da su, mutanen kauyuka da dama ba su taba jin labarin dam din Gibe III ba, kuma da yawa daga cikinsu ba su ma san menene dam din ba.[19] Wannan manuniya ce ta gazawar tuntuɓar juna da amincewar jama'a ga ƴan asalin ƙasar. Tsira, tare da gangamin kawo sauyi na bankin duniya, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Turkana Rivers da International Rivers sun kaddamar da koke na dakatar da madatsar ruwa[24]. Masu goyon bayan madatsar ruwa sun yi zargin cewa ana shirin fitar da ambaliyar ruwa ta wucin gadi daga cikin tafki. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ana hasashen ayyukan ban ruwa don inganta rayuwar al'ummar ƙasa.[25] Kamar yadda ya zama sananne ga jama'a a cikin Nuwamba 2011 ta hanyar wani rahoto na Cibiyar Oakland, hakika akwai shirye-shirye masu yawa na noman auduga da rake a kan hekta 445,000 a cikin ƙananan kwarin Omo. Za a iya ba da tallafin noman rake da taimako daga Indiya, wacce ke da himma sosai wajen haɓaka samar da sukari na Habasha. Masu saka hannun jari a gonakin galibin kamfanoni ne na gwamnatin Habasha.[18] == Rahotanni game da take hakkin dan Adam == === Tasiri kan yanayin muhalli na ƙananan kwarin Omo === Ragewar ruwan kogin Omo da ya samo asali daga madatsar ruwan Gibe III zai yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin da ke kewaye da kogin. Kogin Omo ya kasance gida ne kawai ga dazuzzukan kogin kogin da ya saura a busasshiyar yankin kudu da hamadar sahara. Rayuwar wannan dajin ya dogara ne kan ambaliyar ruwan kogin Omo, wanda zai daina aikin dam. Wannan na iya sa 290 km2 na gandun daji ya " bushe" daga rashin ruwa. Ragewar ruwa kuma zai yi mummunan tasiri, idan ba a kawar da shi ba, duk ayyukan tattalin arziki da ke da alaƙa da Kogin Omo kamar noma, kamun kifi, da yawon buɗe ido. Matsayin ruwan kogin Omo yana da mahimmanci don sake cajin ruwan karkashin kasa a cikin kwarin Omo.<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Idan ruwan kogin ya ragu da zarar an gina madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III, to ba za ta iya sake cika ruwan karkashin kasa ba, lamarin da ya sa akasarin tafsirin ya rasa ruwan karkashin kasa, wanda ke yin illa ga mutane da muhalli. Yayin da ruwan kogin Omo ya ragu, zaftarewar gabar kogin zai karu, wanda hakan zai haifar da karuwar kwararowar ruwa a cikin kogin, da asarar kasa don noman amfanin gona a gefen kogin, da asarar wuraren zama a kogin.[19] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a watan Disamba na shekarar 2012 ya bayyana cewa madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III na kasar Habasha zai haifar da bala'in jin kai da kuma babban rikici na makami a kan iyaka.[26] Gina daya daga cikin madatsun ruwa mafi tsayi a duniya a kogin Omo da ke kudancin kasar Habasha, zai haifar da gamuwa da yunwa a tsakanin 'yan asalin kasar rabin miliyan a yankin da ke fama da yunwa, lamarin da ya haifar da babban rikici na makamai a yankin kan iyaka da kasashe uku saboda bacewar albarkatun kasa, a cewar wani sabon rahoto daga kungiyar agaji ta African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Masifar Bil'adama da Rikicin Yaki da Makamai na Yanki a Yankin Matsakaici na Habasha, Kenya, da Sudan ta Kudu: Tsarin Gibe III da aka tsara a Habasha" ya yi nazari kan cikakken tasirin da madatsar ruwan ke da shi tare da zargin cewa gwamnatin Habasha ko bankunan ci gaban kasa da kasa da ke da ruwa da tsaki a aikin ba a gudanar da wani nazari na muhalli ko zamantakewa game da cikakken tasirin kan iyakoki ba. Wani memba na ARWG da mai bincike na dogon lokaci a yankin ne ya rubuta shi, Claudia J. Carr, farfesa a Jami'ar California, Berkeley. Rahoton mai shafuka 250 ya dogara ne akan ingantaccen bincike na tushen filin da ya shafi sa hannu na mazauna yankin a cikin mafi yawan yankunan da ke kan iyaka. Tuni dai kasar Habasha ta fara aikin gina madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III tare da kogin Omo, tare da sanin cewa zai haifar da raguwar kwararar kogin a kasa da kuma raguwar kwararar ruwa zuwa tafkin Turkana na kasar Kenya, wanda ke samun kashi 90 na ruwansa daga kogin. A cewar rahoton na ARWG, wadannan sauye-sauyen za su lalata hanyoyin rayuwa na akalla makiyaya 200,000, masu noma da masunta da suka dogara da ambaliyar ruwa a kogin Omo 300,000 makiyaya da masunta a kusa da gabar tafkin Turkana - lamarin da zai jefa kabilun yankin cikin rikici mai nasaba da iyaka da Sudan ta Kudu. Rahoton ya ba da kyakkyawan tsari na ci gaba mai cike da kura-kurai, sakamakon bukatu na musamman na kudi na duniya da gwamnatocin Afirka. A cikin wannan tsari, yana gano manyan haɗarin da ba a kula da su ba ko akasin haka, ba ko kaɗan daga cikinsu shine kiyasin binciken yanayin ƙasa na Amurka na babban haɗarin girgizar ƙasa 7 ko 8 a yankin madatsar ruwan Gibe III. Farfesa Carr a cikin sabon littafinta [27] ya kara yin nazari kan yadda hanyoyin ci gaba da kudade na kasa da kasa, gwamnatocin Afirka da masana'antun shawarwari na duniya zasu iya haifar da irin wannan mummunan sakamako ga yawancin mutanen da irin wannan ci gaba ya shafa. === Tasiri kan tafkin Turkana === Girman tasirin da madatsar ruwa da ayyukan noman ruwa da madatsar ruwa za ta haifar a matakin ruwan tafkin Turkana na da cece-kuce. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a bankin raya kasashen Afirka a watan Nuwamban shekarar 2010, ya kammala da cewa, cika dam din zai rage yawan ruwan tafkin da tsawon mita biyu, idan ba a yi aikin ban ruwa ba. Ban ruwa zai haifar da raguwar matakin tafkin.[28] Kawayen tafkin Turkana, wata kungiyar kasar Kenya dake wakiltar kungiyoyin ‘yan asalin yankin arewa maso yammacin kasar Kenya wadanda rayuwarsu ke da alaka da tafkin Turkana, sun yi kiyasin cewa madatsar ruwan na iya rage girman tafkin Turkana da tsawon mita 10 wanda zai shafi mutane dubu 300.[29] Wannan na iya haifar da ƙarar ruwan ɗimbin gishiri zuwa inda ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin da ke kusa da tafkin ba za su iya sha ba. A halin yanzu, gishirin ruwan ya kai kusan 2332 mg/l, kuma an yi kiyasin cewa raguwar mitoci 10 na ruwan tafkin Turkana na iya sa gishiri ya tashi zuwa 3.397 g/L.[19] Har ila yau, kiwon salinity na iya rage yawan kifin da ke cikin tafkin, wanda mutanen da ke kusa da tafkin Turkana suka dogara da su don ciyar da su da kuma rayuwarsu. A cewar masu suka, wannan "zai hukunta tafkin zuwa ga mutuwa ba a hankali ba."[9]. A cewar masu goyon bayan madatsar ruwan, tasirin da tafkin Turkana zai yi zai takaita ne ga rage kwararar ruwa na wucin gadi yayin da ake cike tafki. Majiyoyi daban-daban sun bayyana cewa cikawar zai iya ɗauka tsakanin yanayi guda ɗaya zuwa uku.[9][25] Jimillar adadin ajiyar tafki na madatsar ruwan Gibe III zai kasance tsakanin mita biliyan 11.75 zuwa cubic biliyan 14, ya danganta da tushe. A cewar kamfanin da ke gina madatsar ruwan, hakan zai rage yawan ruwan da ke cikin tafkin da “kasa da 50 cm a kowace shekara har tsawon shekaru uku” kuma gishirin “ba zai canza ta kowace fuska ba”[25]. A cewar kwamitin kula da muhallin tafkin na duniya, kashi 90% na ruwan tafkin Turkana, kogin Omo ne ke kai shi, wanda za a gina madatsar ruwa a kai.[30] Ba tare da wata hanya ba, tafkin Turkana yana asarar ruwa mita 2.3 a kowace shekara saboda ƙawancewar yanayi, kuma matakinsa yana kula da sauyin yanayi da yanayi. Don kwatancen, matakin tarihi na tafkin Turkana ya ragu daga tsayin mita 20 sama da matakin yau a cikin shekarun 1890 zuwa irin na yau a shekarun 1940 da 1950. Daga nan sai ya sake karuwa a hankali da mita 7 har ya kai kololuwa a wajen 1980, daga baya kuma ya sake raguwa[30]. Takaitacciyar kimanta muhalli da zamantakewa (ESIA) na aikin ba ta tantance tasirin dam din kan ruwa da ingancin ruwan tafkin Turkana ba.[31] Daraktan hukumar kula da harkokin ruwa ta Kenya, John Nyaoro, ya bayar da hujjar cewa dam din ba zai yi wani mummunan tasiri a tafkin Turkana ba.[32] === Sauran tasirai === An yi hasashen cewa akwai kusan 50-75% na zubar ruwa daga tafki saboda karaya da yawa a cikin basalt a wurin da aka shirya tafki.[15] Sakamakon hasarar ruwa a tafki, dam din ba zai iya samar da wutar lantarki mai yawa ba, haka kuma da karancin wutar lantarki da za a iya fitarwa zuwa wasu kasashe da ke kusa. Har ila yau, madatsar ruwa da tafki suna da rauni ga ayyukan girgizar kasa saboda girgizar kasa da zabtarewar kasa a yankin aikin Gibe III.[19] Girgizar kasa na iya haifar da karaya mai girma ga dam din kuma suna da saukin kamuwa da kwararar ruwa tare da rage hanyoyin tattalin arziki. Bugu da ƙari, zabtarewar ƙasa za ta cika tafki kuma za a iya adana ƙarancin ruwa. Wannan kuma yana nufin za a samar da ƙarancin wutar lantarki.[15] === Ƙimar tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa === Haka kuma an samu cece-kuce saboda tantance tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa da kuma nazarin tasirin muhalli da ya gabata (EIS) ba a yi shi ba sai bayan shekaru biyu da fara aikin ginin dam.[9] Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Habasha tana buƙatar a yi kimanta tasirin muhalli ga kowane aiki "mai yiwuwa ya haifar da mummunan tasirin muhalli" kuma "dole ne a ƙaddamar da EIS kafin fara wani gini ko duk wani aiwatar da aikin."[33]. === Ƙimar tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa na hukuma === Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) da Agriconsulting na Italiya sun gudanar da Ƙimar Muhalli da Tasirin Tasirin Jama'a (ESIA), tare da MDI Consulting Engineers daga Habasha. A cewar Anthony Mitchell, injiniyan injiniya wanda ya gabatar da wani bincike mai zaman kansa kan yiwuwar madatsar ruwa ga bankin raya Afirka, masu kamfanin CESI sun hada da dillalai da za su iya cin gajiyar aikin kuma ba a bayyana wannan rikici na sha'awa a cikin bayanin tasirin ba.[34] A matsayin wani ɓangare na tantancewar, a cewar Kamfanin Project, an gudanar da shawarwarin jama'a tare da "jami'ai da cibiyoyi, mutanen da aikin ya shafa da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu"[1]. A cewar masu suka, waɗannan shawarwarin sun kasance kaɗan. Mafi mahimmanci, an kammala tantancewar ne kawai a cikin Yuli 2008, kusan shekaru biyu bayan fara ginin, wanda ya saba wa dokar Habasha kuma ya bambanta da kyakkyawan yanayin duniya na kimanta muhalli.[15] Hakanan, an kafa kwamitin ba da shawara kan muhalli mai zaman kansa har zuwa ƙarshen Yuli 2009, [1] a bayyane yake a cikin wani yunƙuri na jinkiri don gamsar da sukar aikin. === Madadin bayanin tasirin muhalli === Kungiyar Aiki ta Albarkatun Afirka (ARWG), hadin gwiwa na masu ba da shawara takwas daga ko'ina cikin duniya, sun gudanar da bayanin tasirin muhalli mai zaman kansa na nasu ga madatsar Gibe III. An yi madaidaicin bayanin tasirin tasiri ne saboda zargin cin hanci da rashawa da rashin daidaito na kimanta tasirin tasiri na hukuma[19]. Kungiyar ta ARWG ta soki yawancin maganganun da aka yi a hukumance ta Gibe III ESIA. Dangane da kwararar ruwa zuwa tafkin Turkana, sun bayyana cewa dam din na Gibe III zai haifar da raguwar yawan kwararar kogin da kashi 57-60%.[19] Har ila yau, ARWG ta lura cewa ba lallai ba ne yawan ruwan da ke da muhimmanci ga muhallin kogin Omo da Turkana, amma yanayin yanayi da kuma lokacin kwararar ruwa yana da matukar muhimmanci, saboda an daidaita wasu kwayoyin halittun da ake amfani da su wajen ciyar da su, da haifuwa, da girma, da dai sauransu don magance sauyin yanayi a lokutan ruwa.[19] Fitar da ruwa ta hanyar wucin gadi daga madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III zuwa cikin kogin Omo ba zai wadatar da biyan bukatun wadannan kwayoyin halittu ba. Bugu da kari, kungiyar ta ARWG ta bayyana cewa, “babu wani abin tarihi na nasara da dorewar aiwatarwa” na shirin kwaikwayar ambaliyar ruwa ta wucin gadi a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, don haka ba ta da tabbacin cewa za a ci gaba da gudanar da irin wannan shirin a madatsar ruwan Gibe III.[19] == Kyautar kwangilar gini == An bayar da kwangilar gina madatsar ruwa ne a shekarar 2006 ga Salini Costruttori na Italiya. An ba da ƙirar aikin injiniya ga Studio Pietrangeli[35] da kuma kulawar ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italiya - Coyne et Bellier, Faransa) a matsayin wakilin Kamfanin Lantarki na Habasha. An bayar da kwangilar ga Salini Construttori bayan tattaunawa kai tsaye maimakon ba da izinin yin kwangilar daga wasu kamfanoni masu cancanta. Cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi na kasa da kasa na bukatar yin gasa na kwangilar gine-gine, wanda hakan ya sa gwamnatin Habasha ta yi wahala samun lamuni daga gare su.[9] Babban manajan Hukumar Lantarki ta Habasha, Mihert Debeba, ya kare tsallake tsarin tsarin, yayin da ya tsallake wani tsari na "sharadi masu kyau" da Habasha ba za ta iya cimma ba, wanda zai dakatar da duk wani ci gaban wutar lantarki.[9] An bayar da kwangilar gina madatsar ruwa ne a shekarar 2006 ga Salini Costruttori na Italiya. An ba da ƙirar aikin injiniya ga Studio Pietrangeli[35] da kuma kulawar ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italiya - Coyne et Bellier, Faransa) a matsayin wakilin Kamfanin Lantarki na Habasha. An bayar da kwangilar ga Salini Construttori bayan tattaunawa kai tsaye maimakon ba da izinin yin kwangilar daga wasu kamfanoni masu cancanta. Cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi na kasa da kasa na bukatar yin gasa na kwangilar gine-gine, wanda hakan ya sa gwamnatin Habasha ta yi wahala samun lamuni daga gare su.[9] Babban manajan Hukumar Lantarki ta Habasha, Mihert Debeba, ya kare tsallake tsarin tsarin, yayin da ya tsallake wani tsari na "sharadi masu kyau" da Habasha ba za ta iya cimma ba, wanda zai dakatar da duk wani ci gaban wutar lantarki.[9] == kudade == An kiyasta kudin da aka kashe a madatsar ruwa da wutar lantarkin ya kai Yuro biliyan 1.55. An kiyasta kudin layin da ya tashi daga tashar wutar lantarki zuwa tashar Wolayta Sodo da ke kusa da Yuro miliyan 35. Wadannan kudaden ba su hada da kudaden da ake kashewa wajen gina ko inganta layukan wutar lantarki zuwa Addis Abeba da kuma zuwa Djibouti zuwa Arewa maso Gabashin Dam din, zuwa Sudan ta Yamma da kuma zuwa Kenya a Kudu, duk suna da tazarar kilomita 500 zuwa 1000 daga madatsar ruwa. Ƙididdigar farashin ba ta haɗa da farashin tsawaita hanyar rarraba wutar lantarki don haɓaka damar samun wutar lantarki yadda ya kamata ba. Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, samun wutar lantarki a kasashen da ke son cin moriyar wutar lantarki har yanzu yana da rauni a kashi 16% a Kenya da kashi 36% a Sudan.[37] A cewar shafin yanar gizon Gibe III, yawancin kudin da aka kashe na gina madatsar ruwan da kanta gwamnatin Habasha ce ta dauki nauyinta da kudadenta.[1] Duk da haka, wani ɓangare na aikin yana samun kuɗi ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na kamfani mai suna "Millennium Bond" wanda Hukumar Kula da Lantarki ta Habasha (EEPCO) ta bayar kuma an sayar da ita tare da mazauna Habasha.[38] Gwamnatin Habasha ta kuma bukaci tallafin dalar Amurka miliyan 250 daga gwamnatin Italiya don ayyukan farar hula. A cikin 2008, JPMorgan Chase da hukumar kula da lamuni ta Italiya SACE sun ƙi ba da kuɗi. A watan Mayun shekarar 2010 EEPco da kamfanin sarrafa injinan lantarki na Dongfang mallakar gwamnatin kasar Sin, sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna don samar da na'urorin lantarki da injina don aikin. Yarjejeniyar tana goyon bayan rance daga Bankin Masana'antu da Kasuwanci na China wanda aka bayar da rahoton cewa ya cika kashi 85% na dalar Amurka miliyan 495.[39][40][41] Kungiyoyin kare muhalli na kasa da kasa sun soki lamunin da cewa "munafunci ne" da kuma keta alkawarin da ICBC ta dauka kan manufar kasar Sin ta Green Credit.[42] A baya Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai (EIB) ya yi tunanin ba da rancen dalar Amurka miliyan 341 don samar da wutar lantarki da kayan aikin madatsar ruwa. Ya ba da kuɗin karatun tattalin arziki, kuɗi da fasaha don dam.[1][15] A cikin Yuli 2010 EIB ta dakatar da ba da tallafin nazarin muhalli da zamantakewa don madatsar ruwa, tana mai cewa an sami "madadin kuɗaɗen kuɗi" [43]. Bankin Raya Afirka ya kuma yi tunanin bayar da rancen dalar Amurka miliyan 250 don na'urorin lantarki na masana'antar. Bankin Duniya ya kuma yi la'akari da bayar da tallafin aikin. A shekara ta 2008 Bankin Duniya ya yanke shawarar kin bin cikakken binciken dam din, saboda rashin yin takara ga babban dan kwangilar[34]. Bankin Exim na kasar Sin ne ya ba da kudin isar da layin dogo zuwa Addis Ababa. An ba da kwangilar ga Kamfanin Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Co., Ltd. (TBEA) na kasar Sin a ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2009.[1] A watan Yuli 2012 Bankin Duniya ya amince da lamunin dalar Amurka miliyan 684 don aikin babbar hanyar wutar lantarki ta Gabas wanda zai ba da gudummawar layin watsa wutar lantarki kai tsaye mai tsawon Kilovolt 500 tsakanin tashar Wolayta/Sodo a Habasha da tashar Suswa a Kenya.[44] Kungiyoyin kare muhalli sun soki lamunin a matsayin kudade na madatsar ruwa ta Gilgel Gibe III ta bayan gida.[45] == Gilgel Gibe IV Dam == A ranar 15 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009, jaridar Shanghai Daily ta bayar da rahoton wata yarjejeniyar dala biliyan 1.9 tsakanin kamfanin Sino Hydro Corporation na kasar Sin da hukumar wutar lantarki ta Habasha domin gina madatsun ruwa na Gibe IV da Halele Werabesa. ==manazarta== i1m1qqkc8t5mztq4z45335iqrpulg1k 893745 893744 2026-08-09T16:36:23Z Asiya Garba 46242 893745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam din Gilgel Gaba II''' madatsar ruwa ce mai tsayi 250 m tare da tashar wutar lantarki mai alaƙa a kan [[Kogin Omo]] a [[Itofiya|Habasha]]. Tana kusa da kilomita {{Cvt|62|km}} (39 yammacin Sodi a cikin Yankin Yankin Kudancin Habasha. A lokacin da aka ba da cikakken aikin, madatsar ruwan ita ce ta uku mafi girma a Afirka tare da fitar da wutar lantarki kusan 1,870 Megawatt (MW), don haka fiye da ninki biyu na jimlar shigarwar Habasha daga matakin a shekarar 2007 na 814 MW. Dam din Gibe III wani bangare ne na cascade na Gibe, jerin madatsun ruwa ciki har da madatsar ruwa ta Gibe I (184 MW) da tashar wutar lantarki ta Gibe II (420 MW) da kuma madatsar ruwan Gibe IV (1,472 MW) da Gibe V (560 MW). Dam din da ke akwai mallakar kuma ana sarrafa su ne ta kamfanin lantarki na Habasha, wanda kuma shine abokin ciniki na Dam din Gibe III.&nbsp; Aikin dalar Amurka biliyan 1.8 ya fara ne a shekarar 2006, kuma an fara samar da wutar lantarki a watan Oktoban 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |access-date=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |access-date=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |access-date=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> Sauran janareton sun fara aiki a shekarar 2016. Aikin ya fuskanci jinkiri sosai; a watan Mayun 2012, an shirya kammala aikin a watan Yunin 2013. Firayim Minista [[Hailemariam Desalegn]] ne ya kaddamar da madatsar ruwan a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 2016. == Zane == Madatsar ruwa ta Gilgel Gibe III ita ce {{Cvt|610|m|ft|-long}} da kuma {{Cvt|243|m}} madatsar ruwa mai cike da siminti mai tsayi. Yana hana ƙarfin ma'ajiyar ruwa na {{Cvt|14.7|km3|mi3}} da kuma faɗin saman {{Cvt|210|km2|mi2}} , an tattara daga yankin magudanar ruwa na {{Cvt|34150|km2|mi2}} . Ma'ajiyar ma'ajiyar ruwa mai rai (mai aiki ko "mai amfani") ita ce {{Cvt|11.75|km3|mi3}} da kuma ma'ajiyar matattun {{Cvt|2.95|km3|mi3}} . Matsayin aiki na yau da kullun na ma'ajiyar ruwa shine {{Cvt|892|m|ft}} sama da matakin teku tare da matsakaicin {{Cvt|893|m}} kuma aƙalla {{Cvt|800|m|ft}} . [[Hanyar Zube|Magudanar ruwa]] ta madatsar ruwa tana da {{Cvt|108|m}} mai tsayi da [[Kofar ambaliya|ƙofar ambaliyar ruwa -]] wanda aka sarrafa shi tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin fitarwa na {{Cvt|18000|m3/s|ft3/s}} . Ruwa sama da {{Cvt|873|m}} sama da matakin teku za a iya fitar da shi ta ƙofofinsa. Ciyar da gidan wutar lantarki na madatsar ruwa akwai ramuka biyu waɗanda kowanne ya rarrafe zuwa ramuka biyar daban-daban ga kowane injin turbine. Gidan wutar lantarki yana ɗauke da tankuna 187 guda goma.&nbsp;Injinan samar da wutar lantarki na MW waɗanda injinan Francis ke tallafawa don jimlar ƙarfin wutar lantarki 1,870&nbsp;MW. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |access-date=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> Tsarin farko na madatsar ruwan ya yi nuni da madatsar ruwan da ke cike da duwatsu. Duk da haka, saboda matsaloli wajen samun isasshen inshora ga madatsar ruwan da ke cike da duwatsu, an canza tsarin zuwa siminti mai cike da na'urori. == fa'idodi == Babban fa'idar madatsar ruwan ita ce samar da wutar lantarki [[Makamashi mai sabuntawa|mai sabuntawa]] kuma ana iya tura ta . An yi hasashen cewa za ta samar da kusan rabin wutar lantarki ga Habasha sannan ta fitar da sauran rabin zuwa [[Kenya]] (500 MW), [[Sudan]] (200 MW) da [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] (200 MW). Duk da haka, an daɗe ana jinkiri wajen cimma Yarjejeniyar Siyan Wutar Lantarki . Kenya ce kawai ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Fahimta don siyan wutar lantarki daga madatsar ruwan. Bankin Duniya ya amince da ba da kuɗaɗen layin wutar lantarki ga Kenya a watan Yulin shekara ta 2012. Samun damar shiga tashar wutar lantarki a Habasha a halin yanzu yana da ƙasa sosai. Kasa da kashi 2% na al'ummar karkara ta Habasha, wanda kuma ya kai kashi 85% na jimillar al'ummar, suna da damar shiga tashar. Tare da goyon bayan Bankin Duniya, gwamnati tana gudanar da wani babban aiki na faɗaɗa hanyar samun wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara. A shekara ta 2003, ƙarancin ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki tare da mummunan fari ya haifar da katsewar wutar lantarki na tsawon awanni 15 sau biyu a mako na tsawon watanni shida, wanda ya yi sanadiyyar asarar tattalin arziki da aka kiyasta dala miliyan 200. A shekara ta 2008 da 2009, Habasha ta sake fuskantar katsewar wutar lantarki da raguwar wutar lantarki . A cewar International Rivers Network, katsewar wutar lantarki ya faru ne sakamakon fari, saboda kusan dukkan samar da wutar lantarki a Habasha ana amfani da wutar lantarki ne. A cewar wannan majiya, duk da karuwar damar shiga tashar wutar lantarki, yawan amfani da wutar lantarki zai iya kasancewa ƙasa a nan gaba saboda matakin talauci da ake ciki. <ref name="IRN" /> Ko da ba tare da tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Gibe III ba, a cewar wata majiya, Habasha tana da isasshen ƙarfin da aka sanya na megawatts 400. A karkashin shirye-shiryen ci gaban Habasha na yanzu, an ce kasar za ta dogara da wutar lantarki fiye da kashi 95% a kan ruwa. Habasha ta yi hasashen cewa fitar da wutar lantarki zai samar da kudaden shiga kusan dala miliyan 407 a kowace shekara, wanda ya zarce darajar fitar da kofi mafi daraja a kasar, wato kofi. <ref name="IRN" /> == Rigima == Aikin yana da cece-kuce saboda tasirinsa na muhalli da zamantakewa, wanda girmansa a kansa ya zama abin cece-kuce; saboda bayar da kwangilar ginin ba tare da gasa ba; da kuma saboda zargin rashin gaskiya a cikin lamuran ayyukan. Misali, ba a buga kimar muhalli da tasirin zamantakewa ba sai bayan shekaru biyu da fara ginin.<ref>BBC <nowiki>News:The</nowiki> dam that divides Ethiopians, March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Kiyasin ya nuna cewa aikin zai haifar da kananan matsaloli ta muhalli da zamantakewa. Duk da haka, masu sukar suna la'akari da shi a matsayin aibi duka ta fuskar daidaito da kuma haƙiƙa. Daga cikin wadannan masu sukar har da kungiyar Aiki ta Albarkatun Afirka wacce ta fitar da sanarwa tana mai cewa "Bayanan adadi [da masu inganci] da ke kunshe cikin kusan dukkanin manyan sassan rahoton an zabo su a fili don daidaito da manufar da aka kayyade na tabbatar da kammala ginin madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III"<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> bala'i."<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Wani fitaccen mai sukar dam din shi ne masanin burbushin halittu na kasar Kenya Richard Leakey wanda ya ce "aikin yana da kura-kurai matuka dangane da tunaninsa, dangane da cikakkarsa, dangane da sakamakonsa"[20]. A cikin watan Yunin 2011 kwamitin UNESCO na UNESCO a zamansa na 35 da ya gudanar a birnin Paris na kasar Faransa ya yi kira da a dakatar da aikin gina madatsar ruwan, don gabatar da duk wani bincike na madatsar ruwa, sannan ya bukaci kasashen Habasha da Kenya da su gayyaci cibiyar kula da kayayyakin tarihi ta duniya/IUCN domin duba tasirin da madatsar ruwa ke da shi a tafkin Turkana, wurin tarihi na duniya.[21] == Tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa == A cewar hukumomin kasar Habasha, da zarar an gina madatsar ruwa adadin ruwan da ke kwarara cikin tafkin ba zai canza ba. Bambanci kawai zai kasance mafi kwanciyar hankali a cikin shekara - ƙari a lokacin rani, da ƙasa a lokacin rigar. Firayim Ministan Habasha Meles Zenawi ya fada a wata hira da BBC cewa: "Babban tasirin muhallin aikin yana da matukar fa'ida. Yana kara yawan ruwa a cikin tsarin kogin, yana daidaita matsalar ambaliya gaba daya, wanda ya kasance babbar matsala, yana inganta rayuwar jama'a a karkashin kasa saboda za su yi ayyukan ban ruwa, kuma ko ta yaya hakan ba zai shafi tafkin Turkana ba. Wannan shi ne abin da bincikenmu ya nuna."[22]. A cewar masu suka, madatsar ruwan za ta yi illa ga al’ummar ‘yan asalin.<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dam din zai dakatar da ambaliya a lokuta da dama, wanda zai yi tasiri a kasa da kogin Omo da tafkin Turkana da kuma mutanen da suka dogara da wadannan halittun don rayuwarsu. A cewar Terri Hathaway, darektan shirin Afirka na Rivers na kasa da kasa, Gibe III "dam ne mafi lalata da ake ginawa a Afirka." Aikin zai yi Allah wadai da "rabin miliyan na mutanen yankin da ke fama da yunwa da rikici."[23]. === Tasiri kan rayuwar mazauna karamar kwarin Omo === An yi kiyasin cewa sama da mutane 200,000 ne ke dogaro da kogin Omo da ke karkashin dam din don wani nau'i na rayuwa kamar tabarbarewar ambaliyar ruwa, kuma yawancin wadannan kabilu na rayuwa cikin matsananciyar yunwa. Masu sukar sun bayyana cewa madatsar Gibe III na iya dagula lamarinsu. ’Yan asalin ƙasar sun dogara ne kan noman abinci a bakin kogi, da kuma kiwo, don tsira. Dam din Gibe III da raguwar matakan ruwa da kuma yanayin kwararar ruwa a cikin kogin Omo na barazana ga ci gaba da zabi biyu kacal na rayuwa a cikin wannan yanayi mara dadi—babu wasu hanyoyi.<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Mutanen da ke zaune a yankin aikin wani yanki ne na Kudancin Kudancin Habasha, rukuni na mutane daban-daban. Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilun da dam ɗin ya shafa sun haɗa da al’ummomi daban-daban guda takwas: Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom da Daasanach.[15] Stephen Corry, Daraktan kungiyar kare hakkin 'yan asalin kasar ta Survival International ya ce, "Dam din Gibe III zai zama bala'in bala'i ga kabilun kwarin Omo. Za a lalatar da filayensu da rayuwarsu, duk da haka 'yan kalilan ne ke da ra'ayin abin da ke gaba. Gwamnati ta keta kundin tsarin mulkin Habasha da dokokin kasa da kasa a cikin tsarin siyan kayayyaki. Babu wani aikin da ya kamata a yi a waje da wannan aikin." Wasu majiyoyi sun lura cewa, lokacin da aka yi hira da su, mutanen kauyuka da dama ba su taba jin labarin dam din Gibe III ba, kuma da yawa daga cikinsu ba su ma san menene dam din ba.[19] Wannan manuniya ce ta gazawar tuntuɓar juna da amincewar jama'a ga ƴan asalin ƙasar. Tsira, tare da gangamin kawo sauyi na bankin duniya, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Turkana Rivers da International Rivers sun kaddamar da koke na dakatar da madatsar ruwa[24]. Masu goyon bayan madatsar ruwa sun yi zargin cewa ana shirin fitar da ambaliyar ruwa ta wucin gadi daga cikin tafki. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ana hasashen ayyukan ban ruwa don inganta rayuwar al'ummar ƙasa.[25] Kamar yadda ya zama sananne ga jama'a a cikin Nuwamba 2011 ta hanyar wani rahoto na Cibiyar Oakland, hakika akwai shirye-shirye masu yawa na noman auduga da rake a kan hekta 445,000 a cikin ƙananan kwarin Omo. Za a iya ba da tallafin noman rake da taimako daga Indiya, wacce ke da himma sosai wajen haɓaka samar da sukari na Habasha. Masu saka hannun jari a gonakin galibin kamfanoni ne na gwamnatin Habasha.[18] == Rahotanni game da take hakkin dan Adam == === Tasiri kan yanayin muhalli na ƙananan kwarin Omo === Ragewar ruwan kogin Omo da ya samo asali daga madatsar ruwan Gibe III zai yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin da ke kewaye da kogin. Kogin Omo ya kasance gida ne kawai ga dazuzzukan kogin kogin da ya saura a busasshiyar yankin kudu da hamadar sahara. Rayuwar wannan dajin ya dogara ne kan ambaliyar ruwan kogin Omo, wanda zai daina aikin dam. Wannan na iya sa 290 km2 na gandun daji ya " bushe" daga rashin ruwa. Ragewar ruwa kuma zai yi mummunan tasiri, idan ba a kawar da shi ba, duk ayyukan tattalin arziki da ke da alaƙa da Kogin Omo kamar noma, kamun kifi, da yawon buɗe ido. Matsayin ruwan kogin Omo yana da mahimmanci don sake cajin ruwan karkashin kasa a cikin kwarin Omo.<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Idan ruwan kogin ya ragu da zarar an gina madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III, to ba za ta iya sake cika ruwan karkashin kasa ba, lamarin da ya sa akasarin tafsirin ya rasa ruwan karkashin kasa, wanda ke yin illa ga mutane da muhalli. Yayin da ruwan kogin Omo ya ragu, zaftarewar gabar kogin zai karu, wanda hakan zai haifar da karuwar kwararowar ruwa a cikin kogin, da asarar kasa don noman amfanin gona a gefen kogin, da asarar wuraren zama a kogin.[19] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a watan Disamba na shekarar 2012 ya bayyana cewa madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III na kasar Habasha zai haifar da bala'in jin kai da kuma babban rikici na makami a kan iyaka.[26] Gina daya daga cikin madatsun ruwa mafi tsayi a duniya a kogin Omo da ke kudancin kasar Habasha, zai haifar da gamuwa da yunwa a tsakanin 'yan asalin kasar rabin miliyan a yankin da ke fama da yunwa, lamarin da ya haifar da babban rikici na makamai a yankin kan iyaka da kasashe uku saboda bacewar albarkatun kasa, a cewar wani sabon rahoto daga kungiyar agaji ta African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Masifar Bil'adama da Rikicin Yaki da Makamai na Yanki a Yankin Matsakaici na Habasha, Kenya, da Sudan ta Kudu: Tsarin Gibe III da aka tsara a Habasha" ya yi nazari kan cikakken tasirin da madatsar ruwan ke da shi tare da zargin cewa gwamnatin Habasha ko bankunan ci gaban kasa da kasa da ke da ruwa da tsaki a aikin ba a gudanar da wani nazari na muhalli ko zamantakewa game da cikakken tasirin kan iyakoki ba. Wani memba na ARWG da mai bincike na dogon lokaci a yankin ne ya rubuta shi, Claudia J. Carr, farfesa a Jami'ar California, Berkeley. Rahoton mai shafuka 250 ya dogara ne akan ingantaccen bincike na tushen filin da ya shafi sa hannu na mazauna yankin a cikin mafi yawan yankunan da ke kan iyaka. Tuni dai kasar Habasha ta fara aikin gina madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III tare da kogin Omo, tare da sanin cewa zai haifar da raguwar kwararar kogin a kasa da kuma raguwar kwararar ruwa zuwa tafkin Turkana na kasar Kenya, wanda ke samun kashi 90 na ruwansa daga kogin. A cewar rahoton na ARWG, wadannan sauye-sauyen za su lalata hanyoyin rayuwa na akalla makiyaya 200,000, masu noma da masunta da suka dogara da ambaliyar ruwa a kogin Omo 300,000 makiyaya da masunta a kusa da gabar tafkin Turkana - lamarin da zai jefa kabilun yankin cikin rikici mai nasaba da iyaka da Sudan ta Kudu. Rahoton ya ba da kyakkyawan tsari na ci gaba mai cike da kura-kurai, sakamakon bukatu na musamman na kudi na duniya da gwamnatocin Afirka. A cikin wannan tsari, yana gano manyan haɗarin da ba a kula da su ba ko akasin haka, ba ko kaɗan daga cikinsu shine kiyasin binciken yanayin ƙasa na Amurka na babban haɗarin girgizar ƙasa 7 ko 8 a yankin madatsar ruwan Gibe III. Farfesa Carr a cikin sabon littafinta [27] ya kara yin nazari kan yadda hanyoyin ci gaba da kudade na kasa da kasa, gwamnatocin Afirka da masana'antun shawarwari na duniya zasu iya haifar da irin wannan mummunan sakamako ga yawancin mutanen da irin wannan ci gaba ya shafa. === Tasiri kan tafkin Turkana === Girman tasirin da madatsar ruwa da ayyukan noman ruwa da madatsar ruwa za ta haifar a matakin ruwan tafkin Turkana na da cece-kuce. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a bankin raya kasashen Afirka a watan Nuwamban shekarar 2010, ya kammala da cewa, cika dam din zai rage yawan ruwan tafkin da tsawon mita biyu, idan ba a yi aikin ban ruwa ba. Ban ruwa zai haifar da raguwar matakin tafkin.[28] Kawayen tafkin Turkana, wata kungiyar kasar Kenya dake wakiltar kungiyoyin ‘yan asalin yankin arewa maso yammacin kasar Kenya wadanda rayuwarsu ke da alaka da tafkin Turkana, sun yi kiyasin cewa madatsar ruwan na iya rage girman tafkin Turkana da tsawon mita 10 wanda zai shafi mutane dubu 300.[29] Wannan na iya haifar da ƙarar ruwan ɗimbin gishiri zuwa inda ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin da ke kusa da tafkin ba za su iya sha ba. A halin yanzu, gishirin ruwan ya kai kusan 2332 mg/l, kuma an yi kiyasin cewa raguwar mitoci 10 na ruwan tafkin Turkana na iya sa gishiri ya tashi zuwa 3.397 g/L.[19] Har ila yau, kiwon salinity na iya rage yawan kifin da ke cikin tafkin, wanda mutanen da ke kusa da tafkin Turkana suka dogara da su don ciyar da su da kuma rayuwarsu. A cewar masu suka, wannan "zai hukunta tafkin zuwa ga mutuwa ba a hankali ba."[9]. A cewar masu goyon bayan madatsar ruwan, tasirin da tafkin Turkana zai yi zai takaita ne ga rage kwararar ruwa na wucin gadi yayin da ake cike tafki. Majiyoyi daban-daban sun bayyana cewa cikawar zai iya ɗauka tsakanin yanayi guda ɗaya zuwa uku.[9][25] Jimillar adadin ajiyar tafki na madatsar ruwan Gibe III zai kasance tsakanin mita biliyan 11.75 zuwa cubic biliyan 14, ya danganta da tushe. A cewar kamfanin da ke gina madatsar ruwan, hakan zai rage yawan ruwan da ke cikin tafkin da “kasa da 50 cm a kowace shekara har tsawon shekaru uku” kuma gishirin “ba zai canza ta kowace fuska ba”[25]. A cewar kwamitin kula da muhallin tafkin na duniya, kashi 90% na ruwan tafkin Turkana, kogin Omo ne ke kai shi, wanda za a gina madatsar ruwa a kai.[30] Ba tare da wata hanya ba, tafkin Turkana yana asarar ruwa mita 2.3 a kowace shekara saboda ƙawancewar yanayi, kuma matakinsa yana kula da sauyin yanayi da yanayi. Don kwatancen, matakin tarihi na tafkin Turkana ya ragu daga tsayin mita 20 sama da matakin yau a cikin shekarun 1890 zuwa irin na yau a shekarun 1940 da 1950. Daga nan sai ya sake karuwa a hankali da mita 7 har ya kai kololuwa a wajen 1980, daga baya kuma ya sake raguwa[30]. Takaitacciyar kimanta muhalli da zamantakewa (ESIA) na aikin ba ta tantance tasirin dam din kan ruwa da ingancin ruwan tafkin Turkana ba.[31] Daraktan hukumar kula da harkokin ruwa ta Kenya, John Nyaoro, ya bayar da hujjar cewa dam din ba zai yi wani mummunan tasiri a tafkin Turkana ba.[32] === Sauran tasirai === An yi hasashen cewa akwai kusan 50-75% na zubar ruwa daga tafki saboda karaya da yawa a cikin basalt a wurin da aka shirya tafki.[15] Sakamakon hasarar ruwa a tafki, dam din ba zai iya samar da wutar lantarki mai yawa ba, haka kuma da karancin wutar lantarki da za a iya fitarwa zuwa wasu kasashe da ke kusa. Har ila yau, madatsar ruwa da tafki suna da rauni ga ayyukan girgizar kasa saboda girgizar kasa da zabtarewar kasa a yankin aikin Gibe III.[19] Girgizar kasa na iya haifar da karaya mai girma ga dam din kuma suna da saukin kamuwa da kwararar ruwa tare da rage hanyoyin tattalin arziki. Bugu da ƙari, zabtarewar ƙasa za ta cika tafki kuma za a iya adana ƙarancin ruwa. Wannan kuma yana nufin za a samar da ƙarancin wutar lantarki.[15] === Ƙimar tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa === Haka kuma an samu cece-kuce saboda tantance tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa da kuma nazarin tasirin muhalli da ya gabata (EIS) ba a yi shi ba sai bayan shekaru biyu da fara aikin ginin dam.[9] Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Habasha tana buƙatar a yi kimanta tasirin muhalli ga kowane aiki "mai yiwuwa ya haifar da mummunan tasirin muhalli" kuma "dole ne a ƙaddamar da EIS kafin fara wani gini ko duk wani aiwatar da aikin."[33]. === Ƙimar tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa na hukuma === Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) da Agriconsulting na Italiya sun gudanar da Ƙimar Muhalli da Tasirin Tasirin Jama'a (ESIA), tare da MDI Consulting Engineers daga Habasha. A cewar Anthony Mitchell, injiniyan injiniya wanda ya gabatar da wani bincike mai zaman kansa kan yiwuwar madatsar ruwa ga bankin raya Afirka, masu kamfanin CESI sun hada da dillalai da za su iya cin gajiyar aikin kuma ba a bayyana wannan rikici na sha'awa a cikin bayanin tasirin ba.[34] A matsayin wani ɓangare na tantancewar, a cewar Kamfanin Project, an gudanar da shawarwarin jama'a tare da "jami'ai da cibiyoyi, mutanen da aikin ya shafa da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu"[1]. A cewar masu suka, waɗannan shawarwarin sun kasance kaɗan. Mafi mahimmanci, an kammala tantancewar ne kawai a cikin Yuli 2008, kusan shekaru biyu bayan fara ginin, wanda ya saba wa dokar Habasha kuma ya bambanta da kyakkyawan yanayin duniya na kimanta muhalli.[15] Hakanan, an kafa kwamitin ba da shawara kan muhalli mai zaman kansa har zuwa ƙarshen Yuli 2009, [1] a bayyane yake a cikin wani yunƙuri na jinkiri don gamsar da sukar aikin. === Madadin bayanin tasirin muhalli === Kungiyar Aiki ta Albarkatun Afirka (ARWG), hadin gwiwa na masu ba da shawara takwas daga ko'ina cikin duniya, sun gudanar da bayanin tasirin muhalli mai zaman kansa na nasu ga madatsar Gibe III. An yi madaidaicin bayanin tasirin tasiri ne saboda zargin cin hanci da rashawa da rashin daidaito na kimanta tasirin tasiri na hukuma[19]. Kungiyar ta ARWG ta soki yawancin maganganun da aka yi a hukumance ta Gibe III ESIA. Dangane da kwararar ruwa zuwa tafkin Turkana, sun bayyana cewa dam din na Gibe III zai haifar da raguwar yawan kwararar kogin da kashi 57-60%.[19] Har ila yau, ARWG ta lura cewa ba lallai ba ne yawan ruwan da ke da muhimmanci ga muhallin kogin Omo da Turkana, amma yanayin yanayi da kuma lokacin kwararar ruwa yana da matukar muhimmanci, saboda an daidaita wasu kwayoyin halittun da ake amfani da su wajen ciyar da su, da haifuwa, da girma, da dai sauransu don magance sauyin yanayi a lokutan ruwa.[19] Fitar da ruwa ta hanyar wucin gadi daga madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III zuwa cikin kogin Omo ba zai wadatar da biyan bukatun wadannan kwayoyin halittu ba. Bugu da kari, kungiyar ta ARWG ta bayyana cewa, “babu wani abin tarihi na nasara da dorewar aiwatarwa” na shirin kwaikwayar ambaliyar ruwa ta wucin gadi a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, don haka ba ta da tabbacin cewa za a ci gaba da gudanar da irin wannan shirin a madatsar ruwan Gibe III.[19] == Kyautar kwangilar gini == An bayar da kwangilar gina madatsar ruwa ne a shekarar 2006 ga Salini Costruttori na Italiya. An ba da ƙirar aikin injiniya ga Studio Pietrangeli[35] da kuma kulawar ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italiya - Coyne et Bellier, Faransa) a matsayin wakilin Kamfanin Lantarki na Habasha. An bayar da kwangilar ga Salini Construttori bayan tattaunawa kai tsaye maimakon ba da izinin yin kwangilar daga wasu kamfanoni masu cancanta. Cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi na kasa da kasa na bukatar yin gasa na kwangilar gine-gine, wanda hakan ya sa gwamnatin Habasha ta yi wahala samun lamuni daga gare su.[9] Babban manajan Hukumar Lantarki ta Habasha, Mihert Debeba, ya kare tsallake tsarin tsarin, yayin da ya tsallake wani tsari na "sharadi masu kyau" da Habasha ba za ta iya cimma ba, wanda zai dakatar da duk wani ci gaban wutar lantarki.[9] An bayar da kwangilar gina madatsar ruwa ne a shekarar 2006 ga Salini Costruttori na Italiya. An ba da ƙirar aikin injiniya ga Studio Pietrangeli[35] da kuma kulawar ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italiya - Coyne et Bellier, Faransa) a matsayin wakilin Kamfanin Lantarki na Habasha. An bayar da kwangilar ga Salini Construttori bayan tattaunawa kai tsaye maimakon ba da izinin yin kwangilar daga wasu kamfanoni masu cancanta. Cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi na kasa da kasa na bukatar yin gasa na kwangilar gine-gine, wanda hakan ya sa gwamnatin Habasha ta yi wahala samun lamuni daga gare su.[9] Babban manajan Hukumar Lantarki ta Habasha, Mihert Debeba, ya kare tsallake tsarin tsarin, yayin da ya tsallake wani tsari na "sharadi masu kyau" da Habasha ba za ta iya cimma ba, wanda zai dakatar da duk wani ci gaban wutar lantarki.[9] == kudade == An kiyasta kudin da aka kashe a madatsar ruwa da wutar lantarkin ya kai Yuro biliyan 1.55. An kiyasta kudin layin da ya tashi daga tashar wutar lantarki zuwa tashar Wolayta Sodo da ke kusa da Yuro miliyan 35. Wadannan kudaden ba su hada da kudaden da ake kashewa wajen gina ko inganta layukan wutar lantarki zuwa Addis Abeba da kuma zuwa Djibouti zuwa Arewa maso Gabashin Dam din, zuwa Sudan ta Yamma da kuma zuwa Kenya a Kudu, duk suna da tazarar kilomita 500 zuwa 1000 daga madatsar ruwa. Ƙididdigar farashin ba ta haɗa da farashin tsawaita hanyar rarraba wutar lantarki don haɓaka damar samun wutar lantarki yadda ya kamata ba. Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, samun wutar lantarki a kasashen da ke son cin moriyar wutar lantarki har yanzu yana da rauni a kashi 16% a Kenya da kashi 36% a Sudan.[37] A cewar shafin yanar gizon Gibe III, yawancin kudin da aka kashe na gina madatsar ruwan da kanta gwamnatin Habasha ce ta dauki nauyinta da kudadenta.[1] Duk da haka, wani ɓangare na aikin yana samun kuɗi ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na kamfani mai suna "Millennium Bond" wanda Hukumar Kula da Lantarki ta Habasha (EEPCO) ta bayar kuma an sayar da ita tare da mazauna Habasha.[38] Gwamnatin Habasha ta kuma bukaci tallafin dalar Amurka miliyan 250 daga gwamnatin Italiya don ayyukan farar hula. A cikin 2008, JPMorgan Chase da hukumar kula da lamuni ta Italiya SACE sun ƙi ba da kuɗi. A watan Mayun shekarar 2010 EEPco da kamfanin sarrafa injinan lantarki na Dongfang mallakar gwamnatin kasar Sin, sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna don samar da na'urorin lantarki da injina don aikin. Yarjejeniyar tana goyon bayan rance daga Bankin Masana'antu da Kasuwanci na China wanda aka bayar da rahoton cewa ya cika kashi 85% na dalar Amurka miliyan 495.[39][40][41] Kungiyoyin kare muhalli na kasa da kasa sun soki lamunin da cewa "munafunci ne" da kuma keta alkawarin da ICBC ta dauka kan manufar kasar Sin ta Green Credit.[42] A baya Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai (EIB) ya yi tunanin ba da rancen dalar Amurka miliyan 341 don samar da wutar lantarki da kayan aikin madatsar ruwa. Ya ba da kuɗin karatun tattalin arziki, kuɗi da fasaha don dam.[1][15] A cikin Yuli 2010 EIB ta dakatar da ba da tallafin nazarin muhalli da zamantakewa don madatsar ruwa, tana mai cewa an sami "madadin kuɗaɗen kuɗi" [43]. Bankin Raya Afirka ya kuma yi tunanin bayar da rancen dalar Amurka miliyan 250 don na'urorin lantarki na masana'antar. Bankin Duniya ya kuma yi la'akari da bayar da tallafin aikin. A shekara ta 2008 Bankin Duniya ya yanke shawarar kin bin cikakken binciken dam din, saboda rashin yin takara ga babban dan kwangilar[34]. Bankin Exim na kasar Sin ne ya ba da kudin isar da layin dogo zuwa Addis Ababa. An ba da kwangilar ga Kamfanin Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Co., Ltd. (TBEA) na kasar Sin a ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2009.[1] A watan Yuli 2012 Bankin Duniya ya amince da lamunin dalar Amurka miliyan 684 don aikin babbar hanyar wutar lantarki ta Gabas wanda zai ba da gudummawar layin watsa wutar lantarki kai tsaye mai tsawon Kilovolt 500 tsakanin tashar Wolayta/Sodo a Habasha da tashar Suswa a Kenya.[44] Kungiyoyin kare muhalli sun soki lamunin a matsayin kudade na madatsar ruwa ta Gilgel Gibe III ta bayan gida.[45] == Gilgel Gibe IV Dam == A ranar 15 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009, jaridar Shanghai Daily ta bayar da rahoton wata yarjejeniyar dala biliyan 1.9 tsakanin kamfanin Sino Hydro Corporation na kasar Sin da hukumar wutar lantarki ta Habasha domin gina madatsun ruwa na Gibe IV da Halele Werabesa. ==manazarta== l8ks1u1c6rbab0h22xvy3rl79a5dez4 893747 893745 2026-08-09T16:36:48Z Asiya Garba 46242 893747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam din Gilgel Gaba II''' madatsar ruwa ce mai tsayi 250 m tare da tashar wutar lantarki mai alaƙa a kan [[Kogin Omo]] a [[Itofiya|Habasha]]. Tana kusa da kilomita {{Cvt|62|km}} (39 yammacin Sodi a cikin Yankin Yankin Kudancin Habasha. A lokacin da aka ba da cikakken aikin, madatsar ruwan ita ce ta uku mafi girma a Afirka tare da fitar da wutar lantarki kusan 1,870 Megawatt (MW), don haka fiye da ninki biyu na jimlar shigarwar Habasha daga matakin a shekarar 2007 na 814 MW. Dam din Gibe III wani bangare ne na cascade na Gibe, jerin madatsun ruwa ciki har da madatsar ruwa ta Gibe I (184 MW) da tashar wutar lantarki ta Gibe II (420 MW) da kuma madatsar ruwan Gibe IV (1,472 MW) da Gibe V (560 MW). Dam din da ke akwai mallakar kuma ana sarrafa su ne ta kamfanin lantarki na Habasha, wanda kuma shine abokin ciniki na Dam din Gibe III.&nbsp; Aikin dalar Amurka biliyan 1.8 ya fara ne a shekarar 2006, kuma an fara samar da wutar lantarki a watan Oktoban 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |access-date=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |access-date=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |access-date=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> Sauran janareton sun fara aiki a shekarar 2016. Aikin ya fuskanci jinkiri sosai; a watan Mayun 2012, an shirya kammala aikin a watan Yunin 2013. Firayim Minista [[Hailemariam Desalegn]] ne ya kaddamar da madatsar ruwan a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 2016. == Zane == Madatsar ruwa ta Gilgel Gibe III ita ce {{Cvt|610|m|ft|-long}} da kuma {{Cvt|243|m}} madatsar ruwa mai cike da siminti mai tsayi. Yana hana ƙarfin ma'ajiyar ruwa na {{Cvt|14.7|km3|mi3}} da kuma faɗin saman {{Cvt|210|km2|mi2}} , an tattara daga yankin magudanar ruwa na {{Cvt|34150|km2|mi2}} . Ma'ajiyar ma'ajiyar ruwa mai rai (mai aiki ko "mai amfani") ita ce {{Cvt|11.75|km3|mi3}} da kuma ma'ajiyar matattun {{Cvt|2.95|km3|mi3}} . Matsayin aiki na yau da kullun na ma'ajiyar ruwa shine {{Cvt|892|m|ft}} sama da matakin teku tare da matsakaicin {{Cvt|893|m}} kuma aƙalla {{Cvt|800|m|ft}} . [[Hanyar Zube|Magudanar ruwa]] ta madatsar ruwa tana da {{Cvt|108|m}} mai tsayi da [[Kofar ambaliya|ƙofar ambaliyar ruwa -]] wanda aka sarrafa shi tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin fitarwa na {{Cvt|18000|m3/s|ft3/s}} . Ruwa sama da {{Cvt|873|m}} sama da matakin teku za a iya fitar da shi ta ƙofofinsa. Ciyar da gidan wutar lantarki na madatsar ruwa akwai ramuka biyu waɗanda kowanne ya rarrafe zuwa ramuka biyar daban-daban ga kowane injin turbine. Gidan wutar lantarki yana ɗauke da tankuna 187 guda goma.&nbsp;Injinan samar da wutar lantarki na MW waɗanda injinan Francis ke tallafawa don jimlar ƙarfin wutar lantarki 1,870&nbsp;MW. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |access-date=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> Tsarin farko na madatsar ruwan ya yi nuni da madatsar ruwan da ke cike da duwatsu. Duk da haka, saboda matsaloli wajen samun isasshen inshora ga madatsar ruwan da ke cike da duwatsu, an canza tsarin zuwa siminti mai cike da na'urori. == fa'idodi == Babban fa'idar madatsar ruwan ita ce samar da wutar lantarki [[Makamashi mai sabuntawa|mai sabuntawa]] kuma ana iya tura ta . An yi hasashen cewa za ta samar da kusan rabin wutar lantarki ga Habasha sannan ta fitar da sauran rabin zuwa [[Kenya]] (500 MW), [[Sudan]] (200 MW) da [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] (200 MW). Duk da haka, an daɗe ana jinkiri wajen cimma Yarjejeniyar Siyan Wutar Lantarki . Kenya ce kawai ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Fahimta don siyan wutar lantarki daga madatsar ruwan. Bankin Duniya ya amince da ba da kuɗaɗen layin wutar lantarki ga Kenya a watan Yulin shekara ta 2012. Samun damar shiga tashar wutar lantarki a Habasha a halin yanzu yana da ƙasa sosai. Kasa da kashi 2% na al'ummar karkara ta Habasha, wanda kuma ya kai kashi 85% na jimillar al'ummar, suna da damar shiga tashar. Tare da goyon bayan Bankin Duniya, gwamnati tana gudanar da wani babban aiki na faɗaɗa hanyar samun wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara. A shekara ta 2003, ƙarancin ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki tare da mummunan fari ya haifar da katsewar wutar lantarki na tsawon awanni 15 sau biyu a mako na tsawon watanni shida, wanda ya yi sanadiyyar asarar tattalin arziki da aka kiyasta dala miliyan 200. A shekara ta 2008 da 2009, Habasha ta sake fuskantar katsewar wutar lantarki da raguwar wutar lantarki . A cewar International Rivers Network, katsewar wutar lantarki ya faru ne sakamakon fari, saboda kusan dukkan samar da wutar lantarki a Habasha ana amfani da wutar lantarki ne. A cewar wannan majiya, duk da karuwar damar shiga tashar wutar lantarki, yawan amfani da wutar lantarki zai iya kasancewa ƙasa a nan gaba saboda matakin talauci da ake ciki. <ref name="IRN" /> Ko da ba tare da tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Gibe III ba, a cewar wata majiya, Habasha tana da isasshen ƙarfin da aka sanya na megawatts 400. A karkashin shirye-shiryen ci gaban Habasha na yanzu, an ce kasar za ta dogara da wutar lantarki fiye da kashi 95% a kan ruwa. Habasha ta yi hasashen cewa fitar da wutar lantarki zai samar da kudaden shiga kusan dala miliyan 407 a kowace shekara, wanda ya zarce darajar fitar da kofi mafi daraja a kasar, wato kofi. <ref name="IRN" /> == Rigima == Aikin yana da cece-kuce saboda tasirinsa na muhalli da zamantakewa, wanda girmansa a kansa ya zama abin cece-kuce; saboda bayar da kwangilar ginin ba tare da gasa ba; da kuma saboda zargin rashin gaskiya a cikin lamuran ayyukan. Misali, ba a buga kimar muhalli da tasirin zamantakewa ba sai bayan shekaru biyu da fara ginin.<ref>BBC <nowiki>News:The</nowiki> dam that divides Ethiopians, March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Kiyasin ya nuna cewa aikin zai haifar da kananan matsaloli ta muhalli da zamantakewa. Duk da haka, masu sukar suna la'akari da shi a matsayin aibi duka ta fuskar daidaito da kuma haƙiƙa. Daga cikin wadannan masu sukar har da ƙungiyar Aiki ta Albarkatun Afirka wacce ta fitar da sanarwa tana mai cewa "Bayanan adadi [da masu inganci] da ke kunshe cikin kusan dukkanin manyan sassan rahoton an zabo su a fili don daidaito da manufar da aka kayyade na tabbatar da kammala ginin madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III"<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> bala'i."<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Wani fitaccen mai sukar dam din shi ne masanin burbushin halittu na kasar Kenya Richard Leakey wanda ya ce "aikin yana da kura-kurai matuka dangane da tunaninsa, dangane da cikakkarsa, dangane da sakamakonsa"[20]. A cikin watan Yunin 2011 kwamitin UNESCO na UNESCO a zamansa na 35 da ya gudanar a birnin Paris na kasar Faransa ya yi kira da a dakatar da aikin gina madatsar ruwan, don gabatar da duk wani bincike na madatsar ruwa, sannan ya bukaci kasashen Habasha da Kenya da su gayyaci cibiyar kula da kayayyakin tarihi ta duniya/IUCN domin duba tasirin da madatsar ruwa ke da shi a tafkin Turkana, wurin tarihi na duniya.[21] == Tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa == A cewar hukumomin kasar Habasha, da zarar an gina madatsar ruwa adadin ruwan da ke kwarara cikin tafkin ba zai canza ba. Bambanci kawai zai kasance mafi kwanciyar hankali a cikin shekara - ƙari a lokacin rani, da ƙasa a lokacin rigar. Firayim Ministan Habasha Meles Zenawi ya fada a wata hira da BBC cewa: "Babban tasirin muhallin aikin yana da matukar fa'ida. Yana kara yawan ruwa a cikin tsarin kogin, yana daidaita matsalar ambaliya gaba daya, wanda ya kasance babbar matsala, yana inganta rayuwar jama'a a karkashin kasa saboda za su yi ayyukan ban ruwa, kuma ko ta yaya hakan ba zai shafi tafkin Turkana ba. Wannan shi ne abin da bincikenmu ya nuna."[22]. A cewar masu suka, madatsar ruwan za ta yi illa ga al’ummar ‘yan asalin.<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dam din zai dakatar da ambaliya a lokuta da dama, wanda zai yi tasiri a kasa da kogin Omo da tafkin Turkana da kuma mutanen da suka dogara da wadannan halittun don rayuwarsu. A cewar Terri Hathaway, darektan shirin Afirka na Rivers na kasa da kasa, Gibe III "dam ne mafi lalata da ake ginawa a Afirka." Aikin zai yi Allah wadai da "rabin miliyan na mutanen yankin da ke fama da yunwa da rikici."[23]. === Tasiri kan rayuwar mazauna karamar kwarin Omo === An yi kiyasin cewa sama da mutane 200,000 ne ke dogaro da kogin Omo da ke karkashin dam din don wani nau'i na rayuwa kamar tabarbarewar ambaliyar ruwa, kuma yawancin wadannan kabilu na rayuwa cikin matsananciyar yunwa. Masu sukar sun bayyana cewa madatsar Gibe III na iya dagula lamarinsu. ’Yan asalin ƙasar sun dogara ne kan noman abinci a bakin kogi, da kuma kiwo, don tsira. Dam din Gibe III da raguwar matakan ruwa da kuma yanayin kwararar ruwa a cikin kogin Omo na barazana ga ci gaba da zabi biyu kacal na rayuwa a cikin wannan yanayi mara dadi—babu wasu hanyoyi.<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Mutanen da ke zaune a yankin aikin wani yanki ne na Kudancin Kudancin Habasha, rukuni na mutane daban-daban. Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilun da dam ɗin ya shafa sun haɗa da al’ummomi daban-daban guda takwas: Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom da Daasanach.[15] Stephen Corry, Daraktan kungiyar kare hakkin 'yan asalin kasar ta Survival International ya ce, "Dam din Gibe III zai zama bala'in bala'i ga kabilun kwarin Omo. Za a lalatar da filayensu da rayuwarsu, duk da haka 'yan kalilan ne ke da ra'ayin abin da ke gaba. Gwamnati ta keta kundin tsarin mulkin Habasha da dokokin kasa da kasa a cikin tsarin siyan kayayyaki. Babu wani aikin da ya kamata a yi a waje da wannan aikin." Wasu majiyoyi sun lura cewa, lokacin da aka yi hira da su, mutanen kauyuka da dama ba su taba jin labarin dam din Gibe III ba, kuma da yawa daga cikinsu ba su ma san menene dam din ba.[19] Wannan manuniya ce ta gazawar tuntuɓar juna da amincewar jama'a ga ƴan asalin ƙasar. Tsira, tare da gangamin kawo sauyi na bankin duniya, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Turkana Rivers da International Rivers sun kaddamar da koke na dakatar da madatsar ruwa[24]. Masu goyon bayan madatsar ruwa sun yi zargin cewa ana shirin fitar da ambaliyar ruwa ta wucin gadi daga cikin tafki. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ana hasashen ayyukan ban ruwa don inganta rayuwar al'ummar ƙasa.[25] Kamar yadda ya zama sananne ga jama'a a cikin Nuwamba 2011 ta hanyar wani rahoto na Cibiyar Oakland, hakika akwai shirye-shirye masu yawa na noman auduga da rake a kan hekta 445,000 a cikin ƙananan kwarin Omo. Za a iya ba da tallafin noman rake da taimako daga Indiya, wacce ke da himma sosai wajen haɓaka samar da sukari na Habasha. Masu saka hannun jari a gonakin galibin kamfanoni ne na gwamnatin Habasha.[18] == Rahotanni game da take hakkin dan Adam == === Tasiri kan yanayin muhalli na ƙananan kwarin Omo === Ragewar ruwan kogin Omo da ya samo asali daga madatsar ruwan Gibe III zai yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin da ke kewaye da kogin. Kogin Omo ya kasance gida ne kawai ga dazuzzukan kogin kogin da ya saura a busasshiyar yankin kudu da hamadar sahara. Rayuwar wannan dajin ya dogara ne kan ambaliyar ruwan kogin Omo, wanda zai daina aikin dam. Wannan na iya sa 290 km2 na gandun daji ya " bushe" daga rashin ruwa. Ragewar ruwa kuma zai yi mummunan tasiri, idan ba a kawar da shi ba, duk ayyukan tattalin arziki da ke da alaƙa da Kogin Omo kamar noma, kamun kifi, da yawon buɗe ido. Matsayin ruwan kogin Omo yana da mahimmanci don sake cajin ruwan karkashin kasa a cikin kwarin Omo.<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Idan ruwan kogin ya ragu da zarar an gina madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III, to ba za ta iya sake cika ruwan karkashin kasa ba, lamarin da ya sa akasarin tafsirin ya rasa ruwan karkashin kasa, wanda ke yin illa ga mutane da muhalli. Yayin da ruwan kogin Omo ya ragu, zaftarewar gabar kogin zai karu, wanda hakan zai haifar da karuwar kwararowar ruwa a cikin kogin, da asarar kasa don noman amfanin gona a gefen kogin, da asarar wuraren zama a kogin.[19] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a watan Disamba na shekarar 2012 ya bayyana cewa madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III na kasar Habasha zai haifar da bala'in jin kai da kuma babban rikici na makami a kan iyaka.[26] Gina daya daga cikin madatsun ruwa mafi tsayi a duniya a kogin Omo da ke kudancin kasar Habasha, zai haifar da gamuwa da yunwa a tsakanin 'yan asalin kasar rabin miliyan a yankin da ke fama da yunwa, lamarin da ya haifar da babban rikici na makamai a yankin kan iyaka da kasashe uku saboda bacewar albarkatun kasa, a cewar wani sabon rahoto daga kungiyar agaji ta African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Masifar Bil'adama da Rikicin Yaki da Makamai na Yanki a Yankin Matsakaici na Habasha, Kenya, da Sudan ta Kudu: Tsarin Gibe III da aka tsara a Habasha" ya yi nazari kan cikakken tasirin da madatsar ruwan ke da shi tare da zargin cewa gwamnatin Habasha ko bankunan ci gaban kasa da kasa da ke da ruwa da tsaki a aikin ba a gudanar da wani nazari na muhalli ko zamantakewa game da cikakken tasirin kan iyakoki ba. Wani memba na ARWG da mai bincike na dogon lokaci a yankin ne ya rubuta shi, Claudia J. Carr, farfesa a Jami'ar California, Berkeley. Rahoton mai shafuka 250 ya dogara ne akan ingantaccen bincike na tushen filin da ya shafi sa hannu na mazauna yankin a cikin mafi yawan yankunan da ke kan iyaka. Tuni dai kasar Habasha ta fara aikin gina madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III tare da kogin Omo, tare da sanin cewa zai haifar da raguwar kwararar kogin a kasa da kuma raguwar kwararar ruwa zuwa tafkin Turkana na kasar Kenya, wanda ke samun kashi 90 na ruwansa daga kogin. A cewar rahoton na ARWG, wadannan sauye-sauyen za su lalata hanyoyin rayuwa na akalla makiyaya 200,000, masu noma da masunta da suka dogara da ambaliyar ruwa a kogin Omo 300,000 makiyaya da masunta a kusa da gabar tafkin Turkana - lamarin da zai jefa kabilun yankin cikin rikici mai nasaba da iyaka da Sudan ta Kudu. Rahoton ya ba da kyakkyawan tsari na ci gaba mai cike da kura-kurai, sakamakon bukatu na musamman na kudi na duniya da gwamnatocin Afirka. A cikin wannan tsari, yana gano manyan haɗarin da ba a kula da su ba ko akasin haka, ba ko kaɗan daga cikinsu shine kiyasin binciken yanayin ƙasa na Amurka na babban haɗarin girgizar ƙasa 7 ko 8 a yankin madatsar ruwan Gibe III. Farfesa Carr a cikin sabon littafinta [27] ya kara yin nazari kan yadda hanyoyin ci gaba da kudade na kasa da kasa, gwamnatocin Afirka da masana'antun shawarwari na duniya zasu iya haifar da irin wannan mummunan sakamako ga yawancin mutanen da irin wannan ci gaba ya shafa. === Tasiri kan tafkin Turkana === Girman tasirin da madatsar ruwa da ayyukan noman ruwa da madatsar ruwa za ta haifar a matakin ruwan tafkin Turkana na da cece-kuce. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a bankin raya kasashen Afirka a watan Nuwamban shekarar 2010, ya kammala da cewa, cika dam din zai rage yawan ruwan tafkin da tsawon mita biyu, idan ba a yi aikin ban ruwa ba. Ban ruwa zai haifar da raguwar matakin tafkin.[28] Kawayen tafkin Turkana, wata kungiyar kasar Kenya dake wakiltar kungiyoyin ‘yan asalin yankin arewa maso yammacin kasar Kenya wadanda rayuwarsu ke da alaka da tafkin Turkana, sun yi kiyasin cewa madatsar ruwan na iya rage girman tafkin Turkana da tsawon mita 10 wanda zai shafi mutane dubu 300.[29] Wannan na iya haifar da ƙarar ruwan ɗimbin gishiri zuwa inda ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin da ke kusa da tafkin ba za su iya sha ba. A halin yanzu, gishirin ruwan ya kai kusan 2332 mg/l, kuma an yi kiyasin cewa raguwar mitoci 10 na ruwan tafkin Turkana na iya sa gishiri ya tashi zuwa 3.397 g/L.[19] Har ila yau, kiwon salinity na iya rage yawan kifin da ke cikin tafkin, wanda mutanen da ke kusa da tafkin Turkana suka dogara da su don ciyar da su da kuma rayuwarsu. A cewar masu suka, wannan "zai hukunta tafkin zuwa ga mutuwa ba a hankali ba."[9]. A cewar masu goyon bayan madatsar ruwan, tasirin da tafkin Turkana zai yi zai takaita ne ga rage kwararar ruwa na wucin gadi yayin da ake cike tafki. Majiyoyi daban-daban sun bayyana cewa cikawar zai iya ɗauka tsakanin yanayi guda ɗaya zuwa uku.[9][25] Jimillar adadin ajiyar tafki na madatsar ruwan Gibe III zai kasance tsakanin mita biliyan 11.75 zuwa cubic biliyan 14, ya danganta da tushe. A cewar kamfanin da ke gina madatsar ruwan, hakan zai rage yawan ruwan da ke cikin tafkin da “kasa da 50 cm a kowace shekara har tsawon shekaru uku” kuma gishirin “ba zai canza ta kowace fuska ba”[25]. A cewar kwamitin kula da muhallin tafkin na duniya, kashi 90% na ruwan tafkin Turkana, kogin Omo ne ke kai shi, wanda za a gina madatsar ruwa a kai.[30] Ba tare da wata hanya ba, tafkin Turkana yana asarar ruwa mita 2.3 a kowace shekara saboda ƙawancewar yanayi, kuma matakinsa yana kula da sauyin yanayi da yanayi. Don kwatancen, matakin tarihi na tafkin Turkana ya ragu daga tsayin mita 20 sama da matakin yau a cikin shekarun 1890 zuwa irin na yau a shekarun 1940 da 1950. Daga nan sai ya sake karuwa a hankali da mita 7 har ya kai kololuwa a wajen 1980, daga baya kuma ya sake raguwa[30]. Takaitacciyar kimanta muhalli da zamantakewa (ESIA) na aikin ba ta tantance tasirin dam din kan ruwa da ingancin ruwan tafkin Turkana ba.[31] Daraktan hukumar kula da harkokin ruwa ta Kenya, John Nyaoro, ya bayar da hujjar cewa dam din ba zai yi wani mummunan tasiri a tafkin Turkana ba.[32] === Sauran tasirai === An yi hasashen cewa akwai kusan 50-75% na zubar ruwa daga tafki saboda karaya da yawa a cikin basalt a wurin da aka shirya tafki.[15] Sakamakon hasarar ruwa a tafki, dam din ba zai iya samar da wutar lantarki mai yawa ba, haka kuma da karancin wutar lantarki da za a iya fitarwa zuwa wasu kasashe da ke kusa. Har ila yau, madatsar ruwa da tafki suna da rauni ga ayyukan girgizar kasa saboda girgizar kasa da zabtarewar kasa a yankin aikin Gibe III.[19] Girgizar kasa na iya haifar da karaya mai girma ga dam din kuma suna da saukin kamuwa da kwararar ruwa tare da rage hanyoyin tattalin arziki. Bugu da ƙari, zabtarewar ƙasa za ta cika tafki kuma za a iya adana ƙarancin ruwa. Wannan kuma yana nufin za a samar da ƙarancin wutar lantarki.[15] === Ƙimar tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa === Haka kuma an samu cece-kuce saboda tantance tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa da kuma nazarin tasirin muhalli da ya gabata (EIS) ba a yi shi ba sai bayan shekaru biyu da fara aikin ginin dam.[9] Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Habasha tana buƙatar a yi kimanta tasirin muhalli ga kowane aiki "mai yiwuwa ya haifar da mummunan tasirin muhalli" kuma "dole ne a ƙaddamar da EIS kafin fara wani gini ko duk wani aiwatar da aikin."[33]. === Ƙimar tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa na hukuma === Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) da Agriconsulting na Italiya sun gudanar da Ƙimar Muhalli da Tasirin Tasirin Jama'a (ESIA), tare da MDI Consulting Engineers daga Habasha. A cewar Anthony Mitchell, injiniyan injiniya wanda ya gabatar da wani bincike mai zaman kansa kan yiwuwar madatsar ruwa ga bankin raya Afirka, masu kamfanin CESI sun hada da dillalai da za su iya cin gajiyar aikin kuma ba a bayyana wannan rikici na sha'awa a cikin bayanin tasirin ba.[34] A matsayin wani ɓangare na tantancewar, a cewar Kamfanin Project, an gudanar da shawarwarin jama'a tare da "jami'ai da cibiyoyi, mutanen da aikin ya shafa da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu"[1]. A cewar masu suka, waɗannan shawarwarin sun kasance kaɗan. Mafi mahimmanci, an kammala tantancewar ne kawai a cikin Yuli 2008, kusan shekaru biyu bayan fara ginin, wanda ya saba wa dokar Habasha kuma ya bambanta da kyakkyawan yanayin duniya na kimanta muhalli.[15] Hakanan, an kafa kwamitin ba da shawara kan muhalli mai zaman kansa har zuwa ƙarshen Yuli 2009, [1] a bayyane yake a cikin wani yunƙuri na jinkiri don gamsar da sukar aikin. === Madadin bayanin tasirin muhalli === Kungiyar Aiki ta Albarkatun Afirka (ARWG), hadin gwiwa na masu ba da shawara takwas daga ko'ina cikin duniya, sun gudanar da bayanin tasirin muhalli mai zaman kansa na nasu ga madatsar Gibe III. An yi madaidaicin bayanin tasirin tasiri ne saboda zargin cin hanci da rashawa da rashin daidaito na kimanta tasirin tasiri na hukuma[19]. Kungiyar ta ARWG ta soki yawancin maganganun da aka yi a hukumance ta Gibe III ESIA. Dangane da kwararar ruwa zuwa tafkin Turkana, sun bayyana cewa dam din na Gibe III zai haifar da raguwar yawan kwararar kogin da kashi 57-60%.[19] Har ila yau, ARWG ta lura cewa ba lallai ba ne yawan ruwan da ke da muhimmanci ga muhallin kogin Omo da Turkana, amma yanayin yanayi da kuma lokacin kwararar ruwa yana da matukar muhimmanci, saboda an daidaita wasu kwayoyin halittun da ake amfani da su wajen ciyar da su, da haifuwa, da girma, da dai sauransu don magance sauyin yanayi a lokutan ruwa.[19] Fitar da ruwa ta hanyar wucin gadi daga madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III zuwa cikin kogin Omo ba zai wadatar da biyan bukatun wadannan kwayoyin halittu ba. Bugu da kari, kungiyar ta ARWG ta bayyana cewa, “babu wani abin tarihi na nasara da dorewar aiwatarwa” na shirin kwaikwayar ambaliyar ruwa ta wucin gadi a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, don haka ba ta da tabbacin cewa za a ci gaba da gudanar da irin wannan shirin a madatsar ruwan Gibe III.[19] == Kyautar kwangilar gini == An bayar da kwangilar gina madatsar ruwa ne a shekarar 2006 ga Salini Costruttori na Italiya. An ba da ƙirar aikin injiniya ga Studio Pietrangeli[35] da kuma kulawar ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italiya - Coyne et Bellier, Faransa) a matsayin wakilin Kamfanin Lantarki na Habasha. An bayar da kwangilar ga Salini Construttori bayan tattaunawa kai tsaye maimakon ba da izinin yin kwangilar daga wasu kamfanoni masu cancanta. Cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi na kasa da kasa na bukatar yin gasa na kwangilar gine-gine, wanda hakan ya sa gwamnatin Habasha ta yi wahala samun lamuni daga gare su.[9] Babban manajan Hukumar Lantarki ta Habasha, Mihert Debeba, ya kare tsallake tsarin tsarin, yayin da ya tsallake wani tsari na "sharadi masu kyau" da Habasha ba za ta iya cimma ba, wanda zai dakatar da duk wani ci gaban wutar lantarki.[9] An bayar da kwangilar gina madatsar ruwa ne a shekarar 2006 ga Salini Costruttori na Italiya. An ba da ƙirar aikin injiniya ga Studio Pietrangeli[35] da kuma kulawar ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italiya - Coyne et Bellier, Faransa) a matsayin wakilin Kamfanin Lantarki na Habasha. An bayar da kwangilar ga Salini Construttori bayan tattaunawa kai tsaye maimakon ba da izinin yin kwangilar daga wasu kamfanoni masu cancanta. Cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi na kasa da kasa na bukatar yin gasa na kwangilar gine-gine, wanda hakan ya sa gwamnatin Habasha ta yi wahala samun lamuni daga gare su.[9] Babban manajan Hukumar Lantarki ta Habasha, Mihert Debeba, ya kare tsallake tsarin tsarin, yayin da ya tsallake wani tsari na "sharadi masu kyau" da Habasha ba za ta iya cimma ba, wanda zai dakatar da duk wani ci gaban wutar lantarki.[9] == kudade == An kiyasta kudin da aka kashe a madatsar ruwa da wutar lantarkin ya kai Yuro biliyan 1.55. An kiyasta kudin layin da ya tashi daga tashar wutar lantarki zuwa tashar Wolayta Sodo da ke kusa da Yuro miliyan 35. Wadannan kudaden ba su hada da kudaden da ake kashewa wajen gina ko inganta layukan wutar lantarki zuwa Addis Abeba da kuma zuwa Djibouti zuwa Arewa maso Gabashin Dam din, zuwa Sudan ta Yamma da kuma zuwa Kenya a Kudu, duk suna da tazarar kilomita 500 zuwa 1000 daga madatsar ruwa. Ƙididdigar farashin ba ta haɗa da farashin tsawaita hanyar rarraba wutar lantarki don haɓaka damar samun wutar lantarki yadda ya kamata ba. Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, samun wutar lantarki a kasashen da ke son cin moriyar wutar lantarki har yanzu yana da rauni a kashi 16% a Kenya da kashi 36% a Sudan.[37] A cewar shafin yanar gizon Gibe III, yawancin kudin da aka kashe na gina madatsar ruwan da kanta gwamnatin Habasha ce ta dauki nauyinta da kudadenta.[1] Duk da haka, wani ɓangare na aikin yana samun kuɗi ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na kamfani mai suna "Millennium Bond" wanda Hukumar Kula da Lantarki ta Habasha (EEPCO) ta bayar kuma an sayar da ita tare da mazauna Habasha.[38] Gwamnatin Habasha ta kuma bukaci tallafin dalar Amurka miliyan 250 daga gwamnatin Italiya don ayyukan farar hula. A cikin 2008, JPMorgan Chase da hukumar kula da lamuni ta Italiya SACE sun ƙi ba da kuɗi. A watan Mayun shekarar 2010 EEPco da kamfanin sarrafa injinan lantarki na Dongfang mallakar gwamnatin kasar Sin, sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna don samar da na'urorin lantarki da injina don aikin. Yarjejeniyar tana goyon bayan rance daga Bankin Masana'antu da Kasuwanci na China wanda aka bayar da rahoton cewa ya cika kashi 85% na dalar Amurka miliyan 495.[39][40][41] Kungiyoyin kare muhalli na kasa da kasa sun soki lamunin da cewa "munafunci ne" da kuma keta alkawarin da ICBC ta dauka kan manufar kasar Sin ta Green Credit.[42] A baya Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai (EIB) ya yi tunanin ba da rancen dalar Amurka miliyan 341 don samar da wutar lantarki da kayan aikin madatsar ruwa. Ya ba da kuɗin karatun tattalin arziki, kuɗi da fasaha don dam.[1][15] A cikin Yuli 2010 EIB ta dakatar da ba da tallafin nazarin muhalli da zamantakewa don madatsar ruwa, tana mai cewa an sami "madadin kuɗaɗen kuɗi" [43]. Bankin Raya Afirka ya kuma yi tunanin bayar da rancen dalar Amurka miliyan 250 don na'urorin lantarki na masana'antar. Bankin Duniya ya kuma yi la'akari da bayar da tallafin aikin. A shekara ta 2008 Bankin Duniya ya yanke shawarar kin bin cikakken binciken dam din, saboda rashin yin takara ga babban dan kwangilar[34]. Bankin Exim na kasar Sin ne ya ba da kudin isar da layin dogo zuwa Addis Ababa. An ba da kwangilar ga Kamfanin Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Co., Ltd. (TBEA) na kasar Sin a ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2009.[1] A watan Yuli 2012 Bankin Duniya ya amince da lamunin dalar Amurka miliyan 684 don aikin babbar hanyar wutar lantarki ta Gabas wanda zai ba da gudummawar layin watsa wutar lantarki kai tsaye mai tsawon Kilovolt 500 tsakanin tashar Wolayta/Sodo a Habasha da tashar Suswa a Kenya.[44] Kungiyoyin kare muhalli sun soki lamunin a matsayin kudade na madatsar ruwa ta Gilgel Gibe III ta bayan gida.[45] == Gilgel Gibe IV Dam == A ranar 15 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009, jaridar Shanghai Daily ta bayar da rahoton wata yarjejeniyar dala biliyan 1.9 tsakanin kamfanin Sino Hydro Corporation na kasar Sin da hukumar wutar lantarki ta Habasha domin gina madatsun ruwa na Gibe IV da Halele Werabesa. ==manazarta== drfgjccmqx7jhad4yog0zc7x8ri652u 893748 893747 2026-08-09T16:37:04Z Asiya Garba 46242 893748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam din Gilgel Gaba II''' madatsar ruwa ce mai tsayi 250 m tare da tashar wutar lantarki mai alaƙa a kan [[Kogin Omo]] a [[Itofiya|Habasha]]. Tana kusa da kilomita {{Cvt|62|km}} (39 yammacin Sodi a cikin Yankin Yankin Kudancin Habasha. A lokacin da aka ba da cikakken aikin, madatsar ruwan ita ce ta uku mafi girma a Afirka tare da fitar da wutar lantarki kusan 1,870 Megawatt (MW), don haka fiye da ninki biyu na jimlar shigarwar Habasha daga matakin a shekarar 2007 na 814 MW. Dam din Gibe III wani bangare ne na cascade na Gibe, jerin madatsun ruwa ciki har da madatsar ruwa ta Gibe I (184 MW) da tashar wutar lantarki ta Gibe II (420 MW) da kuma madatsar ruwan Gibe IV (1,472 MW) da Gibe V (560 MW). Dam din da ke akwai mallakar kuma ana sarrafa su ne ta kamfanin lantarki na Habasha, wanda kuma shine abokin ciniki na Dam din Gibe III.&nbsp; Aikin dalar Amurka biliyan 1.8 ya fara ne a shekarar 2006, kuma an fara samar da wutar lantarki a watan Oktoban 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |access-date=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |access-date=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |access-date=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> Sauran janareton sun fara aiki a shekarar 2016. Aikin ya fuskanci jinkiri sosai; a watan Mayun 2012, an shirya kammala aikin a watan Yunin 2013. Firayim Minista [[Hailemariam Desalegn]] ne ya kaddamar da madatsar ruwan a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 2016. == Zane == Madatsar ruwa ta Gilgel Gibe III ita ce {{Cvt|610|m|ft|-long}} da kuma {{Cvt|243|m}} madatsar ruwa mai cike da siminti mai tsayi. Yana hana ƙarfin ma'ajiyar ruwa na {{Cvt|14.7|km3|mi3}} da kuma faɗin saman {{Cvt|210|km2|mi2}} , an tattara daga yankin magudanar ruwa na {{Cvt|34150|km2|mi2}} . Ma'ajiyar ma'ajiyar ruwa mai rai (mai aiki ko "mai amfani") ita ce {{Cvt|11.75|km3|mi3}} da kuma ma'ajiyar matattun {{Cvt|2.95|km3|mi3}} . Matsayin aiki na yau da kullun na ma'ajiyar ruwa shine {{Cvt|892|m|ft}} sama da matakin teku tare da matsakaicin {{Cvt|893|m}} kuma aƙalla {{Cvt|800|m|ft}} . [[Hanyar Zube|Magudanar ruwa]] ta madatsar ruwa tana da {{Cvt|108|m}} mai tsayi da [[Kofar ambaliya|ƙofar ambaliyar ruwa -]] wanda aka sarrafa shi tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin fitarwa na {{Cvt|18000|m3/s|ft3/s}} . Ruwa sama da {{Cvt|873|m}} sama da matakin teku za a iya fitar da shi ta ƙofofinsa. Ciyar da gidan wutar lantarki na madatsar ruwa akwai ramuka biyu waɗanda kowanne ya rarrafe zuwa ramuka biyar daban-daban ga kowane injin turbine. Gidan wutar lantarki yana ɗauke da tankuna 187 guda goma.&nbsp;Injinan samar da wutar lantarki na MW waɗanda injinan Francis ke tallafawa don jimlar ƙarfin wutar lantarki 1,870&nbsp;MW. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |access-date=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> Tsarin farko na madatsar ruwan ya yi nuni da madatsar ruwan da ke cike da duwatsu. Duk da haka, saboda matsaloli wajen samun isasshen inshora ga madatsar ruwan da ke cike da duwatsu, an canza tsarin zuwa siminti mai cike da na'urori. == fa'idodi == Babban fa'idar madatsar ruwan ita ce samar da wutar lantarki [[Makamashi mai sabuntawa|mai sabuntawa]] kuma ana iya tura ta . An yi hasashen cewa za ta samar da kusan rabin wutar lantarki ga Habasha sannan ta fitar da sauran rabin zuwa [[Kenya]] (500 MW), [[Sudan]] (200 MW) da [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] (200 MW). Duk da haka, an daɗe ana jinkiri wajen cimma Yarjejeniyar Siyan Wutar Lantarki . Kenya ce kawai ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Fahimta don siyan wutar lantarki daga madatsar ruwan. Bankin Duniya ya amince da ba da kuɗaɗen layin wutar lantarki ga Kenya a watan Yulin shekara ta 2012. Samun damar shiga tashar wutar lantarki a Habasha a halin yanzu yana da ƙasa sosai. Kasa da kashi 2% na al'ummar karkara ta Habasha, wanda kuma ya kai kashi 85% na jimillar al'ummar, suna da damar shiga tashar. Tare da goyon bayan Bankin Duniya, gwamnati tana gudanar da wani babban aiki na faɗaɗa hanyar samun wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara. A shekara ta 2003, ƙarancin ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki tare da mummunan fari ya haifar da katsewar wutar lantarki na tsawon awanni 15 sau biyu a mako na tsawon watanni shida, wanda ya yi sanadiyyar asarar tattalin arziki da aka kiyasta dala miliyan 200. A shekara ta 2008 da 2009, Habasha ta sake fuskantar katsewar wutar lantarki da raguwar wutar lantarki . A cewar International Rivers Network, katsewar wutar lantarki ya faru ne sakamakon fari, saboda kusan dukkan samar da wutar lantarki a Habasha ana amfani da wutar lantarki ne. A cewar wannan majiya, duk da karuwar damar shiga tashar wutar lantarki, yawan amfani da wutar lantarki zai iya kasancewa ƙasa a nan gaba saboda matakin talauci da ake ciki. <ref name="IRN" /> Ko da ba tare da tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Gibe III ba, a cewar wata majiya, Habasha tana da isasshen ƙarfin da aka sanya na megawatts 400. A karkashin shirye-shiryen ci gaban Habasha na yanzu, an ce kasar za ta dogara da wutar lantarki fiye da kashi 95% a kan ruwa. Habasha ta yi hasashen cewa fitar da wutar lantarki zai samar da kudaden shiga kusan dala miliyan 407 a kowace shekara, wanda ya zarce darajar fitar da kofi mafi daraja a kasar, wato kofi. <ref name="IRN" /> == Rigima == Aikin yana da cece-kuce saboda tasirinsa na muhalli da zamantakewa, wanda girmansa a kansa ya zama abin cece-kuce; saboda bayar da kwangilar ginin ba tare da gasa ba; da kuma saboda zargin rashin gaskiya a cikin lamuran ayyukan. Misali, ba a buga kimar muhalli da tasirin zamantakewa ba sai bayan shekaru biyu da fara ginin.<ref>BBC <nowiki>News:The</nowiki> dam that divides Ethiopians, March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Kiyasin ya nuna cewa aikin zai haifar da kananan matsaloli ta muhalli da zamantakewa. Duk da haka, masu sukar suna la'akari da shi a matsayin aibi duka ta fuskar daidaito da kuma haƙiƙa. Daga cikin wadannan masu sukar har da ƙungiyar Aiki ta Albarkatun Afirka wacce ta fitar da sanarwa tana mai cewa "Bayanan adadi [da masu inganci] da ke kunshe cikin kusan dukkanin manyan sassan rahoton an zabo su a fili don daidaito da manufar da aka kayyade na tabbatar da kammala ginin madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III"<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> bala'i."<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Wani fitaccen mai sukar dam din shi ne masanin burbushin halittu na kasar Kenya Richard Leakey wanda ya ce "aikin yana da kura-kurai matuka dangane da tunaninsa, dangane da cikakkarsa, dangane da sakamakonsa"[20]. A cikin watan Yunin shekarar 2011 kwamitin UNESCO na UNESCO a zamansa na 35 da ya gudanar a birnin Paris na ƙasar Faransa ya yi kira da a dakatar da aikin gina madatsar ruwan, don gabatar da duk wani bincike na madatsar ruwa, sannan ya bukaci kasashen Habasha da Kenya da su gayyaci cibiyar kula da kayayyakin tarihi ta duniya/IUCN domin duba tasirin da madatsar ruwa ke da shi a tafkin Turkana, wurin tarihi na duniya.[21] == Tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa == A cewar hukumomin kasar Habasha, da zarar an gina madatsar ruwa adadin ruwan da ke kwarara cikin tafkin ba zai canza ba. Bambanci kawai zai kasance mafi kwanciyar hankali a cikin shekara - ƙari a lokacin rani, da ƙasa a lokacin rigar. Firayim Ministan Habasha Meles Zenawi ya fada a wata hira da BBC cewa: "Babban tasirin muhallin aikin yana da matukar fa'ida. Yana kara yawan ruwa a cikin tsarin kogin, yana daidaita matsalar ambaliya gaba daya, wanda ya kasance babbar matsala, yana inganta rayuwar jama'a a karkashin kasa saboda za su yi ayyukan ban ruwa, kuma ko ta yaya hakan ba zai shafi tafkin Turkana ba. Wannan shi ne abin da bincikenmu ya nuna."[22]. A cewar masu suka, madatsar ruwan za ta yi illa ga al’ummar ‘yan asalin.<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dam din zai dakatar da ambaliya a lokuta da dama, wanda zai yi tasiri a kasa da kogin Omo da tafkin Turkana da kuma mutanen da suka dogara da wadannan halittun don rayuwarsu. A cewar Terri Hathaway, darektan shirin Afirka na Rivers na kasa da kasa, Gibe III "dam ne mafi lalata da ake ginawa a Afirka." Aikin zai yi Allah wadai da "rabin miliyan na mutanen yankin da ke fama da yunwa da rikici."[23]. === Tasiri kan rayuwar mazauna karamar kwarin Omo === An yi kiyasin cewa sama da mutane 200,000 ne ke dogaro da kogin Omo da ke karkashin dam din don wani nau'i na rayuwa kamar tabarbarewar ambaliyar ruwa, kuma yawancin wadannan kabilu na rayuwa cikin matsananciyar yunwa. Masu sukar sun bayyana cewa madatsar Gibe III na iya dagula lamarinsu. ’Yan asalin ƙasar sun dogara ne kan noman abinci a bakin kogi, da kuma kiwo, don tsira. Dam din Gibe III da raguwar matakan ruwa da kuma yanayin kwararar ruwa a cikin kogin Omo na barazana ga ci gaba da zabi biyu kacal na rayuwa a cikin wannan yanayi mara dadi—babu wasu hanyoyi.<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Mutanen da ke zaune a yankin aikin wani yanki ne na Kudancin Kudancin Habasha, rukuni na mutane daban-daban. Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilun da dam ɗin ya shafa sun haɗa da al’ummomi daban-daban guda takwas: Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom da Daasanach.[15] Stephen Corry, Daraktan kungiyar kare hakkin 'yan asalin kasar ta Survival International ya ce, "Dam din Gibe III zai zama bala'in bala'i ga kabilun kwarin Omo. Za a lalatar da filayensu da rayuwarsu, duk da haka 'yan kalilan ne ke da ra'ayin abin da ke gaba. Gwamnati ta keta kundin tsarin mulkin Habasha da dokokin kasa da kasa a cikin tsarin siyan kayayyaki. Babu wani aikin da ya kamata a yi a waje da wannan aikin." Wasu majiyoyi sun lura cewa, lokacin da aka yi hira da su, mutanen kauyuka da dama ba su taba jin labarin dam din Gibe III ba, kuma da yawa daga cikinsu ba su ma san menene dam din ba.[19] Wannan manuniya ce ta gazawar tuntuɓar juna da amincewar jama'a ga ƴan asalin ƙasar. Tsira, tare da gangamin kawo sauyi na bankin duniya, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Turkana Rivers da International Rivers sun kaddamar da koke na dakatar da madatsar ruwa[24]. Masu goyon bayan madatsar ruwa sun yi zargin cewa ana shirin fitar da ambaliyar ruwa ta wucin gadi daga cikin tafki. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ana hasashen ayyukan ban ruwa don inganta rayuwar al'ummar ƙasa.[25] Kamar yadda ya zama sananne ga jama'a a cikin Nuwamba 2011 ta hanyar wani rahoto na Cibiyar Oakland, hakika akwai shirye-shirye masu yawa na noman auduga da rake a kan hekta 445,000 a cikin ƙananan kwarin Omo. Za a iya ba da tallafin noman rake da taimako daga Indiya, wacce ke da himma sosai wajen haɓaka samar da sukari na Habasha. Masu saka hannun jari a gonakin galibin kamfanoni ne na gwamnatin Habasha.[18] == Rahotanni game da take hakkin dan Adam == === Tasiri kan yanayin muhalli na ƙananan kwarin Omo === Ragewar ruwan kogin Omo da ya samo asali daga madatsar ruwan Gibe III zai yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin da ke kewaye da kogin. Kogin Omo ya kasance gida ne kawai ga dazuzzukan kogin kogin da ya saura a busasshiyar yankin kudu da hamadar sahara. Rayuwar wannan dajin ya dogara ne kan ambaliyar ruwan kogin Omo, wanda zai daina aikin dam. Wannan na iya sa 290 km2 na gandun daji ya " bushe" daga rashin ruwa. Ragewar ruwa kuma zai yi mummunan tasiri, idan ba a kawar da shi ba, duk ayyukan tattalin arziki da ke da alaƙa da Kogin Omo kamar noma, kamun kifi, da yawon buɗe ido. Matsayin ruwan kogin Omo yana da mahimmanci don sake cajin ruwan karkashin kasa a cikin kwarin Omo.<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Idan ruwan kogin ya ragu da zarar an gina madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III, to ba za ta iya sake cika ruwan karkashin kasa ba, lamarin da ya sa akasarin tafsirin ya rasa ruwan karkashin kasa, wanda ke yin illa ga mutane da muhalli. Yayin da ruwan kogin Omo ya ragu, zaftarewar gabar kogin zai karu, wanda hakan zai haifar da karuwar kwararowar ruwa a cikin kogin, da asarar kasa don noman amfanin gona a gefen kogin, da asarar wuraren zama a kogin.[19] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a watan Disamba na shekarar 2012 ya bayyana cewa madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III na kasar Habasha zai haifar da bala'in jin kai da kuma babban rikici na makami a kan iyaka.[26] Gina daya daga cikin madatsun ruwa mafi tsayi a duniya a kogin Omo da ke kudancin kasar Habasha, zai haifar da gamuwa da yunwa a tsakanin 'yan asalin kasar rabin miliyan a yankin da ke fama da yunwa, lamarin da ya haifar da babban rikici na makamai a yankin kan iyaka da kasashe uku saboda bacewar albarkatun kasa, a cewar wani sabon rahoto daga kungiyar agaji ta African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Masifar Bil'adama da Rikicin Yaki da Makamai na Yanki a Yankin Matsakaici na Habasha, Kenya, da Sudan ta Kudu: Tsarin Gibe III da aka tsara a Habasha" ya yi nazari kan cikakken tasirin da madatsar ruwan ke da shi tare da zargin cewa gwamnatin Habasha ko bankunan ci gaban kasa da kasa da ke da ruwa da tsaki a aikin ba a gudanar da wani nazari na muhalli ko zamantakewa game da cikakken tasirin kan iyakoki ba. Wani memba na ARWG da mai bincike na dogon lokaci a yankin ne ya rubuta shi, Claudia J. Carr, farfesa a Jami'ar California, Berkeley. Rahoton mai shafuka 250 ya dogara ne akan ingantaccen bincike na tushen filin da ya shafi sa hannu na mazauna yankin a cikin mafi yawan yankunan da ke kan iyaka. Tuni dai kasar Habasha ta fara aikin gina madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III tare da kogin Omo, tare da sanin cewa zai haifar da raguwar kwararar kogin a kasa da kuma raguwar kwararar ruwa zuwa tafkin Turkana na kasar Kenya, wanda ke samun kashi 90 na ruwansa daga kogin. A cewar rahoton na ARWG, wadannan sauye-sauyen za su lalata hanyoyin rayuwa na akalla makiyaya 200,000, masu noma da masunta da suka dogara da ambaliyar ruwa a kogin Omo 300,000 makiyaya da masunta a kusa da gabar tafkin Turkana - lamarin da zai jefa kabilun yankin cikin rikici mai nasaba da iyaka da Sudan ta Kudu. Rahoton ya ba da kyakkyawan tsari na ci gaba mai cike da kura-kurai, sakamakon bukatu na musamman na kudi na duniya da gwamnatocin Afirka. A cikin wannan tsari, yana gano manyan haɗarin da ba a kula da su ba ko akasin haka, ba ko kaɗan daga cikinsu shine kiyasin binciken yanayin ƙasa na Amurka na babban haɗarin girgizar ƙasa 7 ko 8 a yankin madatsar ruwan Gibe III. Farfesa Carr a cikin sabon littafinta [27] ya kara yin nazari kan yadda hanyoyin ci gaba da kudade na kasa da kasa, gwamnatocin Afirka da masana'antun shawarwari na duniya zasu iya haifar da irin wannan mummunan sakamako ga yawancin mutanen da irin wannan ci gaba ya shafa. === Tasiri kan tafkin Turkana === Girman tasirin da madatsar ruwa da ayyukan noman ruwa da madatsar ruwa za ta haifar a matakin ruwan tafkin Turkana na da cece-kuce. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a bankin raya kasashen Afirka a watan Nuwamban shekarar 2010, ya kammala da cewa, cika dam din zai rage yawan ruwan tafkin da tsawon mita biyu, idan ba a yi aikin ban ruwa ba. Ban ruwa zai haifar da raguwar matakin tafkin.[28] Kawayen tafkin Turkana, wata kungiyar kasar Kenya dake wakiltar kungiyoyin ‘yan asalin yankin arewa maso yammacin kasar Kenya wadanda rayuwarsu ke da alaka da tafkin Turkana, sun yi kiyasin cewa madatsar ruwan na iya rage girman tafkin Turkana da tsawon mita 10 wanda zai shafi mutane dubu 300.[29] Wannan na iya haifar da ƙarar ruwan ɗimbin gishiri zuwa inda ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin da ke kusa da tafkin ba za su iya sha ba. A halin yanzu, gishirin ruwan ya kai kusan 2332 mg/l, kuma an yi kiyasin cewa raguwar mitoci 10 na ruwan tafkin Turkana na iya sa gishiri ya tashi zuwa 3.397 g/L.[19] Har ila yau, kiwon salinity na iya rage yawan kifin da ke cikin tafkin, wanda mutanen da ke kusa da tafkin Turkana suka dogara da su don ciyar da su da kuma rayuwarsu. A cewar masu suka, wannan "zai hukunta tafkin zuwa ga mutuwa ba a hankali ba."[9]. A cewar masu goyon bayan madatsar ruwan, tasirin da tafkin Turkana zai yi zai takaita ne ga rage kwararar ruwa na wucin gadi yayin da ake cike tafki. Majiyoyi daban-daban sun bayyana cewa cikawar zai iya ɗauka tsakanin yanayi guda ɗaya zuwa uku.[9][25] Jimillar adadin ajiyar tafki na madatsar ruwan Gibe III zai kasance tsakanin mita biliyan 11.75 zuwa cubic biliyan 14, ya danganta da tushe. A cewar kamfanin da ke gina madatsar ruwan, hakan zai rage yawan ruwan da ke cikin tafkin da “kasa da 50 cm a kowace shekara har tsawon shekaru uku” kuma gishirin “ba zai canza ta kowace fuska ba”[25]. A cewar kwamitin kula da muhallin tafkin na duniya, kashi 90% na ruwan tafkin Turkana, kogin Omo ne ke kai shi, wanda za a gina madatsar ruwa a kai.[30] Ba tare da wata hanya ba, tafkin Turkana yana asarar ruwa mita 2.3 a kowace shekara saboda ƙawancewar yanayi, kuma matakinsa yana kula da sauyin yanayi da yanayi. Don kwatancen, matakin tarihi na tafkin Turkana ya ragu daga tsayin mita 20 sama da matakin yau a cikin shekarun 1890 zuwa irin na yau a shekarun 1940 da 1950. Daga nan sai ya sake karuwa a hankali da mita 7 har ya kai kololuwa a wajen 1980, daga baya kuma ya sake raguwa[30]. Takaitacciyar kimanta muhalli da zamantakewa (ESIA) na aikin ba ta tantance tasirin dam din kan ruwa da ingancin ruwan tafkin Turkana ba.[31] Daraktan hukumar kula da harkokin ruwa ta Kenya, John Nyaoro, ya bayar da hujjar cewa dam din ba zai yi wani mummunan tasiri a tafkin Turkana ba.[32] === Sauran tasirai === An yi hasashen cewa akwai kusan 50-75% na zubar ruwa daga tafki saboda karaya da yawa a cikin basalt a wurin da aka shirya tafki.[15] Sakamakon hasarar ruwa a tafki, dam din ba zai iya samar da wutar lantarki mai yawa ba, haka kuma da karancin wutar lantarki da za a iya fitarwa zuwa wasu kasashe da ke kusa. Har ila yau, madatsar ruwa da tafki suna da rauni ga ayyukan girgizar kasa saboda girgizar kasa da zabtarewar kasa a yankin aikin Gibe III.[19] Girgizar kasa na iya haifar da karaya mai girma ga dam din kuma suna da saukin kamuwa da kwararar ruwa tare da rage hanyoyin tattalin arziki. Bugu da ƙari, zabtarewar ƙasa za ta cika tafki kuma za a iya adana ƙarancin ruwa. Wannan kuma yana nufin za a samar da ƙarancin wutar lantarki.[15] === Ƙimar tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa === Haka kuma an samu cece-kuce saboda tantance tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa da kuma nazarin tasirin muhalli da ya gabata (EIS) ba a yi shi ba sai bayan shekaru biyu da fara aikin ginin dam.[9] Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Habasha tana buƙatar a yi kimanta tasirin muhalli ga kowane aiki "mai yiwuwa ya haifar da mummunan tasirin muhalli" kuma "dole ne a ƙaddamar da EIS kafin fara wani gini ko duk wani aiwatar da aikin."[33]. === Ƙimar tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa na hukuma === Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) da Agriconsulting na Italiya sun gudanar da Ƙimar Muhalli da Tasirin Tasirin Jama'a (ESIA), tare da MDI Consulting Engineers daga Habasha. A cewar Anthony Mitchell, injiniyan injiniya wanda ya gabatar da wani bincike mai zaman kansa kan yiwuwar madatsar ruwa ga bankin raya Afirka, masu kamfanin CESI sun hada da dillalai da za su iya cin gajiyar aikin kuma ba a bayyana wannan rikici na sha'awa a cikin bayanin tasirin ba.[34] A matsayin wani ɓangare na tantancewar, a cewar Kamfanin Project, an gudanar da shawarwarin jama'a tare da "jami'ai da cibiyoyi, mutanen da aikin ya shafa da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu"[1]. A cewar masu suka, waɗannan shawarwarin sun kasance kaɗan. Mafi mahimmanci, an kammala tantancewar ne kawai a cikin Yuli 2008, kusan shekaru biyu bayan fara ginin, wanda ya saba wa dokar Habasha kuma ya bambanta da kyakkyawan yanayin duniya na kimanta muhalli.[15] Hakanan, an kafa kwamitin ba da shawara kan muhalli mai zaman kansa har zuwa ƙarshen Yuli 2009, [1] a bayyane yake a cikin wani yunƙuri na jinkiri don gamsar da sukar aikin. === Madadin bayanin tasirin muhalli === Kungiyar Aiki ta Albarkatun Afirka (ARWG), hadin gwiwa na masu ba da shawara takwas daga ko'ina cikin duniya, sun gudanar da bayanin tasirin muhalli mai zaman kansa na nasu ga madatsar Gibe III. An yi madaidaicin bayanin tasirin tasiri ne saboda zargin cin hanci da rashawa da rashin daidaito na kimanta tasirin tasiri na hukuma[19]. Kungiyar ta ARWG ta soki yawancin maganganun da aka yi a hukumance ta Gibe III ESIA. Dangane da kwararar ruwa zuwa tafkin Turkana, sun bayyana cewa dam din na Gibe III zai haifar da raguwar yawan kwararar kogin da kashi 57-60%.[19] Har ila yau, ARWG ta lura cewa ba lallai ba ne yawan ruwan da ke da muhimmanci ga muhallin kogin Omo da Turkana, amma yanayin yanayi da kuma lokacin kwararar ruwa yana da matukar muhimmanci, saboda an daidaita wasu kwayoyin halittun da ake amfani da su wajen ciyar da su, da haifuwa, da girma, da dai sauransu don magance sauyin yanayi a lokutan ruwa.[19] Fitar da ruwa ta hanyar wucin gadi daga madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III zuwa cikin kogin Omo ba zai wadatar da biyan bukatun wadannan kwayoyin halittu ba. Bugu da kari, kungiyar ta ARWG ta bayyana cewa, “babu wani abin tarihi na nasara da dorewar aiwatarwa” na shirin kwaikwayar ambaliyar ruwa ta wucin gadi a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, don haka ba ta da tabbacin cewa za a ci gaba da gudanar da irin wannan shirin a madatsar ruwan Gibe III.[19] == Kyautar kwangilar gini == An bayar da kwangilar gina madatsar ruwa ne a shekarar 2006 ga Salini Costruttori na Italiya. An ba da ƙirar aikin injiniya ga Studio Pietrangeli[35] da kuma kulawar ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italiya - Coyne et Bellier, Faransa) a matsayin wakilin Kamfanin Lantarki na Habasha. An bayar da kwangilar ga Salini Construttori bayan tattaunawa kai tsaye maimakon ba da izinin yin kwangilar daga wasu kamfanoni masu cancanta. Cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi na kasa da kasa na bukatar yin gasa na kwangilar gine-gine, wanda hakan ya sa gwamnatin Habasha ta yi wahala samun lamuni daga gare su.[9] Babban manajan Hukumar Lantarki ta Habasha, Mihert Debeba, ya kare tsallake tsarin tsarin, yayin da ya tsallake wani tsari na "sharadi masu kyau" da Habasha ba za ta iya cimma ba, wanda zai dakatar da duk wani ci gaban wutar lantarki.[9] An bayar da kwangilar gina madatsar ruwa ne a shekarar 2006 ga Salini Costruttori na Italiya. An ba da ƙirar aikin injiniya ga Studio Pietrangeli[35] da kuma kulawar ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italiya - Coyne et Bellier, Faransa) a matsayin wakilin Kamfanin Lantarki na Habasha. An bayar da kwangilar ga Salini Construttori bayan tattaunawa kai tsaye maimakon ba da izinin yin kwangilar daga wasu kamfanoni masu cancanta. Cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi na kasa da kasa na bukatar yin gasa na kwangilar gine-gine, wanda hakan ya sa gwamnatin Habasha ta yi wahala samun lamuni daga gare su.[9] Babban manajan Hukumar Lantarki ta Habasha, Mihert Debeba, ya kare tsallake tsarin tsarin, yayin da ya tsallake wani tsari na "sharadi masu kyau" da Habasha ba za ta iya cimma ba, wanda zai dakatar da duk wani ci gaban wutar lantarki.[9] == kudade == An kiyasta kudin da aka kashe a madatsar ruwa da wutar lantarkin ya kai Yuro biliyan 1.55. An kiyasta kudin layin da ya tashi daga tashar wutar lantarki zuwa tashar Wolayta Sodo da ke kusa da Yuro miliyan 35. Wadannan kudaden ba su hada da kudaden da ake kashewa wajen gina ko inganta layukan wutar lantarki zuwa Addis Abeba da kuma zuwa Djibouti zuwa Arewa maso Gabashin Dam din, zuwa Sudan ta Yamma da kuma zuwa Kenya a Kudu, duk suna da tazarar kilomita 500 zuwa 1000 daga madatsar ruwa. Ƙididdigar farashin ba ta haɗa da farashin tsawaita hanyar rarraba wutar lantarki don haɓaka damar samun wutar lantarki yadda ya kamata ba. Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, samun wutar lantarki a kasashen da ke son cin moriyar wutar lantarki har yanzu yana da rauni a kashi 16% a Kenya da kashi 36% a Sudan.[37] A cewar shafin yanar gizon Gibe III, yawancin kudin da aka kashe na gina madatsar ruwan da kanta gwamnatin Habasha ce ta dauki nauyinta da kudadenta.[1] Duk da haka, wani ɓangare na aikin yana samun kuɗi ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na kamfani mai suna "Millennium Bond" wanda Hukumar Kula da Lantarki ta Habasha (EEPCO) ta bayar kuma an sayar da ita tare da mazauna Habasha.[38] Gwamnatin Habasha ta kuma bukaci tallafin dalar Amurka miliyan 250 daga gwamnatin Italiya don ayyukan farar hula. A cikin 2008, JPMorgan Chase da hukumar kula da lamuni ta Italiya SACE sun ƙi ba da kuɗi. A watan Mayun shekarar 2010 EEPco da kamfanin sarrafa injinan lantarki na Dongfang mallakar gwamnatin kasar Sin, sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna don samar da na'urorin lantarki da injina don aikin. Yarjejeniyar tana goyon bayan rance daga Bankin Masana'antu da Kasuwanci na China wanda aka bayar da rahoton cewa ya cika kashi 85% na dalar Amurka miliyan 495.[39][40][41] Kungiyoyin kare muhalli na kasa da kasa sun soki lamunin da cewa "munafunci ne" da kuma keta alkawarin da ICBC ta dauka kan manufar kasar Sin ta Green Credit.[42] A baya Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai (EIB) ya yi tunanin ba da rancen dalar Amurka miliyan 341 don samar da wutar lantarki da kayan aikin madatsar ruwa. Ya ba da kuɗin karatun tattalin arziki, kuɗi da fasaha don dam.[1][15] A cikin Yuli 2010 EIB ta dakatar da ba da tallafin nazarin muhalli da zamantakewa don madatsar ruwa, tana mai cewa an sami "madadin kuɗaɗen kuɗi" [43]. Bankin Raya Afirka ya kuma yi tunanin bayar da rancen dalar Amurka miliyan 250 don na'urorin lantarki na masana'antar. Bankin Duniya ya kuma yi la'akari da bayar da tallafin aikin. A shekara ta 2008 Bankin Duniya ya yanke shawarar kin bin cikakken binciken dam din, saboda rashin yin takara ga babban dan kwangilar[34]. Bankin Exim na kasar Sin ne ya ba da kudin isar da layin dogo zuwa Addis Ababa. An ba da kwangilar ga Kamfanin Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Co., Ltd. (TBEA) na kasar Sin a ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2009.[1] A watan Yuli 2012 Bankin Duniya ya amince da lamunin dalar Amurka miliyan 684 don aikin babbar hanyar wutar lantarki ta Gabas wanda zai ba da gudummawar layin watsa wutar lantarki kai tsaye mai tsawon Kilovolt 500 tsakanin tashar Wolayta/Sodo a Habasha da tashar Suswa a Kenya.[44] Kungiyoyin kare muhalli sun soki lamunin a matsayin kudade na madatsar ruwa ta Gilgel Gibe III ta bayan gida.[45] == Gilgel Gibe IV Dam == A ranar 15 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009, jaridar Shanghai Daily ta bayar da rahoton wata yarjejeniyar dala biliyan 1.9 tsakanin kamfanin Sino Hydro Corporation na kasar Sin da hukumar wutar lantarki ta Habasha domin gina madatsun ruwa na Gibe IV da Halele Werabesa. ==manazarta== fnn4vlvpfyimtqmgxrboob0orjp9axa 893751 893748 2026-08-09T16:37:31Z Asiya Garba 46242 893751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam din Gilgel Gaba II''' madatsar ruwa ce mai tsayi 250 m tare da tashar wutar lantarki mai alaƙa a kan [[Kogin Omo]] a [[Itofiya|Habasha]]. Tana kusa da kilomita {{Cvt|62|km}} (39 yammacin Sodi a cikin Yankin Yankin Kudancin Habasha. A lokacin da aka ba da cikakken aikin, madatsar ruwan ita ce ta uku mafi girma a Afirka tare da fitar da wutar lantarki kusan 1,870 Megawatt (MW), don haka fiye da ninki biyu na jimlar shigarwar Habasha daga matakin a shekarar 2007 na 814 MW. Dam din Gibe III wani bangare ne na cascade na Gibe, jerin madatsun ruwa ciki har da madatsar ruwa ta Gibe I (184 MW) da tashar wutar lantarki ta Gibe II (420 MW) da kuma madatsar ruwan Gibe IV (1,472 MW) da Gibe V (560 MW). Dam din da ke akwai mallakar kuma ana sarrafa su ne ta kamfanin lantarki na Habasha, wanda kuma shine abokin ciniki na Dam din Gibe III.&nbsp; Aikin dalar Amurka biliyan 1.8 ya fara ne a shekarar 2006, kuma an fara samar da wutar lantarki a watan Oktoban 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |access-date=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |access-date=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |access-date=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> Sauran janareton sun fara aiki a shekarar 2016. Aikin ya fuskanci jinkiri sosai; a watan Mayun 2012, an shirya kammala aikin a watan Yunin 2013. Firayim Minista [[Hailemariam Desalegn]] ne ya kaddamar da madatsar ruwan a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 2016. == Zane == Madatsar ruwa ta Gilgel Gibe III ita ce {{Cvt|610|m|ft|-long}} da kuma {{Cvt|243|m}} madatsar ruwa mai cike da siminti mai tsayi. Yana hana ƙarfin ma'ajiyar ruwa na {{Cvt|14.7|km3|mi3}} da kuma faɗin saman {{Cvt|210|km2|mi2}} , an tattara daga yankin magudanar ruwa na {{Cvt|34150|km2|mi2}} . Ma'ajiyar ma'ajiyar ruwa mai rai (mai aiki ko "mai amfani") ita ce {{Cvt|11.75|km3|mi3}} da kuma ma'ajiyar matattun {{Cvt|2.95|km3|mi3}} . Matsayin aiki na yau da kullun na ma'ajiyar ruwa shine {{Cvt|892|m|ft}} sama da matakin teku tare da matsakaicin {{Cvt|893|m}} kuma aƙalla {{Cvt|800|m|ft}} . [[Hanyar Zube|Magudanar ruwa]] ta madatsar ruwa tana da {{Cvt|108|m}} mai tsayi da [[Kofar ambaliya|ƙofar ambaliyar ruwa -]] wanda aka sarrafa shi tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin fitarwa na {{Cvt|18000|m3/s|ft3/s}} . Ruwa sama da {{Cvt|873|m}} sama da matakin teku za a iya fitar da shi ta ƙofofinsa. Ciyar da gidan wutar lantarki na madatsar ruwa akwai ramuka biyu waɗanda kowanne ya rarrafe zuwa ramuka biyar daban-daban ga kowane injin turbine. Gidan wutar lantarki yana ɗauke da tankuna 187 guda goma.&nbsp;Injinan samar da wutar lantarki na MW waɗanda injinan Francis ke tallafawa don jimlar ƙarfin wutar lantarki 1,870&nbsp;MW. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |access-date=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> Tsarin farko na madatsar ruwan ya yi nuni da madatsar ruwan da ke cike da duwatsu. Duk da haka, saboda matsaloli wajen samun isasshen inshora ga madatsar ruwan da ke cike da duwatsu, an canza tsarin zuwa siminti mai cike da na'urori. == fa'idodi == Babban fa'idar madatsar ruwan ita ce samar da wutar lantarki [[Makamashi mai sabuntawa|mai sabuntawa]] kuma ana iya tura ta . An yi hasashen cewa za ta samar da kusan rabin wutar lantarki ga Habasha sannan ta fitar da sauran rabin zuwa [[Kenya]] (500 MW), [[Sudan]] (200 MW) da [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] (200 MW). Duk da haka, an daɗe ana jinkiri wajen cimma Yarjejeniyar Siyan Wutar Lantarki . Kenya ce kawai ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Fahimta don siyan wutar lantarki daga madatsar ruwan. Bankin Duniya ya amince da ba da kuɗaɗen layin wutar lantarki ga Kenya a watan Yulin shekara ta 2012. Samun damar shiga tashar wutar lantarki a Habasha a halin yanzu yana da ƙasa sosai. Kasa da kashi 2% na al'ummar karkara ta Habasha, wanda kuma ya kai kashi 85% na jimillar al'ummar, suna da damar shiga tashar. Tare da goyon bayan Bankin Duniya, gwamnati tana gudanar da wani babban aiki na faɗaɗa hanyar samun wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara. A shekara ta 2003, ƙarancin ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki tare da mummunan fari ya haifar da katsewar wutar lantarki na tsawon awanni 15 sau biyu a mako na tsawon watanni shida, wanda ya yi sanadiyyar asarar tattalin arziki da aka kiyasta dala miliyan 200. A shekara ta 2008 da 2009, Habasha ta sake fuskantar katsewar wutar lantarki da raguwar wutar lantarki . A cewar International Rivers Network, katsewar wutar lantarki ya faru ne sakamakon fari, saboda kusan dukkan samar da wutar lantarki a Habasha ana amfani da wutar lantarki ne. A cewar wannan majiya, duk da karuwar damar shiga tashar wutar lantarki, yawan amfani da wutar lantarki zai iya kasancewa ƙasa a nan gaba saboda matakin talauci da ake ciki. <ref name="IRN" /> Ko da ba tare da tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Gibe III ba, a cewar wata majiya, Habasha tana da isasshen ƙarfin da aka sanya na megawatts 400. A karkashin shirye-shiryen ci gaban Habasha na yanzu, an ce kasar za ta dogara da wutar lantarki fiye da kashi 95% a kan ruwa. Habasha ta yi hasashen cewa fitar da wutar lantarki zai samar da kudaden shiga kusan dala miliyan 407 a kowace shekara, wanda ya zarce darajar fitar da kofi mafi daraja a kasar, wato kofi. <ref name="IRN" /> == Rigima == Aikin yana da cece-kuce saboda tasirinsa na muhalli da zamantakewa, wanda girmansa a kansa ya zama abin cece-kuce; saboda bayar da kwangilar ginin ba tare da gasa ba; da kuma saboda zargin rashin gaskiya a cikin lamuran ayyukan. Misali, ba a buga kimar muhalli da tasirin zamantakewa ba sai bayan shekaru biyu da fara ginin.<ref>BBC <nowiki>News:The</nowiki> dam that divides Ethiopians, March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Kiyasin ya nuna cewa aikin zai haifar da kananan matsaloli ta muhalli da zamantakewa. Duk da haka, masu sukar suna la'akari da shi a matsayin aibi duka ta fuskar daidaito da kuma haƙiƙa. Daga cikin wadannan masu sukar har da ƙungiyar Aiki ta Albarkatun Afirka wacce ta fitar da sanarwa tana mai cewa "Bayanan adadi [da masu inganci] da ke kunshe cikin kusan dukkanin manyan sassan rahoton an zabo su a fili don daidaito da manufar da aka kayyade na tabbatar da kammala ginin madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III"<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> bala'i."<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Wani fitaccen mai sukar dam din shi ne masanin burbushin halittu na kasar Kenya Richard Leakey wanda ya ce "aikin yana da kura-kurai matuka dangane da tunaninsa, dangane da cikakkarsa, dangane da sakamakonsa"[20]. A cikin watan Yunin shekarar 2011 kwamitin UNESCO na UNESCO a zamansa na 35 da ya gudanar a birnin Paris na ƙasar Faransa ya yi kira da a dakatar da aikin gina madatsar ruwan, don gabatar da duk wani bincike na madatsar ruwa, sannan ya bukaci kasashen Habasha da Kenya da su gayyaci cibiyar kula da kayayyakin tarihi ta duniya/IUCN domin duba tasirin da madatsar ruwa ke da shi a tafkin Turkana, wurin tarihi na duniya.[21] == Tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa == A cewar hukumomin kasar Habasha, da zarar an gina madatsar ruwa adadin ruwan da ke kwarara cikin tafkin ba zai canza ba. Bambanci kawai zai kasance mafi kwanciyar hankali a cikin shekara - ƙari a lokacin rani, da ƙasa a lokacin rigar. Firayim Ministan Habasha Meles Zenawi ya fada a wata hira da BBC cewa: "Babban tasirin muhallin aikin yana da matukar fa'ida. Yana kara yawan ruwa a cikin tsarin kogin, yana daidaita matsalar ambaliya gaba daya, wanda ya kasance babbar matsala, yana inganta rayuwar jama'a a karkashin kasa saboda za su yi ayyukan ban ruwa, kuma ko ta yaya hakan ba zai shafi tafkin Turkana ba. Wannan shi ne abin da bincikenmu ya nuna."[22]. A cewar masu suka, madatsar ruwan za ta yi illa ga al’ummar ‘yan asalin.<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dam din zai dakatar da ambaliya a lokuta da dama, wanda zai yi tasiri a kasa da kogin Omo da tafkin Turkana da kuma mutanen da suka dogara da wadannan halittun don rayuwarsu. A cewar Terri Hathaway, darektan shirin Afirka na Rivers na ƙasa da ƙasa, Gibe III "dam ne mafi lalata da ake ginawa a Afirka." Aikin zai yi Allah wadai da "rabin miliyan na mutanen yankin da ke fama da yunwa da rikici."[23]. === Tasiri kan rayuwar mazauna karamar kwarin Omo === An yi kiyasin cewa sama da mutane 200,000 ne ke dogaro da kogin Omo da ke karkashin dam din don wani nau'i na rayuwa kamar tabarbarewar ambaliyar ruwa, kuma yawancin wadannan kabilu na rayuwa cikin matsananciyar yunwa. Masu sukar sun bayyana cewa madatsar Gibe III na iya dagula lamarinsu. ’Yan asalin ƙasar sun dogara ne kan noman abinci a bakin kogi, da kuma kiwo, don tsira. Dam din Gibe III da raguwar matakan ruwa da kuma yanayin kwararar ruwa a cikin kogin Omo na barazana ga ci gaba da zabi biyu kacal na rayuwa a cikin wannan yanayi mara dadi—babu wasu hanyoyi.<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Mutanen da ke zaune a yankin aikin wani yanki ne na Kudancin Kudancin Habasha, rukuni na mutane daban-daban. Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilun da dam ɗin ya shafa sun haɗa da al’ummomi daban-daban guda takwas: Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom da Daasanach.[15] Stephen Corry, Daraktan kungiyar kare hakkin 'yan asalin kasar ta Survival International ya ce, "Dam din Gibe III zai zama bala'in bala'i ga kabilun kwarin Omo. Za a lalatar da filayensu da rayuwarsu, duk da haka 'yan kalilan ne ke da ra'ayin abin da ke gaba. Gwamnati ta keta kundin tsarin mulkin Habasha da dokokin kasa da kasa a cikin tsarin siyan kayayyaki. Babu wani aikin da ya kamata a yi a waje da wannan aikin." Wasu majiyoyi sun lura cewa, lokacin da aka yi hira da su, mutanen kauyuka da dama ba su taba jin labarin dam din Gibe III ba, kuma da yawa daga cikinsu ba su ma san menene dam din ba.[19] Wannan manuniya ce ta gazawar tuntuɓar juna da amincewar jama'a ga ƴan asalin ƙasar. Tsira, tare da gangamin kawo sauyi na bankin duniya, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Turkana Rivers da International Rivers sun kaddamar da koke na dakatar da madatsar ruwa[24]. Masu goyon bayan madatsar ruwa sun yi zargin cewa ana shirin fitar da ambaliyar ruwa ta wucin gadi daga cikin tafki. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ana hasashen ayyukan ban ruwa don inganta rayuwar al'ummar ƙasa.[25] Kamar yadda ya zama sananne ga jama'a a cikin Nuwamba 2011 ta hanyar wani rahoto na Cibiyar Oakland, hakika akwai shirye-shirye masu yawa na noman auduga da rake a kan hekta 445,000 a cikin ƙananan kwarin Omo. Za a iya ba da tallafin noman rake da taimako daga Indiya, wacce ke da himma sosai wajen haɓaka samar da sukari na Habasha. Masu saka hannun jari a gonakin galibin kamfanoni ne na gwamnatin Habasha.[18] == Rahotanni game da take hakkin dan Adam == === Tasiri kan yanayin muhalli na ƙananan kwarin Omo === Ragewar ruwan kogin Omo da ya samo asali daga madatsar ruwan Gibe III zai yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin da ke kewaye da kogin. Kogin Omo ya kasance gida ne kawai ga dazuzzukan kogin kogin da ya saura a busasshiyar yankin kudu da hamadar sahara. Rayuwar wannan dajin ya dogara ne kan ambaliyar ruwan kogin Omo, wanda zai daina aikin dam. Wannan na iya sa 290 km2 na gandun daji ya " bushe" daga rashin ruwa. Ragewar ruwa kuma zai yi mummunan tasiri, idan ba a kawar da shi ba, duk ayyukan tattalin arziki da ke da alaƙa da Kogin Omo kamar noma, kamun kifi, da yawon buɗe ido. Matsayin ruwan kogin Omo yana da mahimmanci don sake cajin ruwan karkashin kasa a cikin kwarin Omo.<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Idan ruwan kogin ya ragu da zarar an gina madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III, to ba za ta iya sake cika ruwan karkashin kasa ba, lamarin da ya sa akasarin tafsirin ya rasa ruwan karkashin kasa, wanda ke yin illa ga mutane da muhalli. Yayin da ruwan kogin Omo ya ragu, zaftarewar gabar kogin zai karu, wanda hakan zai haifar da karuwar kwararowar ruwa a cikin kogin, da asarar kasa don noman amfanin gona a gefen kogin, da asarar wuraren zama a kogin.[19] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a watan Disamba na shekarar 2012 ya bayyana cewa madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III na kasar Habasha zai haifar da bala'in jin kai da kuma babban rikici na makami a kan iyaka.[26] Gina daya daga cikin madatsun ruwa mafi tsayi a duniya a kogin Omo da ke kudancin kasar Habasha, zai haifar da gamuwa da yunwa a tsakanin 'yan asalin kasar rabin miliyan a yankin da ke fama da yunwa, lamarin da ya haifar da babban rikici na makamai a yankin kan iyaka da kasashe uku saboda bacewar albarkatun kasa, a cewar wani sabon rahoto daga kungiyar agaji ta African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Masifar Bil'adama da Rikicin Yaki da Makamai na Yanki a Yankin Matsakaici na Habasha, Kenya, da Sudan ta Kudu: Tsarin Gibe III da aka tsara a Habasha" ya yi nazari kan cikakken tasirin da madatsar ruwan ke da shi tare da zargin cewa gwamnatin Habasha ko bankunan ci gaban kasa da kasa da ke da ruwa da tsaki a aikin ba a gudanar da wani nazari na muhalli ko zamantakewa game da cikakken tasirin kan iyakoki ba. Wani memba na ARWG da mai bincike na dogon lokaci a yankin ne ya rubuta shi, Claudia J. Carr, farfesa a Jami'ar California, Berkeley. Rahoton mai shafuka 250 ya dogara ne akan ingantaccen bincike na tushen filin da ya shafi sa hannu na mazauna yankin a cikin mafi yawan yankunan da ke kan iyaka. Tuni dai kasar Habasha ta fara aikin gina madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III tare da kogin Omo, tare da sanin cewa zai haifar da raguwar kwararar kogin a kasa da kuma raguwar kwararar ruwa zuwa tafkin Turkana na kasar Kenya, wanda ke samun kashi 90 na ruwansa daga kogin. A cewar rahoton na ARWG, wadannan sauye-sauyen za su lalata hanyoyin rayuwa na akalla makiyaya 200,000, masu noma da masunta da suka dogara da ambaliyar ruwa a kogin Omo 300,000 makiyaya da masunta a kusa da gabar tafkin Turkana - lamarin da zai jefa kabilun yankin cikin rikici mai nasaba da iyaka da Sudan ta Kudu. Rahoton ya ba da kyakkyawan tsari na ci gaba mai cike da kura-kurai, sakamakon bukatu na musamman na kudi na duniya da gwamnatocin Afirka. A cikin wannan tsari, yana gano manyan haɗarin da ba a kula da su ba ko akasin haka, ba ko kaɗan daga cikinsu shine kiyasin binciken yanayin ƙasa na Amurka na babban haɗarin girgizar ƙasa 7 ko 8 a yankin madatsar ruwan Gibe III. Farfesa Carr a cikin sabon littafinta [27] ya kara yin nazari kan yadda hanyoyin ci gaba da kudade na kasa da kasa, gwamnatocin Afirka da masana'antun shawarwari na duniya zasu iya haifar da irin wannan mummunan sakamako ga yawancin mutanen da irin wannan ci gaba ya shafa. === Tasiri kan tafkin Turkana === Girman tasirin da madatsar ruwa da ayyukan noman ruwa da madatsar ruwa za ta haifar a matakin ruwan tafkin Turkana na da cece-kuce. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a bankin raya kasashen Afirka a watan Nuwamban shekarar 2010, ya kammala da cewa, cika dam din zai rage yawan ruwan tafkin da tsawon mita biyu, idan ba a yi aikin ban ruwa ba. Ban ruwa zai haifar da raguwar matakin tafkin.[28] Kawayen tafkin Turkana, wata kungiyar kasar Kenya dake wakiltar kungiyoyin ‘yan asalin yankin arewa maso yammacin kasar Kenya wadanda rayuwarsu ke da alaka da tafkin Turkana, sun yi kiyasin cewa madatsar ruwan na iya rage girman tafkin Turkana da tsawon mita 10 wanda zai shafi mutane dubu 300.[29] Wannan na iya haifar da ƙarar ruwan ɗimbin gishiri zuwa inda ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin da ke kusa da tafkin ba za su iya sha ba. A halin yanzu, gishirin ruwan ya kai kusan 2332 mg/l, kuma an yi kiyasin cewa raguwar mitoci 10 na ruwan tafkin Turkana na iya sa gishiri ya tashi zuwa 3.397 g/L.[19] Har ila yau, kiwon salinity na iya rage yawan kifin da ke cikin tafkin, wanda mutanen da ke kusa da tafkin Turkana suka dogara da su don ciyar da su da kuma rayuwarsu. A cewar masu suka, wannan "zai hukunta tafkin zuwa ga mutuwa ba a hankali ba."[9]. A cewar masu goyon bayan madatsar ruwan, tasirin da tafkin Turkana zai yi zai takaita ne ga rage kwararar ruwa na wucin gadi yayin da ake cike tafki. Majiyoyi daban-daban sun bayyana cewa cikawar zai iya ɗauka tsakanin yanayi guda ɗaya zuwa uku.[9][25] Jimillar adadin ajiyar tafki na madatsar ruwan Gibe III zai kasance tsakanin mita biliyan 11.75 zuwa cubic biliyan 14, ya danganta da tushe. A cewar kamfanin da ke gina madatsar ruwan, hakan zai rage yawan ruwan da ke cikin tafkin da “kasa da 50 cm a kowace shekara har tsawon shekaru uku” kuma gishirin “ba zai canza ta kowace fuska ba”[25]. A cewar kwamitin kula da muhallin tafkin na duniya, kashi 90% na ruwan tafkin Turkana, kogin Omo ne ke kai shi, wanda za a gina madatsar ruwa a kai.[30] Ba tare da wata hanya ba, tafkin Turkana yana asarar ruwa mita 2.3 a kowace shekara saboda ƙawancewar yanayi, kuma matakinsa yana kula da sauyin yanayi da yanayi. Don kwatancen, matakin tarihi na tafkin Turkana ya ragu daga tsayin mita 20 sama da matakin yau a cikin shekarun 1890 zuwa irin na yau a shekarun 1940 da 1950. Daga nan sai ya sake karuwa a hankali da mita 7 har ya kai kololuwa a wajen 1980, daga baya kuma ya sake raguwa[30]. Takaitacciyar kimanta muhalli da zamantakewa (ESIA) na aikin ba ta tantance tasirin dam din kan ruwa da ingancin ruwan tafkin Turkana ba.[31] Daraktan hukumar kula da harkokin ruwa ta Kenya, John Nyaoro, ya bayar da hujjar cewa dam din ba zai yi wani mummunan tasiri a tafkin Turkana ba.[32] === Sauran tasirai === An yi hasashen cewa akwai kusan 50-75% na zubar ruwa daga tafki saboda karaya da yawa a cikin basalt a wurin da aka shirya tafki.[15] Sakamakon hasarar ruwa a tafki, dam din ba zai iya samar da wutar lantarki mai yawa ba, haka kuma da karancin wutar lantarki da za a iya fitarwa zuwa wasu kasashe da ke kusa. Har ila yau, madatsar ruwa da tafki suna da rauni ga ayyukan girgizar kasa saboda girgizar kasa da zabtarewar kasa a yankin aikin Gibe III.[19] Girgizar kasa na iya haifar da karaya mai girma ga dam din kuma suna da saukin kamuwa da kwararar ruwa tare da rage hanyoyin tattalin arziki. Bugu da ƙari, zabtarewar ƙasa za ta cika tafki kuma za a iya adana ƙarancin ruwa. Wannan kuma yana nufin za a samar da ƙarancin wutar lantarki.[15] === Ƙimar tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa === Haka kuma an samu cece-kuce saboda tantance tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa da kuma nazarin tasirin muhalli da ya gabata (EIS) ba a yi shi ba sai bayan shekaru biyu da fara aikin ginin dam.[9] Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Habasha tana buƙatar a yi kimanta tasirin muhalli ga kowane aiki "mai yiwuwa ya haifar da mummunan tasirin muhalli" kuma "dole ne a ƙaddamar da EIS kafin fara wani gini ko duk wani aiwatar da aikin."[33]. === Ƙimar tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa na hukuma === Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) da Agriconsulting na Italiya sun gudanar da Ƙimar Muhalli da Tasirin Tasirin Jama'a (ESIA), tare da MDI Consulting Engineers daga Habasha. A cewar Anthony Mitchell, injiniyan injiniya wanda ya gabatar da wani bincike mai zaman kansa kan yiwuwar madatsar ruwa ga bankin raya Afirka, masu kamfanin CESI sun hada da dillalai da za su iya cin gajiyar aikin kuma ba a bayyana wannan rikici na sha'awa a cikin bayanin tasirin ba.[34] A matsayin wani ɓangare na tantancewar, a cewar Kamfanin Project, an gudanar da shawarwarin jama'a tare da "jami'ai da cibiyoyi, mutanen da aikin ya shafa da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu"[1]. A cewar masu suka, waɗannan shawarwarin sun kasance kaɗan. Mafi mahimmanci, an kammala tantancewar ne kawai a cikin Yuli 2008, kusan shekaru biyu bayan fara ginin, wanda ya saba wa dokar Habasha kuma ya bambanta da kyakkyawan yanayin duniya na kimanta muhalli.[15] Hakanan, an kafa kwamitin ba da shawara kan muhalli mai zaman kansa har zuwa ƙarshen Yuli 2009, [1] a bayyane yake a cikin wani yunƙuri na jinkiri don gamsar da sukar aikin. === Madadin bayanin tasirin muhalli === Kungiyar Aiki ta Albarkatun Afirka (ARWG), hadin gwiwa na masu ba da shawara takwas daga ko'ina cikin duniya, sun gudanar da bayanin tasirin muhalli mai zaman kansa na nasu ga madatsar Gibe III. An yi madaidaicin bayanin tasirin tasiri ne saboda zargin cin hanci da rashawa da rashin daidaito na kimanta tasirin tasiri na hukuma[19]. Kungiyar ta ARWG ta soki yawancin maganganun da aka yi a hukumance ta Gibe III ESIA. Dangane da kwararar ruwa zuwa tafkin Turkana, sun bayyana cewa dam din na Gibe III zai haifar da raguwar yawan kwararar kogin da kashi 57-60%.[19] Har ila yau, ARWG ta lura cewa ba lallai ba ne yawan ruwan da ke da muhimmanci ga muhallin kogin Omo da Turkana, amma yanayin yanayi da kuma lokacin kwararar ruwa yana da matukar muhimmanci, saboda an daidaita wasu kwayoyin halittun da ake amfani da su wajen ciyar da su, da haifuwa, da girma, da dai sauransu don magance sauyin yanayi a lokutan ruwa.[19] Fitar da ruwa ta hanyar wucin gadi daga madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III zuwa cikin kogin Omo ba zai wadatar da biyan bukatun wadannan kwayoyin halittu ba. Bugu da kari, kungiyar ta ARWG ta bayyana cewa, “babu wani abin tarihi na nasara da dorewar aiwatarwa” na shirin kwaikwayar ambaliyar ruwa ta wucin gadi a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, don haka ba ta da tabbacin cewa za a ci gaba da gudanar da irin wannan shirin a madatsar ruwan Gibe III.[19] == Kyautar kwangilar gini == An bayar da kwangilar gina madatsar ruwa ne a shekarar 2006 ga Salini Costruttori na Italiya. An ba da ƙirar aikin injiniya ga Studio Pietrangeli[35] da kuma kulawar ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italiya - Coyne et Bellier, Faransa) a matsayin wakilin Kamfanin Lantarki na Habasha. An bayar da kwangilar ga Salini Construttori bayan tattaunawa kai tsaye maimakon ba da izinin yin kwangilar daga wasu kamfanoni masu cancanta. Cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi na kasa da kasa na bukatar yin gasa na kwangilar gine-gine, wanda hakan ya sa gwamnatin Habasha ta yi wahala samun lamuni daga gare su.[9] Babban manajan Hukumar Lantarki ta Habasha, Mihert Debeba, ya kare tsallake tsarin tsarin, yayin da ya tsallake wani tsari na "sharadi masu kyau" da Habasha ba za ta iya cimma ba, wanda zai dakatar da duk wani ci gaban wutar lantarki.[9] An bayar da kwangilar gina madatsar ruwa ne a shekarar 2006 ga Salini Costruttori na Italiya. An ba da ƙirar aikin injiniya ga Studio Pietrangeli[35] da kuma kulawar ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italiya - Coyne et Bellier, Faransa) a matsayin wakilin Kamfanin Lantarki na Habasha. An bayar da kwangilar ga Salini Construttori bayan tattaunawa kai tsaye maimakon ba da izinin yin kwangilar daga wasu kamfanoni masu cancanta. Cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi na kasa da kasa na bukatar yin gasa na kwangilar gine-gine, wanda hakan ya sa gwamnatin Habasha ta yi wahala samun lamuni daga gare su.[9] Babban manajan Hukumar Lantarki ta Habasha, Mihert Debeba, ya kare tsallake tsarin tsarin, yayin da ya tsallake wani tsari na "sharadi masu kyau" da Habasha ba za ta iya cimma ba, wanda zai dakatar da duk wani ci gaban wutar lantarki.[9] == kudade == An kiyasta kudin da aka kashe a madatsar ruwa da wutar lantarkin ya kai Yuro biliyan 1.55. An kiyasta kudin layin da ya tashi daga tashar wutar lantarki zuwa tashar Wolayta Sodo da ke kusa da Yuro miliyan 35. Wadannan kudaden ba su hada da kudaden da ake kashewa wajen gina ko inganta layukan wutar lantarki zuwa Addis Abeba da kuma zuwa Djibouti zuwa Arewa maso Gabashin Dam din, zuwa Sudan ta Yamma da kuma zuwa Kenya a Kudu, duk suna da tazarar kilomita 500 zuwa 1000 daga madatsar ruwa. Ƙididdigar farashin ba ta haɗa da farashin tsawaita hanyar rarraba wutar lantarki don haɓaka damar samun wutar lantarki yadda ya kamata ba. Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, samun wutar lantarki a kasashen da ke son cin moriyar wutar lantarki har yanzu yana da rauni a kashi 16% a Kenya da kashi 36% a Sudan.[37] A cewar shafin yanar gizon Gibe III, yawancin kudin da aka kashe na gina madatsar ruwan da kanta gwamnatin Habasha ce ta dauki nauyinta da kudadenta.[1] Duk da haka, wani ɓangare na aikin yana samun kuɗi ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na kamfani mai suna "Millennium Bond" wanda Hukumar Kula da Lantarki ta Habasha (EEPCO) ta bayar kuma an sayar da ita tare da mazauna Habasha.[38] Gwamnatin Habasha ta kuma bukaci tallafin dalar Amurka miliyan 250 daga gwamnatin Italiya don ayyukan farar hula. A cikin 2008, JPMorgan Chase da hukumar kula da lamuni ta Italiya SACE sun ƙi ba da kuɗi. A watan Mayun shekarar 2010 EEPco da kamfanin sarrafa injinan lantarki na Dongfang mallakar gwamnatin kasar Sin, sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna don samar da na'urorin lantarki da injina don aikin. Yarjejeniyar tana goyon bayan rance daga Bankin Masana'antu da Kasuwanci na China wanda aka bayar da rahoton cewa ya cika kashi 85% na dalar Amurka miliyan 495.[39][40][41] Kungiyoyin kare muhalli na kasa da kasa sun soki lamunin da cewa "munafunci ne" da kuma keta alkawarin da ICBC ta dauka kan manufar kasar Sin ta Green Credit.[42] A baya Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai (EIB) ya yi tunanin ba da rancen dalar Amurka miliyan 341 don samar da wutar lantarki da kayan aikin madatsar ruwa. Ya ba da kuɗin karatun tattalin arziki, kuɗi da fasaha don dam.[1][15] A cikin Yuli 2010 EIB ta dakatar da ba da tallafin nazarin muhalli da zamantakewa don madatsar ruwa, tana mai cewa an sami "madadin kuɗaɗen kuɗi" [43]. Bankin Raya Afirka ya kuma yi tunanin bayar da rancen dalar Amurka miliyan 250 don na'urorin lantarki na masana'antar. Bankin Duniya ya kuma yi la'akari da bayar da tallafin aikin. A shekara ta 2008 Bankin Duniya ya yanke shawarar kin bin cikakken binciken dam din, saboda rashin yin takara ga babban dan kwangilar[34]. Bankin Exim na kasar Sin ne ya ba da kudin isar da layin dogo zuwa Addis Ababa. An ba da kwangilar ga Kamfanin Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Co., Ltd. (TBEA) na kasar Sin a ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2009.[1] A watan Yuli 2012 Bankin Duniya ya amince da lamunin dalar Amurka miliyan 684 don aikin babbar hanyar wutar lantarki ta Gabas wanda zai ba da gudummawar layin watsa wutar lantarki kai tsaye mai tsawon Kilovolt 500 tsakanin tashar Wolayta/Sodo a Habasha da tashar Suswa a Kenya.[44] Kungiyoyin kare muhalli sun soki lamunin a matsayin kudade na madatsar ruwa ta Gilgel Gibe III ta bayan gida.[45] == Gilgel Gibe IV Dam == A ranar 15 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009, jaridar Shanghai Daily ta bayar da rahoton wata yarjejeniyar dala biliyan 1.9 tsakanin kamfanin Sino Hydro Corporation na kasar Sin da hukumar wutar lantarki ta Habasha domin gina madatsun ruwa na Gibe IV da Halele Werabesa. ==manazarta== auvcikavuxjdklcjy13bkpad3558tt2 893752 893751 2026-08-09T16:37:54Z Asiya Garba 46242 893752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam din Gilgel Gaba II''' madatsar ruwa ce mai tsayi 250 m tare da tashar wutar lantarki mai alaƙa a kan [[Kogin Omo]] a [[Itofiya|Habasha]]. Tana kusa da kilomita {{Cvt|62|km}} (39 yammacin Sodi a cikin Yankin Yankin Kudancin Habasha. A lokacin da aka ba da cikakken aikin, madatsar ruwan ita ce ta uku mafi girma a Afirka tare da fitar da wutar lantarki kusan 1,870 Megawatt (MW), don haka fiye da ninki biyu na jimlar shigarwar Habasha daga matakin a shekarar 2007 na 814 MW. Dam din Gibe III wani bangare ne na cascade na Gibe, jerin madatsun ruwa ciki har da madatsar ruwa ta Gibe I (184 MW) da tashar wutar lantarki ta Gibe II (420 MW) da kuma madatsar ruwan Gibe IV (1,472 MW) da Gibe V (560 MW). Dam din da ke akwai mallakar kuma ana sarrafa su ne ta kamfanin lantarki na Habasha, wanda kuma shine abokin ciniki na Dam din Gibe III.&nbsp; Aikin dalar Amurka biliyan 1.8 ya fara ne a shekarar 2006, kuma an fara samar da wutar lantarki a watan Oktoban 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |access-date=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |access-date=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |access-date=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> Sauran janareton sun fara aiki a shekarar 2016. Aikin ya fuskanci jinkiri sosai; a watan Mayun 2012, an shirya kammala aikin a watan Yunin 2013. Firayim Minista [[Hailemariam Desalegn]] ne ya kaddamar da madatsar ruwan a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 2016. == Zane == Madatsar ruwa ta Gilgel Gibe III ita ce {{Cvt|610|m|ft|-long}} da kuma {{Cvt|243|m}} madatsar ruwa mai cike da siminti mai tsayi. Yana hana ƙarfin ma'ajiyar ruwa na {{Cvt|14.7|km3|mi3}} da kuma faɗin saman {{Cvt|210|km2|mi2}} , an tattara daga yankin magudanar ruwa na {{Cvt|34150|km2|mi2}} . Ma'ajiyar ma'ajiyar ruwa mai rai (mai aiki ko "mai amfani") ita ce {{Cvt|11.75|km3|mi3}} da kuma ma'ajiyar matattun {{Cvt|2.95|km3|mi3}} . Matsayin aiki na yau da kullun na ma'ajiyar ruwa shine {{Cvt|892|m|ft}} sama da matakin teku tare da matsakaicin {{Cvt|893|m}} kuma aƙalla {{Cvt|800|m|ft}} . [[Hanyar Zube|Magudanar ruwa]] ta madatsar ruwa tana da {{Cvt|108|m}} mai tsayi da [[Kofar ambaliya|ƙofar ambaliyar ruwa -]] wanda aka sarrafa shi tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin fitarwa na {{Cvt|18000|m3/s|ft3/s}} . Ruwa sama da {{Cvt|873|m}} sama da matakin teku za a iya fitar da shi ta ƙofofinsa. Ciyar da gidan wutar lantarki na madatsar ruwa akwai ramuka biyu waɗanda kowanne ya rarrafe zuwa ramuka biyar daban-daban ga kowane injin turbine. Gidan wutar lantarki yana ɗauke da tankuna 187 guda goma.&nbsp;Injinan samar da wutar lantarki na MW waɗanda injinan Francis ke tallafawa don jimlar ƙarfin wutar lantarki 1,870&nbsp;MW. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |access-date=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> Tsarin farko na madatsar ruwan ya yi nuni da madatsar ruwan da ke cike da duwatsu. Duk da haka, saboda matsaloli wajen samun isasshen inshora ga madatsar ruwan da ke cike da duwatsu, an canza tsarin zuwa siminti mai cike da na'urori. == fa'idodi == Babban fa'idar madatsar ruwan ita ce samar da wutar lantarki [[Makamashi mai sabuntawa|mai sabuntawa]] kuma ana iya tura ta . An yi hasashen cewa za ta samar da kusan rabin wutar lantarki ga Habasha sannan ta fitar da sauran rabin zuwa [[Kenya]] (500 MW), [[Sudan]] (200 MW) da [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] (200 MW). Duk da haka, an daɗe ana jinkiri wajen cimma Yarjejeniyar Siyan Wutar Lantarki . Kenya ce kawai ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Fahimta don siyan wutar lantarki daga madatsar ruwan. Bankin Duniya ya amince da ba da kuɗaɗen layin wutar lantarki ga Kenya a watan Yulin shekara ta 2012. Samun damar shiga tashar wutar lantarki a Habasha a halin yanzu yana da ƙasa sosai. Kasa da kashi 2% na al'ummar karkara ta Habasha, wanda kuma ya kai kashi 85% na jimillar al'ummar, suna da damar shiga tashar. Tare da goyon bayan Bankin Duniya, gwamnati tana gudanar da wani babban aiki na faɗaɗa hanyar samun wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara. A shekara ta 2003, ƙarancin ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki tare da mummunan fari ya haifar da katsewar wutar lantarki na tsawon awanni 15 sau biyu a mako na tsawon watanni shida, wanda ya yi sanadiyyar asarar tattalin arziki da aka kiyasta dala miliyan 200. A shekara ta 2008 da 2009, Habasha ta sake fuskantar katsewar wutar lantarki da raguwar wutar lantarki . A cewar International Rivers Network, katsewar wutar lantarki ya faru ne sakamakon fari, saboda kusan dukkan samar da wutar lantarki a Habasha ana amfani da wutar lantarki ne. A cewar wannan majiya, duk da karuwar damar shiga tashar wutar lantarki, yawan amfani da wutar lantarki zai iya kasancewa ƙasa a nan gaba saboda matakin talauci da ake ciki. <ref name="IRN" /> Ko da ba tare da tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Gibe III ba, a cewar wata majiya, Habasha tana da isasshen ƙarfin da aka sanya na megawatts 400. A karkashin shirye-shiryen ci gaban Habasha na yanzu, an ce kasar za ta dogara da wutar lantarki fiye da kashi 95% a kan ruwa. Habasha ta yi hasashen cewa fitar da wutar lantarki zai samar da kudaden shiga kusan dala miliyan 407 a kowace shekara, wanda ya zarce darajar fitar da kofi mafi daraja a kasar, wato kofi. <ref name="IRN" /> == Rigima == Aikin yana da cece-kuce saboda tasirinsa na muhalli da zamantakewa, wanda girmansa a kansa ya zama abin cece-kuce; saboda bayar da kwangilar ginin ba tare da gasa ba; da kuma saboda zargin rashin gaskiya a cikin lamuran ayyukan. Misali, ba a buga kimar muhalli da tasirin zamantakewa ba sai bayan shekaru biyu da fara ginin.<ref>BBC <nowiki>News:The</nowiki> dam that divides Ethiopians, March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Kiyasin ya nuna cewa aikin zai haifar da kananan matsaloli ta muhalli da zamantakewa. Duk da haka, masu sukar suna la'akari da shi a matsayin aibi duka ta fuskar daidaito da kuma haƙiƙa. Daga cikin wadannan masu sukar har da ƙungiyar Aiki ta Albarkatun Afirka wacce ta fitar da sanarwa tana mai cewa "Bayanan adadi [da masu inganci] da ke kunshe cikin kusan dukkanin manyan sassan rahoton an zabo su a fili don daidaito da manufar da aka kayyade na tabbatar da kammala ginin madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III"<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> bala'i."<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Wani fitaccen mai sukar dam din shi ne masanin burbushin halittu na kasar Kenya Richard Leakey wanda ya ce "aikin yana da kura-kurai matuka dangane da tunaninsa, dangane da cikakkarsa, dangane da sakamakonsa"[20]. A cikin watan Yunin shekarar 2011 kwamitin UNESCO na UNESCO a zamansa na 35 da ya gudanar a birnin Paris na ƙasar Faransa ya yi kira da a dakatar da aikin gina madatsar ruwan, don gabatar da duk wani bincike na madatsar ruwa, sannan ya bukaci kasashen Habasha da Kenya da su gayyaci cibiyar kula da kayayyakin tarihi ta duniya/IUCN domin duba tasirin da madatsar ruwa ke da shi a tafkin Turkana, wurin tarihi na duniya.[21] == Tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa == A cewar hukumomin kasar Habasha, da zarar an gina madatsar ruwa adadin ruwan da ke kwarara cikin tafkin ba zai canza ba. Bambanci kawai zai kasance mafi kwanciyar hankali a cikin shekara - ƙari a lokacin rani, da ƙasa a lokacin rigar. Firayim Ministan Habasha Meles Zenawi ya fada a wata hira da BBC cewa: "Babban tasirin muhallin aikin yana da matukar fa'ida. Yana kara yawan ruwa a cikin tsarin kogin, yana daidaita matsalar ambaliya gaba daya, wanda ya kasance babbar matsala, yana inganta rayuwar jama'a a karkashin kasa saboda za su yi ayyukan ban ruwa, kuma ko ta yaya hakan ba zai shafi tafkin Turkana ba. Wannan shi ne abin da bincikenmu ya nuna."[22]. A cewar masu suka, madatsar ruwan za ta yi illa ga al’ummar ‘yan asalin.<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dam din zai dakatar da ambaliya a lokuta da dama, wanda zai yi tasiri a kasa da kogin Omo da tafkin Turkana da kuma mutanen da suka dogara da wadannan halittun don rayuwarsu. A cewar Terri Hathaway, darektan shirin Afirka na Rivers na ƙasa da ƙasa, Gibe III "dam ne mafi lalata da ake ginawa a Afirka." Aikin zai yi Allah wadai da "rabin miliyan na mutanen yankin da ke fama da yunwa da rikici."[23]. === Tasiri kan rayuwar mazauna karamar kwarin Omo === An yi kiyasin cewa sama da mutane 200,000 ne ke dogaro da kogin Omo da ke ƙarƙashin dam din don wani nau'i na rayuwa kamar tabarbarewar ambaliyar ruwa, kuma yawancin wadannan kabilu na rayuwa cikin matsananciyar yunwa. Masu sukar sun bayyana cewa madatsar Gibe III na iya dagula lamarinsu. Ƴan asalin ƙasar sun dogara ne kan noman abinci a bakin kogi, da kuma kiwo, don tsira. Dam din Gibe III da raguwar matakan ruwa da kuma yanayin kwararar ruwa a cikin kogin Omo na barazana ga ci gaba da zabi biyu kacal na rayuwa a cikin wannan yanayi mara dadi—babu wasu hanyoyi.<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Mutanen da ke zaune a yankin aikin wani yanki ne na Kudancin Kudancin Habasha, rukuni na mutane daban-daban. Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilun da dam ɗin ya shafa sun haɗa da al’ummomi daban-daban guda takwas: Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom da Daasanach.[15] Stephen Corry, Daraktan kungiyar kare hakkin 'yan asalin kasar ta Survival International ya ce, "Dam din Gibe III zai zama bala'in bala'i ga kabilun kwarin Omo. Za a lalatar da filayensu da rayuwarsu, duk da haka 'yan kalilan ne ke da ra'ayin abin da ke gaba. Gwamnati ta keta kundin tsarin mulkin Habasha da dokokin kasa da kasa a cikin tsarin siyan kayayyaki. Babu wani aikin da ya kamata a yi a waje da wannan aikin." Wasu majiyoyi sun lura cewa, lokacin da aka yi hira da su, mutanen kauyuka da dama ba su taba jin labarin dam din Gibe III ba, kuma da yawa daga cikinsu ba su ma san menene dam din ba.[19] Wannan manuniya ce ta gazawar tuntuɓar juna da amincewar jama'a ga ƴan asalin ƙasar. Tsira, tare da gangamin kawo sauyi na bankin duniya, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Turkana Rivers da International Rivers sun kaddamar da koke na dakatar da madatsar ruwa[24]. Masu goyon bayan madatsar ruwa sun yi zargin cewa ana shirin fitar da ambaliyar ruwa ta wucin gadi daga cikin tafki. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ana hasashen ayyukan ban ruwa don inganta rayuwar al'ummar ƙasa.[25] Kamar yadda ya zama sananne ga jama'a a cikin Nuwamba 2011 ta hanyar wani rahoto na Cibiyar Oakland, hakika akwai shirye-shirye masu yawa na noman auduga da rake a kan hekta 445,000 a cikin ƙananan kwarin Omo. Za a iya ba da tallafin noman rake da taimako daga Indiya, wacce ke da himma sosai wajen haɓaka samar da sukari na Habasha. Masu saka hannun jari a gonakin galibin kamfanoni ne na gwamnatin Habasha.[18] == Rahotanni game da take hakkin dan Adam == === Tasiri kan yanayin muhalli na ƙananan kwarin Omo === Ragewar ruwan kogin Omo da ya samo asali daga madatsar ruwan Gibe III zai yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin da ke kewaye da kogin. Kogin Omo ya kasance gida ne kawai ga dazuzzukan kogin kogin da ya saura a busasshiyar yankin kudu da hamadar sahara. Rayuwar wannan dajin ya dogara ne kan ambaliyar ruwan kogin Omo, wanda zai daina aikin dam. Wannan na iya sa 290 km2 na gandun daji ya " bushe" daga rashin ruwa. Ragewar ruwa kuma zai yi mummunan tasiri, idan ba a kawar da shi ba, duk ayyukan tattalin arziki da ke da alaƙa da Kogin Omo kamar noma, kamun kifi, da yawon buɗe ido. Matsayin ruwan kogin Omo yana da mahimmanci don sake cajin ruwan karkashin kasa a cikin kwarin Omo.<ref>African Resources Working Group:A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia, January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Idan ruwan kogin ya ragu da zarar an gina madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III, to ba za ta iya sake cika ruwan karkashin kasa ba, lamarin da ya sa akasarin tafsirin ya rasa ruwan karkashin kasa, wanda ke yin illa ga mutane da muhalli. Yayin da ruwan kogin Omo ya ragu, zaftarewar gabar kogin zai karu, wanda hakan zai haifar da karuwar kwararowar ruwa a cikin kogin, da asarar kasa don noman amfanin gona a gefen kogin, da asarar wuraren zama a kogin.[19] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a watan Disamba na shekarar 2012 ya bayyana cewa madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III na kasar Habasha zai haifar da bala'in jin kai da kuma babban rikici na makami a kan iyaka.[26] Gina daya daga cikin madatsun ruwa mafi tsayi a duniya a kogin Omo da ke kudancin kasar Habasha, zai haifar da gamuwa da yunwa a tsakanin 'yan asalin kasar rabin miliyan a yankin da ke fama da yunwa, lamarin da ya haifar da babban rikici na makamai a yankin kan iyaka da kasashe uku saboda bacewar albarkatun kasa, a cewar wani sabon rahoto daga kungiyar agaji ta African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Masifar Bil'adama da Rikicin Yaki da Makamai na Yanki a Yankin Matsakaici na Habasha, Kenya, da Sudan ta Kudu: Tsarin Gibe III da aka tsara a Habasha" ya yi nazari kan cikakken tasirin da madatsar ruwan ke da shi tare da zargin cewa gwamnatin Habasha ko bankunan ci gaban kasa da kasa da ke da ruwa da tsaki a aikin ba a gudanar da wani nazari na muhalli ko zamantakewa game da cikakken tasirin kan iyakoki ba. Wani memba na ARWG da mai bincike na dogon lokaci a yankin ne ya rubuta shi, Claudia J. Carr, farfesa a Jami'ar California, Berkeley. Rahoton mai shafuka 250 ya dogara ne akan ingantaccen bincike na tushen filin da ya shafi sa hannu na mazauna yankin a cikin mafi yawan yankunan da ke kan iyaka. Tuni dai kasar Habasha ta fara aikin gina madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III tare da kogin Omo, tare da sanin cewa zai haifar da raguwar kwararar kogin a kasa da kuma raguwar kwararar ruwa zuwa tafkin Turkana na kasar Kenya, wanda ke samun kashi 90 na ruwansa daga kogin. A cewar rahoton na ARWG, wadannan sauye-sauyen za su lalata hanyoyin rayuwa na akalla makiyaya 200,000, masu noma da masunta da suka dogara da ambaliyar ruwa a kogin Omo 300,000 makiyaya da masunta a kusa da gabar tafkin Turkana - lamarin da zai jefa kabilun yankin cikin rikici mai nasaba da iyaka da Sudan ta Kudu. Rahoton ya ba da kyakkyawan tsari na ci gaba mai cike da kura-kurai, sakamakon bukatu na musamman na kudi na duniya da gwamnatocin Afirka. A cikin wannan tsari, yana gano manyan haɗarin da ba a kula da su ba ko akasin haka, ba ko kaɗan daga cikinsu shine kiyasin binciken yanayin ƙasa na Amurka na babban haɗarin girgizar ƙasa 7 ko 8 a yankin madatsar ruwan Gibe III. Farfesa Carr a cikin sabon littafinta [27] ya kara yin nazari kan yadda hanyoyin ci gaba da kudade na kasa da kasa, gwamnatocin Afirka da masana'antun shawarwari na duniya zasu iya haifar da irin wannan mummunan sakamako ga yawancin mutanen da irin wannan ci gaba ya shafa. === Tasiri kan tafkin Turkana === Girman tasirin da madatsar ruwa da ayyukan noman ruwa da madatsar ruwa za ta haifar a matakin ruwan tafkin Turkana na da cece-kuce. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a bankin raya kasashen Afirka a watan Nuwamban shekarar 2010, ya kammala da cewa, cika dam din zai rage yawan ruwan tafkin da tsawon mita biyu, idan ba a yi aikin ban ruwa ba. Ban ruwa zai haifar da raguwar matakin tafkin.[28] Kawayen tafkin Turkana, wata kungiyar kasar Kenya dake wakiltar kungiyoyin ‘yan asalin yankin arewa maso yammacin kasar Kenya wadanda rayuwarsu ke da alaka da tafkin Turkana, sun yi kiyasin cewa madatsar ruwan na iya rage girman tafkin Turkana da tsawon mita 10 wanda zai shafi mutane dubu 300.[29] Wannan na iya haifar da ƙarar ruwan ɗimbin gishiri zuwa inda ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin da ke kusa da tafkin ba za su iya sha ba. A halin yanzu, gishirin ruwan ya kai kusan 2332 mg/l, kuma an yi kiyasin cewa raguwar mitoci 10 na ruwan tafkin Turkana na iya sa gishiri ya tashi zuwa 3.397 g/L.[19] Har ila yau, kiwon salinity na iya rage yawan kifin da ke cikin tafkin, wanda mutanen da ke kusa da tafkin Turkana suka dogara da su don ciyar da su da kuma rayuwarsu. A cewar masu suka, wannan "zai hukunta tafkin zuwa ga mutuwa ba a hankali ba."[9]. A cewar masu goyon bayan madatsar ruwan, tasirin da tafkin Turkana zai yi zai takaita ne ga rage kwararar ruwa na wucin gadi yayin da ake cike tafki. Majiyoyi daban-daban sun bayyana cewa cikawar zai iya ɗauka tsakanin yanayi guda ɗaya zuwa uku.[9][25] Jimillar adadin ajiyar tafki na madatsar ruwan Gibe III zai kasance tsakanin mita biliyan 11.75 zuwa cubic biliyan 14, ya danganta da tushe. A cewar kamfanin da ke gina madatsar ruwan, hakan zai rage yawan ruwan da ke cikin tafkin da “kasa da 50 cm a kowace shekara har tsawon shekaru uku” kuma gishirin “ba zai canza ta kowace fuska ba”[25]. A cewar kwamitin kula da muhallin tafkin na duniya, kashi 90% na ruwan tafkin Turkana, kogin Omo ne ke kai shi, wanda za a gina madatsar ruwa a kai.[30] Ba tare da wata hanya ba, tafkin Turkana yana asarar ruwa mita 2.3 a kowace shekara saboda ƙawancewar yanayi, kuma matakinsa yana kula da sauyin yanayi da yanayi. Don kwatancen, matakin tarihi na tafkin Turkana ya ragu daga tsayin mita 20 sama da matakin yau a cikin shekarun 1890 zuwa irin na yau a shekarun 1940 da 1950. Daga nan sai ya sake karuwa a hankali da mita 7 har ya kai kololuwa a wajen 1980, daga baya kuma ya sake raguwa[30]. Takaitacciyar kimanta muhalli da zamantakewa (ESIA) na aikin ba ta tantance tasirin dam din kan ruwa da ingancin ruwan tafkin Turkana ba.[31] Daraktan hukumar kula da harkokin ruwa ta Kenya, John Nyaoro, ya bayar da hujjar cewa dam din ba zai yi wani mummunan tasiri a tafkin Turkana ba.[32] === Sauran tasirai === An yi hasashen cewa akwai kusan 50-75% na zubar ruwa daga tafki saboda karaya da yawa a cikin basalt a wurin da aka shirya tafki.[15] Sakamakon hasarar ruwa a tafki, dam din ba zai iya samar da wutar lantarki mai yawa ba, haka kuma da karancin wutar lantarki da za a iya fitarwa zuwa wasu kasashe da ke kusa. Har ila yau, madatsar ruwa da tafki suna da rauni ga ayyukan girgizar kasa saboda girgizar kasa da zabtarewar kasa a yankin aikin Gibe III.[19] Girgizar kasa na iya haifar da karaya mai girma ga dam din kuma suna da saukin kamuwa da kwararar ruwa tare da rage hanyoyin tattalin arziki. Bugu da ƙari, zabtarewar ƙasa za ta cika tafki kuma za a iya adana ƙarancin ruwa. Wannan kuma yana nufin za a samar da ƙarancin wutar lantarki.[15] === Ƙimar tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa === Haka kuma an samu cece-kuce saboda tantance tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa da kuma nazarin tasirin muhalli da ya gabata (EIS) ba a yi shi ba sai bayan shekaru biyu da fara aikin ginin dam.[9] Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Habasha tana buƙatar a yi kimanta tasirin muhalli ga kowane aiki "mai yiwuwa ya haifar da mummunan tasirin muhalli" kuma "dole ne a ƙaddamar da EIS kafin fara wani gini ko duk wani aiwatar da aikin."[33]. === Ƙimar tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa na hukuma === Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) da Agriconsulting na Italiya sun gudanar da Ƙimar Muhalli da Tasirin Tasirin Jama'a (ESIA), tare da MDI Consulting Engineers daga Habasha. A cewar Anthony Mitchell, injiniyan injiniya wanda ya gabatar da wani bincike mai zaman kansa kan yiwuwar madatsar ruwa ga bankin raya Afirka, masu kamfanin CESI sun hada da dillalai da za su iya cin gajiyar aikin kuma ba a bayyana wannan rikici na sha'awa a cikin bayanin tasirin ba.[34] A matsayin wani ɓangare na tantancewar, a cewar Kamfanin Project, an gudanar da shawarwarin jama'a tare da "jami'ai da cibiyoyi, mutanen da aikin ya shafa da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu"[1]. A cewar masu suka, waɗannan shawarwarin sun kasance kaɗan. Mafi mahimmanci, an kammala tantancewar ne kawai a cikin Yuli 2008, kusan shekaru biyu bayan fara ginin, wanda ya saba wa dokar Habasha kuma ya bambanta da kyakkyawan yanayin duniya na kimanta muhalli.[15] Hakanan, an kafa kwamitin ba da shawara kan muhalli mai zaman kansa har zuwa ƙarshen Yuli 2009, [1] a bayyane yake a cikin wani yunƙuri na jinkiri don gamsar da sukar aikin. === Madadin bayanin tasirin muhalli === Kungiyar Aiki ta Albarkatun Afirka (ARWG), hadin gwiwa na masu ba da shawara takwas daga ko'ina cikin duniya, sun gudanar da bayanin tasirin muhalli mai zaman kansa na nasu ga madatsar Gibe III. An yi madaidaicin bayanin tasirin tasiri ne saboda zargin cin hanci da rashawa da rashin daidaito na kimanta tasirin tasiri na hukuma[19]. Kungiyar ta ARWG ta soki yawancin maganganun da aka yi a hukumance ta Gibe III ESIA. Dangane da kwararar ruwa zuwa tafkin Turkana, sun bayyana cewa dam din na Gibe III zai haifar da raguwar yawan kwararar kogin da kashi 57-60%.[19] Har ila yau, ARWG ta lura cewa ba lallai ba ne yawan ruwan da ke da muhimmanci ga muhallin kogin Omo da Turkana, amma yanayin yanayi da kuma lokacin kwararar ruwa yana da matukar muhimmanci, saboda an daidaita wasu kwayoyin halittun da ake amfani da su wajen ciyar da su, da haifuwa, da girma, da dai sauransu don magance sauyin yanayi a lokutan ruwa.[19] Fitar da ruwa ta hanyar wucin gadi daga madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III zuwa cikin kogin Omo ba zai wadatar da biyan bukatun wadannan kwayoyin halittu ba. Bugu da kari, kungiyar ta ARWG ta bayyana cewa, “babu wani abin tarihi na nasara da dorewar aiwatarwa” na shirin kwaikwayar ambaliyar ruwa ta wucin gadi a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, don haka ba ta da tabbacin cewa za a ci gaba da gudanar da irin wannan shirin a madatsar ruwan Gibe III.[19] == Kyautar kwangilar gini == An bayar da kwangilar gina madatsar ruwa ne a shekarar 2006 ga Salini Costruttori na Italiya. An ba da ƙirar aikin injiniya ga Studio Pietrangeli[35] da kuma kulawar ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italiya - Coyne et Bellier, Faransa) a matsayin wakilin Kamfanin Lantarki na Habasha. An bayar da kwangilar ga Salini Construttori bayan tattaunawa kai tsaye maimakon ba da izinin yin kwangilar daga wasu kamfanoni masu cancanta. Cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi na kasa da kasa na bukatar yin gasa na kwangilar gine-gine, wanda hakan ya sa gwamnatin Habasha ta yi wahala samun lamuni daga gare su.[9] Babban manajan Hukumar Lantarki ta Habasha, Mihert Debeba, ya kare tsallake tsarin tsarin, yayin da ya tsallake wani tsari na "sharadi masu kyau" da Habasha ba za ta iya cimma ba, wanda zai dakatar da duk wani ci gaban wutar lantarki.[9] An bayar da kwangilar gina madatsar ruwa ne a shekarar 2006 ga Salini Costruttori na Italiya. An ba da ƙirar aikin injiniya ga Studio Pietrangeli[35] da kuma kulawar ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italiya - Coyne et Bellier, Faransa) a matsayin wakilin Kamfanin Lantarki na Habasha. An bayar da kwangilar ga Salini Construttori bayan tattaunawa kai tsaye maimakon ba da izinin yin kwangilar daga wasu kamfanoni masu cancanta. Cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi na kasa da kasa na bukatar yin gasa na kwangilar gine-gine, wanda hakan ya sa gwamnatin Habasha ta yi wahala samun lamuni daga gare su.[9] Babban manajan Hukumar Lantarki ta Habasha, Mihert Debeba, ya kare tsallake tsarin tsarin, yayin da ya tsallake wani tsari na "sharadi masu kyau" da Habasha ba za ta iya cimma ba, wanda zai dakatar da duk wani ci gaban wutar lantarki.[9] == kudade == An kiyasta kudin da aka kashe a madatsar ruwa da wutar lantarkin ya kai Yuro biliyan 1.55. An kiyasta kudin layin da ya tashi daga tashar wutar lantarki zuwa tashar Wolayta Sodo da ke kusa da Yuro miliyan 35. Wadannan kudaden ba su hada da kudaden da ake kashewa wajen gina ko inganta layukan wutar lantarki zuwa Addis Abeba da kuma zuwa Djibouti zuwa Arewa maso Gabashin Dam din, zuwa Sudan ta Yamma da kuma zuwa Kenya a Kudu, duk suna da tazarar kilomita 500 zuwa 1000 daga madatsar ruwa. Ƙididdigar farashin ba ta haɗa da farashin tsawaita hanyar rarraba wutar lantarki don haɓaka damar samun wutar lantarki yadda ya kamata ba. Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, samun wutar lantarki a kasashen da ke son cin moriyar wutar lantarki har yanzu yana da rauni a kashi 16% a Kenya da kashi 36% a Sudan.[37] A cewar shafin yanar gizon Gibe III, yawancin kudin da aka kashe na gina madatsar ruwan da kanta gwamnatin Habasha ce ta dauki nauyinta da kudadenta.[1] Duk da haka, wani ɓangare na aikin yana samun kuɗi ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na kamfani mai suna "Millennium Bond" wanda Hukumar Kula da Lantarki ta Habasha (EEPCO) ta bayar kuma an sayar da ita tare da mazauna Habasha.[38] Gwamnatin Habasha ta kuma bukaci tallafin dalar Amurka miliyan 250 daga gwamnatin Italiya don ayyukan farar hula. A cikin 2008, JPMorgan Chase da hukumar kula da lamuni ta Italiya SACE sun ƙi ba da kuɗi. A watan Mayun shekarar 2010 EEPco da kamfanin sarrafa injinan lantarki na Dongfang mallakar gwamnatin kasar Sin, sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna don samar da na'urorin lantarki da injina don aikin. Yarjejeniyar tana goyon bayan rance daga Bankin Masana'antu da Kasuwanci na China wanda aka bayar da rahoton cewa ya cika kashi 85% na dalar Amurka miliyan 495.[39][40][41] Kungiyoyin kare muhalli na kasa da kasa sun soki lamunin da cewa "munafunci ne" da kuma keta alkawarin da ICBC ta dauka kan manufar kasar Sin ta Green Credit.[42] A baya Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai (EIB) ya yi tunanin ba da rancen dalar Amurka miliyan 341 don samar da wutar lantarki da kayan aikin madatsar ruwa. Ya ba da kuɗin karatun tattalin arziki, kuɗi da fasaha don dam.[1][15] A cikin Yuli 2010 EIB ta dakatar da ba da tallafin nazarin muhalli da zamantakewa don madatsar ruwa, tana mai cewa an sami "madadin kuɗaɗen kuɗi" [43]. Bankin Raya Afirka ya kuma yi tunanin bayar da rancen dalar Amurka miliyan 250 don na'urorin lantarki na masana'antar. Bankin Duniya ya kuma yi la'akari da bayar da tallafin aikin. A shekara ta 2008 Bankin Duniya ya yanke shawarar kin bin cikakken binciken dam din, saboda rashin yin takara ga babban dan kwangilar[34]. Bankin Exim na kasar Sin ne ya ba da kudin isar da layin dogo zuwa Addis Ababa. An ba da kwangilar ga Kamfanin Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Co., Ltd. (TBEA) na kasar Sin a ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2009.[1] A watan Yuli 2012 Bankin Duniya ya amince da lamunin dalar Amurka miliyan 684 don aikin babbar hanyar wutar lantarki ta Gabas wanda zai ba da gudummawar layin watsa wutar lantarki kai tsaye mai tsawon Kilovolt 500 tsakanin tashar Wolayta/Sodo a Habasha da tashar Suswa a Kenya.[44] Kungiyoyin kare muhalli sun soki lamunin a matsayin kudade na madatsar ruwa ta Gilgel Gibe III ta bayan gida.[45] == Gilgel Gibe IV Dam == A ranar 15 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009, jaridar Shanghai Daily ta bayar da rahoton wata yarjejeniyar dala biliyan 1.9 tsakanin kamfanin Sino Hydro Corporation na kasar Sin da hukumar wutar lantarki ta Habasha domin gina madatsun ruwa na Gibe IV da Halele Werabesa. ==manazarta== 82p4pnebycy7731u9h8xu6hzo7nw2da 0 153905 893644 890074 2026-08-09T13:36:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} the '''Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Djibouti''' tashar jiragen ruwa ce da ke [[Jibuti (birni)|Djibouti]], babban birnin [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] . Tana da matukar muhimmanci a mahadar daya daga cikin hanyoyin jigilar kaya mafi cunkoso a duniya, wacce ta hada [[Turai]], Gabas Mai Nisa, Gabashin Afirka da Tekun Farisa . Tashar jiragen ruwa tana aiki a matsayin babbar cibiyar jigilar mai da jigilar kaya da kuma hanyoyin sufuri, kuma ita ce babbar hanyar shiga teku don shigo da kaya daga makwabciyar [[Itofiya|Habasha]] . <ref name="Ciafbdj">{{Cite web |title=CIA World Factbook - Djibouti |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/djibouti/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105205035/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/djibouti/ |archive-date=January 5, 2021 |access-date=February 27, 2013 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref> An kiyasta cewa jiragen ruwa 2,500 ne ke wucewa ta tashar jiragen ruwa a kowace shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti ramps up efforts to get seafarers stranded by coronavirus off ships {{!}} Hellenic Shipping News Worldwide |url=https://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/djibouti-ramps-up-efforts-to-get-seafarers-stranded-by-coronavirus-off-ships/ |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=www.hellenicshippingnews.com }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tattalin arzikin Djibouti ya dogara sosai kan matsayin tashar jiragen ruwanta mai mahimmanci tunda kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na dukkan jigilar kayayyaki na yau da kullun a duniya yana ratsa yankin arewa maso gabashin [[Afirka]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schipani |first=Andres |date=11 May 2021 |title=Spying and stability: Djibouti thrives in 'return to cold war' |url=https://www.ft.com/content/418b5250-f7fa-4ad3-837f-871dd259ec87 |website=Financial Times}}</ref> Tashar jiragen ruwan ta kasance tsakiyar takaddamar shari'a tsakanin kamfanin DP World da gwamnatin Djibouti tun daga shekarar 2018, lokacin da aka soke yarjejeniyar tashar jiragen ruwan DP World ta hanyar umarnin shugaban ƙasa. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Ruling by London Tribunal Says Djibouti Acted Illegally |url=https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/ruling-by-london-tribunal-says-djibouti-acted-illegally |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=The Maritime Executive |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Yankuna Masu 'Yanci ta Djibouti (DPFZA) ita ce hukumar gwamnati da ke kula da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Djibouti da sauran tashoshin jiragen ruwa a ƙasar. Ƙungiyar kuma tana kula da yankunan 'yanci na ƙasa, tana aiki a matsayin hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin kamfanonin da ke aiki a ciki da sauran hukumomin gwamnati. Hukumar DPFZA tana ƙarƙashin Ofishin Shugaban Ƙasa kuma a halin yanzu tana ƙarƙashin shugabancin Aboubaker Omar Hadi. <ref name="DPFZA">{{Cite web |title=DPFZA |url=http://www.djiboutifz.com/en/about-us/partners/dpfza.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130929153011/http://www.djiboutifz.com/en/about-us/partners/dpfza.html |archive-date=29 September 2013 |access-date=29 September 2013 |publisher=Djibouti Ports & Free Zones Authority}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Message from the Chairman {{!}} DPFZA |url=http://www.dpfza.gov.dj/message-chairman |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=www.dpfza.gov.dj |archive-date=2021-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613173335/http://www.dpfza.gov.dj/message-chairman |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Pilling |first=David |date=1 June 2021 |title=Two Ethiopian projects show 'railpolitik' in action |url=https://www.ft.com/content/cc1dc93d-d3d0-4728-8521-14734199c58d |website=Financial Times}}</ref> === Kasuwancin Habasha === Kashi 70 cikin 100 na kayan da ke tashar jiragen ruwa ana jigilar su ne zuwa ko daga Habasha, wanda ya kai sama da kashi 95% na kasuwancin waje na Habasha mara ruwa. Tashar tasha ta rasa hanyar jirgin kasa kai tsaye zuwa Habasha lokacin da aka yi watsi da titin dogo na Ethio-Djibouti . Titin dogo na Addis Ababa-Djibouti, wanda aka buɗe a cikin 2018, yana tafiya zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Doraleh da ke kusa. <ref name="toprank">{{Cite web |last=Ivudria |first=Godfrey |date=2021-05-11 |title=Djibouti Port Ranked Top in Africa |url=https://www.busiweek.com/djibouti-port-ranked-top-in-africa/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615034155/https://www.busiweek.com/djibouti-port-ranked-top-in-africa/ |archive-date=June 15, 2021 |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=East African Business Week |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name=":1"/> Duk da haka, saboda Habasha ta dage cewa za a samar da wutar lantarki, tana fuskantar matsalolin wutar lantarki kuma ta haka ta ci gaba da kasancewa a bayan tsammanin isar da kayayyaki, tare da yawancin kayan da ke isa tashar jiragen ruwa na Habasha ta hanya. <ref name=":1" /> === Sojojin ruwan ƙasashen waje === Matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa a [[Tekun Aden]] mai mahimmanci ya sanya ta zama muhimmiyar sansanin soja ga sansanonin soja guda biyar na Manyan Daular, inda take samun dala miliyan 125 a kowace shekara a cikin hayar daga [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Sin|China]], [[Faransa]], [[Japan]] da [[Italiya]] idan aka haɗa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2019-07-11 |title=Djibouti: A Busy Hub of Foreign Military Bases on the Horn of Africa |url=https://insidearabia.com/djibouti-a-busy-hub-of-foreign-military-bases-on-the-horn-of-africa/ |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=Inside Arabia |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":0"/> Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka tana nan a tashar jiragen ruwa, bayan ta mayar da sansanin Lemonnier sansaninta na Afirka guda ɗaya tilo a ƙoƙarinta na yaƙi da Ta'addanci a Duniya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=US Military Bases in Djibouti |url=https://militarybases.com/overseas/djibouti/ |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=Military Bases |language=en-US}}</ref> Tana amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa don magance barazanar ta'addanci da al-Shabaab, wata ƙungiyar 'yan ta'adda ta Somaliya mai alaƙa da al-Qaeda, ke haifarwa, da kuma yaƙi da 'yan fashin teku a yankin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sun |first=Degang |last2=Zoubir |first2=Yahia H. |date=2016 |title=The Eagle's Nest in the Horn of Africa: US Military Strategic Deployment in Djibouti |journal=Africa Spectrum |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=111–124 |doi=10.1177/000203971605100107 |issn=0002-0397 |jstor=43941307 |s2cid=156649121 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Faransa tana da sojoji 5,000 a Djibouti, wanda hakan ya sanya tashar jiragen ruwa ta zama babbar sansanin sojojin Faransa a ƙasashen waje. <ref name=":2"/> Faransa kuma tana karɓar bakuncin Jamus da Spain yayin da Italiya ke da nata sansanin a ƙasar. Sansanin soja na ƙasashen waje ɗaya tilo da Japan ke da shi shi ma yana Djibouti kuma yanzu ana sa ran faɗaɗa shi a matsayin wani abu da zai mayar da martani ga ƙaruwar tasirin China. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dahir |first=Abdi Latif |date=18 August 2017 |title=How a tiny African country became the world's key military base |url=https://qz.com/africa/1056257/how-a-tiny-african-country-became-the-worlds-key-military-base/ |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref> [[Sin|China]] ta bude sansanin tallafawa sojojin ruwanta kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Doraleh da ke Djibouti a shekarar 2017, sansanin sojinta na farko a kasashen waje. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-20 |title=AFRICOM: Chinese Naval Base in Africa Set to Support Aircraft Carriers |url=https://news.usni.org/2021/04/20/africom-chinese-naval-base-in-africa-set-to-support-aircraft-carriers |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=USNI News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Jetty_of_the_Port_of_Djibouti.jpg|thumb|Katin Wasikar Faransa daga farkon ƙarni na 20: Jetty na Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta [[Jibuti (birni)|Djibouti]] .]] [[Fayil:Portdedjibouti.jpg|thumb|Jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Djibouti.]] [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] a matsayin babbar hanyar shiga teku kuma babbar hanyar ciniki tsakanin Gabas da Yamma ta ɗauki tsawon shekaru 3,500, lokacin binciken teku na [[Red Sea|Tekun Ja]] . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Port de Djibouti – PMAESA |url=https://www.pmaesa.org/member/port-de-djibouti/ |access-date=2021-06-23 |language=en}}</ref> Tekun Ja wuri ne mai mahimmanci tsakanin Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka da [[Yankin Larabawa]], wuri ne na haɗuwa da wucewa da Masarawa, [[Phoenicia|Phoeniyanci]], Ptolemaists, [[Romawa na Da|Romawa]], Girkawa, [[Daular Rumawa|Byzantines]], Larabawa, sannan Turawa suka yi amfani da shi wajen neman hanyar kayan ƙanshi . <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Port History – PORT DE DJIBOUTI |url=https://www.portdedjibouti.com/port-history/ |access-date=2021-06-23 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202413/https://www.portdedjibouti.com/port-history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Amincewa da ita ta zo ne da buɗewar [[Suez canal|Madatsar Ruwa ta Suez]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Suez canal {{!}} Patrimoines Partagés تراث مشترك |url=https://heritage.bnf.fr/bibliothequesorient/en/the-suez-canal-art |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=heritage.bnf.fr |archive-date=2021-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623112152/https://heritage.bnf.fr/bibliothequesorient/en/the-suez-canal-art |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tashar jiragen ruwan ta samo asali ne daga binciken da [[Itofiya|Habasha]] ke yi na tashar jiragen ruwa, kuma gabar tekun Djibouti ta samar da hanyoyin shiga cikin sauƙi da kuma wuraren da za a iya ajiye jiragen ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=A safe harbor in Djibouti - OPEC Fund for International Development |url=https://opecfund.org/news/a-safe-harbor-in-djibouti |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=OPEC Fund |language=en |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203813/https://opecfund.org/news/a-safe-harbor-in-djibouti |url-status=dead }}</ref> An fara aikin layin dogo na Ethio-Djibouti na Faransa-Ethiopia a shekarar 1897 kuma an kammala shi a shekarar 1917, inda ya haɗa babban birnin [[Addis Ababa]] na Habasha da tashar jiragen ruwan Djibouti. Kammala layin dogo ya ƙara yawan kasuwanci a tashar jiragen ruwan. <ref>{{Citation|url-status=Volterra|access-date=Zaccaria}}</ref> Ci gaban tashar jiragen ruwa ya ƙaru tsakanin 1948 da 1957 ta hanyar gina magudanar ruwa guda huɗu masu zurfi da kuma haƙa hanyoyin shiga tashar jiragen ruwa. A kan ƙasa, an gina sabbin rumbunan ajiya da wuraren adana mai, an samar da wutar lantarki da ruwa da kuma shimfida layukan jirgin ƙasa. A shekarar 1952, kamfanin mai na Faransa ''Pétroles de Somalie'' (wanda yanzu ake kira [[Total|Total SA]] ) ya gina jirgin ruwansa na farko, kuma a shekarar 1956, an kafa Mobil Oil a Djibouti. Tsakanin 1960 da 1970, an haɓaka ayyukan tashar jiragen ruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na hanyar sadarwa ta musayar jiragen ruwa ta duniya. <ref name=":3"/> Tekun Bahar Maliya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin jigilar kaya mafi cunkoso a duniya, kuma Djibouti ta sami kanta a matsayin tashar sabis. Yawan zirga-zirgar ababen hawa ya ninka sau huɗu a cikin shekaru goma daga 1954, inda ya kai kololuwar tan miliyan 1.8 a 1965. Matsayin da Djibouti take da shi na musamman ya ba wa hukumomin tashar jiragen ruwa damar mayar da tashar jiragen ruwa cibiyar yankin Tekun Ja da Tekun Indiya, da kuma Turai, Afirka da Asiya. Tsarin kwantena shi ne babban abin da ke bayan wannan sabon lokacin ci gaba kuma tashar jiragen ruwa ta zamani ta farko ta Djibouti ta fara aiki a watan Fabrairun 1985. <ref name=":4"/> Daga shekarar 1991 zuwa 1994, Djibouti ta fuskanci yakin basasa wanda ya gurgunta tattalin arzikin kasar. A farkon shekarun 2000, layin dogo na Habasha da Djibouti ya lalace saboda rashin kulawa. <ref name="modernisation">{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia-Djibouti Railway Line Modernisation - Railway Technology |url=https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/ethiopia-djibouti-railway-line-modernisation/ |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=www.railway-technology.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan == Ta hanyar shirinta na Belt and Road, China ta zama muhimmiyar abokiyar ciniki da soja ga Djibouti. <ref>{{Cite web |title=China Consolidates Its Commercial Foothold in Djibouti |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/01/china-consolidates-its-commercial-foothold-in-djibouti/ |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Tsakanin 2011 da 2016, Sinawa sun gina layin dogo mai karfin ma'auni mai karfin gaske don maye gurbin layin dogo na Faransa na zamanin mulkin mallaka. Layin dogo na Addis Ababa-Djibouti ya tsaya a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Doraleh da ke kusa kuma ya dawo da hanyar jirgin kasa ta Habasha zuwa teku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=China and Ethiopia, Part 2: The Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/02/china-and-ethiopia-part-2-the-addis-ababa-djibouti-railway/ |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-12 |title=On board the Chinese-built Ethiopia to Djibouti train |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/2177559/board-chinese-built-ethiopia-djibouti-train-lesson |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Shi ne layin dogo na zamani na farko mai amfani da wutar lantarki a Gabashin Afirka. <ref name="modernisation"/> A watan Satumba na 2013, an fara gina tashar jiragen ruwa ta Damerjog, wacce China Merchants Group da gwamnatin Djibouti suka dauki nauyin ginawa, kuma kamfanin gine-ginen farar hula na [[CCECC|China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation]] (CCECC) ne ya gina ta. Yanzu ana amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa don dabbobi, layin jigilar kaya, wurin gyara jiragen ruwa, da kuma tashar jiragen ruwa mai ruwa-ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti Port SA - Damerjog Livestock Port - Details on ZAWYA MENA Edition |url=https://www.zawya.com/mena/en/project/180918040142/djibouti-port-sa-damerjog-livestock-port/ |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=www.zawya.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-13 |title=Djibouti Starts Construction of Two Major Ports |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/djibouti-starts-construction-of-two-major-ports/ |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, an fara aikin gina tashar jiragen ruwa ta Doraleh mai amfani da yawa. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Doraleh yanzu ta rage cunkoso a tashar jiragen ruwa ta asali ta Djibouti, inda ta ƙara tan miliyan 29 na ƙarfin aiki a kowace shekara. A watan Janairun 2021, Bankin Duniya da kuma IHS Markit's Global Container Port Performance Index sun sanya tashar jiragen ruwa ta Djibouti a matsayin mafi kyawun tashar jiragen ruwa ta kwantena a Afirka kuma ta 61 a duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti Ranked Top Port In Africa In World Bank And Ihs Markit Report On Container Ports {{!}} Hellenic Shipping News Worldwide |url=https://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/djibouti-ranked-top-port-in-africa-in-world-bank-and-ihs-markit-report-on-container-ports/ |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=www.hellenicshippingnews.com |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205543/https://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/djibouti-ranked-top-port-in-africa-in-world-bank-and-ihs-markit-report-on-container-ports/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cewar rahoton, "jiragen ruwa suna yin matsakaicin lokaci na ƙasa da kwana ɗaya a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Djibouti, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi inganci a duniya". <ref name="toprank"/> Wannan ya ɗaga bege a cikin kula da tashar jiragen ruwa cewa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Djibouti za ta iya "zama Singapore ta gaba". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schipani |first=Andres |date=1 June 2021 |title=Djibouti's port dream to become the 'Singapore of Africa' |url=https://www.ft.com/content/15aefce3-2e6b-4e1a-b480-bfc066f7d8dd |website=Financial Times}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2021, Kenya ta fara aikin gina tashar jiragen ruwa ta Lamu wadda aka tsara don ƙirƙirar hanyar sufuri tsakanin tsibiran Lamu, Sudan ta Kudu da Habasha. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2021 |title=New Kenyan Port Aims to Be East Africa's Biggest |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2021-05-24/supply-chains-latest-new-kenyan-port-in-lamu-aims-to-be-east-africa-s-biggest |website=Bloomberg}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Abishek |title=A Chinese-built port in the Indian Ocean: The story of Kenya's Lamu port |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/a-chinese-built-port-in-the-indian-ocean-the-story-of-kenyas-lamu-port/ |website=Observer Research Foundation}}</ref> Kamfanin Gine-gine na China Communications ne ke gina tashar. Ganin cewa tashar jiragen ruwa za ta yi aiki a matsayin cibiyar jigilar kayayyaki, ana sa ran za ta jawo hankalin manyan layukan jigilar kaya kuma za ta iya fara gogayya da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Djibouti. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kilaka |first=Benard Musembi |last2=Bachmann |first2=Jan |title=Kenya launches Lamu port. But its value remains an open question |url=http://theconversation.com/kenya-launches-lamu-port-but-its-value-remains-an-open-question-161301 |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> === Takaddama === An yi suka ga tasirin da China ke yi a Djibouti, musamman ta hanyar sansanin sojinta, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan a matsayin wanda ya fi amfanar da kwanciyar hankalin tsarin siyasa na yanzu fiye da na kasar kanta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-31 |title=How Djibouti became a microcosm of China's growing foothold in Africa |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/africa/article/3044010/china-has-grand-strategic-plan-we-dont-how-djibouti-became |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Welle (www.dw.com) |first=Deutsche |title=Tiny but mighty: Djibouti's role in geopolitics {{!}} DW {{!}} 08.04.2021 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/tiny-but-mighty-djiboutis-role-in-geopolitics/a-57136069 |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=DW.COM |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ganin cewa jimillar jarin da China ta zuba a kasar ya kai dala miliyan 853 tsakanin 2005 da 2019 da kuma bashin kudi da China ke bin ta wanda ya yi daidai da kashi 30% <ref name=":0"/> na jimillar bashin Djibouti, China ta zama babbar abokiyar ciniki da soja ga kasar Afirka. Masu sharhi kan harkokin siyasa sun bayyana cewa wannan dogaro ba wai kawai yana damun kudin kasar ba ne, har ma da karuwar kasancewar sojojin China a kasar barazana ce ga zaman lafiyar yankin da ke da dabarun kasa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheng |first=Amy |title=Will Djibouti Become Latest Country to Fall Into China's Debt Trap? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/07/31/will-djibouti-become-latest-country-to-fall-into-chinas-debt-trap/ |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sun |first=Yun |date=2018-10-02 |title=Djibouti: What Europe should understand of China's approach to military expansion |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/defence-and-security/opinion/djibouti-what-europe-should-understand-of-chinas-approach-to-military-expansion/ |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=www.euractiv.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> A shekarar 2012, yanayin saka hannun jari a ƙasashen waje na Djibouti ya shiga cikin shakku lokacin da gwamnatin Djibouti ta sayar da yarjejeniyar Doraleh Container Terminal, wacce a lokacin DP World ce ke kula da ita a Dubai, ga wani mai fafatawa da ita a China Merchants Ports Holdings. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Dahir |first=Abdi Latif |date=28 February 2019 |title=A legal tussle over a strategic African port sets up a challenge for China's Belt and Road plan |url=https://qz.com/africa/1560998/djibouti-dp-world-port-case-challenges-chinas-belt-and-road/ |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2018, an soke yarjejeniyar DP World ta hanyar umarnin shugaban ƙasa kuma an mayar da kadarorin DP World ga kamfanin gwamnati na China bayan wata sabuwar doka da ta ba da damar "sake yin shawarwari da kuma dakatar da kwangilolin da aka kammala da suka shafi 'sarrafa ko gudanar da kayayyakin more rayuwa na zamani'". <ref name=":5" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2018 |title=DP World accuses Djibouti of illegally seizing container terminal |url=https://www.ft.com/content/de2d4d88-1867-11e8-9376-4a6390addb44 |website=Financial Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-26 |title=DP World wins ruling against Djibouti over seized port |url=https://apnews.com/article/djibouti-middle-east-united-arab-emirates-ethiopia-dubai-8d3e1302a9e5f604c117653a70f67e78 |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=AP NEWS}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, Kotun Sasantawa ta Duniya ta Landan ta yanke hukunci kan DP World, inda ta bayyana cewa kwace tashar jiragen ruwa ta Doraleh da Djibouti ta yi ba bisa ka'ida ba ne kuma za a dawo da haƙƙoƙin mallaka na asali. <ref name=":6"/> Kotun ta riga ta umarci ƙasar da ta biya DP World diyyar dala miliyan 533. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dudley |first=Dominic |title=Djibouti Ordered To Pay $533M In Compensation In Container Terminal Dispute With Dubai |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dominicdudley/2019/04/04/djibouti-ordered-to-pay-533m-in-compensation-in-container-terminal-dispute-with-dubai/ |access-date=2021-06-23 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Jimilla, an yanke hukunci shida a tsawon shekaru don goyon bayan DP World, duk waɗanda gwamnatin Djibouti ta yi watsi da su, a cewar kamfanin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gibbon |first=Gavin |date=14 January 2020 |title=DP World wins sixth legal ruling in $1bn Djibouti port dispute |url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/transport/437554-dp-world-wins-sixth-legal-ruling-in-1bn-djibouti-port-dispute |website=Arabian Business}}</ref> Bayan kin amincewa da hukuncin a watan Janairun 2020, Djibouti ta miƙa kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na hannun jarin tashar ga China Merchants Ports Holdings. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] h7d0z6ti6ebttume4pgrzkm4outrzv0 0 154193 894004 845273 2026-08-10T05:06:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | suna = Yusuf Estes | hoto = Yusuf Estes 2012.jpg | haihuwa = Joseph Edward Estes<br>1944 | ƙasa = Amurka | addini = Musulunci | sana'a = Malamin addinin Musulunci, mai wa'azi, marubuci | sananne = Da'awah da koyar da Musulunci a Turanci }} '''Yusuf Estes''' (an haife shi a shekarar 1944 da suna '''Joseph Edward Estes''') malamin addinin Musulunci ne daga Amurka wanda ya shahara wajen wa'azi da gabatar da shirye-shiryen da'awah ga masu magana da harshen Turanci. Kafin karɓar Musulunci, ya kasance mai bin addinin Kiristanci kuma yana da hannu a ayyukan coci da harkokin kasuwanci.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Real Reason Why Muslims Love Jesus |publisher=The Quran Motivation |date=2025-01-27 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VK3eTDLJ9CQ}}</ref> == Rayuwarsa ta farko == An haifi Yusuf Estes a Amurka a shekarar 1944. Ya taso ne a cikin iyalin Kiristoci masu tsananin riƙo da addini. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa ya shiga ayyukan coci kuma ya yi sana'o'in kasuwanci daban-daban, musamman a harkar kayan kiɗa.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Real Reason Why Muslims Love Jesus |publisher=The Quran Motivation |date=2025-01-27 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VK3eTDLJ9CQ}}</ref> == Karɓar Musulunci == A farkon shekarun 1990, Yusuf Estes ya haɗu da wani ɗan kasuwa Musulmi daga Masar. Tattaunawa da muhawarori kan addini tsakanin su ne suka sa ya fara nazarin Musulunci sosai. Daga baya ya karɓi Musulunci a shekarar 1991 bayan ya gamsu da koyarwar tauhidi da sauran akidun Musulunci.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yusuf Estes - How he Converted To Islam |publisher=Islamic Information |date=2008-05-18 |url=https://www.islamicinformation.net/2008/05/yusuf-estes-how-he-converted-to-islam.html |access-date=2026-06-02 |archive-date=2026-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260602151509/https://www.islamicinformation.net/2008/05/yusuf-estes-how-he-converted-to-islam.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan karɓar Musulunci, matarsa da wasu daga cikin iyalinsa ma sun karɓi addinin Musulunci.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yusuf Estes - How he Converted To Islam |publisher=Islamic Information |date=2008-05-18 |url=https://www.islamicinformation.net/2008/05/yusuf-estes-how-he-converted-to-islam.html |access-date=2026-06-02 |archive-date=2026-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260602151509/https://www.islamicinformation.net/2008/05/yusuf-estes-how-he-converted-to-islam.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyukansa == Yusuf Estes ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu da'awah a duniya masu amfani da harshen Turanci. Ya gabatar da laccoci da dama a ƙasashe daban-daban tare da shiga shirye-shiryen tattaunawa tsakanin mabambantan addinai. Haka kuma ya kafa tashar ''Guide US TV'' domin yaɗa ilimin Musulunci ta yanar gizo da talabijin.<ref>{{cite news |title=Yusuf Estes |publisher=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Estes}}</ref> A shekarar 2010 an saka sunansa cikin jerin mutane Musulmi 500 mafi tasiri a duniya. A shekarar 2012 kuma ya samu lambar yabo ta ''Islamic Personality of the Year'' a Dubai.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dr Shaikh Yusuf Estes named Islamic Personality of 2012 |publisher=Khaleej Times |date=2012-07-09}}</ref> == Tasiri == Yusuf Estes ya shahara saboda salon wa'azinsa mai sauƙi da amfani da barkwanci wajen bayyana koyarwar Musulunci. Laccocinsa da bidiyoyinsa sun samu karɓuwa sosai a tsakanin Musulmai da waɗanda ke son sanin addinin Musulunci.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Real Reason Why Muslims Love Jesus |publisher=The Quran Motivation |date=2025-01-27 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VK3eTDLJ9CQ}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Malaman Musulunci]] [[Category:Mutanen Amurka]] [[Category:Wadanda suka musulunta]] [[Category:Haihuwa a 1944]] o02qpbr1vs1gl79myj2ucmtiibkhsm3 0 154223 893974 845389 2026-08-10T01:08:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Yakubu Chonoko Maikyau | honorific_suffix = SAN, OON | image = | caption = Yakubu Maikyau | birth_date = 6 February 1965 | birth_place = Kebbi State, Nigeria | nationality = Nigerian | education = Ahmadu Bello University | occupation = Lawyer | known_for = Legal Practice, Arbitration, Nigerian Bar Association | title = 31st President of the Nigerian Bar Association | term_start = 22 August 2022 | term_end = 29 August 2024 | predecessor = Olumide Akpata | successor = Afam Osigwe | alma_mater = Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria | organization = Y. C. Maikyau & Co. }} '''Yakubu Chonoko Maikyau''' SAN ɗan Najeriya ne mai sana'ar lauya, Babban Lauyan Najeriya (Senior Advocate of Nigeria – SAN), kuma wanda ya kafa kamfanin lauyoyi na '''Y. C. Maikyau & Co.'''. Ya shahara sosai a fannin shari'a a Najeriya kuma ya kasance Shugaban Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Najeriya (Nigerian Bar Association – NBA) na 31 daga shekarar 2022 zuwa 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nigerian Bar Association gets new president |url=https://businessday.ng/news/legal-business/article/nigerian-bar-association-gets-new-president/ |work=BusinessDay |date=18 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Yakubu Maikyau Elected New NBA President |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2022/07/17/breaking-yakubu-maikyau-elected-new-nba-president/ |work=Channels Television |date=17 July 2022}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Yakubu Chonoko Maikyau a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 1965 a Jihar Kebbi, Najeriya. Ya yi karatun digirin farko a fannin Shari'a (LL.B) a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya, inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1989. Daga bisani aka kira shi zuwa Bar ta Najeriya a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 1990 domin fara aikin lauya.<ref>{{cite news |title=NBA elects new President, Yakubu Maikyau |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/543398-nba-elects-new-president-yakubu-maikyau.html |work=Premium Times |date=17 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nigerian Bar Association gets new president |url=https://businessday.ng/news/legal-business/article/nigerian-bar-association-gets-new-president/ |work=BusinessDay |date=18 July 2022}}</ref> == Aikin lauya == Maikyau ya yi suna a matsayin ƙwararren lauya a harkokin sasanta rigingimu da shari'o'in kotu. Ya kafa kamfanin lauyoyi na '''Y. C. Maikyau & Co.''' a shekarar 2003, wanda ke da ofisoshi a Abuja da Sokoto. A cikin aikinsa, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun lauyoyin Najeriya kuma aka ba shi lambar girmamawa ta '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)''' a shekarar 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nigerian Bar Association gets new president |url=https://businessday.ng/news/legal-business/article/nigerian-bar-association-gets-new-president/ |work=BusinessDay |date=18 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Yakubu Chonoko Maikyau, SAN |url=https://www.njc.gov.ng/index.php/council/profile/67 |publisher=National Judicial Council}}</ref> Baya ga aikin lauya, Maikyau mamba ne na ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru da dama ciki har da '''International Bar Association (IBA)''', sannan Fellow ne na '''Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (UK)''' da kuma '''Institute of Chartered Mediators and Conciliators'''. Ya kuma riƙe muƙamai daban-daban a cikin NBA, ciki har da shugaban Kwamitin Jin Daɗin Mambobi (Welfare Committee) daga 2020 zuwa 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yakubu Chonoko Maikyau, SAN |url=https://www.njc.gov.ng/index.php/council/profile/67 |publisher=National Judicial Council}}</ref> == Shugabancin NBA == A watan Yulin 2022, Maikyau ya lashe zaɓen Shugaban Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Najeriya (NBA), inda ya samu ƙuri'u 22,342, ya kayar da Joe-Kyari Gadzama SAN da Jonathan Taidi. Nasarar tasa ta sa ya zama Shugaban NBA na 31, inda ya gaji Olumide Akpata.<ref>{{cite news |title=Yakubu Maikyau Elected New NBA President |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2022/07/17/breaking-yakubu-maikyau-elected-new-nba-president/ |work=Channels Television |date=17 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Maikyau emerges as 31st President of NBA |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/07/breaking-maikyau-emerges-as-31st-president-of-nba/ |work=Vanguard |date=17 July 2022}}</ref> An rantsar da shi a hukumance a watan Agustan 2022 bayan kammala taron shekara-shekara na NBA. A lokacin shugabancinsa ya mayar da hankali kan kare martabar tsarin shari'a, tabbatar da bin doka da oda, da kuma ƙarfafa walwalar lauyoyin Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Akpata Bows Out, Y.C Maikyau Sworn In As 31st NBA President |url=https://independent.ng/akpata-bows-out-y-c-maikyau-sworn-in-as-31st-nba-president/ |work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=26 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Address by the President of the Nigerian Bar Association, Mr Yakubu Chonoko Maikyau |url=https://blog.nigerianbar.org.ng/2022/09/12/address-by-the-president-of-the-nigerian-bar-association-mr-yakubu-chonoko-maikyau-san-at-the-annual-legal-year-ceremony-of-the-court-of-appeal-held-on-12-september-2022/ |publisher=Nigerian Bar Association |date=12 September 2022}}</ref> == Ayyukan ƙasa da ƙasa == A shekarar 2024, an naɗa Maikyau cikin membobin '''Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)''' da ke Hague a ƙasar Netherlands. Wannan naɗi ya kasance wata babbar karramawa ga fannin shari'a na Najeriya da kuma gudummawar da ya bayar wajen warware rigingimu ta hanyar shari'a da sulhu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nigerian Bar Association President YC Maikyau Appointed to Prestigious Permanent Court of Arbitration |url=https://blog.nigerianbar.org.ng/2024/07/24/nigerian-bar-association-president-yc-maikyau-appointed-to-prestigious-permanent-court-of-arbitration/ |publisher=Nigerian Bar Association |date=24 July 2024}}</ref> == Gada da tasiri == Yakubu Maikyau ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan lauyoyin Najeriya da suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa harkokin shari'a da kare dimokuraɗiyya. An san shi da jajircewa wajen kare 'yancin ɗan Adam, tabbatar da bin doka, da kuma ƙarfafa matsayin lauyoyi a cikin al'umma.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gov. Okowa felicitates Maikyau, NBA President-Elect |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/local/gov-okowa-felicitates-maikyau-nba-president-elect-2024072517525011580 |work=Pulse Nigeria |date=18 July 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Yakubu Maikyau – Tributes to the NBA President Like No Other |url=https://gatekeepersnews.com/2023/02/06/yakubu-maikyau-nba-president/ |work=Gatekeepers News |date=6 February 2023}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} o6rnq08it6lr50dxuii4l9exadjf4pd 0 154330 893719 845604 2026-08-09T16:28:46Z Asiya Garba 46242 893719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Straw kayan aikin gona ne wanda ya kunshi busassun tsire-tsire na [[Siril|hatsi]] bayan an cire [[hatsi]] da kayan gona. Ya zama kusan rabin amfanin gona ta hanyar nauyin amfanin gona kamar [[sha'ir]], oats, [[shinkafa]], Rye da alkama. Yana kuma da amfani daban-daban, gami da man fetur, gado na dabbobi da abinci, ciyawa da Yin kwando. Yawanci ana tattara bambaro a ajiye a cikin bambaro, wanda aka ɗaure shi da igiya, waya, ko igiya. Bambaro na iya zama murabba'i, murabba'i, siffar tauraro ko zagaye, kuma suna iya zama babba sosai, ya danganta da nau'in bambaro da aka yi amfani da shi. == Amfani da shi == Amfani na yanzu da na tarihi na straw sun hada da: [[Fayil:A_traditional_method_of_storing_wheat_hay_in_Punjab.jpg|thumb|Hanyar gargajiya ta adana hay na alkama a Punjab.]] Ana iya ciyar da tsiro a matsayin wani ɓangare na ɓangaren roughage na abincin ga shanu ko dawakai waɗanda ke kan matakin kulawa na kusa da buƙatun makamashi. Yana da ƙarancin makamashi da abubuwan gina jiki (kamar yadda ya saba da hay, wanda ya fi gina jiki). Zafin da aka samar lokacin da microorganisms a cikin ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar ƙwaya na iya zama da amfani wajen kiyaye zafin jiki a yanayin sanyi. Saboda haɗarin Tasirin da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, ya kamata a ƙuntata shi a kowane lokaci zuwa wani ɓangare na abincin. Ana iya ciyar da shi kamar yadda yake, ko yanka shi cikin gajeren lokaci, wanda aka sani da chaff. === Kwando === Ana yin skeps na ƙudan zuma da [[Kwando]] na lilin daga juyawa kuma an ɗaure su tare da tsawon ci gaba na ciyawar. An san dabarar da aikin lebe. === Abinci === Ana amfani da tsintsiya a matsayin gado ga ruminants da dawakai. Ana iya amfani da shi azaman gado da abinci ga kananan dabbobi, amma wannan sau da yawa yana haifar da raunin baki, hanci da idanu kamar yadda kara yake da kaifi. Mattress ɗin da ke cike da ciyawar, wanda aka fi sani da palliasse, har yanzu mutane ne ke amfani da shi a sassa da yawa na duniya. === Bioplastic === Shinkafa, sharar aikin gona wanda ba a dawo da shi ba, ana iya juya shi zuwa [[Bioplastic]] tare da kaddarorin inji kamar polystyrene a cikin yanayin bushewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bilo |first=Fabjola |last2=Pandini |first2=Stefano |last3=Sartore |first3=Luciana |last4=Depero |first4=Laura E. |last5=Gargiulo |first5=Giovanna |last6=Bonassi |first6=Andrea |last7=Federici |first7=Stefania |last8=Bontempi |first8=Elza |date=2018-11-01 |title=A sustainable bioplastic obtained from rice straw |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652618322418 |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=200 |pages=357–368 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.252 |s2cid=140096514 |access-date=2020-09-12}}</ref> Ana binciken Straw a matsayin tushen sunadarai masu kyau ciki har da alkaloids, flavonoids, lignins, phenols, da Steroids.<ref name="pmid24138469">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schnitzer M, Monreal CM, Powell EE |year=2014 |title=Wheat straw biomass: A resource for high-value chemicals |journal=Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=51–67 |bibcode=2014JESHB..49...51S |doi=10.1080/03601234.2013.836924 |pmid=24138469 |s2cid=43907721}}</ref> === Kayan gini === A sassa da yawa na duniya, ana amfani da ciyawar don ɗaure yumɓu da kankare. Ana iya amfani da cakuda yumɓu da kara, wanda aka sani da cob, azaman kayan gini. Akwai girke-girke da yawa don yin cob. Lokacin da aka ba da izini, ciyawar tana da halaye masu matsakaici (game da R-1.5/inch bisa ga gwajin Oak Ridge National Lab da Forest Product Lab). Ana iya amfani da shi, shi kaɗai ko a cikin ginin post-and-beam, don gina gidajen straw bale. Lokacin da ake amfani da bales don gina ko rufe gine-gine, ana gama bales na ciyawar da gilashi na yumɓu. Ganuwar da aka yi da gyare-gyare tana ba da ƙarfin zafi, ƙarfin tsari mai ƙarfi da ƙarfin tsari, da juriya mai ƙwarewa da kuma juriya mai zafi (insulation), wanda ya wuce tsarin gini Arewacin Amurka. Straw babban kayan sharar gona ne, kuma yana buƙatar ƙaramin makamashi don yin amfani da shi don ginawa. Saboda wadannan dalilai, gine-ginen straw bale yana samun karbuwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na hasken rana da sauran ayyukan makamashi mai sabuntawa.<ref>[http://www.earthhealing.info/strawbale.pdf The Straw Bale House: Suitability for the Eastern U.S.]</ref> Ana iya amfani da ciyawar alkama a matsayin mai cikawa tare da polymers don samar da katako.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adding Value to Wheat Straw By Anduin Kirkbride-McElroy. Biomass Magazine, 2007 |url=http://biomassmagazine.com/articles/1367/adding-value-to-wheat-straw/}}</ref> Strawblocks strawbales ne waɗanda aka sake matsewa zuwa yawan katako, don jigilar kaya, ko don gina ganuwar da ke ɗauke da kaya waɗanda ke tallafawa rufin, kamar "rayayye" ko rufin kore. === Ayyuka === [[Fayil:Solomka.jpg|thumb|'Yan tsana na Belarus]] [[Fayil:Latviešu_puzurs.JPG|thumb|Latvian gargajiya Ziemassvētki straw art mobile ''puzuris'' ]] Amfani da sana'a na straw ya haɗa da: * Yankin masara * Himmeli (zane-zane) * Rashin zane-zane * Hoton zane * Rashin sutura * Tsoro mai ban tsoro * Gidan Kat na gargajiya na Japan * fasahar wara ta Japan === Ginin gine-gine sarrafa turɓaya === Ana amfani da sandar sandar a wasu lokuta don kula da turɓaya a wuraren gini.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2010 |title=Straw Bale Barrier |url=https://udfcd.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/SC-03-Straw-Bale-Barrier.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714215019/https://udfcd.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/SC-03-Straw-Bale-Barrier.pdf |archive-date=2019-07-14 |website=Urban Storm Drainage Criteria Manual |publisher=Urban Drainage and Flood Control District |id=SBB-1}}</ref> Koyaya, bales sau da yawa ba su da tasiri wajen kare ingancin ruwa kuma suna da kulawa mai yawa. Saboda wadannan dalilai Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) da hukumomin jihohi daban-daban suna ba da shawarar yin amfani da wasu hanyoyin kula da turɓaya inda ya yiwu, kamar shinge na silt, Fiber rolls da geotextiles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-06-01 |title=National Menu of Stormwater Best Management Practices: Straw or Hay Bales |url=http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/index.cfm?action=browse&Rbutton=detail&bmp=122 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730163657/http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/index.cfm?action=browse&Rbutton=detail&bmp=122 |archive-date=2013-07-30 |website=National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> Hakanan ana iya amfani da su azaman amsawar gaggawa ta yankin da aka ƙone, azaman rufe ƙasa ko kuma a matsayin madatsar ruwa. === Tushen mai === Amfani da kara a matsayin tushen makamashi na carbon-neutral yana ƙaruwa da sauri, musamman ga biobutanol. Straw ko hay briquettes ne biofuel maye gurbin coal. Straw, wanda aka sarrafa da farko a matsayin briquettes, an ciyar da shi a cikin masana'antar iskar gas a Jami'ar Aarhus, Denmark, a cikin gwaji don ganin idan za'a iya samun iskar gas mafi girma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=252507@au.dk |date=2017-06-30 |title=show |url=http://dca.au.dk/en/current-news/news/show/artikel/vejen-fra-toert-halm-til-brugbar-energi-forkortes-markant/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415174332/http://dca.au.dk/en/current-news/news/show/artikel/vejen-fra-toert-halm-til-brugbar-energi-forkortes-markant/ |archive-date=2016-04-15 |access-date=2017-07-02 |website=dca.au.dk |language=en}}</ref> Amfani da ciyawar a cikin manyan tashoshin wutar lantarki na biomass yana zama sananne a cikin EU, tare da wurare da yawa da suka riga sun kasance a kan layi. Ana amfani da ciyawar kai tsaye a cikin nau'in bales, ko kuma a cikin pellets wanda ke ba da damar jigilar kayan abinci a cikin nesa. A ƙarshe, turarefaction na straw tare da pelletisation yana samun kulawa, saboda yana ƙara yawan makamashi na albarkatun, yana ba da damar jigilar shi har yanzu. Wannan mataki na aiki kuma yana sauƙaƙa adanawa, saboda ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta suna da hydrophobic. Za'a iya amfani da ciyawar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin nau'ikan pellets kai tsaye tare da kwal ko iskar gas a farashi mai yawa kuma suna amfani da kayan aikin sarrafawa a masana'antun kwal da iskar gas da ke akwai. Saboda gashin kwalliya yana da mafi girman tsari, sinadarai da kayan konewa ga kwal, za su iya maye gurbin duk kwal kuma su juya tashar kwal a cikin tashar wutar lantarki mai cikakken biomass. Gilashin ƙarni na farko an iyakance su zuwa kashi 15% a cikin tsire-tsire na IGCC na zamani. === Yin lambu === Ginin shuke-shuke <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-30 |title=Straw Bale Gardening For Beginners {{!}} A Great Alternative to Soil Gardening & 10 Vegs To Grow - Organic Gardening Geek |url=https://organicgardeningeek.com/straw-bale-gardening-for-beginners/ |access-date=2021-11-07 |website=organicgardeningeek.com |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma sananne ne tsakanin masu lambu waɗanda ba su da isasshen sarari don lambu na ƙasa. Lokacin da aka kwantar da shi yadda ya kamata, ana iya amfani da bututun ciyawar a matsayin cikakkiyar maye gurbin [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]]. [[Fayil:Texas_straw_hat_with_the_ornament_made_of_a_rattlesnake's_skin.jpg|thumb|Hudu na ciyawar]] Akwai nau'o'i da yawa na hatunan straw da aka yi da straw. Dubban mata da yara a Ingila (da farko a gundumar Luton ta Bedfordshire), da adadi mai yawa a Amurka (yawanci [[Massachusetts]]), an yi amfani da su wajen yin kara don yin hular. A ƙarshen karni na 19, ana shigo da yadudduka masu yawa zuwa Ingila daga Canton a China, <ref name="eb9" /> kuma a Amurka an shigo da mafi yawan yadudduka. Ana samun fiber mai kama da kara daga shuka ''Carludovica palmata'', kuma ana amfani dashi don yin hat na Panama. Tsaro na ruwan sama na gargajiya na Jafananci ya kunshi hular straw da kuma cape mino. === Aikin lambu === Ana amfani da tsiro a cikin gidajen cucumber da kuma girma da kaza. A [[Japan]], wasu bishiyoyi ana lullube su da kara don kare su daga tasirin hunturu mai tsanani da kuma amfani da su azaman tarko ga kwari. (Dubi Komomaki) Hakanan ana amfani dashi a cikin tafkuna don rage algae ta hanyar canza yawan abubuwan gina jiki a cikin ruwa. An rufe ƙasa a ƙarƙashin strawberries da kara don kare 'ya'yan itace masu tsufa daga datti, kuma ana amfani da kara don rufe tsire-tsire a lokacin hunturu don hana sanyi kashe su. A yankunan kiwo na Turai, ana iya amfani da ciyawar don ƙirƙirar nau'in kayan aiki mai sauƙi, wanda aka sani da masu magana da Ingilishi kamar bututun oaten, kodayake an san irin waɗannan kayan aikin a Turkiyya da Gabas ta Tsakiya, da arewacin Afirka. === Kunshin === Straw yana tsayayya da a murkushe shi sabili da haka yana yin kayan kwalliya mai kyau. Wani kamfani a Faransa yana yin matattarar straw da aka rufe a cikin takalma na filastik. An samo ambulaf na kwalban ruwan inabi, amma har yanzu ana samun su a wasu 'yan kasuwa na ruwan inabi. Ana kuma amfani da ciyawar alkama a cikin kayan kwalliya irin su faranti masu kwalliya. Ana iya tabbatar da kunshin da aka yi daga ciyawar alkama kuma zai lalace a cikin yanayin kasuwanci. === Takarda === Ana iya cire tsintsiya don yin [[takarda]]. === Rarraba === An yi amfani da igiya da aka yi da kara, a cikin masana'antar marufi har ma a cikin masana-rubucen ƙarfe. Saekki igiya ce ta gargajiya ta Koriya da aka yi da ciyawar da aka yi. === Takalma === Sinanci sun sa Cailu ko caixie, takalma da takalma da aka yi da kara, har zuwa zamani. Koriya suna sa Jipsin, takalma da aka yi da kara. Nau'ikan takalma na gargajiya na Jafananci, kamar waraji da zōri, an yi su ne da kara. A wasu sassan Jamus kamar Black Forest da Hunsrück mutane suna sa takalma a gida ko a carnival. === Manufofin === Ana rufe igiyar ciyawar da aka yi amfani da ita sosai kuma an ɗora ta sosai don yin burin harbi. Wannan ba a sake yin shi gaba ɗaya da hannu ba, amma an yi shi da wani ɓangare. Wani lokaci ana saita takarda ko filastik a gaban kwalba, wanda ke aiki don tallafawa manufa da samar da mafita mai aminci. === Shuka shuke-shuke === Shuka yana amfani da ciyawar, reed ko makamancin kayan don yin rufin da ba shi da ruwa, mai sauƙi tare da kyawawan kayan rufi. Ana shuka shuke-shuke don wannan dalili (sau da yawa alkama) musamman kuma ana girbe shi ta amfani da mai girbi. == Lafiya da aminci == Kashewar shinkafa tana gabatar da haɗarin wuta wanda zai iya ƙonewa cikin sauƙi idan an fallasa shi ga hasken wuta ko harshen wuta. Hakanan yana iya haifar da Rhinitis mai guba a cikin mutanen da ke da saukin kamuwa da cututtukan iska kamar ƙurar ciyawar. == Dubi kuma == * Mai shayarwa na masara * Rashin amfanin gona * Shan ciyawar * Akwai * Straw (launi) * Gida (aikin noma) , tarin kara * Stook, tarin ciyawar * Karnuka * Ginin katako * Yule Goat [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] doubrbprdpju8r71kuyc9vruh1i94ek 893720 893719 2026-08-09T16:28:56Z Asiya Garba 46242 893720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Straw kayan aikin gona ne wanda ya kunshi busassun tsire-tsire na [[Siril|hatsi]] bayan an cire [[hatsi]] da kayan gona. Ya zama kusan rabin amfanin gona ta hanyar nauyin amfanin gona kamar [[sha'ir]], oats, [[shinkafa]], Rye da alkama. Yana kuma da amfani daban-daban, gami da man fetur, gado na dabbobi da abinci, ciyawa da Yin kwando. Yawanci ana tattara bambaro a ajiye a cikin bambaro, wanda aka ɗaure shi da igiya, waya, ko igiya. Bambaro na iya zama murabba'i, murabba'i, siffar tauraro ko zagaye, kuma suna iya zama babba sosai, ya danganta da nau'in bambaro da aka yi amfani da shi. == Amfani da shi == Amfani na yanzu da na tarihi na straw sun hada da: [[Fayil:A_traditional_method_of_storing_wheat_hay_in_Punjab.jpg|thumb|Hanyar gargajiya ta adana hay na alkama a Punjab.]] Ana kuma iya ciyar da tsiro a matsayin wani ɓangare na ɓangaren roughage na abincin ga shanu ko dawakai waɗanda ke kan matakin kulawa na kusa da buƙatun makamashi. Yana da ƙarancin makamashi da abubuwan gina jiki (kamar yadda ya saba da hay, wanda ya fi gina jiki). Zafin da aka samar lokacin da microorganisms a cikin ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar ƙwaya na iya zama da amfani wajen kiyaye zafin jiki a yanayin sanyi. Saboda haɗarin Tasirin da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, ya kamata a ƙuntata shi a kowane lokaci zuwa wani ɓangare na abincin. Ana iya ciyar da shi kamar yadda yake, ko yanka shi cikin gajeren lokaci, wanda aka sani da chaff. === Kwando === Ana yin skeps na ƙudan zuma da [[Kwando]] na lilin daga juyawa kuma an ɗaure su tare da tsawon ci gaba na ciyawar. An san dabarar da aikin lebe. === Abinci === Ana amfani da tsintsiya a matsayin gado ga ruminants da dawakai. Ana iya amfani da shi azaman gado da abinci ga kananan dabbobi, amma wannan sau da yawa yana haifar da raunin baki, hanci da idanu kamar yadda kara yake da kaifi. Mattress ɗin da ke cike da ciyawar, wanda aka fi sani da palliasse, har yanzu mutane ne ke amfani da shi a sassa da yawa na duniya. === Bioplastic === Shinkafa, sharar aikin gona wanda ba a dawo da shi ba, ana iya juya shi zuwa [[Bioplastic]] tare da kaddarorin inji kamar polystyrene a cikin yanayin bushewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bilo |first=Fabjola |last2=Pandini |first2=Stefano |last3=Sartore |first3=Luciana |last4=Depero |first4=Laura E. |last5=Gargiulo |first5=Giovanna |last6=Bonassi |first6=Andrea |last7=Federici |first7=Stefania |last8=Bontempi |first8=Elza |date=2018-11-01 |title=A sustainable bioplastic obtained from rice straw |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652618322418 |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=200 |pages=357–368 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.252 |s2cid=140096514 |access-date=2020-09-12}}</ref> Ana binciken Straw a matsayin tushen sunadarai masu kyau ciki har da alkaloids, flavonoids, lignins, phenols, da Steroids.<ref name="pmid24138469">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schnitzer M, Monreal CM, Powell EE |year=2014 |title=Wheat straw biomass: A resource for high-value chemicals |journal=Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=51–67 |bibcode=2014JESHB..49...51S |doi=10.1080/03601234.2013.836924 |pmid=24138469 |s2cid=43907721}}</ref> === Kayan gini === A sassa da yawa na duniya, ana amfani da ciyawar don ɗaure yumɓu da kankare. Ana iya amfani da cakuda yumɓu da kara, wanda aka sani da cob, azaman kayan gini. Akwai girke-girke da yawa don yin cob. Lokacin da aka ba da izini, ciyawar tana da halaye masu matsakaici (game da R-1.5/inch bisa ga gwajin Oak Ridge National Lab da Forest Product Lab). Ana iya amfani da shi, shi kaɗai ko a cikin ginin post-and-beam, don gina gidajen straw bale. Lokacin da ake amfani da bales don gina ko rufe gine-gine, ana gama bales na ciyawar da gilashi na yumɓu. Ganuwar da aka yi da gyare-gyare tana ba da ƙarfin zafi, ƙarfin tsari mai ƙarfi da ƙarfin tsari, da juriya mai ƙwarewa da kuma juriya mai zafi (insulation), wanda ya wuce tsarin gini Arewacin Amurka. Straw babban kayan sharar gona ne, kuma yana buƙatar ƙaramin makamashi don yin amfani da shi don ginawa. Saboda wadannan dalilai, gine-ginen straw bale yana samun karbuwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na hasken rana da sauran ayyukan makamashi mai sabuntawa.<ref>[http://www.earthhealing.info/strawbale.pdf The Straw Bale House: Suitability for the Eastern U.S.]</ref> Ana iya amfani da ciyawar alkama a matsayin mai cikawa tare da polymers don samar da katako.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adding Value to Wheat Straw By Anduin Kirkbride-McElroy. Biomass Magazine, 2007 |url=http://biomassmagazine.com/articles/1367/adding-value-to-wheat-straw/}}</ref> Strawblocks strawbales ne waɗanda aka sake matsewa zuwa yawan katako, don jigilar kaya, ko don gina ganuwar da ke ɗauke da kaya waɗanda ke tallafawa rufin, kamar "rayayye" ko rufin kore. === Ayyuka === [[Fayil:Solomka.jpg|thumb|'Yan tsana na Belarus]] [[Fayil:Latviešu_puzurs.JPG|thumb|Latvian gargajiya Ziemassvētki straw art mobile ''puzuris'' ]] Amfani da sana'a na straw ya haɗa da: * Yankin masara * Himmeli (zane-zane) * Rashin zane-zane * Hoton zane * Rashin sutura * Tsoro mai ban tsoro * Gidan Kat na gargajiya na Japan * fasahar wara ta Japan === Ginin gine-gine sarrafa turɓaya === Ana amfani da sandar sandar a wasu lokuta don kula da turɓaya a wuraren gini.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2010 |title=Straw Bale Barrier |url=https://udfcd.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/SC-03-Straw-Bale-Barrier.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714215019/https://udfcd.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/SC-03-Straw-Bale-Barrier.pdf |archive-date=2019-07-14 |website=Urban Storm Drainage Criteria Manual |publisher=Urban Drainage and Flood Control District |id=SBB-1}}</ref> Koyaya, bales sau da yawa ba su da tasiri wajen kare ingancin ruwa kuma suna da kulawa mai yawa. Saboda wadannan dalilai Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) da hukumomin jihohi daban-daban suna ba da shawarar yin amfani da wasu hanyoyin kula da turɓaya inda ya yiwu, kamar shinge na silt, Fiber rolls da geotextiles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-06-01 |title=National Menu of Stormwater Best Management Practices: Straw or Hay Bales |url=http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/index.cfm?action=browse&Rbutton=detail&bmp=122 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730163657/http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/index.cfm?action=browse&Rbutton=detail&bmp=122 |archive-date=2013-07-30 |website=National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> Hakanan ana iya amfani da su azaman amsawar gaggawa ta yankin da aka ƙone, azaman rufe ƙasa ko kuma a matsayin madatsar ruwa. === Tushen mai === Amfani da kara a matsayin tushen makamashi na carbon-neutral yana ƙaruwa da sauri, musamman ga biobutanol. Straw ko hay briquettes ne biofuel maye gurbin coal. Straw, wanda aka sarrafa da farko a matsayin briquettes, an ciyar da shi a cikin masana'antar iskar gas a Jami'ar Aarhus, Denmark, a cikin gwaji don ganin idan za'a iya samun iskar gas mafi girma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=252507@au.dk |date=2017-06-30 |title=show |url=http://dca.au.dk/en/current-news/news/show/artikel/vejen-fra-toert-halm-til-brugbar-energi-forkortes-markant/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415174332/http://dca.au.dk/en/current-news/news/show/artikel/vejen-fra-toert-halm-til-brugbar-energi-forkortes-markant/ |archive-date=2016-04-15 |access-date=2017-07-02 |website=dca.au.dk |language=en}}</ref> Amfani da ciyawar a cikin manyan tashoshin wutar lantarki na biomass yana zama sananne a cikin EU, tare da wurare da yawa da suka riga sun kasance a kan layi. Ana amfani da ciyawar kai tsaye a cikin nau'in bales, ko kuma a cikin pellets wanda ke ba da damar jigilar kayan abinci a cikin nesa. A ƙarshe, turarefaction na straw tare da pelletisation yana samun kulawa, saboda yana ƙara yawan makamashi na albarkatun, yana ba da damar jigilar shi har yanzu. Wannan mataki na aiki kuma yana sauƙaƙa adanawa, saboda ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta suna da hydrophobic. Za'a iya amfani da ciyawar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin nau'ikan pellets kai tsaye tare da kwal ko iskar gas a farashi mai yawa kuma suna amfani da kayan aikin sarrafawa a masana'antun kwal da iskar gas da ke akwai. Saboda gashin kwalliya yana da mafi girman tsari, sinadarai da kayan konewa ga kwal, za su iya maye gurbin duk kwal kuma su juya tashar kwal a cikin tashar wutar lantarki mai cikakken biomass. Gilashin ƙarni na farko an iyakance su zuwa kashi 15% a cikin tsire-tsire na IGCC na zamani. === Yin lambu === Ginin shuke-shuke <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-30 |title=Straw Bale Gardening For Beginners {{!}} A Great Alternative to Soil Gardening & 10 Vegs To Grow - Organic Gardening Geek |url=https://organicgardeningeek.com/straw-bale-gardening-for-beginners/ |access-date=2021-11-07 |website=organicgardeningeek.com |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma sananne ne tsakanin masu lambu waɗanda ba su da isasshen sarari don lambu na ƙasa. Lokacin da aka kwantar da shi yadda ya kamata, ana iya amfani da bututun ciyawar a matsayin cikakkiyar maye gurbin [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]]. [[Fayil:Texas_straw_hat_with_the_ornament_made_of_a_rattlesnake's_skin.jpg|thumb|Hudu na ciyawar]] Akwai nau'o'i da yawa na hatunan straw da aka yi da straw. Dubban mata da yara a Ingila (da farko a gundumar Luton ta Bedfordshire), da adadi mai yawa a Amurka (yawanci [[Massachusetts]]), an yi amfani da su wajen yin kara don yin hular. A ƙarshen karni na 19, ana shigo da yadudduka masu yawa zuwa Ingila daga Canton a China, <ref name="eb9" /> kuma a Amurka an shigo da mafi yawan yadudduka. Ana samun fiber mai kama da kara daga shuka ''Carludovica palmata'', kuma ana amfani dashi don yin hat na Panama. Tsaro na ruwan sama na gargajiya na Jafananci ya kunshi hular straw da kuma cape mino. === Aikin lambu === Ana amfani da tsiro a cikin gidajen cucumber da kuma girma da kaza. A [[Japan]], wasu bishiyoyi ana lullube su da kara don kare su daga tasirin hunturu mai tsanani da kuma amfani da su azaman tarko ga kwari. (Dubi Komomaki) Hakanan ana amfani dashi a cikin tafkuna don rage algae ta hanyar canza yawan abubuwan gina jiki a cikin ruwa. An rufe ƙasa a ƙarƙashin strawberries da kara don kare 'ya'yan itace masu tsufa daga datti, kuma ana amfani da kara don rufe tsire-tsire a lokacin hunturu don hana sanyi kashe su. A yankunan kiwo na Turai, ana iya amfani da ciyawar don ƙirƙirar nau'in kayan aiki mai sauƙi, wanda aka sani da masu magana da Ingilishi kamar bututun oaten, kodayake an san irin waɗannan kayan aikin a Turkiyya da Gabas ta Tsakiya, da arewacin Afirka. === Kunshin === Straw yana tsayayya da a murkushe shi sabili da haka yana yin kayan kwalliya mai kyau. Wani kamfani a Faransa yana yin matattarar straw da aka rufe a cikin takalma na filastik. An samo ambulaf na kwalban ruwan inabi, amma har yanzu ana samun su a wasu 'yan kasuwa na ruwan inabi. Ana kuma amfani da ciyawar alkama a cikin kayan kwalliya irin su faranti masu kwalliya. Ana iya tabbatar da kunshin da aka yi daga ciyawar alkama kuma zai lalace a cikin yanayin kasuwanci. === Takarda === Ana iya cire tsintsiya don yin [[takarda]]. === Rarraba === An yi amfani da igiya da aka yi da kara, a cikin masana'antar marufi har ma a cikin masana-rubucen ƙarfe. Saekki igiya ce ta gargajiya ta Koriya da aka yi da ciyawar da aka yi. === Takalma === Sinanci sun sa Cailu ko caixie, takalma da takalma da aka yi da kara, har zuwa zamani. Koriya suna sa Jipsin, takalma da aka yi da kara. Nau'ikan takalma na gargajiya na Jafananci, kamar waraji da zōri, an yi su ne da kara. A wasu sassan Jamus kamar Black Forest da Hunsrück mutane suna sa takalma a gida ko a carnival. === Manufofin === Ana rufe igiyar ciyawar da aka yi amfani da ita sosai kuma an ɗora ta sosai don yin burin harbi. Wannan ba a sake yin shi gaba ɗaya da hannu ba, amma an yi shi da wani ɓangare. Wani lokaci ana saita takarda ko filastik a gaban kwalba, wanda ke aiki don tallafawa manufa da samar da mafita mai aminci. === Shuka shuke-shuke === Shuka yana amfani da ciyawar, reed ko makamancin kayan don yin rufin da ba shi da ruwa, mai sauƙi tare da kyawawan kayan rufi. Ana shuka shuke-shuke don wannan dalili (sau da yawa alkama) musamman kuma ana girbe shi ta amfani da mai girbi. == Lafiya da aminci == Kashewar shinkafa tana gabatar da haɗarin wuta wanda zai iya ƙonewa cikin sauƙi idan an fallasa shi ga hasken wuta ko harshen wuta. Hakanan yana iya haifar da Rhinitis mai guba a cikin mutanen da ke da saukin kamuwa da cututtukan iska kamar ƙurar ciyawar. == Dubi kuma == * Mai shayarwa na masara * Rashin amfanin gona * Shan ciyawar * Akwai * Straw (launi) * Gida (aikin noma) , tarin kara * Stook, tarin ciyawar * Karnuka * Ginin katako * Yule Goat [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nlwd8jo9ppgdo2qw8aagfm8om5harjv 893722 893720 2026-08-09T16:29:11Z Asiya Garba 46242 893722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Straw kayan aikin gona ne wanda ya kunshi busassun tsire-tsire na [[Siril|hatsi]] bayan an cire [[hatsi]] da kayan gona. Ya zama kusan rabin amfanin gona ta hanyar nauyin amfanin gona kamar [[sha'ir]], oats, [[shinkafa]], Rye da alkama. Yana kuma da amfani daban-daban, gami da man fetur, gado na dabbobi da abinci, ciyawa da Yin kwando. Yawanci ana tattara bambaro a ajiye a cikin bambaro, wanda aka ɗaure shi da igiya, waya, ko igiya. Bambaro na iya zama murabba'i, murabba'i, siffar tauraro ko zagaye, kuma suna iya zama babba sosai, ya danganta da nau'in bambaro da aka yi amfani da shi. == Amfani da shi == Amfani na yanzu da na tarihi na straw sun hada da: [[Fayil:A_traditional_method_of_storing_wheat_hay_in_Punjab.jpg|thumb|Hanyar gargajiya ta adana hay na alkama a Punjab.]] Ana kuma iya ciyar da tsiro a matsayin wani ɓangare na ɓangaren roughage na abincin ga shanu ko dawakai waɗanda ke kan matakin kulawa na kusa da buƙatun makamashi. Yana da ƙarancin makamashi da abubuwan gina jiki (kamar yadda ya saba da hay, wanda ya fi gina jiki). Zafin da aka samar lokacin da microorganisms a cikin ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar ƙwaya na iya zama da amfani wajen kiyaye zafin jiki a yanayin sanyi. Saboda haɗarin Tasirin da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, ya kamata a ƙuntata shi a kowane lokaci zuwa wani ɓangare na abincin. Ana iya ciyar da shi kamar yadda yake, ko yanka shi cikin gajeren lokaci, wanda aka sani da chaff. === Kwando === Ana yin skeps na ƙudan zuma da [[Kwando]] na lilin daga juyawa kuma an ɗaure su tare da tsawon ci gaba na ciyawar. An kuma san dabarar da aikin lebe. === Abinci === Ana amfani da tsintsiya a matsayin gado ga ruminants da dawakai. Ana iya amfani da shi azaman gado da abinci ga kananan dabbobi, amma wannan sau da yawa yana haifar da raunin baki, hanci da idanu kamar yadda kara yake da kaifi. Mattress ɗin da ke cike da ciyawar, wanda aka fi sani da palliasse, har yanzu mutane ne ke amfani da shi a sassa da yawa na duniya. === Bioplastic === Shinkafa, sharar aikin gona wanda ba a dawo da shi ba, ana iya juya shi zuwa [[Bioplastic]] tare da kaddarorin inji kamar polystyrene a cikin yanayin bushewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bilo |first=Fabjola |last2=Pandini |first2=Stefano |last3=Sartore |first3=Luciana |last4=Depero |first4=Laura E. |last5=Gargiulo |first5=Giovanna |last6=Bonassi |first6=Andrea |last7=Federici |first7=Stefania |last8=Bontempi |first8=Elza |date=2018-11-01 |title=A sustainable bioplastic obtained from rice straw |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652618322418 |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=200 |pages=357–368 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.252 |s2cid=140096514 |access-date=2020-09-12}}</ref> Ana binciken Straw a matsayin tushen sunadarai masu kyau ciki har da alkaloids, flavonoids, lignins, phenols, da Steroids.<ref name="pmid24138469">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schnitzer M, Monreal CM, Powell EE |year=2014 |title=Wheat straw biomass: A resource for high-value chemicals |journal=Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=51–67 |bibcode=2014JESHB..49...51S |doi=10.1080/03601234.2013.836924 |pmid=24138469 |s2cid=43907721}}</ref> === Kayan gini === A sassa da yawa na duniya, ana amfani da ciyawar don ɗaure yumɓu da kankare. Ana iya amfani da cakuda yumɓu da kara, wanda aka sani da cob, azaman kayan gini. Akwai girke-girke da yawa don yin cob. Lokacin da aka ba da izini, ciyawar tana da halaye masu matsakaici (game da R-1.5/inch bisa ga gwajin Oak Ridge National Lab da Forest Product Lab). Ana iya amfani da shi, shi kaɗai ko a cikin ginin post-and-beam, don gina gidajen straw bale. Lokacin da ake amfani da bales don gina ko rufe gine-gine, ana gama bales na ciyawar da gilashi na yumɓu. Ganuwar da aka yi da gyare-gyare tana ba da ƙarfin zafi, ƙarfin tsari mai ƙarfi da ƙarfin tsari, da juriya mai ƙwarewa da kuma juriya mai zafi (insulation), wanda ya wuce tsarin gini Arewacin Amurka. Straw babban kayan sharar gona ne, kuma yana buƙatar ƙaramin makamashi don yin amfani da shi don ginawa. Saboda wadannan dalilai, gine-ginen straw bale yana samun karbuwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na hasken rana da sauran ayyukan makamashi mai sabuntawa.<ref>[http://www.earthhealing.info/strawbale.pdf The Straw Bale House: Suitability for the Eastern U.S.]</ref> Ana iya amfani da ciyawar alkama a matsayin mai cikawa tare da polymers don samar da katako.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adding Value to Wheat Straw By Anduin Kirkbride-McElroy. Biomass Magazine, 2007 |url=http://biomassmagazine.com/articles/1367/adding-value-to-wheat-straw/}}</ref> Strawblocks strawbales ne waɗanda aka sake matsewa zuwa yawan katako, don jigilar kaya, ko don gina ganuwar da ke ɗauke da kaya waɗanda ke tallafawa rufin, kamar "rayayye" ko rufin kore. === Ayyuka === [[Fayil:Solomka.jpg|thumb|'Yan tsana na Belarus]] [[Fayil:Latviešu_puzurs.JPG|thumb|Latvian gargajiya Ziemassvētki straw art mobile ''puzuris'' ]] Amfani da sana'a na straw ya haɗa da: * Yankin masara * Himmeli (zane-zane) * Rashin zane-zane * Hoton zane * Rashin sutura * Tsoro mai ban tsoro * Gidan Kat na gargajiya na Japan * fasahar wara ta Japan === Ginin gine-gine sarrafa turɓaya === Ana amfani da sandar sandar a wasu lokuta don kula da turɓaya a wuraren gini.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2010 |title=Straw Bale Barrier |url=https://udfcd.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/SC-03-Straw-Bale-Barrier.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714215019/https://udfcd.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/SC-03-Straw-Bale-Barrier.pdf |archive-date=2019-07-14 |website=Urban Storm Drainage Criteria Manual |publisher=Urban Drainage and Flood Control District |id=SBB-1}}</ref> Koyaya, bales sau da yawa ba su da tasiri wajen kare ingancin ruwa kuma suna da kulawa mai yawa. Saboda wadannan dalilai Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) da hukumomin jihohi daban-daban suna ba da shawarar yin amfani da wasu hanyoyin kula da turɓaya inda ya yiwu, kamar shinge na silt, Fiber rolls da geotextiles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-06-01 |title=National Menu of Stormwater Best Management Practices: Straw or Hay Bales |url=http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/index.cfm?action=browse&Rbutton=detail&bmp=122 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730163657/http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/index.cfm?action=browse&Rbutton=detail&bmp=122 |archive-date=2013-07-30 |website=National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> Hakanan ana iya amfani da su azaman amsawar gaggawa ta yankin da aka ƙone, azaman rufe ƙasa ko kuma a matsayin madatsar ruwa. === Tushen mai === Amfani da kara a matsayin tushen makamashi na carbon-neutral yana ƙaruwa da sauri, musamman ga biobutanol. Straw ko hay briquettes ne biofuel maye gurbin coal. Straw, wanda aka sarrafa da farko a matsayin briquettes, an ciyar da shi a cikin masana'antar iskar gas a Jami'ar Aarhus, Denmark, a cikin gwaji don ganin idan za'a iya samun iskar gas mafi girma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=252507@au.dk |date=2017-06-30 |title=show |url=http://dca.au.dk/en/current-news/news/show/artikel/vejen-fra-toert-halm-til-brugbar-energi-forkortes-markant/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415174332/http://dca.au.dk/en/current-news/news/show/artikel/vejen-fra-toert-halm-til-brugbar-energi-forkortes-markant/ |archive-date=2016-04-15 |access-date=2017-07-02 |website=dca.au.dk |language=en}}</ref> Amfani da ciyawar a cikin manyan tashoshin wutar lantarki na biomass yana zama sananne a cikin EU, tare da wurare da yawa da suka riga sun kasance a kan layi. Ana amfani da ciyawar kai tsaye a cikin nau'in bales, ko kuma a cikin pellets wanda ke ba da damar jigilar kayan abinci a cikin nesa. A ƙarshe, turarefaction na straw tare da pelletisation yana samun kulawa, saboda yana ƙara yawan makamashi na albarkatun, yana ba da damar jigilar shi har yanzu. Wannan mataki na aiki kuma yana sauƙaƙa adanawa, saboda ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta suna da hydrophobic. Za'a iya amfani da ciyawar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin nau'ikan pellets kai tsaye tare da kwal ko iskar gas a farashi mai yawa kuma suna amfani da kayan aikin sarrafawa a masana'antun kwal da iskar gas da ke akwai. Saboda gashin kwalliya yana da mafi girman tsari, sinadarai da kayan konewa ga kwal, za su iya maye gurbin duk kwal kuma su juya tashar kwal a cikin tashar wutar lantarki mai cikakken biomass. Gilashin ƙarni na farko an iyakance su zuwa kashi 15% a cikin tsire-tsire na IGCC na zamani. === Yin lambu === Ginin shuke-shuke <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-30 |title=Straw Bale Gardening For Beginners {{!}} A Great Alternative to Soil Gardening & 10 Vegs To Grow - Organic Gardening Geek |url=https://organicgardeningeek.com/straw-bale-gardening-for-beginners/ |access-date=2021-11-07 |website=organicgardeningeek.com |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma sananne ne tsakanin masu lambu waɗanda ba su da isasshen sarari don lambu na ƙasa. Lokacin da aka kwantar da shi yadda ya kamata, ana iya amfani da bututun ciyawar a matsayin cikakkiyar maye gurbin [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]]. [[Fayil:Texas_straw_hat_with_the_ornament_made_of_a_rattlesnake's_skin.jpg|thumb|Hudu na ciyawar]] Akwai nau'o'i da yawa na hatunan straw da aka yi da straw. Dubban mata da yara a Ingila (da farko a gundumar Luton ta Bedfordshire), da adadi mai yawa a Amurka (yawanci [[Massachusetts]]), an yi amfani da su wajen yin kara don yin hular. A ƙarshen karni na 19, ana shigo da yadudduka masu yawa zuwa Ingila daga Canton a China, <ref name="eb9" /> kuma a Amurka an shigo da mafi yawan yadudduka. Ana samun fiber mai kama da kara daga shuka ''Carludovica palmata'', kuma ana amfani dashi don yin hat na Panama. Tsaro na ruwan sama na gargajiya na Jafananci ya kunshi hular straw da kuma cape mino. === Aikin lambu === Ana amfani da tsiro a cikin gidajen cucumber da kuma girma da kaza. A [[Japan]], wasu bishiyoyi ana lullube su da kara don kare su daga tasirin hunturu mai tsanani da kuma amfani da su azaman tarko ga kwari. (Dubi Komomaki) Hakanan ana amfani dashi a cikin tafkuna don rage algae ta hanyar canza yawan abubuwan gina jiki a cikin ruwa. An rufe ƙasa a ƙarƙashin strawberries da kara don kare 'ya'yan itace masu tsufa daga datti, kuma ana amfani da kara don rufe tsire-tsire a lokacin hunturu don hana sanyi kashe su. A yankunan kiwo na Turai, ana iya amfani da ciyawar don ƙirƙirar nau'in kayan aiki mai sauƙi, wanda aka sani da masu magana da Ingilishi kamar bututun oaten, kodayake an san irin waɗannan kayan aikin a Turkiyya da Gabas ta Tsakiya, da arewacin Afirka. === Kunshin === Straw yana tsayayya da a murkushe shi sabili da haka yana yin kayan kwalliya mai kyau. Wani kamfani a Faransa yana yin matattarar straw da aka rufe a cikin takalma na filastik. An samo ambulaf na kwalban ruwan inabi, amma har yanzu ana samun su a wasu 'yan kasuwa na ruwan inabi. Ana kuma amfani da ciyawar alkama a cikin kayan kwalliya irin su faranti masu kwalliya. Ana iya tabbatar da kunshin da aka yi daga ciyawar alkama kuma zai lalace a cikin yanayin kasuwanci. === Takarda === Ana iya cire tsintsiya don yin [[takarda]]. === Rarraba === An yi amfani da igiya da aka yi da kara, a cikin masana'antar marufi har ma a cikin masana-rubucen ƙarfe. Saekki igiya ce ta gargajiya ta Koriya da aka yi da ciyawar da aka yi. === Takalma === Sinanci sun sa Cailu ko caixie, takalma da takalma da aka yi da kara, har zuwa zamani. Koriya suna sa Jipsin, takalma da aka yi da kara. Nau'ikan takalma na gargajiya na Jafananci, kamar waraji da zōri, an yi su ne da kara. A wasu sassan Jamus kamar Black Forest da Hunsrück mutane suna sa takalma a gida ko a carnival. === Manufofin === Ana rufe igiyar ciyawar da aka yi amfani da ita sosai kuma an ɗora ta sosai don yin burin harbi. Wannan ba a sake yin shi gaba ɗaya da hannu ba, amma an yi shi da wani ɓangare. Wani lokaci ana saita takarda ko filastik a gaban kwalba, wanda ke aiki don tallafawa manufa da samar da mafita mai aminci. === Shuka shuke-shuke === Shuka yana amfani da ciyawar, reed ko makamancin kayan don yin rufin da ba shi da ruwa, mai sauƙi tare da kyawawan kayan rufi. Ana shuka shuke-shuke don wannan dalili (sau da yawa alkama) musamman kuma ana girbe shi ta amfani da mai girbi. == Lafiya da aminci == Kashewar shinkafa tana gabatar da haɗarin wuta wanda zai iya ƙonewa cikin sauƙi idan an fallasa shi ga hasken wuta ko harshen wuta. Hakanan yana iya haifar da Rhinitis mai guba a cikin mutanen da ke da saukin kamuwa da cututtukan iska kamar ƙurar ciyawar. == Dubi kuma == * Mai shayarwa na masara * Rashin amfanin gona * Shan ciyawar * Akwai * Straw (launi) * Gida (aikin noma) , tarin kara * Stook, tarin ciyawar * Karnuka * Ginin katako * Yule Goat [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5345gq9tj56oayjqm2ntyiyyaa28pg2 893723 893722 2026-08-09T16:29:29Z Asiya Garba 46242 893723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Straw kayan aikin gona ne wanda ya kunshi busassun tsire-tsire na [[Siril|hatsi]] bayan an cire [[hatsi]] da kayan gona. Ya zama kusan rabin amfanin gona ta hanyar nauyin amfanin gona kamar [[sha'ir]], oats, [[shinkafa]], Rye da alkama. Yana kuma da amfani daban-daban, gami da man fetur, gado na dabbobi da abinci, ciyawa da Yin kwando. Yawanci ana tattara bambaro a ajiye a cikin bambaro, wanda aka ɗaure shi da igiya, waya, ko igiya. Bambaro na iya zama murabba'i, murabba'i, siffar tauraro ko zagaye, kuma suna iya zama babba sosai, ya danganta da nau'in bambaro da aka yi amfani da shi. == Amfani da shi == Amfani na yanzu da na tarihi na straw sun hada da: [[Fayil:A_traditional_method_of_storing_wheat_hay_in_Punjab.jpg|thumb|Hanyar gargajiya ta adana hay na alkama a Punjab.]] Ana kuma iya ciyar da tsiro a matsayin wani ɓangare na ɓangaren roughage na abincin ga shanu ko dawakai waɗanda ke kan matakin kulawa na kusa da buƙatun makamashi. Yana da ƙarancin makamashi da abubuwan gina jiki (kamar yadda ya saba da hay, wanda ya fi gina jiki). Zafin da aka samar lokacin da microorganisms a cikin ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar ƙwaya na iya zama da amfani wajen kiyaye zafin jiki a yanayin sanyi. Saboda haɗarin Tasirin da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, ya kamata a ƙuntata shi a kowane lokaci zuwa wani ɓangare na abincin. Ana iya ciyar da shi kamar yadda yake, ko yanka shi cikin gajeren lokaci, wanda aka sani da chaff. === Kwando === Ana yin skeps na ƙudan zuma da [[Kwando]] na lilin daga juyawa kuma an ɗaure su tare da tsawon ci gaba na ciyawar. An kuma san dabarar da aikin lebe. === Abinci === Ana amfani da tsintsiya a matsayin gado ga ruminants da dawakai. Ana iya amfani da shi azaman gado da abinci ga kananan dabbobi, amma wannan sau da yawa yana haifar da raunin baki, hanci da idanu kamar yadda kara yake da kaifi. Mattress ɗin da ke cike da ciyawar, wanda aka fi sani da palliasse, har yanzu mutane ne ke amfani da shi a sassa da yawa na duniya. === Bioplastic === Shinkafa, sharar aikin gona wanda ba a dawo da shi ba, ana iya juya shi zuwa [[Bioplastic]] tare da kaddarorin inji kamar polystyrene a cikin yanayin bushewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bilo |first=Fabjola |last2=Pandini |first2=Stefano |last3=Sartore |first3=Luciana |last4=Depero |first4=Laura E. |last5=Gargiulo |first5=Giovanna |last6=Bonassi |first6=Andrea |last7=Federici |first7=Stefania |last8=Bontempi |first8=Elza |date=2018-11-01 |title=A sustainable bioplastic obtained from rice straw |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652618322418 |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=200 |pages=357–368 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.252 |s2cid=140096514 |access-date=2020-09-12}}</ref> Ana binciken Straw a matsayin tushen sunadarai masu kyau ciki har da alkaloids, flavonoids, lignins, phenols, da Steroids.<ref name="pmid24138469">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schnitzer M, Monreal CM, Powell EE |year=2014 |title=Wheat straw biomass: A resource for high-value chemicals |journal=Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=51–67 |bibcode=2014JESHB..49...51S |doi=10.1080/03601234.2013.836924 |pmid=24138469 |s2cid=43907721}}</ref> === Kayan gini === A sassa da yawa na duniya, ana amfani da ciyawar don ɗaure yumɓu da kankare. Ana kuma iya amfani da cakuda yumɓu da kara, wanda aka sani da cob, azaman kayan gini. Akwai girke-girke da yawa don yin cob. Lokacin da aka ba da izini, ciyawar tana da halaye masu matsakaici (game da R-1.5/inch bisa ga gwajin Oak Ridge National Lab da Forest Product Lab). Ana iya amfani da shi, shi kaɗai ko a cikin ginin post-and-beam, don gina gidajen straw bale. Lokacin da ake amfani da bales don gina ko rufe gine-gine, ana gama bales na ciyawar da gilashi na yumɓu. Ganuwar da aka yi da gyare-gyare tana ba da ƙarfin zafi, ƙarfin tsari mai ƙarfi da ƙarfin tsari, da juriya mai ƙwarewa da kuma juriya mai zafi (insulation), wanda ya wuce tsarin gini Arewacin Amurka. Straw babban kayan sharar gona ne, kuma yana buƙatar ƙaramin makamashi don yin amfani da shi don ginawa. Saboda wadannan dalilai, gine-ginen straw bale yana samun karbuwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na hasken rana da sauran ayyukan makamashi mai sabuntawa.<ref>[http://www.earthhealing.info/strawbale.pdf The Straw Bale House: Suitability for the Eastern U.S.]</ref> Ana iya amfani da ciyawar alkama a matsayin mai cikawa tare da polymers don samar da katako.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adding Value to Wheat Straw By Anduin Kirkbride-McElroy. Biomass Magazine, 2007 |url=http://biomassmagazine.com/articles/1367/adding-value-to-wheat-straw/}}</ref> Strawblocks strawbales ne waɗanda aka sake matsewa zuwa yawan katako, don jigilar kaya, ko don gina ganuwar da ke ɗauke da kaya waɗanda ke tallafawa rufin, kamar "rayayye" ko rufin kore. === Ayyuka === [[Fayil:Solomka.jpg|thumb|'Yan tsana na Belarus]] [[Fayil:Latviešu_puzurs.JPG|thumb|Latvian gargajiya Ziemassvētki straw art mobile ''puzuris'' ]] Amfani da sana'a na straw ya haɗa da: * Yankin masara * Himmeli (zane-zane) * Rashin zane-zane * Hoton zane * Rashin sutura * Tsoro mai ban tsoro * Gidan Kat na gargajiya na Japan * fasahar wara ta Japan === Ginin gine-gine sarrafa turɓaya === Ana amfani da sandar sandar a wasu lokuta don kula da turɓaya a wuraren gini.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2010 |title=Straw Bale Barrier |url=https://udfcd.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/SC-03-Straw-Bale-Barrier.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714215019/https://udfcd.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/SC-03-Straw-Bale-Barrier.pdf |archive-date=2019-07-14 |website=Urban Storm Drainage Criteria Manual |publisher=Urban Drainage and Flood Control District |id=SBB-1}}</ref> Koyaya, bales sau da yawa ba su da tasiri wajen kare ingancin ruwa kuma suna da kulawa mai yawa. Saboda wadannan dalilai Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) da hukumomin jihohi daban-daban suna ba da shawarar yin amfani da wasu hanyoyin kula da turɓaya inda ya yiwu, kamar shinge na silt, Fiber rolls da geotextiles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-06-01 |title=National Menu of Stormwater Best Management Practices: Straw or Hay Bales |url=http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/index.cfm?action=browse&Rbutton=detail&bmp=122 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730163657/http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/index.cfm?action=browse&Rbutton=detail&bmp=122 |archive-date=2013-07-30 |website=National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> Hakanan ana iya amfani da su azaman amsawar gaggawa ta yankin da aka ƙone, azaman rufe ƙasa ko kuma a matsayin madatsar ruwa. === Tushen mai === Amfani da kara a matsayin tushen makamashi na carbon-neutral yana ƙaruwa da sauri, musamman ga biobutanol. Straw ko hay briquettes ne biofuel maye gurbin coal. Straw, wanda aka sarrafa da farko a matsayin briquettes, an ciyar da shi a cikin masana'antar iskar gas a Jami'ar Aarhus, Denmark, a cikin gwaji don ganin idan za'a iya samun iskar gas mafi girma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=252507@au.dk |date=2017-06-30 |title=show |url=http://dca.au.dk/en/current-news/news/show/artikel/vejen-fra-toert-halm-til-brugbar-energi-forkortes-markant/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415174332/http://dca.au.dk/en/current-news/news/show/artikel/vejen-fra-toert-halm-til-brugbar-energi-forkortes-markant/ |archive-date=2016-04-15 |access-date=2017-07-02 |website=dca.au.dk |language=en}}</ref> Amfani da ciyawar a cikin manyan tashoshin wutar lantarki na biomass yana zama sananne a cikin EU, tare da wurare da yawa da suka riga sun kasance a kan layi. Ana amfani da ciyawar kai tsaye a cikin nau'in bales, ko kuma a cikin pellets wanda ke ba da damar jigilar kayan abinci a cikin nesa. A ƙarshe, turarefaction na straw tare da pelletisation yana samun kulawa, saboda yana ƙara yawan makamashi na albarkatun, yana ba da damar jigilar shi har yanzu. Wannan mataki na aiki kuma yana sauƙaƙa adanawa, saboda ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta suna da hydrophobic. Za'a iya amfani da ciyawar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin nau'ikan pellets kai tsaye tare da kwal ko iskar gas a farashi mai yawa kuma suna amfani da kayan aikin sarrafawa a masana'antun kwal da iskar gas da ke akwai. Saboda gashin kwalliya yana da mafi girman tsari, sinadarai da kayan konewa ga kwal, za su iya maye gurbin duk kwal kuma su juya tashar kwal a cikin tashar wutar lantarki mai cikakken biomass. Gilashin ƙarni na farko an iyakance su zuwa kashi 15% a cikin tsire-tsire na IGCC na zamani. === Yin lambu === Ginin shuke-shuke <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-30 |title=Straw Bale Gardening For Beginners {{!}} A Great Alternative to Soil Gardening & 10 Vegs To Grow - Organic Gardening Geek |url=https://organicgardeningeek.com/straw-bale-gardening-for-beginners/ |access-date=2021-11-07 |website=organicgardeningeek.com |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma sananne ne tsakanin masu lambu waɗanda ba su da isasshen sarari don lambu na ƙasa. Lokacin da aka kwantar da shi yadda ya kamata, ana iya amfani da bututun ciyawar a matsayin cikakkiyar maye gurbin [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]]. [[Fayil:Texas_straw_hat_with_the_ornament_made_of_a_rattlesnake's_skin.jpg|thumb|Hudu na ciyawar]] Akwai nau'o'i da yawa na hatunan straw da aka yi da straw. Dubban mata da yara a Ingila (da farko a gundumar Luton ta Bedfordshire), da adadi mai yawa a Amurka (yawanci [[Massachusetts]]), an yi amfani da su wajen yin kara don yin hular. A ƙarshen karni na 19, ana shigo da yadudduka masu yawa zuwa Ingila daga Canton a China, <ref name="eb9" /> kuma a Amurka an shigo da mafi yawan yadudduka. Ana samun fiber mai kama da kara daga shuka ''Carludovica palmata'', kuma ana amfani dashi don yin hat na Panama. Tsaro na ruwan sama na gargajiya na Jafananci ya kunshi hular straw da kuma cape mino. === Aikin lambu === Ana amfani da tsiro a cikin gidajen cucumber da kuma girma da kaza. A [[Japan]], wasu bishiyoyi ana lullube su da kara don kare su daga tasirin hunturu mai tsanani da kuma amfani da su azaman tarko ga kwari. (Dubi Komomaki) Hakanan ana amfani dashi a cikin tafkuna don rage algae ta hanyar canza yawan abubuwan gina jiki a cikin ruwa. An rufe ƙasa a ƙarƙashin strawberries da kara don kare 'ya'yan itace masu tsufa daga datti, kuma ana amfani da kara don rufe tsire-tsire a lokacin hunturu don hana sanyi kashe su. A yankunan kiwo na Turai, ana iya amfani da ciyawar don ƙirƙirar nau'in kayan aiki mai sauƙi, wanda aka sani da masu magana da Ingilishi kamar bututun oaten, kodayake an san irin waɗannan kayan aikin a Turkiyya da Gabas ta Tsakiya, da arewacin Afirka. === Kunshin === Straw yana tsayayya da a murkushe shi sabili da haka yana yin kayan kwalliya mai kyau. Wani kamfani a Faransa yana yin matattarar straw da aka rufe a cikin takalma na filastik. An samo ambulaf na kwalban ruwan inabi, amma har yanzu ana samun su a wasu 'yan kasuwa na ruwan inabi. Ana kuma amfani da ciyawar alkama a cikin kayan kwalliya irin su faranti masu kwalliya. Ana iya tabbatar da kunshin da aka yi daga ciyawar alkama kuma zai lalace a cikin yanayin kasuwanci. === Takarda === Ana iya cire tsintsiya don yin [[takarda]]. === Rarraba === An yi amfani da igiya da aka yi da kara, a cikin masana'antar marufi har ma a cikin masana-rubucen ƙarfe. Saekki igiya ce ta gargajiya ta Koriya da aka yi da ciyawar da aka yi. === Takalma === Sinanci sun sa Cailu ko caixie, takalma da takalma da aka yi da kara, har zuwa zamani. Koriya suna sa Jipsin, takalma da aka yi da kara. Nau'ikan takalma na gargajiya na Jafananci, kamar waraji da zōri, an yi su ne da kara. A wasu sassan Jamus kamar Black Forest da Hunsrück mutane suna sa takalma a gida ko a carnival. === Manufofin === Ana rufe igiyar ciyawar da aka yi amfani da ita sosai kuma an ɗora ta sosai don yin burin harbi. Wannan ba a sake yin shi gaba ɗaya da hannu ba, amma an yi shi da wani ɓangare. Wani lokaci ana saita takarda ko filastik a gaban kwalba, wanda ke aiki don tallafawa manufa da samar da mafita mai aminci. === Shuka shuke-shuke === Shuka yana amfani da ciyawar, reed ko makamancin kayan don yin rufin da ba shi da ruwa, mai sauƙi tare da kyawawan kayan rufi. Ana shuka shuke-shuke don wannan dalili (sau da yawa alkama) musamman kuma ana girbe shi ta amfani da mai girbi. == Lafiya da aminci == Kashewar shinkafa tana gabatar da haɗarin wuta wanda zai iya ƙonewa cikin sauƙi idan an fallasa shi ga hasken wuta ko harshen wuta. Hakanan yana iya haifar da Rhinitis mai guba a cikin mutanen da ke da saukin kamuwa da cututtukan iska kamar ƙurar ciyawar. == Dubi kuma == * Mai shayarwa na masara * Rashin amfanin gona * Shan ciyawar * Akwai * Straw (launi) * Gida (aikin noma) , tarin kara * Stook, tarin ciyawar * Karnuka * Ginin katako * Yule Goat [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b9ejk7irh6x7hdhugb37txpbfy5yaa0 0 154474 893958 853125 2026-08-10T00:20:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox person | suna = Wole Oladiyun | hoto = | bayani = Fasto kuma wanda ya kafa Christ Livingspring Apostolic Ministry (CLAM) | haihuwa = 2 Afrilu 1959 | wurin_haihuwa = Ile-Oluji, Jihar Ondo, Najeriya | ƙasa = Najeriya | sana'a = Fasto, marubuci, injiniya, ɗan kasuwa | addini = Kiristanci | ma'aurata = Bukola Oladiyun | yara = 4 | makaranta = Jami'ar Ife (yanzu Obafemi Awolowo University) | sananne_da = Kafa Christ Livingspring Apostolic Ministry (CLAM) }} '''Wole Oladiyun''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Afrilun shekarar 1959) fasto ne ɗan Najeriya, marubuci kuma wanda ya kafa '''Christ Livingspring Apostolic Ministry (CLAM)''', wata ma'aikatar Kirista da ke da hedikwata a Omole, Legas.<ref>{{cite news |title=CLAM Church Started With 6 Only Members |url=https://www.pulse.ng/story/pastor-wole-oladiyun-clam-church-started-with-6-only-members-2024080112215512448 |work=Pulse Nigeria |date=17 Nuwamba 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Oladiyun a garin Ile-Oluji da ke Jihar Ondo. Ya taso ne a gidan Kirista inda mahaifinsa, Samuel Oladiyun, da mahaifiyarsa Dorcas Ejiola Oladiyun suka kasance masu hidima a cocin Christ Apostolic Church (CAC).<ref>{{cite web |title=About Wole Oladiyun |url=https://clamgo.org/about-wole-oladiyun/ |publisher=Christ Livingspring Apostolic Ministry}}</ref> Ya yi karatunsa na sakandare a Gboluji Anglican Grammar School, Ile-Oluji, sannan ya samu digirinsa a fannin Civil Engineering daga Jami'ar Ife (yanzu Obafemi Awolowo University). Daga baya ya samu MBA daga wata makarantar kasuwanci a Netherlands.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Wole Oladiyun |url=https://clamgo.org/about-wole-oladiyun/ |publisher=Christ Livingspring Apostolic Ministry}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nigeria’s Educational Curriculum In Dire Need Of Review – Oladiyun |url=https://independent.ng/nigerias-educational-curriculum-in-dire-need-of-review-oladiyun/ |work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=14 Nuwamba 2021}}</ref> == Sana'a == Kafin ya shiga cikakken aikin wa'azi, Oladiyun ya yi aiki a matsayin injiniya kuma ya gudanar da wasu harkokin kasuwanci da suka haɗa da sayar da kayan gyaran motoci, sinadarai da katako.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pastor Wole Oladiyun: I Sold Spare Parts, Wood Before My Calling |work=THISDAY |date=5 Afrilu 2019}}</ref> == Aikin addini == Oladiyun ya yi hidima a ƙarƙashin marigayi Reverend D.K. Aboderin na Faith Family Bible Church na tsawon shekaru bakwai kafin ya kafa Christ Livingspring Apostolic Ministry (CLAM) a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 1998.<ref>{{cite news |title=CLAM Church Started With 6 Only Members |url=https://www.pulse.ng/story/pastor-wole-oladiyun-clam-church-started-with-6-only-members-2024080112215512448 |work=Pulse Nigeria |date=17 Nuwamba 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> CLAM ta fara ne da mambobi shida kacal amma daga baya ta bunƙasa zuwa ma'aikatar da ke da rassan cikin Najeriya da ƙasashen waje.<ref>{{cite news |title=It’s a Privilege to Work for God, Says Pastor Wole Oladiyun |url=https://www.citypeopleonline.com/its-a-privilege-to-work-for-god-says-pastor-wole-oladiyun/ |work=City People Magazine |date=6 Afrilu 2022}}</ref> An san shi da shirya tarukan addu'a da wa'azi, ciki har da shirin shekara-shekara mai suna ''Solution Nights''. Haka kuma ya kafa ''Ministers Apostolic Fire Convocation (MAFCO)'' domin haɗa limamai da masu wa'azi.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Wole Oladiyun |url=https://clamgo.org/about-wole-oladiyun/ |publisher=Christ Livingspring Apostolic Ministry}}</ref> == Ra'ayoyi kan ilimi == A shekarar 2021, Oladiyun ya yi kira ga gwamnatin Najeriya da ta sake fasalin tsarin karatun manyan makarantu, yana mai cewa tsarin ilimin ƙasar ya tsufa kuma ba ya samar da ƙwararrun matasa da suka dace da buƙatun zamani.<ref>{{cite news |title=Our Educational System Is Obsolete, We Need Hands-On Graduates, Says Cleric |url=https://guardian.ng/news/our-educational-system-is-obsolete-we-need-hands-on-graduates-says-cleric/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=6 Disamba 2021}}</ref> == Ayyukan jin ƙai == A shekarar 2022, ya ƙaddamar da ''Back to School Intervention Fund'', wani shiri da aka tsara domin taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin ilimi da suka taso sakamakon yajin aikin jami'o'i a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |title=ASUU Strike: Church Launches Educational Fund To Support FG |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/local/asuu-strike-church-sets-up-educational-fund-to-support-fg-2024072523322841817 |work=Pulse Nigeria |date=8 Oktoba 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwar sirri == Oladiyun ya auri Bukola Oladiyun a shekarar 1990. Ma'auratan suna da yara huɗu.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Wole Oladiyun |url=https://clamgo.org/about-wole-oladiyun/ |publisher=Christ Livingspring Apostolic Ministry}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fastocin Najeriya]] [[Category:Kiristocin Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutanen Jihar Ondo]] [[Category:Haihuwar 1959]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] i35g1a85narstbp9301o262dib6f7r1 0 155312 893709 848476 2026-08-09T16:25:44Z Asiya Garba 46242 893709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Katin Kei mai girma wani kogi ne a lardin Gabashin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi ne ta hanyar haɗuwa da [[Black Kei River|Kogin Black Kei]] da Kogin White Kei, arewa maso gabashin Cathcart. Yana gudana na kilomita {{Convert|320|km|0}} (199 kuma ya ƙare a cikin Babban Kei Estuary a [[Tekun Indiya]] tare da ƙaramin garin Kei Mouth a bakin yamma. A tarihi '''[[Great Kei Estuary|Babban Kogin Kei]]''' ya kuma kafa iyakar kudu maso yammacin yankin Transkei kamar yadda aka fi sani da Kogin Nciba. == Hanyar da ake ciki == [[Fayil:Map_on_wall_at_Kei_Mouth.jpg|left|thumb|Taswirar Babban Kogin Kei daga Kei Bridge zuwa Kei Mouth]] Kogin Kei mai girma wani kogi ne mai kewayawa kuma an kafa shi ne ta hanyar haɗuwa da [[Black Kei River|Kogin Black Kei]] da Kogin White Kei a cikin Garin Enoch Mgijima, arewa maso gabashin Cathcart da kudu maso gabashin Queenstown. Kogin Great Kei yana gudana daga mahaɗar kogin Black da White Kei na kimanin kilomita 225 (mil 140) zuwa kudu maso gabas tare da hanyoyin da ke juyawa zuwa Tekun Indiya. Ya ƙare a babban bakin teku na Kei ta Kei Mouth, wani gari mai shakatawa na bakin teku. [[Kogin Tsomo|Tsomo]] ne mafi tsawo a arewa. Sunan ya samo asali ne tun daga shekara ta 1752 kuma ya dogara ne akan kalmar [[Khoekhoe|Khoisan]] don kogin da ke nufin 'yashi'. Babban Kei a baya ya kafa iyakar kudu maso yammacin yankin Transkei wanda za'a iya isa ta hanyar 'Pont', ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwa guda biyu kawai a Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Great Kei River |url=https://www.keimouth.co.za/activities/great-kei-river/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215024108/https://www.keimouth.co.za/activities/great-kei-river/ |archive-date=15 February 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=www.keimouth.co.za}}</ref> A halin yanzu gadar tana aiki kuma ana jigilar masu motoci akai-akai daga bankin kudu maso yamma zuwa bankin arewa maso gabas zuwa Wild Coast. [[Fayil:Eastern_Frontier,_Cape_of_Good_Hope,_ca_1835.png|right|thumb|Taswirar Babban Kogin Kei a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Yankin]] == Yanayi == Kogin daga kogin Great Kei zuwa kudancin [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] an rarraba su a matsayin masu zafi. Wadannan tsarin suna da ruwa mai dumi sama da digiri 16 na Celsius. Yanayin yana da dumi kuma yana da zafi kusan shekara-shekara a sakamakon haka. Mafi ƙarancin yanayin hunturu ya kasance daga digiri 12 - 14 na Celsius kuma yankin yana samun ruwan sama a duk shekara. == Muhalli == Sassan cikin gida na Babban Kogin Kei suna gudana ta cikin bishiyoyin Albany da gandun daji, suna ƙare a cikin bishiyoyin bakin teku na Indiya a bakinsa. Kogin Kei yana da kudancin gandun daji na mangrove a Kudancin Afirka.[1] dazuzzuka masu santsi suna faruwa a arewacin bakin kogin Mngazana, kuma ana samun tafkin gishiri a kudancin bakin kogon Great Kei.[2] Babban bakin kogin Kei ya shahara tare da masu kamun kifi saboda nau'ikan kifi iri-iri. Koyaya, wasu nau'o'in kamar su Cob na Afirka ta Kudu da White steenbras suna cikin haɗari. Ana samun nau'ikan tsuntsaye da yawa a yankin kamar su oystercatcher na Afirka da ke kusa da barazana, sandpipers, da kingfishers. == Jirgin kasa == Kokarin gina gada a kan kogin Kei ya fara ne a 1877 lokacin da aka tura kayan gini zuwa Gabashin London daga Burtaniya ta hanyar keken shanu da jirgin kasa. An katse aikin a kan gadar sau da yawa saboda rikice-rikice a yankin ciki har da Yakin Yankin 9 inda aka tilasta Newey da tawagarsa su koma Royal Hotel a Komga yayin da mayaƙan Gcaleka suka fara haye Kei don yaƙi. Sojojin [[Mutane Xhosa|Xhosa]] ne suka kashe wasu 'yan Burtaniya a Moordenaarskop (Murderers" Hill), wani tudu kusa da tsohuwar gada. Daga 1907 zuwa 1917, an ɗauki layin dogo a kan gadar katako a cikin Great Kei. An lalata gadar katako bayan ambaliyar ruwa kuma an sake komawa layin dogo zuwa sabon gadar da ke kusa. An sake rushe gadar a 1946 kuma an sake gina ta a 1947. Ya ɗauki shekaru biyu da rabi don kammala ginin gadar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rail Bridge over the Great Kei River details |url=https://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/bldgframes.php?bldgid=10477 |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=www.artefacts.co.za}}</ref> A ƙarshen rikice-rikice, an kammala gadar kuma har yanzu mazauna yankin da manoma suna amfani da ita.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kei Cuttings in Butterworth, Eastern Cape |url=https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsec/kei-cuttings.php |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=www.sa-venues.com}}</ref> Babbar gadar Kei tana kusa da gadar Kei kuma tana cikin Gundumar Amathole. Babbar gadar Kei tana da tsawon kimanin kilomita 0.46.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Kei Bridge, Amathole District Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa |url=http://za.geoview.info/great_kei_bridge,31141865w |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=za.geoview.info}}</ref> == Dams a cikin Great Kei basin == * Dam din Xonxa a cikin White Kei River (Wit-Kei River). * Dam din Wriggleswade a kan Kogin Kubusi * [[Dam din Bongolo (Afirka ta Kudu)|Dam din Bongolo]], a cikin Kogin Komani, wani yanki na [[Kogin Klaas Smits]], kanta wani yanki ne na Kogin Black Kei [[Fayil:Old_road_bridge_on_Great_Kei_River.jpg|right|thumb|Babbar hanyar tsohuwar gada a kan Babban Kogin Kei]] == Babban Kei Pass == Hanyar N2 ta ratsa Komga da Butterworth a wani yanki da aka sani da Great Kei Pass ko Kei Cuttings . An san shi da yawan haɗari saboda hazo da shanu masu yawo. Wannan ɓangaren N2 ya ratsa Babban Kogin Kei. Kei Cuttings suna cikin ƙasa daga Kei Mouth, Morgans Bay da Chintsa West . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kei Cuttings in Butterworth, Eastern Cape |url=https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsec/kei-cuttings.php |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=www.sa-venues.com}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu == Bayanan da aka ambata == kh4r87p4ggrjjq1wlnxuidtsreeiz3j 893710 893709 2026-08-09T16:26:10Z Asiya Garba 46242 893710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Katin Kei mai girma wani kogi ne a lardin Gabashin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi ne ta hanyar haɗuwa da [[Black Kei River|Kogin Black Kei]] da Kogin White Kei, arewa maso gabashin Cathcart. Yana gudana na kilomita {{Convert|320|km|0}} (199 kuma ya ƙare a cikin Babban Kei Estuary a [[Tekun Indiya]] tare da ƙaramin garin Kei Mouth a bakin yamma. A tarihi '''[[Great Kei Estuary|Babban Kogin Kei]]''' ya kuma kafa iyakar kudu maso yammacin yankin Transkei kamar yadda aka fi sani da Kogin Nciba. == Hanyar da ake ciki == [[Fayil:Map_on_wall_at_Kei_Mouth.jpg|left|thumb|Taswirar Babban Kogin Kei daga Kei Bridge zuwa Kei Mouth]] Kogin Kei mai girma wani kogi ne mai kewayawa kuma an kafa shi ne ta hanyar haɗuwa da [[Black Kei River|Kogin Black Kei]] da Kogin White Kei a cikin Garin Enoch Mgijima, arewa maso gabashin Cathcart da kudu maso gabashin Queenstown. Kogin Great Kei yana gudana daga mahaɗar kogin Black da White Kei na kimanin kilomita 225 (mil 140) zuwa kudu maso gabas tare da hanyoyin da ke juyawa zuwa Tekun Indiya. Ya ƙare a babban bakin teku na Kei ta Kei Mouth, wani gari mai shakatawa na bakin teku. [[Kogin Tsomo|Tsomo]] ne mafi tsawo a arewa. Sunan ya samo asali ne tun daga shekara ta 1752 kuma ya dogara ne akan kalmar [[Khoekhoe|Khoisan]] don kogin da ke nufin 'yashi'. Babban Kei a baya ya kafa iyakar kudu maso yammacin yankin Transkei wanda za'a iya isa ta hanyar 'Pont', ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwa guda biyu kawai a Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Great Kei River |url=https://www.keimouth.co.za/activities/great-kei-river/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215024108/https://www.keimouth.co.za/activities/great-kei-river/ |archive-date=15 February 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=www.keimouth.co.za}}</ref> A halin yanzu gadar tana aiki kuma ana jigilar masu motoci akai-akai daga bankin kudu maso yamma zuwa bankin arewa maso gabas zuwa Wild Coast. [[Fayil:Eastern_Frontier,_Cape_of_Good_Hope,_ca_1835.png|right|thumb|Taswirar Babban Kogin Kei a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Yankin]] == Yanayi == Kogin daga kogin Great Kei zuwa kudancin [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] an rarraba su a matsayin masu zafi. Waɗannan tsarin suna da ruwa mai dumi sama da digiri 16 na Celsius. Yanayin yana da dumi kuma yana da zafi kusan shekara-shekara a sakamakon haka. Mafi ƙarancin yanayin hunturu ya kasance daga digiri 12 - 14 na Celsius kuma yankin yana samun ruwan sama a duk shekara. == Muhalli == Sassan cikin gida na Babban Kogin Kei suna gudana ta cikin bishiyoyin Albany da gandun daji, suna ƙare a cikin bishiyoyin bakin teku na Indiya a bakinsa. Kogin Kei yana da kudancin gandun daji na mangrove a Kudancin Afirka.[1] dazuzzuka masu santsi suna faruwa a arewacin bakin kogin Mngazana, kuma ana samun tafkin gishiri a kudancin bakin kogon Great Kei.[2] Babban bakin kogin Kei ya shahara tare da masu kamun kifi saboda nau'ikan kifi iri-iri. Koyaya, wasu nau'o'in kamar su Cob na Afirka ta Kudu da White steenbras suna cikin haɗari. Ana samun nau'ikan tsuntsaye da yawa a yankin kamar su oystercatcher na Afirka da ke kusa da barazana, sandpipers, da kingfishers. == Jirgin kasa == Kokarin gina gada a kan kogin Kei ya fara ne a 1877 lokacin da aka tura kayan gini zuwa Gabashin London daga Burtaniya ta hanyar keken shanu da jirgin kasa. An katse aikin a kan gadar sau da yawa saboda rikice-rikice a yankin ciki har da Yakin Yankin 9 inda aka tilasta Newey da tawagarsa su koma Royal Hotel a Komga yayin da mayaƙan Gcaleka suka fara haye Kei don yaƙi. Sojojin [[Mutane Xhosa|Xhosa]] ne suka kashe wasu 'yan Burtaniya a Moordenaarskop (Murderers" Hill), wani tudu kusa da tsohuwar gada. Daga 1907 zuwa 1917, an ɗauki layin dogo a kan gadar katako a cikin Great Kei. An lalata gadar katako bayan ambaliyar ruwa kuma an sake komawa layin dogo zuwa sabon gadar da ke kusa. An sake rushe gadar a 1946 kuma an sake gina ta a 1947. Ya ɗauki shekaru biyu da rabi don kammala ginin gadar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rail Bridge over the Great Kei River details |url=https://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/bldgframes.php?bldgid=10477 |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=www.artefacts.co.za}}</ref> A ƙarshen rikice-rikice, an kammala gadar kuma har yanzu mazauna yankin da manoma suna amfani da ita.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kei Cuttings in Butterworth, Eastern Cape |url=https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsec/kei-cuttings.php |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=www.sa-venues.com}}</ref> Babbar gadar Kei tana kusa da gadar Kei kuma tana cikin Gundumar Amathole. Babbar gadar Kei tana da tsawon kimanin kilomita 0.46.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Kei Bridge, Amathole District Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa |url=http://za.geoview.info/great_kei_bridge,31141865w |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=za.geoview.info}}</ref> == Dams a cikin Great Kei basin == * Dam din Xonxa a cikin White Kei River (Wit-Kei River). * Dam din Wriggleswade a kan Kogin Kubusi * [[Dam din Bongolo (Afirka ta Kudu)|Dam din Bongolo]], a cikin Kogin Komani, wani yanki na [[Kogin Klaas Smits]], kanta wani yanki ne na Kogin Black Kei [[Fayil:Old_road_bridge_on_Great_Kei_River.jpg|right|thumb|Babbar hanyar tsohuwar gada a kan Babban Kogin Kei]] == Babban Kei Pass == Hanyar N2 ta ratsa Komga da Butterworth a wani yanki da aka sani da Great Kei Pass ko Kei Cuttings . An san shi da yawan haɗari saboda hazo da shanu masu yawo. Wannan ɓangaren N2 ya ratsa Babban Kogin Kei. Kei Cuttings suna cikin ƙasa daga Kei Mouth, Morgans Bay da Chintsa West . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kei Cuttings in Butterworth, Eastern Cape |url=https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsec/kei-cuttings.php |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=www.sa-venues.com}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu == Bayanan da aka ambata == 7ah8rksm5f47tb31w7tys7nqiixy6mn 893711 893710 2026-08-09T16:26:25Z Asiya Garba 46242 893711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Katin Kei mai girma wani kogi ne a lardin Gabashin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi ne ta hanyar haɗuwa da [[Black Kei River|Kogin Black Kei]] da Kogin White Kei, arewa maso gabashin Cathcart. Yana gudana na kilomita {{Convert|320|km|0}} (199 kuma ya ƙare a cikin Babban Kei Estuary a [[Tekun Indiya]] tare da ƙaramin garin Kei Mouth a bakin yamma. A tarihi '''[[Great Kei Estuary|Babban Kogin Kei]]''' ya kuma kafa iyakar kudu maso yammacin yankin Transkei kamar yadda aka fi sani da Kogin Nciba. == Hanyar da ake ciki == [[Fayil:Map_on_wall_at_Kei_Mouth.jpg|left|thumb|Taswirar Babban Kogin Kei daga Kei Bridge zuwa Kei Mouth]] Kogin Kei mai girma wani kogi ne mai kewayawa kuma an kafa shi ne ta hanyar haɗuwa da [[Black Kei River|Kogin Black Kei]] da Kogin White Kei a cikin Garin Enoch Mgijima, arewa maso gabashin Cathcart da kudu maso gabashin Queenstown. Kogin Great Kei yana gudana daga mahaɗar kogin Black da White Kei na kimanin kilomita 225 (mil 140) zuwa kudu maso gabas tare da hanyoyin da ke juyawa zuwa Tekun Indiya. Ya ƙare a babban bakin teku na Kei ta Kei Mouth, wani gari mai shakatawa na bakin teku. [[Kogin Tsomo|Tsomo]] ne mafi tsawo a arewa. Sunan ya samo asali ne tun daga shekara ta 1752 kuma ya dogara ne akan kalmar [[Khoekhoe|Khoisan]] don kogin da ke nufin 'yashi'. Babban Kei a baya ya kafa iyakar kudu maso yammacin yankin Transkei wanda za'a iya isa ta hanyar 'Pont', ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwa guda biyu kawai a Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Great Kei River |url=https://www.keimouth.co.za/activities/great-kei-river/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215024108/https://www.keimouth.co.za/activities/great-kei-river/ |archive-date=15 February 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=www.keimouth.co.za}}</ref> A halin yanzu gadar tana aiki kuma ana jigilar masu motoci akai-akai daga bankin kudu maso yamma zuwa bankin arewa maso gabas zuwa Wild Coast. [[Fayil:Eastern_Frontier,_Cape_of_Good_Hope,_ca_1835.png|right|thumb|Taswirar Babban Kogin Kei a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Yankin]] == Yanayi == Kogin daga kogin Great Kei zuwa kudancin [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] an rarraba su a matsayin masu zafi. Waɗannan tsarin suna da ruwa mai dumi sama da digiri 16 na Celsius. Yanayin yana da dumi kuma yana da zafi kusan shekara-shekara a sakamakon haka. Mafi ƙarancin yanayin hunturu ya kasance daga digiri 12 - 14 na Celsius kuma yankin yana samun ruwan sama a duk shekara. == Muhalli == Sassan cikin gida na Babban Kogin Kei suna gudana ta cikin bishiyoyin Albany da gandun daji, suna ƙare a cikin bishiyoyin bakin teku na Indiya a bakinsa. Kogin Kei yana da kudancin gandun daji na mangrove a Kudancin Afirka.[1] dazuzzuka masu santsi suna faruwa a arewacin bakin kogin Mngazana, kuma ana samun tafkin gishiri a kudancin bakin kogon Great Kei.[2] Babban bakin kogin Kei ya shahara tare da masu kamun kifi saboda nau'ikan kifi iri-iri. Koyaya, wasu nau'o'in kamar su Cob na Afirka ta Kudu da White steenbras suna cikin haɗari. Ana samun nau'ikan tsuntsaye da yawa a yankin kamar su oystercatcher na Afirka da ke kusa da barazana, sandpipers, da kingfishers. == Jirgin kasa == Kokarin gina gada a kan kogin Kei ya fara ne a shekarar 1877 lokacin da aka tura kayan gini zuwa Gabashin London daga Burtaniya ta hanyar keken shanu da jirgin kasa. An katse aikin a kan gadar sau da yawa saboda rikice-rikice a yankin ciki har da Yakin Yankin 9 inda aka tilasta Newey da tawagarsa su koma Royal Hotel a Komga yayin da mayaƙan Gcaleka suka fara haye Kei don yaƙi. Sojojin [[Mutane Xhosa|Xhosa]] ne suka kashe wasu 'yan Burtaniya a Moordenaarskop (Murderers" Hill), wani tudu kusa da tsohuwar gada. Daga 1907 zuwa 1917, an ɗauki layin dogo a kan gadar katako a cikin Great Kei. An lalata gadar katako bayan ambaliyar ruwa kuma an sake komawa layin dogo zuwa sabon gadar da ke kusa. An sake rushe gadar a 1946 kuma an sake gina ta a 1947. Ya ɗauki shekaru biyu da rabi don kammala ginin gadar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rail Bridge over the Great Kei River details |url=https://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/bldgframes.php?bldgid=10477 |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=www.artefacts.co.za}}</ref> A ƙarshen rikice-rikice, an kammala gadar kuma har yanzu mazauna yankin da manoma suna amfani da ita.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kei Cuttings in Butterworth, Eastern Cape |url=https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsec/kei-cuttings.php |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=www.sa-venues.com}}</ref> Babbar gadar Kei tana kusa da gadar Kei kuma tana cikin Gundumar Amathole. Babbar gadar Kei tana da tsawon kimanin kilomita 0.46.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Kei Bridge, Amathole District Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa |url=http://za.geoview.info/great_kei_bridge,31141865w |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=za.geoview.info}}</ref> == Dams a cikin Great Kei basin == * Dam din Xonxa a cikin White Kei River (Wit-Kei River). * Dam din Wriggleswade a kan Kogin Kubusi * [[Dam din Bongolo (Afirka ta Kudu)|Dam din Bongolo]], a cikin Kogin Komani, wani yanki na [[Kogin Klaas Smits]], kanta wani yanki ne na Kogin Black Kei [[Fayil:Old_road_bridge_on_Great_Kei_River.jpg|right|thumb|Babbar hanyar tsohuwar gada a kan Babban Kogin Kei]] == Babban Kei Pass == Hanyar N2 ta ratsa Komga da Butterworth a wani yanki da aka sani da Great Kei Pass ko Kei Cuttings . An san shi da yawan haɗari saboda hazo da shanu masu yawo. Wannan ɓangaren N2 ya ratsa Babban Kogin Kei. Kei Cuttings suna cikin ƙasa daga Kei Mouth, Morgans Bay da Chintsa West . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kei Cuttings in Butterworth, Eastern Cape |url=https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsec/kei-cuttings.php |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=www.sa-venues.com}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu == Bayanan da aka ambata == sycidhk8r4ykttm0n0ykr9y0u9tb50r 893713 893711 2026-08-09T16:26:37Z Asiya Garba 46242 893713 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Katin Kei mai girma wani kogi ne a lardin Gabashin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi ne ta hanyar haɗuwa da [[Black Kei River|Kogin Black Kei]] da Kogin White Kei, arewa maso gabashin Cathcart. Yana gudana na kilomita {{Convert|320|km|0}} (199 kuma ya ƙare a cikin Babban Kei Estuary a [[Tekun Indiya]] tare da ƙaramin garin Kei Mouth a bakin yamma. A tarihi '''[[Great Kei Estuary|Babban Kogin Kei]]''' ya kuma kafa iyakar kudu maso yammacin yankin Transkei kamar yadda aka fi sani da Kogin Nciba. == Hanyar da ake ciki == [[Fayil:Map_on_wall_at_Kei_Mouth.jpg|left|thumb|Taswirar Babban Kogin Kei daga Kei Bridge zuwa Kei Mouth]] Kogin Kei mai girma wani kogi ne mai kewayawa kuma an kafa shi ne ta hanyar haɗuwa da [[Black Kei River|Kogin Black Kei]] da Kogin White Kei a cikin Garin Enoch Mgijima, arewa maso gabashin Cathcart da kudu maso gabashin Queenstown. Kogin Great Kei yana gudana daga mahaɗar kogin Black da White Kei na kimanin kilomita 225 (mil 140) zuwa kudu maso gabas tare da hanyoyin da ke juyawa zuwa Tekun Indiya. Ya ƙare a babban bakin teku na Kei ta Kei Mouth, wani gari mai shakatawa na bakin teku. [[Kogin Tsomo|Tsomo]] ne mafi tsawo a arewa. Sunan ya samo asali ne tun daga shekara ta 1752 kuma ya dogara ne akan kalmar [[Khoekhoe|Khoisan]] don kogin da ke nufin 'yashi'. Babban Kei a baya ya kafa iyakar kudu maso yammacin yankin Transkei wanda za'a iya isa ta hanyar 'Pont', ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwa guda biyu kawai a Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Great Kei River |url=https://www.keimouth.co.za/activities/great-kei-river/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215024108/https://www.keimouth.co.za/activities/great-kei-river/ |archive-date=15 February 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=www.keimouth.co.za}}</ref> A halin yanzu gadar tana aiki kuma ana jigilar masu motoci akai-akai daga bankin kudu maso yamma zuwa bankin arewa maso gabas zuwa Wild Coast. [[Fayil:Eastern_Frontier,_Cape_of_Good_Hope,_ca_1835.png|right|thumb|Taswirar Babban Kogin Kei a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Yankin]] == Yanayi == Kogin daga kogin Great Kei zuwa kudancin [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] an rarraba su a matsayin masu zafi. Waɗannan tsarin suna da ruwa mai dumi sama da digiri 16 na Celsius. Yanayin yana da dumi kuma yana da zafi kusan shekara-shekara a sakamakon haka. Mafi ƙarancin yanayin hunturu ya kasance daga digiri 12 - 14 na Celsius kuma yankin yana samun ruwan sama a duk shekara. == Muhalli == Sassan cikin gida na Babban Kogin Kei suna gudana ta cikin bishiyoyin Albany da gandun daji, suna ƙare a cikin bishiyoyin bakin teku na Indiya a bakinsa. Kogin Kei yana da kudancin gandun daji na mangrove a Kudancin Afirka.[1] dazuzzuka masu santsi suna faruwa a arewacin bakin kogin Mngazana, kuma ana samun tafkin gishiri a kudancin bakin kogon Great Kei.[2] Babban bakin kogin Kei ya shahara tare da masu kamun kifi saboda nau'ikan kifi iri-iri. Koyaya, wasu nau'o'in kamar su Cob na Afirka ta Kudu da White steenbras suna cikin haɗari. Ana samun nau'ikan tsuntsaye da yawa a yankin kamar su oystercatcher na Afirka da ke kusa da barazana, sandpipers, da kingfishers. == Jirgin kasa == Kokarin gina gada a kan kogin Kei ya fara ne a shekarar 1877 lokacin da aka tura kayan gini zuwa Gabashin London daga Burtaniya ta hanyar keken shanu da jirgin kasa. An katse aikin a kan gadar sau da yawa saboda rikice-rikice a yankin ciki har da Yakin Yankin 9 inda aka tilasta Newey da tawagarsa su koma Royal Hotel a Komga yayin da mayaƙan Gcaleka suka fara haye Kei don yaƙi. Sojojin [[Mutane Xhosa|Xhosa]] ne suka kashe wasu 'yan Burtaniya a Moordenaarskop (Murderers" Hill), wani tudu kusa da tsohuwar gada. Daga 1907 zuwa 1917, an ɗauki layin dogo a kan gadar katako a cikin Great Kei. An lalata gadar katako bayan ambaliyar ruwa kuma an sake komawa layin dogo zuwa sabon gadar da ke kusa. An sake rushe gadar a shekarar 1946 kuma an sake gina ta a 1947. Ya ɗauki shekaru biyu da rabi don kammala ginin gadar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rail Bridge over the Great Kei River details |url=https://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/bldgframes.php?bldgid=10477 |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=www.artefacts.co.za}}</ref> A ƙarshen rikice-rikice, an kammala gadar kuma har yanzu mazauna yankin da manoma suna amfani da ita.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kei Cuttings in Butterworth, Eastern Cape |url=https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsec/kei-cuttings.php |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=www.sa-venues.com}}</ref> Babbar gadar Kei tana kusa da gadar Kei kuma tana cikin Gundumar Amathole. Babbar gadar Kei tana da tsawon kimanin kilomita 0.46.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Kei Bridge, Amathole District Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa |url=http://za.geoview.info/great_kei_bridge,31141865w |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=za.geoview.info}}</ref> == Dams a cikin Great Kei basin == * Dam din Xonxa a cikin White Kei River (Wit-Kei River). * Dam din Wriggleswade a kan Kogin Kubusi * [[Dam din Bongolo (Afirka ta Kudu)|Dam din Bongolo]], a cikin Kogin Komani, wani yanki na [[Kogin Klaas Smits]], kanta wani yanki ne na Kogin Black Kei [[Fayil:Old_road_bridge_on_Great_Kei_River.jpg|right|thumb|Babbar hanyar tsohuwar gada a kan Babban Kogin Kei]] == Babban Kei Pass == Hanyar N2 ta ratsa Komga da Butterworth a wani yanki da aka sani da Great Kei Pass ko Kei Cuttings . An san shi da yawan haɗari saboda hazo da shanu masu yawo. Wannan ɓangaren N2 ya ratsa Babban Kogin Kei. Kei Cuttings suna cikin ƙasa daga Kei Mouth, Morgans Bay da Chintsa West . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kei Cuttings in Butterworth, Eastern Cape |url=https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsec/kei-cuttings.php |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=www.sa-venues.com}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu == Bayanan da aka ambata == h3vj8utqt61k6cak6wrrt8ztjm3l4um 893714 893713 2026-08-09T16:26:51Z Asiya Garba 46242 893714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Katin Kei mai girma wani kogi ne a lardin Gabashin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi ne ta hanyar haɗuwa da [[Black Kei River|Kogin Black Kei]] da Kogin White Kei, arewa maso gabashin Cathcart. Yana gudana na kilomita {{Convert|320|km|0}} (199 kuma ya ƙare a cikin Babban Kei Estuary a [[Tekun Indiya]] tare da ƙaramin garin Kei Mouth a bakin yamma. A tarihi '''[[Great Kei Estuary|Babban Kogin Kei]]''' ya kuma kafa iyakar kudu maso yammacin yankin Transkei kamar yadda aka fi sani da Kogin Nciba. == Hanyar da ake ciki == [[Fayil:Map_on_wall_at_Kei_Mouth.jpg|left|thumb|Taswirar Babban Kogin Kei daga Kei Bridge zuwa Kei Mouth]] Kogin Kei mai girma wani kogi ne mai kewayawa kuma an kafa shi ne ta hanyar haɗuwa da [[Black Kei River|Kogin Black Kei]] da Kogin White Kei a cikin Garin Enoch Mgijima, arewa maso gabashin Cathcart da kudu maso gabashin Queenstown. Kogin Great Kei yana gudana daga mahaɗar kogin Black da White Kei na kimanin kilomita 225 (mil 140) zuwa kudu maso gabas tare da hanyoyin da ke juyawa zuwa Tekun Indiya. Ya ƙare a babban bakin teku na Kei ta Kei Mouth, wani gari mai shakatawa na bakin teku. [[Kogin Tsomo|Tsomo]] ne mafi tsawo a arewa. Sunan ya samo asali ne tun daga shekara ta 1752 kuma ya dogara ne akan kalmar [[Khoekhoe|Khoisan]] don kogin da ke nufin 'yashi'. Babban Kei a baya ya kafa iyakar kudu maso yammacin yankin Transkei wanda za'a iya isa ta hanyar 'Pont', ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwa guda biyu kawai a Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Great Kei River |url=https://www.keimouth.co.za/activities/great-kei-river/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215024108/https://www.keimouth.co.za/activities/great-kei-river/ |archive-date=15 February 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=www.keimouth.co.za}}</ref> A halin yanzu gadar tana aiki kuma ana jigilar masu motoci akai-akai daga bankin kudu maso yamma zuwa bankin arewa maso gabas zuwa Wild Coast. [[Fayil:Eastern_Frontier,_Cape_of_Good_Hope,_ca_1835.png|right|thumb|Taswirar Babban Kogin Kei a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Yankin]] == Yanayi == Kogin daga kogin Great Kei zuwa kudancin [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] an rarraba su a matsayin masu zafi. Waɗannan tsarin suna da ruwa mai dumi sama da digiri 16 na Celsius. Yanayin yana da dumi kuma yana da zafi kusan shekara-shekara a sakamakon haka. Mafi ƙarancin yanayin hunturu ya kasance daga digiri 12 - 14 na Celsius kuma yankin yana samun ruwan sama a duk shekara. == Muhalli == Sassan cikin gida na Babban Kogin Kei suna gudana ta cikin bishiyoyin Albany da gandun daji, suna ƙare a cikin bishiyoyin bakin teku na Indiya a bakinsa. Kogin Kei yana da kudancin gandun daji na mangrove a Kudancin Afirka.[1] dazuzzuka masu santsi suna faruwa a arewacin bakin kogin Mngazana, kuma ana samun tafkin gishiri a kudancin bakin kogon Great Kei.[2] Babban bakin kogin Kei ya shahara tare da masu kamun kifi saboda nau'ikan kifi iri-iri. Koyaya, wasu nau'o'in kamar su Cob na Afirka ta Kudu da White steenbras suna cikin haɗari. Ana samun nau'ikan tsuntsaye da yawa a yankin kamar su oystercatcher na Afirka da ke kusa da barazana, sandpipers, da kingfishers. == Jirgin kasa == Kokarin gina gada a kan kogin Kei ya fara ne a shekarar 1877 lokacin da aka tura kayan gini zuwa Gabashin London daga Burtaniya ta hanyar keken shanu da jirgin kasa. An katse aikin a kan gadar sau da yawa saboda rikice-rikice a yankin ciki har da Yakin Yankin 9 inda aka tilasta Newey da tawagarsa su koma Royal Hotel a Komga yayin da mayaƙan Gcaleka suka fara haye Kei don yaƙi. Sojojin [[Mutane Xhosa|Xhosa]] ne suka kashe wasu 'yan Burtaniya a Moordenaarskop (Murderers" Hill), wani tudu kusa da tsohuwar gada. Daga shekarar 1907 zuwa 1917, an ɗauki layin dogo a kan gadar katako a cikin Great Kei. An lalata gadar katako bayan ambaliyar ruwa kuma an sake komawa layin dogo zuwa sabon gadar da ke kusa. An sake rushe gadar a shekarar 1946 kuma an sake gina ta a 1947. Ya ɗauki shekaru biyu da rabi don kammala ginin gadar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rail Bridge over the Great Kei River details |url=https://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/bldgframes.php?bldgid=10477 |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=www.artefacts.co.za}}</ref> A ƙarshen rikice-rikice, an kammala gadar kuma har yanzu mazauna yankin da manoma suna amfani da ita.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kei Cuttings in Butterworth, Eastern Cape |url=https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsec/kei-cuttings.php |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=www.sa-venues.com}}</ref> Babbar gadar Kei tana kusa da gadar Kei kuma tana cikin Gundumar Amathole. Babbar gadar Kei tana da tsawon kimanin kilomita 0.46.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Kei Bridge, Amathole District Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa |url=http://za.geoview.info/great_kei_bridge,31141865w |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=za.geoview.info}}</ref> == Dams a cikin Great Kei basin == * Dam din Xonxa a cikin White Kei River (Wit-Kei River). * Dam din Wriggleswade a kan Kogin Kubusi * [[Dam din Bongolo (Afirka ta Kudu)|Dam din Bongolo]], a cikin Kogin Komani, wani yanki na [[Kogin Klaas Smits]], kanta wani yanki ne na Kogin Black Kei [[Fayil:Old_road_bridge_on_Great_Kei_River.jpg|right|thumb|Babbar hanyar tsohuwar gada a kan Babban Kogin Kei]] == Babban Kei Pass == Hanyar N2 ta ratsa Komga da Butterworth a wani yanki da aka sani da Great Kei Pass ko Kei Cuttings . An san shi da yawan haɗari saboda hazo da shanu masu yawo. Wannan ɓangaren N2 ya ratsa Babban Kogin Kei. Kei Cuttings suna cikin ƙasa daga Kei Mouth, Morgans Bay da Chintsa West . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kei Cuttings in Butterworth, Eastern Cape |url=https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsec/kei-cuttings.php |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=www.sa-venues.com}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu == Bayanan da aka ambata == 5nwumrukozh76o6gpfoqe7b304jhsjf 893715 893714 2026-08-09T16:27:03Z Asiya Garba 46242 893715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Katin Kei mai girma wani kogi ne a lardin Gabashin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi ne ta hanyar haɗuwa da [[Black Kei River|Kogin Black Kei]] da Kogin White Kei, arewa maso gabashin Cathcart. Yana gudana na kilomita {{Convert|320|km|0}} (199 kuma ya ƙare a cikin Babban Kei Estuary a [[Tekun Indiya]] tare da ƙaramin garin Kei Mouth a bakin yamma. A tarihi '''[[Great Kei Estuary|Babban Kogin Kei]]''' ya kuma kafa iyakar kudu maso yammacin yankin Transkei kamar yadda aka fi sani da Kogin Nciba. == Hanyar da ake ciki == [[Fayil:Map_on_wall_at_Kei_Mouth.jpg|left|thumb|Taswirar Babban Kogin Kei daga Kei Bridge zuwa Kei Mouth]] Kogin Kei mai girma wani kogi ne mai kewayawa kuma an kafa shi ne ta hanyar haɗuwa da [[Black Kei River|Kogin Black Kei]] da Kogin White Kei a cikin Garin Enoch Mgijima, arewa maso gabashin Cathcart da kudu maso gabashin Queenstown. Kogin Great Kei yana gudana daga mahaɗar kogin Black da White Kei na kimanin kilomita 225 (mil 140) zuwa kudu maso gabas tare da hanyoyin da ke juyawa zuwa Tekun Indiya. Ya ƙare a babban bakin teku na Kei ta Kei Mouth, wani gari mai shakatawa na bakin teku. [[Kogin Tsomo|Tsomo]] ne mafi tsawo a arewa. Sunan ya samo asali ne tun daga shekara ta 1752 kuma ya dogara ne akan kalmar [[Khoekhoe|Khoisan]] don kogin da ke nufin 'yashi'. Babban Kei a baya ya kafa iyakar kudu maso yammacin yankin Transkei wanda za'a iya isa ta hanyar 'Pont', ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwa guda biyu kawai a Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Great Kei River |url=https://www.keimouth.co.za/activities/great-kei-river/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215024108/https://www.keimouth.co.za/activities/great-kei-river/ |archive-date=15 February 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=www.keimouth.co.za}}</ref> A halin yanzu gadar tana aiki kuma ana jigilar masu motoci akai-akai daga bankin kudu maso yamma zuwa bankin arewa maso gabas zuwa Wild Coast. [[Fayil:Eastern_Frontier,_Cape_of_Good_Hope,_ca_1835.png|right|thumb|Taswirar Babban Kogin Kei a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Yankin]] == Yanayi == Kogin daga kogin Great Kei zuwa kudancin [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] an rarraba su a matsayin masu zafi. Waɗannan tsarin suna da ruwa mai dumi sama da digiri 16 na Celsius. Yanayin yana da dumi kuma yana da zafi kusan shekara-shekara a sakamakon haka. Mafi ƙarancin yanayin hunturu ya kasance daga digiri 12 - 14 na Celsius kuma yankin yana samun ruwan sama a duk shekara. == Muhalli == Sassan cikin gida na Babban Kogin Kei suna gudana ta cikin bishiyoyin Albany da gandun daji, suna ƙare a cikin bishiyoyin bakin teku na Indiya a bakinsa. Kogin Kei yana da kudancin gandun daji na mangrove a Kudancin Afirka.[1] dazuzzuka masu santsi suna faruwa a arewacin bakin kogin Mngazana, kuma ana samun tafkin gishiri a kudancin bakin kogon Great Kei.[2] Babban bakin kogin Kei ya shahara tare da masu kamun kifi saboda nau'ikan kifi iri-iri. Koyaya, wasu nau'o'in kamar su Cob na Afirka ta Kudu da White steenbras suna cikin haɗari. Ana samun nau'ikan tsuntsaye da yawa a yankin kamar su oystercatcher na Afirka da ke kusa da barazana, sandpipers, da kingfishers. == Jirgin kasa == Kokarin gina gada a kan kogin Kei ya fara ne a shekarar 1877 lokacin da aka tura kayan gini zuwa Gabashin London daga Burtaniya ta hanyar keken shanu da jirgin kasa. An katse aikin a kan gadar sau da yawa saboda rikice-rikice a yankin ciki har da Yakin Yankin 9 inda aka tilasta Newey da tawagarsa su koma Royal Hotel a Komga yayin da mayaƙan Gcaleka suka fara haye Kei don yaƙi. Sojojin [[Mutane Xhosa|Xhosa]] ne suka kashe wasu 'yan Burtaniya a Moordenaarskop (Murderers" Hill), wani tudu kusa da tsohuwar gada. Daga shekarar 1907 zuwa 1917, an ɗauki layin dogo a kan gadar katako a cikin Great Kei. An lalata gadar katako bayan ambaliyar ruwa kuma an sake komawa layin dogo zuwa sabon gadar da ke kusa. An sake rushe gadar a shekarar 1946 kuma an sake gina ta a 1947. Ya kuma ɗauki shekaru biyu da rabi don kammala ginin gadar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rail Bridge over the Great Kei River details |url=https://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/bldgframes.php?bldgid=10477 |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=www.artefacts.co.za}}</ref> A ƙarshen rikice-rikice, an kammala gadar kuma har yanzu mazauna yankin da manoma suna amfani da ita.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kei Cuttings in Butterworth, Eastern Cape |url=https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsec/kei-cuttings.php |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=www.sa-venues.com}}</ref> Babbar gadar Kei tana kusa da gadar Kei kuma tana cikin Gundumar Amathole. Babbar gadar Kei tana da tsawon kimanin kilomita 0.46.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Kei Bridge, Amathole District Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa |url=http://za.geoview.info/great_kei_bridge,31141865w |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=za.geoview.info}}</ref> == Dams a cikin Great Kei basin == * Dam din Xonxa a cikin White Kei River (Wit-Kei River). * Dam din Wriggleswade a kan Kogin Kubusi * [[Dam din Bongolo (Afirka ta Kudu)|Dam din Bongolo]], a cikin Kogin Komani, wani yanki na [[Kogin Klaas Smits]], kanta wani yanki ne na Kogin Black Kei [[Fayil:Old_road_bridge_on_Great_Kei_River.jpg|right|thumb|Babbar hanyar tsohuwar gada a kan Babban Kogin Kei]] == Babban Kei Pass == Hanyar N2 ta ratsa Komga da Butterworth a wani yanki da aka sani da Great Kei Pass ko Kei Cuttings . An san shi da yawan haɗari saboda hazo da shanu masu yawo. Wannan ɓangaren N2 ya ratsa Babban Kogin Kei. Kei Cuttings suna cikin ƙasa daga Kei Mouth, Morgans Bay da Chintsa West . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kei Cuttings in Butterworth, Eastern Cape |url=https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsec/kei-cuttings.php |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=www.sa-venues.com}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu == Bayanan da aka ambata == ct4mz6gryy693juxi3kwmr3g2ysf4ej 893716 893715 2026-08-09T16:27:13Z Asiya Garba 46242 893716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Katin Kei mai girma wani kogi ne a lardin Gabashin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi ne ta hanyar haɗuwa da [[Black Kei River|Kogin Black Kei]] da Kogin White Kei, arewa maso gabashin Cathcart. Yana gudana na kilomita {{Convert|320|km|0}} (199 kuma ya ƙare a cikin Babban Kei Estuary a [[Tekun Indiya]] tare da ƙaramin garin Kei Mouth a bakin yamma. A tarihi '''[[Great Kei Estuary|Babban Kogin Kei]]''' ya kuma kafa iyakar kudu maso yammacin yankin Transkei kamar yadda aka fi sani da Kogin Nciba. == Hanyar da ake ciki == [[Fayil:Map_on_wall_at_Kei_Mouth.jpg|left|thumb|Taswirar Babban Kogin Kei daga Kei Bridge zuwa Kei Mouth]] Kogin Kei mai girma wani kogi ne mai kewayawa kuma an kafa shi ne ta hanyar haɗuwa da [[Black Kei River|Kogin Black Kei]] da Kogin White Kei a cikin Garin Enoch Mgijima, arewa maso gabashin Cathcart da kudu maso gabashin Queenstown. Kogin Great Kei yana gudana daga mahaɗar kogin Black da White Kei na kimanin kilomita 225 (mil 140) zuwa kudu maso gabas tare da hanyoyin da ke juyawa zuwa Tekun Indiya. Ya ƙare a babban bakin teku na Kei ta Kei Mouth, wani gari mai shakatawa na bakin teku. [[Kogin Tsomo|Tsomo]] ne mafi tsawo a arewa. Sunan ya samo asali ne tun daga shekara ta 1752 kuma ya dogara ne akan kalmar [[Khoekhoe|Khoisan]] don kogin da ke nufin 'yashi'. Babban Kei a baya ya kafa iyakar kudu maso yammacin yankin Transkei wanda za'a iya isa ta hanyar 'Pont', ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwa guda biyu kawai a Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Great Kei River |url=https://www.keimouth.co.za/activities/great-kei-river/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215024108/https://www.keimouth.co.za/activities/great-kei-river/ |archive-date=15 February 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=www.keimouth.co.za}}</ref> A halin yanzu gadar tana aiki kuma ana jigilar masu motoci akai-akai daga bankin kudu maso yamma zuwa bankin arewa maso gabas zuwa Wild Coast. [[Fayil:Eastern_Frontier,_Cape_of_Good_Hope,_ca_1835.png|right|thumb|Taswirar Babban Kogin Kei a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Yankin]] == Yanayi == Kogin daga kogin Great Kei zuwa kudancin [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] an rarraba su a matsayin masu zafi. Waɗannan tsarin suna da ruwa mai dumi sama da digiri 16 na Celsius. Yanayin yana da dumi kuma yana da zafi kusan shekara-shekara a sakamakon haka. Mafi ƙarancin yanayin hunturu ya kasance daga digiri 12 - 14 na Celsius kuma yankin yana samun ruwan sama a duk shekara. == Muhalli == Sassan cikin gida na Babban Kogin Kei suna gudana ta cikin bishiyoyin Albany da gandun daji, suna ƙare a cikin bishiyoyin bakin teku na Indiya a bakinsa. Kogin Kei yana da kudancin gandun daji na mangrove a Kudancin Afirka.[1] dazuzzuka masu santsi suna faruwa a arewacin bakin kogin Mngazana, kuma ana samun tafkin gishiri a kudancin bakin kogon Great Kei.[2] Babban bakin kogin Kei ya shahara tare da masu kamun kifi saboda nau'ikan kifi iri-iri. Koyaya, wasu nau'o'in kamar su Cob na Afirka ta Kudu da White steenbras suna cikin haɗari. Ana samun nau'ikan tsuntsaye da yawa a yankin kamar su oystercatcher na Afirka da ke kusa da barazana, sandpipers, da kingfishers. == Jirgin kasa == Ƙoƙarin gina gada a kan kogin Kei ya fara ne a shekarar 1877 lokacin da aka tura kayan gini zuwa Gabashin London daga Burtaniya ta hanyar keken shanu da jirgin kasa. An katse aikin a kan gadar sau da yawa saboda rikice-rikice a yankin ciki har da Yakin Yankin 9 inda aka tilasta Newey da tawagarsa su koma Royal Hotel a Komga yayin da mayaƙan Gcaleka suka fara haye Kei don yaƙi. Sojojin [[Mutane Xhosa|Xhosa]] ne suka kashe wasu 'yan Burtaniya a Moordenaarskop (Murderers" Hill), wani tudu kusa da tsohuwar gada. Daga shekarar 1907 zuwa 1917, an ɗauki layin dogo a kan gadar katako a cikin Great Kei. An lalata gadar katako bayan ambaliyar ruwa kuma an sake komawa layin dogo zuwa sabon gadar da ke kusa. An sake rushe gadar a shekarar 1946 kuma an sake gina ta a 1947. Ya kuma ɗauki shekaru biyu da rabi don kammala ginin gadar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rail Bridge over the Great Kei River details |url=https://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/bldgframes.php?bldgid=10477 |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=www.artefacts.co.za}}</ref> A ƙarshen rikice-rikice, an kammala gadar kuma har yanzu mazauna yankin da manoma suna amfani da ita.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kei Cuttings in Butterworth, Eastern Cape |url=https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsec/kei-cuttings.php |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=www.sa-venues.com}}</ref> Babbar gadar Kei tana kusa da gadar Kei kuma tana cikin Gundumar Amathole. Babbar gadar Kei tana da tsawon kimanin kilomita 0.46.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Kei Bridge, Amathole District Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa |url=http://za.geoview.info/great_kei_bridge,31141865w |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=za.geoview.info}}</ref> == Dams a cikin Great Kei basin == * Dam din Xonxa a cikin White Kei River (Wit-Kei River). * Dam din Wriggleswade a kan Kogin Kubusi * [[Dam din Bongolo (Afirka ta Kudu)|Dam din Bongolo]], a cikin Kogin Komani, wani yanki na [[Kogin Klaas Smits]], kanta wani yanki ne na Kogin Black Kei [[Fayil:Old_road_bridge_on_Great_Kei_River.jpg|right|thumb|Babbar hanyar tsohuwar gada a kan Babban Kogin Kei]] == Babban Kei Pass == Hanyar N2 ta ratsa Komga da Butterworth a wani yanki da aka sani da Great Kei Pass ko Kei Cuttings . An san shi da yawan haɗari saboda hazo da shanu masu yawo. Wannan ɓangaren N2 ya ratsa Babban Kogin Kei. Kei Cuttings suna cikin ƙasa daga Kei Mouth, Morgans Bay da Chintsa West . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kei Cuttings in Butterworth, Eastern Cape |url=https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsec/kei-cuttings.php |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=www.sa-venues.com}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu == Bayanan da aka ambata == gcwomguklpdmnnrrr209s3w8rcy0zpf 0 155481 893706 867175 2026-08-09T16:24:35Z Asiya Garba 46242 893706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Victoria Bay''' wani karamin kogi ne a Yammacin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]], wanda ke kan Hanyar lambu tsakanin George da Wilderness . Yana da sanannen rairayin bakin teku ga masu hawan igiyar ruwa, wanda ya kunshi raƙuman ruwa masu kama da dutse na hannun dama wanda ke juyawa a kan ƙananan duwatsu masu kama da kusan 200m. Wani [https://www.knysnaplettherald.com/Sport/Article/Water-Sport/world-class-surfing-to-be-seen-at-vic-bay-201906130900 Labarin 2019] ya bayyana Vic Bay (kamar yadda aka sani a cikin gida) a matsayin "wanda aka fi sani da mafi kyawun hannun dama a Kudancin Cape".<ref>{{Cite web |title=World-class surfing to be seen at Vic Bay |url=https://www.knysnaplettherald.com/Sport/Article/Water-Sport/world-class-surfing-to-be-seen-at-vic-bay-201906130900 |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Knysna-Plett Herald |language=en}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana gudanar da wasannin gundumomi na Gundumar da na Kasa a Vic Bay kuma duk da ƙaramin girmansa, Vic Bay sanannen wuri ne kuma ana ziyartar shi sosai. Har ila yau, yana da matukar shahara tare da masu iyo waɗanda ke iya yin iyo a wuraren rairayin bakin teku ko a cikin tafkin ruwa a rairayin kan teku. == Tarihi == An kuma riga an san garin da Gunter Bay, amma daga baya aka sake masa suna Victoria Bay a shekarar 1847 don girmama [[Sarauniya Victoria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria Bay - History |url=https://vicbay.shop/history-victoria-bay/ |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=Vicbay.shop |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925114015/https://vicbay.shop/history-victoria-bay/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 1858, Kyaftin Pilkington ya bincika bayin don dalilai na tashar jiragen ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2024 |title=The Legend of Victoria Bay |url=https://www.17onwellington.co.za/blog/post/the-legend-of-victoria-bay/ |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=17 on Wellington}}</ref> Bramwell Butler, wani matashi mai kula da littattafai, ya gina tashar jiragen ruwa, tafkin ruwa da bango na tashar jiragen kasa bayan ya lashe Calcutta Sweepstake a 1923. Ya kuma sayi ƙasar da a yau za ta kai daga Sea Cottage zuwa Land's End B&B. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vic Bay's pier built with sweepstake payout |url=https://www.georgeherald.com/News/Article/Local-News/vic-bay-s-pier-built-with-sweepstake-payout-202303090920 |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=George Herald |language=en}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Yankin yammacin bayin ya ƙare a cikin manyan duwatsu da aka yi imanin sun mirgine daga saman tudun. Wannan yanki an san shi da Land's End, sunan da aka ba da asalin bungalow a ƙarshen hanyar da ba ta da kyau. Land's End bungalow yanzu babban kayan abinci ne da kayan B & B, kamar yadda yawancin kadarori goma sha uku ke kan hanya suke. Yankin gabas na bay ya kunshi duwatsu, wanda aka kewaye shi da ɗan gajeren bangon kankare da aka gina don hana rushewar gangaren. Akwai wani karamin kogo da masunta ke amfani da shi a matsayin mafaka. Ƙarshen gefen gabas an san shi da Bankin Kabeljou, mai suna bayan babban Cob wanda galibi ana kama shi daga duwatsu. == Rayuwar Ruwa == Baƙi da mazauna Victoria Bay suna iya kallon jerin rayukan ruwa ciki har da dolphins da whales da kuma karamin rayukan ruwa a cikin tafkunan dutse. Kudancin Kudancin sau da yawa ana kallon su tsakanin Yuni da Nuwamba da Humpback Whales daga Mayu zuwa Nuwamba. == Yawon shakatawa == Yawancin wuraren sansanin suna kallon bay kuma tarin gidajen hutu suna kusa, suna mai da shi sanannen wurin hutu a lokacin bazara da lokacin hutun Easter. Yankin ciyawa sama da rairayin bakin teku yana da kayan aikin Braai kuma ƙaramin shago da gidan cin abinci suna saman hanyar rairayin kan teku. Gudun sama da Bay shine layin jirgin kasa wanda ya haɗu da George, Wilderness, Sedgefield kuma a ƙarshe Knysna. Shahararren Outeniqua Choo Tjoe ya yi amfani da shahararrun tafiye-tafiye na yawon bude ido tare da wannan hanyar, kodayake biyo bayan matsalolin aiki da mummunar lalacewar ambaliyar ruwa ga waƙoƙin da ke sama da Vic Bay a lokacin guguwar 2006, makomar ta kasance ba ta da tabbas. Duk da haka an ba da kyautar gyare-gyare da sake farfado da waƙa a cikin 2024, a cewar Gidan Gida, wanda ya ce "an fara tattaunawa" don fara aiwatar da yin hakan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rehabilitation of the Outeniqua Choo-Tjoe Railway line |url=https://www.mosselbayadvertiser.com/News/Article/Local-News/rehabilitation-of-the-outeniqua-choo-tjoe-railway-line-202503241110 |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Mossel Bay Advertiser |language=en}}</ref> Wani jirgin ruwa mai siminti, wanda ke kewaye da wurin waha mai ƙasa da yashi, yana kallon gefen teku kuma wuri ne mai shahara don kallon masu hawan igiyar ruwa da kuma kamun kifi. Jirgin ruwa na asali, wanda Butler ya gina, ya lalace sosai a lokacin guguwa kuma an maye gurbinsa da babban jirgin a farkon shekarun 1990. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==manazarta== 0gnfqqbswtiwfxtvdppw87kgj4vouu8 893707 893706 2026-08-09T16:24:55Z Asiya Garba 46242 893707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Victoria Bay''' wani karamin kogi ne a Yammacin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]], wanda ke kan Hanyar lambu tsakanin George da Wilderness . Yana da sanannen rairayin bakin teku ga masu hawan igiyar ruwa, wanda ya kunshi raƙuman ruwa masu kama da dutse na hannun dama wanda ke juyawa a kan ƙananan duwatsu masu kama da kusan 200m. Wani [https://www.knysnaplettherald.com/Sport/Article/Water-Sport/world-class-surfing-to-be-seen-at-vic-bay-201906130900 Labarin 2019] ya bayyana Vic Bay (kamar yadda aka sani a cikin gida) a matsayin "wanda aka fi sani da mafi kyawun hannun dama a Kudancin Cape".<ref>{{Cite web |title=World-class surfing to be seen at Vic Bay |url=https://www.knysnaplettherald.com/Sport/Article/Water-Sport/world-class-surfing-to-be-seen-at-vic-bay-201906130900 |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Knysna-Plett Herald |language=en}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana gudanar da wasannin gundumomi na Gundumar da na Kasa a Vic Bay kuma duk da ƙaramin girmansa, Vic Bay sanannen wuri ne kuma ana ziyartar shi sosai. Har ila yau, yana da matukar shahara tare da masu iyo waɗanda ke iya yin iyo a wuraren rairayin bakin teku ko a cikin tafkin ruwa a rairayin kan teku. == Tarihi == An kuma riga an san garin da Gunter Bay, amma daga baya aka sake masa suna Victoria Bay a shekarar 1847 don girmama [[Sarauniya Victoria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria Bay - History |url=https://vicbay.shop/history-victoria-bay/ |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=Vicbay.shop |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925114015/https://vicbay.shop/history-victoria-bay/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 1858, Kyaftin Pilkington ya bincika bayin don dalilai na tashar jiragen ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2024 |title=The Legend of Victoria Bay |url=https://www.17onwellington.co.za/blog/post/the-legend-of-victoria-bay/ |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=17 on Wellington}}</ref> Bramwell Butler, wani matashi mai kula da littattafai, ya gina tashar jiragen ruwa, tafkin ruwa da bango na tashar jiragen kasa bayan ya lashe Calcutta Sweepstake a shekarar 1923. Ya kuma sayi ƙasar da a yau za ta kai daga Sea Cottage zuwa Land's End B&B. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vic Bay's pier built with sweepstake payout |url=https://www.georgeherald.com/News/Article/Local-News/vic-bay-s-pier-built-with-sweepstake-payout-202303090920 |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=George Herald |language=en}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Yankin yammacin bayin ya ƙare a cikin manyan duwatsu da aka yi imanin sun mirgine daga saman tudun. Wannan yanki an san shi da Land's End, sunan da aka ba da asalin bungalow a ƙarshen hanyar da ba ta da kyau. Land's End bungalow yanzu babban kayan abinci ne da kayan B & B, kamar yadda yawancin kadarori goma sha uku ke kan hanya suke. Yankin gabas na bay ya kunshi duwatsu, wanda aka kewaye shi da ɗan gajeren bangon kankare da aka gina don hana rushewar gangaren. Akwai wani karamin kogo da masunta ke amfani da shi a matsayin mafaka. Ƙarshen gefen gabas an san shi da Bankin Kabeljou, mai suna bayan babban Cob wanda galibi ana kama shi daga duwatsu. == Rayuwar Ruwa == Baƙi da mazauna Victoria Bay suna iya kallon jerin rayukan ruwa ciki har da dolphins da whales da kuma karamin rayukan ruwa a cikin tafkunan dutse. Kudancin Kudancin sau da yawa ana kallon su tsakanin Yuni da Nuwamba da Humpback Whales daga Mayu zuwa Nuwamba. == Yawon shakatawa == Yawancin wuraren sansanin suna kallon bay kuma tarin gidajen hutu suna kusa, suna mai da shi sanannen wurin hutu a lokacin bazara da lokacin hutun Easter. Yankin ciyawa sama da rairayin bakin teku yana da kayan aikin Braai kuma ƙaramin shago da gidan cin abinci suna saman hanyar rairayin kan teku. Gudun sama da Bay shine layin jirgin kasa wanda ya haɗu da George, Wilderness, Sedgefield kuma a ƙarshe Knysna. Shahararren Outeniqua Choo Tjoe ya yi amfani da shahararrun tafiye-tafiye na yawon bude ido tare da wannan hanyar, kodayake biyo bayan matsalolin aiki da mummunar lalacewar ambaliyar ruwa ga waƙoƙin da ke sama da Vic Bay a lokacin guguwar 2006, makomar ta kasance ba ta da tabbas. Duk da haka an ba da kyautar gyare-gyare da sake farfado da waƙa a cikin 2024, a cewar Gidan Gida, wanda ya ce "an fara tattaunawa" don fara aiwatar da yin hakan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rehabilitation of the Outeniqua Choo-Tjoe Railway line |url=https://www.mosselbayadvertiser.com/News/Article/Local-News/rehabilitation-of-the-outeniqua-choo-tjoe-railway-line-202503241110 |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Mossel Bay Advertiser |language=en}}</ref> Wani jirgin ruwa mai siminti, wanda ke kewaye da wurin waha mai ƙasa da yashi, yana kallon gefen teku kuma wuri ne mai shahara don kallon masu hawan igiyar ruwa da kuma kamun kifi. Jirgin ruwa na asali, wanda Butler ya gina, ya lalace sosai a lokacin guguwa kuma an maye gurbinsa da babban jirgin a farkon shekarun 1990. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==manazarta== tkr3mecj1vvsenl4xykht1otalt9z5h 893708 893707 2026-08-09T16:25:16Z Asiya Garba 46242 893708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Victoria Bay''' wani karamin kogi ne a Yammacin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]], wanda ke kan Hanyar lambu tsakanin George da Wilderness . Yana da sanannen rairayin bakin teku ga masu hawan igiyar ruwa, wanda ya kunshi raƙuman ruwa masu kama da dutse na hannun dama wanda ke juyawa a kan ƙananan duwatsu masu kama da kusan 200m. Wani [https://www.knysnaplettherald.com/Sport/Article/Water-Sport/world-class-surfing-to-be-seen-at-vic-bay-201906130900 Labarin 2019] ya bayyana Vic Bay (kamar yadda aka sani a cikin gida) a matsayin "wanda aka fi sani da mafi kyawun hannun dama a Kudancin Cape".<ref>{{Cite web |title=World-class surfing to be seen at Vic Bay |url=https://www.knysnaplettherald.com/Sport/Article/Water-Sport/world-class-surfing-to-be-seen-at-vic-bay-201906130900 |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Knysna-Plett Herald |language=en}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana gudanar da wasannin gundumomi na Gundumar da na Kasa a Vic Bay kuma duk da ƙaramin girmansa, Vic Bay sanannen wuri ne kuma ana ziyartar shi sosai. Har ila yau, yana da matukar shahara tare da masu iyo waɗanda ke iya yin iyo a wuraren rairayin bakin teku ko a cikin tafkin ruwa a rairayin kan teku. == Tarihi == An kuma riga an san garin da Gunter Bay, amma daga baya aka sake masa suna Victoria Bay a shekarar 1847 don girmama [[Sarauniya Victoria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria Bay - History |url=https://vicbay.shop/history-victoria-bay/ |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=Vicbay.shop |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925114015/https://vicbay.shop/history-victoria-bay/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 1858, Kyaftin Pilkington ya bincika bayin don dalilai na tashar jiragen ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2024 |title=The Legend of Victoria Bay |url=https://www.17onwellington.co.za/blog/post/the-legend-of-victoria-bay/ |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=17 on Wellington}}</ref> Bramwell Butler, wani matashi mai kula da littattafai, ya gina tashar jiragen ruwa, tafkin ruwa da bango na tashar jiragen kasa bayan ya lashe Calcutta Sweepstake a shekarar 1923. Ya kuma sayi ƙasar da a yau za ta kai daga Sea Cottage zuwa Land's End B&B. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vic Bay's pier built with sweepstake payout |url=https://www.georgeherald.com/News/Article/Local-News/vic-bay-s-pier-built-with-sweepstake-payout-202303090920 |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=George Herald |language=en}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Yankin yammacin bayin ya ƙare a cikin manyan duwatsu da aka yi imanin sun mirgine daga saman tudun. Wannan yanki an san shi da Land's End, sunan da aka ba da asalin bungalow a ƙarshen hanyar da ba ta da kyau. Land's End bungalow yanzu babban kayan abinci ne da kayan B & B, kamar yadda yawancin kadarori goma sha uku ke kan hanya suke. Yankin gabas na bay ya ƙunshi duwatsu, wanda aka kewaye shi da ɗan gajeren bangon kankare da aka gina don hana rushewar gangaren. Akwai wani karamin kogo da masunta ke amfani da shi a matsayin mafaka. Ƙarshen gefen gabas an san shi da Bankin Kabeljou, mai suna bayan babban Cob wanda galibi ana kama shi daga duwatsu. == Rayuwar Ruwa == Baƙi da mazauna Victoria Bay suna iya kallon jerin rayukan ruwa ciki har da dolphins da whales da kuma karamin rayukan ruwa a cikin tafkunan dutse. Kudancin Kudancin sau da yawa ana kallon su tsakanin Yuni da Nuwamba da Humpback Whales daga Mayu zuwa Nuwamba. == Yawon shakatawa == Yawancin wuraren sansanin suna kallon bay kuma tarin gidajen hutu suna kusa, suna mai da shi sanannen wurin hutu a lokacin bazara da lokacin hutun Easter. Yankin ciyawa sama da rairayin bakin teku yana da kayan aikin Braai kuma ƙaramin shago da gidan cin abinci suna saman hanyar rairayin kan teku. Gudun sama da Bay shine layin jirgin ƙasa wanda ya haɗu da George, Wilderness, Sedgefield kuma a ƙarshe Knysna. Shahararren Outeniqua Choo Tjoe ya yi amfani da shahararrun tafiye-tafiye na yawon bude ido tare da wannan hanyar, kodayake biyo bayan matsalolin aiki da mummunar lalacewar ambaliyar ruwa ga waƙoƙin da ke sama da Vic Bay a lokacin guguwar 2006, makomar ta kasance ba ta da tabbas. Duk da haka an ba da kyautar gyare-gyare da sake farfado da waƙa a cikin 2024, a cewar Gidan Gida, wanda ya ce "an fara tattaunawa" don fara aiwatar da yin hakan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rehabilitation of the Outeniqua Choo-Tjoe Railway line |url=https://www.mosselbayadvertiser.com/News/Article/Local-News/rehabilitation-of-the-outeniqua-choo-tjoe-railway-line-202503241110 |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Mossel Bay Advertiser |language=en}}</ref> Wani jirgin ruwa mai siminti, wanda ke kewaye da wurin waha mai ƙasa da yashi, yana kallon gefen teku kuma wuri ne mai shahara don kallon masu hawan igiyar ruwa da kuma kamun kifi. Jirgin ruwa na asali, wanda Butler ya gina, ya lalace sosai a lokacin guguwa kuma an maye gurbinsa da babban jirgin a farkon shekarun 1990. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==manazarta== 2pq10r81fijp823cucvsbmzzhz3yegg 0 155482 893659 883407 2026-08-09T15:20:11Z DaSupremo 9834 Fixed typo 893659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Boulders Beach''' [[Bakin teku|rairayin bakin teku]] ne mai kariya wanda ya kunshi ƙofofi tsakanin duwatsun dutse, daga inda sunan ya samo asali. Tana kan yankin Cape Peninsula, a Garin Simon, a yankin kudancin Cape Town, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. An kuma san shi da '''Boulders Bay''' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Boulders Penguin Colony |url=http://www.capetown.travel/attractions/entry/Boulders_penguin_colony |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312224411/http://www.capetown.travel/attractions/entry/Boulders_penguin_colony |archive-date=2014-03-12 |access-date=2014-03-12 |publisher=Cape Town Tourism}}</ref> Yankin rairayin bakin teku sanannen wurin [[Yawon Buɗe Ido a Afirka ta Kudu|yawon bude ido]] ne saboda mulkin mallaka na tsuntsayen Afirka da ke cikin haɗari wanda ya zauna a can a shekarar 1982. Boulders Beach ya zama wani ɓangare na Gidan shakatawa na Table Mountain . Kodayake an saita shi a cikin yanki mai zama, yana ɗaya daga cikin shafuka kalilan inda za'a iya lura da wannan tsuntsu mai rauni (''Spheniscus demersus'') a kusa, yana yawo kyauta a cikin yanayin da aka kare. Daga nau'i biyu kawai a cikin 1982, mazaunin penguin <ref>{{Cite web |title=Boulders Beach Penguins |url=https://bouldersbeachpenguins.com/ |access-date=2026-06-06 |archive-date=2024-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218201701/https://www.bouldersbeachpenguins.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ya girma zuwa kimanin tsuntsaye 3000 a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Wannan wani bangare ne saboda haramtacciyar cinikin teku a False Bay, wanda ya kara wadatar sardines da Ankovies, wadanda suka zama wani ɓangare na abincin penguins.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South African National Parks - SANParks - Official Website - Accommodation, Activities, Prices, Reservations |url=http://www.sanparks.co.za/parks/table_mountain/tourism/attractions.php |access-date=2026-06-06 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924094059/http://www.sanparks.co.za/parks/table_mountain/tourism/attractions.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> da kuma taimakon tsohon jami'in sojan ruwa na SANDF, Van the Penguin Man . <ref>{{Cite web |title=See or Swim with African Penguins at Boulders Beach Simon Town |url=https://www.capetownmagazine.com/things-to-do-cape-town/swim-with-african-penguins/15_100_834/}}</ref> An iyakance shi da ƙananan daji na asali sama da alamar ruwa mai zurfi a gefe ɗaya, da kuma ruwan False Bay a ɗayan, yankin ya ƙunshi ƙananan ƙauyuka masu kariya da yawa, an rufe su da dutsen dutse wanda ke da shekaru miliyan 540. Mafi mashahuriyar wurin shakatawa ita ce Boulders Beach, amma ana kallon penguins daga Foxy Beach, inda sabbin hanyoyin da aka gina ke kai baƙi cikin 'yan mita daga tsuntsaye. Har ila yau sanannen rairayin bakin teku ne, kodayake mutane an ƙuntata su ga rairayin rairayin kan iyaka da yankin penguin. A cikin 2024, an sanya Boulders a matsayin rairayin bakin teku na biyu mafi kyau a duniya a cikin Golden Beach Awards, don haɗuwa da kyawawan dabi'u da penguins na Afirka.<ref name="3 Cape Town beaches make the world’s top-100 list">{{Cite web |last=Chante Hohip |date=30 May 2024 |title=3 Cape Town beaches make the world’s top-100 list |url=https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/05/30/3-south-african-beaches-make-the-world-s-100-list |access-date=7 May 2025 |publisher=EWN}}</ref> A cikin 2025, Boulders ya kasance rairayin bakin teku na 12 mafi kyau a duniya ta hanyar The World's Best, don ruwan dumi, penguins, wuraren yin iyo mai aminci, da haɗuwa da nishaɗi da kiyaye namun daji.<ref name="Cape Town beach named one of the ‘World’s 50 Best Beaches’">{{Cite web |last=Sundeeka Mungroo |date=6 May 2025 |title=Cape Town beach named one of the ‘World’s 50 Best Beaches’ |url=https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/other/cape-town-beach-named-one-of-the-world-s-50-best-beaches/ar-AA1EfISK |access-date=7 May 2025 |publisher=MSN}}</ref> == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery> Fayil:Welcome_to_Boulders_(01).jpg|Welcome to Boulders Fayil:Boulders_Beach_Entrance_(01).jpg|Entrance, Kleintuin Road, Simon's Town Fayil:Boulders_Beach_Visitor_Center.jpg|Boulders Beach Visitor Centre Fayil:Boulders_Beach_(01).jpg|Pathway Fayil:Boulders_Beach_2019_2.jpg|African penguins at Boulders Penguin Colony Fayil:Playa_de_Boulders,_Simon's_Town,_Sudáfrica,_2018-07-23,_DD_47.jpg|Rocks in Boulder Beach Fayil:Boulders_Beach_Penguin_Colony_3.jpg|Penguin colony Fayil:Bruthöhlen_Brillenpinguin.jpg|Nesting burrows of the African penguin Fayil:Boulders-Beach.jpg|Swimmers enjoying the relatively calm waters of the sheltered beach next to the penguin colony Fayil:Cape_Dassie.jpg|[[Rock hyrax|Dassie]] at Boulders Beach Fayil:Boulders_Beach,_South_Africa.jpg|Boulders at the beach Fayil:Boulders-Beach2.jpg|Boulders Beach with some swimmers. In the background, the penguin colony and visitors can be seen Fayil:Boulders-Beach4.jpg|Swimmers and a penguin at the beach Fayil:Penguin-at-boulders-beach-south-africa.jpg|Penguin, Boulders Beach </gallery> == Manazarta == gd9sgyk7eokg0vupj5eecsooaqitnad 0 155598 893975 850097 2026-08-10T01:09:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yammacin Kungiya da gandun daji''' ([[Faransanci]]: Forêts marécageuses de l'ouest du Congo) yanki ne na [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Kongo]], Jamhuriwar Demokradiyyar Kudanci da ke kusa da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]] . Tare da gandun daji na gabashin Kongo da ke kusa, ya zama ɗayan manyan wuraren da ke ci gaba da gandun dajin ruwa a duniya. Kudancin da ke cike da ambaliyar ruwa tare da babban murfin, mai zurfi kuma yana da ƙasa mai laka. Ba a dame shi sosai ta hanyar tasirin waje ba don haka ya kasance mafi mahimmanci kamar yadda za a ce shiga cikin wannan gandun daji "kusan ba zai yiwu ba". <ref name="wwf">{{Cite web |title=Western Congolian swamp forests |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0129 |access-date=June 20, 2020 |publisher=World Wildlife Federation |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="ecomap">{{Cite web |title=Map of Ecoregions 2017 |url=https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/ |access-date=June 20, 2021 |publisher=Resolve, using WWF data |language=en}}</ref><ref name="dopa">{{Cite web |title=Western Congolian swamp forests |url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/30129 |access-date=June 20, 2021 |publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas |language=en |archive-date=June 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627204401/https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/30129 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="eoe">{{Cite web |title=Western Congolian swamp forests |url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Western_Congolian_swamp_forests |access-date=June 20, 2021 |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth |language=en}}</ref> == Wurin da bayanin == Wannan yankin ya kai kilomita 1,200 tare da yammacin [[Kogin Congo|Kogin Kongo]], daga garin Bolobo a kudu maso yamma zuwa Yangambi a gabas, duka biyu a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]]. Yawancin yankin yana kan rabin yammacin wannan tsawo; ɓangaren gabashin kogi ne kawai wani yanki mai laushi tare da kogi. Matsakaicin tsawo shine mita 338, daga mita 258 zuwa mita 497. <ref name="dopa"/> Yawancin filin yana zaune a kan ambaliyar ruwa da ƙasa mai cike da ruwa wanda aka rarraba a matsayin gleysols. Yankin yana da gandun daji sosai kuma ba shi da yawan jama'a.<ref name="wwf"/> Kogin Kongo ya raba wannan yankin daga gandun daji na gabashin Kongo zuwa kudu. Kogin na iya zama mai faɗi sosai (har zuwa kilomita 15) kuma an yi shi ta hanyar tsibirai.<ref name="wwf"/> Dajin da ke cike da ruwa yana biye da kogin Kongo, gami da [[Likouala-Mossaka]], Likouala -aux-Herbes, [[Kogin Ubangi]] (wanda shine babban kogin da ke gudana daga arewa zuwa kudu ta tsakiyar yankin kafin ya haɗu da Kogin Kouyou). A arewa maso yamma akwai gandun daji na Arewa maso yammacin Kongo, kuma a gabas akwai gandun dajin Arewa maso gabashin Kongo.<ref name="ecomap"/> == Yanayi == Yanayin yanayi na yankin shine yanayin gandun daji na Tropical (Köppen climate classification (Af)). Wannan yanayin yana da zafi, mai laushi, kuma yana da akalla 60 mm na ruwan sama kowane wata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kottek |first=M. |last2=Grieser |first2=J. |last3=Beck |first3=C. |last4=Rudolf |first4=B. |last5=Rubel |first5=F. |date=2006 |title=World Map of Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Updated |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/Paper_2006.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger 2006 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="kop-data">{{Cite web |title=Dataset - Koppen climate classifications |url=https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-maps-k%C3%B6ppen-geiger-climate-classification |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> Lokacin ruwan sama shine Agusta zuwa Fabrairu. == Tsire-tsire da dabbobi == Yankin ya ƙunshi yankunan gandun daji mai ambaliyar ruwa na dindindin, gandun daji na ambaliyar yanayi, da kuma ciyawa mai ambaliya. Gidajen da ke cike da ambaliyar ruwa na dindindin suna da manyan wuraren dabino na Raphia. Kashi 89% na yankin yana rufe gandun daji na katako mai laushi, wani 3% yana buɗe gandun daji, kashi 3% yana rufe ganye kuma sauran su ne itatuwa a cikin gandun daji masu ambaliyar yanayi sun haɗa da nau'in ''Garcinia'' da ''Manilkara''. Yankin ecoregion shine gida ga gorilla na yammacin da ke cikin haɗari '' (Gorilla gorilla) '' da giwayen gandun daji na Afirka '' (Loxodonta cyclotis).'' == Yankunan da aka kare == 59.4% na yankin yana cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye. Sun hada da: <ref name="dopa"/> * Gidan ajiyar yanayi na Ngiri Triangle * Léfini Wildlife Reserve - [[Léfini Area of Absolute Protection|Yankin Léfini na Cikakken Kariya]] * Yangambi Biosphere Reserve * Gidan ajiyar jama'a na Lac Télé * Gidan shakatawa na Ntokou-Pikounda Yankuna bakwai an sanya su Ramsar Sites (wuraren ruwa na muhimmancin kasa da kasa). Uku daga cikinsu - Ngiri, Lac Télé, da Ntokou-Pikounda, suma yankuna ne masu kariya na kasa.<ref name="dopa"/> * Babban maɓuɓɓugar ruwa * Libenga * Tafkin Tele/Likouala-aux-Herbes * Ngiri * Sangha-Nouabalé-Ndoki * Ntokou-Pikounda * Tchicapika-Owando == Dubi kuma == * [[dazuzzuka na Kongo]] == Manazarta == ld4n7ig7mjf97syvpesnh5ueh2tw7qc 0 155767 893674 858997 2026-08-09T16:11:00Z DaSupremo 9834 Fixed typo 893674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madatsar ruwan Manantali''' ( [[Faransanci]] : ''Barrage de Manantali'' ) madatsar ruwa ce mai amfani da yawa a [[kogin Bafing]] a cikin kwarin [[kogin Senegal]], {{Convert|90|km}} zuwa kudu maso gabashin Bafoulabé, a yankin Kayes na [[Mali]] . == Tarihi == Shirye-shiryen farko na madatsar ruwan ya fara ne a shekarar 1972 lokacin da Mali, Mauritania da Senegal suka kafa kungiyar don ci gaban kogin Senegal (Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal, ko OMVS) don bunkasa aikin gona da karfin ruwa na kwandon. Bankin Duniya ya ki tallafawa madatsar ruwan a shekarar 1979, yana la'akari da shi saka hannun jari mara ma'ana. Koyaya, an sami kuɗi galibi daga Turai kuma an fara gina madatsar ruwan a shekarar 1982. An kammala shi a shekarar 1988, amma ba tare da tashar wutar lantarki ba. A cikin 1989 Yakin Yankin Mauritania-Senegal ya dakatar da duk aikin a kan aikin. Wani ɗan jarida na Switzerland wanda ya ziyarci Manantali a cikin 1988 ya bayyana aikin a matsayin "moto mai kayatarwa ba tare da mota ba". A cikin 1993 Carl-Dieter Spranger, ministan Jamus na taimakon ci gaba, ya kira Manantali "aikin wauta na tattalin arziki da muhalli". Lokacin da rikici ya ragu a cikin 1991 OMVS ta nemi sabon kunshin rance don tashar wutar lantarki, wanda a ƙarshe aka haɗa shi a cikin 1997. Dam din ya fara samar da wutar lantarki ga Senegal, Mali da Mauritania a shekara ta 2001.<ref name="Evaluation">{{Cite web |last=Banque allemande de développement (KfW) Banque européenne d’investissement (BEI) Agence Française de Développement (AFD |year=2009 |title=Joint ex post evaluation of the Manantali dam project |url=http://www.eib.org/attachments/ev/ev_manantali_rapport_de_synthese_fr.pdf |access-date=24 July 2011}}</ref> A yau madatsar ruwan tana sarrafawa ne ta hanyar ''Kamfanin Gudanar da Makamashi na Manantali'', Société de gestion de l'énergie de Manantali (SOGEM) wanda aka kirkira a shekarar 1997. SOGEM kuma ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar kwangila na shekaru 15 tare da kamfanin EEM mai zaman kansa, wani reshe na kamfanin wutar lantarki na Afirka ta Kudu ESKOM, don gudanar da tashar. OMVS tana da wakilci a kan kwamitin SOGEM . <ref name="Evaluation">{{Cite web |last=Banque allemande de développement (KfW) Banque européenne d’investissement (BEI) Agence Française de Développement (AFD |year=2009 |title=Joint ex post evaluation of the Manantali dam project |url=http://www.eib.org/attachments/ev/ev_manantali_rapport_de_synthese_fr.pdf |access-date=24 July 2011}}</ref> Da yake ambaton "matsalar kwangila wajen aiwatar da kwangilar", Eskom ta shiga yarjejeniya tare da SOGEM don dakatar da shi tun daga 1 ga Oktoba 2011, bisa ga rahoton kudi na kamfanin na 2011. == Kudin da kudade == Jimlar kudin madatsar ruwan, tashar wutar lantarki da ke da alaƙa da ita, sare gandun daji na tafkin nan gaba, karatu da "matakan kari" sun kasance Yuro 1.02bn. Kudin ginin madatsar ruwan Diama da ke ƙasa ya kasance ƙarin Yuro 50. Masu ba da gudummawa 16 ne suka ba da guddina ga madatsar ruwan, ciki har da hadin gwiwar ci gaban Jamus (14%) da Faransa (13%) [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka]], Bankin Duniya, Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai, Kanada, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Kasashen Afirka guda uku da suka amfana sun ba da gudummawa ga kudade. Kashi 64% na kudaden kasashen waje sun kasance ta hanyar rance mai laushi da kashi 36% ta hanyar tallafi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banque allemande de développement (KfW) Banque européenne d’investissement (BEI) Agence Française de Développement (AFD |year=2009 |title=Joint ex post evaluation of the Manantali dam project |url=http://www.eib.org/attachments/ev/ev_manantali_rapport_de_synthese_fr.pdf |access-date=24 July 2011 |pages=11}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Turai, Bankin Ci Gaban Musulunci, Bankin Raya Yammacin Afirka, da Asusun Ci Gaban Arewa suma sun ba da gudummawa ga kudade. Gwamnatin Norway ta ki tallafawa madatsar ruwan saboda damuwa game da tasirin lafiyarta. == Fa'idodi == [[Fayil:Sénégal_drainage_basin_map-fr.svg|thumb|Taswirar kogin Senegal. An nuna madatsar ruwan Manantali a kusurwar kudu maso gabashin kwandon.]] Fa'idodin da ake tsammani sun haɗa da samar da wutar lantarki, haɓaka samar da aikin gona ta hanyar ban ruwa da inganta hanyoyin ruwa na kogi. '''Samar da wutar lantarki'''. Binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2008 na madatsar ruwan da masu hada-hadar kudi uku suka gudanar (EIB, Jamusanci KfW da Faransanci AFD) sun kammala cewa babban fa'idar madatsar ruwa shine samar da wutar lantarki, inda samar da 740 GWh a kowace shekara ya wuce tsammanin 540 GWh. Kimanin kashi 55% na wutar lantarki ana amfani da shi a Mali, kashi 30% a Senegal da kashi 15% a Mauritania. A shekara ta 2006 a Mali fiye da 90% na duk wutar lantarki da aka samar ya fito ne daga Manantali, a Mauritania 34% kuma a Senegal 13%. Dam din bai warware matsalar wutar lantarki ta kasashe uku ba, inda katsewar wutar lantarki ke faruwa akai-akai kuma masana'antun da ke akwai dole ne su samar da nasu wutar lantarki. Game da ingancin tattalin arziki na aikin, kimantawar Turai ta lissafa yawan dawowar tattalin arziki na ɓangaren wutar lantarki na 8% . Binciken Bankin Duniya har ma ya lissafa yawan dawowar tattalin arziki na 12 zuwa 24%. Abubuwan da ke tattare da kayan aikin samar da wutar lantarki da aka tsara - samar da wutar wutar lantarki da ake tsammani wanda aka raba ta hanyar samar da wutar sadarwa idan aka yi amfani da wutar lantarki har abada a cikakken ƙarfin, shine 42% idan aka kwatanta da 45-60% don sauran masana'antun wutar lantarki. Koyaya, waɗannan fa'idodin tattalin arziki ba su fassara zuwa fa'idodin kuɗi ba saboda dalilai biyu: Na farko, an saita farashin wutar lantarki a kusan rabin farashin samarwa (4.7 Yuro Cents / kWh idan aka kwatanta da 8.8 Cents). Na biyu, masu amfani da wutar lantarki na kasa na kasashe uku da suka sayi wutar lantarki a kai a kai suna biyan kusan rabin kuɗin su.<ref name="Evaluation">{{Cite web |last=Banque allemande de développement (KfW) Banque européenne d’investissement (BEI) Agence Française de Développement (AFD |year=2009 |title=Joint ex post evaluation of the Manantali dam project |url=http://www.eib.org/attachments/ev/ev_manantali_rapport_de_synthese_fr.pdf |access-date=24 July 2011}}</ref> Ƙungiyar da ke kula da aiki da tashar wutar lantarki, SOGEM, ta haka ne ke tara rashi. Za a sake dawo da Asusun Hadarin Hydrology a hankali don biyan kuɗin aiki na shuka idan akwai karancin kudaden shiga saboda fari. Asusun ya sami iyakantaccen gudummawa ne kawai, tunda an yi amfani da biyan kuɗin da aka ware don samar da wutar lantarki a yankunan da ke kusa da layin watsa wutar lantarki don mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga al'ummomin yankin. Fa'idodin aikin gona da aka samu ta hanyar madatsar ruwan sun kasance "kasa da tsammanin da ya dace". Dam din yana ban ruwa da ƙarin hekta 78,100 (kilomita 781) na ƙasa a Senegal (hectare 54,700), Mauritania (hectara 20,400) da Mali (hectaras 3,000), wanda a zahiri ya wuce tsammanin. Koyaya, '''Amfanin gona''' ya kasance ƙasa kuma ana girbe amfanin gona guda ɗaya ne kawai a kowace shekara, wani bangare saboda a cikin ƙasashe uku masu samar da shinkafa gwamnatoci ne suka saita su a ƙasa da farashin kasuwar duniya, don haka ba da ƙaramin ƙarfafawa ga manoma don ƙara samarwa zuwa cikakkiyar damarsa. Ba a cimma burin aikin da aka bayyana don kara wadatar abinci ba: Kashi na wadatar shinkafa ya ragu a Senegal daga 23% a 1980 zuwa 20% a 2006 kuma samar da shinkafa ta tsaya tun 1990. Kashi na wadatar hatsi a Mauritania ya ragu daga 80% zuwa 30%.<ref name="Evaluation">{{Cite web |last=Banque allemande de développement (KfW) Banque européenne d’investissement (BEI) Agence Française de Développement (AFD |year=2009 |title=Joint ex post evaluation of the Manantali dam project |url=http://www.eib.org/attachments/ev/ev_manantali_rapport_de_synthese_fr.pdf |access-date=24 July 2011}}</ref> Makasudin haɓaka zirga-zirgar kogin Senegal tsakanin Saint-Louis, Senegal da Ambidédi, Mali an riga an yi watsi da shi a cikin 1980 kafin gina shi saboda ya zama mai yiwuwa.<ref>Banque allemande de développement (KfW) Banque européenne d’investissement (BEI) Agence Française de Développement (AFD (2009). "Joint ex post evaluation of the Manantali dam project" (PDF). pp. 5–7 and 17–27. Retrieved 24 July 2011.</ref> == Tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa == Dam din ya tabbatar da cece-kuce saboda gudun hijirar da ya yi na mutane 10,000 daga yankin da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye, da kuma illar da ya shafi muhalli da lafiya.[7] A yankunan da aka yi ban ruwa, cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa kamar su Bilharzia ya karu sosai, yayin da kamun kifi na gida ya ragu sosai. Ambaliyar kogin Senegal a kowace shekara ya kasance tushen koma bayan tattalin arzikin noma, kamun kifi, da kiwo. Tare da madatsar ruwan Manantali, an rage ambaliya ta shekara-shekara zuwa ambaliya ta wucin gadi na makonni biyu. A al'adance, kogin Senegal ya mamaye kusan hekta 150,000 a matsakaici, kuma har zuwa hectare 350,000 a cikin shekaru masu yawa. A cikin 1999, ana sa ran rage wannan zuwa tsakanin hekta 30,000 zuwa 50,000 a cikin matsakaiciyar shekara, kuma zai ragu sosai a cikin shekara ta bushewa.<ref>Peter Bosshard, International Rivers:A Case Study on the Manantali Dam Project (Mali, Mauritania, Senegal), 1 March 1999</ref> An yi kiyasin cewa kimanin mutane 370,000 ne suka rayu daga koma bayan tattalin arziki a cikin kwarin kogin Senegal kafin a gina madatsar ruwa. Tabarbarewar ambaliyar ruwa a yanzu haka ya ɓace gaba ɗaya. Kaso kadan daga cikin manoman da abin ya shafa ne aka biya diyya da filin ban ruwa daga tafki na Manantali.<ref>Banque allemande de développement (KfW) Banque européenne d’investissement (BEI) Agence Française de Développement (AFD (2009). "Joint ex post evaluation of the Manantali dam project" (PDF). Retrieved 24 July 2011.</ref> ==Manazarta== eglgbctva56d1107nlkuf6attdbm0cc 0 155787 893690 851143 2026-08-09T16:19:28Z DaSupremo 9834 Fixed typo 893690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Walker Bay''' babban teku ne da ke lardin kudu maso yammacin Cape na Afirka ta Kudu. Shi ne babban teku na gaba tsakanin [[False Bay]] kusa da [[Cape Town]] da [[Cape Agulhas]] a kudu maso gabas. Tekun ya shahara da samun wasu daga cikin mafi kyawun kallon kifayen teku a duniya, wanda wani gari da ke bakin tekunsa, Hermanus, ya shahara da shi. Kifin teku na kudu maso dama suna ziyartar teku a lokacin hunturu da bazara. Gansbaai a bakin tekun ya kuma zama sananne sosai ga Great white shark diving. Ana kare bakin tekun da ke kusa da bayin a matsayin wani ɓangare na Walker Bay Nature Reserve, kuma bayin da kansa yanki ne mai kariya na ruwa wanda aka haramta yawancin aikin jirgin ruwa da kamun kifi. [[Fayil:Cage_diving,_Gansbaai_(South_Africa).jpg|center|thumb|Cage diving a Gansbaai]] == Ruwan inabi == Yankin ruwan inabi na Afirka ta Kudu mai zuwa tare da yanayi mai sanyi fiye da mafi yawa. Wannan yana ba da damar [[Pint noir|Pinot noir]] mai kyau da Chardonnay tare da manyan gidaje a cikin kwarin Hemel-en-Aarde . == Dubi kuma == * Jerin bays na Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == qw1fti4s9b0c2ncu3i18x96cs46if2d 0 155815 893950 851176 2026-08-09T23:48:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = William F. Kumuyi | image = | caption = William F. Kumuyi | birth_name = William Folorunso Kumuyi | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1941|6|6}} | birth_place = Erin-Ijesha, Jihar Osun, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Fasto, malami, marubuci | known_for = Kafa Deeper Christian Life Ministry | spouse = Abiodun Kumuyi (m. 1980–2009), Folashade Kumuyi (m. 2010–) | children = 2 }} '''William Folorunso Kumuyi''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Yuni 1941) fasto ne ɗan Najeriya, marubuci kuma wanda ya kafa '''Deeper Christian Life Ministry (DCLM)'''. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu wa'azin Kiristanci a Afirka. Ya fara aikin hidimarsa a shekarar 1973 ta hanyar ƙungiyar nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki da ya kafa a Jami'ar Legas, wadda daga baya ta zama Deeper Christian Life Ministry.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kumuyi at 85: A life of faith, discipline, and enduring Christian influence |url=https://guardian.ng/news/kumuyi-at-85-a-life-of-faith-discipline-and-enduring-christian-influence/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=6 June 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Kumuyi a Erin-Ijesha da ke Jihar Osun a kudancin Najeriya cikin iyalin Kiristoci na Anglican. Ya yi karatun sakandare a Mayflower School da ke Ikenne, Jihar Ogun, inda ya kammala a shekarar 1961. Daga bisani ya shiga Jami'ar Ibadan inda ya karanci Lissafi (Mathematics) kuma ya kammala da sakamakon First Class a shekarar 1967. Bayan haka ya yi karatun digiri na gaba da digiri a fannin Ilimi a Jami'ar Legas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kumuyi at 85: Five things you didn’t know about the Deeper-Life founder |url=https://www.pulse.ng/story/kumuyi-at-85-five-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-deeper-life-founder-2026060713513415305 |work=Pulse Nigeria |date=7 June 2026}}</ref> == Aikin koyarwa == Kafin ya shiga cikakken aikin wa'azi, Kumuyi ya yi aiki a matsayin malamin Lissafi. Daga baya ya zama malami a Jami'ar Legas inda ya koyar da darussan Lissafi ga ɗalibai da dama. A lokacin da yake koyarwa ne ya fara gudanar da zaman nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki tare da wasu ɗalibai masu sha'awar ilimin addini.<ref>{{cite news |title=How Deeper Life founder became the great man of God that he is |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/nigeria-religion/pastor-kumuyi-how-deeper-life-founder-became-the-great-man-of-god-that-he-is-2024073123301906851 |work=Pulse Nigeria |date=21 September 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Hidimar addini == A shekarar 1973, yayin da yake aiki a Jami'ar Legas, Kumuyi ya fara wata ƙaramar ƙungiyar nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki tare da ɗalibai kusan goma sha biyar. Wannan ƙungiya ta bunƙasa kuma daga baya ta zama Deeper Christian Life Ministry. A shekarar 1975 ya rabu da Apostolic Faith Church bayan saɓani kan wasu koyarwarsa, musamman game da baftismar Ruhu Mai Tsarki.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kumuyi at 85: Five things you didn’t know about the Deeper-Life founder |url=https://www.pulse.ng/story/kumuyi-at-85-five-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-deeper-life-founder-2026060713513415305 |work=Pulse Nigeria |date=7 June 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1982, aikin ya ci gaba da bunƙasa har aka kafa Deeper Life Bible Church. Cocin ta bazu zuwa ƙasashe da dama a duniya kuma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin Kiristanci da suka samo asali daga Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Your voice brings hope and encouragement, Tinubu hails Kumuyi at 85 |url=https://www.qed.ng/your-voice-brings-hope-and-encouragement-tinubu-hails-kumuyi-at-85/ |work=QED.NG |date=6 June 2026}}</ref> == Global Crusade with Kumuyi == Baya ga jagorantar Deeper Life Bible Church, Kumuyi shi ne mai gudanar da ''Global Crusade with Kumuyi'', wani babban shirin wa'azi na duniya da ke gudana a ƙasashe daban-daban. Ta wannan hanya ya yi wa'azi ga miliyoyin mutane a nahiyoyi daban-daban.<ref>{{cite news |title=Your voice brings hope and encouragement, Tinubu hails Kumuyi at 85 |url=https://www.qed.ng/your-voice-brings-hope-and-encouragement-tinubu-hails-kumuyi-at-85/ |work=QED.NG |date=6 June 2026}}</ref> == Iyali == Kumuyi ya auri Abiodun Olowu a shekarar 1980 kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu. Bayan rasuwar Abiodun a shekarar 2009, ya sake aure da Folashade Adenike Blaize a shekarar 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kumuyi at 85: Five things you didn’t know about the Deeper-Life founder |url=https://www.pulse.ng/story/kumuyi-at-85-five-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-deeper-life-founder-2026060713513415305 |work=Pulse Nigeria |date=7 June 2026}}</ref> == Tasiri == An san Kumuyi da mayar da hankali kan koyarwar tsarki, bin Littafi Mai Tsarki, da kuma rayuwa mai sauƙi. A tsawon shekaru da dama, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin addinin Kirista a Najeriya kuma ya yi tasiri ga miliyoyin mabiyansa a duniya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kumuyi at 85: A life of faith, discipline, and enduring Christian influence |url=https://guardian.ng/news/kumuyi-at-85-a-life-of-faith-discipline-and-enduring-christian-influence/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=6 June 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:1941 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Nigerian Christian clergy]] [[Category:Nigerian pastors]] [[Category:People from Osun State]] [[Category:University of Ibadan alumni]] [[Category:Christian writers]] 6gbbvuhxgxvsv8zenb3mru5ngl568nh 0 156530 893696 854078 2026-08-09T16:21:19Z DaSupremo 9834 Fixed typo 893696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''El Oued''' ( Arabic , Berber languages ) lardin [[Sahara]] ne na [[Aljeriya]] (lambar 39) wanda ''Oued Souf'' ke iko da shi. An sanya masa suna ne bayan babban birninta mai suna iri ɗaya . Manyan garuruwan sun haɗa da El Oued da Guemar . == Yanayin ƙasa == === Yanayin jiki === Lardin El Oued yana cikin hamadar Sahara a arewa maso gabashin Aljeriya . Mafi yawan rabin kudancin lardin da ba a zaune ba an rufe shi da Grand Erg Oriental, babban yanki na yashi dunes ba tare da katsewa ba. Rabin arewacin lardin yana da cakuda hamada mai yashi tare da karancin ciyayi, yaduwar oasis, da tabkuna masu gishiri. Mafi shahararrun oases sune yankin Oued Souf, inda aka gina babban birnin El Oued da garuruwan da ke kusa da shi, da kuma oases da ke kusa le garuruwan El M'Ghair da Djamaa, dukansu biyu suna tallafawa gonakin dabino masu yawa. Chott Melrhir, babban tafkin gishiri, yana cikin arewa maso tsakiyar lardin, yayin da [[Chott Felrhir]] karamin tafkin gishirin ne a kudu maso yamma, kusa da El M'Ghair. Wadannan tabkuna masu gishiri, da yankunan da ke kewaye da su, sun kasance kusan mita 30 (98 a ƙasa da matakin teku; garuruwa da ƙauyuka da ke kusa da su ciki har da Hamraia, Megibra, Dendouga da Aïn Sheikh suma suna ƙasa da matakin lewatle. === Yanayi === Lardin El Oued yana fuskantar Yanayin hamada mai zafi. Lokacin hunturu yana da sauƙi, tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi a kusa da {{Convert|11|C|F}} ° C (52 ° F) a cikin Janairu, amma lokacin rani yana da zafi tare da matsakaiciyar yanayin zafi a kusan {{Convert|32|C|F}} ° C (90 ° F), matsakaicin matsakaicin kusan {{Convert|40|C|F}} ° C (104 ° F) da kwanakin da suka fi zafi suna kusa da {{Convert|50|C|F}} ° C (122 ° F). [[Yayafi|Ruwan sama]] yana da ƙarancin gaske a ko'ina cikin lardin, amma ruwan sama da yawa yana faɗuwa a arewa, musamman a lokacin hunturu da watanni masu zuwa. === Gundumomin makwabta === Lardin El Oued yana da iyaka zuwa arewa maso gabas da Lardin Tébessa, zuwa arewa da Lardin Khenchela, zuwa arewa maso yamma da Lardin Biskra, zuwa yamma da Landan El M'Ghair zuwa kudu da kudu maso yamma da Lardin Ouargla, zuwa kudu maso gabas ta Gwamnatin Tataouine ta [[Tunisiya]], kuma zuwa gabas da Gwamnatocin Tozeur da Kebili na Tunisia. == Tarihi == An kirkiro lardin ne daga Lardin Biskra a shekarar 1984. [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] ==Manazarta== augew1ts16boey8yfc2e5zh7xjombgx 0 156536 893712 854091 2026-08-09T16:26:29Z DaSupremo 9834 Fixed typo 893712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sidi Khaled''' wani gari ne da ke cikin [[Aljeriya]] . Kafin 2019, yana cikin lardin Biskra, sananne ne ga oasis da dabino. Ya zuwa 2019, yana cikin Gundumar Sidi Khaled a Lardin Ouled Djellal . <ref>{{In lang|fr}} {{Cite journal |title=CONVENTIONS ET ACCORDS INTERNATIONAUX - LOIS ET DECRETS ARRETES, DECISIONS, AVIS, COMMUNICATIONS ET ANNONCES |url=https://www.joradp.dz/FTP/JO-FRANCAIS/2019/F2019078.pdf |journal=Journal Officiel de la République Algérienne Democratique et Populaire}}</ref> Sunan Sidi Khaled yana da alaƙa da halin [[Musulunci]] Khaled bin Sinan . == Yanayin ƙasa == Sidi Khaled tana cikin Lardin Ouled Djellal, 1002" href="./Kilometer" id="mwFA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kilometer">km [[kudu]] maso [[gabas]] birnin [[Biskra]] . Ya mamaye ².60 km2 kuma yana da mazauna 38987 (ƙidayar shekara ta 2008) tare da yawan mazauna 203.74 a kowace km2. Sunan [[Faransanci]] na birnin shine Sidi Khaled . Biranen da ke kusa sune:&nbsp; == Tarihi == Sunan garin ya samo asali ne daga Sidi Khaled bin Sinan, mai yiwuwa sanannen mutum na pre-Islamic wanda ya bi [[Addinan Ibrahimiyya|Addinin Ibrahim]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=مسجد خالد بن سنان التاريخي مهدّد بالانهيار – الشروق أونلاين |url=https://www.echoroukonline.com/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%91%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221131957/https://www.echoroukonline.com/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%91%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86 |archive-date=2023-12-21 |access-date=2024-12-29}}</ref> An ce kabarinsa yana kusa da birnin, a cikin Masallacin Sidi Khaled, wanda aka gina a 1917 a kan wani tsohuwar tsari da ambaliyar ta lalata.<ref name=":0" /> Birnin shine batun waƙoƙi da tatsuniyoyi da yawa, kamar Hizia, wanda wani mawaki na yankin ya rubuta a karni na 19. Masallacin Sidi Khaled kuma sanannen wuri ne don ziyarar a lokacin watan Ramadan . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=مسجد خالد بن سنان التاريخي مهدّد بالانهيار – الشروق the original] on 2023-12-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Tattalin Arziki == Sidi Khaled tana cikin yankin da ba shi da ruwa a kan iyakar hamadar Sahara, tare da yawancin mutane da ke aiki a aikin gona da kiwo. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Aljeriya]] drhdh74p6x3on22i56ujlbzipuw0eyg 0 156539 893721 854097 2026-08-09T16:29:03Z DaSupremo 9834 Fixed typo 893721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}7 {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Touggourt</div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">تقرت</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">Birni</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Touggourt_7.JPG|250x250px|Entrance to the Ksar of Touggourt]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption">Shigarwa zuwa Ksar na Touggourt</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:DZ_30_Touggourt.svg|250x250px|Location of Touggourt commune within Ouargla Province]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption">Wurin garin Touggourt a cikin lardin Ouargla</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Algeria_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Touggourt is located in Algeria]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:24.041%;left:69.896%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Touggourt]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Touggourt</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Yanayin Touggourt a cikin Aljeriya</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Ma'auni: 33°06′N 6°04′E / 33.100°N 6.067°E / 33. 100; 6.067<indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Touggourt&params=33_06_N_6_04_E_region:DZ_type:city(143270) <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°06′N</span> <span class="longitude">6°04′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.100°N 6.067°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">33.100; 6.067</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[Fayil:Flag_of_Algeria.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Aljeriya]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lardin | class="infobox-data" |Touggourt |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar | class="infobox-data" |Touggourt |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Yankin<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Jimillar&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |² km2 (83 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Hawan sama<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> | class="infobox-data" |62 m (203 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Yawan jama'a (2008) [1]<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2008)<ref name="census2008">{{Cite web |title=Population: Ouargla Wilaya |url=https://www.ons.dz/collections/w30_p1.pdf |access-date=24 February 2013 |publisher=Office National des Statistiques Algérie |language=fr}}</ref><span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Jimillar&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |143,270 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Ƙarƙashin jama'a&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |663/km² (1,720/sq mi) &nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |UTC+1 (CET) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lambar gidan waya | class="infobox-data adr" |<div class="postal-code">30002</div> |} '''Touggourt''' ( Arabic ; Berber languages ko kuma 'ƙofa') birni ne kuma ƙauye, [[Sultan na Tuggurt|tsohon sarkin sarakuna]] kuma babban birnin gundumar Touggourt, a lardin Touggourt, [[Aljeriya]], wanda aka gina kusa da wani wuri mai faɗi a Sahara. Tun daga ƙidayar jama'a ta 2008, ƙauyen yana da yawan jama'a 39,409, <ref name="census2008">{{Cite web |title=Population: Ouargla Wilaya |url=https://www.ons.dz/collections/w30_p1.pdf |access-date=24 February 2013 |publisher=Office National des Statistiques Algérie |language=fr}}</ref> daga 32,940 a 1998, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria Communes |url=https://www.statoids.com/ydz.html |access-date=8 March 2013 |publisher=Statoids}}</ref> da kuma yawan ci gaban kowace shekara na 1.8%. <ref name="census2008" /> Yankin biranen Touggourt ya haɗa da ƙauyen Nezla, Tebesbest da Zaouia El Abidia, ga jimillar yawan jama'a 146,108. <ref name="census2008" /> Touggourt sananne ne ga bishiyoyin kwanan wata. A baya an kewaye shi da rami, wanda [[Faransa|Faransanci]] suka cika. Bradt Travel Guides ya bayyana shi a matsayin "yawanci gari na zamani na gine-gine" kuma "yawancin ba shi da kyau. Cibiyar tana da shiru mafi yawan rana saboda zafi amma tana da aiki sosai da dare lokacin da mutane ke tafiya a kan tituna". == Tarihi == A cikin 1414 an kafa [[Sultan na Tuggurt|Sultanate na '''Tuggert''']] a kudancin Aljeriya. Sanannun Sultans (da mace mai mulki) sune:   Tuggurt Expedition (1552) kuma sanannen tarihi ne. A shekara ta 1854 hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Aljeriya sun soke sultanate. '''Touggourt''', kamar yadda aka rubuta shi yanzu, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin gundumomi shida na farko (1902), sannan gundumomi huɗu (1905) masu cin gashin kansu na Territoires du Sud [fr] (Kudancin Yankin), waɗanda a cikin 1957 aka fara shiga, sannan aka sake tsara su cikin sassan Faransa guda biyu. Tuggert ya zama wani ɓangare na Oasis (gidan Ouargla). == Magana == Sunan ya samo asali ne daga Kalmar [[Abzinanci|Berber]] 'Taggurt' ma'ana ƙofar ko ƙofa saboda wurin da take a kan hanyar arewa zuwa gabar teku da kudu zuwa kayan zaki. == Yanayin ƙasa == Touggourt yana kan gefen yammacin tsarin oasis mai zurfi wanda ke tallafawa gonakin dabino da sauran aikin gona a yankin kilomita 50 (31 daga arewa zuwa kudu. Sauran garuruwan da ke kewaye da oases sune Sidi Slimane da Megarine zuwa arewa, da Tamacine da Balidat Ameur zuwa kudu. Hakanan tsarin yana da alaƙa da ƙarin oases a arewacin [[Lardin El Oued]] ciki har da garuruwan Djamaa da El M'Ghair . Bayan oases, ƙasar ba ta da ruwa kuma ba ta da amfani, tare da yashi mai yawa a yamma da gabas na birnin. == Yanayi == Touggourt yana da Yanayin hamada mai zafi (Köppen climate classification ''BWh''), tare da dogon lokaci, lokacin zafi sosai da gajeren lokaci, hunturu mai dumi. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi yana kan 40 ° C (104 ° F) a lokacin Yuni, Yuli, Agusta da Satumba kuma ya kai kusan 45 ° C (113 ° F) A watan Yuli. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi a lokacin rani ma yana da yawa, sama da 26 ° C (82.4 ° F) kuma akai-akai sama da 29 ° C (86 ° F) a cikin watan da ya fi zafi. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana kusa da 55 mm (2,16 in) kuma lokacin rani yana da bushewa sosai. A ranar 30 ga Yulin 2023, an yi rajistar matsakaicin zafin jiki na {{Convert|50.3|°C}} ° C (122.5 ° F) a Touggourt . <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=30 July 2023 |title=60656: Tindouf (Algeria) |url=https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=60656&ano=2023&mes=8&day=1&hora=12&min=0&ndays=30 |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=ogimet.com |publisher=OGIMET |quote=}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Biranen Aljeriya]] ==Manazarta== p4ierost9qrv8ek39fsgse89fxlt0eq 0 156543 893735 854105 2026-08-09T16:33:52Z DaSupremo 9834 Fixed typo 893735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Marada (Arabic) wani hamada ne a cikin Gundumar Al Wahat, yankin Cyrenaica, a '''Ruwa''' maso gabashin [[Libya]] . Kodayake Marada tana da nisan kilomita {{Convert|120|km|mi}} (75 a kudancin El Agheila, yanayin lalacewar hanyar El Agheira-Marada yana tilasta matafiya su yi amfani da hanyoyi masu tsawo don isa Marada. == Manazarta == mdq44q55igkci6noggfzngzvx67lqb1 0 156544 893739 854107 2026-08-09T16:35:01Z DaSupremo 9834 Fixed typo 893739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''''Oasis na Ghat''' yanki ne mai kariya na [[Libya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parks, Reserves, and Other Protected Areas in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya |url=http://www.parks.it/world/LY/Eindex.html |access-date=26 March 2013 |publisher=Parks.it}}</ref> Tana cikin kudu maso yammacin Libya, kusa da iyakar Aljeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghat Germa of the Garamantes |url=https://www.temehu.com/Cities_sites/Ghat.htm |access-date=2021-01-08 |website=www.temehu.com}}</ref> Wata tsohuwar hanyar hawan Sahara da aka yi amfani da ita don wucewa a can, kuma akwai cibiyar cinikin bayi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghāt {{!}} oasis, Libya |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ghat-oasis-Libya |access-date=2021-01-08 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == ax024i3gnerejyic99n74e9dgr83spu 0 156585 893769 854248 2026-08-09T16:42:13Z DaSupremo 9834 Fixed typo 893769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abu Minqar''' ( Arabic ) gari ne mai tsaunuka a gundumar Qesm Al Wahat Ad Dakhlah, gundumar New Valley, [[Misra|Masar]], kimanin {{Convert|93|km}} ta hanyar kudu maso yammacin Farafra . Makiyaya ne galibi ke zaune a cikinta kuma tana kan hanyar tarihi ta ayarin motoci zuwa Kufra, Libya. == Tarihi da ilimin kimiyyar tarihi == Abu Minqar ya kasance a gefen Masar ta Roma. Har yanzu akwai yiwuwar alamun Romawa a yankin, gami da gine-ginen tubali guda biyu da aka rushe da kuma rijiyoyi biyu. Mai binciken Jamus Friedrich Gerhard Rohlfs ya binciki yankin Abu Minqar da kewayen hamada na yammacin Masar a 1874-1875, kuma a cikin 1898 [[Wildred Jennings-Bramly|Wilfred Jennings-Bramly]] da [[W. J. Harding King]] ne suka binciki shi. A cikin yankin akwai kwarin Shells (Wadi el-Khawaka), wanda aka sani da kwarin teku na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Western Desert Oases |url=https://www.roughguides.com/egypt/western-desert-oases/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Rough Guides}}</ref> An gano wani tukunya tare da alamun shuka na nau'in ''Panicum turgidum'' wanda aka rubuta tsakanin 5716 da 46 BC a wani shafin Holocene na tsakiya kusa da Abu Minqar. == Yanayin ƙasa da ilimin ƙasa == Abu Minqar yana cikin gabashin hamadar Sahara na yammacin tsakiyar Masar, kilomita 206 (128 ta hanyar hanyar arewa maso yammacin Mut (Dakhla) kuma kimanin kilomita 93 (58 ta hanya kudu maso yammacin Farafra, tare da hanyar tarihi zuwa [[Kufra]], Libya. A fannin ilimin ƙasa, yankin ya zama wani ɓangare na Dakhla - Abu Minqar a cikin wani wuri mai zurfi tsakanin [[Kharga]] da Dakhla depressions, tare da tsawo yawanci tsakanin mita 400 da 500 sama da matakin teku. Abu Minqar Depression sau da yawa ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin matsanancin yanki na yammacin Dakhla Depression. Ana samun turɓaya na zamanin Maastrichtian-Danian a Abu Minqar . == Manazarta == prqqufd8lgygdcn4b6op7ooclzg4l6h 0 156652 893788 854575 2026-08-09T16:51:20Z DaSupremo 9834 Fixed typo 893788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} T'''Chimbélé''' wani ruwa ne a yankin Woleu-Ntem na arewa maso yammacin [[Gabon]] . [[Kogin Komo]] ne ke ciyar da ruwan kuma yana yammacin ƙauyen Anzem. Akwai tafkin a yankin. == Manazarta == ou5gq7a76dowaed6tz1s31xs7id5tvo 0 157198 893795 856344 2026-08-09T17:22:28Z DaSupremo 9834 DaSupremo moved page [[Mai aminci]] to [[Lealui]]: Misspelled title 856344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|name=Lealui|settlement_type=[[List of populated places in Zambia|Town]]|pushpin_map=Zambia|pushpin_label_position=right|pushpin_map_caption=Location in Zambia|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name={{flag|Zambia}}|subdivision_type1=[[Provinces of Zambia|Province]]|subdivision_name1=[[Western Province, Zambia|Western Province]]|subdivision_type2=[[Districts of Zambia#Western Province|District]]|subdivision_name2=[[Mongu District]]|timezone=[[Central Africa Time|CAT]]|utc_offset=+2|coordinates={{coord|15|13|S|23|01|E|region:ZA|display=inline,title}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Infobox settlement/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Mai aminci</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[List of populated places in Zambia|Birni]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Zambia_adm_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Lealui is located in Zambia]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:70.638%;left:12.136%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Lealui]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Mai aminci</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Wurin da yake a Zambia</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Ma'auni: 15°13′S 23°01′E / 15.217°S 23.017°E / -15.217; 23.017<indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lealui&params=15_13_S_23_01_E_region:ZA_type:city <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">15°13′S</span> <span class="longitude">23°01′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">15.217°S 23.017°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-15.217; 23.017</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[Fayil:Flag_of_Zambia.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Zambiya|Zambia]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lardin | class="infobox-data" |Yankin Yamma |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar | class="infobox-data" |Gundumar Mongu |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |UTC+2 (CAT) |} Lealui ko Lialui shi ne wurin zama na rani a filin Barotse na Litunga, sarkin mutanen Lozi na yammacin Zambia.[1] Tana da tazarar kilomita 14 daga yamma da garin Mongu da kimanin kilomita 10 gabas da babban tashar kogin. A ƙarshen lokacin damina, gabaɗaya a cikin Maris yayin da ruwan saman Zambezi ya mamaye ginin, Litunga ya ƙaura zuwa Limulunga a ƙasa mafi girma. An yi bikin ne a bikin Kuomboka, daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci da farin jini a kasar Zambia. Lealui yana kan hanyar Mongu-Kalabo kuma yana a ƙarshen gabashin [[Filin Ambaliyar Barotse|Hanyar Barotse Floodplain]]. == Manazarta == <references /> 6v5qv55ayd8esxd61rp8jreb5fnxlsz 893797 893795 2026-08-09T17:25:59Z DaSupremo 9834 Removed templates 893797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Mai aminci</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[List of populated places in Zambia|Birni]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Zambia_adm_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Lealui is located in Zambia]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:70.638%;left:12.136%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Lealui]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Mai aminci</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Wurin da yake a Zambia</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Ma'auni: 15°13′S 23°01′E / 15.217°S 23.017°E / -15.217; 23.017<indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lealui&params=15_13_S_23_01_E_region:ZA_type:city <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">15°13′S</span> <span class="longitude">23°01′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">15.217°S 23.017°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-15.217; 23.017</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[Fayil:Flag_of_Zambia.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Zambiya|Zambia]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lardin | class="infobox-data" |Yankin Yamma |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar | class="infobox-data" |Gundumar Mongu |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |UTC+2 (CAT) |} '''Lealui''' ko '''Lialui''' shi ne wurin zama na rani a filin Barotse na Litunga, sarkin mutanen Lozi na yammacin Zambia.[1] Tana da tazarar kilomita 14 daga yamma da garin Mongu da kimanin kilomita 10 gabas da babban tashar kogin. A ƙarshen lokacin damina, gabaɗaya a cikin Maris yayin da ruwan saman Zambezi ya mamaye ginin, Litunga ya ƙaura zuwa Limulunga a ƙasa mafi girma. An yi bikin ne a bikin Kuomboka, daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci da farin jini a kasar Zambia. Lealui yana kan hanyar Mongu-Kalabo kuma yana a ƙarshen gabashin [[Filin Ambaliyar Barotse|Hanyar Barotse Floodplain]]. == Manazarta == <references /> bcxqwz98t52cnfrahsmogq91xbrtrdk 0 157199 893799 856345 2026-08-09T17:29:07Z DaSupremo 9834 Removed templates 893799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Chirundu</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[List of populated places in Zambia|Birni]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Zambia_adm_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Chirundu is located in Zambia]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:78.571%;left:58.664%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Chirundu]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Chirundu</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Ma'auni: 16°03′S 28°50′E / 16.050°S 28.833°E / -16.050; 28.833<indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chirundu,_Zambia&params=16_03_S_28_50_E_region:ZM_type:city(84750) <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">16°03′S</span> <span class="longitude">28°50′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">16.050°S 28.833°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-16.050; 28.833</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Zambia |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lardin | class="infobox-data" |Yankin Kudancin |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar | class="infobox-data" |Gundumar Chirundu |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Yawan jama'a<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Jimillar&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |84,750 |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |UTC+2 (SAST) |} '''Chirundu, [[Zambiya|Zambia]]''' wani gari ne a lardin Kudancin Zambia a kan iyaka da [[Zimbabwe]] . Shi ne shafin yanar gizo na hanyoyi biyu a fadin kogin [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi]], Chirundu Bridges . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chirundu Bridge Essential Tips and Information |url=https://trek.zone/en/zambia/places/382813/chirundu-bridge |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=Trek Zone |language=en}}</ref> Garin Chirundu Petrified wani yanki ne na burbushin bishiyoyi 21 km yammacin Chirundu, yana kwance a kudancin hanya daga Chrundu zuwa Kafue kusa da mahaɗar hanyar zuwa Siavonga . An jera shi a matsayin Abin Tunawa na Kasa na Zambia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chirundu Fossil Forest |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5424/ |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's Petrified Forest |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/chirundu-fossil-forest |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en}}</ref> Ya ƙunshi burbushin bishiyoyi ko bishiyoyi na zamanin Karoo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chirundu Fossil Forest |url=https://whc.unesco.org/fr/listesindicatives/5424/ |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=whc.unesco.org}}</ref>&nbsp; A gefen Zimbabwe na Zambezi, ana kiran garin Chirundu . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Siamilandu |first=Obert |title=Chirundu border post modernises |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/local-news/article/200031161/chirundu-border-post-modernises |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=NewsDay |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Haɗin waje == * https://www.tripadvisor.com/Tourism-g676296-Chirundu_Southern_Province-Vacations.html * https://www.lonelyplanet.com/zambia/chirundu * http://www.wildzambezi.com/locations/5/chirundu * https://www.chirunducouncil.gov.zm/ f2ny08gc2drtcksx0ep2ai9otm5w0r3 0 157200 893800 856346 2026-08-09T17:33:01Z DaSupremo 9834 Removed templates 893800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chirundu''' ƙauye ne da kuma iyaka a [[Zimbabwe]] a kan iyaka da [[Zambiya|Zambia]], a lardin Mashonaland West . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chirundu Travel Information |url=https://www.south-africa-info.co.za/country/town/1039/chirundu |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=www.south-africa-info.co.za}}</ref> Sunan Chirundu yana nufin "Babban Dutsen". Ƙauyen yana kan bakin kogin [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi]], kuma a sakamakon haka yana cikin kwarin [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi]] mai zafi. Shi ne shafin yanar gizon Chirundu Bridges, gadoji biyu a fadin kogin Zambezi. A gefen Zambiya na kogin akwai wani gari da ya fi girma wanda ake kira Chirundu . Ginin shine babban ƙetare kan iyaka don zirga-zirga daga [[Harare]] a Zimbabwe, zuwa [[Lusaka]] a Zambia. Chirundu tana kewaye da wuraren namun daji / Safari, [[Giwa|giwaye]] suna yawo akai-akai a ƙauyen. Har ila yau, sanannen wuri ne na kamun kifi. == Dubi kuma == * [[Babbar Chirundu]] * Hanyar R3 (Zimbabwe) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|16|02|S|28|51|E|region:ZW_type:city}} b2db51ksa3gh1v7ontdqycl6zeyrzra 0 157437 894088 857052 2026-08-10T08:41:51Z DaSupremo 9834 Fixed typo 894088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Neolamprologus bifasciatus''''' wani nau'in [[Fish measurement|TL]]="Cichlid">cichlid ne wanda [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] inda yawanci ake samunsa a zurfin daga mita 30 zuwa 45 (100 zuwa 150 a gefen ƙasa na mazaunin dutse inda ya haɗu da yashi da ko laka. Ba a yawan samun shi a cikin ruwa mai zurfi fiye da wannan. galibi ana ganinsa da kansa. Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsawon 10 centimeters (3.9 in) TL. Hakanan ana iya samun wannan nau'in a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]]. == Manazarta == k9x9bycehko811b69z5lbqdixe19qqz 0 158044 894042 858872 2026-08-10T07:04:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zengamina''' ƙaramar masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa kusa da Tudun Kalene, Gundumar Ikelenge a arewa maso yammacin [[Zambiya|Zambia]] . An gina ta tsakanin 2004 da 2008 akan kimanin dala miliyan 3, ko kuma dala 4,285 a kowace kilowatt na wutar lantarki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Micro Hydro Costs Compared |url=http://www.panzapath.org/2011/11/micro-hydro-costs-compared/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426052825/http://www.panzapath.org/2011/11/micro-hydro-costs-compared/ |archive-date=2012-04-26 |access-date=2011-12-16 |publisher=Panza Path}}</ref> == Bayani == Kafin a buɗe tashar wutar lantarki, yawancin mutane ba su da wutar lantarki, suna amfani da itace ko kananzir don girki. Waɗanda za su iya biyan kuɗinta sun yi amfani da janareta na dizal don samar da wutar lantarki. Layin wutar lantarki na ƙasa na Zambia ya ƙare da {{Convert|380|km}} daga yankin Ikelenge. Mutanen yankin sun makale a cikin mawuyacin hali na talauci, suna rayuwa ta hanyar noma mai cike da yanke-yanke da ƙonawa mara dorewa . Aikin Zengamina ya yi nufin samar da ingantaccen wutar lantarki tare da ƙaramin tashar samar da wutar lantarki a kan [[Kogin Zambezi]] a wani wuri mai sauri kusa da tushensa. Zambezi a wannan wuri yana faɗi {{Convert|17|m}} sama da {{Convert|350|m}} tsawon ruwan sama. An gano yuwuwar samar da wutar lantarki a kan ruwan sama na Zambezi a shekarar 1964, amma ba tare da tallafi ba babu abin da aka yi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Potipher Tembo |date=30 June 2005 |title=Zengamina Hydro Power Project, a Dream Come True for North-Western |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200506300668.html |access-date=2011-12-16 |website=Times of Zambia}}</ref> A shekara ta 2001, Dakta Peter Gill, wani likitan ƙashi a Burtaniya, ya ƙaddamar da wani asusu don ɗaukar nauyin aikin. Babban dalilin shine rage farashin samar da wutar lantarki ga asibitin Kalene, wanda ke kula da mutane a Angola da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da kuma Zambia, a lokacin da farashin man dizal ke ci gaba da ƙaruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Geoff Stark |date=October 2006 |title=Zengamina Hydro Electric Project, Zambezi Rapids, Zambia |url=http://www.kalenehospital.com/articles/article12.htm |access-date=2011-12-16 |publisher=Kalene Hospital |archive-date=2012-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426052400/http://www.kalenehospital.com/articles/article12.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gwamnatin Zambia ta ba da wasu kuɗaɗen iri, kuma ƙungiyoyin coci a Burtaniya sun sami nasarar tara wasu dala miliyan 2.5 don biyan kuɗin gini. == fa'idodi == Da zarar an fara aiki, tashar wutar lantarki ta samar wa Asibitin Kalene wutar lantarki mai dorewa, da kuma asibitoci na gida, gidan marayu na Kalene Farm, makarantu da gidaje 1,000. Ana sa ran fa'idodi da yawa daga ingantaccen samar da wutar lantarki fiye da inganta cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da ilimi. Ana sa ran ƙananan da matsakaitan kamfanoni za su kafa, kamar su gwangwani abarba, ƙara yawan aiki. Wutar lantarki za ta taimaka wajen inganta ruwan sha da tsarin tsafta, ƙara yawan lafiya. Ingantaccen haske da dare zai taimaka wa ɗalibai kuma ya ba da damar yin aiki da yamma, da sauransu. == Manazarta == n1ie89sgigqr3b94q5qqbhqam7h7ovv 0 158520 893915 888042 2026-08-09T21:51:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Voacamine''', wanda aka fi sani da sunayen tsofaffi '''voacanginine''' da vocamine, wani nau'i ne na alkaloid na halitta na nau'in [[Cannabinoid receptor antagonist|adawa]]-linkid="159" href="./Secologanin" id="mwFQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Secologanin">secologanin, wanda aka samo a cikin tsire-tsire da yawa, gami da Voacanga africana da ''Tabernaemontana divaricata'' . An amince da shi don amfani da shi azaman maganin zazzabin cizon sauro a kasashe da yawa na Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Voacamine |url=https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB04877 |website=DrugBank |publisher=Canadian Institutes of Health Research |access-date=2026-06-18 |archive-date=2019-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210144034/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB04877 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Voacamine yana nuna aikin antagonist na cannabinoid CB1.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kitajima M, Iwai M, Kikura-Hanajiri R, Goda Y, Iida M, Yabushita H, Takayama H |date=April 2011 |title=Discovery of indole alkaloids with cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonistic activity |journal=Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters |volume=21 |issue=7 |pages=1962–4 |doi=10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.02.036 |pmid=21376588}}</ref> == Sanyen sunadarai == === Tsarinsa === Akwai rikice-rikice mai yawa game da cikakkiyar tsarin stereochemical na voacamine kuma dole ne a sake fasalin cikakkiyar tsarin da aka buga da farko.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kutney JP, Brown RT, Piers E |date=March 1966 |title=The absolute configuration of the Iboga alkaloids. |journal=Canadian Journal of Chemistry |volume=44 |issue=5 |pages=637–9 |doi=10.1139/v66-087}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author-link5=Jon Clardy |vauthors=Kutney JP, Fuji K, Treasurywala AM, Fayos J, Clardy J, Scott AI, Wei CC |year=1973 |title=Structure and Absolute Configuration of (+)-Coronaridine Hydrobromide. A Comment on the Absolute Configuration of the Iboga Alkaloids |journal=J. Am. Chem. Soc. |volume=95 |issue=16 |pages=5407–5409 |doi=10.1021/ja00797a049}}</ref> Yana da na'urar Ibogaine da aka haɗa da na'ura ta Vobasine. == Sakamakon Rashin Gaskiya == Voacamine na iya haifar da [[Hawan jini|hauhawar jini]] a cikin babban sashi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1985 |title=oacanga, (Apocynaceae), a review of its taxonomy, phytochemistry, ethnobotany and pharmacology. |url=https://www.erowid.org/plants/voacanga_africana/voacanga_africana_info1.shtml |publisher=Agric. Univ. Wagenigen |pages=85–3}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Vincamine * Voacangine * Vobtusine == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3b2lo6aw9tmofbxfibvhgkivw97dqfa 0 158533 893702 890218 2026-08-09T16:23:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug|verifiedrevid=470610559|image=Tinidazole.svg|image_class=skin-invert-image|width=160|alt=|image2=Tinidazole ball-and-stick model from xtal 2020.png|image_class2=bg-transparent|alt2=<!--Clinical data-->|tradename=Tindamax, others|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|tinidazole}}|MedlinePlus=a604036|DailyMedID=Tinidazole|pregnancy_AU=B3|routes_of_administration=[[By mouth]]|ATC_prefix=J01|ATC_suffix=XD02|ATC_supplemental={{ATC|G01|AF21}}, {{ATC|J01|RA11}}, {{ATC|J01|RA13}}, {{ATC|J01|RA18}}, {{ATC|P01|AB02}}, {{ATC|P01|AB53}}, {{ATCvet|P51|AA02}}|legal_AU=S4|legal_UK=POM|legal_US=Rx-only|legal_US_comment=<ref name="Tindamax FDA label">{{cite web | title=Tindamax- tinidazole tablet, film coated | website=DailyMed | date=27 December 2021 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=a0d01539-8413-4703-94cc-d221918630a1 | access-date=15 September 2025}}</ref> <!--Pharmacokinetic data-->|protein_bound=12%|metabolism=[[Liver]] ([[CYP3A4]])|elimination_half-life=12–14 hours|excretion=Urine (20–25%), feces (12%) <!--Identifiers-->|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|??}}|CAS_number=19387-91-8|PubChem=5479|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=DB00911|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=5279|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=033KF7V46H|KEGG_Ref={{keggcite|correct|kegg}}|KEGG=D01426|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|correct|EBI}}|ChEMBL=1220|NIAID_ChemDB=007940 <!--Chemical data-->|IUPAC_name=1-(2-ethylsulfonylethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazole|C=8|H=13|N=3|O=4|S=1|smiles=CCS(=O)(=O)CCN1C(=NC=C1[N+](=O)[O-])C|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C8H13N3O4S/c1-3-16(14,15)5-4-10-7(2)9-6-8(10)11(12)13/h6H,3-5H2,1-2H3|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=HJLSLZFTEKNLFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="6" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Tinidazole</nowiki&gt;">Tinidazole</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Tinidazole.svg|class=skin-invert-image|186x186px]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Tinidazole_ball-and-stick_model_from_xtal_2020.png|class=bg-transparent|186x186px]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan asibiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Sunayen kasuwanci]] | class="infobox-data" |Tindamax, wasu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]] | class="infobox-data" |<span title="www.drugs.com">[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tinidazole.html Littafin da aka rubuta]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[MedlinePlus]] | class="infobox-data" |<span title="medlineplus.gov">[https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a604036.html a604036]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Bayanan lasisi]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;United States</nowiki&gt;">US</abbr></small> DailyMed: <span title="dailymed.nlm.nih.gov">[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Tinidazole Tinidazole]</span>&nbsp;&nbsp; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Matsayi na ciki<nowiki><br></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;Australia</nowiki&gt;">AU</abbr>:</small> B3&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Hanyoyin gudanarwa<nowiki><br></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |Ta hanyar baki |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar ATC | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * J01XD02 (<span title="www.whocc.no">[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01XD02 WHO]</span>) G01AF21 (<span title="www.whocc.no">[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=G01AF21 WHO]</span>), J01RA11 (<span title="www.whocc.no">[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01RA11 WHO]</span>), J01RA13 (<span title="www.whocc.no">[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01RA13 WHO]</span>),J01RA18 (<span title="www.whocc.no">[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01RA18 WHO]</span>), P01AB02 (<span title="www.whocc.no">[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01AB02 WHO]</span>), P01AB53 (<span title="www.whocc.no">[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01AB53 WHO]</span>), QP51AA02 (<span title="www.whocc.no/atcvet">[https://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QP51AA02 WHO]</span>).&#x20;&#x20;&#x20;&#x20;&#x20;&#x20;&#x20;&#x20;&#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Matsayi na Shari'a |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Matsayi na Shari'a | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;Australia</nowiki&gt;">AU</abbr>:</small> S4 (Kayan aiki kawai) &#x20; * <small>Burtaniya:</small> POM (Kayan aiki kawai) &#x20; * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;United States</nowiki&gt;">US</abbr>:</small>&#x20;Sai dai </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan Magunguna |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Haɗin furotin | class="infobox-data" |12% |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Metabolism | class="infobox-data" |Jiki (CYP3A4) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Kashe <nowiki><span class="nowrap">rabin rayuwa</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |Sa'o'i 12-14 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Rashin fitarwa | class="infobox-data" |fitsari (20-25%), datti (12%) |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayyanawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Sunan IUPAC</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;">1- (2-ethylsulfonylethyl) -2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazole</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar CAS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=19387-91-8 19387-91-8]</span>^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>} </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[./PubChem#&#x3C;span&#x20;style= <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Compound ID</nowiki&gt;">CID</abbr>" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="PubChem">PubChem] CID | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5479 5479]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Bankin Magunguna | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.drugbank.ca">[https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00911 DB00911] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809122218/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00911 |date=2020-08-09 }}</span>^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>} </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.chemspider.com">[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.5279.html 5279]</span>^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>} </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/033KF7V46H 033KF7V46H]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |KEGG | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.kegg.jp">[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D01426 D01426]</span>^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>} </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChEMBL | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.ebi.ac.uk">[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL1220 ChEMBL1220]</span>^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>} </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |NIAID ChemDB | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemdb.niaid.nih.gov">[https://chemdb.niaid.nih.gov/CompoundDetails.aspx?AIDSNO=007940 007940] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528113454/https://chemdb.niaid.nih.gov/CompoundDetails.aspx?AIDSNO=007940 |date=2025-05-28 }}</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal"> (<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>) </span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID4023676 DTXSID4023676][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321320#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |<nowiki><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.039.089 100.039.089][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321320#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span>₈<span title="Hydrogen">H</span>₁₃<span title="Nitrogen">N</span>₃<span title="Oxygen">O</span>₄<span title="Sulfur">S</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">247.27</span> g·mol-1&nbsp;⁻¹ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)">[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=CCS%28%3DO%29%28%3DO%29CCN1C%28%3DNC%3DC1%5BN%2B%5D%28%3DO%29%5BO-%5D%29C Hoton hulɗa]</span> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Rashin kunya</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">CCS (=O) (=O) CCN1C (=NC=C1[N+] (=O) [O-]) C</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>InChI</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C8H13N3O4S/c1-3-16 (14,15) 5-4-10-7 (2) 9-6-8 (10) 11 (12) 13/h6H,3-5H2,1-2H3 ^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>}</div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Maɓalli: HJLSLZFTEKNLFI-UHFFFAO^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>}-N Y</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=470610559&page2=Tinidazole (Gaskiya)]</span></span> |} '''Tinidazole''', wanda ake siyarwa a ƙarƙashin sunan alamar '''Tindamax''' da sauransu, magani ne da ake amfani da shi don magance kamuwa da cuta da wasu kwayoyin Anaerobic da protozoa suka haifar. An haɓaka shi a cikin 1972 kuma sanannen memba ne na ajin maganin rigakafi na nitroimidazole. Tinidazole wani madadin magani ne a kan Jerin Magunguna na Muhimmanci na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya . == Amfani da kiwon lafiya == Tinidazole magani ne mai ƙarancin ƙwayoyin cuta wanda aka yi amfani da shi don magance cututtukan da <nowiki><i id="mwKw">Helicobacter pylori</i></nowiki>, ''Entamoeba histolytica'', ''Giardia'' spp suka haifar. da kuma ''Trichomonas vaginalis'' . <ref name="pmid8444678">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Edwards DI |date=January 1993 |title=Nitroimidazole drugs--action and resistance mechanisms. I. Mechanisms of action |journal=The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=9–20 |doi=10.1093/jac/31.1.9 |pmid=8444678}}</ref> == Sakamakon sakamako == Shan barasa yayin shan tinidazole yana haifar da mummunar amsawar disulfiram, wanda ya haɗa da ƙishirwa, amai, ciwon kai, karuwar hawan jini, zubar da jini, da gajeren numfashi. [ana buƙatar bayanin likita] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (December 2022)">medical citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Ilimin Magunguna == === Magunguna === Rabin rayuwar kawarwa shine 13.2 ± 1.4 hours. Rabin rayuwar Plasma shine sa'o'i 12 zuwa 14. [ana buƙatar bayanin likita] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (December 2022)">medical citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Tarihi == An amince da Tinidazole don maganin likita a Amurka a shekara ta 2004. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Drug Approval Package: Tindamax (Tinidazole) NDA #021618, 021681 & 021682 |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2004/21-618_21-681_21-682_Tindamax.cfm |access-date=15 September 2025 |website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |archive-date=23 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223202750/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2004/21-618_21-681_21-682_Tindamax.cfm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Fenticonazole nitrate/lidocaine/tinidazole]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Other antibacterials}}{{Gynecological anti-infectives and antiseptics}}{{Agents against amoebiasis and other protozoal diseases}}{{Excavata antiparasitics}}{{Agents against amoebozoa}}<templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles>  [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8zk6ytosam5ye011nd0s8c7zhggtlon 0 158534 893798 890229 2026-08-09T17:26:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugbox|verifiedrevid=470615984|IUPAC_name=5-methyl-6-[(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) aminomethyl] quinazoline-2,4-diamine|image=Trimetrexate.svg|image_class=skin-invert-image|width=250 <!--Clinical data-->|tradename=|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|CDI|trimetrexate}}|MedlinePlus=a694019|pregnancy_category=|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->|bioavailability=VD: 20-30 Liters|protein_bound=|metabolism=Oxidative O-demethylation, followed by conjugation with glucuronide or sulfate|elimination_half-life=11 to 12 hours <!--Identifiers-->|IUPHAR_ligand=7613|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|??}}|CAS_number=52128-35-5|ATC_prefix=P01|ATC_suffix=AX07|ATC_supplemental=|PubChem=5583|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=DB01157|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=5381|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=UPN4ITI8T4|KEGG_Ref={{keggcite|correct|kegg}}|KEGG=D06238|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|correct|EBI}}|ChEMBL=119 <!--Chemical data-->|C=19|H=23|N=5|O=3|smiles=n3c1c(c(c(cc1)CNc2cc(OC)c(OC)c(OC)c2)C)c(nc3N)N|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C19H23N5O3/c1-10-11(5-6-13-16(10)18(20)24-19(21)23-13)9-22-12-7-14(25-2)17(27-4)15(8-12)26-3/h5-8,22H,9H2,1-4H3,(H4,20,21,23,24)|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=NOYPYLRCIDNJJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Trimetrexate</nowiki&gt;">Trimetrexate</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Trimetrexate.svg|class=skin-invert-image|250x250px]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan asibiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]] | class="infobox-data" |<span title="www.drugs.com">[https://www.drugs.com/cdi/trimetrexate.html Bayanan Abokin Ciniki]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[MedlinePlus]] | class="infobox-data" |<span title="medlineplus.gov">[https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a694019.html a694019]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System|Lambar ATC]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * P01AX07 (<span title="www.whocc.no">[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01AX07 WHO]</span>) &#x20;&#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan Magunguna |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Bioavailability | class="infobox-data" |VD: Lit 20-30 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Metabolism | class="infobox-data" |Oxidative O-demethylation, biye da conjugation tare da glucuronide ko sulfate |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Kashe <nowiki><span class="nowrap">rabin rayuwa</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |Sa'o'i 11 zuwa 12 |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayyanawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Sunan IUPAC</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;">5-methyl-6-[ (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) aminomethyl] quinazoline-2,4-diamine</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar CAS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=52128-35-5 52128-35-5]</span>^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>} </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[./PubChem#&#x3C;span&#x20;style= <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Compound ID</nowiki&gt;">CID</abbr>" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="PubChem">PubChem] CID | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5583 5583]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |IUPHAR / BPS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.guidetopharmacology.org">[https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=7613 7613]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Bankin Magunguna | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.drugbank.ca">[https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01157 DB01157] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815011943/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01157 |date=2020-08-15 }}</span>^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>} </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.chemspider.com">[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.5381.html 5381]</span>^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>} </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/UPN4ITI8T4 UPN4ITI8T4]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |KEGG | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.kegg.jp">[https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D06238 D06238]</span>^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>} </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChEMBL | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.ebi.ac.uk">[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL119 ChEMBL119]</span>^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>} </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal"> (<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>) </span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID3023714 DTXSID3023714][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126677485#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span>₁₉<span title="Hydrogen">H</span>₂₃<span title="Nitrogen">N</span>₅<span title="Oxygen">O</span>₃ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">369.425</span> g·mol-1&nbsp;⁻¹ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)">[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=n3c1c%28c%28c%28cc1%29CNc2cc%28OC%29c%28OC%29c%28OC%29c2%29C%29c%28nc3N%29N Hoton hulɗa]</span> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Rashin kunya</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">n3c1c (c (cc1) CNc2cc (OC) c (OC) C (OC) c2) C (nc3N) N</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>InChI</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C19H23N5O3/c1-10-11 (5-6-13-16 (10) 18 (20) 24-19 (21) 23-13) 9-22-12-7-14 (25-2) 17 (27-4) 15 (8-12) 26-3/h5-8,22H,9H2,1-4H3, (H4,20,21,23,24) ^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>}</div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Maɓalli: NO^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>}-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=470615984&page2=Trimetrexate (Gaskiya)]</span></span> |} '''Trimetrexate''' wani nau'i ne na quinazoline. Yana da dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor.<ref name="pmid1981548">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wong BK, Woolf TF, Chang T, Whitfield LR |year=1990 |title=Metabolic disposition of trimetrexate, a nonclassical dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, in rat and dog |url=http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=1981548 |journal=Drug Metab. Dispos. |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=980–6 |doi=10.1016/S0090-9556(25)08702-1 |pmid=1981548 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Amfani da shi == An yi amfani da shi tare da leucovorin wajen magance cutar huhu. <ref name="pmid2136905">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sattler FR, Allegra CJ, Verdegem TD, etal |date=January 1990 |title=Trimetrexate-leucovorin dosage evaluation study for treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=161 |issue=1 |pages=91–6 |doi=10.1093/infdis/161.1.91 |pmid=2136905}}</ref> An bincika shi don amfani da shi wajen magance leiomyosarcoma . <ref name="pmid11748990">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Smith HO, Blessing JA, Vaccarello L |date=January 2002 |title=Trimetrexate in the treatment of recurrent or advanced leiomyosarcoma of the uterus: a phase II study of the Gynecologic Oncology Group |journal=Gynecol. Oncol. |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=140–4 |doi=10.1006/gyno.2001.6482 |pmid=11748990}}</ref> Yana da analog na methotrexate (MTX) wanda ke aiki a kan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na MTX masu tsayayya da sufuri waɗanda ke shawo kan juriya da aka samu da na halitta ga methotrechate. Sauran amfani sun haɗa da cututtukan fata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Haɗin waje == * MedlinePlus DrugInfo Usfiyar zuwa 202693 * Diseases Database (DDB):30480 {{Agents against amoebiasis and other protozoal diseases}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2r8vqp0lm842qm66xfah2g7whxd9f48 0 159843 893675 890214 2026-08-09T16:11:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893675 wikitext text/x-wiki Tick-Borne Disease Alliance ('''TBDA''') wata kungiya ce ta Amurka ba don riba ba wacce aka sadaukar da ita don wayar da kan jama'a, tallafawa shirye-shirye da inganta shawarwari don neman magani ga cututtukan da ke dauke da ƙwayoyin cuta, gami da Lyme . <ref>{{Cite web |title=About TBDA |url=http://tbdalliance.org/about-tbda |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409014041/http://www.tbdalliance.org/about-tbda |archive-date=April 9, 2012 |access-date=30 July 2013}} </ref> An kafa TBDA a cikin bazara na 2012 <ref>{{Cite web |title=TBDA |url=https://nycmedtech.info/tbda/ |access-date=30 July 2013}}</ref> ta hanyar Staci Grodin, wanda ya kafa Gidauniyar Turn the Corner, da David Roth, wanda ya kirkiro Tick-Borne Disease Initiative. Roth ya bayyana cewa bai san komai ba game da [[Ciwon Lyme|Cutar Lyme]] ko wasu cututtukan da ke dauke da kwari har sai an gano shi da Lyme da kansa, wanda ya motsa shi ya wayar da kan jama'a da kara kudade don gwajin bincike.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TBDA's David Roth on NBC New York Nightly News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uBSFI5QObkU |access-date=30 July 2013}}</ref> == Ciwo a baya don warkarwa == A cikin 2013, TBDA ta ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin Bite Back for a Cure, kamfen ɗin ƙasa na ƙasa don gina tallafi don yaki da cututtukan da ke dauke da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar wayar da kan jama'a da kuma tallafawa binciken cututtukani. Candice Accola, tauraruwar The Vampire Diaries, mai magana ne.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actress Candice Accola Launches Bite Back for a Cure, Tick-Borne Disease Alliance’s National Grassroots Campaign to Fight Devastating Tick-Borne Diseases |url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/actress_candice_accola_launches_bite_back_for_a_cure_tick_borne_disease_alliance_s_national_grassroots_campaign_to_fight_devastating_tick_borne_diseases/prweb10910541.htm |access-date=30 July 2013}}</ref> == Tattara kudade == TBDA ta gudanar da bikin farko na shekara-shekara a ranar 16 ga Mayu, 2012, a Chelsea Piers a Birnin New York. Fa'idar ta taimaka wajen tallafawa wayar da kan jama'a ta TBDA da kamfen ɗin bayar da shawarwari, kuma ta taimaka wajen tara kuɗi don bincike don neman ainihin kayan aikin bincike.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The New Tick-Borne Disease Alliance |url=http://lyme-aware.org/news/lyme-news/1329-the-new-tick-borne-disease-alliance.html |access-date=5 August 2013}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Mayu, 2013, TBDA ta gudanar da Tick-Borne Disease Alliance 2nd Annual Benefit, kuma a Chelsea Piers. Candice Accola ita ce mai karɓar bakuncin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Candice Accola MCs Annual Tick-Borne Disease Alliance Benefit |url=http://hollywoodlife.com/2013/05/03/candice-accola-lyme-disease-tbda-interview/ |access-date=5 August 2013 |archive-date=1 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801082209/http://hollywoodlife.com/2013/05/03/candice-accola-lyme-disease-tbda-interview/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Gudanarwa == A ranar 11 ga Maris, 2013, TBDA ta dauki bakuncin wani taro tare da Sanatocin Amurka Kirsten Gillibrand (D-N.Y.), Richard Blumenthal (D-CT) da Majalisa Chris Gibson (R-NY) a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Weill Cornell a Birnin New York don tattauna yaki da annobar cututtukan da ke yaduwa, gami da cutar Lyme. Gillibrand, Blumenthal, Dean na Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Weill Cornell Dr. [[Laurie Glimcher|Laurie H. Glimcher]] da co-shugaban TBDA David Roth sun kasance masu magana da suka fi dacewa a taron.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand, U.S. Sen. Richard Blumenthal, Tick-Borne Disease Alliance (TBDA), and Weill Cornell Medical College Host NYC Forum on Silent Epidemic of Lyme and Tick-Borne Diseases on Monday, March |url=https://weill.cornell.edu/tickborne/ |access-date=5 August 2013}}</ref> == Haɗuwa == A watan Fabrairun 2014, TBDA ta haɗu da Lyme Research Alliance na Stamford don samar da sabon sadaka, Global Lyme Alliance . An soki GLA don inganta binciken kimiyya na [[Cutar Lyme mai tsanani]], tare da David Gorski na Kimiyya-Based Medicine yana sharhi kan Alliance "ya bayyana sosai a cikin cutar Lyme mara kyau".<ref name="scie_Robe">{{Cite web |last=Gorski, David |date= |title=Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. promotes an awful epidemiology study linking vaccines and neurological conditions from…Yale? {{!}} Science-Based Medicine |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/robert-f-kennedy-jr-promotes-an-awful-epidemiology-study-linking-vaccines-and-neurological-conditions-from-yale/ |access-date=22 April 2021 |website=Science-Based Medicine |quote=Global}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * http://tbdalliance.org/about-tbda {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712031622/http://tbdalliance.org/about-tbda |date=2013-07-12 }} * https://nycmedtech.info/tbda/ * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uBSFI5QObkU * [https://www.prweb.com/releases/actress_candice_accola_launches_bite_back_for_a_cure_tick_borne_disease_alliance_s_national_grassroots_campaign_to_fight_devastating_tick_borne_diseases/prweb10910541.htm PRWeb] * http://lyme-aware.org/news/lyme-news/1329-the-new-tick-borne-disease-alliance.html * http://hollywoodlife.com/2013/05/03/candice-accola-lyme-disease-tbda-interview/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420142606/https://hollywoodlife.com/2013/05/03/candice-accola-lyme-disease-tbda-interview/ |date=2020-04-20 }} * https://weill.cornell.edu/tickborne/ [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pdl4odbcz2tp4npuk6mqbvk4jjb8gdi 0 160482 894022 873061 2026-08-10T05:16:23Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 894022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  {{Reflist}}'''Garrard Conley''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1984 or 1985) <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Reddish |first=David |date=May 14, 2019 |title=Garrard Conley fought the ex-gay movement and found the courage to forgive |url=https://www.queerty.com/garrard-conley-fought-ex-gay-movement-found-courage-forgive-20190514 |access-date=June 18, 2019 |website=queerty.com |quote=Garrard Conley, 34}}</ref> marubuci ne na Amurka kuma mai fafutukar [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBTQ]] wanda aka sani da tarihin kansa Boy Erased: A Memoir, yana ba da labarin yarinta a matsayin wani ɓangare na dangin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a [[Arkansas (jiha)|Arkansas]] wanda ya sanya shi cikin maganin juyawa. An daidaita littafin don fim din a shekarar 2018, Boy Erased . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Galicia |first=Libni |title=Brilliant film adaptation of Boy Erased by Joel Edgerton |url=https://www.mesapress.com/a-e/2018/12/12/brilliant-film-adaptation-of-boy-erased-by-joel-edgerton-2/ |access-date=January 13, 2023 |website=The Mesa Press}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Conley da farko a ƙauyen Cherokee sannan daga baya a Mountain Home, Arkansas . Mahaifinsa mai wa'azi ne na Southern Baptist kuma tsohon mai sayar da mota. Garrard "ya yi shekaru yana gwagwarmaya don sulhunta jima'i da bangaskiyarsa".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Reddish |first=David |date=May 14, 2019 |title=Garrard Conley fought the ex-gay movement and found the courage to forgive |url=https://www.queerty.com/garrard-conley-fought-ex-gay-movement-found-courage-forgive-20190514 |access-date=June 18, 2019 |website=queerty.com |quote=Garrard Conley, 34}}</ref> Iyalinsa suna da gida a Lake Thunderbird a Norman, Oklahoma inda Conley zai ciyar da lokaci a kan Jirgin ruwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Borland |first=Bryan |date=May 19, 2016 |title=A Q&A with Garrard Conley, author of ''Boy Erased'' |url=https://www.arktimes.com/arkansas/a-qanda-with-garrard-conley-author-of-boy-erased/Content?oid=4413491 |access-date=December 17, 2018 |website=Arkansas Times}}</ref> Conley ya halarci Kwalejin Lyon a Batesville, Arkansas na semester kafin ya koma gida bayan waje dalibi wanda ya yi wa Conley fyade ya sanar da shi ga iyayensa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gay Conversion Therapy Made Me Suicidal: The Powerful True Story Behind the Film 'Boy Erased' |url=https://people.com/human-interest/boy-erased-gay-conversion-therapy-gerrard-conley/ |access-date=December 17, 2018 |website=People}}</ref> An aika Conley zuwa Love in Action don yin maganin juyowa - aikin pseudoscientific mai rikitarwa na ƙoƙarin canza yanayin jima'i na wani daga ɗan gwagwalada luwaɗi zuwa ɗan luwaɗi ta amfani da sa hannun tunani ko na ruhaniya - a cikin shekara ta 2004. A Love in Action, John Smid ya yi masa magani, wanda daga baya ya bar gwagwalada kungiyar, ya musanta maganin juyowa, ya sanar da cewa har yanzu ɗan luwaɗi ne kuma ya bayyana cewa "bai taɓa saduwa da mutumin da ya sami canji daga ɗan luwaɗi zuwa ɗan luwaɗi ba".<ref name="fcnp">{{Cite web |last=Wayne Besen |date=October 12, 2011 |title=Former 'Ex-Gay' Activist Admits Gay People Don't Change |url=http://www.fcnp.com/commentary/national/10288-former-ex-gay-activist-admits-gay-people-dont-change.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015003443/http://www.fcnp.com/commentary/national/10288-former-ex-gay-activist-admits-gay-people-dont-change.html |archive-date=October 15, 2011 |access-date=October 13, 2011 |publisher=Falls Church News-Press}}</ref> Conley ya koma Kwalejin Lyon inda ya kammala karatu a shekara ta 2007. Ya ci gaba da karɓar MA a Turanci daga Jami'ar Auburn a 2012 da kuma MFA daga shirin fiction na Kwalejin Brooklyn a shekarar 2020, <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2026 |title=Outstanding Master’s Student Award Past Winners |url=https://graduate.auburn.edu/current-students/programs-awards/oma-winners.php?utm_source=Graduate-School&utm_medium=web |website=graduate.auburn.edu}}</ref> inda ya kasance Truman Capote Fellow. <ref name="kennesaw">{{Cite web |title=KSU {{!}} Faculty Web - Garrard Conley |url=https://facultyweb.kennesaw.edu/gconley3/ |access-date=June 10, 2021 |website=facultyweb.kennesaw.edu}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A cikin 2016, Conley tana koyar da wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi a Kwalejin Amurka ta Sofia a [[Bulgeriya|Bulgaria]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Borland |first=Bryan |date=May 19, 2016 |title=A Q&A with Garrard Conley, author of ''Boy Erased'' |url=https://www.arktimes.com/arkansas/a-qanda-with-garrard-conley-author-of-boy-erased/Content?oid=4413491 |access-date=December 17, 2018 |website=Arkansas Times}}</ref> A wannan shekarar ya buga Boy Erased: A Memoir, bisa ga abubuwan da ya samu a Love in Action . Daga baya aka daidaita littafin a cikin fim din shekarar 2018 Boy Erased by Joel Edgerton, tare da Lucas Hedges yana wasa da Conley . Ya yi amfani da sabon saninsa don " ilimantar da jama'a game da cin zarafin maganin juyawa".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Reddish |first=David |date=May 14, 2019 |title=Garrard Conley fought the ex-gay movement and found the courage to forgive |url=https://www.queerty.com/garrard-conley-fought-ex-gay-movement-found-courage-forgive-20190514 |access-date=June 18, 2019 |website=queerty.com |quote=Garrard Conley, 34}}</ref> Conley ya fitar da kwasfan fayiloli guda hudu mai taken UnErased: Tarihin Magunguna a Amurka jim kadan kafin fitowar fim din. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UnErased: The History of Conversion Therapy in America |url=https://www.focusfeatures.com/podcast/unerased |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326220254/https://www.focusfeatures.com/podcast/unerased |archive-date=March 26, 2023 |access-date=January 4, 2023 |website=Focus Features |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Florio |first=Angelica |date=November 2018 |title=The 'Boy Erased' Subject Is Exposing Conversion Therapy In A Brand New Way |url=https://www.bustle.com/p/wheres-the-real-jared-from-boy-erased-in-2018-garrard-conley-is-sharing-his-memories-of-conversion-therapy-in-a-new-way-12975918 |access-date=December 17, 2018 |website=Bustle}}</ref> A cikin 2018, Conley ya jagoranci shirin GrubStreet's Memoir incubator . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kaufman |first=Hayley |title='Boy Erased' author Garrard Conley on his story's long road to the screen - The Boston Globe |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/movies/2018/09/14/boy-erased-author-garrard-conley-his-story-long-road-screen/DdVC0cPYSyoPlMEw3T6TvM/story.html |access-date=December 17, 2018 |website=Boston Globe}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da tafiya a duk duniya yana ba da labarinsa: a cikin shekarar 2019, ya gabatar da shi ga Jami'ar Kudancin Utah, Daidaitaccen Utah, wuraren da ke Jamus da Switzerland, kuma ya ba da jawabi ga Makarantun Tsaro na [[Iowa]] . <ref name=":2" /> A watan Yunin 2019, don yin bikin cika shekaru 50 na Rikicin Stonewall, <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 1, 2019 |title=Pride 2019: Stonewall 50 Anniversary and History of LGBT People in America |url=https://www.newsweek.com/pride-month-2019-stonewall-50th-anniversary-history-lgbtq-america-history-1440491 |access-date=January 13, 2023 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref> ''Queerty'' ya kira shi daya daga cikin Pride50 "mutane masu saurin aiki waɗanda ke tabbatar da cewa al'umma ta ci gaba da motsawa zuwa ga daidaito, karɓa da mutunci ga duk mutanen da ba su da kyau". <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Reddish |first=David |date=May 14, 2019 |title=Garrard Conley fought the ex-gay movement and found the courage to forgive |url=https://www.queerty.com/garrard-conley-fought-ex-gay-movement-found-courage-forgive-20190514 |access-date=June 18, 2019 |website=queerty.com |quote=Garrard Conley, 34}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Queerty Pride50 2019 Honorees |url=https://www.queerty.com/pride50 |access-date=June 18, 2019 |website=Queerty |language=en-US}}</ref> Conley mataimakiyar farfesa ce a fannin rubuce-rubuce a Jami'ar Jihar Kennesaw an [[Atlanta]].<ref name="kennesaw">{{Cite web |title=KSU {{!}} Faculty Web - Garrard Conley |url=https://facultyweb.kennesaw.edu/gconley3/ |access-date=June 10, 2021 |website=facultyweb.kennesaw.edu}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Conley yana gwagwalada zaune a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] tare da mijinta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kaufman |first=Hayley |title='Boy Erased' author Garrard Conley on his story's long road to the screen - The Boston Globe |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/movies/2018/09/14/boy-erased-author-garrard-conley-his-story-long-road-screen/DdVC0cPYSyoPlMEw3T6TvM/story.html |access-date=December 17, 2018 |website=Boston Globe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gay Conversion Therapy Made Me Suicidal: The Powerful True Story Behind the Film 'Boy Erased' |url=https://people.com/human-interest/boy-erased-gay-conversion-therapy-gerrard-conley/ |access-date=January 4, 2023 |website=Peoplemag |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Littattafai === * Dukkanin Duniya Baya ga (Maris 26, 2024), {{ISBN|9780525537359}} === Ba tatsuniyoyi ba === * Yaron da aka share: A Memoir, ko Yaron da ya share: A Tunanin Gaskiya, da Iyali (2016), tarihin, {{ISBN|9781594633010}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qm1f5gu6v9kr2kmeep9k8pqh6917o8x 0 160680 894016 881922 2026-08-10T05:12:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Yuya Osako (大迫 勇也, Ōsako Yūya; an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Mayu 1990) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Japan wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai [[Ataka|gaba]] a kungiyar [[Vissel Kobe]] ta J1 League == Ayyukan kulob din == === 1860 Munich === A ranar 6 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, Osako ta koma kungiyar TSV 1860 Munich ta Jamus a rabi na biyu na kakar 2014-2015.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 January 2014 |title=大迫選手がTSV 1860 Münchenに移籍 |url=http://www.so-net.ne.jp/antlers/news/release/41256 |access-date=6 January 2014 |language=ja |newspaper=Kashima Antlers}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=7 January 2014 |title=Forward Osako joins Munich squad |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2014/01/07/soccer/j-league/forward-osako-joins-munich-squad/ |access-date=19 August 2018 |work=[[The Japan Times]]}}</ref>Ya zira kwallaye a karon farko, a wasan farko a 1-1 draw a kan Fortuna Düsseldorf . <ref>{{cite news |date=11 February 2014 |title=Osako notches goal in German debut |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2014/02/11/soccer/osako-notches-goal-in-german-debut/ |access-date=19 August 2018 |work=The Japan Times}}</ref> Ya gama kakar wasa tare da kwallaye 6 a wasanni 15.<ref name="köln2">{{cite news |date=6 June 2014 |title=Transfer news: Japan striker Yuya Osako joins Cologne |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/9339624/transfer-news-japan-striker-yuya-osako-joins-cologne |access-date=19 August 2018 |work=Sky Sports}}</ref> === 1. FC Köln === A watan Yunin 2014, Osako ta koma [[1. FC Köln|FC Köln]]">1. FC Köln ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku. An ruwaito cewa Kashima Antlers ta sami kuɗin canja wurin na Yuro miliyan 1.5 yayin da 1860 Munich ta sami Yuro 500,000.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 June 2014 |title=Gerhardt bleibt dem FC treu – Absage an Benfica |url=https://www.kicker.de/gerhardt-bleibt-dem-fc-treu---absage-an-benfica-605675/artikel |access-date=19 August 2018 |work=kicker Online |language=de}}</ref><ref name="köln3">{{cite news |date=6 June 2014 |title=Transfer news: Japan striker Yuya Osako joins Cologne |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/9339624/transfer-news-japan-striker-yuya-osako-joins-cologne |access-date=19 August 2018 |work=Sky Sports}}</ref> A watan Oktoba 2016, ya amince da tsawaita kwangila har zuwa lokacin rani na 2020 tare da Köln<ref>{{cite news |date=20 October 2016 |title=Warum Stöger Ibisevic-Tore mag – Osako verlängert |url=https://www.kicker.de/warum-stoeger-ibisevic-tore-mag---osako-verlaengert-662873/artikel |access-date=19 August 2018 |work=kicker Online |language=de}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2018, ya taka leda yayin da Köln ya rasa 3-2 ga SC Freiburg wanda ya tabbatar da sakewa daga Bundesliga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2018 |title=Cologne relegated after dramatic loss in Freiburg |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/news/Bundesliga/freiburg-cologne-line-ups-stats-pizarro-jonas-hector-nils-petersen-timo-horn-479345.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625185305/https://www.bundesliga.com/en/news/Bundesliga/freiburg-cologne-line-ups-stats-pizarro-jonas-hector-nils-petersen-timo-horn-479345.jsp |archive-date=25 June 2018 |access-date=16 March 2020 |website=bundesliga.com |publisher=Deutsche Fußball Liga}}</ref> === Werder Bremen === A ranar 16 ga Mayu 2018, an sanar da cewa Osako za ta shiga Werder Bremen don kakar 2018-19.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 May 2018 |title=Fix! Osako wechselt an die Weser |url=https://www.kicker.de/fix-osako-wechselt-an-die-weser-724030/artikel |access-date=16 May 2018 |work=kicker Online |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 May 2018 |title=Yuya Osako joins SV Werder |url=https://www.werder.de/en/news/news/first-team/20172018/transfer-osako-16052018 |access-date=16 May 2018 |publisher=SV Werder Bremen |archive-date=28 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628001225/https://www.werder.de/en/news/news/first-team/20172018/transfer-osako-16052018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye a karon farko a ranar 19 ga watan Agusta 2018, inda ya zira kwallayen farko tare da kai a wasan da ya ci Wormatia Worms a zagaye na farko na DFB-Pokal.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 August 2018 |title=Yuya Osako scores in debut for Werder Bremen |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2018/08/19/soccer/yuya-osako-scores-debut-werder-bremen/ |access-date=19 August 2018 |work=The Japan Times}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2019, an zabe shi dan wasan kwallon kafa na Japan na shekara ta 2018.<ref name="foty2">{{cite news |date=13 February 2019 |title="Etwas Besonderes": Osako ist Japans Fußballer des Jahres |url=https://www.kicker.de/etwas-besonderes_osako-ist-japans-fussballer-des-jahres-742312/artikel |access-date=13 February 2019 |work=kicker Online |language=de}}</ref> === Vissel Kobe === Osako ta koma Japan a watan Agustan 2021, ta shiga Vissel Kobe . <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2021 |title=Yuya Osako returns to Japan |url=https://www.werder.de/en/news/news/first-team/20212022/yuya-osako-transfer-08082021/ |access-date=8 August 2021 |website=SV Werder Bremen |archive-date=3 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103174257/https://www.werder.de/en/news/news/first-team/20212022/yuya-osako-transfer-08082021/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2018, an sanya masa suna a cikin tawagar farko ta Japan don gasar cin [[Kofin kwallon kafar duniya ta 2018|Kofin Duniya na 2018]] a Rasha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Cup 2018: All the confirmed squads for this summer's finals in Russia |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/440833652018}}{{Dead link|date=September 2025}}</ref> A wasan farko da ya yi da Colombia, ya zira kwallaye na biyu ga Japan ta hanyar kai, don haka ya taimaka wa Japan ta zama tawagar Asiya ta farko da ta doke tawagar Kudancin Amurka a tarihin gasar cin kofin duniya. Ya kuma fito ga Japan a gasar cin kofin Asiya ta AFC ta 2019 da [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] ta shirya. Ya zira kwallaye hudu don taimaka musu su kai wasan karshe, inda suka rasa Qatar, 3-1.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reidy |first=Paul |date=2 February 2019 |title=Impressive Qatar stun Japan to lift 2019 Asian Cup |url=https://en.as.com/en/2019/02/01/football/1549025649_334665.html |work=Diario AS |access-date=3 July 2026 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518154234/https://en.as.com/en/2019/02/01/football/1549025649_334665.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|8 October 2024}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/yuya-osaka/74303/|title=Y. Osako|website=Soccerway}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe145770/yuya-osako/club-matches/|title=Yuya Osako > Club matches|work=worldfootball.net}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin kasa{{Efn|Includes [[Emperor's Cup]], [[DFB-Pokal]]}} ! colspan="2" |Kofin League{{Efn|Includes [[J.League Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="6" |Hanyoyin Kashima |2009 | rowspan="5" |J. League Division 1 |22 |3 |2 |0 |1 |0 |5{{Efn|Appearances in [[AFC Champions League]]}} |3 |1 |0 |31 |6 |- |2010 |27 |4 |5 |3 |0 |0 |5[c] |1 |0 |0 |37 |8 |- |2011 |25 |5 |3 |1 |3 |3 |4[c] |1 |1 |0 |36 |10 |- |2012 |32 |9 |3 |1 |9 |7 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |45 |17 |- |2013 |33 |19 |1 |0 |7 |2 | colspan="2" | - |1 |3 |42 |24 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !139 !40 !14 !5 !20 !12 !14 !5 !4 !3 !191 !65 |- |1860 Munich |2013–14 |2. Bundesliga |15 |6 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |15 |6 |- | rowspan="5" |1. FC Köln |2014–15 | rowspan="4" |Bundesliga |28 |3 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |29 |3 |- |2015–16 |25 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |27 |1 |- |2016–17 |30 |7 |2 |2 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |32 |9 |- |2017–18 |25 |4 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |6{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}} |2 | colspan="2" | - |32 |6 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !108 !15 !6 !2 ! colspan="2" |- !6 !2 ! colspan="2" |- !120 !19 |- | rowspan="5" |Werder Bremen |2018–19 | rowspan="3" |Bundesliga |21 |3 |2 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |23 |5 |- |2019–20 |28 |8 |4 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2{{Efn|Appearances in Bundesliga relegation play-offs}} |0 |34 |9 |- |2020–21 |24 |0 |4 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |28 |1 |- |2021–22 |2. Bundesliga |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !75 !11 !10 !4 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !2 !0 !87 !15 |- | rowspan="5" |Vissel Kobe |2021 | rowspan="4" |J1 League |11 |4 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |11 |4 |- |2022 |26 |7 |2 |2 |1 |1 |6[c] |3 | colspan="2" | - |35 |13 |- |2023 |34 |22 |4 |1 |1 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |39 |24 |- |2024 |32 |11 |2 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |35 |12 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !103 !44 !8 !4 !2 !2 !6 !3 !1 !0 !120 !53 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !440 !116 !38 !15 !22 !14 !26 !10 !7 !3 !433 !158 |} {{Notelist}} === Kasashen Duniya === {{Updated|match played 27 January 2022|<ref name="JNFTD">[http://www.jfootball-db.com/players_a/yuya_osako.html Japan National Football Team Database]</ref>}}<ref name="nft">{{NFT|53089}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin ta ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara !Ƙungiyar ƙasa !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="10" |Japan |2013 |6 |3 |- |2014 |6 |0 |- |2015 |3 |0 |- |2016 |2 |2 |- |2017 |8 |2 |- |2018 |12 |3 |- |2019 |8 |5 |- |2020 |1 |0 |- |2021 |9 |9 |- |2022 |1 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !56 !25 |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Jerin burin kasa da kasa da Yuya Osako ya zira ! scope="col" |A'a. ! scope="col" |Ranar ! scope="col" |Wurin da ake ciki ! scope="col" |Abokin hamayya ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! scope="col" |Gasar |- | align="center" |1 | rowspan="2" |25 ga Yulin 2013 | rowspan="2" |[[Hwaseong, Gyeonggi|Hwaseong]]_Stadium" id="mwAm4" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hwaseong Stadium">Filin wasa na Hwaseong, Hwaseong da Koriya ta Kudu | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|AUS}} | align="center" |2–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |3–2 | rowspan="2" |2013 EAFF Gabashin Asiya |- | align="center" |2 | align="center" |3–2 |- | align="center" |3 |16 ga Nuwamba 2013 |Cristal Arena, Genk, Belgium |{{Fb|NED}} | align="center" |1–2 | align="center" |2–2 |Abokantaka |- | align="center" |4 | rowspan="2" |11 ga Nuwamba 2016 | rowspan="2" |[[Kashima, Ibaraki|Kashima]]_Soccer_Stadium" id="mwAok" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kashima Soccer Stadium">Filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Kashima, Kashima, Japan | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|OMN}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |4–0 | rowspan="2" |Abokantaka |- | align="center" |5 | align="center" |2–0 |- | align="center" |6 |13 Yuni 2017 |Filin wasa na Shahid Dastgerdi, [[Tehran]], Iran |{{Fb|IRQ}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–1 |cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2018 |- | align="center" |7 |6 ga Oktoba 2017 |[[Toyota, Aichi|Toyota]]_Stadium_(Japan)" id="mwAqM" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Toyota Stadium (Japan)">Filin wasa na Toyota, Toyota, Japan |{{Fb|NZL}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–1 |Abokantaka |- | align="center" |8 |19 Yuni 2018 |Mordovia Arena, Saransk, Rasha |{{Fb|COL}} | align="center" |2–1 | align="center" |2–1 |Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 2018 |- | align="center" |9 |16 ga Oktoba 2018 |[[Saitama (city)|Saitama]]_Stadium_2002" id="mwAro" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Saitama Stadium 2002">Filin wasa na Saitama 2002, Saitama, Japan |{{Fb|URU}} | align="center" |2–1 | align="center" |4–3 |Kofin Gwagwarmayar Kirin na 2018 |- | align="center" |10 |20 Nuwamba 2018 |[[Toyota, Aichi|Toyota]]_Stadium_(Japan)" id="mwAsY" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Toyota Stadium (Japan)">Filin wasa na Toyota, Toyota, Japan |{{Fb|KGZ}} | align="center" |3–0 | align="center" |4–0 |Kofin Gwagwarmayar Kirin na 2018 |- | align="center" |11 | rowspan="2" |9 ga Janairu 2019 | rowspan="2" |Filin wasa na Al Nahyan, [[Abu Dhabi (birni)|Abu Dhabi]], Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|TKM}} | align="center" |1–1 | rowspan="2" align="center" |3–2 | rowspan="2" |Kofin Asiya na 2019 na AFC |- | align="center" |12 | align="center" |2–1 |- | align="center" |13 | rowspan="2" |28 Janairu 2019 | rowspan="2" |Filin wasa na Hazza bin Zayed, [[Al Ain]], Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|IRN}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |3–0 | rowspan="2" |Kofin Asiya na 2019 na AFC |- | align="center" |14 | align="center" |2–0 |- | align="center" |15 |5 ga Satumba 2019 |[[Kashima, Ibaraki|Kashima]]_Soccer_Stadium" id="mwAu8" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kashima Soccer Stadium">Filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Kashima, Kashima, Japan |{{Fb|PAR}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–0 |Kofin Gwagwarmayar Kirin na 2019 |- | align="center" |16 | rowspan="3" |30 Maris 2021 | rowspan="3" |Fukuda Denshi Arena, Chiba, Japan | rowspan="3" |{{Fb|MNG}} | align="center" |2–0 | rowspan="3" align="center" |14–0 | rowspan="3" |cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022 |- | align="center" |17 | align="center" |5–0 |- | align="center" |18 | align="center" |13–0 |- | align="center" |19 | rowspan="5" |28 ga Mayu 2021 | rowspan="5" |Fukuda Denshi Arena, Chiba, Japan | rowspan="5" |{{Fb|MYA}} | align="center" |2–0 | rowspan="5" align="center" |10–0 | rowspan="5" |cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022 |- | align="center" |20 | align="center" |3–0 |- | align="center" |21 | align="center" |4–0 |- | align="center" |22 | align="center" |5–0 |- | align="center" |23 | align="center" |9–0 |- | align="center" |24 |7 ga Satumba 2021 |[[Filin wasa na kasa da kasa na Khalifa]], [[Doha]], Qatar | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|CHN}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" |cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022 |- | align="center" |25 |27 Janairu 2022 |Filin wasa na Saitama 2002, Saitama, Japan | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–0 |} == Daraja == '''Hanyoyin Kashima''' * J.League Division 1: 2009 * Kofin Sarkin sarakuna: 2010 * Kofin J.League: 2011, 2012 * Super Cup na Japan: 2009, 2010 * Gasar Bankin Suruga: 2012, 2013 * Dan wasan kwallon kafa na Japan na Shekara: 2018, 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2024 |title=大迫勇也選手「フットボーラー・オブ・ザ・イヤー」受賞のお知らせ |url=https://www.vissel-kobe.co.jp/news/article/23011.html |access-date=10 September 2024 |website=Vissel Kobe}}</ref> * J.League Cup MVP: 2011 * Babban mai zira kwallaye na gasar cin kofin J.League: 2012 * J1 League Watanni MVP: Agusta 2013, Mayu 2023, Yuli 2023 * Kungiyar Kofin Asiya na AFC ta Gasar: 2019 * J.League Player of the Year: 2023 <ref name="2023ja">{{Cite web |date=5 December 2023 |title=Jリーグ年間MVPは神戸FW大迫勇也！ 得点王、ベストイレブンとの"個人3冠"は史上10人目 |url=https://www.soccer-king.jp/news/japan/jl/20231205/1837718.html |access-date=December 5, 2023 |website=Soccer King}}</ref> * J.League Babban mai zira kwallaye: 2023 <ref name="2023ja" /> * J.League Mafi Kyawun XI: 2023, 2024 <ref name="2023ja" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2024 |title=2024年のJリーグベストイレブンが決定!! 連覇神戸から最多3人、広島・G大阪・鹿島は2人ずつ |url=https://web.gekisaka.jp/news/jleague/detail/?420514-420514-fl |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=Gekisaka |language=ja}}</ref> * Kyaututtuka na Ƙungiyar 'Yan Kwallon Kafa ta Japan: Mafi Kyawun XI (2023) == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] kpq3g61mhgaf1o1vtlilmhnc9hjj3nr 0 160768 894106 890550 2026-08-10T09:06:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''PSG da Sons''' ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke da hannu a fannin ilimi, kiwon lafiya da kuma ayyukan al'umma a Coimbatore, Indiya.<ref>"To help them lead a special life". The Hindu. Retrieved 2 July 2015.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa ƙungiyar a matsayin ƙungiyar agaji ta PSG & Sons a shekarar 1926 ta hannun 'ya'yan PS guda huɗu, wato Venkataswamy Naidu, Rangaswamy Naidu,<ref>Leadbeater, Simon Robert Brough (1992). ''The Politics of Textiles, The Indian Cotton-mill Industry and the Legacy of Swadeshi, 1900-1985''. Sage publications. p.&#x20;143. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-8170-3-6296-8</bdi>.</ref> Ganga Naidu da Narayanaswamy Naidu.<ref name="PSG1">{{Cite web |title=Founders of PSG |url=https://www.psgcas.ac.in/about_psgcas.html |access-date=1 November 2023 |publisher=PSG Group |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122040600/https://www.psgcas.ac.in/about_psgcas.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>"Founders of PSG". PSG Group. Retrieved 1 November 2023.</ref> An kafa wannan ƙungiya ne da nufin fara makarantar Sarvajana ("masani game da komai") lokacin da aka hana wani ɗan uwa shiga makarantun da ke akwai waɗanda Birtaniya ke gudanarwa.<ref>"Four PSG Institutions feature in the NIRF Ranking". Simplicity. 14 April 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2023.</ref> 'Yan'uwan huɗu sun raba kadarorin kakanninsu zuwa sassa biyar da son rai, inda suka ajiye kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na jimlar ₹ 2.01 lakhs don ƙirƙirar asusun agaji.<ref>"Industrial unit lifts PSG". ''Mint''. Retrieved 2 July 2015.</ref> Daga baya asusun ya kafa cibiyoyin ilimi daban-daban, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da cibiyoyin masana'antu.<ref>"Celebrating 60 years of top-notch engineering education". ''The Hindu''. 23 November 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2023.</ref><ref>"Pinnacle of Excellence". ''Times of India''. 11 July 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2023.</ref> == Iyalan PSG == Tushe:<ref>{{Cite web |title=PSG College of Technology |url=https://www.psgtech.edu/trustees.php |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.psgtech.edu |archive-date=2026-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260517163008/https://www.psgtech.edu/trustees.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PSG & Son’s CHARITIES -ன் 97- வது நிறுவனர் தின விழா நிகழ்ச்சி – PSG Hospitals in Coimbatore, India |url=https://www.psghospitals.com/news-and-events/psg-sons-charities-%e0%ae%a9%e0%af%8d-97-%e0%ae%b5%e0%ae%a4%e0%af%81-%e0%ae%a8%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%b1%e0%af%81%e0%ae%b5%e0%ae%a9%e0%ae%b0%e0%af%8d-%e0%ae%a4%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%a9-%e0%ae%b5%e0%ae%bf/ |access-date=2026-04-30 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Founders |url=https://psgim.ac.in/founders/ |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=PSG Institute of Management |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=G.R.Govindarajulu, a pioneer par excellence in education, trade, and charity |url=https://kammas2.rssing.com/chan-25970354/article582.html |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=kammas2.rssing.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Founders |url=https://psghsv.edu.in/?page_id=57 |access-date=30 April 2026 |website=psghsv.edu.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PSG &Sons 'Charities |url=https://www.psgsonscharities.org/#home |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.psgsonscharities.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivas |first=Mannam |title=THE MAN AND HIS LEGACY A portrait of PSG Govindasamy Naidu |url=https://www.kammasangham.in/2025/10/the-man-and-his-legacy-portrait-of-psg.html |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=KammaSangham}}</ref><ref>"Seeds of change". ''The Hindu''. Archived from the original on 21 November 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2026.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Metro |first=Kovai |date=2019-01-12 |title=The Iconic Women, Who Inspired Kovaiites |url=https://www.kovaimetro.in/index.php/2019/01/12/1014/ |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Kovai Metro |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Chart top|PSG Family}} {{Tree chart/start}} {{Tree chart||||||GrPa|~|~|~|~|y|~|~|GrMa||||||}} {{Tree chart||,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.}} {{Tree chart||PSGV|y|WoPSGV|||PSGR|y|Krish||||PSGG|y|WoPSGG|||||PSGN|y|WoPSGN|}} {{Tree chart/end}} {{Chart bottom}}{{Chart top|PSGR Family}} {{Tree chart/start}} {{Tree chart||||||PSGR|~|~|~|~|y|~|~|Krish||||||}} {{Tree chart||,|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|.}} {{Tree chart||Lak||GRD||Ruk||||GRG||||GRVe||||GRVa}} {{Tree chart/end}} {{Chart bottom}} == Cibiyoyi == Cibiyoyin da ƙungiyar agaji ke gudanarwa sun haɗa da:<ref>{{Cite web |title=PSG Institutions |url=https://psgimsr.ac.in/about/psg-institutions/ |access-date=2 July 2023 |website=PSG IMSR}}</ref><ref>"PSG launches new institution in Coimbatore". The Hindu. Retrieved 2 July 2015.</ref><ref>"Celebrating 60 years of top-notch engineering education". The Hindu. 23 November 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2023.</ref><ref>"Navy, PSGCT ink MoU". Indian Express. 30 October 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2023.</ref> * PSG Sarvajana Higher Secondary School (1924) * Cibiyar Masana'antu ta PSG (1926) * Kwalejin Fasaha ta PSG (1939) * Makarantar Firamare ta PSG, Vedapatti (1941) * Makarantar Firamare ta PSG, Peelamedu (1943) * Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta PSG (1947) * Kwalejin Fasaha ta PSG (1951) * Sashen agaji na PSG & 'Ya'yansa na Ƙarfe da Gidaje (1974) * Cibiyar Kimiyyar Lafiya da Bincike ta PSG (1985) * Cibiyar Horar da Masana'antu ta PSG (1986) * Asibitocin PSG (1989) * Cibiyar PSG don Bincike da Ba da Shawara (1989) * Cibiyar PSG don Ilimi mara tsari da ci gaba (1989) * Kwalejin Jinya ta PSG (1994) * Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta PSG (1994) * Kwalejin Ilimin Jiki ta PSG (1999) * Kwalejin Magunguna ta PSG (2001) * Makarantun Jama'a na PSG (2002) * Makarantar Sakandare ta PSG, Vedapatti (2005) * Cibiyar Nazarin Ci Gaba ta PSG (2006) * Makarantar Yara ta PSG (2009) * PSG Vishnugranthi (2013) * Cibiyar Fasaha da Bincike Mai Amfani ta PSG (2014) * Cibiyar Bincike da Inganta Ilimi ta PSG (2015) * Fasahar Software ta PSG (2017) * Cibiyar Zane-zane da Tsare-tsare ta PSG (2021) == Manazarta == adhh605lkdm9gr3pkd0kjb7afv9sn8s 0 161141 893754 887282 2026-08-09T16:38:31Z Asiya Garba 46242 893754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><nowiki> {{</nowiki> {{Databox}} '''Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 1984), wacce aka fi sani da '''Katy Perry''', mawaƙiya ce ta Amurka, marubuciya, kuma mai talbijin. An san ta da tasirin da take da shi a kan kiɗa da kuma salon sansanin ta, <nowiki><i id="mwHA">Vogue</i></nowiki> da Rolling Stone sun kira ta "Queen of Camp". A shekara ta 16, Perry ta fitar da kundin [[Dance music|rawa]]-linkid="187" href="./Gospel_music" id="mwIA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Gospel music">bishara mara nasara ''Katy Hudson'' (2001) a karkashin Red Hill Records . Bayan ta koma Los Angeles, ta sanya hannu a Capitol Records kuma ta zama sananne tare da kundin pop rock One of the Boys (2008). Ɗaya daga cikin jagoranta, "Na Kissed a Girl", ya hau kan US <nowiki><i id="mwKg">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100. Perry ta disco-influenced pop rikodin Teenage Dream (2010) ya zama kawai album da wata mace ta faifai da biyar US lambar-ɗaya singles: "California Gurls", "Teenage Dream", "Firework", "E.T". da kuma "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.) ". Sake fitar da shi, mai taken The Complete Confection (2012), ya samar da lambar daya ta Amurka "Part of Me". ''Prism'' mai wahayi zuwa gare shi (2013) ya samar da waƙoƙi biyu na Amurka, "Roar" da "Dark Horse". Perry ta gaba albums, Witness (2017), Smile (2020) da ''143'' (2024), sun sadu da bambancin m da kasuwanci nasara. Perry yana daya daga cikin masu fasahar kiɗa mafi kyawun kowane lokaci, tare da kimanin tallace-tallace na fiye da miliyan 151 a duk duniya. Shida daga cikin waƙoƙinta sun sami takaddun shaida na lu'u-lu'u daga Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Rubuce-rubuce ta Amurka. Mawakin mata mafi girma a duniya a cikin 2015 da 2018, Billboard ta kira ta daya daga cikin manyan taurari na karni na 21. Kyautarta ta haɗa da 20 Guinness World Records, biyar Billboard Music Awards, biyar American Music Awards (ciki har da Special Achievement Award), Brit Award, Juno Award, da bakwai MTV Video Music Awards (gami da Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award). Perry ita ce mai zane na farko da ya sami bidiyo da yawa da suka kai ra'ayoyi biliyan daya a YouTube. Tare da kimanin dala miliyan 360, tana daga cikin mawaƙa masu arziki a duniya. A waje da kiɗa, Perry ta fitar da wani shirin tarihin rayuwa mai taken Katy Perry: Part of Me a cikin 2012, ta bayyana Smurfette a cikin Jerin fina-finai na <nowiki><i id="mwWg">Smurfs</i></nowiki> (2011-2013), ta kaddamar da layin takalmin Katy Perry Collections a cikin 2017 kuma ta tashi zuwa sararin samaniya a cikin Blue Origin NS-31 a cikin 2025. Ta yi aiki a matsayin alƙali a kan American Idol daga kakar wasa ta goma sha shida a 2018 zuwa kakar wasa ta ashirin da biyu a 2024. Ita mai ba da shawara ce ga [[Hakkokin LGBT ta ƙasa ko yanki|Hakkin LGBT]] da haƙƙin mata, kuma an ba ta suna Jakadan Goodwill na UNICEF a shekarar 2013. Ayyukanta na jin kai da gwagwarmayarta suna mai da hankali kan ilimin yara da wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar kanjamau / AIDS. == Rayuwa da aiki == === 1984-1999: Rayuwa ta farko da iyali === An haifi Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 1984, a Santa Barbara, California, ga fastocin Pentecostal Mary Christine (née Perry) da Maurice Keith Hudson . {{Sfn|Perry|2012}} Iyayenta biyu sun juya zuwa addini bayan "matashi mara kyau". Perry yana da asalin Ingilishi, Jamusanci, Irish, da Portuguese.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cowlin|2014}}</ref> Ta hanyar mahaifiyarta, 'yar uwar darektan fim din [[Frank Perry]] ce. Tana da ƙaramin ɗan'uwa mai suna David, wanda shi ma mawaƙi ne, da kuma 'yar'uwa mai girma, Angela.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> Daga shekaru uku zuwa 11, Perry ta sauya sau da yawa a fadin kasar yayin da iyayenta suka kafa majami'u kafin su sake zama a Santa Barbara. Yayinda take girma, ta halarci makarantun addini da sansanoni, ciki har da Makarantar Kirista ta Paradise Valley a [[Arizona]] da Makarantar Kiristanci ta Santa Barbara a California a lokacin shekarunta na firamare.<ref name="Friedlander 2012 15">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> Iyalin sun yi gwagwarmaya da kudi, wani lokacin ta amfani da hatimi na abinci da cin abinci daga bankin abinci wanda kuma ya ciyar da ikilisiya a cocin iyayenta. Yayinda suke girma, Perry da 'yan uwanta ba a yarda su ci hatsi na Lucky Charms ba kamar yadda kalmar "sa'a" ta tunatar da mahaifiyarsu game da Lucifer, kuma ana buƙatar su kira kwai da aka karkatar da su "ƙwai da aka yi wahayi".<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> Perry da farko ya saurari kiɗa na bishara, kamar yadda aka hana kiɗa na duniya a gidan iyali. Ta gano shahararren kiɗa ta hanyar CDs da ta shigo da ita gida daga abokanta. Perry daga baya ta tuna wani labari game da yadda abokiyarta ta buga "You Oughta Know" ta Alanis Morissette, wanda ya rinjayi rubuce-rubucen waƙoƙinta da waka.{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} While not strictly identifying as religious, she has stated, "I pray all the time – for self-control, for humility." Wanting to be like her sister Angela, Perry began singing by practicing with her sister's cassette tapes. She performed the tracks in front of her parents, who let her take vocal lessons like Angela was doing at the time. She began training at age nine;<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> she was also incorporated into her parents' ministry, singing in church from ages nine to 17.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> At 13, Perry was given her first guitar for her birthday,<ref name="GraffBold" /><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> and publicly performed songs she wrote. She tried to "be a bit like the typical Californian girl" while growing up, and started rollerskating, skateboarding, and surfing as a teenager. Her brother David described her as a "[[tomboy]]" during her adolescence, which Perry talks about on her song "One of the Boys".<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> She took dancing lessons and learned how to swing, Lindy Hop, and jitterbug.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Perry completed her General Educational Development (GED) requirements early at age 15, during her first year of high school, and left Dos Pueblos High School to pursue a music career.<ref name="Hudson37">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> === 2000–2006: Career beginnings, ''Katy Hudson'', and ''Fingerprints'' === Perry briefly had vocal lessons with a woman named Agatha Danoff<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heldman |first=Breanne L. |date=August 8, 2014 |title=Katy Perry: I Could Really Use a Better Education |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/blogs/celeb-news/katy-perry-education-interview-make-roar-happen-212115603.html?guccounter=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218233641/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/blogs/celeb-news/katy-perry-education-interview-make-roar-happen-212115603.html?guccounter=1 |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |access-date=February 18, 2024 |publisher=Yahoo! Entertainment}}</ref> in facilities rented from the Music Academy of the West.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Montgomery|2011}}</ref> Her singing caught the attention of rock artists Steve Thomas and Jennifer Knapp from Nashville, Tennessee, who brought her there to improve her writing skills.<ref name="Hudson37">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> In Nashville, she started recording demos and learned how to write songs and play guitar. Perry signed with Red Hill Records and recorded her debut album, a contemporary Christian record titled ''Katy Hudson'', which was released on March 6, 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |author-link=Stephen Thomas Erlewine |title=Katy Hudson&nbsp;– Katy Hudson |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/katy-hudson-mw0000017022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226133433/http://www.allmusic.com/album/katy-hudson-mw0000017022 |archive-date=December 26, 2013 |access-date=December 27, 2013 |publisher=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> She also joined Earthsuit and V*Enna that year to perform as part of Phil Joel's Strangely Normal Tour<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=David |date=May 6, 2003 |title=The Strangely Normal Tour – Phil Joel, Earthsuit, V*Enna & Katy Hudson |url=http://www.epinions.com/content_929341572?sb=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729081327/http://www.epinions.com/content_929341572?sb=1 |archive-date=July 29, 2013 |access-date=December 26, 2013 |publisher=[[Epinions.com]]}}</ref> and embarked on other performances of her own in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy's Tour Info |url=http://www.katyhudson.com/tourinfo.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010816191358/http://www.katyhudson.com/tourinfo.html |archive-date=August 16, 2001 |website=KatyHudson.com}}</ref> ''Katy Hudson'' received mixed reviews from critics and was commercially unsuccessful, selling an estimated 200 copies before the label ceased operations in December.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Transitioning from gospel music to secular music, Perry started working with producer Glen Ballard,{{Sfn|Perry|2012}}{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} and moved to Los Angeles at the age of 17. She opted to work with Ballard due to his past work with Alanis Morissette, one of her major inspirations. In 2003, she briefly performed as Katheryn Perry, to avoid confusion with actress [[Kate Hudson]], and later adopted the stage name "Katy Perry", using her mother's maiden name.{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} In 2010, she recalled that "Thinking of You" was one of the first songs she wrote after moving to Los Angeles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[CBS]] |date=October 3, 2010 |title=Katy Perry Sings Her First Song |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6oaXe2lw1Q |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001111419/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6oaXe2lw1Q |archive-date=October 1, 2021 |access-date=October 1, 2021 |via=[[YouTube]] }}</ref> Perry would also perform at the Hotel Café, performing new music while she was between record labels.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fields |first=Taylor |date=May 27, 2020 |title=Katy Perry Returns to Hotel Café Where She Got Her Start for Special Performance |url=https://www.iheart.com/content/2020-05-27-katy-perry-gives-special-performance-at-hotel-caf-where-she-got-her-start/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329144548/https://www.iheart.com/content/2020-05-27-katy-perry-gives-special-performance-at-hotel-caf-where-she-got-her-start/ |archive-date=March 29, 2022 |access-date=March 29, 2022 |quote=Fifteen years ago, this was kind of like my hideout/living room. This is actually Hotel Café in Hollywood. It's where I went to try out my new songs, and when I wanted to know if anyone actually liked them, besides my cat — may she rest in peace. So, it's kind of like my living room. It's my growing up space. |agency=[[iHeartRadio]]}}</ref> In 2004, she signed to Ballard's label, Java Records, which was then affiliated with The Island Def Jam Music Group. Perry began work on a solo record due for release in March 2005, but the record was shelved after Java was dropped. Ballard then introduced her to Tim Devine, an A&amp;amp;R executive at Columbia Records, and she was signed as a solo artist. By November 2006, Perry had finished writing and recording material for her Columbia debut titled ''Fingerprints'' (with some of the material from this time appearing on ''One of the Boys'') which was planned for release in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2012 |title=Katy Perry - Nintendo Wii Launch (Nov 2006) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4j9qiSFoU-Q&t=88s |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117154356/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4j9qiSFoU-Q&t=88s |archive-date=November 17, 2021 |access-date=November 17, 2021 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Some of the material from ''Fingerprints'' that did not make it on ''One of the Boys'' was given to other artists, such as "I Do Not Hook Up" and "Long Shot" to Kelly Clarkson, and "Rock God" to Selena Gomez &amp;amp; the Scene. Perry worked with songwriters including Desmond Child, Greg Wells, Butch Walker, Scott Cutler, Anne Preven, the Matrix, Kara DioGuardi, Max Martin, and Dr. Luke.<ref name="Anokute Hit Quarters">{{Cite web |last=Blumenrath |first=Jan |date=October 18, 2010 |title=Interview with Chris Anokute |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/2010/October18_4_57_7.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417201326/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2F2010%2FOctober18_4_57_7.html |archive-date=April 17, 2015 |access-date=April 25, 2015 |website=[[HitQuarters]]}}</ref> In addition, after Devine suggested that songwriting team the Matrix become a "real group", she recorded an album, ''The Matrix'', with them. This featured her and Adam Longlands as lead vocalists. ''The Matrix'' was planned for release in 2004 but was shelved due to creative differences. Perry was dropped from Columbia in 2006 as ''Fingerprints'' neared completion. After the label dropped her, she worked at an independent A&amp;amp;R company, Taxi Music.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Perry had minor success prior to her breakthrough. One of the songs she had recorded for her album with Ballard, "Simple", was featured on the soundtrack to the 2005 film ''The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants''.<ref name="Summers">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Perry provided backing vocals on Mick Jagger's song "Old Habits Die Hard", which was included on the soundtrack to the 2004 film ''Alfie''.<ref name="allmusicbio">{{Cite web |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |title=Katy Perry |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104093438/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |archive-date=November 4, 2015 |access-date=February 10, 2016 |publisher=AllMusic}}</ref> In September 2004, ''Blender'' named her "The Next Big Thing".<ref name="Summers" /> She recorded background vocals on P.O.D.'s single "Goodbye for Now", was featured at the end of its music video in 2006, and performed it with them on ''The Tonight Show with Jay Leno''. That year, Perry also appeared in the music video for "Learn to Fly" by Carbon Leaf, and she played the love interest of her then-boyfriend, Gym Class Heroes lead singer Travie McCoy, in the band's music video for "Cupid's Chokehold". === 2007–2009: Breakthrough with ''One of the Boys'' === After Columbia dropped Perry, Angelica Cob-Baehler, then a publicity executive at the label, brought Perry's demos to Virgin Records chairman Jason Flom. Flom was convinced that she could be a breakthrough star and she was signed to Capitol Records in April 2007. The label arranged for her to work with Dr. Luke to add an "undeniable smash" to her existing material.<ref name="hitquarters">{{Cite web |date=January 21, 2011 |title=Correction to the interview with Chris Anokute |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_AnokuteCorrection.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713071228/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2Fopar%2Fintrview_AnokuteCorrection.html |archive-date=July 13, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |website=HitQuarters}}</ref> Perry and Dr. Luke co-wrote the songs "I Kissed a Girl" and "Hot n Cold" for her second album ''One of the Boys''. A campaign was started with the November 2007 release of the video to "Ur So Gay", a song aimed at introducing her to the music market.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> A digital EP of the same name was also released that month.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Katy |date=November 20, 2007 |title=Ur So Gay |url=https://www.amazon.com/Ur-Gay-Explicit-Katy-Perry/dp/B000YBJFF6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816210131/https://www.amazon.com/Ur-Gay-Explicit-Katy-Perry/dp/B000YBJFF6 |archive-date=August 16, 2021 |access-date=August 25, 2018 |publisher=Amazon}}</ref> [[Madonna]] helped publicize the song by praising it on the ''JohnJay & Rich'' radio show in April 2008,<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> stating "Ur So Gay" was her "favorite song" at the time.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> In March 2008, Perry made a cameo appearance as a club singer in the ''Wildfire'' episode "Life's Too Short"<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> and appeared as herself during a photo shoot that June on ''[[The Young and the Restless]]'' for the show's magazine ''Restless Style''.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> [[Fayil:Katy_Perry_performing.jpg|alt=Katy Perry performing on the Warped Tour 2008|right|thumb|Perry performing at Cricket Wireless Amphitheatre during the Warped Tour in August 2008]] Perry released her first single with Capitol, "I Kissed a Girl", on April 28, 2008, as the lead single from ''One of the Boys''. The first station to pick up the song was WRVW in Nashville, who were inundated with enthusiastic calls the first three days they played it.<ref name="hitquarters.com2">{{Cite web |date=October 18, 2010 |title=Interview With Chris Anokute |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_Chris_Anokute_Interview.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713070818/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2Fopar%2Fintrview_Chris_Anokute_Interview.html |archive-date=July 13, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |website=HitQuarters}}</ref> The track topped the U.S. <nowiki><i id="mwAfI">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 on the chart dated July 5, 2008, and remained number one for seven consecutive weeks. "I Kissed a Girl" created controversy among both religious and [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]] groups. The former criticized its homosexual theme, while the latter accused her of using bi-curiosity to sell records. In response to speculation that her parents opposed her music and career, Perry told MTV News that they had no problems with her success. ''One of the Boys'', released on June 17, 2008, garnered mixed critical reviews and reached number nine on the U.S. <nowiki><i id="mwAgE">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''One of the Boys'' by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/one-of-the-boys/katy-perry |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114151805/http://www.metacritic.com/music/one-of-the-boys/katy-perry |archive-date=November 14, 2012 |access-date=March 6, 2009 |publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> The album went on to sell seven million copies worldwide. "Hot n Cold" was released the following September and became the album's second successful single, reaching number three on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, while topping charts in Germany,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hot n Cold (Single) |url=http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/title/Perry%2C+Katy/Hot+n+Cold/single |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714190034/http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/title/Perry%2C%2BKaty/Hot%2Bn%2BCold/single |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |access-date=June 26, 2014 |publisher=Musicline}}</ref> Canada, the Netherlands, and Austria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nederlandse Top 40&nbsp;– week 01, 2009 |url=http://www.top40.nl/top40/2009/week-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728052041/http://www.top40.nl/top40/2009/week-01 |archive-date=July 28, 2014 |access-date=July 27, 2014 |publisher=[[Dutch Top 40]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry&nbsp;— Hot N Cold |url=http://www.austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy+Perry&titel=Hot+n+Cold&cat=s |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830164113/http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy%20Perry&titel=Hot%20N%20Cold&cat=s |archive-date=August 30, 2013 |access-date=July 27, 2014 |publisher=[[Ö3 Austria Top 40]]}}</ref> Later singles "Thinking of You" and "Waking Up in Vegas" were released in 2009 and reached the top 30 of the Hot 100.<ref name="Hot100History2" /> From June to August 2008, Perry traveled with McCoy on the Warped Tour.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=22}}</ref> As a symbol of their commitment to one another, he gave her a diamond promise ring before the tour,<ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=30}}</ref> and he wore a ring with "Katy" inscribed on it.<ref name=":10">{{Cite magazine|url-status=88–96}}</ref> That September, a limited-edition Katy Perry doll was produced by Integrity Toys in response to her growing popularity. She hosted the 2008 MTV Europe Music Awards in November and won the award for Best New Act. Following their breakup in December 2008, Perry and McCoy reconciled in April 2009<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rollo |first=Sarah |date=April 26, 2009 |title=Perry reunites with Travis McCoy |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a154009/perry-reunites-with-travis-mccoy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828194016/https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a154009/perry-reunites-with-travis-mccoy/ |archive-date=August 28, 2025 |access-date=August 8, 2025 |publisher=Digital Spy}}</ref> before she ended their relationship again later that year. The Matrix's self-titled album, which Perry had recorded with the band in 2004, was released on iTunes on January 27, 2009, as a result of her solo success.<ref name="allmusicbio2">{{Cite web |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |title=Katy Perry |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104093438/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |archive-date=November 4, 2015 |access-date=February 10, 2016 |publisher=AllMusic}}</ref> At the 2009 Brit Awards the next month, she won the award for International Female Solo Artist.<ref name="Brit20092">{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2009 |title=Brit Awards 2009: Full list of winners |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/4692628/Brit-Awards-2009-Full-list-of-winners.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712101104/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/4692628/Brit-Awards-2009-Full-list-of-winners.html |archive-date=July 12, 2015 |access-date=November 3, 2015}}</ref> Perry embarked on her first headlining world tour, the Hello Katy Tour, from January to November 2009 to support ''One of the Boys''.<ref name="Hudson832">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> On August 4, 2009, she performed as opening act for one date of No Doubt's 2009 Summer Tour. Perry also hosted the 2009 MTV Europe Music Awards that November, becoming the first person to host two consecutive ceremonies of the European awards. On July 22, 2009, Perry recorded a live album titled ''MTV Unplugged'', which featured acoustic performances of five tracks from ''One of the Boys'' as well as one new song, "Brick by Brick", and a cover of Fountains of Wayne's "Hackensack". It was released on November 17, 2009. Perry also appeared on two singles with other artists; she was featured on a remix of [[Colorado]]-based band 3OH!3's song "Starstrukk" in September 2009,<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 14, 2009 |title=Starstrukk (feat. Katy Perry) |url=https://music.apple.com/au/album/starstrukk-feat-katy-perry-single/330823124 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908070213/https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/starstrukk-feat.-katy-perry/id330823124 |archive-date=September 8, 2014 |access-date=July 23, 2014 |publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref> and on a duet with Timbaland entitled "If We Ever Meet Again", from his album ''Shock Value II'', three months later.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2019 |title=If We Ever Meet Again (feat. Katy Perry) |url=http://itunes.apple.com:80/us/album/if-we-ever-meet-again-feat-katy-perry/id340826329 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208055217/http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/if-we-ever-meet-again-feat-katy-perry/id340826329 |archive-date=December 8, 2009 |access-date=March 22, 2020 |publisher=iTunes}}</ref> The ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' recognized her in its 2010 edition as the "Best Start on the U.S. Digital Chart by a Female Artist", for digital single sales of over two million copies.<ref name="Guinness2010">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Glenday|2010}}</ref> Perry met her future husband Russell Brand in mid-2009 while filming a cameo appearance for his film ''Get Him to the Greek''. Her scene, in which the two kiss, does not appear in the film. She began dating Brand after meeting him again that September at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards.<ref name="RussellDating">{{Cite web |last=Ziegbe |first=Mawuse |date=September 4, 2010 |title=Katy Perry, Russell Brand's Love Story Began at the VMAs |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1647232/katy-perry-russell-brands-love-story-began-at-the-vmas/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502061321/http://www.mtv.com/news/1647232/katy-perry-russell-brands-love-story-began-at-the-vmas/ |archive-date=May 2, 2014 |access-date=November 9, 2010 |publisher=MTV News}}</ref> The couple became engaged on December 31, 2009, while vacationing in [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref name="Engaged">{{Cite web |last=Heldman |first=Breanne L. |date=January 6, 2010 |title=Katy Perry and Russell Brand Engaged in India |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/160483/katy-perry-and-russell-brand-engaged-in-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828221336/http://www.eonline.com/news/160483/katy-perry-and-russell-brand-engaged-in-india |archive-date=August 28, 2012 |access-date=January 6, 2010 |publisher=[[E!]]}}</ref> === 2010–2012: ''Teenage Dream'' and marriage === After serving as a guest judge on ''American Idol'', Perry released "California Gurls" featuring [[Snoop Dogg]] on May 7, 2010. The song was the lead single from her third studio album, ''Teenage Dream'', and reached number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 in June. She also served as a guest judge on British <nowiki><i id="mwAuM">The X Factor</i></nowiki> later that month<ref name="XFactorJudge">{{Cite web |date=June 28, 2010 |title=Katy Perry Hits Dublin For X Factor Auditions |url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/x-factor/228776-katy-perry-cheryl-cole-x-factor |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017142034/http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/x-factor/228776-katy-perry-cheryl-cole-x-factor |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=June 28, 2010 |publisher=MTV News}}</ref> before releasing the album's second single, "Teenage Dream", in July. "Teenage Dream" reached number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 in September. Released on August 24, 2010, ''Teenage Dream'' debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' 200, and received mixed reviews from music critics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Teenage Dream'' by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/teenage-dream/katy-perry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102220205/http://www.metacritic.com/music/teenage-dream/katy-perry |archive-date=November 2, 2013 |access-date=March 15, 2014 |publisher=Metacritic}}</ref> It has since sold over 12 million copies worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Jon |date=August 25, 2025 |title=How 'Teenage Dream' Crowned Katy Perry as Pop's Campiest Queen |url=https://www.grammy.com/news/katy-perry-teenage-dream-album-influence-impact |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826141539/https://www.grammy.com/news/katy-perry-teenage-dream-album-influence-impact |archive-date=August 26, 2025 |access-date=August 29, 2025 |publisher=[[The Recording Academy]]}}</ref> being her highest-selling album to date.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2021 |title=Europe 2 Classics: California Gurls, de Katy Perry, est une ode à la côte ouest des États-Unis |url=https://www.europe2.fr/musique/europe-2-classics-california-gurls-de-katy-perry-est-une-ode-a-la-cote-ouest-des-etats-unis-54375.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250815200835/https://www.europe2.fr/musique/europe-2-classics-california-gurls-de-katy-perry-est-une-ode-a-la-cote-ouest-des-etats-unis-54375.html |archive-date=August 15, 2025 |access-date=August 5, 2025 |publisher=[[Europe 2]] |language=fr}}</ref> ''Teenage Dream'' would go on to win the 2011 Juno Award for International Album of the Year.<ref name="Juno2011">{{Cite web |date=March 26, 2011 |title=2011 JUNO Gala Dinner & Award Winners |url=https://junoawards.ca/2011-juno-gala-dinner-award-winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127131849/https://junoawards.ca/2011-juno-gala-dinner-award-winners/ |archive-date=January 27, 2016 |access-date=June 18, 2015 |publisher=Juno Awards}}</ref> In October, "Firework" was released as the album's third single. It became the album's third consecutive number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 on December 8, 2010. "E.T." featuring [[Kanye West]] was released as the fourth single from ''Teenage Dream'' on February 16, 2011. It topped the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 for five non-consecutive weeks, making ''Teenage Dream'' the ninth album in history to produce four number one singles on the chart. "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)" followed as the fifth single in June, and Perry became the first female artist to achieve five number-one ''Billboard'' Hot 100 songs from one album when the single topped that chart on August 17, and the second artist after [[Michael Jackson]] with his album ''Bad''. For this record, she received an honorary American Music Award in November 2011 and another Guinness record.<ref name="Guinness2013">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Glenday|2013}}</ref> On September 7, she set a new record by becoming the first artist to spend 69 consecutive weeks in the top ten of the Hot 100. Following the October release of "The One That Got Away" as its sixth single, ''Teenage Dream'' became the third album to produce six top-five songs on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. It joined [[George Michael]]'s ''Faith'' and [[Janet Jackson]]'s ''Rhythm Nation 1814''; the latter remains the only album to ever achieve seven top-five entries. The song peaked at number three in the U.S. and number two in Canada. [[Fayil:Katy_Perry_-_Part_Of_Me_Australian_Premiere_-_June_2012_(3).jpg|alt=Katy Perry looking forward and smiling|left|thumb|Perry attending the Sydney premiere for her 2012 documentary ''Katy Perry: Part of Me'', which grossed $32.7 million]] On January 5, 2012, Perry was named the sixth best-selling digital artist in the United States, with sales of 37.6&nbsp;million units according to Nielsen SoundScan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Loynes |first=Anna |date=January 5, 2012 |title=The Nielsen Company & Billboard's 2011 Music Industry Report |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120105005547/en/Nielsen-Company-Billboard%E2%80%99s-2011-Music-Industry-Report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108044835/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120105005547/en/Nielsen-Company-Billboard%E2%80%99s-2011-Music-Industry-Report |archive-date=January 8, 2012 |access-date=January 5, 2012 |publisher=[[Business Wire]]}}</ref> That month, she became the first artist to have four songs sell over 5 million digital units when "E.T." reached that mark along with "Firework", "California Gurls", and "Hot n Cold".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grein |first=Paul |date=January 19, 2012 |title=Week Ending Jan. 15, 2012. Songs: The Song That Won't Drop |url=https://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/week-ending-jan-15-2012-songs-song-won-012657212.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812191315/https://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/week-ending-jan-15-2012-songs-song-won-012657212.html |archive-date=August 12, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |publisher=Yahoo! Music}}</ref> On February 13, Capitol released the lead single from ''Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection'', "Part of Me", which debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and became Perry's seventh single overall to top the chart. ''Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection'' was released on March 23,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 23, 2012 |title=Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/teenage-dream-the-complete-confection/716084282 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717013306/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/teenage-dream-complete-confection/id716084282 |archive-date=July 17, 2014 |access-date=July 31, 2014 |publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref> and serves as a reissue of ''Teenage Dream''. "Wide Awake" was released on May 22 as the re-release's second single,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 40/M Future Releases |url=http://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507205726/http://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases |archive-date=May 7, 2012 |access-date=September 22, 2014 |publisher=All Access}}</ref> peaking at number two on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and number one in Canada and New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry&nbsp;— Wide Awake |url=https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy+Perry&titel=Wide+Awake&cat=s |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420153426/http://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy+Perry&titel=Wide+Awake&cat=s |archive-date=April 20, 2017 |access-date=July 31, 2014 |publisher=[[Official New Zealand Music Chart|Top 40 Singles]]}}</ref> Perry embarked on her second tour, the California Dreams Tour, in support of ''Teenage Dream''<ref name="Hudson83">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> from February 2011 to January 2012. The tour grossed $59.5&nbsp;million globally and won her the award for Best Live Act at the 2011 MTV Europe Music Awards. On September 23, 2011, she performed on the opening day of the 2011 Rock in Rio festival along with [[Elton John]] and [[Rihanna]]. In September 2010, Perry was scheduled to appear on the 41st-season premiere of ''Sesame Street''. After her scene was uploaded to YouTube, viewers criticized Perry's exposed cleavage. Four days before the scheduled airing, Sesame Workshop announced that the segment would not air on television, but would still be available to watch online. Perry subsequently mocked the controversy on ''Saturday Night Live'', where she was a musical guest and wore an Elmo-themed shirt showing large amounts of cleavage during one skit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry mocks Sesame Street ban |url=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/videos/hot-n-cold-sesame-street/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413125415/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/videos/hot-n-cold-sesame-street/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2014 |publisher=[[Capital (radio network)|Capital]]}}</ref> In December 2010, Perry played Moe Szyslak's girlfriend in the live-action segment from a Christmas episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]'' titled "The Fight Before Christmas". Two months later, she made a guest appearance on the ''How I Met Your Mother'' episode "Oh Honey", playing a woman known as Honey.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tucker |first=Ken |date=February 7, 2011 |title=How I Met Your Mother: 'Oh Honey' |url=http://watching-tv.ew.com/2011/02/07/how-i-met-your-mother-katy-perry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815214720/http://watching-tv.ew.com/2011/02/07/how-i-met-your-mother-katy-perry/ |archive-date=August 15, 2011 |access-date=August 27, 2011}}</ref> The latter role won her the People's Choice Award for Favorite TV Guest Star in January 2012. She made her film debut in the 3D family motion picture ''The Smurfs'' as Smurfette on July 29, 2011. The film was a financial success worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Smurfs (2011) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104000300/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs.htm |archive-date=November 4, 2011 |access-date=November 6, 2011 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> while critics gave mostly negative reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 29, 2011 |title=The Smurfs |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111031145/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs/ |archive-date=January 11, 2014 |access-date=January 16, 2014 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> She hosted ''Saturday Night Live'' on December 10, 2011, with Robyn as the episode's musical guest. Perry's work on the episode received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised her performance in the episode's digital short featuring her and Andy Samberg. In March 2012, she guest starred as a prison security guard named Rikki on the ''Raising Hope'' episode "Single White Female Role Model".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moraski |first=Lauren |date=February 22, 2012 |title=Katy Perry to portray a prison attendant on 'Raising Hope' |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/katy-perry-to-portray-a-prison-attendant-on-raising-hope/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813222733/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/katy-perry-to-portray-a-prison-attendant-on-raising-hope/ |archive-date=August 13, 2014 |access-date=February 25, 2014 |publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> On July 5, 2012, Perry's autobiographical documentary ''Katy Perry: Part of Me'' was released to theaters through Paramount Pictures. The film received positive reviews<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 5, 2012 |title=Katy Perry: Part of Me (2012) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/katy_perry_part_of_me/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813212433/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/katy_perry_part_of_me/ |archive-date=August 13, 2012 |access-date=August 4, 2012 |website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> and grossed $32.7 million worldwide at the box office.<ref name="mojo">{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry: Part of Me |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=katyperry.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814022212/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=katyperry.htm |archive-date=August 14, 2012 |access-date=August 16, 2012 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> Perry began to venture into business when she endorsed the fragrance, Purr, in November 2010. Her second endorsed fragrance, Meow!, was released in December 2011. Both perfumes were released through Nordstrom department stores. Electronic Arts recruited her to promote their new expansion pack for ''The Sims 3: Showtime'', before releasing a separate stuff pack featuring Perry-inspired furniture, outfits, and hairstyles, titled ''The Sims 3: Katy Perry's Sweet Treats'', in June 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sims 3 Katy Perry's Sweet Treats |url=http://www.ea.com/the-sims-3-kp-sweet-treats |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106040704/http://www.ea.com/the-sims-3-kp-sweet-treats |archive-date=January 6, 2015 |access-date=April 3, 2014 |publisher=[[Electronic Arts]]}}</ref> The following month, she became the spokesperson and ambassador for Popchips and made an investment in the company. ''Billboard'' dubbed her as their "Woman of the Year" for 2012. She married Russell Brand on October 23, 2010, in a traditional Hindu ceremony near the Ranthambhore tiger sanctuary in Rajasthan. On December 30, 2011, Brand announced that they were divorcing after 14 months of marriage. Perry later stated that conflicting career schedules and his desire to have children before she was ready led to the end of their marriage and that he never spoke to her again after sending a text message that he was divorcing her,{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} while Brand asserted that he divorced her due to her commercial success and reluctance to engage in activism. She was initially distraught over their divorce and said that she contemplated suicide. Since they married without a prenuptial agreement, he was eligible to claim half of the estimated $44&nbsp;million she earned during their marriage, but declined. Perry began a relationship with singer John Mayer in August 2012, the year her marriage with Brand had ended. === 2013–2015: ''Prism'' and Super Bowl XLIX halftime show === In November 2012, Perry began work on her fourth album, ''Prism''.<ref name="PrismMC">{{Cite web |title=''Prism'' by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/prism/katy-perry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209172300/http://www.metacritic.com/music/prism/katy-perry |archive-date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=November 15, 2013 |publisher=Metacritic}}</ref> She told ''Billboard'', "I know exactly the record I want to make next. I know the artwork, the coloring and the tone" and "I even know what type of tour I'm doing next. I'll be very pleased if the vision I have in my head becomes a reality."<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2012 |title=Katy Perry Won't Rush New Album: "I Know Exactly The Record I Want To Make Next" |url=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/news/new-album-ideas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422024353/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/news/new-album-ideas/ |archive-date=April 22, 2014 |access-date=May 19, 2014 |publisher=Capital}}</ref> After initially telling ''L'Uomo Vogue'' in June 2012 that she planned to have "darker elements" in ''Prism'' following the end of her marriage, the singer revealed to MTV during the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards that she changed the album's direction after periods of self-reflection. Perry commented "I felt very prismatic", which inspired the album's name. "Roar" was released as the lead single from ''Prism'' on August 10, 2013. It was promoted at the MTV Video Music Awards and reached number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. "Unconditionally" followed as the second single from ''Prism'' on October 16, 2013,<ref name="UnconditionallyRelease">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Jeff |date=October 16, 2013 |title=Katy Perry Wails on New Single "Unconditionally" |url=http://www.fuse.tv/2013/10/katy-perry-unconditionally |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017063219/http://www.fuse.tv/2013/10/katy-perry-unconditionally |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=October 16, 2013 |publisher=[[Fuse (TV channel)|Fuse]]}}</ref> and peaked at number 14 in the United States. [[Fayil:Dark_horse_katy_perry.jpg|thumb|Katy Perry performing "Dark Horse" during the Prismatic World Tour in September 2014.]] ''Prism'' was released on October 18, 2013, and has sold over eight million copies worldwide. It received favorable reviews from critics<ref name="PrismMC"/> and debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' 200 chart. Four days later, Perry performed the songs from the album at the iHeartRadio Theater in Los Angeles. "Dark Horse" with Juicy J was released as the album's third single in December, and became her ninth U.S. number-one single the following month. In 2014, "Birthday" and "This Is How We Do" respectively followed as the album's fourth and fifth singles,<ref name="ds">{{Cite web |last=Corner |first=Lewis |date=July 24, 2014 |title=Katy Perry confirms new single 'This Is How We Do' – watch lyric video |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a586233/katy-perry-confirms-new-single-this-is-how-we-do-watch-lyric-video.html#~oKZLKy0n2t9T2S |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924161656/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a586233/katy-perry-confirms-new-single-this-is-how-we-do-watch-lyric-video.html#~oKZLKy0n2t9T2S |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |access-date=July 25, 2014 |publisher=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref> and reached the top 25 on the Hot 100. Prior to ending her relationship with Mayer in 2014, she recorded and co-wrote a duet with him titled "Who You Love" for his album ''Paradise Valley''. The song was released on August 12, 2013. Perry's third headlining tour, the Prismatic World Tour, began in May 2014 and concluded in October 2015. It sold almost 2 million tickets and grossed $204.3&nbsp;million worldwide and won Perry the award for "Top Package" at the 2014 <nowiki><i id="mwBNU">Billboard</i></nowiki> Touring Awards. She also performed at the 2015 Rock in Rio festival on September 27, 2015. On November 23, 2014, the National Football League (NFL) announced that Perry would perform at the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show on February 1, 2015. Lenny Kravitz and [[Missy Elliott]] served as special guests for the show. Her performance was critically acclaimed, and Guinness announced two days after the singer's halftime show that it garnered 118.5&nbsp;million viewers in the United States, becoming the most watched and highest rated show in Super Bowl history. The viewership was higher than the game itself, which was viewed by an audience of 114.4&nbsp;million.<ref name="Guinness2016">{{Cite web |last=Angert |first=Alex |date=February 3, 2015 |title=Super Bowl XLIX: How Brady, Belichick and Katy Perry's shark ensured the records tumbled |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2015/2/super-bowl-xlix-how-brady-belichick-and-katy-perrys-shark-ensured-the-records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117062521/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2015/2/super-bowl-xlix-how-brady-belichick-and-katy-perrys-shark-ensured-the-records |archive-date=November 17, 2015 |access-date=November 14, 2015 |website=Guinness World Records}}</ref> The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) ranked her fifth on the list of Top Global Recording Artists of 2013. On June 26, 2014, she was declared the Top Certified Digital Artist Ever by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for certified sales of 72 million digital singles in the United States.<ref name="TopCertified">{{Cite web |date=June 26, 2014 |title=RIAA Crowns Katy Perry Top Certified Digital Artist Ever |url=https://www.riaa.com/riaa-crowns-katy-perry-top-certified-digital-artist-ever/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713195543/http://www.riaa.com/riaa-crowns-katy-perry-top-certified-digital-artist-ever/ |archive-date=July 13, 2016 |access-date=June 26, 2014 |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]}}</ref> In May 2014, a portrait of Perry by painter Mark Ryden was featured in his exhibition "The Gay 90s", and shown at the Kohn Gallery in Los Angeles. Along with several other artists, she also recorded a cover version of the song "Daisy Bell (Bicycle Built for Two)" on a limited-edition concept album titled ''The Gay Nineties Old Tyme Music: Daisy Bell'' to accompany the exhibition. That month, a portrait of Perry by artist Will Cotton was included in the United States National Portrait Gallery. On June 17, 2014, Perry announced that she had founded her own record label under Capitol Records, titled Metamorphosis Music. Ferras was the first artist to get signed to her label, and Perry served as an executive producer on his self-titled EP. She also recorded a duet with him on the EP, titled "Legends Never Die". The label was later renamed Unsub Records. On November 23, 2015, Perry starred in H&amp;amp;M's holiday advertising campaign, for which she wrote and recorded a song titled "Every Day Is a Holiday". Outside of her music career, Perry reprised her role as Smurfette in ''The Smurfs 2'', which was released in theaters on July 31, 2013. Like its predecessor, ''The Smurfs 2'' was a financial success<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Smurfs 2 (2013) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418143328/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs2.htm |archive-date=April 18, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> that was panned by critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 31, 2013 |title=The Smurfs 2 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs_2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106053810/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs_2/ |archive-date=January 6, 2014 |access-date=January 16, 2014 |website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> In March 2014, she made a guest appearance playing herself in the episode "Blisteritos Presents Dad Academy Graduation Congraduritos Red Carpet Viewing Party" of the ''Kroll Show''. Killer Queen was released as her third fragrance in August 2013 through Coty. In January 2014, she became a guest curator of Madonna's Art for Freedom initiative. In March 2015, she appeared in ''Brand: A Second Coming'', a documentary following her ex-husband Russell Brand's transition from comedy work to activism, and released a concert film titled ''Katy Perry: The Prismatic World Tour'' through Epix, which took place during her tour of the same name. Perry also made a cameo appearance in the music video for Madonna's song "Bitch I'm Madonna" in June 2015. The following month, she released another fragrance with Coty, entitled Mad Potion. In September 2015, she appeared in the documentaries ''Katy Perry: Making of the Pepsi Super Bowl Halftime Show'', which followed Perry's preparation for her Super Bowl performance,<ref name="SuperBowl">{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=September 11, 2015 |title='Katy Perry: Making Of The Pepsi Super Bowl Halftime Show' Trailer: What 118.5 Million Viewers Didn't See |url=https://deadline.com/2015/09/katy-perry-making-of-the-pepsi-super-bowl-halftime-show-trailer-first-look-documentary-1201522029/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912203425/http://deadline.com/2015/09/katy-perry-making-of-the-pepsi-super-bowl-halftime-show-trailer-first-look-documentary-1201522029/ |archive-date=September 12, 2015 |access-date=September 12, 2015 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> and ''Jeremy Scott: The People's Designer'', which followed the life and career of designer Jeremy Scott. Perry released a mobile app titled ''Katy Perry Pop'' in December 2015 through Glu Mobile where her character helps players become famous musicians. She described it as "the most fun, colorful world that helps guide your musical dreams". === 2016–2019: ''Witness'' and ''American Idol'' === Perry started writing songs for her new album in June 2016, and recorded an anthem for NBC Sports' coverage of the 2016 Summer Olympics titled "Rise", which was released the following month. Perry chose to release it as a standalone track rather than save it for her album "because now more than ever, there is a need for our world to unite". NBC also felt its message spoke "to the spirit of the Olympics and its athletes" for its inspirational themes. The song reached number one in Australia and number eleven in the United States. [[Fayil:Katy_Perry_at_Madison_Square_Garden_(37436531092)_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Perry performing during Witness: The Tour in October 2017]] In August 2016, Perry stated that she aspired to create material "that connects and relates and inspires"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carroll |first=Sarah |date=August 18, 2016 |title=Katy Perry Is 'Taking Chances' & 'Not Rushing' Her New Music |url=http://amp.cbslocal.com/2016/08/18/katy-perry-new-music-taking-chances/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819125902/http://amp.cbslocal.com/2016/08/18/katy-perry-new-music-taking-chances/ |archive-date=August 19, 2016 |access-date=August 19, 2016 |publisher=[[KNX-FM|97.1 AMP Radio]]}}</ref> and told Ryan Seacrest that she was "not rushing" her fifth album, adding "I'm just having a lot of fun, but experimenting and trying different producers, and different collaborators, and different styles".<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2016 |title=Katy Perry Reveals She's 'Experimenting' With New Album, Talks Forthcoming Shoe Collection |url=http://onairwithryan.iheart.com/onair/ryan-seacrest-52241/katy-perry-reveals-shes-experimenting-with-15019828/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920140320/http://onairwithryan.iheart.com/onair/ryan-seacrest-52241/katy-perry-reveals-shes-experimenting-with-15019828/ |archive-date=September 20, 2016 |access-date=August 19, 2016 |website=[[On Air with Ryan Seacrest]]}}</ref> On February 10, 2017, Perry released the album's lead single "Chained to the Rhythm" featuring Skip Marley.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Katy |title=Chained to the Rhythm (feat. Skip Marley)&nbsp;– Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/chained-to-rhythm-feat.-skip/id1203815492 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214001628/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/chained-to-rhythm-feat.-skip/id1203815492 |archive-date=February 14, 2017 |access-date=February 14, 2017 |publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aiello |first=McKenna |last2=Vulpo |first2=Mike |date=March 5, 2017 |title=Katy Perry Opens 2017 iHeartRadio Music Awards With a Bunch of Kids and a Dancing Hamster |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/833852/katy-perry-opens-2017-iheartradio-music-awards-with-a-bunch-of-kids-and-a-dancing-hamster |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306013513/http://www.eonline.com/news/833852/katy-perry-opens-2017-iheartradio-music-awards-with-a-bunch-of-kids-and-a-dancing-hamster |archive-date=March 6, 2017 |access-date=March 6, 2017 |publisher=E!}}</ref> It reached number one in Hungary<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 7, 2017 |title=Rádiós Top 40 slágerlista |trans-title=Radio Top 40 hit list |url=http://zene.slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2017/15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426151417/http://zene.slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2017/15 |archive-date=April 26, 2017 |access-date=April 27, 2017 |publisher=[[Association of Hungarian Record Companies|Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége]] |language=hu}}</ref> and number four in the United States. The track was also streamed over three million times on Spotify within 24 hours, breaking the music streaming service's record at the time for the highest first-day streaming for a single track by a female artist. The album's second single, "Bon Appétit" with Migos, was released that April. Its third single, "Swish Swish", featured [[Nicki Minaj]] and followed the next month. They respectively peaked at numbers 59 and 46 in the United States,<ref name="Hot100History" /> and made the top 15 in Canada. The album, titled ''Witness'', was released on June 9, 2017, to mixed reviews,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Witness by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/witness/katy-perry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610033604/http://www.metacritic.com/music/witness/katy-perry |archive-date=June 10, 2017 |access-date=June 9, 2017 |publisher=Metacritic}}</ref> and debuted at number one in the United States. To accompany the album's release, Perry broadcast herself on YouTube for four days with a live-stream titled Katy Perry Live: Witness World Wide, concluding with a live concert on June 12. The live-stream generated over 49 million views from 190 countries. She also embarked on Witness: The Tour, which began in September 2017 and ended in August 2018. On June 15, 2017, Calvin Harris released a song titled "Feels" from his album ''Funk Wav Bounces Vol. 1'', which featured Perry, Big Sean, and Pharrell Williams.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Findlay |first=Mitch |date=June 14, 2017 |title=Calvin Harris Announces Single With Big Sean, Pharrell, & Katy Perry |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/476043-calvin-harris-announces-single-with-big-sean-pharrell-and-katy-perry-news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622155231/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/calvin-harris-announces-single-with-big-sean-pharrell-and-katy-perry-news.33773.html |archive-date=June 22, 2017 |access-date=June 14, 2017 |publisher=HotNewHipHop}}</ref> The song went on to reach number one in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Jack |date=August 11, 2017 |title=Calvin Harris dethrones Despacito to claim his eighth Number 1 single |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/calvin-harris-dethrones-despacito-to-claim-his-eighth-number-1-single__19932/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811224622/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/calvin-harris-dethrones-despacito-to-claim-his-eighth-number-1-single__19932/ |archive-date=August 11, 2017 |access-date=August 11, 2017 |publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref> T{{Reflist}} === Sources === <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles> * {{Official website}} * {{AllMusic}} * Katy Perry discography at Discogs * Katy Perry discography at MusicBrainz * Katy Perry at Rotten Tomatoes {{Katy Perry|state=expanded}}{{Navboxes|title=[[List of awards and nominations received by Katy Perry|Awards for Katy Perry]]|list={{American Music Award for Favorite Adult Contemporary Artist}} {{American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist}} {{Brit International Female}} {{Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Female Singer}} {{Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Female}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Live Act}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Look}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best New Act}} {{MTV Video Music Award for Best Collaboration}} {{MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year}} {{People's Choice Award for Favorite Female Artist}} {{People's Choice Award for Favorite Music Video}} {{Teen Choice Award for Choice Music Single}}}}{{Authority control}} ==Manazarta== [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hovkidvibrsobsk6r6d644ciz91l7w5 893756 893754 2026-08-09T16:38:48Z Asiya Garba 46242 893756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><nowiki> {{</nowiki> {{Databox}} '''Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Oktoban shekarar 1984), wacce aka fi sani da '''Katy Perry''', mawaƙiya ce ta Amurka, marubuciya, kuma mai talbijin. An san ta da tasirin da take da shi a kan kiɗa da kuma salon sansanin ta, <nowiki><i id="mwHA">Vogue</i></nowiki> da Rolling Stone sun kira ta "Queen of Camp". A shekara ta 16, Perry ta fitar da kundin [[Dance music|rawa]]-linkid="187" href="./Gospel_music" id="mwIA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Gospel music">bishara mara nasara ''Katy Hudson'' (2001) a karkashin Red Hill Records . Bayan ta koma Los Angeles, ta sanya hannu a Capitol Records kuma ta zama sananne tare da kundin pop rock One of the Boys (2008). Ɗaya daga cikin jagoranta, "Na Kissed a Girl", ya hau kan US <nowiki><i id="mwKg">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100. Perry ta disco-influenced pop rikodin Teenage Dream (2010) ya zama kawai album da wata mace ta faifai da biyar US lambar-ɗaya singles: "California Gurls", "Teenage Dream", "Firework", "E.T". da kuma "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.) ". Sake fitar da shi, mai taken The Complete Confection (2012), ya samar da lambar daya ta Amurka "Part of Me". ''Prism'' mai wahayi zuwa gare shi (2013) ya samar da waƙoƙi biyu na Amurka, "Roar" da "Dark Horse". Perry ta gaba albums, Witness (2017), Smile (2020) da ''143'' (2024), sun sadu da bambancin m da kasuwanci nasara. Perry yana daya daga cikin masu fasahar kiɗa mafi kyawun kowane lokaci, tare da kimanin tallace-tallace na fiye da miliyan 151 a duk duniya. Shida daga cikin waƙoƙinta sun sami takaddun shaida na lu'u-lu'u daga Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Rubuce-rubuce ta Amurka. Mawakin mata mafi girma a duniya a cikin 2015 da 2018, Billboard ta kira ta daya daga cikin manyan taurari na karni na 21. Kyautarta ta haɗa da 20 Guinness World Records, biyar Billboard Music Awards, biyar American Music Awards (ciki har da Special Achievement Award), Brit Award, Juno Award, da bakwai MTV Video Music Awards (gami da Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award). Perry ita ce mai zane na farko da ya sami bidiyo da yawa da suka kai ra'ayoyi biliyan daya a YouTube. Tare da kimanin dala miliyan 360, tana daga cikin mawaƙa masu arziki a duniya. A waje da kiɗa, Perry ta fitar da wani shirin tarihin rayuwa mai taken Katy Perry: Part of Me a cikin 2012, ta bayyana Smurfette a cikin Jerin fina-finai na <nowiki><i id="mwWg">Smurfs</i></nowiki> (2011-2013), ta kaddamar da layin takalmin Katy Perry Collections a cikin 2017 kuma ta tashi zuwa sararin samaniya a cikin Blue Origin NS-31 a cikin 2025. Ta yi aiki a matsayin alƙali a kan American Idol daga kakar wasa ta goma sha shida a 2018 zuwa kakar wasa ta ashirin da biyu a 2024. Ita mai ba da shawara ce ga [[Hakkokin LGBT ta ƙasa ko yanki|Hakkin LGBT]] da haƙƙin mata, kuma an ba ta suna Jakadan Goodwill na UNICEF a shekarar 2013. Ayyukanta na jin kai da gwagwarmayarta suna mai da hankali kan ilimin yara da wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar kanjamau / AIDS. == Rayuwa da aiki == === 1984-1999: Rayuwa ta farko da iyali === An haifi Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 1984, a Santa Barbara, California, ga fastocin Pentecostal Mary Christine (née Perry) da Maurice Keith Hudson . {{Sfn|Perry|2012}} Iyayenta biyu sun juya zuwa addini bayan "matashi mara kyau". Perry yana da asalin Ingilishi, Jamusanci, Irish, da Portuguese.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cowlin|2014}}</ref> Ta hanyar mahaifiyarta, 'yar uwar darektan fim din [[Frank Perry]] ce. Tana da ƙaramin ɗan'uwa mai suna David, wanda shi ma mawaƙi ne, da kuma 'yar'uwa mai girma, Angela.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> Daga shekaru uku zuwa 11, Perry ta sauya sau da yawa a fadin kasar yayin da iyayenta suka kafa majami'u kafin su sake zama a Santa Barbara. Yayinda take girma, ta halarci makarantun addini da sansanoni, ciki har da Makarantar Kirista ta Paradise Valley a [[Arizona]] da Makarantar Kiristanci ta Santa Barbara a California a lokacin shekarunta na firamare.<ref name="Friedlander 2012 15">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> Iyalin sun yi gwagwarmaya da kudi, wani lokacin ta amfani da hatimi na abinci da cin abinci daga bankin abinci wanda kuma ya ciyar da ikilisiya a cocin iyayenta. Yayinda suke girma, Perry da 'yan uwanta ba a yarda su ci hatsi na Lucky Charms ba kamar yadda kalmar "sa'a" ta tunatar da mahaifiyarsu game da Lucifer, kuma ana buƙatar su kira kwai da aka karkatar da su "ƙwai da aka yi wahayi".<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> Perry da farko ya saurari kiɗa na bishara, kamar yadda aka hana kiɗa na duniya a gidan iyali. Ta gano shahararren kiɗa ta hanyar CDs da ta shigo da ita gida daga abokanta. Perry daga baya ta tuna wani labari game da yadda abokiyarta ta buga "You Oughta Know" ta Alanis Morissette, wanda ya rinjayi rubuce-rubucen waƙoƙinta da waka.{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} While not strictly identifying as religious, she has stated, "I pray all the time – for self-control, for humility." Wanting to be like her sister Angela, Perry began singing by practicing with her sister's cassette tapes. She performed the tracks in front of her parents, who let her take vocal lessons like Angela was doing at the time. She began training at age nine;<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> she was also incorporated into her parents' ministry, singing in church from ages nine to 17.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> At 13, Perry was given her first guitar for her birthday,<ref name="GraffBold" /><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> and publicly performed songs she wrote. She tried to "be a bit like the typical Californian girl" while growing up, and started rollerskating, skateboarding, and surfing as a teenager. Her brother David described her as a "[[tomboy]]" during her adolescence, which Perry talks about on her song "One of the Boys".<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> She took dancing lessons and learned how to swing, Lindy Hop, and jitterbug.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Perry completed her General Educational Development (GED) requirements early at age 15, during her first year of high school, and left Dos Pueblos High School to pursue a music career.<ref name="Hudson37">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> === 2000–2006: Career beginnings, ''Katy Hudson'', and ''Fingerprints'' === Perry briefly had vocal lessons with a woman named Agatha Danoff<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heldman |first=Breanne L. |date=August 8, 2014 |title=Katy Perry: I Could Really Use a Better Education |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/blogs/celeb-news/katy-perry-education-interview-make-roar-happen-212115603.html?guccounter=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218233641/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/blogs/celeb-news/katy-perry-education-interview-make-roar-happen-212115603.html?guccounter=1 |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |access-date=February 18, 2024 |publisher=Yahoo! Entertainment}}</ref> in facilities rented from the Music Academy of the West.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Montgomery|2011}}</ref> Her singing caught the attention of rock artists Steve Thomas and Jennifer Knapp from Nashville, Tennessee, who brought her there to improve her writing skills.<ref name="Hudson37">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> In Nashville, she started recording demos and learned how to write songs and play guitar. Perry signed with Red Hill Records and recorded her debut album, a contemporary Christian record titled ''Katy Hudson'', which was released on March 6, 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |author-link=Stephen Thomas Erlewine |title=Katy Hudson&nbsp;– Katy Hudson |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/katy-hudson-mw0000017022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226133433/http://www.allmusic.com/album/katy-hudson-mw0000017022 |archive-date=December 26, 2013 |access-date=December 27, 2013 |publisher=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> She also joined Earthsuit and V*Enna that year to perform as part of Phil Joel's Strangely Normal Tour<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=David |date=May 6, 2003 |title=The Strangely Normal Tour – Phil Joel, Earthsuit, V*Enna & Katy Hudson |url=http://www.epinions.com/content_929341572?sb=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729081327/http://www.epinions.com/content_929341572?sb=1 |archive-date=July 29, 2013 |access-date=December 26, 2013 |publisher=[[Epinions.com]]}}</ref> and embarked on other performances of her own in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy's Tour Info |url=http://www.katyhudson.com/tourinfo.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010816191358/http://www.katyhudson.com/tourinfo.html |archive-date=August 16, 2001 |website=KatyHudson.com}}</ref> ''Katy Hudson'' received mixed reviews from critics and was commercially unsuccessful, selling an estimated 200 copies before the label ceased operations in December.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Transitioning from gospel music to secular music, Perry started working with producer Glen Ballard,{{Sfn|Perry|2012}}{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} and moved to Los Angeles at the age of 17. She opted to work with Ballard due to his past work with Alanis Morissette, one of her major inspirations. In 2003, she briefly performed as Katheryn Perry, to avoid confusion with actress [[Kate Hudson]], and later adopted the stage name "Katy Perry", using her mother's maiden name.{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} In 2010, she recalled that "Thinking of You" was one of the first songs she wrote after moving to Los Angeles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[CBS]] |date=October 3, 2010 |title=Katy Perry Sings Her First Song |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6oaXe2lw1Q |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001111419/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6oaXe2lw1Q |archive-date=October 1, 2021 |access-date=October 1, 2021 |via=[[YouTube]] }}</ref> Perry would also perform at the Hotel Café, performing new music while she was between record labels.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fields |first=Taylor |date=May 27, 2020 |title=Katy Perry Returns to Hotel Café Where She Got Her Start for Special Performance |url=https://www.iheart.com/content/2020-05-27-katy-perry-gives-special-performance-at-hotel-caf-where-she-got-her-start/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329144548/https://www.iheart.com/content/2020-05-27-katy-perry-gives-special-performance-at-hotel-caf-where-she-got-her-start/ |archive-date=March 29, 2022 |access-date=March 29, 2022 |quote=Fifteen years ago, this was kind of like my hideout/living room. This is actually Hotel Café in Hollywood. It's where I went to try out my new songs, and when I wanted to know if anyone actually liked them, besides my cat — may she rest in peace. So, it's kind of like my living room. It's my growing up space. |agency=[[iHeartRadio]]}}</ref> In 2004, she signed to Ballard's label, Java Records, which was then affiliated with The Island Def Jam Music Group. Perry began work on a solo record due for release in March 2005, but the record was shelved after Java was dropped. Ballard then introduced her to Tim Devine, an A&amp;amp;R executive at Columbia Records, and she was signed as a solo artist. By November 2006, Perry had finished writing and recording material for her Columbia debut titled ''Fingerprints'' (with some of the material from this time appearing on ''One of the Boys'') which was planned for release in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2012 |title=Katy Perry - Nintendo Wii Launch (Nov 2006) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4j9qiSFoU-Q&t=88s |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117154356/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4j9qiSFoU-Q&t=88s |archive-date=November 17, 2021 |access-date=November 17, 2021 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Some of the material from ''Fingerprints'' that did not make it on ''One of the Boys'' was given to other artists, such as "I Do Not Hook Up" and "Long Shot" to Kelly Clarkson, and "Rock God" to Selena Gomez &amp;amp; the Scene. Perry worked with songwriters including Desmond Child, Greg Wells, Butch Walker, Scott Cutler, Anne Preven, the Matrix, Kara DioGuardi, Max Martin, and Dr. Luke.<ref name="Anokute Hit Quarters">{{Cite web |last=Blumenrath |first=Jan |date=October 18, 2010 |title=Interview with Chris Anokute |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/2010/October18_4_57_7.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417201326/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2F2010%2FOctober18_4_57_7.html |archive-date=April 17, 2015 |access-date=April 25, 2015 |website=[[HitQuarters]]}}</ref> In addition, after Devine suggested that songwriting team the Matrix become a "real group", she recorded an album, ''The Matrix'', with them. This featured her and Adam Longlands as lead vocalists. ''The Matrix'' was planned for release in 2004 but was shelved due to creative differences. Perry was dropped from Columbia in 2006 as ''Fingerprints'' neared completion. After the label dropped her, she worked at an independent A&amp;amp;R company, Taxi Music.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Perry had minor success prior to her breakthrough. One of the songs she had recorded for her album with Ballard, "Simple", was featured on the soundtrack to the 2005 film ''The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants''.<ref name="Summers">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Perry provided backing vocals on Mick Jagger's song "Old Habits Die Hard", which was included on the soundtrack to the 2004 film ''Alfie''.<ref name="allmusicbio">{{Cite web |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |title=Katy Perry |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104093438/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |archive-date=November 4, 2015 |access-date=February 10, 2016 |publisher=AllMusic}}</ref> In September 2004, ''Blender'' named her "The Next Big Thing".<ref name="Summers" /> She recorded background vocals on P.O.D.'s single "Goodbye for Now", was featured at the end of its music video in 2006, and performed it with them on ''The Tonight Show with Jay Leno''. That year, Perry also appeared in the music video for "Learn to Fly" by Carbon Leaf, and she played the love interest of her then-boyfriend, Gym Class Heroes lead singer Travie McCoy, in the band's music video for "Cupid's Chokehold". === 2007–2009: Breakthrough with ''One of the Boys'' === After Columbia dropped Perry, Angelica Cob-Baehler, then a publicity executive at the label, brought Perry's demos to Virgin Records chairman Jason Flom. Flom was convinced that she could be a breakthrough star and she was signed to Capitol Records in April 2007. The label arranged for her to work with Dr. Luke to add an "undeniable smash" to her existing material.<ref name="hitquarters">{{Cite web |date=January 21, 2011 |title=Correction to the interview with Chris Anokute |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_AnokuteCorrection.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713071228/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2Fopar%2Fintrview_AnokuteCorrection.html |archive-date=July 13, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |website=HitQuarters}}</ref> Perry and Dr. Luke co-wrote the songs "I Kissed a Girl" and "Hot n Cold" for her second album ''One of the Boys''. A campaign was started with the November 2007 release of the video to "Ur So Gay", a song aimed at introducing her to the music market.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> A digital EP of the same name was also released that month.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Katy |date=November 20, 2007 |title=Ur So Gay |url=https://www.amazon.com/Ur-Gay-Explicit-Katy-Perry/dp/B000YBJFF6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816210131/https://www.amazon.com/Ur-Gay-Explicit-Katy-Perry/dp/B000YBJFF6 |archive-date=August 16, 2021 |access-date=August 25, 2018 |publisher=Amazon}}</ref> [[Madonna]] helped publicize the song by praising it on the ''JohnJay & Rich'' radio show in April 2008,<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> stating "Ur So Gay" was her "favorite song" at the time.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> In March 2008, Perry made a cameo appearance as a club singer in the ''Wildfire'' episode "Life's Too Short"<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> and appeared as herself during a photo shoot that June on ''[[The Young and the Restless]]'' for the show's magazine ''Restless Style''.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> [[Fayil:Katy_Perry_performing.jpg|alt=Katy Perry performing on the Warped Tour 2008|right|thumb|Perry performing at Cricket Wireless Amphitheatre during the Warped Tour in August 2008]] Perry released her first single with Capitol, "I Kissed a Girl", on April 28, 2008, as the lead single from ''One of the Boys''. The first station to pick up the song was WRVW in Nashville, who were inundated with enthusiastic calls the first three days they played it.<ref name="hitquarters.com2">{{Cite web |date=October 18, 2010 |title=Interview With Chris Anokute |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_Chris_Anokute_Interview.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713070818/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2Fopar%2Fintrview_Chris_Anokute_Interview.html |archive-date=July 13, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |website=HitQuarters}}</ref> The track topped the U.S. <nowiki><i id="mwAfI">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 on the chart dated July 5, 2008, and remained number one for seven consecutive weeks. "I Kissed a Girl" created controversy among both religious and [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]] groups. The former criticized its homosexual theme, while the latter accused her of using bi-curiosity to sell records. In response to speculation that her parents opposed her music and career, Perry told MTV News that they had no problems with her success. ''One of the Boys'', released on June 17, 2008, garnered mixed critical reviews and reached number nine on the U.S. <nowiki><i id="mwAgE">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''One of the Boys'' by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/one-of-the-boys/katy-perry |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114151805/http://www.metacritic.com/music/one-of-the-boys/katy-perry |archive-date=November 14, 2012 |access-date=March 6, 2009 |publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> The album went on to sell seven million copies worldwide. "Hot n Cold" was released the following September and became the album's second successful single, reaching number three on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, while topping charts in Germany,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hot n Cold (Single) |url=http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/title/Perry%2C+Katy/Hot+n+Cold/single |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714190034/http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/title/Perry%2C%2BKaty/Hot%2Bn%2BCold/single |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |access-date=June 26, 2014 |publisher=Musicline}}</ref> Canada, the Netherlands, and Austria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nederlandse Top 40&nbsp;– week 01, 2009 |url=http://www.top40.nl/top40/2009/week-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728052041/http://www.top40.nl/top40/2009/week-01 |archive-date=July 28, 2014 |access-date=July 27, 2014 |publisher=[[Dutch Top 40]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry&nbsp;— Hot N Cold |url=http://www.austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy+Perry&titel=Hot+n+Cold&cat=s |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830164113/http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy%20Perry&titel=Hot%20N%20Cold&cat=s |archive-date=August 30, 2013 |access-date=July 27, 2014 |publisher=[[Ö3 Austria Top 40]]}}</ref> Later singles "Thinking of You" and "Waking Up in Vegas" were released in 2009 and reached the top 30 of the Hot 100.<ref name="Hot100History2" /> From June to August 2008, Perry traveled with McCoy on the Warped Tour.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=22}}</ref> As a symbol of their commitment to one another, he gave her a diamond promise ring before the tour,<ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=30}}</ref> and he wore a ring with "Katy" inscribed on it.<ref name=":10">{{Cite magazine|url-status=88–96}}</ref> That September, a limited-edition Katy Perry doll was produced by Integrity Toys in response to her growing popularity. She hosted the 2008 MTV Europe Music Awards in November and won the award for Best New Act. Following their breakup in December 2008, Perry and McCoy reconciled in April 2009<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rollo |first=Sarah |date=April 26, 2009 |title=Perry reunites with Travis McCoy |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a154009/perry-reunites-with-travis-mccoy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828194016/https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a154009/perry-reunites-with-travis-mccoy/ |archive-date=August 28, 2025 |access-date=August 8, 2025 |publisher=Digital Spy}}</ref> before she ended their relationship again later that year. The Matrix's self-titled album, which Perry had recorded with the band in 2004, was released on iTunes on January 27, 2009, as a result of her solo success.<ref name="allmusicbio2">{{Cite web |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |title=Katy Perry |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104093438/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |archive-date=November 4, 2015 |access-date=February 10, 2016 |publisher=AllMusic}}</ref> At the 2009 Brit Awards the next month, she won the award for International Female Solo Artist.<ref name="Brit20092">{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2009 |title=Brit Awards 2009: Full list of winners |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/4692628/Brit-Awards-2009-Full-list-of-winners.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712101104/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/4692628/Brit-Awards-2009-Full-list-of-winners.html |archive-date=July 12, 2015 |access-date=November 3, 2015}}</ref> Perry embarked on her first headlining world tour, the Hello Katy Tour, from January to November 2009 to support ''One of the Boys''.<ref name="Hudson832">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> On August 4, 2009, she performed as opening act for one date of No Doubt's 2009 Summer Tour. Perry also hosted the 2009 MTV Europe Music Awards that November, becoming the first person to host two consecutive ceremonies of the European awards. On July 22, 2009, Perry recorded a live album titled ''MTV Unplugged'', which featured acoustic performances of five tracks from ''One of the Boys'' as well as one new song, "Brick by Brick", and a cover of Fountains of Wayne's "Hackensack". It was released on November 17, 2009. Perry also appeared on two singles with other artists; she was featured on a remix of [[Colorado]]-based band 3OH!3's song "Starstrukk" in September 2009,<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 14, 2009 |title=Starstrukk (feat. Katy Perry) |url=https://music.apple.com/au/album/starstrukk-feat-katy-perry-single/330823124 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908070213/https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/starstrukk-feat.-katy-perry/id330823124 |archive-date=September 8, 2014 |access-date=July 23, 2014 |publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref> and on a duet with Timbaland entitled "If We Ever Meet Again", from his album ''Shock Value II'', three months later.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2019 |title=If We Ever Meet Again (feat. Katy Perry) |url=http://itunes.apple.com:80/us/album/if-we-ever-meet-again-feat-katy-perry/id340826329 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208055217/http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/if-we-ever-meet-again-feat-katy-perry/id340826329 |archive-date=December 8, 2009 |access-date=March 22, 2020 |publisher=iTunes}}</ref> The ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' recognized her in its 2010 edition as the "Best Start on the U.S. Digital Chart by a Female Artist", for digital single sales of over two million copies.<ref name="Guinness2010">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Glenday|2010}}</ref> Perry met her future husband Russell Brand in mid-2009 while filming a cameo appearance for his film ''Get Him to the Greek''. Her scene, in which the two kiss, does not appear in the film. She began dating Brand after meeting him again that September at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards.<ref name="RussellDating">{{Cite web |last=Ziegbe |first=Mawuse |date=September 4, 2010 |title=Katy Perry, Russell Brand's Love Story Began at the VMAs |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1647232/katy-perry-russell-brands-love-story-began-at-the-vmas/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502061321/http://www.mtv.com/news/1647232/katy-perry-russell-brands-love-story-began-at-the-vmas/ |archive-date=May 2, 2014 |access-date=November 9, 2010 |publisher=MTV News}}</ref> The couple became engaged on December 31, 2009, while vacationing in [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref name="Engaged">{{Cite web |last=Heldman |first=Breanne L. |date=January 6, 2010 |title=Katy Perry and Russell Brand Engaged in India |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/160483/katy-perry-and-russell-brand-engaged-in-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828221336/http://www.eonline.com/news/160483/katy-perry-and-russell-brand-engaged-in-india |archive-date=August 28, 2012 |access-date=January 6, 2010 |publisher=[[E!]]}}</ref> === 2010–2012: ''Teenage Dream'' and marriage === After serving as a guest judge on ''American Idol'', Perry released "California Gurls" featuring [[Snoop Dogg]] on May 7, 2010. The song was the lead single from her third studio album, ''Teenage Dream'', and reached number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 in June. She also served as a guest judge on British <nowiki><i id="mwAuM">The X Factor</i></nowiki> later that month<ref name="XFactorJudge">{{Cite web |date=June 28, 2010 |title=Katy Perry Hits Dublin For X Factor Auditions |url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/x-factor/228776-katy-perry-cheryl-cole-x-factor |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017142034/http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/x-factor/228776-katy-perry-cheryl-cole-x-factor |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=June 28, 2010 |publisher=MTV News}}</ref> before releasing the album's second single, "Teenage Dream", in July. "Teenage Dream" reached number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 in September. Released on August 24, 2010, ''Teenage Dream'' debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' 200, and received mixed reviews from music critics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Teenage Dream'' by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/teenage-dream/katy-perry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102220205/http://www.metacritic.com/music/teenage-dream/katy-perry |archive-date=November 2, 2013 |access-date=March 15, 2014 |publisher=Metacritic}}</ref> It has since sold over 12 million copies worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Jon |date=August 25, 2025 |title=How 'Teenage Dream' Crowned Katy Perry as Pop's Campiest Queen |url=https://www.grammy.com/news/katy-perry-teenage-dream-album-influence-impact |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826141539/https://www.grammy.com/news/katy-perry-teenage-dream-album-influence-impact |archive-date=August 26, 2025 |access-date=August 29, 2025 |publisher=[[The Recording Academy]]}}</ref> being her highest-selling album to date.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2021 |title=Europe 2 Classics: California Gurls, de Katy Perry, est une ode à la côte ouest des États-Unis |url=https://www.europe2.fr/musique/europe-2-classics-california-gurls-de-katy-perry-est-une-ode-a-la-cote-ouest-des-etats-unis-54375.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250815200835/https://www.europe2.fr/musique/europe-2-classics-california-gurls-de-katy-perry-est-une-ode-a-la-cote-ouest-des-etats-unis-54375.html |archive-date=August 15, 2025 |access-date=August 5, 2025 |publisher=[[Europe 2]] |language=fr}}</ref> ''Teenage Dream'' would go on to win the 2011 Juno Award for International Album of the Year.<ref name="Juno2011">{{Cite web |date=March 26, 2011 |title=2011 JUNO Gala Dinner & Award Winners |url=https://junoawards.ca/2011-juno-gala-dinner-award-winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127131849/https://junoawards.ca/2011-juno-gala-dinner-award-winners/ |archive-date=January 27, 2016 |access-date=June 18, 2015 |publisher=Juno Awards}}</ref> In October, "Firework" was released as the album's third single. It became the album's third consecutive number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 on December 8, 2010. "E.T." featuring [[Kanye West]] was released as the fourth single from ''Teenage Dream'' on February 16, 2011. It topped the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 for five non-consecutive weeks, making ''Teenage Dream'' the ninth album in history to produce four number one singles on the chart. "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)" followed as the fifth single in June, and Perry became the first female artist to achieve five number-one ''Billboard'' Hot 100 songs from one album when the single topped that chart on August 17, and the second artist after [[Michael Jackson]] with his album ''Bad''. For this record, she received an honorary American Music Award in November 2011 and another Guinness record.<ref name="Guinness2013">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Glenday|2013}}</ref> On September 7, she set a new record by becoming the first artist to spend 69 consecutive weeks in the top ten of the Hot 100. Following the October release of "The One That Got Away" as its sixth single, ''Teenage Dream'' became the third album to produce six top-five songs on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. It joined [[George Michael]]'s ''Faith'' and [[Janet Jackson]]'s ''Rhythm Nation 1814''; the latter remains the only album to ever achieve seven top-five entries. The song peaked at number three in the U.S. and number two in Canada. [[Fayil:Katy_Perry_-_Part_Of_Me_Australian_Premiere_-_June_2012_(3).jpg|alt=Katy Perry looking forward and smiling|left|thumb|Perry attending the Sydney premiere for her 2012 documentary ''Katy Perry: Part of Me'', which grossed $32.7 million]] On January 5, 2012, Perry was named the sixth best-selling digital artist in the United States, with sales of 37.6&nbsp;million units according to Nielsen SoundScan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Loynes |first=Anna |date=January 5, 2012 |title=The Nielsen Company & Billboard's 2011 Music Industry Report |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120105005547/en/Nielsen-Company-Billboard%E2%80%99s-2011-Music-Industry-Report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108044835/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120105005547/en/Nielsen-Company-Billboard%E2%80%99s-2011-Music-Industry-Report |archive-date=January 8, 2012 |access-date=January 5, 2012 |publisher=[[Business Wire]]}}</ref> That month, she became the first artist to have four songs sell over 5 million digital units when "E.T." reached that mark along with "Firework", "California Gurls", and "Hot n Cold".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grein |first=Paul |date=January 19, 2012 |title=Week Ending Jan. 15, 2012. Songs: The Song That Won't Drop |url=https://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/week-ending-jan-15-2012-songs-song-won-012657212.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812191315/https://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/week-ending-jan-15-2012-songs-song-won-012657212.html |archive-date=August 12, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |publisher=Yahoo! Music}}</ref> On February 13, Capitol released the lead single from ''Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection'', "Part of Me", which debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and became Perry's seventh single overall to top the chart. ''Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection'' was released on March 23,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 23, 2012 |title=Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/teenage-dream-the-complete-confection/716084282 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717013306/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/teenage-dream-complete-confection/id716084282 |archive-date=July 17, 2014 |access-date=July 31, 2014 |publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref> and serves as a reissue of ''Teenage Dream''. "Wide Awake" was released on May 22 as the re-release's second single,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 40/M Future Releases |url=http://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507205726/http://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases |archive-date=May 7, 2012 |access-date=September 22, 2014 |publisher=All Access}}</ref> peaking at number two on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and number one in Canada and New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry&nbsp;— Wide Awake |url=https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy+Perry&titel=Wide+Awake&cat=s |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420153426/http://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy+Perry&titel=Wide+Awake&cat=s |archive-date=April 20, 2017 |access-date=July 31, 2014 |publisher=[[Official New Zealand Music Chart|Top 40 Singles]]}}</ref> Perry embarked on her second tour, the California Dreams Tour, in support of ''Teenage Dream''<ref name="Hudson83">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> from February 2011 to January 2012. The tour grossed $59.5&nbsp;million globally and won her the award for Best Live Act at the 2011 MTV Europe Music Awards. On September 23, 2011, she performed on the opening day of the 2011 Rock in Rio festival along with [[Elton John]] and [[Rihanna]]. In September 2010, Perry was scheduled to appear on the 41st-season premiere of ''Sesame Street''. After her scene was uploaded to YouTube, viewers criticized Perry's exposed cleavage. Four days before the scheduled airing, Sesame Workshop announced that the segment would not air on television, but would still be available to watch online. Perry subsequently mocked the controversy on ''Saturday Night Live'', where she was a musical guest and wore an Elmo-themed shirt showing large amounts of cleavage during one skit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry mocks Sesame Street ban |url=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/videos/hot-n-cold-sesame-street/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413125415/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/videos/hot-n-cold-sesame-street/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2014 |publisher=[[Capital (radio network)|Capital]]}}</ref> In December 2010, Perry played Moe Szyslak's girlfriend in the live-action segment from a Christmas episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]'' titled "The Fight Before Christmas". Two months later, she made a guest appearance on the ''How I Met Your Mother'' episode "Oh Honey", playing a woman known as Honey.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tucker |first=Ken |date=February 7, 2011 |title=How I Met Your Mother: 'Oh Honey' |url=http://watching-tv.ew.com/2011/02/07/how-i-met-your-mother-katy-perry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815214720/http://watching-tv.ew.com/2011/02/07/how-i-met-your-mother-katy-perry/ |archive-date=August 15, 2011 |access-date=August 27, 2011}}</ref> The latter role won her the People's Choice Award for Favorite TV Guest Star in January 2012. She made her film debut in the 3D family motion picture ''The Smurfs'' as Smurfette on July 29, 2011. The film was a financial success worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Smurfs (2011) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104000300/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs.htm |archive-date=November 4, 2011 |access-date=November 6, 2011 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> while critics gave mostly negative reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 29, 2011 |title=The Smurfs |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111031145/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs/ |archive-date=January 11, 2014 |access-date=January 16, 2014 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> She hosted ''Saturday Night Live'' on December 10, 2011, with Robyn as the episode's musical guest. Perry's work on the episode received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised her performance in the episode's digital short featuring her and Andy Samberg. In March 2012, she guest starred as a prison security guard named Rikki on the ''Raising Hope'' episode "Single White Female Role Model".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moraski |first=Lauren |date=February 22, 2012 |title=Katy Perry to portray a prison attendant on 'Raising Hope' |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/katy-perry-to-portray-a-prison-attendant-on-raising-hope/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813222733/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/katy-perry-to-portray-a-prison-attendant-on-raising-hope/ |archive-date=August 13, 2014 |access-date=February 25, 2014 |publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> On July 5, 2012, Perry's autobiographical documentary ''Katy Perry: Part of Me'' was released to theaters through Paramount Pictures. The film received positive reviews<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 5, 2012 |title=Katy Perry: Part of Me (2012) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/katy_perry_part_of_me/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813212433/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/katy_perry_part_of_me/ |archive-date=August 13, 2012 |access-date=August 4, 2012 |website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> and grossed $32.7 million worldwide at the box office.<ref name="mojo">{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry: Part of Me |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=katyperry.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814022212/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=katyperry.htm |archive-date=August 14, 2012 |access-date=August 16, 2012 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> Perry began to venture into business when she endorsed the fragrance, Purr, in November 2010. Her second endorsed fragrance, Meow!, was released in December 2011. Both perfumes were released through Nordstrom department stores. Electronic Arts recruited her to promote their new expansion pack for ''The Sims 3: Showtime'', before releasing a separate stuff pack featuring Perry-inspired furniture, outfits, and hairstyles, titled ''The Sims 3: Katy Perry's Sweet Treats'', in June 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sims 3 Katy Perry's Sweet Treats |url=http://www.ea.com/the-sims-3-kp-sweet-treats |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106040704/http://www.ea.com/the-sims-3-kp-sweet-treats |archive-date=January 6, 2015 |access-date=April 3, 2014 |publisher=[[Electronic Arts]]}}</ref> The following month, she became the spokesperson and ambassador for Popchips and made an investment in the company. ''Billboard'' dubbed her as their "Woman of the Year" for 2012. She married Russell Brand on October 23, 2010, in a traditional Hindu ceremony near the Ranthambhore tiger sanctuary in Rajasthan. On December 30, 2011, Brand announced that they were divorcing after 14 months of marriage. Perry later stated that conflicting career schedules and his desire to have children before she was ready led to the end of their marriage and that he never spoke to her again after sending a text message that he was divorcing her,{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} while Brand asserted that he divorced her due to her commercial success and reluctance to engage in activism. She was initially distraught over their divorce and said that she contemplated suicide. Since they married without a prenuptial agreement, he was eligible to claim half of the estimated $44&nbsp;million she earned during their marriage, but declined. Perry began a relationship with singer John Mayer in August 2012, the year her marriage with Brand had ended. === 2013–2015: ''Prism'' and Super Bowl XLIX halftime show === In November 2012, Perry began work on her fourth album, ''Prism''.<ref name="PrismMC">{{Cite web |title=''Prism'' by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/prism/katy-perry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209172300/http://www.metacritic.com/music/prism/katy-perry |archive-date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=November 15, 2013 |publisher=Metacritic}}</ref> She told ''Billboard'', "I know exactly the record I want to make next. I know the artwork, the coloring and the tone" and "I even know what type of tour I'm doing next. I'll be very pleased if the vision I have in my head becomes a reality."<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2012 |title=Katy Perry Won't Rush New Album: "I Know Exactly The Record I Want To Make Next" |url=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/news/new-album-ideas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422024353/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/news/new-album-ideas/ |archive-date=April 22, 2014 |access-date=May 19, 2014 |publisher=Capital}}</ref> After initially telling ''L'Uomo Vogue'' in June 2012 that she planned to have "darker elements" in ''Prism'' following the end of her marriage, the singer revealed to MTV during the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards that she changed the album's direction after periods of self-reflection. Perry commented "I felt very prismatic", which inspired the album's name. "Roar" was released as the lead single from ''Prism'' on August 10, 2013. It was promoted at the MTV Video Music Awards and reached number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. "Unconditionally" followed as the second single from ''Prism'' on October 16, 2013,<ref name="UnconditionallyRelease">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Jeff |date=October 16, 2013 |title=Katy Perry Wails on New Single "Unconditionally" |url=http://www.fuse.tv/2013/10/katy-perry-unconditionally |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017063219/http://www.fuse.tv/2013/10/katy-perry-unconditionally |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=October 16, 2013 |publisher=[[Fuse (TV channel)|Fuse]]}}</ref> and peaked at number 14 in the United States. [[Fayil:Dark_horse_katy_perry.jpg|thumb|Katy Perry performing "Dark Horse" during the Prismatic World Tour in September 2014.]] ''Prism'' was released on October 18, 2013, and has sold over eight million copies worldwide. It received favorable reviews from critics<ref name="PrismMC"/> and debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' 200 chart. Four days later, Perry performed the songs from the album at the iHeartRadio Theater in Los Angeles. "Dark Horse" with Juicy J was released as the album's third single in December, and became her ninth U.S. number-one single the following month. In 2014, "Birthday" and "This Is How We Do" respectively followed as the album's fourth and fifth singles,<ref name="ds">{{Cite web |last=Corner |first=Lewis |date=July 24, 2014 |title=Katy Perry confirms new single 'This Is How We Do' – watch lyric video |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a586233/katy-perry-confirms-new-single-this-is-how-we-do-watch-lyric-video.html#~oKZLKy0n2t9T2S |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924161656/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a586233/katy-perry-confirms-new-single-this-is-how-we-do-watch-lyric-video.html#~oKZLKy0n2t9T2S |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |access-date=July 25, 2014 |publisher=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref> and reached the top 25 on the Hot 100. Prior to ending her relationship with Mayer in 2014, she recorded and co-wrote a duet with him titled "Who You Love" for his album ''Paradise Valley''. The song was released on August 12, 2013. Perry's third headlining tour, the Prismatic World Tour, began in May 2014 and concluded in October 2015. It sold almost 2 million tickets and grossed $204.3&nbsp;million worldwide and won Perry the award for "Top Package" at the 2014 <nowiki><i id="mwBNU">Billboard</i></nowiki> Touring Awards. She also performed at the 2015 Rock in Rio festival on September 27, 2015. On November 23, 2014, the National Football League (NFL) announced that Perry would perform at the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show on February 1, 2015. Lenny Kravitz and [[Missy Elliott]] served as special guests for the show. Her performance was critically acclaimed, and Guinness announced two days after the singer's halftime show that it garnered 118.5&nbsp;million viewers in the United States, becoming the most watched and highest rated show in Super Bowl history. The viewership was higher than the game itself, which was viewed by an audience of 114.4&nbsp;million.<ref name="Guinness2016">{{Cite web |last=Angert |first=Alex |date=February 3, 2015 |title=Super Bowl XLIX: How Brady, Belichick and Katy Perry's shark ensured the records tumbled |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2015/2/super-bowl-xlix-how-brady-belichick-and-katy-perrys-shark-ensured-the-records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117062521/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2015/2/super-bowl-xlix-how-brady-belichick-and-katy-perrys-shark-ensured-the-records |archive-date=November 17, 2015 |access-date=November 14, 2015 |website=Guinness World Records}}</ref> The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) ranked her fifth on the list of Top Global Recording Artists of 2013. On June 26, 2014, she was declared the Top Certified Digital Artist Ever by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for certified sales of 72 million digital singles in the United States.<ref name="TopCertified">{{Cite web |date=June 26, 2014 |title=RIAA Crowns Katy Perry Top Certified Digital Artist Ever |url=https://www.riaa.com/riaa-crowns-katy-perry-top-certified-digital-artist-ever/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713195543/http://www.riaa.com/riaa-crowns-katy-perry-top-certified-digital-artist-ever/ |archive-date=July 13, 2016 |access-date=June 26, 2014 |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]}}</ref> In May 2014, a portrait of Perry by painter Mark Ryden was featured in his exhibition "The Gay 90s", and shown at the Kohn Gallery in Los Angeles. Along with several other artists, she also recorded a cover version of the song "Daisy Bell (Bicycle Built for Two)" on a limited-edition concept album titled ''The Gay Nineties Old Tyme Music: Daisy Bell'' to accompany the exhibition. That month, a portrait of Perry by artist Will Cotton was included in the United States National Portrait Gallery. On June 17, 2014, Perry announced that she had founded her own record label under Capitol Records, titled Metamorphosis Music. Ferras was the first artist to get signed to her label, and Perry served as an executive producer on his self-titled EP. She also recorded a duet with him on the EP, titled "Legends Never Die". The label was later renamed Unsub Records. On November 23, 2015, Perry starred in H&amp;amp;M's holiday advertising campaign, for which she wrote and recorded a song titled "Every Day Is a Holiday". Outside of her music career, Perry reprised her role as Smurfette in ''The Smurfs 2'', which was released in theaters on July 31, 2013. Like its predecessor, ''The Smurfs 2'' was a financial success<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Smurfs 2 (2013) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418143328/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs2.htm |archive-date=April 18, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> that was panned by critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 31, 2013 |title=The Smurfs 2 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs_2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106053810/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs_2/ |archive-date=January 6, 2014 |access-date=January 16, 2014 |website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> In March 2014, she made a guest appearance playing herself in the episode "Blisteritos Presents Dad Academy Graduation Congraduritos Red Carpet Viewing Party" of the ''Kroll Show''. Killer Queen was released as her third fragrance in August 2013 through Coty. In January 2014, she became a guest curator of Madonna's Art for Freedom initiative. In March 2015, she appeared in ''Brand: A Second Coming'', a documentary following her ex-husband Russell Brand's transition from comedy work to activism, and released a concert film titled ''Katy Perry: The Prismatic World Tour'' through Epix, which took place during her tour of the same name. Perry also made a cameo appearance in the music video for Madonna's song "Bitch I'm Madonna" in June 2015. The following month, she released another fragrance with Coty, entitled Mad Potion. In September 2015, she appeared in the documentaries ''Katy Perry: Making of the Pepsi Super Bowl Halftime Show'', which followed Perry's preparation for her Super Bowl performance,<ref name="SuperBowl">{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=September 11, 2015 |title='Katy Perry: Making Of The Pepsi Super Bowl Halftime Show' Trailer: What 118.5 Million Viewers Didn't See |url=https://deadline.com/2015/09/katy-perry-making-of-the-pepsi-super-bowl-halftime-show-trailer-first-look-documentary-1201522029/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912203425/http://deadline.com/2015/09/katy-perry-making-of-the-pepsi-super-bowl-halftime-show-trailer-first-look-documentary-1201522029/ |archive-date=September 12, 2015 |access-date=September 12, 2015 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> and ''Jeremy Scott: The People's Designer'', which followed the life and career of designer Jeremy Scott. Perry released a mobile app titled ''Katy Perry Pop'' in December 2015 through Glu Mobile where her character helps players become famous musicians. She described it as "the most fun, colorful world that helps guide your musical dreams". === 2016–2019: ''Witness'' and ''American Idol'' === Perry started writing songs for her new album in June 2016, and recorded an anthem for NBC Sports' coverage of the 2016 Summer Olympics titled "Rise", which was released the following month. Perry chose to release it as a standalone track rather than save it for her album "because now more than ever, there is a need for our world to unite". NBC also felt its message spoke "to the spirit of the Olympics and its athletes" for its inspirational themes. The song reached number one in Australia and number eleven in the United States. [[Fayil:Katy_Perry_at_Madison_Square_Garden_(37436531092)_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Perry performing during Witness: The Tour in October 2017]] In August 2016, Perry stated that she aspired to create material "that connects and relates and inspires"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carroll |first=Sarah |date=August 18, 2016 |title=Katy Perry Is 'Taking Chances' & 'Not Rushing' Her New Music |url=http://amp.cbslocal.com/2016/08/18/katy-perry-new-music-taking-chances/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819125902/http://amp.cbslocal.com/2016/08/18/katy-perry-new-music-taking-chances/ |archive-date=August 19, 2016 |access-date=August 19, 2016 |publisher=[[KNX-FM|97.1 AMP Radio]]}}</ref> and told Ryan Seacrest that she was "not rushing" her fifth album, adding "I'm just having a lot of fun, but experimenting and trying different producers, and different collaborators, and different styles".<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2016 |title=Katy Perry Reveals She's 'Experimenting' With New Album, Talks Forthcoming Shoe Collection |url=http://onairwithryan.iheart.com/onair/ryan-seacrest-52241/katy-perry-reveals-shes-experimenting-with-15019828/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920140320/http://onairwithryan.iheart.com/onair/ryan-seacrest-52241/katy-perry-reveals-shes-experimenting-with-15019828/ |archive-date=September 20, 2016 |access-date=August 19, 2016 |website=[[On Air with Ryan Seacrest]]}}</ref> On February 10, 2017, Perry released the album's lead single "Chained to the Rhythm" featuring Skip Marley.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Katy |title=Chained to the Rhythm (feat. Skip Marley)&nbsp;– Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/chained-to-rhythm-feat.-skip/id1203815492 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214001628/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/chained-to-rhythm-feat.-skip/id1203815492 |archive-date=February 14, 2017 |access-date=February 14, 2017 |publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aiello |first=McKenna |last2=Vulpo |first2=Mike |date=March 5, 2017 |title=Katy Perry Opens 2017 iHeartRadio Music Awards With a Bunch of Kids and a Dancing Hamster |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/833852/katy-perry-opens-2017-iheartradio-music-awards-with-a-bunch-of-kids-and-a-dancing-hamster |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306013513/http://www.eonline.com/news/833852/katy-perry-opens-2017-iheartradio-music-awards-with-a-bunch-of-kids-and-a-dancing-hamster |archive-date=March 6, 2017 |access-date=March 6, 2017 |publisher=E!}}</ref> It reached number one in Hungary<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 7, 2017 |title=Rádiós Top 40 slágerlista |trans-title=Radio Top 40 hit list |url=http://zene.slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2017/15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426151417/http://zene.slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2017/15 |archive-date=April 26, 2017 |access-date=April 27, 2017 |publisher=[[Association of Hungarian Record Companies|Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége]] |language=hu}}</ref> and number four in the United States. The track was also streamed over three million times on Spotify within 24 hours, breaking the music streaming service's record at the time for the highest first-day streaming for a single track by a female artist. The album's second single, "Bon Appétit" with Migos, was released that April. Its third single, "Swish Swish", featured [[Nicki Minaj]] and followed the next month. They respectively peaked at numbers 59 and 46 in the United States,<ref name="Hot100History" /> and made the top 15 in Canada. The album, titled ''Witness'', was released on June 9, 2017, to mixed reviews,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Witness by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/witness/katy-perry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610033604/http://www.metacritic.com/music/witness/katy-perry |archive-date=June 10, 2017 |access-date=June 9, 2017 |publisher=Metacritic}}</ref> and debuted at number one in the United States. To accompany the album's release, Perry broadcast herself on YouTube for four days with a live-stream titled Katy Perry Live: Witness World Wide, concluding with a live concert on June 12. The live-stream generated over 49 million views from 190 countries. She also embarked on Witness: The Tour, which began in September 2017 and ended in August 2018. On June 15, 2017, Calvin Harris released a song titled "Feels" from his album ''Funk Wav Bounces Vol. 1'', which featured Perry, Big Sean, and Pharrell Williams.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Findlay |first=Mitch |date=June 14, 2017 |title=Calvin Harris Announces Single With Big Sean, Pharrell, & Katy Perry |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/476043-calvin-harris-announces-single-with-big-sean-pharrell-and-katy-perry-news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622155231/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/calvin-harris-announces-single-with-big-sean-pharrell-and-katy-perry-news.33773.html |archive-date=June 22, 2017 |access-date=June 14, 2017 |publisher=HotNewHipHop}}</ref> The song went on to reach number one in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Jack |date=August 11, 2017 |title=Calvin Harris dethrones Despacito to claim his eighth Number 1 single |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/calvin-harris-dethrones-despacito-to-claim-his-eighth-number-1-single__19932/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811224622/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/calvin-harris-dethrones-despacito-to-claim-his-eighth-number-1-single__19932/ |archive-date=August 11, 2017 |access-date=August 11, 2017 |publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref> T{{Reflist}} === Sources === <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles> * {{Official website}} * {{AllMusic}} * Katy Perry discography at Discogs * Katy Perry discography at MusicBrainz * Katy Perry at Rotten Tomatoes {{Katy Perry|state=expanded}}{{Navboxes|title=[[List of awards and nominations received by Katy Perry|Awards for Katy Perry]]|list={{American Music Award for Favorite Adult Contemporary Artist}} {{American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist}} {{Brit International Female}} {{Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Female Singer}} {{Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Female}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Live Act}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Look}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best New Act}} {{MTV Video Music Award for Best Collaboration}} {{MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year}} {{People's Choice Award for Favorite Female Artist}} {{People's Choice Award for Favorite Music Video}} {{Teen Choice Award for Choice Music Single}}}}{{Authority control}} ==Manazarta== [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] opote3wua139n2ve2tf5h4bwksdawfo 893757 893756 2026-08-09T16:39:09Z Asiya Garba 46242 893757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><nowiki> {{</nowiki> {{Databox}} '''Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Oktoban shekarar 1984), wacce aka fi sani da '''Katy Perry''', mawaƙiya ce ta Amurka, marubuciya, kuma mai talbijin. An san ta da tasirin da take da shi a kan kiɗa da kuma salon sansanin ta, <nowiki><i id="mwHA">Vogue</i></nowiki> da Rolling Stone sun kira ta "Queen of Camp". A shekara ta 16, Perry ta fitar da kundin [[Dance music|rawa]]-linkid="187" href="./Gospel_music" id="mwIA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Gospel music">bishara mara nasara ''Katy Hudson'' (2001) a karkashin Red Hill Records . Bayan ta koma Los Angeles, ta sanya hannu a Capitol Records kuma ta zama sananne tare da kundin pop rock One of the Boys (2008). Ɗaya daga cikin jagoranta, "Na Kissed a Girl", ya hau kan US <nowiki><i id="mwKg">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100. Perry ta disco-influenced pop rikodin Teenage Dream (2010) ya zama kawai album da wata mace ta faifai da biyar US lambar-ɗaya singles: "California Gurls", "Teenage Dream", "Firework", "E.T". da kuma "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.) ". Sake fitar da shi, mai taken The Complete Confection (2012), ya samar da lambar daya ta Amurka "Part of Me". ''Prism'' mai wahayi zuwa gare shi (2013) ya samar da waƙoƙi biyu na Amurka, "Roar" da "Dark Horse". Perry ta gaba albums, Witness (2017), Smile (2020) da ''143'' (2024), sun sadu da bambancin m da kasuwanci nasara. Perry yana daya daga cikin masu fasahar kiɗa mafi kyawun kowane lokaci, tare da kimanin tallace-tallace na fiye da miliyan 151 a duk duniya. Shida daga cikin waƙoƙinta sun sami takaddun shaida na lu'u-lu'u daga Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Rubuce-rubuce ta Amurka. Mawakin mata mafi girma a duniya a cikin shekarar 2015 da 2018, Billboard ta kira ta daya daga cikin manyan taurari na karni na 21. Kyautarta ta haɗa da 20 Guinness World Records, biyar Billboard Music Awards, biyar American Music Awards (ciki har da Special Achievement Award), Brit Award, Juno Award, da bakwai MTV Video Music Awards (gami da Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award). Perry ita ce mai zane na farko da ya sami bidiyo da yawa da suka kai ra'ayoyi biliyan daya a YouTube. Tare da kimanin dala miliyan 360, tana daga cikin mawaƙa masu arziki a duniya. A waje da kiɗa, Perry ta fitar da wani shirin tarihin rayuwa mai taken Katy Perry: Part of Me a cikin 2012, ta bayyana Smurfette a cikin Jerin fina-finai na <nowiki><i id="mwWg">Smurfs</i></nowiki> (2011-2013), ta kaddamar da layin takalmin Katy Perry Collections a cikin 2017 kuma ta tashi zuwa sararin samaniya a cikin Blue Origin NS-31 a cikin 2025. Ta yi aiki a matsayin alƙali a kan American Idol daga kakar wasa ta goma sha shida a 2018 zuwa kakar wasa ta ashirin da biyu a 2024. Ita mai ba da shawara ce ga [[Hakkokin LGBT ta ƙasa ko yanki|Hakkin LGBT]] da haƙƙin mata, kuma an ba ta suna Jakadan Goodwill na UNICEF a shekarar 2013. Ayyukanta na jin kai da gwagwarmayarta suna mai da hankali kan ilimin yara da wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar kanjamau / AIDS. == Rayuwa da aiki == === 1984-1999: Rayuwa ta farko da iyali === An haifi Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 1984, a Santa Barbara, California, ga fastocin Pentecostal Mary Christine (née Perry) da Maurice Keith Hudson . {{Sfn|Perry|2012}} Iyayenta biyu sun juya zuwa addini bayan "matashi mara kyau". Perry yana da asalin Ingilishi, Jamusanci, Irish, da Portuguese.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cowlin|2014}}</ref> Ta hanyar mahaifiyarta, 'yar uwar darektan fim din [[Frank Perry]] ce. Tana da ƙaramin ɗan'uwa mai suna David, wanda shi ma mawaƙi ne, da kuma 'yar'uwa mai girma, Angela.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> Daga shekaru uku zuwa 11, Perry ta sauya sau da yawa a fadin kasar yayin da iyayenta suka kafa majami'u kafin su sake zama a Santa Barbara. Yayinda take girma, ta halarci makarantun addini da sansanoni, ciki har da Makarantar Kirista ta Paradise Valley a [[Arizona]] da Makarantar Kiristanci ta Santa Barbara a California a lokacin shekarunta na firamare.<ref name="Friedlander 2012 15">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> Iyalin sun yi gwagwarmaya da kudi, wani lokacin ta amfani da hatimi na abinci da cin abinci daga bankin abinci wanda kuma ya ciyar da ikilisiya a cocin iyayenta. Yayinda suke girma, Perry da 'yan uwanta ba a yarda su ci hatsi na Lucky Charms ba kamar yadda kalmar "sa'a" ta tunatar da mahaifiyarsu game da Lucifer, kuma ana buƙatar su kira kwai da aka karkatar da su "ƙwai da aka yi wahayi".<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> Perry da farko ya saurari kiɗa na bishara, kamar yadda aka hana kiɗa na duniya a gidan iyali. Ta gano shahararren kiɗa ta hanyar CDs da ta shigo da ita gida daga abokanta. Perry daga baya ta tuna wani labari game da yadda abokiyarta ta buga "You Oughta Know" ta Alanis Morissette, wanda ya rinjayi rubuce-rubucen waƙoƙinta da waka.{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} While not strictly identifying as religious, she has stated, "I pray all the time – for self-control, for humility." Wanting to be like her sister Angela, Perry began singing by practicing with her sister's cassette tapes. She performed the tracks in front of her parents, who let her take vocal lessons like Angela was doing at the time. She began training at age nine;<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> she was also incorporated into her parents' ministry, singing in church from ages nine to 17.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> At 13, Perry was given her first guitar for her birthday,<ref name="GraffBold" /><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> and publicly performed songs she wrote. She tried to "be a bit like the typical Californian girl" while growing up, and started rollerskating, skateboarding, and surfing as a teenager. Her brother David described her as a "[[tomboy]]" during her adolescence, which Perry talks about on her song "One of the Boys".<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> She took dancing lessons and learned how to swing, Lindy Hop, and jitterbug.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Perry completed her General Educational Development (GED) requirements early at age 15, during her first year of high school, and left Dos Pueblos High School to pursue a music career.<ref name="Hudson37">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> === 2000–2006: Career beginnings, ''Katy Hudson'', and ''Fingerprints'' === Perry briefly had vocal lessons with a woman named Agatha Danoff<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heldman |first=Breanne L. |date=August 8, 2014 |title=Katy Perry: I Could Really Use a Better Education |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/blogs/celeb-news/katy-perry-education-interview-make-roar-happen-212115603.html?guccounter=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218233641/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/blogs/celeb-news/katy-perry-education-interview-make-roar-happen-212115603.html?guccounter=1 |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |access-date=February 18, 2024 |publisher=Yahoo! Entertainment}}</ref> in facilities rented from the Music Academy of the West.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Montgomery|2011}}</ref> Her singing caught the attention of rock artists Steve Thomas and Jennifer Knapp from Nashville, Tennessee, who brought her there to improve her writing skills.<ref name="Hudson37">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> In Nashville, she started recording demos and learned how to write songs and play guitar. Perry signed with Red Hill Records and recorded her debut album, a contemporary Christian record titled ''Katy Hudson'', which was released on March 6, 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |author-link=Stephen Thomas Erlewine |title=Katy Hudson&nbsp;– Katy Hudson |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/katy-hudson-mw0000017022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226133433/http://www.allmusic.com/album/katy-hudson-mw0000017022 |archive-date=December 26, 2013 |access-date=December 27, 2013 |publisher=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> She also joined Earthsuit and V*Enna that year to perform as part of Phil Joel's Strangely Normal Tour<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=David |date=May 6, 2003 |title=The Strangely Normal Tour – Phil Joel, Earthsuit, V*Enna & Katy Hudson |url=http://www.epinions.com/content_929341572?sb=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729081327/http://www.epinions.com/content_929341572?sb=1 |archive-date=July 29, 2013 |access-date=December 26, 2013 |publisher=[[Epinions.com]]}}</ref> and embarked on other performances of her own in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy's Tour Info |url=http://www.katyhudson.com/tourinfo.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010816191358/http://www.katyhudson.com/tourinfo.html |archive-date=August 16, 2001 |website=KatyHudson.com}}</ref> ''Katy Hudson'' received mixed reviews from critics and was commercially unsuccessful, selling an estimated 200 copies before the label ceased operations in December.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Transitioning from gospel music to secular music, Perry started working with producer Glen Ballard,{{Sfn|Perry|2012}}{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} and moved to Los Angeles at the age of 17. She opted to work with Ballard due to his past work with Alanis Morissette, one of her major inspirations. In 2003, she briefly performed as Katheryn Perry, to avoid confusion with actress [[Kate Hudson]], and later adopted the stage name "Katy Perry", using her mother's maiden name.{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} In 2010, she recalled that "Thinking of You" was one of the first songs she wrote after moving to Los Angeles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[CBS]] |date=October 3, 2010 |title=Katy Perry Sings Her First Song |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6oaXe2lw1Q |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001111419/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6oaXe2lw1Q |archive-date=October 1, 2021 |access-date=October 1, 2021 |via=[[YouTube]] }}</ref> Perry would also perform at the Hotel Café, performing new music while she was between record labels.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fields |first=Taylor |date=May 27, 2020 |title=Katy Perry Returns to Hotel Café Where She Got Her Start for Special Performance |url=https://www.iheart.com/content/2020-05-27-katy-perry-gives-special-performance-at-hotel-caf-where-she-got-her-start/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329144548/https://www.iheart.com/content/2020-05-27-katy-perry-gives-special-performance-at-hotel-caf-where-she-got-her-start/ |archive-date=March 29, 2022 |access-date=March 29, 2022 |quote=Fifteen years ago, this was kind of like my hideout/living room. This is actually Hotel Café in Hollywood. It's where I went to try out my new songs, and when I wanted to know if anyone actually liked them, besides my cat — may she rest in peace. So, it's kind of like my living room. It's my growing up space. |agency=[[iHeartRadio]]}}</ref> In 2004, she signed to Ballard's label, Java Records, which was then affiliated with The Island Def Jam Music Group. Perry began work on a solo record due for release in March 2005, but the record was shelved after Java was dropped. Ballard then introduced her to Tim Devine, an A&amp;amp;R executive at Columbia Records, and she was signed as a solo artist. By November 2006, Perry had finished writing and recording material for her Columbia debut titled ''Fingerprints'' (with some of the material from this time appearing on ''One of the Boys'') which was planned for release in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2012 |title=Katy Perry - Nintendo Wii Launch (Nov 2006) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4j9qiSFoU-Q&t=88s |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117154356/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4j9qiSFoU-Q&t=88s |archive-date=November 17, 2021 |access-date=November 17, 2021 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Some of the material from ''Fingerprints'' that did not make it on ''One of the Boys'' was given to other artists, such as "I Do Not Hook Up" and "Long Shot" to Kelly Clarkson, and "Rock God" to Selena Gomez &amp;amp; the Scene. Perry worked with songwriters including Desmond Child, Greg Wells, Butch Walker, Scott Cutler, Anne Preven, the Matrix, Kara DioGuardi, Max Martin, and Dr. Luke.<ref name="Anokute Hit Quarters">{{Cite web |last=Blumenrath |first=Jan |date=October 18, 2010 |title=Interview with Chris Anokute |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/2010/October18_4_57_7.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417201326/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2F2010%2FOctober18_4_57_7.html |archive-date=April 17, 2015 |access-date=April 25, 2015 |website=[[HitQuarters]]}}</ref> In addition, after Devine suggested that songwriting team the Matrix become a "real group", she recorded an album, ''The Matrix'', with them. This featured her and Adam Longlands as lead vocalists. ''The Matrix'' was planned for release in 2004 but was shelved due to creative differences. Perry was dropped from Columbia in 2006 as ''Fingerprints'' neared completion. After the label dropped her, she worked at an independent A&amp;amp;R company, Taxi Music.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Perry had minor success prior to her breakthrough. One of the songs she had recorded for her album with Ballard, "Simple", was featured on the soundtrack to the 2005 film ''The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants''.<ref name="Summers">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Perry provided backing vocals on Mick Jagger's song "Old Habits Die Hard", which was included on the soundtrack to the 2004 film ''Alfie''.<ref name="allmusicbio">{{Cite web |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |title=Katy Perry |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104093438/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |archive-date=November 4, 2015 |access-date=February 10, 2016 |publisher=AllMusic}}</ref> In September 2004, ''Blender'' named her "The Next Big Thing".<ref name="Summers" /> She recorded background vocals on P.O.D.'s single "Goodbye for Now", was featured at the end of its music video in 2006, and performed it with them on ''The Tonight Show with Jay Leno''. That year, Perry also appeared in the music video for "Learn to Fly" by Carbon Leaf, and she played the love interest of her then-boyfriend, Gym Class Heroes lead singer Travie McCoy, in the band's music video for "Cupid's Chokehold". === 2007–2009: Breakthrough with ''One of the Boys'' === After Columbia dropped Perry, Angelica Cob-Baehler, then a publicity executive at the label, brought Perry's demos to Virgin Records chairman Jason Flom. Flom was convinced that she could be a breakthrough star and she was signed to Capitol Records in April 2007. The label arranged for her to work with Dr. Luke to add an "undeniable smash" to her existing material.<ref name="hitquarters">{{Cite web |date=January 21, 2011 |title=Correction to the interview with Chris Anokute |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_AnokuteCorrection.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713071228/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2Fopar%2Fintrview_AnokuteCorrection.html |archive-date=July 13, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |website=HitQuarters}}</ref> Perry and Dr. Luke co-wrote the songs "I Kissed a Girl" and "Hot n Cold" for her second album ''One of the Boys''. A campaign was started with the November 2007 release of the video to "Ur So Gay", a song aimed at introducing her to the music market.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> A digital EP of the same name was also released that month.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Katy |date=November 20, 2007 |title=Ur So Gay |url=https://www.amazon.com/Ur-Gay-Explicit-Katy-Perry/dp/B000YBJFF6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816210131/https://www.amazon.com/Ur-Gay-Explicit-Katy-Perry/dp/B000YBJFF6 |archive-date=August 16, 2021 |access-date=August 25, 2018 |publisher=Amazon}}</ref> [[Madonna]] helped publicize the song by praising it on the ''JohnJay & Rich'' radio show in April 2008,<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> stating "Ur So Gay" was her "favorite song" at the time.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> In March 2008, Perry made a cameo appearance as a club singer in the ''Wildfire'' episode "Life's Too Short"<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> and appeared as herself during a photo shoot that June on ''[[The Young and the Restless]]'' for the show's magazine ''Restless Style''.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> [[Fayil:Katy_Perry_performing.jpg|alt=Katy Perry performing on the Warped Tour 2008|right|thumb|Perry performing at Cricket Wireless Amphitheatre during the Warped Tour in August 2008]] Perry released her first single with Capitol, "I Kissed a Girl", on April 28, 2008, as the lead single from ''One of the Boys''. The first station to pick up the song was WRVW in Nashville, who were inundated with enthusiastic calls the first three days they played it.<ref name="hitquarters.com2">{{Cite web |date=October 18, 2010 |title=Interview With Chris Anokute |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_Chris_Anokute_Interview.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713070818/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2Fopar%2Fintrview_Chris_Anokute_Interview.html |archive-date=July 13, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |website=HitQuarters}}</ref> The track topped the U.S. <nowiki><i id="mwAfI">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 on the chart dated July 5, 2008, and remained number one for seven consecutive weeks. "I Kissed a Girl" created controversy among both religious and [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]] groups. The former criticized its homosexual theme, while the latter accused her of using bi-curiosity to sell records. In response to speculation that her parents opposed her music and career, Perry told MTV News that they had no problems with her success. ''One of the Boys'', released on June 17, 2008, garnered mixed critical reviews and reached number nine on the U.S. <nowiki><i id="mwAgE">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''One of the Boys'' by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/one-of-the-boys/katy-perry |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114151805/http://www.metacritic.com/music/one-of-the-boys/katy-perry |archive-date=November 14, 2012 |access-date=March 6, 2009 |publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> The album went on to sell seven million copies worldwide. "Hot n Cold" was released the following September and became the album's second successful single, reaching number three on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, while topping charts in Germany,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hot n Cold (Single) |url=http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/title/Perry%2C+Katy/Hot+n+Cold/single |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714190034/http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/title/Perry%2C%2BKaty/Hot%2Bn%2BCold/single |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |access-date=June 26, 2014 |publisher=Musicline}}</ref> Canada, the Netherlands, and Austria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nederlandse Top 40&nbsp;– week 01, 2009 |url=http://www.top40.nl/top40/2009/week-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728052041/http://www.top40.nl/top40/2009/week-01 |archive-date=July 28, 2014 |access-date=July 27, 2014 |publisher=[[Dutch Top 40]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry&nbsp;— Hot N Cold |url=http://www.austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy+Perry&titel=Hot+n+Cold&cat=s |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830164113/http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy%20Perry&titel=Hot%20N%20Cold&cat=s |archive-date=August 30, 2013 |access-date=July 27, 2014 |publisher=[[Ö3 Austria Top 40]]}}</ref> Later singles "Thinking of You" and "Waking Up in Vegas" were released in 2009 and reached the top 30 of the Hot 100.<ref name="Hot100History2" /> From June to August 2008, Perry traveled with McCoy on the Warped Tour.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=22}}</ref> As a symbol of their commitment to one another, he gave her a diamond promise ring before the tour,<ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=30}}</ref> and he wore a ring with "Katy" inscribed on it.<ref name=":10">{{Cite magazine|url-status=88–96}}</ref> That September, a limited-edition Katy Perry doll was produced by Integrity Toys in response to her growing popularity. She hosted the 2008 MTV Europe Music Awards in November and won the award for Best New Act. Following their breakup in December 2008, Perry and McCoy reconciled in April 2009<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rollo |first=Sarah |date=April 26, 2009 |title=Perry reunites with Travis McCoy |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a154009/perry-reunites-with-travis-mccoy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828194016/https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a154009/perry-reunites-with-travis-mccoy/ |archive-date=August 28, 2025 |access-date=August 8, 2025 |publisher=Digital Spy}}</ref> before she ended their relationship again later that year. The Matrix's self-titled album, which Perry had recorded with the band in 2004, was released on iTunes on January 27, 2009, as a result of her solo success.<ref name="allmusicbio2">{{Cite web |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |title=Katy Perry |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104093438/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |archive-date=November 4, 2015 |access-date=February 10, 2016 |publisher=AllMusic}}</ref> At the 2009 Brit Awards the next month, she won the award for International Female Solo Artist.<ref name="Brit20092">{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2009 |title=Brit Awards 2009: Full list of winners |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/4692628/Brit-Awards-2009-Full-list-of-winners.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712101104/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/4692628/Brit-Awards-2009-Full-list-of-winners.html |archive-date=July 12, 2015 |access-date=November 3, 2015}}</ref> Perry embarked on her first headlining world tour, the Hello Katy Tour, from January to November 2009 to support ''One of the Boys''.<ref name="Hudson832">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> On August 4, 2009, she performed as opening act for one date of No Doubt's 2009 Summer Tour. Perry also hosted the 2009 MTV Europe Music Awards that November, becoming the first person to host two consecutive ceremonies of the European awards. On July 22, 2009, Perry recorded a live album titled ''MTV Unplugged'', which featured acoustic performances of five tracks from ''One of the Boys'' as well as one new song, "Brick by Brick", and a cover of Fountains of Wayne's "Hackensack". It was released on November 17, 2009. Perry also appeared on two singles with other artists; she was featured on a remix of [[Colorado]]-based band 3OH!3's song "Starstrukk" in September 2009,<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 14, 2009 |title=Starstrukk (feat. Katy Perry) |url=https://music.apple.com/au/album/starstrukk-feat-katy-perry-single/330823124 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908070213/https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/starstrukk-feat.-katy-perry/id330823124 |archive-date=September 8, 2014 |access-date=July 23, 2014 |publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref> and on a duet with Timbaland entitled "If We Ever Meet Again", from his album ''Shock Value II'', three months later.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2019 |title=If We Ever Meet Again (feat. Katy Perry) |url=http://itunes.apple.com:80/us/album/if-we-ever-meet-again-feat-katy-perry/id340826329 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208055217/http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/if-we-ever-meet-again-feat-katy-perry/id340826329 |archive-date=December 8, 2009 |access-date=March 22, 2020 |publisher=iTunes}}</ref> The ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' recognized her in its 2010 edition as the "Best Start on the U.S. Digital Chart by a Female Artist", for digital single sales of over two million copies.<ref name="Guinness2010">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Glenday|2010}}</ref> Perry met her future husband Russell Brand in mid-2009 while filming a cameo appearance for his film ''Get Him to the Greek''. Her scene, in which the two kiss, does not appear in the film. She began dating Brand after meeting him again that September at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards.<ref name="RussellDating">{{Cite web |last=Ziegbe |first=Mawuse |date=September 4, 2010 |title=Katy Perry, Russell Brand's Love Story Began at the VMAs |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1647232/katy-perry-russell-brands-love-story-began-at-the-vmas/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502061321/http://www.mtv.com/news/1647232/katy-perry-russell-brands-love-story-began-at-the-vmas/ |archive-date=May 2, 2014 |access-date=November 9, 2010 |publisher=MTV News}}</ref> The couple became engaged on December 31, 2009, while vacationing in [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref name="Engaged">{{Cite web |last=Heldman |first=Breanne L. |date=January 6, 2010 |title=Katy Perry and Russell Brand Engaged in India |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/160483/katy-perry-and-russell-brand-engaged-in-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828221336/http://www.eonline.com/news/160483/katy-perry-and-russell-brand-engaged-in-india |archive-date=August 28, 2012 |access-date=January 6, 2010 |publisher=[[E!]]}}</ref> === 2010–2012: ''Teenage Dream'' and marriage === After serving as a guest judge on ''American Idol'', Perry released "California Gurls" featuring [[Snoop Dogg]] on May 7, 2010. The song was the lead single from her third studio album, ''Teenage Dream'', and reached number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 in June. She also served as a guest judge on British <nowiki><i id="mwAuM">The X Factor</i></nowiki> later that month<ref name="XFactorJudge">{{Cite web |date=June 28, 2010 |title=Katy Perry Hits Dublin For X Factor Auditions |url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/x-factor/228776-katy-perry-cheryl-cole-x-factor |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017142034/http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/x-factor/228776-katy-perry-cheryl-cole-x-factor |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=June 28, 2010 |publisher=MTV News}}</ref> before releasing the album's second single, "Teenage Dream", in July. "Teenage Dream" reached number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 in September. Released on August 24, 2010, ''Teenage Dream'' debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' 200, and received mixed reviews from music critics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Teenage Dream'' by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/teenage-dream/katy-perry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102220205/http://www.metacritic.com/music/teenage-dream/katy-perry |archive-date=November 2, 2013 |access-date=March 15, 2014 |publisher=Metacritic}}</ref> It has since sold over 12 million copies worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Jon |date=August 25, 2025 |title=How 'Teenage Dream' Crowned Katy Perry as Pop's Campiest Queen |url=https://www.grammy.com/news/katy-perry-teenage-dream-album-influence-impact |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826141539/https://www.grammy.com/news/katy-perry-teenage-dream-album-influence-impact |archive-date=August 26, 2025 |access-date=August 29, 2025 |publisher=[[The Recording Academy]]}}</ref> being her highest-selling album to date.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2021 |title=Europe 2 Classics: California Gurls, de Katy Perry, est une ode à la côte ouest des États-Unis |url=https://www.europe2.fr/musique/europe-2-classics-california-gurls-de-katy-perry-est-une-ode-a-la-cote-ouest-des-etats-unis-54375.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250815200835/https://www.europe2.fr/musique/europe-2-classics-california-gurls-de-katy-perry-est-une-ode-a-la-cote-ouest-des-etats-unis-54375.html |archive-date=August 15, 2025 |access-date=August 5, 2025 |publisher=[[Europe 2]] |language=fr}}</ref> ''Teenage Dream'' would go on to win the 2011 Juno Award for International Album of the Year.<ref name="Juno2011">{{Cite web |date=March 26, 2011 |title=2011 JUNO Gala Dinner & Award Winners |url=https://junoawards.ca/2011-juno-gala-dinner-award-winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127131849/https://junoawards.ca/2011-juno-gala-dinner-award-winners/ |archive-date=January 27, 2016 |access-date=June 18, 2015 |publisher=Juno Awards}}</ref> In October, "Firework" was released as the album's third single. It became the album's third consecutive number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 on December 8, 2010. "E.T." featuring [[Kanye West]] was released as the fourth single from ''Teenage Dream'' on February 16, 2011. It topped the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 for five non-consecutive weeks, making ''Teenage Dream'' the ninth album in history to produce four number one singles on the chart. "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)" followed as the fifth single in June, and Perry became the first female artist to achieve five number-one ''Billboard'' Hot 100 songs from one album when the single topped that chart on August 17, and the second artist after [[Michael Jackson]] with his album ''Bad''. For this record, she received an honorary American Music Award in November 2011 and another Guinness record.<ref name="Guinness2013">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Glenday|2013}}</ref> On September 7, she set a new record by becoming the first artist to spend 69 consecutive weeks in the top ten of the Hot 100. Following the October release of "The One That Got Away" as its sixth single, ''Teenage Dream'' became the third album to produce six top-five songs on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. It joined [[George Michael]]'s ''Faith'' and [[Janet Jackson]]'s ''Rhythm Nation 1814''; the latter remains the only album to ever achieve seven top-five entries. The song peaked at number three in the U.S. and number two in Canada. [[Fayil:Katy_Perry_-_Part_Of_Me_Australian_Premiere_-_June_2012_(3).jpg|alt=Katy Perry looking forward and smiling|left|thumb|Perry attending the Sydney premiere for her 2012 documentary ''Katy Perry: Part of Me'', which grossed $32.7 million]] On January 5, 2012, Perry was named the sixth best-selling digital artist in the United States, with sales of 37.6&nbsp;million units according to Nielsen SoundScan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Loynes |first=Anna |date=January 5, 2012 |title=The Nielsen Company & Billboard's 2011 Music Industry Report |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120105005547/en/Nielsen-Company-Billboard%E2%80%99s-2011-Music-Industry-Report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108044835/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120105005547/en/Nielsen-Company-Billboard%E2%80%99s-2011-Music-Industry-Report |archive-date=January 8, 2012 |access-date=January 5, 2012 |publisher=[[Business Wire]]}}</ref> That month, she became the first artist to have four songs sell over 5 million digital units when "E.T." reached that mark along with "Firework", "California Gurls", and "Hot n Cold".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grein |first=Paul |date=January 19, 2012 |title=Week Ending Jan. 15, 2012. Songs: The Song That Won't Drop |url=https://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/week-ending-jan-15-2012-songs-song-won-012657212.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812191315/https://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/week-ending-jan-15-2012-songs-song-won-012657212.html |archive-date=August 12, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |publisher=Yahoo! Music}}</ref> On February 13, Capitol released the lead single from ''Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection'', "Part of Me", which debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and became Perry's seventh single overall to top the chart. ''Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection'' was released on March 23,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 23, 2012 |title=Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/teenage-dream-the-complete-confection/716084282 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717013306/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/teenage-dream-complete-confection/id716084282 |archive-date=July 17, 2014 |access-date=July 31, 2014 |publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref> and serves as a reissue of ''Teenage Dream''. "Wide Awake" was released on May 22 as the re-release's second single,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 40/M Future Releases |url=http://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507205726/http://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases |archive-date=May 7, 2012 |access-date=September 22, 2014 |publisher=All Access}}</ref> peaking at number two on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and number one in Canada and New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry&nbsp;— Wide Awake |url=https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy+Perry&titel=Wide+Awake&cat=s |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420153426/http://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy+Perry&titel=Wide+Awake&cat=s |archive-date=April 20, 2017 |access-date=July 31, 2014 |publisher=[[Official New Zealand Music Chart|Top 40 Singles]]}}</ref> Perry embarked on her second tour, the California Dreams Tour, in support of ''Teenage Dream''<ref name="Hudson83">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> from February 2011 to January 2012. The tour grossed $59.5&nbsp;million globally and won her the award for Best Live Act at the 2011 MTV Europe Music Awards. On September 23, 2011, she performed on the opening day of the 2011 Rock in Rio festival along with [[Elton John]] and [[Rihanna]]. In September 2010, Perry was scheduled to appear on the 41st-season premiere of ''Sesame Street''. After her scene was uploaded to YouTube, viewers criticized Perry's exposed cleavage. Four days before the scheduled airing, Sesame Workshop announced that the segment would not air on television, but would still be available to watch online. Perry subsequently mocked the controversy on ''Saturday Night Live'', where she was a musical guest and wore an Elmo-themed shirt showing large amounts of cleavage during one skit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry mocks Sesame Street ban |url=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/videos/hot-n-cold-sesame-street/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413125415/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/videos/hot-n-cold-sesame-street/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2014 |publisher=[[Capital (radio network)|Capital]]}}</ref> In December 2010, Perry played Moe Szyslak's girlfriend in the live-action segment from a Christmas episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]'' titled "The Fight Before Christmas". Two months later, she made a guest appearance on the ''How I Met Your Mother'' episode "Oh Honey", playing a woman known as Honey.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tucker |first=Ken |date=February 7, 2011 |title=How I Met Your Mother: 'Oh Honey' |url=http://watching-tv.ew.com/2011/02/07/how-i-met-your-mother-katy-perry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815214720/http://watching-tv.ew.com/2011/02/07/how-i-met-your-mother-katy-perry/ |archive-date=August 15, 2011 |access-date=August 27, 2011}}</ref> The latter role won her the People's Choice Award for Favorite TV Guest Star in January 2012. She made her film debut in the 3D family motion picture ''The Smurfs'' as Smurfette on July 29, 2011. The film was a financial success worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Smurfs (2011) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104000300/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs.htm |archive-date=November 4, 2011 |access-date=November 6, 2011 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> while critics gave mostly negative reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 29, 2011 |title=The Smurfs |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111031145/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs/ |archive-date=January 11, 2014 |access-date=January 16, 2014 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> She hosted ''Saturday Night Live'' on December 10, 2011, with Robyn as the episode's musical guest. Perry's work on the episode received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised her performance in the episode's digital short featuring her and Andy Samberg. In March 2012, she guest starred as a prison security guard named Rikki on the ''Raising Hope'' episode "Single White Female Role Model".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moraski |first=Lauren |date=February 22, 2012 |title=Katy Perry to portray a prison attendant on 'Raising Hope' |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/katy-perry-to-portray-a-prison-attendant-on-raising-hope/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813222733/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/katy-perry-to-portray-a-prison-attendant-on-raising-hope/ |archive-date=August 13, 2014 |access-date=February 25, 2014 |publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> On July 5, 2012, Perry's autobiographical documentary ''Katy Perry: Part of Me'' was released to theaters through Paramount Pictures. The film received positive reviews<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 5, 2012 |title=Katy Perry: Part of Me (2012) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/katy_perry_part_of_me/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813212433/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/katy_perry_part_of_me/ |archive-date=August 13, 2012 |access-date=August 4, 2012 |website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> and grossed $32.7 million worldwide at the box office.<ref name="mojo">{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry: Part of Me |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=katyperry.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814022212/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=katyperry.htm |archive-date=August 14, 2012 |access-date=August 16, 2012 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> Perry began to venture into business when she endorsed the fragrance, Purr, in November 2010. Her second endorsed fragrance, Meow!, was released in December 2011. Both perfumes were released through Nordstrom department stores. Electronic Arts recruited her to promote their new expansion pack for ''The Sims 3: Showtime'', before releasing a separate stuff pack featuring Perry-inspired furniture, outfits, and hairstyles, titled ''The Sims 3: Katy Perry's Sweet Treats'', in June 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sims 3 Katy Perry's Sweet Treats |url=http://www.ea.com/the-sims-3-kp-sweet-treats |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106040704/http://www.ea.com/the-sims-3-kp-sweet-treats |archive-date=January 6, 2015 |access-date=April 3, 2014 |publisher=[[Electronic Arts]]}}</ref> The following month, she became the spokesperson and ambassador for Popchips and made an investment in the company. ''Billboard'' dubbed her as their "Woman of the Year" for 2012. She married Russell Brand on October 23, 2010, in a traditional Hindu ceremony near the Ranthambhore tiger sanctuary in Rajasthan. On December 30, 2011, Brand announced that they were divorcing after 14 months of marriage. Perry later stated that conflicting career schedules and his desire to have children before she was ready led to the end of their marriage and that he never spoke to her again after sending a text message that he was divorcing her,{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} while Brand asserted that he divorced her due to her commercial success and reluctance to engage in activism. She was initially distraught over their divorce and said that she contemplated suicide. Since they married without a prenuptial agreement, he was eligible to claim half of the estimated $44&nbsp;million she earned during their marriage, but declined. Perry began a relationship with singer John Mayer in August 2012, the year her marriage with Brand had ended. === 2013–2015: ''Prism'' and Super Bowl XLIX halftime show === In November 2012, Perry began work on her fourth album, ''Prism''.<ref name="PrismMC">{{Cite web |title=''Prism'' by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/prism/katy-perry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209172300/http://www.metacritic.com/music/prism/katy-perry |archive-date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=November 15, 2013 |publisher=Metacritic}}</ref> She told ''Billboard'', "I know exactly the record I want to make next. I know the artwork, the coloring and the tone" and "I even know what type of tour I'm doing next. I'll be very pleased if the vision I have in my head becomes a reality."<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2012 |title=Katy Perry Won't Rush New Album: "I Know Exactly The Record I Want To Make Next" |url=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/news/new-album-ideas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422024353/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/news/new-album-ideas/ |archive-date=April 22, 2014 |access-date=May 19, 2014 |publisher=Capital}}</ref> After initially telling ''L'Uomo Vogue'' in June 2012 that she planned to have "darker elements" in ''Prism'' following the end of her marriage, the singer revealed to MTV during the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards that she changed the album's direction after periods of self-reflection. Perry commented "I felt very prismatic", which inspired the album's name. "Roar" was released as the lead single from ''Prism'' on August 10, 2013. It was promoted at the MTV Video Music Awards and reached number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. "Unconditionally" followed as the second single from ''Prism'' on October 16, 2013,<ref name="UnconditionallyRelease">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Jeff |date=October 16, 2013 |title=Katy Perry Wails on New Single "Unconditionally" |url=http://www.fuse.tv/2013/10/katy-perry-unconditionally |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017063219/http://www.fuse.tv/2013/10/katy-perry-unconditionally |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=October 16, 2013 |publisher=[[Fuse (TV channel)|Fuse]]}}</ref> and peaked at number 14 in the United States. [[Fayil:Dark_horse_katy_perry.jpg|thumb|Katy Perry performing "Dark Horse" during the Prismatic World Tour in September 2014.]] ''Prism'' was released on October 18, 2013, and has sold over eight million copies worldwide. It received favorable reviews from critics<ref name="PrismMC"/> and debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' 200 chart. Four days later, Perry performed the songs from the album at the iHeartRadio Theater in Los Angeles. "Dark Horse" with Juicy J was released as the album's third single in December, and became her ninth U.S. number-one single the following month. In 2014, "Birthday" and "This Is How We Do" respectively followed as the album's fourth and fifth singles,<ref name="ds">{{Cite web |last=Corner |first=Lewis |date=July 24, 2014 |title=Katy Perry confirms new single 'This Is How We Do' – watch lyric video |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a586233/katy-perry-confirms-new-single-this-is-how-we-do-watch-lyric-video.html#~oKZLKy0n2t9T2S |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924161656/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a586233/katy-perry-confirms-new-single-this-is-how-we-do-watch-lyric-video.html#~oKZLKy0n2t9T2S |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |access-date=July 25, 2014 |publisher=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref> and reached the top 25 on the Hot 100. Prior to ending her relationship with Mayer in 2014, she recorded and co-wrote a duet with him titled "Who You Love" for his album ''Paradise Valley''. The song was released on August 12, 2013. Perry's third headlining tour, the Prismatic World Tour, began in May 2014 and concluded in October 2015. It sold almost 2 million tickets and grossed $204.3&nbsp;million worldwide and won Perry the award for "Top Package" at the 2014 <nowiki><i id="mwBNU">Billboard</i></nowiki> Touring Awards. She also performed at the 2015 Rock in Rio festival on September 27, 2015. On November 23, 2014, the National Football League (NFL) announced that Perry would perform at the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show on February 1, 2015. Lenny Kravitz and [[Missy Elliott]] served as special guests for the show. Her performance was critically acclaimed, and Guinness announced two days after the singer's halftime show that it garnered 118.5&nbsp;million viewers in the United States, becoming the most watched and highest rated show in Super Bowl history. The viewership was higher than the game itself, which was viewed by an audience of 114.4&nbsp;million.<ref name="Guinness2016">{{Cite web |last=Angert |first=Alex |date=February 3, 2015 |title=Super Bowl XLIX: How Brady, Belichick and Katy Perry's shark ensured the records tumbled |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2015/2/super-bowl-xlix-how-brady-belichick-and-katy-perrys-shark-ensured-the-records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117062521/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2015/2/super-bowl-xlix-how-brady-belichick-and-katy-perrys-shark-ensured-the-records |archive-date=November 17, 2015 |access-date=November 14, 2015 |website=Guinness World Records}}</ref> The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) ranked her fifth on the list of Top Global Recording Artists of 2013. On June 26, 2014, she was declared the Top Certified Digital Artist Ever by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for certified sales of 72 million digital singles in the United States.<ref name="TopCertified">{{Cite web |date=June 26, 2014 |title=RIAA Crowns Katy Perry Top Certified Digital Artist Ever |url=https://www.riaa.com/riaa-crowns-katy-perry-top-certified-digital-artist-ever/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713195543/http://www.riaa.com/riaa-crowns-katy-perry-top-certified-digital-artist-ever/ |archive-date=July 13, 2016 |access-date=June 26, 2014 |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]}}</ref> In May 2014, a portrait of Perry by painter Mark Ryden was featured in his exhibition "The Gay 90s", and shown at the Kohn Gallery in Los Angeles. Along with several other artists, she also recorded a cover version of the song "Daisy Bell (Bicycle Built for Two)" on a limited-edition concept album titled ''The Gay Nineties Old Tyme Music: Daisy Bell'' to accompany the exhibition. That month, a portrait of Perry by artist Will Cotton was included in the United States National Portrait Gallery. On June 17, 2014, Perry announced that she had founded her own record label under Capitol Records, titled Metamorphosis Music. Ferras was the first artist to get signed to her label, and Perry served as an executive producer on his self-titled EP. She also recorded a duet with him on the EP, titled "Legends Never Die". The label was later renamed Unsub Records. On November 23, 2015, Perry starred in H&amp;amp;M's holiday advertising campaign, for which she wrote and recorded a song titled "Every Day Is a Holiday". Outside of her music career, Perry reprised her role as Smurfette in ''The Smurfs 2'', which was released in theaters on July 31, 2013. Like its predecessor, ''The Smurfs 2'' was a financial success<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Smurfs 2 (2013) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418143328/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs2.htm |archive-date=April 18, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> that was panned by critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 31, 2013 |title=The Smurfs 2 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs_2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106053810/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs_2/ |archive-date=January 6, 2014 |access-date=January 16, 2014 |website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> In March 2014, she made a guest appearance playing herself in the episode "Blisteritos Presents Dad Academy Graduation Congraduritos Red Carpet Viewing Party" of the ''Kroll Show''. Killer Queen was released as her third fragrance in August 2013 through Coty. In January 2014, she became a guest curator of Madonna's Art for Freedom initiative. In March 2015, she appeared in ''Brand: A Second Coming'', a documentary following her ex-husband Russell Brand's transition from comedy work to activism, and released a concert film titled ''Katy Perry: The Prismatic World Tour'' through Epix, which took place during her tour of the same name. Perry also made a cameo appearance in the music video for Madonna's song "Bitch I'm Madonna" in June 2015. The following month, she released another fragrance with Coty, entitled Mad Potion. In September 2015, she appeared in the documentaries ''Katy Perry: Making of the Pepsi Super Bowl Halftime Show'', which followed Perry's preparation for her Super Bowl performance,<ref name="SuperBowl">{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=September 11, 2015 |title='Katy Perry: Making Of The Pepsi Super Bowl Halftime Show' Trailer: What 118.5 Million Viewers Didn't See |url=https://deadline.com/2015/09/katy-perry-making-of-the-pepsi-super-bowl-halftime-show-trailer-first-look-documentary-1201522029/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912203425/http://deadline.com/2015/09/katy-perry-making-of-the-pepsi-super-bowl-halftime-show-trailer-first-look-documentary-1201522029/ |archive-date=September 12, 2015 |access-date=September 12, 2015 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> and ''Jeremy Scott: The People's Designer'', which followed the life and career of designer Jeremy Scott. Perry released a mobile app titled ''Katy Perry Pop'' in December 2015 through Glu Mobile where her character helps players become famous musicians. She described it as "the most fun, colorful world that helps guide your musical dreams". === 2016–2019: ''Witness'' and ''American Idol'' === Perry started writing songs for her new album in June 2016, and recorded an anthem for NBC Sports' coverage of the 2016 Summer Olympics titled "Rise", which was released the following month. Perry chose to release it as a standalone track rather than save it for her album "because now more than ever, there is a need for our world to unite". NBC also felt its message spoke "to the spirit of the Olympics and its athletes" for its inspirational themes. The song reached number one in Australia and number eleven in the United States. [[Fayil:Katy_Perry_at_Madison_Square_Garden_(37436531092)_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Perry performing during Witness: The Tour in October 2017]] In August 2016, Perry stated that she aspired to create material "that connects and relates and inspires"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carroll |first=Sarah |date=August 18, 2016 |title=Katy Perry Is 'Taking Chances' & 'Not Rushing' Her New Music |url=http://amp.cbslocal.com/2016/08/18/katy-perry-new-music-taking-chances/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819125902/http://amp.cbslocal.com/2016/08/18/katy-perry-new-music-taking-chances/ |archive-date=August 19, 2016 |access-date=August 19, 2016 |publisher=[[KNX-FM|97.1 AMP Radio]]}}</ref> and told Ryan Seacrest that she was "not rushing" her fifth album, adding "I'm just having a lot of fun, but experimenting and trying different producers, and different collaborators, and different styles".<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2016 |title=Katy Perry Reveals She's 'Experimenting' With New Album, Talks Forthcoming Shoe Collection |url=http://onairwithryan.iheart.com/onair/ryan-seacrest-52241/katy-perry-reveals-shes-experimenting-with-15019828/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920140320/http://onairwithryan.iheart.com/onair/ryan-seacrest-52241/katy-perry-reveals-shes-experimenting-with-15019828/ |archive-date=September 20, 2016 |access-date=August 19, 2016 |website=[[On Air with Ryan Seacrest]]}}</ref> On February 10, 2017, Perry released the album's lead single "Chained to the Rhythm" featuring Skip Marley.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Katy |title=Chained to the Rhythm (feat. Skip Marley)&nbsp;– Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/chained-to-rhythm-feat.-skip/id1203815492 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214001628/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/chained-to-rhythm-feat.-skip/id1203815492 |archive-date=February 14, 2017 |access-date=February 14, 2017 |publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aiello |first=McKenna |last2=Vulpo |first2=Mike |date=March 5, 2017 |title=Katy Perry Opens 2017 iHeartRadio Music Awards With a Bunch of Kids and a Dancing Hamster |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/833852/katy-perry-opens-2017-iheartradio-music-awards-with-a-bunch-of-kids-and-a-dancing-hamster |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306013513/http://www.eonline.com/news/833852/katy-perry-opens-2017-iheartradio-music-awards-with-a-bunch-of-kids-and-a-dancing-hamster |archive-date=March 6, 2017 |access-date=March 6, 2017 |publisher=E!}}</ref> It reached number one in Hungary<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 7, 2017 |title=Rádiós Top 40 slágerlista |trans-title=Radio Top 40 hit list |url=http://zene.slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2017/15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426151417/http://zene.slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2017/15 |archive-date=April 26, 2017 |access-date=April 27, 2017 |publisher=[[Association of Hungarian Record Companies|Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége]] |language=hu}}</ref> and number four in the United States. The track was also streamed over three million times on Spotify within 24 hours, breaking the music streaming service's record at the time for the highest first-day streaming for a single track by a female artist. The album's second single, "Bon Appétit" with Migos, was released that April. Its third single, "Swish Swish", featured [[Nicki Minaj]] and followed the next month. They respectively peaked at numbers 59 and 46 in the United States,<ref name="Hot100History" /> and made the top 15 in Canada. The album, titled ''Witness'', was released on June 9, 2017, to mixed reviews,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Witness by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/witness/katy-perry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610033604/http://www.metacritic.com/music/witness/katy-perry |archive-date=June 10, 2017 |access-date=June 9, 2017 |publisher=Metacritic}}</ref> and debuted at number one in the United States. To accompany the album's release, Perry broadcast herself on YouTube for four days with a live-stream titled Katy Perry Live: Witness World Wide, concluding with a live concert on June 12. The live-stream generated over 49 million views from 190 countries. She also embarked on Witness: The Tour, which began in September 2017 and ended in August 2018. On June 15, 2017, Calvin Harris released a song titled "Feels" from his album ''Funk Wav Bounces Vol. 1'', which featured Perry, Big Sean, and Pharrell Williams.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Findlay |first=Mitch |date=June 14, 2017 |title=Calvin Harris Announces Single With Big Sean, Pharrell, & Katy Perry |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/476043-calvin-harris-announces-single-with-big-sean-pharrell-and-katy-perry-news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622155231/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/calvin-harris-announces-single-with-big-sean-pharrell-and-katy-perry-news.33773.html |archive-date=June 22, 2017 |access-date=June 14, 2017 |publisher=HotNewHipHop}}</ref> The song went on to reach number one in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Jack |date=August 11, 2017 |title=Calvin Harris dethrones Despacito to claim his eighth Number 1 single |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/calvin-harris-dethrones-despacito-to-claim-his-eighth-number-1-single__19932/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811224622/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/calvin-harris-dethrones-despacito-to-claim-his-eighth-number-1-single__19932/ |archive-date=August 11, 2017 |access-date=August 11, 2017 |publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref> T{{Reflist}} === Sources === <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles> * {{Official website}} * {{AllMusic}} * Katy Perry discography at Discogs * Katy Perry discography at MusicBrainz * Katy Perry at Rotten Tomatoes {{Katy Perry|state=expanded}}{{Navboxes|title=[[List of awards and nominations received by Katy Perry|Awards for Katy Perry]]|list={{American Music Award for Favorite Adult Contemporary Artist}} {{American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist}} {{Brit International Female}} {{Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Female Singer}} {{Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Female}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Live Act}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Look}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best New Act}} {{MTV Video Music Award for Best Collaboration}} {{MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year}} {{People's Choice Award for Favorite Female Artist}} {{People's Choice Award for Favorite Music Video}} {{Teen Choice Award for Choice Music Single}}}}{{Authority control}} ==Manazarta== [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kx7m1h2lpy31qvcgnxzqt1z4n4kgiu4 893759 893757 2026-08-09T16:39:25Z Asiya Garba 46242 893759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><nowiki> {{</nowiki> {{Databox}} '''Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Oktoban shekarar 1984), wacce aka fi sani da '''Katy Perry''', mawaƙiya ce ta Amurka, marubuciya, kuma mai talbijin. An san ta da tasirin da take da shi a kan kiɗa da kuma salon sansanin ta, <nowiki><i id="mwHA">Vogue</i></nowiki> da Rolling Stone sun kira ta "Queen of Camp". A shekara ta 16, Perry ta fitar da kundin [[Dance music|rawa]]-linkid="187" href="./Gospel_music" id="mwIA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Gospel music">bishara mara nasara ''Katy Hudson'' (2001) a karkashin Red Hill Records . Bayan ta koma Los Angeles, ta sanya hannu a Capitol Records kuma ta zama sananne tare da kundin pop rock One of the Boys (2008). Ɗaya daga cikin jagoranta, "Na Kissed a Girl", ya hau kan US <nowiki><i id="mwKg">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100. Perry ta disco-influenced pop rikodin Teenage Dream (2010) ya zama kawai album da wata mace ta faifai da biyar US lambar-ɗaya singles: "California Gurls", "Teenage Dream", "Firework", "E.T". da kuma "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.) ". Sake fitar da shi, mai taken The Complete Confection (2012), ya samar da lambar daya ta Amurka "Part of Me". ''Prism'' mai wahayi zuwa gare shi (2013) ya samar da waƙoƙi biyu na Amurka, "Roar" da "Dark Horse". Perry ta gaba albums, Witness (2017), Smile (2020) da ''143'' (2024), sun sadu da bambancin m da kasuwanci nasara. Perry yana daya daga cikin masu fasahar kiɗa mafi kyawun kowane lokaci, tare da kimanin tallace-tallace na fiye da miliyan 151 a duk duniya. Shida daga cikin waƙoƙinta sun sami takaddun shaida na lu'u-lu'u daga Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Rubuce-rubuce ta Amurka. Mawakin mata mafi girma a duniya a cikin shekarar 2015 da 2018, Billboard ta kira ta daya daga cikin manyan taurari na karni na 21. Kyautarta ta haɗa da 20 Guinness World Records, biyar Billboard Music Awards, biyar American Music Awards (ciki har da Special Achievement Award), Brit Award, Juno Award, da bakwai MTV Video Music Awards (gami da Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award). Perry ita ce mai zane na farko da ya sami bidiyo da yawa da suka kai ra'ayoyi biliyan daya a YouTube. Tare da kimanin dala miliyan 360, tana daga cikin mawaƙa masu arziki a duniya. A waje da kiɗa, Perry ta fitar da wani shirin tarihin rayuwa mai taken Katy Perry: Part of Me a cikin shekarar 2012, ta bayyana Smurfette a cikin Jerin fina-finai na <nowiki><i id="mwWg">Smurfs</i></nowiki> (2011-2013), ta kaddamar da layin takalmin Katy Perry Collections a cikin 2017 kuma ta tashi zuwa sararin samaniya a cikin Blue Origin NS-31 a cikin 2025. Ta yi aiki a matsayin alƙali a kan American Idol daga kakar wasa ta goma sha shida a 2018 zuwa kakar wasa ta ashirin da biyu a 2024. Ita mai ba da shawara ce ga [[Hakkokin LGBT ta ƙasa ko yanki|Hakkin LGBT]] da haƙƙin mata, kuma an ba ta suna Jakadan Goodwill na UNICEF a shekarar 2013. Ayyukanta na jin kai da gwagwarmayarta suna mai da hankali kan ilimin yara da wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar kanjamau / AIDS. == Rayuwa da aiki == === 1984-1999: Rayuwa ta farko da iyali === An haifi Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 1984, a Santa Barbara, California, ga fastocin Pentecostal Mary Christine (née Perry) da Maurice Keith Hudson . {{Sfn|Perry|2012}} Iyayenta biyu sun juya zuwa addini bayan "matashi mara kyau". Perry yana da asalin Ingilishi, Jamusanci, Irish, da Portuguese.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cowlin|2014}}</ref> Ta hanyar mahaifiyarta, 'yar uwar darektan fim din [[Frank Perry]] ce. Tana da ƙaramin ɗan'uwa mai suna David, wanda shi ma mawaƙi ne, da kuma 'yar'uwa mai girma, Angela.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> Daga shekaru uku zuwa 11, Perry ta sauya sau da yawa a fadin kasar yayin da iyayenta suka kafa majami'u kafin su sake zama a Santa Barbara. Yayinda take girma, ta halarci makarantun addini da sansanoni, ciki har da Makarantar Kirista ta Paradise Valley a [[Arizona]] da Makarantar Kiristanci ta Santa Barbara a California a lokacin shekarunta na firamare.<ref name="Friedlander 2012 15">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> Iyalin sun yi gwagwarmaya da kudi, wani lokacin ta amfani da hatimi na abinci da cin abinci daga bankin abinci wanda kuma ya ciyar da ikilisiya a cocin iyayenta. Yayinda suke girma, Perry da 'yan uwanta ba a yarda su ci hatsi na Lucky Charms ba kamar yadda kalmar "sa'a" ta tunatar da mahaifiyarsu game da Lucifer, kuma ana buƙatar su kira kwai da aka karkatar da su "ƙwai da aka yi wahayi".<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> Perry da farko ya saurari kiɗa na bishara, kamar yadda aka hana kiɗa na duniya a gidan iyali. Ta gano shahararren kiɗa ta hanyar CDs da ta shigo da ita gida daga abokanta. Perry daga baya ta tuna wani labari game da yadda abokiyarta ta buga "You Oughta Know" ta Alanis Morissette, wanda ya rinjayi rubuce-rubucen waƙoƙinta da waka.{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} While not strictly identifying as religious, she has stated, "I pray all the time – for self-control, for humility." Wanting to be like her sister Angela, Perry began singing by practicing with her sister's cassette tapes. She performed the tracks in front of her parents, who let her take vocal lessons like Angela was doing at the time. She began training at age nine;<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> she was also incorporated into her parents' ministry, singing in church from ages nine to 17.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> At 13, Perry was given her first guitar for her birthday,<ref name="GraffBold" /><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> and publicly performed songs she wrote. She tried to "be a bit like the typical Californian girl" while growing up, and started rollerskating, skateboarding, and surfing as a teenager. Her brother David described her as a "[[tomboy]]" during her adolescence, which Perry talks about on her song "One of the Boys".<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> She took dancing lessons and learned how to swing, Lindy Hop, and jitterbug.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Perry completed her General Educational Development (GED) requirements early at age 15, during her first year of high school, and left Dos Pueblos High School to pursue a music career.<ref name="Hudson37">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> === 2000–2006: Career beginnings, ''Katy Hudson'', and ''Fingerprints'' === Perry briefly had vocal lessons with a woman named Agatha Danoff<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heldman |first=Breanne L. |date=August 8, 2014 |title=Katy Perry: I Could Really Use a Better Education |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/blogs/celeb-news/katy-perry-education-interview-make-roar-happen-212115603.html?guccounter=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218233641/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/blogs/celeb-news/katy-perry-education-interview-make-roar-happen-212115603.html?guccounter=1 |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |access-date=February 18, 2024 |publisher=Yahoo! Entertainment}}</ref> in facilities rented from the Music Academy of the West.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Montgomery|2011}}</ref> Her singing caught the attention of rock artists Steve Thomas and Jennifer Knapp from Nashville, Tennessee, who brought her there to improve her writing skills.<ref name="Hudson37">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> In Nashville, she started recording demos and learned how to write songs and play guitar. Perry signed with Red Hill Records and recorded her debut album, a contemporary Christian record titled ''Katy Hudson'', which was released on March 6, 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |author-link=Stephen Thomas Erlewine |title=Katy Hudson&nbsp;– Katy Hudson |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/katy-hudson-mw0000017022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226133433/http://www.allmusic.com/album/katy-hudson-mw0000017022 |archive-date=December 26, 2013 |access-date=December 27, 2013 |publisher=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> She also joined Earthsuit and V*Enna that year to perform as part of Phil Joel's Strangely Normal Tour<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=David |date=May 6, 2003 |title=The Strangely Normal Tour – Phil Joel, Earthsuit, V*Enna & Katy Hudson |url=http://www.epinions.com/content_929341572?sb=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729081327/http://www.epinions.com/content_929341572?sb=1 |archive-date=July 29, 2013 |access-date=December 26, 2013 |publisher=[[Epinions.com]]}}</ref> and embarked on other performances of her own in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy's Tour Info |url=http://www.katyhudson.com/tourinfo.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010816191358/http://www.katyhudson.com/tourinfo.html |archive-date=August 16, 2001 |website=KatyHudson.com}}</ref> ''Katy Hudson'' received mixed reviews from critics and was commercially unsuccessful, selling an estimated 200 copies before the label ceased operations in December.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Transitioning from gospel music to secular music, Perry started working with producer Glen Ballard,{{Sfn|Perry|2012}}{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} and moved to Los Angeles at the age of 17. She opted to work with Ballard due to his past work with Alanis Morissette, one of her major inspirations. In 2003, she briefly performed as Katheryn Perry, to avoid confusion with actress [[Kate Hudson]], and later adopted the stage name "Katy Perry", using her mother's maiden name.{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} In 2010, she recalled that "Thinking of You" was one of the first songs she wrote after moving to Los Angeles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[CBS]] |date=October 3, 2010 |title=Katy Perry Sings Her First Song |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6oaXe2lw1Q |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001111419/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6oaXe2lw1Q |archive-date=October 1, 2021 |access-date=October 1, 2021 |via=[[YouTube]] }}</ref> Perry would also perform at the Hotel Café, performing new music while she was between record labels.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fields |first=Taylor |date=May 27, 2020 |title=Katy Perry Returns to Hotel Café Where She Got Her Start for Special Performance |url=https://www.iheart.com/content/2020-05-27-katy-perry-gives-special-performance-at-hotel-caf-where-she-got-her-start/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329144548/https://www.iheart.com/content/2020-05-27-katy-perry-gives-special-performance-at-hotel-caf-where-she-got-her-start/ |archive-date=March 29, 2022 |access-date=March 29, 2022 |quote=Fifteen years ago, this was kind of like my hideout/living room. This is actually Hotel Café in Hollywood. It's where I went to try out my new songs, and when I wanted to know if anyone actually liked them, besides my cat — may she rest in peace. So, it's kind of like my living room. It's my growing up space. |agency=[[iHeartRadio]]}}</ref> In 2004, she signed to Ballard's label, Java Records, which was then affiliated with The Island Def Jam Music Group. Perry began work on a solo record due for release in March 2005, but the record was shelved after Java was dropped. Ballard then introduced her to Tim Devine, an A&amp;amp;R executive at Columbia Records, and she was signed as a solo artist. By November 2006, Perry had finished writing and recording material for her Columbia debut titled ''Fingerprints'' (with some of the material from this time appearing on ''One of the Boys'') which was planned for release in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2012 |title=Katy Perry - Nintendo Wii Launch (Nov 2006) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4j9qiSFoU-Q&t=88s |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117154356/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4j9qiSFoU-Q&t=88s |archive-date=November 17, 2021 |access-date=November 17, 2021 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Some of the material from ''Fingerprints'' that did not make it on ''One of the Boys'' was given to other artists, such as "I Do Not Hook Up" and "Long Shot" to Kelly Clarkson, and "Rock God" to Selena Gomez &amp;amp; the Scene. Perry worked with songwriters including Desmond Child, Greg Wells, Butch Walker, Scott Cutler, Anne Preven, the Matrix, Kara DioGuardi, Max Martin, and Dr. Luke.<ref name="Anokute Hit Quarters">{{Cite web |last=Blumenrath |first=Jan |date=October 18, 2010 |title=Interview with Chris Anokute |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/2010/October18_4_57_7.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417201326/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2F2010%2FOctober18_4_57_7.html |archive-date=April 17, 2015 |access-date=April 25, 2015 |website=[[HitQuarters]]}}</ref> In addition, after Devine suggested that songwriting team the Matrix become a "real group", she recorded an album, ''The Matrix'', with them. This featured her and Adam Longlands as lead vocalists. ''The Matrix'' was planned for release in 2004 but was shelved due to creative differences. Perry was dropped from Columbia in 2006 as ''Fingerprints'' neared completion. After the label dropped her, she worked at an independent A&amp;amp;R company, Taxi Music.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Perry had minor success prior to her breakthrough. One of the songs she had recorded for her album with Ballard, "Simple", was featured on the soundtrack to the 2005 film ''The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants''.<ref name="Summers">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Perry provided backing vocals on Mick Jagger's song "Old Habits Die Hard", which was included on the soundtrack to the 2004 film ''Alfie''.<ref name="allmusicbio">{{Cite web |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |title=Katy Perry |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104093438/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |archive-date=November 4, 2015 |access-date=February 10, 2016 |publisher=AllMusic}}</ref> In September 2004, ''Blender'' named her "The Next Big Thing".<ref name="Summers" /> She recorded background vocals on P.O.D.'s single "Goodbye for Now", was featured at the end of its music video in 2006, and performed it with them on ''The Tonight Show with Jay Leno''. That year, Perry also appeared in the music video for "Learn to Fly" by Carbon Leaf, and she played the love interest of her then-boyfriend, Gym Class Heroes lead singer Travie McCoy, in the band's music video for "Cupid's Chokehold". === 2007–2009: Breakthrough with ''One of the Boys'' === After Columbia dropped Perry, Angelica Cob-Baehler, then a publicity executive at the label, brought Perry's demos to Virgin Records chairman Jason Flom. Flom was convinced that she could be a breakthrough star and she was signed to Capitol Records in April 2007. The label arranged for her to work with Dr. Luke to add an "undeniable smash" to her existing material.<ref name="hitquarters">{{Cite web |date=January 21, 2011 |title=Correction to the interview with Chris Anokute |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_AnokuteCorrection.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713071228/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2Fopar%2Fintrview_AnokuteCorrection.html |archive-date=July 13, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |website=HitQuarters}}</ref> Perry and Dr. Luke co-wrote the songs "I Kissed a Girl" and "Hot n Cold" for her second album ''One of the Boys''. A campaign was started with the November 2007 release of the video to "Ur So Gay", a song aimed at introducing her to the music market.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> A digital EP of the same name was also released that month.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Katy |date=November 20, 2007 |title=Ur So Gay |url=https://www.amazon.com/Ur-Gay-Explicit-Katy-Perry/dp/B000YBJFF6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816210131/https://www.amazon.com/Ur-Gay-Explicit-Katy-Perry/dp/B000YBJFF6 |archive-date=August 16, 2021 |access-date=August 25, 2018 |publisher=Amazon}}</ref> [[Madonna]] helped publicize the song by praising it on the ''JohnJay & Rich'' radio show in April 2008,<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> stating "Ur So Gay" was her "favorite song" at the time.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> In March 2008, Perry made a cameo appearance as a club singer in the ''Wildfire'' episode "Life's Too Short"<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> and appeared as herself during a photo shoot that June on ''[[The Young and the Restless]]'' for the show's magazine ''Restless Style''.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> [[Fayil:Katy_Perry_performing.jpg|alt=Katy Perry performing on the Warped Tour 2008|right|thumb|Perry performing at Cricket Wireless Amphitheatre during the Warped Tour in August 2008]] Perry released her first single with Capitol, "I Kissed a Girl", on April 28, 2008, as the lead single from ''One of the Boys''. The first station to pick up the song was WRVW in Nashville, who were inundated with enthusiastic calls the first three days they played it.<ref name="hitquarters.com2">{{Cite web |date=October 18, 2010 |title=Interview With Chris Anokute |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_Chris_Anokute_Interview.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713070818/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2Fopar%2Fintrview_Chris_Anokute_Interview.html |archive-date=July 13, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |website=HitQuarters}}</ref> The track topped the U.S. <nowiki><i id="mwAfI">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 on the chart dated July 5, 2008, and remained number one for seven consecutive weeks. "I Kissed a Girl" created controversy among both religious and [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]] groups. The former criticized its homosexual theme, while the latter accused her of using bi-curiosity to sell records. In response to speculation that her parents opposed her music and career, Perry told MTV News that they had no problems with her success. ''One of the Boys'', released on June 17, 2008, garnered mixed critical reviews and reached number nine on the U.S. <nowiki><i id="mwAgE">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''One of the Boys'' by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/one-of-the-boys/katy-perry |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114151805/http://www.metacritic.com/music/one-of-the-boys/katy-perry |archive-date=November 14, 2012 |access-date=March 6, 2009 |publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> The album went on to sell seven million copies worldwide. "Hot n Cold" was released the following September and became the album's second successful single, reaching number three on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, while topping charts in Germany,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hot n Cold (Single) |url=http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/title/Perry%2C+Katy/Hot+n+Cold/single |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714190034/http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/title/Perry%2C%2BKaty/Hot%2Bn%2BCold/single |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |access-date=June 26, 2014 |publisher=Musicline}}</ref> Canada, the Netherlands, and Austria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nederlandse Top 40&nbsp;– week 01, 2009 |url=http://www.top40.nl/top40/2009/week-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728052041/http://www.top40.nl/top40/2009/week-01 |archive-date=July 28, 2014 |access-date=July 27, 2014 |publisher=[[Dutch Top 40]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry&nbsp;— Hot N Cold |url=http://www.austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy+Perry&titel=Hot+n+Cold&cat=s |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830164113/http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy%20Perry&titel=Hot%20N%20Cold&cat=s |archive-date=August 30, 2013 |access-date=July 27, 2014 |publisher=[[Ö3 Austria Top 40]]}}</ref> Later singles "Thinking of You" and "Waking Up in Vegas" were released in 2009 and reached the top 30 of the Hot 100.<ref name="Hot100History2" /> From June to August 2008, Perry traveled with McCoy on the Warped Tour.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=22}}</ref> As a symbol of their commitment to one another, he gave her a diamond promise ring before the tour,<ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=30}}</ref> and he wore a ring with "Katy" inscribed on it.<ref name=":10">{{Cite magazine|url-status=88–96}}</ref> That September, a limited-edition Katy Perry doll was produced by Integrity Toys in response to her growing popularity. She hosted the 2008 MTV Europe Music Awards in November and won the award for Best New Act. Following their breakup in December 2008, Perry and McCoy reconciled in April 2009<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rollo |first=Sarah |date=April 26, 2009 |title=Perry reunites with Travis McCoy |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a154009/perry-reunites-with-travis-mccoy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828194016/https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a154009/perry-reunites-with-travis-mccoy/ |archive-date=August 28, 2025 |access-date=August 8, 2025 |publisher=Digital Spy}}</ref> before she ended their relationship again later that year. The Matrix's self-titled album, which Perry had recorded with the band in 2004, was released on iTunes on January 27, 2009, as a result of her solo success.<ref name="allmusicbio2">{{Cite web |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |title=Katy Perry |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104093438/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |archive-date=November 4, 2015 |access-date=February 10, 2016 |publisher=AllMusic}}</ref> At the 2009 Brit Awards the next month, she won the award for International Female Solo Artist.<ref name="Brit20092">{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2009 |title=Brit Awards 2009: Full list of winners |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/4692628/Brit-Awards-2009-Full-list-of-winners.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712101104/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/4692628/Brit-Awards-2009-Full-list-of-winners.html |archive-date=July 12, 2015 |access-date=November 3, 2015}}</ref> Perry embarked on her first headlining world tour, the Hello Katy Tour, from January to November 2009 to support ''One of the Boys''.<ref name="Hudson832">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> On August 4, 2009, she performed as opening act for one date of No Doubt's 2009 Summer Tour. Perry also hosted the 2009 MTV Europe Music Awards that November, becoming the first person to host two consecutive ceremonies of the European awards. On July 22, 2009, Perry recorded a live album titled ''MTV Unplugged'', which featured acoustic performances of five tracks from ''One of the Boys'' as well as one new song, "Brick by Brick", and a cover of Fountains of Wayne's "Hackensack". It was released on November 17, 2009. Perry also appeared on two singles with other artists; she was featured on a remix of [[Colorado]]-based band 3OH!3's song "Starstrukk" in September 2009,<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 14, 2009 |title=Starstrukk (feat. Katy Perry) |url=https://music.apple.com/au/album/starstrukk-feat-katy-perry-single/330823124 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908070213/https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/starstrukk-feat.-katy-perry/id330823124 |archive-date=September 8, 2014 |access-date=July 23, 2014 |publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref> and on a duet with Timbaland entitled "If We Ever Meet Again", from his album ''Shock Value II'', three months later.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2019 |title=If We Ever Meet Again (feat. Katy Perry) |url=http://itunes.apple.com:80/us/album/if-we-ever-meet-again-feat-katy-perry/id340826329 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208055217/http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/if-we-ever-meet-again-feat-katy-perry/id340826329 |archive-date=December 8, 2009 |access-date=March 22, 2020 |publisher=iTunes}}</ref> The ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' recognized her in its 2010 edition as the "Best Start on the U.S. Digital Chart by a Female Artist", for digital single sales of over two million copies.<ref name="Guinness2010">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Glenday|2010}}</ref> Perry met her future husband Russell Brand in mid-2009 while filming a cameo appearance for his film ''Get Him to the Greek''. Her scene, in which the two kiss, does not appear in the film. She began dating Brand after meeting him again that September at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards.<ref name="RussellDating">{{Cite web |last=Ziegbe |first=Mawuse |date=September 4, 2010 |title=Katy Perry, Russell Brand's Love Story Began at the VMAs |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1647232/katy-perry-russell-brands-love-story-began-at-the-vmas/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502061321/http://www.mtv.com/news/1647232/katy-perry-russell-brands-love-story-began-at-the-vmas/ |archive-date=May 2, 2014 |access-date=November 9, 2010 |publisher=MTV News}}</ref> The couple became engaged on December 31, 2009, while vacationing in [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref name="Engaged">{{Cite web |last=Heldman |first=Breanne L. |date=January 6, 2010 |title=Katy Perry and Russell Brand Engaged in India |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/160483/katy-perry-and-russell-brand-engaged-in-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828221336/http://www.eonline.com/news/160483/katy-perry-and-russell-brand-engaged-in-india |archive-date=August 28, 2012 |access-date=January 6, 2010 |publisher=[[E!]]}}</ref> === 2010–2012: ''Teenage Dream'' and marriage === After serving as a guest judge on ''American Idol'', Perry released "California Gurls" featuring [[Snoop Dogg]] on May 7, 2010. The song was the lead single from her third studio album, ''Teenage Dream'', and reached number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 in June. She also served as a guest judge on British <nowiki><i id="mwAuM">The X Factor</i></nowiki> later that month<ref name="XFactorJudge">{{Cite web |date=June 28, 2010 |title=Katy Perry Hits Dublin For X Factor Auditions |url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/x-factor/228776-katy-perry-cheryl-cole-x-factor |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017142034/http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/x-factor/228776-katy-perry-cheryl-cole-x-factor |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=June 28, 2010 |publisher=MTV News}}</ref> before releasing the album's second single, "Teenage Dream", in July. "Teenage Dream" reached number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 in September. Released on August 24, 2010, ''Teenage Dream'' debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' 200, and received mixed reviews from music critics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Teenage Dream'' by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/teenage-dream/katy-perry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102220205/http://www.metacritic.com/music/teenage-dream/katy-perry |archive-date=November 2, 2013 |access-date=March 15, 2014 |publisher=Metacritic}}</ref> It has since sold over 12 million copies worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Jon |date=August 25, 2025 |title=How 'Teenage Dream' Crowned Katy Perry as Pop's Campiest Queen |url=https://www.grammy.com/news/katy-perry-teenage-dream-album-influence-impact |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826141539/https://www.grammy.com/news/katy-perry-teenage-dream-album-influence-impact |archive-date=August 26, 2025 |access-date=August 29, 2025 |publisher=[[The Recording Academy]]}}</ref> being her highest-selling album to date.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2021 |title=Europe 2 Classics: California Gurls, de Katy Perry, est une ode à la côte ouest des États-Unis |url=https://www.europe2.fr/musique/europe-2-classics-california-gurls-de-katy-perry-est-une-ode-a-la-cote-ouest-des-etats-unis-54375.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250815200835/https://www.europe2.fr/musique/europe-2-classics-california-gurls-de-katy-perry-est-une-ode-a-la-cote-ouest-des-etats-unis-54375.html |archive-date=August 15, 2025 |access-date=August 5, 2025 |publisher=[[Europe 2]] |language=fr}}</ref> ''Teenage Dream'' would go on to win the 2011 Juno Award for International Album of the Year.<ref name="Juno2011">{{Cite web |date=March 26, 2011 |title=2011 JUNO Gala Dinner & Award Winners |url=https://junoawards.ca/2011-juno-gala-dinner-award-winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127131849/https://junoawards.ca/2011-juno-gala-dinner-award-winners/ |archive-date=January 27, 2016 |access-date=June 18, 2015 |publisher=Juno Awards}}</ref> In October, "Firework" was released as the album's third single. It became the album's third consecutive number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 on December 8, 2010. "E.T." featuring [[Kanye West]] was released as the fourth single from ''Teenage Dream'' on February 16, 2011. It topped the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 for five non-consecutive weeks, making ''Teenage Dream'' the ninth album in history to produce four number one singles on the chart. "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)" followed as the fifth single in June, and Perry became the first female artist to achieve five number-one ''Billboard'' Hot 100 songs from one album when the single topped that chart on August 17, and the second artist after [[Michael Jackson]] with his album ''Bad''. For this record, she received an honorary American Music Award in November 2011 and another Guinness record.<ref name="Guinness2013">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Glenday|2013}}</ref> On September 7, she set a new record by becoming the first artist to spend 69 consecutive weeks in the top ten of the Hot 100. Following the October release of "The One That Got Away" as its sixth single, ''Teenage Dream'' became the third album to produce six top-five songs on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. It joined [[George Michael]]'s ''Faith'' and [[Janet Jackson]]'s ''Rhythm Nation 1814''; the latter remains the only album to ever achieve seven top-five entries. The song peaked at number three in the U.S. and number two in Canada. [[Fayil:Katy_Perry_-_Part_Of_Me_Australian_Premiere_-_June_2012_(3).jpg|alt=Katy Perry looking forward and smiling|left|thumb|Perry attending the Sydney premiere for her 2012 documentary ''Katy Perry: Part of Me'', which grossed $32.7 million]] On January 5, 2012, Perry was named the sixth best-selling digital artist in the United States, with sales of 37.6&nbsp;million units according to Nielsen SoundScan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Loynes |first=Anna |date=January 5, 2012 |title=The Nielsen Company & Billboard's 2011 Music Industry Report |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120105005547/en/Nielsen-Company-Billboard%E2%80%99s-2011-Music-Industry-Report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108044835/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120105005547/en/Nielsen-Company-Billboard%E2%80%99s-2011-Music-Industry-Report |archive-date=January 8, 2012 |access-date=January 5, 2012 |publisher=[[Business Wire]]}}</ref> That month, she became the first artist to have four songs sell over 5 million digital units when "E.T." reached that mark along with "Firework", "California Gurls", and "Hot n Cold".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grein |first=Paul |date=January 19, 2012 |title=Week Ending Jan. 15, 2012. Songs: The Song That Won't Drop |url=https://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/week-ending-jan-15-2012-songs-song-won-012657212.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812191315/https://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/week-ending-jan-15-2012-songs-song-won-012657212.html |archive-date=August 12, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |publisher=Yahoo! Music}}</ref> On February 13, Capitol released the lead single from ''Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection'', "Part of Me", which debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and became Perry's seventh single overall to top the chart. ''Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection'' was released on March 23,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 23, 2012 |title=Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/teenage-dream-the-complete-confection/716084282 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717013306/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/teenage-dream-complete-confection/id716084282 |archive-date=July 17, 2014 |access-date=July 31, 2014 |publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref> and serves as a reissue of ''Teenage Dream''. "Wide Awake" was released on May 22 as the re-release's second single,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 40/M Future Releases |url=http://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507205726/http://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases |archive-date=May 7, 2012 |access-date=September 22, 2014 |publisher=All Access}}</ref> peaking at number two on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and number one in Canada and New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry&nbsp;— Wide Awake |url=https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy+Perry&titel=Wide+Awake&cat=s |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420153426/http://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy+Perry&titel=Wide+Awake&cat=s |archive-date=April 20, 2017 |access-date=July 31, 2014 |publisher=[[Official New Zealand Music Chart|Top 40 Singles]]}}</ref> Perry embarked on her second tour, the California Dreams Tour, in support of ''Teenage Dream''<ref name="Hudson83">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> from February 2011 to January 2012. The tour grossed $59.5&nbsp;million globally and won her the award for Best Live Act at the 2011 MTV Europe Music Awards. On September 23, 2011, she performed on the opening day of the 2011 Rock in Rio festival along with [[Elton John]] and [[Rihanna]]. In September 2010, Perry was scheduled to appear on the 41st-season premiere of ''Sesame Street''. After her scene was uploaded to YouTube, viewers criticized Perry's exposed cleavage. Four days before the scheduled airing, Sesame Workshop announced that the segment would not air on television, but would still be available to watch online. Perry subsequently mocked the controversy on ''Saturday Night Live'', where she was a musical guest and wore an Elmo-themed shirt showing large amounts of cleavage during one skit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry mocks Sesame Street ban |url=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/videos/hot-n-cold-sesame-street/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413125415/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/videos/hot-n-cold-sesame-street/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2014 |publisher=[[Capital (radio network)|Capital]]}}</ref> In December 2010, Perry played Moe Szyslak's girlfriend in the live-action segment from a Christmas episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]'' titled "The Fight Before Christmas". Two months later, she made a guest appearance on the ''How I Met Your Mother'' episode "Oh Honey", playing a woman known as Honey.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tucker |first=Ken |date=February 7, 2011 |title=How I Met Your Mother: 'Oh Honey' |url=http://watching-tv.ew.com/2011/02/07/how-i-met-your-mother-katy-perry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815214720/http://watching-tv.ew.com/2011/02/07/how-i-met-your-mother-katy-perry/ |archive-date=August 15, 2011 |access-date=August 27, 2011}}</ref> The latter role won her the People's Choice Award for Favorite TV Guest Star in January 2012. She made her film debut in the 3D family motion picture ''The Smurfs'' as Smurfette on July 29, 2011. The film was a financial success worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Smurfs (2011) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104000300/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs.htm |archive-date=November 4, 2011 |access-date=November 6, 2011 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> while critics gave mostly negative reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 29, 2011 |title=The Smurfs |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111031145/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs/ |archive-date=January 11, 2014 |access-date=January 16, 2014 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> She hosted ''Saturday Night Live'' on December 10, 2011, with Robyn as the episode's musical guest. Perry's work on the episode received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised her performance in the episode's digital short featuring her and Andy Samberg. In March 2012, she guest starred as a prison security guard named Rikki on the ''Raising Hope'' episode "Single White Female Role Model".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moraski |first=Lauren |date=February 22, 2012 |title=Katy Perry to portray a prison attendant on 'Raising Hope' |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/katy-perry-to-portray-a-prison-attendant-on-raising-hope/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813222733/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/katy-perry-to-portray-a-prison-attendant-on-raising-hope/ |archive-date=August 13, 2014 |access-date=February 25, 2014 |publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> On July 5, 2012, Perry's autobiographical documentary ''Katy Perry: Part of Me'' was released to theaters through Paramount Pictures. The film received positive reviews<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 5, 2012 |title=Katy Perry: Part of Me (2012) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/katy_perry_part_of_me/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813212433/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/katy_perry_part_of_me/ |archive-date=August 13, 2012 |access-date=August 4, 2012 |website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> and grossed $32.7 million worldwide at the box office.<ref name="mojo">{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry: Part of Me |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=katyperry.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814022212/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=katyperry.htm |archive-date=August 14, 2012 |access-date=August 16, 2012 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> Perry began to venture into business when she endorsed the fragrance, Purr, in November 2010. Her second endorsed fragrance, Meow!, was released in December 2011. Both perfumes were released through Nordstrom department stores. Electronic Arts recruited her to promote their new expansion pack for ''The Sims 3: Showtime'', before releasing a separate stuff pack featuring Perry-inspired furniture, outfits, and hairstyles, titled ''The Sims 3: Katy Perry's Sweet Treats'', in June 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sims 3 Katy Perry's Sweet Treats |url=http://www.ea.com/the-sims-3-kp-sweet-treats |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106040704/http://www.ea.com/the-sims-3-kp-sweet-treats |archive-date=January 6, 2015 |access-date=April 3, 2014 |publisher=[[Electronic Arts]]}}</ref> The following month, she became the spokesperson and ambassador for Popchips and made an investment in the company. ''Billboard'' dubbed her as their "Woman of the Year" for 2012. She married Russell Brand on October 23, 2010, in a traditional Hindu ceremony near the Ranthambhore tiger sanctuary in Rajasthan. On December 30, 2011, Brand announced that they were divorcing after 14 months of marriage. Perry later stated that conflicting career schedules and his desire to have children before she was ready led to the end of their marriage and that he never spoke to her again after sending a text message that he was divorcing her,{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} while Brand asserted that he divorced her due to her commercial success and reluctance to engage in activism. She was initially distraught over their divorce and said that she contemplated suicide. Since they married without a prenuptial agreement, he was eligible to claim half of the estimated $44&nbsp;million she earned during their marriage, but declined. Perry began a relationship with singer John Mayer in August 2012, the year her marriage with Brand had ended. === 2013–2015: ''Prism'' and Super Bowl XLIX halftime show === In November 2012, Perry began work on her fourth album, ''Prism''.<ref name="PrismMC">{{Cite web |title=''Prism'' by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/prism/katy-perry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209172300/http://www.metacritic.com/music/prism/katy-perry |archive-date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=November 15, 2013 |publisher=Metacritic}}</ref> She told ''Billboard'', "I know exactly the record I want to make next. I know the artwork, the coloring and the tone" and "I even know what type of tour I'm doing next. I'll be very pleased if the vision I have in my head becomes a reality."<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2012 |title=Katy Perry Won't Rush New Album: "I Know Exactly The Record I Want To Make Next" |url=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/news/new-album-ideas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422024353/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/news/new-album-ideas/ |archive-date=April 22, 2014 |access-date=May 19, 2014 |publisher=Capital}}</ref> After initially telling ''L'Uomo Vogue'' in June 2012 that she planned to have "darker elements" in ''Prism'' following the end of her marriage, the singer revealed to MTV during the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards that she changed the album's direction after periods of self-reflection. Perry commented "I felt very prismatic", which inspired the album's name. "Roar" was released as the lead single from ''Prism'' on August 10, 2013. It was promoted at the MTV Video Music Awards and reached number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. "Unconditionally" followed as the second single from ''Prism'' on October 16, 2013,<ref name="UnconditionallyRelease">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Jeff |date=October 16, 2013 |title=Katy Perry Wails on New Single "Unconditionally" |url=http://www.fuse.tv/2013/10/katy-perry-unconditionally |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017063219/http://www.fuse.tv/2013/10/katy-perry-unconditionally |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=October 16, 2013 |publisher=[[Fuse (TV channel)|Fuse]]}}</ref> and peaked at number 14 in the United States. [[Fayil:Dark_horse_katy_perry.jpg|thumb|Katy Perry performing "Dark Horse" during the Prismatic World Tour in September 2014.]] ''Prism'' was released on October 18, 2013, and has sold over eight million copies worldwide. It received favorable reviews from critics<ref name="PrismMC"/> and debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' 200 chart. Four days later, Perry performed the songs from the album at the iHeartRadio Theater in Los Angeles. "Dark Horse" with Juicy J was released as the album's third single in December, and became her ninth U.S. number-one single the following month. In 2014, "Birthday" and "This Is How We Do" respectively followed as the album's fourth and fifth singles,<ref name="ds">{{Cite web |last=Corner |first=Lewis |date=July 24, 2014 |title=Katy Perry confirms new single 'This Is How We Do' – watch lyric video |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a586233/katy-perry-confirms-new-single-this-is-how-we-do-watch-lyric-video.html#~oKZLKy0n2t9T2S |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924161656/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a586233/katy-perry-confirms-new-single-this-is-how-we-do-watch-lyric-video.html#~oKZLKy0n2t9T2S |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |access-date=July 25, 2014 |publisher=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref> and reached the top 25 on the Hot 100. Prior to ending her relationship with Mayer in 2014, she recorded and co-wrote a duet with him titled "Who You Love" for his album ''Paradise Valley''. The song was released on August 12, 2013. Perry's third headlining tour, the Prismatic World Tour, began in May 2014 and concluded in October 2015. It sold almost 2 million tickets and grossed $204.3&nbsp;million worldwide and won Perry the award for "Top Package" at the 2014 <nowiki><i id="mwBNU">Billboard</i></nowiki> Touring Awards. She also performed at the 2015 Rock in Rio festival on September 27, 2015. On November 23, 2014, the National Football League (NFL) announced that Perry would perform at the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show on February 1, 2015. Lenny Kravitz and [[Missy Elliott]] served as special guests for the show. Her performance was critically acclaimed, and Guinness announced two days after the singer's halftime show that it garnered 118.5&nbsp;million viewers in the United States, becoming the most watched and highest rated show in Super Bowl history. The viewership was higher than the game itself, which was viewed by an audience of 114.4&nbsp;million.<ref name="Guinness2016">{{Cite web |last=Angert |first=Alex |date=February 3, 2015 |title=Super Bowl XLIX: How Brady, Belichick and Katy Perry's shark ensured the records tumbled |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2015/2/super-bowl-xlix-how-brady-belichick-and-katy-perrys-shark-ensured-the-records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117062521/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2015/2/super-bowl-xlix-how-brady-belichick-and-katy-perrys-shark-ensured-the-records |archive-date=November 17, 2015 |access-date=November 14, 2015 |website=Guinness World Records}}</ref> The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) ranked her fifth on the list of Top Global Recording Artists of 2013. On June 26, 2014, she was declared the Top Certified Digital Artist Ever by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for certified sales of 72 million digital singles in the United States.<ref name="TopCertified">{{Cite web |date=June 26, 2014 |title=RIAA Crowns Katy Perry Top Certified Digital Artist Ever |url=https://www.riaa.com/riaa-crowns-katy-perry-top-certified-digital-artist-ever/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713195543/http://www.riaa.com/riaa-crowns-katy-perry-top-certified-digital-artist-ever/ |archive-date=July 13, 2016 |access-date=June 26, 2014 |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]}}</ref> In May 2014, a portrait of Perry by painter Mark Ryden was featured in his exhibition "The Gay 90s", and shown at the Kohn Gallery in Los Angeles. Along with several other artists, she also recorded a cover version of the song "Daisy Bell (Bicycle Built for Two)" on a limited-edition concept album titled ''The Gay Nineties Old Tyme Music: Daisy Bell'' to accompany the exhibition. That month, a portrait of Perry by artist Will Cotton was included in the United States National Portrait Gallery. On June 17, 2014, Perry announced that she had founded her own record label under Capitol Records, titled Metamorphosis Music. Ferras was the first artist to get signed to her label, and Perry served as an executive producer on his self-titled EP. She also recorded a duet with him on the EP, titled "Legends Never Die". The label was later renamed Unsub Records. On November 23, 2015, Perry starred in H&amp;amp;M's holiday advertising campaign, for which she wrote and recorded a song titled "Every Day Is a Holiday". Outside of her music career, Perry reprised her role as Smurfette in ''The Smurfs 2'', which was released in theaters on July 31, 2013. Like its predecessor, ''The Smurfs 2'' was a financial success<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Smurfs 2 (2013) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418143328/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs2.htm |archive-date=April 18, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> that was panned by critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 31, 2013 |title=The Smurfs 2 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs_2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106053810/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs_2/ |archive-date=January 6, 2014 |access-date=January 16, 2014 |website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> In March 2014, she made a guest appearance playing herself in the episode "Blisteritos Presents Dad Academy Graduation Congraduritos Red Carpet Viewing Party" of the ''Kroll Show''. Killer Queen was released as her third fragrance in August 2013 through Coty. In January 2014, she became a guest curator of Madonna's Art for Freedom initiative. In March 2015, she appeared in ''Brand: A Second Coming'', a documentary following her ex-husband Russell Brand's transition from comedy work to activism, and released a concert film titled ''Katy Perry: The Prismatic World Tour'' through Epix, which took place during her tour of the same name. Perry also made a cameo appearance in the music video for Madonna's song "Bitch I'm Madonna" in June 2015. The following month, she released another fragrance with Coty, entitled Mad Potion. In September 2015, she appeared in the documentaries ''Katy Perry: Making of the Pepsi Super Bowl Halftime Show'', which followed Perry's preparation for her Super Bowl performance,<ref name="SuperBowl">{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=September 11, 2015 |title='Katy Perry: Making Of The Pepsi Super Bowl Halftime Show' Trailer: What 118.5 Million Viewers Didn't See |url=https://deadline.com/2015/09/katy-perry-making-of-the-pepsi-super-bowl-halftime-show-trailer-first-look-documentary-1201522029/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912203425/http://deadline.com/2015/09/katy-perry-making-of-the-pepsi-super-bowl-halftime-show-trailer-first-look-documentary-1201522029/ |archive-date=September 12, 2015 |access-date=September 12, 2015 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> and ''Jeremy Scott: The People's Designer'', which followed the life and career of designer Jeremy Scott. Perry released a mobile app titled ''Katy Perry Pop'' in December 2015 through Glu Mobile where her character helps players become famous musicians. She described it as "the most fun, colorful world that helps guide your musical dreams". === 2016–2019: ''Witness'' and ''American Idol'' === Perry started writing songs for her new album in June 2016, and recorded an anthem for NBC Sports' coverage of the 2016 Summer Olympics titled "Rise", which was released the following month. Perry chose to release it as a standalone track rather than save it for her album "because now more than ever, there is a need for our world to unite". NBC also felt its message spoke "to the spirit of the Olympics and its athletes" for its inspirational themes. The song reached number one in Australia and number eleven in the United States. [[Fayil:Katy_Perry_at_Madison_Square_Garden_(37436531092)_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Perry performing during Witness: The Tour in October 2017]] In August 2016, Perry stated that she aspired to create material "that connects and relates and inspires"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carroll |first=Sarah |date=August 18, 2016 |title=Katy Perry Is 'Taking Chances' & 'Not Rushing' Her New Music |url=http://amp.cbslocal.com/2016/08/18/katy-perry-new-music-taking-chances/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819125902/http://amp.cbslocal.com/2016/08/18/katy-perry-new-music-taking-chances/ |archive-date=August 19, 2016 |access-date=August 19, 2016 |publisher=[[KNX-FM|97.1 AMP Radio]]}}</ref> and told Ryan Seacrest that she was "not rushing" her fifth album, adding "I'm just having a lot of fun, but experimenting and trying different producers, and different collaborators, and different styles".<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2016 |title=Katy Perry Reveals She's 'Experimenting' With New Album, Talks Forthcoming Shoe Collection |url=http://onairwithryan.iheart.com/onair/ryan-seacrest-52241/katy-perry-reveals-shes-experimenting-with-15019828/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920140320/http://onairwithryan.iheart.com/onair/ryan-seacrest-52241/katy-perry-reveals-shes-experimenting-with-15019828/ |archive-date=September 20, 2016 |access-date=August 19, 2016 |website=[[On Air with Ryan Seacrest]]}}</ref> On February 10, 2017, Perry released the album's lead single "Chained to the Rhythm" featuring Skip Marley.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Katy |title=Chained to the Rhythm (feat. Skip Marley)&nbsp;– Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/chained-to-rhythm-feat.-skip/id1203815492 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214001628/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/chained-to-rhythm-feat.-skip/id1203815492 |archive-date=February 14, 2017 |access-date=February 14, 2017 |publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aiello |first=McKenna |last2=Vulpo |first2=Mike |date=March 5, 2017 |title=Katy Perry Opens 2017 iHeartRadio Music Awards With a Bunch of Kids and a Dancing Hamster |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/833852/katy-perry-opens-2017-iheartradio-music-awards-with-a-bunch-of-kids-and-a-dancing-hamster |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306013513/http://www.eonline.com/news/833852/katy-perry-opens-2017-iheartradio-music-awards-with-a-bunch-of-kids-and-a-dancing-hamster |archive-date=March 6, 2017 |access-date=March 6, 2017 |publisher=E!}}</ref> It reached number one in Hungary<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 7, 2017 |title=Rádiós Top 40 slágerlista |trans-title=Radio Top 40 hit list |url=http://zene.slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2017/15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426151417/http://zene.slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2017/15 |archive-date=April 26, 2017 |access-date=April 27, 2017 |publisher=[[Association of Hungarian Record Companies|Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége]] |language=hu}}</ref> and number four in the United States. The track was also streamed over three million times on Spotify within 24 hours, breaking the music streaming service's record at the time for the highest first-day streaming for a single track by a female artist. The album's second single, "Bon Appétit" with Migos, was released that April. Its third single, "Swish Swish", featured [[Nicki Minaj]] and followed the next month. They respectively peaked at numbers 59 and 46 in the United States,<ref name="Hot100History" /> and made the top 15 in Canada. The album, titled ''Witness'', was released on June 9, 2017, to mixed reviews,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Witness by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/witness/katy-perry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610033604/http://www.metacritic.com/music/witness/katy-perry |archive-date=June 10, 2017 |access-date=June 9, 2017 |publisher=Metacritic}}</ref> and debuted at number one in the United States. To accompany the album's release, Perry broadcast herself on YouTube for four days with a live-stream titled Katy Perry Live: Witness World Wide, concluding with a live concert on June 12. The live-stream generated over 49 million views from 190 countries. She also embarked on Witness: The Tour, which began in September 2017 and ended in August 2018. On June 15, 2017, Calvin Harris released a song titled "Feels" from his album ''Funk Wav Bounces Vol. 1'', which featured Perry, Big Sean, and Pharrell Williams.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Findlay |first=Mitch |date=June 14, 2017 |title=Calvin Harris Announces Single With Big Sean, Pharrell, & Katy Perry |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/476043-calvin-harris-announces-single-with-big-sean-pharrell-and-katy-perry-news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622155231/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/calvin-harris-announces-single-with-big-sean-pharrell-and-katy-perry-news.33773.html |archive-date=June 22, 2017 |access-date=June 14, 2017 |publisher=HotNewHipHop}}</ref> The song went on to reach number one in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Jack |date=August 11, 2017 |title=Calvin Harris dethrones Despacito to claim his eighth Number 1 single |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/calvin-harris-dethrones-despacito-to-claim-his-eighth-number-1-single__19932/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811224622/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/calvin-harris-dethrones-despacito-to-claim-his-eighth-number-1-single__19932/ |archive-date=August 11, 2017 |access-date=August 11, 2017 |publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref> T{{Reflist}} === Sources === <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles> * {{Official website}} * {{AllMusic}} * Katy Perry discography at Discogs * Katy Perry discography at MusicBrainz * Katy Perry at Rotten Tomatoes {{Katy Perry|state=expanded}}{{Navboxes|title=[[List of awards and nominations received by Katy Perry|Awards for Katy Perry]]|list={{American Music Award for Favorite Adult Contemporary Artist}} {{American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist}} {{Brit International Female}} {{Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Female Singer}} {{Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Female}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Live Act}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Look}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best New Act}} {{MTV Video Music Award for Best Collaboration}} {{MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year}} {{People's Choice Award for Favorite Female Artist}} {{People's Choice Award for Favorite Music Video}} {{Teen Choice Award for Choice Music Single}}}}{{Authority control}} ==Manazarta== [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sgj9za025a522panop57e9owylo2vtt 893760 893759 2026-08-09T16:39:41Z Asiya Garba 46242 893760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><nowiki> {{</nowiki> {{Databox}} '''Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Oktoban shekarar 1984), wacce aka fi sani da '''Katy Perry''', mawaƙiya ce ta Amurka, marubuciya, kuma mai talbijin. An san ta da tasirin da take da shi a kan kiɗa da kuma salon sansanin ta, <nowiki><i id="mwHA">Vogue</i></nowiki> da Rolling Stone sun kira ta "Queen of Camp". A shekara ta 16, Perry ta fitar da kundin [[Dance music|rawa]]-linkid="187" href="./Gospel_music" id="mwIA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Gospel music">bishara mara nasara ''Katy Hudson'' (2001) a karkashin Red Hill Records . Bayan ta koma Los Angeles, ta sanya hannu a Capitol Records kuma ta zama sananne tare da kundin pop rock One of the Boys (2008). Ɗaya daga cikin jagoranta, "Na Kissed a Girl", ya hau kan US <nowiki><i id="mwKg">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100. Perry ta disco-influenced pop rikodin Teenage Dream (2010) ya zama kawai album da wata mace ta faifai da biyar US lambar-ɗaya singles: "California Gurls", "Teenage Dream", "Firework", "E.T". da kuma "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.) ". Sake fitar da shi, mai taken The Complete Confection (2012), ya samar da lambar daya ta Amurka "Part of Me". ''Prism'' mai wahayi zuwa gare shi (2013) ya samar da waƙoƙi biyu na Amurka, "Roar" da "Dark Horse". Perry ta gaba albums, Witness (2017), Smile (2020) da ''143'' (2024), sun sadu da bambancin m da kasuwanci nasara. Perry yana daya daga cikin masu fasahar kiɗa mafi kyawun kowane lokaci, tare da kimanin tallace-tallace na fiye da miliyan 151 a duk duniya. Shida daga cikin waƙoƙinta sun sami takaddun shaida na lu'u-lu'u daga Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Rubuce-rubuce ta Amurka. Mawakin mata mafi girma a duniya a cikin shekarar 2015 da 2018, Billboard ta kira ta daya daga cikin manyan taurari na karni na 21. Kyautarta ta haɗa da 20 Guinness World Records, biyar Billboard Music Awards, biyar American Music Awards (ciki har da Special Achievement Award), Brit Award, Juno Award, da bakwai MTV Video Music Awards (gami da Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award). Perry ita ce mai zane na farko da ya sami bidiyo da yawa da suka kai ra'ayoyi biliyan daya a YouTube. Tare da kimanin dala miliyan 360, tana daga cikin mawaƙa masu arziki a duniya. A waje da kiɗa, Perry ta fitar da wani shirin tarihin rayuwa mai taken Katy Perry: Part of Me a cikin shekarar 2012, ta bayyana Smurfette a cikin Jerin fina-finai na <nowiki><i id="mwWg">Smurfs</i></nowiki> (2011-2013), ta kaddamar da layin takalmin Katy Perry Collections a cikin 2017 kuma ta tashi zuwa sararin samaniya a cikin Blue Origin NS-31 a cikin 2025. Ta yi aiki a matsayin alƙali a kan American Idol daga kakar wasa ta goma sha shida a 2018 zuwa kakar wasa ta ashirin da biyu a 2024. Ita mai ba da shawara ce ga [[Hakkokin LGBT ta ƙasa ko yanki|Hakkin LGBT]] da haƙƙin mata, kuma an ba ta suna Jakadan Goodwill na UNICEF a shekarar 2013. Ayyukanta na jin kai da gwagwarmayarta suna mai da hankali kan ilimin yara da wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar kanjamau / AIDS. == Rayuwa da aiki == === 1984-1999: Rayuwa ta farko da iyali === An haifi Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson a ranar 25 ga Oktoban shekarar 1984, a Santa Barbara, California, ga fastocin Pentecostal Mary Christine (née Perry) da Maurice Keith Hudson . {{Sfn|Perry|2012}} Iyayenta biyu sun juya zuwa addini bayan "matashi mara kyau". Perry yana da asalin Ingilishi, Jamusanci, Irish, da Portuguese.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cowlin|2014}}</ref> Ta hanyar mahaifiyarta, 'yar uwar darektan fim din [[Frank Perry]] ce. Tana da ƙaramin ɗan'uwa mai suna David, wanda shi ma mawaƙi ne, da kuma 'yar'uwa mai girma, Angela.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> Daga shekaru uku zuwa 11, Perry ta sauya sau da yawa a fadin kasar yayin da iyayenta suka kafa majami'u kafin su sake zama a Santa Barbara. Yayinda take girma, ta halarci makarantun addini da sansanoni, ciki har da Makarantar Kirista ta Paradise Valley a [[Arizona]] da Makarantar Kiristanci ta Santa Barbara a California a lokacin shekarunta na firamare.<ref name="Friedlander 2012 15">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> Iyalin sun yi gwagwarmaya da kudi, wani lokacin ta amfani da hatimi na abinci da cin abinci daga bankin abinci wanda kuma ya ciyar da ikilisiya a cocin iyayenta. Yayinda suke girma, Perry da 'yan uwanta ba a yarda su ci hatsi na Lucky Charms ba kamar yadda kalmar "sa'a" ta tunatar da mahaifiyarsu game da Lucifer, kuma ana buƙatar su kira kwai da aka karkatar da su "ƙwai da aka yi wahayi".<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> Perry da farko ya saurari kiɗa na bishara, kamar yadda aka hana kiɗa na duniya a gidan iyali. Ta gano shahararren kiɗa ta hanyar CDs da ta shigo da ita gida daga abokanta. Perry daga baya ta tuna wani labari game da yadda abokiyarta ta buga "You Oughta Know" ta Alanis Morissette, wanda ya rinjayi rubuce-rubucen waƙoƙinta da waka.{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} While not strictly identifying as religious, she has stated, "I pray all the time – for self-control, for humility." Wanting to be like her sister Angela, Perry began singing by practicing with her sister's cassette tapes. She performed the tracks in front of her parents, who let her take vocal lessons like Angela was doing at the time. She began training at age nine;<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> she was also incorporated into her parents' ministry, singing in church from ages nine to 17.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> At 13, Perry was given her first guitar for her birthday,<ref name="GraffBold" /><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> and publicly performed songs she wrote. She tried to "be a bit like the typical Californian girl" while growing up, and started rollerskating, skateboarding, and surfing as a teenager. Her brother David described her as a "[[tomboy]]" during her adolescence, which Perry talks about on her song "One of the Boys".<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> She took dancing lessons and learned how to swing, Lindy Hop, and jitterbug.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Perry completed her General Educational Development (GED) requirements early at age 15, during her first year of high school, and left Dos Pueblos High School to pursue a music career.<ref name="Hudson37">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> === 2000–2006: Career beginnings, ''Katy Hudson'', and ''Fingerprints'' === Perry briefly had vocal lessons with a woman named Agatha Danoff<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heldman |first=Breanne L. |date=August 8, 2014 |title=Katy Perry: I Could Really Use a Better Education |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/blogs/celeb-news/katy-perry-education-interview-make-roar-happen-212115603.html?guccounter=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218233641/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/blogs/celeb-news/katy-perry-education-interview-make-roar-happen-212115603.html?guccounter=1 |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |access-date=February 18, 2024 |publisher=Yahoo! Entertainment}}</ref> in facilities rented from the Music Academy of the West.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Montgomery|2011}}</ref> Her singing caught the attention of rock artists Steve Thomas and Jennifer Knapp from Nashville, Tennessee, who brought her there to improve her writing skills.<ref name="Hudson37">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> In Nashville, she started recording demos and learned how to write songs and play guitar. Perry signed with Red Hill Records and recorded her debut album, a contemporary Christian record titled ''Katy Hudson'', which was released on March 6, 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |author-link=Stephen Thomas Erlewine |title=Katy Hudson&nbsp;– Katy Hudson |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/katy-hudson-mw0000017022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226133433/http://www.allmusic.com/album/katy-hudson-mw0000017022 |archive-date=December 26, 2013 |access-date=December 27, 2013 |publisher=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> She also joined Earthsuit and V*Enna that year to perform as part of Phil Joel's Strangely Normal Tour<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=David |date=May 6, 2003 |title=The Strangely Normal Tour – Phil Joel, Earthsuit, V*Enna & Katy Hudson |url=http://www.epinions.com/content_929341572?sb=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729081327/http://www.epinions.com/content_929341572?sb=1 |archive-date=July 29, 2013 |access-date=December 26, 2013 |publisher=[[Epinions.com]]}}</ref> and embarked on other performances of her own in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy's Tour Info |url=http://www.katyhudson.com/tourinfo.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010816191358/http://www.katyhudson.com/tourinfo.html |archive-date=August 16, 2001 |website=KatyHudson.com}}</ref> ''Katy Hudson'' received mixed reviews from critics and was commercially unsuccessful, selling an estimated 200 copies before the label ceased operations in December.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Transitioning from gospel music to secular music, Perry started working with producer Glen Ballard,{{Sfn|Perry|2012}}{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} and moved to Los Angeles at the age of 17. She opted to work with Ballard due to his past work with Alanis Morissette, one of her major inspirations. In 2003, she briefly performed as Katheryn Perry, to avoid confusion with actress [[Kate Hudson]], and later adopted the stage name "Katy Perry", using her mother's maiden name.{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} In 2010, she recalled that "Thinking of You" was one of the first songs she wrote after moving to Los Angeles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[CBS]] |date=October 3, 2010 |title=Katy Perry Sings Her First Song |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6oaXe2lw1Q |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001111419/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6oaXe2lw1Q |archive-date=October 1, 2021 |access-date=October 1, 2021 |via=[[YouTube]] }}</ref> Perry would also perform at the Hotel Café, performing new music while she was between record labels.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fields |first=Taylor |date=May 27, 2020 |title=Katy Perry Returns to Hotel Café Where She Got Her Start for Special Performance |url=https://www.iheart.com/content/2020-05-27-katy-perry-gives-special-performance-at-hotel-caf-where-she-got-her-start/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329144548/https://www.iheart.com/content/2020-05-27-katy-perry-gives-special-performance-at-hotel-caf-where-she-got-her-start/ |archive-date=March 29, 2022 |access-date=March 29, 2022 |quote=Fifteen years ago, this was kind of like my hideout/living room. This is actually Hotel Café in Hollywood. It's where I went to try out my new songs, and when I wanted to know if anyone actually liked them, besides my cat — may she rest in peace. So, it's kind of like my living room. It's my growing up space. |agency=[[iHeartRadio]]}}</ref> In 2004, she signed to Ballard's label, Java Records, which was then affiliated with The Island Def Jam Music Group. Perry began work on a solo record due for release in March 2005, but the record was shelved after Java was dropped. Ballard then introduced her to Tim Devine, an A&amp;amp;R executive at Columbia Records, and she was signed as a solo artist. By November 2006, Perry had finished writing and recording material for her Columbia debut titled ''Fingerprints'' (with some of the material from this time appearing on ''One of the Boys'') which was planned for release in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2012 |title=Katy Perry - Nintendo Wii Launch (Nov 2006) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4j9qiSFoU-Q&t=88s |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117154356/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4j9qiSFoU-Q&t=88s |archive-date=November 17, 2021 |access-date=November 17, 2021 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Some of the material from ''Fingerprints'' that did not make it on ''One of the Boys'' was given to other artists, such as "I Do Not Hook Up" and "Long Shot" to Kelly Clarkson, and "Rock God" to Selena Gomez &amp;amp; the Scene. Perry worked with songwriters including Desmond Child, Greg Wells, Butch Walker, Scott Cutler, Anne Preven, the Matrix, Kara DioGuardi, Max Martin, and Dr. Luke.<ref name="Anokute Hit Quarters">{{Cite web |last=Blumenrath |first=Jan |date=October 18, 2010 |title=Interview with Chris Anokute |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/2010/October18_4_57_7.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417201326/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2F2010%2FOctober18_4_57_7.html |archive-date=April 17, 2015 |access-date=April 25, 2015 |website=[[HitQuarters]]}}</ref> In addition, after Devine suggested that songwriting team the Matrix become a "real group", she recorded an album, ''The Matrix'', with them. This featured her and Adam Longlands as lead vocalists. ''The Matrix'' was planned for release in 2004 but was shelved due to creative differences. Perry was dropped from Columbia in 2006 as ''Fingerprints'' neared completion. After the label dropped her, she worked at an independent A&amp;amp;R company, Taxi Music.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Perry had minor success prior to her breakthrough. One of the songs she had recorded for her album with Ballard, "Simple", was featured on the soundtrack to the 2005 film ''The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants''.<ref name="Summers">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Perry provided backing vocals on Mick Jagger's song "Old Habits Die Hard", which was included on the soundtrack to the 2004 film ''Alfie''.<ref name="allmusicbio">{{Cite web |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |title=Katy Perry |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104093438/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |archive-date=November 4, 2015 |access-date=February 10, 2016 |publisher=AllMusic}}</ref> In September 2004, ''Blender'' named her "The Next Big Thing".<ref name="Summers" /> She recorded background vocals on P.O.D.'s single "Goodbye for Now", was featured at the end of its music video in 2006, and performed it with them on ''The Tonight Show with Jay Leno''. That year, Perry also appeared in the music video for "Learn to Fly" by Carbon Leaf, and she played the love interest of her then-boyfriend, Gym Class Heroes lead singer Travie McCoy, in the band's music video for "Cupid's Chokehold". === 2007–2009: Breakthrough with ''One of the Boys'' === After Columbia dropped Perry, Angelica Cob-Baehler, then a publicity executive at the label, brought Perry's demos to Virgin Records chairman Jason Flom. Flom was convinced that she could be a breakthrough star and she was signed to Capitol Records in April 2007. The label arranged for her to work with Dr. Luke to add an "undeniable smash" to her existing material.<ref name="hitquarters">{{Cite web |date=January 21, 2011 |title=Correction to the interview with Chris Anokute |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_AnokuteCorrection.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713071228/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2Fopar%2Fintrview_AnokuteCorrection.html |archive-date=July 13, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |website=HitQuarters}}</ref> Perry and Dr. Luke co-wrote the songs "I Kissed a Girl" and "Hot n Cold" for her second album ''One of the Boys''. A campaign was started with the November 2007 release of the video to "Ur So Gay", a song aimed at introducing her to the music market.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> A digital EP of the same name was also released that month.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Katy |date=November 20, 2007 |title=Ur So Gay |url=https://www.amazon.com/Ur-Gay-Explicit-Katy-Perry/dp/B000YBJFF6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816210131/https://www.amazon.com/Ur-Gay-Explicit-Katy-Perry/dp/B000YBJFF6 |archive-date=August 16, 2021 |access-date=August 25, 2018 |publisher=Amazon}}</ref> [[Madonna]] helped publicize the song by praising it on the ''JohnJay & Rich'' radio show in April 2008,<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> stating "Ur So Gay" was her "favorite song" at the time.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> In March 2008, Perry made a cameo appearance as a club singer in the ''Wildfire'' episode "Life's Too Short"<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> and appeared as herself during a photo shoot that June on ''[[The Young and the Restless]]'' for the show's magazine ''Restless Style''.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> [[Fayil:Katy_Perry_performing.jpg|alt=Katy Perry performing on the Warped Tour 2008|right|thumb|Perry performing at Cricket Wireless Amphitheatre during the Warped Tour in August 2008]] Perry released her first single with Capitol, "I Kissed a Girl", on April 28, 2008, as the lead single from ''One of the Boys''. The first station to pick up the song was WRVW in Nashville, who were inundated with enthusiastic calls the first three days they played it.<ref name="hitquarters.com2">{{Cite web |date=October 18, 2010 |title=Interview With Chris Anokute |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_Chris_Anokute_Interview.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713070818/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2Fopar%2Fintrview_Chris_Anokute_Interview.html |archive-date=July 13, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |website=HitQuarters}}</ref> The track topped the U.S. <nowiki><i id="mwAfI">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 on the chart dated July 5, 2008, and remained number one for seven consecutive weeks. "I Kissed a Girl" created controversy among both religious and [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]] groups. The former criticized its homosexual theme, while the latter accused her of using bi-curiosity to sell records. In response to speculation that her parents opposed her music and career, Perry told MTV News that they had no problems with her success. ''One of the Boys'', released on June 17, 2008, garnered mixed critical reviews and reached number nine on the U.S. <nowiki><i id="mwAgE">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''One of the Boys'' by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/one-of-the-boys/katy-perry |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114151805/http://www.metacritic.com/music/one-of-the-boys/katy-perry |archive-date=November 14, 2012 |access-date=March 6, 2009 |publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> The album went on to sell seven million copies worldwide. "Hot n Cold" was released the following September and became the album's second successful single, reaching number three on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, while topping charts in Germany,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hot n Cold (Single) |url=http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/title/Perry%2C+Katy/Hot+n+Cold/single |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714190034/http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/title/Perry%2C%2BKaty/Hot%2Bn%2BCold/single |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |access-date=June 26, 2014 |publisher=Musicline}}</ref> Canada, the Netherlands, and Austria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nederlandse Top 40&nbsp;– week 01, 2009 |url=http://www.top40.nl/top40/2009/week-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728052041/http://www.top40.nl/top40/2009/week-01 |archive-date=July 28, 2014 |access-date=July 27, 2014 |publisher=[[Dutch Top 40]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry&nbsp;— Hot N Cold |url=http://www.austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy+Perry&titel=Hot+n+Cold&cat=s |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830164113/http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy%20Perry&titel=Hot%20N%20Cold&cat=s |archive-date=August 30, 2013 |access-date=July 27, 2014 |publisher=[[Ö3 Austria Top 40]]}}</ref> Later singles "Thinking of You" and "Waking Up in Vegas" were released in 2009 and reached the top 30 of the Hot 100.<ref name="Hot100History2" /> From June to August 2008, Perry traveled with McCoy on the Warped Tour.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=22}}</ref> As a symbol of their commitment to one another, he gave her a diamond promise ring before the tour,<ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=30}}</ref> and he wore a ring with "Katy" inscribed on it.<ref name=":10">{{Cite magazine|url-status=88–96}}</ref> That September, a limited-edition Katy Perry doll was produced by Integrity Toys in response to her growing popularity. She hosted the 2008 MTV Europe Music Awards in November and won the award for Best New Act. Following their breakup in December 2008, Perry and McCoy reconciled in April 2009<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rollo |first=Sarah |date=April 26, 2009 |title=Perry reunites with Travis McCoy |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a154009/perry-reunites-with-travis-mccoy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828194016/https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a154009/perry-reunites-with-travis-mccoy/ |archive-date=August 28, 2025 |access-date=August 8, 2025 |publisher=Digital Spy}}</ref> before she ended their relationship again later that year. The Matrix's self-titled album, which Perry had recorded with the band in 2004, was released on iTunes on January 27, 2009, as a result of her solo success.<ref name="allmusicbio2">{{Cite web |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |title=Katy Perry |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104093438/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |archive-date=November 4, 2015 |access-date=February 10, 2016 |publisher=AllMusic}}</ref> At the 2009 Brit Awards the next month, she won the award for International Female Solo Artist.<ref name="Brit20092">{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2009 |title=Brit Awards 2009: Full list of winners |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/4692628/Brit-Awards-2009-Full-list-of-winners.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712101104/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/4692628/Brit-Awards-2009-Full-list-of-winners.html |archive-date=July 12, 2015 |access-date=November 3, 2015}}</ref> Perry embarked on her first headlining world tour, the Hello Katy Tour, from January to November 2009 to support ''One of the Boys''.<ref name="Hudson832">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> On August 4, 2009, she performed as opening act for one date of No Doubt's 2009 Summer Tour. Perry also hosted the 2009 MTV Europe Music Awards that November, becoming the first person to host two consecutive ceremonies of the European awards. On July 22, 2009, Perry recorded a live album titled ''MTV Unplugged'', which featured acoustic performances of five tracks from ''One of the Boys'' as well as one new song, "Brick by Brick", and a cover of Fountains of Wayne's "Hackensack". It was released on November 17, 2009. Perry also appeared on two singles with other artists; she was featured on a remix of [[Colorado]]-based band 3OH!3's song "Starstrukk" in September 2009,<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 14, 2009 |title=Starstrukk (feat. Katy Perry) |url=https://music.apple.com/au/album/starstrukk-feat-katy-perry-single/330823124 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908070213/https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/starstrukk-feat.-katy-perry/id330823124 |archive-date=September 8, 2014 |access-date=July 23, 2014 |publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref> and on a duet with Timbaland entitled "If We Ever Meet Again", from his album ''Shock Value II'', three months later.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2019 |title=If We Ever Meet Again (feat. Katy Perry) |url=http://itunes.apple.com:80/us/album/if-we-ever-meet-again-feat-katy-perry/id340826329 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208055217/http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/if-we-ever-meet-again-feat-katy-perry/id340826329 |archive-date=December 8, 2009 |access-date=March 22, 2020 |publisher=iTunes}}</ref> The ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' recognized her in its 2010 edition as the "Best Start on the U.S. Digital Chart by a Female Artist", for digital single sales of over two million copies.<ref name="Guinness2010">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Glenday|2010}}</ref> Perry met her future husband Russell Brand in mid-2009 while filming a cameo appearance for his film ''Get Him to the Greek''. Her scene, in which the two kiss, does not appear in the film. She began dating Brand after meeting him again that September at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards.<ref name="RussellDating">{{Cite web |last=Ziegbe |first=Mawuse |date=September 4, 2010 |title=Katy Perry, Russell Brand's Love Story Began at the VMAs |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1647232/katy-perry-russell-brands-love-story-began-at-the-vmas/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502061321/http://www.mtv.com/news/1647232/katy-perry-russell-brands-love-story-began-at-the-vmas/ |archive-date=May 2, 2014 |access-date=November 9, 2010 |publisher=MTV News}}</ref> The couple became engaged on December 31, 2009, while vacationing in [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref name="Engaged">{{Cite web |last=Heldman |first=Breanne L. |date=January 6, 2010 |title=Katy Perry and Russell Brand Engaged in India |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/160483/katy-perry-and-russell-brand-engaged-in-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828221336/http://www.eonline.com/news/160483/katy-perry-and-russell-brand-engaged-in-india |archive-date=August 28, 2012 |access-date=January 6, 2010 |publisher=[[E!]]}}</ref> === 2010–2012: ''Teenage Dream'' and marriage === After serving as a guest judge on ''American Idol'', Perry released "California Gurls" featuring [[Snoop Dogg]] on May 7, 2010. The song was the lead single from her third studio album, ''Teenage Dream'', and reached number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 in June. She also served as a guest judge on British <nowiki><i id="mwAuM">The X Factor</i></nowiki> later that month<ref name="XFactorJudge">{{Cite web |date=June 28, 2010 |title=Katy Perry Hits Dublin For X Factor Auditions |url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/x-factor/228776-katy-perry-cheryl-cole-x-factor |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017142034/http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/x-factor/228776-katy-perry-cheryl-cole-x-factor |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=June 28, 2010 |publisher=MTV News}}</ref> before releasing the album's second single, "Teenage Dream", in July. "Teenage Dream" reached number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 in September. Released on August 24, 2010, ''Teenage Dream'' debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' 200, and received mixed reviews from music critics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Teenage Dream'' by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/teenage-dream/katy-perry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102220205/http://www.metacritic.com/music/teenage-dream/katy-perry |archive-date=November 2, 2013 |access-date=March 15, 2014 |publisher=Metacritic}}</ref> It has since sold over 12 million copies worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Jon |date=August 25, 2025 |title=How 'Teenage Dream' Crowned Katy Perry as Pop's Campiest Queen |url=https://www.grammy.com/news/katy-perry-teenage-dream-album-influence-impact |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826141539/https://www.grammy.com/news/katy-perry-teenage-dream-album-influence-impact |archive-date=August 26, 2025 |access-date=August 29, 2025 |publisher=[[The Recording Academy]]}}</ref> being her highest-selling album to date.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2021 |title=Europe 2 Classics: California Gurls, de Katy Perry, est une ode à la côte ouest des États-Unis |url=https://www.europe2.fr/musique/europe-2-classics-california-gurls-de-katy-perry-est-une-ode-a-la-cote-ouest-des-etats-unis-54375.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250815200835/https://www.europe2.fr/musique/europe-2-classics-california-gurls-de-katy-perry-est-une-ode-a-la-cote-ouest-des-etats-unis-54375.html |archive-date=August 15, 2025 |access-date=August 5, 2025 |publisher=[[Europe 2]] |language=fr}}</ref> ''Teenage Dream'' would go on to win the 2011 Juno Award for International Album of the Year.<ref name="Juno2011">{{Cite web |date=March 26, 2011 |title=2011 JUNO Gala Dinner & Award Winners |url=https://junoawards.ca/2011-juno-gala-dinner-award-winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127131849/https://junoawards.ca/2011-juno-gala-dinner-award-winners/ |archive-date=January 27, 2016 |access-date=June 18, 2015 |publisher=Juno Awards}}</ref> In October, "Firework" was released as the album's third single. It became the album's third consecutive number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 on December 8, 2010. "E.T." featuring [[Kanye West]] was released as the fourth single from ''Teenage Dream'' on February 16, 2011. It topped the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 for five non-consecutive weeks, making ''Teenage Dream'' the ninth album in history to produce four number one singles on the chart. "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)" followed as the fifth single in June, and Perry became the first female artist to achieve five number-one ''Billboard'' Hot 100 songs from one album when the single topped that chart on August 17, and the second artist after [[Michael Jackson]] with his album ''Bad''. For this record, she received an honorary American Music Award in November 2011 and another Guinness record.<ref name="Guinness2013">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Glenday|2013}}</ref> On September 7, she set a new record by becoming the first artist to spend 69 consecutive weeks in the top ten of the Hot 100. Following the October release of "The One That Got Away" as its sixth single, ''Teenage Dream'' became the third album to produce six top-five songs on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. It joined [[George Michael]]'s ''Faith'' and [[Janet Jackson]]'s ''Rhythm Nation 1814''; the latter remains the only album to ever achieve seven top-five entries. The song peaked at number three in the U.S. and number two in Canada. [[Fayil:Katy_Perry_-_Part_Of_Me_Australian_Premiere_-_June_2012_(3).jpg|alt=Katy Perry looking forward and smiling|left|thumb|Perry attending the Sydney premiere for her 2012 documentary ''Katy Perry: Part of Me'', which grossed $32.7 million]] On January 5, 2012, Perry was named the sixth best-selling digital artist in the United States, with sales of 37.6&nbsp;million units according to Nielsen SoundScan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Loynes |first=Anna |date=January 5, 2012 |title=The Nielsen Company & Billboard's 2011 Music Industry Report |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120105005547/en/Nielsen-Company-Billboard%E2%80%99s-2011-Music-Industry-Report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108044835/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120105005547/en/Nielsen-Company-Billboard%E2%80%99s-2011-Music-Industry-Report |archive-date=January 8, 2012 |access-date=January 5, 2012 |publisher=[[Business Wire]]}}</ref> That month, she became the first artist to have four songs sell over 5 million digital units when "E.T." reached that mark along with "Firework", "California Gurls", and "Hot n Cold".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grein |first=Paul |date=January 19, 2012 |title=Week Ending Jan. 15, 2012. Songs: The Song That Won't Drop |url=https://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/week-ending-jan-15-2012-songs-song-won-012657212.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812191315/https://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/week-ending-jan-15-2012-songs-song-won-012657212.html |archive-date=August 12, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |publisher=Yahoo! Music}}</ref> On February 13, Capitol released the lead single from ''Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection'', "Part of Me", which debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and became Perry's seventh single overall to top the chart. ''Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection'' was released on March 23,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 23, 2012 |title=Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/teenage-dream-the-complete-confection/716084282 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717013306/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/teenage-dream-complete-confection/id716084282 |archive-date=July 17, 2014 |access-date=July 31, 2014 |publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref> and serves as a reissue of ''Teenage Dream''. "Wide Awake" was released on May 22 as the re-release's second single,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 40/M Future Releases |url=http://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507205726/http://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases |archive-date=May 7, 2012 |access-date=September 22, 2014 |publisher=All Access}}</ref> peaking at number two on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and number one in Canada and New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry&nbsp;— Wide Awake |url=https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy+Perry&titel=Wide+Awake&cat=s |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420153426/http://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy+Perry&titel=Wide+Awake&cat=s |archive-date=April 20, 2017 |access-date=July 31, 2014 |publisher=[[Official New Zealand Music Chart|Top 40 Singles]]}}</ref> Perry embarked on her second tour, the California Dreams Tour, in support of ''Teenage Dream''<ref name="Hudson83">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> from February 2011 to January 2012. The tour grossed $59.5&nbsp;million globally and won her the award for Best Live Act at the 2011 MTV Europe Music Awards. On September 23, 2011, she performed on the opening day of the 2011 Rock in Rio festival along with [[Elton John]] and [[Rihanna]]. In September 2010, Perry was scheduled to appear on the 41st-season premiere of ''Sesame Street''. After her scene was uploaded to YouTube, viewers criticized Perry's exposed cleavage. Four days before the scheduled airing, Sesame Workshop announced that the segment would not air on television, but would still be available to watch online. Perry subsequently mocked the controversy on ''Saturday Night Live'', where she was a musical guest and wore an Elmo-themed shirt showing large amounts of cleavage during one skit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry mocks Sesame Street ban |url=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/videos/hot-n-cold-sesame-street/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413125415/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/videos/hot-n-cold-sesame-street/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2014 |publisher=[[Capital (radio network)|Capital]]}}</ref> In December 2010, Perry played Moe Szyslak's girlfriend in the live-action segment from a Christmas episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]'' titled "The Fight Before Christmas". Two months later, she made a guest appearance on the ''How I Met Your Mother'' episode "Oh Honey", playing a woman known as Honey.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tucker |first=Ken |date=February 7, 2011 |title=How I Met Your Mother: 'Oh Honey' |url=http://watching-tv.ew.com/2011/02/07/how-i-met-your-mother-katy-perry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815214720/http://watching-tv.ew.com/2011/02/07/how-i-met-your-mother-katy-perry/ |archive-date=August 15, 2011 |access-date=August 27, 2011}}</ref> The latter role won her the People's Choice Award for Favorite TV Guest Star in January 2012. She made her film debut in the 3D family motion picture ''The Smurfs'' as Smurfette on July 29, 2011. The film was a financial success worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Smurfs (2011) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104000300/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs.htm |archive-date=November 4, 2011 |access-date=November 6, 2011 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> while critics gave mostly negative reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 29, 2011 |title=The Smurfs |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111031145/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs/ |archive-date=January 11, 2014 |access-date=January 16, 2014 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> She hosted ''Saturday Night Live'' on December 10, 2011, with Robyn as the episode's musical guest. Perry's work on the episode received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised her performance in the episode's digital short featuring her and Andy Samberg. In March 2012, she guest starred as a prison security guard named Rikki on the ''Raising Hope'' episode "Single White Female Role Model".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moraski |first=Lauren |date=February 22, 2012 |title=Katy Perry to portray a prison attendant on 'Raising Hope' |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/katy-perry-to-portray-a-prison-attendant-on-raising-hope/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813222733/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/katy-perry-to-portray-a-prison-attendant-on-raising-hope/ |archive-date=August 13, 2014 |access-date=February 25, 2014 |publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> On July 5, 2012, Perry's autobiographical documentary ''Katy Perry: Part of Me'' was released to theaters through Paramount Pictures. The film received positive reviews<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 5, 2012 |title=Katy Perry: Part of Me (2012) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/katy_perry_part_of_me/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813212433/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/katy_perry_part_of_me/ |archive-date=August 13, 2012 |access-date=August 4, 2012 |website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> and grossed $32.7 million worldwide at the box office.<ref name="mojo">{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry: Part of Me |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=katyperry.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814022212/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=katyperry.htm |archive-date=August 14, 2012 |access-date=August 16, 2012 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> Perry began to venture into business when she endorsed the fragrance, Purr, in November 2010. Her second endorsed fragrance, Meow!, was released in December 2011. Both perfumes were released through Nordstrom department stores. Electronic Arts recruited her to promote their new expansion pack for ''The Sims 3: Showtime'', before releasing a separate stuff pack featuring Perry-inspired furniture, outfits, and hairstyles, titled ''The Sims 3: Katy Perry's Sweet Treats'', in June 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sims 3 Katy Perry's Sweet Treats |url=http://www.ea.com/the-sims-3-kp-sweet-treats |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106040704/http://www.ea.com/the-sims-3-kp-sweet-treats |archive-date=January 6, 2015 |access-date=April 3, 2014 |publisher=[[Electronic Arts]]}}</ref> The following month, she became the spokesperson and ambassador for Popchips and made an investment in the company. ''Billboard'' dubbed her as their "Woman of the Year" for 2012. She married Russell Brand on October 23, 2010, in a traditional Hindu ceremony near the Ranthambhore tiger sanctuary in Rajasthan. On December 30, 2011, Brand announced that they were divorcing after 14 months of marriage. Perry later stated that conflicting career schedules and his desire to have children before she was ready led to the end of their marriage and that he never spoke to her again after sending a text message that he was divorcing her,{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} while Brand asserted that he divorced her due to her commercial success and reluctance to engage in activism. She was initially distraught over their divorce and said that she contemplated suicide. Since they married without a prenuptial agreement, he was eligible to claim half of the estimated $44&nbsp;million she earned during their marriage, but declined. Perry began a relationship with singer John Mayer in August 2012, the year her marriage with Brand had ended. === 2013–2015: ''Prism'' and Super Bowl XLIX halftime show === In November 2012, Perry began work on her fourth album, ''Prism''.<ref name="PrismMC">{{Cite web |title=''Prism'' by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/prism/katy-perry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209172300/http://www.metacritic.com/music/prism/katy-perry |archive-date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=November 15, 2013 |publisher=Metacritic}}</ref> She told ''Billboard'', "I know exactly the record I want to make next. I know the artwork, the coloring and the tone" and "I even know what type of tour I'm doing next. I'll be very pleased if the vision I have in my head becomes a reality."<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2012 |title=Katy Perry Won't Rush New Album: "I Know Exactly The Record I Want To Make Next" |url=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/news/new-album-ideas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422024353/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/news/new-album-ideas/ |archive-date=April 22, 2014 |access-date=May 19, 2014 |publisher=Capital}}</ref> After initially telling ''L'Uomo Vogue'' in June 2012 that she planned to have "darker elements" in ''Prism'' following the end of her marriage, the singer revealed to MTV during the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards that she changed the album's direction after periods of self-reflection. Perry commented "I felt very prismatic", which inspired the album's name. "Roar" was released as the lead single from ''Prism'' on August 10, 2013. It was promoted at the MTV Video Music Awards and reached number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. "Unconditionally" followed as the second single from ''Prism'' on October 16, 2013,<ref name="UnconditionallyRelease">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Jeff |date=October 16, 2013 |title=Katy Perry Wails on New Single "Unconditionally" |url=http://www.fuse.tv/2013/10/katy-perry-unconditionally |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017063219/http://www.fuse.tv/2013/10/katy-perry-unconditionally |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=October 16, 2013 |publisher=[[Fuse (TV channel)|Fuse]]}}</ref> and peaked at number 14 in the United States. [[Fayil:Dark_horse_katy_perry.jpg|thumb|Katy Perry performing "Dark Horse" during the Prismatic World Tour in September 2014.]] ''Prism'' was released on October 18, 2013, and has sold over eight million copies worldwide. It received favorable reviews from critics<ref name="PrismMC"/> and debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' 200 chart. Four days later, Perry performed the songs from the album at the iHeartRadio Theater in Los Angeles. "Dark Horse" with Juicy J was released as the album's third single in December, and became her ninth U.S. number-one single the following month. In 2014, "Birthday" and "This Is How We Do" respectively followed as the album's fourth and fifth singles,<ref name="ds">{{Cite web |last=Corner |first=Lewis |date=July 24, 2014 |title=Katy Perry confirms new single 'This Is How We Do' – watch lyric video |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a586233/katy-perry-confirms-new-single-this-is-how-we-do-watch-lyric-video.html#~oKZLKy0n2t9T2S |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924161656/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a586233/katy-perry-confirms-new-single-this-is-how-we-do-watch-lyric-video.html#~oKZLKy0n2t9T2S |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |access-date=July 25, 2014 |publisher=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref> and reached the top 25 on the Hot 100. Prior to ending her relationship with Mayer in 2014, she recorded and co-wrote a duet with him titled "Who You Love" for his album ''Paradise Valley''. The song was released on August 12, 2013. Perry's third headlining tour, the Prismatic World Tour, began in May 2014 and concluded in October 2015. It sold almost 2 million tickets and grossed $204.3&nbsp;million worldwide and won Perry the award for "Top Package" at the 2014 <nowiki><i id="mwBNU">Billboard</i></nowiki> Touring Awards. She also performed at the 2015 Rock in Rio festival on September 27, 2015. On November 23, 2014, the National Football League (NFL) announced that Perry would perform at the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show on February 1, 2015. Lenny Kravitz and [[Missy Elliott]] served as special guests for the show. Her performance was critically acclaimed, and Guinness announced two days after the singer's halftime show that it garnered 118.5&nbsp;million viewers in the United States, becoming the most watched and highest rated show in Super Bowl history. The viewership was higher than the game itself, which was viewed by an audience of 114.4&nbsp;million.<ref name="Guinness2016">{{Cite web |last=Angert |first=Alex |date=February 3, 2015 |title=Super Bowl XLIX: How Brady, Belichick and Katy Perry's shark ensured the records tumbled |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2015/2/super-bowl-xlix-how-brady-belichick-and-katy-perrys-shark-ensured-the-records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117062521/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2015/2/super-bowl-xlix-how-brady-belichick-and-katy-perrys-shark-ensured-the-records |archive-date=November 17, 2015 |access-date=November 14, 2015 |website=Guinness World Records}}</ref> The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) ranked her fifth on the list of Top Global Recording Artists of 2013. On June 26, 2014, she was declared the Top Certified Digital Artist Ever by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for certified sales of 72 million digital singles in the United States.<ref name="TopCertified">{{Cite web |date=June 26, 2014 |title=RIAA Crowns Katy Perry Top Certified Digital Artist Ever |url=https://www.riaa.com/riaa-crowns-katy-perry-top-certified-digital-artist-ever/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713195543/http://www.riaa.com/riaa-crowns-katy-perry-top-certified-digital-artist-ever/ |archive-date=July 13, 2016 |access-date=June 26, 2014 |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]}}</ref> In May 2014, a portrait of Perry by painter Mark Ryden was featured in his exhibition "The Gay 90s", and shown at the Kohn Gallery in Los Angeles. Along with several other artists, she also recorded a cover version of the song "Daisy Bell (Bicycle Built for Two)" on a limited-edition concept album titled ''The Gay Nineties Old Tyme Music: Daisy Bell'' to accompany the exhibition. That month, a portrait of Perry by artist Will Cotton was included in the United States National Portrait Gallery. On June 17, 2014, Perry announced that she had founded her own record label under Capitol Records, titled Metamorphosis Music. Ferras was the first artist to get signed to her label, and Perry served as an executive producer on his self-titled EP. She also recorded a duet with him on the EP, titled "Legends Never Die". The label was later renamed Unsub Records. On November 23, 2015, Perry starred in H&amp;amp;M's holiday advertising campaign, for which she wrote and recorded a song titled "Every Day Is a Holiday". Outside of her music career, Perry reprised her role as Smurfette in ''The Smurfs 2'', which was released in theaters on July 31, 2013. Like its predecessor, ''The Smurfs 2'' was a financial success<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Smurfs 2 (2013) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418143328/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs2.htm |archive-date=April 18, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> that was panned by critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 31, 2013 |title=The Smurfs 2 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs_2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106053810/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs_2/ |archive-date=January 6, 2014 |access-date=January 16, 2014 |website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> In March 2014, she made a guest appearance playing herself in the episode "Blisteritos Presents Dad Academy Graduation Congraduritos Red Carpet Viewing Party" of the ''Kroll Show''. Killer Queen was released as her third fragrance in August 2013 through Coty. In January 2014, she became a guest curator of Madonna's Art for Freedom initiative. In March 2015, she appeared in ''Brand: A Second Coming'', a documentary following her ex-husband Russell Brand's transition from comedy work to activism, and released a concert film titled ''Katy Perry: The Prismatic World Tour'' through Epix, which took place during her tour of the same name. Perry also made a cameo appearance in the music video for Madonna's song "Bitch I'm Madonna" in June 2015. The following month, she released another fragrance with Coty, entitled Mad Potion. In September 2015, she appeared in the documentaries ''Katy Perry: Making of the Pepsi Super Bowl Halftime Show'', which followed Perry's preparation for her Super Bowl performance,<ref name="SuperBowl">{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=September 11, 2015 |title='Katy Perry: Making Of The Pepsi Super Bowl Halftime Show' Trailer: What 118.5 Million Viewers Didn't See |url=https://deadline.com/2015/09/katy-perry-making-of-the-pepsi-super-bowl-halftime-show-trailer-first-look-documentary-1201522029/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912203425/http://deadline.com/2015/09/katy-perry-making-of-the-pepsi-super-bowl-halftime-show-trailer-first-look-documentary-1201522029/ |archive-date=September 12, 2015 |access-date=September 12, 2015 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> and ''Jeremy Scott: The People's Designer'', which followed the life and career of designer Jeremy Scott. Perry released a mobile app titled ''Katy Perry Pop'' in December 2015 through Glu Mobile where her character helps players become famous musicians. She described it as "the most fun, colorful world that helps guide your musical dreams". === 2016–2019: ''Witness'' and ''American Idol'' === Perry started writing songs for her new album in June 2016, and recorded an anthem for NBC Sports' coverage of the 2016 Summer Olympics titled "Rise", which was released the following month. Perry chose to release it as a standalone track rather than save it for her album "because now more than ever, there is a need for our world to unite". NBC also felt its message spoke "to the spirit of the Olympics and its athletes" for its inspirational themes. The song reached number one in Australia and number eleven in the United States. [[Fayil:Katy_Perry_at_Madison_Square_Garden_(37436531092)_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Perry performing during Witness: The Tour in October 2017]] In August 2016, Perry stated that she aspired to create material "that connects and relates and inspires"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carroll |first=Sarah |date=August 18, 2016 |title=Katy Perry Is 'Taking Chances' & 'Not Rushing' Her New Music |url=http://amp.cbslocal.com/2016/08/18/katy-perry-new-music-taking-chances/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819125902/http://amp.cbslocal.com/2016/08/18/katy-perry-new-music-taking-chances/ |archive-date=August 19, 2016 |access-date=August 19, 2016 |publisher=[[KNX-FM|97.1 AMP Radio]]}}</ref> and told Ryan Seacrest that she was "not rushing" her fifth album, adding "I'm just having a lot of fun, but experimenting and trying different producers, and different collaborators, and different styles".<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2016 |title=Katy Perry Reveals She's 'Experimenting' With New Album, Talks Forthcoming Shoe Collection |url=http://onairwithryan.iheart.com/onair/ryan-seacrest-52241/katy-perry-reveals-shes-experimenting-with-15019828/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920140320/http://onairwithryan.iheart.com/onair/ryan-seacrest-52241/katy-perry-reveals-shes-experimenting-with-15019828/ |archive-date=September 20, 2016 |access-date=August 19, 2016 |website=[[On Air with Ryan Seacrest]]}}</ref> On February 10, 2017, Perry released the album's lead single "Chained to the Rhythm" featuring Skip Marley.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Katy |title=Chained to the Rhythm (feat. Skip Marley)&nbsp;– Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/chained-to-rhythm-feat.-skip/id1203815492 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214001628/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/chained-to-rhythm-feat.-skip/id1203815492 |archive-date=February 14, 2017 |access-date=February 14, 2017 |publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aiello |first=McKenna |last2=Vulpo |first2=Mike |date=March 5, 2017 |title=Katy Perry Opens 2017 iHeartRadio Music Awards With a Bunch of Kids and a Dancing Hamster |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/833852/katy-perry-opens-2017-iheartradio-music-awards-with-a-bunch-of-kids-and-a-dancing-hamster |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306013513/http://www.eonline.com/news/833852/katy-perry-opens-2017-iheartradio-music-awards-with-a-bunch-of-kids-and-a-dancing-hamster |archive-date=March 6, 2017 |access-date=March 6, 2017 |publisher=E!}}</ref> It reached number one in Hungary<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 7, 2017 |title=Rádiós Top 40 slágerlista |trans-title=Radio Top 40 hit list |url=http://zene.slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2017/15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426151417/http://zene.slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2017/15 |archive-date=April 26, 2017 |access-date=April 27, 2017 |publisher=[[Association of Hungarian Record Companies|Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége]] |language=hu}}</ref> and number four in the United States. The track was also streamed over three million times on Spotify within 24 hours, breaking the music streaming service's record at the time for the highest first-day streaming for a single track by a female artist. The album's second single, "Bon Appétit" with Migos, was released that April. Its third single, "Swish Swish", featured [[Nicki Minaj]] and followed the next month. They respectively peaked at numbers 59 and 46 in the United States,<ref name="Hot100History" /> and made the top 15 in Canada. The album, titled ''Witness'', was released on June 9, 2017, to mixed reviews,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Witness by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/witness/katy-perry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610033604/http://www.metacritic.com/music/witness/katy-perry |archive-date=June 10, 2017 |access-date=June 9, 2017 |publisher=Metacritic}}</ref> and debuted at number one in the United States. To accompany the album's release, Perry broadcast herself on YouTube for four days with a live-stream titled Katy Perry Live: Witness World Wide, concluding with a live concert on June 12. The live-stream generated over 49 million views from 190 countries. She also embarked on Witness: The Tour, which began in September 2017 and ended in August 2018. On June 15, 2017, Calvin Harris released a song titled "Feels" from his album ''Funk Wav Bounces Vol. 1'', which featured Perry, Big Sean, and Pharrell Williams.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Findlay |first=Mitch |date=June 14, 2017 |title=Calvin Harris Announces Single With Big Sean, Pharrell, & Katy Perry |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/476043-calvin-harris-announces-single-with-big-sean-pharrell-and-katy-perry-news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622155231/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/calvin-harris-announces-single-with-big-sean-pharrell-and-katy-perry-news.33773.html |archive-date=June 22, 2017 |access-date=June 14, 2017 |publisher=HotNewHipHop}}</ref> The song went on to reach number one in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Jack |date=August 11, 2017 |title=Calvin Harris dethrones Despacito to claim his eighth Number 1 single |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/calvin-harris-dethrones-despacito-to-claim-his-eighth-number-1-single__19932/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811224622/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/calvin-harris-dethrones-despacito-to-claim-his-eighth-number-1-single__19932/ |archive-date=August 11, 2017 |access-date=August 11, 2017 |publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref> T{{Reflist}} === Sources === <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles> * {{Official website}} * {{AllMusic}} * Katy Perry discography at Discogs * Katy Perry discography at MusicBrainz * Katy Perry at Rotten Tomatoes {{Katy Perry|state=expanded}}{{Navboxes|title=[[List of awards and nominations received by Katy Perry|Awards for Katy Perry]]|list={{American Music Award for Favorite Adult Contemporary Artist}} {{American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist}} {{Brit International Female}} {{Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Female Singer}} {{Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Female}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Live Act}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Look}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best New Act}} {{MTV Video Music Award for Best Collaboration}} {{MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year}} {{People's Choice Award for Favorite Female Artist}} {{People's Choice Award for Favorite Music Video}} {{Teen Choice Award for Choice Music Single}}}}{{Authority control}} ==Manazarta== [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f57w320xcit7rewtw5lcl4ayobgx6tf 893761 893760 2026-08-09T16:40:01Z Asiya Garba 46242 893761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><nowiki> {{</nowiki> {{Databox}} '''Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Oktoban shekarar 1984), wacce aka fi sani da '''Katy Perry''', mawaƙiya ce ta Amurka, marubuciya, kuma mai talbijin. An san ta da tasirin da take da shi a kan kiɗa da kuma salon sansanin ta, <nowiki><i id="mwHA">Vogue</i></nowiki> da Rolling Stone sun kira ta "Queen of Camp". A shekara ta 16, Perry ta fitar da kundin [[Dance music|rawa]]-linkid="187" href="./Gospel_music" id="mwIA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Gospel music">bishara mara nasara ''Katy Hudson'' (2001) a karkashin Red Hill Records . Bayan ta koma Los Angeles, ta sanya hannu a Capitol Records kuma ta zama sananne tare da kundin pop rock One of the Boys (2008). Ɗaya daga cikin jagoranta, "Na Kissed a Girl", ya hau kan US <nowiki><i id="mwKg">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100. Perry ta disco-influenced pop rikodin Teenage Dream (2010) ya zama kawai album da wata mace ta faifai da biyar US lambar-ɗaya singles: "California Gurls", "Teenage Dream", "Firework", "E.T". da kuma "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.) ". Sake fitar da shi, mai taken The Complete Confection (2012), ya samar da lambar daya ta Amurka "Part of Me". ''Prism'' mai wahayi zuwa gare shi (2013) ya samar da waƙoƙi biyu na Amurka, "Roar" da "Dark Horse". Perry ta gaba albums, Witness (2017), Smile (2020) da ''143'' (2024), sun sadu da bambancin m da kasuwanci nasara. Perry yana daya daga cikin masu fasahar kiɗa mafi kyawun kowane lokaci, tare da kimanin tallace-tallace na fiye da miliyan 151 a duk duniya. Shida daga cikin waƙoƙinta sun sami takaddun shaida na lu'u-lu'u daga Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Rubuce-rubuce ta Amurka. Mawakin mata mafi girma a duniya a cikin shekarar 2015 da 2018, Billboard ta kira ta daya daga cikin manyan taurari na karni na 21. Kyautarta ta haɗa da 20 Guinness World Records, biyar Billboard Music Awards, biyar American Music Awards (ciki har da Special Achievement Award), Brit Award, Juno Award, da bakwai MTV Video Music Awards (gami da Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award). Perry ita ce mai zane na farko da ya sami bidiyo da yawa da suka kai ra'ayoyi biliyan daya a YouTube. Tare da kimanin dala miliyan 360, tana daga cikin mawaƙa masu arziki a duniya. A waje da kiɗa, Perry ta fitar da wani shirin tarihin rayuwa mai taken Katy Perry: Part of Me a cikin shekarar 2012, ta bayyana Smurfette a cikin Jerin fina-finai na <nowiki><i id="mwWg">Smurfs</i></nowiki> (2011-2013), ta kaddamar da layin takalmin Katy Perry Collections a cikin 2017 kuma ta tashi zuwa sararin samaniya a cikin Blue Origin NS-31 a cikin 2025. Ta yi aiki a matsayin alƙali a kan American Idol daga kakar wasa ta goma sha shida a 2018 zuwa kakar wasa ta ashirin da biyu a 2024. Ita mai ba da shawara ce ga [[Hakkokin LGBT ta ƙasa ko yanki|Hakkin LGBT]] da haƙƙin mata, kuma an ba ta suna Jakadan Goodwill na UNICEF a shekarar 2013. Ayyukanta na jin kai da gwagwarmayarta suna mai da hankali kan ilimin yara da wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar kanjamau / AIDS. == Rayuwa da aiki == === 1984-1999: Rayuwa ta farko da iyali === An haifi Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson a ranar 25 ga Oktoban shekarar 1984, a Santa Barbara, California, ga fastocin Pentecostal Mary Christine (née Perry) da Maurice Keith Hudson . {{Sfn|Perry|2012}} Iyayenta biyu sun juya zuwa addini bayan "matashi mara kyau". Perry yana da asalin Ingilishi, Jamusanci, Irish, da Portuguese.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cowlin|2014}}</ref> Ta hanyar mahaifiyarta, 'yar uwar darektan fim din [[Frank Perry]] ce. Tana da ƙaramin ɗan'uwa mai suna David, wanda shi ma mawaƙi ne, da kuma 'yar'uwa mai girma, Angela.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> Daga shekaru uku zuwa 11, Perry ta sauya sau da yawa a fadin ƙasar yayin da iyayenta suka kafa majami'u kafin su sake zama a Santa Barbara. Yayinda take girma, ta halarci makarantun addini da sansanoni, ciki har da Makarantar Kirista ta Paradise Valley a [[Arizona]] da Makarantar Kiristanci ta Santa Barbara a California a lokacin shekarunta na firamare.<ref name="Friedlander 2012 15">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> Iyalin sun yi gwagwarmaya da kudi, wani lokacin ta amfani da hatimi na abinci da cin abinci daga bankin abinci wanda kuma ya ciyar da ikilisiya a cocin iyayenta. Yayinda suke girma, Perry da 'yan uwanta ba a yarda su ci hatsi na Lucky Charms ba kamar yadda kalmar "sa'a" ta tunatar da mahaifiyarsu game da Lucifer, kuma ana buƙatar su kira kwai da aka karkatar da su "ƙwai da aka yi wahayi".<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> Perry da farko ya saurari kiɗa na bishara, kamar yadda aka hana kiɗa na duniya a gidan iyali. Ta gano shahararren kiɗa ta hanyar CDs da ta shigo da ita gida daga abokanta. Perry daga baya ta tuna wani labari game da yadda abokiyarta ta buga "You Oughta Know" ta Alanis Morissette, wanda ya rinjayi rubuce-rubucen waƙoƙinta da waka.{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} While not strictly identifying as religious, she has stated, "I pray all the time – for self-control, for humility." Wanting to be like her sister Angela, Perry began singing by practicing with her sister's cassette tapes. She performed the tracks in front of her parents, who let her take vocal lessons like Angela was doing at the time. She began training at age nine;<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> she was also incorporated into her parents' ministry, singing in church from ages nine to 17.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> At 13, Perry was given her first guitar for her birthday,<ref name="GraffBold" /><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> and publicly performed songs she wrote. She tried to "be a bit like the typical Californian girl" while growing up, and started rollerskating, skateboarding, and surfing as a teenager. Her brother David described her as a "[[tomboy]]" during her adolescence, which Perry talks about on her song "One of the Boys".<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> She took dancing lessons and learned how to swing, Lindy Hop, and jitterbug.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Perry completed her General Educational Development (GED) requirements early at age 15, during her first year of high school, and left Dos Pueblos High School to pursue a music career.<ref name="Hudson37">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> === 2000–2006: Career beginnings, ''Katy Hudson'', and ''Fingerprints'' === Perry briefly had vocal lessons with a woman named Agatha Danoff<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heldman |first=Breanne L. |date=August 8, 2014 |title=Katy Perry: I Could Really Use a Better Education |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/blogs/celeb-news/katy-perry-education-interview-make-roar-happen-212115603.html?guccounter=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218233641/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/blogs/celeb-news/katy-perry-education-interview-make-roar-happen-212115603.html?guccounter=1 |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |access-date=February 18, 2024 |publisher=Yahoo! Entertainment}}</ref> in facilities rented from the Music Academy of the West.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Montgomery|2011}}</ref> Her singing caught the attention of rock artists Steve Thomas and Jennifer Knapp from Nashville, Tennessee, who brought her there to improve her writing skills.<ref name="Hudson37">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> In Nashville, she started recording demos and learned how to write songs and play guitar. Perry signed with Red Hill Records and recorded her debut album, a contemporary Christian record titled ''Katy Hudson'', which was released on March 6, 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |author-link=Stephen Thomas Erlewine |title=Katy Hudson&nbsp;– Katy Hudson |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/katy-hudson-mw0000017022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226133433/http://www.allmusic.com/album/katy-hudson-mw0000017022 |archive-date=December 26, 2013 |access-date=December 27, 2013 |publisher=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> She also joined Earthsuit and V*Enna that year to perform as part of Phil Joel's Strangely Normal Tour<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=David |date=May 6, 2003 |title=The Strangely Normal Tour – Phil Joel, Earthsuit, V*Enna & Katy Hudson |url=http://www.epinions.com/content_929341572?sb=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729081327/http://www.epinions.com/content_929341572?sb=1 |archive-date=July 29, 2013 |access-date=December 26, 2013 |publisher=[[Epinions.com]]}}</ref> and embarked on other performances of her own in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy's Tour Info |url=http://www.katyhudson.com/tourinfo.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010816191358/http://www.katyhudson.com/tourinfo.html |archive-date=August 16, 2001 |website=KatyHudson.com}}</ref> ''Katy Hudson'' received mixed reviews from critics and was commercially unsuccessful, selling an estimated 200 copies before the label ceased operations in December.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Transitioning from gospel music to secular music, Perry started working with producer Glen Ballard,{{Sfn|Perry|2012}}{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} and moved to Los Angeles at the age of 17. She opted to work with Ballard due to his past work with Alanis Morissette, one of her major inspirations. In 2003, she briefly performed as Katheryn Perry, to avoid confusion with actress [[Kate Hudson]], and later adopted the stage name "Katy Perry", using her mother's maiden name.{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} In 2010, she recalled that "Thinking of You" was one of the first songs she wrote after moving to Los Angeles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[CBS]] |date=October 3, 2010 |title=Katy Perry Sings Her First Song |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6oaXe2lw1Q |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001111419/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6oaXe2lw1Q |archive-date=October 1, 2021 |access-date=October 1, 2021 |via=[[YouTube]] }}</ref> Perry would also perform at the Hotel Café, performing new music while she was between record labels.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fields |first=Taylor |date=May 27, 2020 |title=Katy Perry Returns to Hotel Café Where She Got Her Start for Special Performance |url=https://www.iheart.com/content/2020-05-27-katy-perry-gives-special-performance-at-hotel-caf-where-she-got-her-start/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329144548/https://www.iheart.com/content/2020-05-27-katy-perry-gives-special-performance-at-hotel-caf-where-she-got-her-start/ |archive-date=March 29, 2022 |access-date=March 29, 2022 |quote=Fifteen years ago, this was kind of like my hideout/living room. This is actually Hotel Café in Hollywood. It's where I went to try out my new songs, and when I wanted to know if anyone actually liked them, besides my cat — may she rest in peace. So, it's kind of like my living room. It's my growing up space. |agency=[[iHeartRadio]]}}</ref> In 2004, she signed to Ballard's label, Java Records, which was then affiliated with The Island Def Jam Music Group. Perry began work on a solo record due for release in March 2005, but the record was shelved after Java was dropped. Ballard then introduced her to Tim Devine, an A&amp;amp;R executive at Columbia Records, and she was signed as a solo artist. By November 2006, Perry had finished writing and recording material for her Columbia debut titled ''Fingerprints'' (with some of the material from this time appearing on ''One of the Boys'') which was planned for release in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2012 |title=Katy Perry - Nintendo Wii Launch (Nov 2006) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4j9qiSFoU-Q&t=88s |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117154356/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4j9qiSFoU-Q&t=88s |archive-date=November 17, 2021 |access-date=November 17, 2021 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Some of the material from ''Fingerprints'' that did not make it on ''One of the Boys'' was given to other artists, such as "I Do Not Hook Up" and "Long Shot" to Kelly Clarkson, and "Rock God" to Selena Gomez &amp;amp; the Scene. Perry worked with songwriters including Desmond Child, Greg Wells, Butch Walker, Scott Cutler, Anne Preven, the Matrix, Kara DioGuardi, Max Martin, and Dr. Luke.<ref name="Anokute Hit Quarters">{{Cite web |last=Blumenrath |first=Jan |date=October 18, 2010 |title=Interview with Chris Anokute |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/2010/October18_4_57_7.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417201326/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2F2010%2FOctober18_4_57_7.html |archive-date=April 17, 2015 |access-date=April 25, 2015 |website=[[HitQuarters]]}}</ref> In addition, after Devine suggested that songwriting team the Matrix become a "real group", she recorded an album, ''The Matrix'', with them. This featured her and Adam Longlands as lead vocalists. ''The Matrix'' was planned for release in 2004 but was shelved due to creative differences. Perry was dropped from Columbia in 2006 as ''Fingerprints'' neared completion. After the label dropped her, she worked at an independent A&amp;amp;R company, Taxi Music.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Perry had minor success prior to her breakthrough. One of the songs she had recorded for her album with Ballard, "Simple", was featured on the soundtrack to the 2005 film ''The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants''.<ref name="Summers">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Perry provided backing vocals on Mick Jagger's song "Old Habits Die Hard", which was included on the soundtrack to the 2004 film ''Alfie''.<ref name="allmusicbio">{{Cite web |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |title=Katy Perry |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104093438/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |archive-date=November 4, 2015 |access-date=February 10, 2016 |publisher=AllMusic}}</ref> In September 2004, ''Blender'' named her "The Next Big Thing".<ref name="Summers" /> She recorded background vocals on P.O.D.'s single "Goodbye for Now", was featured at the end of its music video in 2006, and performed it with them on ''The Tonight Show with Jay Leno''. That year, Perry also appeared in the music video for "Learn to Fly" by Carbon Leaf, and she played the love interest of her then-boyfriend, Gym Class Heroes lead singer Travie McCoy, in the band's music video for "Cupid's Chokehold". === 2007–2009: Breakthrough with ''One of the Boys'' === After Columbia dropped Perry, Angelica Cob-Baehler, then a publicity executive at the label, brought Perry's demos to Virgin Records chairman Jason Flom. Flom was convinced that she could be a breakthrough star and she was signed to Capitol Records in April 2007. The label arranged for her to work with Dr. Luke to add an "undeniable smash" to her existing material.<ref name="hitquarters">{{Cite web |date=January 21, 2011 |title=Correction to the interview with Chris Anokute |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_AnokuteCorrection.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713071228/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2Fopar%2Fintrview_AnokuteCorrection.html |archive-date=July 13, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |website=HitQuarters}}</ref> Perry and Dr. Luke co-wrote the songs "I Kissed a Girl" and "Hot n Cold" for her second album ''One of the Boys''. A campaign was started with the November 2007 release of the video to "Ur So Gay", a song aimed at introducing her to the music market.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> A digital EP of the same name was also released that month.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Katy |date=November 20, 2007 |title=Ur So Gay |url=https://www.amazon.com/Ur-Gay-Explicit-Katy-Perry/dp/B000YBJFF6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816210131/https://www.amazon.com/Ur-Gay-Explicit-Katy-Perry/dp/B000YBJFF6 |archive-date=August 16, 2021 |access-date=August 25, 2018 |publisher=Amazon}}</ref> [[Madonna]] helped publicize the song by praising it on the ''JohnJay & Rich'' radio show in April 2008,<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> stating "Ur So Gay" was her "favorite song" at the time.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> In March 2008, Perry made a cameo appearance as a club singer in the ''Wildfire'' episode "Life's Too Short"<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> and appeared as herself during a photo shoot that June on ''[[The Young and the Restless]]'' for the show's magazine ''Restless Style''.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> [[Fayil:Katy_Perry_performing.jpg|alt=Katy Perry performing on the Warped Tour 2008|right|thumb|Perry performing at Cricket Wireless Amphitheatre during the Warped Tour in August 2008]] Perry released her first single with Capitol, "I Kissed a Girl", on April 28, 2008, as the lead single from ''One of the Boys''. The first station to pick up the song was WRVW in Nashville, who were inundated with enthusiastic calls the first three days they played it.<ref name="hitquarters.com2">{{Cite web |date=October 18, 2010 |title=Interview With Chris Anokute |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_Chris_Anokute_Interview.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713070818/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2Fopar%2Fintrview_Chris_Anokute_Interview.html |archive-date=July 13, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |website=HitQuarters}}</ref> The track topped the U.S. <nowiki><i id="mwAfI">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 on the chart dated July 5, 2008, and remained number one for seven consecutive weeks. "I Kissed a Girl" created controversy among both religious and [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]] groups. The former criticized its homosexual theme, while the latter accused her of using bi-curiosity to sell records. In response to speculation that her parents opposed her music and career, Perry told MTV News that they had no problems with her success. ''One of the Boys'', released on June 17, 2008, garnered mixed critical reviews and reached number nine on the U.S. <nowiki><i id="mwAgE">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''One of the Boys'' by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/one-of-the-boys/katy-perry |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114151805/http://www.metacritic.com/music/one-of-the-boys/katy-perry |archive-date=November 14, 2012 |access-date=March 6, 2009 |publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> The album went on to sell seven million copies worldwide. "Hot n Cold" was released the following September and became the album's second successful single, reaching number three on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, while topping charts in Germany,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hot n Cold (Single) |url=http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/title/Perry%2C+Katy/Hot+n+Cold/single |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714190034/http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/title/Perry%2C%2BKaty/Hot%2Bn%2BCold/single |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |access-date=June 26, 2014 |publisher=Musicline}}</ref> Canada, the Netherlands, and Austria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nederlandse Top 40&nbsp;– week 01, 2009 |url=http://www.top40.nl/top40/2009/week-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728052041/http://www.top40.nl/top40/2009/week-01 |archive-date=July 28, 2014 |access-date=July 27, 2014 |publisher=[[Dutch Top 40]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry&nbsp;— Hot N Cold |url=http://www.austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy+Perry&titel=Hot+n+Cold&cat=s |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830164113/http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy%20Perry&titel=Hot%20N%20Cold&cat=s |archive-date=August 30, 2013 |access-date=July 27, 2014 |publisher=[[Ö3 Austria Top 40]]}}</ref> Later singles "Thinking of You" and "Waking Up in Vegas" were released in 2009 and reached the top 30 of the Hot 100.<ref name="Hot100History2" /> From June to August 2008, Perry traveled with McCoy on the Warped Tour.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=22}}</ref> As a symbol of their commitment to one another, he gave her a diamond promise ring before the tour,<ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=30}}</ref> and he wore a ring with "Katy" inscribed on it.<ref name=":10">{{Cite magazine|url-status=88–96}}</ref> That September, a limited-edition Katy Perry doll was produced by Integrity Toys in response to her growing popularity. She hosted the 2008 MTV Europe Music Awards in November and won the award for Best New Act. Following their breakup in December 2008, Perry and McCoy reconciled in April 2009<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rollo |first=Sarah |date=April 26, 2009 |title=Perry reunites with Travis McCoy |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a154009/perry-reunites-with-travis-mccoy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828194016/https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a154009/perry-reunites-with-travis-mccoy/ |archive-date=August 28, 2025 |access-date=August 8, 2025 |publisher=Digital Spy}}</ref> before she ended their relationship again later that year. The Matrix's self-titled album, which Perry had recorded with the band in 2004, was released on iTunes on January 27, 2009, as a result of her solo success.<ref name="allmusicbio2">{{Cite web |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |title=Katy Perry |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104093438/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |archive-date=November 4, 2015 |access-date=February 10, 2016 |publisher=AllMusic}}</ref> At the 2009 Brit Awards the next month, she won the award for International Female Solo Artist.<ref name="Brit20092">{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2009 |title=Brit Awards 2009: Full list of winners |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/4692628/Brit-Awards-2009-Full-list-of-winners.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712101104/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/4692628/Brit-Awards-2009-Full-list-of-winners.html |archive-date=July 12, 2015 |access-date=November 3, 2015}}</ref> Perry embarked on her first headlining world tour, the Hello Katy Tour, from January to November 2009 to support ''One of the Boys''.<ref name="Hudson832">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> On August 4, 2009, she performed as opening act for one date of No Doubt's 2009 Summer Tour. Perry also hosted the 2009 MTV Europe Music Awards that November, becoming the first person to host two consecutive ceremonies of the European awards. On July 22, 2009, Perry recorded a live album titled ''MTV Unplugged'', which featured acoustic performances of five tracks from ''One of the Boys'' as well as one new song, "Brick by Brick", and a cover of Fountains of Wayne's "Hackensack". It was released on November 17, 2009. Perry also appeared on two singles with other artists; she was featured on a remix of [[Colorado]]-based band 3OH!3's song "Starstrukk" in September 2009,<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 14, 2009 |title=Starstrukk (feat. Katy Perry) |url=https://music.apple.com/au/album/starstrukk-feat-katy-perry-single/330823124 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908070213/https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/starstrukk-feat.-katy-perry/id330823124 |archive-date=September 8, 2014 |access-date=July 23, 2014 |publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref> and on a duet with Timbaland entitled "If We Ever Meet Again", from his album ''Shock Value II'', three months later.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2019 |title=If We Ever Meet Again (feat. Katy Perry) |url=http://itunes.apple.com:80/us/album/if-we-ever-meet-again-feat-katy-perry/id340826329 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208055217/http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/if-we-ever-meet-again-feat-katy-perry/id340826329 |archive-date=December 8, 2009 |access-date=March 22, 2020 |publisher=iTunes}}</ref> The ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' recognized her in its 2010 edition as the "Best Start on the U.S. Digital Chart by a Female Artist", for digital single sales of over two million copies.<ref name="Guinness2010">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Glenday|2010}}</ref> Perry met her future husband Russell Brand in mid-2009 while filming a cameo appearance for his film ''Get Him to the Greek''. Her scene, in which the two kiss, does not appear in the film. She began dating Brand after meeting him again that September at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards.<ref name="RussellDating">{{Cite web |last=Ziegbe |first=Mawuse |date=September 4, 2010 |title=Katy Perry, Russell Brand's Love Story Began at the VMAs |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1647232/katy-perry-russell-brands-love-story-began-at-the-vmas/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502061321/http://www.mtv.com/news/1647232/katy-perry-russell-brands-love-story-began-at-the-vmas/ |archive-date=May 2, 2014 |access-date=November 9, 2010 |publisher=MTV News}}</ref> The couple became engaged on December 31, 2009, while vacationing in [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref name="Engaged">{{Cite web |last=Heldman |first=Breanne L. |date=January 6, 2010 |title=Katy Perry and Russell Brand Engaged in India |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/160483/katy-perry-and-russell-brand-engaged-in-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828221336/http://www.eonline.com/news/160483/katy-perry-and-russell-brand-engaged-in-india |archive-date=August 28, 2012 |access-date=January 6, 2010 |publisher=[[E!]]}}</ref> === 2010–2012: ''Teenage Dream'' and marriage === After serving as a guest judge on ''American Idol'', Perry released "California Gurls" featuring [[Snoop Dogg]] on May 7, 2010. The song was the lead single from her third studio album, ''Teenage Dream'', and reached number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 in June. She also served as a guest judge on British <nowiki><i id="mwAuM">The X Factor</i></nowiki> later that month<ref name="XFactorJudge">{{Cite web |date=June 28, 2010 |title=Katy Perry Hits Dublin For X Factor Auditions |url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/x-factor/228776-katy-perry-cheryl-cole-x-factor |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017142034/http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/x-factor/228776-katy-perry-cheryl-cole-x-factor |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=June 28, 2010 |publisher=MTV News}}</ref> before releasing the album's second single, "Teenage Dream", in July. "Teenage Dream" reached number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 in September. Released on August 24, 2010, ''Teenage Dream'' debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' 200, and received mixed reviews from music critics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Teenage Dream'' by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/teenage-dream/katy-perry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102220205/http://www.metacritic.com/music/teenage-dream/katy-perry |archive-date=November 2, 2013 |access-date=March 15, 2014 |publisher=Metacritic}}</ref> It has since sold over 12 million copies worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Jon |date=August 25, 2025 |title=How 'Teenage Dream' Crowned Katy Perry as Pop's Campiest Queen |url=https://www.grammy.com/news/katy-perry-teenage-dream-album-influence-impact |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826141539/https://www.grammy.com/news/katy-perry-teenage-dream-album-influence-impact |archive-date=August 26, 2025 |access-date=August 29, 2025 |publisher=[[The Recording Academy]]}}</ref> being her highest-selling album to date.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2021 |title=Europe 2 Classics: California Gurls, de Katy Perry, est une ode à la côte ouest des États-Unis |url=https://www.europe2.fr/musique/europe-2-classics-california-gurls-de-katy-perry-est-une-ode-a-la-cote-ouest-des-etats-unis-54375.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250815200835/https://www.europe2.fr/musique/europe-2-classics-california-gurls-de-katy-perry-est-une-ode-a-la-cote-ouest-des-etats-unis-54375.html |archive-date=August 15, 2025 |access-date=August 5, 2025 |publisher=[[Europe 2]] |language=fr}}</ref> ''Teenage Dream'' would go on to win the 2011 Juno Award for International Album of the Year.<ref name="Juno2011">{{Cite web |date=March 26, 2011 |title=2011 JUNO Gala Dinner & Award Winners |url=https://junoawards.ca/2011-juno-gala-dinner-award-winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127131849/https://junoawards.ca/2011-juno-gala-dinner-award-winners/ |archive-date=January 27, 2016 |access-date=June 18, 2015 |publisher=Juno Awards}}</ref> In October, "Firework" was released as the album's third single. It became the album's third consecutive number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 on December 8, 2010. "E.T." featuring [[Kanye West]] was released as the fourth single from ''Teenage Dream'' on February 16, 2011. It topped the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 for five non-consecutive weeks, making ''Teenage Dream'' the ninth album in history to produce four number one singles on the chart. "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)" followed as the fifth single in June, and Perry became the first female artist to achieve five number-one ''Billboard'' Hot 100 songs from one album when the single topped that chart on August 17, and the second artist after [[Michael Jackson]] with his album ''Bad''. For this record, she received an honorary American Music Award in November 2011 and another Guinness record.<ref name="Guinness2013">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Glenday|2013}}</ref> On September 7, she set a new record by becoming the first artist to spend 69 consecutive weeks in the top ten of the Hot 100. Following the October release of "The One That Got Away" as its sixth single, ''Teenage Dream'' became the third album to produce six top-five songs on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. It joined [[George Michael]]'s ''Faith'' and [[Janet Jackson]]'s ''Rhythm Nation 1814''; the latter remains the only album to ever achieve seven top-five entries. The song peaked at number three in the U.S. and number two in Canada. [[Fayil:Katy_Perry_-_Part_Of_Me_Australian_Premiere_-_June_2012_(3).jpg|alt=Katy Perry looking forward and smiling|left|thumb|Perry attending the Sydney premiere for her 2012 documentary ''Katy Perry: Part of Me'', which grossed $32.7 million]] On January 5, 2012, Perry was named the sixth best-selling digital artist in the United States, with sales of 37.6&nbsp;million units according to Nielsen SoundScan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Loynes |first=Anna |date=January 5, 2012 |title=The Nielsen Company & Billboard's 2011 Music Industry Report |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120105005547/en/Nielsen-Company-Billboard%E2%80%99s-2011-Music-Industry-Report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108044835/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120105005547/en/Nielsen-Company-Billboard%E2%80%99s-2011-Music-Industry-Report |archive-date=January 8, 2012 |access-date=January 5, 2012 |publisher=[[Business Wire]]}}</ref> That month, she became the first artist to have four songs sell over 5 million digital units when "E.T." reached that mark along with "Firework", "California Gurls", and "Hot n Cold".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grein |first=Paul |date=January 19, 2012 |title=Week Ending Jan. 15, 2012. Songs: The Song That Won't Drop |url=https://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/week-ending-jan-15-2012-songs-song-won-012657212.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812191315/https://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/week-ending-jan-15-2012-songs-song-won-012657212.html |archive-date=August 12, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |publisher=Yahoo! Music}}</ref> On February 13, Capitol released the lead single from ''Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection'', "Part of Me", which debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and became Perry's seventh single overall to top the chart. ''Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection'' was released on March 23,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 23, 2012 |title=Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/teenage-dream-the-complete-confection/716084282 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717013306/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/teenage-dream-complete-confection/id716084282 |archive-date=July 17, 2014 |access-date=July 31, 2014 |publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref> and serves as a reissue of ''Teenage Dream''. "Wide Awake" was released on May 22 as the re-release's second single,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 40/M Future Releases |url=http://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507205726/http://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases |archive-date=May 7, 2012 |access-date=September 22, 2014 |publisher=All Access}}</ref> peaking at number two on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and number one in Canada and New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry&nbsp;— Wide Awake |url=https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy+Perry&titel=Wide+Awake&cat=s |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420153426/http://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy+Perry&titel=Wide+Awake&cat=s |archive-date=April 20, 2017 |access-date=July 31, 2014 |publisher=[[Official New Zealand Music Chart|Top 40 Singles]]}}</ref> Perry embarked on her second tour, the California Dreams Tour, in support of ''Teenage Dream''<ref name="Hudson83">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> from February 2011 to January 2012. The tour grossed $59.5&nbsp;million globally and won her the award for Best Live Act at the 2011 MTV Europe Music Awards. On September 23, 2011, she performed on the opening day of the 2011 Rock in Rio festival along with [[Elton John]] and [[Rihanna]]. In September 2010, Perry was scheduled to appear on the 41st-season premiere of ''Sesame Street''. After her scene was uploaded to YouTube, viewers criticized Perry's exposed cleavage. Four days before the scheduled airing, Sesame Workshop announced that the segment would not air on television, but would still be available to watch online. Perry subsequently mocked the controversy on ''Saturday Night Live'', where she was a musical guest and wore an Elmo-themed shirt showing large amounts of cleavage during one skit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry mocks Sesame Street ban |url=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/videos/hot-n-cold-sesame-street/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413125415/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/videos/hot-n-cold-sesame-street/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2014 |publisher=[[Capital (radio network)|Capital]]}}</ref> In December 2010, Perry played Moe Szyslak's girlfriend in the live-action segment from a Christmas episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]'' titled "The Fight Before Christmas". Two months later, she made a guest appearance on the ''How I Met Your Mother'' episode "Oh Honey", playing a woman known as Honey.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tucker |first=Ken |date=February 7, 2011 |title=How I Met Your Mother: 'Oh Honey' |url=http://watching-tv.ew.com/2011/02/07/how-i-met-your-mother-katy-perry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815214720/http://watching-tv.ew.com/2011/02/07/how-i-met-your-mother-katy-perry/ |archive-date=August 15, 2011 |access-date=August 27, 2011}}</ref> The latter role won her the People's Choice Award for Favorite TV Guest Star in January 2012. She made her film debut in the 3D family motion picture ''The Smurfs'' as Smurfette on July 29, 2011. The film was a financial success worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Smurfs (2011) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104000300/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs.htm |archive-date=November 4, 2011 |access-date=November 6, 2011 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> while critics gave mostly negative reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 29, 2011 |title=The Smurfs |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111031145/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs/ |archive-date=January 11, 2014 |access-date=January 16, 2014 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> She hosted ''Saturday Night Live'' on December 10, 2011, with Robyn as the episode's musical guest. Perry's work on the episode received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised her performance in the episode's digital short featuring her and Andy Samberg. In March 2012, she guest starred as a prison security guard named Rikki on the ''Raising Hope'' episode "Single White Female Role Model".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moraski |first=Lauren |date=February 22, 2012 |title=Katy Perry to portray a prison attendant on 'Raising Hope' |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/katy-perry-to-portray-a-prison-attendant-on-raising-hope/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813222733/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/katy-perry-to-portray-a-prison-attendant-on-raising-hope/ |archive-date=August 13, 2014 |access-date=February 25, 2014 |publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> On July 5, 2012, Perry's autobiographical documentary ''Katy Perry: Part of Me'' was released to theaters through Paramount Pictures. The film received positive reviews<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 5, 2012 |title=Katy Perry: Part of Me (2012) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/katy_perry_part_of_me/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813212433/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/katy_perry_part_of_me/ |archive-date=August 13, 2012 |access-date=August 4, 2012 |website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> and grossed $32.7 million worldwide at the box office.<ref name="mojo">{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry: Part of Me |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=katyperry.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814022212/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=katyperry.htm |archive-date=August 14, 2012 |access-date=August 16, 2012 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> Perry began to venture into business when she endorsed the fragrance, Purr, in November 2010. Her second endorsed fragrance, Meow!, was released in December 2011. Both perfumes were released through Nordstrom department stores. Electronic Arts recruited her to promote their new expansion pack for ''The Sims 3: Showtime'', before releasing a separate stuff pack featuring Perry-inspired furniture, outfits, and hairstyles, titled ''The Sims 3: Katy Perry's Sweet Treats'', in June 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sims 3 Katy Perry's Sweet Treats |url=http://www.ea.com/the-sims-3-kp-sweet-treats |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106040704/http://www.ea.com/the-sims-3-kp-sweet-treats |archive-date=January 6, 2015 |access-date=April 3, 2014 |publisher=[[Electronic Arts]]}}</ref> The following month, she became the spokesperson and ambassador for Popchips and made an investment in the company. ''Billboard'' dubbed her as their "Woman of the Year" for 2012. She married Russell Brand on October 23, 2010, in a traditional Hindu ceremony near the Ranthambhore tiger sanctuary in Rajasthan. On December 30, 2011, Brand announced that they were divorcing after 14 months of marriage. Perry later stated that conflicting career schedules and his desire to have children before she was ready led to the end of their marriage and that he never spoke to her again after sending a text message that he was divorcing her,{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} while Brand asserted that he divorced her due to her commercial success and reluctance to engage in activism. She was initially distraught over their divorce and said that she contemplated suicide. Since they married without a prenuptial agreement, he was eligible to claim half of the estimated $44&nbsp;million she earned during their marriage, but declined. Perry began a relationship with singer John Mayer in August 2012, the year her marriage with Brand had ended. === 2013–2015: ''Prism'' and Super Bowl XLIX halftime show === In November 2012, Perry began work on her fourth album, ''Prism''.<ref name="PrismMC">{{Cite web |title=''Prism'' by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/prism/katy-perry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209172300/http://www.metacritic.com/music/prism/katy-perry |archive-date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=November 15, 2013 |publisher=Metacritic}}</ref> She told ''Billboard'', "I know exactly the record I want to make next. I know the artwork, the coloring and the tone" and "I even know what type of tour I'm doing next. I'll be very pleased if the vision I have in my head becomes a reality."<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2012 |title=Katy Perry Won't Rush New Album: "I Know Exactly The Record I Want To Make Next" |url=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/news/new-album-ideas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422024353/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/news/new-album-ideas/ |archive-date=April 22, 2014 |access-date=May 19, 2014 |publisher=Capital}}</ref> After initially telling ''L'Uomo Vogue'' in June 2012 that she planned to have "darker elements" in ''Prism'' following the end of her marriage, the singer revealed to MTV during the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards that she changed the album's direction after periods of self-reflection. Perry commented "I felt very prismatic", which inspired the album's name. "Roar" was released as the lead single from ''Prism'' on August 10, 2013. It was promoted at the MTV Video Music Awards and reached number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. "Unconditionally" followed as the second single from ''Prism'' on October 16, 2013,<ref name="UnconditionallyRelease">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Jeff |date=October 16, 2013 |title=Katy Perry Wails on New Single "Unconditionally" |url=http://www.fuse.tv/2013/10/katy-perry-unconditionally |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017063219/http://www.fuse.tv/2013/10/katy-perry-unconditionally |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=October 16, 2013 |publisher=[[Fuse (TV channel)|Fuse]]}}</ref> and peaked at number 14 in the United States. [[Fayil:Dark_horse_katy_perry.jpg|thumb|Katy Perry performing "Dark Horse" during the Prismatic World Tour in September 2014.]] ''Prism'' was released on October 18, 2013, and has sold over eight million copies worldwide. It received favorable reviews from critics<ref name="PrismMC"/> and debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' 200 chart. Four days later, Perry performed the songs from the album at the iHeartRadio Theater in Los Angeles. "Dark Horse" with Juicy J was released as the album's third single in December, and became her ninth U.S. number-one single the following month. In 2014, "Birthday" and "This Is How We Do" respectively followed as the album's fourth and fifth singles,<ref name="ds">{{Cite web |last=Corner |first=Lewis |date=July 24, 2014 |title=Katy Perry confirms new single 'This Is How We Do' – watch lyric video |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a586233/katy-perry-confirms-new-single-this-is-how-we-do-watch-lyric-video.html#~oKZLKy0n2t9T2S |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924161656/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a586233/katy-perry-confirms-new-single-this-is-how-we-do-watch-lyric-video.html#~oKZLKy0n2t9T2S |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |access-date=July 25, 2014 |publisher=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref> and reached the top 25 on the Hot 100. Prior to ending her relationship with Mayer in 2014, she recorded and co-wrote a duet with him titled "Who You Love" for his album ''Paradise Valley''. The song was released on August 12, 2013. Perry's third headlining tour, the Prismatic World Tour, began in May 2014 and concluded in October 2015. It sold almost 2 million tickets and grossed $204.3&nbsp;million worldwide and won Perry the award for "Top Package" at the 2014 <nowiki><i id="mwBNU">Billboard</i></nowiki> Touring Awards. She also performed at the 2015 Rock in Rio festival on September 27, 2015. On November 23, 2014, the National Football League (NFL) announced that Perry would perform at the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show on February 1, 2015. Lenny Kravitz and [[Missy Elliott]] served as special guests for the show. Her performance was critically acclaimed, and Guinness announced two days after the singer's halftime show that it garnered 118.5&nbsp;million viewers in the United States, becoming the most watched and highest rated show in Super Bowl history. The viewership was higher than the game itself, which was viewed by an audience of 114.4&nbsp;million.<ref name="Guinness2016">{{Cite web |last=Angert |first=Alex |date=February 3, 2015 |title=Super Bowl XLIX: How Brady, Belichick and Katy Perry's shark ensured the records tumbled |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2015/2/super-bowl-xlix-how-brady-belichick-and-katy-perrys-shark-ensured-the-records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117062521/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2015/2/super-bowl-xlix-how-brady-belichick-and-katy-perrys-shark-ensured-the-records |archive-date=November 17, 2015 |access-date=November 14, 2015 |website=Guinness World Records}}</ref> The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) ranked her fifth on the list of Top Global Recording Artists of 2013. On June 26, 2014, she was declared the Top Certified Digital Artist Ever by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for certified sales of 72 million digital singles in the United States.<ref name="TopCertified">{{Cite web |date=June 26, 2014 |title=RIAA Crowns Katy Perry Top Certified Digital Artist Ever |url=https://www.riaa.com/riaa-crowns-katy-perry-top-certified-digital-artist-ever/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713195543/http://www.riaa.com/riaa-crowns-katy-perry-top-certified-digital-artist-ever/ |archive-date=July 13, 2016 |access-date=June 26, 2014 |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]}}</ref> In May 2014, a portrait of Perry by painter Mark Ryden was featured in his exhibition "The Gay 90s", and shown at the Kohn Gallery in Los Angeles. Along with several other artists, she also recorded a cover version of the song "Daisy Bell (Bicycle Built for Two)" on a limited-edition concept album titled ''The Gay Nineties Old Tyme Music: Daisy Bell'' to accompany the exhibition. That month, a portrait of Perry by artist Will Cotton was included in the United States National Portrait Gallery. On June 17, 2014, Perry announced that she had founded her own record label under Capitol Records, titled Metamorphosis Music. Ferras was the first artist to get signed to her label, and Perry served as an executive producer on his self-titled EP. She also recorded a duet with him on the EP, titled "Legends Never Die". The label was later renamed Unsub Records. On November 23, 2015, Perry starred in H&amp;amp;M's holiday advertising campaign, for which she wrote and recorded a song titled "Every Day Is a Holiday". Outside of her music career, Perry reprised her role as Smurfette in ''The Smurfs 2'', which was released in theaters on July 31, 2013. Like its predecessor, ''The Smurfs 2'' was a financial success<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Smurfs 2 (2013) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418143328/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs2.htm |archive-date=April 18, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> that was panned by critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 31, 2013 |title=The Smurfs 2 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs_2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106053810/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs_2/ |archive-date=January 6, 2014 |access-date=January 16, 2014 |website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> In March 2014, she made a guest appearance playing herself in the episode "Blisteritos Presents Dad Academy Graduation Congraduritos Red Carpet Viewing Party" of the ''Kroll Show''. Killer Queen was released as her third fragrance in August 2013 through Coty. In January 2014, she became a guest curator of Madonna's Art for Freedom initiative. In March 2015, she appeared in ''Brand: A Second Coming'', a documentary following her ex-husband Russell Brand's transition from comedy work to activism, and released a concert film titled ''Katy Perry: The Prismatic World Tour'' through Epix, which took place during her tour of the same name. Perry also made a cameo appearance in the music video for Madonna's song "Bitch I'm Madonna" in June 2015. The following month, she released another fragrance with Coty, entitled Mad Potion. In September 2015, she appeared in the documentaries ''Katy Perry: Making of the Pepsi Super Bowl Halftime Show'', which followed Perry's preparation for her Super Bowl performance,<ref name="SuperBowl">{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=September 11, 2015 |title='Katy Perry: Making Of The Pepsi Super Bowl Halftime Show' Trailer: What 118.5 Million Viewers Didn't See |url=https://deadline.com/2015/09/katy-perry-making-of-the-pepsi-super-bowl-halftime-show-trailer-first-look-documentary-1201522029/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912203425/http://deadline.com/2015/09/katy-perry-making-of-the-pepsi-super-bowl-halftime-show-trailer-first-look-documentary-1201522029/ |archive-date=September 12, 2015 |access-date=September 12, 2015 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> and ''Jeremy Scott: The People's Designer'', which followed the life and career of designer Jeremy Scott. Perry released a mobile app titled ''Katy Perry Pop'' in December 2015 through Glu Mobile where her character helps players become famous musicians. She described it as "the most fun, colorful world that helps guide your musical dreams". === 2016–2019: ''Witness'' and ''American Idol'' === Perry started writing songs for her new album in June 2016, and recorded an anthem for NBC Sports' coverage of the 2016 Summer Olympics titled "Rise", which was released the following month. Perry chose to release it as a standalone track rather than save it for her album "because now more than ever, there is a need for our world to unite". NBC also felt its message spoke "to the spirit of the Olympics and its athletes" for its inspirational themes. The song reached number one in Australia and number eleven in the United States. [[Fayil:Katy_Perry_at_Madison_Square_Garden_(37436531092)_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Perry performing during Witness: The Tour in October 2017]] In August 2016, Perry stated that she aspired to create material "that connects and relates and inspires"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carroll |first=Sarah |date=August 18, 2016 |title=Katy Perry Is 'Taking Chances' & 'Not Rushing' Her New Music |url=http://amp.cbslocal.com/2016/08/18/katy-perry-new-music-taking-chances/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819125902/http://amp.cbslocal.com/2016/08/18/katy-perry-new-music-taking-chances/ |archive-date=August 19, 2016 |access-date=August 19, 2016 |publisher=[[KNX-FM|97.1 AMP Radio]]}}</ref> and told Ryan Seacrest that she was "not rushing" her fifth album, adding "I'm just having a lot of fun, but experimenting and trying different producers, and different collaborators, and different styles".<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2016 |title=Katy Perry Reveals She's 'Experimenting' With New Album, Talks Forthcoming Shoe Collection |url=http://onairwithryan.iheart.com/onair/ryan-seacrest-52241/katy-perry-reveals-shes-experimenting-with-15019828/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920140320/http://onairwithryan.iheart.com/onair/ryan-seacrest-52241/katy-perry-reveals-shes-experimenting-with-15019828/ |archive-date=September 20, 2016 |access-date=August 19, 2016 |website=[[On Air with Ryan Seacrest]]}}</ref> On February 10, 2017, Perry released the album's lead single "Chained to the Rhythm" featuring Skip Marley.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Katy |title=Chained to the Rhythm (feat. Skip Marley)&nbsp;– Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/chained-to-rhythm-feat.-skip/id1203815492 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214001628/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/chained-to-rhythm-feat.-skip/id1203815492 |archive-date=February 14, 2017 |access-date=February 14, 2017 |publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aiello |first=McKenna |last2=Vulpo |first2=Mike |date=March 5, 2017 |title=Katy Perry Opens 2017 iHeartRadio Music Awards With a Bunch of Kids and a Dancing Hamster |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/833852/katy-perry-opens-2017-iheartradio-music-awards-with-a-bunch-of-kids-and-a-dancing-hamster |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306013513/http://www.eonline.com/news/833852/katy-perry-opens-2017-iheartradio-music-awards-with-a-bunch-of-kids-and-a-dancing-hamster |archive-date=March 6, 2017 |access-date=March 6, 2017 |publisher=E!}}</ref> It reached number one in Hungary<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 7, 2017 |title=Rádiós Top 40 slágerlista |trans-title=Radio Top 40 hit list |url=http://zene.slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2017/15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426151417/http://zene.slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2017/15 |archive-date=April 26, 2017 |access-date=April 27, 2017 |publisher=[[Association of Hungarian Record Companies|Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége]] |language=hu}}</ref> and number four in the United States. The track was also streamed over three million times on Spotify within 24 hours, breaking the music streaming service's record at the time for the highest first-day streaming for a single track by a female artist. The album's second single, "Bon Appétit" with Migos, was released that April. Its third single, "Swish Swish", featured [[Nicki Minaj]] and followed the next month. They respectively peaked at numbers 59 and 46 in the United States,<ref name="Hot100History" /> and made the top 15 in Canada. The album, titled ''Witness'', was released on June 9, 2017, to mixed reviews,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Witness by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/witness/katy-perry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610033604/http://www.metacritic.com/music/witness/katy-perry |archive-date=June 10, 2017 |access-date=June 9, 2017 |publisher=Metacritic}}</ref> and debuted at number one in the United States. To accompany the album's release, Perry broadcast herself on YouTube for four days with a live-stream titled Katy Perry Live: Witness World Wide, concluding with a live concert on June 12. The live-stream generated over 49 million views from 190 countries. She also embarked on Witness: The Tour, which began in September 2017 and ended in August 2018. On June 15, 2017, Calvin Harris released a song titled "Feels" from his album ''Funk Wav Bounces Vol. 1'', which featured Perry, Big Sean, and Pharrell Williams.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Findlay |first=Mitch |date=June 14, 2017 |title=Calvin Harris Announces Single With Big Sean, Pharrell, & Katy Perry |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/476043-calvin-harris-announces-single-with-big-sean-pharrell-and-katy-perry-news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622155231/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/calvin-harris-announces-single-with-big-sean-pharrell-and-katy-perry-news.33773.html |archive-date=June 22, 2017 |access-date=June 14, 2017 |publisher=HotNewHipHop}}</ref> The song went on to reach number one in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Jack |date=August 11, 2017 |title=Calvin Harris dethrones Despacito to claim his eighth Number 1 single |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/calvin-harris-dethrones-despacito-to-claim-his-eighth-number-1-single__19932/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811224622/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/calvin-harris-dethrones-despacito-to-claim-his-eighth-number-1-single__19932/ |archive-date=August 11, 2017 |access-date=August 11, 2017 |publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref> T{{Reflist}} === Sources === <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles> * {{Official website}} * {{AllMusic}} * Katy Perry discography at Discogs * Katy Perry discography at MusicBrainz * Katy Perry at Rotten Tomatoes {{Katy Perry|state=expanded}}{{Navboxes|title=[[List of awards and nominations received by Katy Perry|Awards for Katy Perry]]|list={{American Music Award for Favorite Adult Contemporary Artist}} {{American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist}} {{Brit International Female}} {{Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Female Singer}} {{Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Female}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Live Act}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Look}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best New Act}} {{MTV Video Music Award for Best Collaboration}} {{MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year}} {{People's Choice Award for Favorite Female Artist}} {{People's Choice Award for Favorite Music Video}} {{Teen Choice Award for Choice Music Single}}}}{{Authority control}} ==Manazarta== [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rpo2mq594yal3ntafa4phtiha4s7zoo 893762 893761 2026-08-09T16:40:15Z Asiya Garba 46242 893762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><nowiki> {{</nowiki> {{Databox}} '''Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Oktoban shekarar 1984), wacce aka fi sani da '''Katy Perry''', mawaƙiya ce ta Amurka, marubuciya, kuma mai talbijin. An san ta da tasirin da take da shi a kan kiɗa da kuma salon sansanin ta, <nowiki><i id="mwHA">Vogue</i></nowiki> da Rolling Stone sun kira ta "Queen of Camp". A shekara ta 16, Perry ta fitar da kundin [[Dance music|rawa]]-linkid="187" href="./Gospel_music" id="mwIA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Gospel music">bishara mara nasara ''Katy Hudson'' (2001) a karkashin Red Hill Records . Bayan ta koma Los Angeles, ta sanya hannu a Capitol Records kuma ta zama sananne tare da kundin pop rock One of the Boys (2008). Ɗaya daga cikin jagoranta, "Na Kissed a Girl", ya hau kan US <nowiki><i id="mwKg">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100. Perry ta disco-influenced pop rikodin Teenage Dream (2010) ya zama kawai album da wata mace ta faifai da biyar US lambar-ɗaya singles: "California Gurls", "Teenage Dream", "Firework", "E.T". da kuma "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.) ". Sake fitar da shi, mai taken The Complete Confection (2012), ya samar da lambar daya ta Amurka "Part of Me". ''Prism'' mai wahayi zuwa gare shi (2013) ya samar da waƙoƙi biyu na Amurka, "Roar" da "Dark Horse". Perry ta gaba albums, Witness (2017), Smile (2020) da ''143'' (2024), sun sadu da bambancin m da kasuwanci nasara. Perry yana daya daga cikin masu fasahar kiɗa mafi kyawun kowane lokaci, tare da kimanin tallace-tallace na fiye da miliyan 151 a duk duniya. Shida daga cikin waƙoƙinta sun sami takaddun shaida na lu'u-lu'u daga Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Rubuce-rubuce ta Amurka. Mawakin mata mafi girma a duniya a cikin shekarar 2015 da 2018, Billboard ta kira ta daya daga cikin manyan taurari na karni na 21. Kyautarta ta haɗa da 20 Guinness World Records, biyar Billboard Music Awards, biyar American Music Awards (ciki har da Special Achievement Award), Brit Award, Juno Award, da bakwai MTV Video Music Awards (gami da Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award). Perry ita ce mai zane na farko da ya sami bidiyo da yawa da suka kai ra'ayoyi biliyan daya a YouTube. Tare da kimanin dala miliyan 360, tana daga cikin mawaƙa masu arziki a duniya. A waje da kiɗa, Perry ta fitar da wani shirin tarihin rayuwa mai taken Katy Perry: Part of Me a cikin shekarar 2012, ta bayyana Smurfette a cikin Jerin fina-finai na <nowiki><i id="mwWg">Smurfs</i></nowiki> (2011-2013), ta kaddamar da layin takalmin Katy Perry Collections a cikin 2017 kuma ta tashi zuwa sararin samaniya a cikin Blue Origin NS-31 a cikin 2025. Ta yi aiki a matsayin alƙali a kan American Idol daga kakar wasa ta goma sha shida a 2018 zuwa kakar wasa ta ashirin da biyu a 2024. Ita mai ba da shawara ce ga [[Hakkokin LGBT ta ƙasa ko yanki|Hakkin LGBT]] da haƙƙin mata, kuma an ba ta suna Jakadan Goodwill na UNICEF a shekarar 2013. Ayyukanta na jin kai da gwagwarmayarta suna mai da hankali kan ilimin yara da wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar kanjamau / AIDS. == Rayuwa da aiki == === 1984-1999: Rayuwa ta farko da iyali === An haifi Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson a ranar 25 ga Oktoban shekarar 1984, a Santa Barbara, California, ga fastocin Pentecostal Mary Christine (née Perry) da Maurice Keith Hudson . {{Sfn|Perry|2012}} Iyayenta biyu sun juya zuwa addini bayan "matashi mara kyau". Perry yana da asalin Ingilishi, Jamusanci, Irish, da Portuguese.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cowlin|2014}}</ref> Ta hanyar mahaifiyarta, 'yar uwar darektan fim din [[Frank Perry]] ce. Tana da ƙaramin ɗan'uwa mai suna David, wanda shi ma mawaƙi ne, da kuma 'yar'uwa mai girma, Angela.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> Daga shekaru uku zuwa 11, Perry ta sauya sau da yawa a fadin ƙasar yayin da iyayenta suka kafa majami'u kafin su sake zama a Santa Barbara. Yayinda take girma, ta halarci makarantun addini da sansanoni, ciki har da Makarantar Kirista ta Paradise Valley a [[Arizona]] da Makarantar Kiristanci ta Santa Barbara a California a lokacin shekarunta na firamare.<ref name="Friedlander 2012 15">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> Iyalin sun yi gwagwarmaya da kudi, wani lokacin ta amfani da hatimi na abinci da cin abinci daga bankin abinci wanda kuma ya ciyar da ikilisiya a cocin iyayenta. Yayinda suke girma, Perry da ƴan uwanta ba a yarda su ci hatsi na Lucky Charms ba kamar yadda kalmar "sa'a" ta tunatar da mahaifiyarsu game da Lucifer, kuma ana buƙatar su kira kwai da aka karkatar da su "ƙwai da aka yi wahayi".<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> Perry da farko ya saurari kiɗa na bishara, kamar yadda aka hana kiɗa na duniya a gidan iyali. Ta gano shahararren kiɗa ta hanyar CDs da ta shigo da ita gida daga abokanta. Perry daga baya ta tuna wani labari game da yadda abokiyarta ta buga "You Oughta Know" ta Alanis Morissette, wanda ya rinjayi rubuce-rubucen waƙoƙinta da waka.{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} While not strictly identifying as religious, she has stated, "I pray all the time – for self-control, for humility." Wanting to be like her sister Angela, Perry began singing by practicing with her sister's cassette tapes. She performed the tracks in front of her parents, who let her take vocal lessons like Angela was doing at the time. She began training at age nine;<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> she was also incorporated into her parents' ministry, singing in church from ages nine to 17.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> At 13, Perry was given her first guitar for her birthday,<ref name="GraffBold" /><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> and publicly performed songs she wrote. She tried to "be a bit like the typical Californian girl" while growing up, and started rollerskating, skateboarding, and surfing as a teenager. Her brother David described her as a "[[tomboy]]" during her adolescence, which Perry talks about on her song "One of the Boys".<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> She took dancing lessons and learned how to swing, Lindy Hop, and jitterbug.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Perry completed her General Educational Development (GED) requirements early at age 15, during her first year of high school, and left Dos Pueblos High School to pursue a music career.<ref name="Hudson37">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> === 2000–2006: Career beginnings, ''Katy Hudson'', and ''Fingerprints'' === Perry briefly had vocal lessons with a woman named Agatha Danoff<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heldman |first=Breanne L. |date=August 8, 2014 |title=Katy Perry: I Could Really Use a Better Education |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/blogs/celeb-news/katy-perry-education-interview-make-roar-happen-212115603.html?guccounter=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218233641/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/blogs/celeb-news/katy-perry-education-interview-make-roar-happen-212115603.html?guccounter=1 |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |access-date=February 18, 2024 |publisher=Yahoo! Entertainment}}</ref> in facilities rented from the Music Academy of the West.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Montgomery|2011}}</ref> Her singing caught the attention of rock artists Steve Thomas and Jennifer Knapp from Nashville, Tennessee, who brought her there to improve her writing skills.<ref name="Hudson37">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> In Nashville, she started recording demos and learned how to write songs and play guitar. Perry signed with Red Hill Records and recorded her debut album, a contemporary Christian record titled ''Katy Hudson'', which was released on March 6, 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |author-link=Stephen Thomas Erlewine |title=Katy Hudson&nbsp;– Katy Hudson |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/katy-hudson-mw0000017022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226133433/http://www.allmusic.com/album/katy-hudson-mw0000017022 |archive-date=December 26, 2013 |access-date=December 27, 2013 |publisher=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> She also joined Earthsuit and V*Enna that year to perform as part of Phil Joel's Strangely Normal Tour<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=David |date=May 6, 2003 |title=The Strangely Normal Tour – Phil Joel, Earthsuit, V*Enna & Katy Hudson |url=http://www.epinions.com/content_929341572?sb=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729081327/http://www.epinions.com/content_929341572?sb=1 |archive-date=July 29, 2013 |access-date=December 26, 2013 |publisher=[[Epinions.com]]}}</ref> and embarked on other performances of her own in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy's Tour Info |url=http://www.katyhudson.com/tourinfo.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010816191358/http://www.katyhudson.com/tourinfo.html |archive-date=August 16, 2001 |website=KatyHudson.com}}</ref> ''Katy Hudson'' received mixed reviews from critics and was commercially unsuccessful, selling an estimated 200 copies before the label ceased operations in December.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Transitioning from gospel music to secular music, Perry started working with producer Glen Ballard,{{Sfn|Perry|2012}}{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} and moved to Los Angeles at the age of 17. She opted to work with Ballard due to his past work with Alanis Morissette, one of her major inspirations. In 2003, she briefly performed as Katheryn Perry, to avoid confusion with actress [[Kate Hudson]], and later adopted the stage name "Katy Perry", using her mother's maiden name.{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} In 2010, she recalled that "Thinking of You" was one of the first songs she wrote after moving to Los Angeles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[CBS]] |date=October 3, 2010 |title=Katy Perry Sings Her First Song |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6oaXe2lw1Q |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001111419/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6oaXe2lw1Q |archive-date=October 1, 2021 |access-date=October 1, 2021 |via=[[YouTube]] }}</ref> Perry would also perform at the Hotel Café, performing new music while she was between record labels.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fields |first=Taylor |date=May 27, 2020 |title=Katy Perry Returns to Hotel Café Where She Got Her Start for Special Performance |url=https://www.iheart.com/content/2020-05-27-katy-perry-gives-special-performance-at-hotel-caf-where-she-got-her-start/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329144548/https://www.iheart.com/content/2020-05-27-katy-perry-gives-special-performance-at-hotel-caf-where-she-got-her-start/ |archive-date=March 29, 2022 |access-date=March 29, 2022 |quote=Fifteen years ago, this was kind of like my hideout/living room. This is actually Hotel Café in Hollywood. It's where I went to try out my new songs, and when I wanted to know if anyone actually liked them, besides my cat — may she rest in peace. So, it's kind of like my living room. It's my growing up space. |agency=[[iHeartRadio]]}}</ref> In 2004, she signed to Ballard's label, Java Records, which was then affiliated with The Island Def Jam Music Group. Perry began work on a solo record due for release in March 2005, but the record was shelved after Java was dropped. Ballard then introduced her to Tim Devine, an A&amp;amp;R executive at Columbia Records, and she was signed as a solo artist. By November 2006, Perry had finished writing and recording material for her Columbia debut titled ''Fingerprints'' (with some of the material from this time appearing on ''One of the Boys'') which was planned for release in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2012 |title=Katy Perry - Nintendo Wii Launch (Nov 2006) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4j9qiSFoU-Q&t=88s |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117154356/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4j9qiSFoU-Q&t=88s |archive-date=November 17, 2021 |access-date=November 17, 2021 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Some of the material from ''Fingerprints'' that did not make it on ''One of the Boys'' was given to other artists, such as "I Do Not Hook Up" and "Long Shot" to Kelly Clarkson, and "Rock God" to Selena Gomez &amp;amp; the Scene. Perry worked with songwriters including Desmond Child, Greg Wells, Butch Walker, Scott Cutler, Anne Preven, the Matrix, Kara DioGuardi, Max Martin, and Dr. Luke.<ref name="Anokute Hit Quarters">{{Cite web |last=Blumenrath |first=Jan |date=October 18, 2010 |title=Interview with Chris Anokute |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/2010/October18_4_57_7.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417201326/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2F2010%2FOctober18_4_57_7.html |archive-date=April 17, 2015 |access-date=April 25, 2015 |website=[[HitQuarters]]}}</ref> In addition, after Devine suggested that songwriting team the Matrix become a "real group", she recorded an album, ''The Matrix'', with them. This featured her and Adam Longlands as lead vocalists. ''The Matrix'' was planned for release in 2004 but was shelved due to creative differences. Perry was dropped from Columbia in 2006 as ''Fingerprints'' neared completion. After the label dropped her, she worked at an independent A&amp;amp;R company, Taxi Music.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Perry had minor success prior to her breakthrough. One of the songs she had recorded for her album with Ballard, "Simple", was featured on the soundtrack to the 2005 film ''The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants''.<ref name="Summers">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Perry provided backing vocals on Mick Jagger's song "Old Habits Die Hard", which was included on the soundtrack to the 2004 film ''Alfie''.<ref name="allmusicbio">{{Cite web |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |title=Katy Perry |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104093438/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |archive-date=November 4, 2015 |access-date=February 10, 2016 |publisher=AllMusic}}</ref> In September 2004, ''Blender'' named her "The Next Big Thing".<ref name="Summers" /> She recorded background vocals on P.O.D.'s single "Goodbye for Now", was featured at the end of its music video in 2006, and performed it with them on ''The Tonight Show with Jay Leno''. That year, Perry also appeared in the music video for "Learn to Fly" by Carbon Leaf, and she played the love interest of her then-boyfriend, Gym Class Heroes lead singer Travie McCoy, in the band's music video for "Cupid's Chokehold". === 2007–2009: Breakthrough with ''One of the Boys'' === After Columbia dropped Perry, Angelica Cob-Baehler, then a publicity executive at the label, brought Perry's demos to Virgin Records chairman Jason Flom. Flom was convinced that she could be a breakthrough star and she was signed to Capitol Records in April 2007. The label arranged for her to work with Dr. Luke to add an "undeniable smash" to her existing material.<ref name="hitquarters">{{Cite web |date=January 21, 2011 |title=Correction to the interview with Chris Anokute |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_AnokuteCorrection.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713071228/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2Fopar%2Fintrview_AnokuteCorrection.html |archive-date=July 13, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |website=HitQuarters}}</ref> Perry and Dr. Luke co-wrote the songs "I Kissed a Girl" and "Hot n Cold" for her second album ''One of the Boys''. A campaign was started with the November 2007 release of the video to "Ur So Gay", a song aimed at introducing her to the music market.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> A digital EP of the same name was also released that month.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Katy |date=November 20, 2007 |title=Ur So Gay |url=https://www.amazon.com/Ur-Gay-Explicit-Katy-Perry/dp/B000YBJFF6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816210131/https://www.amazon.com/Ur-Gay-Explicit-Katy-Perry/dp/B000YBJFF6 |archive-date=August 16, 2021 |access-date=August 25, 2018 |publisher=Amazon}}</ref> [[Madonna]] helped publicize the song by praising it on the ''JohnJay & Rich'' radio show in April 2008,<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> stating "Ur So Gay" was her "favorite song" at the time.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> In March 2008, Perry made a cameo appearance as a club singer in the ''Wildfire'' episode "Life's Too Short"<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> and appeared as herself during a photo shoot that June on ''[[The Young and the Restless]]'' for the show's magazine ''Restless Style''.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> [[Fayil:Katy_Perry_performing.jpg|alt=Katy Perry performing on the Warped Tour 2008|right|thumb|Perry performing at Cricket Wireless Amphitheatre during the Warped Tour in August 2008]] Perry released her first single with Capitol, "I Kissed a Girl", on April 28, 2008, as the lead single from ''One of the Boys''. The first station to pick up the song was WRVW in Nashville, who were inundated with enthusiastic calls the first three days they played it.<ref name="hitquarters.com2">{{Cite web |date=October 18, 2010 |title=Interview With Chris Anokute |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_Chris_Anokute_Interview.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713070818/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2Fopar%2Fintrview_Chris_Anokute_Interview.html |archive-date=July 13, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |website=HitQuarters}}</ref> The track topped the U.S. <nowiki><i id="mwAfI">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 on the chart dated July 5, 2008, and remained number one for seven consecutive weeks. "I Kissed a Girl" created controversy among both religious and [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]] groups. The former criticized its homosexual theme, while the latter accused her of using bi-curiosity to sell records. In response to speculation that her parents opposed her music and career, Perry told MTV News that they had no problems with her success. ''One of the Boys'', released on June 17, 2008, garnered mixed critical reviews and reached number nine on the U.S. <nowiki><i id="mwAgE">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''One of the Boys'' by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/one-of-the-boys/katy-perry |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114151805/http://www.metacritic.com/music/one-of-the-boys/katy-perry |archive-date=November 14, 2012 |access-date=March 6, 2009 |publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> The album went on to sell seven million copies worldwide. "Hot n Cold" was released the following September and became the album's second successful single, reaching number three on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, while topping charts in Germany,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hot n Cold (Single) |url=http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/title/Perry%2C+Katy/Hot+n+Cold/single |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714190034/http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/title/Perry%2C%2BKaty/Hot%2Bn%2BCold/single |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |access-date=June 26, 2014 |publisher=Musicline}}</ref> Canada, the Netherlands, and Austria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nederlandse Top 40&nbsp;– week 01, 2009 |url=http://www.top40.nl/top40/2009/week-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728052041/http://www.top40.nl/top40/2009/week-01 |archive-date=July 28, 2014 |access-date=July 27, 2014 |publisher=[[Dutch Top 40]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry&nbsp;— Hot N Cold |url=http://www.austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy+Perry&titel=Hot+n+Cold&cat=s |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830164113/http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy%20Perry&titel=Hot%20N%20Cold&cat=s |archive-date=August 30, 2013 |access-date=July 27, 2014 |publisher=[[Ö3 Austria Top 40]]}}</ref> Later singles "Thinking of You" and "Waking Up in Vegas" were released in 2009 and reached the top 30 of the Hot 100.<ref name="Hot100History2" /> From June to August 2008, Perry traveled with McCoy on the Warped Tour.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=22}}</ref> As a symbol of their commitment to one another, he gave her a diamond promise ring before the tour,<ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=30}}</ref> and he wore a ring with "Katy" inscribed on it.<ref name=":10">{{Cite magazine|url-status=88–96}}</ref> That September, a limited-edition Katy Perry doll was produced by Integrity Toys in response to her growing popularity. She hosted the 2008 MTV Europe Music Awards in November and won the award for Best New Act. Following their breakup in December 2008, Perry and McCoy reconciled in April 2009<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rollo |first=Sarah |date=April 26, 2009 |title=Perry reunites with Travis McCoy |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a154009/perry-reunites-with-travis-mccoy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828194016/https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a154009/perry-reunites-with-travis-mccoy/ |archive-date=August 28, 2025 |access-date=August 8, 2025 |publisher=Digital Spy}}</ref> before she ended their relationship again later that year. The Matrix's self-titled album, which Perry had recorded with the band in 2004, was released on iTunes on January 27, 2009, as a result of her solo success.<ref name="allmusicbio2">{{Cite web |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |title=Katy Perry |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104093438/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |archive-date=November 4, 2015 |access-date=February 10, 2016 |publisher=AllMusic}}</ref> At the 2009 Brit Awards the next month, she won the award for International Female Solo Artist.<ref name="Brit20092">{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2009 |title=Brit Awards 2009: Full list of winners |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/4692628/Brit-Awards-2009-Full-list-of-winners.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712101104/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/4692628/Brit-Awards-2009-Full-list-of-winners.html |archive-date=July 12, 2015 |access-date=November 3, 2015}}</ref> Perry embarked on her first headlining world tour, the Hello Katy Tour, from January to November 2009 to support ''One of the Boys''.<ref name="Hudson832">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> On August 4, 2009, she performed as opening act for one date of No Doubt's 2009 Summer Tour. Perry also hosted the 2009 MTV Europe Music Awards that November, becoming the first person to host two consecutive ceremonies of the European awards. On July 22, 2009, Perry recorded a live album titled ''MTV Unplugged'', which featured acoustic performances of five tracks from ''One of the Boys'' as well as one new song, "Brick by Brick", and a cover of Fountains of Wayne's "Hackensack". It was released on November 17, 2009. Perry also appeared on two singles with other artists; she was featured on a remix of [[Colorado]]-based band 3OH!3's song "Starstrukk" in September 2009,<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 14, 2009 |title=Starstrukk (feat. Katy Perry) |url=https://music.apple.com/au/album/starstrukk-feat-katy-perry-single/330823124 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908070213/https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/starstrukk-feat.-katy-perry/id330823124 |archive-date=September 8, 2014 |access-date=July 23, 2014 |publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref> and on a duet with Timbaland entitled "If We Ever Meet Again", from his album ''Shock Value II'', three months later.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2019 |title=If We Ever Meet Again (feat. Katy Perry) |url=http://itunes.apple.com:80/us/album/if-we-ever-meet-again-feat-katy-perry/id340826329 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208055217/http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/if-we-ever-meet-again-feat-katy-perry/id340826329 |archive-date=December 8, 2009 |access-date=March 22, 2020 |publisher=iTunes}}</ref> The ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' recognized her in its 2010 edition as the "Best Start on the U.S. Digital Chart by a Female Artist", for digital single sales of over two million copies.<ref name="Guinness2010">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Glenday|2010}}</ref> Perry met her future husband Russell Brand in mid-2009 while filming a cameo appearance for his film ''Get Him to the Greek''. Her scene, in which the two kiss, does not appear in the film. She began dating Brand after meeting him again that September at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards.<ref name="RussellDating">{{Cite web |last=Ziegbe |first=Mawuse |date=September 4, 2010 |title=Katy Perry, Russell Brand's Love Story Began at the VMAs |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1647232/katy-perry-russell-brands-love-story-began-at-the-vmas/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502061321/http://www.mtv.com/news/1647232/katy-perry-russell-brands-love-story-began-at-the-vmas/ |archive-date=May 2, 2014 |access-date=November 9, 2010 |publisher=MTV News}}</ref> The couple became engaged on December 31, 2009, while vacationing in [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref name="Engaged">{{Cite web |last=Heldman |first=Breanne L. |date=January 6, 2010 |title=Katy Perry and Russell Brand Engaged in India |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/160483/katy-perry-and-russell-brand-engaged-in-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828221336/http://www.eonline.com/news/160483/katy-perry-and-russell-brand-engaged-in-india |archive-date=August 28, 2012 |access-date=January 6, 2010 |publisher=[[E!]]}}</ref> === 2010–2012: ''Teenage Dream'' and marriage === After serving as a guest judge on ''American Idol'', Perry released "California Gurls" featuring [[Snoop Dogg]] on May 7, 2010. The song was the lead single from her third studio album, ''Teenage Dream'', and reached number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 in June. She also served as a guest judge on British <nowiki><i id="mwAuM">The X Factor</i></nowiki> later that month<ref name="XFactorJudge">{{Cite web |date=June 28, 2010 |title=Katy Perry Hits Dublin For X Factor Auditions |url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/x-factor/228776-katy-perry-cheryl-cole-x-factor |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017142034/http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/x-factor/228776-katy-perry-cheryl-cole-x-factor |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=June 28, 2010 |publisher=MTV News}}</ref> before releasing the album's second single, "Teenage Dream", in July. "Teenage Dream" reached number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 in September. Released on August 24, 2010, ''Teenage Dream'' debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' 200, and received mixed reviews from music critics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Teenage Dream'' by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/teenage-dream/katy-perry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102220205/http://www.metacritic.com/music/teenage-dream/katy-perry |archive-date=November 2, 2013 |access-date=March 15, 2014 |publisher=Metacritic}}</ref> It has since sold over 12 million copies worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Jon |date=August 25, 2025 |title=How 'Teenage Dream' Crowned Katy Perry as Pop's Campiest Queen |url=https://www.grammy.com/news/katy-perry-teenage-dream-album-influence-impact |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826141539/https://www.grammy.com/news/katy-perry-teenage-dream-album-influence-impact |archive-date=August 26, 2025 |access-date=August 29, 2025 |publisher=[[The Recording Academy]]}}</ref> being her highest-selling album to date.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2021 |title=Europe 2 Classics: California Gurls, de Katy Perry, est une ode à la côte ouest des États-Unis |url=https://www.europe2.fr/musique/europe-2-classics-california-gurls-de-katy-perry-est-une-ode-a-la-cote-ouest-des-etats-unis-54375.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250815200835/https://www.europe2.fr/musique/europe-2-classics-california-gurls-de-katy-perry-est-une-ode-a-la-cote-ouest-des-etats-unis-54375.html |archive-date=August 15, 2025 |access-date=August 5, 2025 |publisher=[[Europe 2]] |language=fr}}</ref> ''Teenage Dream'' would go on to win the 2011 Juno Award for International Album of the Year.<ref name="Juno2011">{{Cite web |date=March 26, 2011 |title=2011 JUNO Gala Dinner & Award Winners |url=https://junoawards.ca/2011-juno-gala-dinner-award-winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127131849/https://junoawards.ca/2011-juno-gala-dinner-award-winners/ |archive-date=January 27, 2016 |access-date=June 18, 2015 |publisher=Juno Awards}}</ref> In October, "Firework" was released as the album's third single. It became the album's third consecutive number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 on December 8, 2010. "E.T." featuring [[Kanye West]] was released as the fourth single from ''Teenage Dream'' on February 16, 2011. It topped the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 for five non-consecutive weeks, making ''Teenage Dream'' the ninth album in history to produce four number one singles on the chart. "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)" followed as the fifth single in June, and Perry became the first female artist to achieve five number-one ''Billboard'' Hot 100 songs from one album when the single topped that chart on August 17, and the second artist after [[Michael Jackson]] with his album ''Bad''. For this record, she received an honorary American Music Award in November 2011 and another Guinness record.<ref name="Guinness2013">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Glenday|2013}}</ref> On September 7, she set a new record by becoming the first artist to spend 69 consecutive weeks in the top ten of the Hot 100. Following the October release of "The One That Got Away" as its sixth single, ''Teenage Dream'' became the third album to produce six top-five songs on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. It joined [[George Michael]]'s ''Faith'' and [[Janet Jackson]]'s ''Rhythm Nation 1814''; the latter remains the only album to ever achieve seven top-five entries. The song peaked at number three in the U.S. and number two in Canada. [[Fayil:Katy_Perry_-_Part_Of_Me_Australian_Premiere_-_June_2012_(3).jpg|alt=Katy Perry looking forward and smiling|left|thumb|Perry attending the Sydney premiere for her 2012 documentary ''Katy Perry: Part of Me'', which grossed $32.7 million]] On January 5, 2012, Perry was named the sixth best-selling digital artist in the United States, with sales of 37.6&nbsp;million units according to Nielsen SoundScan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Loynes |first=Anna |date=January 5, 2012 |title=The Nielsen Company & Billboard's 2011 Music Industry Report |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120105005547/en/Nielsen-Company-Billboard%E2%80%99s-2011-Music-Industry-Report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108044835/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120105005547/en/Nielsen-Company-Billboard%E2%80%99s-2011-Music-Industry-Report |archive-date=January 8, 2012 |access-date=January 5, 2012 |publisher=[[Business Wire]]}}</ref> That month, she became the first artist to have four songs sell over 5 million digital units when "E.T." reached that mark along with "Firework", "California Gurls", and "Hot n Cold".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grein |first=Paul |date=January 19, 2012 |title=Week Ending Jan. 15, 2012. Songs: The Song That Won't Drop |url=https://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/week-ending-jan-15-2012-songs-song-won-012657212.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812191315/https://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/week-ending-jan-15-2012-songs-song-won-012657212.html |archive-date=August 12, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |publisher=Yahoo! Music}}</ref> On February 13, Capitol released the lead single from ''Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection'', "Part of Me", which debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and became Perry's seventh single overall to top the chart. ''Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection'' was released on March 23,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 23, 2012 |title=Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/teenage-dream-the-complete-confection/716084282 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717013306/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/teenage-dream-complete-confection/id716084282 |archive-date=July 17, 2014 |access-date=July 31, 2014 |publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref> and serves as a reissue of ''Teenage Dream''. "Wide Awake" was released on May 22 as the re-release's second single,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 40/M Future Releases |url=http://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507205726/http://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases |archive-date=May 7, 2012 |access-date=September 22, 2014 |publisher=All Access}}</ref> peaking at number two on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and number one in Canada and New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry&nbsp;— Wide Awake |url=https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy+Perry&titel=Wide+Awake&cat=s |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420153426/http://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy+Perry&titel=Wide+Awake&cat=s |archive-date=April 20, 2017 |access-date=July 31, 2014 |publisher=[[Official New Zealand Music Chart|Top 40 Singles]]}}</ref> Perry embarked on her second tour, the California Dreams Tour, in support of ''Teenage Dream''<ref name="Hudson83">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> from February 2011 to January 2012. The tour grossed $59.5&nbsp;million globally and won her the award for Best Live Act at the 2011 MTV Europe Music Awards. On September 23, 2011, she performed on the opening day of the 2011 Rock in Rio festival along with [[Elton John]] and [[Rihanna]]. In September 2010, Perry was scheduled to appear on the 41st-season premiere of ''Sesame Street''. After her scene was uploaded to YouTube, viewers criticized Perry's exposed cleavage. Four days before the scheduled airing, Sesame Workshop announced that the segment would not air on television, but would still be available to watch online. Perry subsequently mocked the controversy on ''Saturday Night Live'', where she was a musical guest and wore an Elmo-themed shirt showing large amounts of cleavage during one skit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry mocks Sesame Street ban |url=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/videos/hot-n-cold-sesame-street/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413125415/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/videos/hot-n-cold-sesame-street/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2014 |publisher=[[Capital (radio network)|Capital]]}}</ref> In December 2010, Perry played Moe Szyslak's girlfriend in the live-action segment from a Christmas episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]'' titled "The Fight Before Christmas". Two months later, she made a guest appearance on the ''How I Met Your Mother'' episode "Oh Honey", playing a woman known as Honey.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tucker |first=Ken |date=February 7, 2011 |title=How I Met Your Mother: 'Oh Honey' |url=http://watching-tv.ew.com/2011/02/07/how-i-met-your-mother-katy-perry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815214720/http://watching-tv.ew.com/2011/02/07/how-i-met-your-mother-katy-perry/ |archive-date=August 15, 2011 |access-date=August 27, 2011}}</ref> The latter role won her the People's Choice Award for Favorite TV Guest Star in January 2012. She made her film debut in the 3D family motion picture ''The Smurfs'' as Smurfette on July 29, 2011. The film was a financial success worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Smurfs (2011) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104000300/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs.htm |archive-date=November 4, 2011 |access-date=November 6, 2011 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> while critics gave mostly negative reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 29, 2011 |title=The Smurfs |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111031145/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs/ |archive-date=January 11, 2014 |access-date=January 16, 2014 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> She hosted ''Saturday Night Live'' on December 10, 2011, with Robyn as the episode's musical guest. Perry's work on the episode received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised her performance in the episode's digital short featuring her and Andy Samberg. In March 2012, she guest starred as a prison security guard named Rikki on the ''Raising Hope'' episode "Single White Female Role Model".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moraski |first=Lauren |date=February 22, 2012 |title=Katy Perry to portray a prison attendant on 'Raising Hope' |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/katy-perry-to-portray-a-prison-attendant-on-raising-hope/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813222733/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/katy-perry-to-portray-a-prison-attendant-on-raising-hope/ |archive-date=August 13, 2014 |access-date=February 25, 2014 |publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> On July 5, 2012, Perry's autobiographical documentary ''Katy Perry: Part of Me'' was released to theaters through Paramount Pictures. The film received positive reviews<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 5, 2012 |title=Katy Perry: Part of Me (2012) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/katy_perry_part_of_me/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813212433/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/katy_perry_part_of_me/ |archive-date=August 13, 2012 |access-date=August 4, 2012 |website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> and grossed $32.7 million worldwide at the box office.<ref name="mojo">{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry: Part of Me |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=katyperry.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814022212/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=katyperry.htm |archive-date=August 14, 2012 |access-date=August 16, 2012 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> Perry began to venture into business when she endorsed the fragrance, Purr, in November 2010. Her second endorsed fragrance, Meow!, was released in December 2011. Both perfumes were released through Nordstrom department stores. Electronic Arts recruited her to promote their new expansion pack for ''The Sims 3: Showtime'', before releasing a separate stuff pack featuring Perry-inspired furniture, outfits, and hairstyles, titled ''The Sims 3: Katy Perry's Sweet Treats'', in June 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sims 3 Katy Perry's Sweet Treats |url=http://www.ea.com/the-sims-3-kp-sweet-treats |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106040704/http://www.ea.com/the-sims-3-kp-sweet-treats |archive-date=January 6, 2015 |access-date=April 3, 2014 |publisher=[[Electronic Arts]]}}</ref> The following month, she became the spokesperson and ambassador for Popchips and made an investment in the company. ''Billboard'' dubbed her as their "Woman of the Year" for 2012. She married Russell Brand on October 23, 2010, in a traditional Hindu ceremony near the Ranthambhore tiger sanctuary in Rajasthan. On December 30, 2011, Brand announced that they were divorcing after 14 months of marriage. Perry later stated that conflicting career schedules and his desire to have children before she was ready led to the end of their marriage and that he never spoke to her again after sending a text message that he was divorcing her,{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} while Brand asserted that he divorced her due to her commercial success and reluctance to engage in activism. She was initially distraught over their divorce and said that she contemplated suicide. Since they married without a prenuptial agreement, he was eligible to claim half of the estimated $44&nbsp;million she earned during their marriage, but declined. Perry began a relationship with singer John Mayer in August 2012, the year her marriage with Brand had ended. === 2013–2015: ''Prism'' and Super Bowl XLIX halftime show === In November 2012, Perry began work on her fourth album, ''Prism''.<ref name="PrismMC">{{Cite web |title=''Prism'' by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/prism/katy-perry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209172300/http://www.metacritic.com/music/prism/katy-perry |archive-date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=November 15, 2013 |publisher=Metacritic}}</ref> She told ''Billboard'', "I know exactly the record I want to make next. I know the artwork, the coloring and the tone" and "I even know what type of tour I'm doing next. I'll be very pleased if the vision I have in my head becomes a reality."<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2012 |title=Katy Perry Won't Rush New Album: "I Know Exactly The Record I Want To Make Next" |url=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/news/new-album-ideas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422024353/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/news/new-album-ideas/ |archive-date=April 22, 2014 |access-date=May 19, 2014 |publisher=Capital}}</ref> After initially telling ''L'Uomo Vogue'' in June 2012 that she planned to have "darker elements" in ''Prism'' following the end of her marriage, the singer revealed to MTV during the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards that she changed the album's direction after periods of self-reflection. Perry commented "I felt very prismatic", which inspired the album's name. "Roar" was released as the lead single from ''Prism'' on August 10, 2013. It was promoted at the MTV Video Music Awards and reached number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. "Unconditionally" followed as the second single from ''Prism'' on October 16, 2013,<ref name="UnconditionallyRelease">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Jeff |date=October 16, 2013 |title=Katy Perry Wails on New Single "Unconditionally" |url=http://www.fuse.tv/2013/10/katy-perry-unconditionally |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017063219/http://www.fuse.tv/2013/10/katy-perry-unconditionally |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=October 16, 2013 |publisher=[[Fuse (TV channel)|Fuse]]}}</ref> and peaked at number 14 in the United States. [[Fayil:Dark_horse_katy_perry.jpg|thumb|Katy Perry performing "Dark Horse" during the Prismatic World Tour in September 2014.]] ''Prism'' was released on October 18, 2013, and has sold over eight million copies worldwide. It received favorable reviews from critics<ref name="PrismMC"/> and debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' 200 chart. Four days later, Perry performed the songs from the album at the iHeartRadio Theater in Los Angeles. "Dark Horse" with Juicy J was released as the album's third single in December, and became her ninth U.S. number-one single the following month. In 2014, "Birthday" and "This Is How We Do" respectively followed as the album's fourth and fifth singles,<ref name="ds">{{Cite web |last=Corner |first=Lewis |date=July 24, 2014 |title=Katy Perry confirms new single 'This Is How We Do' – watch lyric video |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a586233/katy-perry-confirms-new-single-this-is-how-we-do-watch-lyric-video.html#~oKZLKy0n2t9T2S |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924161656/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a586233/katy-perry-confirms-new-single-this-is-how-we-do-watch-lyric-video.html#~oKZLKy0n2t9T2S |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |access-date=July 25, 2014 |publisher=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref> and reached the top 25 on the Hot 100. Prior to ending her relationship with Mayer in 2014, she recorded and co-wrote a duet with him titled "Who You Love" for his album ''Paradise Valley''. The song was released on August 12, 2013. Perry's third headlining tour, the Prismatic World Tour, began in May 2014 and concluded in October 2015. It sold almost 2 million tickets and grossed $204.3&nbsp;million worldwide and won Perry the award for "Top Package" at the 2014 <nowiki><i id="mwBNU">Billboard</i></nowiki> Touring Awards. She also performed at the 2015 Rock in Rio festival on September 27, 2015. On November 23, 2014, the National Football League (NFL) announced that Perry would perform at the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show on February 1, 2015. Lenny Kravitz and [[Missy Elliott]] served as special guests for the show. Her performance was critically acclaimed, and Guinness announced two days after the singer's halftime show that it garnered 118.5&nbsp;million viewers in the United States, becoming the most watched and highest rated show in Super Bowl history. The viewership was higher than the game itself, which was viewed by an audience of 114.4&nbsp;million.<ref name="Guinness2016">{{Cite web |last=Angert |first=Alex |date=February 3, 2015 |title=Super Bowl XLIX: How Brady, Belichick and Katy Perry's shark ensured the records tumbled |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2015/2/super-bowl-xlix-how-brady-belichick-and-katy-perrys-shark-ensured-the-records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117062521/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2015/2/super-bowl-xlix-how-brady-belichick-and-katy-perrys-shark-ensured-the-records |archive-date=November 17, 2015 |access-date=November 14, 2015 |website=Guinness World Records}}</ref> The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) ranked her fifth on the list of Top Global Recording Artists of 2013. On June 26, 2014, she was declared the Top Certified Digital Artist Ever by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for certified sales of 72 million digital singles in the United States.<ref name="TopCertified">{{Cite web |date=June 26, 2014 |title=RIAA Crowns Katy Perry Top Certified Digital Artist Ever |url=https://www.riaa.com/riaa-crowns-katy-perry-top-certified-digital-artist-ever/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713195543/http://www.riaa.com/riaa-crowns-katy-perry-top-certified-digital-artist-ever/ |archive-date=July 13, 2016 |access-date=June 26, 2014 |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]}}</ref> In May 2014, a portrait of Perry by painter Mark Ryden was featured in his exhibition "The Gay 90s", and shown at the Kohn Gallery in Los Angeles. Along with several other artists, she also recorded a cover version of the song "Daisy Bell (Bicycle Built for Two)" on a limited-edition concept album titled ''The Gay Nineties Old Tyme Music: Daisy Bell'' to accompany the exhibition. That month, a portrait of Perry by artist Will Cotton was included in the United States National Portrait Gallery. On June 17, 2014, Perry announced that she had founded her own record label under Capitol Records, titled Metamorphosis Music. Ferras was the first artist to get signed to her label, and Perry served as an executive producer on his self-titled EP. She also recorded a duet with him on the EP, titled "Legends Never Die". The label was later renamed Unsub Records. On November 23, 2015, Perry starred in H&amp;amp;M's holiday advertising campaign, for which she wrote and recorded a song titled "Every Day Is a Holiday". Outside of her music career, Perry reprised her role as Smurfette in ''The Smurfs 2'', which was released in theaters on July 31, 2013. Like its predecessor, ''The Smurfs 2'' was a financial success<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Smurfs 2 (2013) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418143328/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs2.htm |archive-date=April 18, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> that was panned by critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 31, 2013 |title=The Smurfs 2 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs_2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106053810/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs_2/ |archive-date=January 6, 2014 |access-date=January 16, 2014 |website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> In March 2014, she made a guest appearance playing herself in the episode "Blisteritos Presents Dad Academy Graduation Congraduritos Red Carpet Viewing Party" of the ''Kroll Show''. Killer Queen was released as her third fragrance in August 2013 through Coty. In January 2014, she became a guest curator of Madonna's Art for Freedom initiative. In March 2015, she appeared in ''Brand: A Second Coming'', a documentary following her ex-husband Russell Brand's transition from comedy work to activism, and released a concert film titled ''Katy Perry: The Prismatic World Tour'' through Epix, which took place during her tour of the same name. Perry also made a cameo appearance in the music video for Madonna's song "Bitch I'm Madonna" in June 2015. The following month, she released another fragrance with Coty, entitled Mad Potion. In September 2015, she appeared in the documentaries ''Katy Perry: Making of the Pepsi Super Bowl Halftime Show'', which followed Perry's preparation for her Super Bowl performance,<ref name="SuperBowl">{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=September 11, 2015 |title='Katy Perry: Making Of The Pepsi Super Bowl Halftime Show' Trailer: What 118.5 Million Viewers Didn't See |url=https://deadline.com/2015/09/katy-perry-making-of-the-pepsi-super-bowl-halftime-show-trailer-first-look-documentary-1201522029/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912203425/http://deadline.com/2015/09/katy-perry-making-of-the-pepsi-super-bowl-halftime-show-trailer-first-look-documentary-1201522029/ |archive-date=September 12, 2015 |access-date=September 12, 2015 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> and ''Jeremy Scott: The People's Designer'', which followed the life and career of designer Jeremy Scott. Perry released a mobile app titled ''Katy Perry Pop'' in December 2015 through Glu Mobile where her character helps players become famous musicians. She described it as "the most fun, colorful world that helps guide your musical dreams". === 2016–2019: ''Witness'' and ''American Idol'' === Perry started writing songs for her new album in June 2016, and recorded an anthem for NBC Sports' coverage of the 2016 Summer Olympics titled "Rise", which was released the following month. Perry chose to release it as a standalone track rather than save it for her album "because now more than ever, there is a need for our world to unite". NBC also felt its message spoke "to the spirit of the Olympics and its athletes" for its inspirational themes. The song reached number one in Australia and number eleven in the United States. [[Fayil:Katy_Perry_at_Madison_Square_Garden_(37436531092)_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Perry performing during Witness: The Tour in October 2017]] In August 2016, Perry stated that she aspired to create material "that connects and relates and inspires"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carroll |first=Sarah |date=August 18, 2016 |title=Katy Perry Is 'Taking Chances' & 'Not Rushing' Her New Music |url=http://amp.cbslocal.com/2016/08/18/katy-perry-new-music-taking-chances/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819125902/http://amp.cbslocal.com/2016/08/18/katy-perry-new-music-taking-chances/ |archive-date=August 19, 2016 |access-date=August 19, 2016 |publisher=[[KNX-FM|97.1 AMP Radio]]}}</ref> and told Ryan Seacrest that she was "not rushing" her fifth album, adding "I'm just having a lot of fun, but experimenting and trying different producers, and different collaborators, and different styles".<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2016 |title=Katy Perry Reveals She's 'Experimenting' With New Album, Talks Forthcoming Shoe Collection |url=http://onairwithryan.iheart.com/onair/ryan-seacrest-52241/katy-perry-reveals-shes-experimenting-with-15019828/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920140320/http://onairwithryan.iheart.com/onair/ryan-seacrest-52241/katy-perry-reveals-shes-experimenting-with-15019828/ |archive-date=September 20, 2016 |access-date=August 19, 2016 |website=[[On Air with Ryan Seacrest]]}}</ref> On February 10, 2017, Perry released the album's lead single "Chained to the Rhythm" featuring Skip Marley.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Katy |title=Chained to the Rhythm (feat. Skip Marley)&nbsp;– Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/chained-to-rhythm-feat.-skip/id1203815492 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214001628/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/chained-to-rhythm-feat.-skip/id1203815492 |archive-date=February 14, 2017 |access-date=February 14, 2017 |publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aiello |first=McKenna |last2=Vulpo |first2=Mike |date=March 5, 2017 |title=Katy Perry Opens 2017 iHeartRadio Music Awards With a Bunch of Kids and a Dancing Hamster |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/833852/katy-perry-opens-2017-iheartradio-music-awards-with-a-bunch-of-kids-and-a-dancing-hamster |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306013513/http://www.eonline.com/news/833852/katy-perry-opens-2017-iheartradio-music-awards-with-a-bunch-of-kids-and-a-dancing-hamster |archive-date=March 6, 2017 |access-date=March 6, 2017 |publisher=E!}}</ref> It reached number one in Hungary<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 7, 2017 |title=Rádiós Top 40 slágerlista |trans-title=Radio Top 40 hit list |url=http://zene.slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2017/15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426151417/http://zene.slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2017/15 |archive-date=April 26, 2017 |access-date=April 27, 2017 |publisher=[[Association of Hungarian Record Companies|Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége]] |language=hu}}</ref> and number four in the United States. The track was also streamed over three million times on Spotify within 24 hours, breaking the music streaming service's record at the time for the highest first-day streaming for a single track by a female artist. The album's second single, "Bon Appétit" with Migos, was released that April. Its third single, "Swish Swish", featured [[Nicki Minaj]] and followed the next month. They respectively peaked at numbers 59 and 46 in the United States,<ref name="Hot100History" /> and made the top 15 in Canada. The album, titled ''Witness'', was released on June 9, 2017, to mixed reviews,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Witness by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/witness/katy-perry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610033604/http://www.metacritic.com/music/witness/katy-perry |archive-date=June 10, 2017 |access-date=June 9, 2017 |publisher=Metacritic}}</ref> and debuted at number one in the United States. To accompany the album's release, Perry broadcast herself on YouTube for four days with a live-stream titled Katy Perry Live: Witness World Wide, concluding with a live concert on June 12. The live-stream generated over 49 million views from 190 countries. She also embarked on Witness: The Tour, which began in September 2017 and ended in August 2018. On June 15, 2017, Calvin Harris released a song titled "Feels" from his album ''Funk Wav Bounces Vol. 1'', which featured Perry, Big Sean, and Pharrell Williams.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Findlay |first=Mitch |date=June 14, 2017 |title=Calvin Harris Announces Single With Big Sean, Pharrell, & Katy Perry |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/476043-calvin-harris-announces-single-with-big-sean-pharrell-and-katy-perry-news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622155231/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/calvin-harris-announces-single-with-big-sean-pharrell-and-katy-perry-news.33773.html |archive-date=June 22, 2017 |access-date=June 14, 2017 |publisher=HotNewHipHop}}</ref> The song went on to reach number one in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Jack |date=August 11, 2017 |title=Calvin Harris dethrones Despacito to claim his eighth Number 1 single |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/calvin-harris-dethrones-despacito-to-claim-his-eighth-number-1-single__19932/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811224622/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/calvin-harris-dethrones-despacito-to-claim-his-eighth-number-1-single__19932/ |archive-date=August 11, 2017 |access-date=August 11, 2017 |publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref> T{{Reflist}} === Sources === <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles> * {{Official website}} * {{AllMusic}} * Katy Perry discography at Discogs * Katy Perry discography at MusicBrainz * Katy Perry at Rotten Tomatoes {{Katy Perry|state=expanded}}{{Navboxes|title=[[List of awards and nominations received by Katy Perry|Awards for Katy Perry]]|list={{American Music Award for Favorite Adult Contemporary Artist}} {{American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist}} {{Brit International Female}} {{Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Female Singer}} {{Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Female}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Live Act}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Look}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best New Act}} {{MTV Video Music Award for Best Collaboration}} {{MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year}} {{People's Choice Award for Favorite Female Artist}} {{People's Choice Award for Favorite Music Video}} {{Teen Choice Award for Choice Music Single}}}}{{Authority control}} ==Manazarta== [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 640cqduchr0som9bgclfqb6yxhbmr3u 0 161308 893932 880837 2026-08-09T22:55:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wassa Sangaré''' (an haife shi 16 Maris 2006) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na ƙasar Faransa wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya]] ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Première Ligue OL Lyonnes . == Aikin kulob == An haifi Sangaré a Stains, Seine-Saint-Denis, Faransa. Ta fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a FC Les Lilas a shekarar 2013. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Wassa Sangaré |url=https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/10715-sangare-wassa/fiche.html |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=www.fff.fr |archive-date=2025-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605022157/https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/10715-sangare-wassa/fiche.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Yulin 2022, Sangaré ta koma Olympique Lyonnais kuma ta ci gaba da ci gabanta a makarantar koyon aikin OL. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-07 |title=Academy : 6 joueuses passent professionnelles ! |url=https://www.ol.fr/fr/actualites/academy-6-joueuses-passent-professionnelles |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=www.ol.fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-16 |title=Wassa Sangare prêtée au HAC |url=https://www.hac-foot.com/actualite/wassa-sangare-pretee-au-hac.html#:~:text=N%C3%A9e%20en%202006%20%C3%A0%20Stains,titre%20de%20Championne%20de%20France. |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=www.hac-foot.com |archive-date=2025-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116105004/https://www.hac-foot.com/actualite/wassa-sangare-pretee-au-hac.html#:~:text=N%C3%A9e%20en%202006%20%C3%A0%20Stains,titre%20de%20Championne%20de%20France. |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Yulin 2023, Sangaré ta sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na ƙwararru tare da Olympique Lyonnais har zuwa 2026. <ref name=":1"/> Ta buga wasanta na farko na ƙwararru a watan Disamba na 2023 da Lille, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hernandez |first=David |date=2023-12-09 |title=OL - Lille (5-0) : Swierot, Oillic et Sangaré ont fait leurs débuts |url=https://www.olympique-et-lyonnais.com/ol-lille-5-0-swierot-oillic-et-sangare-ont-fait-leurs-debuts-en-pros,310595.html |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Olympique & Lyonnais |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ta buga wasanni huɗu na lig a kakar wasa ta 2023-24, inda ta lashe gasar Premier League . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wassa Sangaré (Le Havre (F)) |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/FootballFicheJoueur104211.html |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2025, Sangaré ta tsawaita kwantiraginta da Olympique Lyonnais har zuwa 2027. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-16 |title=Wassa Sangare prolonge jusqu'en 2027 et rejoint Le Havre en prêt jusqu'à la fin de saison |url=https://www.ol.fr/fr/actualites/wassa-sangare-prolonge-jusqu-en-2027-et-rejoint-le-havre-en-pret-jusqu-a-la-fin-de-saison |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=www.ol.fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mercato : l'OL prolonge Wassa Sangaré et la prête au Havre |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Mercato-l-ol-prolonge-wassa-sangare-et-la-prete-au-havre/1532622 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2025, Sangaré ya koma Le Havre AC a matsayin aro, domin samun ƙarin lokacin wasa. <ref name=":2"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-16 |title=Football féminin. La Lyonnaise Wassa Sangare prêtée au Havre |url=https://www.leprogres.fr/sport/2025/01/16/la-lyonnaise-wassa-sangare-pretee-au-havre |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=www.leprogres.fr |language=FR-fr}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Agusta 2025, Sangaré ta koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta London City Lionesses a matsayin aro don kakar wasa ta bana. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2025 |title=Wassa Sangare rejoint London City Lionesses en prêt |url=https://www.ol.fr/fr/actualites/wassa-sangare-rejoint-london-city-lionesses-en-pret |access-date=30 August 2025 |website=ol.fr |publisher=OL Lyonnes |language=French}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == A shekarar 2023, Sangaré ta buga wasa kuma ta lashe gasar cin kofin mata ta UEFA ta 'yan kasa da shekara 17 ta 2023 tare da tawagar 'yan kasa da shekara 17 ta Faransa, inda ta doke Spain da ci 3-2 a wasan karshe, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da cewa Faransa ce ta lashe kofin farko a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=À jamais les premières |url=https://www.fff.fr/article/10348-a-jamais-les-premieres.html |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=www.fff.fr |archive-date=2026-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260108155808/https://www.fff.fr/article/10348-a-jamais-les-premieres.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=L'équipe de France féminine U17 remporte le championnat d'Europe pour la première fois |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/L-equipe-de-france-feminine-u17-remporte-le-championnat-d-europe-pour-la-premiere-fois/1398783 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, an zaɓe ta a gasar cin kofin mata ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 ta Euro 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sélection : quatre Lyonnaises convoquées pour l'Euro U19 avec les Bleuettes |url=https://www.ol.fr/fr/actualites/selection-quatre-lyonnaises-convoquees-pour-l-euro-u19-avec-les-bleuettes |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=www.ol.fr}}</ref> An fitar da ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 ta Faransa a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe bayan da Netherlands ta sha kashi da ci 2-0. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Les Bleuettes privées de finale (0-2) |url=https://www.fff.fr/article/12931-les-bleuettes-privees-de-finale-0-2-.html |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=www.fff.fr |archive-date=2025-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250402062900/https://www.fff.fr/article/12931-les-bleuettes-privees-de-finale-0-2-.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sangaré ta zura ƙwallo ɗaya a gasar a minti na 92 na wasan farko da Serbia, inda ta tabbatar da nasarar Faransa da ci 3-1. <ref name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=L'équipe de France féminine U19 démarre l'Euro par une victoire contre la Serbie |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/L-equipe-de-france-feminine-u19-demarre-l-euro-par-une-victoire-contre-la-serbie/1482463 |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref> == Daraja == '''Lyon''' * Kashi na 1 na Mata : 2023-24 <ref name=":0"/> '''<nowiki/>'Yan ƙasa da shekara 17 na Faransa''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta UEFA 'Yan Kasa da Shekara 17 : 2023 <ref name=":0"/> '''<nowiki/>'Yan ƙasa da shekara 19 a Faransa''' * Gasar cin kofin mata ta UEFA 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 : 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2025 |title=UEFA Women's Under-19 EURO final highlights and report: France 0-4 Spain |url=https://www.uefa.com/womensunder19/news/029a-1e1a596e8fe5-43e1ad452fe2-1000--uefa-women-s-under-19-euro-final-highlights-and-report-f/ |access-date=28 June 2025 |website=uefa.com |language=en}}</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} obbqa7y6qkbymmeiyxseznw4u10rcic 0 161341 894107 881042 2026-08-10T09:18:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙungiyar namun daji ta Kanada''' ('''CWF''') ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Kanada da ta sadaukar da kanta ga kiyaye namun daji. == Tarihi da manufa == An kafa Ƙungiyar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kanada (CWF) a shekarar 1961 kuma an ba ta hayar ta a shekarar 1962.<ref name="Canadian Encyclopaedia">{{Cite web |last=Mycio |first=L. |date=2011 |title=The Canadian Encyclopaedia |url=http://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-wildlife-federation/ |access-date=July 19, 2011 |website=thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |publisher=The Canadian Wildlife Federation |archive-date=October 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007101038/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-wildlife-federation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ƙungiyar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kanada ta himmatu wajen koyar da wasu su yaba wa duniyar halitta don tabbatar da gadon namun daji masu lafiya da kuma mazauninsu na dindindin.<ref name="Mission">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Mission |url=http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/about-cwf/about-us/mission.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823221808/http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/about-cwf/about-us/mission.html |archive-date=2011-08-23 |access-date=July 19, 2011 |website=www.cwf-fcf.org}}</ref> Domin cimma waɗannan manufofi, Ƙungiyar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kanada: * Yana sanar da sauran 'yan ƙasar Kanada game da namun daji da kuma wuraren zama na halitta; * Yana haɓaka ayyukan ɗan adam masu alhaki da kiyayewa; da kuma * Yana wakiltar namun daji a kan batutuwan kiyayewa.<ref name="Mission"/> Ƙungiyar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kanada tana da nufin sanar da 'yan ƙasar Kanada, ilmantar da su, da kuma jan hankalin su game da namun daji ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Ta hanyar yin haka, CWF tana fatan zaburar da sauran 'yan ƙasar Kanada su bayar da gudummawa da kuma tallafawa ƙungiyar domin gudanar da shirye-shiryen da ke koyar da 'yan ƙasar Kanada game da namun daji. A ƙarshe, CWF tana da nufin ilmantar da kuma ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da matsalolin da suka shafi namun daji na Kanada da kuma yadda 'yan ƙasar Kanada za su iya taimakawa wajen kiyaye muhallin halitta. == Ilimi == Sashen Ilimi na Ƙungiyar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kanada ya mayar da hankali kan haɗa 'yan ƙasar Kanada da namun daji ta hanyar ci gaba da motsa mahalarta daga wayar da kan jama'a game da batutuwan namun daji zuwa inda mutane ke ɗaukar alhakin al'ummominsu don zama jakadu na nau'ikan halittu da muhalli. Tun daga shekarar 2014, shirye-shiryen ilimi na CWF sun kai ga mutane sama da 1,500,000 a shirye-shiryen kai tsaye, fuska da fuska. A watan Oktoba na 2025, ƙungiyar da abokan hulɗa a fannin kiyayewa sun ƙaddamar da Cibiyar Ilimi ta Kanada (CCNbE), wani shiri na ƙasa da aka tsara don faɗaɗa ilmantarwa ta hanyar amfani da yanayi a faɗin Kanada. Cibiyar ta mayar da hankali kan tallafawa masu ilimi, ƙarfafa ilimin muhalli, da inganta samun daidaito ga ilimin da ya dogara da yanayi ga 'yan asalin ƙasar, karkara, birane, da sauran al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen ilimi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-27 |title=CWF and partners launch Canadian Centre for Nature-based Education |url=https://www.thespec.com/globenewswire/cwf-and-partners-launch-canadian-centre-for-nature-based-education/article_fd8187d9-767b-5df9-a1c6-3bc27e21b561.html |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=The Hamilton Spectator via GlobeNewswire |language=en}}</ref> Shirye-shiryen ilimi na CWF sun haɗa da: === Wuraren Daji === Shirin aikin lambu ga makarantu, wanda ke koyarwa game da ƙirƙirar muhalli ta hanyar aikin lambu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-02 |title=WILD spaces: Connecting urban youth to nature through habitat stewardship in pollinator gardens |url=https://panorama.solutions/en/solution/wild-spaces-connecting-urban-youth-nature-through-habitat-stewardship-pollinator-gardens |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=panorama.solutions |language=en}}</ref> === Ilimin Daji === Shirin haɓaka ƙwarewar malamai, wanda ya haɗa da Project WILD, WILD About Sports (shirin da Damian Foxall ya ƙirƙira don haɗa mahalarta wasanni da duniyar halitta da ɗabi'ar kiyayewa.),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Programs - Canadian Wildlife Federation |url=http://cwf-fcf.org/en/explore-our-work/education/programs/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217201308/http://cwf-fcf.org/en/explore-our-work/education/programs/ |archive-date=2015-02-17 |access-date=2015-02-17}}</ref> da kuma ƙasa da sifili (wanda ya mayar da hankali kan kiyaye hunturu).<ref>{{Cite web |title=WILD Education |url=https://cwf-fcf.org/en/explore/wild-education/?src=menu |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=cwf-fcf.org |language=en |archive-date=2021-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128084948/https://cwf-fcf.org/en/explore/wild-education/?src=menu |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Lambu don Namun Daji === Wanda ya haɗa da shirin bayar da takardar shaidar lambu da ilimi don taimaka wa mutane su koyi game da ayyukan lambun da suka dace da namun daji. === DAJI A Waje === Shirin koyon hidima ga yara 'yan shekara 15 zuwa 18 wanda ke ba su damar haɗuwa da duniyar halitta da kuma kawo canji. A shekarar 2021, wannan shirin ya kasance na ƙarshe a gasar Alberta Emerald Awards<ref>{{Cite web |title=WILD Outside Youth Leadership Program with CWF {{!}} Alberta Emerald Foundation |url=https://emeraldfoundation.ca/aef_awards/wild-outside-youth-leadership-program-with-cwf/ |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=emeraldfoundation.ca}}</ref> da kuma Nature Inspiration Awards <ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Finalists: Nature Inspiration Awards |url=https://nature.ca/en/about-us/museum-corporation/nature-inspiration-awards/2021-finalists |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928162329/https://nature.ca/en/about-us/museum-corporation/nature-inspiration-awards/2021-finalists |archive-date=2021-09-28 |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=Canadian Museum of Nature |language=en}}</ref> kuma ya lashe kyautar Calgary Award for Environmental Achievement<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office |first=City Clerk's |title=2020 Calgary Awards recipients |url=https://www.calgary.ca/content/www/en/home/ca/city-clerks/citizen-recognition-protocol/calgary-awards/2020-awards-recipients-bios.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928162319/https://www.calgary.ca/content/www/en/home/ca/city-clerks/citizen-recognition-protocol/calgary-awards/2020-awards-recipients-bios.html |archive-date=2021-09-28 |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=www.calgary.ca |language=en}}</ref> da kuma kyautar Saskatchewan Award for the Environmental. <ref>{{Cite web |title=RCE Saskatchewan Recognition Event |url=https://www.rceskrecognitionevent.com/ |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=RCE Saskatchewan Recognition Event}}</ref> === Hukumar Kare Hakkin Jama'a ta Kanada === Shirin koyon hidima ga yara 'yan shekara 18-30 wanda ya haɗa koyon hidima a fagen aiki da tafiye-tafiyen balaguro na tsawon watanni 8 da matakai uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=January 24, 2020 |title=Canadian Wildlife Federation expanding programs to engage youth |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-cwf-expanding-programs-jan-2020-1.5439405 |access-date= |website=CBC}}</ref> == Nau'i da Mazauni == Sashen Nau'o'i da Habitat na Ƙungiyar Namun Daji ta Kanada ya fi mai da hankali kan kiyaye dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa da na ƙasa a duk faɗin Kanada. Manyan wuraren da CWF ke sha'awa sune: Kula da Habitat, Kula da Ruwa Mai Daɗi, [[Kiyaye ruwa|Kula da Ruwa]], Nau'o'in da ke Fuskantar Barazana, da Sauyin Yanayi.<ref name="Canadian Wildlife Federation About Us">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=About Us |url=http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/about-cwf/about-us/difference.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823213921/http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/about-cwf/about-us/difference.html |archive-date=2011-08-23 |access-date=July 19, 2011 |website=www.cwf-fcf.org}}</ref> === Kula da muhalli === Shirin kula da muhalli ya fi mayar da hankali kan ƙirƙirar muhalli da gyara shi a yankunan karkara da birane, tare da ƙarfafa kula da masu filaye masu zaman kansu.<ref name="Canadian Wildlife Federation Stewardship">{{Cite web |title=Habitat Stewardship |url=http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/conservation/habitat-stewardship/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811230355/http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/conservation/habitat-stewardship/ |archive-date=2011-08-11 |access-date=2011-07-28 |website=www.cwf-fcf.org}}</ref> === Kiyaye ruwan sha mai tsafta === Kanada tana da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu yawa a faɗin ƙasar, ciki har da tafkuna da koguna, waɗanda ke da alhakin kusan kashi 9% na samar da makamashin ruwa mai sabuntawa a duniya. <ref name="Canadian Wildlife Federation Endangered">{{Cite web |title=Endangered Species |url=http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/conservation/endangered-species/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726050425/http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/conservation/endangered-species/ |archive-date=July 26, 2011 |access-date=July 19, 2011 |website=www.cwf-fcf.org}}</ref> Wannan yalwar ruwan ruwan kuma yana ɗauke da nau'ikan kifaye da yawa, tsuntsaye, tsuntsayen ruwa, kwari da sauran nau'ikan namun daji. Bincike da wayar da kan jama'a ya mayar da hankali kan manyan fannoni guda huɗu: * Kariya da Gyaran Mahalli; * Nau'in Ruwa Masu Mamayewa; * Kiyaye Yawan Namun Daji na Ruwa Mai Tsami; da kuma * Rage Tasirin Gurɓatar Ruwa ga Namun Daji.<ref name="Canadian Wildlife Federation Endangered"/> === Kiyaye ruwa === Kamar yadda Kanada ke da babban bakin teku (234,000)km), wacce ke da iyaka da tekuna uku, ƙungiyar tana aiki tuƙuru don kiyaye lafiyar halittun ruwa. Manyan fannoni da aka mayar da hankali a kansu sun hada da: * Rage tasirin Kamun Kifi akan Namun Dajin Ruwa; * Gurɓatar Ruwa; da kuma * Yankunan da ke Kare Ruwa.<ref name="Canadian Wildlife Federation Marine">{{Cite web |title=Marine conservation |url=http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/conservation/marine/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726050508/http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/conservation/marine/ |archive-date=July 26, 2011 |access-date=July 19, 2011 |website=www.cwf-fcf.org}}</ref> Kamun kifi fiye da kima babban abu ne mai muhimmanci domin yana da matukar muhimmanci a kiyaye isasshen abinci ga halittun ruwa waɗanda suka dogara da waɗannan wurare don hunturu ko kuma su haifi 'ya'yansu. === Nau'o'in da ke cikin haɗari === Ƙungiyar Namun Daji ta Kanada ta aiwatar da wani Shirin Nau'in Da Ke Fuskantar Barazana don taimakawa wajen kiyaye nau'ikan halittu da ke fuskantar barazana a duk faɗin Kanada. An gudanar da bincike mai zurfi don gano dalilin raguwar yawan namun daji, da kuma hanyar da ta fi dacewa don tabbatar da cewa yawan jama'a zai ƙaru. Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ƙasa da CWF (tare da sauran ƙungiyoyi) sun haɗa iliminsu don samun hanyoyin kiyayewa iri ɗaya tsakanin ƙungiyoyi. Sauran ayyukan sun haɗa da sake dawo da nau'ikan da ke fuskantar barazana zuwa mazauninsu na halitta don ƙara yawan jama'a. CWF kuma tana da niyyar yin tasiri ga ƙa'idodin gwamnati game da nau'ikan da ke fuskantar barazanar Barazana don haɓaka tsawon rai na nau'in.<ref name="Canadian Wildlife Federation Endangered" /> === Sauyin yanayi === [[Canjin yanayi|Sauyin yanayi]] batu ne na duniya da masu bincike ke ganin zai haifar da mummunan sakamako a nan gaba, amma tasirinsa a yanzu ga namun daji a bayyane yake. Sauye-sauyen da nau'ikan halittu da yawa suka fuskanta don daidaitawa da yanayin da ke canzawa sun haɗa da canza yanayin ƙaura, ƙaura da wuri ko kuma daga baya fiye da yadda aka saba, da kuma canza yanayin lokacin hutu.<ref name="Nature">{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=C. D. |last2=Cameron |first2=A. |last3=Green |first3=R. E. |last4=Bakkenes |first4=M. |last5=Beaumont |first5=L. J. |last6=Collingham |first6=Y. C. |last7=Erasmus |first7=B. F. |last8=De Siqueira |first8=M. F. |last9=Grainger |first9=A. |last10=Hannah |first10=L. |last11=Hughes |first11=L. |last12=Huntley |first12=B. |last13=Van Jaarsveld |first13=A. S. |last14=Midgley |first14=G. F. |last15=Miles |first15=L. |year=2004 |title=Nature (2011). Extinction Risk From Climate Change. Retrieved July 19, 2011. |url=https://pure.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/733227/Thomas&Cameron_Extinctions_Cover&Article_Nature_2004.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=427 |issue=6970 |pages=145–148 |doi=10.1038/nature02121 |pmid=14712274 |s2cid=969382}}</ref> CWF ta mayar da hankali kan fannoni uku na sauyin yanayi: * Amfani da Gyara da Kiyaye Mahalli don Ajiye Carbon; * Tsarin Daidaita Namun Daji da Sauyin Yanayi; da kuma * Shawarwari don Ƙwararren Manufofin Rage Haɗakar Carbon ga Kanada.<ref name="Canadian Wildlife Federation Climate">{{Cite web |title=Canadian Wildlife Federation (2011). Climate Change. Retrieved July 19, 2011. |url=http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/conservation/climate-change/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726050420/http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/conservation/climate-change/ |archive-date=July 26, 2011}}</ref> == Littattafai == Ƙungiyar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kanada ta buga '''''Checkerspot''''', wata mujallar [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] da ake bugawa sau biyu a shekara. Mujalla ce mai kyauta, wacce aka fara bugawa a watan Mayu na 2007; ta daina samarwa a shekarar 2009 saboda koma bayan tattalin arziki na wannan shekarar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Checkerspot stops production |url=http://www.checkerspotmagazine.ca/EN/about_us/subscribe/subscribe.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406030953/http://www.checkerspotmagazine.ca/EN/about_us/subscribe/subscribe.asp |archive-date=6 April 2009 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=www.checkerspotmagazine.ca}}</ref> An sanya mata suna bayan wani [[Malam buɗe littafi|malam buɗe ido]] wanda aka yi imanin cewa yana da nau'ikan halittu. don ya canza sakamakon [[Canjin yanayi|ɗumamar yanayi]], ''Checkerspot'' ta yi iƙirarin cewa ita jarida ce [[Fitar da sifili|mai ra'ayin mazan jiya game da yanayi]] . CWF ta yi amfani da ''Checkerspot'' don haɓaka fafutuka da haɓaka tattaunawa game da sauyin yanayi. == Masu haɗin gwiwa da abokan hulɗa == Ƙungiyar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kanada tana aiki tare da dukkan matakan Gwamnatin Kanada ban da kasuwanci don cimma burinsu, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da jin daɗin namun daji a Kanada.<ref name="Partners">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=CWF Education Partners |url=http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/educate/partners/ |access-date=July 19, 2011 |website=www.cwf-fcf.org |publisher=Canadian Wildlife Federation |archive-date=August 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804200717/http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/educate/partners/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> CWF tana aiki tare da gwamnatocin larduna da yankuna, hukumomin tarayya, ƙungiyoyi da [[Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi Kanada|Muhalli na Kanada]].<ref name="Partners" /> Wasu abokan hulɗa na ƙasa sun haɗa da: [[Ofishin Kula da namun daji na Kanada|Sabis na Kula da Namun Daji na Kanada]], [[Gidajen shakatawa na Kanada|Parks Canada]], [[Royal Botanical Gardens (Ontario)]] da Atlas na Kanada.<ref name="Partners" /> Abokan hulɗa da yawa na CWF suna ba da tallafin kuɗi da taimako da albarkatu don taimakawa kare namun daji. Tallafin kuɗi da albarkatun da waɗannan abokan hulɗa ke bayarwa suna taimakawa wajen ƙara wayar da kan jama'a da kula da kiyaye namun daji a Kanada. A shekarar 2010, Ƙungiyar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kanada ta shirya "Tafiya don Namun Daji" ta farko ta shekara-shekara.<ref name="WFW">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Walk for Wildlife |url=http://donate.cwf-fcf.org/site/PageServer?pagename=nww11_home |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812002331/http://donate.cwf-fcf.org/site/PageServer?pagename=nww11_home |archive-date=2011-08-12 |access-date=2011-07-28}}</ref> Wannan tafiya tana gudana ne a lokacin '''Makon Namun Daji na Ƙasa''' (10-16 ga Afrilu). Manufar wannan tafiya ita ce wayar da kan jama'a game da kula da dazuzzuka mai ɗorewa da kiyaye muhalli ga namun daji na Kanada. Tafiya tana yawo a faɗin Kanada, inda al'ummomi ke karɓar bakuncin tarukan gida. Duk wannan za a iya cimma shi saboda yawan abokan hulɗa da masu tallafawa CWF. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1pc8vxgnd7b1fh7d4z5ag5aefuxb8wc 0 161394 894048 881594 2026-08-10T07:17:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894048 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zoey Francis Chaya Thompson Deutch''' ( /d ɔɪ tʃ / DOYTCH ; an haife ta a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1994) <ref>{{Cite tweet|author=Zoey Deutch|user=ZoeyDeutch|number=134551587300442112|title=17! I just feel SO different than I did 42 minutes ago!!!|date=November 10, 2011|access-date=November 20, 2011}}</ref> 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma furodusa 'yar Amurka. 'Yar darakta Howard Deutch kuma darakta-yar wasan kwaikwayo Lea Thompson, Deutch ta fara fitowa a matsayin jaruma a talabijin a farkon shekarun 2010, tare da rawar da ta taka a cikin shirin Disney Channel na ''The Suite Life on Deck'' (2010–2011) da kuma shirin CW 's ''Ringer'' (2011–2012). Tun daga lokacin Deutch ta faɗaɗa zuwa fim, inda ta taka rawa a manyan fina-finai masu zaman kansu ''Everybody Wants Some!!'' (2016), ''Before I Fall'' (2017), ''Flower'' (2017), ''Set It Up'' (2018), da ''Buffaloed'' (2019). Nasarar farko da ta samu a ofishin akwatin ta zo ne da barkwancin barkwanci ''na Zombieland: Double Tap'' (2019), bayan haka ta shiga cikin manyan fina-finai kamar ''The Outfit'' (2022) da ''Juror No. 2'' (2024). Deutch ta jagoranci ayyukan yaɗa fina-finai kamar ''The Politician'' (2019 {{En dash}} 2020), ''Not Okay'', da ''Something daga Tiffany's'' (dukansu biyu a 2022), kuma ta fara fitowa a Broadway a cikin wani sabon shiri na Thornton Wilder mai suna ''Our Town'' (2024). Saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin Jean Seberg a cikin fim ɗin tarihin rayuwar Richard Linklater ''mai suna Nouvelle Vague'' (2025), an zaɓe ta don kyautar Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Performance . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Deutch a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1994, a [[Los Angeles]], ga jaruma Lea Thompson da darakta Howard Deutch . <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2015 |title=Lorraine, Is That You? Lea Thompson's Daughter Zoey Deutch Looks Just Like Mom During Her Back to the Future Days |url=http://people.com/movies/lea-thompson-daughter-zoey-deutch-are-twins-at-back-to-the-future-screening/ |access-date=May 20, 2017 |website=People}}</ref> Tana da 'yar'uwa ɗaya, Madelyn Deutch, wacce ita ma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Huver |first=Scott |date=October 20, 2015 |title=30 Years Later, Lea Thompson Still Has Her Iconic Back to the Future Prom Dress |url=http://people.com/movies/thirty-years-after-back-to-the-future-lea-thompson-still-has-the-prom-dress/ |access-date=May 20, 2017 |website=People |quote=Thompson also couldn't resist showing it off to her daughters, actresses Madelyn and Zoey Deutch...}}</ref> Sauran danginta na kud da kud sun haɗa da kakarta ta uwa, mawakiya Barbara Barry Thompson, kakan uba, shugaban kiɗa Murray Deutch, da kuma ɗan wasan kakan kawu Robert Walden . <ref name="nylon">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Maxwell |date=December 9, 2015 |title=Zoey Deutch Takes Her Place In Her Family's Hollywood Legacy |url=https://www.nylon.com/articles/zoey-deutch-interview |access-date=July 4, 2017 |website=Nylon}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Barnes |first=Mike |date=October 22, 2010 |title=Music Exec Murray Deutch Dies |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-exec-murray-deutch-dies-32186 |access-date=June 16, 2017 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chase |first=Candace |date=July 20, 2008 |title=Painting a life |url=http://www.dailyinterlake.com/archive/article-fcb678b9-c0d6-5698-8bdd-94006aa99b60.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626030144/http://www.dailyinterlake.com/archive/article-fcb678b9-c0d6-5698-8bdd-94006aa99b60.html |archive-date=June 26, 2018 |access-date=July 23, 2017 |website=Daily Inter Lake}}</ref> Mahaifin Deutch, daga [[New York (jiha)|New York]], asalin Yahudawa ne, yayin da mahaifiyarta, daga [[Minnesota]], ɗan asalin Irish ne. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lea Thompson Gets In Holiday Spirit On Usa |url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2003-11-29/lifestyle/0311261241_1_lea-thompson-christmas-tv-holiday |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235352/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2003-11-29/lifestyle/0311261241_1_lea-thompson-christmas-tv-holiday |archive-date=December 2, 2013 |access-date=May 23, 2018 |website=sun-sentinel.com}}</ref> Ta halarci makarantar Ibrananci tun tana ƙarama, wani ɓangare na sha'awar mahaifiyarta da al'adun Yahudawa bayan ta yi aure a cikin iyali. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Handler |first=Rachel |date=29 April 2019 |title=Zoey Deutch on Her Jewish Sense of Humor and Rejecting Her ‘It’-Girl Status |url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/04/zoey-deutch-on-jewish-humor-and-rejecting-being-an-it-girl.html |publisher=Vulture}}</ref> Deutch ta gane cewa Bayahudiya ce kuma tana da jemage mitzvah . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Gerri |date=May 23, 2018 |title=Sister Act: Zoey and Madelyn Deutch |url=http://jewishjournal.com/culture/arts/234394/sister-act-zoey-madelyn-deutch/ |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Jewish Journal}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Posada |first=Karen |date=October 15, 2012 |title=NY Comic Con Coverage: 'Beautiful Creatures' |url=http://www.showbizcafe.com/en/news/ny-comic-con-coverage-beautiful-creatures/2918 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018090709/http://www.showbizcafe.com/en/news/ny-comic-con-coverage-beautiful-creatures/2918 |archive-date=October 18, 2012 |access-date=May 20, 2017 |website=ShowBizCafe}}</ref> Sunan mahaifinta nau'in rubutun Anglicised ne na kalmar "Deutsch", wanda ke nufin "Jamusanci" a [[Jamusanci]] . Zuriyarta Rashanci ne, Yaren mutanen Poland, da Irish. Ta fara ɗaukar darussan wasan kwaikwayo tun tana ɗan shekara biyar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Spencer |first=Amy |date=February 7, 2018 |title=Zoey Deutch goes from Disney star to vigilante |url=https://nypost.com/2018/02/07/lea-thompsons-daughter-zoey-deutch-goes-from-disney-star-to-vigilante/ |access-date=February 8, 2018 |website=New York Post}}</ref> Deutch ta yi karatu a Makarantar Oakwood, Makarantar Sakandare ta Fasaha ta Gundumar Los Angeles da kuma a Cibiyar Matasan 'Yan Wasan Kwaikwayo . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Young Actors Space Alumni |url=http://www.youngactorsspace.com/about.html#testimonials |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502034928/http://www.youngactorsspace.com/about.html#testimonials |archive-date=May 2, 2018 |access-date=June 4, 2017 |website=Young Actors Space}}</ref> Ta yi karatun digiri a fannin wasan kwaikwayo a Makarantar Sakandare ta Gundumar Los Angeles . <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2012 |title=Just another day with Zoey Deutch |url=http://www.zooeymagazine.com/journal/2012/04/just-another-day-with-zoey-deutch |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714082243/http://www.zooeymagazine.com/journal/2012/04/just-another-day-with-zoey-deutch |archive-date=July 14, 2017 |access-date=February 5, 2017 |website=Zooey Magazine}}</ref> == Sana'a == === 2010–2013: Aikin farko === Deutch ta fara aikinta a shekarar 2010, tana da shekaru 15, tare da rawar da ta taka a shirin Disney Channel na asali mai suna ''The Suite Life on Deck'' a matsayin Maya, soyayyar Zack Martin a kakar wasa ta uku. <ref name="variety2016">{{Cite web |last=Rosemberg |first=Jasmin |date=January 7, 2016 |title=Zoey Deutch on 'Dirty Grandpa,' 'Everybody Wants Some' & Being Directed by Her Mom |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/features/zoey-deutch-dirty-grandpa-everybody-wants-some-1201671817/ |access-date=May 18, 2017 |website=Variety}}</ref> Daga 2011 zuwa 2012, ta taka rawar Juliet Martin a wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa na The CW mai suna ''Ringer'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Abrams |first=Natalie |date=July 25, 2011 |title=Exclusive: CW's Ringer Recasts Role, Adds Zoey Deutch |url=https://www.tvguide.com/news/cw-ringer-recast-zoey-deutch-1035695/ |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=TV Guide}}</ref> Ta fara fitowa a babban allo a cikin ''Mayor Cupcake'' (2011) tare da mahaifiyarta da 'yar uwarta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2017 |title=8 things you need to know about Zoey Deutch |url=https://awesomenesstv.com/lifestyle/8-things-you-need-to-know-about-zoey-deutch/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521214638/https://awesomenesstv.com/lifestyle/8-things-you-need-to-know-about-zoey-deutch/ |archive-date=May 21, 2017 |access-date=April 6, 2017 |website=AwesomenessTV}}</ref> Deutch ta yi rajistar wani ƙaramin shiri a cikin ''The Amazing Spider-Man'' amma darakta Marc Webb ya jagoranci wasan, kodayake an haɗa shi a cikin DVD. Babban nasarar da ta samu a fim ɗin ta zo ne a matsayin mai tallafawa Emily Asher, tare da [[Emma Thompson]], Thomas Mann da Alden Ehrenreich a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na fantasy-romance na 2013 ''Beautiful Creatures'' wanda ya dogara ne akan wani sanannen littafin matasa mai suna iri ɗaya wanda marubuta Kami Garcia da Margaret Stohl suka rubuta da kuma littafi na farko a cikin jerin Caster Chronicles . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tishgart |first=Sierra |date=December 3, 2012 |title=Zoey Deutch Talks 'Beautiful Creatures' |url=http://www.teenvogue.com/story/zoey-deutch |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Teen Vogue}}</ref> Deutch ya kuma fito a ''NCIS'', ''Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior'', ABC Family 's ''Switched at Birth'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ng |first=Philiana |date=January 9, 2013 |title='Ringer' Actress Books Arc on ABC Family's 'Switched at Birth' (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/switched-at-birth-zoey-deutch-joins-410189 |access-date=December 12, 2019 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> da kuma a cikin matukin jirgin talabijin na Marc Cherry ''Hallelujah'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rose |first=Lacey |date=March 11, 2011 |title='The Suite Life on Deck's' Zoey Deutch Cast in ABC's 'Hallelujah' (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/suite-life-decks-zoey-deutch-166943 |access-date=December 12, 2019 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> === 2014–2017: Nasara === [[Fayil:EXclusive_TV_Zoey_Deutch.jpg|thumb|Jamus a watan Yunin 2017]] Deutch ta fito a matsayin Rosemarie Hathaway a cikin ''Vampire Academy'' (2014), bisa ga littafi na farko na jerin littattafan matasa masu tasowa shida da suka fi sayarwa wanda Richelle Mead ya rubuta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Trumbore |first=Dave |date=February 1, 2013 |title=Vampire Academy: Blood Sisters to Star Zoey Deutch and Lucy Fry with Mark Waters Directing |url=https://collider.com/zoey-deutch-lucy-fry-vampire-academy-blood-sisters/ |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Collider}}</ref> Fim ɗin ya nuna fitowarta ta farko a matsayin jagora. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Olivia Armstrong |date=January 20, 2016 |title=Woman Crush Wednesday: Zoey Deutch Classes Up 'Dirty Grandpa' |url=http://decider.com/2016/01/20/woman-crush-wednesday-zoey-deutch-dirty-grandpa/ |publisher=decider.com}}</ref> Jordan Hoffman na ''New York Daily News'' ya kira rawar da ta taka a cikin fim ɗin a matsayin rawar da ta taka a matsayin jagora. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoffman |first=Jordan |date=February 7, 2014 |title='Vampire Academy' has surprisingly good bite: movie review |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv-movies/vampire-academy-surprisingly-good-bite-movie-review-article-1.1606222 |access-date=July 23, 2017 |website=New York Daily News}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2014, an sanar da cewa za ta fito a matsayin jagora tare da Tyson Ritter a cikin fim ɗin Randall Miller mai suna ''Midnight Rider'', wani fim na tarihin rayuwar Gregg Allman . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sneider |first=Jeff |date=January 22, 2014 |title='Vampire Academy' Star Zoey Deutch Lands Female Lead in Gregg Allman Biopic |url=https://www.thewrap.com/vampire-academy-star-zoey-deutch-lands-female-lead-gregg-allman-biopic/ |access-date=May 21, 2017 |website=TheWrap}}</ref> Daga nan Deutch ta shiga cikin barkwancin matashiya ''mai suna Good Kids'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kidlay |first=Gregg |date=May 12, 2014 |title=Cannes: 'Good Kids' Cast to Include Nicholas Braun, Zoey Deutch |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cannes-good-kids-cast-include-703257 |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> wanda aka fitar a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 2016, ta Vertical Entertainment . Ta kuma sami rawar da ta taka a cikin fim ɗin Julie Plec da Sue Kramer mai suna ''Cover Girl'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Yamato |first=Jen |date=May 15, 2014 |title='Vampire Academy's Zoey Deutch To Lead Rom-Com 'Cover Girl' |url=https://deadline.com/2014/05/zoey-deutch-cover-girl-sue-kramer-julie-plec-730982/ |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Deadline}}</ref> kuma ta fito a cikin bidiyon kiɗan hukuma na waƙar "Opium" ta The New Division tare da Avan Jogia . A shekarar 2016, Deutch ya fito a Beverly a cikin fim ɗin Richard Linklater mai suna ''Everybody Wants Some!!'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Garcia |first=Patricia |date=March 30, 2016 |title=Zoey Deutch on Becoming the Newest Linklater Dream Girl |url=http://www.vogue.com/13421532/zoey-deutch-everybody-wants-some/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051608/http://www.vogue.com/13421532/zoey-deutch-everybody-wants-some/ |archive-date=January 18, 2017 |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Vogue}}</ref> wanda aka fara nunawa a bikin fina-finai na SXSW . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharf |first=Zack |date=November 17, 2015 |title=Richard Linklater's 'Everybody Wants Some' to Open 2016 SXSW Film Festival |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2015/11/richard-linklaters-everybody-wants-some-to-open-2016-sxsw-film-festival-53522/ |access-date=April 27, 2017 |website=IndieWire}}</ref> An haɗa Deutch da ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na farko Jake Bradford wanda Blake Jenner ya fito a ciki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fenton |first=Andrew |date=June 22, 2016 |title=Rising star Zoey Deutch talks Everybody Wants Some!!, the spiritual sequel to Dazed and Confused |url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/movies/new-movies/rising-star-zoey-deutch-talks-everybody-wants-some-the-spiritual-sequel-to-dazed-and-confused/news-story/cd3e79d606a3b4bcfc9916e47a172265 |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=news.com.au}}</ref> Ta fito a fim ɗin ''Dirty Grandpa'' tare da [[Robert De Niro]] da Zac Efron, a matsayin soyayya ga halin Efron <ref>{{Cite web |last=Yamato |first=Jen |date=December 9, 2014 |title=Zoey Deutch Joins Zac Efron, Robert De Niro In 'Dirty Grandpa' |url=https://deadline.com/2014/12/zoey-deutch-zac-efron-robert-de-niro-dirty-grandpa-cast-1201315913/ |access-date=April 21, 2017 |website=Deadline}}</ref> da kuma a cikin ''Why Him?'' tare da James Franco, Bryan Cranston da Megan Mullally . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Taylor |date=December 13, 2016 |title=Bryan Cranston, Megan Mullally and Zoey Deutch at the 'Why Him?' Screening |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/13/fashion/bryan-cranston-megan-mullally-zoey-deutch-why-him-movie-screening.html |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> Ta fito a matsayin ɗalibi a Stanford, 'yar Cranston da Mullally, wacce ta kamu da son wani attajiri, Laird, wanda Franco ya taka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=June 30, 2016 |title=James Franco Tries to Charm Bryan Cranston in 'Why Him?' Trailer |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/why-him-trailer-james-franco-bryan-cranston-zoey-deutch-fox-1201806639/ |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Variety}}</ref> Matsayin Deutch na gaba shine a cikin fim ɗin aikata laifuka ''Vincent-N-Roxxy'', tare da Emory Cohen, Emile Hirsch da Zoë Kravitz wanda aka fara a bikin fina-finai na Tribeca na 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tribeca Film Festival 2016; film guide Vincent n Roxxy |url=https://tribecafilm.com/filmguide/archive/vincent-n-roxxy-2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702122307/https://www.tribecafilm.com/filmguide/archive/vincent-n-roxxy-2016 |archive-date=July 2, 2018 |access-date=May 21, 2017 |website=Tribeca Film Festival}}</ref> Deutch ya fito a matsayin Samantha "Sam" Kingston a cikin ''Before I Fall'', wani sabon tsari na littafin Lauren Oliver mai suna mafi sayarwa, wanda Jennifer Beals da Kian Lawley suka fito a ciki. Andrea Mandell na USA Today ya bayyana ''Before I Fall'' a matsayin wani muhimmin ci gaba a cikin aikin Deutch mai tasowa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandell |first=Andrea |date=March 1, 2017 |title=Zoey Deutch breaks out in 'Before I Fall' |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2017/02/28/zoey-deutch-before-i-fall/98507374/ |access-date=December 12, 2019 |website=USA Today}}</ref> Rubutun ''Good Kids'', ''Dirty Grandpa'' da ''Before I Fall'' sun kasance a cikin jerin Black List na 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Finke |first=Nikki |date=December 12, 2011 |title=The Black List 2011: Screenplay Roster |url=https://deadline.com/2011/12/the-black-list-2011-screenplay-roster-204025/ |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Deadline}}</ref> Fim na biyu wanda ya nuna Deutch wanda aka fara nunawa a bikin fina-finai na Sundance a 2017, ''Rebel in the Rye'' na Danny Strong . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sundance Film Festival '17 Premiere Guide |url=http://www.sundance.org/festivals/sundance-film-festival/program/PRE-guide |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714111319/http://www.sundance.org/festivals/sundance-film-festival/program/PRE-guide |archive-date=July 14, 2019 |access-date=January 14, 2017 |website=Sundance}}</ref> Labarin tarihin rayuwar marubuci JD Salinger ya ga Deutch a matsayin Oona O'Neill a gaban Nicholas Hoult, Kevin Spacey, da Laura Dern . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=March 9, 2016 |title=Zoey Deutch Books Key Role In 'Rebel In The Rye' |url=https://deadline.com/2016/03/zoey-deutch-rebel-in-the-rye-movie-oona-oneill-casting-1201717137/ |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Deadline}}</ref> Deutch ta fito a cikin ''fim ɗin Flower'' wanda Max Winkler ya ba da umarni, tare da rubutun da Alex McAulay ya rubuta. An ƙara ''Flower'' cikin Jerin Baƙi na 2012 <ref>{{Cite web |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=June 23, 2016 |title=Zoey Deutch, Adam Scott to Star in Coming-of-Age Drama 'Flower' |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/zoey-deutch-adam-scott-flower-1201802739/ |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Variety}}</ref> kuma an fara shi a Bikin Fina-finai na Tribeca na 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tribeca 2017 announces feature film line up for competition, spotlight, viewpoints and midnight sections |url=https://tribecafilm.com/stories/tribeca-2017-feature-films-competition-spotlight-viewpoints-midnight-sections |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101022235/https://www.tribecafilm.com/stories/tribeca-2017-feature-films-competition-spotlight-viewpoints-midnight-sections |archive-date=November 1, 2019 |access-date=March 3, 2017 |publisher=Tribeca Film Festival}}</ref> Aubrey Page na Collider ya bayyana rawar da ta taka a matsayin "wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Page |first=Aubrey |date=April 28, 2017 |title=Flower review: Zoey Deutch shines in uneven coming of age film |url=https://collider.com/flower-review-zoey-deutch/ |access-date=April 30, 2017 |website=Collider}}</ref> kuma David Ehrlich na ''IndieWire'' ya yi tunanin fim ɗin "ya tabbatar da cewa Zoey Deutch tauraro ne na gaske da ake yi." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ehrlich |first=David |date=April 27, 2017 |title='Flower' Review: 'Badlands' Meets 'The Bling Ring' In Strange And Sexy Coming-Of-Age Story That Certifies Zoey Deutch As a Major Star — Tribeca 2017 |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2017/04/flower-review-max-winkler-zoey-deutch-tribeca-film-festival-2017-1201809876/ |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=IndieWire}}</ref> Frank Scheck na ''The Hollywood Reporter'' ya kammala da cewa "Ana amfani da Flower ne kawai ta hanyar aikin maganadisu na Zoey Deutch, wanda zai zama tauraro idan ana amfani da motar da ta fi kyau." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Scheck |first=Frank |date=April 24, 2017 |title='Flower' : Film Review Tribeca 2017 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/flower-996777 |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> Deutch ta fito a cikin fim ɗin mahaifiyarta Lea Thompson mai suna ''The Year Of Spectacular Men'' a matsayin Sabrina, tare da Avan Jogia, 'yar uwarta Madelyn, Cameron Monaghan da [[Nicholas Braun]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 18, 2015 |title=Lea Thompson Directing Daughters in 'Year of Spectacular Men' |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/lea-thompson-directing-daughters-in-year-of-spectacular-men-1201596391/ |website=Variety}}</ref> Ita ma tana da alaƙa da fim ɗin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weintraub |first=Steve |date=March 3, 2017 |title=Zoey Deutch on 'Before I Fall', 'Rebel in the Rye' and 'The Year of Spectacular Men' |url=https://collider.com/zoey-deutch-before-i-fall-rebel-in-the-rye-interview/#synopsis-images |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Collider}}</ref> An fara nuna fim ɗin a duniya a watan Yunin 2017 a bikin fina-finai na Los Angeles na 2017 kuma an nuna shi a bukukuwan fina-finai daban-daban kafin a fitar da shi a sinimomi. Scott Menzel na ''We Live Entertainment'' ya bayyana rawar da ta taka a matsayin Sabrina a cikin wannan fim ɗin a matsayin "babu shakka mafi kyawun aikinta zuwa yanzu." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Menzel |first=Scott |date=June 16, 2017 |title=LA Film Festival Review: 'The Year of Spectacular Men' is a Triple Threat Quarter Life Crisis Tale |url=http://weliveentertainment.com/welivefilm/la-film-festival-review-year-spectacular-men-triple-threat-coming-age-tale/ |access-date=June 29, 2017 |website=WeLiveEntertainment}}</ref> Tare da waɗannan, a cikin wannan shekarar, an gan ta a gaban [[Ed Sheeran]] a cikin bidiyon waƙarsa ta hukuma mai suna " Perfect " daga kundin ''÷'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Logan |first=Elizabeth |date=November 9, 2017 |title=Zoey Deutch Stars in Ed Sheeran's New Music Video, "Perfect" |url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/zoey-deutch-ed-sheeran-music-video |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=W Magazine}}</ref> Bidiyon da aka fitar a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 2017, ya samu masu kallo sama da biliyan 4 da kuma masu bibiya miliyan 22, har zuwa watan Agusta na 2025. Haka kuma a shekarar 2017, ta fito a cikin littafin James Franco mai suna ''[[The Disaster Artist (film)|The Disaster Artist]]'', wanda ya dogara ne akan littafin Greg Sestero da Tom Bissell, wanda ke ba da labarin bayan fage a bayan fim ɗin ƙungiyar asiri mai suna ''The Room'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Scott J. |date=January 2, 2017 |title=Bryan Cranston's unique role in James Franco's the Masterpiece |url=https://www.flickreel.com/bryan-cranston-the-masterpiece/ |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Flickreel}}</ref> === 2018–yanzu: jarumar da ta shahara === [[Fayil:Zoey_Deutch_at_Golden_Globes_Red_Carpet_2020_(cropped).png|left|thumb|Zoey Deutch a Golden Globes 2020]] Deutch ta fito a fim ɗinta mai suna ''Everybody Wants Some'', [[Glen Powell]], a cikin fim ɗin barkwanci na soyayya na [[Netflix]] na 2018 mai suna ''Set It Up'' . Labarin ya biyo bayan mataimaka biyu da suka yi aiki fiye da kima waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin cire shugabanninsu masu ban tsoro ta hanyar haɗa su wuri ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=March 30, 2017 |title=Zoey Deutch to Star With Glen Powell in Netflix's Romantic Comedy 'Set It Up' |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/zoey-deutch-glen-powell-set-it-up-netflix-1202019513/ |access-date=March 31, 2017 |website=Variety}}</ref> Ta kuma sami rawar a cikin fim ɗin barkwanci na wasan kwaikwayo mai ''suna The Professor'' tare da [[Johnny Depp]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=July 20, 2017 |title=Zoey Deutch to Co-Star With Johnny Depp in 'Richard Says Goodbye' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/zoey-deutch-johnny-depp-richard-says-goodbye-cast-1202501475/ |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Variety}}</ref> A watan Mayu na 2019, masu shirya ''Set It Up'' sun sanar da cewa Deutch zai sake haɗuwa da Glen Powell don wani fim mai suna ''Most Dangerous Game'' . A watan Yuli na 2018, an sanar da cewa Deutch zai fito a cikin sabon shirin barkwanci na gidan talabijin na Ryan Murphy akan [[Netflix]], ''The Politician'' tare da Ben Platt da [[Gwyneth Paltrow]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=July 16, 2018 |title=Ryan Murphy Netflix Series 'The Politician' Casts Zoey Deutch, Three More Series Regulars |url=https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/ryan-murphy-netflix-the-politician-cast-zoey-deutch-1202874352/ |access-date=July 18, 2018 |website=Variety}}</ref> wanda aka saki akan [[Netflix]] a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lowry |first=Brian |date=September 26, 2019 |title='The Politician' is Ryan Murphy's latest underachiever |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/26/entertainment/the-politician-review/index.html |access-date=October 4, 2019 |website=CNN}}</ref> A cikin wasan barkwanci na Tanya Wexler ''mai suna Buffaloed'' (2019), Deutch ta taka rawar Peg Dahl, wata mai zamba wacce, yayin da take kan hanyarta ta neman afuwa kan laifukanta da kuma ƙoƙarin tserewa daga garinsu na Buffalo, New York, ta zama mai tara bashi . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=July 23, 2018 |title=Zoey Deutch to Star in Indie Drama 'Buffaloed' |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/zoey-deutch-buffaloed-1202881126/ |access-date=July 24, 2018 |website=Variety}}</ref> Deutch da kanta ta shirya tare, kuma tare da Judy Greer, Jermaine Fowler, Noah Reid da Jai Courtney, an fara fim ɗin a bikin fina-finai na Tribeca inda masu suka suka yi sharhi mai kyau. Bayan an fitar da shi a wani ɗan lokaci a cikin wasan kwaikwayo a watan Fabrairun 2020, fim ɗin ya sami ƙarin yabo. A cikin sharhinta ga ''[[Los Angeles Times|The Los Angeles Times]]'', Kimber Myers ta yaba wa aikin Deutch, tana mai cewa "nan take ta yi garkuwa da masu kallo a farkon lokacin ''Buffaloed'' [...] jarumar ta mallaki wannan barkwanci mai kaifi - kuma duk wanda ke kallo - tana taka irin halin da har yanzu ba mu saba ganin sa a kan allo ba." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kimber Myers |date=February 13, 2020 |title=Review: Force of nature Zoey Deutch seizes the day in cutting comedy ''Buffaloed'' |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2020-02-13/buffaloed-review-zoey-deutch |access-date=July 14, 2024 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> Sheila O'Malley ta ''RogerEbert.com'' ta kira fim ɗin, "wani abin nunawa ga babban ɗan Jamusanci mai hazaka," in ji Deutch "ta jefa kanta cikin rawar da take takawa kamar mai juya fim mai ban tsoro, duk da walƙiya da fara'a." Da take kammala bitar fim ɗin, O'Malley ta rubuta, " ''Buffaloed'' tana wartsakewa game da yadda yake ƙalubalantar waɗannan ƙa'idodi, kuma ta yin hakan, tana ba Deutch - wacce ta riga ta tabbatar da wasannin barkwanci nata a cikin ''Everybody Wants Some!!'', ''Zombieland: Double Tap'' da jerin Netflix ''The Politician'' - dama ce ta haskaka a tsakiyar labarin." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheila O'Malley |date=February 14, 2020 |title=Buffaloed movie review & film summary |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/buffaloed-movie-review-2020 |access-date=July 14, 2024}}</ref> Elizabeth Weitzman {{'}} ''TheWrap'' ta fi sukar fim ɗin, tana kiransa "mara daidaituwa", <ref>{{Cite web |last=Elizabeth Weitzman |date=February 13, 2020 |title=''Buffaloed'' Film Review: Zoey Deutch Tears Through Uneven Indie Comedy About Debt Collection |url=https://www.thewrap.com/buffaloed-film-review-zoey-deutch-tanya-wexler/ |access-date=July 14, 2024}}</ref> yayin da Jeannette Catsoulis ''ta [[New York Times|The New York Times]]'' ta rubuta "A lokaci guda, ''Buffaloed'' yana da saurin gudu kuma ya dogara gaba ɗaya akan rawar da Deutch ke takawa da kuma rawar da pell-mell ke takawa." <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 22, 2023 |title=''Buffaloed'' Review: At Debt's Door |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/13/movies/buffaloed-review.html |access-date=July 14, 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Deutch ta fito a matsayin Madison a cikin ''fim ɗin Zombieland: Double Tap'', wanda aka fitar a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=N'Duka |first=Amanda |date=November 27, 2018 |title='Zombieland 2': Zoey Deutch Joins Original Cast In Sony's Sequel |url=https://deadline.com/2018/11/zombieland-2-zoey-deutch-jesse-eisenberg-sony-sequel-1202509374/ |access-date=October 22, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Ta sami ra'ayoyi masu kyau game da rawar da ta taka, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Anne |date=October 16, 2019 |title=Zoey Deutch Steals The Show In Zombieland: Double Tap |url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2019/10/8577095/zombieland-double-tap-movie-review-zoey-deutch-madison |access-date=February 21, 2020 |website=Refinery29}}</ref> kuma an zaɓe ta a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na <nowiki><i id="mwAg0">Fangoria</i></nowiki> Chainsaw Awards na 2020 don Mafi Kyawun Jaruma Mai Tallafawa. <ref name="fangoria">{{Cite web |last=Conrad |first=Jeremy |date=January 6, 2020 |title=Fangoria's 2020 Chainsaw Awards Voting is Now Live! |url=https://www.bleedingcool.com/2020/01/06/fangoria-2020-chainsaw-awards-voting-is-now-live/ |access-date=June 21, 2020 |website=Bleeding Cool}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, Deutch ta fito a cikin shirin talabijin na Quibi mai suna ''Home Movie: The Princess Bride'', don tara kuɗi don World Central Kitchen . A shekarar 2021, ta fito a cikin bidiyon waƙar " Anyone ", waƙa ta mawaƙin Kanada Justin Bieber . Ta kuma haɗu da ''Hound'' a matsayin babban jarumi "Callie" da kuma furodusa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=January 13, 2021 |title=Searchlight Acquires The Rights To Spec Script 'Hound' Starring Zoey Deutch |url=https://deadline.com/2021/01/zoey-deutch-the-hound-zoey-deutch-1234672524/ |access-date=January 21, 2021 |website=Deadline}}</ref> Ta bayyana rawar da ta taka a cikin wani shirin barkwanci mai ban dariya na manya ''mai suna Fairfax'' wanda aka fara nunawa a Amazon Prime Video a watan Oktoba na 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Del Rosario |first=Alexandra |date=September 29, 2021 |title=Young-White & Peter S. Kim Among Voice Cast For Amazon Animated Comedy |url=https://deadline.com/2021/09/fairfax-skyler-gisondo-kiersey-clemons-jaboukie-young-white-peter-s-kim-among-voice-cast-for-amazon-animated-comedy-1234846617/ |access-date=October 15, 2021 |website=Deadline}}</ref> Deutch ta fito a cikin shirin Graham Moore na farko da ya jagoranci shirin ''The Outfit'' (2022) tare da Mark Rylance da [[Dylan O'Brien]] wanda aka fara nunawa a bikin fina-finai na duniya na Berlin karo na 72 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=January 19, 2022 |title=Berlin Selection Unveiled: Claire Denis, Hong Sangsoo, Rithy Panh, Dario Argento Head to Festival |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/global/berlin-film-festival-competition-encounter-titles-1235157036/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214201156/https://variety.com/2022/film/global/berlin-film-festival-competition-encounter-titles-1235157036/ |archive-date=February 14, 2022 |access-date=January 22, 2022 |website=Variety}}</ref> A wannan shekarar ta fito a fim ɗin Quinn Shephard mai suna ''Not Okay'', wanda aka fitar a Hulu . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=June 8, 2021 |title=Zoey Deutch To Star in Quinn Shephard's 'Not Okay' For Searchlight And Makeready |url=https://deadline.com/2021/06/zoey-deutch-quinn-shephards-not-okay-searchlight-makeready-1234768780/ |access-date=June 13, 2021 |website=Deadline}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Prange |first=Stephanie |date=August 2, 2022 |title='The Gray Man,' 'Virgin River' Again Top Weekly Whip Media Streaming Charts |url=https://www.mediaplaynews.com/the-gray-man-virgin-river-again-top-weekly-whip-media-streaming-charts/?hilite=%22not%20okay%22 |access-date=May 19, 2025}}</ref> Ta fito a fim ɗin ''Something From Tiffany's'', wani fim ɗin Amazon Original wanda Reese Witherspoon da Hello Sunshine suka shirya, bisa ga littafin Melissa Hill. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=November 23, 2021 |title=Amazon & Reese Witherspoon's Hello Sunshine Set Zoey Deutch For Daryl Wein-Helmed 'Something From Tiffany's' |url=https://deadline.com/2021/11/reese-witherspoon-hello-sunshine-amazon-zoey-deutch-something-from-tiffanys-daryl-wein-taylor-jenkins-reid-1234879591/ |access-date=February 8, 2022 |website=Deadline}}</ref> [[Fayil:Nouvelle_Vague_(2025)-69752.jpg|thumb|Deutch ( ''tsakiya'' ), tare da Guillaume Marbeck ( ''H'' ) da Richard Linklater ( ''H'' ) a bikin fina-finai na Cannes na 2025 don fara nuna ''Nouvelle Vague'' . Masu suka da yawa sun yaba da rawar da ta taka.]] A shekarar 2024, Deutch ta fito a fim tare da Nicholas Hoult da Toni Collette a cikin fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo mai suna ''Juror #2'', daga darakta [[Clint Eastwood]] a cikin ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarshe a matsayin mai shirya fina-finai. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=May 1, 2023 |title=Zoey Deutch Joins Clint Eastwood's ''Juror #2'' At Warner Bros |url=https://deadline.com/2023/05/zoey-deutch-clint-eastwoods-juror-2-warner-bros-1235352094/ |access-date=May 1, 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Fim ɗin ya sami ra'ayoyi masu kyau daga masu suka, haka nan kuma wasan kwaikwayonta. Daga Oktoba 2024 zuwa Janairu 2025, ta fito a matsayin Emily Webb, a cikin wani shiri na Broadway na wasan Thorton Wilder ''Our Town'' a Ethel Barrymore Theater . Ta yi wasa tare da [[Jim Parsons]] da Katie Holmes a cikin wani shiri da Kenny Leon ya jagoranta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2024 |title=Jim Parsons, Katie Holmes, Zoey Deutch to Star in 'Our Town' Revival on Broadway |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/arts/jim-parsons-katie-holmes-zoey-deutch-star-in-our-town-on-broadway-1235865161/ |access-date=May 20, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Shania Russell na ''Entertainment Weekly'' ta rubuta, "Deutch ta fara fitowa a Broadway, tana da matukar farin jini kamar koyaushe. Tana daidaita kwarjini mai sauƙi tare da rauni daban-daban." Don fim ɗin tarihin rayuwa ''Nouvelle Vague'', ta sake haɗuwa da darakta Richard Linklater wanda ke nuna Jean Seberg a lokacin da ya kai ga rawar da ta taka a fim ɗin Faransa New Wave ''Breathless'' (1960). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Walcott |first=Escher |date=March 4, 2024 |title=Zoey Deutch Shocks with Platinum Pixie Hair Transformation — and She Helped Do the Cut Herself! |url=https://people.com/zoey-deutch-debuts-platinum-pixie-hair-transformation-details-photos-8603692 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]] |publisher=people.com}}</ref> An fara nuna fim ɗin a bikin fina-finai na Cannes na 2025, inda aka gamu da ra'ayoyi masu kyau daga masu suka da masu kallo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nouvelle Vague |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/nouvelle_vague_2025 |access-date=May 20, 2025 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> Masu suka sun bayyana ta a matsayin wacce ta kasance "mai kyau" kuma "mai gamsarwa" a cikin rawar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 17, 2025 |title='Nouvelle Vague' Review: Richard Linklater's French New Wave Cosplay Is More 'Midnight in Paris' Than Histoire du Cinema |url=https://www.indiewire.com/criticism/movies/nouvelle-vague-review-richard-linklater-1235124209/ |access-date=May 20, 2025 |website=[[IndieWire]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 17, 2025 |title='Nouvelle Vague' Review: Richard Linklater's Enjoyable Deep Dive Celebrates How Godard's 'Breathless' Came to Life |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/nouvelle-vague-review-richard-linklater-godard-breathless-1236220222/ |access-date=May 20, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Pete Hammond na ''Deadline Hollywood'' ya bayyana ta a matsayin "mai kyau", ya ƙara da cewa, "Deutch ta yi fice musamman a matsayin Seberg. Babu lokacin da na yi tunanin ina kallon wani sai Seberg." <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 17, 2025 |title='Nouvelle Vague' Review: Richard Linklater's Splendid Love Letter To French New Wave And Godard Will Make You Fall In Love With Movies All Over Again – Cannes Film Festival |url=https://deadline.com/2025/05/nouvelle-vague-review-richard-linklater-cannes-1236402145/ |access-date=May 20, 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Saboda rawar, ta sami damar shiga gasar Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Performance kuma wallafe-wallafe da dama, ciki har da ''Variety'', sun yi imanin cewa ta cancanci a zaɓe ta a matsayin Best Supporting Actress a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na 98th Academy Awards, kodayake babu wani zaɓen da ya faru. ''[[Time (magazine)|Lokaci]]'' ya haɗa da wasan kwaikwayon a cikin zaɓin mafi kyawun fim na 2025 a cikin fim . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stephanie Zacharek |date=December 11, 2025 |title=The 10 Best Movie Performances of 2025 |url=https://time.com/7333830/best-movie-performances-2025/ |access-date=December 18, 2025 |archive-date=December 12, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212034542/https://time.com/7333830/best-movie-performances-2025/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fim ɗin Deutch na uku kuma na ƙarshe a shekarar 2025 shine fim ɗin ban sha'awa na Dystopian ''Anniversary'', inda ta fito a fim ɗin Diane Lane, Kyle Chandler, Madeline Brewer, Phoebe Dynevor, Mckenna Grace, Sky Yang, da [[Dylan O'Brien]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiseman |first=Andreas |date=May 12, 2023 |title=Diane Lane, Kyle Chandler, Madeline Brewer, Zoey Deutch, Phoebe Dynevor, Mckenna Grace & Daryl McCormack Lead Thriller ''Anniversary'' For Lionsgate & Fifth Season — Cannes Market |url=https://deadline.com/2023/05/phoebe-dynevor-madeline-brewer-zoey-deutch-mckenna-grace-movie-anniversary-1235365408/ |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2026, Deutch ta fito a cikin ''fim ɗin Gail Daughtry da Celebrity Sex Pass'', wani fim mai ban dariya da David Wain ya shirya wanda ke ba da umarni ga al'adun Hollywood, inda masu suka suka lura da rawar da ta taka a barkwancinta mai kuzari a matsayin abin da ke nuna motsin rai na salon wauta na fim ɗin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Taylor |date=5 July 2026 |title=‘Gail Daughtry and the Celebrity Sex Pass’ Review: An Unlikely ‘Wizard of Oz’ Parody |url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/gail-daughtry-and-the-celebrity-sex-pass-review-zoey-deutch/ |publisher=Slant Magazine}}</ref> Ta kuma jagoranci barkwancin soyayya na Netflix ''Voicemails ga Isabelle'', tare da Nick Robinson, inda aka yaba mata sosai saboda zurfin motsin zuciyarta da rauninta, inda masu sharhi suka nuna yadda ta daidaita barkwanci da baƙin ciki a cikin rawar da ta zama muhimmiyar rawa ga babban nasarar da fim ɗin ya samu a yaɗa shi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cunnane |first=Charlotte Jane |date=29 June 2026 |title=Voicemails for Isabelle: The True Story Behind the New Netflix Rom-Com Everyone Is Watching This Summer |url=https://www.elle.com/culture/movies-tv/a71773051/voicemails-for-isabelle-the-true-story-behind-the-new-netflix-rom-com-everyone-is-watching-this-summer/ |publisher=Elle}}</ref> == Sauran aiki == Deutch tare da Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Rodrigo Santoro da Vince Vaughn sun yi karatun kai tsaye na zaɓaɓɓun wurare daga rubuce-rubuce biyar masu nasara na 2017 a gabatarwar kyaututtukan rubuce-rubuce na Academy Nicholl Fellowships na 2017 da kuma karanta kai tsaye. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 23, 2017 |title=Zoey Deutch, Gugu mbatha-raw, Rodrigo Santoro and Vince Vaughn to perform at Academy Nicholl fellowships live read |url=http://www.oscars.org/news/zoey-deutch-gugu-mbatha-raw-rodrigo-santoro-and-vince-vaughn-perform-academy-nicholl |publisher=Oscars.org}}</ref> Ta kuma shiga a matsayin mai gabatarwa a bikin bayar da kyaututtukan fina-finai na 2018 na Film Independent Spirit Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 8, 2018 |title=This just in: The 2018 Spirit Awards to Stream Live on Facebook Watch! |url=https://www.filmindependent.org/blog/just-2018-spirit-awards-stream-live-facebook-watch/ |publisher=Film Independent Org}}</ref> Ta sake shiga dandamali a matsayin mai masaukin baki don maraba da wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar agaji mai zaman kanta , Vital Voices, [[Hillary Clinton]] a bikin bayar da kyaututtukan jagoranci na duniya na 2018. Ta shiga a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masu jawabi a taron "Embrace Ambition Summit" na farko da aka gudanar a Lincoln Center da ke New York. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 20, 2018 |title=You Can Watch The Tory Burch Foundation's #EmbraceAmbition Summit Here |url=https://www.refinery29.com/tory-burch-foundation-ambition-summit |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Refinery29}}</ref> In 2018, Deutch was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) in the actors branch.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Matt |date=June 25, 2018 |title=The Academy Continues to Diversify by Inviting 928 Members including Tiffany Haddish, Mindy Kaling, and More |url=https://collider.com/academy-new-members-2018-full-list/#invitees |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Collider}}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyin fafutuka == Deutch ta goyi bayan Planned Parenthood <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cusumano |first=Katherine |date=October 7, 2015 |title=Why Zoey Deutch Supports Planned Parenthood & Isn't Afraid To Tell The World |url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/115481-why-zoey-deutch-supports-planned-parenthood-isnt-afraid-to-tell-the-world |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Bustle}}</ref> kuma ta kasance wani ɓangare na taron gangamin tare da masu fafutukar zaɓe da shugabanni masu goyon bayan zaɓe, suna bikin cika shekaru 45 na ''Roe v. Wade'' a Sacramento, [[California]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Luna |first=Taryn |date=January 22, 2018 |title=45 years after Roe v. Wade, White House threatens landmark abortion ruling |url=https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article195706209.html |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=The Sacramento Bee}}</ref> Ta yi wasa don amfanin Ƙungiyar Alzheimer da kuma "What a ma'aurata!" Org tare da mahaifiyarta Lea Thompson da 'yar'uwarta Madelyn Deutch . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mata |first=Hector |date=March 6, 2008 |title=Stars break out in song to honor David E. Kelley's Alzheimer's portrayal |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/people/2008-03-06-sardis_N.htm |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=USA Today}}</ref> Tare da iyalinta, ta yi aiki fiye da shekaru goma tare da Corazón de Vida, wanda ke tallafawa gidajen marayu a Baja California, Mexico . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Eric |date=June 15, 2017 |title=Zoey Deutch Isn't Afraid to Mix Politics with Performance |url=http://www.instyle.com/celebrity/zoey-deutch-interview |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709151339/https://www.instyle.com/celebrity/zoey-deutch-interview |archive-date=July 9, 2019 |access-date=June 18, 2017 |website=InStyle}}</ref> Ta halarci taron mata na 2017 Maris, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Elizabeth |first=De |date=March 2, 2017 |title=Zoey Deutch on Celebrity Activism and Her New Film 'Before I Fall' |url=http://www.teenvogue.com/story/zoey-deutch-interview-celebrity-activism-before-i-fall-movie |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Teen Vogue}}</ref> kuma ta dawo a [[Maris na Mata na 2018|2018.]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 22, 2018 |title=Women's March Los Angeles Brings Out Over 700K Attendees |url=https://www.looktothestars.org/news/17528-womens-march-los-angeles-brings-out-over-700k-attendees |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Look to the Stars}}</ref> Ita ma tana cikin kamfen ɗin ''Embrace Ambition'' na Gidauniyar Tory Burch . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Embrace Ambition; Tory Burch Foundation |url=http://www.toryburchfoundation.org/embraceambition/ |website=Tory Burch Foundation |publisher=[[Tory Burch Foundation]]}}</ref> Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin jakadun shahararru a taron siyayya na shekara-shekara na bakwai na "Shop for Success" wanda ke tallafawa ƙoƙarin Dress For Success . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tschorn |first=Adam |date=November 27, 2017 |title=Chrissy Metz, Minnie Driver, Zoey Deutch named celebrity ambassadors for Nov. 30 charity shopping event |url=https://www.latimes.com/fashion/la-ig-shop-for-success-20171127-story.html |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> Ta kuma nuna goyon bayanta ga ƙungiyar hana cin zarafin mata ta Time's Up . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Persio |first=Sofia Lotto |date=January 2, 2018 |title=Wear Black, speak up: Hollywood Women unite to fight sexism with Time's Up movement |url=http://www.newsweek.com/wear-black-speak-hollywood-women-unite-fight-harassment-times-movement-fund-767853 |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Newsweek}}</ref> Ta kasance cikin ƙungiyoyin tara kuɗi da dama don ayyukan agaji da kuma tallafawa dalilai daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 5, 2018 |title=Stars Come Out For 16th Annual MPTF Night Before Party |url=https://www.looktothestars.org/news/17661-stars-come-out-for-16th-annual-mptf-night-before-party |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Look to the Stars}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 19, 2016 |title=Stars Attend MPTF's 10th Annual Evening Before Event |url=https://www.looktothestars.org/news/15771-stars-attend-mptfs-10th-annual-evening-before-event |website=Look to the Stars}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 9, 2017 |title=Stars Attend City Year Los Angeles Spring Break: Destination Education |url=https://www.looktothestars.org/news/16626-stars-attend-city-year-los-angeles-spring-break-destination-education |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Look to the stars}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 6, 2014 |title=Star-Studded 21st Annual Race To Erase MS Raises Over $1.75 Million |url=https://www.looktothestars.org/news/11949-star-studded-21st-annual-race-to-erase-ms-raises-over-175-million |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Look to the Stars}}</ref> Deutch ta ce ta ji "kunyar" yadda gwamnatin Amurka ke tafiyar da ICE kuma ta bayyana ayyukanta a matsayin "mummunan aiki," yayin da take sanye da abin rufe fuska na "ICE Out" a bikin fina-finai na Sundance na 2026 da kuma nuna goyon baya ga al'ummomin Minnesota da abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan da suka shafi tilasta aiwatar da shige da fice na tarayya suka shafa, ciki har da Killing of Renée Good . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharf |first=Zack |date=26 January 2026 |title=Zoey Deutch: ‘I Feel So Ashamed to Be an American Seeing How Our Government Is Handling’ ICE Brutality |url=https://au.variety.com/2026/film/news/zoey-deutch-ice-ashamed-to-be-american-sundance-32286/ |publisher=Variety Australia}}</ref> === Ra'ayoyi kan Isra'ila === Deutch ta fara ziyartar [[Isra'ila]] a shekarar 2013 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin "Muryoyin Amurka a Isra'ila", tana tafiya tare da iyayenta, 'yar uwarta, da sauran 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin tafiyar ta tsawon mako guda, ta ziyarci [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]], Masada, Yad Vashem, [[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]], Tekun Matattu, Wurin Gina Giya na Golan Heights a Golan Heights, da kuma kudancin Isra'ila, gami da yankin kan iyakar [[Zirin Gaza|Gaza]] . Ta bayyana 'yan Isra'ila a matsayin mutanen da ke "ƙona kyandirori kuma suna cin alewarsu," suna nuna godiyarsu ga rayuwa a wannan lokacin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Steinberg |first=Jessica |date=6 October 2013 |title=‘Dexter,’ ‘Switched at Birth’ & ‘Vampire Academy’ stars tour |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/dexter-switched-at-birth-vampire-academy-stars-tour/ |publisher=The Times of Israel}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2013 |title=American TV stars become friends of Israel |url=https://www.jpost.com/lifestyle/american-tv-stars-become-friends-of-israel-327987 |publisher=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2026, ta fuskanci kiran kauracewa ta yanar gizo kan wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Netflix ''Muryoyin Isabelle'' bayan da sakonnin Instagram na baya-bayan nan suka sake bayyana inda ta nuna goyon baya ga Isra'ila a lokacin rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinawa . Rubuce-rubucen sun yi jayayya cewa Isra'ila ba ta aiwatar da [[Tsabtace kabilanci|tsarkake kabilanci]] ba, ta bayyana ta a matsayin ƙasa mai bambancin ƙabila, kuma ta yi watsi da kwatantawa da Afirka ta Kudu a zamanin wariyar launin fata . Ta kuma ba da shawarar cewa ƙasashen Larabawa maƙwabta su raba alhakin halin da Falasdinawa ke ciki, sannan ta yi nuni da korar al'ummomin Yahudawa daga ƙasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka bayan ƙirƙirar Isra'ila . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gayle S. Miguel |first=Jazzmine |date=29 June 2026 |title=Zoey Deutch Faces Fresh Boycott Calls Over Resurfaced Israel Comments After New Film Release |url=https://www.fashiontimes.co.uk/zoey-deutch-backlash-israel-palestine-comments-1760660 |publisher=Fashion Times}}</ref> == A cikin kafofin watsa labarai == [[Fayil:Zoey_Deutch_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg|thumb|Deutsch a bikin CinemaCon na 2026 a Las Vegas.]] Deutch ta kasance a shafin mujallar ''Justine'' na watan Fabrairun 2013, fitowar mujallar ''Miabella'' ta watan Afrilun 2013, fitowar mujallar ''Afterglow'' ta watan Disamban 2013, fitowar mujallar ''Bello'' ta watan Maris na 2014, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bello Mag Spring fashion issue with Zoey Deutch now available |url=http://www.bellomag.com/bello-mag-spring-fashion-issue-with-zoe-deutch-now-available-orange-is-the-new-black-samira-wiley-the-originals-claire-holt-daniel-gillies-the-tomorrow-people-alexa-panavega-s/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709065159/http://www.bellomag.com/bello-mag-spring-fashion-issue-with-zoe-deutch-now-available-orange-is-the-new-black-samira-wiley-the-originals-claire-holt-daniel-gillies-the-tomorrow-people-alexa-panavega-s/ |archive-date=July 9, 2018 |access-date=January 23, 2017 |publisher=bellomag.com}}</ref> fitowar mujallar ''Flaunt'' ta watan Yunin 2015, fitowar mujallar ''Cosmopolitan'' ta Amurka ta watan Fabrairun 2016, <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2016 |title=Zoey Deutch Poses in Red-hot Looks for Cosmopolitan |url=http://www.fashiongonerogue.com/zoey-deutch-hot-cosmopolitan-2016/ |publisher=fashiongonerogue.com}}</ref> fitowar mujallar <nowiki><i id="mwA2g">Rogue</i></nowiki> ta bazara ta 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2016 |title=Zoey Deutch on rogue |url=http://www.theroguemag.com/features/zoeydeutch |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513085220/http://www.theroguemag.com/features/zoeydeutch |archive-date=May 13, 2019 |access-date=January 23, 2017 |publisher=theroguemag.com}}</ref> Ta bayyana a shafin mujallar ''Harper ta watan Satumban 2016 ta Harper's Bazaar'' kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin editan baƙo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 11, 2016 |title=Introducing Zoey Deutch For Harper by Harper's Bazaar |url=http://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/features/a16919/zoey-deutch-harper-cover/ |publisher=harpersbazaar.com}}</ref> Ta yi misali da fitowar Maris 2013 ta ''Hira'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobs |first=Mark |date=January 31, 2013 |title=Zoey Deutch |url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/film/zoey-deutch/ |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Interview}}</ref> fitowar Disamba 2016 ta Allure <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adams Martinez |first=Patty |date=December 22, 2016 |title=Zoey Deutch Talks Travel Beauty and Hair Fails |url=http://www.allure.com/story/zoey-deutch-travel-beauty-and-hair-fails |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Allure}}</ref> kuma ta yi fim ɗin fina-finai na Fabrairu 2014 na mujallar <nowiki><i id="mwA4A">Seventeen</i></nowiki> da ''InStyle'', fitowar Disamba 2015 ta ''Nylon'', <ref name="nylon"/> fitowar Janairu 2016 da Afrilu 2017 ta ''W Magazine'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lawrence |first=Vanessa |date=January 18, 2016 |title=Zoey Deutch: Wild Rose |url=http://www.wmagazine.com/story/zoey-deutch-wild-rose |access-date=April 5, 2017 |website=W Magazine}}</ref> fitowar Maris 2017 ta ''Vanity Fair Italia'', fitowar Afrilu 2017 ta ''Vogue Russia'' da ''Vogue Turkey'', fitowar Mayu 2017 ta ''Vanity Fair Spain'', fitowar Yuli 2017 ta ''Marie Claire Indonesia'', fitowar bazara 2017 ta mujallar ''Wonderland'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 14, 2017 |title=Zoey Deutch: The actor-cum-activist getting educated |url=https://www.wonderlandmagazine.com/2017/07/14/zoey-deutch/ |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Wonderland Magazine}}</ref> da kuma ɗaukar fim ɗin kamfen na bazara ga Tory Burch LLC . <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 24, 2017 |title=Your Ultimate Girl Crushes Talk Summer Fashion and the Perfect Tunic |url=http://www.instyle.com/fashion/clothing/tory-burch-tunic-margaret-zhang-zoey-deutch?iid=sr-link9 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709094510/https://www.instyle.com/fashion/clothing/tory-burch-tunic-margaret-zhang-zoey-deutch?iid=sr-link9 |archive-date=July 9, 2018 |access-date=May 29, 2017 |website=InStyle}}</ref> Ta kasance a cikin murfin mujallar ''C California Style Magazine'' ta watan Afrilun 2017 <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 13, 2017 |title=Zoey Deutch Celebrates C Magazine Cover in Malibu |url=http://wwd.com/eye/parties/zoey-deutch-c-magazine-cover-party-malibu-10866812/ |publisher=WWD}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zoey Deutch on Valley Diners, Growing Up in Hollywood and Why "Ambition" is a Dirty Word |url=https://magazinec.com/fashion/zoey-deutch-on-valley-diners-growing-up-in-hollywood-and-why-ambition-is-a-dirty-word |access-date=January 15, 2018 |publisher=C Magazine}}</ref> sannan kuma tana cikin ''Marie Claire'' 's Fresh Faces 2017 kuma ɗaya daga cikin taurarin mujallar ta watan Mayun 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sessums |first=Kevin |date=April 10, 2017 |title=Marie Claire: Meet Our 2017 Fresh Faces |url=http://www.marieclaire.com/celebrity/a26335/fresh-faces-2017/ |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Marie Claire}}</ref> Ta kasance a cikin murfin mujallar ''The Edit'' ta shekara-shekara ta Women Of Hollywood a watan Mayun 2017, <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 25, 2017 |title=Cover Story: From exciting new actors to the women directing and producing 2017's biggest films: meet the Hollywood talents everyone's talking about this year |url=https://www.net-a-porter.com/magazine/403/13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818011835/https://www.net-a-porter.com/magazine/403/13 |archive-date=August 18, 2017 |access-date=May 29, 2017 |website=Net-A-Porter}}</ref> Bazara/Bazara 2017 fitowa ta 07 ta ''Tidal Magazine'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tidal Magazine Issue 07 |url=http://www.tidal-mag.com/magazine/issue/issue-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516153216/http://www.tidal-mag.com/magazine/issue/issue-07 |archive-date=May 16, 2019 |access-date=January 31, 2018 |website=Tidal Magazine}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Girl On The Verge |url=http://www.tidal-mag.com/magazine/girl-on-the-verge |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521183832/http://www.tidal-mag.com/magazine/girl-on-the-verge |archive-date=May 21, 2020 |access-date=January 31, 2018 |publisher=Tidal Magazine}}</ref> da kuma a bugun mujallar ''New York Post Alexa'' ta watan Fabrairun 2018. Ta kasance tauraruwar mujallar ''Ocean Drive'' ta watan Mayun 2018, ''Capitol File Magazine'', da mujallar ''Los Angeles Confidential'' . <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=OceanDriveMag|date=May 1, 2018|title=Ocean Drive Mag on Twitter 'Star on the rise, total knockout, and now our May/June cover star Zoey Deutch gets candid about her upcoming roles and growing up in the business'|access-date=December 29, 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2018 |title=Zoey Deutch talks growing up in Hollywood & her new indie film 'Flower' |url=https://capitolfile-magazine.com/zoey-deutch-talks-hollywood-and-her-new-film |website=Capitol File Magazine}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2018 |title=Zoey Deutch is taking Hollywood by storm |url=https://la-confidential-magazine.com/zoey-deutch-is-taking-hollywood-by-storm |website=Los Angeles Confidential Magazine}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, ta fito a karon farko a yakin neman zabe na bidiyo da hotuna a duniya, ''#MeAndMyPeekaboo'' ta gidan kayan kwalliya na Italiya Fendi . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Back |first=Grace |date=August 28, 2020 |title=Zoey Deutch Shows Off Her Authentic Self As The New Face Of Fendi's Peekaboo ISeeU |url=https://www.marieclaire.com.au/fendi-peekaboo-iseeu-zoey-deutch |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Marie Claire}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zargani |first=Luisa |date=July 28, 2020 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Fendi Works With Chloe x Halle, Zoey Deutch on Campaigns |url=https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/exclusive-fendi-works-with-chloe-x-halle-zoey-deutch-on-campaigns-1203687953/ |access-date=August 1, 2020 |website=Woman's Wear Daily}}</ref> Ana yawan saka ta a cikin jerin mafi kyawun sutura saboda bayyanarta daban-daban <ref>{{Cite web |title=Met Gala 2017: Best Dressed Stars |url=http://www.eonline.com/photos/20766/met-gala-2017-best-dressed-stars/759427 |access-date=October 10, 2017 |website=E! News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Carreon |first=Blue |date=May 2, 2016 |title=Met Gala 2016 Best Dressed: See the Most Beautiful Looks from the 2016 Met Gala Red Carpet |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/bluecarreon/2016/05/02/the-best-looks-from-the-2016-met-gala-red-carpet/ |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Forbes}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 23, 2016 |title=The best red carpet moments of 2016 - from the stylists who created them |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/people/best-red-carpet-moments-2016-stylists-created/zoey-deutch/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/people/best-red-carpet-moments-2016-stylists-created/zoey-deutch/ |archive-date=January 12, 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chang |first=Mahalia |date=June 29, 2018 |title=21 Reasons Why You Should Have Zoey Deutch On Your Style-Radar |url=https://www.elle.com.au/fashion/zoey-deutch-style-10719 |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Elle}}</ref> kuma ana ganinta a sahun gaba na Makon Salon Milan, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Petrarca |first=Emilia |date=September 28, 2016 |title=This Is What the New Front Row Looks Like: Millennial Scions Take Over Fashion Month |url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/the-state-of-the-millennial-fashion-union-forget-bloggers-its-young-scions-who-are-dominating-the-front-row |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=W Magazine}}</ref> Makon Salon Paris, [[Diane von Fürstenberg|Diane von Furstenberg]], Cushnie et Ochs, DKNY, <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 10, 2014 |title=Wardrobe Watch: Zoey Deutch |url=https://www.popsugar.com.au/fashion/Zoey-Deutch-from-Vampire-Academy-Style-Pictures-34310830#photo-34310969 |website=PopSugar Australia}}</ref> Makon Salon New York, <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 12, 2018 |title=New York Fashion Week: le celeb in prima fila alle sfilate |trans-title=New York Fashion Week: the celebs in the front row at the fashion shows |url=http://www.grazia.it/moda/celebrity-style/vip-new-york-sfilate-olivia-palermo-cardi-b |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Grazia Italy |language=it}}</ref> Nunin Fendi na Haute Couture . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Breslin |first=Yale |date=November 19, 2019 |title=Zoey Deutch is Hollywood's New Royal |url=https://www.lofficielusa.com/film-tv/zoey-deutch-politician-zombieland-fendi-couture |access-date=August 1, 2020 |website=L'Officiel}}</ref> A cikin 2013, ''Glamour'' ta haɗa ta cikin jerin "Hollywood's Next Big Things". <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 5, 2013 |title=Meet Hollywood's Next Big Things: Kat Graham, Willa Holland, Ashley Madekwe, and More |url=http://www.glamour.com/gallery/hollywoods-next-big-things-kat-graham-willa-holland-ashley-madekwe#12 |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Glamour}}</ref> Deutch yana cikin [[Yahoo!]] Breakout Stars na shekarar 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Warner |first=Kara |date=January 3, 2014 |title=15 Breakout Stars to Watch for in 2014 |url=https://www.yahoo.com/movies/bp/15-breakout-stars-watch-2014-213625337.html |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Yahoo!}}</ref> A cikin 2014, ''Vanity Fair'' ta saka ta cikin "Hollywood's Next Wave Lineup". A cikin wannan shekarar, ''Variety'' ta kuma haɗa ta cikin jerin " It' Girls (And Boys): Young Hollywood's Rising Stars". <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 7, 2014 |title='It' Girls (And Boys): Young Hollywood's Rising Stars |url=https://variety.com/gallery/ansel-elgort-shailene-woodley-fault-in-our-stars/#!6/zoey-deutch/ |access-date=July 26, 2017 |website=Variety}}</ref> ''Jaridar Hollywood Reporter'' ta saka ta cikin jerin "Next Gen Talent 2016: Hollywood's Rising Stars 35 and Under". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sandberg |first=Bryan Elise |date=November 9, 2016 |title=Next Gen Talent 2016: Hollywood's Rising Stars 35 and Under |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/next-gen-talent-2016-hollywoods-up-coming-actors-35-under-945056/item/tony-revolori-20-next-gen-talent-2016-945088 |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> ''Harper's Bazaar'' ya bayyana ta a matsayin "ta zama 'yar wasa mafi daraja a Hollywood cikin sauri". A shekarar 2017, ''GQ'' na Burtaniya ya bayyana ta a matsayin "sabon shiga Hollywood mafi zafi" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Naughton |first=John |author-link=John Naughton |date=January 5, 2017 |title=Zoey Deutch: Hollywood's hottest newcomer |url=http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/zoey-deutch-movies-fansite-snapchat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412061722/http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/zoey-deutch-movies-fansite-snapchat |archive-date=April 12, 2017 |access-date=April 11, 2017 |website=British GQ}}</ref> kuma ''Grazia Italiya'' ta bayyana ta a matsayin alamar "sabon ƙarni na masu fafutukar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo". <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 21, 2017 |title=Zoey Deutch: "Nessuno può fermarmi" |url=http://www.grazia.it/stile-di-vita/interviste/zoey-deutch-film-instagram-ed-sheeran-prima-di-domani |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=Grazia Italy |language=it}}</ref> A cikin wani bincike da aka gudanar a ''Indie Wire'' a shekarar 2018, an saka ta cikin "Mafi kyawun 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka 'Yan ƙasa da 30". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ehrlich |first=David |date=July 2, 2018 |title=The Best American Actors Under 30 — IndieWire Critics Survey |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2018/07/best-american-actors-under-30-1201980482/ |access-date=August 12, 2018 |website=IndieWire}}</ref> An saka ta a cikin aji na ' Forbes 30 ' 'Yan ƙasa da 30 ' na 2020 a fannin Hollywood da nishaɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Forbes 30 under 30 class of 2020 honorees |url=https://www.forbes.com/30-under-30/2020/hollywood-entertainment/#f18c3ec8d0ce |access-date=February 16, 2020 |website=Forbes}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Jamusawa sun sha fama da [[Anxiety|damuwa]] tun suna ƙanana. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nied |first=Jennifer |date=October 8, 2019 |title='The Politician's' Zoey Deutch Says She's Experienced Anxiety Since Birth |url=https://www.womenshealthmag.com/health/a29400087/zoey-deutch-reveals-anxiety/ |access-date=June 4, 2026 |website=Women's Health}}</ref> Ta fuskanci cin zarafi a lokacin makarantar sakandare, tana mai cewa suna da "mummunan abu," amma hakan ya koya mata tausayi . Ta kuma bayyana dangantakarta da [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|shafukan sada zumunta]] a matsayin "mai rikitarwa," tana mai yarda cewa tana sha'awar hakan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Ashley |date=March 3, 2017 |title=Zoey Deutch Talks Bullying, ‘Before I Fall’ and Embracing Ambition (Q&A) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/zoey-deutch-talks-bullying-before-i-fall-embracing-ambition-q-a-981994/ |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> A shekarar 2012, Deutch ya fara soyayya da jarumin ƙasar Kanada Avan Jogia . A watan Janairun 2017, sun kawo ƙarshen dangantakarsu. Tun daga shekarar 2021, Deutch yana da alaƙa da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma ɗan barkwanci Jimmy Tatro . Sun sanar da aurensu a watan Satumba na 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Longhetti |first=Chloe Lee |date=September 29, 2025 |title=Zoey Deutch announces her engagement and reveals she's secretly been engaged for months: 'Love of my life' |url=https://celebrity.nine.com.au/latest/zoey-deutch-engaged-jimmy-tatro-secret-engagement/c4611cca-d0cc-4b83-b0ce-c80d00f0eea9 |access-date=September 29, 2025 |website=Nine}}</ref> == Fim ɗin fim == === Fim === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Role ! class="unsortable" |Notes |- |2011 |''Mayor Cupcake'' |Lana Maroni | |- |2012 |''{{Sortname|The|Amazing Spider-Man}}'' |Gossip Girl |Deleted scene |- |2013 |''Beautiful Creatures'' |Emily Asher | |- |2014 |''Vampire Academy'' |Rosemarie "Rose" Hathaway | |- | rowspan="6" |2016 |''Of Dogs and Men'' |Lily |Short film |- |''Dirty Grandpa'' |Shadia | |- |''Everybody Wants Some!!'' |Beverly | |- |''Vincent N Roxxy'' |Kate | |- |''Good Kids'' |Nora Sullivan | |- |''Why Him?'' |Stephanie Fleming | |- | rowspan="5" |2017 |''Before I Fall'' |Samantha Kingston | |- |''Rebel in the Rye'' |Oona O'Neill | |- |''{{Sortname|The|Disaster Artist}}'' |Bobbi | |- |''Flower'' |Erica Vandross | |- |''{{Sortname|The|Year of Spectacular Men}}'' |Sabrina Klein |Also producer |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |''Set It Up'' |Harper Moore | |- |''{{Sortname|The|Professor}}'' |Claire | |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''Buffaloed'' |Peg Dahl |Also producer |- |''Zombieland: Double Tap'' |Madison | |- |2020 |''Ben Platt Live from Radio City Music Hall'' |Herself | |- | rowspan="3" |2022 |''{{Sortname|The|Outfit}}'' |Mable Shaun | |- |''Not Okay'' |Danni Sanders | rowspan="2" |Also executive producer |- |''Something from Tiffany's'' |Rachel Meyer |- |2024 |''Juror #2'' |Allison "Ally" Crewson | |- | rowspan="3" |2025 |''The Threesome'' |Olivia |Also executive producer<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saito |first=Stephen |date=March 9, 2025 |title='The Threesome' Review: Charming Rom-Com Chases Something More as Zoey Deutch Irons Out an Awkward Situation |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/reviews/the-threesome-review-1236331862/ |access-date=May 6, 2025 |website=Variety}}</ref> |- |''Nouvelle Vague'' |Jean Seberg | |- |''Anniversary'' |Cynthia | |- | rowspan="3" |2026 |''Gail Daughtry and the Celebrity Sex Pass'' |Gail Daughtry |also executive producer |- |''Voicemails for Isabelle'' |Jill Shaw | |- |''Minions &amp;amp; Monsters'' |Debbie (voice) | |- |2027 |''The 99'ers'' |Marla Messing |Post-production |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara ! Lakabi ! Matsayin ! class="unsortable" | Bayanan kula |- | 2010–2011 | ''{{Sortname|The|Suite Life on Deck}}'' | Maya Bennett | Maimaita rawar da ta taka; shirye-shirye 7 |- | rowspan="3" | 2011 | ''NCIS'' | Lauren | Kashi na: " Maki ɗaya na Ƙarshe " |- | ''Hankalin Masu Laifi: Halayyar Masu Zargi'' | Yarinya Mai Shuɗi Mai Laushi / Kristi Anna | Kashi na: "Yarinyar da ke sanye da abin rufe fuska mai shudi" |- | ''Hallelujah'' | Willow Turner | Matukin jirgin saman [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] na Unaired |- | 2011–2012 | ''Mai Ringer'' | Juliet Martin | Maimaita rawar da ta taka; shirye-shirye 18 |- | 2013 | ''An canza a lokacin Haihuwa'' | Elisa Sawyer | Shirye-shirye 2 |- | 2014 | ''A ƙarƙashin Gunn'' | Kanta / Alkalin Baƙo | Kashi na: "Mai Jin Daɗin Da Ba A Yi Ba A Zamaninsa Ba" <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 10, 2014 |title=Under The Gunn mentors and judges revealed for 15 rising designers |url=http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/news/a542934/under-the-gunn-mentors-and-judges-revealed-for-15-rising-designers/ |publisher=digitalspy.com}}</ref> |- | 2019–2020 | ''{{Sortname|The|Politician}}'' | Infinity Jackson | Babban rawar da ya taka |- | 2020 | ''Fim ɗin Gida: Amaryar Gimbiya'' | Gimbiya Buttercup / Fezzik | Kashi na: "Babi na Goma: Zuwa ga Zafi!" |- | 2021 | ''Fairfax'' | Lily (murya) | Matsayin baƙo <ref>{{Cite web |last=Valerie Complex |date=October 12, 2021 |title='Fairfax' Trailer: Amazon Original Comedy Series Looks At Sneaker Culture |url=https://deadline.com/video/fairfax-trailer-amazon-comedy-series/ |access-date=October 15, 2021 |website=Deadline}}</ref> |- | 2026 | ''Wanda ba zai iya cin nasara ba'' | Zoe Thompson / Jaket ɗin Tech (murya) | Matsayin da ke maimaitawa |- |} === Gidan wasan kwaikwayo === {| class="wikitable unsortable" !Shekara ! Lakabi ! Matsayin ! Wuri ! class="unsortable" | Ref. |- | 2024–2025 | ''Garinmu'' | Emily Webb | Ethel Barrymore Theatre, Broadway | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Town (Broadway, 2024) |url=https://playbill.com/production/our-town-broadway-ethel-barrymore-theatre-2024 |access-date=September 22, 2024 |website=Playbill}}</ref> |- |} === Bidiyon kiɗa === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Lakabi ! Mai zane ! Matsayin ! scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | 2014 | "Opium" | Sabuwar Sashe | rowspan="3" {{N/a}}| rowspan="3" {{N/a}} |- | 2017 | " Cikakke " | [[Ed Sheeran]] |- | 2021 | " Kowane mutum " | Justin Bieber |- | rowspan="2" | 2026 | "Yi min daidai" | Mista Fantasy | rowspan="2" | Kanta | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mr. Fantasy – Do Me Right (Official Video) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KN5WjkpQTTQ |access-date=May 1, 2026 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |- | " Lokacin Rayuwata " | Ƙungiyar Mawakan Dad Jam ta Tsakiya | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 24, 2026 |title=Middle Aged Dad Jam Band and Zoey Deutch – The Time of My Life |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMBKZG6eAIw |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- |} == Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" ! scope="col" |Award ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Category ! scope="col" |Nominated work ! scope="col" |Result ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- ! scope="row" |Astra Film Awards |2026 |Virtuoso Award | {{N/a|{{emdash}}}} | {{Won|Honored}} |- ! scope="row" |British Independent Film Awards |2022 |Best Supporting Performance |''The Outfit'' | {{Nom}} | |- ! scope="row" |Broadway.com Audience Choice Awards |2025 |Favorite Featured Actress in a Play |Our Town | {{Won}} | |- ! scope="row" |Dallas International Film Festival |2017 |Diff Shining Star Award | {{N/a|{{emdash}}}} | {{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 7, 2017 |title=Dallas International Film Festival 2017; DIFF 2017 Special Honorees |url=http://diff2017.dallasfilm.org/fest-info/festival-awards/diff-2017-dallas-star-awards/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408171540/http://diff2017.dallasfilm.org/fest-info/festival-awards/diff-2017-dallas-star-awards/ |archive-date=April 8, 2017 |access-date=April 8, 2017 |website=Dallas Film}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |<nowiki><i id="mwBhw">Fangoria</i></nowiki> Chainsaw Awards |2020 |Best Supporting Actress |''Zombieland: Double Tap'' | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="fangoria"/> |- ! scope="row" |Hollywood Critics Association |2020 |Next Generation of Hollywood | {{N/a|{{emdash}}}} | {{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 9, 2020 |title=1917' Wins Best Picture at 3rd Annual Hollywood Critics Association Awards |url=https://variety.com/2020/scene/awards/1917-best-picture-hollywood-critics-association-awards-joaquin-phoenix-lupita-nyongo-1203462463/ |access-date=February 20, 2020 |website=Variety}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |Independent Spirit Awards |2026 |Best Supporting Performance |''Nouvelle Vague'' | {{Nom}} | |- ! scope="row" |Ischia Global Film and Music Festival |2019 |Ischia Actress of the Year | {{N/a|{{emdash}}}} | {{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Castagna |first=Gianluca |date=July 14, 2019 |title=Ischia Global, sull'isola del cinema parte da stasera il Festival dell'estate |url=https://www.ilgolfo24.it/ischia-global-sullisola-del-cinema-parte-da-stasera-il-festival-dellestate/ |access-date=July 15, 2019 |website=Il Golfo 24}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |Mill Valley Film Festival |2025 |Acting |''Nouvelle Vague'' | {{Won}} | |- ! scope="row" |Napa Valley Film Festival |2016 |Chandon Rising Star | rowspan=2 {{N/a|{{emdash}}}} | {{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cavassuto |first=Maria |date=August 25, 2016 |title=Chloe Grace Moretz, Zoey Deutch, Glen Powell to Be Honored at Napa Valley Film Festival |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/chloe-grace-moretz-zoey-deutch-glen-powell-napa-valley-film-festival-1201844813/ |access-date=March 29, 2017 |website=Variety}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |SCAD Savannah Film Festival |2017 |Rising Star Award | {{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Brittini |date=October 25, 2017 |title=SCAD Savannah Film Fest honors Rising Star Zoey Deutch |url=https://www.dosavannah.com/article/wed-10252017-1744/scad-savannah-film-fest-honors-rising-star-zoey-deutch |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129231443/https://www.dosavannah.com/article/wed-10252017-1744/scad-savannah-film-fest-honors-rising-star-zoey-deutch |archive-date=November 29, 2020 |website=Do Savannah}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |Teen Choice Awards |2014 |Choice Movie Actress: Comedy |''Vampire Academy'' | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radloff |first=Jessica |date=August 8, 2014 |title=The Teen Choice Awards: Who's Performing, Who's Hosting, and Who's Attending This Sunday! |url=http://www.glamour.com/story/teen-choice-awards-performances |access-date=April 14, 2017 |website=Glamour}}</ref> |- |2017 |Choice Movie Actress: Drama |''Before I Fall'' | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ceron |first=Ella |date=June 19, 2017 |title=Teen Choice Awards 2017: See the First Wave of Nominations |url=http://www.teenvogue.com/story/teen-choice-awards-2017-nominees |access-date=June 19, 2017 |website=[[Teen Vogue]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |Women in Film Crystal + Lucy Awards |2017 |MAXMARA Face of the Future | {{N/a|{{emdash}}}} | {{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hardie Lupica |first=Lilith |date=February 23, 2017 |title=Zoey Deutch named Max Mara's 2017 Women In Film recipient |url=http://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/news/zoey+deutch+named+max+maras+2017+women+in+film+recipient,41962 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102020545/http://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/news/zoey+deutch+named+max+maras+2017+women+in+film+recipient,41962 |archive-date=January 2, 2018 |access-date=February 25, 2017 |website=Vogue Australia}}</ref> |- |} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} gdx5ju69k7d8xdz9gwztqqwjys9jdld 0 161427 894154 881732 2026-08-10T10:21:36Z Aisha SM 47788 894154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jerin sanannun mutane daga Kudancin Kaduna'''.'''Jerin sanannun mutane daga Kudancin Kaduna'''. * [[Rachel Bakam]] Sanya Sakin layi ** Rachel Bakam (1982-2021), 'yar jarida ** Beevan Magoni (kcgwiki), ɗan jarida, mai fafutuka , yar jarida * [[:kcg:Bivan Magoni|Beevan Magoni]] (kcgwiki), ɗan jarida, mai fafutuka == Sarakunan Shugabannin gargajiya == <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /> == Aikin soja daAyyukan soja da na soja Ayyukan soja da na sojana 'yan sanda == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /> == Malamai, Masana tattalin arziki da bankuna == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /> == Masana tattalin arziki da bankuna == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /> == Malaman Malamai == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /> == 'Yan siyasa'Yan siyasa == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /> == Kwararrun lauyoyi lauyoyi == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /> == Masu Masu fafutuka == == Masu shirya fina-finai da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo == == ' == == Masu kiɗa == == Kimiyya da fasaha == == Hotunan Adadin wasanni == == SaloFashi da kyakkyawa == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /> == Sauran == == Bayanan da aka ambata == 6bq1xamp468lhw3ut8pociqrw82e9wb 0 161459 893628 890052 2026-08-09T12:45:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893628 wikitext text/x-wiki Pacific Records Amurka ce, San Diego, California-tushen lakabin kiɗa wanda aka kafa a 2003 a matsayin mai zaman kansa rikodin rikodin da kuma mai wallafa kiɗa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pacific Records sounds like success |url=https://www.courant.com/pac-pacific-records-sounds-like-success-story.html |website=Hartford Courant }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pacific Records (27) |url=https://www.discogs.com/label/1392356-Pacific-Records-27 |website=Discogs}}</ref> Daga cikin labels da aka saki akwai albums na [[O-Town]], Slack Key Ohana da Guitar Legends talabijin na musamman. Shugaba [[Brian Witkin]], lauyan nishaɗi na San Diego, an dasa tsaba na Pacific Records a cikin 1999, tare da buɗe Real2Reel Records, da farko a gidan iyayensa kafin ya koma a watan Nuwamba 2004 zuwa shagon wanda ke cikin [[Music venue|Wurin kiɗa]] na dukan shekaru "The Epicentre" a unguwar Mira Mesa ta San Diego.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2021 |title=A Conversation, Questions, and Reviews &#124; San Diego Troubadour |url=https://sandiegotroubadour.com/17437-2/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Life in Indie-Rock World &#124; San Diego Reader |url=https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2005/jun/30/life-indie-rock-world/ |website=Sandiegoreader.com}}</ref> Shagon da farko ya fara sakin kiɗa a ƙarƙashin sunan Real2Reel, amma nan da nan ya canza zuwa Pacific Records. Yayinda shagon ya rufe a watan Yunin 2007, Pacific Records ya ci gaba a matsayin lakabi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Epicentre cuts the cord &#124; San Diego Reader |url=https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2015/jul/15/blurt-epicentre-cuts-cord/ |website=Sandiegoreader.com}}</ref> Witkin ya sanya hannu kan ƙwarewar gida da na ƙasa tun daga farko, gami da San Diego's Get Back Loretta da Virginia, Life's Only Lesson . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Old Soul &#124; San Diego Reader |url=https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2007/apr/12/old-soul/ |website=Sandiegoreader.com}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, Wingnut Media Group, Inc, wanda ke zaune a Del Mar, California, ya sayi alamar, nan da nan aka sauya shi zuwa Georgi Entertainment, LLC. A cikin 2009 Witkin ya sayi kamfanin a ƙarƙashin kamfanin New Pacific Group, a halin yanzu, Pacific Records, Inc. Lambar ta haɗa da ɗakunan rikodin gida, tallan injiniya da rarrabawa. == Tarihi == === 2010–2015 === A cikin 2014 Pacific Records ya fara yin rajistar VIP Lounge a Cibiyar Casino ta Valley View a lokacin, yana nuna jerin sunayen basirarsu kafin manyan masu gabatarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Want to play the arena? &#124; San Diego Reader |url=https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2014/jun/04/blurt-want-play-arena/ |website=Sandiegoreader.com}}</ref> Shirin ya ci gaba ta hanyar canjin sunan wurin zuwa Pechanga Arena . <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=Episode 12: POV at Home w/ Brian Witkin of Pacific Records |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rdxJR46-VR8 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> A cikin 2015 Pacific Records ta samar kuma ta saki "San Diego Gulls Anthem," waƙar hukuma ta ƙungiyar hockey ta San Diego, San Diego Gulles .<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2015 |title=Pacific Records to Craft Anthem for San Diego Gulls |url=https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/pacific-records-to-craft-anthem-for-san-diego-gulls/113741/ |website=Nbcsandiego.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Rebecca Jade - San Diego Gulls Anthem |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/15152422-Rebecca-Jade-San-Diego-Gulls-Anthem |website=Discogs.com}}</ref> === 2016–2019 === A cikin 2017, lakabin ya fitar da sauti na farko, don fim din 9/11, <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2017 |title=Various - Songs of 9/11 The Movie |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/14986748-Various-Songs-of-911-The-Movie |website=Discogs.com}}</ref> tare da Charlie Sheen . A wannan shekarar, Pacific Records ta fitar da rikodin karshe daga mai gabatarwa na [[Motörhead]], Lemmy Kilmister, tare da Chris Declercq, "Mu ne Wadanda suka kasance". <ref>{{Cite web |title=The last from Lemmy &#124; San Diego Reader |url=https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2017/dec/13/blurt-last-lemmy-pacific-records/ |website=Sandiegoreader.com}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2019 lakabin ya fitar da The O.T.W.N Album daga O-Town da aka sake haɗuwa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruth Kinane |title=Listen to 'The Bachelor' star Colton Underwood's new song with O-Town |url=https://ew.com/music/2019/02/22/the-bachelor-colton-underwood-o-town-song-hello-world/ |website=Ew.com}}</ref> tare da ƙungiyar da ke yin waƙar jagora, "Off", a kan [[CBS]]-TV's The Late Late Late Show tare da James Corden A halin yanzu, a watan Nuwamba 2019 lakabin ta dauki bakuncin wani mataki a cikin Marrietta Ferry a bikin farko na Wonderfront Music and Arts Festival a San Diego.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 26, 2019 |title=Analysis: Wonderfront festival, set to return in 2020, completes debut edition with promise and challenges |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/entertainment/music/story/2019-11-25/wonderfront-festival-completes-debut-edition-with-promise-and-challenges-will-return-in-2020 |website=San Diego Union-Tribune}}</ref> Pacific Records kuma ta fitar da sauti zuwa talabijin na musamman, Guitar Legends III, wanda aka rubuta a wannan bikin Wonderfront, tare da Billy Gibbons, Warren Haynes, Nancy Wilson, George Thorogood da Steve Lukather. <ref>[http://www.sdnews.com/view/full_story/27697747/article-Pacific-Records-releases-soundtrack-to--Guitar-Legends-3-?instance=Arts%20Entertainment] {{Dead link|date=June 2023}}</ref> === 2020–2022 === A watan Oktoba 2020, lakabin ya fitar da kundi na farko daga Original Starfires, wanda ya hada da New Mamas and Papas singer Laurie Beebe Lewis da singer Eli Holland, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eli Holland |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/1700352-Eli-Holland |website=Discogs}}</ref> da kuma hadin gwiwa guda, "Bad Wolves" wanda ya hada Rebecca Jade, Grammy winner Jason Mraz, Miki Vale da Veronica May. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Leena Tailor |date=October 12, 2020 |title=Jason Mraz Joins Rebecca Jade To Fight Racism With 'Bad Wolves' Video Premiere |url=https://etcanada.com/news/701586/jason-mraz-joins-rebecca-jade-to-fight-racism-with-bad-wolves-video-premiere/ |website=Etcanada.com |access-date=July 12, 2026 |archive-date=October 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003163917/https://etcanada.com/news/701586/jason-mraz-joins-rebecca-jade-to-fight-racism-with-bad-wolves-video-premiere/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Waƙar tana da tsayayya da wariyar launin fata, tare da bidiyon da aka harbe a Gidan Kasuwancin Kasashen Duniya na Pacific, wanda ke cikin San Diego's Balboa Park, wanda ya lashe "Song of The Year" a 2021 San Diego Music Awards (SDMA).<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 13, 2020 |title='Bad Wolves' Is A New Single From Jason Mraz, Rebecca Jade, Veronica May And Miki Vale |url=https://www.kpbs.org/news/arts-culture/2020/10/13/bad-wolves-new-song-jason-mraz-rebecca-jade-veron |website=KPBS Public Media}}</ref> A wannan shekarar Pacific Records ta sanya hannu kan mai zane-zane na reggae Skyler Lutes kuma ta dauki lambar yabo don "Best Local Recording". A halin yanzu, a cikin 2021 Pacific Records ta sake fitar da kundin Grapefruit Moon na Southside Johnny tare da LaBamba's Big Band.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 28, 2021 |title=Gregory Page, Rebecca Jade Collect Album, Song of Year at San Diego Music Awards |url=https://timesofsandiego.com/arts/2021/08/27/gregory-page-rebecca-jade-collect-album-song-of-year-at-san-diego-music-awards/ |website=Times of San Diego}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2021 |title=Gregory Page bests Switchfoot and Jason Mraz for top 2021 San Diego Music Awards honors |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/entertainment/music/story/2021-08-24/san-diego-music-awards |website=San Diego Union-Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2021 |title=Kensington - FEB 2021 by Local Umbrella Media - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/printandmailexperts/docs/kensington_-_feb_2021 |website=issuu.com}}</ref> Har ila yau, a cikin lakabin Shugaba Brian Witkin da mawaƙa Kamaka Mullen sun fitar da EP mai taken kansu tare da haɗin jigon Hawaiian, Slack Key Ohana, wanda ya lashe rukunin "Best World Music Album" a 2022 San Diego Music Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 20, 2022 |title=San Diego Music Awards: 3 wins for Sara Petite, 2 for Rebecca Jade, Riston Diggs, Mrs. Henry, Aviator Stash |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/entertainment/music/story/2022-04-19/san-diego-music-awards-three-wins-for-sara-petite-while-rebecca-jade-riston-diggs-mrs-henry-win-two-each |website=San Diego Union-Tribune}}</ref> A cikin 2022 Pacific Records ta ba da sanarwar sabon sigar "Kada ku Tsoron Mai Girbi," wanda Blue Öyster Cult ya samo asali, a matsayin na farko a cikin jerin waƙoƙi da Sppike Mike Muellenberg ya samar, a ƙarƙashin tutar Music's Future, a matsayin mai tara kuɗi ga San Diego Music Foundation. Ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa ya haɗa da Mike Watt (Firehose (band) / The Stooges), Mike Reiter (27 Various / The Dig), Doug Walker (The Dwarves / The Spice Pistols), Bart Mendoza (Manual Scan / The Shambles (band) ), Anna Zinova (Pinkeye), Nick Aguilar (Slaughterhouse), Robbie Allen da Will Lerner (Shake Before Us / Strawberry Moons), tare da samar da ɗakin studio ta Jeff Berkley. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi Pacific Records ya saki kiɗa a fadin nau'o'i, gami da ƙungiyar pop O-Town, rockers Sprung Monkey, mawaƙa Rebecca Jade da guitarist na gargajiya Lito Romero. Sa hannu na baya-bayan nan sun haɗa da Emmanuel Kelly, wanda ɗayan "Red Love" ya kasance Babban Jami'in da Coldplay ya samar, Falling Doves, Kubota, Sandollar, Bart Mendoza, Josh Rosenblum Band, The Spice Pistols, Jonny Tarr da Chandler Bay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tailor |first=Leena |date=February 10, 2021 |title=Coldplay's Chris Martin Hails 'Differently-Abled' Australian Singer Emmanuel Kelly Ahead of 'Red Love' Collaboration |url=https://variety.com/2021/music/global/coldplay-chris-martin-emmanuel-kelly-1234903195/ |website=Variety.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2020 |title=North Park December 2020 by Local Umbrella Media - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/printandmailexperts/docs/north_park_dec_2020 |website=Issuu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bart Mendoza revisits the late '60s with new EP |url=http://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2021/dec/23/blurt-bart-mendoza-revisits-late-60s-new-ep |website=Sandiegoreader.com}}</ref> rw4fwwy3qc9z85eoc9senv246ebukjp 0 161499 894000 882327 2026-08-10T04:57:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894000 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Yuri Dojc''' (/doy-dge; an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Mayu, 1946) ɗan Slovak-[[Kanada]] ne mai ɗaukar hoto mai kyau. Dojc a halin yanzu yana zaune a [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]], tare da aikin da aka nuna a duniya a ƙasashe kamar [[Brazil]], [[Slofakiya|Slovakia]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] da kuma ko'ina cikin Kanada. {{Databox}} == Rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Dojc a [[Humenné]], [[Slovakia]]" id="mwDw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia (yanzu gabashin Slovakia) kuma ya shafe yawancin ƙuruciyarsa a can. Mahaifinsa shugaban makarantar sakandare ne, kuma mahaifiyarsa malama ce. Daga baya iyalinsa suka koma Bratislava inda Dojc ya yi karatun injiniyan injiniya da ilimin halayyar dan adam a [[Comenius University|Jami'ar Comenius]] . A shekara ta 1968, a lokacin shirin musayar bazara a [[Landan]], Ingila, Warsaw Pact Invasion na Czechoslovakia ya mamaye garinsu kuma ya tilasta Dojc ya kasance a Burtaniya. Bisa ga shawarar mahaifinsa, ya koma [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] a shekara mai zuwa. An shigar da shi a Cibiyar Ryerson Polytechnical a shekarar 1972, biyo bayan tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa tare da dean a lokacin. Bayan ya shiga cikin juna a harabar, sai ya lura da harshen Slovakian na Dojc kuma ya nuna sha'awar asalinsa, sannan ya gayyace shi ya halarci Ryerson a matsayin dalibi na daukar hoto a Sashen Hotuna na Ryerson. Kafin kammala karatunsa a 1975, Dojc ya zama editan hoto na ɗaliban mako-mako EyeOpener, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Eyeopener {{!}} Ryerson University's Independent Student Newspaper Since 1967 |url=https://theeyeopener.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110153412/https://theeyeopener.com/ |archive-date=2018-01-10 |access-date=2018-01-11 |website=The Eyeopener |language=en-US}}</ref> yana aiki tare da Christie Blatchford, daga baya na National Post, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Christie Blatchford |url=https://nationalpost.com/author/cblatchford/ |access-date=2018-01-11 |website=National Post |language=en-US}}</ref> mai ba da rahoto na CTV Paul Workman, da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Paul Chato. Dojc yanzu yana kiran Toronto garinsu, inda ya auri matarsa ta yanzu, Eva, a shekarar 1971. Tare suna da 'ya'ya biyu. == Farkon aiki (1975-2000) == Shekaru biyu na farko na Dojc a Toronto an yi amfani da su wajen yin ayyuka daban-daban kafin ya sami aikin mataimakin tare da Peter Croydon, mai daukar hoto na kasuwanci na Burtaniya, wanda ke aiki a fagen talla na Toronto a cikin shekarun 1970. Dojc ya shafe makonni biyu kawai tare da shi, yayin da ya gajiya da yanayin kasuwanci na aikin duk da jin daɗin hotunan Croydon. Dojc ya ci gaba da zama mai daukar hoto a wani kamfani na audiovisual, Avcov, yanzu ya rushe, kafin ya ci gaba zuwa aikin kansa kuma a ƙarshe ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai daukar hoto mai zaman kansa na cikakken lokaci. A lokacin da kuma bayan karatunsa, hotunan farko na Dojc sun bi tsarin daukar hoto na gargajiya. Ya bincika hotunan rayuwa, yana ɗaukar hotunan batutuwa masu ban sha'awa kamar ƙofofi, windows, kujeru da furanni kafin ya juya zuwa batutuwan ɗan adam, galibi mata. Shekaru na 1980 sun ga tsawo na kasuwancin hotunan, a lokacin da Dojc ya bunƙasa, yayi gwaji tare da surrealism a cikin hotuna godiya ga gabatar da shirye-shirye kamar Adobe Photoshop, wanda ya ba shi damar bincika dabarun haɗin dijital. Hotuna irin su Legs, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yuri Dojc. Czechoslovakian. Legs Poster. |url=https://www.liveauctioneers.com/item/17504268_yuri-dojc-czechoslovakian-legs-poster |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112042815/https://www.liveauctioneers.com/item/17504268_yuri-dojc-czechoslovakian-legs-poster |archive-date=2018-01-12 |access-date=2018-01-11 |website=LiveAuctioneers |language=en-US}}</ref> keke da kujera wasu daga cikin sanannun ayyukan Dojc ne. Hotunansa sun kuma bayyana a fim din Joel Schumacher, ''D.C. Cab'' (1983), da kuma tallace-tallace na kasuwanci ga kamfanoni kamar FedEx, [[Apple]], GM, Porsche, Canon, Club Med, da [[Panasonic]], don ambaci kaɗan. == Nudes (yana ci gaba) == Man Ray yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka sa Dojc ya yi wahayi yayin da yake kusantar karatunsa na tsirara. Nazarin tsirara na Dojc ya kasance a gefen gargajiya, tare da abubuwan gwaji na surrealism da collage. Tare da aikin talla a lokacin jami'a, Dojc ya yi aiki don ƙirƙirar tarin sa na farko na tsirara wanda zai zama littafinsa na farko da aka buga, Marble Woman . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marble Woman by Yuri Dojc |url=https://liss-gallery.shoplightspeed.com/marble-woman-by-yuri-dojc.html?source=facebook |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=Liss Gallery |language=en}}</ref> Marble Woman an buga ta Firefly Books a 1993. Kwanan nan, Dojc yana gwaji tare da mafi ƙanƙanta, hanyoyin gwaji ga daukar hoto tsirara, yana mai da hankali kan hali fiye da kyau. == Shafin Ƙarshe (1997-2016) == Last Folio wani aiki ne mai girma wanda ya adana ƙwaƙwalwar al'adu na Holocaust a Slovakia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Holocaust in Slovakia |url=https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216123328/https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007324 |archive-date=2017-12-16 |access-date=2018-01-11 |website=www.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref> Ya fara ne lokacin da Dojc ya ɗauki hotunan tsoffin mayakan yaƙi na Slovakian na Yaƙin Duniya na II, ya ɗauki hotunan kusan 30 kuma ya tattara littattafai 80 daga babban tarin da aka samu a makarantar da aka watsar a yankin. An fara aikin ne saboda wani haɗuwa da dama a jana'izar mahaifin Dojc, lokacin da Ruzena Vajnorska, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tufts University Art Gallery Fall 2015 |url=http://artgallery.tufts.edu/documents/newsletterFall2015.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923222235/http://artgallery.tufts.edu/documents/newsletterFall2015.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-23 |website=artgallery.tufts.edu}}</ref> abokiyar iyali kuma wanda ya tsira daga kisan gilla, ya buƙaci ɗagawa daga jana'izar. A lokacin da suka hadu, Vajnorska ta raba tarihinta tare da Dojc, wanda ya haifar da rikici a cikin tarihin Holocaust a Slovakia. Tare da taimakon Vajnorska, tsoffin sojoji daga cikin al'umma sun taru don Dojc ya dauki hotuna, don haka ya fara tattara hotuna don "Last Folio". Wannan aikin ya kasance a karkashin kulawar Martin Butora, jakadan Ofishin Jakadancin Slovakia a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], daga baya ya zama mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin ɗan adam ga shugaban Slovakian. Yayin da aikin ya fadada, yana girma a cikin hotuna da kuma shiga cikin al'ummar Slovak, ya sami tallafi daga gwamnatin Slovak, da kuma Bertelsmann, godiya ga sha'awar musamman na shugaban lokacin, Thomas Rabe. A shekara ta 2005, Last Folio ya fadada daga aikin da ya danganci hoto don haɗawa da ɗan gajeren fim. Lokacin da Dojc ya sadu da Katya Krausova, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Author Description |url=https://www.bertelsmann.com/media/news-und-media/downloads/biographies-of-yuri-dojc-and-katya-krausova.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112043208/https://www.bertelsmann.com/media/news-und-media/downloads/biographies-of-yuri-dojc-and-katya-krausova.pdf |archive-date=2018-01-12 |access-date=2018-01-11 |website=Bertelsmann}}</ref> mai shirya fina-finai da kuma mai shirya fina'a na Slovak, sun kafa haɗin gwiwa kuma sun samar da shirin minti 20 game da aikin. Dojc da Krausova sun yi aiki ba tare da gajiyawa ba tare da ƙungiyar fim, suna yin fim a cikin ƙaramin garin Bardejov. Bayan shekara guda, yayin da Dojc ya ci gaba da daukar hotunan tsoffin sojan Slovakia, labarin ya yi tafiya, ya kai ga mutumin da ke kula da makarantar da aka watsar. Ya bukaci Dojc ya ziyarci sararin samaniya kuma ya binciki tarihin da aka adana. A can, Dojc ya gano littattafan addini da dalibai suka bari kafin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|WWII]], don haka ya fadada aikin don haɗawa da adana ba kawai tarihin mutum ba har ma da tarihin al'adu. Tun daga wannan lokacin, cikakkun hotuna na waɗannan matani da aka adana sun zama wani ɓangare na dindindin na tarin Last Folio. == Arewa ita ce 'Yanci' (2016-ci gaba) == North Is Freedom wata takarda ce ta daukar hoto wacce ta haɗa da hotuna na zuriyar bayi waɗanda suka tsere zuwa Kanada daga Amurka kafin Yaƙin basasar Amurka ta amfani da [[Hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa|Hanyar jirgin kasa ta karkashin kasa]] . Dojc ya fara daukar hotunan zuriya a Toronto kafin ya yi tafiya a kudancin Ontario, gami da Windsor da Amhersburg, da kuma fadada aikin don hada Halifax da Owen Sound. Dojc ya sami damar daukar hotunan mutane sama da 50, wanda ya isa ya cancanci Arewacin 'Yanci don baje kolin. An gudanar da baje kolin farko na Arewacin 'Yanci <ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Designedge |title=Yuri Dojc's new POV in 'Last Folio' and 'North is Freedom' |url=http://designedgecanada.com/news/yuri-dojc-last-folio/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=Designedge Canada |language=en-CA |archive-date=2019-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721075311/http://designedgecanada.com/news/yuri-dojc-last-folio/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> a cikin 2016 a Ofishin Jakadancin Kanada a Washington DC tare da tallafawa Bankin TD, Epson Kanada, da kuma Gwamnatin Kanada. Nunin ya kasance a can kafin ya koma Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Ottawa, ON sannan kuma Gidan Tarihi na Grey Roots a cikin 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=North is Freedom: The Legacy of the Underground Railroad {{!}} Grey Roots |url=https://greyroots.com/exhibit-event-program/north-freedom-legacy-underground-railroad |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116140006/https://greyroots.com/exhibit-event-program/north-freedom-legacy-underground-railroad |archive-date=2018-01-16 |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=greyroots.com}}</ref> An kuma gayyaci Dojc zuwa shafin Uncle Tom's Cabin a Dresden, ON don yin lacca game da aikin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-04 |title=Emancipation Day in Dresden, Gala Days, Civic holiday hours |url=http://sydenhamcurrent.ca/2017/08/04/emancipation-day-in-dresden-gala-days-holiday-hours/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=Wallaceburg News {{!}} Local news in Wallaceburg, Dresden and surrounding areas. |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lboyzuq8bz80jgcwiqfgo0ggfna3vot 0 161583 893657 883057 2026-08-09T15:15:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893657 wikitext text/x-wiki The Breaking Point wani fim ne na fim na Amurka na 1950 wanda Michael Curtiz ya jagoranta da kuma fim na biyu na littafin Ernest Hemingway na 1937 To Have and Have Not, na farko da ya nuna Humphrey Bogart da Lauren Bacall . Tauraron fim din Patricia Neal da John Garfield a cikin rawar fim dinsa na karshe. {{Databox}} == Makirci == Harry Morgan kyaftin din jirgin ruwa ne na wasanni wanda kasuwancinsa ke kan tsalle-tsalle kuma danginsa suna jin matsalar tattalin arziki. Ya fara aiki tare da lauya mai inuwa Duncan, wanda ya shawo kansa ya shigo da maza takwas na kasar Sin daga [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] zuwa [[California]] a cikin jirginsa, ''Sarauniyar Tekun''. Harry ya kuma sadu da Leona Charles. Lokacin da shirinsa tare da Duncan ya yi kuskure, Harry ya zo har ma a ƙarƙashin tasirin lauyan, wanda ya tilasta masa ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar 'yan fashi, waɗanda suka jawo fashi, ta hanyar amfani da jirgin kamun kifi don fitar da su daga hukumomi. Harry ya shawo kan kansa cewa ayyukansa na haramtacciya za su taimaka wa iyalinsa ta kudi. Matarsa Lucy ta yi zargin cewa Harry yana karya doka kuma ya bukaci shi ya daina saboda iyalin, amma Harry ya ki. Yayin da Harry ke jiran Duncan da 'yan fashi a cikin jirginsa, abokin Harry Wesley Park ya zo. Ba ya son Wesley a kusa lokacin da 'yan fashi suka isa, Harry ya yi ƙoƙari ya aiko shi zuwa wani aiki. 'Yan fashi sun isa kafin Wesley ya tafi ya kashe shi. Harry ya firgita, amma an tilasta shi a kan bindiga don jigilar 'yan fashi zuwa bude teku ba tare da jawo hankalin masu tsaron bakin teku ba. Harry ya kuma fahimci cewa an kashe Duncan yayin tserewa daga fashi. An zubar da jikin Wesley a cikin jirgin. Harry ya yi amfani da wata dabara don samun damar samun bindigogi biyu da ya ɓoye kafin tafiya kuma ya kashe dukkan 'yan fashi a cikin mummunan harbi, amma Harry ya ji mummunan rauni. Hukumomi sun sami jirgin washegari kuma sun ja shi zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa. Lucy ta gaggauta zuwa gefen Harry kuma ta yi ƙoƙari ta shawo kansa ya ba da izinin yanke hannunsa don ceton ransa. Da yake magana da wahala, Harry ya sake tabbatar da ƙaunarsa ga Lucy sannan ya rufe idanunsa. Likitocin asibiti sun isa kuma sun ɗauki jikin Harry a cikin motar asibiti. Yayin da suke tafiya daga tashar jiragen ruwa, Lucy ta roki jami'in tsaron bakin teku don tabbatar da cewa Harry zai rayu, amma jami'in bai ce komai ba. Ɗan Wesley yana tsaye shi kaɗai a tashar jiragen ruwa yana neman mahaifinsa. == Masu ba da labari ==   == Fitarwa == Masu shirya fim din sun ɗauki wasu haɗari tare da jefa John Garfield a matsayin jagora, yayin da masu baje kolin wasan kwaikwayo a duk faɗin ƙasar suka fuskanci wahalar jawo masu sauraro ga fina-finai na baya. Hazel Brooks ta gwada don rawar jagora wanda daga ƙarshe aka ba Patricia Neal, wanda Warner Bros. Pictures ta dakatar da shi na makonni da yawa bayan ya ki bayyana a ''Sugarfoot''. An fara yin fim ne a ranar 27 ga Maris, 1950, tare da harbi na wurin da ke faruwa a Newport Beach, California. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Film Night: The Breaking Point – Laguna Art Museum |url=https://lagunaartmuseum.org/events/film-the-breaking-point/ |access-date=2026-07-14 |archive-date=2024-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417163046/https://lagunaartmuseum.org/events/film-the-breaking-point/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Karɓar baƙi == A cikin bita na zamani na The New York Times, mai sukar Bosley Crowther ya bayyana fim din a matsayin "mai ban sha'awa da kuma ainihin hoto" kuma ya rubuta: "Warner Brothers, wanda ya riga ya ɗauki wani rauni mai rauni da yankewa a labarin Ernest Hemingway mai ban sha'a game da wani mutum mai wuya, 'To Have and Have Not,' a ƙarshe ya riƙe wannan labari kuma ya shafa shi don wani tushe huɗu da aka buga a cikin fim ɗin da ake kira 'The Breaking Point' ... Mai sukar John L. Scott na ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' ya kira fim din "mai tsananin gaske, mai tsananin motsa jiki" kuma ya rubuta: "'The Breaking Point' babba ne, ba ya yin kuskure game da hakan. Babu labarin Cinderella, tare da fashi, kisan kai, safarar baƙi da mace mai ɗabi'a mai tuhuma (tare da zuciyar zinariya). Amma nishaɗin fim ne mai ban sha'awa, yana motsawa tare da 'yan takardu masu taushi ko lokutan jan hankali. " == Rediyo == An daidaita fim din don rediyo na Australiya a shekarar 1955. An nuna shi a cikin fina-finai na Turner Classic da ke nuna Noir Alley tare da Eddie Muller . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rsmnsegznra6a8c797c12sewtakxcdj 0 162074 893947 890376 2026-08-09T23:31:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''William David Johnson''' (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Janairu, 1987) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Kanada wanda ke bugawa ƙungiyar Central Florida Panthers a gasar National Premier Soccer League da kuma Central Florida Crusaders a gasar National Indoor Soccer League . [[Mai buga tsakiya|Ɗan wasan]] tsakiya mai iya wasa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 12, 2016 |title=Toronto FC: Will Johnson Will Fit In Nicely |url=https://torontoreds.com/2016/02/12/toronto-fc-will-johnson-will-fit-in-nicely/ |access-date=September 6, 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Will Johnson Signs Multi-Year Extension |url=http://www.stumptownfooty.com/portland-timbers/2014/3/10/5492488/will-johnson-signs-multi-year-extension |access-date=September 6, 2017 |archive-date=January 20, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120045023/https://www.stumptownfooty.com/portland-timbers/2014/3/10/5492488/will-johnson-signs-multi-year-extension |url-status=dead }}</ref> Johnson ya wakilci ƙasar Kanada a duk faɗin duniya. == Aikin kulob == An haifi Johnson a Kanada, amma ba da daɗewa ba ya koma Ingila inda ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa, yana halartar Makarantar Merchant Taylors da ke Crosby, kusa da [[Liverpool]] . Lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 10, iyalinsa sun sake ƙaura, a wannan karon zuwa Woodridge, Illinois, kuma ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta matasa a Sockers FC Chicago. Daga baya Johnson ya koma Ingila don bugawa ƙungiyar matasa ta Blackburn Rovers wasa a kakar wasa ta 2003–04. Duk da haka, bayan kakar wasa ya bar Blackburn ya koma Illinois. Yana cikin jerin 'yan wasan Chicago Fire Reserves a gasar USL Premier Development League, amma bai buga wasa a kowace gasar PDL ba. === Gobarar Chicago === A shekara ta 2005, Chicago Fire ta dauki Johnson a matsayin dan wasan gano abubuwa. Johnson ya buga mafi yawan shekarar a kungiyar reserve a gasar MLS Reserve League amma ya buga wasanni shida a kungiyar farko, inda ya zura kwallo. Bayan shekara, Fire ta ba shi kwangilar dala 28,000, amma ya ki amincewa. Daga nan sai Johnson ya shiga gwaji da [[SC Heerenveen|Heerenveen]], wanda ya yi nasara, kuma suka sanya masa hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara daya da kuma zabin kulob na tsawon shekaru biyu. === Heerenveen === Ya buga wasanni 14, duk a matsayin ɗan wasa, a Heerenveen a kakar wasa ta 2006-2007, inda ya zira kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun NEC Nijmegen da ci 2-0 a ranar 27 ga Disamba, 2006. A kakar wasa ta 2007-2008, ya kasance a matsayin aro ga ƙungiyar Doetinchem De Graafschap, waɗanda aka ɗaukaka matsayin zakarun ƙungiyar Eerste Divisie ta ƙasar Holland. Ya kuma buga wasanni a matsayin ɗan wasa kuma ya koma SC Heerenveen a kakar wasa ta 2008-09. Yayin da yake atisaye a Heerenveen don shirye-shiryen fara kakar wasa, ƙungiyar MLS ta Real Salt Lake ta ba wa Johnson kwangila, wanda ya karɓa. === Tafkin Salt na Gaske === Johnson ya rattaba hannu da Major League Soccer a ranar 16 ga Agusta, 2008. Chicago ta sayar da haƙƙinsa ga Real Salt Lake don samun damar shiga zagaye na 4 a gasar MLS SuperDraft ta 2009 da kuma zaɓen zagaye na 2 a gasar MLS SuperDraft ta 2011. Johnson ya lashe kyautar gwarzon ƙwallon MLS a shekarar 2008 saboda ƙwallon da ya ci a wasan da suka yi da FC Dallas a ranar 18 ga Oktoba a filin wasa na Rio Tinto . An kira shi don buga wasan MLS All-Star na 2009 da [[Everton FC|Everton]], ƙungiyar [[Premier League]] ta Ingila. Yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa uku da suka zura bugun fenariti a bugun fenariti da mai tsaron gida na Amurka Tim Howard . Ya fara wasa kuma ya buga mintuna 45 a Real Salt Lake a wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin MLS na 2009 da Los Angeles Galaxy duk da cewa ya sha guba a abinci, inda ƙungiyarsa ta yi nasara a bugun fenariti. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2012)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Katako na Portland === An sayar da Johnson ga [[Katako na Portland|Portland Timbers]] a ranar 3 ga Disamba, 2012, a matsayin wani ɓangare na batun rage albashi, tare da musayar ko sakin wasu 'yan wasa shida na Real Salt Lake, ciki har da 'yan wasan farko Jámison Olave, Fabián Espíndola, da kuma Jonny Steele wanda ya maye gurbinsa. An nada Johnson a matsayin kyaftin ɗin ƙungiyar ta hannun kocin Caleb Porter a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2013; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Timbers name Will Johnson new team captain &#124; KGW.com Portland |url=http://www.kgw.com/sports/timbers/Timbers-name-Will-Johnson-new-team-captain-193407231.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109054205/http://www.kgw.com/sports/timbers/Timbers-name-Will-Johnson-new-team-captain-193407231.html |archive-date=9 November 2013 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=www.kgw.com}}</ref> tsohon kyaftin ɗin ƙungiyar Jack Jewsbury an sake masa suna a matsayin kyaftin ɗin ƙungiyar. A ranar 30 ga Maris, 2013, Johnson ya zira ƙwallonsa ta farko a wasansa da Portland da Colorado Rapids inda ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka tashi 2-2, kuma an ba shi kyautar ɗan wasan mako na MLS saboda rawar da ya taka. An sanya Johnson a cikin jerin 'yan wasan MLS All Star na 2014 . An kawo shi hutun rabin lokaci, ya zama kyaftin a minti na 73 bayan an sauya Landon Donovan, kuma a minti na 88 an ba shi katin rawaya saboda bugun da ya yi wa dan wasan tsakiya na Bayern Bastian Schweinsteiger, wanda ya ji rauni a idon sawunsa, kuma dole ne ya fita daga wasan da zai zama wasansa na ƙarshe har zuwa Nuwamba. Haɗari da mai tsaron baya na Toronto FC Mark Bloom a farkon wasan Satumba 27, 2014 ya karya ƙashin baya da fibula a ƙafar dama ta Johnson, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen kakarsa da wuri. === Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Toronto === A watan Disamba na 2015, an sayar da Johnson ga Toronto FC a musayar da za a yi masa a zagaye na biyu a gasar MLS SuperDraft ta 2017 da kuma kuɗin da aka ware masa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Toronto FC Acquires Will Johnson |url=http://www.torontofc.ca/post/2015/12/18/toronto-fc-acquires-will-johnson |access-date=September 12, 2016 |publisher=Toronto FC}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2016, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Toronto a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun tsohuwar ƙungiyarsa, Portland Timbers da ci 2-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2016 |title=GOAL: Will Johnson scores against his former club |url=http://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2016/05/01/goal-will-johnson-scores-against-his-former-club |access-date=May 1, 2016 |publisher=MLS |archive-date=May 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505102123/http://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2016/05/01/goal-will-johnson-scores-against-his-former-club |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2016, ya zura kwallon da ta ba Toronto nasara a minti na 95 na gasar cin kofin Kanada don doke Vancouver Whitecaps da ci 2-2 a jimilla, inda ya yi nasara a kan kwallayen da suka ci a waje . <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2016 |title=TFC loses to Whitecaps, but wins Voyageurs Cup |url=http://www.sportsnet.ca/soccer/tfc-loses-whitecaps-wins-voyageurs-cup/ |access-date=June 30, 2016 |publisher=sportsnet.ca}}</ref> Yayin da ya zura kwallon, Johnson ya yi karo da mai tsaron gidan Whitecaps David Ousted, wanda ya haifar da karyewar tibial plateau a ƙafarsa ta hagu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2016 |title=Will Johnson expected to be out of the line-up for six weeks |url=http://www.torontofc.ca/post/2016/07/01/injury-update-michael-bradley-and-will-johnson/ |access-date=July 11, 2016 |publisher=torontofc.ca}}</ref> === Orlando City SC === A watan Disamba na 2016, Orlando City SC ta sanar da cewa ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu ga Johnson, tare da zaɓin shekara ta uku. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Orlando City SC |date=December 28, 2016 |title=Orlando City SC Acquires Two-Time MLS Cup Champion Will Johnson |url=http://www.orlandocitysc.com/post/2016/12/28/orlando-city-sc-acquires-two-time-mls-cup-champion-will-johnson |publisher=Orlando City SC}}</ref> Kwantiragin Johnson ya ƙare bayan kakar wasa ta 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 21, 2019 |title=Orlando City SC Announces 2019 End-of-Season Roster Decisions |url=https://www.orlandocitysc.com/post/2019/11/21/orlando-city-sc-announces-2019-end-season-roster-decisions |website=Orlando City SC}}</ref> Ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru jim kaɗan bayan haka, ya ɗauki matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin kuɗi tare da Morgan Stanley . <ref name="CFP">{{Cite web |date=May 2, 2021 |title=Orlando City icon Will Johnson joins the Panthers |url=https://cfscpanthers.com/index.php/2021/05/02/orlando-city-icon-will-johnson-joins-the-panthers/ |website=Central Florida Panthers Soccer Club |access-date=July 22, 2026 |archive-date=September 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902052549/https://cfscpanthers.com/index.php/2021/05/02/orlando-city-icon-will-johnson-joins-the-panthers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Panthers/Jarusaders na Tsakiyar Florida === A ranar 2 ga Mayu, 2021, Johnson ya koma ƙwallon ƙafa, inda ya sanya hannu a matsayin ɗan wasa kuma mai ba da shawara tare da ƙungiyar ci gaban NPSL ta Central Florida Panthers . <ref name="CFP"/> A watan Agusta na 2022, ya sanya hannu tare da ƙungiyar Crusaders ta Central Florida ta National Indoor Soccer League . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 11, 2022 |title=Central Florida Crusaders Announce First Four Player Signings |url=https://www.cflcrusaders.com/news/central-florida-crusaders-announce-first-players |website=Central Florida Crusaders |access-date=July 22, 2026 |archive-date=October 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002085753/https://www.cflcrusaders.com/news/central-florida-crusaders-announce-first-players |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == A lokacin bazara na 2005 da 2007, Johnson ya buga wa ƙungiyar ƙasa ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 ta Kanada wasa a Gasar Cin Kofin Matasa ta Duniya ta 2005 da 2007 a Netherlands da Kanada bi da bi. Johnson ya kuma taka rawar gani a ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 23 ta Kanada a lokacin Gasar Cin Kofin Olympics ta CONCACAF ta 2008. Johnson ya zura kwallaye uku a wasanni uku a lokacin gasar. Duk da haka, Kanada ta kasa samun cancantar shiga gasar Olympics bayan ta sha kashi a hannun Amurka da ci 3-0 a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe. Ya fara buga wa Kanada wasa a karon farko a wasan sada zumunci da Luxembourg a watan Nuwamba na 2005. Zuwa Disamba na 2009, ya samu jimillar wasanni 10, bai ci kwallo ko daya ba. Ya zuwa yanzu ya wakilci Kanada a gasar FIFA guda biyu Johnson ya taimaka wa André Hainault ya ci wa Belarus kwallo a ranar 29 ga Maris, 2011. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a duniya a wasan cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya da Saint Lucia a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |last=FIFA.com |title=2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil - Matches - Canada-St. Lucia |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/preliminaries/nccamerica/matches/round=258361/match=300172488/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926200912/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/preliminaries/nccamerica/matches/round=258361/match=300172488/index.html |archive-date=September 26, 2011 |access-date=September 6, 2017 |website=FIFA.com}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Yuni, 2013, an sanya Johnson a cikin jerin 'yan wasa 23 da aka tabbatar sun shiga tawagar Colin Miller ta Canada a gasar cin kofin zinare ta CONCACAF ta 2013, wanda hakan ya sanya shi zama gasar cin kofin zinare ta uku a jere. Miller ya nada Johnson a matsayin kyaftin din tawagar a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New-look Canada finding its rhythm ahead of Gold Cup - Canada Soccer |url=http://www.canadasoccer.com/new-look-canada-finding-its-rhythm-ahead-of-gold-cup--p154301 |access-date=September 6, 2017 |website=www.canadasoccer.com |archive-date=September 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907033029/http://www.canadasoccer.com/new-look-canada-finding-its-rhythm-ahead-of-gold-cup--p154301 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2013 |title=Gold Cup: Canada national team veteran Will Johnson to guide young squad as team captain |url=http://www.mlssoccer.com/goldcup/news/article/2013/07/03/gold-cup-canadian-national-team-veteran-will-johnson-guide-young-squad-team- |access-date=September 6, 2017 |archive-date=July 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729031952/http://www.mlssoccer.com/goldcup/news/article/2013/07/03/gold-cup-canadian-national-team-veteran-will-johnson-guide-young-squad-team- |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2013, [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kanada|CSA]] ta ba Johnson kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasan maza na Kanada a karon farko a rayuwarsa. Johnson ya doke Atiba Hutchinson, wacce ta lashe gasar sau biyu, wacce aka zaɓe ta a matsayi na biyu da kuma Patrice Bernier a matsayi na uku a gasar. Bayan kusan shekaru biyu tun bayan kiransa na ƙarshe, inda ya yi fama da rashin lafiya, raunuka, da kuma alƙawuran da ya ɗauka, kocin Kanada Benito Floro ya kira Johnson zuwa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa don wasannin cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2018 da Dominica a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2, 2015 |title=Portland Timbers midfielder Will Johnson named to Canada National Team roster |url=http://www.timbers.com/news/2015/06/portland-timbers-midfielder-will-johnson-named-canada-national-team-roster}}</ref> A watan Mayu na 2019, John Herdman ya kira Johnson zuwa tawagar kasa don gasar cin kofin zinare ta CONCACAF ta 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 30, 2019 |title=Together We Rise: Canada Soccer announces squad for the 2019 Concacaf Gold Cup |url=https://www.canadasoccer.com/together-we-rise-canada-soccer-announces-squad-for-the-2019-concacaf-gold-cup-p162198 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603025211/https://www.canadasoccer.com/together-we-rise-canada-soccer-announces-squad-for-the-2019-concacaf-gold-cup-p162198 |archive-date=June 3, 2019 |access-date=June 24, 2019}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == === Iyali === Kakan Johnson shine Brian Birch, wanda ya yi aiki mai kyau tare da Bolton Wanderers, ciki har da lambar yabo ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA a shekarar 1958. Johnson ya auri Caroline Childs. Suna da 'ya mace, Arabella Capri, wacce aka haifa a watan Oktoba na 2012, da kuma ɗa, Jaxx Beckett, wanda aka haifa a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2014. Johnson kuma yana da takardar zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=RSL acquires forward Will Johnson |url=http://www.ksl.com/index.php?nid=481&sid=4077073 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907083312/https://www.ksl.com/index.php?nid=481&sid=4077073 |archive-date=September 7, 2017 |access-date=September 6, 2017 |website=ksl.com}}</ref> === Matsalolin shari'a === A ranar 6 ga Satumba, 2017, an kama Johnson bisa laifin yi wa matarsa duka a gidan yari, kuma an dakatar da shi daga ƙungiyar yayin da 'yan sanda na yankin da kuma ƙungiyar ke binciken lamarin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=DelGallo |first=Alicia |title=Orlando City midfielder Will Johnson arrested on domestic battery charge |url=http://www.orlandosentinel.com/sports/orlando-city-lions/on-the-pitch/os-sp-will-johnson-arrested-domestic-battery-20170906-story.html |access-date=September 6, 2017}}</ref> Ba a shigar da ƙara ba kuma a watan Oktoban 2017 ƙungiyar ta dawo da Johnson. <ref>{{Cite web |last=DelGallo |first=Alicia |title=Orlando City midfielder Will Johnson reinstated by MLS after domestic violence allegation |url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/sports/os-sp-orlando-city-will-johnson-20171013-story.html |website=OrlandoSentinel.com}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played August 25, 2022}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |Playoffs ! colspan="2" |National Cup{{Efn|Includes [[Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup|U.S. Open Cup]],<ref name="Soccerway Profile"/> [[KNVB Cup]]<ref name="WorldFootball.net"/> and [[Canadian Championship]] matches.<ref name="Soccerway Profile"/>}} ! colspan="2" |Continental{{Efn|Includes [[CONCACAF Champions League]] matches.<ref name="Soccerway Profile"/>}} ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="3" |Chicago Fire Reserves |2004 |PDL |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |- |2005<ref name="soccerstatsus">{{Cite web |title=Will Johnson |url=http://soccerstats.us/bios/will-johnson/ |website=SoccerStats |access-date=2026-07-22 |archive-date=2022-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102202423/http://soccerstats.us/bios/will-johnson/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |MLS Reserve League |9 |3 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |9 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !9 !3 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !9 !3 |- |Chicago Fire |2005<ref name="MLS Profile">{{Cite web |title=Will Johnson MLS Profile |url=http://www.mlssoccer.com/players/will-johnson |access-date=June 6, 2019 |publisher=MLS}}</ref> |MLS |6 |1 |0 |0 |4<ref name="soccerstatsus" /> |0 | colspan="2" |— |10 |1 |- | rowspan="3" |[[SC Heerenveen|Heerenveen]] |2006–07<ref name="WorldFootball.net">{{Cite web |title=Will Johnson: Club matches |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe7122/will-johnson/club-matches/ |access-date=June 6, 2019 |website=worldfootball.net |publisher=HeimSpiel Medien}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |Eredivisie |14 |1 |1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Eredivisie#European competition|Eredivisie European playoffs]]}} |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |15 |1 |- |2007–08<ref name="Soccerway Profile">{{Cite web |title=W. Johnson |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/will-johnson/2313/ |access-date=June 6, 2019 |publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !14 !1 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !15 !1 |- |De Graafschap (loan) |2007–08<ref name="WorldFootball.net" /> |Eredivisie |26 |2 |1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Eredivisie#Relegation|Eredivisie relegation playoffs]]}} |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |29 |2 |- | rowspan="6" |Real Salt Lake |2008<ref name="MLS Profile" /> | rowspan="5" |MLS |9 |2 |3 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |12 |2 |- |2009<ref name="MLS Profile" /> |26 |1 |4 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |30 |1 |- |2010<ref name="MLS Profile" /> |28 |1 |2 |0 |0 |0 |6 |3 |36 |4 |- |2011<ref name="MLS Profile" /> |25 |2 |3 |0 |2 |0 |6 |0 |36 |2 |- |2012<ref name="MLS Profile" /> |26 |3 |2 |0 |0 |0 |4 |0 |32 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !114 !9 !14 !0 !2 !0 !16 !3 !146 !12 |- |Real Salt Lake Reserves |2012<ref name="soccerstatsus" /> |MLS Reserve League |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 |- | rowspan="4" |[[Katako na Portland|Portland Timbers]] |2013<ref name="MLS Profile" /> | rowspan="3" |MLS |28 |9 |4 |2 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— |35 |11 |- |2014<ref name="MLS Profile" /> |29 |6 | colspan="2" |— |2 |1 |1 |1 |32 |8 |- |2015<ref name="MLS Profile" /> |12 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |13 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !69 !15 !5 !2 !5 !1 !1 !1 !80 !19 |- |Portland Timbers 2 |2015<ref name="Soccerway Profile" /> |USL |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |3 |0 |- |Toronto FC |2016<ref name="MLS Profile" /> |MLS |23 |2 |6 |0 |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— |32 |3 |- | rowspan="4" |Orlando City |2017<ref name="MLS Profile" /> | rowspan="3" |MLS |26 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |26 |2 |- |2018<ref name="MLS Profile" /> |28 |1 |0 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— |31 |1 |- |2019<ref name="MLS Profile" /> |21 |1 |0 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |23 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !75 !4 !0 !0 !5 !0 !0 !0 !80 !4 |- | rowspan="3" |Central Florida Panthers |2021<ref name="johnnpsl">{{Cite web |title=William Johnson NPSL stats |url=https://cfscpanthers.com/index.php/player/william-johnson/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102145332/https://cfscpanthers.com/index.php/player/william-johnson/ |archive-date=November 2, 2022 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |website=[[Central Florida Panthers SC]]}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |NPSL |2 |2 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2 |2 |- |2022<ref name="johnnpsl" /> |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !3 !2 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !3 !2 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !344 !39 !27 !2 !21 !2 !17 !4 !409 !47 |} {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {{Updated|match played September 10, 2019}}<ref name="National Football Teams profile">{{cite web | title= Will Johnson profile | url= http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/11836/Will_Johnson.html | publisher= National Football Teams | access-date= September 12, 2016}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | colspan="3" |Tawagar ƙasa ta Kanada |- ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | 2005 | 1 | 0 |- | 2006 | 2 | 0 |- | 2007 | 1 | 0 |- | 2008 | 1 | 0 |- | 2009 | 5 | 0 |- | 2010 | 3 | 0 |- | 2011 | 11 | 1 |- | 2012 | 7 | 2 |- | 2013 | 3 | 0 |- | 2014 | 0 | 0 |- | 2015 | 4 | 1 |- | 2016 | 3 | 0 |- | 2017 | 2 | 0 |- | 2018 | 0 | 0 |- | 2019 | 2 | 0 |- ! Jimilla ! 45 ! 4 |} ==== Manufofin ƙasa da ƙasa ==== {{Updated|match played March 29, 2016}}: ''Canada score listed first, score column indicates score after each Johnson goal.''<ref name="National Football Teams profile"/> {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+Kwallayen ƙasashen duniya dangane da kwanan wata, wuri, iyaka, abokin hamayya, maki, sakamako da gasa ! scope="col" | A'a. ! data-sort-type="date" scope="col" | Kwanan wata ! scope="col" | Wuri ! scope="col" | Hulba ! scope="col" | Abokin hamayya ! scope="col" | Ci ! scope="col" | Sakamako ! scope="col" | Gasar |- ! scope="row" | 1 | Satumba 2, 2011 | BMO Field, [[Toronto]], Kanada | align="center" | 19 |{{Fb|LCA}} | align="center" | '''4''' – 1 | align="center" | 4–1 | Canjin cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2014 |- ! scope="row" | 2 | 15 ga Agusta, 2012 | Central Broward Regional Park, Lauderhill, Amurka | align="center" | 27 |{{Fb|TRI}} | align="center" | '''2''' – 0 | align="center" | 2–0 | Aboki |- ! scope="row" | 3 | 12 ga Oktoba, 2012 | BMO Field, Toronto, Kanada | align="center" | 29 |{{Fb|CUB}} | align="center" | '''2''' – 0 | align="center" | 3–0 | Canjin cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2014 |- ! scope="row" | 4 | Satumba 8, 2015 | Filin wasa na FFB, Belmopan, Belize | align="center" | 35 |{{Fb|BLZ}} | align="center" | '''1''' – 1 | align="center" | 1–1 | Gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2018 |} == Daraja == === Kulob === '''Tafkin Salt na Gaske''' * Kofin MLS : 2009 '''Katako na Portland''' * Kofin MLS : 2015 '''Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Toronto''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Kanada : 2016 * Kofin Trillium : 2016 === Mutum ɗaya === * Tauraron MLS (3) : 2009, 2013, 2014 * Mafi kyawun 'Yan wasa XI na MLS : 2013 * [[Timbers Supporters Player of the Year|Ɗan wasan shekara na magoya bayan Timbers]] : 2013 * Ɗan wasan Kanada na Shekara : 2013 * Manufar MLS ta Shekara : 2008 == Duba kuma == * Jerin 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Major League na yanzu waɗanda ke da 'yan wasan ƙasa. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Will Johnson at Major League Soccer * Will Johnson at Canada Soccer * {{NFT player|11836}} * {{Soccerway|will-johnson/2313}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} t4wcn6cg9hft8lctldlq8bzr8wt4t34 0 162176 893847 886697 2026-08-09T19:46:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}}'''Uduma Oji Uduma''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 1966) masani ne ɗan Najeriya a fannin falsafa. A ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2025, an naɗa shi a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a (Vice-Chancellor) na Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗen Karatu ta Ƙasa ta Najeriya (National Open University of Nigeria – NOUN). An tsara zai karɓi ragamar jagorancin jami'ar daga hannun Farfesa Olufemi Ayinde Peters a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 2026. == Ilimi == Uduma ta sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha (BA) a fannin falsafa daga [[Jami'ar Calabar]] (UNICAL), [[Cross River|Jihar Cross River]], a shekarar 1988, ta kammala karatu a matsayin dalibi mafi kyau a Kwalejin Fasaha. Ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] (UNILAG) don karatun digiri na biyu, inda ya sami digirin digirin digirgir a [[Falsafa|Falsafa da Ma'ana]]. A shekara ta 1999, ya shiga karatun shari'a a [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]], Nsukka (UNN), [[Enugu (jiha)|Jihar Enugu]], ya kammala a shekara ta 2004. Daga baya ya halarci [[Makarantar Koyan Lauya ta Najeriya|Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya]], inda aka kira shi zuwa Bar a shekara ta 2007. == Ayyuka == A watan Fabrairun 1990, Uduma ya fara aikin koyarwa a matsayin Mataimakin Digiri a Sashen Falsafa a Jami'ar Legas . Daga baya ya koyar da Falsafa da Ma'ana a cibiyoyi da yawa a ciki da wajen Najeriya, gami da [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]], [[Jami'ar Jihar Ebonyi]], [[Abakaliki]], da Jami'an Uyo. Tsakanin 1998 da 2010, ya yi aiki a matsayin Masanin Ziyarar a [[Jami'ar Cape Coast]], [[Ghana]], da sauran ayyukan kasa da kasa. Daga baya ya shiga ayyukan National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN). A NOUN, Uduma ta rike mukamai da yawa na ilimi da gudanarwa, gami da Daraktan Cibiyar Nazarin a Abakaliki, Jihar Ebonyi. Ya tashi ta hanyar matsayi ya zama Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa (Academic) kafin a nada shi a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NOUN Governing Council announces Prof. Uduma as new Vice-Chancellor {{!}} nounnews |url=https://nounnews.nou.edu.ng/index.php/article/noun-governing-council-announces-prof-uduma-new-vice-chancellor |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=nounnews.nou.edu.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Olumati |first=Patience |date=11 October 2025 |title=Prof Uduma emerges as New NOUN VC |url=https://radionigeria.gov.ng/2025/10/11/prof-uduma-emerges-as-new-noun-vc/ |access-date=12 October 2025 |website=Radio Nigeria }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Bincike == Binciken Uduma ya haɗa da Ma'anar Afirka, Ma'anar Inductive, Tunanin, da Falsafar Afirka. An buga ayyukansa a cikin mujallu na ilimi na gida da na duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uduma Oji UDUMA |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=GAfb-D0AAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uduma Oji Uduma |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Uduma-Uduma-2 |access-date=12 October 2025 |website=ResearchGate}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] 5hlsag98957pb8340yxjjlqxdr4e2da 0 162189 893654 886763 2026-08-09T14:53:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 893654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Terdius Uiseb''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1994) ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne [[Namibiya|ɗan ƙasar Namibia]] wanda ke bugawa Township Rollers na gasar Botswana Premier League . == Aikin kulob == A watan Yulin 2016, Uiseb ya bar Orlando Pirates bayan kakar wasa ta 2016, wanda ya sa ya zama dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a [[Gasar Firimiya Lig ta ƙasar Namibia|gasar Premier ta Namibia]] da kwallaye 27. <ref name="Top Goal Scorer">{{Cite web |title=Uiseb is Top Goal Scorer |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/142884/archive-read/Uiseb-is-top-goal-scorer-Orlando-Pirates-striker |access-date=9 February 2022 |publisher=The Namibian |archive-date=9 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209174158/https://www.namibian.com.na/142884/archive-read/Uiseb-is-top-goal-scorer-Orlando-Pirates-striker |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga nan ya sanya hannu a ƙungiyar Milano United of [[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] 's National First Division . <ref name="MILANO UNITED">{{Cite web |title=NAMIBIAN INTERNATIONAL UISEB JOINS MILANO UNITED |url=https://africanfootball.com/news/633865/Namibian-international-Uiseb-joins-Milano-United |access-date=9 February 2022 |publisher=africanfootball.com}}</ref> Bayan ya zura kwallaye uku a wasanni 13 da ya buga wa kulob din, ya koma ga abokan hamayyarsa [[Stellenbosch F.C.|Stellenbosch]] a shekara mai zuwa. Ya ga ƙarancin aiki tare da ƙungiyar kuma ya zira kwallo ɗaya a wasanni huɗu. <ref name="Soccerway profile">{{Cite web |title=Soccerway profile |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/terdius-georome-uiseb/469596/ |access-date=9 February 2022 |publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> Kafin ya koma Milano United, Uiseb ta sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da babbar kungiyar [[Orlando Pirates FC]] ta Soweto amma ba ta samu damar bugawa kungiyar wasa ba saboda tana da 'yan wasa daga kasashen waje da yawa a cikin jerin 'yan wasanta.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Bayan ya bar Afirka ta Kudu ya koma Namibia kuma ya sake yin wasa da Orlando Pirates SC kafin ya koma United Africa Tigers a shekarar 2019.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A watan Oktoban 2021 an sanar da cewa ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara ɗaya da Al Tahaddy Sports Club na gasar Premier ta Libya bayan gwaji da ya yi da ƙungiyar. <ref name="Al-Tahaddi">{{Cite web |title=Uiseb Signs with Al-Tahaddi |url=https://www.namibiansun.com/news/uiseb-signs-with-al-tahaddi2021-10-20 |access-date=9 February 2022 |publisher=The Namibian Sun}}</ref> Da wannan matakin Uiseb ya zama ɗan ƙasar Namibia na farko da ya buga wasa a [[Libya]] . <ref name="Libyan Affair">{{Cite web |title=Uiseb's Libyan Affair |url=https://www.pressreader.com/namibia/new-era/20211026/281792812236649 |access-date=9 February 2022 |publisher=New Era |via=[[PressReader]]}}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2022, Uiseb ta shiga gasar Township Rollers, wacce ta lashe gasar [[Botswana]] sau goma sha shida, a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. <ref name="Botswana giants">{{Cite web |title=Botswana giants Rollers sign South African sensation |url=https://farpost.co.za/latest-news/botswana-giants-rollers-sign-south-african-sensation/ |access-date=13 December 2022 |publisher=Far Post}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == A shekarar 2012, Uiseb ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 ta ƙasar Namibia da ta fafata a gasar da aka yi a [[Ghana]] . <ref name="Ghana U20 tourney">{{Cite web |title=Namibia to use national team B side for Ghana U20 tourney |url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/namibia-to-use-national-team-b-side-for-ghana-u20-tourney |access-date=9 February 2022 |publisher=Ghana Soccer Net}}</ref> A wannan shekarar ne ya kasance cikin jerin 'yan wasan Namibia da suka cancanci shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 'yan kasa da shekara 20 ta 2013, sannan kuma ya kasance cikin gasar U17 mai siffofi uku, wadda ta kunshi Westphalia da Afirka ta Kudu a [[Walvis Bay]] . Uiseb ta ci gaba da zura kwallaye biyu kacal da Namibia ta ci a gasar yayin da kasar ta yi kunnen doki 2-2 da Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name="NFA News 2012">{{Cite web |title=NFA News 2012 |url=http://www.skw.com.na/NFA%20News%202012.html |access-date=10 February 2022 |publisher=SK Windhoek}}</ref> A waɗannan gasannin ne ya ƙarfafa matsayinsa a cikin tsarin ƙungiyar ƙasa. <ref name="Libyan Affair"/> A shekara mai zuwa ya buga gasar cin kofin COSAFA ta 'yan kasa da shekara 20 ta 2013 kuma ya zura kwallaye a wasan da Namibia ta tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Zambia a matakin rukuni. <ref name="Namibia hold Zambia">{{Cite web |title=Namibia hold Zambia U20 in Cosafa opener |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2013/12/04/namibia-hold-zambia-u20-cosafa-opener/ |access-date=10 February 2022 |publisher=Lusaka Times}}</ref> Uiseb ya fara buga wa babbar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2015 a wasan sada zumunci da Malawi . <ref name="NFT profile">{{Cite web |title=NFT profile |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/61209/Terdius_Uiseb.html |access-date=9 February 2022 |publisher=National Football Teams}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa ya wakilci Namibia a gasar cin kofin COSAFA ta 2016. <ref name="FT">{{Cite web |title=FT – Botswana 1 (5) Namibia 1 (4) |url=https://www.cosafa.com/live-botswana-vs-namibia-ko-17h30-local-16h30-gmt/ |access-date=10 February 2022 |publisher=COSAFA}}</ref> === Ƙididdigar aiki na ƙasashen duniya === {{Updated|match played 8 June 2016}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |Tawagar ƙasa ta Namibia |- ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | 2015 | 1 | 0 |- | 2016 | 3 | 0 |- ! Jimilla ! 4 ! 0 |} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{NFT player|61209/Terdius_Uiseb}} * {{Soccerway|terdius-georome-uiseb/469596}} * Terdius Uiseb at Global Sports Archive [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} c0sqgf8zatecb3tqv1wxsmoads1howj 3 162553 893822 890743 2026-08-09T19:04:20Z NDG 37615 /* Contributions in English */ sabon sashe 893822 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Baffa ali! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Baffa ali|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake yin gyara cikin ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Contributions in English == Hi Baffa ali I've noticed your contributions and reverted some of them. You are contributing in English, but this is not the English Wikipedia. Please refrain from contributing in other languages then Hausa here. Regards [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG|talk]]) 19:04, 9 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) k1jpcmq2k96q0jhgur0prxardnywogp 0 162691 894001 890928 2026-08-10T04:58:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Russian an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1990) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Rasha wanda ke buga wa kungiyar Metallurg Asha ta Rasha . == Ayyuka == Kirillov ya fara buga wasan farko a Gasar Firimiya ta Rasha a ranar 3 ga Mayu 2009 ga FC Khimki a wasan da ya yi da FC Kuban Krasnodar . <ref name="career">{{Cite web |date=3 May 2009 |title=Khimki v Kuban game report |url=https://eng.premierliga.ru/match/match_5989.html}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2009, FC Dynamo Moscow ta sanya hannu kan dan wasan tsakiya mai shekaru 19 daga FC Khimki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2009 |script-title=ru:Кириллов перешёл в "Динамо" |url=http://www.championat.ru/football/news-378207.html |publisher=Championat.ru |language=Russian}}</ref> A cikin lokutan da suka biyo baya, Kirillov ya kwashe lokaci a aro. A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2013, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya ta dindindin tare da Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast, jim kadan bayan kulob din ya koma Gasar Firimiya ta Rasha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2013 |script-title=ru:ЮРИЙ КИРИЛЛОВ ВЕРНУЛСЯ В "УРАЛ" |url=http://www.fc-ural.ru/main/news/ural/1275/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929231622/http://www.fc-ural.ru/main/news/ural/1275/ |archive-date=29 September 2017 |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=[[FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast]] |language=Russian}}</ref> Koyaya, bayan ya buga wasanni biyar kawai a farkon rabin kakar 2013-2014, an saki Kirillov a watan Fabrairun 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2014 |script-title=ru:Юрий Кириллов покидает "Урал" |url=http://www.fc-ural.ru/main/news/ural/1854/ |publisher=[[FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast]] |language=ru |access-date=2 August 2026 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134913/http://www.fc-ural.ru/main/news/ural/1854/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Yuri Kirillov at Russian Premier League (in Russian) (archive in English) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] svmfhfsqppy8v2k12ub286dy6ra2gw0 0 162972 893918 893614 2026-08-09T22:15:16Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Digirin karatu da kuma zargin satar bayanai */ 893918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yana Milev''' ƙwararriyar masaniyar al'adu ce ta Jamus, [[Kimiyar al'umma|masanin zamantakewa]], mai nazarin al'adu, kuma mai kula da al'adu. == Rayuwa == An haifi Yana Milev a [[Leipzig]], Gabashin Jamus, a matsayin ɗan fari na likitan Bulgaria kuma masanin ilimin ɗan adam Gancho Milev, wanda ya yi ƙaura zuwa GDR a farkon shekarun 1960, da kuma mai fassara da fassara Karin Fahr-Mileva da ke Leipzig. Bayan kammala karatun sakandare a abin da a lokacin ake kira GDR, ta fara karatun zane-zane da zane-zanen kaya a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Dresden (HfBK), wanda daga ƙarshe ta kammala da takardar shaidar difloma bayan haɗewar Jamus. Bayan haka, ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a matsayin ɗalibi na biyu a Günter Hornig . A shekarun ƙarshe na Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyya ta Tsakiya, Milev ya kasance mai himma a cikin al'adun ƙasar. Ta shahara da fina-finai masu zaman kansu, wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma zane-zanen ra'ayi . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1988 |title=Autonome Kunst in der DDR, Hochschule der Bildenden Künste Dresden, In Aspik von Yana Milev, HfBK Nachtmahr-Kunstaktion |url=https://www.bpb.de/geschichte/deutsche-geschichte/autonome-kunst-in-der-ddr/56156/bildergalerie-hochschule-fuer-bildende-kuenste?show=image&k=7 |access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tralau |first=Marianne |last2=Kleinert |first2=Peter |date=1988 |title=Freiheit wird nicht erbettelt, sondern erkämpft |url=http://www.nrhz.de/flyer/beitrag.php?id=10571 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Neue Rheinische Zeitung |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniels |first=Dieter |last2=Stoschek |first2=Jeannette |date=2007 |title=Grauzone 8 mm. Materialien zum autonomen Künstlerfilm in der DDR |url=https://www.hatjecantz.de/grauzone-8-mm-1888-0.html?article_id=1888&clang=0 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Hatje Cantz |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berg |first=Ronald |date=29 August 2016 |title=Gegenstimmen aus der DDR, Zitty |url=https://www.tip-berlin.de/kultur/ausstellungen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625190453/https://www.tip-berlin.de/kultur/ausstellungen/ |archive-date=25 June 2021 |access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1992, an gan ta a kasuwar fasaha ta duniya a matsayin mai fasaha da ke da alaƙa da Galerie EIGEN+ART (Leipzig da Berlin). A shekarar 1995, ta zama mawakiyar GDR ta farko da ta karɓi kyautar Max-Pechstein. Haka kuma, a matsayinta na mace ta farko mai zane a jam'iyyar GDR da ta yi hakan, Milev ta nuna aiki a cikin shirin X a shekarar 1997. Tare da goyon bayan [[Sabis ɗin Musayar Ilimi na Jamus|ƙungiyar ilimi ta Jamus]] (DAAD), Milev ta yi tafiya zuwa Japan, inda ta gudanar da nazarin al'adu da kuma horar da dabarun yaƙi na gargajiya na Japan Kyudō da Aikidō a [[Kyoto|Kyōto]] . A cikin 1999, ta sami Sho-Dan na Zen Nippon Kyudo Renmei (全日本弓道連) a [[Tokyo]] . Bayan dawowarta daga Japan a shekara ta 2003, mai zane-zanenta, Gerd Harry Lybke, ya sake ta Milev. Babban aikinta na mai zane ya kusa ƙarewa nan take, kuma an tilasta mata ta fara sabuwar rayuwa. Milev ya kammala karatun digirin digirgir a fannin falsafa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Vienna da Jami'ar Fasaha da Zane ta Karlsruhe (HfG). Domin ta sami kuɗin karatun digirin digirgir (PhD), a shekara ta 2004 ta zama malami kuma shugabar ayyuka a Jami'ar Zurich ta Fasaha (ZHdK), da farko a Cibiyar Bincike kan Zane, sannan a shekara ta 2013, a Cibiyar Nazarin Al'adu a Fasaha (ICS). A lokaci guda, tana aiki tukuru wajen gudanar da ayyukan kula da yara a Jami'ar Zurich ta Fasaha da Cibiyar Karlsruhe ta Fasaha da Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai (ZKM). <ref>''[https://zkm.de/de/event/2009/03/talks-in-between-emergencies Talks in-between Emergencies. Ausnahmezustand Kunstmarkt - Ausnahmeraum Kunst, ZKM Medientheater, 07.03.2009.] {{Webarchive}}'' Retrieved 23 June 2021.</ref> A shekarar 1989, Milev ta haɗu da mai yin goge da kuma mai ɗaukar hoto Philipp Beckert, abokin aikinta a ayyukan haɗin gwiwa har zuwa yau. A shekarar 2020, Milev ta sami izinin zama a Switzerland. Tana zaune a St. Gallen da Berlin. === Digirin karatu da kuma zargin satar bayanai === A shekarar 2008, Milev ya sami digirin digirgir tare da digirin digirgir a fannin falsafar siyasa, wanda Peter Sloterdijk da Elisabeth von Samsonow (mai karatu na biyu) suka tantance kuma suka ba shi lambar yabo ta ''summa cum laude'' . A shekarar 2022, dandalin satar bayanai na VroniPlag Wiki ya buga rahoto kan shari'o'i da dama na zargin [[Plagiarism|satar bayanai]] a cikin takardar digirin Milev mai suna ''Emergency Empire'' da aka buga a shekarar 2009. A cewar rahoton, littafin ya kwafi labarai daga Wikipedia ta Jamus . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weber |first=Stefan |date=2022-11-21 |title=Plagiatsfall an der Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien |url=https://plagiatsgutachten.com/blog/dissertationsplagiat-bildende-wien/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=DOZ. DR. STEFAN WEBER |language=de-DE}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, Milev ya zama mai ba da shawara kan bincike a Cibiyar Bincike ta HfG Karlsruhe, kuma a shekara ta 2012 an amince da shi ya yi aikin ''Habilitation'' tare da Seminar for Sociology a Jami'ar St. Gallen (SfS-HSG). A shekarar 2014, ta sami ''digirin Habilitation'' tare da takardar digiri kan batun ilimin zamantakewa na ƙirar siyasa, wanda Franz Schultheis ya jagoranta kuma Sigrid Schade, Oliver Marchart, da Ulf Wuggenig suka jagoranta. A cikin 2023, VroniPlag Wiki ta buga rahoton saɓo akan ''Habilitationsschrift'' ta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ymh |url=https://vroniplag.fandom.com/de/wiki/Ymh |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=VroniPlag Wiki |language=de}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, ta gudanar da laccarta ta farko ( ''Antrittsvorlesung'' ) a matsayin malamar waje ( ''Privatdozent'' ) a fannin ilimin zamantakewa na al'adu a Jami'ar St. Gallen, mai taken "On Being Precarious in the Society of Symptoms.". A wannan lokacin, Milev ya lura cewa malaman jami'a suna hulɗa da jama'a a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (GDR) waɗanda aka haifa tsakanin 1945 da 1975 an hana su neman aiki. A shekarar 2017 ta ƙaddamar da aikin bincike ''na De-Coupled Society: Liberalization and Resistance a Gabashin Jamus tun daga she 1989/90'', wanda ya bayyana a cikin kundin littattafai da yawa tare da Peter Lang tun daga 2018. Domin gudanar da wannan aikin, Milev ya kafa wani dandali mai zaman kansa mai suna AGIO | Nazarin Zamantakewa da Ilimin Siyasa. == Aiki == === Fasaha === A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, Milev ya gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya shirya fina-finai na gwaji, ayyukan gani, shigarwa, da kuma ayyukan shiga tsakani na birane. A cikin shirye-shiryen multimedia na jerin shirye-shirye kan taken ''Horror Vacui'', kamar ''In Aspik, Einneonopern'', ''Second Up'', da ''Eine Messe'', Milev ya yi aiki a zaman wasan opera mai kama da jam tare da mawakan Bo Kondren (Ornament & Verbrechen), Paul Landers da Christian Lorenz (duka membobin Feeling B a lokacin, kuma yanzu suna Rammstein ), André Greiner-Pol (Freygang), Taymur Streng (9 Tage alt), tare da mawaƙin Johannes Jansen da kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo Matthias Baader Holst. Fina-finai kamar ''raster+psyche'' da ''waɗanda ba za a iya canza su ba'' an haɗa su da sautuka masu rai, kuma an ɗora su a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo kamar na kade-kade a cikin mahallin abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban, ciki har da a wurare kamar Dresden Academy of Fine Arts, Cibiyar Nunin da ke Fučíkplatz, House of Young Talents da ke Berlin (a yau: Podewil), da kuma Lindenpark da ke Potsdam. A shekarun 1990, an mayar da hankali kan aikin Milev zuwa ga tsarin sanya kayan sararin samaniya, inda aka yi amfani da taken rugujewar yankin Gabas a cikin tsarin sanya kayan aikinta na kafofin watsa labarai a ƙarƙashin taken ''Fitowa'' (I zuwa VII). Milev ya ci gaba da aiki da abubuwan da suka shafi fim da shirye-shiryen talabijin, kuma ya ƙirƙiri wurare masu hasashen abubuwa, ko ''Dandalin Tattaunawa'', waɗanda za a iya shiga. An gabatar da waɗannan ''tarukan hasashen'' a Babban Nunin Nordrhein-Westfalen da ke Düsseldorf (1993), a Gidan Tarihi na Leonhardi da ke Dresden (1995), a Gidan Tarihi na Birnin Zwickau (1995) da kuma a cikin Gallery EIGEN + ART da ke Berlin (1996). A shekarar 1997, Catherine David ta gayyaci Milev don ya ɗauki hoton X, kuma ta gabatar da ''shirin Projection Forum III'' mai hulɗa a Ottoneum . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2022 |title=Medien Kunst Netz &#124; Milev, Yana: Projektionsforum III |url=http://www.medienkunstnetz.de/werke/projektionsforum-iii/bilder/3/}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ig8ch8r8ys2ypg8st2uisw7aatepo6k 893919 893918 2026-08-09T22:15:42Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Digirin karatu da kuma zargin satar bayanai */ 893919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yana Milev''' ƙwararriyar masaniyar al'adu ce ta Jamus, [[Kimiyar al'umma|masanin zamantakewa]], mai nazarin al'adu, kuma mai kula da al'adu. == Rayuwa == An haifi Yana Milev a [[Leipzig]], Gabashin Jamus, a matsayin ɗan fari na likitan Bulgaria kuma masanin ilimin ɗan adam Gancho Milev, wanda ya yi ƙaura zuwa GDR a farkon shekarun 1960, da kuma mai fassara da fassara Karin Fahr-Mileva da ke Leipzig. Bayan kammala karatun sakandare a abin da a lokacin ake kira GDR, ta fara karatun zane-zane da zane-zanen kaya a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Dresden (HfBK), wanda daga ƙarshe ta kammala da takardar shaidar difloma bayan haɗewar Jamus. Bayan haka, ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a matsayin ɗalibi na biyu a Günter Hornig . A shekarun ƙarshe na Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyya ta Tsakiya, Milev ya kasance mai himma a cikin al'adun ƙasar. Ta shahara da fina-finai masu zaman kansu, wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma zane-zanen ra'ayi . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1988 |title=Autonome Kunst in der DDR, Hochschule der Bildenden Künste Dresden, In Aspik von Yana Milev, HfBK Nachtmahr-Kunstaktion |url=https://www.bpb.de/geschichte/deutsche-geschichte/autonome-kunst-in-der-ddr/56156/bildergalerie-hochschule-fuer-bildende-kuenste?show=image&k=7 |access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tralau |first=Marianne |last2=Kleinert |first2=Peter |date=1988 |title=Freiheit wird nicht erbettelt, sondern erkämpft |url=http://www.nrhz.de/flyer/beitrag.php?id=10571 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Neue Rheinische Zeitung |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniels |first=Dieter |last2=Stoschek |first2=Jeannette |date=2007 |title=Grauzone 8 mm. Materialien zum autonomen Künstlerfilm in der DDR |url=https://www.hatjecantz.de/grauzone-8-mm-1888-0.html?article_id=1888&clang=0 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Hatje Cantz |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berg |first=Ronald |date=29 August 2016 |title=Gegenstimmen aus der DDR, Zitty |url=https://www.tip-berlin.de/kultur/ausstellungen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625190453/https://www.tip-berlin.de/kultur/ausstellungen/ |archive-date=25 June 2021 |access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1992, an gan ta a kasuwar fasaha ta duniya a matsayin mai fasaha da ke da alaƙa da Galerie EIGEN+ART (Leipzig da Berlin). A shekarar 1995, ta zama mawakiyar GDR ta farko da ta karɓi kyautar Max-Pechstein. Haka kuma, a matsayinta na mace ta farko mai zane a jam'iyyar GDR da ta yi hakan, Milev ta nuna aiki a cikin shirin X a shekarar 1997. Tare da goyon bayan [[Sabis ɗin Musayar Ilimi na Jamus|ƙungiyar ilimi ta Jamus]] (DAAD), Milev ta yi tafiya zuwa Japan, inda ta gudanar da nazarin al'adu da kuma horar da dabarun yaƙi na gargajiya na Japan Kyudō da Aikidō a [[Kyoto|Kyōto]] . A cikin 1999, ta sami Sho-Dan na Zen Nippon Kyudo Renmei (全日本弓道連) a [[Tokyo]] . Bayan dawowarta daga Japan a shekara ta 2003, mai zane-zanenta, Gerd Harry Lybke, ya sake ta Milev. Babban aikinta na mai zane ya kusa ƙarewa nan take, kuma an tilasta mata ta fara sabuwar rayuwa. Milev ya kammala karatun digirin digirgir a fannin falsafa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Vienna da Jami'ar Fasaha da Zane ta Karlsruhe (HfG). Domin ta sami kuɗin karatun digirin digirgir (PhD), a shekara ta 2004 ta zama malami kuma shugabar ayyuka a Jami'ar Zurich ta Fasaha (ZHdK), da farko a Cibiyar Bincike kan Zane, sannan a shekara ta 2013, a Cibiyar Nazarin Al'adu a Fasaha (ICS). A lokaci guda, tana aiki tukuru wajen gudanar da ayyukan kula da yara a Jami'ar Zurich ta Fasaha da Cibiyar Karlsruhe ta Fasaha da Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai (ZKM). <ref>''[https://zkm.de/de/event/2009/03/talks-in-between-emergencies Talks in-between Emergencies. Ausnahmezustand Kunstmarkt - Ausnahmeraum Kunst, ZKM Medientheater, 07.03.2009.] {{Webarchive}}'' Retrieved 23 June 2021.</ref> A shekarar 1989, Milev ta haɗu da mai yin goge da kuma mai ɗaukar hoto Philipp Beckert, abokin aikinta a ayyukan haɗin gwiwa har zuwa yau. A shekarar 2020, Milev ta sami izinin zama a Switzerland. Tana zaune a St. Gallen da Berlin. === Digirin karatu da kuma zargin satar bayanai === A shekarar 2008, Milev ya sami digirin digirgir tare da digirin digirgir a fannin falsafar siyasa, wanda Peter Sloterdijk da Elisabeth von Samsonow (mai karatu na biyu) suka tantance kuma suka ba shi lambar yabo ta ''summa cum laude'' . A shekarar 2022, dandalin satar bayanai na VroniPlag Wiki ya buga rahoto kan shari'o'i da dama na zargin [[Plagiarism|satar bayanai]] a cikin takardar digirin Milev mai suna ''Emergency Empire'' da aka buga a shekarar 2009. A cewar rahoton, littafin ya kwafi labarai daga Wikipedia ta Jamus . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weber |first=Stefan |date=2022-11-21 |title=Plagiatsfall an der Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien |url=https://plagiatsgutachten.com/blog/dissertationsplagiat-bildende-wien/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=DOZ. DR. STEFAN WEBER |language=de-DE}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, Milev ya zama mai ba da shawara kan bincike a Cibiyar Bincike ta HfG Karlsruhe, kuma a shekara ta 2012 an amince da shi ya yi aikin ''Habilitation'' tare da Seminar for Sociology a Jami'ar St. Gallen (SfS-HSG). A shekarar 2014, ta sami ''digirin Habilitation'' tare da takardar digiri kan batun ilimin zamantakewa na ƙirar siyasa, wanda Franz Schultheis ya jagoranta kuma Sigrid Schade, Oliver Marchart, da Ulf Wuggenig suka jagoranta. A cikin 2023, VroniPlag Wiki ta buga rahoton saɓo akan ''Habilitationsschrift'' ta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ymh |url=https://vroniplag.fandom.com/de/wiki/Ymh |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=VroniPlag Wiki |language=de}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, ta gudanar da laccarta ta farko ( ''Antrittsvorlesung'' ) a matsayin malamar waje ( ''Privatdozent'' ) a fannin ilimin zamantakewa na al'adu a Jami'ar St. Gallen, mai taken "On Being Precarious in the Society of Symptoms.". A wannan lokacin, Milev ya lura cewa malaman jami'a suna hulɗa da jama'a a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (GDR) waɗanda aka haifa tsakanin 1945 da 1975 an hana su neman aiki. A shekarar 2017 ta ƙaddamar da aikin bincike ''na De-Coupled Society: Liberalization and Resistance a Gabashin Jamus tun daga sheka 1989/90'', wanda ya bayyana a cikin kundin littattafai da yawa tare da Peter Lang tun daga 2018. Domin gudanar da wannan aikin, Milev ya kafa wani dandali mai zaman kansa mai suna AGIO | Nazarin Zamantakewa da Ilimin Siyasa. == Aiki == === Fasaha === A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, Milev ya gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya shirya fina-finai na gwaji, ayyukan gani, shigarwa, da kuma ayyukan shiga tsakani na birane. A cikin shirye-shiryen multimedia na jerin shirye-shirye kan taken ''Horror Vacui'', kamar ''In Aspik, Einneonopern'', ''Second Up'', da ''Eine Messe'', Milev ya yi aiki a zaman wasan opera mai kama da jam tare da mawakan Bo Kondren (Ornament & Verbrechen), Paul Landers da Christian Lorenz (duka membobin Feeling B a lokacin, kuma yanzu suna Rammstein ), André Greiner-Pol (Freygang), Taymur Streng (9 Tage alt), tare da mawaƙin Johannes Jansen da kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo Matthias Baader Holst. Fina-finai kamar ''raster+psyche'' da ''waɗanda ba za a iya canza su ba'' an haɗa su da sautuka masu rai, kuma an ɗora su a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo kamar na kade-kade a cikin mahallin abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban, ciki har da a wurare kamar Dresden Academy of Fine Arts, Cibiyar Nunin da ke Fučíkplatz, House of Young Talents da ke Berlin (a yau: Podewil), da kuma Lindenpark da ke Potsdam. A shekarun 1990, an mayar da hankali kan aikin Milev zuwa ga tsarin sanya kayan sararin samaniya, inda aka yi amfani da taken rugujewar yankin Gabas a cikin tsarin sanya kayan aikinta na kafofin watsa labarai a ƙarƙashin taken ''Fitowa'' (I zuwa VII). Milev ya ci gaba da aiki da abubuwan da suka shafi fim da shirye-shiryen talabijin, kuma ya ƙirƙiri wurare masu hasashen abubuwa, ko ''Dandalin Tattaunawa'', waɗanda za a iya shiga. An gabatar da waɗannan ''tarukan hasashen'' a Babban Nunin Nordrhein-Westfalen da ke Düsseldorf (1993), a Gidan Tarihi na Leonhardi da ke Dresden (1995), a Gidan Tarihi na Birnin Zwickau (1995) da kuma a cikin Gallery EIGEN + ART da ke Berlin (1996). A shekarar 1997, Catherine David ta gayyaci Milev don ya ɗauki hoton X, kuma ta gabatar da ''shirin Projection Forum III'' mai hulɗa a Ottoneum . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2022 |title=Medien Kunst Netz &#124; Milev, Yana: Projektionsforum III |url=http://www.medienkunstnetz.de/werke/projektionsforum-iii/bilder/3/}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] r6hl5b7wxs4p2b1cb0hks33xj2fc8kr 893920 893919 2026-08-09T22:16:06Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Digirin karatu da kuma zargin satar bayanai */ 893920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yana Milev''' ƙwararriyar masaniyar al'adu ce ta Jamus, [[Kimiyar al'umma|masanin zamantakewa]], mai nazarin al'adu, kuma mai kula da al'adu. == Rayuwa == An haifi Yana Milev a [[Leipzig]], Gabashin Jamus, a matsayin ɗan fari na likitan Bulgaria kuma masanin ilimin ɗan adam Gancho Milev, wanda ya yi ƙaura zuwa GDR a farkon shekarun 1960, da kuma mai fassara da fassara Karin Fahr-Mileva da ke Leipzig. Bayan kammala karatun sakandare a abin da a lokacin ake kira GDR, ta fara karatun zane-zane da zane-zanen kaya a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Dresden (HfBK), wanda daga ƙarshe ta kammala da takardar shaidar difloma bayan haɗewar Jamus. Bayan haka, ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a matsayin ɗalibi na biyu a Günter Hornig . A shekarun ƙarshe na Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyya ta Tsakiya, Milev ya kasance mai himma a cikin al'adun ƙasar. Ta shahara da fina-finai masu zaman kansu, wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma zane-zanen ra'ayi . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1988 |title=Autonome Kunst in der DDR, Hochschule der Bildenden Künste Dresden, In Aspik von Yana Milev, HfBK Nachtmahr-Kunstaktion |url=https://www.bpb.de/geschichte/deutsche-geschichte/autonome-kunst-in-der-ddr/56156/bildergalerie-hochschule-fuer-bildende-kuenste?show=image&k=7 |access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tralau |first=Marianne |last2=Kleinert |first2=Peter |date=1988 |title=Freiheit wird nicht erbettelt, sondern erkämpft |url=http://www.nrhz.de/flyer/beitrag.php?id=10571 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Neue Rheinische Zeitung |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniels |first=Dieter |last2=Stoschek |first2=Jeannette |date=2007 |title=Grauzone 8 mm. Materialien zum autonomen Künstlerfilm in der DDR |url=https://www.hatjecantz.de/grauzone-8-mm-1888-0.html?article_id=1888&clang=0 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Hatje Cantz |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berg |first=Ronald |date=29 August 2016 |title=Gegenstimmen aus der DDR, Zitty |url=https://www.tip-berlin.de/kultur/ausstellungen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625190453/https://www.tip-berlin.de/kultur/ausstellungen/ |archive-date=25 June 2021 |access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1992, an gan ta a kasuwar fasaha ta duniya a matsayin mai fasaha da ke da alaƙa da Galerie EIGEN+ART (Leipzig da Berlin). A shekarar 1995, ta zama mawakiyar GDR ta farko da ta karɓi kyautar Max-Pechstein. Haka kuma, a matsayinta na mace ta farko mai zane a jam'iyyar GDR da ta yi hakan, Milev ta nuna aiki a cikin shirin X a shekarar 1997. Tare da goyon bayan [[Sabis ɗin Musayar Ilimi na Jamus|ƙungiyar ilimi ta Jamus]] (DAAD), Milev ta yi tafiya zuwa Japan, inda ta gudanar da nazarin al'adu da kuma horar da dabarun yaƙi na gargajiya na Japan Kyudō da Aikidō a [[Kyoto|Kyōto]] . A cikin 1999, ta sami Sho-Dan na Zen Nippon Kyudo Renmei (全日本弓道連) a [[Tokyo]] . Bayan dawowarta daga Japan a shekara ta 2003, mai zane-zanenta, Gerd Harry Lybke, ya sake ta Milev. Babban aikinta na mai zane ya kusa ƙarewa nan take, kuma an tilasta mata ta fara sabuwar rayuwa. Milev ya kammala karatun digirin digirgir a fannin falsafa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Vienna da Jami'ar Fasaha da Zane ta Karlsruhe (HfG). Domin ta sami kuɗin karatun digirin digirgir (PhD), a shekara ta 2004 ta zama malami kuma shugabar ayyuka a Jami'ar Zurich ta Fasaha (ZHdK), da farko a Cibiyar Bincike kan Zane, sannan a shekara ta 2013, a Cibiyar Nazarin Al'adu a Fasaha (ICS). A lokaci guda, tana aiki tukuru wajen gudanar da ayyukan kula da yara a Jami'ar Zurich ta Fasaha da Cibiyar Karlsruhe ta Fasaha da Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai (ZKM). <ref>''[https://zkm.de/de/event/2009/03/talks-in-between-emergencies Talks in-between Emergencies. Ausnahmezustand Kunstmarkt - Ausnahmeraum Kunst, ZKM Medientheater, 07.03.2009.] {{Webarchive}}'' Retrieved 23 June 2021.</ref> A shekarar 1989, Milev ta haɗu da mai yin goge da kuma mai ɗaukar hoto Philipp Beckert, abokin aikinta a ayyukan haɗin gwiwa har zuwa yau. A shekarar 2020, Milev ta sami izinin zama a Switzerland. Tana zaune a St. Gallen da Berlin. === Digirin karatu da kuma zargin satar bayanai === A shekarar 2008, Milev ya sami digirin digirgir tare da digirin digirgir a fannin falsafar siyasa, wanda Peter Sloterdijk da Elisabeth von Samsonow (mai karatu na biyu) suka tantance kuma suka ba shi lambar yabo ta ''summa cum laude'' . A shekarar 2022, dandalin satar bayanai na VroniPlag Wiki ya buga rahoto kan shari'o'i da dama na zargin [[Plagiarism|satar bayanai]] a cikin takardar digirin Milev mai suna ''Emergency Empire'' da aka buga a shekarar 2009. A cewar rahoton, littafin ya kwafi labarai daga Wikipedia ta Jamus . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weber |first=Stefan |date=2022-11-21 |title=Plagiatsfall an der Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien |url=https://plagiatsgutachten.com/blog/dissertationsplagiat-bildende-wien/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=DOZ. DR. STEFAN WEBER |language=de-DE}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, Milev ya zama mai ba da shawara kan bincike a Cibiyar Bincike ta HfG Karlsruhe, kuma a shekara ta 2012 an amince da shi ya yi aikin ''Habilitation'' tare da Seminar for Sociology a Jami'ar St. Gallen (SfS-HSG). A shekarar 2014, ta sami ''digirin Habilitation'' tare da takardar digiri kan batun ilimin zamantakewa na ƙirar siyasa, wanda Franz Schultheis ya jagoranta kuma Sigrid Schade, Oliver Marchart, da Ulf Wuggenig suka jagoranta. A cikin 2023, VroniPlag Wiki ta buga rahoton saɓo akan ''Habilitationsschrift'' ta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ymh |url=https://vroniplag.fandom.com/de/wiki/Ymh |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=VroniPlag Wiki |language=de}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, ta gudanar da laccarta ta farko ( ''Antrittsvorlesung'' ) a matsayin malamar waje ( ''Privatdozent'' ) a fannin ilimin zamantakewa na al'adu a Jami'ar St. Gallen, mai taken "On Being Precarious in the Society of Symptoms.". A wannan lokacin, Milev ya lura cewa malaman jami'a suna hulɗa da jama'a a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (GDR) waɗanda aka haifa tsakanin 1945 da 1975 an hana su neman aiki. A shekarar 2017 ta ƙaddamar da aikin bincike ''na De-Coupled Society: Liberalization and Resistance a Gabashin Jamus tun daga shekarar 1989/90'', wanda ya bayyana a cikin kundin littattafai da yawa tare da Peter Lang tun daga 2018. Domin gudanar da wannan aikin, Milev ya kafa wani dandali mai zaman kansa mai suna AGIO | Nazarin Zamantakewa da Ilimin Siyasa. == Aiki == === Fasaha === A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, Milev ya gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya shirya fina-finai na gwaji, ayyukan gani, shigarwa, da kuma ayyukan shiga tsakani na birane. A cikin shirye-shiryen multimedia na jerin shirye-shirye kan taken ''Horror Vacui'', kamar ''In Aspik, Einneonopern'', ''Second Up'', da ''Eine Messe'', Milev ya yi aiki a zaman wasan opera mai kama da jam tare da mawakan Bo Kondren (Ornament & Verbrechen), Paul Landers da Christian Lorenz (duka membobin Feeling B a lokacin, kuma yanzu suna Rammstein ), André Greiner-Pol (Freygang), Taymur Streng (9 Tage alt), tare da mawaƙin Johannes Jansen da kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo Matthias Baader Holst. Fina-finai kamar ''raster+psyche'' da ''waɗanda ba za a iya canza su ba'' an haɗa su da sautuka masu rai, kuma an ɗora su a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo kamar na kade-kade a cikin mahallin abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban, ciki har da a wurare kamar Dresden Academy of Fine Arts, Cibiyar Nunin da ke Fučíkplatz, House of Young Talents da ke Berlin (a yau: Podewil), da kuma Lindenpark da ke Potsdam. A shekarun 1990, an mayar da hankali kan aikin Milev zuwa ga tsarin sanya kayan sararin samaniya, inda aka yi amfani da taken rugujewar yankin Gabas a cikin tsarin sanya kayan aikinta na kafofin watsa labarai a ƙarƙashin taken ''Fitowa'' (I zuwa VII). Milev ya ci gaba da aiki da abubuwan da suka shafi fim da shirye-shiryen talabijin, kuma ya ƙirƙiri wurare masu hasashen abubuwa, ko ''Dandalin Tattaunawa'', waɗanda za a iya shiga. An gabatar da waɗannan ''tarukan hasashen'' a Babban Nunin Nordrhein-Westfalen da ke Düsseldorf (1993), a Gidan Tarihi na Leonhardi da ke Dresden (1995), a Gidan Tarihi na Birnin Zwickau (1995) da kuma a cikin Gallery EIGEN + ART da ke Berlin (1996). A shekarar 1997, Catherine David ta gayyaci Milev don ya ɗauki hoton X, kuma ta gabatar da ''shirin Projection Forum III'' mai hulɗa a Ottoneum . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2022 |title=Medien Kunst Netz &#124; Milev, Yana: Projektionsforum III |url=http://www.medienkunstnetz.de/werke/projektionsforum-iii/bilder/3/}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ksyhs6cq2agh06n4tb101dyrax2zyru 893921 893920 2026-08-09T22:16:32Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Fasaha */ 893921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yana Milev''' ƙwararriyar masaniyar al'adu ce ta Jamus, [[Kimiyar al'umma|masanin zamantakewa]], mai nazarin al'adu, kuma mai kula da al'adu. == Rayuwa == An haifi Yana Milev a [[Leipzig]], Gabashin Jamus, a matsayin ɗan fari na likitan Bulgaria kuma masanin ilimin ɗan adam Gancho Milev, wanda ya yi ƙaura zuwa GDR a farkon shekarun 1960, da kuma mai fassara da fassara Karin Fahr-Mileva da ke Leipzig. Bayan kammala karatun sakandare a abin da a lokacin ake kira GDR, ta fara karatun zane-zane da zane-zanen kaya a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Dresden (HfBK), wanda daga ƙarshe ta kammala da takardar shaidar difloma bayan haɗewar Jamus. Bayan haka, ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a matsayin ɗalibi na biyu a Günter Hornig . A shekarun ƙarshe na Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyya ta Tsakiya, Milev ya kasance mai himma a cikin al'adun ƙasar. Ta shahara da fina-finai masu zaman kansu, wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma zane-zanen ra'ayi . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1988 |title=Autonome Kunst in der DDR, Hochschule der Bildenden Künste Dresden, In Aspik von Yana Milev, HfBK Nachtmahr-Kunstaktion |url=https://www.bpb.de/geschichte/deutsche-geschichte/autonome-kunst-in-der-ddr/56156/bildergalerie-hochschule-fuer-bildende-kuenste?show=image&k=7 |access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tralau |first=Marianne |last2=Kleinert |first2=Peter |date=1988 |title=Freiheit wird nicht erbettelt, sondern erkämpft |url=http://www.nrhz.de/flyer/beitrag.php?id=10571 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Neue Rheinische Zeitung |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniels |first=Dieter |last2=Stoschek |first2=Jeannette |date=2007 |title=Grauzone 8 mm. Materialien zum autonomen Künstlerfilm in der DDR |url=https://www.hatjecantz.de/grauzone-8-mm-1888-0.html?article_id=1888&clang=0 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Hatje Cantz |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berg |first=Ronald |date=29 August 2016 |title=Gegenstimmen aus der DDR, Zitty |url=https://www.tip-berlin.de/kultur/ausstellungen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625190453/https://www.tip-berlin.de/kultur/ausstellungen/ |archive-date=25 June 2021 |access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1992, an gan ta a kasuwar fasaha ta duniya a matsayin mai fasaha da ke da alaƙa da Galerie EIGEN+ART (Leipzig da Berlin). A shekarar 1995, ta zama mawakiyar GDR ta farko da ta karɓi kyautar Max-Pechstein. Haka kuma, a matsayinta na mace ta farko mai zane a jam'iyyar GDR da ta yi hakan, Milev ta nuna aiki a cikin shirin X a shekarar 1997. Tare da goyon bayan [[Sabis ɗin Musayar Ilimi na Jamus|ƙungiyar ilimi ta Jamus]] (DAAD), Milev ta yi tafiya zuwa Japan, inda ta gudanar da nazarin al'adu da kuma horar da dabarun yaƙi na gargajiya na Japan Kyudō da Aikidō a [[Kyoto|Kyōto]] . A cikin 1999, ta sami Sho-Dan na Zen Nippon Kyudo Renmei (全日本弓道連) a [[Tokyo]] . Bayan dawowarta daga Japan a shekara ta 2003, mai zane-zanenta, Gerd Harry Lybke, ya sake ta Milev. Babban aikinta na mai zane ya kusa ƙarewa nan take, kuma an tilasta mata ta fara sabuwar rayuwa. Milev ya kammala karatun digirin digirgir a fannin falsafa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Vienna da Jami'ar Fasaha da Zane ta Karlsruhe (HfG). Domin ta sami kuɗin karatun digirin digirgir (PhD), a shekara ta 2004 ta zama malami kuma shugabar ayyuka a Jami'ar Zurich ta Fasaha (ZHdK), da farko a Cibiyar Bincike kan Zane, sannan a shekara ta 2013, a Cibiyar Nazarin Al'adu a Fasaha (ICS). A lokaci guda, tana aiki tukuru wajen gudanar da ayyukan kula da yara a Jami'ar Zurich ta Fasaha da Cibiyar Karlsruhe ta Fasaha da Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai (ZKM). <ref>''[https://zkm.de/de/event/2009/03/talks-in-between-emergencies Talks in-between Emergencies. Ausnahmezustand Kunstmarkt - Ausnahmeraum Kunst, ZKM Medientheater, 07.03.2009.] {{Webarchive}}'' Retrieved 23 June 2021.</ref> A shekarar 1989, Milev ta haɗu da mai yin goge da kuma mai ɗaukar hoto Philipp Beckert, abokin aikinta a ayyukan haɗin gwiwa har zuwa yau. A shekarar 2020, Milev ta sami izinin zama a Switzerland. Tana zaune a St. Gallen da Berlin. === Digirin karatu da kuma zargin satar bayanai === A shekarar 2008, Milev ya sami digirin digirgir tare da digirin digirgir a fannin falsafar siyasa, wanda Peter Sloterdijk da Elisabeth von Samsonow (mai karatu na biyu) suka tantance kuma suka ba shi lambar yabo ta ''summa cum laude'' . A shekarar 2022, dandalin satar bayanai na VroniPlag Wiki ya buga rahoto kan shari'o'i da dama na zargin [[Plagiarism|satar bayanai]] a cikin takardar digirin Milev mai suna ''Emergency Empire'' da aka buga a shekarar 2009. A cewar rahoton, littafin ya kwafi labarai daga Wikipedia ta Jamus . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weber |first=Stefan |date=2022-11-21 |title=Plagiatsfall an der Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien |url=https://plagiatsgutachten.com/blog/dissertationsplagiat-bildende-wien/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=DOZ. DR. STEFAN WEBER |language=de-DE}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, Milev ya zama mai ba da shawara kan bincike a Cibiyar Bincike ta HfG Karlsruhe, kuma a shekara ta 2012 an amince da shi ya yi aikin ''Habilitation'' tare da Seminar for Sociology a Jami'ar St. Gallen (SfS-HSG). A shekarar 2014, ta sami ''digirin Habilitation'' tare da takardar digiri kan batun ilimin zamantakewa na ƙirar siyasa, wanda Franz Schultheis ya jagoranta kuma Sigrid Schade, Oliver Marchart, da Ulf Wuggenig suka jagoranta. A cikin 2023, VroniPlag Wiki ta buga rahoton saɓo akan ''Habilitationsschrift'' ta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ymh |url=https://vroniplag.fandom.com/de/wiki/Ymh |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=VroniPlag Wiki |language=de}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, ta gudanar da laccarta ta farko ( ''Antrittsvorlesung'' ) a matsayin malamar waje ( ''Privatdozent'' ) a fannin ilimin zamantakewa na al'adu a Jami'ar St. Gallen, mai taken "On Being Precarious in the Society of Symptoms.". A wannan lokacin, Milev ya lura cewa malaman jami'a suna hulɗa da jama'a a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (GDR) waɗanda aka haifa tsakanin 1945 da 1975 an hana su neman aiki. A shekarar 2017 ta ƙaddamar da aikin bincike ''na De-Coupled Society: Liberalization and Resistance a Gabashin Jamus tun daga shekarar 1989/90'', wanda ya bayyana a cikin kundin littattafai da yawa tare da Peter Lang tun daga 2018. Domin gudanar da wannan aikin, Milev ya kafa wani dandali mai zaman kansa mai suna AGIO | Nazarin Zamantakewa da Ilimin Siyasa. == Aiki == === Fasaha === A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, Milev ya gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya shirya fina-finai na gwaji, ayyukan gani, shigarwa, da kuma ayyukan shiga tsakani na birane. A cikin shirye-shiryen multimedia na jerin shirye-shirye kan taken ''Horror Vacui'', kamar ''In Aspik, Einneonopern'', ''Second Up'', da ''Eine Messe'', Milev ya yi aiki a zaman wasan opera mai kama da jam tare da mawakan Bo Kondren (Ornament & Verbrechen), Paul Landers da Christian Lorenz (duka membobin Feeling B a lokacin, kuma yanzu suna Rammstein ), André Greiner-Pol (Freygang), Taymur Streng (9 Tage alt), tare da mawaƙin Johannes Jansen da kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo Matthias Baader Holst. Fina-finai kamar ''raster+psyche'' da ''waɗanda ba za a iya canza su ba'' an haɗa su da sautuka masu rai, kuma an ɗora su a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo kamar na kade-kade a cikin mahallin abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban, ciki har da a wurare kamar Dresden Academy of Fine Arts, Cibiyar Nunin da ke Fučíkplatz, House of Young Talents da ke Berlin (a yau: Podewil), da kuma Lindenpark da ke Potsdam. A shekarar 1990, an mayar da hankali kan aikin Milev zuwa ga tsarin sanya kayan sararin samaniya, inda aka yi amfani da taken rugujewar yankin Gabas a cikin tsarin sanya kayan aikinta na kafofin watsa labarai a ƙarƙashin taken ''Fitowa'' (I zuwa VII). Milev ya ci gaba da aiki da abubuwan da suka shafi fim da shirye-shiryen talabijin, kuma ya ƙirƙiri wurare masu hasashen abubuwa, ko ''Dandalin Tattaunawa'', waɗanda za a iya shiga. An gabatar da waɗannan ''tarukan hasashen'' a Babban Nunin Nordrhein-Westfalen da ke Düsseldorf (1993), a Gidan Tarihi na Leonhardi da ke Dresden (1995), a Gidan Tarihi na Birnin Zwickau (1995) da kuma a cikin Gallery EIGEN + ART da ke Berlin (1996). A shekarar 1997, Catherine David ta gayyaci Milev don ya ɗauki hoton X, kuma ta gabatar da ''shirin Projection Forum III'' mai hulɗa a Ottoneum . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2022 |title=Medien Kunst Netz &#124; Milev, Yana: Projektionsforum III |url=http://www.medienkunstnetz.de/werke/projektionsforum-iii/bilder/3/}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] hwz5rf4kmo1qxkb7butb0bfl4cjsqio 893923 893921 2026-08-09T22:17:17Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Fasaha */ 893923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yana Milev''' ƙwararriyar masaniyar al'adu ce ta Jamus, [[Kimiyar al'umma|masanin zamantakewa]], mai nazarin al'adu, kuma mai kula da al'adu. == Rayuwa == An haifi Yana Milev a [[Leipzig]], Gabashin Jamus, a matsayin ɗan fari na likitan Bulgaria kuma masanin ilimin ɗan adam Gancho Milev, wanda ya yi ƙaura zuwa GDR a farkon shekarun 1960, da kuma mai fassara da fassara Karin Fahr-Mileva da ke Leipzig. Bayan kammala karatun sakandare a abin da a lokacin ake kira GDR, ta fara karatun zane-zane da zane-zanen kaya a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Dresden (HfBK), wanda daga ƙarshe ta kammala da takardar shaidar difloma bayan haɗewar Jamus. Bayan haka, ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a matsayin ɗalibi na biyu a Günter Hornig . A shekarun ƙarshe na Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyya ta Tsakiya, Milev ya kasance mai himma a cikin al'adun ƙasar. Ta shahara da fina-finai masu zaman kansu, wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma zane-zanen ra'ayi . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1988 |title=Autonome Kunst in der DDR, Hochschule der Bildenden Künste Dresden, In Aspik von Yana Milev, HfBK Nachtmahr-Kunstaktion |url=https://www.bpb.de/geschichte/deutsche-geschichte/autonome-kunst-in-der-ddr/56156/bildergalerie-hochschule-fuer-bildende-kuenste?show=image&k=7 |access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tralau |first=Marianne |last2=Kleinert |first2=Peter |date=1988 |title=Freiheit wird nicht erbettelt, sondern erkämpft |url=http://www.nrhz.de/flyer/beitrag.php?id=10571 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Neue Rheinische Zeitung |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniels |first=Dieter |last2=Stoschek |first2=Jeannette |date=2007 |title=Grauzone 8 mm. Materialien zum autonomen Künstlerfilm in der DDR |url=https://www.hatjecantz.de/grauzone-8-mm-1888-0.html?article_id=1888&clang=0 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Hatje Cantz |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berg |first=Ronald |date=29 August 2016 |title=Gegenstimmen aus der DDR, Zitty |url=https://www.tip-berlin.de/kultur/ausstellungen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625190453/https://www.tip-berlin.de/kultur/ausstellungen/ |archive-date=25 June 2021 |access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1992, an gan ta a kasuwar fasaha ta duniya a matsayin mai fasaha da ke da alaƙa da Galerie EIGEN+ART (Leipzig da Berlin). A shekarar 1995, ta zama mawakiyar GDR ta farko da ta karɓi kyautar Max-Pechstein. Haka kuma, a matsayinta na mace ta farko mai zane a jam'iyyar GDR da ta yi hakan, Milev ta nuna aiki a cikin shirin X a shekarar 1997. Tare da goyon bayan [[Sabis ɗin Musayar Ilimi na Jamus|ƙungiyar ilimi ta Jamus]] (DAAD), Milev ta yi tafiya zuwa Japan, inda ta gudanar da nazarin al'adu da kuma horar da dabarun yaƙi na gargajiya na Japan Kyudō da Aikidō a [[Kyoto|Kyōto]] . A cikin 1999, ta sami Sho-Dan na Zen Nippon Kyudo Renmei (全日本弓道連) a [[Tokyo]] . Bayan dawowarta daga Japan a shekara ta 2003, mai zane-zanenta, Gerd Harry Lybke, ya sake ta Milev. Babban aikinta na mai zane ya kusa ƙarewa nan take, kuma an tilasta mata ta fara sabuwar rayuwa. Milev ya kammala karatun digirin digirgir a fannin falsafa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Vienna da Jami'ar Fasaha da Zane ta Karlsruhe (HfG). Domin ta sami kuɗin karatun digirin digirgir (PhD), a shekara ta 2004 ta zama malami kuma shugabar ayyuka a Jami'ar Zurich ta Fasaha (ZHdK), da farko a Cibiyar Bincike kan Zane, sannan a shekara ta 2013, a Cibiyar Nazarin Al'adu a Fasaha (ICS). A lokaci guda, tana aiki tukuru wajen gudanar da ayyukan kula da yara a Jami'ar Zurich ta Fasaha da Cibiyar Karlsruhe ta Fasaha da Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai (ZKM). <ref>''[https://zkm.de/de/event/2009/03/talks-in-between-emergencies Talks in-between Emergencies. Ausnahmezustand Kunstmarkt - Ausnahmeraum Kunst, ZKM Medientheater, 07.03.2009.] {{Webarchive}}'' Retrieved 23 June 2021.</ref> A shekarar 1989, Milev ta haɗu da mai yin goge da kuma mai ɗaukar hoto Philipp Beckert, abokin aikinta a ayyukan haɗin gwiwa har zuwa yau. A shekarar 2020, Milev ta sami izinin zama a Switzerland. Tana zaune a St. Gallen da Berlin. === Digirin karatu da kuma zargin satar bayanai === A shekarar 2008, Milev ya sami digirin digirgir tare da digirin digirgir a fannin falsafar siyasa, wanda Peter Sloterdijk da Elisabeth von Samsonow (mai karatu na biyu) suka tantance kuma suka ba shi lambar yabo ta ''summa cum laude'' . A shekarar 2022, dandalin satar bayanai na VroniPlag Wiki ya buga rahoto kan shari'o'i da dama na zargin [[Plagiarism|satar bayanai]] a cikin takardar digirin Milev mai suna ''Emergency Empire'' da aka buga a shekarar 2009. A cewar rahoton, littafin ya kwafi labarai daga Wikipedia ta Jamus . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weber |first=Stefan |date=2022-11-21 |title=Plagiatsfall an der Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien |url=https://plagiatsgutachten.com/blog/dissertationsplagiat-bildende-wien/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=DOZ. DR. STEFAN WEBER |language=de-DE}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, Milev ya zama mai ba da shawara kan bincike a Cibiyar Bincike ta HfG Karlsruhe, kuma a shekara ta 2012 an amince da shi ya yi aikin ''Habilitation'' tare da Seminar for Sociology a Jami'ar St. Gallen (SfS-HSG). A shekarar 2014, ta sami ''digirin Habilitation'' tare da takardar digiri kan batun ilimin zamantakewa na ƙirar siyasa, wanda Franz Schultheis ya jagoranta kuma Sigrid Schade, Oliver Marchart, da Ulf Wuggenig suka jagoranta. A cikin 2023, VroniPlag Wiki ta buga rahoton saɓo akan ''Habilitationsschrift'' ta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ymh |url=https://vroniplag.fandom.com/de/wiki/Ymh |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=VroniPlag Wiki |language=de}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, ta gudanar da laccarta ta farko ( ''Antrittsvorlesung'' ) a matsayin malamar waje ( ''Privatdozent'' ) a fannin ilimin zamantakewa na al'adu a Jami'ar St. Gallen, mai taken "On Being Precarious in the Society of Symptoms.". A wannan lokacin, Milev ya lura cewa malaman jami'a suna hulɗa da jama'a a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (GDR) waɗanda aka haifa tsakanin 1945 da 1975 an hana su neman aiki. A shekarar 2017 ta ƙaddamar da aikin bincike ''na De-Coupled Society: Liberalization and Resistance a Gabashin Jamus tun daga shekarar 1989/90'', wanda ya bayyana a cikin kundin littattafai da yawa tare da Peter Lang tun daga 2018. Domin gudanar da wannan aikin, Milev ya kafa wani dandali mai zaman kansa mai suna AGIO | Nazarin Zamantakewa da Ilimin Siyasa. == Aiki == === Fasaha === A ƙarshen shekar 1980, Milev ya gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya shirya fina-finai na gwaji, ayyukan gani, shigarwa, da kuma ayyukan shiga tsakani na birane. A cikin shirye-shiryen multimedia na jerin shirye-shirye kan taken ''Horror Vacui'', kamar ''In Aspik, Einneonopern'', ''Second Up'', da ''Eine Messe'', Milev ya yi aiki a zaman wasan opera mai kama da jam tare da mawakan Bo Kondren (Ornament & Verbrechen), Paul Landers da Christian Lorenz (duka membobin Feeling B a lokacin, kuma yanzu suna Rammstein ), André Greiner-Pol (Freygang), Taymur Streng (9 Tage alt), tare da mawaƙin Johannes Jansen da kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo Matthias Baader Holst. Fina-finai kamar ''raster+psyche'' da ''waɗanda ba za a iya canza su ba'' an haɗa su da sautuka masu rai, kuma an ɗora su a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo kamar na kade-kade a cikin mahallin abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban, ciki har da a wurare kamar Dresden Academy of Fine Arts, Cibiyar Nunin da ke Fučíkplatz, House of Young Talents da ke Berlin (a yau: Podewil), da kuma Lindenpark da ke Potsdam. A shekarar 1990, an mayar da hankali kan aikin Milev zuwa ga tsarin sanya kayan sararin samaniya, inda aka yi amfani da taken rugujewar yankin Gabas a cikin tsarin sanya kayan aikinta na kafofin watsa labarai a ƙarƙashin taken ''Fitowa'' (I zuwa VII). Milev ya ci gaba da aiki da abubuwan da suka shafi fim da shirye-shiryen talabijin, kuma ya ƙirƙiri wurare masu hasashen abubuwa, ko ''Dandalin Tattaunawa'', waɗanda za a iya shiga. An gabatar da waɗannan ''tarukan hasashen'' a Babban Nunin Nordrhein-Westfalen da ke Düsseldorf (1993), a Gidan Tarihi na Leonhardi da ke Dresden (1995), a Gidan Tarihi na Birnin Zwickau (1995) da kuma a cikin Gallery EIGEN + ART da ke Berlin (1996). A shekarar 1997, Catherine David ta gayyaci Milev don ya ɗauki hoton X, kuma ta gabatar da ''shirin Projection Forum III'' mai hulɗa a Ottoneum . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2022 |title=Medien Kunst Netz &#124; Milev, Yana: Projektionsforum III |url=http://www.medienkunstnetz.de/werke/projektionsforum-iii/bilder/3/}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 8wn0dr9eginh0c1nd4fqbjooldx3u4s 893924 893923 2026-08-09T22:17:31Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Fasaha */ 893924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yana Milev''' ƙwararriyar masaniyar al'adu ce ta Jamus, [[Kimiyar al'umma|masanin zamantakewa]], mai nazarin al'adu, kuma mai kula da al'adu. == Rayuwa == An haifi Yana Milev a [[Leipzig]], Gabashin Jamus, a matsayin ɗan fari na likitan Bulgaria kuma masanin ilimin ɗan adam Gancho Milev, wanda ya yi ƙaura zuwa GDR a farkon shekarun 1960, da kuma mai fassara da fassara Karin Fahr-Mileva da ke Leipzig. Bayan kammala karatun sakandare a abin da a lokacin ake kira GDR, ta fara karatun zane-zane da zane-zanen kaya a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Dresden (HfBK), wanda daga ƙarshe ta kammala da takardar shaidar difloma bayan haɗewar Jamus. Bayan haka, ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a matsayin ɗalibi na biyu a Günter Hornig . A shekarun ƙarshe na Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyya ta Tsakiya, Milev ya kasance mai himma a cikin al'adun ƙasar. Ta shahara da fina-finai masu zaman kansu, wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma zane-zanen ra'ayi . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1988 |title=Autonome Kunst in der DDR, Hochschule der Bildenden Künste Dresden, In Aspik von Yana Milev, HfBK Nachtmahr-Kunstaktion |url=https://www.bpb.de/geschichte/deutsche-geschichte/autonome-kunst-in-der-ddr/56156/bildergalerie-hochschule-fuer-bildende-kuenste?show=image&k=7 |access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tralau |first=Marianne |last2=Kleinert |first2=Peter |date=1988 |title=Freiheit wird nicht erbettelt, sondern erkämpft |url=http://www.nrhz.de/flyer/beitrag.php?id=10571 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Neue Rheinische Zeitung |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniels |first=Dieter |last2=Stoschek |first2=Jeannette |date=2007 |title=Grauzone 8 mm. Materialien zum autonomen Künstlerfilm in der DDR |url=https://www.hatjecantz.de/grauzone-8-mm-1888-0.html?article_id=1888&clang=0 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Hatje Cantz |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berg |first=Ronald |date=29 August 2016 |title=Gegenstimmen aus der DDR, Zitty |url=https://www.tip-berlin.de/kultur/ausstellungen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625190453/https://www.tip-berlin.de/kultur/ausstellungen/ |archive-date=25 June 2021 |access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1992, an gan ta a kasuwar fasaha ta duniya a matsayin mai fasaha da ke da alaƙa da Galerie EIGEN+ART (Leipzig da Berlin). A shekarar 1995, ta zama mawakiyar GDR ta farko da ta karɓi kyautar Max-Pechstein. Haka kuma, a matsayinta na mace ta farko mai zane a jam'iyyar GDR da ta yi hakan, Milev ta nuna aiki a cikin shirin X a shekarar 1997. Tare da goyon bayan [[Sabis ɗin Musayar Ilimi na Jamus|ƙungiyar ilimi ta Jamus]] (DAAD), Milev ta yi tafiya zuwa Japan, inda ta gudanar da nazarin al'adu da kuma horar da dabarun yaƙi na gargajiya na Japan Kyudō da Aikidō a [[Kyoto|Kyōto]] . A cikin 1999, ta sami Sho-Dan na Zen Nippon Kyudo Renmei (全日本弓道連) a [[Tokyo]] . Bayan dawowarta daga Japan a shekara ta 2003, mai zane-zanenta, Gerd Harry Lybke, ya sake ta Milev. Babban aikinta na mai zane ya kusa ƙarewa nan take, kuma an tilasta mata ta fara sabuwar rayuwa. Milev ya kammala karatun digirin digirgir a fannin falsafa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Vienna da Jami'ar Fasaha da Zane ta Karlsruhe (HfG). Domin ta sami kuɗin karatun digirin digirgir (PhD), a shekara ta 2004 ta zama malami kuma shugabar ayyuka a Jami'ar Zurich ta Fasaha (ZHdK), da farko a Cibiyar Bincike kan Zane, sannan a shekara ta 2013, a Cibiyar Nazarin Al'adu a Fasaha (ICS). A lokaci guda, tana aiki tukuru wajen gudanar da ayyukan kula da yara a Jami'ar Zurich ta Fasaha da Cibiyar Karlsruhe ta Fasaha da Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai (ZKM). <ref>''[https://zkm.de/de/event/2009/03/talks-in-between-emergencies Talks in-between Emergencies. Ausnahmezustand Kunstmarkt - Ausnahmeraum Kunst, ZKM Medientheater, 07.03.2009.] {{Webarchive}}'' Retrieved 23 June 2021.</ref> A shekarar 1989, Milev ta haɗu da mai yin goge da kuma mai ɗaukar hoto Philipp Beckert, abokin aikinta a ayyukan haɗin gwiwa har zuwa yau. A shekarar 2020, Milev ta sami izinin zama a Switzerland. Tana zaune a St. Gallen da Berlin. === Digirin karatu da kuma zargin satar bayanai === A shekarar 2008, Milev ya sami digirin digirgir tare da digirin digirgir a fannin falsafar siyasa, wanda Peter Sloterdijk da Elisabeth von Samsonow (mai karatu na biyu) suka tantance kuma suka ba shi lambar yabo ta ''summa cum laude'' . A shekarar 2022, dandalin satar bayanai na VroniPlag Wiki ya buga rahoto kan shari'o'i da dama na zargin [[Plagiarism|satar bayanai]] a cikin takardar digirin Milev mai suna ''Emergency Empire'' da aka buga a shekarar 2009. A cewar rahoton, littafin ya kwafi labarai daga Wikipedia ta Jamus . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weber |first=Stefan |date=2022-11-21 |title=Plagiatsfall an der Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien |url=https://plagiatsgutachten.com/blog/dissertationsplagiat-bildende-wien/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=DOZ. DR. STEFAN WEBER |language=de-DE}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, Milev ya zama mai ba da shawara kan bincike a Cibiyar Bincike ta HfG Karlsruhe, kuma a shekara ta 2012 an amince da shi ya yi aikin ''Habilitation'' tare da Seminar for Sociology a Jami'ar St. Gallen (SfS-HSG). A shekarar 2014, ta sami ''digirin Habilitation'' tare da takardar digiri kan batun ilimin zamantakewa na ƙirar siyasa, wanda Franz Schultheis ya jagoranta kuma Sigrid Schade, Oliver Marchart, da Ulf Wuggenig suka jagoranta. A cikin 2023, VroniPlag Wiki ta buga rahoton saɓo akan ''Habilitationsschrift'' ta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ymh |url=https://vroniplag.fandom.com/de/wiki/Ymh |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=VroniPlag Wiki |language=de}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, ta gudanar da laccarta ta farko ( ''Antrittsvorlesung'' ) a matsayin malamar waje ( ''Privatdozent'' ) a fannin ilimin zamantakewa na al'adu a Jami'ar St. Gallen, mai taken "On Being Precarious in the Society of Symptoms.". A wannan lokacin, Milev ya lura cewa malaman jami'a suna hulɗa da jama'a a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (GDR) waɗanda aka haifa tsakanin 1945 da 1975 an hana su neman aiki. A shekarar 2017 ta ƙaddamar da aikin bincike ''na De-Coupled Society: Liberalization and Resistance a Gabashin Jamus tun daga shekarar 1989/90'', wanda ya bayyana a cikin kundin littattafai da yawa tare da Peter Lang tun daga 2018. Domin gudanar da wannan aikin, Milev ya kafa wani dandali mai zaman kansa mai suna AGIO | Nazarin Zamantakewa da Ilimin Siyasa. == Aiki == === Fasaha === A ƙarshen shekaran 1980, Milev ya gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya shirya fina-finai na gwaji, ayyukan gani, shigarwa, da kuma ayyukan shiga tsakani na birane. A cikin shirye-shiryen multimedia na jerin shirye-shirye kan taken ''Horror Vacui'', kamar ''In Aspik, Einneonopern'', ''Second Up'', da ''Eine Messe'', Milev ya yi aiki a zaman wasan opera mai kama da jam tare da mawakan Bo Kondren (Ornament & Verbrechen), Paul Landers da Christian Lorenz (duka membobin Feeling B a lokacin, kuma yanzu suna Rammstein ), André Greiner-Pol (Freygang), Taymur Streng (9 Tage alt), tare da mawaƙin Johannes Jansen da kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo Matthias Baader Holst. Fina-finai kamar ''raster+psyche'' da ''waɗanda ba za a iya canza su ba'' an haɗa su da sautuka masu rai, kuma an ɗora su a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo kamar na kade-kade a cikin mahallin abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban, ciki har da a wurare kamar Dresden Academy of Fine Arts, Cibiyar Nunin da ke Fučíkplatz, House of Young Talents da ke Berlin (a yau: Podewil), da kuma Lindenpark da ke Potsdam. A shekarar 1990, an mayar da hankali kan aikin Milev zuwa ga tsarin sanya kayan sararin samaniya, inda aka yi amfani da taken rugujewar yankin Gabas a cikin tsarin sanya kayan aikinta na kafofin watsa labarai a ƙarƙashin taken ''Fitowa'' (I zuwa VII). Milev ya ci gaba da aiki da abubuwan da suka shafi fim da shirye-shiryen talabijin, kuma ya ƙirƙiri wurare masu hasashen abubuwa, ko ''Dandalin Tattaunawa'', waɗanda za a iya shiga. An gabatar da waɗannan ''tarukan hasashen'' a Babban Nunin Nordrhein-Westfalen da ke Düsseldorf (1993), a Gidan Tarihi na Leonhardi da ke Dresden (1995), a Gidan Tarihi na Birnin Zwickau (1995) da kuma a cikin Gallery EIGEN + ART da ke Berlin (1996). A shekarar 1997, Catherine David ta gayyaci Milev don ya ɗauki hoton X, kuma ta gabatar da ''shirin Projection Forum III'' mai hulɗa a Ottoneum . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2022 |title=Medien Kunst Netz &#124; Milev, Yana: Projektionsforum III |url=http://www.medienkunstnetz.de/werke/projektionsforum-iii/bilder/3/}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] sgb6r72ne4tou5s1wto9rs6koh6104t 893925 893924 2026-08-09T22:18:04Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Rayuwa */ 893925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yana Milev''' ƙwararriyar masaniyar al'adu ce ta Jamus, [[Kimiyar al'umma|masanin zamantakewa]], mai nazarin al'adu, kuma mai kula da al'adu. == Rayuwa == An haifi shi Yana Milev a [[Leipzig]], Gabashin Jamus, a matsayin ɗan fari na likitan Bulgaria kuma masanin ilimin ɗan adam Gancho Milev, wanda ya yi ƙaura zuwa GDR a farkon shekarun 1960, da kuma mai fassara da fassara Karin Fahr-Mileva da ke Leipzig. Bayan kammala karatun sakandare a abin da a lokacin ake kira GDR, ta fara karatun zane-zane da zane-zanen kaya a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Dresden (HfBK), wanda daga ƙarshe ta kammala da takardar shaidar difloma bayan haɗewar Jamus. Bayan haka, ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a matsayin ɗalibi na biyu a Günter Hornig . A shekarun ƙarshe na Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyya ta Tsakiya, Milev ya kasance mai himma a cikin al'adun ƙasar. Ta shahara da fina-finai masu zaman kansu, wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma zane-zanen ra'ayi . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1988 |title=Autonome Kunst in der DDR, Hochschule der Bildenden Künste Dresden, In Aspik von Yana Milev, HfBK Nachtmahr-Kunstaktion |url=https://www.bpb.de/geschichte/deutsche-geschichte/autonome-kunst-in-der-ddr/56156/bildergalerie-hochschule-fuer-bildende-kuenste?show=image&k=7 |access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tralau |first=Marianne |last2=Kleinert |first2=Peter |date=1988 |title=Freiheit wird nicht erbettelt, sondern erkämpft |url=http://www.nrhz.de/flyer/beitrag.php?id=10571 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Neue Rheinische Zeitung |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniels |first=Dieter |last2=Stoschek |first2=Jeannette |date=2007 |title=Grauzone 8 mm. Materialien zum autonomen Künstlerfilm in der DDR |url=https://www.hatjecantz.de/grauzone-8-mm-1888-0.html?article_id=1888&clang=0 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Hatje Cantz |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berg |first=Ronald |date=29 August 2016 |title=Gegenstimmen aus der DDR, Zitty |url=https://www.tip-berlin.de/kultur/ausstellungen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625190453/https://www.tip-berlin.de/kultur/ausstellungen/ |archive-date=25 June 2021 |access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1992, an gan ta a kasuwar fasaha ta duniya a matsayin mai fasaha da ke da alaƙa da Galerie EIGEN+ART (Leipzig da Berlin). A shekarar 1995, ta zama mawakiyar GDR ta farko da ta karɓi kyautar Max-Pechstein. Haka kuma, a matsayinta na mace ta farko mai zane a jam'iyyar GDR da ta yi hakan, Milev ta nuna aiki a cikin shirin X a shekarar 1997. Tare da goyon bayan [[Sabis ɗin Musayar Ilimi na Jamus|ƙungiyar ilimi ta Jamus]] (DAAD), Milev ta yi tafiya zuwa Japan, inda ta gudanar da nazarin al'adu da kuma horar da dabarun yaƙi na gargajiya na Japan Kyudō da Aikidō a [[Kyoto|Kyōto]] . A cikin 1999, ta sami Sho-Dan na Zen Nippon Kyudo Renmei (全日本弓道連) a [[Tokyo]] . Bayan dawowarta daga Japan a shekara ta 2003, mai zane-zanenta, Gerd Harry Lybke, ya sake ta Milev. Babban aikinta na mai zane ya kusa ƙarewa nan take, kuma an tilasta mata ta fara sabuwar rayuwa. Milev ya kammala karatun digirin digirgir a fannin falsafa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Vienna da Jami'ar Fasaha da Zane ta Karlsruhe (HfG). Domin ta sami kuɗin karatun digirin digirgir (PhD), a shekara ta 2004 ta zama malami kuma shugabar ayyuka a Jami'ar Zurich ta Fasaha (ZHdK), da farko a Cibiyar Bincike kan Zane, sannan a shekara ta 2013, a Cibiyar Nazarin Al'adu a Fasaha (ICS). A lokaci guda, tana aiki tukuru wajen gudanar da ayyukan kula da yara a Jami'ar Zurich ta Fasaha da Cibiyar Karlsruhe ta Fasaha da Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai (ZKM). <ref>''[https://zkm.de/de/event/2009/03/talks-in-between-emergencies Talks in-between Emergencies. Ausnahmezustand Kunstmarkt - Ausnahmeraum Kunst, ZKM Medientheater, 07.03.2009.] {{Webarchive}}'' Retrieved 23 June 2021.</ref> A shekarar 1989, Milev ta haɗu da mai yin goge da kuma mai ɗaukar hoto Philipp Beckert, abokin aikinta a ayyukan haɗin gwiwa har zuwa yau. A shekarar 2020, Milev ta sami izinin zama a Switzerland. Tana zaune a St. Gallen da Berlin. === Digirin karatu da kuma zargin satar bayanai === A shekarar 2008, Milev ya sami digirin digirgir tare da digirin digirgir a fannin falsafar siyasa, wanda Peter Sloterdijk da Elisabeth von Samsonow (mai karatu na biyu) suka tantance kuma suka ba shi lambar yabo ta ''summa cum laude'' . A shekarar 2022, dandalin satar bayanai na VroniPlag Wiki ya buga rahoto kan shari'o'i da dama na zargin [[Plagiarism|satar bayanai]] a cikin takardar digirin Milev mai suna ''Emergency Empire'' da aka buga a shekarar 2009. A cewar rahoton, littafin ya kwafi labarai daga Wikipedia ta Jamus . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weber |first=Stefan |date=2022-11-21 |title=Plagiatsfall an der Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien |url=https://plagiatsgutachten.com/blog/dissertationsplagiat-bildende-wien/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=DOZ. DR. STEFAN WEBER |language=de-DE}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, Milev ya zama mai ba da shawara kan bincike a Cibiyar Bincike ta HfG Karlsruhe, kuma a shekara ta 2012 an amince da shi ya yi aikin ''Habilitation'' tare da Seminar for Sociology a Jami'ar St. Gallen (SfS-HSG). A shekarar 2014, ta sami ''digirin Habilitation'' tare da takardar digiri kan batun ilimin zamantakewa na ƙirar siyasa, wanda Franz Schultheis ya jagoranta kuma Sigrid Schade, Oliver Marchart, da Ulf Wuggenig suka jagoranta. A cikin 2023, VroniPlag Wiki ta buga rahoton saɓo akan ''Habilitationsschrift'' ta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ymh |url=https://vroniplag.fandom.com/de/wiki/Ymh |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=VroniPlag Wiki |language=de}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, ta gudanar da laccarta ta farko ( ''Antrittsvorlesung'' ) a matsayin malamar waje ( ''Privatdozent'' ) a fannin ilimin zamantakewa na al'adu a Jami'ar St. Gallen, mai taken "On Being Precarious in the Society of Symptoms.". A wannan lokacin, Milev ya lura cewa malaman jami'a suna hulɗa da jama'a a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (GDR) waɗanda aka haifa tsakanin 1945 da 1975 an hana su neman aiki. A shekarar 2017 ta ƙaddamar da aikin bincike ''na De-Coupled Society: Liberalization and Resistance a Gabashin Jamus tun daga shekarar 1989/90'', wanda ya bayyana a cikin kundin littattafai da yawa tare da Peter Lang tun daga 2018. Domin gudanar da wannan aikin, Milev ya kafa wani dandali mai zaman kansa mai suna AGIO | Nazarin Zamantakewa da Ilimin Siyasa. == Aiki == === Fasaha === A ƙarshen shekaran 1980, Milev ya gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya shirya fina-finai na gwaji, ayyukan gani, shigarwa, da kuma ayyukan shiga tsakani na birane. A cikin shirye-shiryen multimedia na jerin shirye-shirye kan taken ''Horror Vacui'', kamar ''In Aspik, Einneonopern'', ''Second Up'', da ''Eine Messe'', Milev ya yi aiki a zaman wasan opera mai kama da jam tare da mawakan Bo Kondren (Ornament & Verbrechen), Paul Landers da Christian Lorenz (duka membobin Feeling B a lokacin, kuma yanzu suna Rammstein ), André Greiner-Pol (Freygang), Taymur Streng (9 Tage alt), tare da mawaƙin Johannes Jansen da kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo Matthias Baader Holst. Fina-finai kamar ''raster+psyche'' da ''waɗanda ba za a iya canza su ba'' an haɗa su da sautuka masu rai, kuma an ɗora su a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo kamar na kade-kade a cikin mahallin abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban, ciki har da a wurare kamar Dresden Academy of Fine Arts, Cibiyar Nunin da ke Fučíkplatz, House of Young Talents da ke Berlin (a yau: Podewil), da kuma Lindenpark da ke Potsdam. A shekarar 1990, an mayar da hankali kan aikin Milev zuwa ga tsarin sanya kayan sararin samaniya, inda aka yi amfani da taken rugujewar yankin Gabas a cikin tsarin sanya kayan aikinta na kafofin watsa labarai a ƙarƙashin taken ''Fitowa'' (I zuwa VII). Milev ya ci gaba da aiki da abubuwan da suka shafi fim da shirye-shiryen talabijin, kuma ya ƙirƙiri wurare masu hasashen abubuwa, ko ''Dandalin Tattaunawa'', waɗanda za a iya shiga. An gabatar da waɗannan ''tarukan hasashen'' a Babban Nunin Nordrhein-Westfalen da ke Düsseldorf (1993), a Gidan Tarihi na Leonhardi da ke Dresden (1995), a Gidan Tarihi na Birnin Zwickau (1995) da kuma a cikin Gallery EIGEN + ART da ke Berlin (1996). A shekarar 1997, Catherine David ta gayyaci Milev don ya ɗauki hoton X, kuma ta gabatar da ''shirin Projection Forum III'' mai hulɗa a Ottoneum . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2022 |title=Medien Kunst Netz &#124; Milev, Yana: Projektionsforum III |url=http://www.medienkunstnetz.de/werke/projektionsforum-iii/bilder/3/}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] fnofp4zvioa2v4nc70gmxk6itienqss 893926 893925 2026-08-09T22:18:21Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Rayuwa */ 893926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yana Milev''' ƙwararriyar masaniyar al'adu ce ta Jamus, [[Kimiyar al'umma|masanin zamantakewa]], mai nazarin al'adu, kuma mai kula da al'adu. == Rayuwa == An haifi si Yana Milev a [[Leipzig]], Gabashin Jamus, a matsayin ɗan fari na likitan Bulgaria kuma masanin ilimin ɗan adam Gancho Milev, wanda ya yi ƙaura zuwa GDR a farkon shekarun 1960, da kuma mai fassara da fassara Karin Fahr-Mileva da ke Leipzig. Bayan kammala karatun sakandare a abin da a lokacin ake kira GDR, ta fara karatun zane-zane da zane-zanen kaya a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Dresden (HfBK), wanda daga ƙarshe ta kammala da takardar shaidar difloma bayan haɗewar Jamus. Bayan haka, ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a matsayin ɗalibi na biyu a Günter Hornig . A shekarun ƙarshe na Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyya ta Tsakiya, Milev ya kasance mai himma a cikin al'adun ƙasar. Ta shahara da fina-finai masu zaman kansu, wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma zane-zanen ra'ayi . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1988 |title=Autonome Kunst in der DDR, Hochschule der Bildenden Künste Dresden, In Aspik von Yana Milev, HfBK Nachtmahr-Kunstaktion |url=https://www.bpb.de/geschichte/deutsche-geschichte/autonome-kunst-in-der-ddr/56156/bildergalerie-hochschule-fuer-bildende-kuenste?show=image&k=7 |access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tralau |first=Marianne |last2=Kleinert |first2=Peter |date=1988 |title=Freiheit wird nicht erbettelt, sondern erkämpft |url=http://www.nrhz.de/flyer/beitrag.php?id=10571 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Neue Rheinische Zeitung |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniels |first=Dieter |last2=Stoschek |first2=Jeannette |date=2007 |title=Grauzone 8 mm. Materialien zum autonomen Künstlerfilm in der DDR |url=https://www.hatjecantz.de/grauzone-8-mm-1888-0.html?article_id=1888&clang=0 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Hatje Cantz |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berg |first=Ronald |date=29 August 2016 |title=Gegenstimmen aus der DDR, Zitty |url=https://www.tip-berlin.de/kultur/ausstellungen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625190453/https://www.tip-berlin.de/kultur/ausstellungen/ |archive-date=25 June 2021 |access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1992, an gan ta a kasuwar fasaha ta duniya a matsayin mai fasaha da ke da alaƙa da Galerie EIGEN+ART (Leipzig da Berlin). A shekarar 1995, ta zama mawakiyar GDR ta farko da ta karɓi kyautar Max-Pechstein. Haka kuma, a matsayinta na mace ta farko mai zane a jam'iyyar GDR da ta yi hakan, Milev ta nuna aiki a cikin shirin X a shekarar 1997. Tare da goyon bayan [[Sabis ɗin Musayar Ilimi na Jamus|ƙungiyar ilimi ta Jamus]] (DAAD), Milev ta yi tafiya zuwa Japan, inda ta gudanar da nazarin al'adu da kuma horar da dabarun yaƙi na gargajiya na Japan Kyudō da Aikidō a [[Kyoto|Kyōto]] . A cikin 1999, ta sami Sho-Dan na Zen Nippon Kyudo Renmei (全日本弓道連) a [[Tokyo]] . Bayan dawowarta daga Japan a shekara ta 2003, mai zane-zanenta, Gerd Harry Lybke, ya sake ta Milev. Babban aikinta na mai zane ya kusa ƙarewa nan take, kuma an tilasta mata ta fara sabuwar rayuwa. Milev ya kammala karatun digirin digirgir a fannin falsafa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Vienna da Jami'ar Fasaha da Zane ta Karlsruhe (HfG). Domin ta sami kuɗin karatun digirin digirgir (PhD), a shekara ta 2004 ta zama malami kuma shugabar ayyuka a Jami'ar Zurich ta Fasaha (ZHdK), da farko a Cibiyar Bincike kan Zane, sannan a shekara ta 2013, a Cibiyar Nazarin Al'adu a Fasaha (ICS). A lokaci guda, tana aiki tukuru wajen gudanar da ayyukan kula da yara a Jami'ar Zurich ta Fasaha da Cibiyar Karlsruhe ta Fasaha da Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai (ZKM). <ref>''[https://zkm.de/de/event/2009/03/talks-in-between-emergencies Talks in-between Emergencies. Ausnahmezustand Kunstmarkt - Ausnahmeraum Kunst, ZKM Medientheater, 07.03.2009.] {{Webarchive}}'' Retrieved 23 June 2021.</ref> A shekarar 1989, Milev ta haɗu da mai yin goge da kuma mai ɗaukar hoto Philipp Beckert, abokin aikinta a ayyukan haɗin gwiwa har zuwa yau. A shekarar 2020, Milev ta sami izinin zama a Switzerland. Tana zaune a St. Gallen da Berlin. === Digirin karatu da kuma zargin satar bayanai === A shekarar 2008, Milev ya sami digirin digirgir tare da digirin digirgir a fannin falsafar siyasa, wanda Peter Sloterdijk da Elisabeth von Samsonow (mai karatu na biyu) suka tantance kuma suka ba shi lambar yabo ta ''summa cum laude'' . A shekarar 2022, dandalin satar bayanai na VroniPlag Wiki ya buga rahoto kan shari'o'i da dama na zargin [[Plagiarism|satar bayanai]] a cikin takardar digirin Milev mai suna ''Emergency Empire'' da aka buga a shekarar 2009. A cewar rahoton, littafin ya kwafi labarai daga Wikipedia ta Jamus . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weber |first=Stefan |date=2022-11-21 |title=Plagiatsfall an der Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien |url=https://plagiatsgutachten.com/blog/dissertationsplagiat-bildende-wien/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=DOZ. DR. STEFAN WEBER |language=de-DE}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, Milev ya zama mai ba da shawara kan bincike a Cibiyar Bincike ta HfG Karlsruhe, kuma a shekara ta 2012 an amince da shi ya yi aikin ''Habilitation'' tare da Seminar for Sociology a Jami'ar St. Gallen (SfS-HSG). A shekarar 2014, ta sami ''digirin Habilitation'' tare da takardar digiri kan batun ilimin zamantakewa na ƙirar siyasa, wanda Franz Schultheis ya jagoranta kuma Sigrid Schade, Oliver Marchart, da Ulf Wuggenig suka jagoranta. A cikin 2023, VroniPlag Wiki ta buga rahoton saɓo akan ''Habilitationsschrift'' ta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ymh |url=https://vroniplag.fandom.com/de/wiki/Ymh |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=VroniPlag Wiki |language=de}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, ta gudanar da laccarta ta farko ( ''Antrittsvorlesung'' ) a matsayin malamar waje ( ''Privatdozent'' ) a fannin ilimin zamantakewa na al'adu a Jami'ar St. Gallen, mai taken "On Being Precarious in the Society of Symptoms.". A wannan lokacin, Milev ya lura cewa malaman jami'a suna hulɗa da jama'a a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (GDR) waɗanda aka haifa tsakanin 1945 da 1975 an hana su neman aiki. A shekarar 2017 ta ƙaddamar da aikin bincike ''na De-Coupled Society: Liberalization and Resistance a Gabashin Jamus tun daga shekarar 1989/90'', wanda ya bayyana a cikin kundin littattafai da yawa tare da Peter Lang tun daga 2018. Domin gudanar da wannan aikin, Milev ya kafa wani dandali mai zaman kansa mai suna AGIO | Nazarin Zamantakewa da Ilimin Siyasa. == Aiki == === Fasaha === A ƙarshen shekaran 1980, Milev ya gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya shirya fina-finai na gwaji, ayyukan gani, shigarwa, da kuma ayyukan shiga tsakani na birane. A cikin shirye-shiryen multimedia na jerin shirye-shirye kan taken ''Horror Vacui'', kamar ''In Aspik, Einneonopern'', ''Second Up'', da ''Eine Messe'', Milev ya yi aiki a zaman wasan opera mai kama da jam tare da mawakan Bo Kondren (Ornament & Verbrechen), Paul Landers da Christian Lorenz (duka membobin Feeling B a lokacin, kuma yanzu suna Rammstein ), André Greiner-Pol (Freygang), Taymur Streng (9 Tage alt), tare da mawaƙin Johannes Jansen da kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo Matthias Baader Holst. Fina-finai kamar ''raster+psyche'' da ''waɗanda ba za a iya canza su ba'' an haɗa su da sautuka masu rai, kuma an ɗora su a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo kamar na kade-kade a cikin mahallin abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban, ciki har da a wurare kamar Dresden Academy of Fine Arts, Cibiyar Nunin da ke Fučíkplatz, House of Young Talents da ke Berlin (a yau: Podewil), da kuma Lindenpark da ke Potsdam. A shekarar 1990, an mayar da hankali kan aikin Milev zuwa ga tsarin sanya kayan sararin samaniya, inda aka yi amfani da taken rugujewar yankin Gabas a cikin tsarin sanya kayan aikinta na kafofin watsa labarai a ƙarƙashin taken ''Fitowa'' (I zuwa VII). Milev ya ci gaba da aiki da abubuwan da suka shafi fim da shirye-shiryen talabijin, kuma ya ƙirƙiri wurare masu hasashen abubuwa, ko ''Dandalin Tattaunawa'', waɗanda za a iya shiga. An gabatar da waɗannan ''tarukan hasashen'' a Babban Nunin Nordrhein-Westfalen da ke Düsseldorf (1993), a Gidan Tarihi na Leonhardi da ke Dresden (1995), a Gidan Tarihi na Birnin Zwickau (1995) da kuma a cikin Gallery EIGEN + ART da ke Berlin (1996). A shekarar 1997, Catherine David ta gayyaci Milev don ya ɗauki hoton X, kuma ta gabatar da ''shirin Projection Forum III'' mai hulɗa a Ottoneum . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2022 |title=Medien Kunst Netz &#124; Milev, Yana: Projektionsforum III |url=http://www.medienkunstnetz.de/werke/projektionsforum-iii/bilder/3/}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qp7vnosy7u305hkn8zn3i367aqs102f 893927 893926 2026-08-09T22:18:39Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Rayuwa */ 893927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yana Milev''' ƙwararriyar masaniyar al'adu ce ta Jamus, [[Kimiyar al'umma|masanin zamantakewa]], mai nazarin al'adu, kuma mai kula da al'adu. == Rayuwa == An haifi s Yana Milev a [[Leipzig]], Gabashin Jamus, a matsayin ɗan fari na likitan Bulgaria kuma masanin ilimin ɗan adam Gancho Milev, wanda ya yi ƙaura zuwa GDR a farkon shekarun 1960, da kuma mai fassara da fassara Karin Fahr-Mileva da ke Leipzig. Bayan kammala karatun sakandare a abin da a lokacin ake kira GDR, ta fara karatun zane-zane da zane-zanen kaya a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Dresden (HfBK), wanda daga ƙarshe ta kammala da takardar shaidar difloma bayan haɗewar Jamus. Bayan haka, ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a matsayin ɗalibi na biyu a Günter Hornig . A shekarun ƙarshe na Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyya ta Tsakiya, Milev ya kasance mai himma a cikin al'adun ƙasar. Ta shahara da fina-finai masu zaman kansu, wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma zane-zanen ra'ayi . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1988 |title=Autonome Kunst in der DDR, Hochschule der Bildenden Künste Dresden, In Aspik von Yana Milev, HfBK Nachtmahr-Kunstaktion |url=https://www.bpb.de/geschichte/deutsche-geschichte/autonome-kunst-in-der-ddr/56156/bildergalerie-hochschule-fuer-bildende-kuenste?show=image&k=7 |access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tralau |first=Marianne |last2=Kleinert |first2=Peter |date=1988 |title=Freiheit wird nicht erbettelt, sondern erkämpft |url=http://www.nrhz.de/flyer/beitrag.php?id=10571 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Neue Rheinische Zeitung |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniels |first=Dieter |last2=Stoschek |first2=Jeannette |date=2007 |title=Grauzone 8 mm. Materialien zum autonomen Künstlerfilm in der DDR |url=https://www.hatjecantz.de/grauzone-8-mm-1888-0.html?article_id=1888&clang=0 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Hatje Cantz |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berg |first=Ronald |date=29 August 2016 |title=Gegenstimmen aus der DDR, Zitty |url=https://www.tip-berlin.de/kultur/ausstellungen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625190453/https://www.tip-berlin.de/kultur/ausstellungen/ |archive-date=25 June 2021 |access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1992, an gan ta a kasuwar fasaha ta duniya a matsayin mai fasaha da ke da alaƙa da Galerie EIGEN+ART (Leipzig da Berlin). A shekarar 1995, ta zama mawakiyar GDR ta farko da ta karɓi kyautar Max-Pechstein. Haka kuma, a matsayinta na mace ta farko mai zane a jam'iyyar GDR da ta yi hakan, Milev ta nuna aiki a cikin shirin X a shekarar 1997. Tare da goyon bayan [[Sabis ɗin Musayar Ilimi na Jamus|ƙungiyar ilimi ta Jamus]] (DAAD), Milev ta yi tafiya zuwa Japan, inda ta gudanar da nazarin al'adu da kuma horar da dabarun yaƙi na gargajiya na Japan Kyudō da Aikidō a [[Kyoto|Kyōto]] . A cikin 1999, ta sami Sho-Dan na Zen Nippon Kyudo Renmei (全日本弓道連) a [[Tokyo]] . Bayan dawowarta daga Japan a shekara ta 2003, mai zane-zanenta, Gerd Harry Lybke, ya sake ta Milev. Babban aikinta na mai zane ya kusa ƙarewa nan take, kuma an tilasta mata ta fara sabuwar rayuwa. Milev ya kammala karatun digirin digirgir a fannin falsafa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Vienna da Jami'ar Fasaha da Zane ta Karlsruhe (HfG). Domin ta sami kuɗin karatun digirin digirgir (PhD), a shekara ta 2004 ta zama malami kuma shugabar ayyuka a Jami'ar Zurich ta Fasaha (ZHdK), da farko a Cibiyar Bincike kan Zane, sannan a shekara ta 2013, a Cibiyar Nazarin Al'adu a Fasaha (ICS). A lokaci guda, tana aiki tukuru wajen gudanar da ayyukan kula da yara a Jami'ar Zurich ta Fasaha da Cibiyar Karlsruhe ta Fasaha da Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai (ZKM). <ref>''[https://zkm.de/de/event/2009/03/talks-in-between-emergencies Talks in-between Emergencies. Ausnahmezustand Kunstmarkt - Ausnahmeraum Kunst, ZKM Medientheater, 07.03.2009.] {{Webarchive}}'' Retrieved 23 June 2021.</ref> A shekarar 1989, Milev ta haɗu da mai yin goge da kuma mai ɗaukar hoto Philipp Beckert, abokin aikinta a ayyukan haɗin gwiwa har zuwa yau. A shekarar 2020, Milev ta sami izinin zama a Switzerland. Tana zaune a St. Gallen da Berlin. === Digirin karatu da kuma zargin satar bayanai === A shekarar 2008, Milev ya sami digirin digirgir tare da digirin digirgir a fannin falsafar siyasa, wanda Peter Sloterdijk da Elisabeth von Samsonow (mai karatu na biyu) suka tantance kuma suka ba shi lambar yabo ta ''summa cum laude'' . A shekarar 2022, dandalin satar bayanai na VroniPlag Wiki ya buga rahoto kan shari'o'i da dama na zargin [[Plagiarism|satar bayanai]] a cikin takardar digirin Milev mai suna ''Emergency Empire'' da aka buga a shekarar 2009. A cewar rahoton, littafin ya kwafi labarai daga Wikipedia ta Jamus . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weber |first=Stefan |date=2022-11-21 |title=Plagiatsfall an der Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien |url=https://plagiatsgutachten.com/blog/dissertationsplagiat-bildende-wien/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=DOZ. DR. STEFAN WEBER |language=de-DE}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, Milev ya zama mai ba da shawara kan bincike a Cibiyar Bincike ta HfG Karlsruhe, kuma a shekara ta 2012 an amince da shi ya yi aikin ''Habilitation'' tare da Seminar for Sociology a Jami'ar St. Gallen (SfS-HSG). A shekarar 2014, ta sami ''digirin Habilitation'' tare da takardar digiri kan batun ilimin zamantakewa na ƙirar siyasa, wanda Franz Schultheis ya jagoranta kuma Sigrid Schade, Oliver Marchart, da Ulf Wuggenig suka jagoranta. A cikin 2023, VroniPlag Wiki ta buga rahoton saɓo akan ''Habilitationsschrift'' ta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ymh |url=https://vroniplag.fandom.com/de/wiki/Ymh |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=VroniPlag Wiki |language=de}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, ta gudanar da laccarta ta farko ( ''Antrittsvorlesung'' ) a matsayin malamar waje ( ''Privatdozent'' ) a fannin ilimin zamantakewa na al'adu a Jami'ar St. Gallen, mai taken "On Being Precarious in the Society of Symptoms.". A wannan lokacin, Milev ya lura cewa malaman jami'a suna hulɗa da jama'a a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (GDR) waɗanda aka haifa tsakanin 1945 da 1975 an hana su neman aiki. A shekarar 2017 ta ƙaddamar da aikin bincike ''na De-Coupled Society: Liberalization and Resistance a Gabashin Jamus tun daga shekarar 1989/90'', wanda ya bayyana a cikin kundin littattafai da yawa tare da Peter Lang tun daga 2018. Domin gudanar da wannan aikin, Milev ya kafa wani dandali mai zaman kansa mai suna AGIO | Nazarin Zamantakewa da Ilimin Siyasa. == Aiki == === Fasaha === A ƙarshen shekaran 1980, Milev ya gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya shirya fina-finai na gwaji, ayyukan gani, shigarwa, da kuma ayyukan shiga tsakani na birane. A cikin shirye-shiryen multimedia na jerin shirye-shirye kan taken ''Horror Vacui'', kamar ''In Aspik, Einneonopern'', ''Second Up'', da ''Eine Messe'', Milev ya yi aiki a zaman wasan opera mai kama da jam tare da mawakan Bo Kondren (Ornament & Verbrechen), Paul Landers da Christian Lorenz (duka membobin Feeling B a lokacin, kuma yanzu suna Rammstein ), André Greiner-Pol (Freygang), Taymur Streng (9 Tage alt), tare da mawaƙin Johannes Jansen da kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo Matthias Baader Holst. Fina-finai kamar ''raster+psyche'' da ''waɗanda ba za a iya canza su ba'' an haɗa su da sautuka masu rai, kuma an ɗora su a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo kamar na kade-kade a cikin mahallin abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban, ciki har da a wurare kamar Dresden Academy of Fine Arts, Cibiyar Nunin da ke Fučíkplatz, House of Young Talents da ke Berlin (a yau: Podewil), da kuma Lindenpark da ke Potsdam. A shekarar 1990, an mayar da hankali kan aikin Milev zuwa ga tsarin sanya kayan sararin samaniya, inda aka yi amfani da taken rugujewar yankin Gabas a cikin tsarin sanya kayan aikinta na kafofin watsa labarai a ƙarƙashin taken ''Fitowa'' (I zuwa VII). Milev ya ci gaba da aiki da abubuwan da suka shafi fim da shirye-shiryen talabijin, kuma ya ƙirƙiri wurare masu hasashen abubuwa, ko ''Dandalin Tattaunawa'', waɗanda za a iya shiga. An gabatar da waɗannan ''tarukan hasashen'' a Babban Nunin Nordrhein-Westfalen da ke Düsseldorf (1993), a Gidan Tarihi na Leonhardi da ke Dresden (1995), a Gidan Tarihi na Birnin Zwickau (1995) da kuma a cikin Gallery EIGEN + ART da ke Berlin (1996). A shekarar 1997, Catherine David ta gayyaci Milev don ya ɗauki hoton X, kuma ta gabatar da ''shirin Projection Forum III'' mai hulɗa a Ottoneum . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2022 |title=Medien Kunst Netz &#124; Milev, Yana: Projektionsforum III |url=http://www.medienkunstnetz.de/werke/projektionsforum-iii/bilder/3/}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 1k7op3lb9fx4433n0zzxci8dhgu3d0i 893928 893927 2026-08-09T22:18:57Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Rayuwa */ 893928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yana Milev''' ƙwararriyar masaniyar al'adu ce ta Jamus, [[Kimiyar al'umma|masanin zamantakewa]], mai nazarin al'adu, kuma mai kula da al'adu. == Rayuwa == An haifi Yana Milev a [[Leipzig]], Gabashin Jamus, a matsayin ɗan fari na likitan Bulgaria kuma masanin ilimin ɗan adam Gancho Milev, wanda ya yi ƙaura zuwa GDR a farkon shekarun 1960, da kuma mai fassara da fassara Karin Fahr-Mileva da ke Leipzig. Bayan kammala karatun sakandare a abin da a lokacin ake kira GDR, ta fara karatun zane-zane da zane-zanen kaya a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Dresden (HfBK), wanda daga ƙarshe ta kammala da takardar shaidar difloma bayan haɗewar Jamus. Bayan haka, ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a matsayin ɗalibi na biyu a Günter Hornig . A shekarun ƙarshe na Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyya ta Tsakiya, Milev ya kasance mai himma a cikin al'adun ƙasar. Ta shahara da fina-finai masu zaman kansu, wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma zane-zanen ra'ayi . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1988 |title=Autonome Kunst in der DDR, Hochschule der Bildenden Künste Dresden, In Aspik von Yana Milev, HfBK Nachtmahr-Kunstaktion |url=https://www.bpb.de/geschichte/deutsche-geschichte/autonome-kunst-in-der-ddr/56156/bildergalerie-hochschule-fuer-bildende-kuenste?show=image&k=7 |access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tralau |first=Marianne |last2=Kleinert |first2=Peter |date=1988 |title=Freiheit wird nicht erbettelt, sondern erkämpft |url=http://www.nrhz.de/flyer/beitrag.php?id=10571 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Neue Rheinische Zeitung |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniels |first=Dieter |last2=Stoschek |first2=Jeannette |date=2007 |title=Grauzone 8 mm. Materialien zum autonomen Künstlerfilm in der DDR |url=https://www.hatjecantz.de/grauzone-8-mm-1888-0.html?article_id=1888&clang=0 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Hatje Cantz |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berg |first=Ronald |date=29 August 2016 |title=Gegenstimmen aus der DDR, Zitty |url=https://www.tip-berlin.de/kultur/ausstellungen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625190453/https://www.tip-berlin.de/kultur/ausstellungen/ |archive-date=25 June 2021 |access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1992, an gan ta a kasuwar fasaha ta duniya a matsayin mai fasaha da ke da alaƙa da Galerie EIGEN+ART (Leipzig da Berlin). A shekarar 1995, ta zama mawakiyar GDR ta farko da ta karɓi kyautar Max-Pechstein. Haka kuma, a matsayinta na mace ta farko mai zane a jam'iyyar GDR da ta yi hakan, Milev ta nuna aiki a cikin shirin X a shekarar 1997. Tare da goyon bayan [[Sabis ɗin Musayar Ilimi na Jamus|ƙungiyar ilimi ta Jamus]] (DAAD), Milev ta yi tafiya zuwa Japan, inda ta gudanar da nazarin al'adu da kuma horar da dabarun yaƙi na gargajiya na Japan Kyudō da Aikidō a [[Kyoto|Kyōto]] . A cikin 1999, ta sami Sho-Dan na Zen Nippon Kyudo Renmei (全日本弓道連) a [[Tokyo]] . Bayan dawowarta daga Japan a shekara ta 2003, mai zane-zanenta, Gerd Harry Lybke, ya sake ta Milev. Babban aikinta na mai zane ya kusa ƙarewa nan take, kuma an tilasta mata ta fara sabuwar rayuwa. Milev ya kammala karatun digirin digirgir a fannin falsafa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Vienna da Jami'ar Fasaha da Zane ta Karlsruhe (HfG). Domin ta sami kuɗin karatun digirin digirgir (PhD), a shekara ta 2004 ta zama malami kuma shugabar ayyuka a Jami'ar Zurich ta Fasaha (ZHdK), da farko a Cibiyar Bincike kan Zane, sannan a shekara ta 2013, a Cibiyar Nazarin Al'adu a Fasaha (ICS). A lokaci guda, tana aiki tukuru wajen gudanar da ayyukan kula da yara a Jami'ar Zurich ta Fasaha da Cibiyar Karlsruhe ta Fasaha da Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai (ZKM). <ref>''[https://zkm.de/de/event/2009/03/talks-in-between-emergencies Talks in-between Emergencies. Ausnahmezustand Kunstmarkt - Ausnahmeraum Kunst, ZKM Medientheater, 07.03.2009.] {{Webarchive}}'' Retrieved 23 June 2021.</ref> A shekarar 1989, Milev ta haɗu da mai yin goge da kuma mai ɗaukar hoto Philipp Beckert, abokin aikinta a ayyukan haɗin gwiwa har zuwa yau. A shekarar 2020, Milev ta sami izinin zama a Switzerland. Tana zaune a St. Gallen da Berlin. === Digirin karatu da kuma zargin satar bayanai === A shekarar 2008, Milev ya sami digirin digirgir tare da digirin digirgir a fannin falsafar siyasa, wanda Peter Sloterdijk da Elisabeth von Samsonow (mai karatu na biyu) suka tantance kuma suka ba shi lambar yabo ta ''summa cum laude'' . A shekarar 2022, dandalin satar bayanai na VroniPlag Wiki ya buga rahoto kan shari'o'i da dama na zargin [[Plagiarism|satar bayanai]] a cikin takardar digirin Milev mai suna ''Emergency Empire'' da aka buga a shekarar 2009. A cewar rahoton, littafin ya kwafi labarai daga Wikipedia ta Jamus . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weber |first=Stefan |date=2022-11-21 |title=Plagiatsfall an der Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien |url=https://plagiatsgutachten.com/blog/dissertationsplagiat-bildende-wien/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=DOZ. DR. STEFAN WEBER |language=de-DE}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, Milev ya zama mai ba da shawara kan bincike a Cibiyar Bincike ta HfG Karlsruhe, kuma a shekara ta 2012 an amince da shi ya yi aikin ''Habilitation'' tare da Seminar for Sociology a Jami'ar St. Gallen (SfS-HSG). A shekarar 2014, ta sami ''digirin Habilitation'' tare da takardar digiri kan batun ilimin zamantakewa na ƙirar siyasa, wanda Franz Schultheis ya jagoranta kuma Sigrid Schade, Oliver Marchart, da Ulf Wuggenig suka jagoranta. A cikin 2023, VroniPlag Wiki ta buga rahoton saɓo akan ''Habilitationsschrift'' ta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ymh |url=https://vroniplag.fandom.com/de/wiki/Ymh |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=VroniPlag Wiki |language=de}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, ta gudanar da laccarta ta farko ( ''Antrittsvorlesung'' ) a matsayin malamar waje ( ''Privatdozent'' ) a fannin ilimin zamantakewa na al'adu a Jami'ar St. Gallen, mai taken "On Being Precarious in the Society of Symptoms.". A wannan lokacin, Milev ya lura cewa malaman jami'a suna hulɗa da jama'a a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (GDR) waɗanda aka haifa tsakanin 1945 da 1975 an hana su neman aiki. A shekarar 2017 ta ƙaddamar da aikin bincike ''na De-Coupled Society: Liberalization and Resistance a Gabashin Jamus tun daga shekarar 1989/90'', wanda ya bayyana a cikin kundin littattafai da yawa tare da Peter Lang tun daga 2018. Domin gudanar da wannan aikin, Milev ya kafa wani dandali mai zaman kansa mai suna AGIO | Nazarin Zamantakewa da Ilimin Siyasa. == Aiki == === Fasaha === A ƙarshen shekaran 1980, Milev ya gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya shirya fina-finai na gwaji, ayyukan gani, shigarwa, da kuma ayyukan shiga tsakani na birane. A cikin shirye-shiryen multimedia na jerin shirye-shirye kan taken ''Horror Vacui'', kamar ''In Aspik, Einneonopern'', ''Second Up'', da ''Eine Messe'', Milev ya yi aiki a zaman wasan opera mai kama da jam tare da mawakan Bo Kondren (Ornament & Verbrechen), Paul Landers da Christian Lorenz (duka membobin Feeling B a lokacin, kuma yanzu suna Rammstein ), André Greiner-Pol (Freygang), Taymur Streng (9 Tage alt), tare da mawaƙin Johannes Jansen da kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo Matthias Baader Holst. Fina-finai kamar ''raster+psyche'' da ''waɗanda ba za a iya canza su ba'' an haɗa su da sautuka masu rai, kuma an ɗora su a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo kamar na kade-kade a cikin mahallin abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban, ciki har da a wurare kamar Dresden Academy of Fine Arts, Cibiyar Nunin da ke Fučíkplatz, House of Young Talents da ke Berlin (a yau: Podewil), da kuma Lindenpark da ke Potsdam. A shekarar 1990, an mayar da hankali kan aikin Milev zuwa ga tsarin sanya kayan sararin samaniya, inda aka yi amfani da taken rugujewar yankin Gabas a cikin tsarin sanya kayan aikinta na kafofin watsa labarai a ƙarƙashin taken ''Fitowa'' (I zuwa VII). Milev ya ci gaba da aiki da abubuwan da suka shafi fim da shirye-shiryen talabijin, kuma ya ƙirƙiri wurare masu hasashen abubuwa, ko ''Dandalin Tattaunawa'', waɗanda za a iya shiga. An gabatar da waɗannan ''tarukan hasashen'' a Babban Nunin Nordrhein-Westfalen da ke Düsseldorf (1993), a Gidan Tarihi na Leonhardi da ke Dresden (1995), a Gidan Tarihi na Birnin Zwickau (1995) da kuma a cikin Gallery EIGEN + ART da ke Berlin (1996). A shekarar 1997, Catherine David ta gayyaci Milev don ya ɗauki hoton X, kuma ta gabatar da ''shirin Projection Forum III'' mai hulɗa a Ottoneum . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2022 |title=Medien Kunst Netz &#124; Milev, Yana: Projektionsforum III |url=http://www.medienkunstnetz.de/werke/projektionsforum-iii/bilder/3/}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] sgb6r72ne4tou5s1wto9rs6koh6104t 893939 893928 2026-08-09T23:08:15Z M I Idrees 13015 /* Rayuwa */ 893939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yana Milev''' ƙwararriyar masaniyar al'adu ce ta Jamus, [[Kimiyar al'umma|masanin zamantakewa]], mai nazarin al'adu, kuma mai kula da al'adu. == Rayuwa == An haifi Yana Milev a [[Leipzig]], Gabashin Jamus, a matsayin ɗan fari na likitan Bulgaria kuma masanin ilimin ɗan adam Gancho Milev, wanda ya yi ƙaura zuwa GDR a farkon shekarun 1960, da kuma mai fassara da fassara Karin Fahr-Mileva da ke Leipzig. Bayan kammala karatun sakandare a abin da a lokacin ake kira GDR, ta fara karatun zane-zane da zane-zanen kaya a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Dresden (HfBK), wanda daga ƙarshe ta kammala da takardar shaidar difloma bayan haɗewar Jamus. Bayan haka, ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a matsayin ɗalibi na biyu a Günter Hornig . A shekarun ƙarshe na Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyya ta Tsakiya, Milev ya kasance mai himma a cikin al'adun ƙasar. Ta shahara da fina-finai masu zaman kansu, wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma zane-zanen ra'ayi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1988 |title=Autonome Kunst in der DDR, Hochschule der Bildenden Künste Dresden, In Aspik von Yana Milev, HfBK Nachtmahr-Kunstaktion |url=https://www.bpb.de/geschichte/deutsche-geschichte/autonome-kunst-in-der-ddr/56156/bildergalerie-hochschule-fuer-bildende-kuenste?show=image&k=7 |access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tralau |first=Marianne |last2=Kleinert |first2=Peter |date=1988 |title=Freiheit wird nicht erbettelt, sondern erkämpft |url=http://www.nrhz.de/flyer/beitrag.php?id=10571 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Neue Rheinische Zeitung |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniels |first=Dieter |last2=Stoschek |first2=Jeannette |date=2007 |title=Grauzone 8 mm. Materialien zum autonomen Künstlerfilm in der DDR |url=https://www.hatjecantz.de/grauzone-8-mm-1888-0.html?article_id=1888&clang=0 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Hatje Cantz |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Berg |first=Ronald |date=29 August 2016 |title=Gegenstimmen aus der DDR, Zitty |url=https://www.tip-berlin.de/kultur/ausstellungen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625190453/https://www.tip-berlin.de/kultur/ausstellungen/ |archive-date=25 June 2021 |access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1992, an gan ta a kasuwar fasaha ta duniya a matsayin mai fasaha da ke da alaƙa da Galerie EIGEN+ART (Leipzig da Berlin). A shekarar 1995, ta zama mawakiyar GDR ta farko da ta karɓi kyautar Max-Pechstein. Haka kuma, a matsayinta na mace ta farko mai zane a jam'iyyar GDR da ta yi hakan, Milev ta nuna aiki a cikin shirin X a shekarar 1997. Tare da goyon bayan [[Sabis ɗin Musayar Ilimi na Jamus|ƙungiyar ilimi ta Jamus]] (DAAD), Milev ta yi tafiya zuwa Japan, inda ta gudanar da nazarin al'adu da kuma horar da dabarun yaƙi na gargajiya na Japan Kyudō da Aikidō a [[Kyoto|Kyōto]] . A cikin 1999, ta sami Sho-Dan na Zen Nippon Kyudo Renmei (全日本弓道連) a [[Tokyo]] . Bayan dawowarta daga Japan a shekara ta 2003, mai zane-zanenta, Gerd Harry Lybke, ya sake ta Milev. Babban aikinta na mai zane ya kusa ƙarewa nan take, kuma an tilasta mata ta fara sabuwar rayuwa. Milev ya kammala karatun digirin digirgir a fannin falsafa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Vienna da Jami'ar Fasaha da Zane ta Karlsruhe (HfG). Domin ta sami kuɗin karatun digirin digirgir (PhD), a shekara ta 2004 ta zama malami kuma shugabar ayyuka a Jami'ar Zurich ta Fasaha (ZHdK), da farko a Cibiyar Bincike kan Zane, sannan a shekara ta 2013, a Cibiyar Nazarin Al'adu a Fasaha (ICS). A lokaci guda, tana aiki tukuru wajen gudanar da ayyukan kula da yara a Jami'ar Zurich ta Fasaha da Cibiyar Karlsruhe ta Fasaha da Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai (ZKM). <ref>''[https://zkm.de/de/event/2009/03/talks-in-between-emergencies Talks in-between Emergencies. Ausnahmezustand Kunstmarkt - Ausnahmeraum Kunst, ZKM Medientheater, 07.03.2009.] {{Webarchive}}'' Retrieved 23 June 2021.</ref> A shekarar 1989, Milev ta haɗu da mai yin goge da kuma mai ɗaukar hoto Philipp Beckert, abokin aikinta a ayyukan haɗin gwiwa har zuwa yau. A shekarar 2020, Milev ta sami izinin zama a Switzerland. Tana zaune a St. Gallen da Berlin. === Digirin karatu da kuma zargin satar bayanai === A shekarar 2008, Milev ya sami digirin digirgir tare da digirin digirgir a fannin falsafar siyasa, wanda Peter Sloterdijk da Elisabeth von Samsonow (mai karatu na biyu) suka tantance kuma suka ba shi lambar yabo ta ''summa cum laude'' . A shekarar 2022, dandalin satar bayanai na VroniPlag Wiki ya buga rahoto kan shari'o'i da dama na zargin [[Plagiarism|satar bayanai]] a cikin takardar digirin Milev mai suna ''Emergency Empire'' da aka buga a shekarar 2009. A cewar rahoton, littafin ya kwafi labarai daga Wikipedia ta Jamus . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weber |first=Stefan |date=2022-11-21 |title=Plagiatsfall an der Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien |url=https://plagiatsgutachten.com/blog/dissertationsplagiat-bildende-wien/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=DOZ. DR. STEFAN WEBER |language=de-DE}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, Milev ya zama mai ba da shawara kan bincike a Cibiyar Bincike ta HfG Karlsruhe, kuma a shekara ta 2012 an amince da shi ya yi aikin ''Habilitation'' tare da Seminar for Sociology a Jami'ar St. Gallen (SfS-HSG). A shekarar 2014, ta sami ''digirin Habilitation'' tare da takardar digiri kan batun ilimin zamantakewa na ƙirar siyasa, wanda Franz Schultheis ya jagoranta kuma Sigrid Schade, Oliver Marchart, da Ulf Wuggenig suka jagoranta. A cikin 2023, VroniPlag Wiki ta buga rahoton saɓo akan ''Habilitationsschrift'' ta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ymh |url=https://vroniplag.fandom.com/de/wiki/Ymh |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=VroniPlag Wiki |language=de}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, ta gudanar da laccarta ta farko ( ''Antrittsvorlesung'' ) a matsayin malamar waje ( ''Privatdozent'' ) a fannin ilimin zamantakewa na al'adu a Jami'ar St. Gallen, mai taken "On Being Precarious in the Society of Symptoms.". A wannan lokacin, Milev ya lura cewa malaman jami'a suna hulɗa da jama'a a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (GDR) waɗanda aka haifa tsakanin 1945 da 1975 an hana su neman aiki. A shekarar 2017 ta ƙaddamar da aikin bincike ''na De-Coupled Society: Liberalization and Resistance a Gabashin Jamus tun daga shekarar 1989/90'', wanda ya bayyana a cikin kundin littattafai da yawa tare da Peter Lang tun daga 2018. Domin gudanar da wannan aikin, Milev ya kafa wani dandali mai zaman kansa mai suna AGIO | Nazarin Zamantakewa da Ilimin Siyasa. == Aiki == === Fasaha === A ƙarshen shekaran 1980, Milev ya gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya shirya fina-finai na gwaji, ayyukan gani, shigarwa, da kuma ayyukan shiga tsakani na birane. A cikin shirye-shiryen multimedia na jerin shirye-shirye kan taken ''Horror Vacui'', kamar ''In Aspik, Einneonopern'', ''Second Up'', da ''Eine Messe'', Milev ya yi aiki a zaman wasan opera mai kama da jam tare da mawakan Bo Kondren (Ornament & Verbrechen), Paul Landers da Christian Lorenz (duka membobin Feeling B a lokacin, kuma yanzu suna Rammstein ), André Greiner-Pol (Freygang), Taymur Streng (9 Tage alt), tare da mawaƙin Johannes Jansen da kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo Matthias Baader Holst. Fina-finai kamar ''raster+psyche'' da ''waɗanda ba za a iya canza su ba'' an haɗa su da sautuka masu rai, kuma an ɗora su a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo kamar na kade-kade a cikin mahallin abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban, ciki har da a wurare kamar Dresden Academy of Fine Arts, Cibiyar Nunin da ke Fučíkplatz, House of Young Talents da ke Berlin (a yau: Podewil), da kuma Lindenpark da ke Potsdam. A shekarar 1990, an mayar da hankali kan aikin Milev zuwa ga tsarin sanya kayan sararin samaniya, inda aka yi amfani da taken rugujewar yankin Gabas a cikin tsarin sanya kayan aikinta na kafofin watsa labarai a ƙarƙashin taken ''Fitowa'' (I zuwa VII). Milev ya ci gaba da aiki da abubuwan da suka shafi fim da shirye-shiryen talabijin, kuma ya ƙirƙiri wurare masu hasashen abubuwa, ko ''Dandalin Tattaunawa'', waɗanda za a iya shiga. An gabatar da waɗannan ''tarukan hasashen'' a Babban Nunin Nordrhein-Westfalen da ke Düsseldorf (1993), a Gidan Tarihi na Leonhardi da ke Dresden (1995), a Gidan Tarihi na Birnin Zwickau (1995) da kuma a cikin Gallery EIGEN + ART da ke Berlin (1996). A shekarar 1997, Catherine David ta gayyaci Milev don ya ɗauki hoton X, kuma ta gabatar da ''shirin Projection Forum III'' mai hulɗa a Ottoneum . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2022 |title=Medien Kunst Netz &#124; Milev, Yana: Projektionsforum III |url=http://www.medienkunstnetz.de/werke/projektionsforum-iii/bilder/3/}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 6uovovs68dcrvr99j46h35f3ix64dwi 0 162974 893629 2026-08-09T12:50:57Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1282541492|Cathleen Naundorf]]" 893629 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cathleen Naundorf''' (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 1968 a Weißenfels ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cathleen Naundorf {{!}} artnet |url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/cathleen-naundorf/ |access-date=4 June 2020 |website=www.artnet.com}}</ref> ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce kuma mai ɗaukar hoto ta zamani . Tana zaune a [[Faris|Paris]] da [[Landan|London]] . == Rayuwa == An haife shi a Weißenfels, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cathleen Naundorf Paintings & Artwork for Sale {{!}} Cathleen Naundorf Art Value Price Guide |url=https://www.invaluable.com/artist/naundorf-cathleen-akkrjhzmr4/sold-at-auction-prices/ |access-date=4 June 2020 |website=www.invaluable.com}}</ref> Naundorf ya ƙaura daga Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Jamus zuwa [[Jamus|Jamhuriyar Tarayya ta Jamus]] a shekarar 1985. Daga shekarar 1990 zuwa 1992 ta yi karatu a [[München|Munich]] a Kwalejin Zane ta Municipal tare da mai da hankali kan zane-zane, zane da daukar hoto. Daga shekarar 1990, Naundorf ta taimaka a ɗakunan daukar hoto a Munich, [[Berlin]], Paris, [[New York (birni)|New York City]] da [[Singafora|Singapore]] . A farkon shekarun 1990, ta yi tafiya a madadin mawallafan littattafai daban-daban a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto na rahotanni . Tun daga shekarar 1989, Naundorf ta mayar da hankali kan sha'awarta ta kirkire-kirkire da kuma alkiblar fasaha a fannin daukar hotunan kwalliya tsakanin ayyukan da ke birnin New York da Paris. A shekarar 1998 ta zauna a birnin Paris na dindindin kuma ta buɗe ɗakin studio da ɗakin studio na biyu a Landan a shekarar 2015. == Daukar hoto == Aikinta na farko a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto kan rahotanni ya mayar da hankali ne kan ƙabilu a [[Tsakiyar Asiya|Tsakiya]] da Gabashin Asiya da [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]] . Ta rayu kuma ta yi aiki tare da mutanen asali kamar Yanomami, Mongols da [[Kazakhs]] a tsaunukan Altai da kuma tare da shamans a Yakutia, Siberia . <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Somerset House |date=29 November 2012 |title=Valentino: Master of Couture |url=https://www.somersethouse.org.uk/whats-on/valentino-master-couture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331080232/https://www.somersethouse.org.uk/whats-on/valentino-master-couture |archive-date=31 March 2017 |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=somersethouse.org.uk}}</ref> An buga hotunanta a cikin ''National Geographic ,'' <nowiki><i id="mwRw">GEO</i></nowiki> da <nowiki><i id="mwSQ">Globo</i></nowiki> . <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Hainer |first=Caroline |date=2018 |title=Modedrömmar I Storformat. Teatrala Scener och Fantasieggande Modehistsorier. Cathleen Naundorfs Fotografi är Grandiost och Spektakulärt. Till och med Hennes Kamera är Storslagen. |url=https://cathleennaundorf.com/press/modedroemmar-i-storformat/ |journal=Fotografiska, Sweden |volume=03.2018 |pages=8–10}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, Naundorf ta haɗu da mai ɗaukar hoto na zamani Horst P. Horst a birnin New York, wanda ya zama mai ba ta shawara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Susanna |first=Brown |date=2014 |title=Horst: Photographers of Style. The Legacy Lives On |url=https://cathleennaundorf.com/press/the-legacy-lives-on/ |journal=V&A Magazine |volume=35 |pages=48–52}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Sanson |first=Anna |date=2016 |title=Cathleen Naundorf |url=https://cathleennaundorf.com/press/cathleen-naundorf/ |journal=White Wall Magazine, USA |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> A shekarar 1997, ta fara ɗaukar hotunan Condé Nast a bayan fage yayin wasannin kwaikwayo daban-daban na Paris. Naundorf ya yi aiki a jerin hotuna masu taken "Un rêve de mode", inda ya mai da hankali kan gidajen kwalliya na Haute couture kamar Dior, Chanel, Valentino, Gaultier, Elie Saab da Armani . Haɗin gwiwa da Réunion des Musées Nationaux ya haifar da jerin hotuna da aka shirya a Grand Palais, a Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Halitta na Ƙasa da kuma jerin hotuna da ke Château de Malmaison . Ayyukan sun haɗa gine-ginen tarihi na Faransa da jigogin salon zamani na Paris. Daga shekarar 2010, Naundorf ta yi aiki tare da Gidan Tarihi na Rodin da ke Paris, da kuma Gidan Tarihi na Rodin de Meudon . <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Sanson |first=Anna |date=2016 |title=Cathleen Naundorf |url=https://cathleennaundorf.com/press/cathleen-naundorf/ |journal=White Wall Magazine, USA |access-date=17 September 2021}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSanson2016">Sanson, Anna (2016). [https://cathleennaundorf.com/press/cathleen-naundorf/ "Cathleen Naundorf"]. ''White Wall Magazine, USA''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Ta yi aiki tare sau da yawa da mai tsara kayan cikin gida Didier Gomez da Sofitel Paris Hotel, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rivera |first=Lizzie |date=2016-10-04 |title=The designer hotels for Paris fashion week |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/homesandproperty/interiors/paris-fashion-week-designer-hotels-for-stays-that-are-the-ultimate-in-luxury-and-style-a104031.html |access-date=2021-06-22 |website=www.standard.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> da kuma masu yin kayan ado na Paris. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Naundorf |first=Cathleen |date=2010 |title=Series: "Les Liaisons Dangereuses" |url=https://cathleennaundorf.com/fine-art-photography/photo-works/still-life/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419153946/https://cathleennaundorf.com/fine-art-photography/photo-works/still-life/ |archive-date=19 April 2021 |access-date=16 September 2021 |website=}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2012, Naundorf yana aiki tare da Valentino Garavani kan ayyuka daban-daban kamar "Labarin Italiyanci - Au Chateau de Wideville" da kuma kamfen ɗin baje kolin Valentino's Somerset House "Valentino: Master of Couture". <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Somerset House |date=29 November 2012 |title=Valentino: Master of Couture |url=https://www.somersethouse.org.uk/whats-on/valentino-master-couture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331080232/https://www.somersethouse.org.uk/whats-on/valentino-master-couture |archive-date=31 March 2017 |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=somersethouse.org.uk}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSomerset_House2012">Somerset House (29 November 2012). [https://www.somersethouse.org.uk/whats-on/valentino-master-couture "Valentino: Master of Couture"]. ''somersethouse.org.uk''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170331080232/https://www.somersethouse.org.uk/whats-on/valentino-master-couture Archived] from the original on 31 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> An yi ayyuka da dama tare da Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert <ref>{{Cite web |last=Victoria and Albert Museum |first=Digital Media |date=15 October 2014 |title=Video: Cathleen Naundorf photographs 1930s French couture at the V&A |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/exhibitions/exhibition-horst-photographer-of-style/video-cathleen-naundorf-photographs-1930s-french-couture-at-the-v-and-a/ |access-date=12 July 2020 |website=www.vam.ac.uk}}</ref> a shekarar 2014 kamar na baje kolin "Horst - Mai Daukar Hoto na Salo". Tun daga shekarar 2000 tana aiki tare da wasu a Vogue, Tatler, da Harper's Bazaar . <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Cathleen Naundorf {{!}} Secret Times |url=https://old.fotografiska.com/sto/en/news/cathleen-naundorf-secret-times/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928165107/https://old.fotografiska.com/sto/en/news/cathleen-naundorf-secret-times/ |archive-date=28 September 2021 |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=Fotografiska}}</ref> An buga ayyukan haɗin gwiwarta da gidajen kayan kwalliya kamar Dior, Valentino, Chanel da Armani a cikin littafin ɗaukar hoto ''na Haute Couture.'' ''Jaruman Polaroid na Cathleen Naundorf'' a shekarar ''2012.'' Mujallar 2018 mai taken ''"Women of Singleular beauty - Chanel Haute Couture" ta Cathleen Naundorf'' ta yi bayani game da haɗin gwiwar Naundorf da gidan kayan kwalliyar Chanel na tsawon shekaru 15. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Boddy |first=Jessica |date=1 October 2018 |title=A Photographer's Dreamy Look at Chanel in Paris |url=https://www.thecut.com/2018/10/women-of-singular-beauty-chanel-haute-couture-cathleen-naundorf.html |access-date=12 July 2020 |website=The Cut}}</ref> A shekarar 2016 ta lashe kyautar daukar hoto ta Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavanagh |first=Nicola |date=2017-03-10 |title=Fashion's power women – Glass meets some of the world's most influential photographers – The Glass Magazine |url=https://www.theglassmagazine.com/interview-female-fashion-photographers/ |access-date=2021-06-22 |language=en-GB}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, an nuna [[Hotuna|Fotografiska]] a Stockholm a ƙarƙashin taken ''Sirrin lokaci,'' manyan hotuna 100, kyamararta, tarihin rayuwarta da kuma ƙirar saitin. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Cathleen Naundorf {{!}} Secret Times |url=https://old.fotografiska.com/sto/en/news/cathleen-naundorf-secret-times/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928165107/https://old.fotografiska.com/sto/en/news/cathleen-naundorf-secret-times/ |archive-date=28 September 2021 |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=Fotografiska}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://old.fotografiska.com/sto/en/news/cathleen-naundorf-secret-times/ "Cathleen Naundorf | Secret Times"]. ''Fotografiska''. 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210928165107/https://old.fotografiska.com/sto/en/news/cathleen-naundorf-secret-times/ Archived] from the original on 28 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Hotunan Naundorf suna cikin tarin kayan tarihi na jama'a da na masu zaman kansu, ciki har da Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan, New York, Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert, <ref>{{Cite web |last=V&A Collections |date=19 September 2021 |title=Cathleen Naundorf at V&A Collections |url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/search/?q=cathleen%20naundorf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006101530/https://collections.vam.ac.uk/search/?q=cathleen%20naundorf |archive-date=6 October 2021 |access-date=19 September 2021 |website=collections.vam.ac.uk}}</ref> London da Gidan Tarihi na Rodin, Paris. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Musée Rodin, Les collections du Musée Rodin |url=https://collections.musee-rodin.fr/fr/museum?q=cathleen+naundorf |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=collections.musee-rodin.fr |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Hainer |first=Caroline |date=2018 |title=Modedrömmar I Storformat. Teatrala Scener och Fantasieggande Modehistsorier. Cathleen Naundorfs Fotografi är Grandiost och Spektakulärt. Till och med Hennes Kamera är Storslagen. |url=https://cathleennaundorf.com/press/modedroemmar-i-storformat/ |journal=Fotografiska, Sweden |volume=03.2018 |pages=8–10}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHainer2018">Hainer, Caroline (2018). [https://cathleennaundorf.com/press/modedroemmar-i-storformat/ "Modedrömmar I Storformat. Teatrala Scener och Fantasieggande Modehistsorier. Cathleen Naundorfs Fotografi är Grandiost och Spektakulärt. Till och med Hennes Kamera är Storslagen"]. ''Fotografiska, Sweden''. 03.2018: <span class="nowrap">8–</span>10.</cite> [[Category:CS1: long volume value]]</ref> == Nune-nune == [[Fayil:The_Evolution_of_Fashion_for_Dior,_Cathleen_Naundorf.jpg|alt=Fashion photography of a model in haute couture by DIOR. Photographed at the National Museum of Natural History, Paris.|thumb| Cathleen Naundorf: ''Juyin Halittar Salo na I,'' (Dior)]] Zaɓaɓɓun nune-nunen kai kaɗai <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=22 September 2021 |title=Cathleen Naundorf Exhibitions |url=https://cathleennaundorf.com/about/exhibitions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419144118/https://cathleennaundorf.com/about/exhibitions/ |archive-date=19 April 2021 |access-date=22 September 2021 |website=cathleennaundorf.com}}</ref> * ''Lokutan sirri - Cathleen Naundorf.'' [[Hotuna|Fotografiska]], Stockholm, 2018 * ''Wasan Kuka - Cathleen Naundorf'' . Gidan Tarihi na Izzy, Toronto, 2018 * ''Cathleen Naundorf'' . Edwynn Houk Gallery, New York, 2016 * ''Cathleen Naundorf: Jirgin Nuhu'' . [https://www.hamiltonsgallery.com Hamiltons Gallery], London, 2015 * ''Cathleen Naundorf'' . Edwynn Houk Gallery, Zurich, 2015 * ''Cathleen Naundorf - Haute Couture'' . Fahey Klein Gallery, Los Angeles, 2014 * ''Mawakan Polaroid na Cathleen Naundorf'' . [https://www.holdenluntz.com Holden Luntz Gallery], Palm Beach, 2014 * ''Un rêve de mode - Cathleen Naundorf'' . Hamiltons Gallery, London 2012 * ''Hotunan Cahtleen Naundorf.'' Gidan Tarihi na Weissenfels, 2011 * ''Cathleen Naundorf.'' ''Fasaha + Salo.'' Museum Kleinhues Bau, Kornwestheim, 2010 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3mp8qhdv7zytv9lx78il7fb5sp0s5vj 893630 893629 2026-08-09T12:51:32Z Nnamadee 31123 893630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cathleen Naundorf''' (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 1968 a Weißenfels ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cathleen Naundorf {{!}} artnet |url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/cathleen-naundorf/ |access-date=4 June 2020 |website=www.artnet.com}}</ref> ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce kuma mai ɗaukar hoto ta zamani . Tana zaune a [[Faris|Paris]] da [[Landan|London]] . == Rayuwa == An haife shi a Weißenfels, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cathleen Naundorf Paintings & Artwork for Sale {{!}} Cathleen Naundorf Art Value Price Guide |url=https://www.invaluable.com/artist/naundorf-cathleen-akkrjhzmr4/sold-at-auction-prices/ |access-date=4 June 2020 |website=www.invaluable.com}}</ref> Naundorf ya ƙaura daga Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Jamus zuwa [[Jamus|Jamhuriyar Tarayya ta Jamus]] a shekarar 1985. Daga shekarar 1990 zuwa 1992 ta yi karatu a [[München|Munich]] a Kwalejin Zane ta Municipal tare da mai da hankali kan zane-zane, zane da daukar hoto. Daga shekarar 1990, Naundorf ta taimaka a ɗakunan daukar hoto a Munich, [[Berlin]], Paris, [[New York (birni)|New York City]] da [[Singafora|Singapore]] . A farkon shekarun 1990, ta yi tafiya a madadin mawallafan littattafai daban-daban a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto na rahotanni . Tun daga shekarar 1989, Naundorf ta mayar da hankali kan sha'awarta ta kirkire-kirkire da kuma alkiblar fasaha a fannin daukar hotunan kwalliya tsakanin ayyukan da ke birnin New York da Paris. A shekarar 1998 ta zauna a birnin Paris na dindindin kuma ta buɗe ɗakin studio da ɗakin studio na biyu a Landan a shekarar 2015. == Daukar hoto == Aikinta na farko a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto kan rahotanni ya mayar da hankali ne kan ƙabilu a [[Tsakiyar Asiya|Tsakiya]] da Gabashin Asiya da [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]] . Ta rayu kuma ta yi aiki tare da mutanen asali kamar Yanomami, Mongols da [[Kazakhs]] a tsaunukan Altai da kuma tare da shamans a Yakutia, Siberia . <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Somerset House |date=29 November 2012 |title=Valentino: Master of Couture |url=https://www.somersethouse.org.uk/whats-on/valentino-master-couture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331080232/https://www.somersethouse.org.uk/whats-on/valentino-master-couture |archive-date=31 March 2017 |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=somersethouse.org.uk}}</ref> An buga hotunanta a cikin ''National Geographic ,'' <nowiki><i id="mwRw">GEO</i></nowiki> da <nowiki><i id="mwSQ">Globo</i></nowiki> . <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Hainer |first=Caroline |date=2018 |title=Modedrömmar I Storformat. Teatrala Scener och Fantasieggande Modehistsorier. Cathleen Naundorfs Fotografi är Grandiost och Spektakulärt. Till och med Hennes Kamera är Storslagen. |url=https://cathleennaundorf.com/press/modedroemmar-i-storformat/ |journal=Fotografiska, Sweden |volume=03.2018 |pages=8–10}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, Naundorf ta haɗu da mai ɗaukar hoto na zamani Horst P. Horst a birnin New York, wanda ya zama mai ba ta shawara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Susanna |first=Brown |date=2014 |title=Horst: Photographers of Style. The Legacy Lives On |url=https://cathleennaundorf.com/press/the-legacy-lives-on/ |journal=V&A Magazine |volume=35 |pages=48–52}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Sanson |first=Anna |date=2016 |title=Cathleen Naundorf |url=https://cathleennaundorf.com/press/cathleen-naundorf/ |journal=White Wall Magazine, USA |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> A shekarar 1997, ta fara ɗaukar hotunan Condé Nast a bayan fage yayin wasannin kwaikwayo daban-daban na Paris. Naundorf ya yi aiki a jerin hotuna masu taken "Un rêve de mode", inda ya mai da hankali kan gidajen kwalliya na Haute couture kamar Dior, Chanel, Valentino, Gaultier, Elie Saab da Armani . Haɗin gwiwa da Réunion des Musées Nationaux ya haifar da jerin hotuna da aka shirya a Grand Palais, a Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Halitta na Ƙasa da kuma jerin hotuna da ke Château de Malmaison . Ayyukan sun haɗa gine-ginen tarihi na Faransa da jigogin salon zamani na Paris. Daga shekarar 2010, Naundorf ta yi aiki tare da Gidan Tarihi na Rodin da ke Paris, da kuma Gidan Tarihi na Rodin de Meudon . <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Sanson |first=Anna |date=2016 |title=Cathleen Naundorf |url=https://cathleennaundorf.com/press/cathleen-naundorf/ |journal=White Wall Magazine, USA |access-date=17 September 2021}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSanson2016">Sanson, Anna (2016). [https://cathleennaundorf.com/press/cathleen-naundorf/ "Cathleen Naundorf"]. ''White Wall Magazine, USA''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Ta yi aiki tare sau da yawa da mai tsara kayan cikin gida Didier Gomez da Sofitel Paris Hotel, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rivera |first=Lizzie |date=2016-10-04 |title=The designer hotels for Paris fashion week |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/homesandproperty/interiors/paris-fashion-week-designer-hotels-for-stays-that-are-the-ultimate-in-luxury-and-style-a104031.html |access-date=2021-06-22 |website=www.standard.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> da kuma masu yin kayan ado na Paris. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Naundorf |first=Cathleen |date=2010 |title=Series: "Les Liaisons Dangereuses" |url=https://cathleennaundorf.com/fine-art-photography/photo-works/still-life/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419153946/https://cathleennaundorf.com/fine-art-photography/photo-works/still-life/ |archive-date=19 April 2021 |access-date=16 September 2021 |website=}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2012, Naundorf yana aiki tare da Valentino Garavani kan ayyuka daban-daban kamar "Labarin Italiyanci - Au Chateau de Wideville" da kuma kamfen ɗin baje kolin Valentino's Somerset House "Valentino: Master of Couture". <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Somerset House |date=29 November 2012 |title=Valentino: Master of Couture |url=https://www.somersethouse.org.uk/whats-on/valentino-master-couture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331080232/https://www.somersethouse.org.uk/whats-on/valentino-master-couture |archive-date=31 March 2017 |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=somersethouse.org.uk}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSomerset_House2012">Somerset House (29 November 2012). [https://www.somersethouse.org.uk/whats-on/valentino-master-couture "Valentino: Master of Couture"]. ''somersethouse.org.uk''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170331080232/https://www.somersethouse.org.uk/whats-on/valentino-master-couture Archived] from the original on 31 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> An yi ayyuka da dama tare da Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert <ref>{{Cite web |last=Victoria and Albert Museum |first=Digital Media |date=15 October 2014 |title=Video: Cathleen Naundorf photographs 1930s French couture at the V&A |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/exhibitions/exhibition-horst-photographer-of-style/video-cathleen-naundorf-photographs-1930s-french-couture-at-the-v-and-a/ |access-date=12 July 2020 |website=www.vam.ac.uk}}</ref> a shekarar 2014 kamar na baje kolin "Horst - Mai Daukar Hoto na Salo". Tun daga shekarar 2000 tana aiki tare da wasu a Vogue, Tatler, da Harper's Bazaar . <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Cathleen Naundorf {{!}} Secret Times |url=https://old.fotografiska.com/sto/en/news/cathleen-naundorf-secret-times/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928165107/https://old.fotografiska.com/sto/en/news/cathleen-naundorf-secret-times/ |archive-date=28 September 2021 |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=Fotografiska}}</ref> An buga ayyukan haɗin gwiwarta da gidajen kayan kwalliya kamar Dior, Valentino, Chanel da Armani a cikin littafin ɗaukar hoto ''na Haute Couture.'' ''Jaruman Polaroid na Cathleen Naundorf'' a shekarar ''2012.'' Mujallar 2018 mai taken ''"Women of Singleular beauty - Chanel Haute Couture" ta Cathleen Naundorf'' ta yi bayani game da haɗin gwiwar Naundorf da gidan kayan kwalliyar Chanel na tsawon shekaru 15. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Boddy |first=Jessica |date=1 October 2018 |title=A Photographer's Dreamy Look at Chanel in Paris |url=https://www.thecut.com/2018/10/women-of-singular-beauty-chanel-haute-couture-cathleen-naundorf.html |access-date=12 July 2020 |website=The Cut}}</ref> A shekarar 2016 ta lashe kyautar daukar hoto ta Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavanagh |first=Nicola |date=2017-03-10 |title=Fashion's power women – Glass meets some of the world's most influential photographers – The Glass Magazine |url=https://www.theglassmagazine.com/interview-female-fashion-photographers/ |access-date=2021-06-22 |language=en-GB}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, an nuna [[Hotuna|Fotografiska]] a Stockholm a ƙarƙashin taken ''Sirrin lokaci,'' manyan hotuna 100, kyamararta, tarihin rayuwarta da kuma ƙirar saitin. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Cathleen Naundorf {{!}} Secret Times |url=https://old.fotografiska.com/sto/en/news/cathleen-naundorf-secret-times/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928165107/https://old.fotografiska.com/sto/en/news/cathleen-naundorf-secret-times/ |archive-date=28 September 2021 |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=Fotografiska}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://old.fotografiska.com/sto/en/news/cathleen-naundorf-secret-times/ "Cathleen Naundorf | Secret Times"]. ''Fotografiska''. 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210928165107/https://old.fotografiska.com/sto/en/news/cathleen-naundorf-secret-times/ Archived] from the original on 28 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Hotunan Naundorf suna cikin tarin kayan tarihi na jama'a da na masu zaman kansu, ciki har da Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan, New York, Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert, <ref>{{Cite web |last=V&A Collections |date=19 September 2021 |title=Cathleen Naundorf at V&A Collections |url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/search/?q=cathleen%20naundorf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006101530/https://collections.vam.ac.uk/search/?q=cathleen%20naundorf |archive-date=6 October 2021 |access-date=19 September 2021 |website=collections.vam.ac.uk}}</ref> London da Gidan Tarihi na Rodin, Paris. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Musée Rodin, Les collections du Musée Rodin |url=https://collections.musee-rodin.fr/fr/museum?q=cathleen+naundorf |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=collections.musee-rodin.fr |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Hainer |first=Caroline |date=2018 |title=Modedrömmar I Storformat. Teatrala Scener och Fantasieggande Modehistsorier. Cathleen Naundorfs Fotografi är Grandiost och Spektakulärt. Till och med Hennes Kamera är Storslagen. |url=https://cathleennaundorf.com/press/modedroemmar-i-storformat/ |journal=Fotografiska, Sweden |volume=03.2018 |pages=8–10}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHainer2018">Hainer, Caroline (2018). [https://cathleennaundorf.com/press/modedroemmar-i-storformat/ "Modedrömmar I Storformat. Teatrala Scener och Fantasieggande Modehistsorier. Cathleen Naundorfs Fotografi är Grandiost och Spektakulärt. Till och med Hennes Kamera är Storslagen"]. ''Fotografiska, Sweden''. 03.2018: <span class="nowrap">8–</span>10.</cite> [[Category:CS1: long volume value]]</ref> == Nune-nune == [[Fayil:The_Evolution_of_Fashion_for_Dior,_Cathleen_Naundorf.jpg|alt=Fashion photography of a model in haute couture by DIOR. Photographed at the National Museum of Natural History, Paris.|thumb| Cathleen Naundorf: ''Juyin Halittar Salo na I,'' (Dior)]] Zaɓaɓɓun nune-nunen kai kaɗai <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=22 September 2021 |title=Cathleen Naundorf Exhibitions |url=https://cathleennaundorf.com/about/exhibitions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419144118/https://cathleennaundorf.com/about/exhibitions/ |archive-date=19 April 2021 |access-date=22 September 2021 |website=cathleennaundorf.com}}</ref> * ''Lokutan sirri - Cathleen Naundorf.'' [[Hotuna|Fotografiska]], Stockholm, 2018 * ''Wasan Kuka - Cathleen Naundorf'' . Gidan Tarihi na Izzy, Toronto, 2018 * ''Cathleen Naundorf'' . Edwynn Houk Gallery, New York, 2016 * ''Cathleen Naundorf: Jirgin Nuhu'' . [https://www.hamiltonsgallery.com Hamiltons Gallery], London, 2015 * ''Cathleen Naundorf'' . Edwynn Houk Gallery, Zurich, 2015 * ''Cathleen Naundorf - Haute Couture'' . Fahey Klein Gallery, Los Angeles, 2014 * ''Mawakan Polaroid na Cathleen Naundorf'' . [https://www.holdenluntz.com Holden Luntz Gallery], Palm Beach, 2014 * ''Un rêve de mode - Cathleen Naundorf'' . Hamiltons Gallery, London 2012 * ''Hotunan Cahtleen Naundorf.'' Gidan Tarihi na Weissenfels, 2011 * ''Cathleen Naundorf.'' ''Fasaha + Salo.'' Museum Kleinhues Bau, Kornwestheim, 2010 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 10b0l9aruf9k9lgxgsd6bemdvm4xl1x 0 162975 893631 2026-08-09T12:53:28Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1312269572|Maina-Miriam Munsky]]" 893631 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Maina-Miriam Munsky''' (an haife shi '''Meina Munsky''' : 24 Satumba 1943 - 26 Oktoba 1999) sabon [[Painting|ɗan wasan]] [[:de:Realismus (Kunst)#Neuer_Realismus|Jamus]] ne. Ta shahara a Yammacin Berlin a shekarun 1970 ta hanyar zane-zanen "mafi girma fiye da rai" ( ''"großformatige"'' ) na haihuwa, zubar da ciki da kuma [[:de:Operation (Medizin)|hanyoyin tiyata]] . <ref name="MMMlautPoll">{{Cite web |date=2013 |title="Die Angst wegmalen" Maina-Miriam Munsky (1943-1999) |url=https://poll-berlin.de/Galerie/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Pressemitteilung_Maina_Miriam-Munsky2.pdf |access-date=28 October 2018 |publisher=Galerie Poll, Berlin-Charlottenburg}}</ref> <ref name="MMMlautCareerWomen">{{Cite web |date=30 April 2014 |title=Maina Miriam Munsky: "Die Angst wegmalen" |url=http://www.career-women.org/frauenmuseum-single-moms-munsky-miriam-maina-_id7216.html |access-date=28 October 2018 |website=Frauenmuseum Bonn |publisher=Career-Women in Motion e.V, Köln}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Asalin da kuma shekarun farko === An haifi Meina Munsky ta biyu a cikin 'ya'yanta mata biyu a Wolfenbüttel a lokacin da [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] ya yi zafi. Oskar Munsky (1910-1945 ko 1947), mahaifinta, matashin mai gine-gine ne wanda ya yi karatu tare da Hans Poelzig kuma ya yi aiki a shekarun 1930 kan wasu manyan ayyuka na jama'a kamar Reichswerke Hermann Göring (masana'antar masana'antu) da sake gina tashar jirgin ƙasa ta filin wasa na Olymppia . Ya mutu, wataƙila a fursuna, na sansanin yaƙi lokacin da 'yarsa jaririya ce. Mahaifiyarta, Gertrud Schmidt (1912-1986), ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto. <ref name="MMMlautWF">{{Cite web |title=Munsky, Maina Miriam: Kurzbiografie |url=http://www.digiporta.net/pdf/GNM/Gruetzke_443076850.pdf |access-date=28 October 2018 |website=Künstlergruppenbild mit Waldemar Otto, Maina-Miriam Munsky, Matthias Koeppel, Sabine Franek-Koch und Johannes Grützke |publisher=Deutsches Museum von Meisterwerken der Naturwissenschaft und Technik (Digitalisierungsprojekt DigiPortA), München |pages=2–3}}</ref> Maina Munsky ta kammala karatunta a watan Maris na shekarar 1962 lokacin da ta bar [[:de:Gymnasium im Schloss (Wolfenbüttel)|Anna-Vorwerk-Oberschule (kamar yadda aka san makarantar sakandare a wancan lokacin)]] da takardar shaidar kammala karatun sakandare ta Realschulabschluss (takardar shaidar kammala karatun sakandare) . A cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa ta yi karatu tare da mai zane [[:de:Peter Voigt (Maler)|Peter Voigt]] a Jami'ar Art Braunschweig ( <nowiki><i id="mwJA">"Hochschule für Bildende Künste Braunschweig"</i></nowiki> / HBK) . <ref name="MMMlautWF" /> === Shekarun ɗalibai === A shekarar 1963, bayan ta kamu da soyayya da wani farfesa a HBK da ke Braunschweig, Munsky ta yi ciki kuma ta yi [[zubar da ciki]] wanda hakan ya sa ta yi tafiya zuwa [[Amsterdam]], tunda zubar da ciki a Jamus zai haifar da haɗarin tuhumar aikata laifi. <ref name="MMMlautDK">{{Cite web |last=Dagmar Klein |date=23 December 2013 |title=An ihrer eigenen Legende gestrickt: Maina-Miriam Munsky |url=https://www.giessener-allgemeine.de/regional/stadtgiessen/Stadt-Giessen-An-ihrer-eigenen-Legende-gestrickt-Maina-Miriam-Munsky;art71,87588 |access-date=29 October 2018 |website=Auf der Suche nach den familiären Wurzeln: Der in Gießen aufgewachsene Künstler Jan Schüler legt eine umfangreiche Monografie über die Berliner Malerin vor. |publisher=Mittelhessische Druck- und Verlagshaus GmbH & Co. KG (Giessener Allgemeine)}}</ref> Ana iya ganin wannan gogewa a matsayin wadda ta haifar da wani jigo na fasaha na gaba. <ref name="MMMlautJS">[[:de:Jan Schüler|Jan Schüler]]: Die Angst wegmalen. Über die Geburt, den Tod und die Wandlung im Leben. In: Maina-Miriam Munsky. Die Angst wegmalen. Bestandsverzeichnis der Gemälde und Zeichnungen 1964–1998. Verlag Kettler, Bönen 2013, {{ISBN|978-3-86206-292-8}}, pp. 18, 26, 28, 30-32, 36, 38</ref> Ta samu tallafin karatu daga shekarar 1964 zuwa 1967, ta ci gaba da karatunta a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Fine Arts da ke Florence . Ta yi karatu a Ugo Capocchini kuma ta fito da takardar shaidar kammala karatunta ta Italiya a matsayin malamar firamare. <ref name="MMMlautWF">{{Cite web |title=Munsky, Maina Miriam: Kurzbiografie |url=http://www.digiporta.net/pdf/GNM/Gruetzke_443076850.pdf |access-date=28 October 2018 |website=Künstlergruppenbild mit Waldemar Otto, Maina-Miriam Munsky, Matthias Koeppel, Sabine Franek-Koch und Johannes Grützke |publisher=Deutsches Museum von Meisterwerken der Naturwissenschaft und Technik (Digitalisierungsprojekt DigiPortA), München |pages=2–3}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.digiporta.net/pdf/GNM/Gruetzke_443076850.pdf "Munsky, Maina Miriam: Kurzbiografie"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Künstlergruppenbild mit Waldemar Otto, Maina-Miriam Munsky, Matthias Koeppel, Sabine Franek-Koch und Johannes Grützke''. Deutsches Museum von Meisterwerken der Naturwissenschaft und Technik (Digitalisierungsprojekt DigiPortA), München. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">2–</span>3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> A lokacin da take Florence ta yi wa kanta kwaskwarima, inda ta yi wa gashinta launin ruwan kasa baƙi: gashin ya kasance baƙi har tsawon rayuwarta. Ta kuma canza zuwa sanya baƙar fata kawai sannan ta canza sunan da ke kan takardar shaidar haihuwarta daga "Meina Munsky" zuwa "Maina-Miriam Munsky". <ref name="MMMlautJS" /> Asalin sunan "Miriam" na Yahudawa yana da muhimmanci. <ref name="MMMlautDK" /> Tsakanin 1966 da 1970 tana Yammacin Berlin, tana karatu a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Berlin (wanda aka sani a wancan lokacin da <nowiki><i id="mwRg">"Hochschule für Bildende Künste"</i></nowiki> / HdK), inda ta yi karatu tare da [[:de:Alexander Camaro|Alexander Camaro]] da [[:de:Hermann Bachmann (Maler)|Hermann Bachmann]] . Ta yi baje kolinta na farko a shekarar 1968. <ref name="MMMlautWF" /> A lokacin da take a HdK ne ta fara yin zane-zanenta na farko na tayi a cikin mahaifa. === Peter Sorge === Akwai alamun cewa Meina Munsky ta fara soyayya da mawaki [[:de:Peter Sorge|Peter Sorge]] a lokacin da suke makaranta, amma daga baya su biyun suka rabu. <ref name="MMMlautDK">{{Cite web |last=Dagmar Klein |date=23 December 2013 |title=An ihrer eigenen Legende gestrickt: Maina-Miriam Munsky |url=https://www.giessener-allgemeine.de/regional/stadtgiessen/Stadt-Giessen-An-ihrer-eigenen-Legende-gestrickt-Maina-Miriam-Munsky;art71,87588 |access-date=29 October 2018 |website=Auf der Suche nach den familiären Wurzeln: Der in Gießen aufgewachsene Künstler Jan Schüler legt eine umfangreiche Monografie über die Berliner Malerin vor. |publisher=Mittelhessische Druck- und Verlagshaus GmbH & Co. KG (Giessener Allgemeine)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDagmar_Klein2013">Dagmar Klein (23 December 2013). [https://www.giessener-allgemeine.de/regional/stadtgiessen/Stadt-Giessen-An-ihrer-eigenen-Legende-gestrickt-Maina-Miriam-Munsky;art71,87588 "An ihrer eigenen Legende gestrickt: Maina-Miriam Munsky"]. ''Auf der Suche nach den familiären Wurzeln: Der in Gießen aufgewachsene Künstler Jan Schüler legt eine umfangreiche Monografie über die Berliner Malerin vor''. Mittelhessische Druck- und Verlagshaus GmbH & Co. KG (Giessener Allgemeine)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Koma dai mene ne, a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, lokacin da take sha'awar bincika yiwuwar nuna zane-zanenta, Munsky da Sorge sun haɗu. Ya shirya bikin baje kolin ta na farko a shekarar 1968. An buɗe shi a watan Fabrairu na wannan shekarar a "Künstlerselbsthilfegalerie" ( ''a takaice, "Gidan taimakon kai na masu fasaha"'' ) a [[:de:Großgörschen 35|Großgörschen 35]] inda a shekarar 1964 Sorge, matashin mai zane mai nasara, ya kasance memba na kafa "al'ummar baje kolin Großgörschen". Gidan adana kayan tarihi na Großgörschen ya mamaye bene ɗaya na tsohon ginin masana'anta a Berlin-Schöneberg . Mawakan ƙungiyar da ake kira "Großgörschen", waɗanda daga baya aka san su da [[:de:Realismus (Kunst)#Neuer_Realismus|"Sabbin Masu Gaskiya"]], suna da ra'ayi na shakku game da tarurrukan zamantakewa, kuma sun sami kwarin gwiwa daga masu fasaha kamar George Grosz, Hannah Höch da John Heartfield, tare da masu ƙirƙirar hotunan da kuma Dadaism . Maina-Miriam Munsky da [[:de:Peter Sorge|Peter Sorge]] sun auri juna a shekarar 1970. <ref name="MMMlautDK" /> A wannan shekarar ne Munsky ta zama memba na Ƙungiyar Masu Fasaha ta Jamus ( <nowiki><i id="mwYw">"Deutscher Künstlerbund"</i></nowiki> ) : ta yi baje kolin a bikin baje kolin ƙungiyoyin na shekara-shekara har zuwa 1984. An haifi ɗan ma'auratan, Daniel Ben Sorge, a watan Disamba na 1972. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1999]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]] lpo5cnm7fevzjrgndy81efimevumve1 893632 893631 2026-08-09T12:54:09Z Nnamadee 31123 893632 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Maina-Miriam Munsky''' (an haife shi '''Meina Munsky''' : 24 Satumba 1943 - 26 Oktoba 1999) sabon [[Painting|ɗan wasan]] [[:de:Realismus (Kunst)#Neuer_Realismus|Jamus]] ne. Ta shahara a Yammacin Berlin a shekarun 1970 ta hanyar zane-zanen "mafi girma fiye da rai" ( ''"großformatige"'' ) na haihuwa, zubar da ciki da kuma [[:de:Operation (Medizin)|hanyoyin tiyata]] . <ref name="MMMlautPoll">{{Cite web |date=2013 |title="Die Angst wegmalen" Maina-Miriam Munsky (1943-1999) |url=https://poll-berlin.de/Galerie/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Pressemitteilung_Maina_Miriam-Munsky2.pdf |access-date=28 October 2018 |publisher=Galerie Poll, Berlin-Charlottenburg}}</ref> <ref name="MMMlautCareerWomen">{{Cite web |date=30 April 2014 |title=Maina Miriam Munsky: "Die Angst wegmalen" |url=http://www.career-women.org/frauenmuseum-single-moms-munsky-miriam-maina-_id7216.html |access-date=28 October 2018 |website=Frauenmuseum Bonn |publisher=Career-Women in Motion e.V, Köln}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Asalin da kuma shekarun farko === An haifi Meina Munsky ta biyu a cikin 'ya'yanta mata biyu a Wolfenbüttel a lokacin da [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] ya yi zafi. Oskar Munsky (1910-1945 ko 1947), mahaifinta, matashin mai gine-gine ne wanda ya yi karatu tare da Hans Poelzig kuma ya yi aiki a shekarun 1930 kan wasu manyan ayyuka na jama'a kamar Reichswerke Hermann Göring (masana'antar masana'antu) da sake gina tashar jirgin ƙasa ta filin wasa na Olymppia . Ya mutu, wataƙila a fursuna, na sansanin yaƙi lokacin da 'yarsa jaririya ce. Mahaifiyarta, Gertrud Schmidt (1912-1986), ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto. <ref name="MMMlautWF">{{Cite web |title=Munsky, Maina Miriam: Kurzbiografie |url=http://www.digiporta.net/pdf/GNM/Gruetzke_443076850.pdf |access-date=28 October 2018 |website=Künstlergruppenbild mit Waldemar Otto, Maina-Miriam Munsky, Matthias Koeppel, Sabine Franek-Koch und Johannes Grützke |publisher=Deutsches Museum von Meisterwerken der Naturwissenschaft und Technik (Digitalisierungsprojekt DigiPortA), München |pages=2–3}}</ref> Maina Munsky ta kammala karatunta a watan Maris na shekarar 1962 lokacin da ta bar [[:de:Gymnasium im Schloss (Wolfenbüttel)|Anna-Vorwerk-Oberschule (kamar yadda aka san makarantar sakandare a wancan lokacin)]] da takardar shaidar kammala karatun sakandare ta Realschulabschluss (takardar shaidar kammala karatun sakandare) . A cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa ta yi karatu tare da mai zane [[:de:Peter Voigt (Maler)|Peter Voigt]] a Jami'ar Art Braunschweig ( <nowiki><i id="mwJA">"Hochschule für Bildende Künste Braunschweig"</i></nowiki> / HBK) . <ref name="MMMlautWF" /> === Shekarun ɗalibai === A shekarar 1963, bayan ta kamu da soyayya da wani farfesa a HBK da ke Braunschweig, Munsky ta yi ciki kuma ta yi [[zubar da ciki]] wanda hakan ya sa ta yi tafiya zuwa [[Amsterdam]], tunda zubar da ciki a Jamus zai haifar da haɗarin tuhumar aikata laifi. <ref name="MMMlautDK">{{Cite web |last=Dagmar Klein |date=23 December 2013 |title=An ihrer eigenen Legende gestrickt: Maina-Miriam Munsky |url=https://www.giessener-allgemeine.de/regional/stadtgiessen/Stadt-Giessen-An-ihrer-eigenen-Legende-gestrickt-Maina-Miriam-Munsky;art71,87588 |access-date=29 October 2018 |website=Auf der Suche nach den familiären Wurzeln: Der in Gießen aufgewachsene Künstler Jan Schüler legt eine umfangreiche Monografie über die Berliner Malerin vor. |publisher=Mittelhessische Druck- und Verlagshaus GmbH & Co. KG (Giessener Allgemeine)}}</ref> Ana iya ganin wannan gogewa a matsayin wadda ta haifar da wani jigo na fasaha na gaba. <ref name="MMMlautJS">[[:de:Jan Schüler|Jan Schüler]]: Die Angst wegmalen. Über die Geburt, den Tod und die Wandlung im Leben. In: Maina-Miriam Munsky. Die Angst wegmalen. Bestandsverzeichnis der Gemälde und Zeichnungen 1964–1998. Verlag Kettler, Bönen 2013, {{ISBN|978-3-86206-292-8}}, pp. 18, 26, 28, 30-32, 36, 38</ref> Ta samu tallafin karatu daga shekarar 1964 zuwa 1967, ta ci gaba da karatunta a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Fine Arts da ke Florence . Ta yi karatu a Ugo Capocchini kuma ta fito da takardar shaidar kammala karatunta ta Italiya a matsayin malamar firamare. <ref name="MMMlautWF">{{Cite web |title=Munsky, Maina Miriam: Kurzbiografie |url=http://www.digiporta.net/pdf/GNM/Gruetzke_443076850.pdf |access-date=28 October 2018 |website=Künstlergruppenbild mit Waldemar Otto, Maina-Miriam Munsky, Matthias Koeppel, Sabine Franek-Koch und Johannes Grützke |publisher=Deutsches Museum von Meisterwerken der Naturwissenschaft und Technik (Digitalisierungsprojekt DigiPortA), München |pages=2–3}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.digiporta.net/pdf/GNM/Gruetzke_443076850.pdf "Munsky, Maina Miriam: Kurzbiografie"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Künstlergruppenbild mit Waldemar Otto, Maina-Miriam Munsky, Matthias Koeppel, Sabine Franek-Koch und Johannes Grützke''. Deutsches Museum von Meisterwerken der Naturwissenschaft und Technik (Digitalisierungsprojekt DigiPortA), München. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">2–</span>3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> A lokacin da take Florence ta yi wa kanta kwaskwarima, inda ta yi wa gashinta launin ruwan kasa baƙi: gashin ya kasance baƙi har tsawon rayuwarta. Ta kuma canza zuwa sanya baƙar fata kawai sannan ta canza sunan da ke kan takardar shaidar haihuwarta daga "Meina Munsky" zuwa "Maina-Miriam Munsky". <ref name="MMMlautJS" /> Asalin sunan "Miriam" na Yahudawa yana da muhimmanci. <ref name="MMMlautDK" /> Tsakanin 1966 da 1970 tana Yammacin Berlin, tana karatu a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Berlin (wanda aka sani a wancan lokacin da <nowiki><i id="mwRg">"Hochschule für Bildende Künste"</i></nowiki> / HdK), inda ta yi karatu tare da [[:de:Alexander Camaro|Alexander Camaro]] da [[:de:Hermann Bachmann (Maler)|Hermann Bachmann]] . Ta yi baje kolinta na farko a shekarar 1968. <ref name="MMMlautWF" /> A lokacin da take a HdK ne ta fara yin zane-zanenta na farko na tayi a cikin mahaifa. === Peter Sorge === Akwai alamun cewa Meina Munsky ta fara soyayya da mawaki [[:de:Peter Sorge|Peter Sorge]] a lokacin da suke makaranta, amma daga baya su biyun suka rabu. <ref name="MMMlautDK">{{Cite web |last=Dagmar Klein |date=23 December 2013 |title=An ihrer eigenen Legende gestrickt: Maina-Miriam Munsky |url=https://www.giessener-allgemeine.de/regional/stadtgiessen/Stadt-Giessen-An-ihrer-eigenen-Legende-gestrickt-Maina-Miriam-Munsky;art71,87588 |access-date=29 October 2018 |website=Auf der Suche nach den familiären Wurzeln: Der in Gießen aufgewachsene Künstler Jan Schüler legt eine umfangreiche Monografie über die Berliner Malerin vor. |publisher=Mittelhessische Druck- und Verlagshaus GmbH & Co. KG (Giessener Allgemeine)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDagmar_Klein2013">Dagmar Klein (23 December 2013). [https://www.giessener-allgemeine.de/regional/stadtgiessen/Stadt-Giessen-An-ihrer-eigenen-Legende-gestrickt-Maina-Miriam-Munsky;art71,87588 "An ihrer eigenen Legende gestrickt: Maina-Miriam Munsky"]. ''Auf der Suche nach den familiären Wurzeln: Der in Gießen aufgewachsene Künstler Jan Schüler legt eine umfangreiche Monografie über die Berliner Malerin vor''. Mittelhessische Druck- und Verlagshaus GmbH & Co. KG (Giessener Allgemeine)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Koma dai mene ne, a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, lokacin da take sha'awar bincika yiwuwar nuna zane-zanenta, Munsky da Sorge sun haɗu. Ya shirya bikin baje kolin ta na farko a shekarar 1968. An buɗe shi a watan Fabrairu na wannan shekarar a "Künstlerselbsthilfegalerie" ( ''a takaice, "Gidan taimakon kai na masu fasaha"'' ) a [[:de:Großgörschen 35|Großgörschen 35]] inda a shekarar 1964 Sorge, matashin mai zane mai nasara, ya kasance memba na kafa "al'ummar baje kolin Großgörschen". Gidan adana kayan tarihi na Großgörschen ya mamaye bene ɗaya na tsohon ginin masana'anta a Berlin-Schöneberg . Mawakan ƙungiyar da ake kira "Großgörschen", waɗanda daga baya aka san su da [[:de:Realismus (Kunst)#Neuer_Realismus|"Sabbin Masu Gaskiya"]], suna da ra'ayi na shakku game da tarurrukan zamantakewa, kuma sun sami kwarin gwiwa daga masu fasaha kamar George Grosz, Hannah Höch da John Heartfield, tare da masu ƙirƙirar hotunan da kuma Dadaism . Maina-Miriam Munsky da [[:de:Peter Sorge|Peter Sorge]] sun auri juna a shekarar 1970. <ref name="MMMlautDK" /> A wannan shekarar ne Munsky ta zama memba na Ƙungiyar Masu Fasaha ta Jamus ( <nowiki><i id="mwYw">"Deutscher Künstlerbund"</i></nowiki> ) : ta yi baje kolin a bikin baje kolin ƙungiyoyin na shekara-shekara har zuwa 1984. An haifi ɗan ma'auratan, Daniel Ben Sorge, a watan Disamba na 1972. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1999]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]] il4c0evhy8voeyuz734i2vx1kdo5y0r 0 162976 893633 2026-08-09T12:56:36Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1289149190|Sarah Ortmeyer]]" 893633 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sarah Ortmeyer''' (an haife ta a [[Frankfurt]], Jamus) ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarah Ortmeyer Biography – Sarah Ortmeyer on artnet |url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/sarah-ortmeyer/biography |access-date=2021-09-22 |website=www.artnet.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2020 |title=An Index of Shadows: Sarah Ortmeyer — Mousse Magazine |url=https://www.moussemagazine.it/magazine/sarah-ortmeyer-stephanie-cristello-2020 |access-date=2021-09-22 |website=www.moussemagazine.it |language=en-US}}</ref> Ayyukanta sun shafi fannoni daban-daban na fasaha kamar sassaka, zane da wallafe-wallafe, suna maimaituwa zuwa ga hanyoyin da ba na gargajiya ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Diehl |first=Travis |date=2017-03-13 |title=POTTS |url=https://www.artforum.com/picks/sarah-ortmeyer-67058 |access-date=2021-09-22 |website=www.artforum.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Ortmeyer ya yi baje kolin duniya a wurare daban-daban, ciki har da Gidan Tarihi na Stedelijk voor Actuele Kunst, Belvedere21, <ref>{{Cite web |title=21er Raum: Sarah Ortmeyer {{!}} Belvedere Museum Vienna |url=https://www.belvedere.at/en/21er-raum-sarah-ortmeyer |access-date=2021-10-05 |website=www.belvedere.at}}</ref> Palais de Tokyo, MAK Center, [[Cibiyar KW don Fasaha ta zamani|KW Institute for Modern Art]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=In Berlin wird der Minimalismus politisch, und zwar 32 Mal hintereinander {{!}} Monopol |url=https://www.monopol-magazin.de/berlin-wird-der-minimalismus-politisch-und-zwar-32-mal-hintereinander |access-date=2021-10-05 |website=www.monopol-magazin.de |language=de}}</ref> MoMA PS1, Performance Space New York, Swiss Institute kuma ya buga littattafai da dama, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek |url=https://portal.dnb.de/opac/simpleSearch?query=sarah+ortmeyer+ |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=portal.dnb.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek |url=https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showFullRecord?currentResultId=%22sarah%22+and+%22ortmeyer%22&any&currentPosition=1 |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=portal.dnb.de |language=de}}</ref> gami da cikakken littafi kan [[Dara (Chess)|dara]], [[siyasa]], da kuma kyau. <ref name="onb.ac.at">{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Schach, Ästhetik, Politik : zur Dialektik von politischen Umsprüngen und Schach |url=https://search.onb.ac.at/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=ONB_alma21234432370003338&context=L&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&vid=ONB&lang=de_DE&search_scope=ONB_gesamtbestand&tab=default_tab&query=addsrcrid,exact,AC11978704 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613045710/https://search.onb.ac.at/primo-explore/search?query=addsrcrid,exact,AC11978704&tab=default_tab&search_scope=ONB_gesamtbestand&vid=ONB |archive-date=2023-06-13 |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=[[Austrian National Library]] |language=de}}</ref> <ref name="Sarah Ortmeyer">{{Cite web |title=Sarah Ortmeyer |url=https://www.contemporaryartlibrary.org/artist/sarah-ortmeyer-12056 |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=Contemporary Art Library |language=en}}</ref> == Early life and education == An haifi Ortmeyer a [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt, Jamus]] . Ta zauna a [[Faris|birnin Paris]] sannan ta koma [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] a shekarar 2008. Ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Fasaha da ake amfani da ita a Vienna da kuma Städelschule, Kwalejin Fasaha da ke Frankfurt am Main. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarah Ortmeyer by Stephanie Cristello - BOMB Magazine |url=https://bombmagazine.org/articles/sarah-ortmeyer/ |access-date=2021-09-22 |website=bombmagazine.org}}</ref> <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=TransArts: Sarah Ortmeyer |url=https://www.dieangewandte.at/en/news/detail?artikel_id=1475533879265 |access-date=2021-09-22 |website=www.dieangewandte.at |language=en}}</ref> == Aiki == Ortmeyer yana ƙirƙirar ayyuka iri-iri waɗanda ke jujjuyawa a cikin girmansu tsakanin ƙananan da manyan kuma ya yi aiki tare da masu fasaha, mawaƙa, rap, da mawaƙa daga fannoni daban-daban da tsararraki, ciki har da Friederike Mayröcker, Yoko Ono, da Lafawndah . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-25 |title=PORTRAIT: I HAVE ALWAYS WISHED FOR NOVEMBER |url=https://www.spikeartmagazine.com/?q=articles/portrait-i-have-always-wished-november |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=Spike Art Magazine |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-04 |title=Portrait Friederike Mayröcker |url=https://www.spikeartmagazine.com/?q=articles/portrait-friederike-mayrocker |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=Spike Art Magazine |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=km |url=http://www.kunstverein-muenchen.de/en/program/exhibitions/past/2018/sarah-ortmeyer-flyrt |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=www.kunstverein-muenchen.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=SARAH ORTMEYER: INTERNATIONALIS |url=http://potts.la/sarah-ortmeyer-internationalis |access-date=2021-09-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> A lokacin zamanta a Otal Marienbad a shekarar 2009, wani tsohon kamfanin baje kolin [[Cibiyar KW don Fasaha ta zamani|KW Institute of Modern Art]], mai zane ta mayar da ɗakunan zuwa "sigar mafarki" ta [[Eiffel Tower|Hasumiyar Eiffel]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Gisela |title=GLOBESPOTTERS; Berlin: Hotel Art |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C03E1D91031F933A0575BC0A96F9C8B63 |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=query.nytimes.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ceal Floyer and Sarah Ortmeyer - Announcements - e-flux |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/37815/ceal-floyer-and-sarah-ortmeyer/ |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=www.e-flux.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-08-10 |title=Berlin hotel tells artists to pay for stay with artwork |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/18937/berlin-hotel-tells-artists-pay.html |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> A halin yanzu an haramta wa mawakin shiga Hasumiyar Eiffel. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Gisela |date=2009-08-24 |title=A Hotel Room With Only One Occupant: The Artist |url=https://intransit.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/24/a-hotel-room-with-only-one-occupant-the-artist/ |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=In Transit Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2010, Ortmeyer ya nuna a Lodz Biennale da ke [[Poland]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=From the Liberty Square to Independence Square - Announcements - e-flux |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/36555/from-the-liberty-square-to-independence-square/ |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=www.e-flux.com |language=en}}</ref> 303 Gallery da ke New York, <ref>{{Cite web |title=One Leading Away from Another - - GALLERY EXHIBITIONS - 303 Gallery |url=https://www.303gallery.com/gallery-exhibitions/one-leading-away-from-another/press-release |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=www.303gallery.com |language=en}}</ref> MAK Center for Art and Architecture da ke Los Angeles, da kuma a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani na Warsaw. GRANDMASTERS WORLD CHAMPIONS aikin zane ne na 2012 da aka yi na musamman a gidan kayan tarihi na Stedelijk voor Actuele Kunst. An yi wani littafi mai taken iri ɗaya don baje kolin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NYAB Event - "One Leading Away From Another" Exhibition |url=http://www.nyartbeat.com/event/2010/CCE0 |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=www.nyartbeat.com}}</ref> Ortmeyer ya yi nuni a Haus Wittgenstein da ke Vienna a shekarar 2013. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Perlson |first=Hili |date=2014-01-25 |title=Dvir Gallery |url=https://www.artforum.com/picks/sarah-ortmeyer-45080 |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=www.artforum.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, an nuna baje kolin farko na mawakin da kansa a Italiya, MACHO AMORE, a [[Milano|Milan]] . A shekarar 2014, Ortmeyer ya nuna wani jerin zane-zane, mai taken SANKT PETERSBURG PARADOX, a Cibiyar Swiss da ke New York. <ref name="swissinstitute.net">{{Cite web |title=The St. Petersburg Paradox {{!}} Swiss Institute |url=https://www.swissinstitute.net/exhibition/the-st-petersburg-paradox/ |access-date=2021-09-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Roberta Smith, mai sukar fasaha, ta rubuta wa [[New York Times|jaridar The New York Times]] cewa zane-zanen, "babban yanki ne mai cike da rudani wanda ya ƙunshi allunan dara da yawa da nau'ikan ƙwai na halitta da yawa, kamar dai yana kwatanta gasar wasannin allo da jifa na kwayoyin halitta." Ortmeyer ya mayar da Dome na MoMA PS 1 zuwa wani tauraro mai siffar ƙwai a cikin saitin launin toka don Ranar Masoya a 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=VALIUM VALENTINE : Andrew Wyatt and Sarah Ortmeyer {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/events/3430 |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |language=en}}</ref> An nuna kashi na uku na shirinta na PALMA a Belvedere 21 a farkon wannan shekarar. <ref name="belvedere.at">{{Cite web |title=21er Raum: Sarah Ortmeyer {{!}} Belvedere Museum Vienna |url=https://www.belvedere.at/en/21er-raum-sarah-ortmeyer-0 |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=www.belvedere.at}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, an ba Ortmeyer aikin Mataimakin Mai Zane don ƙirƙirar sabon asalin gani da tambari don Performance Space New York . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Battaglia |first=Andy |date=2020-01-22 |title=Performance Space New York Announces Radical Artist-Led Restructuring |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/performance-space-new-york-restructuring-1202675989/ |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=ARTnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A lokacin ziyarar da ya kai wa Milton Glaser a ɗakin studio, ya "buɗe zanen zuciyarta mai launin baƙi da yanke almakashi," inda ya haifi wannan alama mai ban mamaki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kevin Space {{!}} PS NEW YORK |url=http://www.kevinspace.org/de/exhibitions/ps-new-york/ |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=www.kevinspace.org |language=de}}</ref> MoMA ta sayi na'urar ɗaurewa da fenti a kan zane-zanen takarda, inda ake iya ganinta tare da zane-zanen ra'ayi na Milton Glaeser na 1976 na "I ♥ NY ," da kuma [[Apple|Apple, Inc.]], [[Steve Jobs]], da kuma " Macintosh Home Computer " na 1983 na Jerry Manock . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarah Ortmeyer. PS NEW YORK (First Draft for New Logo for Performance Space New York, Scissor Cut by Milton Glaser). 2018 {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/454351 |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan shekarar fim ɗin FLYRT mai shiru ya fara fitowa a Kunstverein München, sakamakon wasiƙar Ortmeyer mai ɗorewa da wani matashi mai suna attajiri kuma mai rap. <ref>{{Cite web |title=km |url=http://www.kunstverein-muenchen.de/en/program/exhibitions/past/2018/sarah-ortmeyer-flyrt |access-date=2021-09-25 |website=www.kunstverein-muenchen.de}}</ref> [[Fayil:20250502_ARCUS_Schatten_eines_Regenbogens_01.jpg|thumb| Abin tunawa da Arcus ARCUS (Inuwar Bakan gizo) a cikin Resselpark]] A lokacin bazara na shekarar 2023, mai zane kuma edita Karl Kolbitz ya gabatar da, "ARCUS (Inuwar Bakan Gizo)," wani abin tunawa a Vienna ga 'yan luwadi da aka tsananta wa a zamanin Nazi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PIN–UP {{!}} ARCUS (SHADOW OF A RAINBOW) |url=https://www.pinupmagazine.org/articles/in-memoriam-sarah-ortmeyer-karl-kolbitz-arcus-shadow-of-a-rainbow |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=PIN–UP {{!}} ARCUS (SHADOW OF A RAINBOW) |language=en}}</ref> Wurin tunawa da wannan wuri yana kusa da Karlsplatz, wanda aka yi shi da bututu shida masu baka masu launuka daban-daban na launin toka, waɗanda ke nuni da tutar alfaharin "bakan gizo" wadda mai zane Gilbert Baker ya shahara da ita, da kuma wani zane da aka sake yi a shekarar 2019, "ARCUS," na baka-baki na Ortmeyer. Za a baje kolin jerin sassaka na Ortmeyer, "DIABOLUS (PRETECTOR)," a Gidan Tarihi na Belvedere da ke [[Vienna]] a duk tsawon shekarar 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CARLONE CONTEMPORARY: Sarah Ortmeyer {{!}} Belvedere Museum Vienna |url=https://www.belvedere.at/en/carlone-contemporary-sarah-ortmeyer |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=www.belvedere.at}}</ref> == Jigogi == Tun daga shekarar 2010, wasan dara ya zama ɗaya daga cikin jigogi na farko a cikin fasahar Ortmeyer, farawa da jerin wasannin GRANDMASTER da ke gudana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=GRANDMASTER ZURICH NEW YORK by Sarah Ortmeyer {{!}} Swiss Re Art |url=https://www.swissre.com/about-us/art-at-swiss-re/artworks/c-ortmeyer-KB1076-grandmaster.html |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=www.swissre.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="swissinstitute.net">{{Cite web |title=The St. Petersburg Paradox {{!}} Swiss Institute |url=https://www.swissinstitute.net/exhibition/the-st-petersburg-paradox/ |access-date=2021-09-24 |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.swissinstitute.net/exhibition/the-st-petersburg-paradox/ "The St. Petersburg Paradox | Swiss Institute"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Ƙarin jigogi da aka bincika a cikin aikin Ortmeyer sun haɗa da ƙwai daga jerin waƙoƙin MONSTER ɗinta, gumakan <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarah Ortmeyer {{!}} MONSTER VIII, 2016 |url=https://www.artbasel.com/catalog/artwork/54432/Sarah-Ortmeyer-MONSTER-VIII |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=Art Basel |language=en}}</ref> daga jerin waƙoƙin EMOJI SHADOW ɗinta, [[Iblis|shaidan]] daga tarin DIABOLUS ɗinta, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Riboca Digital |url=https://riboca.digital/en/artworks/30 |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=riboca.digital}}</ref> bishiyoyin dabino daga tarin waƙoƙin PALMA ɗinta, <ref name="belvedere.at">{{Cite web |title=21er Raum: Sarah Ortmeyer {{!}} Belvedere Museum Vienna |url=https://www.belvedere.at/en/21er-raum-sarah-ortmeyer-0 |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=www.belvedere.at}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.belvedere.at/en/21er-raum-sarah-ortmeyer-0 "21er Raum: Sarah Ortmeyer | Belvedere Museum Vienna"]. ''www.belvedere.at''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> da kuma zuciya daga tarin waƙoƙin COR ɗinta. Ortmeyer yana aiki a cikin dangantakar harshe tsakanin motsin rai da ilimi da kuma tsakanin rayuwa da siyasa. Ta ƙirƙiri zane-zane kan shahararrun wasanni da kuma batun tattarawa, kan sirrin zakarun duniya na mata na wasan chess, kan zane-zanen yanayi ko salon salon [[Immanuel Kant]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek |url=https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showSearchForm |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=portal.dnb.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=GRAND MASTERS, WORLD CHAMPIONS {{!}} SARAH ORTMEYER |url=https://smak.be/nl/publicaties/grand-masters-world-champions-sarah-ortmeyer |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=S.M.A.K. |language=nl}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarah Ortmeyer at SMAK Ghent - Artmap.com |url=https://artmap.com/smak/exhibition/sarah-ortmeyer-2012 |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=artmap.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] aauffz1bn6017zh92v2xhf6qeda4liv 893634 893633 2026-08-09T12:57:12Z Nnamadee 31123 893634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sarah Ortmeyer''' (an haife ta a [[Frankfurt]], Jamus) ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarah Ortmeyer Biography – Sarah Ortmeyer on artnet |url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/sarah-ortmeyer/biography |access-date=2021-09-22 |website=www.artnet.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2020 |title=An Index of Shadows: Sarah Ortmeyer — Mousse Magazine |url=https://www.moussemagazine.it/magazine/sarah-ortmeyer-stephanie-cristello-2020 |access-date=2021-09-22 |website=www.moussemagazine.it |language=en-US}}</ref> Ayyukanta sun shafi fannoni daban-daban na fasaha kamar sassaka, zane da wallafe-wallafe, suna maimaituwa zuwa ga hanyoyin da ba na gargajiya ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Diehl |first=Travis |date=2017-03-13 |title=POTTS |url=https://www.artforum.com/picks/sarah-ortmeyer-67058 |access-date=2021-09-22 |website=www.artforum.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Ortmeyer ya yi baje kolin duniya a wurare daban-daban, ciki har da Gidan Tarihi na Stedelijk voor Actuele Kunst, Belvedere21, <ref>{{Cite web |title=21er Raum: Sarah Ortmeyer {{!}} Belvedere Museum Vienna |url=https://www.belvedere.at/en/21er-raum-sarah-ortmeyer |access-date=2021-10-05 |website=www.belvedere.at}}</ref> Palais de Tokyo, MAK Center, [[Cibiyar KW don Fasaha ta zamani|KW Institute for Modern Art]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=In Berlin wird der Minimalismus politisch, und zwar 32 Mal hintereinander {{!}} Monopol |url=https://www.monopol-magazin.de/berlin-wird-der-minimalismus-politisch-und-zwar-32-mal-hintereinander |access-date=2021-10-05 |website=www.monopol-magazin.de |language=de}}</ref> MoMA PS1, Performance Space New York, Swiss Institute kuma ya buga littattafai da dama, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek |url=https://portal.dnb.de/opac/simpleSearch?query=sarah+ortmeyer+ |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=portal.dnb.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek |url=https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showFullRecord?currentResultId=%22sarah%22+and+%22ortmeyer%22&any&currentPosition=1 |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=portal.dnb.de |language=de}}</ref> gami da cikakken littafi kan [[Dara (Chess)|dara]], [[siyasa]], da kuma kyau. <ref name="onb.ac.at">{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Schach, Ästhetik, Politik : zur Dialektik von politischen Umsprüngen und Schach |url=https://search.onb.ac.at/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=ONB_alma21234432370003338&context=L&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&vid=ONB&lang=de_DE&search_scope=ONB_gesamtbestand&tab=default_tab&query=addsrcrid,exact,AC11978704 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613045710/https://search.onb.ac.at/primo-explore/search?query=addsrcrid,exact,AC11978704&tab=default_tab&search_scope=ONB_gesamtbestand&vid=ONB |archive-date=2023-06-13 |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=[[Austrian National Library]] |language=de}}</ref> <ref name="Sarah Ortmeyer">{{Cite web |title=Sarah Ortmeyer |url=https://www.contemporaryartlibrary.org/artist/sarah-ortmeyer-12056 |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=Contemporary Art Library |language=en}}</ref> == Early life and education == An haifi Ortmeyer a [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt, Jamus]]. Ta zauna a [[Faris|birnin Paris]] sannan ta koma [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] a shekarar 2008. Ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Fasaha da ake amfani da ita a Vienna da kuma Städelschule, Kwalejin Fasaha da ke Frankfurt am Main. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarah Ortmeyer by Stephanie Cristello - BOMB Magazine |url=https://bombmagazine.org/articles/sarah-ortmeyer/ |access-date=2021-09-22 |website=bombmagazine.org}}</ref> <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=TransArts: Sarah Ortmeyer |url=https://www.dieangewandte.at/en/news/detail?artikel_id=1475533879265 |access-date=2021-09-22 |website=www.dieangewandte.at |language=en}}</ref> == Aiki == Ortmeyer yana ƙirƙirar ayyuka iri-iri waɗanda ke jujjuyawa a cikin girmansu tsakanin ƙananan da manyan kuma ya yi aiki tare da masu fasaha, mawaƙa, rap, da mawaƙa daga fannoni daban-daban da tsararraki, ciki har da Friederike Mayröcker, Yoko Ono, da Lafawndah . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-25 |title=PORTRAIT: I HAVE ALWAYS WISHED FOR NOVEMBER |url=https://www.spikeartmagazine.com/?q=articles/portrait-i-have-always-wished-november |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=Spike Art Magazine |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-04 |title=Portrait Friederike Mayröcker |url=https://www.spikeartmagazine.com/?q=articles/portrait-friederike-mayrocker |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=Spike Art Magazine |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=km |url=http://www.kunstverein-muenchen.de/en/program/exhibitions/past/2018/sarah-ortmeyer-flyrt |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=www.kunstverein-muenchen.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=SARAH ORTMEYER: INTERNATIONALIS |url=http://potts.la/sarah-ortmeyer-internationalis |access-date=2021-09-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> A lokacin zamanta a Otal Marienbad a shekarar 2009, wani tsohon kamfanin baje kolin [[Cibiyar KW don Fasaha ta zamani|KW Institute of Modern Art]], mai zane ta mayar da ɗakunan zuwa "sigar mafarki" ta [[Eiffel Tower|Hasumiyar Eiffel]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Gisela |title=GLOBESPOTTERS; Berlin: Hotel Art |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C03E1D91031F933A0575BC0A96F9C8B63 |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=query.nytimes.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ceal Floyer and Sarah Ortmeyer - Announcements - e-flux |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/37815/ceal-floyer-and-sarah-ortmeyer/ |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=www.e-flux.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-08-10 |title=Berlin hotel tells artists to pay for stay with artwork |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/18937/berlin-hotel-tells-artists-pay.html |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> A halin yanzu an haramta wa mawakin shiga Hasumiyar Eiffel. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Gisela |date=2009-08-24 |title=A Hotel Room With Only One Occupant: The Artist |url=https://intransit.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/24/a-hotel-room-with-only-one-occupant-the-artist/ |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=In Transit Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2010, Ortmeyer ya nuna a Lodz Biennale da ke [[Poland]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=From the Liberty Square to Independence Square - Announcements - e-flux |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/36555/from-the-liberty-square-to-independence-square/ |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=www.e-flux.com |language=en}}</ref> 303 Gallery da ke New York, <ref>{{Cite web |title=One Leading Away from Another - - GALLERY EXHIBITIONS - 303 Gallery |url=https://www.303gallery.com/gallery-exhibitions/one-leading-away-from-another/press-release |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=www.303gallery.com |language=en}}</ref> MAK Center for Art and Architecture da ke Los Angeles, da kuma a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani na Warsaw. GRANDMASTERS WORLD CHAMPIONS aikin zane ne na 2012 da aka yi na musamman a gidan kayan tarihi na Stedelijk voor Actuele Kunst. An yi wani littafi mai taken iri ɗaya don baje kolin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NYAB Event - "One Leading Away From Another" Exhibition |url=http://www.nyartbeat.com/event/2010/CCE0 |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=www.nyartbeat.com}}</ref> Ortmeyer ya yi nuni a Haus Wittgenstein da ke Vienna a shekarar 2013. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Perlson |first=Hili |date=2014-01-25 |title=Dvir Gallery |url=https://www.artforum.com/picks/sarah-ortmeyer-45080 |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=www.artforum.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, an nuna baje kolin farko na mawakin da kansa a Italiya, MACHO AMORE, a [[Milano|Milan]] . A shekarar 2014, Ortmeyer ya nuna wani jerin zane-zane, mai taken SANKT PETERSBURG PARADOX, a Cibiyar Swiss da ke New York. <ref name="swissinstitute.net">{{Cite web |title=The St. Petersburg Paradox {{!}} Swiss Institute |url=https://www.swissinstitute.net/exhibition/the-st-petersburg-paradox/ |access-date=2021-09-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Roberta Smith, mai sukar fasaha, ta rubuta wa [[New York Times|jaridar The New York Times]] cewa zane-zanen, "babban yanki ne mai cike da rudani wanda ya ƙunshi allunan dara da yawa da nau'ikan ƙwai na halitta da yawa, kamar dai yana kwatanta gasar wasannin allo da jifa na kwayoyin halitta." Ortmeyer ya mayar da Dome na MoMA PS 1 zuwa wani tauraro mai siffar ƙwai a cikin saitin launin toka don Ranar Masoya a 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=VALIUM VALENTINE : Andrew Wyatt and Sarah Ortmeyer {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/events/3430 |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |language=en}}</ref> An nuna kashi na uku na shirinta na PALMA a Belvedere 21 a farkon wannan shekarar. <ref name="belvedere.at">{{Cite web |title=21er Raum: Sarah Ortmeyer {{!}} Belvedere Museum Vienna |url=https://www.belvedere.at/en/21er-raum-sarah-ortmeyer-0 |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=www.belvedere.at}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, an ba Ortmeyer aikin Mataimakin Mai Zane don ƙirƙirar sabon asalin gani da tambari don Performance Space New York . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Battaglia |first=Andy |date=2020-01-22 |title=Performance Space New York Announces Radical Artist-Led Restructuring |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/performance-space-new-york-restructuring-1202675989/ |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=ARTnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A lokacin ziyarar da ya kai wa Milton Glaser a ɗakin studio, ya "buɗe zanen zuciyarta mai launin baƙi da yanke almakashi," inda ya haifi wannan alama mai ban mamaki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kevin Space {{!}} PS NEW YORK |url=http://www.kevinspace.org/de/exhibitions/ps-new-york/ |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=www.kevinspace.org |language=de}}</ref> MoMA ta sayi na'urar ɗaurewa da fenti a kan zane-zanen takarda, inda ake iya ganinta tare da zane-zanen ra'ayi na Milton Glaeser na 1976 na "I ♥ NY ," da kuma [[Apple|Apple, Inc.]], [[Steve Jobs]], da kuma " Macintosh Home Computer " na 1983 na Jerry Manock . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarah Ortmeyer. PS NEW YORK (First Draft for New Logo for Performance Space New York, Scissor Cut by Milton Glaser). 2018 {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/454351 |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan shekarar fim ɗin FLYRT mai shiru ya fara fitowa a Kunstverein München, sakamakon wasiƙar Ortmeyer mai ɗorewa da wani matashi mai suna attajiri kuma mai rap. <ref>{{Cite web |title=km |url=http://www.kunstverein-muenchen.de/en/program/exhibitions/past/2018/sarah-ortmeyer-flyrt |access-date=2021-09-25 |website=www.kunstverein-muenchen.de}}</ref> [[Fayil:20250502_ARCUS_Schatten_eines_Regenbogens_01.jpg|thumb| Abin tunawa da Arcus ARCUS (Inuwar Bakan gizo) a cikin Resselpark]] A lokacin bazara na shekarar 2023, mai zane kuma edita Karl Kolbitz ya gabatar da, "ARCUS (Inuwar Bakan Gizo)," wani abin tunawa a Vienna ga 'yan luwadi da aka tsananta wa a zamanin Nazi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PIN–UP {{!}} ARCUS (SHADOW OF A RAINBOW) |url=https://www.pinupmagazine.org/articles/in-memoriam-sarah-ortmeyer-karl-kolbitz-arcus-shadow-of-a-rainbow |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=PIN–UP {{!}} ARCUS (SHADOW OF A RAINBOW) |language=en}}</ref> Wurin tunawa da wannan wuri yana kusa da Karlsplatz, wanda aka yi shi da bututu shida masu baka masu launuka daban-daban na launin toka, waɗanda ke nuni da tutar alfaharin "bakan gizo" wadda mai zane Gilbert Baker ya shahara da ita, da kuma wani zane da aka sake yi a shekarar 2019, "ARCUS," na baka-baki na Ortmeyer. Za a baje kolin jerin sassaka na Ortmeyer, "DIABOLUS (PRETECTOR)," a Gidan Tarihi na Belvedere da ke [[Vienna]] a duk tsawon shekarar 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CARLONE CONTEMPORARY: Sarah Ortmeyer {{!}} Belvedere Museum Vienna |url=https://www.belvedere.at/en/carlone-contemporary-sarah-ortmeyer |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=www.belvedere.at}}</ref> == Jigogi == Tun daga shekarar 2010, wasan dara ya zama ɗaya daga cikin jigogi na farko a cikin fasahar Ortmeyer, farawa da jerin wasannin GRANDMASTER da ke gudana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=GRANDMASTER ZURICH NEW YORK by Sarah Ortmeyer {{!}} Swiss Re Art |url=https://www.swissre.com/about-us/art-at-swiss-re/artworks/c-ortmeyer-KB1076-grandmaster.html |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=www.swissre.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="swissinstitute.net">{{Cite web |title=The St. Petersburg Paradox {{!}} Swiss Institute |url=https://www.swissinstitute.net/exhibition/the-st-petersburg-paradox/ |access-date=2021-09-24 |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.swissinstitute.net/exhibition/the-st-petersburg-paradox/ "The St. Petersburg Paradox | Swiss Institute"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Ƙarin jigogi da aka bincika a cikin aikin Ortmeyer sun haɗa da ƙwai daga jerin waƙoƙin MONSTER ɗinta, gumakan <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarah Ortmeyer {{!}} MONSTER VIII, 2016 |url=https://www.artbasel.com/catalog/artwork/54432/Sarah-Ortmeyer-MONSTER-VIII |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=Art Basel |language=en}}</ref> daga jerin waƙoƙin EMOJI SHADOW ɗinta, [[Iblis|shaidan]] daga tarin DIABOLUS ɗinta, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Riboca Digital |url=https://riboca.digital/en/artworks/30 |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=riboca.digital}}</ref> bishiyoyin dabino daga tarin waƙoƙin PALMA ɗinta, <ref name="belvedere.at">{{Cite web |title=21er Raum: Sarah Ortmeyer {{!}} Belvedere Museum Vienna |url=https://www.belvedere.at/en/21er-raum-sarah-ortmeyer-0 |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=www.belvedere.at}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.belvedere.at/en/21er-raum-sarah-ortmeyer-0 "21er Raum: Sarah Ortmeyer | Belvedere Museum Vienna"]. ''www.belvedere.at''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> da kuma zuciya daga tarin waƙoƙin COR ɗinta. Ortmeyer yana aiki a cikin dangantakar harshe tsakanin motsin rai da ilimi da kuma tsakanin rayuwa da siyasa. Ta ƙirƙiri zane-zane kan shahararrun wasanni da kuma batun tattarawa, kan sirrin zakarun duniya na mata na wasan chess, kan zane-zanen yanayi ko salon salon [[Immanuel Kant]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek |url=https://portal.dnb.de/opac/showSearchForm |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=portal.dnb.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=GRAND MASTERS, WORLD CHAMPIONS {{!}} SARAH ORTMEYER |url=https://smak.be/nl/publicaties/grand-masters-world-champions-sarah-ortmeyer |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=S.M.A.K. |language=nl}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarah Ortmeyer at SMAK Ghent - Artmap.com |url=https://artmap.com/smak/exhibition/sarah-ortmeyer-2012 |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=artmap.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 58wowdgreewta5g922wsqci6z5141xv 0 162977 893636 2026-08-09T12:59:12Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1321535739|Miriam Pandor]]" 893636 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Miriam Pandor''' (29 ga Oktoba, 1924 a [[Hamburg]] - 31 ga Yuli, 2016 a [[Lübeck]] ) <ref name="l">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date= |title=Gedenkseite für Miriam Pandor |url=https://gemeinsam-trauern.dabringhaus.de/Begleiten/miriam-pandor |access-date=13 January 2019 |website= |publisher=BESTATTUNGEN DABRINGHAUS IM THANATORIUM |quote=}}</ref> yar rawa ce ta Jamus, darakta, mai tsara rawa, malami kuma marubuciya. An san ta da ayyukanta da suka shafi wariyar launin fata, kyamar Yahudawa da kuma rashin adalci a zamantakewa . == Rayuwar farko, horo da aiki == An haifi Pandor a [[Hamburg]], Jamus, ga marubuciya kuma mai sukar wasan kwaikwayo Oswald Pander da kuma malamar rawa Susanne Pander. Mahaifinta ya mutu da ƙarfi a shekarar 1943 a Theresienstadt . A shekarar 1938, Pandor ta fara yin ƙaura zuwa Landan, Ingila, inda ta yi karatun rawa na farko a ƙasashen waje tare da Marie Rambert . Daga baya ita da mahaifiyarta suka yi ƙaura zuwa [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]], inda ainihin aikin rawanta ya fara. Miriam ta fara ɗaukar darussa a Makarantar [[George Balanchine]] ta American Ballet (1941–1945). == Aikin Amurka == A shekarar 1942, ta juya ga rawa ta zamani ta shiga kamfanin rawa na Martha Graham . Daga baya ta yi rawa a matsayin mawaƙiya a cikin kamfanonin Doris Humphrey, José Limón (a cikin "Waƙar Waƙoƙi" (1947), "Sonata Opus 4" (1947)), Sophie Maslow, tare da Charles Weidman, <ref name="WM">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2019 |title=Charles Weidman and the new dance group |url=https://charlesweidman.org/2013/07/19/charles-weidman-and-the-new-dance-group/ |access-date=19 February 2019 |website= |publisher=The Charles Weidman Dance Foundation, Inc. |quote=}}</ref> kuma ta kasance baƙo mai fasaha a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alvin Ailey Dance Theatre . Ta yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo da kuma darakta tare da Jack Manning . A shekarun 1940, Pandor ta yi wasa a wasannin Broadway <ref name="xxx">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2019 |title=A Person You Should Meet - Stuart Hodes |url=https://www.dance-enthusiast.com/features/view/A-Person-You-Should-Meet-Stuart-Hodes-2007-12-10 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website= |publisher=The Dance Enthusiast |quote=}}</ref> da wasannin Off-Broadway sannan daga baya a fina-finan Hollywood (misali Oklahoma! da Just for You, inda ta yi rawa tare da Daniel Nagrin ). <ref name="IMDb">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2019 |title=Miriam Pandor |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0659292/ |access-date=8 January 2019 |website= |publisher=IMDb |quote=}}</ref> Daga cikin wasu, Pandor malami ne a Makarantar Fasaha ta Duncanbury (Boston, Mass), 92nd Street Y (YMHA) kuma memba ne na New Dance Group Studio. A YMHA, ita ce ta farko da ta koyar da dabarun hada Ballet da Rawar Zamani. Pandor ta kuma koyar da motsi ga mawaƙa da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. <ref name="DN">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=February 18, 1972 |title=The Montclarion |url=https://digitalcommons.montclair.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1173&context=montclarion |access-date=19 February 2019 |website= |publisher=Montclair State University |quote=}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1950, Pandor ta kasance mai himma a siyasance. A shekarar 1949, ta yi tafiya zuwa [[Budapest]] domin halartar bikin Duniya na Matasa da Dalibai . A lokacin da ta dawo Amurka ta shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Amurka (CPUSA), ta shiga cikin zaman dirshan da zanga-zanga. Ta tsara shirin "Salem Witch Hunt" sannan ta kafa kamfaninta na Concert Company a New York, wanda ke yin wakoki a Gidan Tarihi na Brooklyn da kuma gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Henry Street. A cikin 1968, Pandor ya shafe watanni tara a makarantar rawa "Cuban Conjunto Nacional de Danza Moderna" a [[Cuba]] . Sabbin abubuwan da suka faru da kuma tarin waƙoƙin Cuba sun taimaka mata wajen ƙirƙirar sabbin damarmaki masu bayyana ra'ayi don haɗawa a cikin ɗakin studio ɗinta na New York. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date= |title=The class of 1964 |url=http://www.citycollegefund.org/pdf/WhoWho/1964_2014.pdf |access-date=7 March 2019 |website= |publisher=city college fund |quote=}}</ref> Da ta dawo birnin New York, ta fara azuzuwan rubutu kuma ta fara rubutu a jaridar CPUSA ta <nowiki><i id="mwWw">People's Daily World</i></nowiki> . Ta rubuta waƙoƙi ga al'adun da suka faru a Cibiyar Marxist ta Westside, sannan ta koyar da bita kan wasan kwaikwayo. A shekarar 1972, ta kasance darakta a Repertory Dancers, a lokacin kamfanin rawa na zamani ne kawai na New Jersey. <ref name="DN">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=February 18, 1972 |title=The Montclarion |url=https://digitalcommons.montclair.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1173&context=montclarion |access-date=19 February 2019 |website= |publisher=Montclair State University |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://digitalcommons.montclair.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1173&context=montclarion "The Montclarion"]. Montclair State University. February 18, 1972<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Ƙara yawan matsalolin lafiya ya tilasta wa Pandor sake tunani game da ra'ayinta na ƙwararru a matsayin malamar rawa kuma rubutu ya zama kayan aiki mafi ƙarfi a gare ta. Duk da haka, ta gano cewa a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, sha'awar rawa ko mujallun siyasa a Amurka ba ta isa ga aikinta ba. == Aikin Turai == A shekarar 1976 ta yanke shawarar komawa Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango, tana fatan za ta iya ba da gudummawa ga al'ummar gurguzu . <ref name="f">{{Cite web |last=Lisa Marshall |date= |title=Miriam Pandor |url=https://miriampandor.wordpress.com |access-date=10 January 2019 |website=Wordpress |publisher= |quote=}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara rawa da kuma malamar Turanci da kuma fassara. Bayan shekarar 1990 ta kuma yi wasa a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo masu zaman kansu. A wannan lokacin, daga ƙarshe ta sami damar bayar da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga ɗaliban wasan kwaikwayo da kuma wasannin kwaikwayo. Pandor ta ci gaba da rubutu da fassara don dalilai masu ci gaba. <ref name="tr">{{Cite web |last=Christa Wichterich |date=February 2003 |title=Globalization is not Gender Neutral |url=http://www.wloe.org/WLOE-en/information/globalization/wichterich.html |access-date=25 February 2019 |website= |publisher= |quote=}}</ref> An yi wa Pandor kallon mai rawa sosai kamar yadda sanannen mai sukar rawa John Martin na jaridar New York Times ya nuna akai-akai. A tsawon rayuwarta, ta kasance mai fafutukar yaƙi ba wai kawai don ra'ayoyinta game da rawa, fasaha da zamantakewa ba, har ma don yaƙar ciwonta na yau da kullun da rashin motsi. Miriam Pandor ta rasu a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2016. <ref name="l">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date= |title=Gedenkseite für Miriam Pandor |url=https://gemeinsam-trauern.dabringhaus.de/Begleiten/miriam-pandor |access-date=13 January 2019 |website= |publisher=BESTATTUNGEN DABRINGHAUS IM THANATORIUM |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://gemeinsam-trauern.dabringhaus.de/Begleiten/miriam-pandor "Gedenkseite für Miriam Pandor"]. BESTATTUNGEN DABRINGHAUS IM THANATORIUM<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Ra'ayoyi game da rawa, fasaha da al'umma == Kyawawan kwarin gwiwa a bikin Duniya na Matasa da Dalibai a [[Budapest|Budapest, Hungary]] a shekarar 1949 dangane da abubuwan da ke cikin waƙoƙinta da rawa sun gabatar da muhimmin mataki wajen ƙarfafa burin Pandor na haɗa maganganun zamantakewa da siyasa a cikin fasaharta. Ta ji cewa akwai buƙatar yaƙi da [[wariyar launin fata]] a cikin al'umma, har ma a cikin fasaha. A matsayinta na malamar rawa, Pandor ta yi ƙoƙarin bai wa ɗalibanta gaskiya a cikin rawa. Ya kamata rawa ta dogara ne akan ainihin motsin jikin mutane, ta dawo da dangantakar da ta lalace tsakanin masu fasaha da ma'aikata, waɗanda ake so su saurari ayyukanta. Fasaha gaba ɗaya za ta iya zama mai ma'ana ne kawai idan ta samo asali ne daga abubuwan da za a iya fahimta da kuma sahihanci, waɗanda aka bayyana ta hanyar motsin gaske da aka haɗa cikin rawa ta zamani. Wannan shine yadda tsarin Pandor na ƙarfafa rawa ya bayyana. Ya kuma haɗa da raba jazz na Afirka ta hanyar rawa. <ref name="real">{{Cite web |last=Hilmar Franz |date=9 September 2016 |title=Tänzerin für den Frieden - Miriam Pandor ist gestorben |url=https://www.unsere-zeit.de/de/4836/kultur/3473/Tänzerin-für-den-Frieden.htm |access-date=8 January 2019 |website= |publisher=Unsere Zeit |quote=}}</ref> == Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka == * "Ranar Duniya" (1947), tare da José Limón, jagoran zane-zane na Doris Humphrey * "Lynchtown", "Mafi Yawa Game da Mata" Waƙoƙin Charles Weidman <ref name="maw">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=19 July 2013 |title=Charles Weidman and the New Dance Group |url=https://charlesweidmandance.wordpress.com/tag/new-york-wigman-school/ |access-date=19 February 2019 |website= |publisher=TAG ARCHIVES: NEW YORK WIGMAN SCHOOL |quote=}}</ref> * "Fuskoki Daga Walt Whitman" na James Dalglish (1950) <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=17 July 2017 |title=Faces From Walt Whitman by James Dalglish (1950) |url=https://nagrin.org/daniel-nagrin-miriam-pandor-faces-from-walt-whitman-by-james-dalglish-1950/ |access-date=7 March 2019 |website= |publisher=Daniel Nagrin Theatre, Film & Dance Foundation |quote=}}</ref> * "Farutar Salem Mayya" (1952) Waƙar rawa ta Miriam Pandor * Broadway: Around the World (1946), "Sing Out, Sweet Land" (1944-1945), "Oklahoma! (1943-1948), "Finnian's Rainbow" (1956) * Off-Broadway: "The Wolves" (1958), " The Takalma da Mai Sayar da Kaya " (1959) * Hotuna: "Kawai Don Kai" (1952) * Talabijin: The Magic Cottage (jerin talabijin) (1950), RCA Victor Commercial (1951), "Volpone" (1960) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2016]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1924]] 21rf5j7xpoay83bur3pshj1owker3r3 893637 893636 2026-08-09T12:59:48Z Nnamadee 31123 893637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Miriam Pandor''' (29 ga Oktoba, 1924 a [[Hamburg]] - 31 ga Yuli, 2016 a [[Lübeck]] ) <ref name="l">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date= |title=Gedenkseite für Miriam Pandor |url=https://gemeinsam-trauern.dabringhaus.de/Begleiten/miriam-pandor |access-date=13 January 2019 |website= |publisher=BESTATTUNGEN DABRINGHAUS IM THANATORIUM |quote=}}</ref> yar rawa ce ta Jamus, darakta, mai tsara rawa, malami kuma marubuciya. An san ta da ayyukanta da suka shafi wariyar launin fata, kyamar Yahudawa da kuma rashin adalci a zamantakewa . == Rayuwar farko, horo da aiki == An haifi Pandor a [[Hamburg]], Jamus, ga marubuciya kuma mai sukar wasan kwaikwayo Oswald Pander da kuma malamar rawa Susanne Pander. Mahaifinta ya mutu da ƙarfi a shekarar 1943 a Theresienstadt . A shekarar 1938, Pandor ta fara yin ƙaura zuwa Landan, Ingila, inda ta yi karatun rawa na farko a ƙasashen waje tare da Marie Rambert . Daga baya ita da mahaifiyarta suka yi ƙaura zuwa [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]], inda ainihin aikin rawanta ya fara. Miriam ta fara ɗaukar darussa a Makarantar [[George Balanchine]] ta American Ballet (1941–1945). == Aikin Amurka == A shekarar 1942, ta juya ga rawa ta zamani ta shiga kamfanin rawa na Martha Graham . Daga baya ta yi rawa a matsayin mawaƙiya a cikin kamfanonin Doris Humphrey, José Limón (a cikin "Waƙar Waƙoƙi" (1947), "Sonata Opus 4" (1947)), Sophie Maslow, tare da Charles Weidman, <ref name="WM">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2019 |title=Charles Weidman and the new dance group |url=https://charlesweidman.org/2013/07/19/charles-weidman-and-the-new-dance-group/ |access-date=19 February 2019 |website= |publisher=The Charles Weidman Dance Foundation, Inc. |quote=}}</ref> kuma ta kasance baƙo mai fasaha a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alvin Ailey Dance Theatre . Ta yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo da kuma darakta tare da Jack Manning . A shekarun 1940, Pandor ta yi wasa a wasannin Broadway <ref name="xxx">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2019 |title=A Person You Should Meet - Stuart Hodes |url=https://www.dance-enthusiast.com/features/view/A-Person-You-Should-Meet-Stuart-Hodes-2007-12-10 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website= |publisher=The Dance Enthusiast |quote=}}</ref> da wasannin Off-Broadway sannan daga baya a fina-finan Hollywood (misali Oklahoma! da Just for You, inda ta yi rawa tare da Daniel Nagrin ). <ref name="IMDb">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2019 |title=Miriam Pandor |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0659292/ |access-date=8 January 2019 |website= |publisher=IMDb |quote=}}</ref> Daga cikin wasu, Pandor malami ne a Makarantar Fasaha ta Duncanbury (Boston, Mass), 92nd Street Y (YMHA) kuma memba ne na New Dance Group Studio. A YMHA, ita ce ta farko da ta koyar da dabarun hada Ballet da Rawar Zamani. Pandor ta kuma koyar da motsi ga mawaƙa da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. <ref name="DN">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=February 18, 1972 |title=The Montclarion |url=https://digitalcommons.montclair.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1173&context=montclarion |access-date=19 February 2019 |website= |publisher=Montclair State University |quote=}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1950, Pandor ta kasance mai himma a siyasance. A shekarar 1949, ta yi tafiya zuwa [[Budapest]] domin halartar bikin Duniya na Matasa da Dalibai . A lokacin da ta dawo Amurka ta shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Amurka (CPUSA), ta shiga cikin zaman dirshan da zanga-zanga. Ta tsara shirin "Salem Witch Hunt" sannan ta kafa kamfaninta na Concert Company a New York, wanda ke yin wakoki a Gidan Tarihi na Brooklyn da kuma gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Henry Street. A cikin 1968, Pandor ya shafe watanni tara a makarantar rawa "Cuban Conjunto Nacional de Danza Moderna" a [[Cuba]] . Sabbin abubuwan da suka faru da kuma tarin waƙoƙin Cuba sun taimaka mata wajen ƙirƙirar sabbin damarmaki masu bayyana ra'ayi don haɗawa a cikin ɗakin studio ɗinta na New York. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date= |title=The class of 1964 |url=http://www.citycollegefund.org/pdf/WhoWho/1964_2014.pdf |access-date=7 March 2019 |website= |publisher=city college fund |quote=}}</ref> Da ta dawo birnin New York, ta fara azuzuwan rubutu kuma ta fara rubutu a jaridar CPUSA ta <nowiki><i id="mwWw">People's Daily World</i></nowiki> . Ta rubuta waƙoƙi ga al'adun da suka faru a Cibiyar Marxist ta Westside, sannan ta koyar da bita kan wasan kwaikwayo. A shekarar 1972, ta kasance darakta a Repertory Dancers, a lokacin kamfanin rawa na zamani ne kawai na New Jersey. <ref name="DN">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=February 18, 1972 |title=The Montclarion |url=https://digitalcommons.montclair.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1173&context=montclarion |access-date=19 February 2019 |website= |publisher=Montclair State University |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://digitalcommons.montclair.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1173&context=montclarion "The Montclarion"]. Montclair State University. February 18, 1972<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Ƙara yawan matsalolin lafiya ya tilasta wa Pandor sake tunani game da ra'ayinta na ƙwararru a matsayin malamar rawa kuma rubutu ya zama kayan aiki mafi ƙarfi a gare ta. Duk da haka, ta gano cewa a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, sha'awar rawa ko mujallun siyasa a Amurka ba ta isa ga aikinta ba. == Aikin Turai == A shekarar 1976 ta yanke shawarar komawa Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango, tana fatan za ta iya ba da gudummawa ga al'ummar gurguzu . <ref name="f">{{Cite web |last=Lisa Marshall |date= |title=Miriam Pandor |url=https://miriampandor.wordpress.com |access-date=10 January 2019 |website=Wordpress |publisher= |quote=}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara rawa da kuma malamar Turanci da kuma fassara. Bayan shekarar 1990 ta kuma yi wasa a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo masu zaman kansu. A wannan lokacin, daga ƙarshe ta sami damar bayar da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga ɗaliban wasan kwaikwayo da kuma wasannin kwaikwayo. Pandor ta ci gaba da rubutu da fassara don dalilai masu ci gaba. <ref name="tr">{{Cite web |last=Christa Wichterich |date=February 2003 |title=Globalization is not Gender Neutral |url=http://www.wloe.org/WLOE-en/information/globalization/wichterich.html |access-date=25 February 2019 |website= |publisher= |quote=}}</ref> An yi wa Pandor kallon mai rawa sosai kamar yadda sanannen mai sukar rawa John Martin na jaridar New York Times ya nuna akai-akai. A tsawon rayuwarta, ta kasance mai fafutukar yaƙi ba wai kawai don ra'ayoyinta game da rawa, fasaha da zamantakewa ba, har ma don yaƙar ciwonta na yau da kullun da rashin motsi. Miriam Pandor ta rasu a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2016. <ref name="l">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date= |title=Gedenkseite für Miriam Pandor |url=https://gemeinsam-trauern.dabringhaus.de/Begleiten/miriam-pandor |access-date=13 January 2019 |website= |publisher=BESTATTUNGEN DABRINGHAUS IM THANATORIUM |quote=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://gemeinsam-trauern.dabringhaus.de/Begleiten/miriam-pandor "Gedenkseite für Miriam Pandor"]. BESTATTUNGEN DABRINGHAUS IM THANATORIUM<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Ra'ayoyi game da rawa, fasaha da al'umma == Kyawawan kwarin gwiwa a bikin Duniya na Matasa da Dalibai a [[Budapest|Budapest, Hungary]] a shekarar 1949 dangane da abubuwan da ke cikin waƙoƙinta da rawa sun gabatar da muhimmin mataki wajen ƙarfafa burin Pandor na haɗa maganganun zamantakewa da siyasa a cikin fasaharta. Ta ji cewa akwai buƙatar yaƙi da [[wariyar launin fata]] a cikin al'umma, har ma a cikin fasaha. A matsayinta na malamar rawa, Pandor ta yi ƙoƙarin bai wa ɗalibanta gaskiya a cikin rawa. Ya kamata rawa ta dogara ne akan ainihin motsin jikin mutane, ta dawo da dangantakar da ta lalace tsakanin masu fasaha da ma'aikata, waɗanda ake so su saurari ayyukanta. Fasaha gaba ɗaya za ta iya zama mai ma'ana ne kawai idan ta samo asali ne daga abubuwan da za a iya fahimta da kuma sahihanci, waɗanda aka bayyana ta hanyar motsin gaske da aka haɗa cikin rawa ta zamani. Wannan shine yadda tsarin Pandor na ƙarfafa rawa ya bayyana. Ya kuma haɗa da raba jazz na Afirka ta hanyar rawa. <ref name="real">{{Cite web |last=Hilmar Franz |date=9 September 2016 |title=Tänzerin für den Frieden - Miriam Pandor ist gestorben |url=https://www.unsere-zeit.de/de/4836/kultur/3473/Tänzerin-für-den-Frieden.htm |access-date=8 January 2019 |website= |publisher=Unsere Zeit |quote=}}</ref> == Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka == * "Ranar Duniya" (1947), tare da José Limón, jagoran zane-zane na Doris Humphrey * "Lynchtown", "Mafi Yawa Game da Mata" Waƙoƙin Charles Weidman <ref name="maw">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=19 July 2013 |title=Charles Weidman and the New Dance Group |url=https://charlesweidmandance.wordpress.com/tag/new-york-wigman-school/ |access-date=19 February 2019 |website= |publisher=TAG ARCHIVES: NEW YORK WIGMAN SCHOOL |quote=}}</ref> * "Fuskoki Daga Walt Whitman" na James Dalglish (1950) <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=17 July 2017 |title=Faces From Walt Whitman by James Dalglish (1950) |url=https://nagrin.org/daniel-nagrin-miriam-pandor-faces-from-walt-whitman-by-james-dalglish-1950/ |access-date=7 March 2019 |website= |publisher=Daniel Nagrin Theatre, Film & Dance Foundation |quote=}}</ref> * "Farutar Salem Mayya" (1952) Waƙar rawa ta Miriam Pandor * Broadway: Around the World (1946), "Sing Out, Sweet Land" (1944-1945), "Oklahoma! (1943-1948), "Finnian's Rainbow" (1956) * Off-Broadway: "The Wolves" (1958), " The Takalma da Mai Sayar da Kaya " (1959) * Hotuna: "Kawai Don Kai" (1952) * Talabijin: The Magic Cottage (jerin talabijin) (1950), RCA Victor Commercial (1951), "Volpone" (1960) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2016]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1924]] 701zan66qijd7c9i8zvcv6sinmvn025 0 162978 893638 2026-08-09T13:02:05Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356657208|Kati Heck]]" 893638 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kati Heck''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1979, [[Düsseldorf]], Jamus) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus da ke zaune a [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]]. Duk da cewa aikinta ya shafi sanya kayan sassaka, gajeren fim, da daukar hoto, an fi saninta da manyan zane-zanenta. Heck ya nuna aiki a duniya a cikin nune-nunen da yawa ciki har da ''Art Brussels'' a Galerie Annie Gentils, ''Bonds of Love'' a John Connelly Presents a New York da ''59 STE Badischer Kunstpreis'' a Museum Baden. John Connelly Presents a New York, Tim Van Laere Gallery a Antwerp da [[Marc Selwyn Fine Art]] a [[Los Angeles]] ne suka wakilce ta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.dailyserving.com/2007/05/kati_heck.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724172713/http://www.dailyserving.com/2007/05/kati_heck.php |archive-date=24 July 2008 |access-date=14 January 2022 |website=www.dailyserving.com}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == A lokacin da yake da shekaru 19, Heck ya zo Antwerp, Belgium don yin karatun salon zamani, amma ya zaɓi yin zane maimakon haka. Ana iya ganin horon da ta samu a fannin zane-zane na gargajiya a cikin ayyukanta, wanda galibi yana da alaƙa da al'ada. == Nunin kai kaɗai == [[Fayil:Kati_Heck_-_Dabei_Sein_Ist_Alles_-_2006_-_Middelheimmuseum.jpg|thumb| ''Dabei Sein Ist Alles'', 2006]] * 2017: ''Kati Heck'', Sadie Coles HQ, London, UK * 2016: ''Meister Stuten Stellvertreter'', Tim Van Laere Gallery, Antwerp, BE; ''Holy Hauruck'', M HKA, Antwerp, BE * 2015: ''Ins Büro'' ! , Corbett vs. Dempsey, Chicago, Amurka * 2014: ''Mann o Mann'', Tim Van Laere Gallery, Antwerp, BE * 2013: ''KOPF = KOPFNUSS'', CAC Malaga, Malaga, ES * 2011: ''Multikulti Sause'', Tim Van Laere Gallery, Antwerp, BE * 2010: ''Bremsspuren'', Galerie Mario Mauroner, Vienna, AT; ''Solanum tuberosum.'' ''Tauben sprechen kein Deutsch'', Atelierschiff der Stadt Frankfurt, DE * 2009: ''The Nono und die Fratzenpleite'', Marc Selwyn Fine Art, Los Angeles, US; ''Vier Leute ya wuce ein Taxi'', Stella Lohaus Gallery, Antwerp, BE * 2008: ''Gsuffa, der eiserne Pomoment'', Mary Boone Gallery, NYC, US; ''Bonzenspeck und Prollgehabe,'' Museum Het Domein, Sittard, NL * 2007: ''Heisse Bräute und Geile Würste'', Galerie Annie Gentils, Antwerp, BE * 2006: ''W139'', Amsterdam, NL; ''Prost Mahlzeit'', Marc Selwyn Fine Art, Los Angeles, Amurka * 2005: ''Die Grosse Egale'', Galerie Annie Gentils, Antwerp, BE == Nunin rukuni == * 2017: ** #''infiniteflowersplusone'', Plus-one Gallery, Antwerp, BE * 2016: ** ''Tomorrow is a long time,'' Tim Van Laere Gallery, Antwerp, BE ** ''Zot Geweld/ Dwaze Maagd'', Hof van Busleyden, Mechelen, BE * 2015: ** ''We will begin by drawing, we shall continue to draw and then we shall draw some more'', Tim Van Laere Gallery, Antwerp, BE ** ''Blickachsen'', Bad Hamburg, Hamburg, DE ** ''50 years Middelheim Promotors'', Middelheim museum, Antwerp, BE ** ''De Zeven Hoofdzonden'', Ronny Van de Velde, Knokke, BE ** ''Run for the Roses'', Tim Van Laere Gallery, Antwerp, BE * 2014: ** ''Portray'', Tim Van Laere Gallery, Antwerp, BE The Agency, London, UK * 2013: ''Middle Gate'', Geel, BE ** ''Happy Birthday Dear Academie'', MAS, Antwerp, BE ** ''Het karakter van een collectie'', M HKA, Antwerp, BE ** ''CADAVRE EXQUIS. A FIGURE OF PAINTING'', LLS 387, Antwerp, BE * 2012: ''Kamarama'', Bruges, BE ** ''Ni Mas ni menos'', Galeria Mecanica, Sevilla, ES ** ''VACANZA PERMANENTE'', NICC, Antwerp, BE ** ''Painters' Painters'', Saatchi Gallery, London, UK ** ''Campaign'', C24 Gallery, New York, US * 2011: ''In the company of humour'', Lokaal 01, Breda, NL ** ''Herr Seagull and His Global Dustbreath'', The Parachute Project, Wisconsin, US ** ''A Paper Trail,'' De Halle, Geel, BEKunstpreis Ikob, Ikob, Eupen, BE ** ''FREESTATE II'', Oosteroever, Ostend, BEAccrochage, Stella Lohaus Gallery, Antwerp, BE * 2010: ** ''When will they finally see the power of drawing'', Geukens & De Vil, Antwerp, BE ** ''Powerhaus'', Power Galerie, Hamburg, DE ** ''Pop Art,'' Scheld’apen in NICC, Antwerp, BE ** ''For your eyes only'', De Markten, Brussels, BE ** ''Works on paper'', Stella Lohaus Gallery, Antwerp, BE ** ''Changez! Een Belgenshow'', 21Rozendaal, Enschede, NL ** ''The State of Things- Contemporary art from China and Belgium'' (curated by Ai Weiwei en Luc Tuymans), National Art Museum of China, Beijing, CN * 2009: ** ''The State of Things'' (curated by Ai Weiwei en Luc Tuymans), Paleis voor Schone kunsten (Bozar), Brussels, BE * 2008: ** ''A Meeting between the tragic and the funny'', Brakke Grond, Amsterdam, NL ** ''A Meeting between the tragic and the funny'', Hessenhuis, Antwerp, BE ** ''Honorons Honoré'', De Garage, ruimte voor actuele kunst, Mechelen, BE ** ''UN-SCR-1325'', Geukens en De Vil, Antwerp, BE * 2007: ** ''Pushing the Canvas'', Cultuurcentrum Mechelen, Mechelen, BE ** ''Status Questionis'', Annie Gentils Gallery, Antwerp, BE ** ''Feste'', Annie Gentils Gallery, Antwerp, BESmall Stuff three, Beersel, BE ** ''Welcome home'', M HKA, Antwerp, BE * 2006: ** ''The Agency'', London, UK ** ''Beaufort Triennale Oostende'', PMMK Ostend/ Bredene, Ostend, BE ** ''View ten'', Mary Boone Gallery, New York, US * 2005: ** ''Bonds of Love'', John Connelly Presents, New York US ** ''59. Badischer Kunstpreis'', Museum Baden, Solingen, DE * 2004: ** ''Coming People'', Leere X Visionen, Herford, DE ** Nicole Klagsbrun Gallery, New York, US ** ''Probeweise Gewalt auf Vorrat'', Annie Gentils Gallery, Antwerp, BE ** ''Freundschaftsmaschine'', Annie Gentils Gallery, Antwerp, BE * 2003: ** ''Sugar and Spice'', Annie Gentils Gallery, Antwerp, BE ** ''Camille-Huysmansprijs'', Kunstencentrum Elzenveld, Antwerp, BE ** ''Ithaka'', Kunstencentrum Het Stuk, Leuven, BE == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] so4z71bzh55fxtzzometpoeiq4y47ce 893639 893638 2026-08-09T13:02:38Z Nnamadee 31123 893639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kati Heck''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1979, [[Düsseldorf]], Jamus) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus da ke zaune a [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]]. Duk da cewa aikinta ya shafi sanya kayan sassaka, gajeren fim, da daukar hoto, an fi saninta da manyan zane-zanenta. Heck ya nuna aiki a duniya a cikin nune-nunen da yawa ciki har da ''Art Brussels'' a Galerie Annie Gentils, ''Bonds of Love'' a John Connelly Presents a New York da ''59 STE Badischer Kunstpreis'' a Museum Baden. John Connelly Presents a New York, Tim Van Laere Gallery a Antwerp da [[Marc Selwyn Fine Art]] a [[Los Angeles]] ne suka wakilce ta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.dailyserving.com/2007/05/kati_heck.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724172713/http://www.dailyserving.com/2007/05/kati_heck.php |archive-date=24 July 2008 |access-date=14 January 2022 |website=www.dailyserving.com}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == A lokacin da yake da shekaru 19, Heck ya zo Antwerp, Belgium don yin karatun salon zamani, amma ya zaɓi yin zane maimakon haka. Ana iya ganin horon da ta samu a fannin zane-zane na gargajiya a cikin ayyukanta, wanda galibi yana da alaƙa da al'ada. == Nunin kai kaɗai == [[Fayil:Kati_Heck_-_Dabei_Sein_Ist_Alles_-_2006_-_Middelheimmuseum.jpg|thumb| ''Dabei Sein Ist Alles'', 2006]] * 2017: ''Kati Heck'', Sadie Coles HQ, London, UK * 2016: ''Meister Stuten Stellvertreter'', Tim Van Laere Gallery, Antwerp, BE; ''Holy Hauruck'', M HKA, Antwerp, BE * 2015: ''Ins Büro'' ! , Corbett vs. Dempsey, Chicago, Amurka * 2014: ''Mann o Mann'', Tim Van Laere Gallery, Antwerp, BE * 2013: ''KOPF = KOPFNUSS'', CAC Malaga, Malaga, ES * 2011: ''Multikulti Sause'', Tim Van Laere Gallery, Antwerp, BE * 2010: ''Bremsspuren'', Galerie Mario Mauroner, Vienna, AT; ''Solanum tuberosum.'' ''Tauben sprechen kein Deutsch'', Atelierschiff der Stadt Frankfurt, DE * 2009: ''The Nono und die Fratzenpleite'', Marc Selwyn Fine Art, Los Angeles, US; ''Vier Leute ya wuce ein Taxi'', Stella Lohaus Gallery, Antwerp, BE * 2008: ''Gsuffa, der eiserne Pomoment'', Mary Boone Gallery, NYC, US; ''Bonzenspeck und Prollgehabe,'' Museum Het Domein, Sittard, NL * 2007: ''Heisse Bräute und Geile Würste'', Galerie Annie Gentils, Antwerp, BE * 2006: ''W139'', Amsterdam, NL; ''Prost Mahlzeit'', Marc Selwyn Fine Art, Los Angeles, Amurka * 2005: ''Die Grosse Egale'', Galerie Annie Gentils, Antwerp, BE == Nunin rukuni == * 2017: ** #''infiniteflowersplusone'', Plus-one Gallery, Antwerp, BE * 2016: ** ''Tomorrow is a long time,'' Tim Van Laere Gallery, Antwerp, BE ** ''Zot Geweld/ Dwaze Maagd'', Hof van Busleyden, Mechelen, BE * 2015: ** ''We will begin by drawing, we shall continue to draw and then we shall draw some more'', Tim Van Laere Gallery, Antwerp, BE ** ''Blickachsen'', Bad Hamburg, Hamburg, DE ** ''50 years Middelheim Promotors'', Middelheim museum, Antwerp, BE ** ''De Zeven Hoofdzonden'', Ronny Van de Velde, Knokke, BE ** ''Run for the Roses'', Tim Van Laere Gallery, Antwerp, BE * 2014: ** ''Portray'', Tim Van Laere Gallery, Antwerp, BE The Agency, London, UK * 2013: ''Middle Gate'', Geel, BE ** ''Happy Birthday Dear Academie'', MAS, Antwerp, BE ** ''Het karakter van een collectie'', M HKA, Antwerp, BE ** ''CADAVRE EXQUIS. A FIGURE OF PAINTING'', LLS 387, Antwerp, BE * 2012: ''Kamarama'', Bruges, BE ** ''Ni Mas ni menos'', Galeria Mecanica, Sevilla, ES ** ''VACANZA PERMANENTE'', NICC, Antwerp, BE ** ''Painters' Painters'', Saatchi Gallery, London, UK ** ''Campaign'', C24 Gallery, New York, US * 2011: ''In the company of humour'', Lokaal 01, Breda, NL ** ''Herr Seagull and His Global Dustbreath'', The Parachute Project, Wisconsin, US ** ''A Paper Trail,'' De Halle, Geel, BEKunstpreis Ikob, Ikob, Eupen, BE ** ''FREESTATE II'', Oosteroever, Ostend, BEAccrochage, Stella Lohaus Gallery, Antwerp, BE * 2010: ** ''When will they finally see the power of drawing'', Geukens & De Vil, Antwerp, BE ** ''Powerhaus'', Power Galerie, Hamburg, DE ** ''Pop Art,'' Scheld’apen in NICC, Antwerp, BE ** ''For your eyes only'', De Markten, Brussels, BE ** ''Works on paper'', Stella Lohaus Gallery, Antwerp, BE ** ''Changez! Een Belgenshow'', 21Rozendaal, Enschede, NL ** ''The State of Things- Contemporary art from China and Belgium'' (curated by Ai Weiwei en Luc Tuymans), National Art Museum of China, Beijing, CN * 2009: ** ''The State of Things'' (curated by Ai Weiwei en Luc Tuymans), Paleis voor Schone kunsten (Bozar), Brussels, BE * 2008: ** ''A Meeting between the tragic and the funny'', Brakke Grond, Amsterdam, NL ** ''A Meeting between the tragic and the funny'', Hessenhuis, Antwerp, BE ** ''Honorons Honoré'', De Garage, ruimte voor actuele kunst, Mechelen, BE ** ''UN-SCR-1325'', Geukens en De Vil, Antwerp, BE * 2007: ** ''Pushing the Canvas'', Cultuurcentrum Mechelen, Mechelen, BE ** ''Status Questionis'', Annie Gentils Gallery, Antwerp, BE ** ''Feste'', Annie Gentils Gallery, Antwerp, BESmall Stuff three, Beersel, BE ** ''Welcome home'', M HKA, Antwerp, BE * 2006: ** ''The Agency'', London, UK ** ''Beaufort Triennale Oostende'', PMMK Ostend/ Bredene, Ostend, BE ** ''View ten'', Mary Boone Gallery, New York, US * 2005: ** ''Bonds of Love'', John Connelly Presents, New York US ** ''59. Badischer Kunstpreis'', Museum Baden, Solingen, DE * 2004: ** ''Coming People'', Leere X Visionen, Herford, DE ** Nicole Klagsbrun Gallery, New York, US ** ''Probeweise Gewalt auf Vorrat'', Annie Gentils Gallery, Antwerp, BE ** ''Freundschaftsmaschine'', Annie Gentils Gallery, Antwerp, BE * 2003: ** ''Sugar and Spice'', Annie Gentils Gallery, Antwerp, BE ** ''Camille-Huysmansprijs'', Kunstencentrum Elzenveld, Antwerp, BE ** ''Ithaka'', Kunstencentrum Het Stuk, Leuven, BE == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 3j91m8bfku3stonawrpw6ec81uuox7z 0 162979 893640 2026-08-09T13:05:38Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1285560220|Laura J. Padgett]]" 893640 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Laura J. Padgett''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1958) 'yar Amurka ce mai fasaha, tana aiki a [[Photography|fannin daukar hoto]] da kuma [[Fim|fina-finai]] . "Abin da nake nema yanzu shi ne wurare da suka yi daidai da tarihi, waɗanda, a wata hanya, wurare ne da ba a yi musu alama ba, kuma don a ga wannan tarihin a bayyane kuma a bayyane." Domin kuwa abin da ya gabata namu ne har abada. "Laura J. Padgett" == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Laura J. Padgett a Cambridge, Massachusetts . Mai zane ta yi karatun zane a Cibiyar Fasaha da Zane ta Pratt da ke Brooklyn, New York daga 1976-1980, inda ta sami digirinta na BFA a 1980. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2019 |title=Prattfolio Fall/Winter 2019 |url=https://issuu.com/prattinstitute/docs/prattfolio_fallwinter2019 |website=Issuu}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1981 take zaune a Turai. Padgett ta ci gaba da karatun daukar hoto da fina-finai tare da Peter Kubelka da Herbert Schwöbel a Städelschule da ke Frankfurt am Main, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Tarihin Fasaha daga Frankfurt Goethe-Universität a shekarar 1994. == Sana'a == Tun da 1992, mai zane-zane ya koyar a yawancin manyan makarantun ilimi a Jamus, Amurka da Jordan, ciki har da Bauhaus-Universität a Weimar, Hochschule für Gestaltung, Offenbach, Jami'ar Paderborn, Jami'ar Drexel <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 22, 2015 |title=Photographing Space |url=https://drexel.edu/westphal/news-events/news/2015/September/2015-09-23-Padgett/ |website=Westphal College of Media Arts & Design}}</ref> <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Arfaa Lecture: Laura J. Padgett, "Remnants: Photographic Thoughts on Modernism" &#124; American Institute of Architects |url=https://www.aiaphiladelphia.org/events/arfaa-lecture-laura-j-padgett-remnants-photographic-thoughts-modernism |website=aiaphiladelphia.org}}</ref> da kuma a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo, Fim da Media Studies Department a Goethe-Jami'ar Frank. A cikin Nuwamba 2021 ta zama memba na Societyungiyar Hoto na Jamus (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Photographie eV). <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the German Photographic Society? |url=https://www.dgph.de/english/what-german-photographic-association |website=dgph}}</ref> Tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Frankfurt am Main. Padgett yana bincika wurare masu mahimmanci na tarihi da al'adu ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban, ciki har da fina-finai, daukar hoto, da rubutu. Ta hanyar haɗa tsarin ƙirƙirarta da bincike don tattara ilimin tarihi, Padgett ta yi aiki wanda ke bayyana ainihin wuri yayin da take gabatar da hangen nesa na yau da kullun. Ayyukanta sau da yawa suna fallasa rashin jituwa tsakanin tasirin tarihi mai ɗorewa akan yanzu da kuma ƙoƙarinmu na canza, ɓoye ko mantawa da abin da ya gabata. Tun daga shekarar 2018, Gallery-Peter-Sillem ce ta wakilta ta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura J. Padgett » Galerie Peter Sillem |url=http://www.galerie-peter-sillem.com/de/artists/laura-j-padgett |website=galerie-peter-sillem.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Verwunschener Garten |url=https://zeitung.faz.net/faz-edition/rm-kultur/2019-09-20/a3ae7f079815818b96d0c6415956698f |website=F.A.Z.}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1991, ayyukan Laura J. Padgett sun kasance a cikin nunin nunin kai da na rukuni da yawa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura J. Padgett - artist, news & exhibitions - photography-now.com |url=http://photography-now.com/artist/laura-j.-padgett |website=photography-now.com}}</ref> a Jamus <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2017 |title=Bilder, um sie eine Weile festzuhalten |url=https://www.fr.de/kultur/kunst/bilder-eine-weile-festzuhalten-11018208.html |website=fr.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Desire |url=http://www.ursula-blickle-stiftung.de/pop/2001_02.htm |website=ursula-blickle-stiftung.de}}</ref> da kuma a duk faɗin Turai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2017 |title=La fotógrafa Padgett expone su mirada melancólica a través de la arquitectura |url=https://www.canalpatrimonio.com/la-fotografa-padgett-expone-su-mirada-melancolica-traves-de-la-arquitectura/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura Padgett |url=http://fototapeta.art.pl/fti-padgett.html |website=fototapeta.art.pl}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Galerie im Park, Burgdorf |url=https://kunstaspekte.art/venue/galerie-im-park-burgdorf |website=kunstaspekte.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Photo Text Photo Text – Dialogue of Photography and Text in Contemporary Arts - Exhibitions - Explore - Fotomuseum Winterthur |url=http://www.fotomuseum.ch/en/explore/exhibitions/21591_photo_text_photo_text_dialogue_of_photography_and_text_in_contemporary_arts |website=fotomuseum.ch}}</ref> An kuma wallafa hotunanta sosai. Hotunan mai zane suna tare da kasidun Peter Zumthor a cikin ''Thinking Architecture'' (2006/2010/2012/2023). <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 20, 2011 |title=Peter Zumthor – Architektur Denken - Bücher im BauNetz |url=https://www.baunetz.de/meldungen/Meldungen-Buecher_im_BauNetz_1553573.html |website=BauNetz}}</ref> Tsakanin 2010 da 2012, Padgett ya biyo bayan sabon gini da gyaran gidan tarihi na Städel wanda ya haifar da buga littafin ''Raum über Zeit – Space over Time'' (2012). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura J. Padgett |url=https://www.kehrerverlag.com/en/laura-j-padgett-raum-ueber-zeit-978-3-86828-278-8?___from_store=de |website=Kehrer Verlag}}</ref> A cikin wannan lokacin na shekaru biyu ta ƙirƙiri labaran daukar hoto waɗanda ke ɗaukar lokaci a matsayin sararin da ke tsakanin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 14, 2017 |title=Fotografieren mit Helm - Laura J. Padgett zeigt die Faszination Baustelle |url=https://www.baunetz.de/meldungen/Meldungen-Laura_J._Padgett_zeigt_die_Faszination_Baustelle_5129409.html |website=BauNetz}}</ref> Zaɓaɓɓun hotunan daga littafin yanzu suna cikin tarin DZ BANK Kunststiftung. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura J. Padgett, DZ BANK Kulturstiftung |url=https://kunststiftungdzbank.de/w1_34/}}</ref> An buga mujallar ''Confined Space'' a shekarar 2016, inda ta nuna hotunan da ta yi a Lebanon a lokutan da ta shafe a can daga 2011 zuwa 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=malenki.net &#124; Confined Space &#124; Laura J. Padgett |url=https://malenki.net/product/laura-padgett-confined-space/ |website=malenki.net}}</ref> Buga ta farko tare da Galerie-Peter-Sillem, ''Open Equations'', ta fito a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura Padgett Open Equations - very |url=https://veryvery.de/web/de/project/laura-padgett-open-equasions-artist-book |website=veryvery.de}}</ref> Nunin Padgett na biyu da shi kaɗai ya yi tare da Galerie-Peter-Sillem, ''Regenerating Permanence'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura J Padgett Regenerating Permanence |url=http://www.galerie-peter-sillem.com/en/exhibitions/upcoming-laura-j-padgett-regenerating-permanence |website=galerie-peter-sillem.com}}</ref> shi ma yana tare da wani ɗan gajeren bugu mai suna iri ɗaya. Aikin da aka yi a wannan baje kolin ya zo ne bayan shekaru biyu da aka ɗauki hoton Majami'ar Westend da ke Frankfurt am Main. Padgett ya rubuta yanayin musamman na wannan wurin ibada da tarihinsa. An samo hotunan shirinta daga gidan tarihin Yahudawa na Frankfurt kuma an nuna su a gidan tarihin a duk tsawon shekarar 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura J Padgett Regenerating Permanence |url=https://www.juedischesmuseum.de/en/visit/detail/regenerating-permanence0/ |website=juedischesmuseum.de}}</ref> An fara nuna shirin daukar hotunanta na ''Strata'', wanda aka shirya a shekarar 2024, a Galerie-Peter-Sillem sannan kuma ta shiga cikin baje kolin ''City of Women Photographers, Frankfurt 1844-2024'' <ref>{{Cite web |title={{!}} Historisches Museum Frankfurt |url=https://historisches-museum-frankfurt.de/en/stadt_der_fotografinnen?language=en |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=historisches-museum-frankfurt.de |language=en}}</ref> a Gidan Tarihi na Frankfurt . An nuna fina-finan Padgett a ƙasashen duniya a wurare kamar Bikin Fina-finai na Media City, Detroit, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Media City Film Festival |url=http://mediacityfilmfestival.com/ |website=Media City Film Festival}}</ref> Cité Paris, <ref>{{Cite web |title=&#124; RENCONTRES INTERNATIONALES PARIS/BERLIN &#124; nouveau cinéma et art contemporain &#124; |url=http://www.art-action.org/site/fr/cat/rech/_cat_1_art_rech.php?lettre=P |website=art-action.org}}</ref> [[Haus der Kulturen der Welt|House of World Cultures]], Berlin, <ref>{{Cite web |title=&#124; RENCONTRES INTERNATIONALES PARIS/BERLIN &#124; new cinema and contemporary art &#124; |url=https://www.art-action.org/site/en/prog/18/berlin/prog_06_23.php |website=art-action.org}}</ref> Pharos Centre for Modern Art in Nicosia, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pharos Art |url=http://www.pharosart.org/LauraPadgett.htm |website=pharosart.org}}</ref> Centre Georges Pompidou a Paris, Mousonturm <ref>{{Cite web |title=reel to real - Gäste |url=http://www.reeltoreal.de/FINALE/GAESTE.html |website=reeltoreal.de}}</ref> a Frankfurt am Main, Cineteca di Bologna, Künstlerhaus Kino a Vienna, Viper Filmfestival a Bern, Kunsthalle Erfurt da kuma a Bikin Fina-finai na Gajeren Gajeren Duniya Oberhausen . A shekarar 2017 ta sami kyautar zane-zane ta Marielies-Hess. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura J Padgett receives Marielies-Hess Art Award |url=https://www.kunstforum.de/nachrichten/marileis-hess-kunstpreis/Marileis-Hess-Kunstpreis |website=kunstforum.de}}</ref> A cikin baje kolin da aka yi tare da ita a Gidan Tarihi na Giersch na Jami'ar Goethe, ta kuma nuna fim ɗinta mai suna SOLITAIRE (2017). <ref>{{Cite web |title=MUSEUM GIERSCH der GOETHE-UNIVERSITÄT |url=https://www.museum-giersch.de/#/Bisherige_Ausstellungen |website=museum-giersch.de}}</ref> An gabatar da ƙaramin zaɓi na fina-finanta a bikin fina-finan CROSSROADS na San Francisco Cinematheque, mai shekaru 21. Agusta - 30. Satumba 2020, wanda Steve Polta ya tsara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CROSSROADS 2020 &#124; |url=http://www.sfcinematheque.org/festival/crossroads-2020/ |website=sfcinematheque.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2020 |title=Cross Purposes: The 2020 Crossroads Festival by Michael Sicinski |url=https://cinema-scope.com/cinema-scope-online/cross-purposes-the-2020-crossroads-festival/}}</ref> A watan Agusta na 2021 fim ɗinta ''To, gaya mini game da lambun ku.'' kuma an nuna wasu daga cikin fina-finanta daga shirin fim ɗinta na ''From the Garden'' a gidan adana kayan tarihi na Deutsches Filminstitut Filmmuseum a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin fina-finan gwaji ''na Im Garten'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Im Garten |url=https://www.dff.film/veranstaltung/experimentalfilmprogramm-mit-einfuehrung-im-garten/ |website=dff.film/en/}}</ref> A shekarar 2023 ta kasance memba na Juri na Gasar Fina-finai ta Yanki na Lichter Filmfest. <ref>{{Cite web |title=16th Lichter Film fest Jury 2023 |url=https://lichter-filmfest.de/en/festival/jury/jury-2023 |website=lichter-filmfest.de}}</ref> Light Cone, Paris <ref>{{Cite web |title=Light Cone - Laura J. PADGETT |url=https://lightcone.org/en/filmmaker-1101-laura-j-padgett |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=lightcone.org}}</ref> da kuma Film-Makers' Cooperative, New York ne suka rarraba wasu daga cikin fina-finanta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1987 |title=Laura J. Padgett - The Film-Makers' Cooperative |url=https://film-makerscoop.com/filmmakers/laura-j-padgett |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=film-makerscoop.com |language=en}}</ref> == Nunin kai kaɗai (zaɓi) == * 2024 ''Strata'', Galerie-Peter-Sillem, Frankfurt am Main * 2023 ''Maimaita Rayuwar Dauwama'', Gidan Tarihi na Yahudawa, Frankfurt am Main * 2022 ''Maida Dawwama'', Galerie-Peter-Sillem, Frankfurt am Main * 2019 ''Open Equations'', Galerie-Peter-Sillem, Frankfurt am Main * 2017 ''Ko ta yaya Real'', Nunin tare da karɓar Marielies-Hess Kunstpreis, Museum Giersch der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main * 2016 ''Takaitaccen sarari'', Galerie Rautenstrauch a cikin Onomato Künstlerverein, Düsseldorf * 2016 ''Yawancin Tatsuniyoyi'', Galerie Straihammer & Seidenschwann, Vienna * 2015 ''Refined Space'', Heussenstamm-Stiftung, Frankfurt am Main * 2014 ''MONUMENT'', Künstlerfahnenfestival, Eppingen * 2012 ''Standardeintellung'', {{Interlanguage link|Neuer Kunstverein Gießen|de}} * 2011 ''Frames na tunani'', Galerie Martina Detterer, Frankfurt * 2008 ''ganin abubuwa'', Pharos Arts Foundation, Nicosia, Cyprus <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pharos Arts Foundation |url=http://www.thepharostrust.org/publications.htm |website=thepharostrust.org}}</ref> * 2008 ''Riƙe abubuwa'', Galerie Seitz & Abokin Hulɗa, Berlin * 2006 ''slow motion'', Odakule Art Gallery, [[Istanbul]] * 2005 ''ciki-fita'', Galerie Seitz & Abokin Hulɗa, Berlin * 2004 ''vorübergehende Ortschaften'', Galerie Martina Detterer, Frankfurt am Main * 2003 ''tattaunawa guda'', Städel Museum, Frankfurt am Main * ''Abubuwan da ba za a iya yi ba'' a shekarar 2003, Galerie Seitz & Abokin Hulɗa, Berlin * 2001 ''Hotunan safiya'', AusstellungsHalle Schulstrasse 1A, Frankfurt am Main * 1999 ''abubuwan da suka faru na kowa'', KunstRaum Klaus Hinrichs, Trier * 1999 ''marginalia'', Goethe-Institut, Warsaw * 1999 ''Lokaci Mai Haske'', Ɗakin Karatu na Duchess Anna Amalia, Weimar * ''Sabunta tsarin'' 1998, tagogi masu datti, Berlin * 1997 ''Foto / Text Work'', KunstRaum Klaus Hinrichs, Trier == Littattafan tarihi == * ''Laura J. Padgett: Strata'', an buga ta tare da wani baje kolin kai kaɗai a cikin Galerie-Peter-Sillem 20.01. -16.03.2024 * ''Laura J. Padgett: Sabuntawa na dindindin'', an buga shi tare da wani baje kolin kai kaɗai a cikin Galerie-Peter-Sillem 15.01. -26.02.2022 * ''Laura J. Padgett: Buɗaɗɗen Lissafi'', [http://www.galerie-peter-sillem.com/en/publications] An buga kai tare da nunin suna iri ɗaya a Gallery Peter Sillem, Design Very [https://veryvery.de/web/en/project/laura-padgett-open-equasions-artist-book], an buga tare da tallafin Ofishin Al'adu na Frankfurt * ''Laura J. Padgett: Tsayayyen sarari'', Anja Katharina Rautenstrauch, Galerie Rautenstrauch da Anke Ehle-Barthel, Hrg. Bücher & Hefte Verlag, Leipzig. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-9814530-5-8|<bdi>978-3-9814530-5-8</bdi>]] * ''YI GA AROLSEN - Reise nach Arglosen'', Bad Arolsen, 2016, Birgit Kümmel da Eva Claudia Scholtz, Hrg.{{ISBN|978-3-930930-38-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-930930-38-8|<bdi>978-3-930930-38-8</bdi>]] * ''Laura J. Padgett: Raum über Zeit'', Heidelberg/Berlin: Kehrer, 2012.{{ISBN|978-3-86828-278-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-86828-278-8|<bdi>978-3-86828-278-8</bdi>]] * ''Peter Zumthor: Tsarin Tunani'' Bugu na Uku [https://www.degruyter.com/view/title/300052?format=L Tsarin Tunani: Na uku, bugu da aka faɗaɗa] Tare da hotunan Haus Zumthor na Laura J. Padgett{{ISBN|978-3-0346-0585-4}} * ''Wie gemalt: Malerei ohne Malerei (Hoto cikakke)'' [https://kunstmuseum-ahlen.de/aktuelles/ausstellungen/publikationen/ Kunstmuseum Ahlen Ausstellung Publikationen - Kataloge und Werkbücher], Kai Uwe Schierz, Ed. Kerber Verlag, Bielefeld ne ya samar * ''Laura Padgett: Ganin Abubuwa'', Nicosia: Gidauniyar Pharos, 2008.{{ISBN|978-9963-9199-4-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-9963-9199-4-9|<bdi>978-9963-9199-4-9</bdi>]] * ''Saurari a Portikus'', Portikus, Frankfurt am Main, 1992 [https://www.portikus.de/en/publications/1101_listen_im_portikus Listen im Portikus - Portikus Frankfurt] == Kyaututtuka da guraben karo ilimi == * 2022 Neustart Kultur, Tallafin Aiki a Dijitization_ Module D – BKM, NEUSTART KULTUR und den Deutschen Künstlerbund <ref>{{Cite web |title=Neustart Kultur |url=https://www.kuenstlerbund.de/deutsch/projekte/projekte-ab-2011/2022_stipendiat_innen_runde3.html?anc=2844}}</ref> * 2017 Marielies-Hess Kunstpreis <ref>{{Cite web |title=feuilletonfrankfurt.de » Blog Archive » Laura J. Padgett erhält den Kunstpreis 2017 der Marielies Hess-Stiftung |url=https://www.feuilletonfrankfurt.de/2016/03/24/laura-j-padgett-erhaelt-den-kunstpreis-2017-der-marielies-hess-stiftung/ |access-date=2020-06-30 |language=en}}</ref> * Lambobin Sadarwa na Masu Zane-zane na 2013, Lebanon, Cibiyar Hulɗa da Ƙasashen Waje (if), Stuttgart{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2020}} * 2008 Daukar Hoto, Dover Arts Development, Dover, Ingila <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura Padgett : and thereby hangs a tale &#124; Dover Arts Development |url=https://www.dadonline.uk/legacy/laura-padgett-and-thereby-hangs-a-tale/}}</ref> * Masu fasaha na 2004 a Gidan zama a Burgdorf, Switzerland daga Ofishin Al'adu na Frankfurt <ref>{{Cite web |title=KulturPortal Frankfurt: Archiv der Artist in Residence Künstler |url=https://kultur-frankfurt.de/portal/de/Kunst/FrankfurterKuenstlerimAusland/1552/2061/55668/mod1411-details1/7.aspx |website=kultur-frankfurt.de}}</ref> * 2001–2002 Ɗakin zama na Studio a Landan daga Gidauniyar Al'adu ta Hessian <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura Padgett · Hessische Kulturstiftung |url=https://www.hkst.de/en/scholarship-recipients/laura-padgett/}}</ref> * 1996–97 Matsayin Studio a Künstlerhaus Schloss Balmoral, Bad Ems * Tallafin Gidauniyar Ford ta 1978 a fannin Zane == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] srcg5frj4uxbyka7va6mch8mu6o4z7i 893641 893640 2026-08-09T13:06:46Z Nnamadee 31123 893641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Laura J. Padgett''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1958) 'yar Amurka ce mai fasaha, tana aiki a [[Photography|fannin daukar hoto]] da kuma [[Fim|fina-finai]]. "Abin da nake nema yanzu shi ne wurare da suka yi daidai da tarihi, waɗanda, a wata hanya, wurare ne da ba a yi musu alama ba, kuma don a ga wannan tarihin a bayyane kuma a bayyane." Domin kuwa abin da ya gabata namu ne har abada. "Laura J. Padgett" == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Laura J. Padgett a Cambridge, Massachusetts . Mai zane ta yi karatun zane a Cibiyar Fasaha da Zane ta Pratt da ke Brooklyn, New York daga 1976-1980, inda ta sami digirinta na BFA a 1980. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2019 |title=Prattfolio Fall/Winter 2019 |url=https://issuu.com/prattinstitute/docs/prattfolio_fallwinter2019 |website=Issuu}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1981 take zaune a Turai. Padgett ta ci gaba da karatun daukar hoto da fina-finai tare da Peter Kubelka da Herbert Schwöbel a Städelschule da ke Frankfurt am Main, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Tarihin Fasaha daga Frankfurt Goethe-Universität a shekarar 1994. == Sana'a == Tun da 1992, mai zane-zane ya koyar a yawancin manyan makarantun ilimi a Jamus, Amurka da Jordan, ciki har da Bauhaus-Universität a Weimar, Hochschule für Gestaltung, Offenbach, Jami'ar Paderborn, Jami'ar Drexel <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 22, 2015 |title=Photographing Space |url=https://drexel.edu/westphal/news-events/news/2015/September/2015-09-23-Padgett/ |website=Westphal College of Media Arts & Design}}</ref> <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Arfaa Lecture: Laura J. Padgett, "Remnants: Photographic Thoughts on Modernism" &#124; American Institute of Architects |url=https://www.aiaphiladelphia.org/events/arfaa-lecture-laura-j-padgett-remnants-photographic-thoughts-modernism |website=aiaphiladelphia.org}}</ref> da kuma a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo, Fim da Media Studies Department a Goethe-Jami'ar Frank. A cikin Nuwamba 2021 ta zama memba na Societyungiyar Hoto na Jamus (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Photographie eV). <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the German Photographic Society? |url=https://www.dgph.de/english/what-german-photographic-association |website=dgph}}</ref> Tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Frankfurt am Main. Padgett yana bincika wurare masu mahimmanci na tarihi da al'adu ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban, ciki har da fina-finai, daukar hoto, da rubutu. Ta hanyar haɗa tsarin ƙirƙirarta da bincike don tattara ilimin tarihi, Padgett ta yi aiki wanda ke bayyana ainihin wuri yayin da take gabatar da hangen nesa na yau da kullun. Ayyukanta sau da yawa suna fallasa rashin jituwa tsakanin tasirin tarihi mai ɗorewa akan yanzu da kuma ƙoƙarinmu na canza, ɓoye ko mantawa da abin da ya gabata. Tun daga shekarar 2018, Gallery-Peter-Sillem ce ta wakilta ta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura J. Padgett » Galerie Peter Sillem |url=http://www.galerie-peter-sillem.com/de/artists/laura-j-padgett |website=galerie-peter-sillem.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Verwunschener Garten |url=https://zeitung.faz.net/faz-edition/rm-kultur/2019-09-20/a3ae7f079815818b96d0c6415956698f |website=F.A.Z.}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1991, ayyukan Laura J. Padgett sun kasance a cikin nunin nunin kai da na rukuni da yawa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura J. Padgett - artist, news & exhibitions - photography-now.com |url=http://photography-now.com/artist/laura-j.-padgett |website=photography-now.com}}</ref> a Jamus <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2017 |title=Bilder, um sie eine Weile festzuhalten |url=https://www.fr.de/kultur/kunst/bilder-eine-weile-festzuhalten-11018208.html |website=fr.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Desire |url=http://www.ursula-blickle-stiftung.de/pop/2001_02.htm |website=ursula-blickle-stiftung.de}}</ref> da kuma a duk faɗin Turai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2017 |title=La fotógrafa Padgett expone su mirada melancólica a través de la arquitectura |url=https://www.canalpatrimonio.com/la-fotografa-padgett-expone-su-mirada-melancolica-traves-de-la-arquitectura/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura Padgett |url=http://fototapeta.art.pl/fti-padgett.html |website=fototapeta.art.pl}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Galerie im Park, Burgdorf |url=https://kunstaspekte.art/venue/galerie-im-park-burgdorf |website=kunstaspekte.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Photo Text Photo Text – Dialogue of Photography and Text in Contemporary Arts - Exhibitions - Explore - Fotomuseum Winterthur |url=http://www.fotomuseum.ch/en/explore/exhibitions/21591_photo_text_photo_text_dialogue_of_photography_and_text_in_contemporary_arts |website=fotomuseum.ch}}</ref> An kuma wallafa hotunanta sosai. Hotunan mai zane suna tare da kasidun Peter Zumthor a cikin ''Thinking Architecture'' (2006/2010/2012/2023). <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 20, 2011 |title=Peter Zumthor – Architektur Denken - Bücher im BauNetz |url=https://www.baunetz.de/meldungen/Meldungen-Buecher_im_BauNetz_1553573.html |website=BauNetz}}</ref> Tsakanin 2010 da 2012, Padgett ya biyo bayan sabon gini da gyaran gidan tarihi na Städel wanda ya haifar da buga littafin ''Raum über Zeit – Space over Time'' (2012). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura J. Padgett |url=https://www.kehrerverlag.com/en/laura-j-padgett-raum-ueber-zeit-978-3-86828-278-8?___from_store=de |website=Kehrer Verlag}}</ref> A cikin wannan lokacin na shekaru biyu ta ƙirƙiri labaran daukar hoto waɗanda ke ɗaukar lokaci a matsayin sararin da ke tsakanin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 14, 2017 |title=Fotografieren mit Helm - Laura J. Padgett zeigt die Faszination Baustelle |url=https://www.baunetz.de/meldungen/Meldungen-Laura_J._Padgett_zeigt_die_Faszination_Baustelle_5129409.html |website=BauNetz}}</ref> Zaɓaɓɓun hotunan daga littafin yanzu suna cikin tarin DZ BANK Kunststiftung. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura J. Padgett, DZ BANK Kulturstiftung |url=https://kunststiftungdzbank.de/w1_34/}}</ref> An buga mujallar ''Confined Space'' a shekarar 2016, inda ta nuna hotunan da ta yi a Lebanon a lokutan da ta shafe a can daga 2011 zuwa 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=malenki.net &#124; Confined Space &#124; Laura J. Padgett |url=https://malenki.net/product/laura-padgett-confined-space/ |website=malenki.net}}</ref> Buga ta farko tare da Galerie-Peter-Sillem, ''Open Equations'', ta fito a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura Padgett Open Equations - very |url=https://veryvery.de/web/de/project/laura-padgett-open-equasions-artist-book |website=veryvery.de}}</ref> Nunin Padgett na biyu da shi kaɗai ya yi tare da Galerie-Peter-Sillem, ''Regenerating Permanence'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura J Padgett Regenerating Permanence |url=http://www.galerie-peter-sillem.com/en/exhibitions/upcoming-laura-j-padgett-regenerating-permanence |website=galerie-peter-sillem.com}}</ref> shi ma yana tare da wani ɗan gajeren bugu mai suna iri ɗaya. Aikin da aka yi a wannan baje kolin ya zo ne bayan shekaru biyu da aka ɗauki hoton Majami'ar Westend da ke Frankfurt am Main. Padgett ya rubuta yanayin musamman na wannan wurin ibada da tarihinsa. An samo hotunan shirinta daga gidan tarihin Yahudawa na Frankfurt kuma an nuna su a gidan tarihin a duk tsawon shekarar 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura J Padgett Regenerating Permanence |url=https://www.juedischesmuseum.de/en/visit/detail/regenerating-permanence0/ |website=juedischesmuseum.de}}</ref> An fara nuna shirin daukar hotunanta na ''Strata'', wanda aka shirya a shekarar 2024, a Galerie-Peter-Sillem sannan kuma ta shiga cikin baje kolin ''City of Women Photographers, Frankfurt 1844-2024'' <ref>{{Cite web |title={{!}} Historisches Museum Frankfurt |url=https://historisches-museum-frankfurt.de/en/stadt_der_fotografinnen?language=en |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=historisches-museum-frankfurt.de |language=en}}</ref> a Gidan Tarihi na Frankfurt . An nuna fina-finan Padgett a ƙasashen duniya a wurare kamar Bikin Fina-finai na Media City, Detroit, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Media City Film Festival |url=http://mediacityfilmfestival.com/ |website=Media City Film Festival}}</ref> Cité Paris, <ref>{{Cite web |title=&#124; RENCONTRES INTERNATIONALES PARIS/BERLIN &#124; nouveau cinéma et art contemporain &#124; |url=http://www.art-action.org/site/fr/cat/rech/_cat_1_art_rech.php?lettre=P |website=art-action.org}}</ref> [[Haus der Kulturen der Welt|House of World Cultures]], Berlin, <ref>{{Cite web |title=&#124; RENCONTRES INTERNATIONALES PARIS/BERLIN &#124; new cinema and contemporary art &#124; |url=https://www.art-action.org/site/en/prog/18/berlin/prog_06_23.php |website=art-action.org}}</ref> Pharos Centre for Modern Art in Nicosia, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pharos Art |url=http://www.pharosart.org/LauraPadgett.htm |website=pharosart.org}}</ref> Centre Georges Pompidou a Paris, Mousonturm <ref>{{Cite web |title=reel to real - Gäste |url=http://www.reeltoreal.de/FINALE/GAESTE.html |website=reeltoreal.de}}</ref> a Frankfurt am Main, Cineteca di Bologna, Künstlerhaus Kino a Vienna, Viper Filmfestival a Bern, Kunsthalle Erfurt da kuma a Bikin Fina-finai na Gajeren Gajeren Duniya Oberhausen . A shekarar 2017 ta sami kyautar zane-zane ta Marielies-Hess. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura J Padgett receives Marielies-Hess Art Award |url=https://www.kunstforum.de/nachrichten/marileis-hess-kunstpreis/Marileis-Hess-Kunstpreis |website=kunstforum.de}}</ref> A cikin baje kolin da aka yi tare da ita a Gidan Tarihi na Giersch na Jami'ar Goethe, ta kuma nuna fim ɗinta mai suna SOLITAIRE (2017). <ref>{{Cite web |title=MUSEUM GIERSCH der GOETHE-UNIVERSITÄT |url=https://www.museum-giersch.de/#/Bisherige_Ausstellungen |website=museum-giersch.de}}</ref> An gabatar da ƙaramin zaɓi na fina-finanta a bikin fina-finan CROSSROADS na San Francisco Cinematheque, mai shekaru 21. Agusta - 30. Satumba 2020, wanda Steve Polta ya tsara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CROSSROADS 2020 &#124; |url=http://www.sfcinematheque.org/festival/crossroads-2020/ |website=sfcinematheque.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2020 |title=Cross Purposes: The 2020 Crossroads Festival by Michael Sicinski |url=https://cinema-scope.com/cinema-scope-online/cross-purposes-the-2020-crossroads-festival/}}</ref> A watan Agusta na 2021 fim ɗinta ''To, gaya mini game da lambun ku.'' kuma an nuna wasu daga cikin fina-finanta daga shirin fim ɗinta na ''From the Garden'' a gidan adana kayan tarihi na Deutsches Filminstitut Filmmuseum a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin fina-finan gwaji ''na Im Garten'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Im Garten |url=https://www.dff.film/veranstaltung/experimentalfilmprogramm-mit-einfuehrung-im-garten/ |website=dff.film/en/}}</ref> A shekarar 2023 ta kasance memba na Juri na Gasar Fina-finai ta Yanki na Lichter Filmfest. <ref>{{Cite web |title=16th Lichter Film fest Jury 2023 |url=https://lichter-filmfest.de/en/festival/jury/jury-2023 |website=lichter-filmfest.de}}</ref> Light Cone, Paris <ref>{{Cite web |title=Light Cone - Laura J. PADGETT |url=https://lightcone.org/en/filmmaker-1101-laura-j-padgett |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=lightcone.org}}</ref> da kuma Film-Makers' Cooperative, New York ne suka rarraba wasu daga cikin fina-finanta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1987 |title=Laura J. Padgett - The Film-Makers' Cooperative |url=https://film-makerscoop.com/filmmakers/laura-j-padgett |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=film-makerscoop.com |language=en}}</ref> == Nunin kai kaɗai (zaɓi) == * 2024 ''Strata'', Galerie-Peter-Sillem, Frankfurt am Main * 2023 ''Maimaita Rayuwar Dauwama'', Gidan Tarihi na Yahudawa, Frankfurt am Main * 2022 ''Maida Dawwama'', Galerie-Peter-Sillem, Frankfurt am Main * 2019 ''Open Equations'', Galerie-Peter-Sillem, Frankfurt am Main * 2017 ''Ko ta yaya Real'', Nunin tare da karɓar Marielies-Hess Kunstpreis, Museum Giersch der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main * 2016 ''Takaitaccen sarari'', Galerie Rautenstrauch a cikin Onomato Künstlerverein, Düsseldorf * 2016 ''Yawancin Tatsuniyoyi'', Galerie Straihammer & Seidenschwann, Vienna * 2015 ''Refined Space'', Heussenstamm-Stiftung, Frankfurt am Main * 2014 ''MONUMENT'', Künstlerfahnenfestival, Eppingen * 2012 ''Standardeintellung'', {{Interlanguage link|Neuer Kunstverein Gießen|de}} * 2011 ''Frames na tunani'', Galerie Martina Detterer, Frankfurt * 2008 ''ganin abubuwa'', Pharos Arts Foundation, Nicosia, Cyprus <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pharos Arts Foundation |url=http://www.thepharostrust.org/publications.htm |website=thepharostrust.org}}</ref> * 2008 ''Riƙe abubuwa'', Galerie Seitz & Abokin Hulɗa, Berlin * 2006 ''slow motion'', Odakule Art Gallery, [[Istanbul]] * 2005 ''ciki-fita'', Galerie Seitz & Abokin Hulɗa, Berlin * 2004 ''vorübergehende Ortschaften'', Galerie Martina Detterer, Frankfurt am Main * 2003 ''tattaunawa guda'', Städel Museum, Frankfurt am Main * ''Abubuwan da ba za a iya yi ba'' a shekarar 2003, Galerie Seitz & Abokin Hulɗa, Berlin * 2001 ''Hotunan safiya'', AusstellungsHalle Schulstrasse 1A, Frankfurt am Main * 1999 ''abubuwan da suka faru na kowa'', KunstRaum Klaus Hinrichs, Trier * 1999 ''marginalia'', Goethe-Institut, Warsaw * 1999 ''Lokaci Mai Haske'', Ɗakin Karatu na Duchess Anna Amalia, Weimar * ''Sabunta tsarin'' 1998, tagogi masu datti, Berlin * 1997 ''Foto / Text Work'', KunstRaum Klaus Hinrichs, Trier == Littattafan tarihi == * ''Laura J. Padgett: Strata'', an buga ta tare da wani baje kolin kai kaɗai a cikin Galerie-Peter-Sillem 20.01. -16.03.2024 * ''Laura J. Padgett: Sabuntawa na dindindin'', an buga shi tare da wani baje kolin kai kaɗai a cikin Galerie-Peter-Sillem 15.01. -26.02.2022 * ''Laura J. Padgett: Buɗaɗɗen Lissafi'', [http://www.galerie-peter-sillem.com/en/publications] An buga kai tare da nunin suna iri ɗaya a Gallery Peter Sillem, Design Very [https://veryvery.de/web/en/project/laura-padgett-open-equasions-artist-book], an buga tare da tallafin Ofishin Al'adu na Frankfurt * ''Laura J. Padgett: Tsayayyen sarari'', Anja Katharina Rautenstrauch, Galerie Rautenstrauch da Anke Ehle-Barthel, Hrg. Bücher & Hefte Verlag, Leipzig. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-9814530-5-8|<bdi>978-3-9814530-5-8</bdi>]] * ''YI GA AROLSEN - Reise nach Arglosen'', Bad Arolsen, 2016, Birgit Kümmel da Eva Claudia Scholtz, Hrg.{{ISBN|978-3-930930-38-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-930930-38-8|<bdi>978-3-930930-38-8</bdi>]] * ''Laura J. Padgett: Raum über Zeit'', Heidelberg/Berlin: Kehrer, 2012.{{ISBN|978-3-86828-278-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-86828-278-8|<bdi>978-3-86828-278-8</bdi>]] * ''Peter Zumthor: Tsarin Tunani'' Bugu na Uku [https://www.degruyter.com/view/title/300052?format=L Tsarin Tunani: Na uku, bugu da aka faɗaɗa] Tare da hotunan Haus Zumthor na Laura J. Padgett{{ISBN|978-3-0346-0585-4}} * ''Wie gemalt: Malerei ohne Malerei (Hoto cikakke)'' [https://kunstmuseum-ahlen.de/aktuelles/ausstellungen/publikationen/ Kunstmuseum Ahlen Ausstellung Publikationen - Kataloge und Werkbücher], Kai Uwe Schierz, Ed. Kerber Verlag, Bielefeld ne ya samar * ''Laura Padgett: Ganin Abubuwa'', Nicosia: Gidauniyar Pharos, 2008.{{ISBN|978-9963-9199-4-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-9963-9199-4-9|<bdi>978-9963-9199-4-9</bdi>]] * ''Saurari a Portikus'', Portikus, Frankfurt am Main, 1992 [https://www.portikus.de/en/publications/1101_listen_im_portikus Listen im Portikus - Portikus Frankfurt] == Kyaututtuka da guraben karo ilimi == * 2022 Neustart Kultur, Tallafin Aiki a Dijitization_ Module D – BKM, NEUSTART KULTUR und den Deutschen Künstlerbund <ref>{{Cite web |title=Neustart Kultur |url=https://www.kuenstlerbund.de/deutsch/projekte/projekte-ab-2011/2022_stipendiat_innen_runde3.html?anc=2844}}</ref> * 2017 Marielies-Hess Kunstpreis <ref>{{Cite web |title=feuilletonfrankfurt.de » Blog Archive » Laura J. Padgett erhält den Kunstpreis 2017 der Marielies Hess-Stiftung |url=https://www.feuilletonfrankfurt.de/2016/03/24/laura-j-padgett-erhaelt-den-kunstpreis-2017-der-marielies-hess-stiftung/ |access-date=2020-06-30 |language=en}}</ref> * Lambobin Sadarwa na Masu Zane-zane na 2013, Lebanon, Cibiyar Hulɗa da Ƙasashen Waje (if), Stuttgart{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2020}} * 2008 Daukar Hoto, Dover Arts Development, Dover, Ingila <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura Padgett : and thereby hangs a tale &#124; Dover Arts Development |url=https://www.dadonline.uk/legacy/laura-padgett-and-thereby-hangs-a-tale/}}</ref> * Masu fasaha na 2004 a Gidan zama a Burgdorf, Switzerland daga Ofishin Al'adu na Frankfurt <ref>{{Cite web |title=KulturPortal Frankfurt: Archiv der Artist in Residence Künstler |url=https://kultur-frankfurt.de/portal/de/Kunst/FrankfurterKuenstlerimAusland/1552/2061/55668/mod1411-details1/7.aspx |website=kultur-frankfurt.de}}</ref> * 2001–2002 Ɗakin zama na Studio a Landan daga Gidauniyar Al'adu ta Hessian <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura Padgett · Hessische Kulturstiftung |url=https://www.hkst.de/en/scholarship-recipients/laura-padgett/}}</ref> * 1996–97 Matsayin Studio a Künstlerhaus Schloss Balmoral, Bad Ems * Tallafin Gidauniyar Ford ta 1978 a fannin Zane == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] nct2xa30hy3x2thdx2xhowhdd24hk0p 0 162980 893653 2026-08-09T14:49:52Z Vinitborde 47729 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Madhurendra Kumar | image = Madhurendra sand artist.jpg | caption = Madhurendra Kumar | birth_date = 5 September 1994 | known_for = International sand artist | title = Founder of Madhurendra Sand Artist Institute | organization = Madhurendra Sand Artist Institute | website = [https://sandartistindia.com/ Official website] }} 893653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Madhurendra Kumar | image = Madhurendra sand artist.jpg | caption = Madhurendra Kumar | birth_date = 5 September 1994 | known_for = International sand artist | title = Founder of Madhurendra Sand Artist Institute | organization = Madhurendra Sand Artist Institute | website = [https://sandartistindia.com/ Official website] }} 0snw67stvq9cponrxu8xntos46dhnit 893656 893653 2026-08-09T15:04:55Z Vinitborde 47729 893656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Madhurendra Kumar | image = Madhurendra sand artist.jpg | caption = Madhurendra Kumar | birth_date = 5 September 1994 | known_for = International sand artist | title = Founder of Madhurendra Sand Artist Institute | organization = Madhurendra Sand Artist Institute | website = [https://sandartistindia.com/ Official website] }} '''Madhurendra Kumar''' ɗan wasan fasahar yashi ne ɗan ƙasar Indiya, wanda aka fi sani da manyan ayyukansa na fasahar yashi da kuma amfani da fasaha wajen isar da saƙonnin wayar da kan jama'a. Ya fito ne daga jihar Bihar, Indiya. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da fasahar yashi, sassaka, zanen ganye da sauran nau'o'in fasahar gani. An bayyana ayyukansa a matsayin masu magana kan batutuwan zaman lafiya, al'adu, muhalli da sauran batutuwan zamantakewa. {{cite web |title=Madhurendra Kumar |url=https://www.globaliconsofindia.com/madhurendra-kumar |website=Global Icons of India}} == Sana'a == Madhurendra Kumar ya gina suna a fannin fasahar yashi ta hanyar ƙirƙirar zane-zane da sassaka masu girma daban-daban. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da zane-zanen yashi da ayyukan fasaha da ake yi da ganye da sauran kayan halitta. Rahotannin kafafen yaɗa labarai sun nuna cewa ya yi ayyukan fasaha masu yawa tare da amfani da su wajen isar da saƙonni masu alaƙa da al'umma da wayar da kan jama'a. {{cite web |title=An sanya sunan ɗan wasan fasahar yashi Madhurendra a London Book of World Records |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/state/bihar/madhurendra-kumar-first-indian-sand-artist-achieves-london-book-of-world-records-3419330.html |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh}} == London Book of World Records == A shekarar 2025, an ba Madhurendra Kumar lambar yabo da karramawa daga London Book of World Records a wani taro da aka gudanar a Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya da ke London. A cewar rahoton TV9 Bharatvarsh, an saka sunansa cikin kundin London Book of World Records da lambar takardar shaida '''LBOWRE401990'''. Rahoton ya kuma bayyana cewa an karrama shi da takardar shaida, abin tunawa da lambar yabo. {{cite web |title=London Book of World Record mein Bihar ke sand artist Madhurendra |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/state/bihar/madhurendra-kumar-first-indian-sand-artist-achieves-london-book-of-world-records-3419330.html |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |date=2 August 2025}} == Bayyanar a kafafen yaɗa labarai == An bayyana Madhurendra Kumar a cikin wasu mujallu da dandamalin yanar gizo da suka shafi fasaha, kasuwanci da nasarorin mutane. An yi masa wani fasali a cikin '''The Ideal Entrepreneur''' kuma an buga bayanin rayuwarsa da aikinsa a dandalin wannan mujallar. Haka kuma, Global Icons of India ta wallafa wani labari na musamman game da shi tare da gabatar da shi a matsayin mai fasahar yashi na kasa da kasa. {{cite web |title=Madhurendra Kumar |url=https://www.globaliconsofindia.com/madhurendra-kumar |website=Global Icons of India}} == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == {| class="wikitable" ! Shekara ! Kyauta ko karramawa | ! Bayani | | -------------------------------------------------------- | | 2025 | | London Book of World Records | | An karrama Madhurendra Kumar a London | | - | | 2025 | | London Book of World Records Certificate | | Lambar shaida: LBOWRE401990 | | - | | N/A | | Kyaututtukan kasa da kasa | | An bayyana cewa ya samu kyaututtuka da karramawa da dama | | } | == Sauran bayanai == An kuma danganta sunan Madhurendra Kumar da wallafe-wallafen yanar gizo da dandamalin bincike, ciki har da IMDb, Google Scholar da ResearchGate. Waɗannan shafuka suna ɗauke da bayanai ko bayanan martaba masu alaƙa da sunansa. == Manazarta == * [https://theidealentrepreneur.info/Madhurendra_Kumar Madhurendra Kumar], The Ideal Entrepreneur. * [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt43226390/ Madhurendra Kumar], IMDb. * [https://www.nbpknow.org/info/madhurendra-kumar Madhurendra Kumar], NBP Know. * [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=YguezakAAAAJ&hl=en Madhurendra Kumar], Google Scholar. * [https://x.com/Madhurendra13 Madhurendra Kumar], X. * [https://www.theeconomicwires.com/article/6a3118921134b344c2be074a Madhurendra Kumar], The Economic Wires. * [https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Madhurendra-Kumar-2278937559 Madhurendra Kumar], ResearchGate. * [https://www.globaliconsofindia.com/madhurendra-kumar Madhurendra Kumar], Global Icons of India. * [https://thejournalstory.com/madhurendra-kumar-the-indian-sand-artist-who-turned-grains-of-sand-into-a-global-language-of-hope-2/ Madhurendra Kumar – The Indian Sand Artist], The Journal Story. * [https://www.etvbharat.com/amp/hi/!state/bihar-sand-artist-madhurendra-name-entered-in-london-book-of-world-records-bihar-news-brs25080301846 Madhurendra Kumar da London Book of World Records], ETV Bharat. * [https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/motihari/champaran-sand-art-forbes-world-record/amp Madhurendra Kumar da fasahar yashi], Prabhat Khabar. * [https://www.bhaskar.com/amp/local/bihar/motihari/news/sand-artist-madhurendra-selected-in-world-book-of-records-135333244.html Madhurendra Kumar da World Book of Records], Dainik Bhaskar. * [https://www.tv9hindi.com/state/bihar/madhurendra-kumar-first-indian-sand-artist-achieves-london-book-of-world-records-3419330.html Madhurendra Kumar da London Book of World Records], TV9 Bharatvarsh. jqwzui8s8b7g8r145k0dr0t2tywcvqd 0 162981 893666 2026-08-09T16:02:32Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357085903|Ovarian Psycos]]" 893666 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Joss_the_Boss_of_Ovarian_Psycos.jpg|thumb|Joss the Boss a kan nuna shirin a Mexico.]] Ovarian Psycos ƙungiyar keke ce da aka kafa a Boyle Heights, Los Angeles, a cikin shekara ta 2010. [1]An kafa kungiyar ne don inganta 'yan uwa da za su iya jin daɗi da ɗaukar sarari da kuma fuskantar cin zarafin mata.[2] Ana shirya tafiye-tafiye kowane wata a kan wata cikakke. Wani shirin Joanna Sokolowski da Kate Trumbull-LaValle sun fara ne a 2016 a SXSW kuma an nuna shi a ranar 27 ga Maris, 2017 a shirin KCET Independent Lens. [3][4] == Bayanan da aka ambata == fs8xi6sj2qi5raud7p1mlfe5bxeek7x 893667 893666 2026-08-09T16:04:14Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka hujja 893667 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Joss_the_Boss_of_Ovarian_Psycos.jpg|thumb|Joss the Boss a kan nuna shirin a Mexico.]] Ovarian Psycos ƙungiyar keke ce da aka kafa a Boyle Heights, Los Angeles, a cikin shekara ta 2010. <ref>"Ovarian Psycos Bicycle Brigade". Retrieved 17 April 2017.</ref>An kafa kungiyar ne don inganta 'yan uwa da za su iya jin daɗi da ɗaukar sarari da kuma fuskantar cin zarafin mata.[2] Ana shirya tafiye-tafiye kowane wata a kan wata cikakke. Wani shirin Joanna Sokolowski da Kate Trumbull-LaValle sun fara ne a 2016 a SXSW kuma an nuna shi a ranar 27 ga Maris, 2017 a shirin KCET Independent Lens. [3][4] == Bayanan da aka ambata == gvlitvfkrnrtoiwdwcxx185euhrncgy 893668 893667 2026-08-09T16:04:58Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka hujja 893668 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Joss_the_Boss_of_Ovarian_Psycos.jpg|thumb|Joss the Boss a kan nuna shirin a Mexico.]] Ovarian Psycos ƙungiyar keke ce da aka kafa a Boyle Heights, Los Angeles, a cikin shekara ta 2010. <ref>"Ovarian Psycos Bicycle Brigade". Retrieved 17 April 2017.</ref>An kafa kungiyar ne don inganta 'yan uwa da za su iya jin daɗi da ɗaukar sarari da kuma fuskantar cin zarafin mata.<ref>"Ovarian Psycos: The L.A. Bicycle Crew for Women of Color". Editors' Picks. The Atlantic. Retrieved 17 April 2017.</ref> Ana shirya tafiye-tafiye kowane wata a kan wata cikakke. Wani shirin Joanna Sokolowski da Kate Trumbull-LaValle sun fara ne a 2016 a SXSW kuma an nuna shi a ranar 27 ga Maris, 2017 a shirin KCET Independent Lens. [3][4] == Bayanan da aka ambata == sgn565clqybz3cxodd7jp9l5dinyu82 893669 893668 2026-08-09T16:05:43Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka hujja 893669 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Joss_the_Boss_of_Ovarian_Psycos.jpg|thumb|Joss the Boss a kan nuna shirin a Mexico.]] Ovarian Psycos ƙungiyar keke ce da aka kafa a Boyle Heights, Los Angeles, a cikin shekara ta 2010. <ref>"Ovarian Psycos Bicycle Brigade". Retrieved 17 April 2017.</ref>An kafa kungiyar ne don inganta 'yan uwa da za su iya jin daɗi da ɗaukar sarari da kuma fuskantar cin zarafin mata.<ref>"Ovarian Psycos: The L.A. Bicycle Crew for Women of Color". Editors' Picks. The Atlantic. Retrieved 17 April 2017.</ref> Ana shirya tafiye-tafiye kowane wata a kan wata cikakke. Wani shirin Joanna Sokolowski da Kate Trumbull-LaValle sun fara ne a 2016 a SXSW kuma an nuna shi a ranar 27 ga Maris, 2017 a shirin KCET Independent Lens. <ref>"6 Things You Need to Know About East L.A.'s Ovarian Psycos". Los Angeles Magazine. 27 May 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2017.</ref>[4] == Bayanan da aka ambata == d8k8oyh0zp050o5uzkoh2vbs4q321vx 893671 893669 2026-08-09T16:06:52Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka akwatun bayanai 893671 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Joss_the_Boss_of_Ovarian_Psycos.jpg|thumb|Joss the Boss a kan nuna shirin a Mexico.]] Ovarian Psycos ƙungiyar keke ce da aka kafa a Boyle Heights, Los Angeles, a cikin shekara ta 2010. <ref>"Ovarian Psycos Bicycle Brigade". Retrieved 17 April 2017.</ref>An kafa kungiyar ne don inganta 'yan uwa da za su iya jin daɗi da ɗaukar sarari da kuma fuskantar cin zarafin mata.<ref>"Ovarian Psycos: The L.A. Bicycle Crew for Women of Color". Editors' Picks. The Atlantic. Retrieved 17 April 2017.</ref> Ana shirya tafiye-tafiye kowane wata a kan wata cikakke. Wani shirin Joanna Sokolowski da Kate Trumbull-LaValle sun fara ne a 2016 a SXSW kuma an nuna shi a ranar 27 ga Maris, 2017 a shirin KCET Independent Lens. <ref>"6 Things You Need to Know About East L.A.'s Ovarian Psycos". Los Angeles Magazine. 27 May 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2017.</ref><ref>"Ovarian Psycos". ''Independent Lens''. KCET. Retrieved 17 April 2017.</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == 67v9i25ys71yzu9wh2naiglrwqcuesb 893672 893671 2026-08-09T16:07:27Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 893672 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Joss_the_Boss_of_Ovarian_Psycos.jpg|thumb|Joss the Boss a kan nuna shirin a Mexico.]] Ovarian Psycos ƙungiyar keke ce da aka kafa a Boyle Heights, Los Angeles, a cikin shekara ta 2010. <ref>"Ovarian Psycos Bicycle Brigade". Retrieved 17 April 2017.</ref>An kafa kungiyar ne don inganta 'yan uwa da za su iya jin daɗi da ɗaukar sarari da kuma fuskantar cin zarafin mata.<ref>"Ovarian Psycos: The L.A. Bicycle Crew for Women of Color". Editors' Picks. The Atlantic. Retrieved 17 April 2017.</ref> Ana shirya tafiye-tafiye kowane wata a kan wata cikakke. Wani shirin Joanna Sokolowski da Kate Trumbull-LaValle sun fara ne a 2016 a SXSW kuma an nuna shi a ranar 27 ga Maris, 2017 a shirin KCET Independent Lens. <ref>"6 Things You Need to Know About East L.A.'s Ovarian Psycos". Los Angeles Magazine. 27 May 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2017.</ref><ref>"Ovarian Psycos". ''Independent Lens''. KCET. Retrieved 17 April 2017.</ref> == Manazarta == bjxsidw7nnw3wv4a51jq2euyg8c4f70 0 162982 893796 2026-08-09T17:22:29Z DaSupremo 9834 DaSupremo moved page [[Mai aminci]] to [[Lealui]]: Misspelled title 893796 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Lealui]] gp8doaf9geki9jpjxl5rgojq9m5wqrk 0 162983 893805 2026-08-09T18:48:18Z Alubaki 30448 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359189863|Banana cake]]" 893805 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Vegan_Banana_Celebration_Cake_(5061766386).jpg|thumb|Abincin ayaba[[Kofin cake|cakki]]]] '''My phone number was deleted it's not working but it is not the Wikimedia User Group to the next time you know how much the funds will go Gurasar [[ayaba]]''' ita ce kek da aka shirya ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarin cake na yau da kullun. Ana iya shirya shi a hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da a matsayin cake, a matsayin muffins da kuma cupcakes. Ana samun kek ɗin ayaba mai tururi a cikin abincin Malaysian, Indonesian da Vietnamese. A cikin [[Filipin|Philippines]], kalmar "Banana Cake" tana nufin burodi na ayaba da aka gabatar a Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka na Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title=Banana Bread Recipe |url=https://panlasangpinoy.com/moist-banana-bread-recipe/ |access-date=8 January 2022 |website=Panlasang Pinoy}}</ref> == Shirye-shirye == Ana shirya kek na [[ayaba]] ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarin cake na yau da kullun, kamar gari, sukari, ƙwai, man shanu, margarine ko mai da soda. Ana iya gurɓata ayaba ko gurɓata ta amfani da mai sarrafa abinci ko mai haɗakar lantarki kuma a haɗa shi cikin gurasar cake, kuma ana iya ɗora wa kek ko kuma a yi masa ado da ayaba da aka yanka. Ana iya shirya burodi na ayaba a matsayin amfani ga ayaba mai launin ruwan kasa ko mai tsufa. Ana iya amfani da cakulan a matsayin sinadarin, wanda tare da ayaba shine haɗin dandano mai daɗi ga wasu mutane. Ana iya amfani da kwayoyi kamar walnuts da macadamias a cikin Batir da kuma saman da kuma yin ado da cake. Ana iya amfani da icing ko glaze a cikin shirye-shiryen cake, wanda zai iya haɗawa da barasa, kamar bourbon. Ana iya yin burodi ko shirya burodi a matsayin burodi mai tururi, wanda za'a iya amfani da tururi na abinci. Gurasar ayaba na iya samun ruwa. Ana iya shirya shi azaman cake, kuma ana iya amfani da gurasar don shirya Muffins da cup[[Kofin cake|cakes]]. Ana iya shirya shi azaman abincin kayan lambu kuma azaman abincin da ba shi da kitse.<gallery class="center" widths="220px" heights="160px" caption="Banana cakes"> Fayil:Banana_cake_slices.jpg|Slices of banana cake Fayil:Chocolate_banana_cake_garnished_with_strawberry_ice_cream.jpg|A chocolate banana cake garnished with strawberry ice cream Fayil:Banana_cake.jpg|A banana cake garnished with sliced banana </gallery> == Nau'o'i == '''A cikin abinci na Burma''' A cikin abincin Burmese, kek na ayaba sanannen kayan zaki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Burmese Banana Cake with Cinnamon Flavor Recipe by Chef Naing Win : Recipe from Top Asian Chefs |url=https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405072027/https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Top Asian Chefs |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana ba da shi akai-akai a bukukuwan aure, bukukuwan ranar haihuwar, da bukukuwa. Ana kuma cinye shi a lokacin bikin Ramadan na Eid . === Bánh chuoi === [[Fayil:Best_banana_pancake_Hoi_An,_Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Bánh chuoi da aka shirya a cikin salon pancake]] Bánh chuoi cake ne na ayaba na Vietnam ko burodi. Ana yawan yin kek ɗin tururi, kuma ana iya yin burodi. === Kue nagasari === [[Fayil:Kue_pisang_nagasari_dibuka.JPG|thumb|Kwa Nagas da ba a rufe su bakue nagasari]] Kue nagasari sanannen kek ne na ayaba na Indonesiya wanda za'a iya shirya shi ta amfani da ayaba, garin mung ko garin shinkafa, madarar kwakwa da sukari. == Duba kuma == * Jerin kekuna * Jerin abincin ayaba == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ƙarin karantawa == *   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Banana cakes}} sao9amodgphcahigo6d8focujkcpye0 893807 893805 2026-08-09T18:49:46Z Alubaki 30448 893807 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Vegan_Banana_Celebration_Cake_(5061766386).jpg|thumb|Abincin ayaba[[Kofin cake|cakki]]]] '''Gurasar [[ayaba]]''' ita ce kek da aka shirya ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarinnumber cake na yau da kullun. Ana iya shirya shi a hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da a matsayin cake, a matsayin muffins da kuma cupcakes. Ana samun kek ɗin ayaba mai tururi a cikin abincin Malaysian, Indonesian da Vietnamese. A cikin [[Filipin|Philippines]], kalmar "Banana Cake" tana nufin burodi na ayaba da aka gabatar a Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka na Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title=Banana Bread Recipe |url=https://panlasangpinoy.com/moist-banana-bread-recipe/ |access-date=8 January 2022 |website=Panlasang Pinoy}}</ref> == Shirye-shirye == Ana shirya kek na [[ayaba]] ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarin cake na yau da kullun, kamar gari, sukari, ƙwai, man shanu, margarine ko mai da soda. Ana iya gurɓata ayaba ko gurɓata ta amfani da mai sarrafa abinci ko mai haɗakar lantarki kuma a haɗa shi cikin gurasar cake, kuma ana iya ɗora wa kek ko kuma a yi masa ado da ayaba da aka yanka. Ana iya shirya burodi na ayaba a matsayin amfani ga ayaba mai launin ruwan kasa ko mai tsufa. Ana iya amfani da cakulan a matsayin sinadarin, wanda tare da ayaba shine haɗin dandano mai daɗi ga wasu mutane. Ana iya amfani da kwayoyi kamar walnuts da macadamias a cikin Batir da kuma saman da kuma yin ado da cake. Ana iya amfani da icing ko glaze a cikin shirye-shiryen cake, wanda zai iya haɗawa da barasa, kamar bourbon. Ana iya yin burodi ko shirya burodi a matsayin burodi mai tururi, wanda za'a iya amfani da tururi na abinci. Gurasar ayaba na iya samun ruwa. Ana iya shirya shi azaman cake, kuma ana iya amfani da gurasar don shirya Muffins da cup[[Kofin cake|cakes]]. Ana iya shirya shi azaman abincin kayan lambu kuma azaman abincin da ba shi da kitse.<gallery class="center" widths="220px" heights="160px" caption="Banana cakes"> Fayil:Banana_cake_slices.jpg|Slices of banana cake Fayil:Chocolate_banana_cake_garnished_with_strawberry_ice_cream.jpg|A chocolate banana cake garnished with strawberry ice cream Fayil:Banana_cake.jpg|A banana cake garnished with sliced banana </gallery> == Nau'o'i == '''A cikin abinci na Burma''' A cikin abincin Burmese, kek na ayaba sanannen kayan zaki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Burmese Banana Cake with Cinnamon Flavor Recipe by Chef Naing Win : Recipe from Top Asian Chefs |url=https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405072027/https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Top Asian Chefs |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana ba da shi akai-akai a bukukuwan aure, bukukuwan ranar haihuwar, da bukukuwa. Ana kuma cinye shi a lokacin bikin Ramadan na Eid . === Bánh chuoi === [[Fayil:Best_banana_pancake_Hoi_An,_Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Bánh chuoi da aka shirya a cikin salon pancake]] Bánh chuoi cake ne na ayaba na Vietnam ko burodi. Ana yawan yin kek ɗin tururi, kuma ana iya yin burodi. === Kue nagasari === [[Fayil:Kue_pisang_nagasari_dibuka.JPG|thumb|Kwa Nagas da ba a rufe su bakue nagasari]] Kue nagasari sanannen kek ne na ayaba na Indonesiya wanda za'a iya shirya shi ta amfani da ayaba, garin mung ko garin shinkafa, madarar kwakwa da sukari. == Duba kuma == * Jerin kekuna * Jerin abincin ayaba == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ƙarin karantawa == *   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Banana cakes}} nuev3md7ujj0at7ych0yti20jzyfm64 893809 893807 2026-08-09T18:51:21Z Alubaki 30448 893809 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Vegan_Banana_Celebration_Cake_(5061766386).jpg|thumb|Abincin ayaba[[Kofin cake|cakki]]]] '''Gurasar [[ayaba]]''' ita ce kek da aka shirya ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarinnumber cake na yau da kullun. Ana iya shirya shi a hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da a matsayin cake, a matsayin muffins da kuma cupcakes. Ana samun kek ɗin ayaba mai tururi a cikin abincin Malaysian, Indonesian da Vietnamese.<ref name="Tropp 1982"/><ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Le 2014"/> A cikin [[Filipin|Philippines]], kalmar "Banana Cake" tana nufin burodi na ayaba da aka gabatar a Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka na Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title=Banana Bread Recipe |url=https://panlasangpinoy.com/moist-banana-bread-recipe/ |access-date=8 January 2022 |website=Panlasang Pinoy}}</ref> == Shirye-shirye == Ana shirya kek na [[ayaba]] ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarin cake na yau da kullun, kamar gari, sukari, ƙwai, man shanu, margarine ko mai da soda. Ana iya gurɓata ayaba ko gurɓata ta amfani da mai sarrafa abinci ko mai haɗakar lantarki kuma a haɗa shi cikin gurasar cake, kuma ana iya ɗora wa kek ko kuma a yi masa ado da ayaba da aka yanka. Ana iya shirya burodi na ayaba a matsayin amfani ga ayaba mai launin ruwan kasa ko mai tsufa. Ana iya amfani da cakulan a matsayin sinadarin, wanda tare da ayaba shine haɗin dandano mai daɗi ga wasu mutane. Ana iya amfani da kwayoyi kamar walnuts da macadamias a cikin Batir da kuma saman da kuma yin ado da cake. Ana iya amfani da icing ko glaze a cikin shirye-shiryen cake, wanda zai iya haɗawa da barasa, kamar bourbon. Ana iya yin burodi ko shirya burodi a matsayin burodi mai tururi, wanda za'a iya amfani da tururi na abinci. Gurasar ayaba na iya samun ruwa. Ana iya shirya shi azaman cake, kuma ana iya amfani da gurasar don shirya Muffins da cup[[Kofin cake|cakes]]. Ana iya shirya shi azaman abincin kayan lambu kuma azaman abincin da ba shi da kitse.<gallery class="center" widths="220px" heights="160px" caption="Banana cakes"> Fayil:Banana_cake_slices.jpg|Slices of banana cake Fayil:Chocolate_banana_cake_garnished_with_strawberry_ice_cream.jpg|A chocolate banana cake garnished with strawberry ice cream Fayil:Banana_cake.jpg|A banana cake garnished with sliced banana </gallery> == Nau'o'i == '''A cikin abinci na Burma''' A cikin abincin Burmese, kek na ayaba sanannen kayan zaki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Burmese Banana Cake with Cinnamon Flavor Recipe by Chef Naing Win : Recipe from Top Asian Chefs |url=https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405072027/https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Top Asian Chefs |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana ba da shi akai-akai a bukukuwan aure, bukukuwan ranar haihuwar, da bukukuwa. Ana kuma cinye shi a lokacin bikin Ramadan na Eid . === Bánh chuoi === [[Fayil:Best_banana_pancake_Hoi_An,_Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Bánh chuoi da aka shirya a cikin salon pancake]] Bánh chuoi cake ne na ayaba na Vietnam ko burodi. Ana yawan yin kek ɗin tururi, kuma ana iya yin burodi. === Kue nagasari === [[Fayil:Kue_pisang_nagasari_dibuka.JPG|thumb|Kwa Nagas da ba a rufe su bakue nagasari]] Kue nagasari sanannen kek ne na ayaba na Indonesiya wanda za'a iya shirya shi ta amfani da ayaba, garin mung ko garin shinkafa, madarar kwakwa da sukari. == Duba kuma == * Jerin kekuna * Jerin abincin ayaba == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ƙarin karantawa == *   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Banana cakes}} c7v6hk12u4xo9dmhysx2ne1q46hvovm 893810 893809 2026-08-09T18:52:36Z Alubaki 30448 /* Shirye-shirye */ 893810 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Vegan_Banana_Celebration_Cake_(5061766386).jpg|thumb|Abincin ayaba[[Kofin cake|cakki]]]] '''Gurasar [[ayaba]]''' ita ce kek da aka shirya ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarinnumber cake na yau da kullun. Ana iya shirya shi a hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da a matsayin cake, a matsayin muffins da kuma cupcakes. Ana samun kek ɗin ayaba mai tururi a cikin abincin Malaysian, Indonesian da Vietnamese.<ref name="Tropp 1982"/><ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Le 2014"/> A cikin [[Filipin|Philippines]], kalmar "Banana Cake" tana nufin burodi na ayaba da aka gabatar a Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka na Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title=Banana Bread Recipe |url=https://panlasangpinoy.com/moist-banana-bread-recipe/ |access-date=8 January 2022 |website=Panlasang Pinoy}}</ref> == Shirye-shirye == Ana shirya kek na [[ayaba]] ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarin cake na yau da kullun, kamar gari, sukari, ƙwai, man shanu, margarine ko mai da soda.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/><ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya gurɓata ayaba ko gurɓata ta amfani da mai sarrafa abinci ko mai haɗakar lantarki kuma a haɗa shi cikin gurasar cake, kuma ana iya ɗora wa kek ko kuma a yi masa ado da ayaba da aka yanka. Ana iya shirya burodi na ayaba a matsayin amfani ga ayaba mai launin ruwan kasa ko mai tsufa. Ana iya amfani da cakulan a matsayin sinadarin, wanda tare da ayaba shine haɗin dandano mai daɗi ga wasu mutane. Ana iya amfani da kwayoyi kamar walnuts da macadamias a cikin Batir da kuma saman da kuma yin ado da cake. Ana iya amfani da icing ko glaze a cikin shirye-shiryen cake, wanda zai iya haɗawa da barasa, kamar bourbon. Ana iya yin burodi ko shirya burodi a matsayin burodi mai tururi, wanda za'a iya amfani da tururi na abinci. Gurasar ayaba na iya samun ruwa. Ana iya shirya shi azaman cake, kuma ana iya amfani da gurasar don shirya Muffins da cup[[Kofin cake|cakes]]. Ana iya shirya shi azaman abincin kayan lambu kuma azaman abincin da ba shi da kitse.<gallery class="center" widths="220px" heights="160px" caption="Banana cakes"> Fayil:Banana_cake_slices.jpg|Slices of banana cake Fayil:Chocolate_banana_cake_garnished_with_strawberry_ice_cream.jpg|A chocolate banana cake garnished with strawberry ice cream Fayil:Banana_cake.jpg|A banana cake garnished with sliced banana </gallery> == Nau'o'i == '''A cikin abinci na Burma''' A cikin abincin Burmese, kek na ayaba sanannen kayan zaki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Burmese Banana Cake with Cinnamon Flavor Recipe by Chef Naing Win : Recipe from Top Asian Chefs |url=https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405072027/https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Top Asian Chefs |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana ba da shi akai-akai a bukukuwan aure, bukukuwan ranar haihuwar, da bukukuwa. Ana kuma cinye shi a lokacin bikin Ramadan na Eid . === Bánh chuoi === [[Fayil:Best_banana_pancake_Hoi_An,_Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Bánh chuoi da aka shirya a cikin salon pancake]] Bánh chuoi cake ne na ayaba na Vietnam ko burodi. Ana yawan yin kek ɗin tururi, kuma ana iya yin burodi. === Kue nagasari === [[Fayil:Kue_pisang_nagasari_dibuka.JPG|thumb|Kwa Nagas da ba a rufe su bakue nagasari]] Kue nagasari sanannen kek ne na ayaba na Indonesiya wanda za'a iya shirya shi ta amfani da ayaba, garin mung ko garin shinkafa, madarar kwakwa da sukari. == Duba kuma == * Jerin kekuna * Jerin abincin ayaba == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ƙarin karantawa == *   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Banana cakes}} 6un9lby600p8c7z6ski3gtwz6ejhdoa 893812 893810 2026-08-09T18:54:42Z Alubaki 30448 /* Shirye-shirye */ 893812 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Vegan_Banana_Celebration_Cake_(5061766386).jpg|thumb|Abincin ayaba[[Kofin cake|cakki]]]] '''Gurasar [[ayaba]]''' ita ce kek da aka shirya ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarinnumber cake na yau da kullun. Ana iya shirya shi a hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da a matsayin cake, a matsayin muffins da kuma cupcakes. Ana samun kek ɗin ayaba mai tururi a cikin abincin Malaysian, Indonesian da Vietnamese.<ref name="Tropp 1982"/><ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Le 2014"/> A cikin [[Filipin|Philippines]], kalmar "Banana Cake" tana nufin burodi na ayaba da aka gabatar a Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka na Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title=Banana Bread Recipe |url=https://panlasangpinoy.com/moist-banana-bread-recipe/ |access-date=8 January 2022 |website=Panlasang Pinoy}}</ref> == Shirye-shirye == Ana shirya kek na [[ayaba]] ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarin cake na yau da kullun, kamar gari, sukari, ƙwai, man shanu, margarine ko mai da soda.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/><ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya gurɓata ayaba ko gurɓata ta amfani da mai sarrafa abinci ko mai haɗakar lantarki kuma a haɗa shi cikin gurasar cake,<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/> kuma ana iya ɗora wa kek ko kuma a yi masa ado da ayaba da aka yanka. Ana iya shirya burodi na ayaba a matsayin amfani ga ayaba mai launin ruwan kasa ko mai tsufa. Ana iya amfani da cakulan a matsayin sinadarin, wanda tare da ayaba shine haɗin dandano mai daɗi ga wasu mutane. Ana iya amfani da kwayoyi kamar walnuts da macadamias a cikin Batir da kuma saman da kuma yin ado da cake. Ana iya amfani da icing ko glaze a cikin shirye-shiryen cake, wanda zai iya haɗawa da barasa, kamar bourbon. Ana iya yin burodi ko shirya burodi a matsayin burodi mai tururi, wanda za'a iya amfani da tururi na abinci. Gurasar ayaba na iya samun ruwa. Ana iya shirya shi azaman cake, kuma ana iya amfani da gurasar don shirya Muffins da cup[[Kofin cake|cakes]]. Ana iya shirya shi azaman abincin kayan lambu kuma azaman abincin da ba shi da kitse.<gallery class="center" widths="220px" heights="160px" caption="Banana cakes"> Fayil:Banana_cake_slices.jpg|Slices of banana cake Fayil:Chocolate_banana_cake_garnished_with_strawberry_ice_cream.jpg|A chocolate banana cake garnished with strawberry ice cream Fayil:Banana_cake.jpg|A banana cake garnished with sliced banana </gallery> == Nau'o'i == '''A cikin abinci na Burma''' A cikin abincin Burmese, kek na ayaba sanannen kayan zaki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Burmese Banana Cake with Cinnamon Flavor Recipe by Chef Naing Win : Recipe from Top Asian Chefs |url=https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405072027/https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Top Asian Chefs |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana ba da shi akai-akai a bukukuwan aure, bukukuwan ranar haihuwar, da bukukuwa. Ana kuma cinye shi a lokacin bikin Ramadan na Eid . === Bánh chuoi === [[Fayil:Best_banana_pancake_Hoi_An,_Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Bánh chuoi da aka shirya a cikin salon pancake]] Bánh chuoi cake ne na ayaba na Vietnam ko burodi. Ana yawan yin kek ɗin tururi, kuma ana iya yin burodi. === Kue nagasari === [[Fayil:Kue_pisang_nagasari_dibuka.JPG|thumb|Kwa Nagas da ba a rufe su bakue nagasari]] Kue nagasari sanannen kek ne na ayaba na Indonesiya wanda za'a iya shirya shi ta amfani da ayaba, garin mung ko garin shinkafa, madarar kwakwa da sukari. == Duba kuma == * Jerin kekuna * Jerin abincin ayaba == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ƙarin karantawa == *   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Banana cakes}} c768s9q2drxhsbuvvcsu3z4btm8wz8x 893813 893812 2026-08-09T18:56:13Z Alubaki 30448 /* Shirye-shirye */ 893813 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Vegan_Banana_Celebration_Cake_(5061766386).jpg|thumb|Abincin ayaba[[Kofin cake|cakki]]]] '''Gurasar [[ayaba]]''' ita ce kek da aka shirya ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarinnumber cake na yau da kullun. Ana iya shirya shi a hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da a matsayin cake, a matsayin muffins da kuma cupcakes. Ana samun kek ɗin ayaba mai tururi a cikin abincin Malaysian, Indonesian da Vietnamese.<ref name="Tropp 1982"/><ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Le 2014"/> A cikin [[Filipin|Philippines]], kalmar "Banana Cake" tana nufin burodi na ayaba da aka gabatar a Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka na Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title=Banana Bread Recipe |url=https://panlasangpinoy.com/moist-banana-bread-recipe/ |access-date=8 January 2022 |website=Panlasang Pinoy}}</ref> == Shirye-shirye == Ana shirya kek na [[ayaba]] ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarin cake na yau da kullun, kamar gari, sukari, ƙwai, man shanu, margarine ko mai da soda.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/><ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya gurɓata ayaba ko gurɓata ta amfani da mai sarrafa abinci ko mai haɗakar lantarki kuma a haɗa shi cikin gurasar cake,<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/> kuma ana iya ɗora wa kek ko kuma a yi masa ado da ayaba da aka yanka.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya shirya burodi na ayaba a matsayin amfani ga ayaba mai launin ruwan kasa ko mai tsufa. Ana iya amfani da cakulan a matsayin sinadarin, wanda tare da ayaba shine haɗin dandano mai daɗi ga wasu mutane. Ana iya amfani da kwayoyi kamar walnuts da macadamias a cikin Batir da kuma saman da kuma yin ado da cake. Ana iya amfani da icing ko glaze a cikin shirye-shiryen cake, wanda zai iya haɗawa da barasa, kamar bourbon. Ana iya yin burodi ko shirya burodi a matsayin burodi mai tururi, wanda za'a iya amfani da tururi na abinci. Gurasar ayaba na iya samun ruwa. Ana iya shirya shi azaman cake, kuma ana iya amfani da gurasar don shirya Muffins da cup[[Kofin cake|cakes]]. Ana iya shirya shi azaman abincin kayan lambu kuma azaman abincin da ba shi da kitse.<gallery class="center" widths="220px" heights="160px" caption="Banana cakes"> Fayil:Banana_cake_slices.jpg|Slices of banana cake Fayil:Chocolate_banana_cake_garnished_with_strawberry_ice_cream.jpg|A chocolate banana cake garnished with strawberry ice cream Fayil:Banana_cake.jpg|A banana cake garnished with sliced banana </gallery> == Nau'o'i == '''A cikin abinci na Burma''' A cikin abincin Burmese, kek na ayaba sanannen kayan zaki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Burmese Banana Cake with Cinnamon Flavor Recipe by Chef Naing Win : Recipe from Top Asian Chefs |url=https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405072027/https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Top Asian Chefs |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana ba da shi akai-akai a bukukuwan aure, bukukuwan ranar haihuwar, da bukukuwa. Ana kuma cinye shi a lokacin bikin Ramadan na Eid . === Bánh chuoi === [[Fayil:Best_banana_pancake_Hoi_An,_Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Bánh chuoi da aka shirya a cikin salon pancake]] Bánh chuoi cake ne na ayaba na Vietnam ko burodi. Ana yawan yin kek ɗin tururi, kuma ana iya yin burodi. === Kue nagasari === [[Fayil:Kue_pisang_nagasari_dibuka.JPG|thumb|Kwa Nagas da ba a rufe su bakue nagasari]] Kue nagasari sanannen kek ne na ayaba na Indonesiya wanda za'a iya shirya shi ta amfani da ayaba, garin mung ko garin shinkafa, madarar kwakwa da sukari. == Duba kuma == * Jerin kekuna * Jerin abincin ayaba == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ƙarin karantawa == *   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Banana cakes}} ilk0q6k57gohy2z6q8fqgtfpl4tzjz9 893816 893813 2026-08-09T19:00:06Z Alubaki 30448 /* Shirye-shirye */ 893816 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Vegan_Banana_Celebration_Cake_(5061766386).jpg|thumb|Abincin ayaba[[Kofin cake|cakki]]]] '''Gurasar [[ayaba]]''' ita ce kek da aka shirya ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarinnumber cake na yau da kullun. Ana iya shirya shi a hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da a matsayin cake, a matsayin muffins da kuma cupcakes. Ana samun kek ɗin ayaba mai tururi a cikin abincin Malaysian, Indonesian da Vietnamese.<ref name="Tropp 1982"/><ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Le 2014"/> A cikin [[Filipin|Philippines]], kalmar "Banana Cake" tana nufin burodi na ayaba da aka gabatar a Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka na Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title=Banana Bread Recipe |url=https://panlasangpinoy.com/moist-banana-bread-recipe/ |access-date=8 January 2022 |website=Panlasang Pinoy}}</ref> == Shirye-shirye == Ana shirya kek na [[ayaba]] ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarin cake na yau da kullun, kamar gari, sukari, ƙwai, man shanu, margarine ko mai da soda.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/><ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya gurɓata ayaba ko gurɓata ta amfani da mai sarrafa abinci ko mai haɗakar lantarki kuma a haɗa shi cikin gurasar cake,<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/> kuma ana iya ɗora wa kek ko kuma a yi masa ado da ayaba da aka yanka.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya shirya burodi na ayaba a matsayin amfani ga ayaba mai launin ruwan kasa ko mai tsufa.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Ana iya amfani da cakulan a matsayin sinadarin, wanda tare da ayaba shine haɗin dandano mai daɗi ga wasu mutane. Ana iya amfani da kwayoyi kamar walnuts da macadamias a cikin Batir da kuma saman da kuma yin ado da cake. Ana iya amfani da icing ko glaze a cikin shirye-shiryen cake, wanda zai iya haɗawa da barasa, kamar bourbon. Ana iya yin burodi ko shirya burodi a matsayin burodi mai tururi, wanda za'a iya amfani da tururi na abinci. Gurasar ayaba na iya samun ruwa. Ana iya shirya shi azaman cake, kuma ana iya amfani da gurasar don shirya Muffins da cup[[Kofin cake|cakes]]. Ana iya shirya shi azaman abincin kayan lambu kuma azaman abincin da ba shi da kitse.<gallery class="center" widths="220px" heights="160px" caption="Banana cakes"> Fayil:Banana_cake_slices.jpg|Slices of banana cake Fayil:Chocolate_banana_cake_garnished_with_strawberry_ice_cream.jpg|A chocolate banana cake garnished with strawberry ice cream Fayil:Banana_cake.jpg|A banana cake garnished with sliced banana </gallery> == Nau'o'i == '''A cikin abinci na Burma''' A cikin abincin Burmese, kek na ayaba sanannen kayan zaki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Burmese Banana Cake with Cinnamon Flavor Recipe by Chef Naing Win : Recipe from Top Asian Chefs |url=https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405072027/https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Top Asian Chefs |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana ba da shi akai-akai a bukukuwan aure, bukukuwan ranar haihuwar, da bukukuwa. Ana kuma cinye shi a lokacin bikin Ramadan na Eid . === Bánh chuoi === [[Fayil:Best_banana_pancake_Hoi_An,_Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Bánh chuoi da aka shirya a cikin salon pancake]] Bánh chuoi cake ne na ayaba na Vietnam ko burodi. Ana yawan yin kek ɗin tururi, kuma ana iya yin burodi. === Kue nagasari === [[Fayil:Kue_pisang_nagasari_dibuka.JPG|thumb|Kwa Nagas da ba a rufe su bakue nagasari]] Kue nagasari sanannen kek ne na ayaba na Indonesiya wanda za'a iya shirya shi ta amfani da ayaba, garin mung ko garin shinkafa, madarar kwakwa da sukari. == Duba kuma == * Jerin kekuna * Jerin abincin ayaba == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ƙarin karantawa == *   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Banana cakes}} p8f8g2gfr4czs5xf2dyqc10406bt2z4 893817 893816 2026-08-09T19:01:31Z Alubaki 30448 /* Shirye-shirye */ 893817 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Vegan_Banana_Celebration_Cake_(5061766386).jpg|thumb|Abincin ayaba[[Kofin cake|cakki]]]] '''Gurasar [[ayaba]]''' ita ce kek da aka shirya ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarinnumber cake na yau da kullun. Ana iya shirya shi a hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da a matsayin cake, a matsayin muffins da kuma cupcakes. Ana samun kek ɗin ayaba mai tururi a cikin abincin Malaysian, Indonesian da Vietnamese.<ref name="Tropp 1982"/><ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Le 2014"/> A cikin [[Filipin|Philippines]], kalmar "Banana Cake" tana nufin burodi na ayaba da aka gabatar a Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka na Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title=Banana Bread Recipe |url=https://panlasangpinoy.com/moist-banana-bread-recipe/ |access-date=8 January 2022 |website=Panlasang Pinoy}}</ref> == Shirye-shirye == Ana shirya kek na [[ayaba]] ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarin cake na yau da kullun, kamar gari, sukari, ƙwai, man shanu, margarine ko mai da soda.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/><ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya gurɓata ayaba ko gurɓata ta amfani da mai sarrafa abinci ko mai haɗakar lantarki kuma a haɗa shi cikin gurasar cake,<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/> kuma ana iya ɗora wa kek ko kuma a yi masa ado da ayaba da aka yanka.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya shirya burodi na ayaba a matsayin amfani ga ayaba mai launin ruwan kasa ko mai tsufa.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Ana iya amfani da cakulan a matsayin sinadarin,<ref name="Moll 1993"/> wanda tare da ayaba shine haɗin dandano mai daɗi ga wasu mutane. Ana iya amfani da kwayoyi kamar walnuts da macadamias a cikin Batir da kuma saman da kuma yin ado da cake. Ana iya amfani da icing ko glaze a cikin shirye-shiryen cake, wanda zai iya haɗawa da barasa, kamar bourbon. Ana iya yin burodi ko shirya burodi a matsayin burodi mai tururi, wanda za'a iya amfani da tururi na abinci. Gurasar ayaba na iya samun ruwa. Ana iya shirya shi azaman cake, kuma ana iya amfani da gurasar don shirya Muffins da cup[[Kofin cake|cakes]]. Ana iya shirya shi azaman abincin kayan lambu kuma azaman abincin da ba shi da kitse.<gallery class="center" widths="220px" heights="160px" caption="Banana cakes"> Fayil:Banana_cake_slices.jpg|Slices of banana cake Fayil:Chocolate_banana_cake_garnished_with_strawberry_ice_cream.jpg|A chocolate banana cake garnished with strawberry ice cream Fayil:Banana_cake.jpg|A banana cake garnished with sliced banana </gallery> == Nau'o'i == '''A cikin abinci na Burma''' A cikin abincin Burmese, kek na ayaba sanannen kayan zaki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Burmese Banana Cake with Cinnamon Flavor Recipe by Chef Naing Win : Recipe from Top Asian Chefs |url=https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405072027/https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Top Asian Chefs |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana ba da shi akai-akai a bukukuwan aure, bukukuwan ranar haihuwar, da bukukuwa. Ana kuma cinye shi a lokacin bikin Ramadan na Eid . === Bánh chuoi === [[Fayil:Best_banana_pancake_Hoi_An,_Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Bánh chuoi da aka shirya a cikin salon pancake]] Bánh chuoi cake ne na ayaba na Vietnam ko burodi. Ana yawan yin kek ɗin tururi, kuma ana iya yin burodi. === Kue nagasari === [[Fayil:Kue_pisang_nagasari_dibuka.JPG|thumb|Kwa Nagas da ba a rufe su bakue nagasari]] Kue nagasari sanannen kek ne na ayaba na Indonesiya wanda za'a iya shirya shi ta amfani da ayaba, garin mung ko garin shinkafa, madarar kwakwa da sukari. == Duba kuma == * Jerin kekuna * Jerin abincin ayaba == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ƙarin karantawa == *   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Banana cakes}} prbxizbqy6d2itzrjg4bhb6hqu6q8jj 893821 893817 2026-08-09T19:03:03Z Alubaki 30448 /* Shirye-shirye */ 893821 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Vegan_Banana_Celebration_Cake_(5061766386).jpg|thumb|Abincin ayaba[[Kofin cake|cakki]]]] '''Gurasar [[ayaba]]''' ita ce kek da aka shirya ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarinnumber cake na yau da kullun. Ana iya shirya shi a hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da a matsayin cake, a matsayin muffins da kuma cupcakes. Ana samun kek ɗin ayaba mai tururi a cikin abincin Malaysian, Indonesian da Vietnamese.<ref name="Tropp 1982"/><ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Le 2014"/> A cikin [[Filipin|Philippines]], kalmar "Banana Cake" tana nufin burodi na ayaba da aka gabatar a Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka na Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title=Banana Bread Recipe |url=https://panlasangpinoy.com/moist-banana-bread-recipe/ |access-date=8 January 2022 |website=Panlasang Pinoy}}</ref> == Shirye-shirye == Ana shirya kek na [[ayaba]] ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarin cake na yau da kullun, kamar gari, sukari, ƙwai, man shanu, margarine ko mai da soda.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/><ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya gurɓata ayaba ko gurɓata ta amfani da mai sarrafa abinci ko mai haɗakar lantarki kuma a haɗa shi cikin gurasar cake,<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/> kuma ana iya ɗora wa kek ko kuma a yi masa ado da ayaba da aka yanka.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya shirya burodi na ayaba a matsayin amfani ga ayaba mai launin ruwan kasa ko mai tsufa.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Ana iya amfani da cakulan a matsayin sinadarin,<ref name="Moll 1993"/> wanda tare da ayaba shine haɗin dandano mai daɗi ga wasu mutane.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya amfani da kwayoyi kamar walnuts da macadamias a cikin Batir da kuma saman da kuma yin ado da cake. Ana iya amfani da icing ko glaze a cikin shirye-shiryen cake, wanda zai iya haɗawa da barasa, kamar bourbon. Ana iya yin burodi ko shirya burodi a matsayin burodi mai tururi, wanda za'a iya amfani da tururi na abinci. Gurasar ayaba na iya samun ruwa. Ana iya shirya shi azaman cake, kuma ana iya amfani da gurasar don shirya Muffins da cup[[Kofin cake|cakes]]. Ana iya shirya shi azaman abincin kayan lambu kuma azaman abincin da ba shi da kitse.<gallery class="center" widths="220px" heights="160px" caption="Banana cakes"> Fayil:Banana_cake_slices.jpg|Slices of banana cake Fayil:Chocolate_banana_cake_garnished_with_strawberry_ice_cream.jpg|A chocolate banana cake garnished with strawberry ice cream Fayil:Banana_cake.jpg|A banana cake garnished with sliced banana </gallery> == Nau'o'i == '''A cikin abinci na Burma''' A cikin abincin Burmese, kek na ayaba sanannen kayan zaki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Burmese Banana Cake with Cinnamon Flavor Recipe by Chef Naing Win : Recipe from Top Asian Chefs |url=https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405072027/https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Top Asian Chefs |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana ba da shi akai-akai a bukukuwan aure, bukukuwan ranar haihuwar, da bukukuwa. Ana kuma cinye shi a lokacin bikin Ramadan na Eid . === Bánh chuoi === [[Fayil:Best_banana_pancake_Hoi_An,_Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Bánh chuoi da aka shirya a cikin salon pancake]] Bánh chuoi cake ne na ayaba na Vietnam ko burodi. Ana yawan yin kek ɗin tururi, kuma ana iya yin burodi. === Kue nagasari === [[Fayil:Kue_pisang_nagasari_dibuka.JPG|thumb|Kwa Nagas da ba a rufe su bakue nagasari]] Kue nagasari sanannen kek ne na ayaba na Indonesiya wanda za'a iya shirya shi ta amfani da ayaba, garin mung ko garin shinkafa, madarar kwakwa da sukari. == Duba kuma == * Jerin kekuna * Jerin abincin ayaba == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ƙarin karantawa == *   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Banana cakes}} estti18h0vx01m1327hrocebgu8p2yu 893825 893821 2026-08-09T19:07:12Z Alubaki 30448 /* Shirye-shirye */ 893825 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Vegan_Banana_Celebration_Cake_(5061766386).jpg|thumb|Abincin ayaba[[Kofin cake|cakki]]]] '''Gurasar [[ayaba]]''' ita ce kek da aka shirya ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarinnumber cake na yau da kullun. Ana iya shirya shi a hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da a matsayin cake, a matsayin muffins da kuma cupcakes. Ana samun kek ɗin ayaba mai tururi a cikin abincin Malaysian, Indonesian da Vietnamese.<ref name="Tropp 1982"/><ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Le 2014"/> A cikin [[Filipin|Philippines]], kalmar "Banana Cake" tana nufin burodi na ayaba da aka gabatar a Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka na Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title=Banana Bread Recipe |url=https://panlasangpinoy.com/moist-banana-bread-recipe/ |access-date=8 January 2022 |website=Panlasang Pinoy}}</ref> == Shirye-shirye == Ana shirya kek na [[ayaba]] ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarin cake na yau da kullun, kamar gari, sukari, ƙwai, man shanu, margarine ko mai da soda.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/><ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya gurɓata ayaba ko gurɓata ta amfani da mai sarrafa abinci ko mai haɗakar lantarki kuma a haɗa shi cikin gurasar cake,<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/> kuma ana iya ɗora wa kek ko kuma a yi masa ado da ayaba da aka yanka.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya shirya burodi na ayaba a matsayin amfani ga ayaba mai launin ruwan kasa ko mai tsufa.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Ana iya amfani da cakulan a matsayin sinadarin,<ref name="Moll 1993"/> wanda tare da ayaba shine haɗin dandano mai daɗi ga wasu mutane.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya amfani da kwayoyi kamar walnuts da macadamias a cikin Batir <ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/><ref name="Heldstab 2005"/> da kuma saman da kuma yin ado da cake.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya amfani da icing ko glaze a cikin shirye-shiryen cake, wanda zai iya haɗawa da barasa, kamar bourbon. Ana iya yin burodi ko shirya burodi a matsayin burodi mai tururi, wanda za'a iya amfani da tururi na abinci. Gurasar ayaba na iya samun ruwa. Ana iya shirya shi azaman cake, kuma ana iya amfani da gurasar don shirya Muffins da cup[[Kofin cake|cakes]]. Ana iya shirya shi azaman abincin kayan lambu kuma azaman abincin da ba shi da kitse.<gallery class="center" widths="220px" heights="160px" caption="Banana cakes"> Fayil:Banana_cake_slices.jpg|Slices of banana cake Fayil:Chocolate_banana_cake_garnished_with_strawberry_ice_cream.jpg|A chocolate banana cake garnished with strawberry ice cream Fayil:Banana_cake.jpg|A banana cake garnished with sliced banana </gallery> == Nau'o'i == '''A cikin abinci na Burma''' A cikin abincin Burmese, kek na ayaba sanannen kayan zaki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Burmese Banana Cake with Cinnamon Flavor Recipe by Chef Naing Win : Recipe from Top Asian Chefs |url=https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405072027/https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Top Asian Chefs |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana ba da shi akai-akai a bukukuwan aure, bukukuwan ranar haihuwar, da bukukuwa. Ana kuma cinye shi a lokacin bikin Ramadan na Eid . === Bánh chuoi === [[Fayil:Best_banana_pancake_Hoi_An,_Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Bánh chuoi da aka shirya a cikin salon pancake]] Bánh chuoi cake ne na ayaba na Vietnam ko burodi. Ana yawan yin kek ɗin tururi, kuma ana iya yin burodi. === Kue nagasari === [[Fayil:Kue_pisang_nagasari_dibuka.JPG|thumb|Kwa Nagas da ba a rufe su bakue nagasari]] Kue nagasari sanannen kek ne na ayaba na Indonesiya wanda za'a iya shirya shi ta amfani da ayaba, garin mung ko garin shinkafa, madarar kwakwa da sukari. == Duba kuma == * Jerin kekuna * Jerin abincin ayaba == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ƙarin karantawa == *   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Banana cakes}} hjpqjmw2hx4whz91ndyhtznist9p6wc 893826 893825 2026-08-09T19:26:56Z Alubaki 30448 /* Shirye-shirye */ 893826 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Vegan_Banana_Celebration_Cake_(5061766386).jpg|thumb|Abincin ayaba[[Kofin cake|cakki]]]] '''Gurasar [[ayaba]]''' ita ce kek da aka shirya ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarinnumber cake na yau da kullun. Ana iya shirya shi a hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da a matsayin cake, a matsayin muffins da kuma cupcakes. Ana samun kek ɗin ayaba mai tururi a cikin abincin Malaysian, Indonesian da Vietnamese.<ref name="Tropp 1982"/><ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Le 2014"/> A cikin [[Filipin|Philippines]], kalmar "Banana Cake" tana nufin burodi na ayaba da aka gabatar a Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka na Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title=Banana Bread Recipe |url=https://panlasangpinoy.com/moist-banana-bread-recipe/ |access-date=8 January 2022 |website=Panlasang Pinoy}}</ref> == Shirye-shirye == Ana shirya kek na [[ayaba]] ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarin cake na yau da kullun, kamar gari, sukari, ƙwai, man shanu, margarine ko mai da soda.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/><ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya gurɓata ayaba ko gurɓata ta amfani da mai sarrafa abinci ko mai haɗakar lantarki kuma a haɗa shi cikin gurasar cake,<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/> kuma ana iya ɗora wa kek ko kuma a yi masa ado da ayaba da aka yanka.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya shirya burodi na ayaba a matsayin amfani ga ayaba mai launin ruwan kasa ko mai tsufa.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Ana iya amfani da cakulan a matsayin sinadarin,<ref name="Moll 1993"/> wanda tare da ayaba shine haɗin dandano mai daɗi ga wasu mutane.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya amfani da kwayoyi kamar walnuts da macadamias a cikin Batir <ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/><ref name="Heldstab 2005"/> da kuma saman da kuma yin ado da cake.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya amfani da icing ko glaze a cikin shirye-shiryen cake, <ref name="Reisman 2002"/> wanda zai iya haɗawa da barasa, kamar bourbon. Ana iya yin burodi ko shirya burodi a matsayin burodi mai tururi, wanda za'a iya amfani da tururi na abinci. Gurasar ayaba na iya samun ruwa. Ana iya shirya shi azaman cake, kuma ana iya amfani da gurasar don shirya Muffins da cup[[Kofin cake|cakes]]. Ana iya shirya shi azaman abincin kayan lambu kuma azaman abincin da ba shi da kitse.<gallery class="center" widths="220px" heights="160px" caption="Banana cakes"> Fayil:Banana_cake_slices.jpg|Slices of banana cake Fayil:Chocolate_banana_cake_garnished_with_strawberry_ice_cream.jpg|A chocolate banana cake garnished with strawberry ice cream Fayil:Banana_cake.jpg|A banana cake garnished with sliced banana </gallery> == Nau'o'i == '''A cikin abinci na Burma''' A cikin abincin Burmese, kek na ayaba sanannen kayan zaki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Burmese Banana Cake with Cinnamon Flavor Recipe by Chef Naing Win : Recipe from Top Asian Chefs |url=https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405072027/https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Top Asian Chefs |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana ba da shi akai-akai a bukukuwan aure, bukukuwan ranar haihuwar, da bukukuwa. Ana kuma cinye shi a lokacin bikin Ramadan na Eid . === Bánh chuoi === [[Fayil:Best_banana_pancake_Hoi_An,_Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Bánh chuoi da aka shirya a cikin salon pancake]] Bánh chuoi cake ne na ayaba na Vietnam ko burodi. Ana yawan yin kek ɗin tururi, kuma ana iya yin burodi. === Kue nagasari === [[Fayil:Kue_pisang_nagasari_dibuka.JPG|thumb|Kwa Nagas da ba a rufe su bakue nagasari]] Kue nagasari sanannen kek ne na ayaba na Indonesiya wanda za'a iya shirya shi ta amfani da ayaba, garin mung ko garin shinkafa, madarar kwakwa da sukari. == Duba kuma == * Jerin kekuna * Jerin abincin ayaba == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ƙarin karantawa == *   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Banana cakes}} b96anrgbdl7hxm5xswy6l4y5lwuqfpg 893827 893826 2026-08-09T19:28:05Z Alubaki 30448 /* Shirye-shirye */ 893827 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Vegan_Banana_Celebration_Cake_(5061766386).jpg|thumb|Abincin ayaba[[Kofin cake|cakki]]]] '''Gurasar [[ayaba]]''' ita ce kek da aka shirya ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarinnumber cake na yau da kullun. Ana iya shirya shi a hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da a matsayin cake, a matsayin muffins da kuma cupcakes. Ana samun kek ɗin ayaba mai tururi a cikin abincin Malaysian, Indonesian da Vietnamese.<ref name="Tropp 1982"/><ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Le 2014"/> A cikin [[Filipin|Philippines]], kalmar "Banana Cake" tana nufin burodi na ayaba da aka gabatar a Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka na Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title=Banana Bread Recipe |url=https://panlasangpinoy.com/moist-banana-bread-recipe/ |access-date=8 January 2022 |website=Panlasang Pinoy}}</ref> == Shirye-shirye == Ana shirya kek na [[ayaba]] ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarin cake na yau da kullun, kamar gari, sukari, ƙwai, man shanu, margarine ko mai da soda.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/><ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya gurɓata ayaba ko gurɓata ta amfani da mai sarrafa abinci ko mai haɗakar lantarki kuma a haɗa shi cikin gurasar cake,<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/> kuma ana iya ɗora wa kek ko kuma a yi masa ado da ayaba da aka yanka.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya shirya burodi na ayaba a matsayin amfani ga ayaba mai launin ruwan kasa ko mai tsufa.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Ana iya amfani da cakulan a matsayin sinadarin,<ref name="Moll 1993"/> wanda tare da ayaba shine haɗin dandano mai daɗi ga wasu mutane.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya amfani da kwayoyi kamar walnuts da macadamias a cikin Batir <ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/><ref name="Heldstab 2005"/> da kuma saman da kuma yin ado da cake.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya amfani da icing ko glaze a cikin shirye-shiryen cake, <ref name="Reisman 2002"/> wanda zai iya haɗawa da barasa, kamar bourbon.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya yin burodi ko shirya burodi a matsayin burodi mai tururi, wanda za'a iya amfani da tururi na abinci. Gurasar ayaba na iya samun ruwa. Ana iya shirya shi azaman cake, kuma ana iya amfani da gurasar don shirya Muffins da cup[[Kofin cake|cakes]]. Ana iya shirya shi azaman abincin kayan lambu kuma azaman abincin da ba shi da kitse.<gallery class="center" widths="220px" heights="160px" caption="Banana cakes"> Fayil:Banana_cake_slices.jpg|Slices of banana cake Fayil:Chocolate_banana_cake_garnished_with_strawberry_ice_cream.jpg|A chocolate banana cake garnished with strawberry ice cream Fayil:Banana_cake.jpg|A banana cake garnished with sliced banana </gallery> == Nau'o'i == '''A cikin abinci na Burma''' A cikin abincin Burmese, kek na ayaba sanannen kayan zaki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Burmese Banana Cake with Cinnamon Flavor Recipe by Chef Naing Win : Recipe from Top Asian Chefs |url=https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405072027/https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Top Asian Chefs |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana ba da shi akai-akai a bukukuwan aure, bukukuwan ranar haihuwar, da bukukuwa. Ana kuma cinye shi a lokacin bikin Ramadan na Eid . === Bánh chuoi === [[Fayil:Best_banana_pancake_Hoi_An,_Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Bánh chuoi da aka shirya a cikin salon pancake]] Bánh chuoi cake ne na ayaba na Vietnam ko burodi. Ana yawan yin kek ɗin tururi, kuma ana iya yin burodi. === Kue nagasari === [[Fayil:Kue_pisang_nagasari_dibuka.JPG|thumb|Kwa Nagas da ba a rufe su bakue nagasari]] Kue nagasari sanannen kek ne na ayaba na Indonesiya wanda za'a iya shirya shi ta amfani da ayaba, garin mung ko garin shinkafa, madarar kwakwa da sukari. == Duba kuma == * Jerin kekuna * Jerin abincin ayaba == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ƙarin karantawa == *   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Banana cakes}} iye8nd8e8tmne9hatknts60ld33hxmh 893828 893827 2026-08-09T19:29:33Z Alubaki 30448 /* Shirye-shirye */ 893828 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Vegan_Banana_Celebration_Cake_(5061766386).jpg|thumb|Abincin ayaba[[Kofin cake|cakki]]]] '''Gurasar [[ayaba]]''' ita ce kek da aka shirya ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarinnumber cake na yau da kullun. Ana iya shirya shi a hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da a matsayin cake, a matsayin muffins da kuma cupcakes. Ana samun kek ɗin ayaba mai tururi a cikin abincin Malaysian, Indonesian da Vietnamese.<ref name="Tropp 1982"/><ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Le 2014"/> A cikin [[Filipin|Philippines]], kalmar "Banana Cake" tana nufin burodi na ayaba da aka gabatar a Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka na Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title=Banana Bread Recipe |url=https://panlasangpinoy.com/moist-banana-bread-recipe/ |access-date=8 January 2022 |website=Panlasang Pinoy}}</ref> == Shirye-shirye == Ana shirya kek na [[ayaba]] ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarin cake na yau da kullun, kamar gari, sukari, ƙwai, man shanu, margarine ko mai da soda.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/><ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya gurɓata ayaba ko gurɓata ta amfani da mai sarrafa abinci ko mai haɗakar lantarki kuma a haɗa shi cikin gurasar cake,<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/> kuma ana iya ɗora wa kek ko kuma a yi masa ado da ayaba da aka yanka.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya shirya burodi na ayaba a matsayin amfani ga ayaba mai launin ruwan kasa ko mai tsufa.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Ana iya amfani da cakulan a matsayin sinadarin,<ref name="Moll 1993"/> wanda tare da ayaba shine haɗin dandano mai daɗi ga wasu mutane.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya amfani da kwayoyi kamar walnuts da macadamias a cikin Batir <ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/><ref name="Heldstab 2005"/> da kuma saman da kuma yin ado da cake.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya amfani da icing ko glaze a cikin shirye-shiryen cake, <ref name="Reisman 2002"/> wanda zai iya haɗawa da barasa, kamar bourbon.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya yin burodi ko shirya burodi a matsayin burodi mai tururi, wanda za'a iya amfani da tururi na abinci.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Gurasar ayaba na iya samun ruwa. Ana iya shirya shi azaman cake, kuma ana iya amfani da gurasar don shirya Muffins da cup[[Kofin cake|cakes]]. Ana iya shirya shi azaman abincin kayan lambu kuma azaman abincin da ba shi da kitse.<gallery class="center" widths="220px" heights="160px" caption="Banana cakes"> Fayil:Banana_cake_slices.jpg|Slices of banana cake Fayil:Chocolate_banana_cake_garnished_with_strawberry_ice_cream.jpg|A chocolate banana cake garnished with strawberry ice cream Fayil:Banana_cake.jpg|A banana cake garnished with sliced banana </gallery> == Nau'o'i == '''A cikin abinci na Burma''' A cikin abincin Burmese, kek na ayaba sanannen kayan zaki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Burmese Banana Cake with Cinnamon Flavor Recipe by Chef Naing Win : Recipe from Top Asian Chefs |url=https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405072027/https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Top Asian Chefs |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana ba da shi akai-akai a bukukuwan aure, bukukuwan ranar haihuwar, da bukukuwa. Ana kuma cinye shi a lokacin bikin Ramadan na Eid . === Bánh chuoi === [[Fayil:Best_banana_pancake_Hoi_An,_Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Bánh chuoi da aka shirya a cikin salon pancake]] Bánh chuoi cake ne na ayaba na Vietnam ko burodi. Ana yawan yin kek ɗin tururi, kuma ana iya yin burodi. === Kue nagasari === [[Fayil:Kue_pisang_nagasari_dibuka.JPG|thumb|Kwa Nagas da ba a rufe su bakue nagasari]] Kue nagasari sanannen kek ne na ayaba na Indonesiya wanda za'a iya shirya shi ta amfani da ayaba, garin mung ko garin shinkafa, madarar kwakwa da sukari. == Duba kuma == * Jerin kekuna * Jerin abincin ayaba == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ƙarin karantawa == *   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Banana cakes}} h5826atbhognw3u7n4g5wb2j8jjfc2v 893829 893828 2026-08-09T19:30:44Z Alubaki 30448 /* Shirye-shirye */ 893829 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Vegan_Banana_Celebration_Cake_(5061766386).jpg|thumb|Abincin ayaba[[Kofin cake|cakki]]]] '''Gurasar [[ayaba]]''' ita ce kek da aka shirya ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarinnumber cake na yau da kullun. Ana iya shirya shi a hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da a matsayin cake, a matsayin muffins da kuma cupcakes. Ana samun kek ɗin ayaba mai tururi a cikin abincin Malaysian, Indonesian da Vietnamese.<ref name="Tropp 1982"/><ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Le 2014"/> A cikin [[Filipin|Philippines]], kalmar "Banana Cake" tana nufin burodi na ayaba da aka gabatar a Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka na Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title=Banana Bread Recipe |url=https://panlasangpinoy.com/moist-banana-bread-recipe/ |access-date=8 January 2022 |website=Panlasang Pinoy}}</ref> == Shirye-shirye == Ana shirya kek na [[ayaba]] ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarin cake na yau da kullun, kamar gari, sukari, ƙwai, man shanu, margarine ko mai da soda.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/><ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya gurɓata ayaba ko gurɓata ta amfani da mai sarrafa abinci ko mai haɗakar lantarki kuma a haɗa shi cikin gurasar cake,<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/> kuma ana iya ɗora wa kek ko kuma a yi masa ado da ayaba da aka yanka.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya shirya burodi na ayaba a matsayin amfani ga ayaba mai launin ruwan kasa ko mai tsufa.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Ana iya amfani da cakulan a matsayin sinadarin,<ref name="Moll 1993"/> wanda tare da ayaba shine haɗin dandano mai daɗi ga wasu mutane.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya amfani da kwayoyi kamar walnuts da macadamias a cikin Batir <ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/><ref name="Heldstab 2005"/> da kuma saman da kuma yin ado da cake.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya amfani da icing ko glaze a cikin shirye-shiryen cake, <ref name="Reisman 2002"/> wanda zai iya haɗawa da barasa, kamar bourbon.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya yin burodi ko shirya burodi a matsayin burodi mai tururi, wanda za'a iya amfani da tururi na abinci.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Gurasar ayaba na iya samun ruwa. Ana iya shirya shi azaman cake, kuma ana iya amfani da gurasar don shirya Muffins da cup[[Kofin cake|cakes]].<ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya shirya shi azaman abincin kayan lambu kuma azaman abincin da ba shi da kitse.<gallery class="center" widths="220px" heights="160px" caption="Banana cakes"> Fayil:Banana_cake_slices.jpg|Slices of banana cake Fayil:Chocolate_banana_cake_garnished_with_strawberry_ice_cream.jpg|A chocolate banana cake garnished with strawberry ice cream Fayil:Banana_cake.jpg|A banana cake garnished with sliced banana </gallery> == Nau'o'i == '''A cikin abinci na Burma''' A cikin abincin Burmese, kek na ayaba sanannen kayan zaki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Burmese Banana Cake with Cinnamon Flavor Recipe by Chef Naing Win : Recipe from Top Asian Chefs |url=https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405072027/https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Top Asian Chefs |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana ba da shi akai-akai a bukukuwan aure, bukukuwan ranar haihuwar, da bukukuwa. Ana kuma cinye shi a lokacin bikin Ramadan na Eid . === Bánh chuoi === [[Fayil:Best_banana_pancake_Hoi_An,_Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Bánh chuoi da aka shirya a cikin salon pancake]] Bánh chuoi cake ne na ayaba na Vietnam ko burodi. Ana yawan yin kek ɗin tururi, kuma ana iya yin burodi. === Kue nagasari === [[Fayil:Kue_pisang_nagasari_dibuka.JPG|thumb|Kwa Nagas da ba a rufe su bakue nagasari]] Kue nagasari sanannen kek ne na ayaba na Indonesiya wanda za'a iya shirya shi ta amfani da ayaba, garin mung ko garin shinkafa, madarar kwakwa da sukari. == Duba kuma == * Jerin kekuna * Jerin abincin ayaba == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ƙarin karantawa == *   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Banana cakes}} kb7azode9bsitej04kzkiq92ys4e3fx 893830 893829 2026-08-09T19:32:23Z Alubaki 30448 /* Shirye-shirye */ 893830 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Vegan_Banana_Celebration_Cake_(5061766386).jpg|thumb|Abincin ayaba[[Kofin cake|cakki]]]] '''Gurasar [[ayaba]]''' ita ce kek da aka shirya ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarinnumber cake na yau da kullun. Ana iya shirya shi a hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da a matsayin cake, a matsayin muffins da kuma cupcakes. Ana samun kek ɗin ayaba mai tururi a cikin abincin Malaysian, Indonesian da Vietnamese.<ref name="Tropp 1982"/><ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Le 2014"/> A cikin [[Filipin|Philippines]], kalmar "Banana Cake" tana nufin burodi na ayaba da aka gabatar a Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka na Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title=Banana Bread Recipe |url=https://panlasangpinoy.com/moist-banana-bread-recipe/ |access-date=8 January 2022 |website=Panlasang Pinoy}}</ref> == Shirye-shirye == Ana shirya kek na [[ayaba]] ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarin cake na yau da kullun, kamar gari, sukari, ƙwai, man shanu, margarine ko mai da soda.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/><ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya gurɓata ayaba ko gurɓata ta amfani da mai sarrafa abinci ko mai haɗakar lantarki kuma a haɗa shi cikin gurasar cake,<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/> kuma ana iya ɗora wa kek ko kuma a yi masa ado da ayaba da aka yanka.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya shirya burodi na ayaba a matsayin amfani ga ayaba mai launin ruwan kasa ko mai tsufa.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Ana iya amfani da cakulan a matsayin sinadarin,<ref name="Moll 1993"/> wanda tare da ayaba shine haɗin dandano mai daɗi ga wasu mutane.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya amfani da kwayoyi kamar walnuts da macadamias a cikin Batir <ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/><ref name="Heldstab 2005"/> da kuma saman da kuma yin ado da cake.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya amfani da icing ko glaze a cikin shirye-shiryen cake, <ref name="Reisman 2002"/> wanda zai iya haɗawa da barasa, kamar bourbon.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya yin burodi ko shirya burodi a matsayin burodi mai tururi, wanda za'a iya amfani da tururi na abinci.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Gurasar ayaba na iya samun ruwa. Ana iya shirya shi azaman cake,<ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> kuma ana iya amfani da gurasar don shirya Muffins da cup[[Kofin cake|cakes]].<ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya shirya shi azaman abincin kayan lambu kuma azaman abincin da ba shi da kitse.<gallery class="center" widths="220px" heights="160px" caption="Banana cakes"> Fayil:Banana_cake_slices.jpg|Slices of banana cake Fayil:Chocolate_banana_cake_garnished_with_strawberry_ice_cream.jpg|A chocolate banana cake garnished with strawberry ice cream Fayil:Banana_cake.jpg|A banana cake garnished with sliced banana </gallery> == Nau'o'i == '''A cikin abinci na Burma''' A cikin abincin Burmese, kek na ayaba sanannen kayan zaki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Burmese Banana Cake with Cinnamon Flavor Recipe by Chef Naing Win : Recipe from Top Asian Chefs |url=https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405072027/https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Top Asian Chefs |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana ba da shi akai-akai a bukukuwan aure, bukukuwan ranar haihuwar, da bukukuwa. Ana kuma cinye shi a lokacin bikin Ramadan na Eid . === Bánh chuoi === [[Fayil:Best_banana_pancake_Hoi_An,_Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Bánh chuoi da aka shirya a cikin salon pancake]] Bánh chuoi cake ne na ayaba na Vietnam ko burodi. Ana yawan yin kek ɗin tururi, kuma ana iya yin burodi. === Kue nagasari === [[Fayil:Kue_pisang_nagasari_dibuka.JPG|thumb|Kwa Nagas da ba a rufe su bakue nagasari]] Kue nagasari sanannen kek ne na ayaba na Indonesiya wanda za'a iya shirya shi ta amfani da ayaba, garin mung ko garin shinkafa, madarar kwakwa da sukari. == Duba kuma == * Jerin kekuna * Jerin abincin ayaba == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ƙarin karantawa == *   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Banana cakes}} ijjhnaxu5qtq2qbb105rlkjt7u3l2hm 893831 893830 2026-08-09T19:33:56Z Alubaki 30448 /* Shirye-shirye */ 893831 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Vegan_Banana_Celebration_Cake_(5061766386).jpg|thumb|Abincin ayaba[[Kofin cake|cakki]]]] '''Gurasar [[ayaba]]''' ita ce kek da aka shirya ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarinnumber cake na yau da kullun. Ana iya shirya shi a hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da a matsayin cake, a matsayin muffins da kuma cupcakes. Ana samun kek ɗin ayaba mai tururi a cikin abincin Malaysian, Indonesian da Vietnamese.<ref name="Tropp 1982"/><ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Le 2014"/> A cikin [[Filipin|Philippines]], kalmar "Banana Cake" tana nufin burodi na ayaba da aka gabatar a Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka na Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title=Banana Bread Recipe |url=https://panlasangpinoy.com/moist-banana-bread-recipe/ |access-date=8 January 2022 |website=Panlasang Pinoy}}</ref> == Shirye-shirye == Ana shirya kek na [[ayaba]] ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarin cake na yau da kullun, kamar gari, sukari, ƙwai, man shanu, margarine ko mai da soda.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/><ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya gurɓata ayaba ko gurɓata ta amfani da mai sarrafa abinci ko mai haɗakar lantarki kuma a haɗa shi cikin gurasar cake,<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/> kuma ana iya ɗora wa kek ko kuma a yi masa ado da ayaba da aka yanka.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya shirya burodi na ayaba a matsayin amfani ga ayaba mai launin ruwan kasa ko mai tsufa.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Ana iya amfani da cakulan a matsayin sinadarin,<ref name="Moll 1993"/> wanda tare da ayaba shine haɗin dandano mai daɗi ga wasu mutane.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya amfani da kwayoyi kamar walnuts da macadamias a cikin Batir <ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/><ref name="Heldstab 2005"/> da kuma saman da kuma yin ado da cake.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya amfani da icing ko glaze a cikin shirye-shiryen cake, <ref name="Reisman 2002"/> wanda zai iya haɗawa da barasa, kamar bourbon.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya yin burodi ko shirya burodi a matsayin burodi mai tururi, wanda za'a iya amfani da tururi na abinci.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Gurasar ayaba na iya samun ruwa. Ana iya shirya shi azaman cake,<ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> kuma ana iya amfani da gurasar don shirya Muffins da cup[[Kofin cake|cakes]].<ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya shirya shi azaman abincin kayan lambu kuma azaman abincin da ba shi da kitse.<ref name="Moll 1993"/> <gallery class="center" widths="220px" heights="160px" caption="Banana cakes"> Fayil:Banana_cake_slices.jpg|Slices of banana cake Fayil:Chocolate_banana_cake_garnished_with_strawberry_ice_cream.jpg|A chocolate banana cake garnished with strawberry ice cream Fayil:Banana_cake.jpg|A banana cake garnished with sliced banana </gallery> == Nau'o'i == '''A cikin abinci na Burma''' A cikin abincin Burmese, kek na ayaba sanannen kayan zaki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Burmese Banana Cake with Cinnamon Flavor Recipe by Chef Naing Win : Recipe from Top Asian Chefs |url=https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405072027/https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Top Asian Chefs |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana ba da shi akai-akai a bukukuwan aure, bukukuwan ranar haihuwar, da bukukuwa. Ana kuma cinye shi a lokacin bikin Ramadan na Eid . === Bánh chuoi === [[Fayil:Best_banana_pancake_Hoi_An,_Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Bánh chuoi da aka shirya a cikin salon pancake]] Bánh chuoi cake ne na ayaba na Vietnam ko burodi. Ana yawan yin kek ɗin tururi, kuma ana iya yin burodi. === Kue nagasari === [[Fayil:Kue_pisang_nagasari_dibuka.JPG|thumb|Kwa Nagas da ba a rufe su bakue nagasari]] Kue nagasari sanannen kek ne na ayaba na Indonesiya wanda za'a iya shirya shi ta amfani da ayaba, garin mung ko garin shinkafa, madarar kwakwa da sukari. == Duba kuma == * Jerin kekuna * Jerin abincin ayaba == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ƙarin karantawa == *   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Banana cakes}} 56iwthsx7be1iaic642jxbdwv703h21 893832 893831 2026-08-09T19:36:01Z Alubaki 30448 /* Kue nagasari */ 893832 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Vegan_Banana_Celebration_Cake_(5061766386).jpg|thumb|Abincin ayaba[[Kofin cake|cakki]]]] '''Gurasar [[ayaba]]''' ita ce kek da aka shirya ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarinnumber cake na yau da kullun. Ana iya shirya shi a hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da a matsayin cake, a matsayin muffins da kuma cupcakes. Ana samun kek ɗin ayaba mai tururi a cikin abincin Malaysian, Indonesian da Vietnamese.<ref name="Tropp 1982"/><ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Le 2014"/> A cikin [[Filipin|Philippines]], kalmar "Banana Cake" tana nufin burodi na ayaba da aka gabatar a Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka na Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title=Banana Bread Recipe |url=https://panlasangpinoy.com/moist-banana-bread-recipe/ |access-date=8 January 2022 |website=Panlasang Pinoy}}</ref> == Shirye-shirye == Ana shirya kek na [[ayaba]] ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarin cake na yau da kullun, kamar gari, sukari, ƙwai, man shanu, margarine ko mai da soda.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/><ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya gurɓata ayaba ko gurɓata ta amfani da mai sarrafa abinci ko mai haɗakar lantarki kuma a haɗa shi cikin gurasar cake,<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/> kuma ana iya ɗora wa kek ko kuma a yi masa ado da ayaba da aka yanka.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya shirya burodi na ayaba a matsayin amfani ga ayaba mai launin ruwan kasa ko mai tsufa.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Ana iya amfani da cakulan a matsayin sinadarin,<ref name="Moll 1993"/> wanda tare da ayaba shine haɗin dandano mai daɗi ga wasu mutane.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya amfani da kwayoyi kamar walnuts da macadamias a cikin Batir <ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/><ref name="Heldstab 2005"/> da kuma saman da kuma yin ado da cake.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya amfani da icing ko glaze a cikin shirye-shiryen cake, <ref name="Reisman 2002"/> wanda zai iya haɗawa da barasa, kamar bourbon.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya yin burodi ko shirya burodi a matsayin burodi mai tururi, wanda za'a iya amfani da tururi na abinci.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Gurasar ayaba na iya samun ruwa. Ana iya shirya shi azaman cake,<ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> kuma ana iya amfani da gurasar don shirya Muffins da cup[[Kofin cake|cakes]].<ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya shirya shi azaman abincin kayan lambu kuma azaman abincin da ba shi da kitse.<ref name="Moll 1993"/> <gallery class="center" widths="220px" heights="160px" caption="Banana cakes"> Fayil:Banana_cake_slices.jpg|Slices of banana cake Fayil:Chocolate_banana_cake_garnished_with_strawberry_ice_cream.jpg|A chocolate banana cake garnished with strawberry ice cream Fayil:Banana_cake.jpg|A banana cake garnished with sliced banana </gallery> == Nau'o'i == '''A cikin abinci na Burma''' A cikin abincin Burmese, kek na ayaba sanannen kayan zaki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Burmese Banana Cake with Cinnamon Flavor Recipe by Chef Naing Win : Recipe from Top Asian Chefs |url=https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405072027/https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Top Asian Chefs |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana ba da shi akai-akai a bukukuwan aure, bukukuwan ranar haihuwar, da bukukuwa. Ana kuma cinye shi a lokacin bikin Ramadan na Eid . === Bánh chuoi === [[Fayil:Best_banana_pancake_Hoi_An,_Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Bánh chuoi da aka shirya a cikin salon pancake]] Bánh chuoi cake ne na ayaba na Vietnam ko burodi. Ana yawan yin kek ɗin tururi, kuma ana iya yin burodi. === Kue nagasari === [[Fayil:Kue_pisang_nagasari_dibuka.JPG|thumb|Kwa Nagas da ba a rufe su bakue nagasari]] Kue nagasari sanannen kek ne na ayaba na Indonesiya wanda za'a iya shirya shi ta amfani da ayaba, garin mung ko garin shinkafa, madarar kwakwa da sukari.<ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Von Holzen Hutton Arsana 1999"/> == Duba kuma == * Jerin kekuna * Jerin abincin ayaba == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ƙarin karantawa == *   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Banana cakes}} icljjx3c8pqa2qh6gbf93jnqlh2pf6a 893834 893832 2026-08-09T19:36:58Z Alubaki 30448 /* Manazarta */ 893834 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Vegan_Banana_Celebration_Cake_(5061766386).jpg|thumb|Abincin ayaba[[Kofin cake|cakki]]]] '''Gurasar [[ayaba]]''' ita ce kek da aka shirya ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarinnumber cake na yau da kullun. Ana iya shirya shi a hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da a matsayin cake, a matsayin muffins da kuma cupcakes. Ana samun kek ɗin ayaba mai tururi a cikin abincin Malaysian, Indonesian da Vietnamese.<ref name="Tropp 1982"/><ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Le 2014"/> A cikin [[Filipin|Philippines]], kalmar "Banana Cake" tana nufin burodi na ayaba da aka gabatar a Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka na Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title=Banana Bread Recipe |url=https://panlasangpinoy.com/moist-banana-bread-recipe/ |access-date=8 January 2022 |website=Panlasang Pinoy}}</ref> == Shirye-shirye == Ana shirya kek na [[ayaba]] ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarin cake na yau da kullun, kamar gari, sukari, ƙwai, man shanu, margarine ko mai da soda.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/><ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya gurɓata ayaba ko gurɓata ta amfani da mai sarrafa abinci ko mai haɗakar lantarki kuma a haɗa shi cikin gurasar cake,<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/> kuma ana iya ɗora wa kek ko kuma a yi masa ado da ayaba da aka yanka.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya shirya burodi na ayaba a matsayin amfani ga ayaba mai launin ruwan kasa ko mai tsufa.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Ana iya amfani da cakulan a matsayin sinadarin,<ref name="Moll 1993"/> wanda tare da ayaba shine haɗin dandano mai daɗi ga wasu mutane.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya amfani da kwayoyi kamar walnuts da macadamias a cikin Batir <ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/><ref name="Heldstab 2005"/> da kuma saman da kuma yin ado da cake.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya amfani da icing ko glaze a cikin shirye-shiryen cake, <ref name="Reisman 2002"/> wanda zai iya haɗawa da barasa, kamar bourbon.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya yin burodi ko shirya burodi a matsayin burodi mai tururi, wanda za'a iya amfani da tururi na abinci.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Gurasar ayaba na iya samun ruwa. Ana iya shirya shi azaman cake,<ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> kuma ana iya amfani da gurasar don shirya Muffins da cup[[Kofin cake|cakes]].<ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya shirya shi azaman abincin kayan lambu kuma azaman abincin da ba shi da kitse.<ref name="Moll 1993"/> <gallery class="center" widths="220px" heights="160px" caption="Banana cakes"> Fayil:Banana_cake_slices.jpg|Slices of banana cake Fayil:Chocolate_banana_cake_garnished_with_strawberry_ice_cream.jpg|A chocolate banana cake garnished with strawberry ice cream Fayil:Banana_cake.jpg|A banana cake garnished with sliced banana </gallery> == Nau'o'i == '''A cikin abinci na Burma''' A cikin abincin Burmese, kek na ayaba sanannen kayan zaki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Burmese Banana Cake with Cinnamon Flavor Recipe by Chef Naing Win : Recipe from Top Asian Chefs |url=https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405072027/https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Top Asian Chefs |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana ba da shi akai-akai a bukukuwan aure, bukukuwan ranar haihuwar, da bukukuwa. Ana kuma cinye shi a lokacin bikin Ramadan na Eid . === Bánh chuoi === [[Fayil:Best_banana_pancake_Hoi_An,_Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Bánh chuoi da aka shirya a cikin salon pancake]] Bánh chuoi cake ne na ayaba na Vietnam ko burodi. Ana yawan yin kek ɗin tururi, kuma ana iya yin burodi. === Kue nagasari === [[Fayil:Kue_pisang_nagasari_dibuka.JPG|thumb|Kwa Nagas da ba a rufe su bakue nagasari]] Kue nagasari sanannen kek ne na ayaba na Indonesiya wanda za'a iya shirya shi ta amfani da ayaba, garin mung ko garin shinkafa, madarar kwakwa da sukari.<ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Von Holzen Hutton Arsana 1999"/> == Duba kuma == * Jerin kekuna * Jerin abincin ayaba == Manazarta == {{reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006">{{cite book | last1=Greenspan | first1=D. | last2=Richardson | first2=A. | title=Baking: From My Home to Yours | publisher=Houghton Mifflin | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-618-44336-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/bakingfrommyhome0000gree | url-access=registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/bakingfrommyhome0000gree/page/204 204]}}</ref> <ref name="Reisman 2002">{{cite book | last=Reisman | first=R. | title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Light Desserts | publisher=Alpha Books | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-02-864446-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NtQ7p6rMRC0C&pg=PA38 | pages=38–39}}</ref> <ref name="Mahunnop 2013">{{cite book | last=Mahunnop | first=W. | title=25 Delicious Banana Recipes | publisher=JustZen | year=2013 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xw1zAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 | page=18}}</ref> <ref name="Paré 2002">{{cite book | last=Paré | first=J. | title=The Rookie Cook | publisher=Company's Coming Publishing, Limited | series=Company's Coming | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-895455-92-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HOv-Gzpl3vIC&pg=PA146 | page=146}}</ref> <ref name="Le 2014">{{cite book | last=Le | first=H. | title=Vietnamese Food with Helen's Recipes | publisher=Createspace Independent Pub | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-5005-2971-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_AaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA158 | pages=158–161}}</ref> <ref name="Long 2015">{{cite book | last=Long | first=L.M. | title=Ethnic American Food Today: A Cultural Encyclopedia | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-4422-2731-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DBzYCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA294 | page=294}}</ref> <ref name="Von Holzen Hutton Arsana 1999">{{cite book | last1=Von Holzen | first1=H. | last2=Hutton | first2=W. | last3=Arsana | first3=L. | title=The Food of Indonesia: Authentic Recipes from the Spice Islands | publisher=Periplus Editions | series=Periplus World Food Series | year=1999 | isbn=978-962-593-389-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AWKM6aTEGboC&pg=PA114 | page=114}}</ref> <ref name="Tropp 1982">{{cite book | last=Tropp | first=B. | title=The Modern Art of Chinese Cooking | publisher=Morrow | series=Cookbook Library | year=1982 | isbn=978-0-688-00566-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y5ssAAAAYAAJ&q=steamed+%22Banana+cake%22 | page=518}}</ref> <ref name="Heldstab 2005">{{cite book | last=Heldstab | first=Celeste | title=The Kitchen Grimoire Volume 4 | publisher=Celeste Heldstab | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-9774722-3-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDcPhM4i1WUC&pg=PA402 | page=402}}</ref> <ref name="Koch Legato 2012">{{cite book | last1=Koch | first1=M. | last2=Legato | first2=S. | title=Eat More of what You Love | publisher=Running Press | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-7624-4589-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/eatmoreofwhatyou0000koch | url-access=registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/eatmoreofwhatyou0000koch/page/322 322]}}</ref> <ref name="Moll 1993">{{cite journal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwcAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22 | title=A Better Banana Cake | author=Moll, Lucy | journal=[[Vegetarian Times]] | date=January 1993 | issue= 185 | pages=22}}</ref> <ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015">{{cite book | last1=Brass | first1=M. | last2=Brass | first2=S. | last3=Ryan | first3=A. | title=Baking with the Brass Sisters | publisher=St. Martin's Press | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-250-06435-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lJoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT89 | access-date=April 20, 2016 | pages=64–66}}</ref> }} == Ƙarin karantawa == *   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Banana cakes}} 6ujyqyy0fsykvv8rq17um9s7joul1z5 893835 893834 2026-08-09T19:37:41Z Alubaki 30448 /* Manazarta */ 893835 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Vegan_Banana_Celebration_Cake_(5061766386).jpg|thumb|Abincin ayaba[[Kofin cake|cakki]]]] '''Gurasar [[ayaba]]''' ita ce kek da aka shirya ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarinnumber cake na yau da kullun. Ana iya shirya shi a hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da a matsayin cake, a matsayin muffins da kuma cupcakes. Ana samun kek ɗin ayaba mai tururi a cikin abincin Malaysian, Indonesian da Vietnamese.<ref name="Tropp 1982"/><ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Le 2014"/> A cikin [[Filipin|Philippines]], kalmar "Banana Cake" tana nufin burodi na ayaba da aka gabatar a Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka na Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title=Banana Bread Recipe |url=https://panlasangpinoy.com/moist-banana-bread-recipe/ |access-date=8 January 2022 |website=Panlasang Pinoy}}</ref> == Shirye-shirye == Ana shirya kek na [[ayaba]] ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarin cake na yau da kullun, kamar gari, sukari, ƙwai, man shanu, margarine ko mai da soda.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/><ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya gurɓata ayaba ko gurɓata ta amfani da mai sarrafa abinci ko mai haɗakar lantarki kuma a haɗa shi cikin gurasar cake,<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/> kuma ana iya ɗora wa kek ko kuma a yi masa ado da ayaba da aka yanka.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya shirya burodi na ayaba a matsayin amfani ga ayaba mai launin ruwan kasa ko mai tsufa.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Ana iya amfani da cakulan a matsayin sinadarin,<ref name="Moll 1993"/> wanda tare da ayaba shine haɗin dandano mai daɗi ga wasu mutane.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya amfani da kwayoyi kamar walnuts da macadamias a cikin Batir <ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/><ref name="Heldstab 2005"/> da kuma saman da kuma yin ado da cake.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya amfani da icing ko glaze a cikin shirye-shiryen cake, <ref name="Reisman 2002"/> wanda zai iya haɗawa da barasa, kamar bourbon.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya yin burodi ko shirya burodi a matsayin burodi mai tururi, wanda za'a iya amfani da tururi na abinci.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Gurasar ayaba na iya samun ruwa. Ana iya shirya shi azaman cake,<ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> kuma ana iya amfani da gurasar don shirya Muffins da cup[[Kofin cake|cakes]].<ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya shirya shi azaman abincin kayan lambu kuma azaman abincin da ba shi da kitse.<ref name="Moll 1993"/> <gallery class="center" widths="220px" heights="160px" caption="Banana cakes"> Fayil:Banana_cake_slices.jpg|Slices of banana cake Fayil:Chocolate_banana_cake_garnished_with_strawberry_ice_cream.jpg|A chocolate banana cake garnished with strawberry ice cream Fayil:Banana_cake.jpg|A banana cake garnished with sliced banana </gallery> == Nau'o'i == '''A cikin abinci na Burma''' A cikin abincin Burmese, kek na ayaba sanannen kayan zaki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Burmese Banana Cake with Cinnamon Flavor Recipe by Chef Naing Win : Recipe from Top Asian Chefs |url=https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405072027/https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Top Asian Chefs |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana ba da shi akai-akai a bukukuwan aure, bukukuwan ranar haihuwar, da bukukuwa. Ana kuma cinye shi a lokacin bikin Ramadan na Eid . === Bánh chuoi === [[Fayil:Best_banana_pancake_Hoi_An,_Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Bánh chuoi da aka shirya a cikin salon pancake]] Bánh chuoi cake ne na ayaba na Vietnam ko burodi. Ana yawan yin kek ɗin tururi, kuma ana iya yin burodi. === Kue nagasari === [[Fayil:Kue_pisang_nagasari_dibuka.JPG|thumb|Kwa Nagas da ba a rufe su bakue nagasari]] Kue nagasari sanannen kek ne na ayaba na Indonesiya wanda za'a iya shirya shi ta amfani da ayaba, garin mung ko garin shinkafa, madarar kwakwa da sukari.<ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Von Holzen Hutton Arsana 1999"/> == Duba kuma == * Jerin kekuna * Jerin abincin ayaba == Manazarta == {{reflist|30em|refs=}} <ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006">{{cite book | last1=Greenspan | first1=D. | last2=Richardson | first2=A. | title=Baking: From My Home to Yours | publisher=Houghton Mifflin | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-618-44336-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/bakingfrommyhome0000gree | url-access=registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/bakingfrommyhome0000gree/page/204 204]}}</ref> <ref name="Reisman 2002">{{cite book | last=Reisman | first=R. | title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Light Desserts | publisher=Alpha Books | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-02-864446-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NtQ7p6rMRC0C&pg=PA38 | pages=38–39}}</ref> <ref name="Mahunnop 2013">{{cite book | last=Mahunnop | first=W. | title=25 Delicious Banana Recipes | publisher=JustZen | year=2013 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xw1zAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 | page=18}}</ref> <ref name="Paré 2002">{{cite book | last=Paré | first=J. | title=The Rookie Cook | publisher=Company's Coming Publishing, Limited | series=Company's Coming | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-895455-92-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HOv-Gzpl3vIC&pg=PA146 | page=146}}</ref> <ref name="Le 2014">{{cite book | last=Le | first=H. | title=Vietnamese Food with Helen's Recipes | publisher=Createspace Independent Pub | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-5005-2971-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_AaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA158 | pages=158–161}}</ref> <ref name="Long 2015">{{cite book | last=Long | first=L.M. | title=Ethnic American Food Today: A Cultural Encyclopedia | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-4422-2731-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DBzYCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA294 | page=294}}</ref> <ref name="Von Holzen Hutton Arsana 1999">{{cite book | last1=Von Holzen | first1=H. | last2=Hutton | first2=W. | last3=Arsana | first3=L. | title=The Food of Indonesia: Authentic Recipes from the Spice Islands | publisher=Periplus Editions | series=Periplus World Food Series | year=1999 | isbn=978-962-593-389-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AWKM6aTEGboC&pg=PA114 | page=114}}</ref> <ref name="Tropp 1982">{{cite book | last=Tropp | first=B. | title=The Modern Art of Chinese Cooking | publisher=Morrow | series=Cookbook Library | year=1982 | isbn=978-0-688-00566-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y5ssAAAAYAAJ&q=steamed+%22Banana+cake%22 | page=518}}</ref> <ref name="Heldstab 2005">{{cite book | last=Heldstab | first=Celeste | title=The Kitchen Grimoire Volume 4 | publisher=Celeste Heldstab | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-9774722-3-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDcPhM4i1WUC&pg=PA402 | page=402}}</ref> <ref name="Koch Legato 2012">{{cite book | last1=Koch | first1=M. | last2=Legato | first2=S. | title=Eat More of what You Love | publisher=Running Press | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-7624-4589-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/eatmoreofwhatyou0000koch | url-access=registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/eatmoreofwhatyou0000koch/page/322 322]}}</ref> <ref name="Moll 1993">{{cite journal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwcAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22 | title=A Better Banana Cake | author=Moll, Lucy | journal=[[Vegetarian Times]] | date=January 1993 | issue= 185 | pages=22}}</ref> <ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015">{{cite book | last1=Brass | first1=M. | last2=Brass | first2=S. | last3=Ryan | first3=A. | title=Baking with the Brass Sisters | publisher=St. Martin's Press | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-250-06435-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lJoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT89 | access-date=April 20, 2016 | pages=64–66}}</ref> == Ƙarin karantawa == *   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Banana cakes}} o7mucx1gh2svnh0o8gjzo9noqxfva4z 893836 893835 2026-08-09T19:38:39Z Alubaki 30448 /* Manazarta */ 893836 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Vegan_Banana_Celebration_Cake_(5061766386).jpg|thumb|Abincin ayaba[[Kofin cake|cakki]]]] '''Gurasar [[ayaba]]''' ita ce kek da aka shirya ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarinnumber cake na yau da kullun. Ana iya shirya shi a hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da a matsayin cake, a matsayin muffins da kuma cupcakes. Ana samun kek ɗin ayaba mai tururi a cikin abincin Malaysian, Indonesian da Vietnamese.<ref name="Tropp 1982"/><ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Le 2014"/> A cikin [[Filipin|Philippines]], kalmar "Banana Cake" tana nufin burodi na ayaba da aka gabatar a Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka na Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title=Banana Bread Recipe |url=https://panlasangpinoy.com/moist-banana-bread-recipe/ |access-date=8 January 2022 |website=Panlasang Pinoy}}</ref> == Shirye-shirye == Ana shirya kek na [[ayaba]] ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarin cake na yau da kullun, kamar gari, sukari, ƙwai, man shanu, margarine ko mai da soda.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/><ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya gurɓata ayaba ko gurɓata ta amfani da mai sarrafa abinci ko mai haɗakar lantarki kuma a haɗa shi cikin gurasar cake,<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/> kuma ana iya ɗora wa kek ko kuma a yi masa ado da ayaba da aka yanka.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya shirya burodi na ayaba a matsayin amfani ga ayaba mai launin ruwan kasa ko mai tsufa.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Ana iya amfani da cakulan a matsayin sinadarin,<ref name="Moll 1993"/> wanda tare da ayaba shine haɗin dandano mai daɗi ga wasu mutane.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya amfani da kwayoyi kamar walnuts da macadamias a cikin Batir <ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/><ref name="Heldstab 2005"/> da kuma saman da kuma yin ado da cake.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya amfani da icing ko glaze a cikin shirye-shiryen cake, <ref name="Reisman 2002"/> wanda zai iya haɗawa da barasa, kamar bourbon.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya yin burodi ko shirya burodi a matsayin burodi mai tururi, wanda za'a iya amfani da tururi na abinci.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Gurasar ayaba na iya samun ruwa. Ana iya shirya shi azaman cake,<ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> kuma ana iya amfani da gurasar don shirya Muffins da cup[[Kofin cake|cakes]].<ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya shirya shi azaman abincin kayan lambu kuma azaman abincin da ba shi da kitse.<ref name="Moll 1993"/> <gallery class="center" widths="220px" heights="160px" caption="Banana cakes"> Fayil:Banana_cake_slices.jpg|Slices of banana cake Fayil:Chocolate_banana_cake_garnished_with_strawberry_ice_cream.jpg|A chocolate banana cake garnished with strawberry ice cream Fayil:Banana_cake.jpg|A banana cake garnished with sliced banana </gallery> == Nau'o'i == '''A cikin abinci na Burma''' A cikin abincin Burmese, kek na ayaba sanannen kayan zaki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Burmese Banana Cake with Cinnamon Flavor Recipe by Chef Naing Win : Recipe from Top Asian Chefs |url=https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405072027/https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Top Asian Chefs |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana ba da shi akai-akai a bukukuwan aure, bukukuwan ranar haihuwar, da bukukuwa. Ana kuma cinye shi a lokacin bikin Ramadan na Eid . === Bánh chuoi === [[Fayil:Best_banana_pancake_Hoi_An,_Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Bánh chuoi da aka shirya a cikin salon pancake]] Bánh chuoi cake ne na ayaba na Vietnam ko burodi. Ana yawan yin kek ɗin tururi, kuma ana iya yin burodi. === Kue nagasari === [[Fayil:Kue_pisang_nagasari_dibuka.JPG|thumb|Kwa Nagas da ba a rufe su bakue nagasari]] Kue nagasari sanannen kek ne na ayaba na Indonesiya wanda za'a iya shirya shi ta amfani da ayaba, garin mung ko garin shinkafa, madarar kwakwa da sukari.<ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Von Holzen Hutton Arsana 1999"/> == Duba kuma == * Jerin kekuna * Jerin abincin ayaba == Manazarta == {{reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006">{{cite book | last1=Greenspan | first1=D. | last2=Richardson | first2=A. | title=Baking: From My Home to Yours | publisher=Houghton Mifflin | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-618-44336-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/bakingfrommyhome0000gree | url-access=registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/bakingfrommyhome0000gree/page/204 204]}}</ref> <ref name="Reisman 2002">{{cite book | last=Reisman | first=R. | title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Light Desserts | publisher=Alpha Books | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-02-864446-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NtQ7p6rMRC0C&pg=PA38 | pages=38–39}}</ref> <ref name="Mahunnop 2013">{{cite book | last=Mahunnop | first=W. | title=25 Delicious Banana Recipes | publisher=JustZen | year=2013 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xw1zAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 | page=18}}</ref> <ref name="Paré 2002">{{cite book | last=Paré | first=J. | title=The Rookie Cook | publisher=Company's Coming Publishing, Limited | series=Company's Coming | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-895455-92-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HOv-Gzpl3vIC&pg=PA146 | page=146}}</ref> <ref name="Le 2014">{{cite book | last=Le | first=H. | title=Vietnamese Food with Helen's Recipes | publisher=Createspace Independent Pub | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-5005-2971-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_AaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA158 | pages=158–161}}</ref> <ref name="Long 2015">{{cite book | last=Long | first=L.M. | title=Ethnic American Food Today: A Cultural Encyclopedia | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-4422-2731-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DBzYCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA294 | page=294}}</ref> <ref name="Von Holzen Hutton Arsana 1999">{{cite book | last1=Von Holzen | first1=H. | last2=Hutton | first2=W. | last3=Arsana | first3=L. | title=The Food of Indonesia: Authentic Recipes from the Spice Islands | publisher=Periplus Editions | series=Periplus World Food Series | year=1999 | isbn=978-962-593-389-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AWKM6aTEGboC&pg=PA114 | page=114}}</ref> <ref name="Tropp 1982">{{cite book | last=Tropp | first=B. | title=The Modern Art of Chinese Cooking | publisher=Morrow | series=Cookbook Library | year=1982 | isbn=978-0-688-00566-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y5ssAAAAYAAJ&q=steamed+%22Banana+cake%22 | page=518}}</ref> <ref name="Heldstab 2005">{{cite book | last=Heldstab | first=Celeste | title=The Kitchen Grimoire Volume 4 | publisher=Celeste Heldstab | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-9774722-3-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDcPhM4i1WUC&pg=PA402 | page=402}}</ref> <ref name="Koch Legato 2012">{{cite book | last1=Koch | first1=M. | last2=Legato | first2=S. | title=Eat More of what You Love | publisher=Running Press | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-7624-4589-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/eatmoreofwhatyou0000koch | url-access=registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/eatmoreofwhatyou0000koch/page/322 322]}}</ref> <ref name="Moll 1993">{{cite journal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwcAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22 | title=A Better Banana Cake | author=Moll, Lucy | journal=[[Vegetarian Times]] | date=January 1993 | issue= 185 | pages=22}}</ref> <ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015">{{cite book | last1=Brass | first1=M. | last2=Brass | first2=S. | last3=Ryan | first3=A. | title=Baking with the Brass Sisters | publisher=St. Martin's Press | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-250-06435-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lJoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT89 | access-date=April 20, 2016 | pages=64–66}}</ref> }} == Ƙarin karantawa == *   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Banana cakes}} 6ujyqyy0fsykvv8rq17um9s7joul1z5 893837 893836 2026-08-09T19:39:20Z Alubaki 30448 /* Manazarta */ 893837 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Vegan_Banana_Celebration_Cake_(5061766386).jpg|thumb|Abincin ayaba[[Kofin cake|cakki]]]] '''Gurasar [[ayaba]]''' ita ce kek da aka shirya ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarinnumber cake na yau da kullun. Ana iya shirya shi a hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da a matsayin cake, a matsayin muffins da kuma cupcakes. Ana samun kek ɗin ayaba mai tururi a cikin abincin Malaysian, Indonesian da Vietnamese.<ref name="Tropp 1982"/><ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Le 2014"/> A cikin [[Filipin|Philippines]], kalmar "Banana Cake" tana nufin burodi na ayaba da aka gabatar a Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka na Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title=Banana Bread Recipe |url=https://panlasangpinoy.com/moist-banana-bread-recipe/ |access-date=8 January 2022 |website=Panlasang Pinoy}}</ref> == Shirye-shirye == Ana shirya kek na [[ayaba]] ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarin cake na yau da kullun, kamar gari, sukari, ƙwai, man shanu, margarine ko mai da soda.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/><ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya gurɓata ayaba ko gurɓata ta amfani da mai sarrafa abinci ko mai haɗakar lantarki kuma a haɗa shi cikin gurasar cake,<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/> kuma ana iya ɗora wa kek ko kuma a yi masa ado da ayaba da aka yanka.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya shirya burodi na ayaba a matsayin amfani ga ayaba mai launin ruwan kasa ko mai tsufa.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Ana iya amfani da cakulan a matsayin sinadarin,<ref name="Moll 1993"/> wanda tare da ayaba shine haɗin dandano mai daɗi ga wasu mutane.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya amfani da kwayoyi kamar walnuts da macadamias a cikin Batir <ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/><ref name="Heldstab 2005"/> da kuma saman da kuma yin ado da cake.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya amfani da icing ko glaze a cikin shirye-shiryen cake, <ref name="Reisman 2002"/> wanda zai iya haɗawa da barasa, kamar bourbon.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya yin burodi ko shirya burodi a matsayin burodi mai tururi, wanda za'a iya amfani da tururi na abinci.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Gurasar ayaba na iya samun ruwa. Ana iya shirya shi azaman cake,<ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> kuma ana iya amfani da gurasar don shirya Muffins da cup[[Kofin cake|cakes]].<ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya shirya shi azaman abincin kayan lambu kuma azaman abincin da ba shi da kitse.<ref name="Moll 1993"/> <gallery class="center" widths="220px" heights="160px" caption="Banana cakes"> Fayil:Banana_cake_slices.jpg|Slices of banana cake Fayil:Chocolate_banana_cake_garnished_with_strawberry_ice_cream.jpg|A chocolate banana cake garnished with strawberry ice cream Fayil:Banana_cake.jpg|A banana cake garnished with sliced banana </gallery> == Nau'o'i == '''A cikin abinci na Burma''' A cikin abincin Burmese, kek na ayaba sanannen kayan zaki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Burmese Banana Cake with Cinnamon Flavor Recipe by Chef Naing Win : Recipe from Top Asian Chefs |url=https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405072027/https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Top Asian Chefs |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana ba da shi akai-akai a bukukuwan aure, bukukuwan ranar haihuwar, da bukukuwa. Ana kuma cinye shi a lokacin bikin Ramadan na Eid . === Bánh chuoi === [[Fayil:Best_banana_pancake_Hoi_An,_Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Bánh chuoi da aka shirya a cikin salon pancake]] Bánh chuoi cake ne na ayaba na Vietnam ko burodi. Ana yawan yin kek ɗin tururi, kuma ana iya yin burodi. === Kue nagasari === [[Fayil:Kue_pisang_nagasari_dibuka.JPG|thumb|Kwa Nagas da ba a rufe su bakue nagasari]] Kue nagasari sanannen kek ne na ayaba na Indonesiya wanda za'a iya shirya shi ta amfani da ayaba, garin mung ko garin shinkafa, madarar kwakwa da sukari.<ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Von Holzen Hutton Arsana 1999"/> == Duba kuma == * Jerin kekuna * Jerin abincin ayaba == Manazarta == {{reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006">{{cite book | last1=Greenspan | first1=D. | last2=Richardson | first2=A. | title=Baking: From My Home to Yours | publisher=Houghton Mifflin | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-618-44336-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/bakingfrommyhome0000gree | url-access=registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/bakingfrommyhome0000gree/page/204 204]}}</ref> <ref name="Reisman 2002">{{cite book | last=Reisman | first=R. | title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Light Desserts | publisher=Alpha Books | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-02-864446-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NtQ7p6rMRC0C&pg=PA38 | pages=38–39}}</ref> <ref name="Mahunnop 2013">{{cite book | last=Mahunnop | first=W. | title=25 Delicious Banana Recipes | publisher=JustZen | year=2013 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xw1zAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 | page=18}}</ref> <ref name="Paré 2002">{{cite book | last=Paré | first=J. | title=The Rookie Cook | publisher=Company's Coming Publishing, Limited | series=Company's Coming | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-895455-92-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HOv-Gzpl3vIC&pg=PA146 | page=146}}</ref> <ref name="Le 2014">{{cite book | last=Le | first=H. | title=Vietnamese Food with Helen's Recipes | publisher=Createspace Independent Pub | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-5005-2971-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_AaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA158 | pages=158–161}}</ref> <ref name="Long 2015">{{cite book | last=Long | first=L.M. | title=Ethnic American Food Today: A Cultural Encyclopedia | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-4422-2731-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DBzYCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA294 | page=294}}</ref> <ref name="Von Holzen Hutton Arsana 1999">{{cite book | last1=Von Holzen | first1=H. | last2=Hutton | first2=W. | last3=Arsana | first3=L. | title=The Food of Indonesia: Authentic Recipes from the Spice Islands | publisher=Periplus Editions | series=Periplus World Food Series | year=1999 | isbn=978-962-593-389-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AWKM6aTEGboC&pg=PA114 | page=114}}</ref> <ref name="Tropp 1982">{{cite book | last=Tropp | first=B. | title=The Modern Art of Chinese Cooking | publisher=Morrow | series=Cookbook Library | year=1982 | isbn=978-0-688-00566-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y5ssAAAAYAAJ&q=steamed+%22Banana+cake%22 | page=518}}</ref> <ref name="Heldstab 2005">{{cite book | last=Heldstab | first=Celeste | title=The Kitchen Grimoire Volume 4 | publisher=Celeste Heldstab | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-9774722-3-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDcPhM4i1WUC&pg=PA402 | page=402}}</ref> <ref name="Koch Legato 2012">{{cite book | last1=Koch | first1=M. | last2=Legato | first2=S. | title=Eat More of what You Love | publisher=Running Press | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-7624-4589-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/eatmoreofwhatyou0000koch | url-access=registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/eatmoreofwhatyou0000koch/page/322 322]}}</ref> <ref name="Moll 1993">{{cite journal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwcAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22 | title=A Better Banana Cake | author=Moll, Lucy | journal=[[Vegetarian Times]] | date=January 1993 | issue= 185 | pages=22}}</ref> <ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015">{{cite book | last1=Brass | first1=M. | last2=Brass | first2=S. | last3=Ryan | first3=A. | title=Baking with the Brass Sisters | publisher=St. Martin's Press | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-250-06435-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lJoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT89 | access-date=April 20, 2016 | pages=64–66}}</ref>}} == Ƙarin karantawa == *   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Banana cakes}} fe68r03k6ggi6t12kt580z4u9d4eb2e 893838 893837 2026-08-09T19:39:47Z Alubaki 30448 /* Manazarta */ 893838 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Vegan_Banana_Celebration_Cake_(5061766386).jpg|thumb|Abincin ayaba[[Kofin cake|cakki]]]] '''Gurasar [[ayaba]]''' ita ce kek da aka shirya ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarinnumber cake na yau da kullun. Ana iya shirya shi a hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da a matsayin cake, a matsayin muffins da kuma cupcakes. Ana samun kek ɗin ayaba mai tururi a cikin abincin Malaysian, Indonesian da Vietnamese.<ref name="Tropp 1982"/><ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Le 2014"/> A cikin [[Filipin|Philippines]], kalmar "Banana Cake" tana nufin burodi na ayaba da aka gabatar a Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka na Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title=Banana Bread Recipe |url=https://panlasangpinoy.com/moist-banana-bread-recipe/ |access-date=8 January 2022 |website=Panlasang Pinoy}}</ref> == Shirye-shirye == Ana shirya kek na [[ayaba]] ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarin cake na yau da kullun, kamar gari, sukari, ƙwai, man shanu, margarine ko mai da soda.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/><ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya gurɓata ayaba ko gurɓata ta amfani da mai sarrafa abinci ko mai haɗakar lantarki kuma a haɗa shi cikin gurasar cake,<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/> kuma ana iya ɗora wa kek ko kuma a yi masa ado da ayaba da aka yanka.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya shirya burodi na ayaba a matsayin amfani ga ayaba mai launin ruwan kasa ko mai tsufa.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Ana iya amfani da cakulan a matsayin sinadarin,<ref name="Moll 1993"/> wanda tare da ayaba shine haɗin dandano mai daɗi ga wasu mutane.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya amfani da kwayoyi kamar walnuts da macadamias a cikin Batir <ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/><ref name="Heldstab 2005"/> da kuma saman da kuma yin ado da cake.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya amfani da icing ko glaze a cikin shirye-shiryen cake, <ref name="Reisman 2002"/> wanda zai iya haɗawa da barasa, kamar bourbon.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya yin burodi ko shirya burodi a matsayin burodi mai tururi, wanda za'a iya amfani da tururi na abinci.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Gurasar ayaba na iya samun ruwa. Ana iya shirya shi azaman cake,<ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> kuma ana iya amfani da gurasar don shirya Muffins da cup[[Kofin cake|cakes]].<ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya shirya shi azaman abincin kayan lambu kuma azaman abincin da ba shi da kitse.<ref name="Moll 1993"/> <gallery class="center" widths="220px" heights="160px" caption="Banana cakes"> Fayil:Banana_cake_slices.jpg|Slices of banana cake Fayil:Chocolate_banana_cake_garnished_with_strawberry_ice_cream.jpg|A chocolate banana cake garnished with strawberry ice cream Fayil:Banana_cake.jpg|A banana cake garnished with sliced banana </gallery> == Nau'o'i == '''A cikin abinci na Burma''' A cikin abincin Burmese, kek na ayaba sanannen kayan zaki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Burmese Banana Cake with Cinnamon Flavor Recipe by Chef Naing Win : Recipe from Top Asian Chefs |url=https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405072027/https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Top Asian Chefs |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana ba da shi akai-akai a bukukuwan aure, bukukuwan ranar haihuwar, da bukukuwa. Ana kuma cinye shi a lokacin bikin Ramadan na Eid . === Bánh chuoi === [[Fayil:Best_banana_pancake_Hoi_An,_Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Bánh chuoi da aka shirya a cikin salon pancake]] Bánh chuoi cake ne na ayaba na Vietnam ko burodi. Ana yawan yin kek ɗin tururi, kuma ana iya yin burodi. === Kue nagasari === [[Fayil:Kue_pisang_nagasari_dibuka.JPG|thumb|Kwa Nagas da ba a rufe su bakue nagasari]] Kue nagasari sanannen kek ne na ayaba na Indonesiya wanda za'a iya shirya shi ta amfani da ayaba, garin mung ko garin shinkafa, madarar kwakwa da sukari.<ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Von Holzen Hutton Arsana 1999"/> == Duba kuma == * Jerin kekuna * Jerin abincin ayaba == Manazarta == {{reflist}} <ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006">{{cite book | last1=Greenspan | first1=D. | last2=Richardson | first2=A. | title=Baking: From My Home to Yours | publisher=Houghton Mifflin | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-618-44336-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/bakingfrommyhome0000gree | url-access=registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/bakingfrommyhome0000gree/page/204 204]}}</ref> <ref name="Reisman 2002">{{cite book | last=Reisman | first=R. | title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Light Desserts | publisher=Alpha Books | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-02-864446-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NtQ7p6rMRC0C&pg=PA38 | pages=38–39}}</ref> <ref name="Mahunnop 2013">{{cite book | last=Mahunnop | first=W. | title=25 Delicious Banana Recipes | publisher=JustZen | year=2013 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xw1zAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 | page=18}}</ref> <ref name="Paré 2002">{{cite book | last=Paré | first=J. | title=The Rookie Cook | publisher=Company's Coming Publishing, Limited | series=Company's Coming | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-895455-92-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HOv-Gzpl3vIC&pg=PA146 | page=146}}</ref> <ref name="Le 2014">{{cite book | last=Le | first=H. | title=Vietnamese Food with Helen's Recipes | publisher=Createspace Independent Pub | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-5005-2971-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_AaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA158 | pages=158–161}}</ref> <ref name="Long 2015">{{cite book | last=Long | first=L.M. | title=Ethnic American Food Today: A Cultural Encyclopedia | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-4422-2731-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DBzYCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA294 | page=294}}</ref> <ref name="Von Holzen Hutton Arsana 1999">{{cite book | last1=Von Holzen | first1=H. | last2=Hutton | first2=W. | last3=Arsana | first3=L. | title=The Food of Indonesia: Authentic Recipes from the Spice Islands | publisher=Periplus Editions | series=Periplus World Food Series | year=1999 | isbn=978-962-593-389-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AWKM6aTEGboC&pg=PA114 | page=114}}</ref> <ref name="Tropp 1982">{{cite book | last=Tropp | first=B. | title=The Modern Art of Chinese Cooking | publisher=Morrow | series=Cookbook Library | year=1982 | isbn=978-0-688-00566-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y5ssAAAAYAAJ&q=steamed+%22Banana+cake%22 | page=518}}</ref> <ref name="Heldstab 2005">{{cite book | last=Heldstab | first=Celeste | title=The Kitchen Grimoire Volume 4 | publisher=Celeste Heldstab | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-9774722-3-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDcPhM4i1WUC&pg=PA402 | page=402}}</ref> <ref name="Koch Legato 2012">{{cite book | last1=Koch | first1=M. | last2=Legato | first2=S. | title=Eat More of what You Love | publisher=Running Press | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-7624-4589-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/eatmoreofwhatyou0000koch | url-access=registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/eatmoreofwhatyou0000koch/page/322 322]}}</ref> <ref name="Moll 1993">{{cite journal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwcAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22 | title=A Better Banana Cake | author=Moll, Lucy | journal=[[Vegetarian Times]] | date=January 1993 | issue= 185 | pages=22}}</ref> <ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015">{{cite book | last1=Brass | first1=M. | last2=Brass | first2=S. | last3=Ryan | first3=A. | title=Baking with the Brass Sisters | publisher=St. Martin's Press | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-250-06435-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lJoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT89 | access-date=April 20, 2016 | pages=64–66}}</ref> == Ƙarin karantawa == *   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Banana cakes}} 05gk0ehzwhzywyab2h849v5dx57ezlr 893840 893838 2026-08-09T19:40:48Z Alubaki 30448 /* Ƙarin karantawa */ 893840 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Vegan_Banana_Celebration_Cake_(5061766386).jpg|thumb|Abincin ayaba[[Kofin cake|cakki]]]] '''Gurasar [[ayaba]]''' ita ce kek da aka shirya ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarinnumber cake na yau da kullun. Ana iya shirya shi a hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da a matsayin cake, a matsayin muffins da kuma cupcakes. Ana samun kek ɗin ayaba mai tururi a cikin abincin Malaysian, Indonesian da Vietnamese.<ref name="Tropp 1982"/><ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Le 2014"/> A cikin [[Filipin|Philippines]], kalmar "Banana Cake" tana nufin burodi na ayaba da aka gabatar a Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka na Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title=Banana Bread Recipe |url=https://panlasangpinoy.com/moist-banana-bread-recipe/ |access-date=8 January 2022 |website=Panlasang Pinoy}}</ref> == Shirye-shirye == Ana shirya kek na [[ayaba]] ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarin cake na yau da kullun, kamar gari, sukari, ƙwai, man shanu, margarine ko mai da soda.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/><ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya gurɓata ayaba ko gurɓata ta amfani da mai sarrafa abinci ko mai haɗakar lantarki kuma a haɗa shi cikin gurasar cake,<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/> kuma ana iya ɗora wa kek ko kuma a yi masa ado da ayaba da aka yanka.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya shirya burodi na ayaba a matsayin amfani ga ayaba mai launin ruwan kasa ko mai tsufa.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Ana iya amfani da cakulan a matsayin sinadarin,<ref name="Moll 1993"/> wanda tare da ayaba shine haɗin dandano mai daɗi ga wasu mutane.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya amfani da kwayoyi kamar walnuts da macadamias a cikin Batir <ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/><ref name="Heldstab 2005"/> da kuma saman da kuma yin ado da cake.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya amfani da icing ko glaze a cikin shirye-shiryen cake, <ref name="Reisman 2002"/> wanda zai iya haɗawa da barasa, kamar bourbon.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya yin burodi ko shirya burodi a matsayin burodi mai tururi, wanda za'a iya amfani da tururi na abinci.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Gurasar ayaba na iya samun ruwa. Ana iya shirya shi azaman cake,<ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> kuma ana iya amfani da gurasar don shirya Muffins da cup[[Kofin cake|cakes]].<ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya shirya shi azaman abincin kayan lambu kuma azaman abincin da ba shi da kitse.<ref name="Moll 1993"/> <gallery class="center" widths="220px" heights="160px" caption="Banana cakes"> Fayil:Banana_cake_slices.jpg|Slices of banana cake Fayil:Chocolate_banana_cake_garnished_with_strawberry_ice_cream.jpg|A chocolate banana cake garnished with strawberry ice cream Fayil:Banana_cake.jpg|A banana cake garnished with sliced banana </gallery> == Nau'o'i == '''A cikin abinci na Burma''' A cikin abincin Burmese, kek na ayaba sanannen kayan zaki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Burmese Banana Cake with Cinnamon Flavor Recipe by Chef Naing Win : Recipe from Top Asian Chefs |url=https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405072027/https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Top Asian Chefs |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana ba da shi akai-akai a bukukuwan aure, bukukuwan ranar haihuwar, da bukukuwa. Ana kuma cinye shi a lokacin bikin Ramadan na Eid . === Bánh chuoi === [[Fayil:Best_banana_pancake_Hoi_An,_Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Bánh chuoi da aka shirya a cikin salon pancake]] Bánh chuoi cake ne na ayaba na Vietnam ko burodi. Ana yawan yin kek ɗin tururi, kuma ana iya yin burodi. === Kue nagasari === [[Fayil:Kue_pisang_nagasari_dibuka.JPG|thumb|Kwa Nagas da ba a rufe su bakue nagasari]] Kue nagasari sanannen kek ne na ayaba na Indonesiya wanda za'a iya shirya shi ta amfani da ayaba, garin mung ko garin shinkafa, madarar kwakwa da sukari.<ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Von Holzen Hutton Arsana 1999"/> == Duba kuma == * Jerin kekuna * Jerin abincin ayaba == Manazarta == {{reflist}} <ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006">{{cite book | last1=Greenspan | first1=D. | last2=Richardson | first2=A. | title=Baking: From My Home to Yours | publisher=Houghton Mifflin | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-618-44336-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/bakingfrommyhome0000gree | url-access=registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/bakingfrommyhome0000gree/page/204 204]}}</ref> <ref name="Reisman 2002">{{cite book | last=Reisman | first=R. | title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Light Desserts | publisher=Alpha Books | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-02-864446-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NtQ7p6rMRC0C&pg=PA38 | pages=38–39}}</ref> <ref name="Mahunnop 2013">{{cite book | last=Mahunnop | first=W. | title=25 Delicious Banana Recipes | publisher=JustZen | year=2013 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xw1zAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 | page=18}}</ref> <ref name="Paré 2002">{{cite book | last=Paré | first=J. | title=The Rookie Cook | publisher=Company's Coming Publishing, Limited | series=Company's Coming | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-895455-92-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HOv-Gzpl3vIC&pg=PA146 | page=146}}</ref> <ref name="Le 2014">{{cite book | last=Le | first=H. | title=Vietnamese Food with Helen's Recipes | publisher=Createspace Independent Pub | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-5005-2971-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_AaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA158 | pages=158–161}}</ref> <ref name="Long 2015">{{cite book | last=Long | first=L.M. | title=Ethnic American Food Today: A Cultural Encyclopedia | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-4422-2731-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DBzYCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA294 | page=294}}</ref> <ref name="Von Holzen Hutton Arsana 1999">{{cite book | last1=Von Holzen | first1=H. | last2=Hutton | first2=W. | last3=Arsana | first3=L. | title=The Food of Indonesia: Authentic Recipes from the Spice Islands | publisher=Periplus Editions | series=Periplus World Food Series | year=1999 | isbn=978-962-593-389-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AWKM6aTEGboC&pg=PA114 | page=114}}</ref> <ref name="Tropp 1982">{{cite book | last=Tropp | first=B. | title=The Modern Art of Chinese Cooking | publisher=Morrow | series=Cookbook Library | year=1982 | isbn=978-0-688-00566-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y5ssAAAAYAAJ&q=steamed+%22Banana+cake%22 | page=518}}</ref> <ref name="Heldstab 2005">{{cite book | last=Heldstab | first=Celeste | title=The Kitchen Grimoire Volume 4 | publisher=Celeste Heldstab | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-9774722-3-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDcPhM4i1WUC&pg=PA402 | page=402}}</ref> <ref name="Koch Legato 2012">{{cite book | last1=Koch | first1=M. | last2=Legato | first2=S. | title=Eat More of what You Love | publisher=Running Press | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-7624-4589-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/eatmoreofwhatyou0000koch | url-access=registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/eatmoreofwhatyou0000koch/page/322 322]}}</ref> <ref name="Moll 1993">{{cite journal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwcAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22 | title=A Better Banana Cake | author=Moll, Lucy | journal=[[Vegetarian Times]] | date=January 1993 | issue= 185 | pages=22}}</ref> <ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015">{{cite book | last1=Brass | first1=M. | last2=Brass | first2=S. | last3=Ryan | first3=A. | title=Baking with the Brass Sisters | publisher=St. Martin's Press | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-250-06435-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lJoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT89 | access-date=April 20, 2016 | pages=64–66}}</ref> == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{cite book | last1=Shi | first1=J. | last2=Shahidi | first2=F. | last3=Ho | first3=C.T. | title=Asian Functional Foods | publisher=CRC Press | series=Nutraceutical Science and Technology | year=2005 | isbn=978-1-4200-2811-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vErMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA116 | pages=116–117}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Banana cakes}} 650t6m2ap4bshdxxhhmotngwwlmwgqs 893841 893840 2026-08-09T19:41:22Z Alubaki 30448 /* Haɗin waje */ 893841 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Vegan_Banana_Celebration_Cake_(5061766386).jpg|thumb|Abincin ayaba[[Kofin cake|cakki]]]] '''Gurasar [[ayaba]]''' ita ce kek da aka shirya ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarinnumber cake na yau da kullun. Ana iya shirya shi a hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da a matsayin cake, a matsayin muffins da kuma cupcakes. Ana samun kek ɗin ayaba mai tururi a cikin abincin Malaysian, Indonesian da Vietnamese.<ref name="Tropp 1982"/><ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Le 2014"/> A cikin [[Filipin|Philippines]], kalmar "Banana Cake" tana nufin burodi na ayaba da aka gabatar a Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka na Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title=Banana Bread Recipe |url=https://panlasangpinoy.com/moist-banana-bread-recipe/ |access-date=8 January 2022 |website=Panlasang Pinoy}}</ref> == Shirye-shirye == Ana shirya kek na [[ayaba]] ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarin cake na yau da kullun, kamar gari, sukari, ƙwai, man shanu, margarine ko mai da soda.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/><ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya gurɓata ayaba ko gurɓata ta amfani da mai sarrafa abinci ko mai haɗakar lantarki kuma a haɗa shi cikin gurasar cake,<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/> kuma ana iya ɗora wa kek ko kuma a yi masa ado da ayaba da aka yanka.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya shirya burodi na ayaba a matsayin amfani ga ayaba mai launin ruwan kasa ko mai tsufa.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Ana iya amfani da cakulan a matsayin sinadarin,<ref name="Moll 1993"/> wanda tare da ayaba shine haɗin dandano mai daɗi ga wasu mutane.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya amfani da kwayoyi kamar walnuts da macadamias a cikin Batir <ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/><ref name="Heldstab 2005"/> da kuma saman da kuma yin ado da cake.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya amfani da icing ko glaze a cikin shirye-shiryen cake, <ref name="Reisman 2002"/> wanda zai iya haɗawa da barasa, kamar bourbon.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya yin burodi ko shirya burodi a matsayin burodi mai tururi, wanda za'a iya amfani da tururi na abinci.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Gurasar ayaba na iya samun ruwa. Ana iya shirya shi azaman cake,<ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> kuma ana iya amfani da gurasar don shirya Muffins da cup[[Kofin cake|cakes]].<ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya shirya shi azaman abincin kayan lambu kuma azaman abincin da ba shi da kitse.<ref name="Moll 1993"/> <gallery class="center" widths="220px" heights="160px" caption="Banana cakes"> Fayil:Banana_cake_slices.jpg|Slices of banana cake Fayil:Chocolate_banana_cake_garnished_with_strawberry_ice_cream.jpg|A chocolate banana cake garnished with strawberry ice cream Fayil:Banana_cake.jpg|A banana cake garnished with sliced banana </gallery> == Nau'o'i == '''A cikin abinci na Burma''' A cikin abincin Burmese, kek na ayaba sanannen kayan zaki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Burmese Banana Cake with Cinnamon Flavor Recipe by Chef Naing Win : Recipe from Top Asian Chefs |url=https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405072027/https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Top Asian Chefs |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana ba da shi akai-akai a bukukuwan aure, bukukuwan ranar haihuwar, da bukukuwa. Ana kuma cinye shi a lokacin bikin Ramadan na Eid . === Bánh chuoi === [[Fayil:Best_banana_pancake_Hoi_An,_Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Bánh chuoi da aka shirya a cikin salon pancake]] Bánh chuoi cake ne na ayaba na Vietnam ko burodi. Ana yawan yin kek ɗin tururi, kuma ana iya yin burodi. === Kue nagasari === [[Fayil:Kue_pisang_nagasari_dibuka.JPG|thumb|Kwa Nagas da ba a rufe su bakue nagasari]] Kue nagasari sanannen kek ne na ayaba na Indonesiya wanda za'a iya shirya shi ta amfani da ayaba, garin mung ko garin shinkafa, madarar kwakwa da sukari.<ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Von Holzen Hutton Arsana 1999"/> == Duba kuma == * Jerin kekuna * Jerin abincin ayaba == Manazarta == {{reflist}} <ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006">{{cite book | last1=Greenspan | first1=D. | last2=Richardson | first2=A. | title=Baking: From My Home to Yours | publisher=Houghton Mifflin | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-618-44336-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/bakingfrommyhome0000gree | url-access=registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/bakingfrommyhome0000gree/page/204 204]}}</ref> <ref name="Reisman 2002">{{cite book | last=Reisman | first=R. | title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Light Desserts | publisher=Alpha Books | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-02-864446-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NtQ7p6rMRC0C&pg=PA38 | pages=38–39}}</ref> <ref name="Mahunnop 2013">{{cite book | last=Mahunnop | first=W. | title=25 Delicious Banana Recipes | publisher=JustZen | year=2013 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xw1zAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 | page=18}}</ref> <ref name="Paré 2002">{{cite book | last=Paré | first=J. | title=The Rookie Cook | publisher=Company's Coming Publishing, Limited | series=Company's Coming | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-895455-92-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HOv-Gzpl3vIC&pg=PA146 | page=146}}</ref> <ref name="Le 2014">{{cite book | last=Le | first=H. | title=Vietnamese Food with Helen's Recipes | publisher=Createspace Independent Pub | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-5005-2971-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_AaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA158 | pages=158–161}}</ref> <ref name="Long 2015">{{cite book | last=Long | first=L.M. | title=Ethnic American Food Today: A Cultural Encyclopedia | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-4422-2731-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DBzYCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA294 | page=294}}</ref> <ref name="Von Holzen Hutton Arsana 1999">{{cite book | last1=Von Holzen | first1=H. | last2=Hutton | first2=W. | last3=Arsana | first3=L. | title=The Food of Indonesia: Authentic Recipes from the Spice Islands | publisher=Periplus Editions | series=Periplus World Food Series | year=1999 | isbn=978-962-593-389-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AWKM6aTEGboC&pg=PA114 | page=114}}</ref> <ref name="Tropp 1982">{{cite book | last=Tropp | first=B. | title=The Modern Art of Chinese Cooking | publisher=Morrow | series=Cookbook Library | year=1982 | isbn=978-0-688-00566-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y5ssAAAAYAAJ&q=steamed+%22Banana+cake%22 | page=518}}</ref> <ref name="Heldstab 2005">{{cite book | last=Heldstab | first=Celeste | title=The Kitchen Grimoire Volume 4 | publisher=Celeste Heldstab | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-9774722-3-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDcPhM4i1WUC&pg=PA402 | page=402}}</ref> <ref name="Koch Legato 2012">{{cite book | last1=Koch | first1=M. | last2=Legato | first2=S. | title=Eat More of what You Love | publisher=Running Press | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-7624-4589-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/eatmoreofwhatyou0000koch | url-access=registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/eatmoreofwhatyou0000koch/page/322 322]}}</ref> <ref name="Moll 1993">{{cite journal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwcAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22 | title=A Better Banana Cake | author=Moll, Lucy | journal=[[Vegetarian Times]] | date=January 1993 | issue= 185 | pages=22}}</ref> <ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015">{{cite book | last1=Brass | first1=M. | last2=Brass | first2=S. | last3=Ryan | first3=A. | title=Baking with the Brass Sisters | publisher=St. Martin's Press | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-250-06435-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lJoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT89 | access-date=April 20, 2016 | pages=64–66}}</ref> == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{cite book | last1=Shi | first1=J. | last2=Shahidi | first2=F. | last3=Ho | first3=C.T. | title=Asian Functional Foods | publisher=CRC Press | series=Nutraceutical Science and Technology | year=2005 | isbn=978-1-4200-2811-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vErMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA116 | pages=116–117}} == Manazarta == * {{Commons category-inline|Banana cakes}} l3ycez00ribvvtevoa5dn6lxvs7wkb3 893842 893841 2026-08-09T19:42:24Z Alubaki 30448 /* Manazarta */ 893842 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Vegan_Banana_Celebration_Cake_(5061766386).jpg|thumb|Abincin ayaba[[Kofin cake|cakki]]]] '''Gurasar [[ayaba]]''' ita ce kek da aka shirya ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarinnumber cake na yau da kullun. Ana iya shirya shi a hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da a matsayin cake, a matsayin muffins da kuma cupcakes. Ana samun kek ɗin ayaba mai tururi a cikin abincin Malaysian, Indonesian da Vietnamese.<ref name="Tropp 1982"/><ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Le 2014"/> A cikin [[Filipin|Philippines]], kalmar "Banana Cake" tana nufin burodi na ayaba da aka gabatar a Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka na Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title=Banana Bread Recipe |url=https://panlasangpinoy.com/moist-banana-bread-recipe/ |access-date=8 January 2022 |website=Panlasang Pinoy}}</ref> == Shirye-shirye == Ana shirya kek na [[ayaba]] ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarin cake na yau da kullun, kamar gari, sukari, ƙwai, man shanu, margarine ko mai da soda.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/><ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya gurɓata ayaba ko gurɓata ta amfani da mai sarrafa abinci ko mai haɗakar lantarki kuma a haɗa shi cikin gurasar cake,<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/> kuma ana iya ɗora wa kek ko kuma a yi masa ado da ayaba da aka yanka.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya shirya burodi na ayaba a matsayin amfani ga ayaba mai launin ruwan kasa ko mai tsufa.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Ana iya amfani da cakulan a matsayin sinadarin,<ref name="Moll 1993"/> wanda tare da ayaba shine haɗin dandano mai daɗi ga wasu mutane.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya amfani da kwayoyi kamar walnuts da macadamias a cikin Batir <ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/><ref name="Heldstab 2005"/> da kuma saman da kuma yin ado da cake.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya amfani da icing ko glaze a cikin shirye-shiryen cake, <ref name="Reisman 2002"/> wanda zai iya haɗawa da barasa, kamar bourbon.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya yin burodi ko shirya burodi a matsayin burodi mai tururi, wanda za'a iya amfani da tururi na abinci.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Gurasar ayaba na iya samun ruwa. Ana iya shirya shi azaman cake,<ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> kuma ana iya amfani da gurasar don shirya Muffins da cup[[Kofin cake|cakes]].<ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya shirya shi azaman abincin kayan lambu kuma azaman abincin da ba shi da kitse.<ref name="Moll 1993"/> <gallery class="center" widths="220px" heights="160px" caption="Banana cakes"> Fayil:Banana_cake_slices.jpg|Slices of banana cake Fayil:Chocolate_banana_cake_garnished_with_strawberry_ice_cream.jpg|A chocolate banana cake garnished with strawberry ice cream Fayil:Banana_cake.jpg|A banana cake garnished with sliced banana </gallery> == Nau'o'i == '''A cikin abinci na Burma''' A cikin abincin Burmese, kek na ayaba sanannen kayan zaki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Burmese Banana Cake with Cinnamon Flavor Recipe by Chef Naing Win : Recipe from Top Asian Chefs |url=https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405072027/https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Top Asian Chefs |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana ba da shi akai-akai a bukukuwan aure, bukukuwan ranar haihuwar, da bukukuwa. Ana kuma cinye shi a lokacin bikin Ramadan na Eid . === Bánh chuoi === [[Fayil:Best_banana_pancake_Hoi_An,_Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Bánh chuoi da aka shirya a cikin salon pancake]] Bánh chuoi cake ne na ayaba na Vietnam ko burodi. Ana yawan yin kek ɗin tururi, kuma ana iya yin burodi. === Kue nagasari === [[Fayil:Kue_pisang_nagasari_dibuka.JPG|thumb|Kwa Nagas da ba a rufe su bakue nagasari]] Kue nagasari sanannen kek ne na ayaba na Indonesiya wanda za'a iya shirya shi ta amfani da ayaba, garin mung ko garin shinkafa, madarar kwakwa da sukari.<ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Von Holzen Hutton Arsana 1999"/> == Duba kuma == * Jerin kekuna * Jerin abincin ayaba == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Banana cakes}} {{reflist}} <ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006">{{cite book | last1=Greenspan | first1=D. | last2=Richardson | first2=A. | title=Baking: From My Home to Yours | publisher=Houghton Mifflin | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-618-44336-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/bakingfrommyhome0000gree | url-access=registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/bakingfrommyhome0000gree/page/204 204]}}</ref> <ref name="Reisman 2002">{{cite book | last=Reisman | first=R. | title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Light Desserts | publisher=Alpha Books | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-02-864446-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NtQ7p6rMRC0C&pg=PA38 | pages=38–39}}</ref> <ref name="Mahunnop 2013">{{cite book | last=Mahunnop | first=W. | title=25 Delicious Banana Recipes | publisher=JustZen | year=2013 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xw1zAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 | page=18}}</ref> <ref name="Paré 2002">{{cite book | last=Paré | first=J. | title=The Rookie Cook | publisher=Company's Coming Publishing, Limited | series=Company's Coming | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-895455-92-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HOv-Gzpl3vIC&pg=PA146 | page=146}}</ref> <ref name="Le 2014">{{cite book | last=Le | first=H. | title=Vietnamese Food with Helen's Recipes | publisher=Createspace Independent Pub | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-5005-2971-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_AaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA158 | pages=158–161}}</ref> <ref name="Long 2015">{{cite book | last=Long | first=L.M. | title=Ethnic American Food Today: A Cultural Encyclopedia | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-4422-2731-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DBzYCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA294 | page=294}}</ref> <ref name="Von Holzen Hutton Arsana 1999">{{cite book | last1=Von Holzen | first1=H. | last2=Hutton | first2=W. | last3=Arsana | first3=L. | title=The Food of Indonesia: Authentic Recipes from the Spice Islands | publisher=Periplus Editions | series=Periplus World Food Series | year=1999 | isbn=978-962-593-389-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AWKM6aTEGboC&pg=PA114 | page=114}}</ref> <ref name="Tropp 1982">{{cite book | last=Tropp | first=B. | title=The Modern Art of Chinese Cooking | publisher=Morrow | series=Cookbook Library | year=1982 | isbn=978-0-688-00566-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y5ssAAAAYAAJ&q=steamed+%22Banana+cake%22 | page=518}}</ref> <ref name="Heldstab 2005">{{cite book | last=Heldstab | first=Celeste | title=The Kitchen Grimoire Volume 4 | publisher=Celeste Heldstab | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-9774722-3-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDcPhM4i1WUC&pg=PA402 | page=402}}</ref> <ref name="Koch Legato 2012">{{cite book | last1=Koch | first1=M. | last2=Legato | first2=S. | title=Eat More of what You Love | publisher=Running Press | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-7624-4589-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/eatmoreofwhatyou0000koch | url-access=registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/eatmoreofwhatyou0000koch/page/322 322]}}</ref> <ref name="Moll 1993">{{cite journal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwcAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22 | title=A Better Banana Cake | author=Moll, Lucy | journal=[[Vegetarian Times]] | date=January 1993 | issue= 185 | pages=22}}</ref> <ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015">{{cite book | last1=Brass | first1=M. | last2=Brass | first2=S. | last3=Ryan | first3=A. | title=Baking with the Brass Sisters | publisher=St. Martin's Press | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-250-06435-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lJoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT89 | access-date=April 20, 2016 | pages=64–66}}</ref> == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{cite book | last1=Shi | first1=J. | last2=Shahidi | first2=F. | last3=Ho | first3=C.T. | title=Asian Functional Foods | publisher=CRC Press | series=Nutraceutical Science and Technology | year=2005 | isbn=978-1-4200-2811-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vErMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA116 | pages=116–117}} == Manazarta == * {{Commons category-inline|Banana cakes}} 9nznns3lbd5frb0lt8jzra4na4nkjki 893843 893842 2026-08-09T19:43:03Z Alubaki 30448 /* Manazarta */ 893843 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Vegan_Banana_Celebration_Cake_(5061766386).jpg|thumb|Abincin ayaba[[Kofin cake|cakki]]]] '''Gurasar [[ayaba]]''' ita ce kek da aka shirya ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarinnumber cake na yau da kullun. Ana iya shirya shi a hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da a matsayin cake, a matsayin muffins da kuma cupcakes. Ana samun kek ɗin ayaba mai tururi a cikin abincin Malaysian, Indonesian da Vietnamese.<ref name="Tropp 1982"/><ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Le 2014"/> A cikin [[Filipin|Philippines]], kalmar "Banana Cake" tana nufin burodi na ayaba da aka gabatar a Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka na Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title=Banana Bread Recipe |url=https://panlasangpinoy.com/moist-banana-bread-recipe/ |access-date=8 January 2022 |website=Panlasang Pinoy}}</ref> == Shirye-shirye == Ana shirya kek na [[ayaba]] ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarin cake na yau da kullun, kamar gari, sukari, ƙwai, man shanu, margarine ko mai da soda.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/><ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya gurɓata ayaba ko gurɓata ta amfani da mai sarrafa abinci ko mai haɗakar lantarki kuma a haɗa shi cikin gurasar cake,<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/> kuma ana iya ɗora wa kek ko kuma a yi masa ado da ayaba da aka yanka.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya shirya burodi na ayaba a matsayin amfani ga ayaba mai launin ruwan kasa ko mai tsufa.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Ana iya amfani da cakulan a matsayin sinadarin,<ref name="Moll 1993"/> wanda tare da ayaba shine haɗin dandano mai daɗi ga wasu mutane.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya amfani da kwayoyi kamar walnuts da macadamias a cikin Batir <ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/><ref name="Heldstab 2005"/> da kuma saman da kuma yin ado da cake.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya amfani da icing ko glaze a cikin shirye-shiryen cake, <ref name="Reisman 2002"/> wanda zai iya haɗawa da barasa, kamar bourbon.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya yin burodi ko shirya burodi a matsayin burodi mai tururi, wanda za'a iya amfani da tururi na abinci.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Gurasar ayaba na iya samun ruwa. Ana iya shirya shi azaman cake,<ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> kuma ana iya amfani da gurasar don shirya Muffins da cup[[Kofin cake|cakes]].<ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya shirya shi azaman abincin kayan lambu kuma azaman abincin da ba shi da kitse.<ref name="Moll 1993"/> <gallery class="center" widths="220px" heights="160px" caption="Banana cakes"> Fayil:Banana_cake_slices.jpg|Slices of banana cake Fayil:Chocolate_banana_cake_garnished_with_strawberry_ice_cream.jpg|A chocolate banana cake garnished with strawberry ice cream Fayil:Banana_cake.jpg|A banana cake garnished with sliced banana </gallery> == Nau'o'i == '''A cikin abinci na Burma''' A cikin abincin Burmese, kek na ayaba sanannen kayan zaki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Burmese Banana Cake with Cinnamon Flavor Recipe by Chef Naing Win : Recipe from Top Asian Chefs |url=https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405072027/https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Top Asian Chefs |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana ba da shi akai-akai a bukukuwan aure, bukukuwan ranar haihuwar, da bukukuwa. Ana kuma cinye shi a lokacin bikin Ramadan na Eid . === Bánh chuoi === [[Fayil:Best_banana_pancake_Hoi_An,_Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Bánh chuoi da aka shirya a cikin salon pancake]] Bánh chuoi cake ne na ayaba na Vietnam ko burodi. Ana yawan yin kek ɗin tururi, kuma ana iya yin burodi. === Kue nagasari === [[Fayil:Kue_pisang_nagasari_dibuka.JPG|thumb|Kwa Nagas da ba a rufe su bakue nagasari]] Kue nagasari sanannen kek ne na ayaba na Indonesiya wanda za'a iya shirya shi ta amfani da ayaba, garin mung ko garin shinkafa, madarar kwakwa da sukari.<ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Von Holzen Hutton Arsana 1999"/> == Duba kuma == * Jerin kekuna * Jerin abincin ayaba == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Banana cakes}} {{reflist}} <ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006">{{cite book | last1=Greenspan | first1=D. | last2=Richardson | first2=A. | title=Baking: From My Home to Yours | publisher=Houghton Mifflin | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-618-44336-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/bakingfrommyhome0000gree | url-access=registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/bakingfrommyhome0000gree/page/204 204]}}</ref> <ref name="Reisman 2002">{{cite book | last=Reisman | first=R. | title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Light Desserts | publisher=Alpha Books | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-02-864446-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NtQ7p6rMRC0C&pg=PA38 | pages=38–39}}</ref> <ref name="Mahunnop 2013">{{cite book | last=Mahunnop | first=W. | title=25 Delicious Banana Recipes | publisher=JustZen | year=2013 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xw1zAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 | page=18}}</ref> <ref name="Paré 2002">{{cite book | last=Paré | first=J. | title=The Rookie Cook | publisher=Company's Coming Publishing, Limited | series=Company's Coming | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-895455-92-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HOv-Gzpl3vIC&pg=PA146 | page=146}}</ref> <ref name="Le 2014">{{cite book | last=Le | first=H. | title=Vietnamese Food with Helen's Recipes | publisher=Createspace Independent Pub | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-5005-2971-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_AaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA158 | pages=158–161}}</ref> <ref name="Long 2015">{{cite book | last=Long | first=L.M. | title=Ethnic American Food Today: A Cultural Encyclopedia | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-4422-2731-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DBzYCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA294 | page=294}}</ref> <ref name="Von Holzen Hutton Arsana 1999">{{cite book | last1=Von Holzen | first1=H. | last2=Hutton | first2=W. | last3=Arsana | first3=L. | title=The Food of Indonesia: Authentic Recipes from the Spice Islands | publisher=Periplus Editions | series=Periplus World Food Series | year=1999 | isbn=978-962-593-389-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AWKM6aTEGboC&pg=PA114 | page=114}}</ref> <ref name="Tropp 1982">{{cite book | last=Tropp | first=B. | title=The Modern Art of Chinese Cooking | publisher=Morrow | series=Cookbook Library | year=1982 | isbn=978-0-688-00566-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y5ssAAAAYAAJ&q=steamed+%22Banana+cake%22 | page=518}}</ref> <ref name="Heldstab 2005">{{cite book | last=Heldstab | first=Celeste | title=The Kitchen Grimoire Volume 4 | publisher=Celeste Heldstab | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-9774722-3-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDcPhM4i1WUC&pg=PA402 | page=402}}</ref> <ref name="Koch Legato 2012">{{cite book | last1=Koch | first1=M. | last2=Legato | first2=S. | title=Eat More of what You Love | publisher=Running Press | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-7624-4589-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/eatmoreofwhatyou0000koch | url-access=registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/eatmoreofwhatyou0000koch/page/322 322]}}</ref> <ref name="Moll 1993">{{cite journal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwcAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22 | title=A Better Banana Cake | author=Moll, Lucy | journal=[[Vegetarian Times]] | date=January 1993 | issue= 185 | pages=22}}</ref> <ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015">{{cite book | last1=Brass | first1=M. | last2=Brass | first2=S. | last3=Ryan | first3=A. | title=Baking with the Brass Sisters | publisher=St. Martin's Press | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-250-06435-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lJoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT89 | access-date=April 20, 2016 | pages=64–66}}</ref> == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{cite book | last1=Shi | first1=J. | last2=Shahidi | first2=F. | last3=Ho | first3=C.T. | title=Asian Functional Foods | publisher=CRC Press | series=Nutraceutical Science and Technology | year=2005 | isbn=978-1-4200-2811-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vErMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA116 | pages=116–117}} == Manazarta == {{reflist}} <ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006">{{cite book | last1=Greenspan | first1=D. | last2=Richardson | first2=A. | title=Baking: From My Home to Yours | publisher=Houghton Mifflin | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-618-44336-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/bakingfrommyhome0000gree | url-access=registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/bakingfrommyhome0000gree/page/204 204]}}</ref> <ref name="Reisman 2002">{{cite book | last=Reisman | first=R. | title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Light Desserts | publisher=Alpha Books | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-02-864446-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NtQ7p6rMRC0C&pg=PA38 | pages=38–39}}</ref> <ref name="Mahunnop 2013">{{cite book | last=Mahunnop | first=W. | title=25 Delicious Banana Recipes | publisher=JustZen | year=2013 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xw1zAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 | page=18}}</ref> <ref name="Paré 2002">{{cite book | last=Paré | first=J. | title=The Rookie Cook | publisher=Company's Coming Publishing, Limited | series=Company's Coming | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-895455-92-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HOv-Gzpl3vIC&pg=PA146 | page=146}}</ref> <ref name="Le 2014">{{cite book | last=Le | first=H. | title=Vietnamese Food with Helen's Recipes | publisher=Createspace Independent Pub | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-5005-2971-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_AaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA158 | pages=158–161}}</ref> <ref name="Long 2015">{{cite book | last=Long | first=L.M. | title=Ethnic American Food Today: A Cultural Encyclopedia | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-4422-2731-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DBzYCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA294 | page=294}}</ref> <ref name="Von Holzen Hutton Arsana 1999">{{cite book | last1=Von Holzen | first1=H. | last2=Hutton | first2=W. | last3=Arsana | first3=L. | title=The Food of Indonesia: Authentic Recipes from the Spice Islands | publisher=Periplus Editions | series=Periplus World Food Series | year=1999 | isbn=978-962-593-389-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AWKM6aTEGboC&pg=PA114 | page=114}}</ref> <ref name="Tropp 1982">{{cite book | last=Tropp | first=B. | title=The Modern Art of Chinese Cooking | publisher=Morrow | series=Cookbook Library | year=1982 | isbn=978-0-688-00566-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y5ssAAAAYAAJ&q=steamed+%22Banana+cake%22 | page=518}}</ref> <ref name="Heldstab 2005">{{cite book | last=Heldstab | first=Celeste | title=The Kitchen Grimoire Volume 4 | publisher=Celeste Heldstab | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-9774722-3-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDcPhM4i1WUC&pg=PA402 | page=402}}</ref> <ref name="Koch Legato 2012">{{cite book | last1=Koch | first1=M. | last2=Legato | first2=S. | title=Eat More of what You Love | publisher=Running Press | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-7624-4589-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/eatmoreofwhatyou0000koch | url-access=registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/eatmoreofwhatyou0000koch/page/322 322]}}</ref> <ref name="Moll 1993">{{cite journal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwcAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22 | title=A Better Banana Cake | author=Moll, Lucy | journal=[[Vegetarian Times]] | date=January 1993 | issue= 185 | pages=22}}</ref> <ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015">{{cite book | last1=Brass | first1=M. | last2=Brass | first2=S. | last3=Ryan | first3=A. | title=Baking with the Brass Sisters | publisher=St. Martin's Press | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-250-06435-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lJoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT89 | access-date=April 20, 2016 | pages=64–66}}</ref> * {{Commons category-inline|Banana cakes}} mcbcekr4i84kqi16y0wf68madgg9a2t 893845 893843 2026-08-09T19:43:31Z Alubaki 30448 /* Haɗin waje */ 893845 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Vegan_Banana_Celebration_Cake_(5061766386).jpg|thumb|Abincin ayaba[[Kofin cake|cakki]]]] '''Gurasar [[ayaba]]''' ita ce kek da aka shirya ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarinnumber cake na yau da kullun. Ana iya shirya shi a hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da a matsayin cake, a matsayin muffins da kuma cupcakes. Ana samun kek ɗin ayaba mai tururi a cikin abincin Malaysian, Indonesian da Vietnamese.<ref name="Tropp 1982"/><ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Le 2014"/> A cikin [[Filipin|Philippines]], kalmar "Banana Cake" tana nufin burodi na ayaba da aka gabatar a Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka na Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title=Banana Bread Recipe |url=https://panlasangpinoy.com/moist-banana-bread-recipe/ |access-date=8 January 2022 |website=Panlasang Pinoy}}</ref> == Shirye-shirye == Ana shirya kek na [[ayaba]] ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarin cake na yau da kullun, kamar gari, sukari, ƙwai, man shanu, margarine ko mai da soda.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/><ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya gurɓata ayaba ko gurɓata ta amfani da mai sarrafa abinci ko mai haɗakar lantarki kuma a haɗa shi cikin gurasar cake,<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/> kuma ana iya ɗora wa kek ko kuma a yi masa ado da ayaba da aka yanka.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya shirya burodi na ayaba a matsayin amfani ga ayaba mai launin ruwan kasa ko mai tsufa.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Ana iya amfani da cakulan a matsayin sinadarin,<ref name="Moll 1993"/> wanda tare da ayaba shine haɗin dandano mai daɗi ga wasu mutane.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya amfani da kwayoyi kamar walnuts da macadamias a cikin Batir <ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/><ref name="Heldstab 2005"/> da kuma saman da kuma yin ado da cake.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya amfani da icing ko glaze a cikin shirye-shiryen cake, <ref name="Reisman 2002"/> wanda zai iya haɗawa da barasa, kamar bourbon.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya yin burodi ko shirya burodi a matsayin burodi mai tururi, wanda za'a iya amfani da tururi na abinci.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Gurasar ayaba na iya samun ruwa. Ana iya shirya shi azaman cake,<ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> kuma ana iya amfani da gurasar don shirya Muffins da cup[[Kofin cake|cakes]].<ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya shirya shi azaman abincin kayan lambu kuma azaman abincin da ba shi da kitse.<ref name="Moll 1993"/> <gallery class="center" widths="220px" heights="160px" caption="Banana cakes"> Fayil:Banana_cake_slices.jpg|Slices of banana cake Fayil:Chocolate_banana_cake_garnished_with_strawberry_ice_cream.jpg|A chocolate banana cake garnished with strawberry ice cream Fayil:Banana_cake.jpg|A banana cake garnished with sliced banana </gallery> == Nau'o'i == '''A cikin abinci na Burma''' A cikin abincin Burmese, kek na ayaba sanannen kayan zaki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Burmese Banana Cake with Cinnamon Flavor Recipe by Chef Naing Win : Recipe from Top Asian Chefs |url=https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405072027/https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Top Asian Chefs |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana ba da shi akai-akai a bukukuwan aure, bukukuwan ranar haihuwar, da bukukuwa. Ana kuma cinye shi a lokacin bikin Ramadan na Eid . === Bánh chuoi === [[Fayil:Best_banana_pancake_Hoi_An,_Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Bánh chuoi da aka shirya a cikin salon pancake]] Bánh chuoi cake ne na ayaba na Vietnam ko burodi. Ana yawan yin kek ɗin tururi, kuma ana iya yin burodi. === Kue nagasari === [[Fayil:Kue_pisang_nagasari_dibuka.JPG|thumb|Kwa Nagas da ba a rufe su bakue nagasari]] Kue nagasari sanannen kek ne na ayaba na Indonesiya wanda za'a iya shirya shi ta amfani da ayaba, garin mung ko garin shinkafa, madarar kwakwa da sukari.<ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Von Holzen Hutton Arsana 1999"/> == Duba kuma == * Jerin kekuna * Jerin abincin ayaba == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Banana cakes}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{cite book | last1=Shi | first1=J. | last2=Shahidi | first2=F. | last3=Ho | first3=C.T. | title=Asian Functional Foods | publisher=CRC Press | series=Nutraceutical Science and Technology | year=2005 | isbn=978-1-4200-2811-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vErMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA116 | pages=116–117}} == Manazarta == {{reflist}} <ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006">{{cite book | last1=Greenspan | first1=D. | last2=Richardson | first2=A. | title=Baking: From My Home to Yours | publisher=Houghton Mifflin | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-618-44336-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/bakingfrommyhome0000gree | url-access=registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/bakingfrommyhome0000gree/page/204 204]}}</ref> <ref name="Reisman 2002">{{cite book | last=Reisman | first=R. | title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Light Desserts | publisher=Alpha Books | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-02-864446-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NtQ7p6rMRC0C&pg=PA38 | pages=38–39}}</ref> <ref name="Mahunnop 2013">{{cite book | last=Mahunnop | first=W. | title=25 Delicious Banana Recipes | publisher=JustZen | year=2013 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xw1zAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 | page=18}}</ref> <ref name="Paré 2002">{{cite book | last=Paré | first=J. | title=The Rookie Cook | publisher=Company's Coming Publishing, Limited | series=Company's Coming | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-895455-92-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HOv-Gzpl3vIC&pg=PA146 | page=146}}</ref> <ref name="Le 2014">{{cite book | last=Le | first=H. | title=Vietnamese Food with Helen's Recipes | publisher=Createspace Independent Pub | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-5005-2971-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_AaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA158 | pages=158–161}}</ref> <ref name="Long 2015">{{cite book | last=Long | first=L.M. | title=Ethnic American Food Today: A Cultural Encyclopedia | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-4422-2731-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DBzYCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA294 | page=294}}</ref> <ref name="Von Holzen Hutton Arsana 1999">{{cite book | last1=Von Holzen | first1=H. | last2=Hutton | first2=W. | last3=Arsana | first3=L. | title=The Food of Indonesia: Authentic Recipes from the Spice Islands | publisher=Periplus Editions | series=Periplus World Food Series | year=1999 | isbn=978-962-593-389-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AWKM6aTEGboC&pg=PA114 | page=114}}</ref> <ref name="Tropp 1982">{{cite book | last=Tropp | first=B. | title=The Modern Art of Chinese Cooking | publisher=Morrow | series=Cookbook Library | year=1982 | isbn=978-0-688-00566-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y5ssAAAAYAAJ&q=steamed+%22Banana+cake%22 | page=518}}</ref> <ref name="Heldstab 2005">{{cite book | last=Heldstab | first=Celeste | title=The Kitchen Grimoire Volume 4 | publisher=Celeste Heldstab | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-9774722-3-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDcPhM4i1WUC&pg=PA402 | page=402}}</ref> <ref name="Koch Legato 2012">{{cite book | last1=Koch | first1=M. | last2=Legato | first2=S. | title=Eat More of what You Love | publisher=Running Press | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-7624-4589-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/eatmoreofwhatyou0000koch | url-access=registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/eatmoreofwhatyou0000koch/page/322 322]}}</ref> <ref name="Moll 1993">{{cite journal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwcAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22 | title=A Better Banana Cake | author=Moll, Lucy | journal=[[Vegetarian Times]] | date=January 1993 | issue= 185 | pages=22}}</ref> <ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015">{{cite book | last1=Brass | first1=M. | last2=Brass | first2=S. | last3=Ryan | first3=A. | title=Baking with the Brass Sisters | publisher=St. Martin's Press | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-250-06435-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lJoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT89 | access-date=April 20, 2016 | pages=64–66}}</ref> * {{Commons category-inline|Banana cakes}} hrb25goga894p9bdsp8hle3brob0y6r 893846 893845 2026-08-09T19:45:34Z Alubaki 30448 893846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Vegan_Banana_Celebration_Cake_(5061766386).jpg|thumb|Abincin ayaba[[Kofin cake|cakki]]]] '''Gurasar [[ayaba]]''' ita ce kek da aka shirya ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarinnumber cake na yau da kullun. Ana iya shirya shi a hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da a matsayin cake, a matsayin muffins da kuma cupcakes. Ana samun kek ɗin ayaba mai tururi a cikin abincin Malaysian, Indonesian da Vietnamese.<ref name="Tropp 1982"/><ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Le 2014"/> A cikin [[Filipin|Philippines]], kalmar "Banana Cake" tana nufin burodi na ayaba da aka gabatar a Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka na Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title=Banana Bread Recipe |url=https://panlasangpinoy.com/moist-banana-bread-recipe/ |access-date=8 January 2022 |website=Panlasang Pinoy}}</ref> == Shirye-shirye == Ana shirya kek na [[ayaba]] ta amfani da ayaba a matsayin sinadarin farko da sinadarin cake na yau da kullun, kamar gari, sukari, ƙwai, man shanu, margarine ko mai da soda.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/><ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya gurɓata ayaba ko gurɓata ta amfani da mai sarrafa abinci ko mai haɗakar lantarki kuma a haɗa shi cikin gurasar cake,<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Reisman 2002"/> kuma ana iya ɗora wa kek ko kuma a yi masa ado da ayaba da aka yanka.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya shirya burodi na ayaba a matsayin amfani ga ayaba mai launin ruwan kasa ko mai tsufa.<ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Ana iya amfani da cakulan a matsayin sinadarin,<ref name="Moll 1993"/> wanda tare da ayaba shine haɗin dandano mai daɗi ga wasu mutane.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/> Ana iya amfani da kwayoyi kamar walnuts da macadamias a cikin Batir <ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/><ref name="Heldstab 2005"/> da kuma saman da kuma yin ado da cake.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya amfani da icing ko glaze a cikin shirye-shiryen cake, <ref name="Reisman 2002"/> wanda zai iya haɗawa da barasa, kamar bourbon.<ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> Ana iya yin burodi ko shirya burodi a matsayin burodi mai tururi, wanda za'a iya amfani da tururi na abinci.<ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Mahunnop 2013"/> Gurasar ayaba na iya samun ruwa. Ana iya shirya shi azaman cake,<ref name="Reisman 2002"/><ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015"/> kuma ana iya amfani da gurasar don shirya Muffins da cup[[Kofin cake|cakes]].<ref name="Paré 2002"/> Ana iya shirya shi azaman abincin kayan lambu kuma azaman abincin da ba shi da kitse.<ref name="Moll 1993"/> <gallery class="center" widths="220px" heights="160px" caption="Banana cakes"> Fayil:Banana_cake_slices.jpg|Slices of banana cake Fayil:Chocolate_banana_cake_garnished_with_strawberry_ice_cream.jpg|A chocolate banana cake garnished with strawberry ice cream Fayil:Banana_cake.jpg|A banana cake garnished with sliced banana </gallery> == Nau'o'i == '''A cikin abinci na Burma''' A cikin abincin Burmese, kek na ayaba sanannen kayan zaki ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Burmese Banana Cake with Cinnamon Flavor Recipe by Chef Naing Win : Recipe from Top Asian Chefs |url=https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405072027/https://www.topasianchefs.com/recipe/burmese-banana-cake-with-cinnamon-flavor-by-chef-naing-win/ |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Top Asian Chefs |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana ba da shi akai-akai a bukukuwan aure, bukukuwan ranar haihuwar, da bukukuwa. Ana kuma cinye shi a lokacin bikin Ramadan na Eid . === Bánh chuoi === [[Fayil:Best_banana_pancake_Hoi_An,_Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Bánh chuoi da aka shirya a cikin salon pancake]] Bánh chuoi cake ne na ayaba na Vietnam ko burodi. Ana yawan yin kek ɗin tururi, kuma ana iya yin burodi. === Kue nagasari === [[Fayil:Kue_pisang_nagasari_dibuka.JPG|thumb|Kwa Nagas da ba a rufe su bakue nagasari]] Kue nagasari sanannen kek ne na ayaba na Indonesiya wanda za'a iya shirya shi ta amfani da ayaba, garin mung ko garin shinkafa, madarar kwakwa da sukari.<ref name="Long 2015"/><ref name="Von Holzen Hutton Arsana 1999"/> == Duba kuma == * Jerin kekuna * Jerin abincin ayaba == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Banana cakes}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{cite book | last1=Shi | first1=J. | last2=Shahidi | first2=F. | last3=Ho | first3=C.T. | title=Asian Functional Foods | publisher=CRC Press | series=Nutraceutical Science and Technology | year=2005 | isbn=978-1-4200-2811-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vErMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA116 | pages=116–117}} == Manazarta == {{reflist}} <ref name="Greenspan Richardson 2006">{{cite book | last1=Greenspan | first1=D. | last2=Richardson | first2=A. | title=Baking: From My Home to Yours | publisher=Houghton Mifflin | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-618-44336-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/bakingfrommyhome0000gree | url-access=registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/bakingfrommyhome0000gree/page/204 204]}}</ref> <ref name="Reisman 2002">{{cite book | last=Reisman | first=R. | title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Light Desserts | publisher=Alpha Books | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-02-864446-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NtQ7p6rMRC0C&pg=PA38 | pages=38–39}}</ref> <ref name="Mahunnop 2013">{{cite book | last=Mahunnop | first=W. | title=25 Delicious Banana Recipes | publisher=JustZen | year=2013 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xw1zAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 | page=18}}</ref> <ref name="Paré 2002">{{cite book | last=Paré | first=J. | title=The Rookie Cook | publisher=Company's Coming Publishing, Limited | series=Company's Coming | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-895455-92-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HOv-Gzpl3vIC&pg=PA146 | page=146}}</ref> <ref name="Le 2014">{{cite book | last=Le | first=H. | title=Vietnamese Food with Helen's Recipes | publisher=Createspace Independent Pub | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-5005-2971-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_AaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA158 | pages=158–161}}</ref> <ref name="Long 2015">{{cite book | last=Long | first=L.M. | title=Ethnic American Food Today: A Cultural Encyclopedia | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-4422-2731-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DBzYCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA294 | page=294}}</ref> <ref name="Von Holzen Hutton Arsana 1999">{{cite book | last1=Von Holzen | first1=H. | last2=Hutton | first2=W. | last3=Arsana | first3=L. | title=The Food of Indonesia: Authentic Recipes from the Spice Islands | publisher=Periplus Editions | series=Periplus World Food Series | year=1999 | isbn=978-962-593-389-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AWKM6aTEGboC&pg=PA114 | page=114}}</ref> <ref name="Tropp 1982">{{cite book | last=Tropp | first=B. | title=The Modern Art of Chinese Cooking | publisher=Morrow | series=Cookbook Library | year=1982 | isbn=978-0-688-00566-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y5ssAAAAYAAJ&q=steamed+%22Banana+cake%22 | page=518}}</ref> <ref name="Heldstab 2005">{{cite book | last=Heldstab | first=Celeste | title=The Kitchen Grimoire Volume 4 | publisher=Celeste Heldstab | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-9774722-3-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDcPhM4i1WUC&pg=PA402 | page=402}}</ref> <ref name="Koch Legato 2012">{{cite book | last1=Koch | first1=M. | last2=Legato | first2=S. | title=Eat More of what You Love | publisher=Running Press | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-7624-4589-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/eatmoreofwhatyou0000koch | url-access=registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/eatmoreofwhatyou0000koch/page/322 322]}}</ref> <ref name="Moll 1993">{{cite journal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwcAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22 | title=A Better Banana Cake | author=Moll, Lucy | journal=[[Vegetarian Times]] | date=January 1993 | issue= 185 | pages=22}}</ref> <ref name="Brass Brass Ryan 2015">{{cite book | last1=Brass | first1=M. | last2=Brass | first2=S. | last3=Ryan | first3=A. | title=Baking with the Brass Sisters | publisher=St. Martin's Press | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-250-06435-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lJoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT89 | access-date=April 20, 2016 | pages=64–66}}</ref> * {{Commons category-inline|Banana cakes}} chh18iko09nlpuyy4r80sisiayf6gae 0 162984 893848 2026-08-09T19:51:23Z Alubaki 30448 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366141662|Silesian cuisine]]" 893848 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Rolady_gotowe.jpg|right|thumb|Ruwa]] [[Fayil:Mohnkuchen.jpg|right|thumb|Kakar tsaba (makowiec) ]] [[Fayil:Schläsches_Himmelreich.jpg|right|thumb|Schlesisches Himmelreich]] [[Fayil:Himmelrajch.jpg|thumb|Ƙananan ɓangaren 'Silesian Haven']] My phone is on the Wikimedia Foundation who is the one who is the one who is the one who is the one who is the one Abinci na Silesia na yankin Silesia ne a Tsakiyar Turai. Yana da nau'in abinci na Poland tare da kamanceceniya da yawa da alamun tasirin abinci na makwabta.<ref>Harald Saul: ''Familienrezepte aus Schlesien. Geschichten und Rezepte aus alter Zeit'', Leipzig 2003, {{ISBN|3-89798-088-6}}</ref> Abincin ya shahara musamman saboda iri na poppy da kayan abinci na knödel. == Jerin abincin Silesian == * ''Hauskyjza'' - mai ɗanɗano mai ƙarfi, cuku da aka yi a gida tare da tsaba * ''Kaszanka'' / ''Krupniok'' / ''Grützwurst'' - wani nau'in Sausage na [[jini]] da aka yi da ''Kasha'' da jinin dabba * Kluski śląskie / Schlesische Kartoffelklöße (Silesian dumplings) - dumplings na zagaye da aka yi da soya, an yi shi da dankali da aka dafa, dankali da ya yi da kyau, kwai, albasa da aka dafa da gari, da kuma garin dankali * ''Knysza'' - gurasar pita cike da nama da kabewa * ''Kopalnioki'' - sukari mai wuya da aka yi da sukari, [[Anise|man anise]], da kuma ainihin St John's wort, melissa, da peppermint, launin baƙar fata ya fito ne daga dye na abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Szołtysek, Marek |date=8 October 2010 |title=Śląskie kopalnioki |url=http://www.dziennikzachodni.pl/opinie/317055,slaskie-kopalnioki,id,t.html#material_2 |access-date=8 August 2011 |website=Dziennik Zachodni}}</ref> * Liegnitzer Bombe / ''Bōmba Legniczno'' - ƙananan cakulan gingerbread cike da marzipan da 'ya'yan itace ko kwayoyi, tarihi na musamman na Legnica (Liegnitz) * ''Makówki'' / ''Mohnpielen'' - kayan zaki na Kirsimeti na gargajiya, wanda ya dogara da tsaba mai kyau, tare da 'ya'yan itace, almond, Candied citrus peels, zuma, sukari, da pudding, kuma an ɗanɗano da rum * ''Moczka'' / ''Motschka'' / ''Lebkuchensauce'' / ''Polnische Sauce'' - kayan gargajiya na Kirsimeti, manyan sinadaran su ne jan burodi, kwayoyi da busassun 'ya'yan itace, strawberry compote, da almonds. * ''Rolada z modrą kapustą'' (rude tare da jan kabewa) - mafi kyawun naman sa; an cika shi da kayan lambu, ham, da adadi mai kyau na kayan yaji; koyaushe ana ba da shi tare da jan kale (tare da naman alade, sabon albasa da alls); al'ada ana cinye shi tare da ''Kluski śląskie'' don abincin dare na Lahadi * ''Schlesisches Himmelreich''/''Sylezyjske Niebo'' ("Silesian Heaven") - tasa na naman alade da aka dafa a cikin ruwa tare da busassun 'ya'yan itace da kayan yaji * ''Siemieniotka'' / ''Hanfsuppe'' - miya da aka yi da tsaba na hemp, babban abincin Kirsimeti * ''Streuselkuchen'' / ''Kołocz śląski'' - an yi shi da yisti da aka rufe da mai zaki mai zaki * ''Szałot'' - salatin da aka yi da cubes na dankali da aka dafa da karoshi, wake, ham, sausages daban-daban, kifi mai laushi, ƙwai da aka dafa, an dafa shi da man zaitun ko mayonnaise * ''Wodzionka'' / Brotsuppe - miya tare da [[tafarnuwa]] da kwano na busassun gurasar rye * ''Żymła'' - gurasar burodi mai kyau, mai laushi tare da rabuwa a tsakiya, wanda aka ɗora shi da tsaba mai laushi, kamar ''Kaisersemmel'' na Austrian. * ''[[Żymlok]]'' - kamar ''krupniok'' amma maimakon ''Kasha'', ana amfani da gurasar gurasa (''żymła'') == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} brpqd9zy39te8jzff2ovnterg99a0w5 893849 893848 2026-08-09T19:52:09Z Alubaki 30448 893849 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Rolady_gotowe.jpg|right|thumb|Ruwa]] [[Fayil:Mohnkuchen.jpg|right|thumb|Kakar tsaba (makowiec) ]] [[Fayil:Schläsches_Himmelreich.jpg|right|thumb|Schlesisches Himmelreich]] [[Fayil:Himmelrajch.jpg|thumb|Ƙananan ɓangaren 'Silesian Haven']] Abinci na Silesia na yankin Silesia ne a Tsakiyar Turai. Yana da nau'in abinci na Poland tare da kamanceceniya da yawa da alamun tasirin abinci na makwabta.<ref>Harald Saul: ''Familienrezepte aus Schlesien. Geschichten und Rezepte aus alter Zeit'', Leipzig 2003, {{ISBN|3-89798-088-6}}</ref> Abincin ya shahara musamman saboda iri na poppy da kayan abinci na knödel. == Jerin abincin Silesian == * ''Hauskyjza'' - mai ɗanɗano mai ƙarfi, cuku da aka yi a gida tare da tsaba * ''Kaszanka'' / ''Krupniok'' / ''Grützwurst'' - wani nau'in Sausage na [[jini]] da aka yi da ''Kasha'' da jinin dabba * Kluski śląskie / Schlesische Kartoffelklöße (Silesian dumplings) - dumplings na zagaye da aka yi da soya, an yi shi da dankali da aka dafa, dankali da ya yi da kyau, kwai, albasa da aka dafa da gari, da kuma garin dankali * ''Knysza'' - gurasar pita cike da nama da kabewa * ''Kopalnioki'' - sukari mai wuya da aka yi da sukari, [[Anise|man anise]], da kuma ainihin St John's wort, melissa, da peppermint, launin baƙar fata ya fito ne daga dye na abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Szołtysek, Marek |date=8 October 2010 |title=Śląskie kopalnioki |url=http://www.dziennikzachodni.pl/opinie/317055,slaskie-kopalnioki,id,t.html#material_2 |access-date=8 August 2011 |website=Dziennik Zachodni}}</ref> * Liegnitzer Bombe / ''Bōmba Legniczno'' - ƙananan cakulan gingerbread cike da marzipan da 'ya'yan itace ko kwayoyi, tarihi na musamman na Legnica (Liegnitz) * ''Makówki'' / ''Mohnpielen'' - kayan zaki na Kirsimeti na gargajiya, wanda ya dogara da tsaba mai kyau, tare da 'ya'yan itace, almond, Candied citrus peels, zuma, sukari, da pudding, kuma an ɗanɗano da rum * ''Moczka'' / ''Motschka'' / ''Lebkuchensauce'' / ''Polnische Sauce'' - kayan gargajiya na Kirsimeti, manyan sinadaran su ne jan burodi, kwayoyi da busassun 'ya'yan itace, strawberry compote, da almonds. * ''Rolada z modrą kapustą'' (rude tare da jan kabewa) - mafi kyawun naman sa; an cika shi da kayan lambu, ham, da adadi mai kyau na kayan yaji; koyaushe ana ba da shi tare da jan kale (tare da naman alade, sabon albasa da alls); al'ada ana cinye shi tare da ''Kluski śląskie'' don abincin dare na Lahadi * ''Schlesisches Himmelreich''/''Sylezyjske Niebo'' ("Silesian Heaven") - tasa na naman alade da aka dafa a cikin ruwa tare da busassun 'ya'yan itace da kayan yaji * ''Siemieniotka'' / ''Hanfsuppe'' - miya da aka yi da tsaba na hemp, babban abincin Kirsimeti * ''Streuselkuchen'' / ''Kołocz śląski'' - an yi shi da yisti da aka rufe da mai zaki mai zaki * ''Szałot'' - salatin da aka yi da cubes na dankali da aka dafa da karoshi, wake, ham, sausages daban-daban, kifi mai laushi, ƙwai da aka dafa, an dafa shi da man zaitun ko mayonnaise * ''Wodzionka'' / Brotsuppe - miya tare da [[tafarnuwa]] da kwano na busassun gurasar rye * ''Żymła'' - gurasar burodi mai kyau, mai laushi tare da rabuwa a tsakiya, wanda aka ɗora shi da tsaba mai laushi, kamar ''Kaisersemmel'' na Austrian. * ''[[Żymlok]]'' - kamar ''krupniok'' amma maimakon ''Kasha'', ana amfani da gurasar gurasa (''żymła'') == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} mb8vhwvsvioctva26rz0mn2hbqt62b7 893850 893849 2026-08-09T19:55:08Z Alubaki 30448 /* Jerin abincin Silesian */ 893850 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Rolady_gotowe.jpg|right|thumb|Ruwa]] [[Fayil:Mohnkuchen.jpg|right|thumb|Kakar tsaba (makowiec) ]] [[Fayil:Schläsches_Himmelreich.jpg|right|thumb|Schlesisches Himmelreich]] [[Fayil:Himmelrajch.jpg|thumb|Ƙananan ɓangaren 'Silesian Haven']] Abinci na Silesia na yankin Silesia ne a Tsakiyar Turai. Yana da nau'in abinci na Poland tare da kamanceceniya da yawa da alamun tasirin abinci na makwabta.<ref>Harald Saul: ''Familienrezepte aus Schlesien. Geschichten und Rezepte aus alter Zeit'', Leipzig 2003, {{ISBN|3-89798-088-6}}</ref> Abincin ya shahara musamman saboda iri na poppy da kayan abinci na knödel. == Jerin abincin Silesian == * ''Hauskyjza'' - mai ɗanɗano mai ƙarfi, cuku da aka yi a gida tare da tsaba * ''Kaszanka'' / ''Krupniok'' / ''Grützwurst'' - wani nau'in Sausage na [[jini]] da aka yi da ''Kasha'' da jinin dabba * Kluski śląskie / Schlesische Kartoffelklöße (Silesian dumplings) - dumplings na zagaye da aka yi da soya, an yi shi da dankali da aka dafa, dankali da ya yi da kyau, kwai, albasa da aka dafa da gari, da kuma garin dankali * ''Knysza'' - gurasar pita cike da nama da kabewa * ''Kopalnioki'' - sukari mai wuya da aka yi da sukari, [[Anise|man anise]], da kuma ainihin St John's wort, melissa, da peppermint, launin baƙar fata ya fito ne daga dye na abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Szołtysek, Marek |date=8 October 2010 |title=Śląskie kopalnioki |url=http://www.dziennikzachodni.pl/opinie/317055,slaskie-kopalnioki,id,t.html#material_2 |access-date=8 August 2011 |website=Dziennik Zachodni}}</ref> * Liegnitzer Bombe / ''Bōmba Legniczno'' - ƙananan cakulan gingerbread cike da marzipan da 'ya'yan itace ko kwayoyi, tarihi na musamman na Legnica (Liegnitz) * ''Makówki'' / ''Mohnpielen'' - kayan zaki na Kirsimeti na gargajiya, wanda ya dogara da tsaba mai kyau, tare da 'ya'yan itace, almond, Candied citrus peels, zuma, sukari, da pudding, kuma an ɗanɗano da rum * ''Moczka'' / ''Motschka'' / ''Lebkuchensauce'' / ''Polnische Sauce'' - <ref>Grandel., Hanna: Spezialitäten aus Schlesien - 107 Rezepte; Rautenberg, Leer 1994, p. 68.</ref> kayan gargajiya na Kirsimeti, manyan sinadaran su ne jan burodi, kwayoyi da busassun 'ya'yan itace, strawberry compote, da almonds. * ''Rolada z modrą kapustą'' (rude tare da jan kabewa) - mafi kyawun naman sa; an cika shi da kayan lambu, ham, da adadi mai kyau na kayan yaji; koyaushe ana ba da shi tare da jan kale (tare da naman alade, sabon albasa da alls); al'ada ana cinye shi tare da ''Kluski śląskie'' don abincin dare na Lahadi * ''Schlesisches Himmelreich''/''Sylezyjske Niebo'' ("Silesian Heaven") - tasa na naman alade da aka dafa a cikin ruwa tare da busassun 'ya'yan itace da kayan yaji * ''Siemieniotka'' / ''Hanfsuppe'' - miya da aka yi da tsaba na hemp, babban abincin Kirsimeti * ''Streuselkuchen'' / ''Kołocz śląski'' - an yi shi da yisti da aka rufe da mai zaki mai zaki * ''Szałot'' - salatin da aka yi da cubes na dankali da aka dafa da karoshi, wake, ham, sausages daban-daban, kifi mai laushi, ƙwai da aka dafa, an dafa shi da man zaitun ko mayonnaise * ''Wodzionka'' / Brotsuppe - miya tare da [[tafarnuwa]] da kwano na busassun gurasar rye * ''Żymła'' - gurasar burodi mai kyau, mai laushi tare da rabuwa a tsakiya, wanda aka ɗora shi da tsaba mai laushi, kamar ''Kaisersemmel'' na Austrian. * ''[[Żymlok]]'' - kamar ''krupniok'' amma maimakon ''Kasha'', ana amfani da gurasar gurasa (''żymła'') == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} sbkyzi1w4wuenobonqjk5f8z5his8xc 893851 893850 2026-08-09T19:58:26Z Alubaki 30448 /* Jerin abincin Silesian */ 893851 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Rolady_gotowe.jpg|right|thumb|Ruwa]] [[Fayil:Mohnkuchen.jpg|right|thumb|Kakar tsaba (makowiec) ]] [[Fayil:Schläsches_Himmelreich.jpg|right|thumb|Schlesisches Himmelreich]] [[Fayil:Himmelrajch.jpg|thumb|Ƙananan ɓangaren 'Silesian Haven']] Abinci na Silesia na yankin Silesia ne a Tsakiyar Turai. Yana da nau'in abinci na Poland tare da kamanceceniya da yawa da alamun tasirin abinci na makwabta.<ref>Harald Saul: ''Familienrezepte aus Schlesien. Geschichten und Rezepte aus alter Zeit'', Leipzig 2003, {{ISBN|3-89798-088-6}}</ref> Abincin ya shahara musamman saboda iri na poppy da kayan abinci na knödel. == Jerin abincin Silesian == * ''Hauskyjza'' - mai ɗanɗano mai ƙarfi, cuku da aka yi a gida tare da tsaba * ''Kaszanka'' / ''Krupniok'' / ''Grützwurst'' - wani nau'in Sausage na [[jini]] da aka yi da ''Kasha'' da jinin dabba * Kluski śląskie / Schlesische Kartoffelklöße (Silesian dumplings) - dumplings na zagaye da aka yi da soya, an yi shi da dankali da aka dafa, dankali da ya yi da kyau, kwai, albasa da aka dafa da gari, da kuma garin dankali * ''Knysza'' - gurasar pita cike da nama da kabewa * ''Kopalnioki'' - sukari mai wuya da aka yi da sukari, [[Anise|man anise]], da kuma ainihin St John's wort, melissa, da peppermint, launin baƙar fata ya fito ne daga dye na abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Szołtysek, Marek |date=8 October 2010 |title=Śląskie kopalnioki |url=http://www.dziennikzachodni.pl/opinie/317055,slaskie-kopalnioki,id,t.html#material_2 |access-date=8 August 2011 |website=Dziennik Zachodni}}</ref> * Liegnitzer Bombe / ''Bōmba Legniczno'' - ƙananan cakulan gingerbread cike da marzipan da 'ya'yan itace ko kwayoyi, tarihi na musamman na Legnica (Liegnitz) * ''Makówki'' / ''Mohnpielen'' - kayan zaki na Kirsimeti na gargajiya, wanda ya dogara da tsaba mai kyau, tare da 'ya'yan itace, almond, Candied citrus peels, zuma, sukari, da pudding, kuma an ɗanɗano da rum * ''Moczka'' / ''Motschka'' / ''Lebkuchensauce'' / ''Polnische Sauce'' - <ref>Grandel., Hanna: Spezialitäten aus Schlesien - 107 Rezepte; Rautenberg, Leer 1994, p. 68.</ref> kayan gargajiya na Kirsimeti, manyan sinadaran su ne jan burodi, kwayoyi da busassun 'ya'yan itace, strawberry compote, da almonds. * ''Rolada z modrą kapustą'' (rude tare da jan kabewa) - mafi kyawun naman sa; an cika shi da kayan lambu, ham, da adadi mai kyau na kayan yaji; koyaushe ana ba da shi tare da jan kale (tare da naman alade, sabon albasa da alls); al'ada ana cinye shi tare da ''Kluski śląskie'' don abincin dare na Lahadi * ''Schlesisches Himmelreich''/''Sylezyjske Niebo'' ("Silesian Heaven") - tasa na naman alade da aka dafa a cikin ruwa tare da busassun 'ya'yan itace da kayan yaji<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pelz |first=Henriette |title=Schlesisches Kochbuch / Schlesisches Himmelreich |publisher=Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn |year=1994 |isbn=3-87057-020-2 |location=Würzburg |pages=439 |language=de}}</ref> * ''Siemieniotka'' / ''Hanfsuppe'' - miya da aka yi da tsaba na hemp, babban abincin Kirsimeti * ''Streuselkuchen'' / ''Kołocz śląski'' - an yi shi da yisti da aka rufe da mai zaki mai zaki * ''Szałot'' - salatin da aka yi da cubes na dankali da aka dafa da karoshi, wake, ham, sausages daban-daban, kifi mai laushi, ƙwai da aka dafa, an dafa shi da man zaitun ko mayonnaise * ''Wodzionka'' / Brotsuppe - miya tare da [[tafarnuwa]] da kwano na busassun gurasar rye * ''Żymła'' - gurasar burodi mai kyau, mai laushi tare da rabuwa a tsakiya, wanda aka ɗora shi da tsaba mai laushi, kamar ''Kaisersemmel'' na Austrian. * ''[[Żymlok]]'' - kamar ''krupniok'' amma maimakon ''Kasha'', ana amfani da gurasar gurasa (''żymła'') == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 8xdyjell9hl3wc2mo2iassmunlblirp 893852 893851 2026-08-09T19:58:57Z Alubaki 30448 893852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Rolady_gotowe.jpg|right|thumb|Ruwa]] [[Fayil:Mohnkuchen.jpg|right|thumb|Kakar tsaba (makowiec) ]] [[Fayil:Schläsches_Himmelreich.jpg|right|thumb|Schlesisches Himmelreich]] [[Fayil:Himmelrajch.jpg|thumb|Ƙananan ɓangaren 'Silesian Haven']] Abinci na Silesia na yankin Silesia ne a Tsakiyar Turai. Yana da nau'in abinci na Poland tare da kamanceceniya da yawa da alamun tasirin abinci na makwabta.<ref>Harald Saul: ''Familienrezepte aus Schlesien. Geschichten und Rezepte aus alter Zeit'', Leipzig 2003, {{ISBN|3-89798-088-6}}</ref> Abincin ya shahara musamman saboda iri na poppy da kayan abinci na knödel. == Jerin abincin Silesian == * ''Hauskyjza'' - mai ɗanɗano mai ƙarfi, cuku da aka yi a gida tare da tsaba * ''Kaszanka'' / ''Krupniok'' / ''Grützwurst'' - wani nau'in Sausage na [[jini]] da aka yi da ''Kasha'' da jinin dabba * Kluski śląskie / Schlesische Kartoffelklöße (Silesian dumplings) - dumplings na zagaye da aka yi da soya, an yi shi da dankali da aka dafa, dankali da ya yi da kyau, kwai, albasa da aka dafa da gari, da kuma garin dankali * ''Knysza'' - gurasar pita cike da nama da kabewa * ''Kopalnioki'' - sukari mai wuya da aka yi da sukari, [[Anise|man anise]], da kuma ainihin St John's wort, melissa, da peppermint, launin baƙar fata ya fito ne daga dye na abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Szołtysek, Marek |date=8 October 2010 |title=Śląskie kopalnioki |url=http://www.dziennikzachodni.pl/opinie/317055,slaskie-kopalnioki,id,t.html#material_2 |access-date=8 August 2011 |website=Dziennik Zachodni}}</ref> * Liegnitzer Bombe / ''Bōmba Legniczno'' - ƙananan cakulan gingerbread cike da marzipan da 'ya'yan itace ko kwayoyi, tarihi na musamman na Legnica (Liegnitz) * ''Makówki'' / ''Mohnpielen'' - kayan zaki na Kirsimeti na gargajiya, wanda ya dogara da tsaba mai kyau, tare da 'ya'yan itace, almond, Candied citrus peels, zuma, sukari, da pudding, kuma an ɗanɗano da rum * ''Moczka'' / ''Motschka'' / ''Lebkuchensauce'' / ''Polnische Sauce'' - <ref>Grandel., Hanna: Spezialitäten aus Schlesien - 107 Rezepte; Rautenberg, Leer 1994, p. 68.</ref> kayan gargajiya na Kirsimeti, manyan sinadaran su ne jan burodi, kwayoyi da busassun 'ya'yan itace, strawberry compote, da almonds. * ''Rolada z modrą kapustą'' (rude tare da jan kabewa) - mafi kyawun naman sa; an cika shi da kayan lambu, ham, da adadi mai kyau na kayan yaji; koyaushe ana ba da shi tare da jan kale (tare da naman alade, sabon albasa da alls); al'ada ana cinye shi tare da ''Kluski śląskie'' don abincin dare na Lahadi * ''Schlesisches Himmelreich''/''Sylezyjske Niebo'' ("Silesian Heaven") - tasa na naman alade da aka dafa a cikin ruwa tare da busassun 'ya'yan itace da kayan yaji<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pelz |first=Henriette |title=Schlesisches Kochbuch / Schlesisches Himmelreich |publisher=Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn |year=1994 |isbn=3-87057-020-2 |location=Würzburg |pages=439 |language=de}}</ref> * ''Siemieniotka'' / ''Hanfsuppe'' - miya da aka yi da tsaba na hemp, babban abincin Kirsimeti * ''Streuselkuchen'' / ''Kołocz śląski'' - an yi shi da yisti da aka rufe da mai zaki mai zaki * ''Szałot'' - salatin da aka yi da cubes na dankali da aka dafa da karoshi, wake, ham, sausages daban-daban, kifi mai laushi, ƙwai da aka dafa, an dafa shi da man zaitun ko mayonnaise * ''Wodzionka'' / Brotsuppe - miya tare da [[tafarnuwa]] da kwano na busassun gurasar rye * ''Żymła'' - gurasar burodi mai kyau, mai laushi tare da rabuwa a tsakiya, wanda aka ɗora shi da tsaba mai laushi, kamar ''Kaisersemmel'' na Austrian. * ''[[Żymlok]]'' - kamar ''krupniok'' amma maimakon ''Kasha'', ana amfani da gurasar gurasa (''żymła'') == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 0ls6jlykx5h2kxqaluiwpldw9fcfytk 0 162985 893853 2026-08-09T20:00:38Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368390876|Jesse Bisiwu]]" 893853 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> G '''Jesse Eugen K. Bisiwu''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2008) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Belgium wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gefe na [[La Liga|Ƙungiyar]] La Liga ta [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jesse Bisiwu |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/jesse-bisiwu/914592/ |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == === Kungiyar Brugge === A wani makarantar matasa a Club Brugge, yana da shekaru goma sha huɗu, an ba Bisiwu damar yin wasa a wasan sada zumunci ga ƙungiyar farko da ta horar dashi yayin da aka gudanar da gasar cin kofin duniya lokacin hunturu a kasar Qatar. <ref name="baker">{{Cite web |last=Van den Broek |first=David |date=19 May 2025 |title=The class of 2008 is up: these top talents want to score with the Belgian U17 at the European Championship |url=https://www.gva.be/sport/voetbal/de-klas-van-2008-is-aan-zet-deze-toptalenten-willen-met-de-belgische-u17-scoren-op-het-ek/67806964.html |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=gva.be}}</ref> Bisiwu ya buga wa Club NXT wasa a cikin Challenger Pro League a matsayin mai shekaru 15 a lokacin kakar 2023-24. <ref name="lewis">{{Cite web |last=Lanckriet |first=Jannick |date=August 16, 2024 |title=New pearls Club and Anderlecht: "year of blossoming" |url=https://www.voetbalnieuws.be/news/787942/nieuwe-parels-club-en-anderlecht-jaar-van-de-ontbolstering |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=Voetbalnieuws.be}}</ref> A kakar wasa na gaba, ya nuna bajinta sosai inda ya hada da zura kwallo a ragar Beveren wanda ya daukeshi zagaye kusan duka filin, da kuma burin da aka yi da RFC Liège a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2025 yayin da kungiyarsa ta dawo daga 1-0 zuwa ƙasa don lashe 2-1 a lokacin rauni.<ref name="baker">{{Cite web |last=Van den Broek |first=David |date=19 May 2025 |title=The class of 2008 is up: these top talents want to score with the Belgian U17 at the European Championship |url=https://www.gva.be/sport/voetbal/de-klas-van-2008-is-aan-zet-deze-toptalenten-willen-met-de-belgische-u17-scoren-op-het-ek/67806964.html |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=gva.be}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2025 |title=He crossed the entire pitch: the splendid goal scored by a young Bruges player with Club NXT (video) |url=https://www.lesoir.be/668825/article/2025-04-13/il-traverse-tout-le-terrain-le-splendide-inscrit-par-un-jeune-brugeois-avec-le |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=Lesoir.be}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 5, 2025 |title="Get it done!" Bizarre ending of Club NXT team against Club Luik in pictures |url=https://www.voetbalprimeur.be/videos/1290412/bizar-slot-van-tiental-club-nxt-tegen-club-luik-in-beeld.html |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=voetbalprimeur.be}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 8, 2025 |title=The 5 of 1B: Bisiwu match winner at Club NXT, La Louvière winger continues to excel |url=https://www.voetbalprimeur.be/nieuws/1290680/de-5-van-1b-bisiwu-matchwinnaar-bij-club-nxt-winger-van-la-louvi-re-blijft-uitblinken.html#obem_standby |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=voetbalprimeur.be}}</ref> Bisiwu ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da Club Brugge a lokacin kakar 2024-25. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 13, 2024 |title=JPL Stars of Tomorrow: Jesse Bisiwu, contortionist in training at Club Brugge |url=https://www.voetbalprimeur.be/nieuws/1224118/jpl-sterren-van-morgen-jesse-bisiwu-slangenmens-van-club-brugge.html |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=voetbalprimeur.be}}</ref> === Barcelona === A ranar 31 ga watan Yulin 2026, Bisiwu ya koma [[La Liga|Ƙungiyar]] La Liga ta [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]], inda ya sanya hannu kan kwangila har zuwa 30 ga watan Yunin 2031. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2026 |title=FC Barcelona sign Jesse Bisiwu |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/4550693/fc-barcelona-sign-jesse-bisiwu |access-date=31 July 2026 |publisher=[[FC Barcelona]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2026 |title=Jesse Bisiwu is leaving Club NXT |url=https://www.clubbrugge.be/en/news/jesse-bisiwu-is-leaving-club-nxt |access-date=31 July 2026 |publisher=Club Brugge KV}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Wani matasan Belgium na kasa da kasa, an sanya wa Bisiwu suna don ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa da shekara 17 ta Belgium don gasar zakarun Turai ta ƙasa da shekaru 17 a shekara ta 2025. <ref name="baker">{{Cite web |last=Van den Broek |first=David |date=19 May 2025 |title=The class of 2008 is up: these top talents want to score with the Belgian U17 at the European Championship |url=https://www.gva.be/sport/voetbal/de-klas-van-2008-is-aan-zet-deze-toptalenten-willen-met-de-belgische-u17-scoren-op-het-ek/67806964.html |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=gva.be}}</ref> == Hanyar wasa == A san Bisiwu ne saboda iyawarsa ta zara kan reshe, <ref name="lewis">{{Cite web |last=Lanckriet |first=Jannick |date=August 16, 2024 |title=New pearls Club and Anderlecht: "year of blossoming" |url=https://www.voetbalnieuws.be/news/787942/nieuwe-parels-club-en-anderlecht-jaar-van-de-ontbolstering |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=Voetbalnieuws.be}}</ref> kuma an ba shi lakabi da "contortionist". An kwatanta shi da salon wasan [[Khalilou Fadiga]] . <ref name="baker">{{Cite web |last=Van den Broek |first=David |date=19 May 2025 |title=The class of 2008 is up: these top talents want to score with the Belgian U17 at the European Championship |url=https://www.gva.be/sport/voetbal/de-klas-van-2008-is-aan-zet-deze-toptalenten-willen-met-de-belgische-u17-scoren-op-het-ek/67806964.html |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=gva.be}}</ref> == Daraja == '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Kungiyar Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta Kasa da Shekaru 17 ta UEFA: 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2025 |title=2025 U17 EURO Team of the Tournament |url=https://www.uefa.com/under17/news/029a-1dedaf7617c0-1ad2367240dd-1000--2025-u17-euro-team-of-the-tournament/ |access-date=28 June 2025 |website=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{FC Barcelona squad}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 4hu6bzqzwlijng9j5uiaze9vfbl9mpd 893866 893853 2026-08-09T20:10:22Z Asmau Abubakar 45205 893866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> G '''Jesse Eugen K. Bisiwu''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2008) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Belgium wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gefe na [[La Liga|Ƙungiyar]] La Liga ta [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jesse Bisiwu |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/jesse-bisiwu/914592/ |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == === Kungiyar Brugge === A wani makarantar matasa a Club Brugge, yana da shekaru goma sha huɗu, an ba Bisiwu damar yin wasa a wasan sada zumunci ga ƙungiyar farko da ta horar dashi yayin da aka gudanar da gasar cin kofin duniya lokacin hunturu a kasar Qatar. <ref name="baker">{{Cite web |last=Van den Broek |first=David |date=19 May 2025 |title=The class of 2008 is up: these top talents want to score with the Belgian U17 at the European Championship |url=https://www.gva.be/sport/voetbal/de-klas-van-2008-is-aan-zet-deze-toptalenten-willen-met-de-belgische-u17-scoren-op-het-ek/67806964.html |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=gva.be}}</ref> Bisiwu ya buga wa Club NXT wasa a cikin Challenger Pro League a matsayin mai shekaru 15 a lokacin kakar 2023-24. <ref name="lewis">{{Cite web |last=Lanckriet |first=Jannick |date=August 16, 2024 |title=New pearls Club and Anderlecht: "year of blossoming" |url=https://www.voetbalnieuws.be/news/787942/nieuwe-parels-club-en-anderlecht-jaar-van-de-ontbolstering |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=Voetbalnieuws.be}}</ref> A kakar wasa na gaba, ya nuna bajinta sosai inda ya hada da zura kwallo a ragar Beveren wanda ya daukeshi zagaye kusan duka filin, da kuma burin da aka yi da RFC Liège a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2025 yayin da kungiyarsa ta dawo daga 1-0 zuwa ƙasa don lashe 2-1 a lokacin rauni.<ref name="baker">{{Cite web |last=Van den Broek |first=David |date=19 May 2025 |title=The class of 2008 is up: these top talents want to score with the Belgian U17 at the European Championship |url=https://www.gva.be/sport/voetbal/de-klas-van-2008-is-aan-zet-deze-toptalenten-willen-met-de-belgische-u17-scoren-op-het-ek/67806964.html |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=gva.be}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2025 |title=He crossed the entire pitch: the splendid goal scored by a young Bruges player with Club NXT (video) |url=https://www.lesoir.be/668825/article/2025-04-13/il-traverse-tout-le-terrain-le-splendide-inscrit-par-un-jeune-brugeois-avec-le |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=Lesoir.be}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 5, 2025 |title="Get it done!" Bizarre ending of Club NXT team against Club Luik in pictures |url=https://www.voetbalprimeur.be/videos/1290412/bizar-slot-van-tiental-club-nxt-tegen-club-luik-in-beeld.html |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=voetbalprimeur.be}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 8, 2025 |title=The 5 of 1B: Bisiwu match winner at Club NXT, La Louvière winger continues to excel |url=https://www.voetbalprimeur.be/nieuws/1290680/de-5-van-1b-bisiwu-matchwinnaar-bij-club-nxt-winger-van-la-louvi-re-blijft-uitblinken.html#obem_standby |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=voetbalprimeur.be}}</ref> Bisiwu ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da Club Brugge a lokacin kakar 2024-25. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 13, 2024 |title=JPL Stars of Tomorrow: Jesse Bisiwu, contortionist in training at Club Brugge |url=https://www.voetbalprimeur.be/nieuws/1224118/jpl-sterren-van-morgen-jesse-bisiwu-slangenmens-van-club-brugge.html |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=voetbalprimeur.be}}</ref> === Barcelona === A ranar 31 ga watan Yulin 2026, Bisiwu ya koma [[La Liga|Ƙungiyar]] La Liga ta [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]], inda ya sanya hannu kan kwangila har zuwa 30 ga watan Yunin 2031. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2026 |title=FC Barcelona sign Jesse Bisiwu |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/4550693/fc-barcelona-sign-jesse-bisiwu |access-date=31 July 2026 |publisher=[[FC Barcelona]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2026 |title=Jesse Bisiwu is leaving Club NXT |url=https://www.clubbrugge.be/en/news/jesse-bisiwu-is-leaving-club-nxt |access-date=31 July 2026 |publisher=Club Brugge KV}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Wani matasan Belgium na kasa da kasa, an sanya wa Bisiwu suna don ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa da shekara 17 ta Belgium don gasar zakarun Turai ta ƙasa da shekaru 17 a shekara ta 2025. <ref name="baker">{{Cite web |last=Van den Broek |first=David |date=19 May 2025 |title=The class of 2008 is up: these top talents want to score with the Belgian U17 at the European Championship |url=https://www.gva.be/sport/voetbal/de-klas-van-2008-is-aan-zet-deze-toptalenten-willen-met-de-belgische-u17-scoren-op-het-ek/67806964.html |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=gva.be}}</ref> == Hanyar wasa == A san Bisiwu ne saboda iyawarsa ta zara kan reshe, <ref name="lewis">{{Cite web |last=Lanckriet |first=Jannick |date=August 16, 2024 |title=New pearls Club and Anderlecht: "year of blossoming" |url=https://www.voetbalnieuws.be/news/787942/nieuwe-parels-club-en-anderlecht-jaar-van-de-ontbolstering |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=Voetbalnieuws.be}}</ref> kuma an ba shi lakabi da "contortionist". An kwatanta shi da salon wasan [[Khalilou Fadiga]] . <ref name="baker">{{Cite web |last=Van den Broek |first=David |date=19 May 2025 |title=The class of 2008 is up: these top talents want to score with the Belgian U17 at the European Championship |url=https://www.gva.be/sport/voetbal/de-klas-van-2008-is-aan-zet-deze-toptalenten-willen-met-de-belgische-u17-scoren-op-het-ek/67806964.html |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=gva.be}}</ref> == Daraja == '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Kungiyar Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta Kasa da Shekaru 17 ta UEFA: 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2025 |title=2025 U17 EURO Team of the Tournament |url=https://www.uefa.com/under17/news/029a-1dedaf7617c0-1ad2367240dd-1000--2025-u17-euro-team-of-the-tournament/ |access-date=28 June 2025 |website=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{FC Barcelona squad}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ce17xy19xs36u1ikl9j2htydainbhok 3 162986 893886 2026-08-09T21:23:16Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 893886 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, JotGeKa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/JotGeKa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 9 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 68ijxz4thwxeecsuzyrmefub04qflcd 3 162987 893887 2026-08-09T21:23:26Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 893887 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Михаил Михайлович Михайлов-Михайловский! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Михаил Михайлович Михайлов-Михайловский|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 9 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 9xlaqu1liqvqwq8bgmtd6tld5lznsig 3 162988 893888 2026-08-09T21:23:36Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 893888 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Rachaelly01! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Rachaelly01|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 9 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) g77x052acretzwjwq7ps0opigdj6y1r 3 162989 893889 2026-08-09T21:23:46Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 893889 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sarifhafijurrahman! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sarifhafijurrahman|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 9 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 4pxhk2jlf3025ywgie7bwa3td54gqud 3 162990 893890 2026-08-09T21:23:56Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 893890 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, NNajib abdullahi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/NNajib abdullahi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 9 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) jahyb9srqe0rlab8v4x5s7gw4wyw7rd 3 162991 893891 2026-08-09T21:24:06Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 893891 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Jalkapallotekijä! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Jalkapallotekijä|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 9 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) evg7fx089pv3loqt1vhounkk47gx3mg 3 162992 893892 2026-08-09T21:24:16Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 893892 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Aliyuhaydarr! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Aliyuhaydarr|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 9 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) q68p22e1mvj7u2gapldnnjhlr5o5jwk 3 162993 893893 2026-08-09T21:24:26Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 893893 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, FilipJZ2004! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/FilipJZ2004|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 9 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) gy9754x7ks0nqfevtwpjcud0olfs02d 3 162994 893894 2026-08-09T21:24:36Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 893894 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, SillyCS! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/SillyCS|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 9 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) hu9y17tuza9wngds6dxeggofqiz7fgv 3 162995 893896 2026-08-09T21:24:46Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 893896 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, WalnutBloom! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/WalnutBloom|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 9 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) oubqyetoyn2jbimxtthlxdv0dy7wo1z 3 162996 893897 2026-08-09T21:24:56Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 893897 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Jaizinosaurus! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Jaizinosaurus|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 9 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) oomnrbknc8rm4khqbeg645z5mvu1g2f 3 162997 893898 2026-08-09T21:25:06Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 893898 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Rumex12! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Rumex12|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 9 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) r7q2nz2pbvbjnltwywgxtd928oz7qry 3 162998 893899 2026-08-09T21:25:16Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 893899 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Marcas.oduinn! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Marcas.oduinn|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 9 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) cmt8y8tp296nmzew3zzp00lcdprdym6 3 162999 893900 2026-08-09T21:25:26Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 893900 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Escanor247! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Escanor247|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 9 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 7j4c0zbimicbm1wm4cvruh5mlm02v1b 3 163000 893901 2026-08-09T21:25:36Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 893901 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Hajiya ihsana! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Hajiya ihsana|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 9 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 9e3e4tpzp0tky2nrslf346exxi6gcy8 3 163001 893902 2026-08-09T21:25:46Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 893902 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Abbasule01! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Abbasule01|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 9 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 6ao04mbfho5qvrv8l5srqim3a9vlzwj 3 163002 893903 2026-08-09T21:25:56Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 893903 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Abdallah5194! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Abdallah5194|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 9 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) r5suso5r6a9v6owysvz8aty5dds1zyf 3 163003 893904 2026-08-09T21:26:06Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 893904 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Charutha04! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Charutha04|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 9 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) ko3f1y03eocqbyyzumxlqmb2uo7wl40 3 163004 893905 2026-08-09T21:26:16Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 893905 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Vavachaplin! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Vavachaplin|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 9 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) to2wbxjhgajbfg2ktju4g6em9c8nrgm 3 163005 893906 2026-08-09T21:26:26Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 893906 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bipinkumar345! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bipinkumar345|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 9 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) nnsliu6tnly3wb4475wkauhsxy4xjx7 3 163006 893907 2026-08-09T21:26:36Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 893907 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Chitiniuous! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Chitiniuous|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 9 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) s0s0pednto86ml9qt8zpobifny1hhb4 3 163007 893908 2026-08-09T21:26:46Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 893908 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, MoviesandTelevisionFan! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/MoviesandTelevisionFan|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 9 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 7uvpj9pj1rof580wtphyn8alqx6q6bw 3 163008 893909 2026-08-09T21:26:56Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 893909 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, RAPTOR7762! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/RAPTOR7762|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 9 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) n9xn54xtbgoooes98lyqv0r9qlrs4rx 3 163009 893910 2026-08-09T21:27:06Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 893910 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Arminnius! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Arminnius|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 9 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) fu653gvmuky7z3gma9rtc2bljqccfxj 3 163010 893911 2026-08-09T21:27:16Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 893911 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, HaliluIbrahim sabo! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/HaliluIbrahim sabo|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 9 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) kokhnda8k9quy745rftdbji89sdc5nk 3 163011 893912 2026-08-09T21:27:26Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 893912 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Riggerzack! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Riggerzack|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 9 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) j7c6vp1ogjco290sdqnjh9oulf88dhl 0 163012 893951 2026-08-10T00:04:13Z M I Idrees 13015 Ƙirƙira ta hanyar buɗe sashe daga shafi "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1313764348|Mohammad Karamudini]]" 893951 wikitext text/x-wiki Dokta '''Mohammad Karamudini''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1955) sanannen marubuci ne dan kasar Iran, mai fassara, ɗan jaridar kimiyya, kuma malamin jami'a. Ya wallafa, rubuta kuma ya fassara makalu da littattafai da yawa da yaren Farisa, ya mai da hankali kan ilimin halittu. Tare da fayiloli na sama da 48 kimiyya da littattafan ilimi, tare da wasu makalu da aka buga a cikin mujallu na yaren Farisa, ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga sadarwa ta kimiyya a Iran. Dokta Karamudini ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da babbar lambar yabo ta "Littafi Mafi Kyawu na Shekara" (sau huɗu: 2006, 2010, 2011, da 2017), "Lambar Roshd Festival don Littattafan Ilimi Mafi Kyawu" (sau uku: 2002, 2011, da 2013), da kuma "Lambar Bikin don Littattafai Mafi Kyawun Jami'ar" (2012). A matsayinsa na jagaba a ilimin halitta a Iran, ya kafa gasar Olympiad ta ilmin halitta ta Iran kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin kimiyya na kasa na tsawon shekaru 20, yana tsara makomar ilimin halitta da kuma karfafa dalibai da yawa. 6ctz4hq6hzllvcc75dnzljh9awq1qqp 893952 893951 2026-08-10T00:05:30Z M I Idrees 13015 /* */ 893952 wikitext text/x-wiki Dokta '''Mohammad Karamudini''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1955) sanannen marubuci ne dan kasar Iran, mai fassara, ɗan jaridar kimiyya, kuma malamin jami'a. Ya wallafa, rubuta kuma ya fassara makalu da littattafai da yawa da yaren Farisa, ya mai da hankali kan ilimin halittu. Tare da fayiloli na sama da 48 kimiyya da littattafan ilimi, tare da wasu makalu da aka buga a cikin mujallu na yaren Farisa, ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga sadarwa ta kimiyya a Iran. Dokta Karamudini ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da babbar lambar yabo ta "Littafi Mafi Kyawu na Shekara" (sau huɗu: 2006, 2010, 2011, da 2017), "Lambar Roshd Festival don Littattafan Ilimi Mafi Kyawu" (sau uku: 2002, 2011, da 2013), da kuma "Lambar Bikin don Littattafai Mafi Kyawun Jami'ar" (2012). A matsayinsa na jagaba a ilimin halitta a Iran, ya kafa gasar Olympiad ta ilmin halitta ta Iran kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin kimiyya na kasa na tsawon shekaru 20, yana tsara makomar ilimin halitta da kuma karfafa dalibai da yawa. ==Manazarta == {{reflist}} 4e1owpmvdpj0eqfz6a6ie5ja9ejed7q 893953 893952 2026-08-10T00:05:51Z M I Idrees 13015 /* Manazarta */ 893953 wikitext text/x-wiki Dokta '''Mohammad Karamudini''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1955) sanannen marubuci ne dan kasar Iran, mai fassara, ɗan jaridar kimiyya, kuma malamin jami'a. Ya wallafa, rubuta kuma ya fassara makalu da littattafai da yawa da yaren Farisa, ya mai da hankali kan ilimin halittu. Tare da fayiloli na sama da 48 kimiyya da littattafan ilimi, tare da wasu makalu da aka buga a cikin mujallu na yaren Farisa, ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga sadarwa ta kimiyya a Iran. Dokta Karamudini ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da babbar lambar yabo ta "Littafi Mafi Kyawu na Shekara" (sau huɗu: 2006, 2010, 2011, da 2017), "Lambar Roshd Festival don Littattafan Ilimi Mafi Kyawu" (sau uku: 2002, 2011, da 2013), da kuma "Lambar Bikin don Littattafai Mafi Kyawun Jami'ar" (2012). A matsayinsa na jagaba a ilimin halitta a Iran, ya kafa gasar Olympiad ta ilmin halitta ta Iran kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin kimiyya na kasa na tsawon shekaru 20, yana tsara makomar ilimin halitta da kuma karfafa dalibai da yawa. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} gxmu9889aoq4y50459wjrq83uigcuw4 893954 893953 2026-08-10T00:06:45Z M I Idrees 13015 /* */ 893954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Dokta '''Mohammad Karamudini''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1955) sanannen marubuci ne dan kasar Iran, mai fassara, ɗan jaridar kimiyya, kuma malamin jami'a. Ya wallafa, rubuta kuma ya fassara makalu da littattafai da yawa da yaren Farisa, ya mai da hankali kan ilimin halittu. Tare da fayiloli na sama da 48 kimiyya da littattafan ilimi, tare da wasu makalu da aka buga a cikin mujallu na yaren Farisa, ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga sadarwa ta kimiyya a Iran. Dokta Karamudini ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da babbar lambar yabo ta "Littafi Mafi Kyawu na Shekara" (sau huɗu: 2006, 2010, 2011, da 2017), "Lambar Roshd Festival don Littattafan Ilimi Mafi Kyawu" (sau uku: 2002, 2011, da 2013), da kuma "Lambar Bikin don Littattafai Mafi Kyawun Jami'ar" (2012). A matsayinsa na jagaba a ilimin halitta a Iran, ya kafa gasar Olympiad ta ilmin halitta ta Iran kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin kimiyya na kasa na tsawon shekaru 20, yana tsara makomar ilimin halitta da kuma karfafa dalibai da yawa. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} 2f0z2y28ij4ldouy517kt81w5htaem4 893957 893954 2026-08-10T00:15:43Z M I Idrees 13015 /* */ Say Manazarta 893957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Dokta '''Mohammad Karamudini''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1955) sanannen marubuci ne dan kasar Iran, mai fassara, ɗan jaridar kimiyya, kuma malamin jami'a. Ya wallafa, rubuta kuma ya fassara makalu da littattafai da yawa da yaren Farisa, ya mai da hankali kan ilimin halittu. Tare da fayiloli na sama da 48 kimiyya da littattafan ilimi, tare da wasu makalu da aka buga a cikin mujallu na yaren Farisa, ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga sadarwa ta kimiyya a Iran. Dokta Karamudini ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da babbar lambar yabo ta "Littafi Mafi Kyawu na Shekara" (sau huɗu: 2006, 2010, 2011, da 2017), "Lambar Roshd Festival don Littattafan Ilimi Mafi Kyawu" (sau uku: 2002, 2011, da 2013), da kuma "Lambar Bikin don Littattafai Mafi Kyawun Jami'ar" (2012). A matsayinsa na jagaba a ilimin halitta a Iran, ya kafa gasar Olympiad ta ilmin halitta ta Iran kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin kimiyya na kasa na tsawon shekaru 20, yana tsara makomar ilimin halitta da kuma karfafa dalibai da yawa.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121018055610/http://intl.concord.org/cbe/cbe_paper_index.html|date = 10 October 2012|accessdate = 10 August 2026|website = web.archive.org|title= archive}} </ref> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} 3gfa56zu4htexyzw63ztye5hjgw9dsj 0 163013 893959 2026-08-10T00:28:08Z M I Idrees 13015 Ƙirƙira ta hanyar buɗe sashe daga shafi "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368511635|Malibu, California]]" 893959 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Malibu''' (/ˈmælɪbuː/ Humaliwo; Mutanen Espanya: ) birni ne a bakin teku a yankin duwatsun Santa Monica na [[Los Angeles]] County, California, Amurka, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Santa Monica Mountains |url=http://maps.latimes.com/neighborhoods/region/santa-monica-mountains/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627041511/http://maps.latimes.com/neighborhoods/region/santa-monica-mountains/ |archive-date=June 27, 2021 |access-date=May 20, 2021 |website=Mapping L.A.}}</ref> kimanin kilomita 30 (48) yammacin Los Angeles. An san shi da Yanayin Bahar Rum, rairayin bakin teku da ke da nisan mil 21 Hanyar Pacific Coast Highway (State Route 1) ta ratsa birnin, tana bin Kudancin California. A kididdigar shekarar 2020, yawan mutanen garin ya kai 10,654. Wutar Palisades ta 2025 ta lalata Malibu, tare da kusan dukkanin gidajen da ke bakin teku a gabashin birnin da aka lalata. An kira shi "The 'Bu" ta masu hawan igiyar ruwa da mazauna yankin, Malibu an san shi da rairayin bakin teku. Gidajen shakatawa da yawa a cikin Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area suna tare da tuddai da kwari kusa da birnin. Birnin yana da iyaka da tsaunukan Santa Monica a arewa, Topanga a gabas, Solromar a yamma, da teku a kudu. Lambobin ZIP na Malibu sun haɗa da mazauna yankunan da ba a haɗa su ba kamar yadda aka sanya shi kafin a kafa birnin. c3gun70ykzsvq196oec4ji6yupz7j10 893960 893959 2026-08-10T00:28:47Z M I Idrees 13015 /* */ 893960 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Malibu''' (/ˈmælɪbuː/ Humaliwo; Mutanen Espanya: ) birni ne a bakin teku a yankin duwatsun Santa Monica na [[Los Angeles]] County, California, Amurka, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Santa Monica Mountains |url=http://maps.latimes.com/neighborhoods/region/santa-monica-mountains/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627041511/http://maps.latimes.com/neighborhoods/region/santa-monica-mountains/ |archive-date=June 27, 2021 |access-date=May 20, 2021 |website=Mapping L.A.}}</ref> kimanin kilomita 30 (48) yammacin Los Angeles. An san shi da Yanayin Bahar Rum, rairayin bakin teku da ke da nisan mil 21 Hanyar Pacific Coast Highway (State Route 1) ta ratsa birnin, tana bin Kudancin California. A kididdigar shekarar 2020, yawan mutanen garin ya kai 10,654. Wutar Palisades ta 2025 ta lalata Malibu, tare da kusan dukkanin gidajen da ke bakin teku a gabashin birnin da aka lalata. An kira shi "The 'Bu" ta masu hawan igiyar ruwa da mazauna yankin, Malibu an san shi da rairayin bakin teku. Gidajen shakatawa da yawa a cikin Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area suna tare da tuddai da kwari kusa da birnin. Birnin yana da iyaka da tsaunukan Santa Monica a arewa, Topanga a gabas, Solromar a yamma, da teku a kudu. Lambobin ZIP na Malibu sun haɗa da mazauna yankunan da ba a haɗa su ba kamar yadda aka sanya shi kafin a kafa birnin. ==Manazarta == 6jwg1aub1b60tspn40dms4ziqezukmn 893961 893960 2026-08-10T00:29:06Z M I Idrees 13015 /* Manazarta */ 893961 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Malibu''' (/ˈmælɪbuː/ Humaliwo; Mutanen Espanya: ) birni ne a bakin teku a yankin duwatsun Santa Monica na [[Los Angeles]] County, California, Amurka, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Santa Monica Mountains |url=http://maps.latimes.com/neighborhoods/region/santa-monica-mountains/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627041511/http://maps.latimes.com/neighborhoods/region/santa-monica-mountains/ |archive-date=June 27, 2021 |access-date=May 20, 2021 |website=Mapping L.A.}}</ref> kimanin kilomita 30 (48) yammacin Los Angeles. An san shi da Yanayin Bahar Rum, rairayin bakin teku da ke da nisan mil 21 Hanyar Pacific Coast Highway (State Route 1) ta ratsa birnin, tana bin Kudancin California. A kididdigar shekarar 2020, yawan mutanen garin ya kai 10,654. Wutar Palisades ta 2025 ta lalata Malibu, tare da kusan dukkanin gidajen da ke bakin teku a gabashin birnin da aka lalata. An kira shi "The 'Bu" ta masu hawan igiyar ruwa da mazauna yankin, Malibu an san shi da rairayin bakin teku. Gidajen shakatawa da yawa a cikin Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area suna tare da tuddai da kwari kusa da birnin. Birnin yana da iyaka da tsaunukan Santa Monica a arewa, Topanga a gabas, Solromar a yamma, da teku a kudu. Lambobin ZIP na Malibu sun haɗa da mazauna yankunan da ba a haɗa su ba kamar yadda aka sanya shi kafin a kafa birnin. ==Manazarta== 4qg8yylasmdi50fcvzrnev3hx9zj4ga 893962 893961 2026-08-10T00:29:28Z M I Idrees 13015 893962 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Malibu''' (/ˈmælɪbuː/ Humaliwo; Mutanen Espanya: ) birni ne a bakin teku a yankin duwatsun Santa Monica na [[Los Angeles]] County, California, Amurka, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Santa Monica Mountains |url=http://maps.latimes.com/neighborhoods/region/santa-monica-mountains/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627041511/http://maps.latimes.com/neighborhoods/region/santa-monica-mountains/ |archive-date=June 27, 2021 |access-date=May 20, 2021 |website=Mapping L.A.}}</ref> kimanin kilomita 30 (48) yammacin Los Angeles. An san shi da Yanayin Bahar Rum, rairayin bakin teku da ke da nisan mil 21 Hanyar Pacific Coast Highway (State Route 1) ta ratsa birnin, tana bin Kudancin California. A kididdigar shekarar 2020, yawan mutanen garin ya kai 10,654. Wutar Palisades ta 2025 ta lalata Malibu, tare da kusan dukkanin gidajen da ke bakin teku a gabashin birnin da aka lalata. An kira shi "The 'Bu" ta masu hawan igiyar ruwa da mazauna yankin, Malibu an san shi da rairayin bakin teku. Gidajen shakatawa da yawa a cikin Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area suna tare da tuddai da kwari kusa da birnin. Birnin yana da iyaka da tsaunukan Santa Monica a arewa, Topanga a gabas, Solromar a yamma, da teku a kudu. Lambobin ZIP na Malibu sun haɗa da mazauna yankunan da ba a haɗa su ba kamar yadda aka sanya shi kafin a kafa birnin. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} r92arke0je33yz9t1gogjnuu0j3xxjp 893963 893962 2026-08-10T00:30:06Z M I Idrees 13015 /* */ 893963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Malibu''' (/ˈmælɪbuː/ Humaliwo; Mutanen Espanya: ) birni ne a bakin teku a yankin duwatsun Santa Monica na [[Los Angeles]] County, California, Amurka, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Santa Monica Mountains |url=http://maps.latimes.com/neighborhoods/region/santa-monica-mountains/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627041511/http://maps.latimes.com/neighborhoods/region/santa-monica-mountains/ |archive-date=June 27, 2021 |access-date=May 20, 2021 |website=Mapping L.A.}}</ref> kimanin kilomita 30 (48) yammacin Los Angeles. An san shi da Yanayin Bahar Rum, rairayin bakin teku da ke da nisan mil 21 Hanyar Pacific Coast Highway (State Route 1) ta ratsa birnin, tana bin Kudancin California. A kididdigar shekarar 2020, yawan mutanen garin ya kai 10,654. Wutar Palisades ta 2025 ta lalata Malibu, tare da kusan dukkanin gidajen da ke bakin teku a gabashin birnin da aka lalata. An kira shi "The 'Bu" ta masu hawan igiyar ruwa da mazauna yankin, Malibu an san shi da rairayin bakin teku. Gidajen shakatawa da yawa a cikin Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area suna tare da tuddai da kwari kusa da birnin. Birnin yana da iyaka da tsaunukan Santa Monica a arewa, Topanga a gabas, Solromar a yamma, da teku a kudu. Lambobin ZIP na Malibu sun haɗa da mazauna yankunan da ba a haɗa su ba kamar yadda aka sanya shi kafin a kafa birnin. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} h1q7lt2iutpdhjgjgy7gjhht9c5grb3 893964 893963 2026-08-10T00:32:22Z M I Idrees 13015 /* Manazarta */ 893964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Malibu''' (/ˈmælɪbuː/ Humaliwo; Mutanen Espanya: ) birni ne a bakin teku a yankin duwatsun Santa Monica na [[Los Angeles]] County, California, Amurka, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Santa Monica Mountains |url=http://maps.latimes.com/neighborhoods/region/santa-monica-mountains/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627041511/http://maps.latimes.com/neighborhoods/region/santa-monica-mountains/ |archive-date=June 27, 2021 |access-date=May 20, 2021 |website=Mapping L.A.}}</ref> kimanin kilomita 30 (48) yammacin Los Angeles. An san shi da Yanayin Bahar Rum, rairayin bakin teku da ke da nisan mil 21 Hanyar Pacific Coast Highway (State Route 1) ta ratsa birnin, tana bin Kudancin California. A kididdigar shekarar 2020, yawan mutanen garin ya kai 10,654. Wutar Palisades ta 2025 ta lalata Malibu, tare da kusan dukkanin gidajen da ke bakin teku a gabashin birnin da aka lalata. An kira shi "The 'Bu" ta masu hawan igiyar ruwa da mazauna yankin, Malibu an san shi da rairayin bakin teku. Gidajen shakatawa da yawa a cikin Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area suna tare da tuddai da kwari kusa da birnin. Birnin yana da iyaka da tsaunukan Santa Monica a arewa, Topanga a gabas, Solromar a yamma, da teku a kudu. Lambobin ZIP na Malibu sun haɗa da mazauna yankunan da ba a haɗa su ba kamar yadda aka sanya shi kafin a kafa birnin. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{Rukuni:Garuruwa}} dlnsl1krktrww0buik90r81a14f9ws7 893965 893964 2026-08-10T00:33:10Z M I Idrees 13015 893965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Malibu''' (/ˈmælɪbuː/ Humaliwo; Mutanen Espanya: ) birni ne a bakin teku a yankin duwatsun Santa Monica na [[Los Angeles]] County, California, Amurka, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Santa Monica Mountains |url=http://maps.latimes.com/neighborhoods/region/santa-monica-mountains/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627041511/http://maps.latimes.com/neighborhoods/region/santa-monica-mountains/ |archive-date=June 27, 2021 |access-date=May 20, 2021 |website=Mapping L.A.}}</ref> kimanin kilomita 30 (48) yammacin Los Angeles. An san shi da Yanayin Bahar Rum, rairayin bakin teku da ke da nisan mil 21 Hanyar Pacific Coast Highway (State Route 1) ta ratsa birnin, tana bin Kudancin California. A kididdigar shekarar 2020, yawan mutanen garin ya kai 10,654. Wutar Palisades ta 2025 ta lalata Malibu, tare da kusan dukkanin gidajen da ke bakin teku a gabashin birnin da aka lalata. An kira shi "The 'Bu" ta masu hawan igiyar ruwa da mazauna yankin, Malibu an san shi da rairayin bakin teku. Gidajen shakatawa da yawa a cikin Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area suna tare da tuddai da kwari kusa da birnin. Birnin yana da iyaka da tsaunukan Santa Monica a arewa, Topanga a gabas, Solromar a yamma, da teku a kudu. Lambobin ZIP na Malibu sun haɗa da mazauna yankunan da ba a haɗa su ba kamar yadda aka sanya shi kafin a kafa birnin. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Rukuni:Garuruwa}} su6l2hdv8u757kxbvep0qmvugnegfdm 893970 893965 2026-08-10T00:39:04Z M I Idrees 13015 /* Manazarta */ 893970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Malibu''' (/ˈmælɪbuː/ Humaliwo; Mutanen Espanya: ) birni ne a bakin teku a yankin duwatsun Santa Monica na [[Los Angeles]] County, California, Amurka, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Santa Monica Mountains |url=http://maps.latimes.com/neighborhoods/region/santa-monica-mountains/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627041511/http://maps.latimes.com/neighborhoods/region/santa-monica-mountains/ |archive-date=June 27, 2021 |access-date=May 20, 2021 |website=Mapping L.A.}}</ref> kimanin kilomita 30 (48) yammacin Los Angeles. An san shi da Yanayin Bahar Rum, rairayin bakin teku da ke da nisan mil 21 Hanyar Pacific Coast Highway (State Route 1) ta ratsa birnin, tana bin Kudancin California. A kididdigar shekarar 2020, yawan mutanen garin ya kai 10,654. Wutar Palisades ta 2025 ta lalata Malibu, tare da kusan dukkanin gidajen da ke bakin teku a gabashin birnin da aka lalata. An kira shi "The 'Bu" ta masu hawan igiyar ruwa da mazauna yankin, Malibu an san shi da rairayin bakin teku. Gidajen shakatawa da yawa a cikin Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area suna tare da tuddai da kwari kusa da birnin. Birnin yana da iyaka da tsaunukan Santa Monica a arewa, Topanga a gabas, Solromar a yamma, da teku a kudu. Lambobin ZIP na Malibu sun haɗa da mazauna yankunan da ba a haɗa su ba kamar yadda aka sanya shi kafin a kafa birnin. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Garuruwa]] 1p85jdynloxy5a0wxamngtetmgzppz9 0 163014 894007 2026-08-10T05:08:11Z ~2026-43935-37 47779 Priyagold 894007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Priya Gold'''<ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/meet-the-agarwals-the-family-behind-your-favourite-butter-bite-biscuit-priyagold-know-about-the-owners-their-journey-and-more/3238183/</ref><ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/priyagold-biscuits</ref> kamfani ne na abinci na Indiya.<ref>https://hindi.news18.com/news/business/success-story-ballabh-prasad-agarwal-priyagold-owner-net-worth-surya-foods-butter-bite-cnc-biscuits-products-list-8108179.html</ref><ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/priyagold-to-launch-chocolates-by-nov-aims-rs-10-cr-revenue/articleshow/3455077.cms?from=mdr</ref> An kafa alamar a cikin 1994 a ƙarƙashin Surya Food & Agro Ltd. ta Shri. Ballabh Prasad Agarwal da 'ya'yansa maza, Shri. Manoj Kumar Agarwal, Shri. Navin Kumar Agarwal, da Shri. Shekhar Agarwal Da yake aiki a karkashin Surya Food & Agro Ltd.<ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/meet-the-agarwals-the-family-behind-your-favourite-butter-bite-biscuit-priyagold-know-about-the-owners-their-journey-and-more/3238183/</ref> Priyagold ya kafa kasancewar duniya, fitar da biscuits, snacks, cakulan, da sauran kayayyakin abinci zuwa kasashe sama da 20 a duk faɗin Asiya, Afirka, Turai, Amurka, Ostiraliya, Gabas ta Tsakiya, da Tsibirin Caribbean. Surya Food & Agro Ltd., ƙungiyar sayar da kek a ƙarƙashin alamar Priyagold, ta kaddamar da sabon masana'antu a jihar West Bengal a cikin 2022.<ref>https://www.patrika.com/noida-news/bp-agarwal-start-priya-gold-biscuit-factory-now-2000-crore-turnover-6875452</ref><ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-priyagold-launches-its-d2c-website-3315386/</ref><ref>https://hindi.news18.com/news/business/success-story-ballabh-prasad-agarwal-priyagold-owner-net-worth-surya-foods-butter-bite-cnc-biscuits-products-list-8108179.html</ref><ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/workers-ransack-priyagold-unit-in-greater-noida-injure-policemen/story-Y3lWRs50EpZwjJkxiCjy7O.html</ref><ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-the-marcom-avenue-wins-the-performance-marketing-mandate-of-priyagold-3257339/</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa shi a cikin 1994, Priya Gold ya fuskanci ƙalubale na farko amma ya sami ci gaba da ci gaba. A lokacin Shri. Mutuwar Ballabh Agarwal, kamfanin ya gina daular da ta kai Rs 3000 crores, kamar yadda Patrika ta ruwaito. A cikin 1994 Priyagold ya kafa a ƙarƙashin sunan Surya Food & Agro Ltd. kuma ya ƙaddamar da samfurin sa na farko, Butter Bite .<ref>https://www.patrika.com/noida-news/bp-agarwal-start-priya-gold-biscuit-factory-now-2000-crore-turnover-6875452</ref><ref>https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-meet-ballabh-prasad-agarwal-who-quit-family-business-built-rs-3000-crore-firm-priyagold-which-is-challenging-3080038</ref><ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/priyagold-to-launch-chocolates-by-nov-aims-rs-10-cr-revenue/articleshow/3455077.cms?from=mdr</ref><ref>https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/the-pitch-report/the-marcom-avenue-secures-priyagold-mandate-for-performance-marketing/103986274</ref><ref>https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/biscuit-maker-priyagold-opens-manufacturing-unit-in-west-bengal-11643967412653.html</ref><ref>https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/katrina-kaif-to-endorse-priyagolds-superstar/63466114</ref><ref>https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/the-pitch-report/the-marcom-avenue-secures-priyagold-mandate-for-performance-marketing/103986274</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kamfanin Abinci]] 9ag9v05an2nvasabzprbmagu39azasm 0 163015 894009 2026-08-10T05:08:58Z ~2026-43935-37 47779 Priya Gold 894009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Priya Gold'''<ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/meet-the-agarwals-the-family-behind-your-favourite-butter-bite-biscuit-priyagold-know-about-the-owners-their-journey-and-more/3238183/</ref><ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/priyagold-biscuits</ref> kamfani ne na abinci na Indiya.<ref>https://hindi.news18.com/news/business/success-story-ballabh-prasad-agarwal-priyagold-owner-net-worth-surya-foods-butter-bite-cnc-biscuits-products-list-8108179.html</ref><ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/priyagold-to-launch-chocolates-by-nov-aims-rs-10-cr-revenue/articleshow/3455077.cms?from=mdr</ref> An kafa alamar a cikin 1994 a ƙarƙashin Surya Food & Agro Ltd. ta Shri. Ballabh Prasad Agarwal da 'ya'yansa maza, Shri. Manoj Kumar Agarwal, Shri. Navin Kumar Agarwal, da Shri. Shekhar Agarwal Da yake aiki a karkashin Surya Food & Agro Ltd.<ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/meet-the-agarwals-the-family-behind-your-favourite-butter-bite-biscuit-priyagold-know-about-the-owners-their-journey-and-more/3238183/</ref> Priyagold ya kafa kasancewar duniya, fitar da biscuits, snacks, cakulan, da sauran kayayyakin abinci zuwa kasashe sama da 20 a duk faɗin Asiya, Afirka, Turai, Amurka, Ostiraliya, Gabas ta Tsakiya, da Tsibirin Caribbean. Surya Food & Agro Ltd., ƙungiyar sayar da kek a ƙarƙashin alamar Priyagold, ta kaddamar da sabon masana'antu a jihar West Bengal a cikin 2022.<ref>https://www.patrika.com/noida-news/bp-agarwal-start-priya-gold-biscuit-factory-now-2000-crore-turnover-6875452</ref><ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-priyagold-launches-its-d2c-website-3315386/</ref><ref>https://hindi.news18.com/news/business/success-story-ballabh-prasad-agarwal-priyagold-owner-net-worth-surya-foods-butter-bite-cnc-biscuits-products-list-8108179.html</ref><ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/workers-ransack-priyagold-unit-in-greater-noida-injure-policemen/story-Y3lWRs50EpZwjJkxiCjy7O.html</ref><ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-the-marcom-avenue-wins-the-performance-marketing-mandate-of-priyagold-3257339/</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa shi a cikin 1994, Priya Gold ya fuskanci ƙalubale na farko amma ya sami ci gaba da ci gaba. A lokacin Shri. Mutuwar Ballabh Agarwal, kamfanin ya gina daular da ta kai Rs 3000 crores, kamar yadda Patrika ta ruwaito. A cikin 1994 Priyagold ya kafa a ƙarƙashin sunan Surya Food & Agro Ltd. kuma ya ƙaddamar da samfurin sa na farko, Butter Bite .<ref>https://www.patrika.com/noida-news/bp-agarwal-start-priya-gold-biscuit-factory-now-2000-crore-turnover-6875452</ref><ref>https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-meet-ballabh-prasad-agarwal-who-quit-family-business-built-rs-3000-crore-firm-priyagold-which-is-challenging-3080038</ref><ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/priyagold-to-launch-chocolates-by-nov-aims-rs-10-cr-revenue/articleshow/3455077.cms?from=mdr</ref><ref>https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/the-pitch-report/the-marcom-avenue-secures-priyagold-mandate-for-performance-marketing/103986274</ref><ref>https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/biscuit-maker-priyagold-opens-manufacturing-unit-in-west-bengal-11643967412653.html</ref><ref>https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/katrina-kaif-to-endorse-priyagolds-superstar/63466114</ref><ref>https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/the-pitch-report/the-marcom-avenue-secures-priyagold-mandate-for-performance-marketing/103986274</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 36w0fb37e56s6jrhhjsjf6ss73w4jqc 0 163016 894070 2026-08-10T08:21:38Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1332450075|Käthe Ephraim Marcus]]" 894070 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Käthe Ephraim Marcus''' (kuma Kathe Ephraim-Marcus, Kaethe; née Ephraim; b. 1892, Wrocław – d. 1970, Ramat Gan ) [[Jamus|Bajamushe ne]] - [[Isra'ila]] mai zane da sculptor. == Ilimi == Marcus ya yi karatu a makarantun fasaha a Karlsruhe da Wrocław (a lokacin Breslau) tsakanin 1911 da 1912. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Kathe Ephraim Marcus |url=https://museum.imj.org.il/artcenter/newsite/en/?artist=Ephraim-Marcus,%20K%C3%A4the&list=E |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-12-01 |website=Information Center for Israeli Art / The Israel Museum, Jerusalem}}</ref> A shekarar 1913, ta yi karatu tare da Lovis Corinth da Max Beckmann . <ref name=":0" /> == Tarihin Rayuwa == Mijinta Dr. Joseph Marcus (1886-1961) babban jami'in gwamnati ne a Breslau kuma mai shirya kungiyar Yahudawa ta Zionist. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Markus |first=Ruth |date=February 27, 2009 |title=Artists: Yishuv and Israel: 1920-1970 |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/artists-yishuv-and-israel-1920-1970 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-12-01 |website=Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia}}</ref> Ma'auratan sun haɗu ne ta hanyar ƙungiyar masu yawo da kuma ƙungiyar matasa "Blau Weiss" a Breslau. Sun yi aure a shekarar 1917. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Artists: Yishuv and Israel: 1920-1970 {{!}} Jewish Women's Archive |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/artists-yishuv-and-israel-1920-1970 |access-date=2019-12-01 |website=jwa.org}}</ref> A shekarar 1934, ita da Yusufu suka yi ƙaura zuwa Falasɗinu bayan sun shafe shekara ta 1933 a Ingila. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /> Ta rasu a shekarar 1970 a Ramat Gan, Isra'ila. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Kathe Ephraim Marcus |url=https://museum.imj.org.il/artcenter/newsite/en/?artist=Ephraim-Marcus,%20K%C3%A4the&list=E |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-12-01 |website=Information Center for Israeli Art / The Israel Museum, Jerusalem}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://museum.imj.org.il/artcenter/newsite/en/?artist=Ephraim-Marcus,%20K%C3%A4the&list=E "Kathe Ephraim Marcus"]. ''Information Center for Israeli Art / The Israel Museum, Jerusalem''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Sana'a == Ta haɗu da [[Käthe Kollwitz]] a shekarar 1920 a Berlin kuma ta sami tasiri daga tunaninta na nuna ra'ayi. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Markus |first=Ruth |date=February 27, 2009 |title=Artists: Yishuv and Israel: 1920-1970 |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/artists-yishuv-and-israel-1920-1970 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-12-01 |website=Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMarkus2009">Markus, Ruth (February 27, 2009). [https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/artists-yishuv-and-israel-1920-1970 "Artists: Yishuv and Israel: 1920-1970"]. ''Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ta shafe 1925 a Paris a Académie de la Grande Chaumiere da kuma a cikin ɗakin studio na André Lhote . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Kathe Ephraim Marcus |url=https://museum.imj.org.il/artcenter/newsite/en/?artist=Ephraim-Marcus,%20K%C3%A4the&list=E |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-12-01 |website=Information Center for Israeli Art / The Israel Museum, Jerusalem}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://museum.imj.org.il/artcenter/newsite/en/?artist=Ephraim-Marcus,%20K%C3%A4the&list=E "Kathe Ephraim Marcus"]. ''Information Center for Israeli Art / The Israel Museum, Jerusalem''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> A shekarar 1932, wata mujallar Yahudawa ta Austria ta buga wani labari da ya bayyana ta a matsayin wacce ta fi shahara saboda ayyukanta na littattafan yara, inda ta wakilci gwagwarmayar da yaro zai yi don fahimtar duniya ta hanyar daidaita rubuce-rubuce da jituwar launuka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Straus-Ernst |first=Luis |date=1932 |title=Käthe Ephraim Marcus |url=https://www.uibk.ac.at/germanistik/menorah/cgi/wrapcgi.cgi?wrap_config=m_bei.cfg&nr=986 |journal=Menorah: Jüdisches Familienblatt für Wissenschaft |language=German |volume=10/11 |pages=442 |via=Austrian Literature Online}}</ref> Turawan Birtaniya sun kori Marcus daga ɗakinta da ke Urushalima a shekarar 1947; yawancin ayyukanta na farko sun lalace. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Markus |first=Ruth |date=February 27, 2009 |title=Artists: Yishuv and Israel: 1920-1970 |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/artists-yishuv-and-israel-1920-1970 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-12-01 |website=Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMarkus2009">Markus, Ruth (February 27, 2009). [https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/artists-yishuv-and-israel-1920-1970 "Artists: Yishuv and Israel: 1920-1970"]. ''Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> A shekarar 1948, an kwashe ta zuwa Ramat Gan. <ref name=":2" /> Marcus ya kasance batun nunin faifai da dama da aka yi shi kaɗai a lokacin shekarun 1960 zuwa 1980. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Kathe Ephraim Marcus - Exhibitions Page |url=https://museum.imj.org.il/artcenter/newsite/en/exhibitions/?artist=Ephraim-Marcus,%20K%C3%A4the&list=E |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-12-01 |website=Israel Museum Information Center for Israeli Art}}</ref> Fasaharta ta kuma bayyana a manyan baje kolin ƙungiyoyi waɗanda suka ayyana fasahar Isra'ila a manyan gidajen tarihi a Tel Aviv da Urushalima. <ref name=":4" /> Zane-zanen Marcus sun zama wani ɓangare na kundin zane-zanen Isra'ila, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-28 |title=1948: The Beginnings of an Israeli canon in the Visual Arts |url=https://museumeinharod.org.il/en/1948-the-beginnings-of-an-israeli-canon-in-the-visual-arts/ |access-date=2019-12-01 |website=המשכן לאמנויות |language=en-US}}</ref> da kuma, musamman, na fasahar mata ta Isra'ila. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dekel |first=Tal |date=2011 |title=From First-Wave to Third-Wave Feminist Art in Israel: A Quantum Leap |journal=Israel Studies |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=149–178 |doi=10.2979/isr.2011.16.1.149 |issn=1084-9513 |jstor=10.2979/isr.2011.16.1.149 |s2cid=143497312}}</ref> An siffanta fasaharta, a cikin kalmomin wani mai bita, "yanayi na baƙin ciki, kaɗaici da rabuwa. Sau da yawa tana zana batutuwa game da iyaye mata da yara, mata masu ruɗani da kaɗaici a cikin mawuyacin hali, sabbin baƙi da sansanonin jigilar kaya." <ref name=":2" /> A shekarar 1961, ta buga wani littafi mai suna ''Out of My Life.'' == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1970]] eh13j0to4uoqf7lpn2gdvpfe9emihkp 894071 894070 2026-08-10T08:22:21Z Nnamadee 31123 894071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Käthe Ephraim Marcus''' (kuma Kathe Ephraim-Marcus, Kaethe; née Ephraim; b. 1892, Wrocław – d. 1970, Ramat Gan ) [[Jamus|Bajamushe ne]] - [[Isra'ila]] mai zane da sculptor. == Ilimi == Marcus ya yi karatu a makarantun fasaha a Karlsruhe da Wrocław (a lokacin Breslau) tsakanin 1911 da 1912. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Kathe Ephraim Marcus |url=https://museum.imj.org.il/artcenter/newsite/en/?artist=Ephraim-Marcus,%20K%C3%A4the&list=E |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-12-01 |website=Information Center for Israeli Art / The Israel Museum, Jerusalem}}</ref> A shekarar 1913, ta yi karatu tare da Lovis Corinth da Max Beckmann . <ref name=":0" /> == Tarihin Rayuwa == Mijinta Dr. Joseph Marcus (1886-1961) babban jami'in gwamnati ne a Breslau kuma mai shirya kungiyar Yahudawa ta Zionist. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Markus |first=Ruth |date=February 27, 2009 |title=Artists: Yishuv and Israel: 1920-1970 |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/artists-yishuv-and-israel-1920-1970 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-12-01 |website=Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia}}</ref> Ma'auratan sun haɗu ne ta hanyar ƙungiyar masu yawo da kuma ƙungiyar matasa "Blau Weiss" a Breslau. Sun yi aure a shekarar 1917. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Artists: Yishuv and Israel: 1920-1970 {{!}} Jewish Women's Archive |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/artists-yishuv-and-israel-1920-1970 |access-date=2019-12-01 |website=jwa.org}}</ref> A shekarar 1934, ita da Yusufu suka yi ƙaura zuwa Falasɗinu bayan sun shafe shekara ta 1933 a Ingila. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /> Ta rasu a shekarar 1970 a Ramat Gan, Isra'ila. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Kathe Ephraim Marcus |url=https://museum.imj.org.il/artcenter/newsite/en/?artist=Ephraim-Marcus,%20K%C3%A4the&list=E |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-12-01 |website=Information Center for Israeli Art / The Israel Museum, Jerusalem}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://museum.imj.org.il/artcenter/newsite/en/?artist=Ephraim-Marcus,%20K%C3%A4the&list=E "Kathe Ephraim Marcus"]. ''Information Center for Israeli Art / The Israel Museum, Jerusalem''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Sana'a == Ta haɗu da [[Käthe Kollwitz]] a shekarar 1920 a Berlin kuma ta sami tasiri daga tunaninta na nuna ra'ayi. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Markus |first=Ruth |date=February 27, 2009 |title=Artists: Yishuv and Israel: 1920-1970 |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/artists-yishuv-and-israel-1920-1970 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-12-01 |website=Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMarkus2009">Markus, Ruth (February 27, 2009). [https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/artists-yishuv-and-israel-1920-1970 "Artists: Yishuv and Israel: 1920-1970"]. ''Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ta shafe 1925 a Paris a Académie de la Grande Chaumiere da kuma a cikin ɗakin studio na André Lhote . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Kathe Ephraim Marcus |url=https://museum.imj.org.il/artcenter/newsite/en/?artist=Ephraim-Marcus,%20K%C3%A4the&list=E |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-12-01 |website=Information Center for Israeli Art / The Israel Museum, Jerusalem}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://museum.imj.org.il/artcenter/newsite/en/?artist=Ephraim-Marcus,%20K%C3%A4the&list=E "Kathe Ephraim Marcus"]. ''Information Center for Israeli Art / The Israel Museum, Jerusalem''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> A shekarar 1932, wata mujallar Yahudawa ta Austria ta buga wani labari da ya bayyana ta a matsayin wacce ta fi shahara saboda ayyukanta na littattafan yara, inda ta wakilci gwagwarmayar da yaro zai yi don fahimtar duniya ta hanyar daidaita rubuce-rubuce da jituwar launuka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Straus-Ernst |first=Luis |date=1932 |title=Käthe Ephraim Marcus |url=https://www.uibk.ac.at/germanistik/menorah/cgi/wrapcgi.cgi?wrap_config=m_bei.cfg&nr=986 |journal=Menorah: Jüdisches Familienblatt für Wissenschaft |language=German |volume=10/11 |pages=442 |via=Austrian Literature Online}}</ref> Turawan Birtaniya sun kori Marcus daga ɗakinta da ke Urushalima a shekarar 1947; yawancin ayyukanta na farko sun lalace. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Markus |first=Ruth |date=February 27, 2009 |title=Artists: Yishuv and Israel: 1920-1970 |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/artists-yishuv-and-israel-1920-1970 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-12-01 |website=Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMarkus2009">Markus, Ruth (February 27, 2009). [https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/artists-yishuv-and-israel-1920-1970 "Artists: Yishuv and Israel: 1920-1970"]. ''Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> A shekarar 1948, an kwashe ta zuwa Ramat Gan. <ref name=":2" /> Marcus ya kasance batun nunin faifai da dama da aka yi shi kaɗai a lokacin shekarun 1960 zuwa 1980. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Kathe Ephraim Marcus - Exhibitions Page |url=https://museum.imj.org.il/artcenter/newsite/en/exhibitions/?artist=Ephraim-Marcus,%20K%C3%A4the&list=E |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-12-01 |website=Israel Museum Information Center for Israeli Art}}</ref> Fasaharta ta kuma bayyana a manyan baje kolin ƙungiyoyi waɗanda suka ayyana fasahar Isra'ila a manyan gidajen tarihi a Tel Aviv da Urushalima. <ref name=":4" /> Zane-zanen Marcus sun zama wani ɓangare na kundin zane-zanen Isra'ila, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-28 |title=1948: The Beginnings of an Israeli canon in the Visual Arts |url=https://museumeinharod.org.il/en/1948-the-beginnings-of-an-israeli-canon-in-the-visual-arts/ |access-date=2019-12-01 |website=המשכן לאמנויות |language=en-US}}</ref> da kuma, musamman, na fasahar mata ta Isra'ila. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dekel |first=Tal |date=2011 |title=From First-Wave to Third-Wave Feminist Art in Israel: A Quantum Leap |journal=Israel Studies |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=149–178 |doi=10.2979/isr.2011.16.1.149 |issn=1084-9513 |jstor=10.2979/isr.2011.16.1.149 |s2cid=143497312}}</ref> An siffanta fasaharta, a cikin kalmomin wani mai bita, "yanayi na baƙin ciki, kaɗaici da rabuwa. Sau da yawa tana zana batutuwa game da iyaye mata da yara, mata masu ruɗani da kaɗaici a cikin mawuyacin hali, sabbin baƙi da sansanonin jigilar kaya." <ref name=":2" /> A shekarar 1961, ta buga wani littafi mai suna ''Out of My Life.'' == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1970]] 7tzn7vvkwukgvjs3u4vto85dvhzbyrg 0 163017 894072 2026-08-10T08:23:50Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363252160|Erfurt Women Artists' Group]]" 894072 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ƙungiyar Mata Masu Fasaha ta Erfurt''' (Erfurter Künstlerinnengruppe) [[Gabriele Stötzer]] ce ta kafa ta a shekarar 1983. Kungiyar mata masu zane-zane ce a [[Erfurt]], Gabashin Jamus. Sun haɗu mako-mako a gidaje daban-daban a kusa da Erfurt. Sun kirkiro fina-finai da kayan ado da kuma yumbu, hotuna da zane-zane.<ref name="Norman">{{Cite web |last=Norman |first=Beret L |date=1 January 2004 |title=(Abstract) Bricolage as resistance: The lyrical, visual and performance art of Gabriele Stoetzer |url=https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3152732/ |access-date=5 April 2020 |website=UMass Amherst}}</ref> Kungiyar ta shirya wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo na zamani, da kide-kide.<ref name="Obieg">{{Cite web |title=Self Directing. Women Artists from the GDR and the Expansion of their Art in Performance and Actions |url=https://archiwum-obieg.u-jazdowski.pl/artmix/19873 |access-date=5 April 2020 |website=Obieg}}</ref> Ƙungiyar ta canza sunanta zuwa ''Exterra XX'' a shekarar 1989. An haɗa misalan ayyukansu a cikin nunin 2019 mai taken ''The Medea Insurrection: Radical Women Artists Behind the Iron Curtain'' a Wende Museum da ke Culver City, California. <ref name="Wende Museum">{{Cite web |title=The Medea Insurrection: Radical Women Artists Behind the Iron Curtain |url=https://www.wendemuseum.org/programs/medea-insurrection-radical-women-artists-behind-iron-curtain |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803051759/https://www.wendemuseum.org/programs/medea-insurrection-radical-women-artists-behind-iron-curtain |archive-date=3 August 2021 |access-date=5 April 2020 |website=Wende Museum}}</ref> == Manazarta == 94rrj17hwedwmhoh9rrcgignz43bxqy 894073 894072 2026-08-10T08:24:34Z Nnamadee 31123 894073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙungiyar Mata Masu Fasaha ta Erfurt''' (Erfurter Künstlerinnengruppe) [[Gabriele Stötzer]] ce ta kafa ta a shekarar 1983. Kungiyar mata masu zane-zane ce a [[Erfurt]], Gabashin Jamus. Sun haɗu mako-mako a gidaje daban-daban a kusa da Erfurt. Sun kirkiro fina-finai da kayan ado da kuma yumbu, hotuna da zane-zane.<ref name="Norman">{{Cite web |last=Norman |first=Beret L |date=1 January 2004 |title=(Abstract) Bricolage as resistance: The lyrical, visual and performance art of Gabriele Stoetzer |url=https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3152732/ |access-date=5 April 2020 |website=UMass Amherst}}</ref> Kungiyar ta shirya wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo na zamani, da kide-kide.<ref name="Obieg">{{Cite web |title=Self Directing. Women Artists from the GDR and the Expansion of their Art in Performance and Actions |url=https://archiwum-obieg.u-jazdowski.pl/artmix/19873 |access-date=5 April 2020 |website=Obieg}}</ref> Ƙungiyar ta canza sunanta zuwa ''Exterra XX'' a shekarar 1989. An haɗa misalan ayyukansu a cikin nunin 2019 mai taken ''The Medea Insurrection: Radical Women Artists Behind the Iron Curtain'' a Wende Museum da ke Culver City, California. <ref name="Wende Museum">{{Cite web |title=The Medea Insurrection: Radical Women Artists Behind the Iron Curtain |url=https://www.wendemuseum.org/programs/medea-insurrection-radical-women-artists-behind-iron-curtain |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803051759/https://www.wendemuseum.org/programs/medea-insurrection-radical-women-artists-behind-iron-curtain |archive-date=3 August 2021 |access-date=5 April 2020 |website=Wende Museum}}</ref> == Manazarta == a5yyw8ggk733kvik5wduseqhzbzn9s2 0 163018 894074 2026-08-10T08:28:36Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351534387|Etha Richter]]" 894074 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Etha Irmgard Christine Richter''' (4 ga Fabrairu 1883 - 12 ga Maris 1977) ƙwararren mai sassaka kuma mai zane ne na Jamus. Ana tunawa da Richter sosai saboda sassaken dabbobinta da kuma rawar da ta taka a cikin al'ummar fasaha ta [[Dresden]] . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Etha Irmgard Christine Richter a [[Dresden]], 'yar fari daga cikin 'ya'ya mata biyar da aka haifa wa Hermann Julius Richter (1850–1936) da Johanne Louise Hopf (1862–1939), kuma 'yar'uwa ga mai ɗaukar hoto Irma Ursula Johanna (1886–1946), Hildegard Daniela Emilie, Ilse Irene Sidonie (1889–1958), da Eleonore Hermine Senta (1890–1986). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Spitzer |first=Anne |title=Biografie von Etha Richter |url=https://saebi.isgv.de/biografie/10682 |series=Sächsische Biografie |publisher=Institut für Sächsische Geschichte und Volkskunde |language=de |publication-date=2005-02-02}}</ref> == Sana'a == A matsayinta na mace, Richter ba ta sami damar yin rajista a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Dresden ba, sai ta yi rajista a {{Interlanguage link|Tierärztliche Hochschule Dresden|de}} . Tun farko da ta fara yin zane-zane ta kasance mai son kanta har sai da mijinta, likitan dabbobi, Dr. Hans Richter (1880–1946) ya ƙarfafa ta, ta fara karatu a ƙarƙashin Georg Treu sannan daga baya Robert Diez . [[Fayil:EthaRichter_DresdenZoo.jpg|alt=Etha Richter at the Dresden Zoo alongside a deer|thumb| Etha Richter a gidan namun daji na Dresden, 1909, ta Ursula Richter]] [[Fayil:EthaRichter_Plastik_und_Zeichnung_Austellung.jpg|alt=Photo of lion sculpture by Etha Richter, on display at Kunst Salon Emil Richter|thumb| "Etha Richter-Plastik und Zeichnung" shigarwa a {{Interlanguage link|Kunstsalon Emil Richter|de}}, (wani lokaci kafin 1930), na Ursula Richter]] Daga 1927 zuwa 1933, Richter da mijinta sun zauna a Dorpat ( Tartu ta zamani, Estonia), inda ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa. Daga 1934 zuwa 1941, Richter da mijinta, likitan dabbobi, sun kasance furofesoshi baƙi a Kwalejin Dabbobi ta Jami'ar Ankara, inda Richter ke koyar da zane-zanen dabbobi. An nuna aikinta a Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung a 1941 da 1942. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Artist Etha Richter (1883 - 1977) |url=https://www.artist-info.com/artist/Etha-Richter}}</ref> An lalata gidan talabijin na Richter, tare da fiye da sassa 500 na ayyukanta a lokacin harin bam na Dresden a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Daga 1945 zuwa 1963, Richter ya yi aiki a matsayin mai koyarwa mai zaman kansa kuma mai koyar da zane a Volkshochschule Dresden. A cikin 1968, an ba ta lambar yabo ta {{Interlanguage link|Verband Bildender Künstler der DDR|de}} . == Aiki (Zaɓi) == * ''Nazarin Giwa'' (Tagulla, 1910, Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Slovak ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Webumenia |url=https://www.webumenia.sk/en/dielo/SVK:SNG.P_594}}</ref> * ''Große Figur zweier Panther'' [Babban adadi na panthers biyu] (Bronze, ca. 1922, {{Interlanguage link|Museum Kurhaus Kleve|de}} ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Digitale Sammlung des Museum Kurhaus Kleve |url=https://sammlung.mkk.art/werke/84519}}</ref> * ''Von der Arbeit'', (1906, {{Interlanguage link|Kunstsammlungen Chemnitz|de}} ) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1883]] dtris97s1qn8u05zue13nwztldz38mh 894075 894074 2026-08-10T08:30:36Z Nnamadee 31123 894075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Etha Irmgard Christine Richter''' (4 ga Fabrairu 1883 - 12 ga Maris 1977) ƙwararren mai sassaka kuma mai zane ne na Jamus. Ana tunawa da Richter sosai saboda sassaken dabbobinta da kuma rawar da ta taka a cikin al'ummar fasaha ta [[Dresden]] . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Etha Irmgard Christine Richter a [[Dresden]], 'yar fari daga cikin 'ya'ya mata biyar da aka haifa wa Hermann Julius Richter (1850–1936) da Johanne Louise Hopf (1862–1939), kuma 'yar'uwa ga mai ɗaukar hoto Irma Ursula Johanna (1886–1946), Hildegard Daniela Emilie, Ilse Irene Sidonie (1889–1958), da Eleonore Hermine Senta (1890–1986). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Spitzer |first=Anne |title=Biografie von Etha Richter |url=https://saebi.isgv.de/biografie/10682 |series=Sächsische Biografie |publisher=Institut für Sächsische Geschichte und Volkskunde |language=de |publication-date=2005-02-02}}</ref> == Sana'a == A matsayinta na mace, Richter ba ta sami damar yin rajista a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Dresden ba, sai ta yi rajista a {{Interlanguage link|Tierärztliche Hochschule Dresden|de}} . Tun farko da ta fara yin zane-zane ta kasance mai son kanta har sai da mijinta, likitan dabbobi, Dr. Hans Richter (1880–1946) ya ƙarfafa ta, ta fara karatu a ƙarƙashin Georg Treu sannan daga baya Robert Diez . [[Fayil:EthaRichter_DresdenZoo.jpg|alt=Etha Richter at the Dresden Zoo alongside a deer|thumb| Etha Richter a gidan namun daji na Dresden, 1909, ta Ursula Richter]] [[Fayil:EthaRichter_Plastik_und_Zeichnung_Austellung.jpg|alt=Photo of lion sculpture by Etha Richter, on display at Kunst Salon Emil Richter|thumb| "Etha Richter-Plastik und Zeichnung" shigarwa a {{Interlanguage link|Kunstsalon Emil Richter|de}}, (wani lokaci kafin 1930), na Ursula Richter]] Daga 1927 zuwa 1933, Richter da mijinta sun zauna a Dorpat ( Tartu ta zamani, Estonia), inda ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa. Daga 1934 zuwa 1941, Richter da mijinta, likitan dabbobi, sun kasance furofesoshi baƙi a Kwalejin Dabbobi ta Jami'ar Ankara, inda Richter ke koyar da zane-zanen dabbobi. An nuna aikinta a Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung a 1941 da 1942. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Artist Etha Richter (1883 - 1977) |url=https://www.artist-info.com/artist/Etha-Richter}}</ref> An lalata gidan talabijin na Richter, tare da fiye da sassa 500 na ayyukanta a lokacin harin bam na Dresden a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Daga 1945 zuwa 1963, Richter ya yi aiki a matsayin mai koyarwa mai zaman kansa kuma mai koyar da zane a Volkshochschule Dresden. A cikin 1968, an ba ta lambar yabo ta {{Interlanguage link|Verband Bildender Künstler der DDR|de}} . == Aiki (Zaɓi) == * ''Nazarin Giwa'' (Tagulla, 1910, Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Slovak ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Webumenia |url=https://www.webumenia.sk/en/dielo/SVK:SNG.P_594}}</ref> * ''Große Figur zweier Panther'' [Babban adadi na panthers biyu] (Bronze, ca. 1922, {{Interlanguage link|Museum Kurhaus Kleve|de}} ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Digitale Sammlung des Museum Kurhaus Kleve |url=https://sammlung.mkk.art/werke/84519}}</ref> * ''Von der Arbeit'', (1906, {{Interlanguage link|Kunstsammlungen Chemnitz|de}} ) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1883]] c1qbe8ilhogthj93vel89o822aj037w 0 163019 894076 2026-08-10T08:32:36Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314911359|Gloria Friedmann]]" 894076 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gloria Friedmann''' (an haife ta a shekarar 1950 a Kronach ) ƙwararren mai sassaka ce kuma mai zane a fannin shigarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gloria Friedmann : biographie, actualités et émissions France Culture |url=https://www.franceculture.fr/personne-gloria-friedmann.html |website=France Culture}}</ref> Friedmann ya shiga cikin takardun bayanai guda 8. [[Fayil:Gloria_Friedmann_Skulptur_Denkmal_Moltkeplatz_Essen.jpg|thumb| ''Denkmal / Abin tunawa'', bishiyar da ta mutu - an sanya ta a cikin bangon siminti]] == Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka == * ''Existentia'' (1987), documenta 8, Kassel * ''Denkmal / Abin tunawa'', bishiyar da ta mutu - an sanya ta a cikin bangon siminti (1990), Essen, Jamus == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] 1jpcy33nmghn6733vx4ee1ane2gbp9h 894077 894076 2026-08-10T08:33:23Z Nnamadee 31123 894077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gloria Friedmann''' (an haife ta a shekarar 1950 a Kronach ) ƙwararren mai sassaka ce kuma mai zane a fannin shigarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gloria Friedmann : biographie, actualités et émissions France Culture |url=https://www.franceculture.fr/personne-gloria-friedmann.html |website=France Culture}}</ref> Friedmann ya shiga cikin takardun bayanai guda 8. [[Fayil:Gloria_Friedmann_Skulptur_Denkmal_Moltkeplatz_Essen.jpg|thumb| ''Denkmal / Abin tunawa'', bishiyar da ta mutu - an sanya ta a cikin bangon siminti]] == Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka == * ''Existentia'' (1987), documenta 8, Kassel * ''Denkmal / Abin tunawa'', bishiyar da ta mutu - an sanya ta a cikin bangon siminti (1990), Essen, Jamus == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] 2gtxdiaca47c1ezu87pelu6uf0nyt57 0 163020 894079 2026-08-10T08:36:54Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347924883|Kirsten Geisler]]" 894079 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kirsten Geisler''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1949 a [[Berlin]] ) ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce ta Jamusanci. == Vita == Geisler yayi karatu daga 1985 zuwa 1989 a 'Gerrit Rietveld Academie, "kuma a cikin 1991 a Rijksakademie van Beeldende Kunsten a Amsterdam. Kirsten Geisler tana zaune a Berlin da Haarlem . [[Fayil:Kirstenundmaya.jpg|thumb| Kirsten Geisler da Maya Brush]] == Aiki == Kirsten Geisler ta yi amfani da aikinta wajen haɗa hanyoyin sadarwa tsakanin duniyoyin gaske da na kama-da-wane. Sun tattauna yadda waɗannan duniyoyi ke ƙara shiga juna. Kirsten Geisler ta ƙirƙiro sassaka ta hanyar amfani da fasahar 3D da fasahar gaskiya ta kama-da-wane. Jiki, yanayinsa, alamominsa da kuma kasancewarsa a kafofin watsa labarai sune batutuwan da ke tsara ayyukansu da kuma wahayinsu. Aikinta ya haɗa da sassaka na 3-D da aka ƙera ta kwamfuta kawai. Da farko an ƙirƙiri haɗin hotuna na gaske da na kama-da-wane na mata kamar "Who are You?" , <ref>[http://culturalgenderstudies.zhdk.ch/publikationen/documents/Sagemirnichtwerichbin.pdf/ John, Jennifer.]{{Dead link|date=December 2017}} Sage mir nicht wer ich bin. Die Darstellung der Konstruktion von Geschlecht in der zeitgenössischen Kunst. Amsterdam 2002</ref> 1996. Geisler ya kai shi ga muhawarar zamantakewa da siyasa game da kama-da-wane da dijital da kuma gina asali a cikin duniyar da ke da hanyar sadarwa ta dijital. A cikin aikin jerin waƙoƙin Virtual Beauties, 1992-1996, an sake yin rikodin haruffan 3-D na kama-da-wane, wanda aka inganta ta hanyar hulɗa da mai kallo. Jerin shirye-shiryen ya mayar da hankali kan bayyanar [[Ideal of feminine beauty|kyawawan halaye na mata]] kuma yana nuna sha'awar kyau a cikin al'umma mai tsari da tsari. Yana aiki tare da cikakken tsayin jikin mata, kamar Dream of Beauty, 1997 - 2000, da kuma "Catwalk I"-. "Catwalk II", 2004, waɗannan samfuran kama-da-wane da aka ƙirƙira ba tare da samfurin hoto ba kai ne haɗakar hotuna masu kyau na mace, kamar yadda kafofin watsa labarai suka ba mu su. Sun yi daidai da manufofin masana'antar kayan kwalliya da tiyatar filastik. A cikin "Catwalk II" an motsa siffar kamar samfurin da ke kan hanyar shiga jirgi kuma an gabatar da ita kamar yadda yake a cikin rahoton fim daga wani wasan kwaikwayo na kayan kwalliya. Ci gaban wannan jerin shirye-shirye tare da sigar "Brush Maya", 2011, ya wuce iyakokin da ke tsakanin ainihin duniya da duniyar kama-da-wane. Maya Brush, wacce aka ɗauke ta a matsayin jarumar almara a duniyoyi biyu: a karon farko, ta bar sassaka ta hanyar amfani da kwamfuta, gidan tarihi da cibiyoyin fasaha sun yi ƙarfin halin shiga cikin "ainihin" rayuwa a kafofin watsa labarai na jama'a da hanyoyin sadarwa na duniya. Kirsten Geisler ta mayar da martani da "Maya Brush" kan yadda duniyarmu ke ƙara haɗuwa: sassaka mai kama-da-wane, wanda jikinsa ya ƙunshi hanyar sadarwa ta bayanai, tare da fafutukarsa a cikin ainihin duniyar haɗin gwiwar kafofin watsa labarai da hanyoyin sadarwa na duniya na duniyarmu. === Homo Virtualis - Goga Maya === Maya Brush <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maya Brush - a 'Homo Virtualis' developed by Kirsten Geisler - InfraBodies |url=http://www.infrabodies.com/maya-brush-a-homo-virtualis-developed-by-kirs/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818121447/http://www.infrabodies.com/maya-brush-a-homo-virtualis-developed-by-kirs |archive-date=18 August 2012 |access-date=2012-08-08}} Infrabodies</ref> sassaka ne na kama-da-wane, mai ɗaukar hoto na gaske, wanda mai zane Kirsten Geisler ya ƙirƙira a tsakanin 2008 zuwa 2011. Maya Brush ta ƙunshi bits da byte; sunanta wani tsari ne wanda ke nufin kayan aikin da aka haɗa ta da su: haɗin software na Maya da shirin ZBrush. Maya Brush ita ce kyakkyawar farko ta kama-da-wane, jiki na wucin gadi, wacce aka tsara don kyawun ɗan adam, ba tare da an ƙirƙira ta ba bayan misali na zahiri. A matsayinta na mai ƙira, ta zama gaskiyar mafarkin tunanin kyawun tsaka-tsaki. Maya Brush tana wakiltar duk 'yan mata na duniya, kyawawan mata da aka tsara bisa ga ka'ida da fasaha kamar yadda masana'antar talla da kafofin watsa labarai ke yadawa. Yayin da wata siffar wucin gadi mai suna Maya ke shawagi tsakanin duniyoyi daban-daban a ciki da kuma a waje. A karon farko, sassaka ta intanet za ta iya barin gidan tarihi da cibiyoyin fasaha ta kuma yi ƙoƙarin shiga rayuwa ta gaske. Kafafen watsa labarai da hanyoyin sadarwa na duniya na iya zama gidanta da kuma gidajen tarihi waɗanda koyaushe za ta dawo da abubuwan da ta fuskanta. Tun lokacin haihuwarta Shahararrun masu ɗaukar hoto na zamani kamar Peter Lindberg da Karl Lagerfeld suna aiki tare da ita a matsayin abin koyi. == Aiki a cikin Tarin Jama'a == * [[Museum für Neue Kunst (Karlsruhe)|Gidan kayan tarihi na Neue Kunst]] ZKM, Karlsruhe * Kunstsammlung NRW, Düsseldorf * Gidan Tarihi na Frans Hals, Haarlem * Kunstverein, [[Bremerhaven]] * Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Castilla da León, León * Kunsthalle Bremen == Nunin Nunin == '''2012''' * Faransa Hals Museum, Haarlem, "Maskerade" * Gidan kayan tarihi na Villa Rot, Burgrieden-Rot, Jäger und Gejagte - Insekten a cikin der Gegenwartskunst * Gidan Tarihi - Takalma Ko Babu Takalma - Dutse, Antwerpen, TAKARDU ZAƁI n°5 * Sala de Exposiciones Hospedería Fonseca, Salamanca, COLAPSO. UN ENSAYO SOBRE EL FRACASO Y LA RUPTURA '''2011''' * Kumu, Kulturhauptstadt Tallinn: "gateways. Kunst und vernetzte Kultur" '''2010/2011''' * Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai ta Netherlands, Amsterdam: "An Nemi Fasaha" '''2009''' * [[Gidan kayan gargajiya na kasa (Buenos Aires)|Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, Buenos Aires]] * Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Rosario (MACRO): "HUéSPED" '''2008''' * Kunstmuseum [[Bremerhaven]] : "Die Sammlung" * Gidan kayan tarihi na Villa Rot, Burgrieden : "In voler Blüte" '''2007''' * Gidan Tarihi na Chelsea, New York * Gidan Tarihi na Het Prinsenhof, Delft : "Contour" * Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Mildred Lane Kemper, [[St. Louis]] : "Interface" * Palazzo delle Arti Napoli, [[Napoli|Naples]] : "Kyakkyawa mai haɗari" * Städtische Galerie Ravensburg ; Kunstverein Konstanz : "Leibhaftig" '''2006''' * MNAC - Gidan kayan tarihi na Fasaha na zamani (Muzeul Național de Artă Contemporană), [[Bukarest|Bucharest]] * Sauti Mai Sauti, Lafayette, Indiana * Stadtmuseum Oldenburg : "Das Tier in der Kunst" * [[Kunsthalle Dominikanerkirche|Kunsthalle Osnabrück]] : "Kunst-Körperlich" == Kasuwanni == * "A cikin voler Blüte", Museum Villa Rot, Burgrieden, 2008 * "Contour", Museum Het Prinsenhof, Delft, 2007 * " [http://www.kemperartmuseum.wustl.edu/files/wieducationguide.pdf Haɗin gwiwa"], Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Mildred Lane Kemper, Washington, 2007 * "Kyakkyawa Mai Haɗari", Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Chelsea, New York, 2007 * "Fasahar Shigar da Yaren mutanen Holland", Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Fasaha ta Zamani, Bukarest, 2006 * "Das Tier in der Kunst", Stadtmuseum Oldenburg, 2006 * "Kunst-Körperlich", Kunsthalle Dominikanerkirche, Osnabrück, 2006 * "Leibhaftig", Kunstverein Konstanz, 2006 * "Carrera de Fondo", Concejeria de Cultura, Junta de Andalucia, 2005 * [http://www.verbsap.com/2005may/artgallery/bridesoffrankenstein "Amarya na Frankenstein"], Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na San Jose, San Jose, 2005 * "Summer of Beauty", Gidan Tarihi na Stedelijk, Amsterdam, 2005 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] 7rm573e4zlrub5p88euabqb1t312s9v 894082 894079 2026-08-10T08:38:31Z Nnamadee 31123 894082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kirsten Geisler''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1949 a [[Berlin]] ) ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce ta Jamusanci. == Vita == Geisler yayi karatu daga 1985 zuwa 1989 a 'Gerrit Rietveld Academie, "kuma a cikin 1991 a Rijksakademie van Beeldende Kunsten a Amsterdam. Kirsten Geisler tana zaune a Berlin da Haarlem . [[Fayil:Kirstenundmaya.jpg|thumb| Kirsten Geisler da Maya Brush]] == Aiki == Kirsten Geisler ta yi amfani da aikinta wajen haɗa hanyoyin sadarwa tsakanin duniyoyin gaske da na kama-da-wane. Sun tattauna yadda waɗannan duniyoyi ke ƙara shiga juna. Kirsten Geisler ta ƙirƙiro sassaka ta hanyar amfani da fasahar 3D da fasahar gaskiya ta kama-da-wane. Jiki, yanayinsa, alamominsa da kuma kasancewarsa a kafofin watsa labarai sune batutuwan da ke tsara ayyukansu da kuma wahayinsu. Aikinta ya haɗa da sassaka na 3-D da aka ƙera ta kwamfuta kawai. Da farko an ƙirƙiri haɗin hotuna na gaske da na kama-da-wane na mata kamar "Who are You?" , <ref>[http://culturalgenderstudies.zhdk.ch/publikationen/documents/Sagemirnichtwerichbin.pdf/ John, Jennifer.]{{Dead link|date=December 2017}} Sage mir nicht wer ich bin. Die Darstellung der Konstruktion von Geschlecht in der zeitgenössischen Kunst. Amsterdam 2002</ref> 1996. Geisler ya kai shi ga muhawarar zamantakewa da siyasa game da kama-da-wane da dijital da kuma gina asali a cikin duniyar da ke da hanyar sadarwa ta dijital. A cikin aikin jerin waƙoƙin Virtual Beauties, 1992-1996, an sake yin rikodin haruffan 3-D na kama-da-wane, wanda aka inganta ta hanyar hulɗa da mai kallo. Jerin shirye-shiryen ya mayar da hankali kan bayyanar [[Ideal of feminine beauty|kyawawan halaye na mata]] kuma yana nuna sha'awar kyau a cikin al'umma mai tsari da tsari. Yana aiki tare da cikakken tsayin jikin mata, kamar Dream of Beauty, 1997 - 2000, da kuma "Catwalk I"-. "Catwalk II", 2004, waɗannan samfuran kama-da-wane da aka ƙirƙira ba tare da samfurin hoto ba kai ne haɗakar hotuna masu kyau na mace, kamar yadda kafofin watsa labarai suka ba mu su. Sun yi daidai da manufofin masana'antar kayan kwalliya da tiyatar filastik. A cikin "Catwalk II" an motsa siffar kamar samfurin da ke kan hanyar shiga jirgi kuma an gabatar da ita kamar yadda yake a cikin rahoton fim daga wani wasan kwaikwayo na kayan kwalliya. Ci gaban wannan jerin shirye-shirye tare da sigar "Brush Maya", 2011, ya wuce iyakokin da ke tsakanin ainihin duniya da duniyar kama-da-wane. Maya Brush, wacce aka ɗauke ta a matsayin jarumar almara a duniyoyi biyu: a karon farko, ta bar sassaka ta hanyar amfani da kwamfuta, gidan tarihi da cibiyoyin fasaha sun yi ƙarfin halin shiga cikin "ainihin" rayuwa a kafofin watsa labarai na jama'a da hanyoyin sadarwa na duniya. Kirsten Geisler ta mayar da martani da "Maya Brush" kan yadda duniyarmu ke ƙara haɗuwa: sassaka mai kama-da-wane, wanda jikinsa ya ƙunshi hanyar sadarwa ta bayanai, tare da fafutukarsa a cikin ainihin duniyar haɗin gwiwar kafofin watsa labarai da hanyoyin sadarwa na duniya na duniyarmu. === Homo Virtualis - Goga Maya === Maya Brush <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maya Brush - a 'Homo Virtualis' developed by Kirsten Geisler - InfraBodies |url=http://www.infrabodies.com/maya-brush-a-homo-virtualis-developed-by-kirs/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818121447/http://www.infrabodies.com/maya-brush-a-homo-virtualis-developed-by-kirs |archive-date=18 August 2012 |access-date=2012-08-08}} Infrabodies</ref> sassaka ne na kama-da-wane, mai ɗaukar hoto na gaske, wanda mai zane Kirsten Geisler ya ƙirƙira a tsakanin 2008 zuwa 2011. Maya Brush ta ƙunshi bits da byte; sunanta wani tsari ne wanda ke nufin kayan aikin da aka haɗa ta da su: haɗin software na Maya da shirin ZBrush. Maya Brush ita ce kyakkyawar farko ta kama-da-wane, jiki na wucin gadi, wacce aka tsara don kyawun ɗan adam, ba tare da an ƙirƙira ta ba bayan misali na zahiri. A matsayinta na mai ƙira, ta zama gaskiyar mafarkin tunanin kyawun tsaka-tsaki. Maya Brush tana wakiltar duk 'yan mata na duniya, kyawawan mata da aka tsara bisa ga ka'ida da fasaha kamar yadda masana'antar talla da kafofin watsa labarai ke yadawa. Yayin da wata siffar wucin gadi mai suna Maya ke shawagi tsakanin duniyoyi daban-daban a ciki da kuma a waje. A karon farko, sassaka ta intanet za ta iya barin gidan tarihi da cibiyoyin fasaha ta kuma yi ƙoƙarin shiga rayuwa ta gaske. Kafafen watsa labarai da hanyoyin sadarwa na duniya na iya zama gidanta da kuma gidajen tarihi waɗanda koyaushe za ta dawo da abubuwan da ta fuskanta. Tun lokacin haihuwarta Shahararrun masu ɗaukar hoto na zamani kamar Peter Lindberg da Karl Lagerfeld suna aiki tare da ita a matsayin abin koyi. == Aiki a cikin Tarin Jama'a == * [[Museum für Neue Kunst (Karlsruhe)|Gidan kayan tarihi na Neue Kunst]] ZKM, Karlsruhe * Kunstsammlung NRW, Düsseldorf * Gidan Tarihi na Frans Hals, Haarlem * Kunstverein, [[Bremerhaven]] * Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Castilla da León, León * Kunsthalle Bremen == Nunin Nunin == '''2012''' * Faransa Hals Museum, Haarlem, "Maskerade" * Gidan kayan tarihi na Villa Rot, Burgrieden-Rot, Jäger und Gejagte - Insekten a cikin der Gegenwartskunst * Gidan Tarihi - Takalma Ko Babu Takalma - Dutse, Antwerpen, TAKARDU ZAƁI n°5 * Sala de Exposiciones Hospedería Fonseca, Salamanca, COLAPSO. UN ENSAYO SOBRE EL FRACASO Y LA RUPTURA '''2011''' * Kumu, Kulturhauptstadt Tallinn: "gateways. Kunst und vernetzte Kultur" '''2010/2011''' * Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai ta Netherlands, Amsterdam: "An Nemi Fasaha" '''2009''' * [[Gidan kayan gargajiya na kasa (Buenos Aires)|Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, Buenos Aires]] * Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Rosario (MACRO): "HUéSPED" '''2008''' * Kunstmuseum [[Bremerhaven]] : "Die Sammlung" * Gidan kayan tarihi na Villa Rot, Burgrieden : "In voler Blüte" '''2007''' * Gidan Tarihi na Chelsea, New York * Gidan Tarihi na Het Prinsenhof, Delft : "Contour" * Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Mildred Lane Kemper, [[St. Louis]] : "Interface" * Palazzo delle Arti Napoli, [[Napoli|Naples]] : "Kyakkyawa mai haɗari" * Städtische Galerie Ravensburg ; Kunstverein Konstanz : "Leibhaftig" '''2006''' * MNAC - Gidan kayan tarihi na Fasaha na zamani (Muzeul Național de Artă Contemporană), [[Bukarest|Bucharest]] * Sauti Mai Sauti, Lafayette, Indiana * Stadtmuseum Oldenburg : "Das Tier in der Kunst" * [[Kunsthalle Dominikanerkirche|Kunsthalle Osnabrück]] : "Kunst-Körperlich" == Kasuwanni == * "A cikin voler Blüte", Museum Villa Rot, Burgrieden, 2008 * "Contour", Museum Het Prinsenhof, Delft, 2007 * " [http://www.kemperartmuseum.wustl.edu/files/wieducationguide.pdf Haɗin gwiwa"], Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Mildred Lane Kemper, Washington, 2007 * "Kyakkyawa Mai Haɗari", Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Chelsea, New York, 2007 * "Fasahar Shigar da Yaren mutanen Holland", Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Fasaha ta Zamani, Bukarest, 2006 * "Das Tier in der Kunst", Stadtmuseum Oldenburg, 2006 * "Kunst-Körperlich", Kunsthalle Dominikanerkirche, Osnabrück, 2006 * "Leibhaftig", Kunstverein Konstanz, 2006 * "Carrera de Fondo", Concejeria de Cultura, Junta de Andalucia, 2005 * [http://www.verbsap.com/2005may/artgallery/bridesoffrankenstein "Amarya na Frankenstein"], Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na San Jose, San Jose, 2005 * "Summer of Beauty", Gidan Tarihi na Stedelijk, Amsterdam, 2005 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] 5umnbw97c35u3gsbqte988q1mh14u09 894085 894082 2026-08-10T08:39:23Z Nnamadee 31123 894085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kirsten Geisler''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1949 a [[Berlin]]) ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce ta Jamusanci. == Vita == Geisler yayi karatu daga 1985 zuwa 1989 a 'Gerrit Rietveld Academie, "kuma a cikin 1991 a Rijksakademie van Beeldende Kunsten a Amsterdam. Kirsten Geisler tana zaune a Berlin da Haarlem . [[Fayil:Kirstenundmaya.jpg|thumb| Kirsten Geisler da Maya Brush]] == Aiki == Kirsten Geisler ta yi amfani da aikinta wajen haɗa hanyoyin sadarwa tsakanin duniyoyin gaske da na kama-da-wane. Sun tattauna yadda waɗannan duniyoyi ke ƙara shiga juna. Kirsten Geisler ta ƙirƙiro sassaka ta hanyar amfani da fasahar 3D da fasahar gaskiya ta kama-da-wane. Jiki, yanayinsa, alamominsa da kuma kasancewarsa a kafofin watsa labarai sune batutuwan da ke tsara ayyukansu da kuma wahayinsu. Aikinta ya haɗa da sassaka na 3-D da aka ƙera ta kwamfuta kawai. Da farko an ƙirƙiri haɗin hotuna na gaske da na kama-da-wane na mata kamar "Who are You?" , <ref>[http://culturalgenderstudies.zhdk.ch/publikationen/documents/Sagemirnichtwerichbin.pdf/ John, Jennifer.]{{Dead link|date=December 2017}} Sage mir nicht wer ich bin. Die Darstellung der Konstruktion von Geschlecht in der zeitgenössischen Kunst. Amsterdam 2002</ref> 1996. Geisler ya kai shi ga muhawarar zamantakewa da siyasa game da kama-da-wane da dijital da kuma gina asali a cikin duniyar da ke da hanyar sadarwa ta dijital. A cikin aikin jerin waƙoƙin Virtual Beauties, 1992-1996, an sake yin rikodin haruffan 3-D na kama-da-wane, wanda aka inganta ta hanyar hulɗa da mai kallo. Jerin shirye-shiryen ya mayar da hankali kan bayyanar [[Ideal of feminine beauty|kyawawan halaye na mata]] kuma yana nuna sha'awar kyau a cikin al'umma mai tsari da tsari. Yana aiki tare da cikakken tsayin jikin mata, kamar Dream of Beauty, 1997 - 2000, da kuma "Catwalk I"-. "Catwalk II", 2004, waɗannan samfuran kama-da-wane da aka ƙirƙira ba tare da samfurin hoto ba kai ne haɗakar hotuna masu kyau na mace, kamar yadda kafofin watsa labarai suka ba mu su. Sun yi daidai da manufofin masana'antar kayan kwalliya da tiyatar filastik. A cikin "Catwalk II" an motsa siffar kamar samfurin da ke kan hanyar shiga jirgi kuma an gabatar da ita kamar yadda yake a cikin rahoton fim daga wani wasan kwaikwayo na kayan kwalliya. Ci gaban wannan jerin shirye-shirye tare da sigar "Brush Maya", 2011, ya wuce iyakokin da ke tsakanin ainihin duniya da duniyar kama-da-wane. Maya Brush, wacce aka ɗauke ta a matsayin jarumar almara a duniyoyi biyu: a karon farko, ta bar sassaka ta hanyar amfani da kwamfuta, gidan tarihi da cibiyoyin fasaha sun yi ƙarfin halin shiga cikin "ainihin" rayuwa a kafofin watsa labarai na jama'a da hanyoyin sadarwa na duniya. Kirsten Geisler ta mayar da martani da "Maya Brush" kan yadda duniyarmu ke ƙara haɗuwa: sassaka mai kama-da-wane, wanda jikinsa ya ƙunshi hanyar sadarwa ta bayanai, tare da fafutukarsa a cikin ainihin duniyar haɗin gwiwar kafofin watsa labarai da hanyoyin sadarwa na duniya na duniyarmu. === Homo Virtualis - Goga Maya === Maya Brush <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maya Brush - a 'Homo Virtualis' developed by Kirsten Geisler - InfraBodies |url=http://www.infrabodies.com/maya-brush-a-homo-virtualis-developed-by-kirs/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818121447/http://www.infrabodies.com/maya-brush-a-homo-virtualis-developed-by-kirs |archive-date=18 August 2012 |access-date=2012-08-08}} Infrabodies</ref> sassaka ne na kama-da-wane, mai ɗaukar hoto na gaske, wanda mai zane Kirsten Geisler ya ƙirƙira a tsakanin 2008 zuwa 2011. Maya Brush ta ƙunshi bits da byte; sunanta wani tsari ne wanda ke nufin kayan aikin da aka haɗa ta da su: haɗin software na Maya da shirin ZBrush. Maya Brush ita ce kyakkyawar farko ta kama-da-wane, jiki na wucin gadi, wacce aka tsara don kyawun ɗan adam, ba tare da an ƙirƙira ta ba bayan misali na zahiri. A matsayinta na mai ƙira, ta zama gaskiyar mafarkin tunanin kyawun tsaka-tsaki. Maya Brush tana wakiltar duk 'yan mata na duniya, kyawawan mata da aka tsara bisa ga ka'ida da fasaha kamar yadda masana'antar talla da kafofin watsa labarai ke yadawa. Yayin da wata siffar wucin gadi mai suna Maya ke shawagi tsakanin duniyoyi daban-daban a ciki da kuma a waje. A karon farko, sassaka ta intanet za ta iya barin gidan tarihi da cibiyoyin fasaha ta kuma yi ƙoƙarin shiga rayuwa ta gaske. Kafafen watsa labarai da hanyoyin sadarwa na duniya na iya zama gidanta da kuma gidajen tarihi waɗanda koyaushe za ta dawo da abubuwan da ta fuskanta. Tun lokacin haihuwarta Shahararrun masu ɗaukar hoto na zamani kamar Peter Lindberg da Karl Lagerfeld suna aiki tare da ita a matsayin abin koyi. == Aiki a cikin Tarin Jama'a == * [[Museum für Neue Kunst (Karlsruhe)|Gidan kayan tarihi na Neue Kunst]] ZKM, Karlsruhe * Kunstsammlung NRW, Düsseldorf * Gidan Tarihi na Frans Hals, Haarlem * Kunstverein, [[Bremerhaven]] * Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Castilla da León, León * Kunsthalle Bremen == Nune - Nune == '''2012''' * Faransa Hals Museum, Haarlem, "Maskerade" * Gidan kayan tarihi na Villa Rot, Burgrieden-Rot, Jäger und Gejagte - Insekten a cikin der Gegenwartskunst * Gidan Tarihi - Takalma Ko Babu Takalma - Dutse, Antwerpen, TAKARDU ZAƁI n°5 * Sala de Exposiciones Hospedería Fonseca, Salamanca, COLAPSO. UN ENSAYO SOBRE EL FRACASO Y LA RUPTURA '''2011''' * Kumu, Kulturhauptstadt Tallinn: "gateways. Kunst und vernetzte Kultur" '''2010/2011''' * Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai ta Netherlands, Amsterdam: "An Nemi Fasaha" '''2009''' * [[Gidan kayan gargajiya na kasa (Buenos Aires)|Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, Buenos Aires]] * Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Rosario (MACRO): "HUéSPED" '''2008''' * Kunstmuseum [[Bremerhaven]] : "Die Sammlung" * Gidan kayan tarihi na Villa Rot, Burgrieden : "In voler Blüte" '''2007''' * Gidan Tarihi na Chelsea, New York * Gidan Tarihi na Het Prinsenhof, Delft : "Contour" * Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Mildred Lane Kemper, [[St. Louis]] : "Interface" * Palazzo delle Arti Napoli, [[Napoli|Naples]] : "Kyakkyawa mai haɗari" * Städtische Galerie Ravensburg ; Kunstverein Konstanz : "Leibhaftig" '''2006''' * MNAC - Gidan kayan tarihi na Fasaha na zamani (Muzeul Național de Artă Contemporană), [[Bukarest|Bucharest]] * Sauti Mai Sauti, Lafayette, Indiana * Stadtmuseum Oldenburg : "Das Tier in der Kunst" * [[Kunsthalle Dominikanerkirche|Kunsthalle Osnabrück]] : "Kunst-Körperlich" == Kasuwanni == * "A cikin voler Blüte", Museum Villa Rot, Burgrieden, 2008 * "Contour", Museum Het Prinsenhof, Delft, 2007 * " [http://www.kemperartmuseum.wustl.edu/files/wieducationguide.pdf Haɗin gwiwa"], Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Mildred Lane Kemper, Washington, 2007 * "Kyakkyawa Mai Haɗari", Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Chelsea, New York, 2007 * "Fasahar Shigar da Yaren mutanen Holland", Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Fasaha ta Zamani, Bukarest, 2006 * "Das Tier in der Kunst", Stadtmuseum Oldenburg, 2006 * "Kunst-Körperlich", Kunsthalle Dominikanerkirche, Osnabrück, 2006 * "Leibhaftig", Kunstverein Konstanz, 2006 * "Carrera de Fondo", Concejeria de Cultura, Junta de Andalucia, 2005 * [http://www.verbsap.com/2005may/artgallery/bridesoffrankenstein "Amarya na Frankenstein"], Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na San Jose, San Jose, 2005 * "Summer of Beauty", Gidan Tarihi na Stedelijk, Amsterdam, 2005 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] lomofmub6nzy2w42fih8yuys0xf8o40 0 163021 894092 2026-08-10T08:43:20Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354653203|Yishay Garbasz]]" 894092 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yishay Garbasz''' ( Hebrew ; 1970, Isra'ila - Maris 2026, Berlin <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yishay Garbasz, die vor einigen Tagen in Berlin gestorben ist, war eine beeindruckende Frau. |url=https://x.com/JankaKluge/status/2032087494062117220 |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=X}}</ref> ) ƙwararren mai fasaha ne wanda ya yi aiki a fannoni daban-daban na daukar hoto, wasan kwaikwayo da shigarwa . <ref name="japantimes">{{Cite web |date=May 2009 |title=Collecting the lost pieces of a soul {{pipe}} The Japan Times |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2009/05/01/arts/collecting-the-lost-pieces-of-a-soul/#.VP17Usag4bA |access-date=2015-10-12 |publisher=japantimes.co.jp}}</ref> Babban abin da ta fi sha'awa shi ne raunin da ta samu da kuma gadon tunawa bayan raunin da ta samu. <ref name="huffingtonpost">{{Cite web |date=May 2015 |title=Walking Into Conflict: Trans Woman and Visual Artist Yishay Garbasz on Chronicling Trauma&nbsp;{{pipe}}&nbsp;Eliza Steinbock |url=https://huffingtonpost.com/eliza-steinbock/walking-into-conflict-tra_b_7188450.html |access-date=2015-10-12 |publisher=huffingtonpost.com}}</ref> Ta kuma yi aiki a kan batutuwan asali da kuma rashin ganuwa na mata masu canza jinsi. <ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web |date=26 March 2014 |title=10 Transgender Artists Who Are Changing The Landscape Of Contemporary Art |url=https://huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/26/trans-artists_n_5023294.html |access-date=2015-10-12 |publisher=huffingtonpost.com}}</ref> Ta yi karatun daukar hoto tare da Stephen Shore a Kwalejin Bard tsakanin 2000 da 2004. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosen |first=Björn |date=2010-01-27 |title=Blick ins Innere |url=https://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/kultur/blick-ins-innere/ |access-date=2019-11-21 |website=Jüdische Allgemeine |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bard College {{!}} The Photography Program {{!}} Alumni |url=https://photo.bard.edu/alumni/ |access-date=2019-11-21 |website=photo.bard.edu}}</ref> Garbasz ya sami tallafin karatu na Thomas J. Watson a shekarar 2004/2005. <ref name="watsonfellowship">{{Cite web |title=The Watson Fellowship |url=http://www.watsonfellowship.org/site/fellows/04_05.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040806234328/http://www.watsonfellowship.org/site/fellows/04_05.html |archive-date=2004-08-06 |access-date=2015-10-12}}</ref> Ta zauna a Berlin tun daga shekarar 2005, kuma ta zauna a Taiwan, Thailand, Japan, Koriya, Isra'ila, Amurka da Ingila. <ref name="thiiirdmagazine.co.uk">{{Cite web |date=18 June 2017 |title=Yishay Garbasz Interview – Uncovering PTSD & The Holocaust Through Art – THIIIRD Magazine |url=http://www.thiiirdmagazine.co.uk/yishay-garbasz-interview-artist-uncovered/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323160015/http://www.thiiirdmagazine.co.uk/yishay-garbasz-interview-artist-uncovered/ |archive-date=2019-03-23 |access-date=2019-03-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> Duk da cewa ta sha wahala daga gubar epoxy a shekarar 2014, wanda daga nan ta kamu da asma da matsalolin huhu na yau da kullun, ita ce kuma mace ta farko da ta yi canjin jinsi a Jamus. <ref>{{Cite web |title=These Higher-Weight Female Athletes Are Shattering Myths About Fitness |url=https://health.usnews.com/health-news/blogs/eat-run/articles/2018-06-07/these-higher-weight-female-athletes-are-shattering-myths-about-fitness |website=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref> Garbasz ya koyi rubutu yana da shekaru 25 a Kwalejin Landmark . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Third Text |url=http://thirdtext.org/messerschmidt-garbasz |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=thirdtext.org |language=en}}</ref> A bayyane take cewa ita ' [[Maɗigo|yar madigo ce]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-01 |title=Walking Into Conflict: Trans Woman and Visual Artist Yishay Garbasz on Chronicling Trauma |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/walking-into-conflict-tra_b_7188450 |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Teuchner |first=Sebastian |title=#48 Lesbian Visibility Day ~ QueerFunk LAUT! - Der Podcast |url=https://www.podcast.de/episode/593392874/48-lesbian-visibility-day |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529191215/https://www.podcast.de/episode/593392874/48-lesbian-visibility-day |archive-date=2023-05-29 |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=podcast.de |language=de}}</ref> == Ayyuka masu shahara == '''2004–2009''' A cikin waƙarta mai taken " ''In My Mother's Footstes"'' <ref name="jmcolberg">{{Cite web |title=Conscientious {{pipe}} Review: In My Mother's Footsteps by Yishay Garbasz |url=http://jmcolberg.com/weblog/2009/06/review_in_my_mothers_footsteps_by_yishay_garbasz/ |access-date=2015-10-12 |publisher=jmcolberg.com}}</ref> mai zane ta yi bitar abubuwan da ta gada na baƙin ciki daga abubuwan da suka faru [[The Holocaust|a lokacin kisan kiyashin Holocaust]] na mahaifiyarta. A wannan aikin, mai zane ta ziyarci duk inda rayuwar mahaifiyarta ta shafa a wannan lokacin. Aikin ya ƙunshi wani baje koli (Tokyo Wonder Site, <ref name="tokyo-ws">{{Cite web |title=Tokyo Wonder Site |url=https://www.tokyoartsandspace.jp/en/creator/index/G/307.html |access-date=2015-10-12 |publisher=tokyo-ws.org}}</ref> 2009, Wako Works of Art, <ref name="artforum">{{Cite web |title=Yishay Garbasz - artforum.com / critics' picks |url=http://www.artforum.com/picks/id=22672%26view=print |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222082859/http://www.artforum.com/picks/id=22672%26view=print |archive-date=2015-12-22 |access-date=2015-10-12 |publisher=artforum.com}}</ref> 2009, da Busan Biennale 2010 <ref name="artforum2">{{Cite web |title="Living in Evolution" - artforum.com / critics' picks |url=http://artforum.com/picks/id=26784%26view=print |access-date=2015-10-12 |publisher=artforum.com}}</ref> ) da kuma littafi. An zaɓi wannan littafin don kyautar littafin hoto ta Jamus a shekarar 2009. <ref name="thiiirdmagazine.co.uk" /> Har zuwa watan Yunin 2017, ba a taɓa nuna aikin a Jamus ba. <ref name="thiiirdmagazine.co.uk" /> '''2008–2010''' A cikin aikinta ''na Becoming,'' Garbasz ta binciko jikinta da canje-canjen da ke cikin jikinta shekara ɗaya kafin zuwa shekara ɗaya bayan tiyatar tabbatar da jinsi ta hanyar ƙirƙirar zoetrope na ɗan adam. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-19 |title=Body // Trauma and Identity: An Interview with Yishay Garbasz |url=https://www.berlinartlink.com/2016/04/19/body-trauma-and-identity-an-interview-with-yishay-garbasz/ |access-date=2019-03-08 |website=Berlin Art Link |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan aikin kuma littafi ne da aka buga a shekarar 2010 ta Mark Batty Publisher. An kuma haɗa aikin a cikin Busan Biennale 2010. <ref name="tagesspiegel">{{Cite web |title=Frauen und Männer: Die Kunst zu leben - Zeitung Heute - Tagesspiegel |url=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/zeitung/frauen-und-maenner-die-kunst-zu-leben/2174966.html |access-date=2015-10-12 |publisher=tagesspiegel.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Robot Check |url=https://www.amazon.com/Becoming-Gender-Flipbook-Yishay-Garbasz/dp/B00BRAOYOA |website=Amazon}}</ref> An ba ta kyautar Berlin Woman Filmmaker of the Year saboda wannan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Becoming – Yishay Garbasz |url=http://yishay.com/index.php/2019/08/10/becoming/ |access-date=2020-05-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin fim ɗin "Eat Me Damien," Garbasz ya yi kallo da kuma yi wa ayyukan farauta na duniya da na kasuwanci na duniya ba'a. A cikin wannan aikin, mai zane ta sanya ƙwai a cikin tankin kifi da aka yi wa fenti da formaldehyde, wanda ke kama da kifin shark na Damien Hirst . An nuna shi a Bakwai a bikin baje kolin zane-zane na Miami. <ref name="nytimes">{{Cite web |date=2011-12-02 |title=The New York Times |url=https://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/02/show-of-support-seven-miami/ |access-date=2015-10-12 |publisher=tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-19 |title=Seven Art Fair to Return to Art Basel Miami Beach |url=https://observer.com/2012/09/seven-art-fair-is-a-go-at-art-basel-miami-beach/ |access-date=2019-04-19 |website=Observer |language=en}}</ref> Garbasz ta bayyana cewa koyaushe tana shirin amfani da al'aura ta wata hanya, kuma wannan ra'ayin ya yi nasara saboda taken sa. '''2011''' A cikin ''Shirin Lambar,'' Garbasz ta yi wa kanta lakabi da lambar Auschwitz ta mahaifiyarta. A wuri da girmanta, ta ɗauki hoton hannunta da kanta a tsawon wata guda yayin da naman ya kusa warkewa. Wannan wani aiki ne na zamantakewa da ke neman haɗa lambar bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarta da rayuwar yau da kullun domin ƙirƙirar alaƙa da abin da ya gabata ba tare da rasa wani abu da ke tasowa a rayuwar mahaifiyarta ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Unsightly and the Unseen: Yishay Garbasz at Home at the Border |url=https://irw.rutgers.edu/rejoinder-webjournal/borders-bodies-homes/289-the-unsightly-and-the-unseen-yishay-garbasz-at-home-at-the-border |access-date=2019-04-19 |website=irw.rutgers.edu}}</ref> '''2014''' ''Ritual and Reality'' ta yi nazari kan raunin da ya faru sakamakon bala'in nukiliya a Fukushima . Hotuna da bidiyo masu launi (kowannensu na ɗaukar mintuna 9 zuwa 12) suna tare da jagorar sauti wanda ke bayanin tafiyar makonni uku ta Garbasz ta yankin keɓewa na Fukushima a shekarar 2013 da kuma sakamakon bala'in nukiliya gabaɗaya. <ref name="mfa">{{Cite web |title=Japanese Photography Responds to 2011 Earthquake, Tsunami and Nuclear Disaster in MFA Exhibition, "In the Wake" {{pipe}} Museum of Fine Arts, Boston |url=http://www.mfa.org/news/in-the-wake |access-date=2015-10-12 |publisher=mfa.org}}</ref> '''2015''' ''Alaƙa Mai Yankewa: Yi abin da na faɗa ko kuma za su kashe ka'' bincike ne na yadda shinge a matsayin shinge na zahiri ke haifar da tsoro wanda ke ba gwamnatoci damar yin amfani da ikonsu wajen sarrafa mutanensu. <ref name="irw.rutgers.edu">{{Cite web |title=The Unsightly and the Unseen: Yishay Garbasz at Home at the Border |url=https://irw.rutgers.edu/rejoinder-webjournal/borders-bodies-homes/289-the-unsightly-and-the-unseen-yishay-garbasz-at-home-at-the-border |access-date=2019-03-08 |website=irw.rutgers.edu}}</ref> An nuna wannan aikin a gidan adana kayan tarihi na Ronald Feldman da ke New York a shekarar 2015. <ref name="irw.rutgers.edu" /> Ya mayar da hankali ne kan tafiye-tafiyenta zuwa Koriya, Belfast, da [[Gaɓar Yamma|Yammacin Kogin Jordan]] inda kusancin ƙungiyoyin da ke yaƙi ya rabu ne kawai da irin waɗannan shingen. Ta yi amfani da haɗin ɗaukar hoto, bidiyo, da sassaka don baje kolin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yishay Garbasz: Severed Connections: Do what I say or they will kill you {{!}} Ronald Feldman Gallery {{!}} Artsy |url=https://www.artsy.net/show/ronald-feldman-fine-arts-yishay-garbasz-severed-connections-do-what-i-say-or-they-will-kill-you |access-date=2018-04-07 |website=www.artsy.net |language=en}}</ref> A wata hira da Garbasz ta yi, ta ce shingen yana magana ne game da "sauran abubuwa" kuma "da zarar ka rage hulɗa da wani, to da sauƙi ne ka mayar da ɗayan dodo", tana mai sauraron matsalolinta na sirri a matsayinta na mace mai canza jinsi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] qsd2oy4qli22d8ckzvz757d7n1f0g7h 894093 894092 2026-08-10T08:44:14Z Nnamadee 31123 894093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yishay Garbasz''' ( Hebrew; 1970, Isra'ila - Maris 2026, Berlin <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yishay Garbasz, die vor einigen Tagen in Berlin gestorben ist, war eine beeindruckende Frau. |url=https://x.com/JankaKluge/status/2032087494062117220 |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=X}}</ref> ) ƙwararren mai fasaha ne wanda ya yi aiki a fannoni daban-daban na daukar hoto, wasan kwaikwayo da shigarwa . <ref name="japantimes">{{Cite web |date=May 2009 |title=Collecting the lost pieces of a soul {{pipe}} The Japan Times |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2009/05/01/arts/collecting-the-lost-pieces-of-a-soul/#.VP17Usag4bA |access-date=2015-10-12 |publisher=japantimes.co.jp}}</ref> Babban abin da ta fi sha'awa shi ne raunin da ta samu da kuma gadon tunawa bayan raunin da ta samu. <ref name="huffingtonpost">{{Cite web |date=May 2015 |title=Walking Into Conflict: Trans Woman and Visual Artist Yishay Garbasz on Chronicling Trauma&nbsp;{{pipe}}&nbsp;Eliza Steinbock |url=https://huffingtonpost.com/eliza-steinbock/walking-into-conflict-tra_b_7188450.html |access-date=2015-10-12 |publisher=huffingtonpost.com}}</ref> Ta kuma yi aiki a kan batutuwan asali da kuma rashin ganuwa na mata masu canza jinsi. <ref name="huffingtonpost2">{{Cite web |date=26 March 2014 |title=10 Transgender Artists Who Are Changing The Landscape Of Contemporary Art |url=https://huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/26/trans-artists_n_5023294.html |access-date=2015-10-12 |publisher=huffingtonpost.com}}</ref> Ta yi karatun daukar hoto tare da Stephen Shore a Kwalejin Bard tsakanin 2000 da 2004. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosen |first=Björn |date=2010-01-27 |title=Blick ins Innere |url=https://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/kultur/blick-ins-innere/ |access-date=2019-11-21 |website=Jüdische Allgemeine |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bard College {{!}} The Photography Program {{!}} Alumni |url=https://photo.bard.edu/alumni/ |access-date=2019-11-21 |website=photo.bard.edu}}</ref> Garbasz ya sami tallafin karatu na Thomas J. Watson a shekarar 2004/2005. <ref name="watsonfellowship">{{Cite web |title=The Watson Fellowship |url=http://www.watsonfellowship.org/site/fellows/04_05.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040806234328/http://www.watsonfellowship.org/site/fellows/04_05.html |archive-date=2004-08-06 |access-date=2015-10-12}}</ref> Ta zauna a Berlin tun daga shekarar 2005, kuma ta zauna a Taiwan, Thailand, Japan, Koriya, Isra'ila, Amurka da Ingila. <ref name="thiiirdmagazine.co.uk">{{Cite web |date=18 June 2017 |title=Yishay Garbasz Interview – Uncovering PTSD & The Holocaust Through Art – THIIIRD Magazine |url=http://www.thiiirdmagazine.co.uk/yishay-garbasz-interview-artist-uncovered/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323160015/http://www.thiiirdmagazine.co.uk/yishay-garbasz-interview-artist-uncovered/ |archive-date=2019-03-23 |access-date=2019-03-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> Duk da cewa ta sha wahala daga gubar epoxy a shekarar 2014, wanda daga nan ta kamu da asma da matsalolin huhu na yau da kullun, ita ce kuma mace ta farko da ta yi canjin jinsi a Jamus. <ref>{{Cite web |title=These Higher-Weight Female Athletes Are Shattering Myths About Fitness |url=https://health.usnews.com/health-news/blogs/eat-run/articles/2018-06-07/these-higher-weight-female-athletes-are-shattering-myths-about-fitness |website=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref> Garbasz ya koyi rubutu yana da shekaru 25 a Kwalejin Landmark . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Third Text |url=http://thirdtext.org/messerschmidt-garbasz |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=thirdtext.org |language=en}}</ref> A bayyane take cewa ita ' [[Maɗigo|yar madigo ce]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-01 |title=Walking Into Conflict: Trans Woman and Visual Artist Yishay Garbasz on Chronicling Trauma |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/walking-into-conflict-tra_b_7188450 |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Teuchner |first=Sebastian |title=#48 Lesbian Visibility Day ~ QueerFunk LAUT! - Der Podcast |url=https://www.podcast.de/episode/593392874/48-lesbian-visibility-day |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529191215/https://www.podcast.de/episode/593392874/48-lesbian-visibility-day |archive-date=2023-05-29 |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=podcast.de |language=de}}</ref> == Ayyuka masu shahara == '''2004–2009''' A cikin waƙarta mai taken " ''In My Mother's Footstes"'' <ref name="jmcolberg">{{Cite web |title=Conscientious {{pipe}} Review: In My Mother's Footsteps by Yishay Garbasz |url=http://jmcolberg.com/weblog/2009/06/review_in_my_mothers_footsteps_by_yishay_garbasz/ |access-date=2015-10-12 |publisher=jmcolberg.com}}</ref> mai zane ta yi bitar abubuwan da ta gada na baƙin ciki daga abubuwan da suka faru [[The Holocaust|a lokacin kisan kiyashin Holocaust]] na mahaifiyarta. A wannan aikin, mai zane ta ziyarci duk inda rayuwar mahaifiyarta ta shafa a wannan lokacin. Aikin ya ƙunshi wani baje koli (Tokyo Wonder Site, <ref name="tokyo-ws">{{Cite web |title=Tokyo Wonder Site |url=https://www.tokyoartsandspace.jp/en/creator/index/G/307.html |access-date=2015-10-12 |publisher=tokyo-ws.org}}</ref> 2009, Wako Works of Art, <ref name="artforum">{{Cite web |title=Yishay Garbasz - artforum.com / critics' picks |url=http://www.artforum.com/picks/id=22672%26view=print |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222082859/http://www.artforum.com/picks/id=22672%26view=print |archive-date=2015-12-22 |access-date=2015-10-12 |publisher=artforum.com}}</ref> 2009, da Busan Biennale 2010 <ref name="artforum2">{{Cite web |title="Living in Evolution" - artforum.com / critics' picks |url=http://artforum.com/picks/id=26784%26view=print |access-date=2015-10-12 |publisher=artforum.com}}</ref> ) da kuma littafi. An zaɓi wannan littafin don kyautar littafin hoto ta Jamus a shekarar 2009. <ref name="thiiirdmagazine.co.uk" /> Har zuwa watan Yunin 2017, ba a taɓa nuna aikin a Jamus ba. <ref name="thiiirdmagazine.co.uk" /> '''2008–2010''' A cikin aikinta ''na Becoming,'' Garbasz ta binciko jikinta da canje-canjen da ke cikin jikinta shekara ɗaya kafin zuwa shekara ɗaya bayan tiyatar tabbatar da jinsi ta hanyar ƙirƙirar zoetrope na ɗan adam. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-19 |title=Body // Trauma and Identity: An Interview with Yishay Garbasz |url=https://www.berlinartlink.com/2016/04/19/body-trauma-and-identity-an-interview-with-yishay-garbasz/ |access-date=2019-03-08 |website=Berlin Art Link |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan aikin kuma littafi ne da aka buga a shekarar 2010 ta Mark Batty Publisher. An kuma haɗa aikin a cikin Busan Biennale 2010. <ref name="tagesspiegel">{{Cite web |title=Frauen und Männer: Die Kunst zu leben - Zeitung Heute - Tagesspiegel |url=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/zeitung/frauen-und-maenner-die-kunst-zu-leben/2174966.html |access-date=2015-10-12 |publisher=tagesspiegel.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Robot Check |url=https://www.amazon.com/Becoming-Gender-Flipbook-Yishay-Garbasz/dp/B00BRAOYOA |website=Amazon}}</ref> An ba ta kyautar Berlin Woman Filmmaker of the Year saboda wannan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Becoming – Yishay Garbasz |url=http://yishay.com/index.php/2019/08/10/becoming/ |access-date=2020-05-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin fim ɗin "Eat Me Damien," Garbasz ya yi kallo da kuma yi wa ayyukan farauta na duniya da na kasuwanci na duniya ba'a. A cikin wannan aikin, mai zane ta sanya ƙwai a cikin tankin kifi da aka yi wa fenti da formaldehyde, wanda ke kama da kifin shark na Damien Hirst . An nuna shi a Bakwai a bikin baje kolin zane-zane na Miami. <ref name="nytimes">{{Cite web |date=2011-12-02 |title=The New York Times |url=https://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/02/show-of-support-seven-miami/ |access-date=2015-10-12 |publisher=tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-19 |title=Seven Art Fair to Return to Art Basel Miami Beach |url=https://observer.com/2012/09/seven-art-fair-is-a-go-at-art-basel-miami-beach/ |access-date=2019-04-19 |website=Observer |language=en}}</ref> Garbasz ta bayyana cewa koyaushe tana shirin amfani da al'aura ta wata hanya, kuma wannan ra'ayin ya yi nasara saboda taken sa. '''2011''' A cikin ''Shirin Lambar,'' Garbasz ta yi wa kanta lakabi da lambar Auschwitz ta mahaifiyarta. A wuri da girmanta, ta ɗauki hoton hannunta da kanta a tsawon wata guda yayin da naman ya kusa warkewa. Wannan wani aiki ne na zamantakewa da ke neman haɗa lambar bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarta da rayuwar yau da kullun domin ƙirƙirar alaƙa da abin da ya gabata ba tare da rasa wani abu da ke tasowa a rayuwar mahaifiyarta ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Unsightly and the Unseen: Yishay Garbasz at Home at the Border |url=https://irw.rutgers.edu/rejoinder-webjournal/borders-bodies-homes/289-the-unsightly-and-the-unseen-yishay-garbasz-at-home-at-the-border |access-date=2019-04-19 |website=irw.rutgers.edu}}</ref> '''2014''' ''Ritual and Reality'' ta yi nazari kan raunin da ya faru sakamakon bala'in nukiliya a Fukushima . Hotuna da bidiyo masu launi (kowannensu na ɗaukar mintuna 9 zuwa 12) suna tare da jagorar sauti wanda ke bayanin tafiyar makonni uku ta Garbasz ta yankin keɓewa na Fukushima a shekarar 2013 da kuma sakamakon bala'in nukiliya gabaɗaya. <ref name="mfa">{{Cite web |title=Japanese Photography Responds to 2011 Earthquake, Tsunami and Nuclear Disaster in MFA Exhibition, "In the Wake" {{pipe}} Museum of Fine Arts, Boston |url=http://www.mfa.org/news/in-the-wake |access-date=2015-10-12 |publisher=mfa.org}}</ref> '''2015''' ''Alaƙa Mai Yankewa: Yi abin da na faɗa ko kuma za su kashe ka'' bincike ne na yadda shinge a matsayin shinge na zahiri ke haifar da tsoro wanda ke ba gwamnatoci damar yin amfani da ikonsu wajen sarrafa mutanensu. <ref name="irw.rutgers.edu">{{Cite web |title=The Unsightly and the Unseen: Yishay Garbasz at Home at the Border |url=https://irw.rutgers.edu/rejoinder-webjournal/borders-bodies-homes/289-the-unsightly-and-the-unseen-yishay-garbasz-at-home-at-the-border |access-date=2019-03-08 |website=irw.rutgers.edu}}</ref> An nuna wannan aikin a gidan adana kayan tarihi na Ronald Feldman da ke New York a shekarar 2015. <ref name="irw.rutgers.edu" /> Ya mayar da hankali ne kan tafiye-tafiyenta zuwa Koriya, Belfast, da [[Gaɓar Yamma|Yammacin Kogin Jordan]] inda kusancin ƙungiyoyin da ke yaƙi ya rabu ne kawai da irin waɗannan shingen. Ta yi amfani da haɗin ɗaukar hoto, bidiyo, da sassaka don baje kolin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yishay Garbasz: Severed Connections: Do what I say or they will kill you {{!}} Ronald Feldman Gallery {{!}} Artsy |url=https://www.artsy.net/show/ronald-feldman-fine-arts-yishay-garbasz-severed-connections-do-what-i-say-or-they-will-kill-you |access-date=2018-04-07 |website=www.artsy.net |language=en}}</ref> A wata hira da Garbasz ta yi, ta ce shingen yana magana ne game da "sauran abubuwa" kuma "da zarar ka rage hulɗa da wani, to da sauƙi ne ka mayar da ɗayan dodo", tana mai sauraron matsalolinta na sirri a matsayinta na mace mai canza jinsi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] eyux5744xs2nt6p3p11voe4ve1sfyy9 0 163022 894098 2026-08-10T08:47:54Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1271897987|Gertrud von Hassel]]" 894098 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gertrud von Hassel''' malamin Jamus ne kuma mai zane daga [[Dar es Salaam]] a [[Jamus Gabashin Afirka|Gabashin Afirka ta Jamus]], wacce yanzu haka [[Tanzaniya|take a Tanzaniya]] . == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === Gertrud 'yar jami'in Jamus ne Theodor von Hassel (1868–1935) da matarsa Emma née Jebsen. Theodor kyaftin ne a Schutztruppe na [[Jamus Gabashin Afirka|Gabashin Afirka na Jamus]] kuma, bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja a shekarar 1913, ya mallaki gonar kofi a tsaunukan Usambara da ke arewa maso gabashin [[Tanzaniya|Tanganyika]] . Kakanta na wajen uwa shine Michael Jebsen, mai jiragen ruwa kuma ɗan siyasa. A shekara ta 1910, Gertrud ta zama babbar 'yar'uwa lokacin da aka haifi ɗan'uwanta Friedrich. A shekarar 1913, an haifi ƙanenta Kai-Uwe, wanda ya ci gaba da zama Firayim Minista na Schleswig-Holstein kuma Shugaban Bundestag . Gertrud ta fara zuwa makaranta a wata makarantar mishan da ke Hohenfriedeberg, inda ta fara zane. A shekarar 1919, an kori iyalan von Hassel daga Gabashin Afirka na Jamus bayan da ƙungiyar ƙasashen duniya ta miƙa wa Birtaniya ikon mallakar ƙasar bayan kammala [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] . Iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Jamus suka zauna a Glücksburg . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Gertrud von Hassel |url=http://www.dithmarschen.de/Dithmarschen-erleben/Kultur/Kulturpreis/index.php?La=1&NavID=2046.57&object=tx%7C2046.4966.1&kat=&kuo=2&sub=0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804053232/http://www.dithmarschen.de/Dithmarschen-erleben/Kultur/Kulturpreis/index.php?La=1&NavID=2046.57&object=tx%7C2046.4966.1&kat=&kuo=2&sub=0 |archive-date=August 4, 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=dithmarschen.de}}</ref> === Ilimi === Bayan iyalinta sun ƙaura zuwa Jamus, Gertrud ta ci jarrabawar shiga jami'a a Flensburg . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Gertrud von Hassel |url=http://www.dithmarschen.de/Dithmarschen-erleben/Kultur/Kulturpreis/index.php?La=1&NavID=2046.57&object=tx%7C2046.4966.1&kat=&kuo=2&sub=0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804053232/http://www.dithmarschen.de/Dithmarschen-erleben/Kultur/Kulturpreis/index.php?La=1&NavID=2046.57&object=tx%7C2046.4966.1&kat=&kuo=2&sub=0 |archive-date=August 4, 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=dithmarschen.de}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170804053232/http://www.dithmarschen.de/Dithmarschen-erleben/Kultur/Kulturpreis/index.php?La=1&NavID=2046.57&object=tx%7C2046.4966.1&kat=&kuo=2&sub=0 "Gertrud von Hassel"]. ''dithmarschen.de''. Archived from [http://www.dithmarschen.de/Dithmarschen-erleben/Kultur/Kulturpreis/index.php?La=1&NavID=2046.57&object=tx%7C2046.4966.1&kat=&kuo=2&sub=0 the original] on August 4, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Tsakanin 1928 zuwa 1933, Gertrud von Hassel yayi karatu a Jami'ar Fine Arts na Hamburg, Kunsthochschule Kassel, da [[Werkkunstschule Dortmund]] . Ta nemi zama malamar makaranta kuma ta kammala karatunta har zuwa wannan lokacin a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Berlin . A shekarar 1933, ta ci jarrabawar jiha. === Sana'a === Tun daga 1935, Gertrud ya yi aiki a makarantu a Flensburg, [[Kiel]], Rendsburg, da Eckernförde . A cikin 1943, ta koma Meldorf a Holstein, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin malamin fasaha a Meldorfer Gelehrtenschule har zuwa 1961. Wani aiki da ta yi yayin da take da haɗin gwiwa da Martin Luserke kan [[Meldorfer style|salon wasansa na Meldorfer]] na son rai, wanda ta yi aiki a kai tsakanin 1947 da 1952. A cikin shekarun 1950, Gertrud ta ziyarci ƙasashen Bahar Rum kamar [[Misra|Masar]], [[Faransa]], [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]], [[Italiya]], [[Moroko|Morocco]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], da [[Turkiyya]] . Bayan ta yi ritaya, ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai zane mai zaman kansa. Ta rasu a Meldorf, Holstein, a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1999 tana da shekaru 90. == Salo == An yi aikin Gertrud na farko a cikin salon Sabon Ra'ayi . Aikinta ya riƙe ainihin gaskiya da kuma zane mai alaƙa da ma'ana. Ayyukanta na ƙarshe sun haɗa da hotuna masu ɗauke da manyan siffofi, rayayyun halittu, hotunan kansu, shimfidar wurare, da zane-zanen siffofi . A tsawon lokaci, aikinta ya fi mayar da hankali kan ƙarin bayani da sauƙaƙawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gertrud von Hassel |url=http://www.artnet.de/k%C3%BCnstler/gertrud-von-hassel/auktionsresultate |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=artnet.de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1999]] i35jqg5jg1t2a9nq0dg3uiis88x0k6p 894100 894098 2026-08-10T08:48:28Z Nnamadee 31123 894100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gertrud von Hassel''' malamin Jamus ne kuma mai zane daga [[Dar es Salaam]] a [[Jamus Gabashin Afirka|Gabashin Afirka ta Jamus]], wacce yanzu haka [[Tanzaniya|take a Tanzaniya]] . == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === Gertrud 'yar jami'in Jamus ne Theodor von Hassel (1868–1935) da matarsa Emma née Jebsen. Theodor kyaftin ne a Schutztruppe na [[Jamus Gabashin Afirka|Gabashin Afirka na Jamus]] kuma, bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja a shekarar 1913, ya mallaki gonar kofi a tsaunukan Usambara da ke arewa maso gabashin [[Tanzaniya|Tanganyika]] . Kakanta na wajen uwa shine Michael Jebsen, mai jiragen ruwa kuma ɗan siyasa. A shekara ta 1910, Gertrud ta zama babbar 'yar'uwa lokacin da aka haifi ɗan'uwanta Friedrich. A shekarar 1913, an haifi ƙanenta Kai-Uwe, wanda ya ci gaba da zama Firayim Minista na Schleswig-Holstein kuma Shugaban Bundestag . Gertrud ta fara zuwa makaranta a wata makarantar mishan da ke Hohenfriedeberg, inda ta fara zane. A shekarar 1919, an kori iyalan von Hassel daga Gabashin Afirka na Jamus bayan da ƙungiyar ƙasashen duniya ta miƙa wa Birtaniya ikon mallakar ƙasar bayan kammala [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] . Iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Jamus suka zauna a Glücksburg . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Gertrud von Hassel |url=http://www.dithmarschen.de/Dithmarschen-erleben/Kultur/Kulturpreis/index.php?La=1&NavID=2046.57&object=tx%7C2046.4966.1&kat=&kuo=2&sub=0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804053232/http://www.dithmarschen.de/Dithmarschen-erleben/Kultur/Kulturpreis/index.php?La=1&NavID=2046.57&object=tx%7C2046.4966.1&kat=&kuo=2&sub=0 |archive-date=August 4, 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=dithmarschen.de}}</ref> === Ilimi === Bayan iyalinta sun ƙaura zuwa Jamus, Gertrud ta ci jarrabawar shiga jami'a a Flensburg . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Gertrud von Hassel |url=http://www.dithmarschen.de/Dithmarschen-erleben/Kultur/Kulturpreis/index.php?La=1&NavID=2046.57&object=tx%7C2046.4966.1&kat=&kuo=2&sub=0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804053232/http://www.dithmarschen.de/Dithmarschen-erleben/Kultur/Kulturpreis/index.php?La=1&NavID=2046.57&object=tx%7C2046.4966.1&kat=&kuo=2&sub=0 |archive-date=August 4, 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=dithmarschen.de}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170804053232/http://www.dithmarschen.de/Dithmarschen-erleben/Kultur/Kulturpreis/index.php?La=1&NavID=2046.57&object=tx%7C2046.4966.1&kat=&kuo=2&sub=0 "Gertrud von Hassel"]. ''dithmarschen.de''. Archived from [http://www.dithmarschen.de/Dithmarschen-erleben/Kultur/Kulturpreis/index.php?La=1&NavID=2046.57&object=tx%7C2046.4966.1&kat=&kuo=2&sub=0 the original] on August 4, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Tsakanin 1928 zuwa 1933, Gertrud von Hassel yayi karatu a Jami'ar Fine Arts na Hamburg, Kunsthochschule Kassel, da [[Werkkunstschule Dortmund]] . Ta nemi zama malamar makaranta kuma ta kammala karatunta har zuwa wannan lokacin a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Berlin . A shekarar 1933, ta ci jarrabawar jiha. === Sana'a === Tun daga 1935, Gertrud ya yi aiki a makarantu a Flensburg, [[Kiel]], Rendsburg, da Eckernförde . A cikin 1943, ta koma Meldorf a Holstein, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin malamin fasaha a Meldorfer Gelehrtenschule har zuwa 1961. Wani aiki da ta yi yayin da take da haɗin gwiwa da Martin Luserke kan [[Meldorfer style|salon wasansa na Meldorfer]] na son rai, wanda ta yi aiki a kai tsakanin 1947 da 1952. A cikin shekarun 1950, Gertrud ta ziyarci ƙasashen Bahar Rum kamar [[Misra|Masar]], [[Faransa]], [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]], [[Italiya]], [[Moroko|Morocco]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], da [[Turkiyya]] . Bayan ta yi ritaya, ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai zane mai zaman kansa. Ta rasu a Meldorf, Holstein, a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1999 tana da shekaru 90. == Salo == An yi aikin Gertrud na farko a cikin salon Sabon Ra'ayi . Aikinta ya riƙe ainihin gaskiya da kuma zane mai alaƙa da ma'ana. Ayyukanta na ƙarshe sun haɗa da hotuna masu ɗauke da manyan siffofi, rayayyun halittu, hotunan kansu, shimfidar wurare, da zane-zanen siffofi . A tsawon lokaci, aikinta ya fi mayar da hankali kan ƙarin bayani da sauƙaƙawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gertrud von Hassel |url=http://www.artnet.de/k%C3%BCnstler/gertrud-von-hassel/auktionsresultate |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=artnet.de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1999]] e6hqv5knavue5pb9xa4xt4ewxv2p9vt 0 163023 894108 2026-08-10T09:55:10Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339036999|Li Portenlänger]]" 894108 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Li Portenlaenger''' (an haife shi, 1952 a Eichstaett, Bavaria ) ƙwararren mai buga takardu ne na Jamus, mai zane, kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Li Portenlänger |url=http://www.flyingcarpet.de/portenlaenger/vita.htm |website=www.flyingcarpet.de}}</ref> Li Portenlaenger ya yi nazarin zane na 3 D (bugu da zane) a cikin 1974-1978 a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Bremen ( ''Hochschule fur Kunste Bremen'' ).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Autori Aracne editrice - Li Portenlänger |url=http://www.aracneeditrice.it/aracneweb/index.php/autori.html?auth-id=381038 |access-date=2017-05-17 |website=www.aracneeditrice.it |language=it-it}}</ref> Daga baya, ta yi karatun rawa na zamani a ƙarƙashin Gerd Leon a Fachschule Freier Moderner Tanz. Ta kuma yi karatun aikin buga littattafai a Kwalejin Fasaha ta RhoK Flemish da ke Brussels a ƙarƙashin R. Broulim. Bugu da ƙari, ta yi karatun rawa ta tarihi da fasahar da ta mayar da hankali kan jiki ta ƙasar Sin ita kaɗai da kuma tare da malamai masu zaman kansu (misali 'yan ƙasar Sin). Babban aikinta na fasaha ya ƙunshi ayyukan fasaha na lithographic. Tun daga shekarar 1998 take kula da Lithographic Workshop Eichstaett wanda birnin ke tallafawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rohrbach |first=Max Foerster, Clever ins Web |title=Lithografien von Li Portenlänger - Kulturkanal Ingolstadt Kultur aus Pfaffenhofen und Eichstätt sowie Neuburg-Schrobenhausen |url=http://www.kulturkanal-ingolstadt.de/Podcast/Lithografien-von-Li-Portenlanger |access-date=2017-05-17 |website=www.kulturkanal-ingolstadt.de}}</ref> Tana gayyatar masu fasaha na ƙasashen duniya akai-akai a matsayin masu fasaha a gida, kuma ta shiga a matsayin mai jawabi da kuma mai fasaha a tarurrukan ƙasa da ƙasa kan lithography a Birtaniya, Belgium, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Portenlänger, Li |url=http://www.centredelagravure.be/en/artists/2340-portenlanger-li |access-date=2017-05-17 |website=Centre de la Gravure et de l'Image imprimée |language=fr}}</ref> [[Sin|China]], Netherlands da sauran ƙasashe. Abokan aikinta a China sun yaba da aikinta musamman lokacin da take [[Tianjin]] . Li Portenlaenger ya tsara ayyukan fasaha da dama waɗanda masu sukar fasaha a cikin jaridu suka yi nazari mai kyau, misali aikin ''Hortus-Wunder-Wanderkammer'' . Ta kuma shiga cikin wani aikin fasaha na gama gari tare da wani mai fasaha ɗan ƙasar Kanada, wani mai fasaha ɗan ƙasar Belgium, da kuma wani mawaƙi wanda ya ɗauki sha'awar fasaha ta Alois Wuensche-Mitterecker, wani mai sassaka kuma farkon mai ƙirƙirar fasahar ƙasa wanda ya ƙirƙiri babban tarin sassaka na Figurenfeld da aka sanya a cikin yanayin ƙasa mai kaɗaici na tsaunukan Frankonian Jura kusa da Eichstaett. Wannan ''tarin zane-zane na ƙasa'' yana tunatar da mutane mummunan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] da Nazi Jamus ta ƙaddamar. Gargaɗi ne game da duk wani yaƙe-yaƙe. An tattauna aikin mawakan uku da mawaƙin, ayyukan fasaha da waƙoƙinsu da Figurenfeld ya yi wahayi zuwa gare su, a cikin jaridun Jamus ta Kudu. Li Portenlaenger ya shiga cikin ayyukan lithographic kuma ya yi nunin rukuni da nunin faifai guda ɗaya a ƙasashe da yawa, ciki har da Austria, Italiya, Belgium, Amurka, Netherlands, Switzerland, Jamhuriyar Czech, China, Scotland; kuma ba shakka Jamus.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ArtFacts.net |title=Li Portenlänger |url=http://www.artfacts.net/fr/artiste/li-portenlnger-87626/profil.html |access-date=2017-05-17 |website=ArtFacts.net |language=fr}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ta gudanar da ayyukan fasaha da dama a wuraren jama'a, misali a Eichstaett <ref>{{Cite web |title=portenlanger li - ZVAB |url=https://www.zvab.com/buch-suchen/autor/portenlanger-li/ |access-date=2017-05-17 |website=www.zvab.com}}</ref> da kuma a Bremen,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-11 |title=Künstler |url=http://www.kunst-im-oeffentlichen-raum-bremen.de/kuenstler/kior_artist/show/li_portenlaenger.html |access-date=2017-05-17 |website=www.kunst-im-oeffentlichen-raum-bremen.de |language=de}}</ref> Jamus, kuma an gayyace ta ta yi wasanni a gidajen tarihi, gidajen adana kayan fasaha, da majami'u. A shekarar 2014, mai zane Doris Schoettler-Boll ta gayyace ta ta yi magana game da aikinta na mai zane-zane da ayyukanta a matsayin darakta na Eichstaett Lithography Workshop da kuma shirinta na mai zane-zane na kasa da kasa a cikin Art House [[Essen]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schoettler-Boll |first=Doris |title=Veranstaltungen der Reihe Personen-Projekte-Perspektiven (2011-14) |url=http://www.atelierhaus-essen.de/neu11-14.shtml |access-date=2017-05-17 |website=www.atelierhaus-essen.de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] jix5kfsbe52wnswlptfdefx2wg7tdy2 894109 894108 2026-08-10T09:55:54Z Nnamadee 31123 894109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Li Portenlaenger''' (an haife shi, 1952 a Eichstaett, Bavaria ) ƙwararren mai buga takardu ne na Jamus, mai zane, kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Li Portenlänger |url=http://www.flyingcarpet.de/portenlaenger/vita.htm |website=www.flyingcarpet.de}}</ref> Li Portenlaenger ya yi nazarin zane na 3 D (bugu da zane) a cikin 1974-1978 a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Bremen ( ''Hochschule fur Kunste Bremen'' ).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Autori Aracne editrice - Li Portenlänger |url=http://www.aracneeditrice.it/aracneweb/index.php/autori.html?auth-id=381038 |access-date=2017-05-17 |website=www.aracneeditrice.it |language=it-it}}</ref> Daga baya, ta yi karatun rawa na zamani a ƙarƙashin Gerd Leon a Fachschule Freier Moderner Tanz. Ta kuma yi karatun aikin buga littattafai a Kwalejin Fasaha ta RhoK Flemish da ke Brussels a ƙarƙashin R. Broulim. Bugu da ƙari, ta yi karatun rawa ta tarihi da fasahar da ta mayar da hankali kan jiki ta ƙasar Sin ita kaɗai da kuma tare da malamai masu zaman kansu (misali 'yan ƙasar Sin). Babban aikinta na fasaha ya ƙunshi ayyukan fasaha na lithographic. Tun daga shekarar 1998 take kula da Lithographic Workshop Eichstaett wanda birnin ke tallafawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rohrbach |first=Max Foerster, Clever ins Web |title=Lithografien von Li Portenlänger - Kulturkanal Ingolstadt Kultur aus Pfaffenhofen und Eichstätt sowie Neuburg-Schrobenhausen |url=http://www.kulturkanal-ingolstadt.de/Podcast/Lithografien-von-Li-Portenlanger |access-date=2017-05-17 |website=www.kulturkanal-ingolstadt.de}}</ref> Tana gayyatar masu fasaha na ƙasashen duniya akai-akai a matsayin masu fasaha a gida, kuma ta shiga a matsayin mai jawabi da kuma mai fasaha a tarurrukan ƙasa da ƙasa kan lithography a Birtaniya, Belgium, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Portenlänger, Li |url=http://www.centredelagravure.be/en/artists/2340-portenlanger-li |access-date=2017-05-17 |website=Centre de la Gravure et de l'Image imprimée |language=fr}}</ref> [[Sin|China]], Netherlands da sauran ƙasashe. Abokan aikinta a China sun yaba da aikinta musamman lokacin da take [[Tianjin]] . Li Portenlaenger ya tsara ayyukan fasaha da dama waɗanda masu sukar fasaha a cikin jaridu suka yi nazari mai kyau, misali aikin ''Hortus-Wunder-Wanderkammer'' . Ta kuma shiga cikin wani aikin fasaha na gama gari tare da wani mai fasaha ɗan ƙasar Kanada, wani mai fasaha ɗan ƙasar Belgium, da kuma wani mawaƙi wanda ya ɗauki sha'awar fasaha ta Alois Wuensche-Mitterecker, wani mai sassaka kuma farkon mai ƙirƙirar fasahar ƙasa wanda ya ƙirƙiri babban tarin sassaka na Figurenfeld da aka sanya a cikin yanayin ƙasa mai kaɗaici na tsaunukan Frankonian Jura kusa da Eichstaett. Wannan ''tarin zane-zane na ƙasa'' yana tunatar da mutane mummunan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] da Nazi Jamus ta ƙaddamar. Gargaɗi ne game da duk wani yaƙe-yaƙe. An tattauna aikin mawakan uku da mawaƙin, ayyukan fasaha da waƙoƙinsu da Figurenfeld ya yi wahayi zuwa gare su, a cikin jaridun Jamus ta Kudu. Li Portenlaenger ya shiga cikin ayyukan lithographic kuma ya yi nunin rukuni da nunin faifai guda ɗaya a ƙasashe da yawa, ciki har da Austria, Italiya, Belgium, Amurka, Netherlands, Switzerland, Jamhuriyar Czech, China, Scotland; kuma ba shakka Jamus.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ArtFacts.net |title=Li Portenlänger |url=http://www.artfacts.net/fr/artiste/li-portenlnger-87626/profil.html |access-date=2017-05-17 |website=ArtFacts.net |language=fr}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ta gudanar da ayyukan fasaha da dama a wuraren jama'a, misali a Eichstaett <ref>{{Cite web |title=portenlanger li - ZVAB |url=https://www.zvab.com/buch-suchen/autor/portenlanger-li/ |access-date=2017-05-17 |website=www.zvab.com}}</ref> da kuma a Bremen,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-11 |title=Künstler |url=http://www.kunst-im-oeffentlichen-raum-bremen.de/kuenstler/kior_artist/show/li_portenlaenger.html |access-date=2017-05-17 |website=www.kunst-im-oeffentlichen-raum-bremen.de |language=de}}</ref> Jamus, kuma an gayyace ta ta yi wasanni a gidajen tarihi, gidajen adana kayan fasaha, da majami'u. A shekarar 2014, mai zane Doris Schoettler-Boll ta gayyace ta ta yi magana game da aikinta na mai zane-zane da ayyukanta a matsayin darakta na Eichstaett Lithography Workshop da kuma shirinta na mai zane-zane na kasa da kasa a cikin Art House [[Essen]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schoettler-Boll |first=Doris |title=Veranstaltungen der Reihe Personen-Projekte-Perspektiven (2011-14) |url=http://www.atelierhaus-essen.de/neu11-14.shtml |access-date=2017-05-17 |website=www.atelierhaus-essen.de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] 151m8pn2qhm2ebsytnklo48zgp907w8 0 163024 894110 2026-08-10T09:58:17Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1236561473|Silvia Quandt]]" 894110 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Silvia Quandt''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1937) ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Quandt a shekarar 1937 a [[Berlin]], ɗa tilo da aka haifa a auren wani masanin masana'antu na Jamus kuma fitaccen ɗan Nazi, Herbert Quandt, mutumin da daga ƙarshe ya zama babban mai hannun jari a [[BMW]], da matarsa ta farko Ursel Munstermann. Iyayenta sun rabu a shekarar 1940 kuma Silvia ta zauna tare da mahaifiyarta. == Aikin fasaha == Ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Zane-zane ta Munich sannan ta yi karatu a matsayin mai zane-zane na kasuwanci. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane mai zaman kansa tun daga shekarun 1960. Ta sami kyautar Burda a shekarar 1968 da kuma kyautar fasaha ta Swabian a shekarar 1969. Ana iya ganin ayyukan Quandt a yau a Bayrischen Staatsgemäldesammlung (Tarin Zanen Jahar Bavaria) da kuma a Haus der Kunst Art Museum a Munich. An danganta zane-zane da ayyukan zane na Quandt da Fantastic Realism, wanda ke da alaƙa da yanayin Surreal da [[Romanticism]]. Ta yi nune-nunen a Munich, [[Düsseldorf]], Münster, Mannheim, [[Bremen]], [[Landan|London]], [[Faris|Paris]] da Zurich. == ''Shirun 'Yan Ta'adda'' == Shirin fim mai suna ''The Silence of the Quandts'' ya bayyana rawar da kasuwancin iyalan Quandt suka taka a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]]. Ta bayyana bayanai game da amfani da bayi a masana'antar iyalin a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Wani bincike da iyalan Quandt suka dauki nauyinsa daga baya ya kammala da cewa "an danganta Quandts da laifukan Nazi ba tare da rabuwa ba".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scholtyseck, Joachim {{!}} Der Aufstieg der Quandts |url=https://www.chbeck.de/scholtyseck-aufstieg-quandts/product/8552071 |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=www.chbeck.de |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-28 |title=BMW dynasty breaks silence on its Nazi past |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bmw-dynasty-breaks-silence-on-its-nazi-past-2362634.html |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2008, ba a yarda da wani diyya, afuwa ko tunawa a wurin da ɗaya daga cikin masana'antunsu ya kasance ba. Ba a sami wata matsala da [[BMW]] a cikin rahoton ba. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quandt yana zaune kuma yana aiki a [[München|Munich]] . Kafin rasuwar mahaifinta a shekarar 1982, ta sami jari mai yawa da kadarori waɗanda kamfanoni daban-daban masu zaman kansu ke sarrafawa, musamman Silvia Quandt Capital GmbH. Duk da cewa ƙannenta Susanne Klatten da Stefan Quandt (daga auren mahaifinta na uku) suna da tarin dukiya da aka kiyasta sun kai biliyoyin daloli, galibi daga manyan hannun jari a kamfanonin gwamnati kamar [[BMW]], Altana da Varta, arzikin Silvia Quandt yana da wahalar ƙiyastawa domin galibi ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar kamfanonin riƙe da hannun jari masu zaman kansu. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] gx7d7ljpcrnq32ibaapng42bi2dpa1b 894111 894110 2026-08-10T09:59:15Z Nnamadee 31123 894111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Silvia Quandt''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1937) ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Quandt a shekarar 1937 a [[Berlin]], ɗa tilo da aka haifa a auren wani masanin masana'antu na Jamus kuma fitaccen ɗan Nazi, Herbert Quandt, mutumin da daga ƙarshe ya zama babban mai hannun jari a [[BMW]], da matarsa ta farko Ursel Munstermann. Iyayenta sun rabu a shekarar 1940 kuma Silvia ta zauna tare da mahaifiyarta. == Aikin fasaha == Ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Zane-zane ta Munich sannan ta yi karatu a matsayin mai zane-zane na kasuwanci. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane mai zaman kansa tun daga shekarun 1960. Ta sami kyautar Burda a shekarar 1968 da kuma kyautar fasaha ta Swabian a shekarar 1969. Ana iya ganin ayyukan Quandt a yau a Bayrischen Staatsgemäldesammlung (Tarin Zanen Jahar Bavaria) da kuma a Haus der Kunst Art Museum a Munich. An danganta zane-zane da ayyukan zane na Quandt da Fantastic Realism, wanda ke da alaƙa da yanayin Surreal da [[Romanticism]]. Ta yi nune-nunen a Munich, [[Düsseldorf]], Münster, Mannheim, [[Bremen]], [[Landan|London]], [[Faris|Paris]] da Zurich. == ''Shirun 'Yan Ta'adda'' == Shirin fim mai suna ''The Silence of the Quandts'' ya bayyana rawar da kasuwancin iyalan Quandt suka taka a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]]. Ta bayyana bayanai game da amfani da bayi a masana'antar iyalin a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Wani bincike da iyalan Quandt suka dauki nauyinsa daga baya ya kammala da cewa "an danganta Quandts da laifukan Nazi ba tare da rabuwa ba".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scholtyseck, Joachim {{!}} Der Aufstieg der Quandts |url=https://www.chbeck.de/scholtyseck-aufstieg-quandts/product/8552071 |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=www.chbeck.de |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-28 |title=BMW dynasty breaks silence on its Nazi past |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bmw-dynasty-breaks-silence-on-its-nazi-past-2362634.html |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2008, ba a yarda da wani diyya, afuwa ko tunawa a wurin da ɗaya daga cikin masana'antunsu ya kasance ba. Ba a sami wata matsala da [[BMW]] a cikin rahoton ba. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quandt yana zaune kuma yana aiki a [[München|Munich]] . Kafin rasuwar mahaifinta a shekarar 1982, ta sami jari mai yawa da kadarori waɗanda kamfanoni daban-daban masu zaman kansu ke sarrafawa, musamman Silvia Quandt Capital GmbH. Duk da cewa ƙannenta Susanne Klatten da Stefan Quandt (daga auren mahaifinta na uku) suna da tarin dukiya da aka kiyasta sun kai biliyoyin daloli, galibi daga manyan hannun jari a kamfanonin gwamnati kamar [[BMW]], Altana da Varta, arzikin Silvia Quandt yana da wahalar ƙiyastawa domin galibi ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar kamfanonin riƙe da hannun jari masu zaman kansu. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] 7zvdea0hadqdliexr0sfee7erazoucn 0 163025 894112 2026-08-10T10:01:15Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343080390|Harriet von Rathlef]]" 894112 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Harriet Ellen Siderowna von Rathlef-Keilmann''' (3 Janairu 1887 - 1 Mayu 1933), ƙwararren mai sassaka ce kuma marubuciyar littattafan yara ta Jamus.<ref name="vital records">{{Cite web |last=Dupuis |first=Robert |last2=Usdin |first2=Christine |title=The sculptor Harriet Ellen von Rathlef-Keilmann |url=http://usdine.free.fr/keilmanharrietellen.html |access-date=9 May 2018 |website=The Riga Rabbinate vital records}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == An haife ta ne a wani fitaccen iyali na Yahudawa a [[Riga]], Livonia, wani lardi na Daular Rasha.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Stonge |first=Carmen |date=2013 |title=Erasing Identity: Harriet Von Rathlef-Keilmann |journal=Art History and Theory |volume=16 |pages=51}}</ref> Ta auri Harald von Rathlef,<ref name="vital records">{{Cite web |last=Dupuis |first=Robert |last2=Usdin |first2=Christine |title=The sculptor Harriet Ellen von Rathlef-Keilmann |url=http://usdine.free.fr/keilmanharrietellen.html |access-date=9 May 2018 |website=The Riga Rabbinate vital records}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDupuisUsdin">Dupuis, Robert; Usdin, Christine. [http://usdine.free.fr/keilmanharrietellen.html "The sculptor Harriet Ellen von Rathlef-Keilmann"]. ''The Riga Rabbinate vital records''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> wani laftanar a cikin Rundunar Tsarist ta Alexander Hussars, a cikin 1908 a Riga. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya huɗu. Iyalan sun gudu zuwa Jamus a ranar 28 ga Disamba 1918 a ƙoƙarin tserewa daga Rasha mai juyin juya hali. Iyalin sun zauna kusa da Weimar, inda ta yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Walter Gropius a [[Bauhaus]] har zuwa 1921.<ref name=":0" /> Ta saki mijinta a shekarar 1922 kuma ta tallafa wa 'ya'yanta da kuɗin shiga daga sassaka, zane-zane da zane-zanenta. A shekarar 1925 ta zama babbar mai goyon bayan ikirarin Anna Anderson na cewa ita ce Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna ta Rasha . Ta yi abota da mai ƙarar kuma ta rubuta jerin labarai game da ita. A wannan shekarar ta koma addinin Katolika na Roman. Tana da hannu a cikin da'irori na fasaha da kuma harkokin zamantakewa a Berlin, amma an tilasta mata yin murabus daga ƙungiyar mata masu fasaha ta Berlin lokacin da [[Adolf Hitler]] ya hau mulki. Ta tsorata da yanayin siyasa da ya faru a Jamus ta Nazi, sai ta yi fatan barin ƙasar. Kafin ta iya yin wasu tsare-tsare masu mahimmanci, ta mutu a Berlin a ranar 1 ga Mayu 1933 sakamakon fashewar wani ƙarin bayani . <ref name="West-Art, Prometheus">{{Cite web |last=Bodenstein |first=Joe F. |title=The sculptor Harriet Ellen von Rathlef-Keilmann |url=http://www.meaus.com/harriet-siderowna-keilmann.htm |access-date=9 May 2018 |website=West-Art, Prometheus}}</ref> A cikin fim ɗin Falk Harnack na 1956, ''The Story of Anastasia'', jarumar Jamus Käthe Braun ta fito a matsayin jaruma. == Manazarta == sxc04k7o0ylq8okgzc5ms73d4wtkng2 894113 894112 2026-08-10T10:01:47Z Nnamadee 31123 894113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Harriet Ellen Siderowna von Rathlef-Keilmann''' (3 Janairu 1887 - 1 Mayu 1933), ƙwararren mai sassaka ce kuma marubuciyar littattafan yara ta Jamus.<ref name="vital records">{{Cite web |last=Dupuis |first=Robert |last2=Usdin |first2=Christine |title=The sculptor Harriet Ellen von Rathlef-Keilmann |url=http://usdine.free.fr/keilmanharrietellen.html |access-date=9 May 2018 |website=The Riga Rabbinate vital records}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == An haife ta ne a wani fitaccen iyali na Yahudawa a [[Riga]], Livonia, wani lardi na Daular Rasha.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Stonge |first=Carmen |date=2013 |title=Erasing Identity: Harriet Von Rathlef-Keilmann |journal=Art History and Theory |volume=16 |pages=51}}</ref> Ta auri Harald von Rathlef,<ref name="vital records">{{Cite web |last=Dupuis |first=Robert |last2=Usdin |first2=Christine |title=The sculptor Harriet Ellen von Rathlef-Keilmann |url=http://usdine.free.fr/keilmanharrietellen.html |access-date=9 May 2018 |website=The Riga Rabbinate vital records}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDupuisUsdin">Dupuis, Robert; Usdin, Christine. [http://usdine.free.fr/keilmanharrietellen.html "The sculptor Harriet Ellen von Rathlef-Keilmann"]. ''The Riga Rabbinate vital records''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> wani laftanar a cikin Rundunar Tsarist ta Alexander Hussars, a cikin 1908 a Riga. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya huɗu. Iyalan sun gudu zuwa Jamus a ranar 28 ga Disamba 1918 a ƙoƙarin tserewa daga Rasha mai juyin juya hali. Iyalin sun zauna kusa da Weimar, inda ta yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Walter Gropius a [[Bauhaus]] har zuwa 1921.<ref name=":0" /> Ta saki mijinta a shekarar 1922 kuma ta tallafa wa 'ya'yanta da kuɗin shiga daga sassaka, zane-zane da zane-zanenta. A shekarar 1925 ta zama babbar mai goyon bayan ikirarin Anna Anderson na cewa ita ce Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna ta Rasha . Ta yi abota da mai ƙarar kuma ta rubuta jerin labarai game da ita. A wannan shekarar ta koma addinin Katolika na Roman. Tana da hannu a cikin da'irori na fasaha da kuma harkokin zamantakewa a Berlin, amma an tilasta mata yin murabus daga ƙungiyar mata masu fasaha ta Berlin lokacin da [[Adolf Hitler]] ya hau mulki. Ta tsorata da yanayin siyasa da ya faru a Jamus ta Nazi, sai ta yi fatan barin ƙasar. Kafin ta iya yin wasu tsare-tsare masu mahimmanci, ta mutu a Berlin a ranar 1 ga Mayu 1933 sakamakon fashewar wani ƙarin bayani . <ref name="West-Art, Prometheus">{{Cite web |last=Bodenstein |first=Joe F. |title=The sculptor Harriet Ellen von Rathlef-Keilmann |url=http://www.meaus.com/harriet-siderowna-keilmann.htm |access-date=9 May 2018 |website=West-Art, Prometheus}}</ref> A cikin fim ɗin Falk Harnack na 1956, ''The Story of Anastasia'', jarumar Jamus Käthe Braun ta fito a matsayin jaruma. == Manazarta == 84w0z4l07znctmb6cyurfeo6qgnycbk 0 163026 894120 2026-08-10T10:03:38Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345502895|Anahita Razmi]]" 894120 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anahita Razmi''' (b.1981; [[Farisawa|Persian]] : آناهیتا رزمی) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta zamani wacce aka haifa a Jamus, asalin Iran da Jamus. Tana aiki da shigarwa, sassaka, zane-zanen bidiyo, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo. <ref name="creativetime">{{Cite web |title=Anahita Razmi |url=https://creativetime.org/reports/author/anahita-razmi/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Creative Time Reports |language=en-US}}</ref> Aikin Razmi ya yi amfani da hanyoyin fasaha na tsarawa, inda ake canza ma'anar hotuna da ke akwai ta hanyar sanya su a cikin wani yanayi na lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2018 |title=Razmi Anahita |url=https://iniva.org/library/digital-archive/people/r/anahita-razmi |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=[[Iniva]] |language=en}}</ref> Ayyukanta galibi suna magana ne game da batutuwan siyasa da zamantakewa, waɗanda galibi suna da alaƙa da [[Iran]], mahaifar mahaifin Razmi. <ref name="Gregori">{{Cite web |last=Gregori |first=Daniela |date=February 11, 2013 |editor-last=Gropp |editor-first=Lewis |title=Portrait of the Artist Anahita Razmi: Attempts at Cultural Transfer |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/portrait-of-the-artist-anahita-razmi-attempts-at-cultural-transfer |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=[[Qantara.de]] |language=en}}</ref> Tana zaune a Berlin, da London. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Anahita Razmi a shekarar 1981 a [[Hamburg|Hamburg, Jamus]] . <ref name="Gregori">{{Cite web |last=Gregori |first=Daniela |date=February 11, 2013 |editor-last=Gropp |editor-first=Lewis |title=Portrait of the Artist Anahita Razmi: Attempts at Cultural Transfer |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/portrait-of-the-artist-anahita-razmi-attempts-at-cultural-transfer |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=[[Qantara.de]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGregori2013">Gregori, Daniela (11 February 2013). Gropp, Lewis (ed.). [https://en.qantara.de/content/portrait-of-the-artist-anahita-razmi-attempts-at-cultural-transfer "Portrait of the Artist Anahita Razmi: Attempts at Cultural Transfer"]. ''[[Qantara.de]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Philomena">{{Cite web |title=Anahita Razmi |url=https://philomena.plus/programme/anahita-razmi/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Philomena.plus |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="Schwäbische">{{Cite web |date=9 February 2015 |title=Anahita Razmi erhält den Werkstattpreis |url=https://www.schwaebische.de/regional/tuttlingen/tuttlingenFALSCH/anahita-razmi-erhaelt-den-werkstattpreis-717099 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Schwäbische |language=de}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.schwaebische.de/regional/tuttlingen/tuttlingenFALSCH/anahita-razmi-erhaelt-den-werkstattpreis-717099 "Anahita Razmi erhält den Werkstattpreis"]. ''Schwäbische'' (in German). 9 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Mahaifiyarta Bajamushe ce, mahaifinta kuma Ba'amurke ne. <ref name="Gregori" /> Ta yi karatun fasahar watsa labarai a Jami'ar Bauhaus, Weimar ; daga baya ta yi azuzuwa a Cibiyar Pratt da ke birnin New York; sannan ta ci gaba da karatunta a fannin zane-zane da sassaka a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Jiha ta Stuttgart . <ref name="Gregori">{{Cite web |last=Gregori |first=Daniela |date=February 11, 2013 |editor-last=Gropp |editor-first=Lewis |title=Portrait of the Artist Anahita Razmi: Attempts at Cultural Transfer |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/portrait-of-the-artist-anahita-razmi-attempts-at-cultural-transfer |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=[[Qantara.de]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGregori2013">Gregori, Daniela (11 February 2013). Gropp, Lewis (ed.). [https://en.qantara.de/content/portrait-of-the-artist-anahita-razmi-attempts-at-cultural-transfer "Portrait of the Artist Anahita Razmi: Attempts at Cultural Transfer"]. ''[[Qantara.de]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anahita Razmi |url=https://loom.allianceofacademies.eu/artist/anahita-razmi/ |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Loom, European Alliance of Academies |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="Schwäbische">{{Cite web |date=9 February 2015 |title=Anahita Razmi erhält den Werkstattpreis |url=https://www.schwaebische.de/regional/tuttlingen/tuttlingenFALSCH/anahita-razmi-erhaelt-den-werkstattpreis-717099 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Schwäbische |language=de}}</ref> == Sana'a == [[Fayil:Darookhaneh_Apotheke_Pharmacy.jpg|alt=Darookhaneh Apotheke Pharmacy (2022), a project by Anahita Razmi and Sohrab Kashani in Berlin, Germany|thumb| Darookhaneh Apotheke Pharmacy (2022), aikin Anahita Razmi da Sohrab Kashani a Berlin, Jamus]] An nuna ayyukan Razmi a cibiyoyin kasa da kasa, kamar Venice Biennale na 55 (2013), Venice; <ref name="Schwäbische">{{Cite web |date=9 February 2015 |title=Anahita Razmi erhält den Werkstattpreis |url=https://www.schwaebische.de/regional/tuttlingen/tuttlingenFALSCH/anahita-razmi-erhaelt-den-werkstattpreis-717099 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Schwäbische |language=de}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.schwaebische.de/regional/tuttlingen/tuttlingenFALSCH/anahita-razmi-erhaelt-den-werkstattpreis-717099 "Anahita Razmi erhält den Werkstattpreis"]. ''Schwäbische'' (in German). 9 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Halle 14 (2019), Leipzig; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Resch |first=Christopher |date=August 2, 2019 |title=Global History of Ideas, Contemporary Muslim Art: Enlightenment Rediscovered |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/global-history-of-ideas-contemporary-muslim-art-enlightenment-rediscovered |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=[[Qantara.de]] |language=en}}</ref> Zachęta National Gallery of Art (2016-2017), Warsaw; <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=November 2016 |title=Social Calligraphies |url=https://zacheta.art.pl/en/wystawy/kaligrafie-spoleczne?filters=eyJkYXRlX2Zyb20iOnsidmFsdWUiOiIxOTUwLTAxLTAxIiwib3BlcmF0b3IiOiI+PSJ9LCJkYXRlX3RvIjp7InZhbHVlIjoiMjAyMi0wNy0yNSIsIm9wZXJhdG9yIjoiPD0ifSwib2tyZXMiOnsidHlwZSI6ImN1c3RvbSIsImpvaW4iOiIiLCJ2YWx1ZSI6WyJkYXRlX3RvPFwiMjAyMi0wNy0yNVwiICYmICBkYXRlX2Zyb20hPVwiMDAwMC0wMC0wMFwiICYmIGRhdGVfdG8hPVwiMDAwMC0wMC0wMFwiIl19LCJhY3RpdmUiOjEsIm9yZGVyIjoiZGF0ZV9mcm9tIERFU0MifQ== |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=Zachęta Narodowa Galeria Sztuki |language=en}}</ref> Museo Jumex, Birnin Mexico; Kunstraum Innsbruck (2018), Innsbruck, Austria; <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=May 5th – June 16th Anahita Razmi Spoilers |url=https://www.kunstraum-innsbruck.at/en/archives/exhibitions/anahita_razmi |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=Kunstraum Innsbruck}}</ref> Sazmanab Cibiyar Fasaha ta Zamani, Tehran; Kunsthalle Baden-Baden, and Kunstmuseum Stuttgart (2013). <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2012 |title=Frischzelle_17: Anahita Razmi |url=https://www.kunstmuseum-stuttgart.de/ausstellungen/frischzelle17-anahita-razmi |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=Kunstmuseum Stuttgart |language=de}}</ref> <ref name="StuttgarterNachrichten">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=January 6, 2013 |title=Kunstmuseum: Ihre Heimat und seine Heimat |url=https://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/inhalt.kunstmuseum-ihre-heimat-und-seine-heimat.70be4054-ba4c-45b6-a3d7-423ac8aaa780.html |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=[[Stuttgarter Nachrichten]] |language=de}}</ref> A lokacin [[Satumba shekara ta 2022 'Yan ƙasar Iran sukayi zanga- zanga|zanga-zangar Mahsa Amini]], Razmi yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan mawakan da suka fitar da fosta na zanga-zangar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Waddoups |first=Ryan |date=2023-09-20 |title=A Year After Mahsa Amini's Death, Artists Have Even More to Say |url=https://www.surfacemag.com/articles/iran-artists-woman-life-freedom/ |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=[[Surface (magazine)|Surface]] |language=en-US |issn=1091-806X}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Garth |date=2023-09-15 |title=One year on from Mahsa Amini's death, protest art marks the streets |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/09/15/one-year-on-from-mahsa-aminis-death-protest-art-paris-edinburgh-dublin |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=[[The Art Newspaper]] |issn=0960-6556}}</ref> Razmi ta sami tallafin karatu na Kwalejin Al'adu ta Tarabya, Istanbul (2020), <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Anahita Razmi |url=http://kulturakademie-tarabya.de/en/resident/16338 |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=Kulturakademie Tarabya |language=en}}</ref> zama a Goethe a LUX, London (2018), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview with Anahita Razmi |url=https://www.goethe.de/ins/gb/en/kul/res/vergangene-residenzen/lux/anahita-razmi/int.html |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Goethe-Institut United Kingdom}}</ref> zama a Villa Kamogawa Residency, Kyoto (2015). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anahita Razmi, Bildende Kunst |url=https://www.goethe.de/ins/jp/de/sta/kyo/res/sti/s15/ara.html |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Goethe-Institut Japan}}</ref> An ba ta kyautar Erich Hauser Art Foundation (2015), <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2015 |title=Anahita Razmi to receive 2015 Erich Hauser (Werkstattpreis) Award |url=https://artreview.com/news-9-feb-2015-anahita-razmi-erich-hauser-werkstattpreis-award/ |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=[[Art Review]] |language=en |issn=1745-9303}}</ref> <ref name="Schwäbische">{{Cite web |date=9 February 2015 |title=Anahita Razmi erhält den Werkstattpreis |url=https://www.schwaebische.de/regional/tuttlingen/tuttlingenFALSCH/anahita-razmi-erhaelt-den-werkstattpreis-717099 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Schwäbische |language=de}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.schwaebische.de/regional/tuttlingen/tuttlingenFALSCH/anahita-razmi-erhaelt-den-werkstattpreis-717099 "Anahita Razmi erhält den Werkstattpreis"]. ''Schwäbische'' (in German). 9 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> tallafin karatu na MAK–Schindler, Los Angeles (2013), <ref name="creativetime">{{Cite web |title=Anahita Razmi |url=https://creativetime.org/reports/author/anahita-razmi/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Creative Time Reports |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://creativetime.org/reports/author/anahita-razmi/ "Anahita Razmi"]. ''Creative Time Reports''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> da kuma kyautar Emdash, Frieze Foundation, London (2011). <ref name="creativetime" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anahita Razmi receives Emdash Award 2011 |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/35550/anahita-razmi-receives-emdash-award-2011/ |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=e-flux.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mickiewicz |first=Maksymilian Fus |date=2011-08-24 |title=Frieze: Anahita Razmi |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/artsandculture/article/10600/1/frieze-anahita-razmi |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=Dazed |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, Razmi ta ƙi amincewa da tallafin fasaha daga Stiftung Kunstfonds, tana sukar tsarin ginin gidauniyar da rashin bambancin ra'ayi a cikin alkalanta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 13, 2022 |title=Open Letter by the Artist Anahita Razmi: On the Rejection of the NeustartPlus Grant of the Stiftung Kunstfonds |url=https://www.bbk-berlin.de/en/news/13122022-open-letter-artist-anahita-razmi-rejection-neustartplus-grant-stiftung-kunstfonds |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=BBK Berlin}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=15 December 2022 |title=Kritik am Kunstfonds - Unlautere Vergabeverfahren und Lobbyismus? |url=https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/kritik-an-neustart-stipendien-vergabe-des-kunstfonds-100.html |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=Deutschlandfunk Kultur |language=de}}</ref> Ayyukanta sun haɗa da tarin zane-zane na jama'a da dama, kamar Bundeskunstsammlung a Jamus; Kunstmuseum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Jamus; Museo del Novecento, Florence; da kuma Davis Museum a Wellesley College, Massachusetts, Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anahita Razmi |url=https://davis.emuseum.com/people/4554/anahita-razmi |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=Davis Museum at Wellesley College |language=en}}</ref> == Nunin kai kaɗai == * ''Jihar Swing'' (2013), ta yi tafiya zuwa Kunstverein Hannover, [[Hanover|Hanover, Jamus]], da Stadtgalerie Saarbrücken (City Gallery Saarbrücken), Saarbrücken, Jamus ; nunin solo dinta na farko <ref name="StuttgarterNachrichten">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=January 6, 2013 |title=Kunstmuseum: Ihre Heimat und seine Heimat |url=https://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/inhalt.kunstmuseum-ihre-heimat-und-seine-heimat.70be4054-ba4c-45b6-a3d7-423ac8aaa780.html |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=[[Stuttgarter Nachrichten]] |language=de}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/inhalt.kunstmuseum-ihre-heimat-und-seine-heimat.70be4054-ba4c-45b6-a3d7-423ac8aaa780.html "Kunstmuseum: Ihre Heimat und seine Heimat"]. ''[[Stuttgarter Nachrichten]]'' (in German). 6 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anahita Razmi – Swing State, Stadtgalerie Saarbrücken, bis 1. September 2013 |url=https://www.portalkunstgeschichte.de/meldung/Anahita-Razmi-Swing-State-Stadtgalerie-Saarbruecken-bis-1-September-2013-5784.html |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Portal Kunstgeschichte |language=de}}</ref> * ''Do Fard – Tufafi Tehran Berlin'' (2015, 2016), ya yi tafiya zuwa Schwedenstr. 16, Berlin, Jamus; da kuma Jihar Tsarin Athens, Athens, Girka <ref>{{Cite web |title=DO FARD / Underwear Tehran - Berlin |url=https://www.visibleproject.org/blog/project/do-fard-underwear-tehran-berlin-berlin-germany/ |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=visibleproject |language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Jihar Nan Gaba - wani shiri na farko'' (2018), LUX London, London, Ingila <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2018 |title=Art Guide: The Future State, a preliminary |url=https://artguide.artforum.com/artguide/lux-15936/the-future-state-a-preliminary-157960 |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=[[Artforum]] |language=en-US |issn=0004-3532}}</ref> * ''Anahita Razmi Masu fashi'' (2018), Kunstraum Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bailey |first=Stephanie |date=2019-03-01 |title=Anahita Razmi, Carbon 12 |url=https://www.artforum.com/events/anahita-razmi-243826/ |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=[[Artforum]] |language=en-US |issn=0004-3532}}</ref> * ''Darookhaneh Apotheke Pharmacy'' (2022), haɗin gwiwa tare da Sohrab Kashani ; tafiya zuwa Philomena a Berlin, Jamus, <ref name="Philomena">{{Cite web |title=Anahita Razmi |url=https://philomena.plus/programme/anahita-razmi/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Philomena.plus |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://philomena.plus/programme/anahita-razmi/ "Anahita Razmi"]. ''Philomena.plus''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> da Uqbar a Vienna, Austria <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2022 |title=Arts of the Working Class |url=http://artsoftheworkingclass.org/exhibition/darookhaneh-apotheke-pharmacy |website=ArtsoftheWorkingClass.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Neustart für Bildende Künstlerinnen und Künstler |url=https://www.innovative-kunstprojekte.de/projekte/details/projektedarookhaneh-apotheke-pharmacy-64 |website=Innovative-Kunstprojekte.de}}</ref> * ''The Riff'' (2022), Carbon12 Gallery, Dubai, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-18 |title=Reflexionen über Repräsentation |url=https://www.gallerytalk.net/anahita-razmi-carbon-12-dubai/ |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=gallerytalk.net |language=de-DE}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] 2e94atw2y2p02uh333mox5blz7hqmnz 894124 894120 2026-08-10T10:04:22Z Nnamadee 31123 894124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anahita Razmi''' (b.1981; [[Farisawa|Persian]] : آناهیتا رزمی) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta zamani wacce aka haifa a Jamus, asalin Iran da Jamus. Tana aiki da shigarwa, sassaka, zane-zanen bidiyo, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo. <ref name="creativetime">{{Cite web |title=Anahita Razmi |url=https://creativetime.org/reports/author/anahita-razmi/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Creative Time Reports |language=en-US}}</ref> Aikin Razmi ya yi amfani da hanyoyin fasaha na tsarawa, inda ake canza ma'anar hotuna da ke akwai ta hanyar sanya su a cikin wani yanayi na lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2018 |title=Razmi Anahita |url=https://iniva.org/library/digital-archive/people/r/anahita-razmi |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=[[Iniva]] |language=en}}</ref> Ayyukanta galibi suna magana ne game da batutuwan siyasa da zamantakewa, waɗanda galibi suna da alaƙa da [[Iran]], mahaifar mahaifin Razmi. <ref name="Gregori">{{Cite web |last=Gregori |first=Daniela |date=February 11, 2013 |editor-last=Gropp |editor-first=Lewis |title=Portrait of the Artist Anahita Razmi: Attempts at Cultural Transfer |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/portrait-of-the-artist-anahita-razmi-attempts-at-cultural-transfer |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=[[Qantara.de]] |language=en}}</ref> Tana zaune a Berlin, da London. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Anahita Razmi a shekarar 1981 a [[Hamburg|Hamburg, Jamus]] . <ref name="Gregori">{{Cite web |last=Gregori |first=Daniela |date=February 11, 2013 |editor-last=Gropp |editor-first=Lewis |title=Portrait of the Artist Anahita Razmi: Attempts at Cultural Transfer |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/portrait-of-the-artist-anahita-razmi-attempts-at-cultural-transfer |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=[[Qantara.de]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGregori2013">Gregori, Daniela (11 February 2013). Gropp, Lewis (ed.). [https://en.qantara.de/content/portrait-of-the-artist-anahita-razmi-attempts-at-cultural-transfer "Portrait of the Artist Anahita Razmi: Attempts at Cultural Transfer"]. ''[[Qantara.de]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Philomena">{{Cite web |title=Anahita Razmi |url=https://philomena.plus/programme/anahita-razmi/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Philomena.plus |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="Schwäbische">{{Cite web |date=9 February 2015 |title=Anahita Razmi erhält den Werkstattpreis |url=https://www.schwaebische.de/regional/tuttlingen/tuttlingenFALSCH/anahita-razmi-erhaelt-den-werkstattpreis-717099 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Schwäbische |language=de}} [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Mahaifiyarta Bajamushe ce, mahaifinta kuma Ba'amurke ne. <ref name="Gregori" /> Ta yi karatun fasahar watsa labarai a Jami'ar Bauhaus, Weimar ; daga baya ta yi azuzuwa a Cibiyar Pratt da ke birnin New York; sannan ta ci gaba da karatunta a fannin zane-zane da sassaka a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Jiha ta Stuttgart . <ref name="Gregori">{{Cite web |last=Gregori |first=Daniela |date=February 11, 2013 |editor-last=Gropp |editor-first=Lewis |title=Portrait of the Artist Anahita Razmi: Attempts at Cultural Transfer |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/portrait-of-the-artist-anahita-razmi-attempts-at-cultural-transfer |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=[[Qantara.de]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGregori2013">Gregori, Daniela (11 February 2013). Gropp, Lewis (ed.). [https://en.qantara.de/content/portrait-of-the-artist-anahita-razmi-attempts-at-cultural-transfer "Portrait of the Artist Anahita Razmi: Attempts at Cultural Transfer"]. ''[[Qantara.de]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anahita Razmi |url=https://loom.allianceofacademies.eu/artist/anahita-razmi/ |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Loom, European Alliance of Academies |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="Schwäbische">{{Cite web |date=9 February 2015 |title=Anahita Razmi erhält den Werkstattpreis |url=https://www.schwaebische.de/regional/tuttlingen/tuttlingenFALSCH/anahita-razmi-erhaelt-den-werkstattpreis-717099 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Schwäbische |language=de}}</ref> == Sana'a == [[Fayil:Darookhaneh_Apotheke_Pharmacy.jpg|alt=Darookhaneh Apotheke Pharmacy (2022), a project by Anahita Razmi and Sohrab Kashani in Berlin, Germany|thumb| Darookhaneh Apotheke Pharmacy (2022), aikin Anahita Razmi da Sohrab Kashani a Berlin, Jamus]] An nuna ayyukan Razmi a cibiyoyin kasa da kasa, kamar Venice Biennale na 55 (2013), Venice; <ref name="Schwäbische">{{Cite web |date=9 February 2015 |title=Anahita Razmi erhält den Werkstattpreis |url=https://www.schwaebische.de/regional/tuttlingen/tuttlingenFALSCH/anahita-razmi-erhaelt-den-werkstattpreis-717099 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Schwäbische |language=de}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.schwaebische.de/regional/tuttlingen/tuttlingenFALSCH/anahita-razmi-erhaelt-den-werkstattpreis-717099 "Anahita Razmi erhält den Werkstattpreis"]. ''Schwäbische'' (in German). 9 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Halle 14 (2019), Leipzig; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Resch |first=Christopher |date=August 2, 2019 |title=Global History of Ideas, Contemporary Muslim Art: Enlightenment Rediscovered |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/global-history-of-ideas-contemporary-muslim-art-enlightenment-rediscovered |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=[[Qantara.de]] |language=en}}</ref> Zachęta National Gallery of Art (2016-2017), Warsaw; <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=November 2016 |title=Social Calligraphies |url=https://zacheta.art.pl/en/wystawy/kaligrafie-spoleczne?filters=eyJkYXRlX2Zyb20iOnsidmFsdWUiOiIxOTUwLTAxLTAxIiwib3BlcmF0b3IiOiI+PSJ9LCJkYXRlX3RvIjp7InZhbHVlIjoiMjAyMi0wNy0yNSIsIm9wZXJhdG9yIjoiPD0ifSwib2tyZXMiOnsidHlwZSI6ImN1c3RvbSIsImpvaW4iOiIiLCJ2YWx1ZSI6WyJkYXRlX3RvPFwiMjAyMi0wNy0yNVwiICYmICBkYXRlX2Zyb20hPVwiMDAwMC0wMC0wMFwiICYmIGRhdGVfdG8hPVwiMDAwMC0wMC0wMFwiIl19LCJhY3RpdmUiOjEsIm9yZGVyIjoiZGF0ZV9mcm9tIERFU0MifQ== |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=Zachęta Narodowa Galeria Sztuki |language=en}}</ref> Museo Jumex, Birnin Mexico; Kunstraum Innsbruck (2018), Innsbruck, Austria; <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=May 5th – June 16th Anahita Razmi Spoilers |url=https://www.kunstraum-innsbruck.at/en/archives/exhibitions/anahita_razmi |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=Kunstraum Innsbruck}}</ref> Sazmanab Cibiyar Fasaha ta Zamani, Tehran; Kunsthalle Baden-Baden, and Kunstmuseum Stuttgart (2013). <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2012 |title=Frischzelle_17: Anahita Razmi |url=https://www.kunstmuseum-stuttgart.de/ausstellungen/frischzelle17-anahita-razmi |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=Kunstmuseum Stuttgart |language=de}}</ref> <ref name="StuttgarterNachrichten">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=January 6, 2013 |title=Kunstmuseum: Ihre Heimat und seine Heimat |url=https://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/inhalt.kunstmuseum-ihre-heimat-und-seine-heimat.70be4054-ba4c-45b6-a3d7-423ac8aaa780.html |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=[[Stuttgarter Nachrichten]] |language=de}}</ref> A lokacin [[Satumba shekara ta 2022 'Yan ƙasar Iran sukayi zanga- zanga|zanga-zangar Mahsa Amini]], Razmi yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan mawakan da suka fitar da fosta na zanga-zangar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Waddoups |first=Ryan |date=2023-09-20 |title=A Year After Mahsa Amini's Death, Artists Have Even More to Say |url=https://www.surfacemag.com/articles/iran-artists-woman-life-freedom/ |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=[[Surface (magazine)|Surface]] |language=en-US |issn=1091-806X}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Garth |date=2023-09-15 |title=One year on from Mahsa Amini's death, protest art marks the streets |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/09/15/one-year-on-from-mahsa-aminis-death-protest-art-paris-edinburgh-dublin |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=[[The Art Newspaper]] |issn=0960-6556}}</ref> Razmi ta sami tallafin karatu na Kwalejin Al'adu ta Tarabya, Istanbul (2020), <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Anahita Razmi |url=http://kulturakademie-tarabya.de/en/resident/16338 |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=Kulturakademie Tarabya |language=en}}</ref> zama a Goethe a LUX, London (2018), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview with Anahita Razmi |url=https://www.goethe.de/ins/gb/en/kul/res/vergangene-residenzen/lux/anahita-razmi/int.html |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Goethe-Institut United Kingdom}}</ref> zama a Villa Kamogawa Residency, Kyoto (2015). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anahita Razmi, Bildende Kunst |url=https://www.goethe.de/ins/jp/de/sta/kyo/res/sti/s15/ara.html |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Goethe-Institut Japan}}</ref> An ba ta kyautar Erich Hauser Art Foundation (2015), <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2015 |title=Anahita Razmi to receive 2015 Erich Hauser (Werkstattpreis) Award |url=https://artreview.com/news-9-feb-2015-anahita-razmi-erich-hauser-werkstattpreis-award/ |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=[[Art Review]] |language=en |issn=1745-9303}}</ref> <ref name="Schwäbische">{{Cite web |date=9 February 2015 |title=Anahita Razmi erhält den Werkstattpreis |url=https://www.schwaebische.de/regional/tuttlingen/tuttlingenFALSCH/anahita-razmi-erhaelt-den-werkstattpreis-717099 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Schwäbische |language=de}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.schwaebische.de/regional/tuttlingen/tuttlingenFALSCH/anahita-razmi-erhaelt-den-werkstattpreis-717099 "Anahita Razmi erhält den Werkstattpreis"]. ''Schwäbische'' (in German). 9 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> tallafin karatu na MAK–Schindler, Los Angeles (2013), <ref name="creativetime">{{Cite web |title=Anahita Razmi |url=https://creativetime.org/reports/author/anahita-razmi/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Creative Time Reports |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://creativetime.org/reports/author/anahita-razmi/ "Anahita Razmi"]. ''Creative Time Reports''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> da kuma kyautar Emdash, Frieze Foundation, London (2011). <ref name="creativetime" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anahita Razmi receives Emdash Award 2011 |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/35550/anahita-razmi-receives-emdash-award-2011/ |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=e-flux.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mickiewicz |first=Maksymilian Fus |date=2011-08-24 |title=Frieze: Anahita Razmi |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/artsandculture/article/10600/1/frieze-anahita-razmi |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=Dazed |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, Razmi ta ƙi amincewa da tallafin fasaha daga Stiftung Kunstfonds, tana sukar tsarin ginin gidauniyar da rashin bambancin ra'ayi a cikin alkalanta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 13, 2022 |title=Open Letter by the Artist Anahita Razmi: On the Rejection of the NeustartPlus Grant of the Stiftung Kunstfonds |url=https://www.bbk-berlin.de/en/news/13122022-open-letter-artist-anahita-razmi-rejection-neustartplus-grant-stiftung-kunstfonds |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=BBK Berlin}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=15 December 2022 |title=Kritik am Kunstfonds - Unlautere Vergabeverfahren und Lobbyismus? |url=https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/kritik-an-neustart-stipendien-vergabe-des-kunstfonds-100.html |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=Deutschlandfunk Kultur |language=de}}</ref> Ayyukanta sun haɗa da tarin zane-zane na jama'a da dama, kamar Bundeskunstsammlung a Jamus; Kunstmuseum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Jamus; Museo del Novecento, Florence; da kuma Davis Museum a Wellesley College, Massachusetts, Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anahita Razmi |url=https://davis.emuseum.com/people/4554/anahita-razmi |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=Davis Museum at Wellesley College |language=en}}</ref> == Nunin kai kaɗai == * ''Jihar Swing'' (2013), ta yi tafiya zuwa Kunstverein Hannover, [[Hanover|Hanover, Jamus]], da Stadtgalerie Saarbrücken (City Gallery Saarbrücken), Saarbrücken, Jamus ; nunin solo dinta na farko <ref name="StuttgarterNachrichten">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=January 6, 2013 |title=Kunstmuseum: Ihre Heimat und seine Heimat |url=https://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/inhalt.kunstmuseum-ihre-heimat-und-seine-heimat.70be4054-ba4c-45b6-a3d7-423ac8aaa780.html |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=[[Stuttgarter Nachrichten]] |language=de}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/inhalt.kunstmuseum-ihre-heimat-und-seine-heimat.70be4054-ba4c-45b6-a3d7-423ac8aaa780.html "Kunstmuseum: Ihre Heimat und seine Heimat"]. ''[[Stuttgarter Nachrichten]]'' (in German). 6 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anahita Razmi – Swing State, Stadtgalerie Saarbrücken, bis 1. September 2013 |url=https://www.portalkunstgeschichte.de/meldung/Anahita-Razmi-Swing-State-Stadtgalerie-Saarbruecken-bis-1-September-2013-5784.html |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Portal Kunstgeschichte |language=de}}</ref> * ''Do Fard – Tufafi Tehran Berlin'' (2015, 2016), ya yi tafiya zuwa Schwedenstr. 16, Berlin, Jamus; da kuma Jihar Tsarin Athens, Athens, Girka <ref>{{Cite web |title=DO FARD / Underwear Tehran - Berlin |url=https://www.visibleproject.org/blog/project/do-fard-underwear-tehran-berlin-berlin-germany/ |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=visibleproject |language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Jihar Nan Gaba - wani shiri na farko'' (2018), LUX London, London, Ingila <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2018 |title=Art Guide: The Future State, a preliminary |url=https://artguide.artforum.com/artguide/lux-15936/the-future-state-a-preliminary-157960 |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=[[Artforum]] |language=en-US |issn=0004-3532}}</ref> * ''Anahita Razmi Masu fashi'' (2018), Kunstraum Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bailey |first=Stephanie |date=2019-03-01 |title=Anahita Razmi, Carbon 12 |url=https://www.artforum.com/events/anahita-razmi-243826/ |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=[[Artforum]] |language=en-US |issn=0004-3532}}</ref> * ''Darookhaneh Apotheke Pharmacy'' (2022), haɗin gwiwa tare da Sohrab Kashani ; tafiya zuwa Philomena a Berlin, Jamus, <ref name="Philomena">{{Cite web |title=Anahita Razmi |url=https://philomena.plus/programme/anahita-razmi/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Philomena.plus |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://philomena.plus/programme/anahita-razmi/ "Anahita Razmi"]. ''Philomena.plus''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> da Uqbar a Vienna, Austria <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2022 |title=Arts of the Working Class |url=http://artsoftheworkingclass.org/exhibition/darookhaneh-apotheke-pharmacy |website=ArtsoftheWorkingClass.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Neustart für Bildende Künstlerinnen und Künstler |url=https://www.innovative-kunstprojekte.de/projekte/details/projektedarookhaneh-apotheke-pharmacy-64 |website=Innovative-Kunstprojekte.de}}</ref> * ''The Riff'' (2022), Carbon12 Gallery, Dubai, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-18 |title=Reflexionen über Repräsentation |url=https://www.gallerytalk.net/anahita-razmi-carbon-12-dubai/ |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=gallerytalk.net |language=de-DE}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] e050ws3l8uc47gjclokhgbnu539upzw 0 163027 894129 2026-08-10T10:06:36Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338190173|Elke Rehder]]" 894129 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Lost-wax_casting_bronze_theatre.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px| Elke Rehder: ''Gidan Wasan'' Kwaikwayo ( Siffofin Tagulla )]] '''Elke Rehder''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1953) wata 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus da ke zaune a Barsbüttel [[Jamus]] . == Rayuwa da aiki == Elke Rehder ta yi karatu a Makarantar Fasaha ta Heatherley da ke [[Landan]] (1979–1980). <ref>Egisto Bragaglia: ''Dizionario Degli Illustratori Contemporanei''. Primo volume. Italia, Deutschland, Österreich, Schweiz. Bronzolo 2001. {{ISBN|88-900665-0-4}}</ref> A wannan lokacin ta kasance mai himma sosai a matsayin mai sassaka, inda ta ƙirƙiri abubuwa daga ƙarfe, ƙarfe, jan ƙarfe, dutse, da marmara da kuma ƙananan tagulla a cikin simintin da aka yi da kakin zuma . A lokacin da take Landan, alamar [[Dara (Chess)|dara]] ta zama abin da ya fi muhimmanci a cikin zane-zanenta, bayan wani furuci da [[Boris Spassky]] ya yi: "Dara kamar rayuwa ce". Tun daga lokacin, Elke Rehder ta ƙirƙiri ayyukan fasaha na shigarwa da fasahar ƙasa waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan wasan dara. A shekarar 1991, Elke Rehder ta fara aikin al'adu na duniya "Kulturgesellschaft Europa", <ref>Elke Rehder: ''Kulturgesellschaft Europa''. Struck. Hamburg 1992. {{ISBN|3-922664-04-0}}</ref> wanda ke tare da bayanan manyan mutane daga duniyar al'adu, tattalin arziki da siyasa. Tun daga lokacin ta fara tattara tsoffin takardu na Turai da jaridu masu zane. A shekarar 2014, tarin Elke Rehder <ref>Elke Rehder: ''Schach in Zeitungen des 19. Jahrhunderts''. Edition Jung, Homburg. 2014. {{ISBN|978-3-933648-54-9}}</ref> ya ƙunshi hotuna sama da 50,000 na tarihi. A cikin 1992, an karrama ta da lambar yabo "Bernhard-Kaufmann-Kunstpreis" <ref>Kunstforum International Vol. 120, page 446. Ruppichteroth 1992. {{ISSN|0177-3674}}</ref> a cikin Worpswede . Daga 1991 zuwa 1993, ta zurfafa iliminta na [[Painting|zane-zane]] a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Al'adu ta Tarayya da ke Wolfenbüttel da kuma fasahar zane-zane a Jami'ar Kimiyyar Aiwatar da Ayyukan Hamburg . <ref>''Kürschners Handbuch der Bildenden Künstler. Deutschland, Österreich, Schweiz''. 2. Jahrgang 2007. Band II, N-Z. K. G. Saur Verlag. Munich / Leipzig 2007. {{ISBN|978-3-598-24737-8}}</ref> [[Fayil:Woodcut_Schachnovelle_Stefan_Zweig.jpg|right|thumb| Elke Rehder: Labarin wasan dara na katako ''Wasan Royal'' na Stefan Zweig]] == Littattafan masu fasaha == Tun daga shekarar 1993, Elke Rehder ta mai da hankali kan adabi <ref>Werner Arnold: ''Das Malerbuch des 20. Jahrhunderts. Die Künstlerbuchsammlung der Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel''. Harrassowitz. Wiesbaden 2004. {{ISBN|3-447-05051-9}}</ref> da waƙoƙin waƙa <ref>Eduard Isphording: ''SeitenAnsichten. Buchkunst aus deutschen Handpressen und Verlagen seit 1945''. Verlag Faber und Faber. Leipzig 1999. {{ISBN|3-932545-43-5}}</ref> kuma ta kafa Elke Rehder Presse don yin bugu. Da littattafan masu fasaha, ta halarci bikin baje kolin littattafai na Leipzig sau da yawa, <ref>''4. Internationale Ausstellung für Künstlerbücher und Handpressendrucke (IAKH) Leipzig 1995''. Edition Lebensretter. Leipzig 1995. {{ISBN|3-929852-05-5}}</ref> bikin baje kolin littattafai na Frankfurt, <ref>''Frankfurt Book Fair 2001''. Catalogue. Page 906. Frankfurt 2001. {{ISBN|3-923352-44-1}}</ref> da kuma babban bikin baje kolin littattafai na ƙananan masu buga littattafai da masu buga littattafai na fasaha a Turai "Mainzer Minipressen-Messe" ( [[International Book Fair for Small Publishers and Private Presses|Baje kolin littattafai na duniya ga ƙananan masu buga littattafai da masu buga littattafai masu zaman kansu]] ). <ref>Katalog zur 13. Mainzer Minipressen-Messe. Ed. Trèves. Trier 1995. {{ISBN|3-88081-233-0}}</ref> A bikin baje kolin littattafai da fasaha na ƙasa da ƙasa mai suna "Quod Libet" <ref>''Quod Libet. Antiquariatsmesse & Künstlerbücher in Hamburg''. Luckwald Messen. Hamburg 2003. {{ISBN|3-8330-0613-7}}</ref> da aka yi a Hamburg, ta gabatar da wani fayil mai ɗauke da zane-zane ga ''The Trial'' <ref>Heinz Stefan Bartkowiak: ''Bartkowiaks forum book art''. Hamburg 1994-2005. {{ISBN|3-9803534-1-9}}, 3-9803534-2-7, 3-9803534-4-3, 3-9803534-5-1, 3-9803534-7-8, 3-9803534-6-X, 3-935462-00-X and 3-935462-03-04</ref> na [[Franz Kafka]] da kuma zane-zanen katako ga ''The Royal Game'' <ref>Jens Ahlers: ''Landesweit. Neuerwerbungen der Landesgeschichtlichen Sammlung aus 25 Jahren. Exhibition catalogue''. Schleswig-Holsteinische Landesbibliothek. Kiel 2009. {{ISBN|978-3-941713-03-1}}</ref> na Stefan Zweig . Baya ga kyawawan littattafanta na jarida, Elke Rehder ta ƙirƙiri littattafai da yawa da aka fenti, abubuwan littattafai da kuma abubuwan zane-zane na takarda. <ref>Gallery Depelmann: ''Handbook of Editions. Graphic Print, Sculpture, Photography, Multiples''. Depelmann Edition. Langenhagen 1994-1998. {{ISBN|3-928330-08-X}}, 3-928330-11-X, 3-928330-17-9 and 3-928330-24-1</ref> == Nunin kai kaɗai (an zaɓa) == * 1992 Reinbek Castle, Reinbek, Jamus * [[Ma'aikatar Harkokin Tattalin Arziki da Makamashi ta Tarayya|Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki da Fasaha ta Tarayya]] ta 1993, Bonn / Berlin, Jamus * 1993 Gallery Art und Weise, Heide, Jamus * 1995 Stichting Ateliers, Driebergen, Netherlands * 1999 Eutiner Landesbibliothek, Eutin, Jamus * 2000 Gallery Silvia Umla, Völklingen, Jamus * 2001 Haus der Kultur und Bildung, Neubrandenburg, Jamus * 2003 Beeskow Castle, Beeskow, Jamus * 2003 Jami'ar Saarland, Saarbrücken, Jamus * 2006 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Bibliothek, Hanover, Jamus == Nunin rukuni (an zaɓa) == * 1995 Gidan Tarihi na Lardin Voor Moderne Kunst, Oostend, Belgium * 1997 Kunsthalle Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Jamus * 1997 Internationale Kunstmesse "Kunstmarkt Dresden", Dresden, Jamus * 1998 Laburaren Ƙasa na Austria, Vienna, Austria * 1998 Gallery Lang, Vienna, Austria * 1998 PAPER ART nuni Speicherstadt, Hamburg, Jamus * 1999 Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg, Jamus * 2003 6th Triennale Mondiale d'Estampes, Chamalières, Faransa * 2005 Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe, Hamburg, Jamus * Laburaren Jiha na Schleswig-Holstein na 2009, Kiel, Jamus == Ayyuka a cikin tarin (an zaɓa) == Laburare na Jami'ar Basel, Laburare na Biritaniya, Deutsches Buch-und Schriftmuseum, (Leipzig, Jamus), Gidan Tarihi na adabi na zamani (Marbach, Jamus), ɗakin karatu na Duchess Anna Amalia, Laburare na Ƙasar Jamus, Germanisches Nationalmuseum (Nuremberg, Jamus), Jami'ar Goethe Frankfurt, Herzog Augusta Bibliothek, Gidan Tarihi na Jama'a a Cleveland K. Koninklijke Bibliotheek, National Library of the Netherlands, [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Library of Congress]], Lothar Schmid Chess Collection (Bamberg, Jamus), Museum Meermanno-Westreenianum, Saxon State Library, Swiss National Library, Württembergische Landesbibliothek (Stuttgart, Jamus) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] izpr2x13gvictt8o5p38wv2k3hh6234 894130 894129 2026-08-10T10:07:06Z Nnamadee 31123 894130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Lost-wax_casting_bronze_theatre.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px| Elke Rehder: ''Gidan Wasan'' Kwaikwayo ( Siffofin Tagulla )]] '''Elke Rehder''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1953) wata 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus da ke zaune a Barsbüttel [[Jamus]] . == Rayuwa da aiki == Elke Rehder ta yi karatu a Makarantar Fasaha ta Heatherley da ke [[Landan]] (1979–1980). <ref>Egisto Bragaglia: ''Dizionario Degli Illustratori Contemporanei''. Primo volume. Italia, Deutschland, Österreich, Schweiz. Bronzolo 2001. {{ISBN|88-900665-0-4}}</ref> A wannan lokacin ta kasance mai himma sosai a matsayin mai sassaka, inda ta ƙirƙiri abubuwa daga ƙarfe, ƙarfe, jan ƙarfe, dutse, da marmara da kuma ƙananan tagulla a cikin simintin da aka yi da kakin zuma . A lokacin da take Landan, alamar [[Dara (Chess)|dara]] ta zama abin da ya fi muhimmanci a cikin zane-zanenta, bayan wani furuci da [[Boris Spassky]] ya yi: "Dara kamar rayuwa ce". Tun daga lokacin, Elke Rehder ta ƙirƙiri ayyukan fasaha na shigarwa da fasahar ƙasa waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan wasan dara. A shekarar 1991, Elke Rehder ta fara aikin al'adu na duniya "Kulturgesellschaft Europa", <ref>Elke Rehder: ''Kulturgesellschaft Europa''. Struck. Hamburg 1992. {{ISBN|3-922664-04-0}}</ref> wanda ke tare da bayanan manyan mutane daga duniyar al'adu, tattalin arziki da siyasa. Tun daga lokacin ta fara tattara tsoffin takardu na Turai da jaridu masu zane. A shekarar 2014, tarin Elke Rehder <ref>Elke Rehder: ''Schach in Zeitungen des 19. Jahrhunderts''. Edition Jung, Homburg. 2014. {{ISBN|978-3-933648-54-9}}</ref> ya ƙunshi hotuna sama da 50,000 na tarihi. A cikin 1992, an karrama ta da lambar yabo "Bernhard-Kaufmann-Kunstpreis" <ref>Kunstforum International Vol. 120, page 446. Ruppichteroth 1992. {{ISSN|0177-3674}}</ref> a cikin Worpswede . Daga 1991 zuwa 1993, ta zurfafa iliminta na [[Painting|zane-zane]] a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Al'adu ta Tarayya da ke Wolfenbüttel da kuma fasahar zane-zane a Jami'ar Kimiyyar Aiwatar da Ayyukan Hamburg . <ref>''Kürschners Handbuch der Bildenden Künstler. Deutschland, Österreich, Schweiz''. 2. Jahrgang 2007. Band II, N-Z. K. G. Saur Verlag. Munich / Leipzig 2007. {{ISBN|978-3-598-24737-8}}</ref> [[Fayil:Woodcut_Schachnovelle_Stefan_Zweig.jpg|right|thumb| Elke Rehder: Labarin wasan dara na katako ''Wasan Royal'' na Stefan Zweig]] == Littattafan masu fasaha == Tun daga shekarar 1993, Elke Rehder ta mai da hankali kan adabi <ref>Werner Arnold: ''Das Malerbuch des 20. Jahrhunderts. Die Künstlerbuchsammlung der Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel''. Harrassowitz. Wiesbaden 2004. {{ISBN|3-447-05051-9}}</ref> da waƙoƙin waƙa <ref>Eduard Isphording: ''SeitenAnsichten. Buchkunst aus deutschen Handpressen und Verlagen seit 1945''. Verlag Faber und Faber. Leipzig 1999. {{ISBN|3-932545-43-5}}</ref> kuma ta kafa Elke Rehder Presse don yin bugu. Da littattafan masu fasaha, ta halarci bikin baje kolin littattafai na Leipzig sau da yawa, <ref>''4. Internationale Ausstellung für Künstlerbücher und Handpressendrucke (IAKH) Leipzig 1995''. Edition Lebensretter. Leipzig 1995. {{ISBN|3-929852-05-5}}</ref> bikin baje kolin littattafai na Frankfurt, <ref>''Frankfurt Book Fair 2001''. Catalogue. Page 906. Frankfurt 2001. {{ISBN|3-923352-44-1}}</ref> da kuma babban bikin baje kolin littattafai na ƙananan masu buga littattafai da masu buga littattafai na fasaha a Turai "Mainzer Minipressen-Messe" ( [[International Book Fair for Small Publishers and Private Presses|Baje kolin littattafai na duniya ga ƙananan masu buga littattafai da masu buga littattafai masu zaman kansu]] ). <ref>Katalog zur 13. Mainzer Minipressen-Messe. Ed. Trèves. Trier 1995. {{ISBN|3-88081-233-0}}</ref> A bikin baje kolin littattafai da fasaha na ƙasa da ƙasa mai suna "Quod Libet" <ref>''Quod Libet. Antiquariatsmesse & Künstlerbücher in Hamburg''. Luckwald Messen. Hamburg 2003. {{ISBN|3-8330-0613-7}}</ref> da aka yi a Hamburg, ta gabatar da wani fayil mai ɗauke da zane-zane ga ''The Trial'' <ref>Heinz Stefan Bartkowiak: ''Bartkowiaks forum book art''. Hamburg 1994-2005. {{ISBN|3-9803534-1-9}}, 3-9803534-2-7, 3-9803534-4-3, 3-9803534-5-1, 3-9803534-7-8, 3-9803534-6-X, 3-935462-00-X and 3-935462-03-04</ref> na [[Franz Kafka]] da kuma zane-zanen katako ga ''The Royal Game'' <ref>Jens Ahlers: ''Landesweit. Neuerwerbungen der Landesgeschichtlichen Sammlung aus 25 Jahren. Exhibition catalogue''. Schleswig-Holsteinische Landesbibliothek. Kiel 2009. {{ISBN|978-3-941713-03-1}}</ref> na Stefan Zweig . Baya ga kyawawan littattafanta na jarida, Elke Rehder ta ƙirƙiri littattafai da yawa da aka fenti, abubuwan littattafai da kuma abubuwan zane-zane na takarda. <ref>Gallery Depelmann: ''Handbook of Editions. Graphic Print, Sculpture, Photography, Multiples''. Depelmann Edition. Langenhagen 1994-1998. {{ISBN|3-928330-08-X}}, 3-928330-11-X, 3-928330-17-9 and 3-928330-24-1</ref> == Nunin kai kaɗai (an zaɓa) == * 1992 Reinbek Castle, Reinbek, Jamus * [[Ma'aikatar Harkokin Tattalin Arziki da Makamashi ta Tarayya|Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki da Fasaha ta Tarayya]] ta 1993, Bonn / Berlin, Jamus * 1993 Gallery Art und Weise, Heide, Jamus * 1995 Stichting Ateliers, Driebergen, Netherlands * 1999 Eutiner Landesbibliothek, Eutin, Jamus * 2000 Gallery Silvia Umla, Völklingen, Jamus * 2001 Haus der Kultur und Bildung, Neubrandenburg, Jamus * 2003 Beeskow Castle, Beeskow, Jamus * 2003 Jami'ar Saarland, Saarbrücken, Jamus * 2006 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Bibliothek, Hanover, Jamus == Nunin rukuni (an zaɓa) == * 1995 Gidan Tarihi na Lardin Voor Moderne Kunst, Oostend, Belgium * 1997 Kunsthalle Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Jamus * 1997 Internationale Kunstmesse "Kunstmarkt Dresden", Dresden, Jamus * 1998 Laburaren Ƙasa na Austria, Vienna, Austria * 1998 Gallery Lang, Vienna, Austria * 1998 PAPER ART nuni Speicherstadt, Hamburg, Jamus * 1999 Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg, Jamus * 2003 6th Triennale Mondiale d'Estampes, Chamalières, Faransa * 2005 Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe, Hamburg, Jamus * Laburaren Jiha na Schleswig-Holstein na 2009, Kiel, Jamus == Ayyuka a cikin tarin (an zaɓa) == Laburare na Jami'ar Basel, Laburare na Biritaniya, Deutsches Buch-und Schriftmuseum, (Leipzig, Jamus), Gidan Tarihi na adabi na zamani (Marbach, Jamus), ɗakin karatu na Duchess Anna Amalia, Laburare na Ƙasar Jamus, Germanisches Nationalmuseum (Nuremberg, Jamus), Jami'ar Goethe Frankfurt, Herzog Augusta Bibliothek, Gidan Tarihi na Jama'a a Cleveland K. Koninklijke Bibliotheek, National Library of the Netherlands, [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Library of Congress]], Lothar Schmid Chess Collection (Bamberg, Jamus), Museum Meermanno-Westreenianum, Saxon State Library, Swiss National Library, Württembergische Landesbibliothek (Stuttgart, Jamus) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] jd1054rlm63jlisa59con1o1eti26ge 0 163028 894132 2026-08-10T10:08:59Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326562125|Ursula Reuter Christiansen]]" 894132 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ursula Reuter Christiansen''' (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 1943 a [[Trier]], Jamus) ta ƙirƙiri aiki, ko zane ne ko yin fim, wanda ya nuna misalan alamomin tatsuniyoyi. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Ursula Reuter Christiansen ta yi karatun adabi a Jami'ar Philipp da ke Marburg, Jamus. Tun daga shekarar 1965, ta yi karatun sassaka a ƙarƙashin Joseph Beuys a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Düsseldorf . <ref name="SMK">{{Cite web |title=Ursula Reuter Christiansen |url=http://www.smk.dk/en/explore-the-art/highlights/ursula-reuter-christiansen-marriage/ |access-date=10 April 2024 |website=smk.dk}}</ref> Bayan ta ƙaura zuwa Denmark tare da mijinta, Henning Christiansen, a shekarar 1969, Reuter Christiansen ta fara mayar da hankali daga sassaka da adabi zuwa zane da yin fina-finai. Ayyukanta sun tabbatar da cewa matsin lamba na zamantakewa da take ji a matsayinta na uwa da mata da kuma ayyukan ƙungiyar mata masu ra'ayin mazan jiya daga kusan 1970 a Denmark ya yi tasiri a kansu. <ref name="SMK" /> Daga baya a shekarar 1970, Christiansen ta fitar da wani fim mai suna ''The Executioner'', inda ta ba da labarin wata mata da rayuwarta ta canza bayan ta haifi ɗan mijinta. Duk da cewa ta sami suka sosai daga waɗanda suka kalli fim ɗin, amma ta yi amfani da kwarewar Reuter Christiansen a matsayinta na mace, mata da kuma uwa. Tun daga shekarar 1997, ta yi horo a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal Danish da ke Copenhagen. Har yanzu tana ƙirƙirar ayyuka daban-daban na fasaha, kamar zane-zane, yumbu da fim, waɗanda galibi suka haɗa da ra'ayoyin aure da dangantaka ta kud da kud. <ref name="CLARA">{{Cite web |title=Ursula Reuter Christiansen |url=http://clara.nmwa.org/index.php?g=entity_detail&entity_id=1691 |access-date=24 September 2014 |website=CLARA |publisher=CLARA, National Museum of Women in the Arts}}</ref> An ba ta lambar yabo ta Eckersberg a shekarar 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tildelinger af medaljer |url=http://www.akademiraadet.dk/index.php?id=95 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202093758/http://www.akademiraadet.dk/index.php?id=95 |archive-date=2 February 2015 |access-date=25 January 2014 |publisher=Akademiraadet}} </ref> A shekarar 2023, gidan kayan tarihi na Switzerland von Bartha ta fara aiki tare da Ursula Reuter Christiansen, inda ta gabatar da ayyukanta a Basel da Copenhagen, tare da gabatar da zane-zanenta ''Leporello'' a Art Basel's Unlimited. A shekarar 2024, an gabatar da baje kolin Ursula Reuter Christiansen na farko kuma mafi girma da aka yi a baya mai suna ''I am Fire and Water'' a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani na Arken . <ref>{{Cite web |title=I Am Fire and Water {{!}} Exhibition {{!}} ARKEN |url=https://www.arken.dk/en/exhibitions/ursula-reuter-christiansen |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=www.arken.dk |language=en}}</ref> == Aiki == Ursula Reuter Christiansen ta samu damar nuna ayyukan fasaha da dama a gidajen tarihi daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun waƙoƙinta sun haɗa da: <ref name="SMK">{{Cite web |title=Ursula Reuter Christiansen |url=http://www.smk.dk/en/explore-the-art/highlights/ursula-reuter-christiansen-marriage/ |access-date=10 April 2024 |website=smk.dk}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.smk.dk/en/explore-the-art/highlights/ursula-reuter-christiansen-marriage/ "Ursula Reuter Christiansen"]. ''smk.dk''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> * ''Aure'' (1978) * ''Muryar Da Ba Ta Dainawa Ba'' (1975) * ''Kudi'' (1975) * ''ABC na Mace'' (1971) * ''Daji'' (1968) == Adabi == * ARKEN Museum for samtidskunst (ja): Ni wuta da ruwa = Jeg er ild og vand: Ursula Reuter Christiansen. 2024 * Dengsøe, Mai (ja.), Dabbobin daji suna rikidewa zuwa jemagu. Kbh. : Asabar, 2021 * Hansen, Frederikke (ja.), Sten i floden = Steine im Fluss. Kbh. : Vandkunsten, 2016 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]] q8qjnu1lh3nn1fdcxxesbjl2zxnmiiv 894133 894132 2026-08-10T10:09:35Z Aisha SM 47788 894133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ursula Reuter Christiansen''' (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 1943 a [[Trier]], Jamus) ta ƙirƙiri aiki, ko zane ne ko yin fim, wanda ya nuna misalan alamomin tatsuniyoyi. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Ursula Reuter Christiansen ta yi karatun adabi a Jami'ar Philipp da ke Marburg, Jamus. Tun daga shekarar 1965, ta yi karatun sassaka a ƙarƙashin Joseph Beuys a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Düsseldorf . <ref name="SMK">{{Cite web |title=Ursula Reuter Christiansen |url=http://www.smk.dk/en/explore-the-art/highlights/ursula-reuter-christiansen-marriage/ |access-date=10 April 2024 |website=smk.dk}}</ref> Bayan ta ƙaura zuwa Denmark tare da mijinta, Henning Christiansen, a shekarar 1969, Reuter Christiansen ta fara mayar da hankali daga sassaka da adabi zuwa zane da yin fina-finai. Ayyukanta sun tabbatar da cewa matsin lamba na zamantakewa da take ji a matsayinta na uwa da mata da kuma ayyukan ƙungiyar mata masu ra'ayin mazan jiya daga kusan 1970 a Denmark ya yi tasiri a kansu. <ref name="SMK" /> Daga baya a shekarar 1970, Christiansen ta fitar da wani fim mai suna ''The Executioner'', inda ta ba da labarin wata mata da rayuwarta ta canza bayan ta haifi ɗan mijinta. Duk da cewa ta sami suka sosai daga waɗanda suka kalli fim ɗin, amma ta yi amfani da kwarewar Reuter Christiansen a matsayinta na mace, mata da kuma uwa. Tun daga shekarar 1997, ta yi horo a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal Danish da ke Copenhagen. Har yanzu tana ƙirƙirar ayyuka daban-daban na fasaha, kamar zane-zane, yumbu da fim, waɗanda galibi suka haɗa da ra'ayoyin aure da dangantaka ta kud da kud. <ref name="CLARA">{{Cite web |title=Ursula Reuter Christiansen |url=http://clara.nmwa.org/index.php?g=entity_detail&entity_id=1691 |access-date=24 September 2014 |website=CLARA |publisher=CLARA, National Museum of Women in the Arts}}</ref> An ba ta lambar yabo ta Eckersberg a shekarar 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tildelinger af medaljer |url=http://www.akademiraadet.dk/index.php?id=95 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202093758/http://www.akademiraadet.dk/index.php?id=95 |archive-date=2 February 2015 |access-date=25 January 2014 |publisher=Akademiraadet}} </ref> A shekarar 2023, gidan kayan tarihi na Switzerland von Bartha ta fara aiki tare da Ursula Reuter Christiansen, inda ta gabatar da ayyukanta a Basel da Copenhagen, tare da gabatar da zane-zanenta ''Leporello'' a Art Basel's Unlimited. A shekarar 2024, an gabatar da baje kolin Ursula Reuter Christiansen na farko kuma mafi girma da aka yi a baya mai suna ''I am Fire and Water'' a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani na Arken . <ref>{{Cite web |title=I Am Fire and Water {{!}} Exhibition {{!}} ARKEN |url=https://www.arken.dk/en/exhibitions/ursula-reuter-christiansen |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=www.arken.dk |language=en}}</ref> == Aiki == Ursula Reuter Christiansen ta samu damar nuna ayyukan fasaha da dama a gidajen tarihi daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun waƙoƙinta sun haɗa da: <ref name="SMK">{{Cite web |title=Ursula Reuter Christiansen |url=http://www.smk.dk/en/explore-the-art/highlights/ursula-reuter-christiansen-marriage/ |access-date=10 April 2024 |website=smk.dk}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.smk.dk/en/explore-the-art/highlights/ursula-reuter-christiansen-marriage/ "Ursula Reuter Christiansen"]. ''smk.dk''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> * ''Aure'' (1978) * ''Muryar Da Ba Ta Dainawa Ba'' (1975) * ''Kudi'' (1975) * ''ABC na Mace'' (1971) * ''Daji'' (1968) == Adabi == * ARKEN Museum for samtidskunst (ja): Ni wuta da ruwa = Jeg er ild og vand: Ursula Reuter Christiansen. 2024 * Dengsøe, Mai (ja.), Dabbobin daji suna rikidewa zuwa jemagu. Kbh. : Asabar, 2021 * Hansen, Frederikke (ja.), Sten i floden = Steine im Fluss. Kbh. : Vandkunsten, 2016 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]] gc294560jo82ryzsd4n2fn9bx9d9j8z 0 163029 894153 2026-08-10T10:21:33Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1178509667|Hedwig Thun]]" 894153 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Photo_of_Hedwig_Thun.jpg|thumb| Hedwig Thun]] '''Hedwig Thun''' (1892 - 1969) ɗan ƙasar Jamus ne mai zane kuma marubuci. Ta yi karatu a [[Bauhaus Dessau]] inda malamanta suka haɗa da Wassily Kandinsky . <ref name="Fresko Magazin">{{Cite web |title=Unvergessen |url=https://www.fresko-magazin.de/unvergessen/ |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=Fresko Magazin}}</ref> A cikin 2022 aikinta shine batun sake dubawa a Kunstforum Hermann Stenner mai suna ''Hedwig Thun-Vom Bauhaus zum Informel.'' ''Eine Wiederentdeckung'' (Daga Bauhaus zuwa Informel. A sake ganowa). <ref name="WDR TV">{{Cite web |date=26 April 2022 |title=Die Künstlerin Hedwig Thun – eine Wiederentdeckung |url=https://www1.wdr.de/fernsehen/west-art/sendungen/hedwig-thun-100.html |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=WDR TV |language=de}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, an haɗa ayyukanta a cikin baje kolin ''Action, Gesture, Paint: Women Artists and Global Abstraction 1940-1970'' a Gidan Tarihi na Whitechapel da ke Landan.<ref name="Whitechapel Gallery">{{Cite web |title=Action, Gesture, Paint |url=https://www.whitechapelgallery.org/exhibitions/action-gesture-paint-women-and-global-abstraction-1940-70/ |access-date=23 April 2023 |website=Whitechapel Gallery |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1969]] 6j4qf6sqj61tzbwlf4fsuvwlqabsfxq 894156 894153 2026-08-10T10:22:24Z Nnamadee 31123 894156 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Photo_of_Hedwig_Thun.jpg|thumb| Hedwig Thun]]{{Databox}} '''Hedwig Thun''' (1892 - 1969) ɗan ƙasar Jamus ne mai zane kuma marubuci. Ta yi karatu a [[Bauhaus Dessau]] inda malamanta suka haɗa da Wassily Kandinsky . <ref name="Fresko Magazin">{{Cite web |title=Unvergessen |url=https://www.fresko-magazin.de/unvergessen/ |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=Fresko Magazin}}</ref> A cikin 2022 aikinta shine batun sake dubawa a Kunstforum Hermann Stenner mai suna ''Hedwig Thun-Vom Bauhaus zum Informel.'' ''Eine Wiederentdeckung'' (Daga Bauhaus zuwa Informel. A sake ganowa). <ref name="WDR TV">{{Cite web |date=26 April 2022 |title=Die Künstlerin Hedwig Thun – eine Wiederentdeckung |url=https://www1.wdr.de/fernsehen/west-art/sendungen/hedwig-thun-100.html |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=WDR TV |language=de}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, an haɗa ayyukanta a cikin baje kolin ''Action, Gesture, Paint: Women Artists and Global Abstraction 1940-1970'' a Gidan Tarihi na Whitechapel da ke Landan.<ref name="Whitechapel Gallery">{{Cite web |title=Action, Gesture, Paint |url=https://www.whitechapelgallery.org/exhibitions/action-gesture-paint-women-and-global-abstraction-1940-70/ |access-date=23 April 2023 |website=Whitechapel Gallery |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1969]] 0g138g3ghe5po1lr9dsoe32q3rkzre6 0 163030 894161 2026-08-10T10:24:52Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1150885547|Heike Hennig]]" 894161 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Heike_Hennig.jpg|thumb| Heike Hennig (2008)]] '''Heike Hennig''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 1966) [[Rawa|yar rawa]] ce ta Jamus, mai tsara rawa kuma daraktan ƙungiyar [[opera]] da [[rawa]] "Heike Hennig & Co". == Rayuwa == Heike Hennig ta yi darussan rawa na farko tana da shekaru 5 a [[Leipzig]] na Gabashin Jamus, ta yi karatun rawa na zamani, choreography da Body-Mind Centering (BMC) a [[Köln|Cologne]] da kuma Moving on Center &#x2013; School for Participatory Arts and Research a Oakland a Amurka tare da malamai kamar Steve Paxton, sun yi aiki a [[Brazil]] da [[Portugal]] . A shekarar 1995, ta koma Jamus. Tun daga shekarar 1998, na yi aiki a matsayin mai horar da mawaka da kuma malami. Ta koyar da hanyoyin koyarwa na jiki da na motsi a ''Makarantar Rawa ta Palucca'', ''[[Jami'ar Leipzig]]'' da ''Kwalejin Fasaha ta Kayayyaki da ke Leipzig'' da kuma a tarurrukan bita na fannoni daban-daban ciki har da [[Anatomy|ilimin halittar jiki]], [[Painting|zane]] da kuma wasan kwaikwayo . A shekara ta 2000, Heike Hennig ta kafa FZTM (Forum of Modern Dance and [[Kiɗa|Music]] ) a Leipzig, tare da [[Friedrich U. Minkus]], da ƙungiyarta Heike Hennig & Co. A matsayinta na darekta, ta ƙirƙiro ayyuka da dama na dandamali da ayyukan fasaha daban-daban a matakai daban-daban da cibiyoyin fasaha a Leipzig, Berlin, Dresden da Weimar, da sauransu. Tawagarta ta ƙunshi masu fasaha sama da 50 waɗanda ke aiki a nau'o'i daban-daban, tun daga [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|masu zane-zane]] zuwa masu zane-zanen bidiyo . A wasan opera na Leipzig, Heike Hennig ya haɓaka wasan rawa ''Zeit - tanzen seit 1927 (Lokaci - rawa tun 1927)'' a cikin 2005. An shirya wannan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na raye-raye na tarihin rayuwa a shekarar 2007 a matsayin shirin gaskiya na ''Tanz mit der Zeit Dancing with Time'' daga daraktan fina-finai Trevor Peters daga [[New Zealand]] . An shirya fim ɗin tare da tashar talabijin ta ƙasar Jamus ZDF da kuma tashar talabijin ta Faransa-Jamus ARTE . A shekarar 2008, an nuna fim ɗin a gidajen sinima na Jamus, a talabijin da kuma a bukukuwan ƙasa da ƙasa. Heike Hennig ta shirya wa tsoffin 'yan rawa na wasan opera na Leipzig su dawo kan dandamali. Ursula Cain, Christa Franze, Siegfried Prölß da Horst Dittmann, waɗanda a wannan lokacin suke da shekaru kusan 80, sun ba da labarin rawa da labaran rayuwarsu waɗanda Mary Wigman, Dore Hoyer, Gret Palucca da Heike Hennig suka tsara. A lokacin ɗaukar hoton, an ƙirƙiri wani wasan rawa na gaba mai suna ''Zeitsprünge (Leaps in Time)'' . A nan, jaruman sun haɗu da ƙananan abokan aikinsu a cikin ƙungiyar ''Heike Hennig & Co'' da DJ cfm. Ana iya gane tsararraki daban-daban daga salon rawa daban-daban, tun daga rawa mai ratsa zuciya ta hanyar rawa ta titi da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na Contact zuwa [[Ballet|rawa]] ta gargajiya. A lokacin bazara na 2008, "Dancing with Time" ya fito a matsayin DVD da kuma littafi na marubuciya Marion Appelt tare da gabatarwar Renate Schmidt . A kakar wasa ta 2007/08, Heike Hennig ta ƙirƙiro wani sabon salo na ''wasan opera mai suna Unplugged (Opera Unplugged)'' tare da kiɗa, rawa, wasan kwaikwayo da sabbin kafofin watsa labarai a wasan opera na Leipzig. A kakar wasa ta 2008/09, an fara haɗin gwiwa da ƙungiyar Baroque Lautten Compagney Berlin. Wannan haɗin nau'ikan nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban, wanda ya haifar da Tanzoper (wasan opera na rawa) ''Rituale (Rituals)'' ga George Frideric Handel a wasan opera na Leipzig da kuma shirin ''Timeless'' a Gidan Tarihi na Neues na Tsibirin Museum na [[Berlin]] ya bayyana sabbin abubuwa ga [[Opera|wasan opera na zamani]] na Turai. Babban abin da ya fi daukar hankali a shekarar 2010 shi ne "Maria" na Heike Hennig, wani salon rawa na mawaka uku, masu rawa bakwai, mawaka goma sha biyu da kuma DJ daya a kan dandamali. Duk mawaka suna cikin jerin waƙoƙin da George Frideric Handel, Alessandro Scarlatti da kuma waƙoƙin lantarki na cfm. ''Heike Hennig & Co'' ta yi rangadin yawon shakatawa a Turai da wakokinta daban-daban. Sun ba da wasan kwaikwayo a Deutsches Schauspielhaus Hamburg, Deutsches Nationaltheater Weimar, Staatsschauspiel Dresden da kuma a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo a Athens, Nanjing, Travnik, Goethe-Institut Rom, Copenhagen, Vadstena, Mantua da sauran garuruwa. A kan alkalai da majalisun ba da shawara kan fasaha, Heike Hennig tana ƙoƙarin tallafawa [[Art|fasahar]] zamani da [[kiɗa]] . A shekarar 2009, an gayyaci Heike Hennig don koyarwa a Jami'ar British Columbia da ke Vancouver da Kelowna da kuma a Jami'ar Simon Fraser da ke Burnaby, [[Kanada]] a matsayin "Baƙo Mai Jawabi" ta hanyar fina-finai, bita da laccoci. Tun daga shekarar 2010, Heike Hennig tana koyarwa a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Zurich (ZHdK). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] bpnhf5q85ziaqphpbprzfabayov7rdr 894189 894161 2026-08-10T10:49:00Z Mahuta 11340 894189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Heike_Hennig.jpg|thumb| Heike Hennig (2008)]] '''Heike Hennig''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 1966) [[Rawa|yar rawa]] ce ta Jamus, mai tsara rawa kuma daraktan ƙungiyar [[opera]] da [[rawa]] "Heike Hennig & Co". == Rayuwa == Heike Hennig ta yi darussan rawa na farko tana da shekaru 5 a [[Leipzig]] na Gabashin Jamus, ta yi karatun rawa na zamani, choreography da Body-Mind Centering (BMC) a [[Köln|Cologne]] da kuma Moving on Center &#x2013; School for Participatory Arts and Research a Oakland a Amurka tare da malamai kamar Steve Paxton, sun yi aiki a [[Brazil]] da [[Portugal]] . A shekarar 1995, ta koma Jamus. Tun daga shekarar 1998, na yi aiki a matsayin mai horar da mawaka da kuma malami. Ta koyar da hanyoyin koyarwa na jiki da na motsi a ''Makarantar Rawa ta Palucca'', ''[[Jami'ar Leipzig]]'' da ''Kwalejin Fasaha ta Kayayyaki da ke Leipzig'' da kuma a tarurrukan bita na fannoni daban-daban ciki har da [[Anatomy|ilimin halittar jiki]], [[Painting|zane]] da kuma wasan kwaikwayo . A shekara ta 2000, Heike Hennig ta kafa FZTM (Forum of Modern Dance and [[Kiɗa|Music]] ) a Leipzig, tare da [[Friedrich U. Minkus]], da ƙungiyarta Heike Hennig & Co. A matsayinta na darekta, ta ƙirƙiro ayyuka da dama na dandamali da ayyukan fasaha daban-daban a matakai daban-daban da cibiyoyin fasaha a Leipzig, Berlin, Dresden da Weimar, da sauransu. Tawagarta ta ƙunshi masu fasaha sama da 50 waɗanda ke aiki a nau'o'i daban-daban, tun daga [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|masu zane-zane]] zuwa masu zane-zanen bidiyo . A wasan opera na Leipzig, Heike Hennig ya haɓaka wasan rawa ''Zeit - tanzen seit 1927 (Lokaci - rawa tun 1927)'' a cikin 2005. An shirya wannan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na raye-raye na tarihin rayuwa a shekarar 2007 a matsayin shirin gaskiya na ''Tanz mit der Zeit Dancing with Time'' daga daraktan fina-finai Trevor Peters daga [[New Zealand]] . An shirya fim ɗin tare da tashar talabijin ta ƙasar Jamus ZDF da kuma tashar talabijin ta Faransa-Jamus ARTE . A shekarar 2008, an nuna fim ɗin a gidajen sinima na Jamus, a talabijin da kuma a bukukuwan ƙasa da ƙasa. Heike Hennig ta shirya wa tsoffin 'yan rawa na wasan opera na Leipzig su dawo kan dandamali. Ursula Cain, Christa Franze, Siegfried Prölß da Horst Dittmann, waɗanda a wannan lokacin suke da shekaru kusan 80, sun ba da labarin rawa da labaran rayuwarsu waɗanda Mary Wigman, Dore Hoyer, Gret Palucca da Heike Hennig suka tsara. A lokacin ɗaukar hoton, an ƙirƙiri wani wasan rawa na gaba mai suna ''Zeitsprünge (Leaps in Time)'' . A nan, jaruman sun haɗu da ƙananan abokan aikinsu a cikin ƙungiyar ''Heike Hennig & Co'' da DJ cfm. Ana iya gane tsararraki daban-daban daga salon rawa daban-daban, tun daga rawa mai ratsa zuciya ta hanyar rawa ta titi da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na Contact zuwa [[Ballet|rawa]] ta gargajiya. A lokacin bazara na 2008, "Dancing with Time" ya fito a matsayin DVD da kuma littafi na marubuciya Marion Appelt tare da gabatarwar Renate Schmidt . A kakar wasa ta 2007/08, Heike Hennig ta ƙirƙiro wani sabon salo na ''wasan opera mai suna Unplugged (Opera Unplugged)'' tare da kiɗa, rawa, wasan kwaikwayo da sabbin kafofin watsa labarai a wasan opera na Leipzig. A kakar wasa ta 2008/09, an fara haɗin gwiwa da ƙungiyar Baroque Lautten Compagney Berlin. Wannan haɗin nau'ikan nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban, wanda ya haifar da Tanzoper (wasan opera na rawa) ''Rituale (Rituals)'' ga George Frideric Handel a wasan opera na Leipzig da kuma shirin ''Timeless'' a Gidan Tarihi na Neues na Tsibirin Museum na [[Berlin]] ya bayyana sabbin abubuwa ga [[Opera|wasan opera na zamani]] na Turai. Babban abin da ya fi daukar hankali a shekarar 2010 shi ne "Maria" na Heike Hennig, wani salon rawa na mawaka uku, masu rawa bakwai, mawaka goma sha biyu da kuma DJ daya a kan dandamali. Duk mawaka suna cikin jerin waƙoƙin da George Frideric Handel, Alessandro Scarlatti da kuma waƙoƙin lantarki na cfm. ''Heike Hennig & Co'' ta yi rangadin yawon shakatawa a Turai da wakokinta daban-daban. Sun ba da wasan kwaikwayo a Deutsches Schauspielhaus Hamburg, Deutsches Nationaltheater Weimar, Staatsschauspiel Dresden da kuma a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo a Athens, Nanjing, Travnik, Goethe-Institut Rom, Copenhagen, Vadstena, Mantua da sauran garuruwa. A kan alkalai da majalisun ba da shawara kan fasaha, Heike Hennig tana ƙoƙarin tallafawa [[Art|fasahar]] zamani da [[kiɗa]] . A shekarar 2009, an gayyaci Heike Hennig don koyarwa a Jami'ar British Columbia da ke Vancouver da Kelowna da kuma a Jami'ar Simon Fraser da ke Burnaby, [[Kanada]] a matsayin "Baƙo Mai Jawabi" ta hanyar fina-finai, bita da laccoci. Tun daga shekarar 2010, Heike Hennig tana koyarwa a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Zurich (ZHdK). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] 49huxl0pnw73leux63z9bfticeozkxo 894193 894189 2026-08-10T11:35:38Z Nnamadee 31123 894193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Heike_Hennig.jpg|thumb| Heike Hennig (2008)]] '''Heike Hennig''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 1966) [[Rawa|yar rawa]] ce ta Jamus, mai tsara rawa kuma daraktan ƙungiyar [[opera]] da [[rawa]] "Heike Hennig & Co". == Rayuwa == Heike Hennig ta yi darussan rawa na farko tana da shekaru 5 a [[Leipzig]] na Gabashin Jamus, ta yi karatun rawa na zamani, choreography da Body-Mind Centering (BMC) a [[Köln|Cologne]] da kuma Moving on Center &#x2013; School for Participatory Arts and Research a Oakland a Amurka tare da malamai kamar Steve Paxton, sun yi aiki a [[Brazil]] da [[Portugal]] . A shekarar 1995, ta koma Jamus. Tun daga shekarar 1998, na yi aiki a matsayin mai horar da mawaka da kuma malami. Ta koyar da hanyoyin koyarwa na jiki da na motsi a ''Makarantar Rawa ta Palucca'', ''[[Jami'ar Leipzig]]'' da ''Kwalejin Fasaha ta Kayayyaki da ke Leipzig'' da kuma a tarurrukan bita na fannoni daban-daban ciki har da [[Anatomy|ilimin halittar jiki]], [[Painting|zane]] da kuma wasan kwaikwayo . A shekara ta 2000, Heike Hennig ta kafa FZTM (Forum of Modern Dance and [[Kiɗa|Music]] ) a Leipzig, tare da [[Friedrich U. Minkus]], da ƙungiyarta Heike Hennig & Co. A matsayinta na darekta, ta ƙirƙiro ayyuka da dama na dandamali da ayyukan fasaha daban-daban a matakai daban-daban da cibiyoyin fasaha a Leipzig, Berlin, Dresden da Weimar, da sauransu. Tawagarta ta ƙunshi masu fasaha sama da 50 waɗanda ke aiki a nau'o'i daban-daban, tun daga [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|masu zane-zane]] zuwa masu zane-zanen bidiyo . A wasan opera na Leipzig, Heike Hennig ya haɓaka wasan rawa ''Zeit - tanzen seit 1927 (Lokaci - rawa tun 1927)'' a cikin 2005. An shirya wannan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na raye-raye na tarihin rayuwa a shekarar 2007 a matsayin shirin gaskiya na ''Tanz mit der Zeit Dancing with Time'' daga daraktan fina-finai Trevor Peters daga [[New Zealand]].<ref>Dancing with Time North American Premiere on VIFF</ref> An shirya fim ɗin tare da tashar talabijin ta ƙasar Jamus ZDF da kuma tashar talabijin ta Faransa-Jamus ARTE . A shekarar 2008, an nuna fim ɗin a gidajen sinima na Jamus, a talabijin da kuma a bukukuwan ƙasa da ƙasa. Heike Hennig ta shirya wa tsoffin 'yan rawa na wasan opera na Leipzig su dawo kan dandamali. Ursula Cain, Christa Franze, Siegfried Prölß da Horst Dittmann, waɗanda a wannan lokacin suke da shekaru kusan 80, sun ba da labarin rawa da labaran rayuwarsu waɗanda Mary Wigman, Dore Hoyer, Gret Palucca da Heike Hennig suka tsara. A lokacin ɗaukar hoton, an ƙirƙiri wani wasan rawa na gaba mai suna ''Zeitsprünge (Leaps in Time)'' . A nan, jaruman sun haɗu da ƙananan abokan aikinsu a cikin ƙungiyar ''Heike Hennig & Co'' da DJ cfm. Ana iya gane tsararraki daban-daban daga salon rawa daban-daban, tun daga rawa mai ratsa zuciya ta hanyar rawa ta titi da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na Contact zuwa [[Ballet|rawa]] ta gargajiya. A lokacin bazara na 2008, "Dancing with Time" ya fito a matsayin DVD da kuma littafi na marubuciya Marion Appelt tare da gabatarwar Renate Schmidt . A kakar wasa ta 2007/08, Heike Hennig ta ƙirƙiro wani sabon salo na ''wasan opera mai suna Unplugged (Opera Unplugged)'' tare da kiɗa, rawa, wasan kwaikwayo da sabbin kafofin watsa labarai a wasan opera na Leipzig. A kakar wasa ta 2008/09, an fara haɗin gwiwa da ƙungiyar Baroque Lautten Compagney Berlin. Wannan haɗin nau'ikan nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban, wanda ya haifar da Tanzoper (wasan opera na rawa) ''Rituale (Rituals)'' ga George Frideric Handel a wasan opera na Leipzig da kuma shirin ''Timeless'' a Gidan Tarihi na Neues na Tsibirin Museum na [[Berlin]] ya bayyana sabbin abubuwa ga [[Opera|wasan opera na zamani]] na Turai. Babban abin da ya fi daukar hankali a shekarar 2010 shi ne "Maria" na Heike Hennig, wani salon rawa na mawaka uku, masu rawa bakwai, mawaka goma sha biyu da kuma DJ daya a kan dandamali. Duk mawaka suna cikin jerin waƙoƙin da George Frideric Handel, Alessandro Scarlatti da kuma waƙoƙin lantarki na cfm. ''Heike Hennig & Co'' ta yi rangadin yawon shakatawa a Turai da wakokinta daban-daban. Sun ba da wasan kwaikwayo a Deutsches Schauspielhaus Hamburg, Deutsches Nationaltheater Weimar, Staatsschauspiel Dresden da kuma a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo a Athens, Nanjing, Travnik, Goethe-Institut Rom, Copenhagen, Vadstena, Mantua da sauran garuruwa. A kan alkalai da majalisun ba da shawara kan fasaha, Heike Hennig tana ƙoƙarin tallafawa [[Art|fasahar]] zamani da [[kiɗa]] . A shekarar 2009, an gayyaci Heike Hennig don koyarwa a Jami'ar British Columbia da ke Vancouver da Kelowna da kuma a Jami'ar Simon Fraser da ke Burnaby, [[Kanada]] a matsayin "Baƙo Mai Jawabi" ta hanyar fina-finai, bita da laccoci. Tun daga shekarar 2010, Heike Hennig tana koyarwa a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Zurich (ZHdK). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] 4vz5klj07facds8ass36aj8wtf5hxkz 894194 894193 2026-08-10T11:36:53Z Nnamadee 31123 894194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Heike_Hennig.jpg|thumb| Heike Hennig (2008)]] '''Heike Hennig''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 1966) [[Rawa|yar rawa]] ce ta Jamus, mai tsara rawa kuma daraktan ƙungiyar [[opera]] da [[rawa]] "Heike Hennig & Co". == Rayuwa == Heike Hennig ta yi darussan rawa na farko tana da shekaru 5 a [[Leipzig]] na Gabashin Jamus, ta yi karatun rawa na zamani, choreography da Body-Mind Centering (BMC) a [[Köln|Cologne]] da kuma Moving on Center &#x2013; School for Participatory Arts and Research a Oakland a Amurka tare da malamai kamar Steve Paxton, sun yi aiki a [[Brazil]] da [[Portugal]] . A shekarar 1995, ta koma Jamus. Tun daga shekarar 1998, na yi aiki a matsayin mai horar da mawaka da kuma malami. Ta koyar da hanyoyin koyarwa na jiki da na motsi a ''Makarantar Rawa ta Palucca'', ''[[Jami'ar Leipzig]]'' da ''Kwalejin Fasaha ta Kayayyaki da ke Leipzig'' da kuma a tarurrukan bita na fannoni daban-daban ciki har da [[Anatomy|ilimin halittar jiki]], [[Painting|zane]] da kuma wasan kwaikwayo . A shekara ta 2000, Heike Hennig ta kafa FZTM (Forum of Modern Dance and [[Kiɗa|Music]] ) a Leipzig, tare da [[Friedrich U. Minkus]], da ƙungiyarta Heike Hennig & Co. A matsayinta na darekta, ta ƙirƙiro ayyuka da dama na dandamali da ayyukan fasaha daban-daban a matakai daban-daban da cibiyoyin fasaha a Leipzig, Berlin, Dresden da Weimar, da sauransu. Tawagarta ta ƙunshi masu fasaha sama da 50 waɗanda ke aiki a nau'o'i daban-daban, tun daga [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|masu zane-zane]] zuwa masu zane-zanen bidiyo . A wasan opera na Leipzig, Heike Hennig ya haɓaka wasan rawa ''Zeit - tanzen seit 1927 (Lokaci - rawa tun 1927)'' a cikin 2005. An shirya wannan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na raye-raye na tarihin rayuwa a shekarar 2007 a matsayin shirin gaskiya na ''Tanz mit der Zeit Dancing with Time'' daga daraktan fina-finai Trevor Peters daga [[New Zealand]].<ref>Dancing with Time North American Premiere on VIFF</ref> An shirya fim ɗin tare da tashar talabijin ta ƙasar Jamus ZDF da kuma tashar talabijin ta Faransa-Jamus ARTE . A shekarar 2008, an nuna fim ɗin a gidajen sinima na Jamus, a talabijin da kuma a bukukuwan ƙasa da ƙasa. Heike Hennig ta shirya wa tsoffin 'yan rawa na wasan opera na Leipzig su dawo kan dandamali. Ursula Cain, Christa Franze, Siegfried Prölß da Horst Dittmann, waɗanda a wannan lokacin suke da shekaru kusan 80, sun ba da labarin rawa da labaran rayuwarsu waɗanda Mary Wigman, Dore Hoyer, Gret Palucca da Heike Hennig suka tsara. A lokacin ɗaukar hoton, an ƙirƙiri wani wasan rawa na gaba mai suna ''Zeitsprünge (Leaps in Time)'' . A nan, jaruman sun haɗu da ƙananan abokan aikinsu a cikin ƙungiyar ''Heike Hennig & Co'' da DJ cfm. Ana iya gane tsararraki daban-daban daga salon rawa daban-daban, tun daga rawa mai ratsa zuciya ta hanyar rawa ta titi da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na Contact zuwa [[Ballet|rawa]] ta gargajiya. A lokacin bazara na 2008, "Dancing with Time" ya fito a matsayin DVD da kuma littafi na marubuciya Marion Appelt tare da gabatarwar Renate Schmidt.<ref>Maria with trailer</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2007/08, Heike Hennig ta ƙirƙiro wani sabon salo na ''wasan opera mai suna Unplugged (Opera Unplugged)'' tare da kiɗa, rawa, wasan kwaikwayo da sabbin kafofin watsa labarai a wasan opera na Leipzig. A kakar wasa ta 2008/09, an fara haɗin gwiwa da ƙungiyar Baroque Lautten Compagney Berlin. Wannan haɗin nau'ikan nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban, wanda ya haifar da Tanzoper (wasan opera na rawa) ''Rituale (Rituals)'' ga George Frideric Handel a wasan opera na Leipzig da kuma shirin ''Timeless'' a Gidan Tarihi na Neues na Tsibirin Museum na [[Berlin]] ya bayyana sabbin abubuwa ga [[Opera|wasan opera na zamani]] na Turai. Babban abin da ya fi daukar hankali a shekarar 2010 shi ne "Maria" na Heike Hennig, wani salon rawa na mawaka uku, masu rawa bakwai, mawaka goma sha biyu da kuma DJ daya a kan dandamali. Duk mawaka suna cikin jerin waƙoƙin da George Frideric Handel, Alessandro Scarlatti da kuma waƙoƙin lantarki na cfm. ''Heike Hennig & Co'' ta yi rangadin yawon shakatawa a Turai da wakokinta daban-daban. Sun ba da wasan kwaikwayo a Deutsches Schauspielhaus Hamburg, Deutsches Nationaltheater Weimar, Staatsschauspiel Dresden da kuma a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo a Athens, Nanjing, Travnik, Goethe-Institut Rom, Copenhagen, Vadstena, Mantua da sauran garuruwa. A kan alkalai da majalisun ba da shawara kan fasaha, Heike Hennig tana ƙoƙarin tallafawa [[Art|fasahar]] zamani da [[kiɗa]] . A shekarar 2009, an gayyaci Heike Hennig don koyarwa a Jami'ar British Columbia da ke Vancouver da Kelowna da kuma a Jami'ar Simon Fraser da ke Burnaby, [[Kanada]] a matsayin "Baƙo Mai Jawabi" ta hanyar fina-finai, bita da laccoci.<ref>German dancer and choreographer Heike Hennig via film, workshop and lecture Archived 2011-07-13 at the Wayback Machine UBC Okanagan</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2010, Heike Hennig tana koyarwa a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Zurich (ZHdK). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] q29fclv2zynejl5nd2fvc4chygo6qnl 0 163031 894195 2026-08-10T11:39:12Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1204535531|Herma Auguste Wittstock]]" 894195 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Herma Auguste Wittstock''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1977 a Peine, [[Jamus]] ) mawakiyar Jamus ce mai wasan kwaikwayo. Tana zaune a [[Berlin]] . An kwatanta Wittstock da Marina Abramović wajen haɗa ciwo da cin zarafin jiki a cikin aikinta. Wittstock yayi karatun Fine Arts a Jami'ar Art [[Braunschweig]] daga 1999 zuwa 2004 tare da farfesa Mara Mattuschka, mai wasan kwaikwayo Marina Abramović da mai yin fim Birgit Hein . Ita mamba ce a [[Independent Performance Group (IPG)|ƙungiyar Independent Performance Group (IPG)]]. Daga cikin wasannin Wittstock akwai ''Counting'', wanda a da ake ''kira Counting Lesson'', wanda ya ƙunshi ƙidayar gashi a kan mutum. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] jgsn30znr8cnpgtyph0the2x5vuct5x 894196 894195 2026-08-10T11:39:57Z Nnamadee 31123 894196 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Herma Auguste Wittstock''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1977 a Peine, [[Jamus]] ) mawakiyar Jamus ce mai wasan kwaikwayo. Tana zaune a [[Berlin]] . An kwatanta Wittstock da Marina Abramović wajen haɗa ciwo da cin zarafin jiki a cikin aikinta.<ref>"Marina Abramovic et Herma Auguste Wittstock" [Marina Abramovic and Herma Auguste Wittstock]. Arte Magazine (in French). Arte. 9 September 2006. p. 25. Retrieved 6 May 2023 – via Internet Archive.</ref> Wittstock yayi karatun Fine Arts a Jami'ar Art [[Braunschweig]] daga 1999 zuwa 2004 tare da farfesa Mara Mattuschka, mai wasan kwaikwayo Marina Abramović da mai yin fim Birgit Hein . Ita mamba ce a [[Independent Performance Group (IPG)|ƙungiyar Independent Performance Group (IPG)]]. Daga cikin wasannin Wittstock akwai ''Counting'', wanda a da ake ''kira Counting Lesson'', wanda ya ƙunshi ƙidayar gashi a kan mutum. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] e6958q1yqfnzz5aewsy9da4tfxjr5ae 894197 894196 2026-08-10T11:40:44Z Nnamadee 31123 894197 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Herma Auguste Wittstock''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1977 a Peine, [[Jamus]] ) mawakiyar Jamus ce mai wasan kwaikwayo. Tana zaune a [[Berlin]] . An kwatanta Wittstock da Marina Abramović wajen haɗa ciwo da cin zarafin jiki a cikin aikinta.<ref>"Marina Abramovic et Herma Auguste Wittstock" [Marina Abramovic and Herma Auguste Wittstock]. Arte Magazine (in French). Arte. 9 September 2006. p. 25. Retrieved 6 May 2023 – via Internet Archive.</ref> Wittstock yayi karatun Fine Arts a Jami'ar Art [[Braunschweig]] daga 1999 zuwa 2004 tare da farfesa Mara Mattuschka, mai wasan kwaikwayo Marina Abramović da mai yin fim Birgit Hein. Ita mamba ce a [[Independent Performance Group (IPG)|ƙungiyar Independent Performance Group (IPG)]]. Daga cikin wasannin Wittstock akwai ''Counting'', wanda a da ake ''kira Counting Lesson'', wanda ya ƙunshi ƙidayar gashi a kan mutum.<ref>Golubović, Snežana (2016). "My Private Alphabet". In Langkilde, Kiersten Merete (ed.). Poetry of the Real. Basel: Christoph Merian Verlag. p. 332. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-85616-834-6</nowiki> – via Internet Archive.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] ijxcmq4rlstkgxlkfknx9kn8yfgcjly 0 163032 894198 2026-08-10T11:42:19Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359883071|Ann Wolff]]" 894198 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Ann_wolff,_bijou,_1977_ca.jpg|alt=Image of glassware designed by Ann Wolff|thumb| Gilashi a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Indianapolis]] '''Ann Wolff''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1937, [[Lübeck|Lübeck, Jamus]] ) ƙwararriyar mai zane ce a gilashi wadda ke zaune kuma tana aiki a Gotland, Sweden, da kuma [[Berlin|Berlin, Jamus]] . Aikin Wolff da aka yi wa ado da aka yi wa ado da aka yi wa ado da kuma aka yi wa ado da shi, ya yi nazari kan rayuwar mata, dangantakarsu da juna, da kuma matsayinsu a cikin al'umma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ann Wolff (1997) {{!}} Corning Museum of Glass |url=http://www.cmog.org/collection/rakow-commission/ann-wolff |access-date=2016-03-05 |website=www.cmog.org}}</ref> Ana ɗaukarta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar Studio Glass ta duniya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ann Wolff {{!}} AACG |url=https://contempglass.org/artists/entry/ann-wolff |access-date=2018-02-21 |website=contempglass.org}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Wolff a [[Lübeck|Lübeck, Jamus]], kuma ya koma Sweden bayan kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Zane ta Ulm a shekarar 1959. <ref name=":0" /> Aikinta na mai zane-zanen gilashi da kuma mai zane ya kai ta ga shiga cikin aikin koyarwa a Makarantar Gilashin Pilchuck da ke [[Seattle|Seattle, Washington]], tun daga shekarar 1977. An haifi Wolff Ann Schaefer, amma ta canza sunanta na ƙarshe zuwa Wolff domin girmama kakarta ta uwa a shekarar 1985 bayan rabuwa da abokin aikinta mai zane-zane Göran Wärff. Ta kafa wata gidauniya mai zaman kanta, AWC (Ann Wolff Collection Foundation), a Berlin, Jamus, a shekarar 2008. == Sana'a == [[Fayil:Kosta_Snöbollen,_2018.jpg|thumb| ''Snöbollen'' ' Ann da Göran Wärff ne suka tsara don Kosta Glasbruk]] Wolff ya horar da shi a Hochschule für Gestaltung, [[Ulm|Ulm, Jamus]] tsakanin 1956 da 1959. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ann Wolff {{!}} AACG |url=https://contempglass.org/artists/entry/ann-wolff |access-date=2018-02-21 |website=contempglass.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://contempglass.org/artists/entry/ann-wolff "Ann Wolff | AACG"]. ''contempglass.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane a Pukeberg Glasbruk, Sweden, da Kosta Boda, Kosta, Sweden . Ta kafa wani kamfani mai zaman kansa a Transjö, Kosta, Sweden a shekarar 1978, daga baya ta buɗe ɗakunan studio a Kyllaj da Visby a Gotland, Sweden, da kuma Berlin, Jamus. Ayyukanta suna cikin tarin jama'a da yawa na duniya waɗanda suka haɗa da: Gidan Tarihi na Chrysler na Fasaha, Norfolk, Virginia ; Gidan Tarihi na Gilashi na Corning, Corning, New York ; Gidan Tarihi na Hokkaido na Fasaha na Zamani, [[Hokkaido|Hokkaido, Japan]] ; Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Gundumar Los Angeles (LACMA), [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]] ; Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha + Zane na Mint, [[Charlotte, Arewacin Carolina|Charlotte, North Carolina]] ; Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Fasaha, [[Faris|Paris]] ; Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani na Ƙasa, [[Tokyo]] ; da Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert, [[Landan|London]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=biography {{!}} Ann Wolff |url=http://www.annwolff.se/node/2 |access-date=2016-03-05 |website=www.annwolff.se}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Wolff ya sami kyaututtuka da dama. Wasu daga cikin kyaututtukan da ta samu kwanan nan sun haɗa da lambar yabo ta Jurors, Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio (2005); lambar yabo ta Jurors, Muskegon Museum of Art, Muskegon, Michigan (2006); lambar yabo ta kyau, Smithsonian Renwick Collections, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] (2008); lambar yabo ta kyau, Tacoma Museum of Glass, Tacoma, Washington (2010); da lambar yabo ta Lifetime Achievement, Glass Art Society (2011). Tsoffin kyaututtukan da Wolff ya lashe sun haɗa da kyautar Lunning Prize, [[New York (birni)|New York, NY]] a 1968, <ref name=":2" /> zuwa Hukumar Rakow a 1997 Gidan Tarihi na Gilashi na Corning, Corning, NY. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ann Wolff (1997) {{!}} Corning Museum of Glass |url=https://www.cmog.org/collection/rakow-commission/ann-wolff |access-date=2018-02-21 |website=www.cmog.org |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 6es6wg5qahvidxu4nenspudn1tkh7zl 894199 894198 2026-08-10T11:42:55Z Nnamadee 31123 894199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Ann_wolff,_bijou,_1977_ca.jpg|alt=Image of glassware designed by Ann Wolff|thumb| Gilashi a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Indianapolis]] '''Ann Wolff''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1937, [[Lübeck|Lübeck, Jamus]] ) ƙwararriyar mai zane ce a gilashi wadda ke zaune kuma tana aiki a Gotland, Sweden, da kuma [[Berlin|Berlin, Jamus]] . Aikin Wolff da aka yi wa ado da aka yi wa ado da aka yi wa ado da kuma aka yi wa ado da shi, ya yi nazari kan rayuwar mata, dangantakarsu da juna, da kuma matsayinsu a cikin al'umma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ann Wolff (1997) {{!}} Corning Museum of Glass |url=http://www.cmog.org/collection/rakow-commission/ann-wolff |access-date=2016-03-05 |website=www.cmog.org}}</ref> Ana ɗaukarta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar Studio Glass ta duniya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ann Wolff {{!}} AACG |url=https://contempglass.org/artists/entry/ann-wolff |access-date=2018-02-21 |website=contempglass.org}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Wolff a [[Lübeck|Lübeck, Jamus]], kuma ya koma Sweden bayan kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Zane ta Ulm a shekarar 1959. <ref name=":0" /> Aikinta na mai zane-zanen gilashi da kuma mai zane ya kai ta ga shiga cikin aikin koyarwa a Makarantar Gilashin Pilchuck da ke [[Seattle|Seattle, Washington]], tun daga shekarar 1977. An haifi Wolff Ann Schaefer, amma ta canza sunanta na ƙarshe zuwa Wolff domin girmama kakarta ta uwa a shekarar 1985 bayan rabuwa da abokin aikinta mai zane-zane Göran Wärff. Ta kafa wata gidauniya mai zaman kanta, AWC (Ann Wolff Collection Foundation), a Berlin, Jamus, a shekarar 2008. == Sana'a == [[Fayil:Kosta_Snöbollen,_2018.jpg|thumb| ''Snöbollen'' ' Ann da Göran Wärff ne suka tsara don Kosta Glasbruk]] Wolff ya horar da shi a Hochschule für Gestaltung, [[Ulm|Ulm, Jamus]] tsakanin 1956 da 1959. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ann Wolff {{!}} AACG |url=https://contempglass.org/artists/entry/ann-wolff |access-date=2018-02-21 |website=contempglass.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://contempglass.org/artists/entry/ann-wolff "Ann Wolff | AACG"]. ''contempglass.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane a Pukeberg Glasbruk, Sweden, da Kosta Boda, Kosta, Sweden . Ta kafa wani kamfani mai zaman kansa a Transjö, Kosta, Sweden a shekarar 1978, daga baya ta buɗe ɗakunan studio a Kyllaj da Visby a Gotland, Sweden, da kuma Berlin, Jamus. Ayyukanta suna cikin tarin jama'a da yawa na duniya waɗanda suka haɗa da: Gidan Tarihi na Chrysler na Fasaha, Norfolk, Virginia ; Gidan Tarihi na Gilashi na Corning, Corning, New York ; Gidan Tarihi na Hokkaido na Fasaha na Zamani, [[Hokkaido|Hokkaido, Japan]] ; Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Gundumar Los Angeles (LACMA), [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]] ; Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha + Zane na Mint, [[Charlotte, Arewacin Carolina|Charlotte, North Carolina]] ; Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Fasaha, [[Faris|Paris]] ; Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani na Ƙasa, [[Tokyo]] ; da Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert, [[Landan|London]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=biography {{!}} Ann Wolff |url=http://www.annwolff.se/node/2 |access-date=2016-03-05 |website=www.annwolff.se}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Wolff ya sami kyaututtuka da dama. Wasu daga cikin kyaututtukan da ta samu kwanan nan sun haɗa da lambar yabo ta Jurors, Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio (2005); lambar yabo ta Jurors, Muskegon Museum of Art, Muskegon, Michigan (2006); lambar yabo ta kyau, Smithsonian Renwick Collections, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] (2008); lambar yabo ta kyau, Tacoma Museum of Glass, Tacoma, Washington (2010); da lambar yabo ta Lifetime Achievement, Glass Art Society (2011). Tsoffin kyaututtukan da Wolff ya lashe sun haɗa da kyautar Lunning Prize, [[New York (birni)|New York, NY]] a 1968, <ref name=":2" /> zuwa Hukumar Rakow a 1997 Gidan Tarihi na Gilashi na Corning, Corning, NY. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ann Wolff (1997) {{!}} Corning Museum of Glass |url=https://www.cmog.org/collection/rakow-commission/ann-wolff |access-date=2018-02-21 |website=www.cmog.org |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] b9rivusi3i3tlq3n25naddcrydssdfw 0 163033 894200 2026-08-10T11:56:29Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367352100|Hildegard of Bingen]]" 894200 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hildegard na Bingen''' {{Efn|In this medieval name, the personal name is Hildegard and Bingen is an appellation or descriptor. There is no family name.}} OSB ( German ,{{IPA|de|ˈhɪldəɡaʁt fɔn ˈbɪŋən|pron}} ; Latin ; {{Circa|1098}}{{Spaced en dash}}17 ga Satumba, 1179), wanda kuma aka sani da '''"Sibyl of the Rhine"''', ya kasance ɗan ƙasar Jamus mai suna Benedictine kuma mai yawan jama'a, yana aiki a lokacin Tsakiyar Zamani a matsayin marubuci, mawaƙi, masanin falsafa, mai hangen nesa, kuma a matsayin marubucin likitanci kuma mai aiki a [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Katolika]] . Tana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun mawakan waƙoƙin monophony masu tsarki, kuma ita ce mafi shahara a tarihin zamani. Wasu masana sun yi mata kallon wadda ta kafa tarihin kimiyyar halitta a Jamus. Gidan sufa na Hildegard da ke Disibodenberg ya zaɓe ta a matsayin {{Lang|la|magistra}} ( mace babba ) a shekara ta 1136. Ta kafa gidajen ibada na Rupertsberg a shekara ta 1150 da kuma Eibingen a shekara ta 1165. Hildegard ya rubuta ayyukan tauhidi, na tsirrai, da na magani, da kuma wasiƙu, waƙoƙi, da kuma magungunan hana ibada . Ta rubuta waƙoƙi, kuma ta kula da ƙananan haske a cikin rubutun Rupertsberg na aikinta na farko, {{Lang|la|[[Scivias]]}} . Akwai waƙoƙin Hildegard da suka rage fiye da na wani mawaki daga dukkan zamanin Tsakiya, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin mawakan da aka sani da suka rubuta waƙa da kalmomin. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukanta, {{Lang|la|[[Ordo Virtutum]]}}, misali ne na farko na wasan kwaikwayo na ibada kuma ana iya cewa wasan kwaikwayo na ɗabi'a mafi daɗewa da ya tsira. {{Efn|Some writers have speculated a distant origin for opera in this piece, though without any evidence. See: [http://www.m-w.com/dictionary]; alt Opera,{{clarify|date=February 2026}} see Florentine Camerata in the province of Milan, Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.medieval.org/emfaq/misc/opera.html |title=What was the first opera? |website=www.medieval.org |access-date=17 October 2007 |archive-date=26 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026011125/http://www.medieval.org/emfaq/misc/opera.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kitbraz.com/gen/rev/1998nytmirapaulHild.html |title=The Hildegurls |website=Arts at Large, THE NEW YORK TIMES |date=July 23, 1998 |access-date=17 October 2007 |archive-date=12 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612233614/http://www.kitbraz.com/gen/rev/1998nytmirapaulHild.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} An san ta da ƙirƙirar wani harshe da aka gina wanda aka sani da {{Lang|la|[[Lingua Ignota]]}} . Duk da cewa tarihin tsarkakewarta a hukumance yana da rikitarwa, kalanda na yankin Cocin Katolika sun sanya ta a matsayin waliyyai tsawon ƙarni da yawa. A ranar 10 ga Mayu 2012, [[Benedict na Sha Shida|Paparoma Benedict XVI]] ya faɗaɗa ibadar Hildegard ga dukkan Cocin Katolika a cikin wani tsari da aka sani da " daidaitaccen tsarkakewa ". A ranar 7 ga Oktoba 2012, ya ba ta suna Likita a Cocin, domin girmama "tsarkakakkiyar rayuwarta da kuma asalin koyarwarta." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pope Benedict XVI |date=7 October 2012 |title=Apostolic Letter Proclaiming Saint Hildegard of Bingen, professed nun of the Order of Saint Benedict, a Doctor of the Universal Church |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/apost_letters/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apl_20121007_ildegarda-bingen.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908192200/https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/apost_letters/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apl_20121007_ildegarda-bingen.html |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=www.vatican.va}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Hildegard a shekara ta 1098. Iyayenta su ne Mechtild na Merxheim-Nahet da Hildebert na Bermersheim, dangin ƙananan sarakuna masu 'yanci waɗanda ke hidimar Count Meginhard na Sponheim.{{Sfn|Silvas|1999}}{{Sfn|Maddocks|2001}} Tun daga haihuwa, Hildegard ana ɗaukarta a matsayin ƙaramin ɗansu na goma, kodayake akwai bayanan manyan 'yan'uwa bakwai kawai. {{Sfn|Silvas|1999}} A cikin {{Lang|la|[[Hagiography|Vita]]}} ɗinta Hildegard ta bayyana cewa tun tana ƙarama ta ga wahayi.{{Sfn|Silvas|1999}} {{Sfn|Ruether|2002}} === Rayuwar sufaye === Wataƙila saboda wahayin Hildegard ko kuma a matsayin hanyar siyasa, ko duka biyun, iyayen Hildegard sun ba ta matsayin wurin zama ga gidan sufi na Benedictine da ke Disibodenberg, wanda aka yi wa kwaskwarima kwanan nan a cikin Dajin Palatinate . Ranar da aka killace Hildegard a gidan sufi ita ce batun muhawara. Her {{Lang|la|[[Hagiography|Vita]]}} ta ce tana da shekara takwas lokacin da aka yi mata iƙirarin zama da Jutta, wacce 'yar Count Stephan II na Sponheim ce kuma ta girmi Hildegard da kusan shekara shida. {{Sfn|Silvas|1999}} An san cewa ranar da aka killace Jutta ta kasance a shekarar 1112, lokacin da Hildegard zai kasance shekara 14. {{Sfn|Silvas|1999}} Bishop Otto na Bamberg ne ya karɓi alƙawarinsu a ranar All Waliyyai ta 1112. Wasu masana sun yi hasashen cewa an sanya Hildegard a hannun Jutta yana da shekaru takwas kuma an killace su tare shekaru shida bayan haka. Koma dai mene ne, an killace Hildegard da Jutta tare a Disibodenberg. Sun kafa tushen al'ummar mata masu tasowa da ke haɗe da gidan sufaye, wanda aka sani da ''Frauenklause,'' wani nau'in gidan sufaye na mata. Jutta kuma mai hangen nesa ce, don haka ta jawo hankalin mabiya da yawa waɗanda suka zo su ziyarce ta a gidan ibada. Hildegard ta ce Jutta ta koya mata karatu da rubutu, amma ba ta da ilimi, don haka ba ta iya koyar da Hildegard fassarar Littafi Mai Tsarki mai kyau ba. {{Sfn|Ruether|2002}} Rubutacciyar tarihin ''Rayuwar Jutta'' ta nuna cewa Hildegard ta taimaka mata wajen karanta zabura, yin aiki a lambu, wasu ayyukan hannu, da kuma kula da marasa lafiya. {{Sfn|Silvas|1999}} Wannan wataƙila lokaci ne da Hildegard ya koyi yadda ake buga waƙoƙin garaya masu igiya goma. Volmar, wanda yake yawan zuwa ziyara, wataƙila ya koyar da Hildegard rubutun zabura mai sauƙi. Lokacin da ta karanci kiɗa zai iya zama farkon waƙoƙin da za ta ƙirƙira daga baya. Bayan mutuwar Jutta a shekara ta 1136, an zaɓi Hildegard a matsayin {{Lang|la|magistra}} gaba ɗaya. na al'ummar ta hanyar 'yan uwanta mata masu hidima. {{Sfn|Furlong|1996}} Abbot Kuno na Disibodenberg ya nemi Hildegard ya zama shugaban ƙasa, wanda zai kasance ƙarƙashin ikonsa. Hildegard, tana son ƙarin 'yancin kai ga kanta da kuma 'yan matan cocinta, ta roƙi Abbot Kuno da ya bar su su ƙaura zuwa Rupertsberg . {{Sfn|Furlong|1996}} Wannan zai zama ƙaura zuwa ga talauci, daga ginin dutse wanda aka gina shi sosai zuwa wurin zama na ɗan lokaci. Lokacin da abban ya ƙi amincewa da shawarar Hildegard, Hildegard ya yi watsi da kansa ya sami amincewar Archbishop Henry na ɗaya na Mainz . Duk da haka, Abbot Kuno bai yi haƙuri ba har sai da Hildegard ta kamu da wata rashin lafiya da ta sa ta gurgunta kuma ba za ta iya motsawa daga gadonta ba, lamarin da ta danganta da rashin jin daɗin Allah da rashin bin umarninsa na kai 'yan mata mata zuwa Rupertsberg. Sai lokacin da Abbott da kansa bai iya motsa Hildegard ba ne ya yanke shawarar bai wa 'yan matan sufaye nasu gidan ibada. Saboda haka Hildegard da kimanin mata masu ibada 20 suka ƙaura zuwa gidan ibada na St. Rupertsberg a shekara ta 1150, inda Volmar ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban coci, da kuma mai shelar Hildegard da kuma marubuci. A shekara ta 1165, Hildegard ta kafa gidan ibada na biyu ga mata masu ibada a Eibingen . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Women in art and music |url=https://wam.rutgers.edu/profiles/hildegard-of-bingen-an-interview-with-dr-margot-fassler/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925171842/https://wam.rutgers.edu/profiles/hildegard-of-bingen-an-interview-with-dr-margot-fassler/ |archive-date=25 September 2019 |access-date=25 September 2019 |website=rutgers.edu}}</ref> Kafin Hildegard ya mutu a shekara ta 1179, wata matsala ta taso tsakanin limaman Mainz: wani mutum da aka binne a Rupertsberg ya mutu bayan cocin Katolika ya kore shi daga cocin. Saboda haka, malaman addini suna son cire gawarsa daga ƙasa mai tsarki. Hildegard ya ƙi wannan ra'ayin, yana mai cewa zunubi ne kuma an sulhunta mutumin da coci a lokacin mutuwarsa. {{Sfn|Flanagan|1989}} === Girmamawa === Hildegard tana cikin waɗanda aka fara amfani da tsarin tsarkakewa na Romawa a hukumance. Duk da haka, aikin ya ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo har ba a kammala yunƙurin tsarkakewa sau huɗu ba, kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa a matakin ɗaukakarta . Duk da haka, an saka sunanta a cikin ilimin Martyrology na Romawa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 16 har zuwa bugu na 2004 na yanzu, inda aka lissafta ta a matsayin "Saint Hildegard" tare da bikinta a ranar 17 ga Satumba, wanda daga ƙarshe za a ƙara shi cikin Kalandar Romawa ta Janar a matsayin abin tunawa na zaɓi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=DECREE on the Inscription of the Celebrations of Saint Gregory of Narek, Abbot and Doctor of the Church, Saint John De Avila, Priest and Doctor of the Church and Saint Hildegard of Bingen, Virgin and Doctor of the Church, in the General Roman Calendar (25 January 2021) |url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20210125_decreto-dottori_en.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202130806/http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20210125_decreto-dottori_en.html |archive-date=2 February 2021 |access-date=2 February 2021 |website=Vatican}}</ref> Paparoma da yawa sun ambaci Hildegard a matsayin waliyyi, ciki har da [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul na Biyu]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lettera per l'800° anniversario della morte di Santa Ildegarda |url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/letters/1979/documents/hf_jp-ii_let_19790908_800-ildegarda_it.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316232059/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/letters/1979/documents/hf_jp-ii_let_19790908_800-ildegarda_it.html |archive-date=16 March 2012 |access-date=25 December 2011 |publisher=Vatican.va}}</ref> da [[Benedict na Sha Shida|Paparoma Benedict na XVI]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meeting with the members of the Roman Clergy |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/speeches/2006/march/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20060302_roman-clergy.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207182856/http://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/speeches/2006/march/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20060302_roman-clergy.html |archive-date=7 December 2019 |access-date=3 April 2017 |publisher=Vatican.va}}</ref> Cocin aikin hajji na Hildegard da ke Eibingen yana ɗauke da kayan tarihinta . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Abbey of St. Hildegard through the Ages |url=https://www.abtei-st-hildegard.de/en_the-abbey/ |access-date=11 December 2019 |website=Benediktinerinnenabtei St. Hildegard}}</ref> == A cikin fasaha == <gallery> Fayil:St._Hildegard_von_Bingen_writing,_Lucca_codex,_Liber_Divinorum_Operum_(1163-1173).jpg|alt=Lucca codex, Liber Divinorum Operum (1163-1173), detail of St. Hildegard von Bingen, writing| Lucca codex, Liber Divinorum Operum (1163-1173), dalla-dalla na St. Hildegard von Bingen, rubuce-rubuce Fayil:St._Hildegard_von_Bingen_receiving_divine_inspiration_and_writing,_Lucca_codex,_Liber_Divinorum_Operum_(1163-1173),_detail.jpg|alt=Lucca codex, Liber Divinorum Operum (1163-1173), detail of St. Hildegard von Bingen receiving divine inspiration and writing| Lucca codex, Liber Divinorum Operum (1163-1173), daki-daki na St. Hildegard von Bingen yana samun wahayi da rubutu na allahntaka. Fayil:St._Hildegard_von_Bingen,_The_Salem_Scivias_(1200),_detail.jpg|alt=The Salem Scivias (1200), detail of St. Hildegard von Bingen| Salem Scivias (1200), cikakken bayani na St. Hildegard von Bingen Fayil:Sylvestri_Altar_out_right.JPG|alt=altar in St. Sylvestri Church (1480), detail of St. Hildegard von Bingen| bagadi a cikin St. Sylvestri Church (1480), cikakken bayani na St. Hildegard von Bingen Fayil:St._Hildegard_von_Bingen,_gilded_panel,_St._Rochus_Chapel_(1895),_detail.webp|alt=statue of St. Hildgard von Bingen in St. Rochus Chapel (1895)| mutum-mutumi na St. Hildgard von Bingen a St. Rochus Chapel (1895) Fayil:St._Hildegard_von_Bingen_(attr._Wilhelm_Fassbinder,_1898).webp| St. Hildegard von Bingen (attr. Wilhelm Fassbinder, 1898) Fayil:Fr._Paulus_Krebs,_St._Hildegard_enters_Disibodenberg_Monastery,_Eibingen_Abbey_(1907-1913).png|alt=Fr. Paulus Krebs, St. Hildegard Enters Disibodenberg Monastery, Eibingen Abbey (1907-1913)| Fr. Paulus Krebs, St. Hildegard Ya Shiga Gidan Sufaye na Disibodenberg, Eibingen Abbey (1907-1913) Fayil:Fr._Paulus_Krebs,_St._Hildegard_Leaves_Bingen_for_Rupertsberg_(1907-1913).png|alt=Fr. Paulus Krebs, St. Hildegard Leaves Bingen for Rupertsberg (1907-1913)| Fr. Paulus Krebs, St. Hildegard Ya Bar Bingen zuwa Rupertsberg (1907-1913) Fayil:Fr._Paulus_Krebs,_How_Hildegard_Spoke_to_Emperor_Barbarossa_in_Ingelheim_(1907-1913).png|alt=Fr. Paulus Krebs, How Hildegard Spoke to Emperor Barbarossa in Ingelheim (1907-1913).| Fr. Paulus Krebs, Yadda Hildegard Ya Yi Magana da Sarki Barbarossa a Ingelheim (1907-1913). Fayil:Fr._Paulus_Krebs,_How_Hildegard_Founded_Eibingen_and_Healed_a_Blind_Boy_in_Rudesheim_(1907-1913).png|alt=Fr. Paulus Krebs, How Hildegard Founded Eibingen and Healed a Blind Boy in Rudesheim (1907-1913)| Fr. Paulus Krebs, Yadda Hildegard Ya Kafa Eibingen Kuma Ya Warkar da Yaro Makaho a Rudesheim (1907-1913) Fayil:Fr._Paulus_Krebs,_Apparitions_in_the_Sky_at_Hildegard's_Death_(1907-1913).png|alt=Fr. Paulus Krebs, Apparitions in the Sky at Hildegard's Death (1907-1913)| Fr. Paulus Krebs, Bayyanar Sararin Sama a Lokacin Mutuwar Hildegard (1907-1913) Fayil:Fr._Paulus_Krebs,_St._Hildegard,_Prophetess_(1907-1913).jpg|alt=Fr. Paulus Krebs, St. Hildegard, Prophetess (1907-1913)| Fr. Paulus Krebs, St. Hildegard, Annabiya (1907-1913) Fayil:St._Hildegard_von_Bingen,_Liechtenstein_Stamp_Series,_Great_works_of_the_human_spirit_(1983).jpg|alt=St. Hildegard von Bingen, Liechtenstein Stamp Series, Great works of the human spirit (1983)| St. Hildegard von Bingen, Jerin Tambarin Liechtenstein, Manyan Ayyukan Ruhun Dan Adam (1983) Fayil:Karlheinz_Oswald_Hildegard_von_Bingen,_Eibingen.JPG| Karlheinz Oswald, St. Hildegard von Bingen (2012) </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] qpmllo08mccc9yyrd5ms2mut9qmrgnx