Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.16 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 9184 905907 872488 2026-08-22T03:55:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905907 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jihar Ogun''' Listen ⓘ ( Yoruba {{IPA|yo|ìk͡pĩ́lɛ̀ ògũ̀|}} ) [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jiha]] ce da ke kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]] . [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] da kuma gabar tekun Benin suna da iyaka da kudu, [[Ondo (jiha)|jihar Ondo]] a gabas kuma tana da iyaka da jihohin [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]] da [[Osun]] a arewa, yayin da iyakar yammacinta ta kasance wani ɓangare na iyakar ƙasa da [[Benin|Jamhuriyar Benin]] . Babban birni kuma mafi girma shine [[Abeokuta]], kuma jihar ta rabu zuwa ƙananan hukumomi 20. Daga cikin jihohi 36 da ke kasar, Ogun ita ce ta [[Jerin Jihohin Najeriya dangane da faɗin ƙasa|24 mafi girma a yankin]], amma daga cikin [[Jerin Jihohin Najeriya bisa yawan jama'a|manyan birane 15 mafi yawan jama'a]], tare da kimanin mutane miliyan 6.4 a shekarar 2020. A fannin yanayin ƙasa, jihar tana cikin [[Jerin yankuna a Najeriya|yankunan]] [[Kananan Dazuzzukan Najeriya|dazuzzukan ƙasa masu zafi na Najeriya]], kodayake sassan arewacin jihar sun koma cikin [[Ginin daji da savannah na Guinea|dajin Guinea-savanna mosaic]] da wasu daga cikin kudancin bakin teku sun isa [[Jerin yankuna a Najeriya|yankin]] [[Mangroves na Afirka ta Tsakiya|mangrove na Tsakiyar Afirka]] . Kogunan [[Kogin Ogun|Ogun]] da [[Kogin Yewa|Yewa]] sune manyan hanyoyin ruwa na jihar yayin da [[Gandon daji na Omo|Ma'ajiyar Dajin Omo]] da ke yankin kudu maso gabashin jihar yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman wuraren kiyayewa a ƙasar - gida ga nau'ikan tsuntsaye iri-iri tare da wasu daga cikin sauran 'yan Najeriya na ƙarshe [[Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee|- 'yan birai na Kamaru]] da giwayen dajin Afirka . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Olmos |first=Fabio |last2=Turshak |first2=Longtong G. |date=September 2009 |title=A survey of birds in Omo Forest Reserve, south-western Nigeria |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/partpdf/309880 |journal=Bulletin of the African Bird Club |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=184–196 |doi=10.5962/p.309880 |access-date=16 April 2025 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Forest Programme |url=https://ncfnigeria.org/forest-green-recovery-nigeria/ |access-date=16 April 2025 |website=Nigerian Conservation Foundation}}</ref> A fannin al'umma, [[Yarbawa|kabilar Yarabawa]] su ne mafi girman ƙabila a jihar—musamman ƙabilun Awori, [[Mutanen Egba|Egba]], Ijebu, da [[Yewa]], da kuma ƙananan ƙungiyoyi kamar Ketu, Ohori, [[Ilaje]], [[Okitipupa|Ikale]] da Anago. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Website for Ogun State :::Iseya |url=https://ogunstate.gov.ng/contact_us |access-date=25 January 2026 |website=ogunstate.gov.ng}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, akwai ƙabilun ƙabilu marasa asali a cikin birane da kuma [[Mutanen Ogu|'yan asalin Egun]] a kan iyakar Benin. Dangane da addini, yawancin al'ummar jihar Kiristoci ne tare da Musulmai marasa rinjaye. A tarihi, sassan Jihar Ogun ta zamani sun kasance cikin masarautu da dama, ciki har da jihohin [[Masarautar Benin|Benin]], Ijebu, da [[Masarautar Oyo|Oyo]] . A ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara, balaguron Birtaniya sun mamaye yankin kuma Abeokuta ta zama babbar cibiyar ayyukan mishan da ilimi. A farkon zamanin mulkin mallaka, yankin yana cikin [[yankin Kudancin Najeriya]], wanda daga baya ya haɗu zuwa [[Mallakar Najeriya|Najeriya ta mulkin mallaka]] . Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960, yankin ya kasance ɓangare na [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Yankin Yamma]] har zuwa lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri Jihar Ogun a shekarar 1976 daga tsohuwar [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Jihar Yamma]] . A fannin tattalin arziki, Jihar Ogun babbar cibiyar masana'antu ce wadda take da ci gaban masana'antu da kamfanoni, musamman a kan hanyar Lagos-Ibadan Expressway . Noma ta kasance mai matukar muhimmanci a yankunan karkara, inda ake noma muhimman amfanin gona kamar [[rogo]], koko, da masara tare da [[shinkafar Ofada]] ta asali. Jihar kuma sanannu ne saboda al'adunta na gargajiya, sana'o'i, da al'adun yadi tare da fasaha. Ogun tana cikin [[Jerin Jihohi Najeriya dangane da Ma'aunin Cigaban Jama'a|matsakaicin matsayi]] a cikin Ma'aunin Ci gaban Dan Adam kuma tana da GDP na takwas mafi girma a kasar. == Tarihi == A zamanin mulkin mallaka, yankin yammacin Ogun na yau wanda yanzu mutanen Egba da Yewa ke zaune a ciki mallakar [[masarautar Oyo]] ne, wanda ya faɗa cikin yaƙin basasa a tsakiyar shekarun 1800. Kudancin Ogun, a ƙaramin tsibirin [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Turawan Birtaniya suna da sansanin sojojin ruwa kusa da inda garin mai suna iri ɗaya ya girma cikin sauri. Har zuwa [[Taron Berlin|taron Berlin Congo]] a shekarar 1885, Birtaniya ta mayar da hankali kan wasu sansanonin jiragen ruwanta na kasuwanci da na ruwa, kamar Legas da [[Kalaba|Calabar]], kuma ba ta da sha'awar al'ummomin da ke ci gaba a can. Bayan da Turawan mulkin mallaka na Turai suka raba yankunan da suke da sha'awa a shekarar 1885 a Berlin (waɗannan suna aiki ne kawai idan wata ƙasa ba ta riga ta kawo yankin da ake magana a kai a ƙarƙashin ikonta ba), Birtaniya ta faɗaɗa yankinta cikin sauri a yankin Niger da aka keɓe. Ogun ta yau ta zama wani ɓangare na "Kariyar Legas" (sabanin Mulkin mallaka na Legas ; iyakar da ke tsakanin waɗannan biyun iri ɗaya ce da kan iyaka ta zamani tsakanin Jihar Legas da Jihar Ogun - mazaunan wani yanki ana ɗaukar su a matsayin waɗanda ke da cikakken iko a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, waɗanda ke cikin kariya ba su kasance ba) a cikin 1893 kuma daga baya na "Kariyar ƙasar Yarabawa", a cikin 1906 na "Kariyar Kudancin Najeriya" da kuma a cikin 1914 na duk Najeriya. A cikin 1899 ta sami hanyar haɗin jirgin ƙasa zuwa Legas, "Jirgin Ruwa" ya ratsa ta Ogun zuwa Apapa kuma don haka ya haɗa yankin da duniya baki ɗaya. A cikin 1899, shekaru da yawa da suka gabata a wannan yanki fiye da sauran yankuna a Yammacin da Tsakiyar Afirka waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da bakin teku. A shekarun 1930, Ogun ta kasance cibiyar [[Tawayen Matan Abeokuta|ƙungiyar mata ta Najeriya]] a ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti]] (mahaifiyar [[Fela Kuti]] ). Dimokuraɗiyya a Najeriyar da ta yi mulkin mallaka bayan 1922 ta wanzu ne kawai a Legas da Calabar; 'yan Najeriya ba za su iya shiga siyasa a wani wuri ba (duba [[Tarihin Najeriya|a nan]] ). A shekarun 1940, an raba abinci sosai a Najeriya. An hukunta jigilar abinci daga Ogun mai noma zuwa birnin Lagos mai fama da yunwa (Pullen Scheme, duba [[Tarihin Najeriya|nan]] ). A zaɓen farko da aka yi a Ogun, 1954, ƙungiyar "Action Group" (AG) mai ra'ayin gurguzu a ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Obafemi Awolowo|Babban Awólwọ]] ta zama jam'iyya mafi ƙarfi a Yankin Yamma, wadda Ogun ma ta kasance a ciki. Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960, yankin [[Yarbawa|Yarabawa]], musamman Ogun, ya shiga cikin rikici tsakanin sassan ɓangaren [[Obafemi Awolowo|Obáfẹ́mi Awólọ́wọ̀]] da [[Samuel Akintola|Samuel Ládòkè Akíntọ́lá]] na jam'iyyar AG ("Operation Wetie", duba [[Tarihin Najeriya|nan]] ). A watan Yulin 1966, an kashe mai mulkin Najeriya na lokacin, [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi|Johnson Agulyi-Ironsi]], a [[Ibadan]] a juyin mulki na biyu na shekarar, wanda shine farkon [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Biafra]] . An kafa jihar a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 1976 daga wani ɓangare na tsohuwar jihar "Yamma". == Yanayin ƙasa == Jihar Ogun tana iyaka da Jamhuriyar [[Benin]] daga Yamma tsawon kimanin shekaru 185.&nbsp;km, [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]] da [[Osun|Jihar Osun]] (na 84)&nbsp;km) zuwa Arewa, [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]] a gabas, [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] a Kudu na kimanin 283&nbsp;km, kuma yana da 31.6&nbsp;Kilomita na bakin teku a gefen tekun Benin a kudu, bakin tekun Araromi mallakar ƙasar Irokun ne a ƙaramar hukumar Ogun Waterside (lardin Ijebu) amma jihar Ondo ta yi iƙirarin mallakarsa saboda kwararar bakin haure daga al'ummomin da ke makwabtaka da Ilaje da kuma saboda rashin kulawa da gwamnatin jihar Ogun ta ba wa wannan yanki. === Manyan koguna === * [[Kogin Ogun]] * [[Kogin Yewa]] * [[Kogin Osun]] === Wuraren da ke da yawan jama'a === Jihar Ogun ta ƙunshi [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|ƙananan hukumomi]] ashirin. Sun haɗa da:   === Yanayi === Jihar Ogun tana da yanayi mai zafi da danshi da bushewa ko kuma savanna. Matsakaicin zafin birnin a kowace shekara shine 29.34&nbsp;°C (84.81)&nbsp;°F) kuma ya yi ƙasa da -0.12% idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin Najeriya. Ogun tana samun kimanin milimita 141.58 (inci 5.57) na ruwan sama kuma tana da kwanaki 224.18 na ruwan sama (61.42% na lokacin) a kowace shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ogun, NG Climate Zone, Monthly Weather Averages and Historical Data |url=https://tcktcktck.org/nigeria/ogun |access-date=30 June 2023 |website=tcktcktck.org}}</ref> == Tattalin Arziki == Jihar tana da yawan masana'antu (ta biyu mafi yawan masana'antu bayan [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ) kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarancin yawan waɗanda ke fama da talauci mai tsanani (kusan kashi 5% na yawan jama'a idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin ƙasa na kashi 31%) a cewar bayanan Bankin Duniya daga 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Geospatial Poverty Portal: Interactive Maps |url=https://pipmaps.worldbank.org/en/data/datatopics/poverty-portal/poverty-interactivemap |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> Manyan kamfanoni a Ogun sun haɗa da masana'antar [[Kamfanin Siminti na Dangote Plc|siminti ta Dangote]] da ke Ibese, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ibese Cement Plant—Dangote Cement |url=http://dangote.com/cement/ibese.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611065332/http://dangote.com/cement/ibese.html |archive-date=11 June 2016 |access-date=28 May 2017 |website=dangote.com}}</ref> [[Nestle Najeriya|Nestle]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nestlé Flowergate Factory, Ogun |url=http://www.foodprocessing-technology.com/projects/nestleflowergatefact/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529203039/http://www.foodprocessing-technology.com/projects/nestleflowergatefact |archive-date=29 May 2017 |access-date=28 May 2017 |website=Food Processing Technology}}</ref> masana'antar siminti ta Lafarge da ke [[Ewekoro]], Memmcol a Orimerunmu, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Electricity Meter Manufacturing Company |url=https://www.memmcol.com/ |access-date=6 August 2020 |website=www.memmcol.com}}</ref> Coleman Cables a [[Sagamu]] da [[Arepo, Najeriya|Arepo]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Coleman Wires and Cables |url=http://www.colemancables.com/contact/ |access-date=28 May 2017 |website=www.colemancables.com}}</ref> [[Procter & Gamble]] a [[Ado-Odo/Ota|Agbara]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=P&G in Nigeria |url=https://www.pgcareers.com/location-Nigeria |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=www.pgcareers.com |language=en}}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2024, Gwamnatin Jihar Ogun ta sanar da kafa masana'antar sake amfani da batir ta dala miliyan 5 da wani kamfani na Burtaniya ya samar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ademola |first=Cyrus |date=19 September 2024 |title=Dapo Abiodun announces $5 million UK battery plant investment in Ogun State |url=https://nairametrics.com/2024/09/19/dapo-abiodun-announces-5-million-uk-battery-plant-investment-in-ogun-state/ |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=Nairametrics |language=en-US}}</ref> === Babban fanni === Ma'adinai da noma suna daga cikin muhimman fannoni na tattalin arziki a Ogun. Ana haƙo duwatsun dutse, alli, phosphate da tsakuwa, sannan ana girbe hatsi, shinkafa, masara, [[rogo]], [[doya]], ayaba, koko, goro, roba, [[Manja|man dabino]] da kuma ƙwayoyin dabino . Jihar ita ce mafi girma a fannin samar da kolanut a Najeriya. === Albarkatun Ma'adinai a Jihar Ogun === Ga albarkatun ma'adinai a Jihar Ogun: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural Resources – Welcome To The Embassy of Nigeria |url=https://nigerianembassythehague.nl/about-nigeria/natural-resources/ |access-date=19 December 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Yumbu|Laka]] * Dutse da Phosphate * Bitumen * Kaolin * Dutsen dutse mai daraja * Feldspar === Sashen sakandare, sarrafa ƙarfe === Ogún kuma sunan allahn ( Orisha ) ne na aikin ƙarfe a addinin dabi'ar Yarabawa na gida, kamar Hephaestus na Girka ko allahn Romawa Vulcan (tunda duniyar da ta daɗe tana da alaƙar ciniki da Najeriya ta yanzu, wannan ba lallai bane ya zama daidai ba). Jihar ta cika wannan suna ta hanyar zama cibiyar aikin ƙarfe ta Najeriya. Ga misalai biyu: * Kamfanin Proforce yana ƙera motocin sulke a Ode-Remo (25)&nbsp;kilomita daga Lagos), waɗanda kuma ake sayar wa Turai. Tun daga shekarar 2008, kamfanin ya faɗaɗa kewayon kayayyakinsa kuma yana samar da jiragen sama marasa matuƙa don ɓangaren tsaro. * Kamfanin haɗa motocin hawa a [[Kajola]] shine kawai kamfanin da ke kera, kulawa da kuma gyara motocin jirgin ƙasa a Yammacin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anagor-Ewuzie |first=Amaka |date=23 May 2023 |title=Nigeria's first wagon assembly plant to produce 500 yearly |url=https://businessday.ng/transport/article/nigerias-first-wagon-assembly-plant-to-produce-500-yearly/ |access-date=26 February 2024 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US}}</ref> Ogun kuma tana samar da katako, kayayyakin yumbu, tayoyin kekuna, kafet, manne da sauran kayayyaki. === Cibiyoyin yawon bude ido a jihar Ogun === * Olumo Rock * [[Olusegun Obasanjo Presidential Library|Laburaren Shugaban Kasa na Olusegun Obasanjo]] * Omu Resort Abeokuta * Wurin ibada na Oronna, Ilaro == Siyasa == Gwamnatin jihar tana ƙarƙashin jagorancin gwamna da aka zaɓa ta hanyar dimokuraɗiyya wanda ke aiki tare da 'yan majalisar dokokin jihar. Babban birnin jihar shine Abeokuta. === Tsarin zaɓe === Ana zaɓen gwamnan jihar ta hanyar amfani da tsarin zagaye biyu da aka gyara. Domin a zaɓe shi a zagaye na farko, dole ne ɗan takara ya sami kuri'u da yawa da kuma sama da kashi 25% na ƙuri'un a aƙalla kashi biyu bisa uku na ƙananan hukumomin jihar. Idan babu ɗan takara da ya wuce iyaka, za a yi zagaye na biyu tsakanin babban ɗan takara da kuma ɗan takara na gaba da ya sami ƙuri'u da yawa a mafi yawan ƙananan hukumomin jihar. === Gwamna === Gwamnan da ke kan mulki a yanzu shine [[Dapo Abiodun|Yarima Dapo Abiodun]], memba na [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressives Congress (APC)]], wanda ke jagorantar Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Ogun . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Executives |url=http://ogunstate.gov.ng/the-executives/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922103032/http://ogunstate.gov.ng/the-executives/ |archive-date=22 September 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=Ogun State Government Official Website |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar Laraba 29 ga Mayu 2019, an rantsar da Dapo Abiodun a matsayin Gwamna na biyar na Jihar a filin wasa na MKO Abiola, Kuto, Abeokuta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2019 |title=Abiodun takes oath of office as Ogun. In 2023, he was re-elected for a second term of office. Gov |url=https://punchng.com/breaking-abiodun-takes-oath-of-office-as-ogun-gov/ |access-date=4 February 2022 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> An sake zabensa a karo na biyu a kan mulki kafin Maris 2023. === Kananan hukumomin === Jihar Ogun ta rabu zuwa gundumomi uku na 'yan majalisar dattawa: # [[Abeokuta ta Arewa]] # [[Abeokuta ta Kudu]] # [[Ado-Odo/Ota]] # [[Ewekoro]] # [[Ifo]] # [[Ijebu ta Gabas]] # [[Ijebu ta Arewa]] # [[Ijebu ta Arewa maso Gabas|Ijebu Arewa maso Gabas]] # [[Ijebu Ode]] # [[Ikenne]] # [[Imeko Afon]] # [[Ipokia]] # [[Obafemi Owode]] # [[Odogbolu]] # [[Odeda]] # [[Ogun Waterside|Kogin Ruwa na Ogun]] # [[Remo ta Arewa|Remo Arewa]] # [[Yewa ta Arewa|Yewa Arewa]] # [[Yewa ta Kudu|Kudancin Yewa]] # [[Sagamu]] ;* Ogun ta tsakiya: Ogun ta tsakiya ta kunshi galibin Egba da ke da kananan hukumomi shida: Abeokuta North (Akomoje), Abeokuta South (Ake), Ewekoro (Itori), Ifo (Ifo), Obafemi Owode (Owode egba) da Odeda (Odeda). ;* Ogun Gabas: Ogun Gabas ta ƙunshi galibin Ijebu da Remo da ke da ƙananan hukumomi 9: Ijebu East (Ogẹrẹ), Ijebu North (Ijebu Igbo), Ijebu North East (Attan), Ijebu ode (Ijebu ode), Ikenne (Ikenne Remo), Odogbolu (Odogbolu), Ogun waterside (Abigi), Remo (Imo North) ;* Ogun Yamma: Ogun ta Yamma ta kunshi mafi yawan [[Yewa]] da ke da kananan hukumomi 5: Ado odo Ota (Otta), Imeko Afon (Imeko), Ipokia (Ipokia), Yewa ta Arewa (Ayetoro) da Yewa ta Kudu (Ilaro). == Alƙaluma == Manyan kabilu a Jihar Ogun sune [[Mutanen Egba|Egba]], Ijebu, Remo, [[Yewa]], Awori da kuma wasu tsirarun kabilun Egun. Akwai kuma ƙananan ƙungiyoyi kamar Ikale, Ketu, Ohori da Anago. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2017 |title=6 Important Facts about Ogun State You Probably Didn't Know |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/07/6-important-facts-about-ogun-state-you-probably-didnt-know/ |access-date=6 December 2021 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> Harsunan Jihar Ogun da LGA ta lissafa: {| class="wikitable" !Ƙaramar Hukuma ! Harsuna |- | [[Abeokuta ta Arewa]] | [[Yarbanci|Yarbawa]] ; [[Mutanen Egba|Egba]], [[Yewa]] |- | [[Abeokuta ta Kudu]] | Yarbawa; [[Mutanen Egba|Egba]] ) |- | [[Ado-Odo/Ota]] | Awori |- | [[Ewekoro]] | Yarbawa; [[Mutanen Egba|Egba]] |- | [[Ifo]] | Yarbawa; [[Mutanen Egba|Egba]] |- | [[Ijebu ta Gabas|Gabas ta Ijebu]] | Yarbanci; Ijebu |- | [[Ijebu ta Arewa]] | Yarbanci; ( Ijebu ) |- | [[Ijebu ta Arewa maso Gabas|Ijebu Arewa maso Gabas]] | Yarbanci; Ijebu |- | [[Ijebu Ode]] | Yarbanci; Ijebu |- | [[Ikenne]] | Yarbanci; (Remo), Ijebu |- | [[Imeko Afon]] | [[Harshen Gun|Gun/]], Yarbanci; Ketu, Ohori, [[Yewa]] |- | [[Ipokia]] | [[Harshen Gun|Gun]], Yarbawa; Anago, Awori/Eyo, [[Yewa]] |- | [[Obafemi Owode]] | Yarbawa; [[Mutanen Egba|Egba]] |- | [[Odogbolu]] | Yarbanci; Ijebu |- | [[Odeda]] | Yarbawa; [[Mutanen Egba|Egba]], [[Masarautar Oyo|Oyo]] |- | [[Ogun Waterside|Kogin Ruwa na Ogun]] | Yarbawa; Ijebu, [[Okitipupa|Ikale]], [[Ilaje]] |- | [[Remo ta Arewa|Remo Arewa]] | Yarbanci; (Remo), Ijebu |- | [[Yewa ta Arewa|Yewa Arewa]] | Yarbanci; Ketu, Ohori, [[Yewa]] |- | [[Yewa ta Kudu|Kudancin Yewa]] | Yarbanci; Ketu, Ohori, [[Yewa]] |- | [[Sagamu]] | Yarbanci; (Remo), Ijebu |} == Addini == [[Fayil:Ogun_shrine_(2).jpg|thumb|Haikalin Orisha (allahn wuta da ƙarfe), Ogun]] Mazauna jihar Ogun galibi Musulmai ne da Kiristoci, wasu kuma suna bin [[Addinin Yarabawa|addinin gargajiya na Yarbawa]] . Lardin Anglican na Legas a cikin Ikilisiyar Najeriya ya haɗa da Dioceses goma na Awori karkashin jagorancin Bishop [[Johnson Akin Atere]] (2009), Egba (1976) karkashin jagorancin Bishopo [[Emmanuel Adekunle]] (2009), Egbe West (2007) karkashin jagorancinishopo Samuel Oludele Ogundeji (2010), Ifo (2007) karkashin jagoranfin Bishop Nathaniel Oladejo Ogundipe (2012), Ijebu karkashin jagorancin bishop Peter Rotimi Oludipe (2020), Ijebu-North karkashin jagorancin Obus Bishop Solomon Kupeheh (2004), tsohon Bishop Odubebebebe South (2004), Shugaba Eundú) karkashin jagorancin Michael Fbybybyby (2014), Shugaba (2014), Shugab Katolika 179,014 (2020) a cikin Dioceses na [http://Diocese%20of%20Abeokuta%7Cof Abeokuta]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (1997) tare da parishes 60 a ƙarƙashin Bishop [[Peter Kayode Odetoyinbo]] (2014) da [http://Diocese%20of%20Ijebu-Ode Ijebu-Ode]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (1969) tare da parishes 40 a ƙarƙashin Bishop [[Francis Obafemi Adesina]] (2019), duka 'yan sufragan na Archdiocese na Legas . === Wuraren addini masu shahara === * [[Sungbo's Eredo|Wurin ibada na Bilikisu Sungbo]], Oke-Eiri, kusa da Ijebu-Ode. An ayyana shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Tarihi da Tarihi ta Kasa|gadon ƙasa]] a shekarar 1964, kuma Ijebus sun yi imanin cewa shi ne wurin binne [[Bilkisu|Sarauniyar Sheba]] . Yana aiki a matsayin wurin ibada ga [[Addinin Yarabawa|masu bin al'adun gargajiya na Yarabawa]], Musulmai na Yarabawa da Kiristocin Yarabawa. * Celestial City, (Imeko, Ogun State, Nigeria) * Christ Embassy Camp Ground (Asese, Off Lagos-Ibadan Expressway, Obafemi-Owode LGA) * Church of the Lord (Aladura), [[Ogere Remo]] * [[Cocin Deeper Christian Life Ministry|Cibiyar Taro ta Deeper Life (DLCC) da Filin Sansanin]], (Km. 42, Titin Lagos-Ibadan Expressway) * Foursquare Camp, (Ajebo, Ogun State, Nigeria) * [[The Gospel Faith Mission International|Gospel City]], (Lagos-Ibadan Expressway) * Living Faith Church Worldwide, (Canaanland, Km. 10, Idiroko Road, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria) * Birnin Addu'a na MFM (Titin Babban Titin Ibadan na Legas) * [[NASFAT|NASFAT Annual Lailatul Qadr]], (Lagos-Ibadan Expressway) * Birnin Fansa (Titin Babban Titin Ibadan na Legas) == Ilimi == Jihar Ogun tana da makarantun sakandare guda uku na tarayya; Kwalejin 'Yan Mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya, Sagamu <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Government Girls College, Sagamu {{!}} School Website |url=https://www.fggcsagamu.org.ng/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805234132/https://www.fggcsagamu.org.ng/ |archive-date=5 August 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=www.fggcsagamu.org.ng}}</ref> da [[Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Odogbolu]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Government College, Odogbolu {{!}} School Website |url=https://fgcodogbolu.com.ng/ |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=fgcodogbolu.com.ng}}</ref> da Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya, Ijebu-Imushin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Science And Technical College, Ijebu Imushin {{!}} School Website |url=https://fstcijebuimusin.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805203548/https://fstcijebuimusin.com/ |archive-date=5 August 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=fstcijebuimusin.com}}</ref> Jihar Ogun tana da Jami'o'in Tarayya guda biyu; Jami'ar Aikin Gona ta Tarayya, Abeokuta (FUNAAB) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, teaching, learning, research |url=https://unaab.edu.ng/ |access-date=6 August 2020 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805140056/https://unaab.edu.ng/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> da [https://tasued.edu.ng/ Jami'ar Ilimi ta Tai Solarin, Ijebu Ode] da kuma Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya, FCE Osiele (dukansu a yankin karamar hukumar Odeda), kwalejin ilimi ta gwamnatin jiha guda daya, wacce aka sanya wa suna bayan marigayi masanin ilimin Najeriya na duniya Augustus Taiwo Solarin a shekarar 1994 a matsayin Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tai Solarin (TASCE <ref>{{Cite web |title=:::TASCE |url=https://tasce.edu.ng/ |access-date=6 August 2020 |website=tasce.edu.ng}}</ref> ), (wanda a da aka sani da Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Ogun, Ijagun, Ijebu-Ode, Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya guda daya, Ilaro). An sanya wa ɗaya suna bayan marigayi hamshakin ɗan kasuwan Najeriya kuma wanda ya lashe zaɓen 12 ga Yuni 1993, Basorun Moshood Kasimawo Olawale Abiola a matsayin Moshood Abiola Polytechnic (MAPOLY <ref>{{Cite web |title=Moshood Abiola Polytechnic |url=https://mapoly.edu.ng/web/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806013452/https://mapoly.edu.ng/web/ |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=6 August 2020}}</ref> ), wacce a da aka fi sani da Ogun State Polytechnic, Ojere, Abeokuta, Wata Gateway Polytechnic Saapade, <ref name="net.nbte.gov.ng">{{Cite web |title=List of NBTE approved State government owned Polytechnics in Nigeria |url=https://net.nbte.gov.ng/state%20polytechnics |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320093223/https://net.nbte.gov.ng/state%20polytechnics |archive-date=20 March 2023 |access-date=29 December 2021 |website=NBTE portal}}</ref> Remo (GAPOSA), Abraham Adesanya Polytechnic <ref name="net.nbte.gov.ng" /> Ijebu-Igbo (Aapoly) (wanda a da aka fi sani da 'The Polytechnic Ijebu-Igbo) an sanya mata suna ne bayan [[Ibrahim Adesanya|Chief Abraham Aderibigbe Adesanya]] wanda ɗan siyasa ne, lauya kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a Najeriya. Jami’o’in gwamnatin jiha daya: [[Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo|Jami’ar Olabisi Onabanjo]], Ago Iwoye (wanda aka fi sani da Jami’ar Jihar Ogun). Jihar Ogun tana da jimillar jami'o'i tara da aka yi wa rijista, mafi girma fiye da kowace jiha a Najeriya. Tana da jami'o'i masu zaman kansu guda biyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ogun State |url=https://ogunsmartcity.com/ogun-state/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119012455/https://ogunsmartcity.com/ogun-state/ |archive-date=19 January 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=Ogun Smart City |language=en-US}}</ref> Daga cikinsu akwai Jami'ar Chrisland, Jami'ar Hallmark da ke Ijebu-itele, [[Jami'ar Fasaha ta Bells|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Abeokuta Bells]] da ke [[Ota, Ogun|Ota]], [[Jami'ar Covenant University|Jami'ar Covenant]] da [[Jami'ar Babcock]] da ke Ilisan-Remo, wacce ita ce jami'a ta farko mai zaman kanta a kasar. <ref name="ogunsmartcity">{{Cite web |title=Ogun State |url=https://ogunsmartcity.com/ogun-state/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119012455/https://ogunsmartcity.com/ogun-state/ |archive-date=19 January 2022 |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=Ogun Smart City |language=en-US}}</ref> Jihar tana da manyan asibitoci guda biyu na gwamnati: [[Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tarayya]] da ke Abeokuta, da kuma [[Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo]] da ke [[Sagamu]] . Sansanin Kula da Matasa na Zamani [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|na Hukumar Kula da Matasa ta Ƙasa]] ( [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|NYSC]] ) yana yankin ƙaramar hukumar Sagamu a jihar. <ref name="ogunsmartcity"/> Gwamnatin jihar Ogun ta fara aikin titin Itele. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mindat.org |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-2337031.html |access-date=16 February 2023 |website=www.mindat.org}}</ref> === Cibiyoyin manyan makarantu === [[Fayil:Moshood_Abiola_Polytechnic_entrance_gate,_Abeokuta,_Ogun_state.jpg|thumb|Ƙofar shiga Moshood Abiola Polytechnic, Abeokuta, jihar Ogun]] * [[Jami'ar Babcock]], Ilisan Remo * [[Jami'ar Fasaha ta Bells]], Ota <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Bells University of Technology |url=https://www.bellsuniversity.edu.ng/about-bells-university/ |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Bells University of Technology |language=en-US}}</ref> * Chrisland University, Abeokuta <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home—Chrisland University |url=https://www.chrislanduniversity.edu.ng/ |website=www.chrislandtuniversity.edu.ng |access-date=2026-02-16 |archive-date=2022-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802090241/https://www.chrislanduniversity.edu.ng/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Christopher University, Lagos Ibadan Express Way Makun, Sagamu * [[Jami'ar Covenant University|Jami'ar Covenant]], Ota <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home—Covenant University |url=https://www.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/ |website=www.covenantuniversity.edu.ng}}</ref> * Jami'ar Crawford, Igbesa * [[Jami'ar Crescent]], [[Abeokuta]] * [[Makarantar Fasaha ta Tarayya, Ilaro|Fasaha ta Tarayya, Ilaro]] * Jami'ar Noma ta Tarayya, Abeokuta * Hallmark University, Ijebu Itele * Jami'ar McPherson, Seriki-Sotayo <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2014 |title=McPherson University |url=http://www.mcu-edu.ng/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715005117/http://www.mcu-edu.ng/ |archive-date=15 July 2014 |access-date=6 August 2020}}</ref> * Moshood Abiola Polytechnic, Ojere * Jami'ar Mountain Top, Lagos-Ibadan Expressway * [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]], Kobape, [[Abeokuta]] * [[Kwalejin Fasahar Lafiya ta Jihar Ogun|Ogun State College of Health Technology]], Ilese, [[Ijebu Ode]] * [[Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo|Olabisi Onabanjo University]], Ago Iwoye * Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijagun, [[Ijebu Ode|Ijebu-Ode]] === Tankunan tunani === * Cibiyar Ci Gaban Afirka da Nazarin Dabaru (ACDESS) == Sufuri == Ogun tana amfana daga kusancinta da babban birnin [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] da sabuwar [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Lekki|tashar jiragen ruwa mai zurfi]] da kuma sabuwar [[Matatar Dangote|matatar mai ta Dangote]] da ke Lekki (tun daga shekarar 2024). Filin jirgin saman da aka tsara zai kasance kusa da kan iyaka da jihar Ogun. === Layin dogo === ==== Kamfanin Layin Jirgin Ƙasa na Najeriya ==== Jihar Ogun ta ci gajiyar hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta zamani daga Legas zuwa [[Abeokuta]] zuwa [[Ibadan]] tun daga shekarar 2021. ''Jirgin'' da aka tsara zai haɗa tsakiyar jihar da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Legas. Abeokuta kuma za ta haɗu da Legas da ƙarfe 77 na yamma&nbsp;kilomita na [[Nigerian Railway Corporation|Layin Jirgin Ƙasa na Yamma]] (wanda aka gina a shekarar 1899), wanda har yanzu ake amfani da shi don jiragen jigilar kaya. ==== Sufuri na Babban Titin Legas (Lamata) ==== Tashar jirgin ƙasa ta "Jan Layin" ta layin dogo na birnin Legas tana cikin Agbado, wanda wani ɓangare ne na haɗakar jiragen ƙasa ta Legas amma mallakar jihar Ogun ne a fannin gudanarwa. Shi ya sa za a ajiye jiragen ƙasa da ke ɗauke da manyan motoci na jihar Legas, a tsaftace su, a kuma kula da su a Ogun. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lagos Redline Metro – First metro infrastructure limited |url=https://first-metro.com/lagos-redline-metro/ |access-date=26 February 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Filin Jirgin Sama === Gwamnan Jihar Ogun, [[Dapo Abiodun|Dapo Abiodun,]] a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2025, ya ƙaddamar da jirgin farko na kasuwanci na Filin Jirgin Sama na Gateway International da ke [[Ilishan-Remo]] . Filin jirgin yana shirin jigilar fasinjoji zuwa ƙasashen waje. <ref name="1st-commercial-flight">{{Cite web |last=Release |first=Press |date=7 October 2025 |title=Ogun gov flags off historic 1st commercial flight at Gateway International Airport |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/promoted/826421-ogun-gov-flags-off-historic-1st-commercial-flight-at-gateway-international-airport.html |website=Premium Times}}</ref> Wani jirgin sama mallakar kamfanin ValueJet, mai lambar rajista 5N-BXS da fasinjoji 90, ya tashi daga filin jirgin da ƙarfe 10:10 na safe zuwa Abuja a matsayin jirgin kasuwanci na farko da ya tashi a hukumance daga filin jirgin. <ref name="1st-commercial-flight" /> === Hanyoyi === Manyan hanyoyin gwamnatin tarayya sune: * A1 arewa daga Legas a matsayin wani ɓangare na Titin African Unity TAH2 Babbar Hanya ta Trans-African 2, * Babban titin E1 na Lagos zuwa Ibadan zuwa jihar Oyo, * A5 arewa daga Legas ta hanyar Abeokuta da gabas zuwa Jihar Oyo a Omin Adio, * A121 gabas daga A1 a [[Sagamu]] a matsayin babbar hanyar Benin-Sagamu ta hanyar Ijebu-Ode zuwa Jihar Ondo a Kajola a matsayin wani ɓangare na babbar hanyar Trans-African 8 (TAH 8) ta Legas-Mombasa. Hanyoyi uku zuwa Jamhuriyar [[Benin]] : * titin Sango Ota-Idi-Iroko dake Idiroko a wani bangare na babbar hanyar Legas- [[Badagry]] - [[Porto-Novo|Porto Novo]] daga yamma zuwa RNIE 1, * Titin Oja-Odan daga Ilaro a Obelle zuwa RN3 a Pobè , * F102 yamma daga [[Sagamu]] ta Abeokuta zuwa Meko a Idofa zuwa RNIE 4 zuwa Kétou . Sauran manyan hanyoyi sun haɗa da: * titin Epe-Ijebu-Ode kudu daga [[Sagamu]] zuwa jihar Legas a Agboju, * Titin Iken-Sekungba da ke kudu daga titin Awa-Itokin daga Egbe zuwa Jihar Legas a Omu, * Titin Agbara-Atan da ke kudu daga Atan zuwa Jihar Legas a Morogbo, * titin Abeokuta-Igboora-Iseyin arewa daga titin Ayetoro dake Rounda Roundabout zuwa jihar Oyo a matsayin titin Ibara-Orile-Ijeun, * Titin Ibadan-Eruwa yamma daga A5 a Ilugun zuwa Jihar Oyo a Olokemeji, * Titin Ibadan-Ijebu-Ode daga arewa daga Ilaporu zuwa Oyo State a Mamu, * Titin Ibadan-Ijebu-Igbo a arewa maso gabas daga Ilaporu zuwa Jihar Oyo a Olugbuyi. == Mutane masu shahara == <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> * [[Abraham Adesanya]] (1922-2008), ɗan siyasa * [[Adebayo Adedeji]] (1930–2018), masanin tattalin arziki * [[Adebayo Ogunlesi]] (an haife shi a shekarar 1953), lauya, ma'aikacin banki na saka hannun jari * [[Adegboyega Dosunmu Amororo II]], film producer, Olowu of Owu Kingdom * [[Adewale Oke Adekola]] * [[Afolabi Olabimtan]] * [[Anthony Joshua]] * [[Aṣa|Asha]], mawaƙiya * [[Babafemi Ogundipe]] * [[Babatunde Osotimehin]] * [[Bisi Onasanya]] * [[Bola Ajibola]] * [[Bola Kuforiji Olubi]] * [[Bosun Tijani]] (b. 1977), Dan kasuwa * [[Cornelius Taiwo]] * [[Dapo Abiodun]] * [[David Alaba]], ɗan George Alaba, basaraken Ogere Remo * [[Dimeji Bankole]] * [[Ebenezer Obey]], [[Jùjú|mawakin jùjú]] * [[Ernest Shonekan]] * [[Fela Kuti]] (1938–1997), mai amfani da kayan kida da yawa, shugaban ƙungiyar mawaƙa, mawaƙi, mai fafutukar siyasa, ɗan gwagwarmayar Afirka ta Kudu * [[Fireboy DML]], mawaƙi * [[Femi Okurounmu]], dan siyasa * [[Fola Adeola]] * Sanata Solomon Olamilekan Adeola, ɗan siyasa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute#Disputed statement|<span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (February 2018)">mai shakku</span>]]&#x20;&#x2013; [[Talk:Ogun State#Fola Adeola|tattauna]]'' &#x5D;</sup>, ɗan kasuwa, ɗan siyasa * [[Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti]] (1900–1978), malami, mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata * [[Funke Akindele]] (b. 1977), Jaruma * [[Gbenga Daniel]] (b. 1956), ɗan siyasa * [[Hannah Idowu Dideolu Awolowo]] (1915–2015), 'yar kasuwa kuma 'yar siyasa * [[Hubert Ogunde]] (1916–1990), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, manajan wasan kwaikwayo kuma mawaƙi * [[Ibikunle Amosun]] (b. 1958), ɗan siyasa, Sanata, Gwamnan Jihar Ogun a 2011-2019 * [[Idowu Sofola]] (1934–1982), lauya, Shugaban Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Najeriya a 1980–1982 * [[Joseph Adenuga]] (an haife shi a shekarar 1982), wanda aka fi sani da Skepta, mawakin Birtaniya kuma furodusa * Farfesa [[Lateef Akinola Salako]] CON, farfesa a fannin harhada magunguna da kuma therapeutics * [[Jubril Martins-Kuye]] (b. 1942), ɗan siyasa * [[K1 De Ultimate]] (an haife shi a shekarar 1957), mawaƙin Fuji * [[Kehinde Sofola]] (1924-2007), masanin shari'a * [[Kemi Adeosun]] (an haife ta a shekarar 1967), tsohuwar Ministan Kuɗi ta Najeriya * [[Kizz Daniel]], mawaƙi * [[Kunle Soname]], Ɗan Kasuwa, Ɗan Siyasa * [[Laycon]] (an haife shi a shekarar 1993), sunan ƙwararre na Olamilekan Moshood Agbeleshe, fitaccen jarumi a talabijin, mawakin rap, mawaƙi kuma marubuciya * [[Lukmon Atobatele]], ɗan majalisa * [[Mike Adenuga]] * [[Moshood Abiola]] * [[Mr Macaroni|Mista Macaroni]], mai ƙirƙirar abun ciki, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo * [[Oba Otudeko]] (an haife shi a shekarar 1943), ɗan kasuwa * [[Obafemi Awolowo]] (1909–1987) * [[Ola Rotimi]] * [[Olabisi Onabanjo]] * [[Oladipo Diya]] * [[Olamide]] * [[Olawunmi Banjo]] * [[Olu Oyesanya]] * [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] * [[Olusegun Osoba]] * [[Paul Adefarasin]] * [[Peter Akinola]] * [[Salawa Abeni]] * [[Sarah Forbes Bonetta]] * [[Tai Solarin]] (1922–1994), malami, marubuci, mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a * [[Thomas Adeoye Lambo]] (1923–2004), malami, mai gudanarwa, likitan tabin hankali, Mataimakin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya * [[Tomi Favored]], mai zane-zanen bishara * [[Tunde Kelani]], dan kasuwa, mai shirya fina-finai * [[Tunde Bakare]] (an haife shi a shekarar 1954), fasto na Annabi-Manzo, ɗan siyasa * [[Tunji Olurin]] (b. 1944), Janar mai ritaya * [[Wizkid]], mawaƙi * [[Wole Soyinka]] (an haife shi a 1934), 1986 Lambar Yabo ta Nobel ga Adabi * [[Yemi Osinbajo]] (an haife shi a shekarar 1957), ɗan siyasa, lauya </div> == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Official website|https://www.ogunstate.gov.ng/}} * [https://aapoly.edu.ng/ Abraham Adesanya Polytechnic], Ijebu-Igbo * [http://www.mercylandschools-ng.com/ Mercyland International Schools Homepage] * [https://gaposa.edu.ng Gateway Polytechnic, Saapade] * {{Cite web |title=List of NBTE approved State government owned Polytechnics in Nigeria |url=https://net.nbte.gov.ng/state%20polytechnics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320093223/https://net.nbte.gov.ng/state%20polytechnics |archive-date=20 March 2023}} [[Rukuni:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2dhah5kivql55rwxbqobs6lif9ritas 0 11042 905652 842935 2026-08-21T14:38:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905652 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ƙaramar Hukumar Idemili ta Kudu''' wata [[ƙaramar hukuma]] ce da ke a [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]], a yankin Kudu maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Hedikwatar ƙaramar hukumar tana Ojoto, inda ake da sakatariyar ƙaramar hukumar da Hon. Sylva G. Abasilim, shugaban ƙaramar hukuma na farko da aka zaɓa ta hanyar zaɓe, ya gina. Farfesa Audu Ogbe ne ya ƙaddamar da ginin a lokacin da yake shugaban jam’iyyar [[Peoples Democratic Party|People’s Democratic Party]] na ƙasa, yayin gwamnatin Gwamna [[Chinwoke Mbadinuju]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anambra State Enrolment Centres |url=https://nimc.gov.ng/anambra-state-enrolment-centres/ |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=National Identity Management Commission |language=en-US}}</ref>. An kiyasta yawan mutanen yankin da kusan mutane 159,631<ref>{{Cite web |title=Idemili South Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/117/idemili-south |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref>. Garuruwan da suka haɗa ƙaramar hukumar sun haɗa da Akwu-Ukwu, Alor, [[Awka-Etiti]], Ojoto, Nnokwa, Oba da Nnobi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ovat |first=Michael |date=2023-06-18 |title=Idemili South Council boss advocates clean, green environment in Anambra |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/idemili-south-council-boss-advocates-clean-green-environment-in-anambra/ |access-date=2023-08-13 |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> Haka kuma, yankin na daga cikin Babban Yankin Birnin [[Onitsha]]. Ƙaramar Hukumar Idemili ta Kudu tana ƙarƙashin mazabar sanatoci ta Anambra ta Arewa a Jihar Anambra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anambra Senatorial Districts |url=https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Centre for Community and Rural Development |language=en-US |archive-date=2026-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260527053606/https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bisa ƙidayar jama’a ta shekarar 2006, jimillar mutanen yankin ta kai 206,816.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> == Ƙasa da Yanayi == Kogin Idemili yana ratsawa ta cikin yankin Ƙaramar Hukumar Idemili ta Kudu mai faɗin kimanin murabba’in kilomita 700. Yankin na da matsakaicin zafin jiki da ya kai digiri 25 a ma’aunin Celsius (ko digiri 77 a Fahrenheit). Yankin yana da yanayi biyu kacal, wato damina da kuma rani. Haka kuma, yankin na da matsakaicin danshin iska da ya kai kashi 69 cikin 100, tare da matsakaicin gudun iska na kilomita 11 cikin sa’a, wanda ya yi daidai da mil 6.8 cikin sa’a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Idemili South Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/117/idemili-south |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref> == Tattalin Arziki == Noma na daga cikin manyan hanyoyin tattalin arziki a Ƙaramar Hukumar Idemili ta Kudu, inda ake noma kayan lambu, [[rogo]], [[doya]] da [[shinkafa]] a yankin. Har ila yau, ƙaramar hukumar tana da kasuwanni da dama, ciki har da Kasuwar Afor ta Nnobi da kuma Kasuwar Ezeihulu. Yankin kuma na ɗauke da otal-otal, bankuna, da cibiyoyi mallakin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Idemili South Postal Code {{!}} Post Code {{!}} Zip Code List |url=https://nigeriapostal.com/location/NG-Anambra/Idemili%20South#:~:text=Economy%20of%20Idemili%20South,and%20the%20Afor%20Nnobi%20market. |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=nigeriapostal.com}}</ref> == Fitattun mutane == * [[Obi Iyiegbu|Obi Cubana]] — ɗan kasuwa kuma fitaccen mai gudanar da harkokin nishaɗi a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2025-04-13 |title=Obi Cubana Turns 50 & Delivers a Family Photoshoot Worthy of a Movie Poster {{!}} See Photos |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2025/04/obi-cubana-50th-birthday-family-photos/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Anambra]] tw2e0dkewulc0xgjcdlgfl0id86bed4 0 11043 905659 859333 2026-08-21T14:50:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ihiala''' gari ne da ke [[Najeriya]], a yankin kudancin Jihar [[Anambra]] kuma yana cikin yankin da ake kira ƙasar Igbo. Garin ya daɗe yana matsayin cibiyar gudanarwa ta [[Ƙaramar hukuma|Ƙaramar hukumar]] Ihiala. Ƙaramar hukumar tana da yawan jama’a da ya kai kusan 430,800. Ihiala na ɗaya daga cikin manyan garuruwan Ƙaramar Hukumar Ihiala, wadda kuma ta ƙunshi wasu garuruwa kamar Amorka, Azia, Lilu, Okija, Mbosi, Isseke, Orsumoghu, Ubuluisuzor da Uli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mycyberict.com/nigeria_zip_codes/ihiala/|title=Ihiala L.G.A List of towns and villages {{!}} Nigeria Zip Codes|website=mycyberict.com|access-date=2019-01-10}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Yankin yana cikin belt ɗin noma na jihar. Ihiala tana ƙarƙashin mazabar sanatoci ta Anambra ta Kudu a Jihar Anambra, Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anambra Senatorial Districts |url=https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Centre for Community and Rural Development |language=en-US |archive-date=2026-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260527053606/https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A halin yanzu, Honorable Paschal Agbodike ne ke wakiltar Ihiala a Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=Our |date=2024-02-27 |title=Reps committee pledge support for HYPPADEC host communities |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/reps-committee-pledge-support-for-hyppadec-host-communities/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-12-30 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Onitsha |first=Emma Elekwa |date=2025-04-25 |title=Lawmaker empowers 2000 in Anambra communities |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/lawmaker-empowers-2000-in-anambra-communities/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-12-30 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Kowane gari da ke cikin Ƙaramar Hukumar Ihiala yana da cin gashin kansa tare da sarakunan gargajiya nasu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Ihiala LGA - Ihiala Local Governtment Area |url=https://ihiala.an.gov.ng/about-ihiala-lga |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625125627/https://ihiala.an.gov.ng/about-ihiala-lga |archive-date=2025-06-25 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=ihiala.an.gov.ng |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ihiala}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Anambra]] 8hhblc8tdlfbqcr2f67ecuyov6uidgr 0 13923 905857 743085 2026-08-21T23:00:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jamila Abubakar Sadiq Malafa''' (An haifeta a shekara ta alif dari tara da sittin da biyar 1965) lauya ce ta [[Maritime International]] kuma ita ce mace ta farko a matsayin Commodore, kuma ta farko a tarihin Sojojin [[Najeriya]]. Ta shiga rundunar sojojin ruwan Najeriya a shekarar 1988, kuma aka ba ta mukamin midlandman a shekarar 1990, kuma a watan Satumban shekara ta 2017 ta kasance mace yar Arewa ta farko a tarihin Sojojin Najeriya da ta kai matsayin janar a tarihin najeriya,Jamila Abubakar Sadiq Malafa takasance haifaffiyar jihar Adamawa ce a arewacin Nijeriya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gistmania.com/talk/topic,350599.0.html|title=Meet Jamila Malafa, First Northern Female General Appointed By The Nigerian Navy (Photos)|date=December 20, 2017|website=Gistmania}}</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da ilimi == Jamila an haife ta ne a kauyen Whona a Karamar hukumar Gombi ta [[jihar Adamawa]] arewa maso gabashin [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] . Ta yi karatu a makarantar St. Theresa, Luggere a Adamawa don fara karatun ta, sannan ta ci gaba da karatun Sakandare ta Gwamnati, don kammala karatun sakandare. Daga nan sai ta tafi Makarantar koyon aikin jinya a Yola kuma ta sami takardar shedar shiga makarantar koyon aikin jinya da ungozoma. Domin aiwatar da karatun ta na Nursing, ta nemi ci gaba da karatunta a Nursing a Jami'ar koyarwa ta Jami'ar Maiduguri, yayin da take jiran shigar da ita Jami'ar [[Maiduguri]] don cigaba da karatunta, aminin nasa ya kawo sanarwar daukar Sojojin Navy na Najeriya. An yi mata aiki, sai ta tafi, aka sa aka karba ta zama mace daya tilo daga yankin arewacin Najeriya da za a karba. Bayan ta shiga Navy, sai ta shiga Makarantar koyon aikin jinya inda ta samu takardar ta Midwifery. . A shekarar 1995, ta nemi digiri na biyu a Jami’ar Legas, amma ba a ba ta nasara ba saboda ba ta da sakamakon JAMB. Don haka, ta yi wa kanta rajista a wata makaranta, ta zauna wa JAMB, ta sami alamomin yanke haraji sannan aka ba ta takardar izinin karanta Dokar. Ta sami digiri na biyu a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki da Dokar Laifuka daga wannan Jami'ar a shekara ta 2004. A shekarar 2009 ta sami digirinta na biyu a fannin kula da harkokin Maritime ta Kasa daga Jami'ar da ke Malta 2009, a halin yanzu tana yin karatun ta na PHD<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thescoopng.com/2017/12/20/jamila-malafa-female-general/|title="A nurse with 3 law degrees": 5 facts about Nigeria's first female Northern general|first=Staff|last=Writer|date=December 20, 2017|access-date=May 18, 2020|archive-date=November 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130082017/https://thescoopng.com/2017/12/20/jamila-malafa-female-general/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tgnews.com.ng/2019/08/05/meet-adamawa-born-first-female-commodore-nigerian-navy-in-the-history-of-northern-nigeria-jamila-sadiq-malafa/|title=MEET ADAMAWA BORN FIRST FEMALE COMMODORE ( NIGERIAN NAVY) IN THE HISTORY OF NORTHERN NIGERIA, JAMILA SADIQ MALAFA &#124; TGNews: The General News around the world|access-date=2020-05-18|archive-date=2020-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727053519/https://www.tgnews.com.ng/2019/08/05/meet-adamawa-born-first-female-commodore-nigerian-navy-in-the-history-of-northern-nigeria-jamila-sadiq-malafa/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Aiki == Kamar yadda aka fada a sama, Tafiyarta zuwa cikin Navy ta fara ne yayin da take jiran shigar da ita cikin aikin reno. Bayan dukkan nasarorin da ta samu ta Ilimi sai ta zama lauya ta farko ta kowane jinsi daga kauyen ta. Bayan samun digiri na biyu a cikin Tsarin Mulki da Dokar Laifuka da Dokar Maritime ta Kasa daga [[ Jami'ar Legas|Jami'ar Legas]] a 2004 da kuma Jami'ar Maritime da ke Malta a 2009 bi da bi. Lokacin da ta dawo daga Malta, tana cikin wadanda aka zaba don zagayawa wasu jihohin Arewa wadanda suka hada da Sakkwato, Kebbi, Katsina, Zamfara da sauran manyan jihohin arewa don karfafawa mata matasa shiga harkar. Ta nemi taimakon Sarkin Musulmi da ofishin Kwamishinan Watsa Labarai kan goyon bayansu ga kokarin samar da 'ya'yan itace amma abin takaici hakan bai samu ba. Commodore Jamila Malafa, wacce a yanzu haka ta kasance Darakta a Navy Legal na Najeriya, ta rike matsayin Mataimakin Darakta Dangantaka tsakanin Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa (Dokar Taimakon) ta sa ta zama mai kula da sashin shari'a na Navy Nigeria a hedkwatar. Jamila Malafa, an yi masa ado ne a watan Disamba 2017 tare da matsayin Commodore, wanda yayi daidai da Birgediya Janar a Soja. Mataimakin shugaban kasa Yemi Osibanjo da shugaban siyasa da tsare-tsare, Rear Admiral Henry Babalola, wanda ya wakilci Babban Hafsan Hafsoshin Sojan Ruwa Admiral Ibok-Ette Ibas ya halarci bikin adon Commodore Malafa A shekarar 2018 don tunawa da ranar mata ta duniya, Rundunar Sojojin Najeriya tare da hadin gwiwar Royal Canadian Navy a Dakarun Naval Dockyard a Victoria Island sun shirya wani shirin ga wasu matasa mata wadanda ke cin gajiyar Action Health Incorporated mai taken "Marginalized Girls Initiative". An bai wa girlsan matan damar yin hulɗa tare da matan Kanada da na Najeriya cikin suttura; tare da burin zuga su don yin la'akari da damar a cikin filin da aka mallaka na maza. Wannan taron yana da nasaba da Manufofin mata na Kanada wanda ke neman habaka daidaito tsakanin mata da maza. Jamila Malafa na cikin wadanda suka ba da labarinta na sirri da gwagwarmaya game da yadda suka shiga Navy na Najeriya da kuma yadda suka cimma matsayinsu na nasara duk da matsalar da suke fuskanta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sidomexentertainment.com/life-style/first-female-northern-commodore-jamila-malafa/|title=First female northern Commodore, Jamila Malafa, decorated by the Nigerian Navy|date=December 19, 2017}}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://www.africanews.com/2017/12/21/nigeria-s-north-gets-first-female-navy-general-commodore-jamila-malafa/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://opera.news/ng/en/politics/47d9548b3b38801c2376c20b23764f6a?news_entry_id=se62474f200414en_ng |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2020-05-18 |archive-date=2024-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212050821/https://opera.news/ng/en/politics/47d9548b3b38801c2376c20b23764f6a?news_entry_id=se62474f200414en_ng |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/09/13/aisha-buhari-calls-for-eradication-of-gender-bias-in-military/|title=Aisha Buhari Calls for Eradication of Gender Bias in Military|date=September 13, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://neptuneprime.com.ng/2020/03/nigeria-first-northern-woman-general-commodore-jamila-abubakar-sadiq-malafa/|title=Nigeria’s First Northern Woman General, Commodore Jamila Abubakar Sadiq Malafa|first=Aisha|last=Rabo|date=March 8, 2020|access-date=May 18, 2020|archive-date=December 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202193726/https://neptuneprime.com.ng/2020/03/nigeria-first-northern-woman-general-commodore-jamila-abubakar-sadiq-malafa/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1965]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar Adamawa]] 9o1k5mn11f8jiym2apfu1a0mdy86hjw 0 14027 905931 718655 2026-08-22T05:14:03Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hakki''' sune ka'idoji [[doka]], zamantakewa, ko ka'idoji na [['Yanci]] ko haƙƙin; wato, haƙƙoƙi sune ka'idodin ƙa'idodi game da abin da aka ba da izini ga mutane ko kuma ya kamata ga mutane bisa ga wasu tsarin doka, yarjejeniyar zamantakewa, yo ƙa'idar ɗabi'a. Hakki muhimmiyar ra'ayi ce a cikin doka da ɗabi'a, musamman ka'idodin [[adalci]] da deontology. Tarihin rikice-Rikicin zamantakewa sau da yawa ya haɗa da ƙoƙari na bayyanawa da sake bayyana haƙƙoƙi. A cewar Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "yancin suna tsara nau'in gwamnatoci, abubuwan da ke cikin [[Doka|dokoki]], da kuma siffar ɗabi'a kamar yadda ake fahimta a halin yanzu". == Nau'o'in haƙƙoƙi == === Halitta da doka === [[Fayil:Brueghel_Jan_II_God_creating.jpg|alt=painting of dark gray skies with trees and water, and a human image, flying, with arms outstretched|right|thumb|Bisa ga wasu ra'ayoyi, wasu hakkoki sun samo asali ne daga alloli ko yanayi.]] * '''Hakkin halitta''' hakkoki ne waɗanda suke "na [[halitta]]" a ma'anar "ba na wucin gadi ba, ba na mutum ba", kamar yadda yake a cikin hakkoki da suka samo asali daga Yanayin ɗan adam ko daga umarnin allah. Su na duniya ne; wato, suna aiki ga dukkan mutane, kuma ba su fito ne daga dokokin kowane takamaiman al'umma ba. Dole ne su kasance, a nan a cikin kowane mutum, kuma ba za a iya cire su ba. Misali, an yi jayayya cewa mutane suna da ''<nowiki/>'[[RAYUWA|yancin rayuwa]]''.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/topics/c13jzr2m1mjt?page=2</ref> Wadannan wasu lokuta ana kiransu hakkoki na ɗabi'a ko hakkoki marasa izini. * '''Hakkin Shari'a''', akasin haka, sun dogara ne akan al'adun al'umma, [[Dokar|dokoki]], dokoki ko ayyukan majalisun dokoki. Misali na ''Hakkin doka'' shine haƙƙin jefa kuri'a na 'yan ƙasa. Kasancewa ɗan ƙasa, da kansa, galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin tushen samun haƙƙin doka, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "yancin samun haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙi". Hakkin shari'a Dangi lokacin ana kiransa haƙƙin jama'a ko haƙƙin doka kuma suna da alaƙa da al'adu da siyasa tunda sun dogara da takamaiman mahallin al'umma don samun ma'ana. Wasu masu tunani suna ganin haƙƙoƙi a ma'ana ɗaya kawai yayin da wasu suka yarda cewa duka hanyoyi biyu suna da ma'auni na inganci. An yi muhawara mai yawa game da waɗannan ma'anar a cikin tarihi. Alal misali, Jeremy Bentham ya yi imanin cewa haƙƙin doka shine ainihin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙoƙi, kuma ya musanta wanzuwar haƙƙin haƙƙi, yayin da [[Thomas Aquinas]] ya riƙe cewa haƙƙin da doka ta dace amma ba a kafa shi cikin dokar haƙƙin haƙƙa ba ne, amma kawai fuska ko ƙayyadaddun haƙƙin haƙki. === Da'awar da 'yanci === * H''A'' ''A''">da'awar haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙi ne wanda ke haifar da cewa wani mutum yana da aiki ga mai riƙe da haƙƙin. Wani dole ne ya yi ko ya guji yin wani a''B'' ga ko ga ''mai da'awar'', kamar yin hidima ko samar da samfurin a gare shi; wato, yana da'awar wannan sa''B'' ko samfurin (wani lokaci shine ''abu a cikin aiki''). <ref name="IEP">{{Cite web |title=Human Rights {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/hum-rts/ |access-date=2020-11-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin tunani, ana iya bayyana wannan ra'ayin kamar haka: "Mutumin A yana da da'awar cewa mutum B ya yi wani abu idan kuma kawai idan B yana da aikin A ya yi wannan abu. " Kowane da'awar-dama yana nufin cewa wani mai ɗaukar aiki dole ne ya yi wasu ayyuka don da'awar ta gamsu. Wannan aikin na iya zama yin aiki ko guje wa yin aiki. Misali, yankuna da yawa sun amince da haƙƙin da'awar abubuwa kamar "rayuwa, 'yanci, da dukiya"; waɗannan haƙƙoƙin suna ɗora wa wasu wajibai kada su kai hari ko hana mutum, ko amfani da dukiyarsu, ba tare da izinin mai da'awar ba. Hakazalika, a cikin hukunce-hukuncen da aka tabbatar da ayyukan jin dadin jama'a, 'yan ƙasa suna da' yancin da za a ba da waɗannan ayyukan. * H''A'' 'y''A'' ko ''gata'', akasin haka, 'yanci ne ko izini ga mai haƙƙin yin wani abu, kuma babu wani wajibai ga ''wasu'' jam'iyyun su yi ko a'a.<ref name="IEP" /> Ana iya bayyana wannan a cikin tunani kamar haka: "Mutum A yana da damar yin wani abu idan kuma kawai idan A ba shi da aikin kada ya yi wannan abu. " Misali, idan mutum yana da 'yancin' yancin shari'a ga' yancin magana, wannan kawai yana nufin cewa ba a haramta su yi magana da yardar rai ba: ba yana nufin cewa kowa ya taimaka wajen ba da damar yin magana, ko kuma ya saurari jawabin su; ko ma, da kansa, ya guje su daga yin magana, kodayake wasu hakkoki, kamar haƙƙin samun 'yanci daga kai musu hari, na iya hana su sosai. Hakkin 'yanci da' yancin da'awar sun saba da juna: mutum yana da' yanci wanda ke ba shi damar yin wani abu ne kawai idan babu wani mutum da ke da'awar da ke hana shi yin hakan. Hakazalika, idan mutum yana da'awar haƙƙin wani, to 'yancin wani yana da iyaka. Misali, mutum yana da 'yancin tafiya a kan titi kuma yana iya yanke shawara da yardar rai ko ya yi haka ko a'a, tunda babu wani wajibi ko dai ya yi haka yo kuma ya guji yin hakan. Amma masu tafiya na iya zama dole kada su yi tafiya a wasu ƙasashe, kamar dukiyar wasu mutane, wanda waɗancan sauran mutane ke da haƙƙin da'awar. Don haka 'yancin mutum na tafiya ya kai daidai har zuwa inda' yancin wani ya iyakance' yancinsa. === Kyakkyawan da mara kyau === A wata ma'ana, haƙƙi izini ne don yin wani abu ko haƙƙin takamaiman sabis ko magani daga wasu, kuma ana kiran waɗannan haƙƙoƙin haƙƙoƙi masu kyau. Koyaya, a wata ma'ana, haƙƙoƙi na iya ba da izini ko buƙatar rashin aiki, kuma ana kiran waɗannan haƙƙoƙin da ba daidai ba; suna ba da izinin ko buƙatar yin komai. Misali, a wasu ƙasashe, misali [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], 'yan ƙasa suna da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a kuma suna da haƙƙoƙin ƙin ƙin jefa kuri'u; mutane na iya zaɓar ƙin jefa jefa kuri' a cikin zaɓen da aka ba su ba tare da hukunci ba. A wasu ƙasashe, misali [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], duk da haka, 'yan ƙasa suna da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a amma ba su da haƙƙin ƙyama na kada jefa kuri'u, tunda jefa kuri'aa tilas ne. Saboda haka: * '''Hakki masu kyau''' shine izinin yin abubuwa, ko kuma haƙƙin da za a yi wa. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai na haƙƙin kirki shine "yancin jin dadin".<ref name="tws21decgkfjf" /> * '''Hakki mara kyau''' shine izinin kada a yi abubuwa, ko kuma haƙƙin da za a bar shi kadai. Sau da yawa masu sassaucin ra'ayi suna kiran bambancin waɗanda ke tunanin haƙƙin da ba shi da kyau a matsayin haƙƙin da ya dace da rashin tsoma baki kamar haƙƙin da aka yi wa hari. Kodayake ana kiranta da irin wannan sunan, bai kamata a rikita haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da marasa kyau da haƙƙoƙin aiki ba (wanda ya haɗa da "birni" da "ikon") da haƙƙoƙin da ba a yarda da su ba (wanda ke haɗa da "ƙwarewa" da "rashin lafiya"). === Mutum da rukuni === * '''Hakkin mutum''' hakkoki ne da mutane ke riƙewa ba tare da la'akari da membobin rukuni ba ko rashin su. [[Fayil:Malian_Soldiers.jpg|alt=Soldiers lined up in a row, with green caps, carrying rifles|right|thumb|Shin kungiyoyi suna da 'yanci? Wasu suna jayayya cewa lokacin da sojoji suka haɗu a yaƙi, ƙungiyar ta zama kamar kwayar halitta a kanta kuma tana da haƙƙoƙin da suka fi haƙƙin kowane soja.]] * '''Group rights''', including the rights of nations, have been argued to exist when a group is seen as more than a mere composite or assembly of separate individuals but an entity in its own right. In other words, it is possible to see a group as a distinct being in and of itself; it is akin to an enlarged individual, a corporate body, which has a distinct will and power of action and can be thought of as having ''rights''. Rights of nations, including a national [[Ƙaddamar da kai|right to self-determination]] have been argued for, and a platoon of soldiers in combat can be thought of as a distinct group, since individual members are willing to risk their lives for the survival of the group, and therefore the group can be conceived as having a "right" which is superior to that of any individual member; for example, a soldier who disobeys an officer can be punished, perhaps even killed, for a breach of obedience. But there is another sense of group rights in which people who are members of a group can be thought of as having specific individual rights because of their membership in a group. In this sense, the set of rights which individuals-as-group-members have is expanded because of their membership in a group. For example, workers who are members of a group such as a labor union can be thought of as having expanded individual rights because of their membership in the labor union, such as the rights to specific working conditions or wages.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> There can be tension between individual and group rights. A classic instance in which group and individual rights clash is conflicts between unions and their members. For example, individual members of a union may wish a wage higher than the union-negotiated wage, but are prevented from making further requests; in a so-called closed shop which has a union security agreement, only the union has a ''right'' to decide matters for the individual union members such as wage rates. So, do the supposed "individual rights" of the workers prevail about the proper wage? Or do the "group rights" of the union regarding the proper wage prevail?{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The Austrian School of Economics holds that only individuals think, feel, and act whether or not members of any abstract group. The society should thus according to economists of the school be analyzed starting from the individual. This methodology is called methodological individualism and is used by the economists to justify [[Haƙƙoƙin Ƙungiya Da Ɗaiɗaikun Mutane|individual rights]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Similarly, the author [[Ayn Rand]] argued that only individuals have rights, according to her philosophy known as Objectivism. However, others have argued that there are situations in which a group of persons is thought to have rights, or ''group rights''. === Sauran hankula === Sauran bambance-bambance tsakanin haƙƙoƙi sun fi dacewa da haɗin tarihi ko kamanceceniya ta iyali fiye da ainihin bambance-mbance na falsafa. Wadannan sun hada da bambanci tsakanin 'yancin farar hula da na siyasa da' yancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, tsakanin abin da ake rarraba sassan Universal Declaration of Human Rights sau da yawa. Wani ra'ayi na haƙƙin ya haɗa su cikin ƙarni uku. Wadannan bambance-bambance suna da alaƙa da wannan tsakanin haƙƙoƙi marasa kyau da masu kyau, da kuma tsakanin haƙƙoƙin mutum da haƙƙoƙcin rukuni, amma waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ba su da cikakkiyar haɗin kai. === Siyasa === [[Fayil:Man_being_arrested.jpg|alt=three police officers surround a man in a tee shirt who is handcuffed|right|thumb|Ana buƙatar jami'an 'yan sanda a Amurka su karanta gargadi na Miranda tsakanin kamawa da fara tambayoyi. Gargaɗin ya sanar da mutumin da aka kama cewa suna da haƙƙoƙin da aka haɗa a cikin Kwaskwarimar Biyar. Rashin "karanta Miranda" ya hana shaidar da aka samu da farko a cikin tambayoyin.]] [[Fayil:Occupy4Prisoners_Feb-20-2012_0081.jpg|right|thumb|Mai fafutukar kare hakkin fursunoni]] Yawancin lokaci ana haɗa haƙƙoƙin cikin tambayoyin tushe waɗanda aka tsara gwamnatoci da siyasa don magance su.  Sau da yawa ci gaban waɗannan cibiyoyin zamantakewa da siyasa sun ƙulla dangantaka ta yare da haƙƙoƙi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Hakkoki game da batutuwa na musamman, ko haƙƙin ƙungiyoyi na musamman, galibi wuraren da ke da damuwa na musamman.  Sau da yawa waɗannan damuwa suna tasowa ne lokacin da haƙƙoƙin suka yi karo da wasu batutuwa na shari'a ko na ɗabi'a, wani lokacin ma wasu haƙƙoƙi.  Abubuwan da ke damun su a tarihi sun haɗa da haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar, haƙƙin ƙwadago, haƙƙin LGBTQ, haƙƙin haifuwa, haƙƙin nakasa, haƙƙin haƙuri da haƙƙin fursunoni.  Tare da karuwar sa ido da jama'ar bayanai, haƙƙoƙin bayanai, kamar haƙƙin keɓantawa suna zama mafi mahimmanci.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Wasu misalai na kungiyoyin da hakkinsu ke da damuwa sun hada da Dabbobi, kuma tsakanin [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|mutane]], kungiyoyi kamar [[Haƙƙoƙin yara|yara]] <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="430" href="./Mothers'_rights" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mothers' rights">uwaye\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Human Rights Watch says migrant children are at risk in Canary Islands\"<nowiki></a></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAjI\">The New York Times</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAjM\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAjQ\">2009-12-21</span></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki>. <nowiki><q id=\"mwAjU\">They must immediately come up with a plan to close these centers,\" Simone Troller, author of the report and a children's rights researcher for Human Rights Watch in Europe, said in a telephone interview. \"While these centers continue to exist, we believe children continue to be at risk.</q></nowiki><nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-tws21decfsxsxd_8-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Rights#cite_note-tws21decfsxsxd-8 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> da [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|mata]], [[Yunkurin kare hakkin iyaye|Iyaye]] (mahaifiye da iyaye), da [[Kungiyar kare hakkin maza|maza]] da mata. Don haka, siyasa tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka ko kuma fahimtar haƙƙoƙin da ke sama, kuma tattaunawa game da ɗabi<nowiki>'un da aka haɗa a matsayin ''haƙƙi''</nowiki> batu ne na siyasa mai ci gaba mai mahimmanci.  Manufar haƙƙin ya bambanta da yanayin siyasa.  Haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin an fi ƙarfafa su sau da yawa.".{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Further, the term ''equality'' which is often bound up with the meaning of "rights" often depends on one's political orientation. [[Conservatism|Conservatives]] and right-wing libertarians and advocates of free markets often identify equality with equality of opportunity, and want what they perceive as equal and fair rules in the process of making things, while agreeing that sometimes these fair rules lead to unequal outcomes. In contrast, socialists see the power imbalance of employer-employee relationships in capitalism as a cause of inequality and often see unequal outcomes as a hindrance to equality of opportunity. They tend to identify equality of outcome as a sign of equality and therefore think that people have a right to portions of necessities such as [[Kula da lafiya|health care]] or economic assistance or [[Gida|housing]] that align with their needs. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="A blog post is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (February 2024)">better&nbsp;source&nbsp;needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Falsafa == A cikin [[Falsafa|falsafar]], Meta-da'a ita ce reshe na ɗabi'a wanda ke neman fahimtar yanayin ɗabi'ar ɗabi'u, maganganu, halayen, da hukunce-hukunce. Meta-ethics yana daya daga cikin rassa uku na ɗabi'a da [[Falsafa|masana falsafa]] suka gane, sauran su ne ɗabi'ar ka'idoji da ɗabi'an da aka yi amfani da shi. Duk da yake ka'idojin ka'idoji suna magance irin waɗannan tambayoyin kamar "Me ya kamata mutum ya yi?", don haka yana amincewa da wasu kimantawa na ka'idozi da ƙin wasu, meta-ethics yana magance tambayoyin kamar su "Mene ne nagarta?" da kuma "Ta yaya za mu iya gaya wa abin da ke da kyau daga menene mugunta?", neman fahimtar yanayin kaddarorin ka'idofi da kimantawa. Ka'idojin haƙƙoƙi amsar tambaya ce ta meta-da'a game da abin da ka'idojin ka'idoji ke damuwa da shi (meta-da'idoji kuma sun haɗa da ƙungiyar tambayoyi game da yadda ka'idozi suka zama sanannun, gaskiya, da dai sauransu wanda ba a magance shi kai tsaye ta hanyar ka'idocin haƙƙo'i ba). Ka'idojin haƙƙoƙi suna riƙe da cewa ka'idojin ka'idoji sun damu da haƙƙofo. Sauran ra'ayoyin meta-da'a sune cewa ɗabi'a ta damu da ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan: * Ayyuka (da'aikatar) * Darajar (axiology) * Kyakkyawan dabi'a * Sakamakon (consequentialism, misali utilitarianism) Ka'idojin haƙƙin mallaka sun yi tasiri sosai a kan tunanin siyasa da zamantakewa. Sanarwar Universal Declaration of Human Rights ta ba da wasu misalai na haƙƙin da aka yarda da shi. === Rashin amincewa === Some philosophers have criticised some rights as [[Ontology|ontologically]] dubious entities.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Magna_Carta_(British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106).jpg|right|thumb|''Magna Carta'' ko "The Great Charter" yana ɗaya daga cikin takardun farko na Ingila waɗanda ke ɗauke da alkawuran da sarki ya yi wa mutanensa don mutunta wasu haƙƙoƙin doka. Ya rage ikon sarki.]] [[Fayil:Declaration_of_Human_Rights.jpg|alt=Picture of a painting; the painting is of a written declaration; there are two human images to the left and right; it says "Declaration des droits de l'homme" (declaration of the rights of man)|right|thumb|Sanarwar 'Yancin Mutum da na Dan kasa a cikin 1789 a [[Faransa]]]] Takamaiman lissafin haƙƙoƙi ya bambanta sosai a lokuta daban-daban na tarihi. A lokuta da yawa, tsarin haƙƙin da wata kungiya ta gabatar ya shiga cikin rikici mai tsanani da na wasu kungiyoyi. A fannin siyasa, wurin da haƙƙoƙi suka kasance muhimmiyar matsala a tarihi, tanadin kundin tsarin mulki na jihohi daban-daban wani lokacin suna magance tambayar wanda ke da haƙƙin doka. A tarihi, ra'ayoyi da yawa na haƙƙoƙi sun kasance masu iko da Matsayi, tare da mutane daban-daban da aka ba su haƙƙofo daban-daban, kuma wasu suna da haƙƙoƙe fiye da wasu. Misali, haƙƙin uba da ɗansa ya girmama shi bai nuna haƙƙin ɗa ya karɓi wani abu ba don dawo da wannan girmamawa; kuma [[Divine right of kings|Hakkin allahntaka na sarakuna]], wanda ya ba da izinin cikakken iko a kan talakawa, bai bar yiwuwar haƙƙoƙi da yawa ga talakawa da kansu ba. Sabanin haka, ra'ayoyin zamani na haƙƙoƙi galibi suna jaddada [['yanci]] da [[Daidaitawa|daidaito]] a cikin mahimman al'amuran haƙƙofofi, kamar yadda ya bayyana a cikin juyin juya halin Amurka da Faransa. Muhimman takardu a cikin Tarihin siyasa na haƙƙoƙi sun haɗa da: * The [[Daular Achaemenid|Persian Empire]] of [[Tarihin Iran|ancient Iran]] established unprecedented principles of [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|human rights]] in the 6th century BC under [[Cyrus the Great]]. After his conquest of Babylon in 539 BC, the king issued the Cyrus cylinder, discovered in 1879 and seen by some today as the first human rights document.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The First Global Statement of the Inherent Dignity and Equality |url=https://www.un.org/events/humanrights/2008/history.shtml |access-date=2010-09-13 |publisher=United Nations |ref=UN-HumanRightsDay}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last3=Paul Gordon Lauren}}</ref> * The Constitution of Medina (622 AD; Arabia) instituted a number of rights for the Muslim, Jewish, camp followers and "believers" of Medina. * ''Magna Carta'' (1215; [[Ingila|England]]) required the King of England to renounce certain rights and respect certain legal procedures, and to accept that the will of the king could be bound by law, after King John promised his barons he would follow the "law of the land". While ''Magna Carta'' was originally a set of rules that the king had to follow, and mainly protected the property of aristocratic landowners, today it is seen as the basis of certain rights for ordinary people, such as the right of due process. * The Declaration of Arbroath (1320; [[Scotland]]) established the right of the people to choose a head of state (see popular sovereignty). * The Henrician Articles (1573; Poland-Lithuania) or King Henry's Articles were a permanent contract that stated the fundamental principles of governance and constitutional law in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, including the rights of the nobility to elect the king, to meet in parliament whose approval was required to levy taxes and declare war or peace, to religious liberty and the right to rebel in case the king transgressed against the laws of the republic or the rights of the nobility. * The Bill of Rights (1689; England) declared that Englishmen, as embodied by Parliament, possess certain civil and political rights; the Claim of Right (1689; Scotland) was similar but distinct. * The Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776) by George Mason declared the inherent natural rights and [[Rarabewar iko|separation of powers]]. * The United States Declaration of Independence (1776) succinctly defined the rights of man as including, but not limited to, "Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" which later influenced "{{Lang|fr|[[liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" (liberty, equality, fraternity) in France.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Rand Dyck}}</ref> The phrase can also be found in Chapter III, Article 13 of the 1947 Constitution of Japan,<ref>{{Cite web |title=1947 Japanese Constitution |url=http://history.hanover.edu/texts/1947con.html |website=Hanover Historical Texts Collection |publisher=Hanover College History Department}}</ref>  and in President Ho Chi Minh's 1945 declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vietnamese Declaration of Independence, 1945 |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1945vietnam.html |website=Internet History Sourcebooks Project}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (February 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> An alternative phrase "life, liberty and property", is found in the Declaration of Colonial Rights, a resolution of the First Continental Congress. Also, Article 3 of the [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] reads, "Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person". * The [[Bayanin haƙƙoƙin dan adam da na jama'a|Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]] (1789; France), one of the fundamental documents of the French Revolution, defined a set of individual rights and collective rights of the people. * The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1785; United States), written by [[Thomas Jefferson]] in 1779, was a document that asserted the right of man to form a personal relationship with God free from interference by the state. * The United States Bill of Rights (1789–1791; United States), the first ten amendments of the United States Constitution specified rights of individuals in which government could not interfere, including the rights of free assembly, freedom of religion, trial by jury, and the right to keep and bear arms. * The Constitution of Poland-Lithuania (1791; Poland-Lithuania) was the first constitution in Europe, and second in the world. It built upon previous Polish law documents such as the Henrician Articles, as well as the US [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|constitution]], and it too, specified many rights. * The [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] (1948) is an overarching set of standards by which governments, organisations and individuals would measure their behaviour towards each other.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2013}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The preamble declares that the "...recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of [[Ƴancin siyasa|freedom]], [[Adalci|justice]] and peace in the world..." * The [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|European Convention on Human Rights]] (1950; Europe) was adopted under the auspices of the Council of Europe to protect [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|human rights]] and fundamental freedoms. * The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), a follow-up to the [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], concerns [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|civil and political rights]]. * The [[Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]] (1966), another follow-up to the [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], concerns [[Hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|economic, social and cultural rights]]. * The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982; Canada) was created to protect the rights of Canadian citizens from actions and policies of all levels of government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-12 |title=Learn about the Charter |url=https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/csj-sjc/rfc-dlc/ccrf-ccdl/learn-apprend.html |access-date=2019-02-02 |website=Canada's System of Justice |publisher=Department of Justice Canada}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (February 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> * The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2000) is one of the most recent proposed legal instruments concerning human rights. == Dubi kuma == * Bayanan haƙƙoƙi  '''Ƙungiyoyi:''' * [[Amnesty International]] * [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Mai kula da 'yancin Dan Adam]] * Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta Amurka [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] snyjvrwz3aohugnz957nrtcxesl0uve 905932 905931 2026-08-22T05:14:39Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hakki''' sune ka'idoji [[doka]], zamantakewa, ko ka'idoji na [['Yanci]] ko haƙƙin; wato, haƙƙoƙi sune ka'idodin ƙa'idodi game da abin da aka ba da izini ga mutane ko kuma ya kamata ga mutane bisa ga wasu tsarin doka, yarjejeniyar zamantakewa, yo ƙa'idar ɗabi'a. Hakki muhimmiyar ra'ayi ce a cikin doka da ɗabi'a, musamman ka'idodin [[adalci]] da deontology. Tarihin rikice-Rikicin zamantakewa sau da yawa ya haɗa da ƙoƙari na bayyanawa da sake bayyana haƙƙoƙi. A cewar Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "yancin suna tsara nau'in gwamnatoci, abubuwan da ke cikin [[Doka|dokoki]], da kuma siffar ɗabi'a kamar yadda ake fahimta a halin yanzu". == Nau'o'in haƙƙoƙi == === Halitta da doka === [[Fayil:Brueghel_Jan_II_God_creating.jpg|alt=painting of dark gray skies with trees and water, and a human image, flying, with arms outstretched|right|thumb|Bisa ga wasu ra'ayoyi, wasu haƙƙoƙi sun samo asali ne daga alloli ko yanayi.]] * '''Hakkin halitta''' hakkoki ne waɗanda suke "na [[halitta]]" a ma'anar "ba na wucin gadi ba, ba na mutum ba", kamar yadda yake a cikin hakkoki da suka samo asali daga Yanayin ɗan adam ko daga umarnin allah. Su na duniya ne; wato, suna aiki ga dukkan mutane, kuma ba su fito ne daga dokokin kowane takamaiman al'umma ba. Dole ne su kasance, a nan a cikin kowane mutum, kuma ba za a iya cire su ba. Misali, an yi jayayya cewa mutane suna da ''<nowiki/>'[[RAYUWA|yancin rayuwa]]''.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/topics/c13jzr2m1mjt?page=2</ref> Wadannan wasu lokuta ana kiransu hakkoki na ɗabi'a ko hakkoki marasa izini. * '''Hakkin Shari'a''', akasin haka, sun dogara ne akan al'adun al'umma, [[Dokar|dokoki]], dokoki ko ayyukan majalisun dokoki. Misali na ''Hakkin doka'' shine haƙƙin jefa kuri'a na 'yan ƙasa. Kasancewa ɗan ƙasa, da kansa, galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin tushen samun haƙƙin doka, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "yancin samun haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙi". Hakkin shari'a Dangi lokacin ana kiransa haƙƙin jama'a ko haƙƙin doka kuma suna da alaƙa da al'adu da siyasa tunda sun dogara da takamaiman mahallin al'umma don samun ma'ana. Wasu masu tunani suna ganin haƙƙoƙi a ma'ana ɗaya kawai yayin da wasu suka yarda cewa duka hanyoyi biyu suna da ma'auni na inganci. An yi muhawara mai yawa game da waɗannan ma'anar a cikin tarihi. Alal misali, Jeremy Bentham ya yi imanin cewa haƙƙin doka shine ainihin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙoƙi, kuma ya musanta wanzuwar haƙƙin haƙƙi, yayin da [[Thomas Aquinas]] ya riƙe cewa haƙƙin da doka ta dace amma ba a kafa shi cikin dokar haƙƙin haƙƙa ba ne, amma kawai fuska ko ƙayyadaddun haƙƙin haƙki. === Da'awar da 'yanci === * H''A'' ''A''">da'awar haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙi ne wanda ke haifar da cewa wani mutum yana da aiki ga mai riƙe da haƙƙin. Wani dole ne ya yi ko ya guji yin wani a''B'' ga ko ga ''mai da'awar'', kamar yin hidima ko samar da samfurin a gare shi; wato, yana da'awar wannan sa''B'' ko samfurin (wani lokaci shine ''abu a cikin aiki''). <ref name="IEP">{{Cite web |title=Human Rights {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/hum-rts/ |access-date=2020-11-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin tunani, ana iya bayyana wannan ra'ayin kamar haka: "Mutumin A yana da da'awar cewa mutum B ya yi wani abu idan kuma kawai idan B yana da aikin A ya yi wannan abu. " Kowane da'awar-dama yana nufin cewa wani mai ɗaukar aiki dole ne ya yi wasu ayyuka don da'awar ta gamsu. Wannan aikin na iya zama yin aiki ko guje wa yin aiki. Misali, yankuna da yawa sun amince da haƙƙin da'awar abubuwa kamar "rayuwa, 'yanci, da dukiya"; waɗannan haƙƙoƙin suna ɗora wa wasu wajibai kada su kai hari ko hana mutum, ko amfani da dukiyarsu, ba tare da izinin mai da'awar ba. Hakazalika, a cikin hukunce-hukuncen da aka tabbatar da ayyukan jin dadin jama'a, 'yan ƙasa suna da' yancin da za a ba da waɗannan ayyukan. * H''A'' 'y''A'' ko ''gata'', akasin haka, 'yanci ne ko izini ga mai haƙƙin yin wani abu, kuma babu wani wajibai ga ''wasu'' jam'iyyun su yi ko a'a.<ref name="IEP" /> Ana iya bayyana wannan a cikin tunani kamar haka: "Mutum A yana da damar yin wani abu idan kuma kawai idan A ba shi da aikin kada ya yi wannan abu. " Misali, idan mutum yana da 'yancin' yancin shari'a ga' yancin magana, wannan kawai yana nufin cewa ba a haramta su yi magana da yardar rai ba: ba yana nufin cewa kowa ya taimaka wajen ba da damar yin magana, ko kuma ya saurari jawabin su; ko ma, da kansa, ya guje su daga yin magana, kodayake wasu hakkoki, kamar haƙƙin samun 'yanci daga kai musu hari, na iya hana su sosai. Hakkin 'yanci da' yancin da'awar sun saba da juna: mutum yana da' yanci wanda ke ba shi damar yin wani abu ne kawai idan babu wani mutum da ke da'awar da ke hana shi yin hakan. Hakazalika, idan mutum yana da'awar haƙƙin wani, to 'yancin wani yana da iyaka. Misali, mutum yana da 'yancin tafiya a kan titi kuma yana iya yanke shawara da yardar rai ko ya yi haka ko a'a, tunda babu wani wajibi ko dai ya yi haka yo kuma ya guji yin hakan. Amma masu tafiya na iya zama dole kada su yi tafiya a wasu ƙasashe, kamar dukiyar wasu mutane, wanda waɗancan sauran mutane ke da haƙƙin da'awar. Don haka 'yancin mutum na tafiya ya kai daidai har zuwa inda' yancin wani ya iyakance' yancinsa. === Kyakkyawan da mara kyau === A wata ma'ana, haƙƙi izini ne don yin wani abu ko haƙƙin takamaiman sabis ko magani daga wasu, kuma ana kiran waɗannan haƙƙoƙin haƙƙoƙi masu kyau. Koyaya, a wata ma'ana, haƙƙoƙi na iya ba da izini ko buƙatar rashin aiki, kuma ana kiran waɗannan haƙƙoƙin da ba daidai ba; suna ba da izinin ko buƙatar yin komai. Misali, a wasu ƙasashe, misali [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], 'yan ƙasa suna da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a kuma suna da haƙƙoƙin ƙin ƙin jefa kuri'u; mutane na iya zaɓar ƙin jefa jefa kuri' a cikin zaɓen da aka ba su ba tare da hukunci ba. A wasu ƙasashe, misali [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], duk da haka, 'yan ƙasa suna da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a amma ba su da haƙƙin ƙyama na kada jefa kuri'u, tunda jefa kuri'aa tilas ne. Saboda haka: * '''Hakki masu kyau''' shine izinin yin abubuwa, ko kuma haƙƙin da za a yi wa. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai na haƙƙin kirki shine "yancin jin dadin".<ref name="tws21decgkfjf" /> * '''Hakki mara kyau''' shine izinin kada a yi abubuwa, ko kuma haƙƙin da za a bar shi kadai. Sau da yawa masu sassaucin ra'ayi suna kiran bambancin waɗanda ke tunanin haƙƙin da ba shi da kyau a matsayin haƙƙin da ya dace da rashin tsoma baki kamar haƙƙin da aka yi wa hari. Kodayake ana kiranta da irin wannan sunan, bai kamata a rikita haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da marasa kyau da haƙƙoƙin aiki ba (wanda ya haɗa da "birni" da "ikon") da haƙƙoƙin da ba a yarda da su ba (wanda ke haɗa da "ƙwarewa" da "rashin lafiya"). === Mutum da rukuni === * '''Hakkin mutum''' hakkoki ne da mutane ke riƙewa ba tare da la'akari da membobin rukuni ba ko rashin su. [[Fayil:Malian_Soldiers.jpg|alt=Soldiers lined up in a row, with green caps, carrying rifles|right|thumb|Shin kungiyoyi suna da 'yanci? Wasu suna jayayya cewa lokacin da sojoji suka haɗu a yaƙi, ƙungiyar ta zama kamar kwayar halitta a kanta kuma tana da haƙƙoƙin da suka fi haƙƙin kowane soja.]] * '''Group rights''', including the rights of nations, have been argued to exist when a group is seen as more than a mere composite or assembly of separate individuals but an entity in its own right. In other words, it is possible to see a group as a distinct being in and of itself; it is akin to an enlarged individual, a corporate body, which has a distinct will and power of action and can be thought of as having ''rights''. Rights of nations, including a national [[Ƙaddamar da kai|right to self-determination]] have been argued for, and a platoon of soldiers in combat can be thought of as a distinct group, since individual members are willing to risk their lives for the survival of the group, and therefore the group can be conceived as having a "right" which is superior to that of any individual member; for example, a soldier who disobeys an officer can be punished, perhaps even killed, for a breach of obedience. But there is another sense of group rights in which people who are members of a group can be thought of as having specific individual rights because of their membership in a group. In this sense, the set of rights which individuals-as-group-members have is expanded because of their membership in a group. For example, workers who are members of a group such as a labor union can be thought of as having expanded individual rights because of their membership in the labor union, such as the rights to specific working conditions or wages.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> There can be tension between individual and group rights. A classic instance in which group and individual rights clash is conflicts between unions and their members. For example, individual members of a union may wish a wage higher than the union-negotiated wage, but are prevented from making further requests; in a so-called closed shop which has a union security agreement, only the union has a ''right'' to decide matters for the individual union members such as wage rates. So, do the supposed "individual rights" of the workers prevail about the proper wage? Or do the "group rights" of the union regarding the proper wage prevail?{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The Austrian School of Economics holds that only individuals think, feel, and act whether or not members of any abstract group. The society should thus according to economists of the school be analyzed starting from the individual. This methodology is called methodological individualism and is used by the economists to justify [[Haƙƙoƙin Ƙungiya Da Ɗaiɗaikun Mutane|individual rights]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Similarly, the author [[Ayn Rand]] argued that only individuals have rights, according to her philosophy known as Objectivism. However, others have argued that there are situations in which a group of persons is thought to have rights, or ''group rights''. === Sauran hankula === Sauran bambance-bambance tsakanin haƙƙoƙi sun fi dacewa da haɗin tarihi ko kamanceceniya ta iyali fiye da ainihin bambance-mbance na falsafa. Wadannan sun hada da bambanci tsakanin 'yancin farar hula da na siyasa da' yancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, tsakanin abin da ake rarraba sassan Universal Declaration of Human Rights sau da yawa. Wani ra'ayi na haƙƙin ya haɗa su cikin ƙarni uku. Wadannan bambance-bambance suna da alaƙa da wannan tsakanin haƙƙoƙi marasa kyau da masu kyau, da kuma tsakanin haƙƙoƙin mutum da haƙƙoƙcin rukuni, amma waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ba su da cikakkiyar haɗin kai. === Siyasa === [[Fayil:Man_being_arrested.jpg|alt=three police officers surround a man in a tee shirt who is handcuffed|right|thumb|Ana buƙatar jami'an 'yan sanda a Amurka su karanta gargadi na Miranda tsakanin kamawa da fara tambayoyi. Gargaɗin ya sanar da mutumin da aka kama cewa suna da haƙƙoƙin da aka haɗa a cikin Kwaskwarimar Biyar. Rashin "karanta Miranda" ya hana shaidar da aka samu da farko a cikin tambayoyin.]] [[Fayil:Occupy4Prisoners_Feb-20-2012_0081.jpg|right|thumb|Mai fafutukar kare hakkin fursunoni]] Yawancin lokaci ana haɗa haƙƙoƙin cikin tambayoyin tushe waɗanda aka tsara gwamnatoci da siyasa don magance su.  Sau da yawa ci gaban waɗannan cibiyoyin zamantakewa da siyasa sun ƙulla dangantaka ta yare da haƙƙoƙi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Hakkoki game da batutuwa na musamman, ko haƙƙin ƙungiyoyi na musamman, galibi wuraren da ke da damuwa na musamman.  Sau da yawa waɗannan damuwa suna tasowa ne lokacin da haƙƙoƙin suka yi karo da wasu batutuwa na shari'a ko na ɗabi'a, wani lokacin ma wasu haƙƙoƙi.  Abubuwan da ke damun su a tarihi sun haɗa da haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar, haƙƙin ƙwadago, haƙƙin LGBTQ, haƙƙin haifuwa, haƙƙin nakasa, haƙƙin haƙuri da haƙƙin fursunoni.  Tare da karuwar sa ido da jama'ar bayanai, haƙƙoƙin bayanai, kamar haƙƙin keɓantawa suna zama mafi mahimmanci.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Wasu misalai na kungiyoyin da hakkinsu ke da damuwa sun hada da Dabbobi, kuma tsakanin [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|mutane]], kungiyoyi kamar [[Haƙƙoƙin yara|yara]] <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="430" href="./Mothers'_rights" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mothers' rights">uwaye\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Human Rights Watch says migrant children are at risk in Canary Islands\"<nowiki></a></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAjI\">The New York Times</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAjM\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAjQ\">2009-12-21</span></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki>. <nowiki><q id=\"mwAjU\">They must immediately come up with a plan to close these centers,\" Simone Troller, author of the report and a children's rights researcher for Human Rights Watch in Europe, said in a telephone interview. \"While these centers continue to exist, we believe children continue to be at risk.</q></nowiki><nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-tws21decfsxsxd_8-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Rights#cite_note-tws21decfsxsxd-8 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> da [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|mata]], [[Yunkurin kare hakkin iyaye|Iyaye]] (mahaifiye da iyaye), da [[Kungiyar kare hakkin maza|maza]] da mata. Don haka, siyasa tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka ko kuma fahimtar haƙƙoƙin da ke sama, kuma tattaunawa game da ɗabi<nowiki>'un da aka haɗa a matsayin ''haƙƙi''</nowiki> batu ne na siyasa mai ci gaba mai mahimmanci.  Manufar haƙƙin ya bambanta da yanayin siyasa.  Haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin an fi ƙarfafa su sau da yawa.".{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Further, the term ''equality'' which is often bound up with the meaning of "rights" often depends on one's political orientation. [[Conservatism|Conservatives]] and right-wing libertarians and advocates of free markets often identify equality with equality of opportunity, and want what they perceive as equal and fair rules in the process of making things, while agreeing that sometimes these fair rules lead to unequal outcomes. In contrast, socialists see the power imbalance of employer-employee relationships in capitalism as a cause of inequality and often see unequal outcomes as a hindrance to equality of opportunity. They tend to identify equality of outcome as a sign of equality and therefore think that people have a right to portions of necessities such as [[Kula da lafiya|health care]] or economic assistance or [[Gida|housing]] that align with their needs. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="A blog post is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (February 2024)">better&nbsp;source&nbsp;needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Falsafa == A cikin [[Falsafa|falsafar]], Meta-da'a ita ce reshe na ɗabi'a wanda ke neman fahimtar yanayin ɗabi'ar ɗabi'u, maganganu, halayen, da hukunce-hukunce. Meta-ethics yana daya daga cikin rassa uku na ɗabi'a da [[Falsafa|masana falsafa]] suka gane, sauran su ne ɗabi'ar ka'idoji da ɗabi'an da aka yi amfani da shi. Duk da yake ka'idojin ka'idoji suna magance irin waɗannan tambayoyin kamar "Me ya kamata mutum ya yi?", don haka yana amincewa da wasu kimantawa na ka'idozi da ƙin wasu, meta-ethics yana magance tambayoyin kamar su "Mene ne nagarta?" da kuma "Ta yaya za mu iya gaya wa abin da ke da kyau daga menene mugunta?", neman fahimtar yanayin kaddarorin ka'idofi da kimantawa. Ka'idojin haƙƙoƙi amsar tambaya ce ta meta-da'a game da abin da ka'idojin ka'idoji ke damuwa da shi (meta-da'idoji kuma sun haɗa da ƙungiyar tambayoyi game da yadda ka'idozi suka zama sanannun, gaskiya, da dai sauransu wanda ba a magance shi kai tsaye ta hanyar ka'idocin haƙƙo'i ba). Ka'idojin haƙƙoƙi suna riƙe da cewa ka'idojin ka'idoji sun damu da haƙƙofo. Sauran ra'ayoyin meta-da'a sune cewa ɗabi'a ta damu da ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan: * Ayyuka (da'aikatar) * Darajar (axiology) * Kyakkyawan dabi'a * Sakamakon (consequentialism, misali utilitarianism) Ka'idojin haƙƙin mallaka sun yi tasiri sosai a kan tunanin siyasa da zamantakewa. Sanarwar Universal Declaration of Human Rights ta ba da wasu misalai na haƙƙin da aka yarda da shi. === Rashin amincewa === Some philosophers have criticised some rights as [[Ontology|ontologically]] dubious entities.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Magna_Carta_(British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106).jpg|right|thumb|''Magna Carta'' ko "The Great Charter" yana ɗaya daga cikin takardun farko na Ingila waɗanda ke ɗauke da alkawuran da sarki ya yi wa mutanensa don mutunta wasu haƙƙoƙin doka. Ya rage ikon sarki.]] [[Fayil:Declaration_of_Human_Rights.jpg|alt=Picture of a painting; the painting is of a written declaration; there are two human images to the left and right; it says "Declaration des droits de l'homme" (declaration of the rights of man)|right|thumb|Sanarwar 'Yancin Mutum da na Dan kasa a cikin 1789 a [[Faransa]]]] Takamaiman lissafin haƙƙoƙi ya bambanta sosai a lokuta daban-daban na tarihi. A lokuta da yawa, tsarin haƙƙin da wata kungiya ta gabatar ya shiga cikin rikici mai tsanani da na wasu kungiyoyi. A fannin siyasa, wurin da haƙƙoƙi suka kasance muhimmiyar matsala a tarihi, tanadin kundin tsarin mulki na jihohi daban-daban wani lokacin suna magance tambayar wanda ke da haƙƙin doka. A tarihi, ra'ayoyi da yawa na haƙƙoƙi sun kasance masu iko da Matsayi, tare da mutane daban-daban da aka ba su haƙƙofo daban-daban, kuma wasu suna da haƙƙoƙe fiye da wasu. Misali, haƙƙin uba da ɗansa ya girmama shi bai nuna haƙƙin ɗa ya karɓi wani abu ba don dawo da wannan girmamawa; kuma [[Divine right of kings|Hakkin allahntaka na sarakuna]], wanda ya ba da izinin cikakken iko a kan talakawa, bai bar yiwuwar haƙƙoƙi da yawa ga talakawa da kansu ba. Sabanin haka, ra'ayoyin zamani na haƙƙoƙi galibi suna jaddada [['yanci]] da [[Daidaitawa|daidaito]] a cikin mahimman al'amuran haƙƙofofi, kamar yadda ya bayyana a cikin juyin juya halin Amurka da Faransa. Muhimman takardu a cikin Tarihin siyasa na haƙƙoƙi sun haɗa da: * The [[Daular Achaemenid|Persian Empire]] of [[Tarihin Iran|ancient Iran]] established unprecedented principles of [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|human rights]] in the 6th century BC under [[Cyrus the Great]]. After his conquest of Babylon in 539 BC, the king issued the Cyrus cylinder, discovered in 1879 and seen by some today as the first human rights document.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The First Global Statement of the Inherent Dignity and Equality |url=https://www.un.org/events/humanrights/2008/history.shtml |access-date=2010-09-13 |publisher=United Nations |ref=UN-HumanRightsDay}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last3=Paul Gordon Lauren}}</ref> * The Constitution of Medina (622 AD; Arabia) instituted a number of rights for the Muslim, Jewish, camp followers and "believers" of Medina. * ''Magna Carta'' (1215; [[Ingila|England]]) required the King of England to renounce certain rights and respect certain legal procedures, and to accept that the will of the king could be bound by law, after King John promised his barons he would follow the "law of the land". While ''Magna Carta'' was originally a set of rules that the king had to follow, and mainly protected the property of aristocratic landowners, today it is seen as the basis of certain rights for ordinary people, such as the right of due process. * The Declaration of Arbroath (1320; [[Scotland]]) established the right of the people to choose a head of state (see popular sovereignty). * The Henrician Articles (1573; Poland-Lithuania) or King Henry's Articles were a permanent contract that stated the fundamental principles of governance and constitutional law in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, including the rights of the nobility to elect the king, to meet in parliament whose approval was required to levy taxes and declare war or peace, to religious liberty and the right to rebel in case the king transgressed against the laws of the republic or the rights of the nobility. * The Bill of Rights (1689; England) declared that Englishmen, as embodied by Parliament, possess certain civil and political rights; the Claim of Right (1689; Scotland) was similar but distinct. * The Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776) by George Mason declared the inherent natural rights and [[Rarabewar iko|separation of powers]]. * The United States Declaration of Independence (1776) succinctly defined the rights of man as including, but not limited to, "Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" which later influenced "{{Lang|fr|[[liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" (liberty, equality, fraternity) in France.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Rand Dyck}}</ref> The phrase can also be found in Chapter III, Article 13 of the 1947 Constitution of Japan,<ref>{{Cite web |title=1947 Japanese Constitution |url=http://history.hanover.edu/texts/1947con.html |website=Hanover Historical Texts Collection |publisher=Hanover College History Department}}</ref>  and in President Ho Chi Minh's 1945 declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vietnamese Declaration of Independence, 1945 |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1945vietnam.html |website=Internet History Sourcebooks Project}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (February 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> An alternative phrase "life, liberty and property", is found in the Declaration of Colonial Rights, a resolution of the First Continental Congress. Also, Article 3 of the [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] reads, "Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person". * The [[Bayanin haƙƙoƙin dan adam da na jama'a|Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]] (1789; France), one of the fundamental documents of the French Revolution, defined a set of individual rights and collective rights of the people. * The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1785; United States), written by [[Thomas Jefferson]] in 1779, was a document that asserted the right of man to form a personal relationship with God free from interference by the state. * The United States Bill of Rights (1789–1791; United States), the first ten amendments of the United States Constitution specified rights of individuals in which government could not interfere, including the rights of free assembly, freedom of religion, trial by jury, and the right to keep and bear arms. * The Constitution of Poland-Lithuania (1791; Poland-Lithuania) was the first constitution in Europe, and second in the world. It built upon previous Polish law documents such as the Henrician Articles, as well as the US [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|constitution]], and it too, specified many rights. * The [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] (1948) is an overarching set of standards by which governments, organisations and individuals would measure their behaviour towards each other.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2013}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The preamble declares that the "...recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of [[Ƴancin siyasa|freedom]], [[Adalci|justice]] and peace in the world..." * The [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|European Convention on Human Rights]] (1950; Europe) was adopted under the auspices of the Council of Europe to protect [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|human rights]] and fundamental freedoms. * The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), a follow-up to the [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], concerns [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|civil and political rights]]. * The [[Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]] (1966), another follow-up to the [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], concerns [[Hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|economic, social and cultural rights]]. * The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982; Canada) was created to protect the rights of Canadian citizens from actions and policies of all levels of government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-12 |title=Learn about the Charter |url=https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/csj-sjc/rfc-dlc/ccrf-ccdl/learn-apprend.html |access-date=2019-02-02 |website=Canada's System of Justice |publisher=Department of Justice Canada}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (February 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> * The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2000) is one of the most recent proposed legal instruments concerning human rights. == Dubi kuma == * Bayanan haƙƙoƙi  '''Ƙungiyoyi:''' * [[Amnesty International]] * [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Mai kula da 'yancin Dan Adam]] * Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta Amurka [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] njsg86trv2u7ccj8cllh35xhz14613k 905933 905932 2026-08-22T05:15:50Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hakki''' sune ka'idoji [[doka]], zamantakewa, ko ka'idoji na [['Yanci]] ko haƙƙin; wato, haƙƙoƙi sune ka'idodin ƙa'idodi game da abin da aka ba da izini ga mutane ko kuma ya kamata ga mutane bisa ga wasu tsarin doka, yarjejeniyar zamantakewa, yo ƙa'idar ɗabi'a. Hakki muhimmiyar ra'ayi ce a cikin doka da ɗabi'a, musamman ka'idodin [[adalci]] da deontology. Tarihin rikice-Rikicin zamantakewa sau da yawa ya haɗa da ƙoƙari na bayyanawa da sake bayyana haƙƙoƙi. A cewar Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "yancin suna tsara nau'in gwamnatoci, abubuwan da ke cikin [[Doka|dokoki]], da kuma siffar ɗabi'a kamar yadda ake fahimta a halin yanzu". == Nau'o'in haƙƙoƙi == === Halitta da doka === [[Fayil:Brueghel_Jan_II_God_creating.jpg|alt=painting of dark gray skies with trees and water, and a human image, flying, with arms outstretched|right|thumb|Bisa ga wasu ra'ayoyi, wasu haƙƙoƙi sun samo asali ne daga alloli ko yanayi.]] * '''Hakkin halitta''' hakkoki ne waɗanda suke "na [[halitta]]" a ma'anar "ba na wucin gadi ba, ba na mutum ba", kamar yadda yake a cikin hakkoki da suka samo asali daga Yanayin ɗan adam ko daga umarnin allah. Su na duniya ne; wato, suna aiki ga dukkan mutane, kuma ba su fito ne daga dokokin kowane takamaiman al'umma ba. Dole ne su kasance, a nan a cikin kowane mutum, kuma ba za a iya cire su ba. Misali, an yi jayayya cewa mutane suna da ''<nowiki/>'[[RAYUWA|yancin rayuwa]]''.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/topics/c13jzr2m1mjt?page=2</ref> Wadannan wasu lokuta ana kiransu hakkoki na ɗabi'a ko hakkoki marasa izini. * '''Hakkin Shari'a''', akasin haka, sun dogara ne akan al'adun al'umma, [[Dokar|dokoki]], dokoki ko ayyukan majalisun dokoki. Misali na ''Hakkin doka'' shine haƙƙin jefa kuri'a na 'yan ƙasa. Kasancewa ɗan ƙasa, da kansa, galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin tushen samun haƙƙin doka, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "yancin samun haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙi". Hakkin shari'a Dangi lokacin ana kiransa haƙƙin jama'a ko haƙƙin doka kuma suna da alaƙa da al'adu da siyasa tunda sun dogara da takamaiman mahallin al'umma don samun ma'ana. Wasu masu tunani suna ganin haƙƙoƙi a ma'ana ɗaya kawai yayin da wasu suka yarda cewa duka hanyoyi biyu suna da ma'auni na inganci. An yi muhawara mai yawa game da waɗannan ma'anar a cikin tarihi. Alal misali, Jeremy Bentham ya yi imanin cewa haƙƙin doka shine ainihin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙoƙi, kuma ya musanta wanzuwar haƙƙin haƙƙi, yayin da [[Thomas Aquinas]] ya riƙe cewa haƙƙin da doka ta dace amma ba a kafa shi cikin dokar haƙƙin haƙƙa ba ne, amma kawai fuska ko ƙayyadaddun haƙƙin haƙki. === Da'awar da 'yanci === * H''A'' ''A''">da'awar haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙi ne wanda ke haifar da cewa wani mutum yana da aiki ga mai riƙe da haƙƙin. Wani dole ne ya yi ko ya guji yin wani a''B'' ga ko ga ''mai da'awar'', kamar yin hidima ko samar da samfurin a gare shi; wato, yana da'awar wannan sa''B'' ko samfurin (wani lokaci shine ''abu a cikin aiki''). <ref name="IEP">{{Cite web |title=Human Rights {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/hum-rts/ |access-date=2020-11-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin tunani, ana iya bayyana wannan ra'ayin kamar haka: "Mutumin A yana da da'awar cewa mutum B ya yi wani abu idan kuma kawai idan B yana da aikin A ya yi wannan abu. " Kowane da'awar-dama yana nufin cewa wani mai ɗaukar aiki dole ne ya yi wasu ayyuka don da'awar ta gamsu. Wannan aikin na iya zama yin aiki ko guje wa yin aiki. Misali, yankuna da yawa sun amince da haƙƙin da'awar abubuwa kamar "rayuwa, 'yanci, da dukiya"; waɗannan haƙƙoƙin suna ɗora wa wasu wajibai kada su kai hari ko hana mutum, ko amfani da dukiyarsu, ba tare da izinin mai da'awar ba. Hakazalika, a cikin hukunce-hukuncen da aka tabbatar da ayyukan jin dadin jama'a, 'yan ƙasa suna da' yancin da za a ba da waɗannan ayyukan. * H''A'' 'y''A'' ko ''gata'', akasin haka, ƴanci ne ko izini ga mai haƙƙin yin wani abu, kuma babu wani wajibai ga ''wasu'' jam'iyyun su yi ko a'a.<ref name="IEP" /> Ana iya bayyana wannan a cikin tunani kamar haka: "Mutum A yana da damar yin wani abu idan kuma kawai idan A ba shi da aikin kada ya yi wannan abu. " Misali, idan mutum yana da ƴancin yin shari'a ga' yancin magana, wannan kawai yana nufin cewa ba a haramta su yi magana da yardar rai ba: ba yana nufin cewa kowa ya taimaka wajen ba da damar yin magana, ko kuma ya saurari jawabin su; ko ma, da kansa, ya guje su daga yin magana, kodayake wasu hakkoki, kamar haƙƙin samun 'yanci daga kai musu hari, na iya hana su sosai. Hakkin 'yanci da' yancin da'awar sun saba da juna: mutum yana da' yanci wanda ke ba shi damar yin wani abu ne kawai idan babu wani mutum da ke da'awar da ke hana shi yin hakan. Hakazalika, idan mutum yana da'awar haƙƙin wani, to 'yancin wani yana da iyaka. Misali, mutum yana da 'yancin tafiya a kan titi kuma yana iya yanke shawara da yardar rai ko ya yi haka ko a'a, tunda babu wani wajibi ko dai ya yi haka yo kuma ya guji yin hakan. Amma masu tafiya na iya zama dole kada su yi tafiya a wasu ƙasashe, kamar dukiyar wasu mutane, wanda waɗancan sauran mutane ke da haƙƙin da'awar. Don haka 'yancin mutum na tafiya ya kai daidai har zuwa inda' yancin wani ya iyakance' yancinsa. === Kyakkyawan da mara kyau === A wata ma'ana, haƙƙi izini ne don yin wani abu ko haƙƙin takamaiman sabis ko magani daga wasu, kuma ana kiran waɗannan haƙƙoƙin haƙƙoƙi masu kyau. Koyaya, a wata ma'ana, haƙƙoƙi na iya ba da izini ko buƙatar rashin aiki, kuma ana kiran waɗannan haƙƙoƙin da ba daidai ba; suna ba da izinin ko buƙatar yin komai. Misali, a wasu ƙasashe, misali [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], 'yan ƙasa suna da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a kuma suna da haƙƙoƙin ƙin ƙin jefa kuri'u; mutane na iya zaɓar ƙin jefa jefa kuri' a cikin zaɓen da aka ba su ba tare da hukunci ba. A wasu ƙasashe, misali [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], duk da haka, 'yan ƙasa suna da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a amma ba su da haƙƙin ƙyama na kada jefa kuri'u, tunda jefa kuri'aa tilas ne. Saboda haka: * '''Hakki masu kyau''' shine izinin yin abubuwa, ko kuma haƙƙin da za a yi wa. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai na haƙƙin kirki shine "yancin jin dadin".<ref name="tws21decgkfjf" /> * '''Hakki mara kyau''' shine izinin kada a yi abubuwa, ko kuma haƙƙin da za a bar shi kadai. Sau da yawa masu sassaucin ra'ayi suna kiran bambancin waɗanda ke tunanin haƙƙin da ba shi da kyau a matsayin haƙƙin da ya dace da rashin tsoma baki kamar haƙƙin da aka yi wa hari. Kodayake ana kiranta da irin wannan sunan, bai kamata a rikita haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da marasa kyau da haƙƙoƙin aiki ba (wanda ya haɗa da "birni" da "ikon") da haƙƙoƙin da ba a yarda da su ba (wanda ke haɗa da "ƙwarewa" da "rashin lafiya"). === Mutum da rukuni === * '''Hakkin mutum''' hakkoki ne da mutane ke riƙewa ba tare da la'akari da membobin rukuni ba ko rashin su. [[Fayil:Malian_Soldiers.jpg|alt=Soldiers lined up in a row, with green caps, carrying rifles|right|thumb|Shin kungiyoyi suna da 'yanci? Wasu suna jayayya cewa lokacin da sojoji suka haɗu a yaƙi, ƙungiyar ta zama kamar kwayar halitta a kanta kuma tana da haƙƙoƙin da suka fi haƙƙin kowane soja.]] * '''Group rights''', including the rights of nations, have been argued to exist when a group is seen as more than a mere composite or assembly of separate individuals but an entity in its own right. In other words, it is possible to see a group as a distinct being in and of itself; it is akin to an enlarged individual, a corporate body, which has a distinct will and power of action and can be thought of as having ''rights''. Rights of nations, including a national [[Ƙaddamar da kai|right to self-determination]] have been argued for, and a platoon of soldiers in combat can be thought of as a distinct group, since individual members are willing to risk their lives for the survival of the group, and therefore the group can be conceived as having a "right" which is superior to that of any individual member; for example, a soldier who disobeys an officer can be punished, perhaps even killed, for a breach of obedience. But there is another sense of group rights in which people who are members of a group can be thought of as having specific individual rights because of their membership in a group. In this sense, the set of rights which individuals-as-group-members have is expanded because of their membership in a group. For example, workers who are members of a group such as a labor union can be thought of as having expanded individual rights because of their membership in the labor union, such as the rights to specific working conditions or wages.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> There can be tension between individual and group rights. A classic instance in which group and individual rights clash is conflicts between unions and their members. For example, individual members of a union may wish a wage higher than the union-negotiated wage, but are prevented from making further requests; in a so-called closed shop which has a union security agreement, only the union has a ''right'' to decide matters for the individual union members such as wage rates. So, do the supposed "individual rights" of the workers prevail about the proper wage? Or do the "group rights" of the union regarding the proper wage prevail?{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The Austrian School of Economics holds that only individuals think, feel, and act whether or not members of any abstract group. The society should thus according to economists of the school be analyzed starting from the individual. This methodology is called methodological individualism and is used by the economists to justify [[Haƙƙoƙin Ƙungiya Da Ɗaiɗaikun Mutane|individual rights]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Similarly, the author [[Ayn Rand]] argued that only individuals have rights, according to her philosophy known as Objectivism. However, others have argued that there are situations in which a group of persons is thought to have rights, or ''group rights''. === Sauran hankula === Sauran bambance-bambance tsakanin haƙƙoƙi sun fi dacewa da haɗin tarihi ko kamanceceniya ta iyali fiye da ainihin bambance-mbance na falsafa. Wadannan sun hada da bambanci tsakanin 'yancin farar hula da na siyasa da' yancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, tsakanin abin da ake rarraba sassan Universal Declaration of Human Rights sau da yawa. Wani ra'ayi na haƙƙin ya haɗa su cikin ƙarni uku. Wadannan bambance-bambance suna da alaƙa da wannan tsakanin haƙƙoƙi marasa kyau da masu kyau, da kuma tsakanin haƙƙoƙin mutum da haƙƙoƙcin rukuni, amma waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ba su da cikakkiyar haɗin kai. === Siyasa === [[Fayil:Man_being_arrested.jpg|alt=three police officers surround a man in a tee shirt who is handcuffed|right|thumb|Ana buƙatar jami'an 'yan sanda a Amurka su karanta gargadi na Miranda tsakanin kamawa da fara tambayoyi. Gargaɗin ya sanar da mutumin da aka kama cewa suna da haƙƙoƙin da aka haɗa a cikin Kwaskwarimar Biyar. Rashin "karanta Miranda" ya hana shaidar da aka samu da farko a cikin tambayoyin.]] [[Fayil:Occupy4Prisoners_Feb-20-2012_0081.jpg|right|thumb|Mai fafutukar kare hakkin fursunoni]] Yawancin lokaci ana haɗa haƙƙoƙin cikin tambayoyin tushe waɗanda aka tsara gwamnatoci da siyasa don magance su.  Sau da yawa ci gaban waɗannan cibiyoyin zamantakewa da siyasa sun ƙulla dangantaka ta yare da haƙƙoƙi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Hakkoki game da batutuwa na musamman, ko haƙƙin ƙungiyoyi na musamman, galibi wuraren da ke da damuwa na musamman.  Sau da yawa waɗannan damuwa suna tasowa ne lokacin da haƙƙoƙin suka yi karo da wasu batutuwa na shari'a ko na ɗabi'a, wani lokacin ma wasu haƙƙoƙi.  Abubuwan da ke damun su a tarihi sun haɗa da haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar, haƙƙin ƙwadago, haƙƙin LGBTQ, haƙƙin haifuwa, haƙƙin nakasa, haƙƙin haƙuri da haƙƙin fursunoni.  Tare da karuwar sa ido da jama'ar bayanai, haƙƙoƙin bayanai, kamar haƙƙin keɓantawa suna zama mafi mahimmanci.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Wasu misalai na kungiyoyin da hakkinsu ke da damuwa sun hada da Dabbobi, kuma tsakanin [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|mutane]], kungiyoyi kamar [[Haƙƙoƙin yara|yara]] <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="430" href="./Mothers'_rights" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mothers' rights">uwaye\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Human Rights Watch says migrant children are at risk in Canary Islands\"<nowiki></a></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAjI\">The New York Times</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAjM\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAjQ\">2009-12-21</span></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki>. <nowiki><q id=\"mwAjU\">They must immediately come up with a plan to close these centers,\" Simone Troller, author of the report and a children's rights researcher for Human Rights Watch in Europe, said in a telephone interview. \"While these centers continue to exist, we believe children continue to be at risk.</q></nowiki><nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-tws21decfsxsxd_8-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Rights#cite_note-tws21decfsxsxd-8 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> da [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|mata]], [[Yunkurin kare hakkin iyaye|Iyaye]] (mahaifiye da iyaye), da [[Kungiyar kare hakkin maza|maza]] da mata. Don haka, siyasa tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka ko kuma fahimtar haƙƙoƙin da ke sama, kuma tattaunawa game da ɗabi<nowiki>'un da aka haɗa a matsayin ''haƙƙi''</nowiki> batu ne na siyasa mai ci gaba mai mahimmanci.  Manufar haƙƙin ya bambanta da yanayin siyasa.  Haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin an fi ƙarfafa su sau da yawa.".{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Further, the term ''equality'' which is often bound up with the meaning of "rights" often depends on one's political orientation. [[Conservatism|Conservatives]] and right-wing libertarians and advocates of free markets often identify equality with equality of opportunity, and want what they perceive as equal and fair rules in the process of making things, while agreeing that sometimes these fair rules lead to unequal outcomes. In contrast, socialists see the power imbalance of employer-employee relationships in capitalism as a cause of inequality and often see unequal outcomes as a hindrance to equality of opportunity. They tend to identify equality of outcome as a sign of equality and therefore think that people have a right to portions of necessities such as [[Kula da lafiya|health care]] or economic assistance or [[Gida|housing]] that align with their needs. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="A blog post is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (February 2024)">better&nbsp;source&nbsp;needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Falsafa == A cikin [[Falsafa|falsafar]], Meta-da'a ita ce reshe na ɗabi'a wanda ke neman fahimtar yanayin ɗabi'ar ɗabi'u, maganganu, halayen, da hukunce-hukunce. Meta-ethics yana daya daga cikin rassa uku na ɗabi'a da [[Falsafa|masana falsafa]] suka gane, sauran su ne ɗabi'ar ka'idoji da ɗabi'an da aka yi amfani da shi. Duk da yake ka'idojin ka'idoji suna magance irin waɗannan tambayoyin kamar "Me ya kamata mutum ya yi?", don haka yana amincewa da wasu kimantawa na ka'idozi da ƙin wasu, meta-ethics yana magance tambayoyin kamar su "Mene ne nagarta?" da kuma "Ta yaya za mu iya gaya wa abin da ke da kyau daga menene mugunta?", neman fahimtar yanayin kaddarorin ka'idofi da kimantawa. Ka'idojin haƙƙoƙi amsar tambaya ce ta meta-da'a game da abin da ka'idojin ka'idoji ke damuwa da shi (meta-da'idoji kuma sun haɗa da ƙungiyar tambayoyi game da yadda ka'idozi suka zama sanannun, gaskiya, da dai sauransu wanda ba a magance shi kai tsaye ta hanyar ka'idocin haƙƙo'i ba). Ka'idojin haƙƙoƙi suna riƙe da cewa ka'idojin ka'idoji sun damu da haƙƙofo. Sauran ra'ayoyin meta-da'a sune cewa ɗabi'a ta damu da ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan: * Ayyuka (da'aikatar) * Darajar (axiology) * Kyakkyawan dabi'a * Sakamakon (consequentialism, misali utilitarianism) Ka'idojin haƙƙin mallaka sun yi tasiri sosai a kan tunanin siyasa da zamantakewa. Sanarwar Universal Declaration of Human Rights ta ba da wasu misalai na haƙƙin da aka yarda da shi. === Rashin amincewa === Some philosophers have criticised some rights as [[Ontology|ontologically]] dubious entities.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Magna_Carta_(British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106).jpg|right|thumb|''Magna Carta'' ko "The Great Charter" yana ɗaya daga cikin takardun farko na Ingila waɗanda ke ɗauke da alkawuran da sarki ya yi wa mutanensa don mutunta wasu haƙƙoƙin doka. Ya rage ikon sarki.]] [[Fayil:Declaration_of_Human_Rights.jpg|alt=Picture of a painting; the painting is of a written declaration; there are two human images to the left and right; it says "Declaration des droits de l'homme" (declaration of the rights of man)|right|thumb|Sanarwar 'Yancin Mutum da na Dan kasa a cikin 1789 a [[Faransa]]]] Takamaiman lissafin haƙƙoƙi ya bambanta sosai a lokuta daban-daban na tarihi. A lokuta da yawa, tsarin haƙƙin da wata kungiya ta gabatar ya shiga cikin rikici mai tsanani da na wasu kungiyoyi. A fannin siyasa, wurin da haƙƙoƙi suka kasance muhimmiyar matsala a tarihi, tanadin kundin tsarin mulki na jihohi daban-daban wani lokacin suna magance tambayar wanda ke da haƙƙin doka. A tarihi, ra'ayoyi da yawa na haƙƙoƙi sun kasance masu iko da Matsayi, tare da mutane daban-daban da aka ba su haƙƙofo daban-daban, kuma wasu suna da haƙƙoƙe fiye da wasu. Misali, haƙƙin uba da ɗansa ya girmama shi bai nuna haƙƙin ɗa ya karɓi wani abu ba don dawo da wannan girmamawa; kuma [[Divine right of kings|Hakkin allahntaka na sarakuna]], wanda ya ba da izinin cikakken iko a kan talakawa, bai bar yiwuwar haƙƙoƙi da yawa ga talakawa da kansu ba. Sabanin haka, ra'ayoyin zamani na haƙƙoƙi galibi suna jaddada [['yanci]] da [[Daidaitawa|daidaito]] a cikin mahimman al'amuran haƙƙofofi, kamar yadda ya bayyana a cikin juyin juya halin Amurka da Faransa. Muhimman takardu a cikin Tarihin siyasa na haƙƙoƙi sun haɗa da: * The [[Daular Achaemenid|Persian Empire]] of [[Tarihin Iran|ancient Iran]] established unprecedented principles of [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|human rights]] in the 6th century BC under [[Cyrus the Great]]. After his conquest of Babylon in 539 BC, the king issued the Cyrus cylinder, discovered in 1879 and seen by some today as the first human rights document.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The First Global Statement of the Inherent Dignity and Equality |url=https://www.un.org/events/humanrights/2008/history.shtml |access-date=2010-09-13 |publisher=United Nations |ref=UN-HumanRightsDay}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last3=Paul Gordon Lauren}}</ref> * The Constitution of Medina (622 AD; Arabia) instituted a number of rights for the Muslim, Jewish, camp followers and "believers" of Medina. * ''Magna Carta'' (1215; [[Ingila|England]]) required the King of England to renounce certain rights and respect certain legal procedures, and to accept that the will of the king could be bound by law, after King John promised his barons he would follow the "law of the land". While ''Magna Carta'' was originally a set of rules that the king had to follow, and mainly protected the property of aristocratic landowners, today it is seen as the basis of certain rights for ordinary people, such as the right of due process. * The Declaration of Arbroath (1320; [[Scotland]]) established the right of the people to choose a head of state (see popular sovereignty). * The Henrician Articles (1573; Poland-Lithuania) or King Henry's Articles were a permanent contract that stated the fundamental principles of governance and constitutional law in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, including the rights of the nobility to elect the king, to meet in parliament whose approval was required to levy taxes and declare war or peace, to religious liberty and the right to rebel in case the king transgressed against the laws of the republic or the rights of the nobility. * The Bill of Rights (1689; England) declared that Englishmen, as embodied by Parliament, possess certain civil and political rights; the Claim of Right (1689; Scotland) was similar but distinct. * The Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776) by George Mason declared the inherent natural rights and [[Rarabewar iko|separation of powers]]. * The United States Declaration of Independence (1776) succinctly defined the rights of man as including, but not limited to, "Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" which later influenced "{{Lang|fr|[[liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" (liberty, equality, fraternity) in France.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Rand Dyck}}</ref> The phrase can also be found in Chapter III, Article 13 of the 1947 Constitution of Japan,<ref>{{Cite web |title=1947 Japanese Constitution |url=http://history.hanover.edu/texts/1947con.html |website=Hanover Historical Texts Collection |publisher=Hanover College History Department}}</ref>  and in President Ho Chi Minh's 1945 declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vietnamese Declaration of Independence, 1945 |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1945vietnam.html |website=Internet History Sourcebooks Project}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (February 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> An alternative phrase "life, liberty and property", is found in the Declaration of Colonial Rights, a resolution of the First Continental Congress. Also, Article 3 of the [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] reads, "Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person". * The [[Bayanin haƙƙoƙin dan adam da na jama'a|Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]] (1789; France), one of the fundamental documents of the French Revolution, defined a set of individual rights and collective rights of the people. * The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1785; United States), written by [[Thomas Jefferson]] in 1779, was a document that asserted the right of man to form a personal relationship with God free from interference by the state. * The United States Bill of Rights (1789–1791; United States), the first ten amendments of the United States Constitution specified rights of individuals in which government could not interfere, including the rights of free assembly, freedom of religion, trial by jury, and the right to keep and bear arms. * The Constitution of Poland-Lithuania (1791; Poland-Lithuania) was the first constitution in Europe, and second in the world. It built upon previous Polish law documents such as the Henrician Articles, as well as the US [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|constitution]], and it too, specified many rights. * The [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] (1948) is an overarching set of standards by which governments, organisations and individuals would measure their behaviour towards each other.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2013}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The preamble declares that the "...recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of [[Ƴancin siyasa|freedom]], [[Adalci|justice]] and peace in the world..." * The [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|European Convention on Human Rights]] (1950; Europe) was adopted under the auspices of the Council of Europe to protect [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|human rights]] and fundamental freedoms. * The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), a follow-up to the [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], concerns [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|civil and political rights]]. * The [[Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]] (1966), another follow-up to the [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], concerns [[Hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|economic, social and cultural rights]]. * The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982; Canada) was created to protect the rights of Canadian citizens from actions and policies of all levels of government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-12 |title=Learn about the Charter |url=https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/csj-sjc/rfc-dlc/ccrf-ccdl/learn-apprend.html |access-date=2019-02-02 |website=Canada's System of Justice |publisher=Department of Justice Canada}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (February 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> * The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2000) is one of the most recent proposed legal instruments concerning human rights. == Dubi kuma == * Bayanan haƙƙoƙi  '''Ƙungiyoyi:''' * [[Amnesty International]] * [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Mai kula da 'yancin Dan Adam]] * Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta Amurka [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q7zphenf55d4avt2tpzwp50ywm87t27 905934 905933 2026-08-22T05:16:13Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hakki''' sune ka'idoji [[doka]], zamantakewa, ko ka'idoji na [['Yanci]] ko haƙƙin; wato, haƙƙoƙi sune ka'idodin ƙa'idodi game da abin da aka ba da izini ga mutane ko kuma ya kamata ga mutane bisa ga wasu tsarin doka, yarjejeniyar zamantakewa, yo ƙa'idar ɗabi'a. Hakki muhimmiyar ra'ayi ce a cikin doka da ɗabi'a, musamman ka'idodin [[adalci]] da deontology. Tarihin rikice-Rikicin zamantakewa sau da yawa ya haɗa da ƙoƙari na bayyanawa da sake bayyana haƙƙoƙi. A cewar Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "yancin suna tsara nau'in gwamnatoci, abubuwan da ke cikin [[Doka|dokoki]], da kuma siffar ɗabi'a kamar yadda ake fahimta a halin yanzu". == Nau'o'in haƙƙoƙi == === Halitta da doka === [[Fayil:Brueghel_Jan_II_God_creating.jpg|alt=painting of dark gray skies with trees and water, and a human image, flying, with arms outstretched|right|thumb|Bisa ga wasu ra'ayoyi, wasu haƙƙoƙi sun samo asali ne daga alloli ko yanayi.]] * '''Hakkin halitta''' hakkoki ne waɗanda suke "na [[halitta]]" a ma'anar "ba na wucin gadi ba, ba na mutum ba", kamar yadda yake a cikin hakkoki da suka samo asali daga Yanayin ɗan adam ko daga umarnin allah. Su na duniya ne; wato, suna aiki ga dukkan mutane, kuma ba su fito ne daga dokokin kowane takamaiman al'umma ba. Dole ne su kasance, a nan a cikin kowane mutum, kuma ba za a iya cire su ba. Misali, an yi jayayya cewa mutane suna da ''<nowiki/>'[[RAYUWA|yancin rayuwa]]''.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/topics/c13jzr2m1mjt?page=2</ref> Wadannan wasu lokuta ana kiransu hakkoki na ɗabi'a ko hakkoki marasa izini. * '''Hakkin Shari'a''', akasin haka, sun dogara ne akan al'adun al'umma, [[Dokar|dokoki]], dokoki ko ayyukan majalisun dokoki. Misali na ''Hakkin doka'' shine haƙƙin jefa kuri'a na 'yan ƙasa. Kasancewa ɗan ƙasa, da kansa, galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin tushen samun haƙƙin doka, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "yancin samun haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙi". Hakkin shari'a Dangi lokacin ana kiransa haƙƙin jama'a ko haƙƙin doka kuma suna da alaƙa da al'adu da siyasa tunda sun dogara da takamaiman mahallin al'umma don samun ma'ana. Wasu masu tunani suna ganin haƙƙoƙi a ma'ana ɗaya kawai yayin da wasu suka yarda cewa duka hanyoyi biyu suna da ma'auni na inganci. An yi muhawara mai yawa game da waɗannan ma'anar a cikin tarihi. Alal misali, Jeremy Bentham ya yi imanin cewa haƙƙin doka shine ainihin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙoƙi, kuma ya musanta wanzuwar haƙƙin haƙƙi, yayin da [[Thomas Aquinas]] ya riƙe cewa haƙƙin da doka ta dace amma ba a kafa shi cikin dokar haƙƙin haƙƙa ba ne, amma kawai fuska ko ƙayyadaddun haƙƙin haƙki. === Da'awar da 'yanci === * H''A'' ''A''">da'awar haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙi ne wanda ke haifar da cewa wani mutum yana da aiki ga mai riƙe da haƙƙin. Wani dole ne ya yi ko ya guji yin wani a''B'' ga ko ga ''mai da'awar'', kamar yin hidima ko samar da samfurin a gare shi; wato, yana da'awar wannan sa''B'' ko samfurin (wani lokaci shine ''abu a cikin aiki''). <ref name="IEP">{{Cite web |title=Human Rights {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/hum-rts/ |access-date=2020-11-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin tunani, ana iya bayyana wannan ra'ayin kamar haka: "Mutumin A yana da da'awar cewa mutum B ya yi wani abu idan kuma kawai idan B yana da aikin A ya yi wannan abu. " Kowane da'awar-dama yana nufin cewa wani mai ɗaukar aiki dole ne ya yi wasu ayyuka don da'awar ta gamsu. Wannan aikin na iya zama yin aiki ko guje wa yin aiki. Misali, yankuna da yawa sun amince da haƙƙin da'awar abubuwa kamar "rayuwa, 'yanci, da dukiya"; waɗannan haƙƙoƙin suna ɗora wa wasu wajibai kada su kai hari ko hana mutum, ko amfani da dukiyarsu, ba tare da izinin mai da'awar ba. Hakazalika, a cikin hukunce-hukuncen da aka tabbatar da ayyukan jin dadin jama'a, 'yan ƙasa suna da' yancin da za a ba da waɗannan ayyukan. * H''A'' 'y''A'' ko ''gata'', akasin haka, ƴanci ne ko izini ga mai haƙƙin yin wani abu, kuma babu wani wajibai ga ''wasu'' jam'iyyun su yi ko a'a.<ref name="IEP" /> Ana iya bayyana wannan a cikin tunani kamar haka: "Mutum A yana da damar yin wani abu idan kuma kawai idan A ba shi da aikin kada ya yi wannan abu. " Misali, idan mutum yana da ƴancin yin shari'a ga' yancin magana, wannan kawai yana nufin cewa ba a haramta su yi magana da yardar rai ba: ba yana nufin cewa kowa ya taimaka wajen ba da damar yin magana, ko kuma ya saurari jawabin su; ko ma, da kansa, ya guje su daga yin magana, kodayake wasu hakkoki, kamar haƙƙin samun 'yanci daga kai musu hari, na iya hana su sosai. Haƙƙin ƴanci da' yancin da'awar sun saba da juna: mutum yana da' yanci wanda ke ba shi damar yin wani abu ne kawai idan babu wani mutum da ke da'awar da ke hana shi yin hakan. Hakazalika, idan mutum yana da'awar haƙƙin wani, to 'yancin wani yana da iyaka. Misali, mutum yana da 'yancin tafiya a kan titi kuma yana iya yanke shawara da yardar rai ko ya yi haka ko a'a, tunda babu wani wajibi ko dai ya yi haka yo kuma ya guji yin hakan. Amma masu tafiya na iya zama dole kada su yi tafiya a wasu ƙasashe, kamar dukiyar wasu mutane, wanda waɗancan sauran mutane ke da haƙƙin da'awar. Don haka 'yancin mutum na tafiya ya kai daidai har zuwa inda' yancin wani ya iyakance' yancinsa. === Kyakkyawan da mara kyau === A wata ma'ana, haƙƙi izini ne don yin wani abu ko haƙƙin takamaiman sabis ko magani daga wasu, kuma ana kiran waɗannan haƙƙoƙin haƙƙoƙi masu kyau. Koyaya, a wata ma'ana, haƙƙoƙi na iya ba da izini ko buƙatar rashin aiki, kuma ana kiran waɗannan haƙƙoƙin da ba daidai ba; suna ba da izinin ko buƙatar yin komai. Misali, a wasu ƙasashe, misali [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], 'yan ƙasa suna da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a kuma suna da haƙƙoƙin ƙin ƙin jefa kuri'u; mutane na iya zaɓar ƙin jefa jefa kuri' a cikin zaɓen da aka ba su ba tare da hukunci ba. A wasu ƙasashe, misali [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], duk da haka, 'yan ƙasa suna da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a amma ba su da haƙƙin ƙyama na kada jefa kuri'u, tunda jefa kuri'aa tilas ne. Saboda haka: * '''Hakki masu kyau''' shine izinin yin abubuwa, ko kuma haƙƙin da za a yi wa. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai na haƙƙin kirki shine "yancin jin dadin".<ref name="tws21decgkfjf" /> * '''Hakki mara kyau''' shine izinin kada a yi abubuwa, ko kuma haƙƙin da za a bar shi kadai. Sau da yawa masu sassaucin ra'ayi suna kiran bambancin waɗanda ke tunanin haƙƙin da ba shi da kyau a matsayin haƙƙin da ya dace da rashin tsoma baki kamar haƙƙin da aka yi wa hari. Kodayake ana kiranta da irin wannan sunan, bai kamata a rikita haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da marasa kyau da haƙƙoƙin aiki ba (wanda ya haɗa da "birni" da "ikon") da haƙƙoƙin da ba a yarda da su ba (wanda ke haɗa da "ƙwarewa" da "rashin lafiya"). === Mutum da rukuni === * '''Hakkin mutum''' hakkoki ne da mutane ke riƙewa ba tare da la'akari da membobin rukuni ba ko rashin su. [[Fayil:Malian_Soldiers.jpg|alt=Soldiers lined up in a row, with green caps, carrying rifles|right|thumb|Shin kungiyoyi suna da 'yanci? Wasu suna jayayya cewa lokacin da sojoji suka haɗu a yaƙi, ƙungiyar ta zama kamar kwayar halitta a kanta kuma tana da haƙƙoƙin da suka fi haƙƙin kowane soja.]] * '''Group rights''', including the rights of nations, have been argued to exist when a group is seen as more than a mere composite or assembly of separate individuals but an entity in its own right. In other words, it is possible to see a group as a distinct being in and of itself; it is akin to an enlarged individual, a corporate body, which has a distinct will and power of action and can be thought of as having ''rights''. Rights of nations, including a national [[Ƙaddamar da kai|right to self-determination]] have been argued for, and a platoon of soldiers in combat can be thought of as a distinct group, since individual members are willing to risk their lives for the survival of the group, and therefore the group can be conceived as having a "right" which is superior to that of any individual member; for example, a soldier who disobeys an officer can be punished, perhaps even killed, for a breach of obedience. But there is another sense of group rights in which people who are members of a group can be thought of as having specific individual rights because of their membership in a group. In this sense, the set of rights which individuals-as-group-members have is expanded because of their membership in a group. For example, workers who are members of a group such as a labor union can be thought of as having expanded individual rights because of their membership in the labor union, such as the rights to specific working conditions or wages.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> There can be tension between individual and group rights. A classic instance in which group and individual rights clash is conflicts between unions and their members. For example, individual members of a union may wish a wage higher than the union-negotiated wage, but are prevented from making further requests; in a so-called closed shop which has a union security agreement, only the union has a ''right'' to decide matters for the individual union members such as wage rates. So, do the supposed "individual rights" of the workers prevail about the proper wage? Or do the "group rights" of the union regarding the proper wage prevail?{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The Austrian School of Economics holds that only individuals think, feel, and act whether or not members of any abstract group. The society should thus according to economists of the school be analyzed starting from the individual. This methodology is called methodological individualism and is used by the economists to justify [[Haƙƙoƙin Ƙungiya Da Ɗaiɗaikun Mutane|individual rights]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Similarly, the author [[Ayn Rand]] argued that only individuals have rights, according to her philosophy known as Objectivism. However, others have argued that there are situations in which a group of persons is thought to have rights, or ''group rights''. === Sauran hankula === Sauran bambance-bambance tsakanin haƙƙoƙi sun fi dacewa da haɗin tarihi ko kamanceceniya ta iyali fiye da ainihin bambance-mbance na falsafa. Wadannan sun hada da bambanci tsakanin 'yancin farar hula da na siyasa da' yancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, tsakanin abin da ake rarraba sassan Universal Declaration of Human Rights sau da yawa. Wani ra'ayi na haƙƙin ya haɗa su cikin ƙarni uku. Wadannan bambance-bambance suna da alaƙa da wannan tsakanin haƙƙoƙi marasa kyau da masu kyau, da kuma tsakanin haƙƙoƙin mutum da haƙƙoƙcin rukuni, amma waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ba su da cikakkiyar haɗin kai. === Siyasa === [[Fayil:Man_being_arrested.jpg|alt=three police officers surround a man in a tee shirt who is handcuffed|right|thumb|Ana buƙatar jami'an 'yan sanda a Amurka su karanta gargadi na Miranda tsakanin kamawa da fara tambayoyi. Gargaɗin ya sanar da mutumin da aka kama cewa suna da haƙƙoƙin da aka haɗa a cikin Kwaskwarimar Biyar. Rashin "karanta Miranda" ya hana shaidar da aka samu da farko a cikin tambayoyin.]] [[Fayil:Occupy4Prisoners_Feb-20-2012_0081.jpg|right|thumb|Mai fafutukar kare hakkin fursunoni]] Yawancin lokaci ana haɗa haƙƙoƙin cikin tambayoyin tushe waɗanda aka tsara gwamnatoci da siyasa don magance su.  Sau da yawa ci gaban waɗannan cibiyoyin zamantakewa da siyasa sun ƙulla dangantaka ta yare da haƙƙoƙi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Hakkoki game da batutuwa na musamman, ko haƙƙin ƙungiyoyi na musamman, galibi wuraren da ke da damuwa na musamman.  Sau da yawa waɗannan damuwa suna tasowa ne lokacin da haƙƙoƙin suka yi karo da wasu batutuwa na shari'a ko na ɗabi'a, wani lokacin ma wasu haƙƙoƙi.  Abubuwan da ke damun su a tarihi sun haɗa da haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar, haƙƙin ƙwadago, haƙƙin LGBTQ, haƙƙin haifuwa, haƙƙin nakasa, haƙƙin haƙuri da haƙƙin fursunoni.  Tare da karuwar sa ido da jama'ar bayanai, haƙƙoƙin bayanai, kamar haƙƙin keɓantawa suna zama mafi mahimmanci.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Wasu misalai na kungiyoyin da hakkinsu ke da damuwa sun hada da Dabbobi, kuma tsakanin [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|mutane]], kungiyoyi kamar [[Haƙƙoƙin yara|yara]] <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="430" href="./Mothers'_rights" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mothers' rights">uwaye\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Human Rights Watch says migrant children are at risk in Canary Islands\"<nowiki></a></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAjI\">The New York Times</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAjM\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAjQ\">2009-12-21</span></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki>. <nowiki><q id=\"mwAjU\">They must immediately come up with a plan to close these centers,\" Simone Troller, author of the report and a children's rights researcher for Human Rights Watch in Europe, said in a telephone interview. \"While these centers continue to exist, we believe children continue to be at risk.</q></nowiki><nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-tws21decfsxsxd_8-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Rights#cite_note-tws21decfsxsxd-8 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> da [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|mata]], [[Yunkurin kare hakkin iyaye|Iyaye]] (mahaifiye da iyaye), da [[Kungiyar kare hakkin maza|maza]] da mata. Don haka, siyasa tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka ko kuma fahimtar haƙƙoƙin da ke sama, kuma tattaunawa game da ɗabi<nowiki>'un da aka haɗa a matsayin ''haƙƙi''</nowiki> batu ne na siyasa mai ci gaba mai mahimmanci.  Manufar haƙƙin ya bambanta da yanayin siyasa.  Haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin an fi ƙarfafa su sau da yawa.".{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Further, the term ''equality'' which is often bound up with the meaning of "rights" often depends on one's political orientation. [[Conservatism|Conservatives]] and right-wing libertarians and advocates of free markets often identify equality with equality of opportunity, and want what they perceive as equal and fair rules in the process of making things, while agreeing that sometimes these fair rules lead to unequal outcomes. In contrast, socialists see the power imbalance of employer-employee relationships in capitalism as a cause of inequality and often see unequal outcomes as a hindrance to equality of opportunity. They tend to identify equality of outcome as a sign of equality and therefore think that people have a right to portions of necessities such as [[Kula da lafiya|health care]] or economic assistance or [[Gida|housing]] that align with their needs. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="A blog post is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (February 2024)">better&nbsp;source&nbsp;needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Falsafa == A cikin [[Falsafa|falsafar]], Meta-da'a ita ce reshe na ɗabi'a wanda ke neman fahimtar yanayin ɗabi'ar ɗabi'u, maganganu, halayen, da hukunce-hukunce. Meta-ethics yana daya daga cikin rassa uku na ɗabi'a da [[Falsafa|masana falsafa]] suka gane, sauran su ne ɗabi'ar ka'idoji da ɗabi'an da aka yi amfani da shi. Duk da yake ka'idojin ka'idoji suna magance irin waɗannan tambayoyin kamar "Me ya kamata mutum ya yi?", don haka yana amincewa da wasu kimantawa na ka'idozi da ƙin wasu, meta-ethics yana magance tambayoyin kamar su "Mene ne nagarta?" da kuma "Ta yaya za mu iya gaya wa abin da ke da kyau daga menene mugunta?", neman fahimtar yanayin kaddarorin ka'idofi da kimantawa. Ka'idojin haƙƙoƙi amsar tambaya ce ta meta-da'a game da abin da ka'idojin ka'idoji ke damuwa da shi (meta-da'idoji kuma sun haɗa da ƙungiyar tambayoyi game da yadda ka'idozi suka zama sanannun, gaskiya, da dai sauransu wanda ba a magance shi kai tsaye ta hanyar ka'idocin haƙƙo'i ba). Ka'idojin haƙƙoƙi suna riƙe da cewa ka'idojin ka'idoji sun damu da haƙƙofo. Sauran ra'ayoyin meta-da'a sune cewa ɗabi'a ta damu da ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan: * Ayyuka (da'aikatar) * Darajar (axiology) * Kyakkyawan dabi'a * Sakamakon (consequentialism, misali utilitarianism) Ka'idojin haƙƙin mallaka sun yi tasiri sosai a kan tunanin siyasa da zamantakewa. Sanarwar Universal Declaration of Human Rights ta ba da wasu misalai na haƙƙin da aka yarda da shi. === Rashin amincewa === Some philosophers have criticised some rights as [[Ontology|ontologically]] dubious entities.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Magna_Carta_(British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106).jpg|right|thumb|''Magna Carta'' ko "The Great Charter" yana ɗaya daga cikin takardun farko na Ingila waɗanda ke ɗauke da alkawuran da sarki ya yi wa mutanensa don mutunta wasu haƙƙoƙin doka. Ya rage ikon sarki.]] [[Fayil:Declaration_of_Human_Rights.jpg|alt=Picture of a painting; the painting is of a written declaration; there are two human images to the left and right; it says "Declaration des droits de l'homme" (declaration of the rights of man)|right|thumb|Sanarwar 'Yancin Mutum da na Dan kasa a cikin 1789 a [[Faransa]]]] Takamaiman lissafin haƙƙoƙi ya bambanta sosai a lokuta daban-daban na tarihi. A lokuta da yawa, tsarin haƙƙin da wata kungiya ta gabatar ya shiga cikin rikici mai tsanani da na wasu kungiyoyi. A fannin siyasa, wurin da haƙƙoƙi suka kasance muhimmiyar matsala a tarihi, tanadin kundin tsarin mulki na jihohi daban-daban wani lokacin suna magance tambayar wanda ke da haƙƙin doka. A tarihi, ra'ayoyi da yawa na haƙƙoƙi sun kasance masu iko da Matsayi, tare da mutane daban-daban da aka ba su haƙƙofo daban-daban, kuma wasu suna da haƙƙoƙe fiye da wasu. Misali, haƙƙin uba da ɗansa ya girmama shi bai nuna haƙƙin ɗa ya karɓi wani abu ba don dawo da wannan girmamawa; kuma [[Divine right of kings|Hakkin allahntaka na sarakuna]], wanda ya ba da izinin cikakken iko a kan talakawa, bai bar yiwuwar haƙƙoƙi da yawa ga talakawa da kansu ba. Sabanin haka, ra'ayoyin zamani na haƙƙoƙi galibi suna jaddada [['yanci]] da [[Daidaitawa|daidaito]] a cikin mahimman al'amuran haƙƙofofi, kamar yadda ya bayyana a cikin juyin juya halin Amurka da Faransa. Muhimman takardu a cikin Tarihin siyasa na haƙƙoƙi sun haɗa da: * The [[Daular Achaemenid|Persian Empire]] of [[Tarihin Iran|ancient Iran]] established unprecedented principles of [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|human rights]] in the 6th century BC under [[Cyrus the Great]]. After his conquest of Babylon in 539 BC, the king issued the Cyrus cylinder, discovered in 1879 and seen by some today as the first human rights document.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The First Global Statement of the Inherent Dignity and Equality |url=https://www.un.org/events/humanrights/2008/history.shtml |access-date=2010-09-13 |publisher=United Nations |ref=UN-HumanRightsDay}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last3=Paul Gordon Lauren}}</ref> * The Constitution of Medina (622 AD; Arabia) instituted a number of rights for the Muslim, Jewish, camp followers and "believers" of Medina. * ''Magna Carta'' (1215; [[Ingila|England]]) required the King of England to renounce certain rights and respect certain legal procedures, and to accept that the will of the king could be bound by law, after King John promised his barons he would follow the "law of the land". While ''Magna Carta'' was originally a set of rules that the king had to follow, and mainly protected the property of aristocratic landowners, today it is seen as the basis of certain rights for ordinary people, such as the right of due process. * The Declaration of Arbroath (1320; [[Scotland]]) established the right of the people to choose a head of state (see popular sovereignty). * The Henrician Articles (1573; Poland-Lithuania) or King Henry's Articles were a permanent contract that stated the fundamental principles of governance and constitutional law in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, including the rights of the nobility to elect the king, to meet in parliament whose approval was required to levy taxes and declare war or peace, to religious liberty and the right to rebel in case the king transgressed against the laws of the republic or the rights of the nobility. * The Bill of Rights (1689; England) declared that Englishmen, as embodied by Parliament, possess certain civil and political rights; the Claim of Right (1689; Scotland) was similar but distinct. * The Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776) by George Mason declared the inherent natural rights and [[Rarabewar iko|separation of powers]]. * The United States Declaration of Independence (1776) succinctly defined the rights of man as including, but not limited to, "Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" which later influenced "{{Lang|fr|[[liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" (liberty, equality, fraternity) in France.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Rand Dyck}}</ref> The phrase can also be found in Chapter III, Article 13 of the 1947 Constitution of Japan,<ref>{{Cite web |title=1947 Japanese Constitution |url=http://history.hanover.edu/texts/1947con.html |website=Hanover Historical Texts Collection |publisher=Hanover College History Department}}</ref>  and in President Ho Chi Minh's 1945 declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vietnamese Declaration of Independence, 1945 |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1945vietnam.html |website=Internet History Sourcebooks Project}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (February 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> An alternative phrase "life, liberty and property", is found in the Declaration of Colonial Rights, a resolution of the First Continental Congress. Also, Article 3 of the [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] reads, "Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person". * The [[Bayanin haƙƙoƙin dan adam da na jama'a|Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]] (1789; France), one of the fundamental documents of the French Revolution, defined a set of individual rights and collective rights of the people. * The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1785; United States), written by [[Thomas Jefferson]] in 1779, was a document that asserted the right of man to form a personal relationship with God free from interference by the state. * The United States Bill of Rights (1789–1791; United States), the first ten amendments of the United States Constitution specified rights of individuals in which government could not interfere, including the rights of free assembly, freedom of religion, trial by jury, and the right to keep and bear arms. * The Constitution of Poland-Lithuania (1791; Poland-Lithuania) was the first constitution in Europe, and second in the world. It built upon previous Polish law documents such as the Henrician Articles, as well as the US [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|constitution]], and it too, specified many rights. * The [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] (1948) is an overarching set of standards by which governments, organisations and individuals would measure their behaviour towards each other.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2013}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The preamble declares that the "...recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of [[Ƴancin siyasa|freedom]], [[Adalci|justice]] and peace in the world..." * The [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|European Convention on Human Rights]] (1950; Europe) was adopted under the auspices of the Council of Europe to protect [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|human rights]] and fundamental freedoms. * The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), a follow-up to the [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], concerns [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|civil and political rights]]. * The [[Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]] (1966), another follow-up to the [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], concerns [[Hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|economic, social and cultural rights]]. * The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982; Canada) was created to protect the rights of Canadian citizens from actions and policies of all levels of government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-12 |title=Learn about the Charter |url=https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/csj-sjc/rfc-dlc/ccrf-ccdl/learn-apprend.html |access-date=2019-02-02 |website=Canada's System of Justice |publisher=Department of Justice Canada}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (February 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> * The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2000) is one of the most recent proposed legal instruments concerning human rights. == Dubi kuma == * Bayanan haƙƙoƙi  '''Ƙungiyoyi:''' * [[Amnesty International]] * [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Mai kula da 'yancin Dan Adam]] * Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta Amurka [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7nmnofgc5na91oenajh9xq9sbc2icdq 905935 905934 2026-08-22T05:16:43Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hakki''' sune ka'idoji [[doka]], zamantakewa, ko ka'idoji na [['Yanci]] ko haƙƙin; wato, haƙƙoƙi sune ka'idodin ƙa'idodi game da abin da aka ba da izini ga mutane ko kuma ya kamata ga mutane bisa ga wasu tsarin doka, yarjejeniyar zamantakewa, yo ƙa'idar ɗabi'a. Hakki muhimmiyar ra'ayi ce a cikin doka da ɗabi'a, musamman ka'idodin [[adalci]] da deontology. Tarihin rikice-Rikicin zamantakewa sau da yawa ya haɗa da ƙoƙari na bayyanawa da sake bayyana haƙƙoƙi. A cewar Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "yancin suna tsara nau'in gwamnatoci, abubuwan da ke cikin [[Doka|dokoki]], da kuma siffar ɗabi'a kamar yadda ake fahimta a halin yanzu". == Nau'o'in haƙƙoƙi == === Halitta da doka === [[Fayil:Brueghel_Jan_II_God_creating.jpg|alt=painting of dark gray skies with trees and water, and a human image, flying, with arms outstretched|right|thumb|Bisa ga wasu ra'ayoyi, wasu haƙƙoƙi sun samo asali ne daga alloli ko yanayi.]] * '''Hakkin halitta''' hakkoki ne waɗanda suke "na [[halitta]]" a ma'anar "ba na wucin gadi ba, ba na mutum ba", kamar yadda yake a cikin hakkoki da suka samo asali daga Yanayin ɗan adam ko daga umarnin allah. Su na duniya ne; wato, suna aiki ga dukkan mutane, kuma ba su fito ne daga dokokin kowane takamaiman al'umma ba. Dole ne su kasance, a nan a cikin kowane mutum, kuma ba za a iya cire su ba. Misali, an yi jayayya cewa mutane suna da ''<nowiki/>'[[RAYUWA|yancin rayuwa]]''.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/topics/c13jzr2m1mjt?page=2</ref> Wadannan wasu lokuta ana kiransu hakkoki na ɗabi'a ko hakkoki marasa izini. * '''Hakkin Shari'a''', akasin haka, sun dogara ne akan al'adun al'umma, [[Dokar|dokoki]], dokoki ko ayyukan majalisun dokoki. Misali na ''Hakkin doka'' shine haƙƙin jefa kuri'a na 'yan ƙasa. Kasancewa ɗan ƙasa, da kansa, galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin tushen samun haƙƙin doka, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "yancin samun haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙi". Hakkin shari'a Dangi lokacin ana kiransa haƙƙin jama'a ko haƙƙin doka kuma suna da alaƙa da al'adu da siyasa tunda sun dogara da takamaiman mahallin al'umma don samun ma'ana. Wasu masu tunani suna ganin haƙƙoƙi a ma'ana ɗaya kawai yayin da wasu suka yarda cewa duka hanyoyi biyu suna da ma'auni na inganci. An yi muhawara mai yawa game da waɗannan ma'anar a cikin tarihi. Alal misali, Jeremy Bentham ya yi imanin cewa haƙƙin doka shine ainihin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙoƙi, kuma ya musanta wanzuwar haƙƙin haƙƙi, yayin da [[Thomas Aquinas]] ya riƙe cewa haƙƙin da doka ta dace amma ba a kafa shi cikin dokar haƙƙin haƙƙa ba ne, amma kawai fuska ko ƙayyadaddun haƙƙin haƙki. === Da'awar da 'yanci === * H''A'' ''A''">da'awar haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙi ne wanda ke haifar da cewa wani mutum yana da aiki ga mai riƙe da haƙƙin. Wani dole ne ya yi ko ya guji yin wani a''B'' ga ko ga ''mai da'awar'', kamar yin hidima ko samar da samfurin a gare shi; wato, yana da'awar wannan sa''B'' ko samfurin (wani lokaci shine ''abu a cikin aiki''). <ref name="IEP">{{Cite web |title=Human Rights {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/hum-rts/ |access-date=2020-11-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin tunani, ana iya bayyana wannan ra'ayin kamar haka: "Mutumin A yana da da'awar cewa mutum B ya yi wani abu idan kuma kawai idan B yana da aikin A ya yi wannan abu. " Kowane da'awar-dama yana nufin cewa wani mai ɗaukar aiki dole ne ya yi wasu ayyuka don da'awar ta gamsu. Wannan aikin na iya zama yin aiki ko guje wa yin aiki. Misali, yankuna da yawa sun amince da haƙƙin da'awar abubuwa kamar "rayuwa, 'yanci, da dukiya"; waɗannan haƙƙoƙin suna ɗora wa wasu wajibai kada su kai hari ko hana mutum, ko amfani da dukiyarsu, ba tare da izinin mai da'awar ba. Hakazalika, a cikin hukunce-hukuncen da aka tabbatar da ayyukan jin dadin jama'a, 'yan ƙasa suna da' yancin da za a ba da waɗannan ayyukan. * H''A'' 'y''A'' ko ''gata'', akasin haka, ƴanci ne ko izini ga mai haƙƙin yin wani abu, kuma babu wani wajibai ga ''wasu'' jam'iyyun su yi ko a'a.<ref name="IEP" /> Ana iya bayyana wannan a cikin tunani kamar haka: "Mutum A yana da damar yin wani abu idan kuma kawai idan A ba shi da aikin kada ya yi wannan abu. " Misali, idan mutum yana da ƴancin yin shari'a ga' yancin magana, wannan kawai yana nufin cewa ba a haramta su yi magana da yardar rai ba: ba yana nufin cewa kowa ya taimaka wajen ba da damar yin magana, ko kuma ya saurari jawabin su; ko ma, da kansa, ya guje su daga yin magana, kodayake wasu hakkoki, kamar haƙƙin samun 'yanci daga kai musu hari, na iya hana su sosai. Haƙƙin ƴanci da' yancin da'awar sun saba da juna: mutum yana da' yanci wanda ke ba shi damar yin wani abu ne kawai idan babu wani mutum da ke da'awar da ke hana shi yin hakan. Hakazalika, idan mutum yana da'awar haƙƙin wani, to 'yancin wani yana da iyaka. Misali, mutum yana da 'yancin tafiya a kan titi kuma yana iya yanke shawara da yardar rai ko ya yi haka ko a'a, tunda babu wani wajibi ko dai ya yi haka yo kuma ya guji yin hakan. Amma masu tafiya na iya zama dole kada su yi tafiya a wasu ƙasashe, kamar dukiyar wasu mutane, wanda waɗancan sauran mutane ke da haƙƙin da'awar. Don haka 'yancin mutum na tafiya ya kai dai-dai har zuwa inda' yancin wani ya iyakance ƴancinsa. === Kyakkyawan da mara kyau === A wata ma'ana, haƙƙi izini ne don yin wani abu ko haƙƙin takamaiman sabis ko magani daga wasu, kuma ana kiran waɗannan haƙƙoƙin haƙƙoƙi masu kyau. Koyaya, a wata ma'ana, haƙƙoƙi na iya ba da izini ko buƙatar rashin aiki, kuma ana kiran waɗannan haƙƙoƙin da ba daidai ba; suna ba da izinin ko buƙatar yin komai. Misali, a wasu ƙasashe, misali [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], 'yan ƙasa suna da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a kuma suna da haƙƙoƙin ƙin ƙin jefa kuri'u; mutane na iya zaɓar ƙin jefa jefa kuri' a cikin zaɓen da aka ba su ba tare da hukunci ba. A wasu ƙasashe, misali [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], duk da haka, 'yan ƙasa suna da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a amma ba su da haƙƙin ƙyama na kada jefa kuri'u, tunda jefa kuri'aa tilas ne. Saboda haka: * '''Hakki masu kyau''' shine izinin yin abubuwa, ko kuma haƙƙin da za a yi wa. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai na haƙƙin kirki shine "yancin jin dadin".<ref name="tws21decgkfjf" /> * '''Hakki mara kyau''' shine izinin kada a yi abubuwa, ko kuma haƙƙin da za a bar shi kadai. Sau da yawa masu sassaucin ra'ayi suna kiran bambancin waɗanda ke tunanin haƙƙin da ba shi da kyau a matsayin haƙƙin da ya dace da rashin tsoma baki kamar haƙƙin da aka yi wa hari. Kodayake ana kiranta da irin wannan sunan, bai kamata a rikita haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da marasa kyau da haƙƙoƙin aiki ba (wanda ya haɗa da "birni" da "ikon") da haƙƙoƙin da ba a yarda da su ba (wanda ke haɗa da "ƙwarewa" da "rashin lafiya"). === Mutum da rukuni === * '''Hakkin mutum''' hakkoki ne da mutane ke riƙewa ba tare da la'akari da membobin rukuni ba ko rashin su. [[Fayil:Malian_Soldiers.jpg|alt=Soldiers lined up in a row, with green caps, carrying rifles|right|thumb|Shin kungiyoyi suna da 'yanci? Wasu suna jayayya cewa lokacin da sojoji suka haɗu a yaƙi, ƙungiyar ta zama kamar kwayar halitta a kanta kuma tana da haƙƙoƙin da suka fi haƙƙin kowane soja.]] * '''Group rights''', including the rights of nations, have been argued to exist when a group is seen as more than a mere composite or assembly of separate individuals but an entity in its own right. In other words, it is possible to see a group as a distinct being in and of itself; it is akin to an enlarged individual, a corporate body, which has a distinct will and power of action and can be thought of as having ''rights''. Rights of nations, including a national [[Ƙaddamar da kai|right to self-determination]] have been argued for, and a platoon of soldiers in combat can be thought of as a distinct group, since individual members are willing to risk their lives for the survival of the group, and therefore the group can be conceived as having a "right" which is superior to that of any individual member; for example, a soldier who disobeys an officer can be punished, perhaps even killed, for a breach of obedience. But there is another sense of group rights in which people who are members of a group can be thought of as having specific individual rights because of their membership in a group. In this sense, the set of rights which individuals-as-group-members have is expanded because of their membership in a group. For example, workers who are members of a group such as a labor union can be thought of as having expanded individual rights because of their membership in the labor union, such as the rights to specific working conditions or wages.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> There can be tension between individual and group rights. A classic instance in which group and individual rights clash is conflicts between unions and their members. For example, individual members of a union may wish a wage higher than the union-negotiated wage, but are prevented from making further requests; in a so-called closed shop which has a union security agreement, only the union has a ''right'' to decide matters for the individual union members such as wage rates. So, do the supposed "individual rights" of the workers prevail about the proper wage? Or do the "group rights" of the union regarding the proper wage prevail?{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The Austrian School of Economics holds that only individuals think, feel, and act whether or not members of any abstract group. The society should thus according to economists of the school be analyzed starting from the individual. This methodology is called methodological individualism and is used by the economists to justify [[Haƙƙoƙin Ƙungiya Da Ɗaiɗaikun Mutane|individual rights]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Similarly, the author [[Ayn Rand]] argued that only individuals have rights, according to her philosophy known as Objectivism. However, others have argued that there are situations in which a group of persons is thought to have rights, or ''group rights''. === Sauran hankula === Sauran bambance-bambance tsakanin haƙƙoƙi sun fi dacewa da haɗin tarihi ko kamanceceniya ta iyali fiye da ainihin bambance-mbance na falsafa. Wadannan sun hada da bambanci tsakanin 'yancin farar hula da na siyasa da' yancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, tsakanin abin da ake rarraba sassan Universal Declaration of Human Rights sau da yawa. Wani ra'ayi na haƙƙin ya haɗa su cikin ƙarni uku. Wadannan bambance-bambance suna da alaƙa da wannan tsakanin haƙƙoƙi marasa kyau da masu kyau, da kuma tsakanin haƙƙoƙin mutum da haƙƙoƙcin rukuni, amma waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ba su da cikakkiyar haɗin kai. === Siyasa === [[Fayil:Man_being_arrested.jpg|alt=three police officers surround a man in a tee shirt who is handcuffed|right|thumb|Ana buƙatar jami'an 'yan sanda a Amurka su karanta gargadi na Miranda tsakanin kamawa da fara tambayoyi. Gargaɗin ya sanar da mutumin da aka kama cewa suna da haƙƙoƙin da aka haɗa a cikin Kwaskwarimar Biyar. Rashin "karanta Miranda" ya hana shaidar da aka samu da farko a cikin tambayoyin.]] [[Fayil:Occupy4Prisoners_Feb-20-2012_0081.jpg|right|thumb|Mai fafutukar kare hakkin fursunoni]] Yawancin lokaci ana haɗa haƙƙoƙin cikin tambayoyin tushe waɗanda aka tsara gwamnatoci da siyasa don magance su.  Sau da yawa ci gaban waɗannan cibiyoyin zamantakewa da siyasa sun ƙulla dangantaka ta yare da haƙƙoƙi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Hakkoki game da batutuwa na musamman, ko haƙƙin ƙungiyoyi na musamman, galibi wuraren da ke da damuwa na musamman.  Sau da yawa waɗannan damuwa suna tasowa ne lokacin da haƙƙoƙin suka yi karo da wasu batutuwa na shari'a ko na ɗabi'a, wani lokacin ma wasu haƙƙoƙi.  Abubuwan da ke damun su a tarihi sun haɗa da haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar, haƙƙin ƙwadago, haƙƙin LGBTQ, haƙƙin haifuwa, haƙƙin nakasa, haƙƙin haƙuri da haƙƙin fursunoni.  Tare da karuwar sa ido da jama'ar bayanai, haƙƙoƙin bayanai, kamar haƙƙin keɓantawa suna zama mafi mahimmanci.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Wasu misalai na kungiyoyin da hakkinsu ke da damuwa sun hada da Dabbobi, kuma tsakanin [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|mutane]], kungiyoyi kamar [[Haƙƙoƙin yara|yara]] <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="430" href="./Mothers'_rights" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mothers' rights">uwaye\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Human Rights Watch says migrant children are at risk in Canary Islands\"<nowiki></a></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAjI\">The New York Times</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAjM\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAjQ\">2009-12-21</span></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki>. <nowiki><q id=\"mwAjU\">They must immediately come up with a plan to close these centers,\" Simone Troller, author of the report and a children's rights researcher for Human Rights Watch in Europe, said in a telephone interview. \"While these centers continue to exist, we believe children continue to be at risk.</q></nowiki><nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-tws21decfsxsxd_8-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Rights#cite_note-tws21decfsxsxd-8 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> da [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|mata]], [[Yunkurin kare hakkin iyaye|Iyaye]] (mahaifiye da iyaye), da [[Kungiyar kare hakkin maza|maza]] da mata. Don haka, siyasa tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka ko kuma fahimtar haƙƙoƙin da ke sama, kuma tattaunawa game da ɗabi<nowiki>'un da aka haɗa a matsayin ''haƙƙi''</nowiki> batu ne na siyasa mai ci gaba mai mahimmanci.  Manufar haƙƙin ya bambanta da yanayin siyasa.  Haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin an fi ƙarfafa su sau da yawa.".{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Further, the term ''equality'' which is often bound up with the meaning of "rights" often depends on one's political orientation. [[Conservatism|Conservatives]] and right-wing libertarians and advocates of free markets often identify equality with equality of opportunity, and want what they perceive as equal and fair rules in the process of making things, while agreeing that sometimes these fair rules lead to unequal outcomes. In contrast, socialists see the power imbalance of employer-employee relationships in capitalism as a cause of inequality and often see unequal outcomes as a hindrance to equality of opportunity. They tend to identify equality of outcome as a sign of equality and therefore think that people have a right to portions of necessities such as [[Kula da lafiya|health care]] or economic assistance or [[Gida|housing]] that align with their needs. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="A blog post is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (February 2024)">better&nbsp;source&nbsp;needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Falsafa == A cikin [[Falsafa|falsafar]], Meta-da'a ita ce reshe na ɗabi'a wanda ke neman fahimtar yanayin ɗabi'ar ɗabi'u, maganganu, halayen, da hukunce-hukunce. Meta-ethics yana daya daga cikin rassa uku na ɗabi'a da [[Falsafa|masana falsafa]] suka gane, sauran su ne ɗabi'ar ka'idoji da ɗabi'an da aka yi amfani da shi. Duk da yake ka'idojin ka'idoji suna magance irin waɗannan tambayoyin kamar "Me ya kamata mutum ya yi?", don haka yana amincewa da wasu kimantawa na ka'idozi da ƙin wasu, meta-ethics yana magance tambayoyin kamar su "Mene ne nagarta?" da kuma "Ta yaya za mu iya gaya wa abin da ke da kyau daga menene mugunta?", neman fahimtar yanayin kaddarorin ka'idofi da kimantawa. Ka'idojin haƙƙoƙi amsar tambaya ce ta meta-da'a game da abin da ka'idojin ka'idoji ke damuwa da shi (meta-da'idoji kuma sun haɗa da ƙungiyar tambayoyi game da yadda ka'idozi suka zama sanannun, gaskiya, da dai sauransu wanda ba a magance shi kai tsaye ta hanyar ka'idocin haƙƙo'i ba). Ka'idojin haƙƙoƙi suna riƙe da cewa ka'idojin ka'idoji sun damu da haƙƙofo. Sauran ra'ayoyin meta-da'a sune cewa ɗabi'a ta damu da ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan: * Ayyuka (da'aikatar) * Darajar (axiology) * Kyakkyawan dabi'a * Sakamakon (consequentialism, misali utilitarianism) Ka'idojin haƙƙin mallaka sun yi tasiri sosai a kan tunanin siyasa da zamantakewa. Sanarwar Universal Declaration of Human Rights ta ba da wasu misalai na haƙƙin da aka yarda da shi. === Rashin amincewa === Some philosophers have criticised some rights as [[Ontology|ontologically]] dubious entities.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Magna_Carta_(British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106).jpg|right|thumb|''Magna Carta'' ko "The Great Charter" yana ɗaya daga cikin takardun farko na Ingila waɗanda ke ɗauke da alkawuran da sarki ya yi wa mutanensa don mutunta wasu haƙƙoƙin doka. Ya rage ikon sarki.]] [[Fayil:Declaration_of_Human_Rights.jpg|alt=Picture of a painting; the painting is of a written declaration; there are two human images to the left and right; it says "Declaration des droits de l'homme" (declaration of the rights of man)|right|thumb|Sanarwar 'Yancin Mutum da na Dan kasa a cikin 1789 a [[Faransa]]]] Takamaiman lissafin haƙƙoƙi ya bambanta sosai a lokuta daban-daban na tarihi. A lokuta da yawa, tsarin haƙƙin da wata kungiya ta gabatar ya shiga cikin rikici mai tsanani da na wasu kungiyoyi. A fannin siyasa, wurin da haƙƙoƙi suka kasance muhimmiyar matsala a tarihi, tanadin kundin tsarin mulki na jihohi daban-daban wani lokacin suna magance tambayar wanda ke da haƙƙin doka. A tarihi, ra'ayoyi da yawa na haƙƙoƙi sun kasance masu iko da Matsayi, tare da mutane daban-daban da aka ba su haƙƙofo daban-daban, kuma wasu suna da haƙƙoƙe fiye da wasu. Misali, haƙƙin uba da ɗansa ya girmama shi bai nuna haƙƙin ɗa ya karɓi wani abu ba don dawo da wannan girmamawa; kuma [[Divine right of kings|Hakkin allahntaka na sarakuna]], wanda ya ba da izinin cikakken iko a kan talakawa, bai bar yiwuwar haƙƙoƙi da yawa ga talakawa da kansu ba. Sabanin haka, ra'ayoyin zamani na haƙƙoƙi galibi suna jaddada [['yanci]] da [[Daidaitawa|daidaito]] a cikin mahimman al'amuran haƙƙofofi, kamar yadda ya bayyana a cikin juyin juya halin Amurka da Faransa. Muhimman takardu a cikin Tarihin siyasa na haƙƙoƙi sun haɗa da: * The [[Daular Achaemenid|Persian Empire]] of [[Tarihin Iran|ancient Iran]] established unprecedented principles of [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|human rights]] in the 6th century BC under [[Cyrus the Great]]. After his conquest of Babylon in 539 BC, the king issued the Cyrus cylinder, discovered in 1879 and seen by some today as the first human rights document.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The First Global Statement of the Inherent Dignity and Equality |url=https://www.un.org/events/humanrights/2008/history.shtml |access-date=2010-09-13 |publisher=United Nations |ref=UN-HumanRightsDay}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last3=Paul Gordon Lauren}}</ref> * The Constitution of Medina (622 AD; Arabia) instituted a number of rights for the Muslim, Jewish, camp followers and "believers" of Medina. * ''Magna Carta'' (1215; [[Ingila|England]]) required the King of England to renounce certain rights and respect certain legal procedures, and to accept that the will of the king could be bound by law, after King John promised his barons he would follow the "law of the land". While ''Magna Carta'' was originally a set of rules that the king had to follow, and mainly protected the property of aristocratic landowners, today it is seen as the basis of certain rights for ordinary people, such as the right of due process. * The Declaration of Arbroath (1320; [[Scotland]]) established the right of the people to choose a head of state (see popular sovereignty). * The Henrician Articles (1573; Poland-Lithuania) or King Henry's Articles were a permanent contract that stated the fundamental principles of governance and constitutional law in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, including the rights of the nobility to elect the king, to meet in parliament whose approval was required to levy taxes and declare war or peace, to religious liberty and the right to rebel in case the king transgressed against the laws of the republic or the rights of the nobility. * The Bill of Rights (1689; England) declared that Englishmen, as embodied by Parliament, possess certain civil and political rights; the Claim of Right (1689; Scotland) was similar but distinct. * The Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776) by George Mason declared the inherent natural rights and [[Rarabewar iko|separation of powers]]. * The United States Declaration of Independence (1776) succinctly defined the rights of man as including, but not limited to, "Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" which later influenced "{{Lang|fr|[[liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" (liberty, equality, fraternity) in France.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Rand Dyck}}</ref> The phrase can also be found in Chapter III, Article 13 of the 1947 Constitution of Japan,<ref>{{Cite web |title=1947 Japanese Constitution |url=http://history.hanover.edu/texts/1947con.html |website=Hanover Historical Texts Collection |publisher=Hanover College History Department}}</ref>  and in President Ho Chi Minh's 1945 declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vietnamese Declaration of Independence, 1945 |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1945vietnam.html |website=Internet History Sourcebooks Project}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (February 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> An alternative phrase "life, liberty and property", is found in the Declaration of Colonial Rights, a resolution of the First Continental Congress. Also, Article 3 of the [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] reads, "Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person". * The [[Bayanin haƙƙoƙin dan adam da na jama'a|Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]] (1789; France), one of the fundamental documents of the French Revolution, defined a set of individual rights and collective rights of the people. * The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1785; United States), written by [[Thomas Jefferson]] in 1779, was a document that asserted the right of man to form a personal relationship with God free from interference by the state. * The United States Bill of Rights (1789–1791; United States), the first ten amendments of the United States Constitution specified rights of individuals in which government could not interfere, including the rights of free assembly, freedom of religion, trial by jury, and the right to keep and bear arms. * The Constitution of Poland-Lithuania (1791; Poland-Lithuania) was the first constitution in Europe, and second in the world. It built upon previous Polish law documents such as the Henrician Articles, as well as the US [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|constitution]], and it too, specified many rights. * The [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] (1948) is an overarching set of standards by which governments, organisations and individuals would measure their behaviour towards each other.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2013}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The preamble declares that the "...recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of [[Ƴancin siyasa|freedom]], [[Adalci|justice]] and peace in the world..." * The [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|European Convention on Human Rights]] (1950; Europe) was adopted under the auspices of the Council of Europe to protect [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|human rights]] and fundamental freedoms. * The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), a follow-up to the [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], concerns [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|civil and political rights]]. * The [[Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]] (1966), another follow-up to the [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], concerns [[Hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|economic, social and cultural rights]]. * The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982; Canada) was created to protect the rights of Canadian citizens from actions and policies of all levels of government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-12 |title=Learn about the Charter |url=https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/csj-sjc/rfc-dlc/ccrf-ccdl/learn-apprend.html |access-date=2019-02-02 |website=Canada's System of Justice |publisher=Department of Justice Canada}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (February 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> * The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2000) is one of the most recent proposed legal instruments concerning human rights. == Dubi kuma == * Bayanan haƙƙoƙi  '''Ƙungiyoyi:''' * [[Amnesty International]] * [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Mai kula da 'yancin Dan Adam]] * Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta Amurka [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tnk5ggarix4dotostzj3i3b8pwg3231 0 14035 906039 309780 2026-08-22T07:44:41Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 906039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_The_Bahamas.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Bahamas.]] '''Bahamas'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da Turanci: '''The Bahamas''') ƙasa ce, da ke acikin nahiyar [[Amurka]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Bahamas birnin [[Nassau]] ne. Bahamas tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita murabba'i {{formatnum:13878}}. Antigua da Barbuda tana da yawan jama'a {{formatnum:385637}}, bisa ga jimilla a shekarar 2018. Bahamas ƙungiyar tsibirai ce (tana da tsibirai dari bakwai[[700]].) a cikin [[Tekun Karibiyan]]. Daga shekara ta 2019, gwamnan ƙasar Bahamas [[Cornelius A. Smith]] ce. Firaministan ƙasar Bahamas [[Hubert Minnis]] ne daga shekara ta 2017. <gallery> File:Great_Isaac_Cay,_Bahamas.jpg|Great Isaac Cay, Bahamas File:Dean_Blue_Hole_Long_Island_Bahamas_20110210.JPG|Long island, Bahamas File:LTIA.jpg|Airport File:Bahamas_Tugs_0410.jpg|Decommissioned Bahamas Nassau Port Service Tugs Snapper and Amber Jack File:Tommy_Robinson_National_Stadium.jpg|Tommy Robinson National stadium </gallery> == Manazarta == <references/> [[Category:Ƙasashen Karibiyan]] {{stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bahamas}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Amurka]] o1wi0lgxyero3lia13upsz6i6xx865t 906041 906039 2026-08-22T07:46:32Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 906041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_The_Bahamas.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Bahamas.]] '''Bahamas'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da Turanci: '''The Bahamas''') ƙasa ce, da ke acikin nahiyar [[Amurka]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Bahamas birnin [[Nassau]] ne. Bahamas tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita murabba'i {{formatnum:13878}}. Antigua da Barbuda tana da yawan jama'a {{formatnum:385637}}, bisa ga jimilla acikin shekarar 2018. Bahamas ƙungiyar tsibirai ce (tana da tsibirai dari bakwai[[700]].) a cikin [[Tekun Karibiyan]]. Daga cikin shekara ta 2019, gwamnan ƙasar Bahamas [[Cornelius A. Smith]] ce. Firaministan ƙasar Bahamas [[Hubert Minnis]] ne daga shekara ta 2017. <gallery> File:Great_Isaac_Cay,_Bahamas.jpg|Great Isaac Cay, Bahamas File:Dean_Blue_Hole_Long_Island_Bahamas_20110210.JPG|Long island, Bahamas File:LTIA.jpg|Airport File:Bahamas_Tugs_0410.jpg|Decommissioned Bahamas Nassau Port Service Tugs Snapper and Amber Jack File:Tommy_Robinson_National_Stadium.jpg|Tommy Robinson National stadium </gallery> == Manazarta == <references/> [[Category:Ƙasashen Karibiyan]] {{stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bahamas}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Amurka]] dp7ve5tdz2rnzs8dqp40nji34l96ry6 906042 906041 2026-08-22T07:47:40Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 906042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_The_Bahamas.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Bahamas.]] '''Bahamas'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da Turanci: '''The Bahamas''') ƙasa ce, da ke acikin nahiyar [[Amurka]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Bahamas birnin [[Nassau]] ne. Bahamas tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita murabba'i {{formatnum:13878}}. Antigua da Barbuda tana da yawan jama'a {{formatnum:385637}}, bisa ga jimilla acikin shekarar 2018. Bahamas ƙungiyar tsibirai ce (tana da tsibirai dari bakwai[[700]].) a cikin [[Tekun Karibiyan]]. Daga cikin shekara ta 2019, gwamnan ƙasar Bahamas [[Cornelius A. Smith]] ce. Firaministan ƙasar Bahamas [[Hubert Minnis]] ne daga cikin shekara ta 2017. <gallery> File:Great_Isaac_Cay,_Bahamas.jpg|Great Isaac Cay, Bahamas File:Dean_Blue_Hole_Long_Island_Bahamas_20110210.JPG|Long island, Bahamas File:LTIA.jpg|Airport File:Bahamas_Tugs_0410.jpg|Decommissioned Bahamas Nassau Port Service Tugs Snapper and Amber Jack File:Tommy_Robinson_National_Stadium.jpg|Tommy Robinson National stadium </gallery> == Manazarta == <references/> [[Category:Ƙasashen Karibiyan]] {{stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bahamas}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Amurka]] 3n3i6qhkjabi6ms7xudyy2o37y9qd66 2 14239 905660 575399 2026-08-21T15:19:28Z Amid Record 38536 905660 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Abdul Director|Abdullahi]] Musa, wanda yafi shahara da Abdul Director. An haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairu, 1998 a garin Potiskum dake jihar Yobe a Najeriya. Mahaifinsa Alhaji Musa Idris, mutumin garin Hadejia karamar hukumar Jahar Jigawa; yana da ya'ya goma sha biyu, wanda Abdul Director ya zama na bakwai a cikin su. kur7h2bko01y4eahsz9nh5tbzz6r5l6 0 15130 906028 831478 2026-08-22T06:43:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906028 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:JoyBokiri (1).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:JoyBokiri (2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:JoyBokiri (4).jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Joy Bokiri | hoto = JoyBokiri (3).jpg | cikakken_suna = Joy Ebinemiere Bokiri | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|1998|12|29}} | wurin_haihuwa = Elemebiri, Najeriya | kasa = Najeriya | tsawo = 1.58 m | matsayi = Dan wasan tsakiya | kungiyar_yanzu = Ünye Kadın FK | lamba = 34 | shekaru1 = –2017 | kungiya1 = Bayelsa Queens | shekaru2 = 2018 | kungiya2 = Sporting de Huelva | wasanni2 = 13 | kwallaye2 = 1 | shekaru3 = 2018–2019 | kungiya3 = Elpides Karditsas | shekaru4 = 2019–2020 | kungiya4 = Konak Belediyespor | wasanni4 = 14 | kwallaye4 = 11 | shekaru5 = 2021 | kungiya5 = Bayelsa Queens | shekaru6 = 2021 | kungiya6 = AIK | wasanni6 = 4 | kwallaye6 = 0 | shekaru7 = 2022 | kungiya7 = Bayelsa Queens | shekaru8 = 2022–2023 | kungiya8 = Saint-Étienne | wasanni8 = 5 | kwallaye8 = 1 | shekaru9 = 2023 | kungiya9 = Ataşehir Belediyespor | wasanni9 = 4 | kwallaye9 = 0 | shekaru10 = 2024– | kungiya10 = Ünye Kadın FK | wasanni10 = 18 | kwallaye10 = 3 | tawagar_kasa1 = Najeriya | shekaru_kasa1 = 2019– | wasannin_kasa1 = 1 | kwallayen_kasa1 = 1 }} '''Joy Ebinemiere Bokiri''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga Disamba, 1998) ƙwararriyar ‘yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce daga Najeriya wadda ke taka leda a matsayin ‘yar tsakiya. Ta yi wasa a kungiyoyi daban-daban na ƙasashen Turai da kuma tawagar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Najeriya.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Bokiri</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Joy Bokiri a garin Elemebiri da ke Najeriya. Tun tana ƙaramar yarinya ta fara nuna sha’awa sosai ga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, inda daga baya ta shiga makarantar horas da matasa masu tasowa a harkar ƙwallon mata.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.soccerzz.com/player/joy-bokiri/531762 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-05-07 |archive-date=2024-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321131548/https://www.soccerzz.com/player/joy-bokiri/531762 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sana'ar kwallon kafa == Bokiri ta fara shahara ne yayin da take taka leda a kungiyar mata ta '''Bayelsa Queens''', daya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin mata a Najeriya. Bajintarta a tsakiya ya sanya kungiyoyi daga Turai suka fara bibiyarta domin daukarta.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Bokiri</ref> A shekarar 2018 ta koma kasar Sifaniya inda ta rattaba hannu da kungiyar '''Sporting de Huelva'''. Ta buga wasanni da dama a gasar mata ta kasar, inda ta samu damar nuna kwarewarta a matakin Turai.<ref>https://www.flashscore.com/player/bokiri-joy/nFbqoy5H/</ref> Bayan zamanta a Sifaniya, ta koma kasar Girka domin taka leda tare da kungiyar '''Elpides Karditsas'''. Daga baya kuma ta koma kasar Turkiyya inda ta buga wa '''Konak Belediyespor''' wasa, kuma ta zura kwallaye masu yawa a kakar wasa ta 2019 zuwa 2020.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Bokiri</ref> A shekarar 2021 Bokiri ta koma kungiyar '''AIK''' ta kasar Sweden, kafin daga baya ta sake komawa Najeriya domin taka leda da Bayelsa Queens. A shekarar 2022 kuma ta koma kungiyar '''Saint-Étienne''' ta Faransa.<ref>https://www.soccerdonna.de/en/joy-bokiri/leistungsdaten/spieler_18165_2023.html</ref> Daga baya ta sake taka leda a kungiyar '''Ataşehir Belediyespor''' ta Turkiyya kafin ta koma kungiyar '''Ünye Kadın FK''' wadda take bugawa a yanzu.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Bokiri</ref> == A matakin kasa == Joy Bokiri ta wakilci Najeriya a matakan matasa kafin daga baya ta samu damar shiga babbar tawagar mata ta Najeriya. Ta samu karbuwa musamman bayan ta zura kwallo a gasar '''WAFU Zone B Women's Cup''' a shekarar 2019.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Bokiri</ref> == Salon wasanta == Bokiri ta shahara wajen sarrafa kwallo, gudu cikin sauri da kuma kirkirar damar cin kwallo daga tsakiyar fili. Hakan ya sanya take taka muhimmiyar rawa a kungiyoyin da take bugawa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.soccerzz.com/player/joy-bokiri/531762 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-05-07 |archive-date=2024-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321131548/https://www.soccerzz.com/player/joy-bokiri/531762 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Tawagar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya]] * [[Bayelsa Queens]] == Manazarta == <references /> == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Bokiri Joy Bokiri a Wikipedia ta Turanci] * [https://www.flashscore.com/player/bokiri-joy/nFbqoy5H/ Bayanan Joy Bokiri a Flashscore] psl2pxjerbdamhqp4x6npuf719xyd10 0 18238 906031 220063 2026-08-22T07:08:45Z Kaddi123 38060 906031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Würfelzucker -- 2018 -- 3564.jpg|thumb|Hoton wani farin magi]] '''Magi''' dai wani sinadari ne da ake sanyawa a abinci domin bada ɗan-ɗano mai daɗi, magi dai ana sanya shi ne a abinci domin sanya ko ƙarawa abincin daɗi a wajen ci. ==Ire-iren magi== # Akwai ire-iren magi da ake da su # Farin magi # Magi ɗan dunƙule.mr Chief, Magi ɗan goti,magana da Amfani ga jiki Dan Adam domin Samar da dandanono,Kuma Yana da illa ga jiki idan yayi yawa, Da dai sauran su<ref>https://aminiya.dailytrust.com/yadda-ake-yin-miyar-wake-2/</ref> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} 1zi5qra5ij2rtflwiwx22rnv6056r89 0 18550 905879 849596 2026-08-22T00:14:29Z 90imrana 48124 905879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Nigeria Airways 747-282B.png|thumb]] [[File:Nigeria Airways Airbus A310 Volpati.jpg|thumb|airways na nageriya]] '''Gusau''' ko '''Filin Jirgin Sama na Gusau''' ( filin jirgin sama ne da ke yiwa Birnn [[Gusau]], babban birnin [[Zamfara|jihar Zamfara]] a Kasar [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]]. filin jirgin sama na Gusau yasamu asali tun mulkin tsuhun gwamnan jahar Zamfara Ahj mamuda Aliyu shinkafi Dalltun Zamfara shine wanda ya'asasa ginin filin jirgin sama a Gusau<ref>www.Aljazeerah.com</ref><ref>New Gusau Airport New Airport Profile | CAPA". centreforaviation.com. Retrieved 2023-06-06.</ref><ref>Hotels.ng. "Gusau Airstrip - LOCATION AND NEARBY HOTELS". Hotels.ng Guides. Retrieved 2023-06-06</ref> == Duba kuma == * Sufuri a Najeriya * [[Jerin filayen jirgin sama a Nijeriya|Jerin filayen jiragen sama a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://ourairports.com/airports/DNGU/pilot-info.html#general Filin jirgin saman mu - Gusau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218124558/http://ourairports.com/airports/DNGU/pilot-info.html#general |date=2017-02-18 }} * [https://skyvector.com/airport/DNGU/Gusau-Airport Taswirar Jirgin Sama na SkyVector] * [https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=16/12.1705/6.6953 OpenStreetMap - Gusau] * Accident history for Gusau Airport [[Category:Filayen jirgin sama a Najeriya]] [[Category:Jihar Zamfara]] [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] poa8ilr69y9x3e824vfh28a7e1wez9z 0 19697 905949 735356 2026-08-22T05:22:21Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Hakki ga yanayi mai lafiya ko haƙƙin yanayi mai ɗorewa da lafiya [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|Hakkin ɗan adam]] ne da ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa da ƙungiyoyin muhalli ke ba da shawara don kare tsarin muhalli waɗanda ke samar da lafiyar ɗan adam.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-03-01 |title=The Case for a Right to a Healthy Environment |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/03/01/case-right-healthy-environment |access-date=2021-02-10 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-25 |title=The Time is Now for the UN to Formally Recognize the Right to a Healthy and Sustainable Environment |url=https://www.ciel.org/un-global-recognition-right-healthy-environment/ |access-date=2021-02-10 |website=Center for International Environmental Law |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Knox |first=John H. |date=2020-10-13 |title=Constructing the Human Right to a Healthy Environment |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-031720-074856 |journal=Annual Review of Law and Social Science |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=79–95 |doi=10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-031720-074856 |issn=1550-3585 |s2cid=216476059 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Majalisar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta amince da haƙƙin a lokacin zamanta na 48 a watan Oktoba 2021 a HRC / RES / 48/13 kuma daga baya Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkinobho a ranar 28 ga Yulin shekarar 2022 a A / RES > 36 / 300. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=OHCHR {{!}} Bachelet hails landmark recognition that having a healthy environment is a human right |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=27635 |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=www.ohchr.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Historic day for human rights and a healthy planet: UN expert |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/07/historic-day-human-rights-and-healthy-planet-un-expert |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}</ref><ref name="news.un.org">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-28 |title=UN General Assembly declares access to clean and healthy environment a universal human right |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/07/1123482 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=UN News |language=en}}</ref> Hakki sau da yawa shine tushen kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta masu kare muhalli, kamar [[Kariyar Kasa|masu kare ƙasa]], Masu kare ruwa da masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar. Haƙƙin yana da alaƙa da sauran haƙƙin ɗan adam da ke mai da hankali ga kiwon lafiya, kamar haƙƙin ruwa da tsabta, haƙƙin abinci da haƙƙin kiwon lafiya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=OHCHR {{!}} Good practices on the right to a healthy environment |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Environment/SREnvironment/Pages/GoodPracticesR2HealthyEnvironment.aspx |access-date=2021-02-10 |website=www.ohchr.org}}</ref> Hakkin yanayi mai lafiya yana amfani da tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam don kare ingancin muhalli; wannan tsarin yana magance tasirin cutar muhalli akan kowane ɗan adam, sabanin tsarin gargajiya na tsarin muhalli wanda ke mai da hankali kan tasirin wasu jihohi ko muhalli kanta.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Boyle |first=Alan |date=2012-08-01 |title=Human Rights and the Environment: Where Next? |url=https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/23/3/613/399894 |journal=European Journal of International Law |language=en |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=613–642 |doi=10.1093/ejil/chs054 |issn=0938-5428 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da haka wata hanyar kare muhalli ita ce haƙƙin yanayi wanda ke ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa haƙƙin da mutane da kamfanoni ke morewa ga yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Halpern |first=Gator |date= |title=Rights to Nature vs Rights of Nature |url=https://environment.yale.edu/blog/2014/12/rights-to-nature-vs-rights-of-nature/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117194922/https://environment.yale.edu/blog/2014/12/rights-to-nature-vs-rights-of-nature/ |archive-date=2021-01-17 |access-date=2021-02-10 |website= |language=en-US |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fayil:ISS029-E-008032_Fires_along_the_Rio_Xingu_-_Brazil.jpg|thumb|262x262px|Kashewa da ƙonewa a kan Rio Xingu, Brazil tana barazana ga haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma haƙƙin da ya fi girma ga yanayi mai lafiya. Dokar shari'a kamar shari'ar Yanayi ta Colombia da ke kare gandun daji na Amazon daga sare daji a tarihi sun dogara da haƙƙin yanayi da yara, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-05 |title=In historic ruling, Colombian Court protects youth suing the national government for failing to curb deforestation |url=https://www.dejusticia.org/en/en-fallo-historico-corte-suprema-concede-tutela-de-cambio-climatico-y-generaciones-futuras/ |access-date=2021-11-30 |website=Dejusticia |language=en-US}}</ref> haƙƙin yanayi mai lafiya zai samar da ƙarin kariya.]] == Matsayin jihar == Hakkin yana haifar da wajibi ga jihar don tsarawa da aiwatar da [[Dokar muhalli|Dokokin muhalli]], sarrafa [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]], kuma in ba haka ba samar da adalci da kariya ga al'ummomin da matsalolin muhalli suka cutar.<ref name=":4"/> Hakki ga yanayi mai lafiya ya kasance muhimmiyar dama don ƙirƙirar ka'idojin shari'ar muhalli don [[Shari'ar Canjin Yanayi|Shari'ar canjin yanayi]] da sauran batutuwan muhalli.<ref>{{Citation|journal=Ramin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Varvastian |first=Sam |date=2019-04-10 |title=The Human Right to a Clean and Healthy Environment in Climate Change Litigation |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3369481 |language=en |location=Rochester, NY |ssrn=3369481}}</ref> === Kokarin gyaran kundin tsarin mulki === {{Excerpt|Environmental rights amendments}} == Hanyoyin kasa da kasa ==   A tarihi, manyan kayan aikin kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kamar Universal Declaration on Human Rights, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ko International Covenant in Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ba su amince da haƙƙin yanayi mai lafiya ba.<ref name=":5"/> Sanarwar Stockholm ta 1972 ta amince da haƙƙin, amma ba takardar doka ba ce. Sanarwar Rio ta 1992 ba ta amfani da harshen haƙƙin ɗan adam ba, kodayake ta bayyana cewa mutane za su sami damar samun bayanai game da batutuwan muhalli, shiga cikin yanke shawara, da kuma samun damar yin adalci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2018 |title=UNEP - Principle 10 and the Bali Guideline |url=https://www.unep.org/civil-society-engagement/partnerships/principle-10}}</ref> Ƙudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka gabatar a halin yanzu, Yarjejeniyar Duniya don Muhalli, idan an karɓa, zai zama kayan aikin haƙƙin ɗan adam na farko na Majalisar Dinkinobho don haɗawa da haƙƙin yanayi mai lafiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Knox |first=John |date=April 2019 |title=The Global Pact for the Environment: At the crossroads of human rights and the environment |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/reel.12287 |journal=RECIEL |volume=(28) 1 |issue=1 |pages=40–47 |bibcode=2019RECIE..28...40K |doi=10.1111/reel.12287 |s2cid=159049214 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Ƙudurin Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya === A cikin 2021 a lokacin zamanta na 48, [[Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta amince da ƙuduri (wanda babban rukuni wanda ya hada da [[Costa Rica]], Morocco, Slovenia, Switzerland da Maldives, tare da Costa Rica kasancewa mai riƙe da alkalami), ta amince da "Hakkin ɗan adam ga yanayi mai tsabta, lafiya da ɗorewa", wanda ke nuna karo na farko da jikin ya ayyana haƙƙin ɗan adam. <ref name=":3"/><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2021-10-08 |title=Access to a healthy environment, declared a human right by UN rights council |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/10/1102582 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009110914/https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/10/1102582 |archive-date=2021-10-09 |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=UN News |language=en}}</ref> Ƙudurin ba doka ba ce, amma "ya gayyaci [[Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] don yin la'akari da batun".<ref name=":6" /> === Kudurin Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya === InA cikin 2022 a lokacin zamansa na 76, [[Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ya amince da ƙuduri da wata kungiya ta gabatar da ciki har da Costa Rica, Morocco, Slovenia, Switzerland, da Maldives sake amincewa da haƙƙin ɗan adam ga yanayi mai tsabta, lafiya, da ɗorewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Assembly of the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/76/resolutions.shtml |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Kodayake ƙudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba su da bin doka, Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkinobho na 'Yancin Dan Adam [[Michelle Bachelet]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bachelet calls for urgent action to realize human right to healthy environment following recognition by UN General Assembly |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/07/bachelet-calls-urgent-action-realize-human-right-healthy-environment |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}</ref> masu ba da rahoto na musamman da yawa <ref name="news.un.org2">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-28 |title=UN General Assembly declares access to clean and healthy environment a universal human right |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/07/1123482 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=UN News |language=en}}</ref> da membobin wasu kungiyoyin farar hula t.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Assembly of the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/76/resolutions.shtml |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bachelet calls for urgent action to realize human right to healthy environment following recognition by UN General Assembly |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/07/bachelet-calls-urgent-action-realize-human-right-healthy-environment |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}</ref><ref name="news.un.org"/>s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2022 |title=Franciscans International: News |url=https://franciscansinternational.org/news/news/un-general-assembly-recognizes-the-human-right-to-a-healthy-environment/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=franciscansinternational.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=VICTORY: UNGA Recognizes Right to a Healthy Environment For All |url=https://www.ciel.org/news/unga-recognizes-right-to-a-healthy-environment-signaling-a-new-era-of-rights-based-environmental-policy/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=Center for International Environmental Law |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] nnjgntxsh8rvjmnp470uz0hjdrpigz4 905950 905949 2026-08-22T05:22:41Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Hakki ga yanayi mai lafiya ko haƙƙin yanayi mai ɗorewa da lafiya [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|Hakkin ɗan adam]] ne da ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa da ƙungiyoyin muhalli ke ba da shawara don kare tsarin muhalli waɗanda ke samar da lafiyar ɗan adam.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-03-01 |title=The Case for a Right to a Healthy Environment |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/03/01/case-right-healthy-environment |access-date=2021-02-10 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-25 |title=The Time is Now for the UN to Formally Recognize the Right to a Healthy and Sustainable Environment |url=https://www.ciel.org/un-global-recognition-right-healthy-environment/ |access-date=2021-02-10 |website=Center for International Environmental Law |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Knox |first=John H. |date=2020-10-13 |title=Constructing the Human Right to a Healthy Environment |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-031720-074856 |journal=Annual Review of Law and Social Science |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=79–95 |doi=10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-031720-074856 |issn=1550-3585 |s2cid=216476059 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Majalisar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta amince da haƙƙin a lokacin zamanta na 48 a watan Oktoba 2021 a HRC / RES / 48/13 kuma daga baya Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkinobho a ranar 28 ga Yulin shekarar 2022 a A / RES > 36 / 300. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=OHCHR {{!}} Bachelet hails landmark recognition that having a healthy environment is a human right |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=27635 |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=www.ohchr.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Historic day for human rights and a healthy planet: UN expert |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/07/historic-day-human-rights-and-healthy-planet-un-expert |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}</ref><ref name="news.un.org">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-28 |title=UN General Assembly declares access to clean and healthy environment a universal human right |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/07/1123482 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=UN News |language=en}}</ref> Hakki sau da yawa shine tushen kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta masu kare muhalli, kamar [[Kariyar Kasa|masu kare ƙasa]], Masu kare ruwa da masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar. Haƙƙin yana da alaƙa da sauran haƙƙin ɗan adam da ke mai da hankali ga kiwon lafiya, kamar haƙƙin ruwa da tsabta, haƙƙin abinci da haƙƙin kiwon lafiya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=OHCHR {{!}} Good practices on the right to a healthy environment |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Environment/SREnvironment/Pages/GoodPracticesR2HealthyEnvironment.aspx |access-date=2021-02-10 |website=www.ohchr.org}}</ref> Hakkin yanayi mai lafiya yana amfani da tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam don kare ingancin muhalli; wannan tsarin yana magance tasirin cutar muhalli akan kowane ɗan adam, sabanin tsarin gargajiya na tsarin muhalli wanda kuma ke mai da hankali kan tasirin wasu jihohi ko muhalli kanta.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Boyle |first=Alan |date=2012-08-01 |title=Human Rights and the Environment: Where Next? |url=https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/23/3/613/399894 |journal=European Journal of International Law |language=en |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=613–642 |doi=10.1093/ejil/chs054 |issn=0938-5428 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da haka wata hanyar kare muhalli ita ce haƙƙin yanayi wanda ke ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa haƙƙin da mutane da kamfanoni ke morewa ga yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Halpern |first=Gator |date= |title=Rights to Nature vs Rights of Nature |url=https://environment.yale.edu/blog/2014/12/rights-to-nature-vs-rights-of-nature/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117194922/https://environment.yale.edu/blog/2014/12/rights-to-nature-vs-rights-of-nature/ |archive-date=2021-01-17 |access-date=2021-02-10 |website= |language=en-US |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fayil:ISS029-E-008032_Fires_along_the_Rio_Xingu_-_Brazil.jpg|thumb|262x262px|Kashewa da ƙonewa a kan Rio Xingu, Brazil tana barazana ga haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma haƙƙin da ya fi girma ga yanayi mai lafiya. Dokar shari'a kamar shari'ar Yanayi ta Colombia da ke kare gandun daji na Amazon daga sare daji a tarihi sun dogara da haƙƙin yanayi da yara, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-05 |title=In historic ruling, Colombian Court protects youth suing the national government for failing to curb deforestation |url=https://www.dejusticia.org/en/en-fallo-historico-corte-suprema-concede-tutela-de-cambio-climatico-y-generaciones-futuras/ |access-date=2021-11-30 |website=Dejusticia |language=en-US}}</ref> haƙƙin yanayi mai lafiya zai samar da ƙarin kariya.]] == Matsayin jihar == Hakkin yana haifar da wajibi ga jihar don tsarawa da aiwatar da [[Dokar muhalli|Dokokin muhalli]], sarrafa [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]], kuma in ba haka ba samar da adalci da kariya ga al'ummomin da matsalolin muhalli suka cutar.<ref name=":4"/> Hakki ga yanayi mai lafiya ya kasance muhimmiyar dama don ƙirƙirar ka'idojin shari'ar muhalli don [[Shari'ar Canjin Yanayi|Shari'ar canjin yanayi]] da sauran batutuwan muhalli.<ref>{{Citation|journal=Ramin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Varvastian |first=Sam |date=2019-04-10 |title=The Human Right to a Clean and Healthy Environment in Climate Change Litigation |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3369481 |language=en |location=Rochester, NY |ssrn=3369481}}</ref> === Kokarin gyaran kundin tsarin mulki === {{Excerpt|Environmental rights amendments}} == Hanyoyin kasa da kasa ==   A tarihi, manyan kayan aikin kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kamar Universal Declaration on Human Rights, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ko International Covenant in Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ba su amince da haƙƙin yanayi mai lafiya ba.<ref name=":5"/> Sanarwar Stockholm ta 1972 ta amince da haƙƙin, amma ba takardar doka ba ce. Sanarwar Rio ta 1992 ba ta amfani da harshen haƙƙin ɗan adam ba, kodayake ta bayyana cewa mutane za su sami damar samun bayanai game da batutuwan muhalli, shiga cikin yanke shawara, da kuma samun damar yin adalci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2018 |title=UNEP - Principle 10 and the Bali Guideline |url=https://www.unep.org/civil-society-engagement/partnerships/principle-10}}</ref> Ƙudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka gabatar a halin yanzu, Yarjejeniyar Duniya don Muhalli, idan an karɓa, zai zama kayan aikin haƙƙin ɗan adam na farko na Majalisar Dinkinobho don haɗawa da haƙƙin yanayi mai lafiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Knox |first=John |date=April 2019 |title=The Global Pact for the Environment: At the crossroads of human rights and the environment |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/reel.12287 |journal=RECIEL |volume=(28) 1 |issue=1 |pages=40–47 |bibcode=2019RECIE..28...40K |doi=10.1111/reel.12287 |s2cid=159049214 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Ƙudurin Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya === A cikin 2021 a lokacin zamanta na 48, [[Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta amince da ƙuduri (wanda babban rukuni wanda ya hada da [[Costa Rica]], Morocco, Slovenia, Switzerland da Maldives, tare da Costa Rica kasancewa mai riƙe da alkalami), ta amince da "Hakkin ɗan adam ga yanayi mai tsabta, lafiya da ɗorewa", wanda ke nuna karo na farko da jikin ya ayyana haƙƙin ɗan adam. <ref name=":3"/><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2021-10-08 |title=Access to a healthy environment, declared a human right by UN rights council |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/10/1102582 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009110914/https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/10/1102582 |archive-date=2021-10-09 |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=UN News |language=en}}</ref> Ƙudurin ba doka ba ce, amma "ya gayyaci [[Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] don yin la'akari da batun".<ref name=":6" /> === Kudurin Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya === InA cikin 2022 a lokacin zamansa na 76, [[Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ya amince da ƙuduri da wata kungiya ta gabatar da ciki har da Costa Rica, Morocco, Slovenia, Switzerland, da Maldives sake amincewa da haƙƙin ɗan adam ga yanayi mai tsabta, lafiya, da ɗorewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Assembly of the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/76/resolutions.shtml |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Kodayake ƙudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba su da bin doka, Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkinobho na 'Yancin Dan Adam [[Michelle Bachelet]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bachelet calls for urgent action to realize human right to healthy environment following recognition by UN General Assembly |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/07/bachelet-calls-urgent-action-realize-human-right-healthy-environment |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}</ref> masu ba da rahoto na musamman da yawa <ref name="news.un.org2">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-28 |title=UN General Assembly declares access to clean and healthy environment a universal human right |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/07/1123482 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=UN News |language=en}}</ref> da membobin wasu kungiyoyin farar hula t.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Assembly of the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/76/resolutions.shtml |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bachelet calls for urgent action to realize human right to healthy environment following recognition by UN General Assembly |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/07/bachelet-calls-urgent-action-realize-human-right-healthy-environment |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}</ref><ref name="news.un.org"/>s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2022 |title=Franciscans International: News |url=https://franciscansinternational.org/news/news/un-general-assembly-recognizes-the-human-right-to-a-healthy-environment/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=franciscansinternational.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=VICTORY: UNGA Recognizes Right to a Healthy Environment For All |url=https://www.ciel.org/news/unga-recognizes-right-to-a-healthy-environment-signaling-a-new-era-of-rights-based-environmental-policy/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=Center for International Environmental Law |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] 7wue2vmuefhvqnuuqq01vcdvh0a5nv9 905951 905950 2026-08-22T05:22:58Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Hakki ga yanayi mai lafiya ko haƙƙin yanayi mai ɗorewa da lafiya [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|Hakkin ɗan adam]] ne da ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa da ƙungiyoyin muhalli ke ba da shawara don kare tsarin muhalli waɗanda ke samar da lafiyar ɗan adam.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-03-01 |title=The Case for a Right to a Healthy Environment |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/03/01/case-right-healthy-environment |access-date=2021-02-10 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-25 |title=The Time is Now for the UN to Formally Recognize the Right to a Healthy and Sustainable Environment |url=https://www.ciel.org/un-global-recognition-right-healthy-environment/ |access-date=2021-02-10 |website=Center for International Environmental Law |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Knox |first=John H. |date=2020-10-13 |title=Constructing the Human Right to a Healthy Environment |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-031720-074856 |journal=Annual Review of Law and Social Science |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=79–95 |doi=10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-031720-074856 |issn=1550-3585 |s2cid=216476059 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Majalisar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta amince da haƙƙin a lokacin zamanta na 48 a watan Oktoba 2021 a HRC / RES / 48/13 kuma daga baya Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkinobho a ranar 28 ga Yulin shekarar 2022 a A / RES > 36 / 300. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=OHCHR {{!}} Bachelet hails landmark recognition that having a healthy environment is a human right |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=27635 |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=www.ohchr.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Historic day for human rights and a healthy planet: UN expert |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/07/historic-day-human-rights-and-healthy-planet-un-expert |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}</ref><ref name="news.un.org">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-28 |title=UN General Assembly declares access to clean and healthy environment a universal human right |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/07/1123482 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=UN News |language=en}}</ref> Hakki sau da yawa shine tushen kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta masu kare muhalli, kamar [[Kariyar Kasa|masu kare ƙasa]], Masu kare ruwa da masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar. Haƙƙin yana da alaƙa da sauran haƙƙin ɗan adam da ke mai da hankali ga kiwon lafiya, kamar haƙƙin ruwa da tsabta, haƙƙin abinci da haƙƙin kiwon lafiya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=OHCHR {{!}} Good practices on the right to a healthy environment |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Environment/SREnvironment/Pages/GoodPracticesR2HealthyEnvironment.aspx |access-date=2021-02-10 |website=www.ohchr.org}}</ref> Hakkin yanayi mai lafiya yana amfani da tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam don kare ingancin muhalli; wannan tsarin yana magance tasirin cutar muhalli akan kowane ɗan adam, sabanin tsarin gargajiya na tsarin muhalli wanda kuma ke mai da hankali kan tasirin wasu jihohi ko muhalli kanta.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Boyle |first=Alan |date=2012-08-01 |title=Human Rights and the Environment: Where Next? |url=https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/23/3/613/399894 |journal=European Journal of International Law |language=en |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=613–642 |doi=10.1093/ejil/chs054 |issn=0938-5428 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da haka wata hanyar kare muhalli ita ce haƙƙin yanayi wanda ke ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa haƙƙin da mutane da kamfanoni ke morewa ga yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Halpern |first=Gator |date= |title=Rights to Nature vs Rights of Nature |url=https://environment.yale.edu/blog/2014/12/rights-to-nature-vs-rights-of-nature/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117194922/https://environment.yale.edu/blog/2014/12/rights-to-nature-vs-rights-of-nature/ |archive-date=2021-01-17 |access-date=2021-02-10 |website= |language=en-US |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fayil:ISS029-E-008032_Fires_along_the_Rio_Xingu_-_Brazil.jpg|thumb|262x262px|Kashewa da ƙonewa a kan Rio Xingu, Brazil tana barazana ga haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma haƙƙin da ya fi girma ga yanayi mai lafiya. Dokar shari'a kamar shari'ar Yanayi ta Colombia da ke kare gandun daji na Amazon daga sare daji a tarihi sun dogara da haƙƙin yanayi da yara, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-05 |title=In historic ruling, Colombian Court protects youth suing the national government for failing to curb deforestation |url=https://www.dejusticia.org/en/en-fallo-historico-corte-suprema-concede-tutela-de-cambio-climatico-y-generaciones-futuras/ |access-date=2021-11-30 |website=Dejusticia |language=en-US}}</ref> haƙƙin yanayi mai lafiya zai samar da ƙarin kariya.]] == Matsayin jihar == Haƙƙin yana haifar da wajibi ga jihar don tsarawa da aiwatar da [[Dokar muhalli|Dokokin muhalli]], sarrafa [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]], kuma in ba haka ba samar da adalci da kariya ga al'ummomin da matsalolin muhalli suka cutar.<ref name=":4"/> Hakki ga yanayi mai lafiya ya kasance muhimmiyar dama don ƙirƙirar ka'idojin shari'ar muhalli don [[Shari'ar Canjin Yanayi|Shari'ar canjin yanayi]] da sauran batutuwan muhalli.<ref>{{Citation|journal=Ramin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Varvastian |first=Sam |date=2019-04-10 |title=The Human Right to a Clean and Healthy Environment in Climate Change Litigation |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3369481 |language=en |location=Rochester, NY |ssrn=3369481}}</ref> === Kokarin gyaran kundin tsarin mulki === {{Excerpt|Environmental rights amendments}} == Hanyoyin kasa da kasa ==   A tarihi, manyan kayan aikin kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kamar Universal Declaration on Human Rights, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ko International Covenant in Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ba su amince da haƙƙin yanayi mai lafiya ba.<ref name=":5"/> Sanarwar Stockholm ta 1972 ta amince da haƙƙin, amma ba takardar doka ba ce. Sanarwar Rio ta 1992 ba ta amfani da harshen haƙƙin ɗan adam ba, kodayake ta bayyana cewa mutane za su sami damar samun bayanai game da batutuwan muhalli, shiga cikin yanke shawara, da kuma samun damar yin adalci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2018 |title=UNEP - Principle 10 and the Bali Guideline |url=https://www.unep.org/civil-society-engagement/partnerships/principle-10}}</ref> Ƙudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka gabatar a halin yanzu, Yarjejeniyar Duniya don Muhalli, idan an karɓa, zai zama kayan aikin haƙƙin ɗan adam na farko na Majalisar Dinkinobho don haɗawa da haƙƙin yanayi mai lafiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Knox |first=John |date=April 2019 |title=The Global Pact for the Environment: At the crossroads of human rights and the environment |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/reel.12287 |journal=RECIEL |volume=(28) 1 |issue=1 |pages=40–47 |bibcode=2019RECIE..28...40K |doi=10.1111/reel.12287 |s2cid=159049214 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Ƙudurin Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya === A cikin 2021 a lokacin zamanta na 48, [[Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta amince da ƙuduri (wanda babban rukuni wanda ya hada da [[Costa Rica]], Morocco, Slovenia, Switzerland da Maldives, tare da Costa Rica kasancewa mai riƙe da alkalami), ta amince da "Hakkin ɗan adam ga yanayi mai tsabta, lafiya da ɗorewa", wanda ke nuna karo na farko da jikin ya ayyana haƙƙin ɗan adam. <ref name=":3"/><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2021-10-08 |title=Access to a healthy environment, declared a human right by UN rights council |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/10/1102582 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009110914/https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/10/1102582 |archive-date=2021-10-09 |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=UN News |language=en}}</ref> Ƙudurin ba doka ba ce, amma "ya gayyaci [[Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] don yin la'akari da batun".<ref name=":6" /> === Kudurin Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya === InA cikin 2022 a lokacin zamansa na 76, [[Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ya amince da ƙuduri da wata kungiya ta gabatar da ciki har da Costa Rica, Morocco, Slovenia, Switzerland, da Maldives sake amincewa da haƙƙin ɗan adam ga yanayi mai tsabta, lafiya, da ɗorewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Assembly of the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/76/resolutions.shtml |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Kodayake ƙudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba su da bin doka, Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkinobho na 'Yancin Dan Adam [[Michelle Bachelet]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bachelet calls for urgent action to realize human right to healthy environment following recognition by UN General Assembly |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/07/bachelet-calls-urgent-action-realize-human-right-healthy-environment |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}</ref> masu ba da rahoto na musamman da yawa <ref name="news.un.org2">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-28 |title=UN General Assembly declares access to clean and healthy environment a universal human right |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/07/1123482 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=UN News |language=en}}</ref> da membobin wasu kungiyoyin farar hula t.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Assembly of the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/76/resolutions.shtml |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bachelet calls for urgent action to realize human right to healthy environment following recognition by UN General Assembly |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/07/bachelet-calls-urgent-action-realize-human-right-healthy-environment |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}</ref><ref name="news.un.org"/>s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2022 |title=Franciscans International: News |url=https://franciscansinternational.org/news/news/un-general-assembly-recognizes-the-human-right-to-a-healthy-environment/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=franciscansinternational.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=VICTORY: UNGA Recognizes Right to a Healthy Environment For All |url=https://www.ciel.org/news/unga-recognizes-right-to-a-healthy-environment-signaling-a-new-era-of-rights-based-environmental-policy/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=Center for International Environmental Law |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] d05eixqkdnab0eh8wygde1s9hz34kb7 905952 905951 2026-08-22T05:23:15Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Hakki ga yanayi mai lafiya ko haƙƙin yanayi mai ɗorewa da lafiya [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|Hakkin ɗan adam]] ne da ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa da ƙungiyoyin muhalli ke ba da shawara don kare tsarin muhalli waɗanda ke samar da lafiyar ɗan adam.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-03-01 |title=The Case for a Right to a Healthy Environment |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/03/01/case-right-healthy-environment |access-date=2021-02-10 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-25 |title=The Time is Now for the UN to Formally Recognize the Right to a Healthy and Sustainable Environment |url=https://www.ciel.org/un-global-recognition-right-healthy-environment/ |access-date=2021-02-10 |website=Center for International Environmental Law |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Knox |first=John H. |date=2020-10-13 |title=Constructing the Human Right to a Healthy Environment |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-031720-074856 |journal=Annual Review of Law and Social Science |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=79–95 |doi=10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-031720-074856 |issn=1550-3585 |s2cid=216476059 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Majalisar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta amince da haƙƙin a lokacin zamanta na 48 a watan Oktoba 2021 a HRC / RES / 48/13 kuma daga baya Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkinobho a ranar 28 ga Yulin shekarar 2022 a A / RES > 36 / 300. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=OHCHR {{!}} Bachelet hails landmark recognition that having a healthy environment is a human right |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=27635 |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=www.ohchr.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Historic day for human rights and a healthy planet: UN expert |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/07/historic-day-human-rights-and-healthy-planet-un-expert |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}</ref><ref name="news.un.org">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-28 |title=UN General Assembly declares access to clean and healthy environment a universal human right |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/07/1123482 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=UN News |language=en}}</ref> Hakki sau da yawa shine tushen kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta masu kare muhalli, kamar [[Kariyar Kasa|masu kare ƙasa]], Masu kare ruwa da masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar. Haƙƙin yana da alaƙa da sauran haƙƙin ɗan adam da ke mai da hankali ga kiwon lafiya, kamar haƙƙin ruwa da tsabta, haƙƙin abinci da haƙƙin kiwon lafiya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=OHCHR {{!}} Good practices on the right to a healthy environment |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Environment/SREnvironment/Pages/GoodPracticesR2HealthyEnvironment.aspx |access-date=2021-02-10 |website=www.ohchr.org}}</ref> Hakkin yanayi mai lafiya yana amfani da tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam don kare ingancin muhalli; wannan tsarin yana magance tasirin cutar muhalli akan kowane ɗan adam, sabanin tsarin gargajiya na tsarin muhalli wanda kuma ke mai da hankali kan tasirin wasu jihohi ko muhalli kanta.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Boyle |first=Alan |date=2012-08-01 |title=Human Rights and the Environment: Where Next? |url=https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/23/3/613/399894 |journal=European Journal of International Law |language=en |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=613–642 |doi=10.1093/ejil/chs054 |issn=0938-5428 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da haka wata hanyar kare muhalli ita ce haƙƙin yanayi wanda ke ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa haƙƙin da mutane da kamfanoni ke morewa ga yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Halpern |first=Gator |date= |title=Rights to Nature vs Rights of Nature |url=https://environment.yale.edu/blog/2014/12/rights-to-nature-vs-rights-of-nature/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117194922/https://environment.yale.edu/blog/2014/12/rights-to-nature-vs-rights-of-nature/ |archive-date=2021-01-17 |access-date=2021-02-10 |website= |language=en-US |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fayil:ISS029-E-008032_Fires_along_the_Rio_Xingu_-_Brazil.jpg|thumb|262x262px|Kashewa da ƙonewa a kan Rio Xingu, Brazil tana barazana ga haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma haƙƙin da ya fi girma ga yanayi mai lafiya. Dokar shari'a kamar shari'ar Yanayi ta Colombia da ke kare gandun daji na Amazon daga sare daji a tarihi sun dogara da haƙƙin yanayi da yara, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-05 |title=In historic ruling, Colombian Court protects youth suing the national government for failing to curb deforestation |url=https://www.dejusticia.org/en/en-fallo-historico-corte-suprema-concede-tutela-de-cambio-climatico-y-generaciones-futuras/ |access-date=2021-11-30 |website=Dejusticia |language=en-US}}</ref> haƙƙin yanayi mai lafiya zai samar da ƙarin kariya.]] == Matsayin jihar == Haƙƙin yana haifar da wajibi ga jihar don tsarawa da aiwatar da [[Dokar muhalli|Dokokin muhalli]], sarrafa [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]], kuma in ba haka ba samar da adalci da kariya ga al'ummomin da matsalolin muhalli suka cutar.<ref name=":4"/> Hakki ga yanayi mai lafiya ya kuma kasance muhimmiyar dama don ƙirƙirar ka'idojin shari'ar muhalli don [[Shari'ar Canjin Yanayi|Shari'ar canjin yanayi]] da sauran batutuwan muhalli.<ref>{{Citation|journal=Ramin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Varvastian |first=Sam |date=2019-04-10 |title=The Human Right to a Clean and Healthy Environment in Climate Change Litigation |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3369481 |language=en |location=Rochester, NY |ssrn=3369481}}</ref> === Kokarin gyaran kundin tsarin mulki === {{Excerpt|Environmental rights amendments}} == Hanyoyin kasa da kasa ==   A tarihi, manyan kayan aikin kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kamar Universal Declaration on Human Rights, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ko International Covenant in Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ba su amince da haƙƙin yanayi mai lafiya ba.<ref name=":5"/> Sanarwar Stockholm ta 1972 ta amince da haƙƙin, amma ba takardar doka ba ce. Sanarwar Rio ta 1992 ba ta amfani da harshen haƙƙin ɗan adam ba, kodayake ta bayyana cewa mutane za su sami damar samun bayanai game da batutuwan muhalli, shiga cikin yanke shawara, da kuma samun damar yin adalci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2018 |title=UNEP - Principle 10 and the Bali Guideline |url=https://www.unep.org/civil-society-engagement/partnerships/principle-10}}</ref> Ƙudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka gabatar a halin yanzu, Yarjejeniyar Duniya don Muhalli, idan an karɓa, zai zama kayan aikin haƙƙin ɗan adam na farko na Majalisar Dinkinobho don haɗawa da haƙƙin yanayi mai lafiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Knox |first=John |date=April 2019 |title=The Global Pact for the Environment: At the crossroads of human rights and the environment |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/reel.12287 |journal=RECIEL |volume=(28) 1 |issue=1 |pages=40–47 |bibcode=2019RECIE..28...40K |doi=10.1111/reel.12287 |s2cid=159049214 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Ƙudurin Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya === A cikin 2021 a lokacin zamanta na 48, [[Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta amince da ƙuduri (wanda babban rukuni wanda ya hada da [[Costa Rica]], Morocco, Slovenia, Switzerland da Maldives, tare da Costa Rica kasancewa mai riƙe da alkalami), ta amince da "Hakkin ɗan adam ga yanayi mai tsabta, lafiya da ɗorewa", wanda ke nuna karo na farko da jikin ya ayyana haƙƙin ɗan adam. <ref name=":3"/><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2021-10-08 |title=Access to a healthy environment, declared a human right by UN rights council |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/10/1102582 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009110914/https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/10/1102582 |archive-date=2021-10-09 |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=UN News |language=en}}</ref> Ƙudurin ba doka ba ce, amma "ya gayyaci [[Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] don yin la'akari da batun".<ref name=":6" /> === Kudurin Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya === InA cikin 2022 a lokacin zamansa na 76, [[Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ya amince da ƙuduri da wata kungiya ta gabatar da ciki har da Costa Rica, Morocco, Slovenia, Switzerland, da Maldives sake amincewa da haƙƙin ɗan adam ga yanayi mai tsabta, lafiya, da ɗorewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Assembly of the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/76/resolutions.shtml |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Kodayake ƙudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba su da bin doka, Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkinobho na 'Yancin Dan Adam [[Michelle Bachelet]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bachelet calls for urgent action to realize human right to healthy environment following recognition by UN General Assembly |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/07/bachelet-calls-urgent-action-realize-human-right-healthy-environment |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}</ref> masu ba da rahoto na musamman da yawa <ref name="news.un.org2">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-28 |title=UN General Assembly declares access to clean and healthy environment a universal human right |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/07/1123482 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=UN News |language=en}}</ref> da membobin wasu kungiyoyin farar hula t.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Assembly of the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/76/resolutions.shtml |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bachelet calls for urgent action to realize human right to healthy environment following recognition by UN General Assembly |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/07/bachelet-calls-urgent-action-realize-human-right-healthy-environment |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}</ref><ref name="news.un.org"/>s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2022 |title=Franciscans International: News |url=https://franciscansinternational.org/news/news/un-general-assembly-recognizes-the-human-right-to-a-healthy-environment/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=franciscansinternational.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=VICTORY: UNGA Recognizes Right to a Healthy Environment For All |url=https://www.ciel.org/news/unga-recognizes-right-to-a-healthy-environment-signaling-a-new-era-of-rights-based-environmental-policy/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=Center for International Environmental Law |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] f7arqulzafl08dlw3v4iqryi2t81r1q 4 21908 905841 905303 2026-08-21T21:25:28Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 905841 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. 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Manufofin ta shine adana albarkatun ƙasa da [[Yanayin Gwadar|yanayin]] da ake ciki yanzu, kuma idan ya yiwu, dan gyara lalacewa da juyawar yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yourdictionary.com/environmental-protection|title=Environmental-protection dictionary definition {{!}} environmental-protection defined|website=yourdictionary.com|access-date=2018-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thelawdictionary.org/environmental-protection/|title=What is Environmental Protection? definition of Environmental Protection (Black's Law Dictionary)|date=2012-10-19|work=The Law Dictionary|access-date=2018-11-21}}</ref> Saboda da matsin lamba na ''yawan cin abinci'', yawan girma da kuma fasaha, da ''biophysical'' yanayi da ake kaskanta wani lokacin har abada. Kuma an yarda da wannan, kuma gwamnatoci sun fara sanya takunkumi kan ayyukan dake haifar da lalata muhalli. Tun daga shekara ta 1960s, ƙungiyoyin muhalli sun Kuma haifar da ƙarin wayewar kai game da matsalolin muhalli da yawa. Akwai sabani game da tasirin muhalli na ayyukan ɗan adam, don haka lokaci-lokaci ana tattauna matakan kariya. == Hanyoyi kare muhalli. == === Yarjejeniyar muhalli na son rai === A ƙasashe masu masana'antu, ƴar jejeniyar muhalli na son rai sau da yawa suna ba da dandamali don kamfanonin da za'a amince dasu don ƙaura fiye da ƙa'idodin don haka tallafawa cigaban mafi kyawun aikin muhalli. Misali, a Indiya, Amintaccen Inganta Muhalli (EIT) yana aiki don kare muhalli da kare gandun daji tun 1998. Kungiyar Volan Agaji na '''''Green''''' sun sami maƙasudin ra'ayin ''Green India Clean.'' CA Gajendra Kumar Jain wani Akawu ne mai kwarjini, shi ne wanda ya kirkiro Amintaccen Inganta Muhalli a garin Sojat wani karamin kauye na Jihar Rajasthan a Indiya <ref>Karamanos, P., Voluntary Environmental Agreements: Evolution and Definition of a New Environmental Policy Approach. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 2001. 44(1): p. 67-67-84.</ref> A ƙasashe masu tasowa, kamar Latin Amurka, ana amfani da wadannan yarjeniyoyin wajen magance manyan matakan rashin bin doka da oda. === Tsarin halittu. === Tsarin muhalli na kula da albarkatu da kare muhalli yana nufin yin la’akari da mawuyacin alaƙar da ke tattare da dukkanin tsarin halittu a wajen yanke shawara maimakon amsa kawai ga takamaiman batutuwa da kalubale. Ainihin haka, tsarin yanke shawara a karkashin irin wannan hanyar zai zama hanyar hadin gwiwa don tsarawa da yanke shawara wanda ya kunshi dimbin masu ruwa da tsaki a duk sassan gwamnati da suka dace da wakilan masana'antu, kungiyoyin muhalli, da al'umma. Wannan tsarin yafi dacewa don tallafawa kyakkyawan musayar bayanai, cigaba da dabarun magance rikice-rikice da ingantaccen kiyaye yanki. Addinai me suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kiyaye muhalli. === Tarayyar Turai. === Kare muhalli ya zama muhimmin aiki ga cibiyoyin ƙungiyar Tarayyar ta Turai bayan Yarjejeniyar ''Maastricht'' da [[Tarayyar Turai|Tarayyar Turai ta]] amince da ita daga dukkan mambobin ta. (EU) tana aiki a fagen manufofin muhalli, tana ba da umarni kamar waɗanda ke kan tasirin muhalli da kuma samun damar bayanai na muhalli ga 'yan ƙasa a cikin mambobin ƙasashe. === Gabas ta Tsakiya. === Ƙasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya sun zama ɓangare na haɗin gwiwar muhalli na Musulunci, wanda aka fara a shekara ta 2002, a [[Jeddah]] . A karkashin Kungiyar Ilimin Addinin Musulunci, Kimiyya da Al'adu, kasashen kungiyar suna shiga taron ministocin Muhalli na Musulunci a duk bayan shekaru biyu, suna mai da hankali kan muhimmancin kiyaye muhalli da ci gaba mai dorewa. Kasashen larabawa kuma an basu lambar yabo ta mafi ƙyawun sarrafa muhalli a duniyar musulinci. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2019, [[Oman|Sultanate of Oman ya]] sami lambar yabo ta 2018-19, a [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]], inda ya ambaci aikinta na ''<nowiki/>'Veraring the Age and Growth of Spotted Small Spots in the Northwest Coast of the Oman of Oman'.'' === Rasha. === A [[Rasha]], ana ɗaukar kariyar muhalli a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsaron ƙasa. Akwai hukuma mai izini, Ma'aikatar Tarayyar Albarkatun Kasa da Ilimin Lafiya. Ko yaya, akwai batutuwan muhalli da yawa a cikin Rasha.<ref>{{cite web|title=Biodiversity and Protected Areas-- Tanzania|url=http://www.vub.ac.be/klimostoolkit/sites/default/files/documents/tanzania_bd.pdf|work=Earth Trends Country Profiles|publisher=Vrije Universiteit Brussel|access-date=10 July 2012|author=Earth Trends|year=2003|archive-date=3 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503021844/https://www.vub.ac.be/klimostoolkit/sites/default/files/documents/tanzania_bd.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tanzania – Environmental Policy Brief|url=http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/uploads/media/SIDA_env_pol_brief.pdf|publisher=Development Partners Group Tanzania|access-date=10 July 2012|author=Jessica Andersson|author2=Daniel Slunge|date=16 June 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710183811/http://www.tzdpg.or.tz/uploads/media/SIDA_env_pol_brief.pdf|archive-date=2012-07-10|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Goldstein, G., Legal System and Wildlife Conservation: History and the Law's Effect on Indigenous People and Community Conservation in Tanzania, The. Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, 2005. Georgetown University Law Center (Spring).</ref> == Duba kuma == == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Environmental protection}} [[Category:Yanayi]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Ƴancin ɗan adam]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ngrqsxzcygp5yvh6t8p388acwk1lcbj 0 22065 906000 718666 2026-08-22T05:41:42Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 906000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{hujja}}{{Gyara Rubutu}}{{databox}} '''Shinfida''' ''Universal Declaration Of Human Right'' (UDHR) Ƙungiyar Kula da kare haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta duniya wato [[Hakkin ɗan'adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli|Human right]] Ƙungiya ce Wacce take wakiltar mutane daga kowacce nahiya da kuma sassa na [[duniya]]. An kafa kungiyar ne karkashin jagorancin kungiyar hadinkan kasashe rainon [[faransa]] a ranar 10 ga watan [[Disamba]] shekarar 1948 a bisa rajin kare hakkin kowanne mutum daga kowacce [[nahiya]] a fadin duniya. Kungiyar ta fitar da damarmakin da [[Ƴan'adam|dan Adam]] ya kamata ya samu, wanda aka fassara su har zuwa mabanbantan yaruka guda 500. [[File:Article19UniversalDeclarationOfHumanRights.png|thumb|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] [https://www.un.org/ UDHR] ta zayyana dokoki da damar maki kamar haka: '''Dama ta farko.''' Kowanne mutum an haifeshi kamar yanda aka haifi kowa batare da wani banbanciba. Yanada damar da zaiyi rayuwa kamar kowanne mutum haka zalika ya kasance cikin mutane a matsayin dan uwa a garesu. '''Dama ta biyu.''' Damar kasancewa mai yanci da aiki da dokoki kamar kowanne mutum ba tare da nuna masa wariyar launin fata, jinsi, yare addini, kabila da sauran damar maki ba, kama daga kan tsare kanshi, dukiya, asali da kuma sauran mahimman abubuwa da suka kasance a tare dashi. '''Dama ta uku.''' Kowanne mutum yanada damar yin rayuwa cikin aminci. '''Dama ta hudu.''' Babu wanda za'a kara kallafawa bauta ta kowacce fuska. '''Dama ta biyar''' Babu wanda za'a kara azabtarwa ko wani horo mai tsanani a matsayinsa na dan Adam ba tare da wani daliliba. '''Dama ta Shida''' Kowane mutum na da hakki a ko'ina a san da darajar halittarsa ​​a fuskar doka. '''Dama ta Bakwai''' Kowa daidai yake a gaban doka kuma yana da hakkin ya ba doka kariya ba tare da wani bambanci ba. Kowane mutum na da hakkin ya sami 'yanci daidai kamar yadda ya saba wa doka, kuma yana da hakkin ya nuna wariya. '''Dama ta Takwas''' Kowane mutum na da hakkin yin kai da kawowa cikin yanci, wanda ya saba wa tsarin mulki kuma kowa na da hakkin doka ta yi masa kariya. '''Dama ta Tara''' Ba wanda za a saka ko kama shi, ko tsare shi, ko kuma ba shi hijira ba gaira ba dalili. '''Dama ta Goma''' Kowane mutum na da hakkin ya sami 'yanci daidai da na  ya ba da kariya game da hakkokinsa da na wajibai da kuma duk wani laifi da ake tuhumar sa da shi. '''Dama ta Goma Sha daya''' Duk mutumin da aka tuhuma da aikata wani laifi, na da hakkin a tabbatar masa da laifisa  a cikin shari’ar da yake yi acikin jama’a a lokacin da yake da cikakkiyar tabbacin da ya dace domin kare kansa. Ba wanda za a yanke wa hukunci kowane irin laifi saboda wani aiki ko ka’ida wanda ba ya zama laifi, a karkashin dokar kasa ko ta duniya, a lokacin da aka aikata shi. Ba za a zartar da hukunci mai nauyi fiye da wanda ya zartar a lokacin da aka aikata laifin ba. '''Dama ta Goma Sha Biyu''' Ba wanda wani zai shiga sha'aninsa na sirri ba tare da yardarsa ba, ko danginsa, ko gidansa, ko wasiƙar sa, kuma ba wanda zai kai hari ga mutuncin sa da mutuncin sa. Kowane mutum na da hakkin kasancewa a cikin jagorancin ɗan adam. '''Dama ta Goma Sha Uku''' Kowane mutum na da hakkin yin kai da kawowa cikin yanci, ya zauna wurin da yake so a cikin wata ƙasa. Kowane mutum na da hakkin ya fita daga kowace ƙasa, har da ƙasarsu, kuma ya koma ƙasarsa. '''Dama ta Goma Sha Hudu''' Kowane mutum na da hakkin ya sami daukaka, kuma ya sami jindaɗinsa a cikin wasu ƙasashe don ƙaurace wa zalunci. Ba za a iya kiran wannan haƙƙin ba idan ana yin shari'ar da za a yi da gaske daga laifukan da ba na siyasa ba ko kuma na ayyukan da suka saɓa wa manufa da ƙa'idodin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. '''Dama ta Goma Sha Biyar''' Kowane mutum na da hakkin kasancewa ɗan wata ƙasa. Ba wanda za a cire wa hakkinsa na dan-kasa ba tare da cikakken dalili ba ko kuma a hana shi sauya shekar tasa.{{databox}} == Duba kuma. == * Rayuwa ba tar''<nowiki/>''e da bambanci ba. *Rayuwa cikin yanci. *Rayuwa cikin aminci. *Rayuwa ba tare da bauta ba ta kowacce fuska. * 'Yancin mutum na ruwa da tsafta. *Rayuwa ba tare da azabtarwa ba ta kowacce fuska. == Manazarta. == [https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights Universal Declaration of Human Rights] [[Category:tarihi]] [[Category:duba kama]] 4pp5ix8zysg7usff70fsfd94b108ejr 0 22400 906005 718668 2026-08-22T05:44:13Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 906005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:La jeunesse mauritanienne condamne le tribalisme (5754604229).jpg|thumb|wasu masu yaƙi da bangaranci]] ''''Ƴanci Daga Nuna Wariya;''' an amince dashi a matsayin [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|'yancin ɗan adam]] kuma ya tanadi ka'idar daidaito. An amince da 'yancin 'yanci daga nuna bambanci a cikin [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Ƴancin Dan'adam|Yarjejeniya ta Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam]] kuma an sanya shi a cikin dokokin ƴancin ɗan adam ta duniya ta hanyar shigar dashi a cikin Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa akan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa akan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziƙi, Jama'a da kuma Al'adu. Ƴancin 'yanci daga nuna bambanci yana da muhimmanci musamman ga ƙungiyoyin da aka yi musu wariya a tarihi da kuma "masu rauni." A game da haka, an yi Karin haske game da 'yancin walwala a cikin yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan kawar da wariyar launin fata, da yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na wariya ga mata, da yarjejeniyar 'yancin ɗan adam Nakasa.<ref>Universal Declaration of Human Rights Archived December 8, 2014, at the Wayback Machine</ref> == Haƙƙin Dan Adam:- == Ma'anar 'yancin samun 'yanci daga wariya ita ce manufar [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|haƙƙin ɗan adam]], kamar yadda haƙƙin ɗan adam haƙƙin kowane ɗan adam ne. [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Yarjejeniyar Kare Haƙƙoƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya]] (UDHR), wacce aka amince da ita a cikin shekarar 1948, ta fara da kalmomin "Duk da cewa amincewa shine tushen 'yanci, adalci da zaman lafiya a duniya." Mataki na 1 na UDHR yana cewa:<blockquote>“Dukkan ‘yan Adam an haife su ne 'yantattu kuma dai-dai suke a mutunci da hakki. An ba su hankali da lamiri, kuma su yi aiki da juna cikin 'yan uwantaka.” </blockquote>Mataki na 2 na UDHR yana cewa:<blockquote>“Kowane mutum yana da Haƙƙin ya sami duk wani hakki da ‘yancin da aka bayyana a cikin wannan sanarwar, ba tare da banbance ko wace iri ba, kamar launin fata, launin fata, jinsi, yare, addini, siyasa ko wani ra'ayi, asalin kasa ko zamantakewa, dukiya, haihuwa ko wani matsayi. Haka kuma, ba za a bayyani ba bisa la’akari da matsayin kasa ko yankin da mutum yake da shi a siyasance ko na shari’a ko na kasa da kasa, ko ya kasance mai cin gashin kansa, ko amana, ba mai cin gashin kansa ba ko kuma a karkashin duk wani abin da ya hana shi ikon mallakar ƙasa”. </blockquote> == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Wariya * Daidaito (rashin fahimta) * [[Haƙƙoƙin Ƙungiya Da Ɗaiɗaikun Mutane|Haƙƙin rukuni]] * [[Haƙƙoƙin Ƙungiya Da Ɗaiɗaikun Mutane|Haƙƙin mutum ɗaya]] * Wariyar launin fata * Jima'i * Homophobia == Manazarta == he8djd3n5vc8fmcv7aaopiyq02rumf2 906006 906005 2026-08-22T05:44:44Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 906006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:La jeunesse mauritanienne condamne le tribalisme (5754604229).jpg|thumb|wasu masu yaƙi da bangaranci]] ''''Ƴanci Daga Nuna Wariya;''' an amince dashi a matsayin [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|'yancin ɗan adam]] kuma ya tanadi ka'idar daidaito. An amince da 'yancin 'yanci daga nuna bambanci a cikin [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Ƴancin Dan'adam|Yarjejeniya ta Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam]] kuma an sanya shi a cikin dokokin ƴancin ɗan adam ta duniya ta hanyar shigar dashi a cikin Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa akan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa akan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziƙi, Jama'a da kuma Al'adu. Ƴancin 'yanci daga nuna bambanci yana da muhimmanci musamman ga ƙungiyoyin da aka yi musu wariya a tarihi da kuma "masu rauni." A game da haka, an yi Karin haske game da 'yancin walwala a cikin yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan kawar da wariyar launin fata, da yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na wariya ga mata, da yarjejeniyar 'yancin ɗan adam Nakasa.<ref>Universal Declaration of Human Rights Archived December 8, 2014, at the Wayback Machine</ref> == Haƙƙin Dan Adam:- == Ma'anar 'yancin samun 'yanci daga wariya ita ce manufar [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|haƙƙin ɗan adam]], kamar yadda haƙƙin ɗan adam haƙƙin kowane ɗan adam ne. [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Yarjejeniyar Kare Haƙƙoƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya]] (UDHR), wacce aka amince da ita a cikin shekarar 1948, ta fara da kalmomin "Duk da cewa amincewa shine tushen ƴanci, adalci da zaman lafiya a duniya." Mataki na 1 na UDHR yana cewa:<blockquote>“Dukkan ‘yan Adam an haife su ne 'yantattu kuma dai-dai suke a mutunci da hakki. An ba su hankali da lamiri, kuma su yi aiki da juna cikin 'yan uwantaka.” </blockquote>Mataki na 2 na UDHR yana cewa:<blockquote>“Kowane mutum yana da Haƙƙin ya sami duk wani hakki da ‘yancin da aka bayyana a cikin wannan sanarwar, ba tare da banbance ko wace iri ba, kamar launin fata, launin fata, jinsi, yare, addini, siyasa ko wani ra'ayi, asalin kasa ko zamantakewa, dukiya, haihuwa ko wani matsayi. Haka kuma, ba za a bayyani ba bisa la’akari da matsayin kasa ko yankin da mutum yake da shi a siyasance ko na shari’a ko na kasa da kasa, ko ya kasance mai cin gashin kansa, ko amana, ba mai cin gashin kansa ba ko kuma a karkashin duk wani abin da ya hana shi ikon mallakar ƙasa”. </blockquote> == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Wariya * Daidaito (rashin fahimta) * [[Haƙƙoƙin Ƙungiya Da Ɗaiɗaikun Mutane|Haƙƙin rukuni]] * [[Haƙƙoƙin Ƙungiya Da Ɗaiɗaikun Mutane|Haƙƙin mutum ɗaya]] * Wariyar launin fata * Jima'i * Homophobia == Manazarta == otfrf5uq41gc632s23e02hf0sbk7nev 0 22405 906014 718687 2026-08-22T05:49:07Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 906014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Total relex.JPG|thumb|wajen hutu da shakatawa]] [[Fayil:Cinema left - Ice Rink right - geograph.org.uk - 1019796.jpg|thumb|Yancin hutu da shakatawa]] '''Yan’cin hutu da shakatawa,''' Dama ce ta tattalin arziki, zaman takewar al'umma da al'adu dan samun wadatancen lokaci da aiki da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Yana da nasaba da haƙƙin aiki da ƙungiyoyi na tarihi don iyakance doka a kan lokutan aiki. A yau, haƙƙin hutu an yarda da shi a cikin Sanarwar duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam, [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Yarjejeniyar onasa ta duniya game da' Yancin]] tattalin arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu, yarjejeniya kan ''Hakkokin'' yaro, da kuma a cikin rubuce-rubuce da yawa na yanki kamar yarjejeniyar [[Afirka]] kan hakki da Jin dadin yaron. == Tarihi. == Motsi don hakkin da aka amince da shi dan hutawa da hutu ana kuma iya dawowa zuwa karni na sha tara 19 da motsi na kwana takwas. tun a shekara ta 1856, masanan da ke aiki a Jami'ar Melbourne a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] suka ajiye kayan aikinsu har sai an karbi bukatun rage sa'o'in aiki. Shiri mai zuwa na matsakaicin ranar aiki na awa takwas 8 shine dayan misalai na farko na kariya ta doka game da aiki mai yawa, wanda kuma a yau muka gane a matsayin hakkin hutu da hutu. taken Stonemason na Australiya a cikin shekara na 1856, ya kasance kamar haka: Yayinda kasar Ostiraliya ta kasance daya daga cikin farkon kasashe don jin dadin iyakancewar aiki na duniya baki daya (hakkin da ke cikin hutu), a cikin karni na ashirin 20 sauran kasashe da yawa sun kuma fara zartar da irin wadannan muka dokokin na iyakance adadin awonnin da mutum zai iya aiki. == Ma'ana. == Tunanin zamani game da 'yancin hutawa da hutu an yarda da shi a cikin labari na ashirin da hudu 24 na [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Sanarwar Duniya game da' Yancin Dan-Adam]] wanda ya ce: Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu ta amince da sashi na III, Mataki na 7: An kuma amince da 'Yancin hutu a cikin doka ta talatin da daya 31 na Yarjejeniyar kan Hakkokin Yaro, da kuma doka ta goma sha biyu 12 ta yarjejeniyar Afirka kan Hakkoki da Jin Dadin Yaron, duka sun amince da ita: [[File:ReLEx SMILE la phuong phap phau thuat an toan - than thien cho benh nhan.jpg|thumb|wasu ma'aikatan da suka dauki Hutu kenan Dan shakatawa]] 'Yancin lokacin hutu ana daukar shi a matsayin dama ta tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, sabanin na' yan kasa da na siyasa. Hakkin hutu da hutu yana da nasaba da 'yancin yin aiki, wanda aka tanada shi a cikin Mataki na ashirin da ukku 23 na Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Duniya, da kuma sashi na 6.3 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin tattalin arziki, Zamantakewa, da al'adu. Inda 'yancin yin aiki ya bayar da 'yancin yin aiki, 'yancin hutu da hutu na kare mutane daga aiki mai yawa. Kwamitin tattalin arziki, da Al'adu, da 'Yancin Jama'a bai yi wani bayani ba game da labarin 7 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin tattalin arziki, Zamantakewa, da Al'adu. Saboda haka, babu wata yarjejeniya ta duniya game da takamaiman wajibai na jihohi dangane da hakkin na hutu da hutu, kuma "ba wani ra'ayi na yau da kullun game da wadannan sharuɗɗan da za a iya dauka ba bisa ka'ida ba". <ref>David Richards and Benjamin Carbonetti, “Worth what we decide: a defense of the right to Leisure,” International Journal of Human Rights, vo. 17, no. 3, (2013): 331.</ref> Koyaya, jihohi har yanzu suna da nauyi dangane da hakkin hutu da hutu. == Wajibai a kan hakkin hutu da hutu. == Duk da yaren shubce na labarin 24 na [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Sanarwar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Duniya]], Jihohi suna da wajibai da nauyi dangane da hakkin shakatawa. Kungiyar marubuta da Kwamitin wallafa Tattalin Arziki, da na Al'adu ya wallafa ya nuna cewa dangane da dukkan hakkoki, gami da hakkin hutu da lokacin hutu, Jihohi suna da alhakin girmamawa, kiyayewa da cikawa. === Girmamawa, kiyayewa da cikawa === Girmamawa da kiyayewa na daga cikin ka'idojin sune ainihin wajibcin kasa dangane da hakkin tattalin arziki, al'adu da zamantakewar al'umma, gami da hakkin shakatawa: Dangane da ma'anar girmamawa, karewa da cika ƙa'idar da aka zayyana a cikin Kwamitin Rightsancin Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki, da 'Yancin Al'adu ' babban sharhi mai lamba 14, kuma wajibcin girmamawa yana bukatar Jihohi su guji yin katsalandan kai tsaye ko a kaikaice tare da jin dadin 'yancin hutu Hakkin karewa yana bukatar Jihohi su dauki matakan da ke hana bangare na uku tsoma baki cikin hakkin shakatawa. Akarshe, wajibin cikawa yana bukatar Jihohi suyi amfani da dokokin da suka dace, tsarin mulki, kasafin kudi, shari'a, gabatarwa da sauran matakan tabbatarwa da jin dadin hakkin hutu. [[File:歇心亭 - Relex Pavilion - 2012.04 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Cin gajiyar hakkin hutu]] Sabili da haka, dole ne jihohi ba kawai girmamawa da kare mutane daga aiki mai yawa ba, amma dole ne su cika hakki, kuma su tabbatar da cewa mutane na da karfin da za su ci gajiyar hakkinsu na hutu, kuma ba kawai kasancewa cikin rashin aiki da yawa ba. == Sukar. == Hakkin hutu da hutu, kamar yawancin hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da al'adu (ESCR), galibi ana daukarsa kasa da mahimmanci ko mahimmanci kamar hakkin jama'a da siyasa . Sanarwa game da hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewar al'umma, da al'adu irin su Maurice Cranston da Aryeh Neier, ko William Talbott ''Wane Hakki Ya Kamata Ya Zama Na Duniya'', <ref>William Talbott, Which Rights Should be Universal. Oxford. Oxford University Press. 2005</ref> galibi suna jayayya cewa (ESCR) ba su da wata mahimmanci don mutuncin dan adam, ba su da asali kamar hakkin dan kasa da siyasa, su ma tsada da rashin aiki, kuma cewa wasu yankuna na mutane basu cancanci (ESCR) ba. <ref>David Richards and Benjamin Carbonetti, “Worth what we decide: a defense of the right to Leisure,” International Journal of Human Rights, vo. 17, no. 3, (2013): 331.</ref> Koyaya, masana hakkin dan adam suna kara karbar ra'ayi na rashin rarrabuwa kuma suna yarda da cewa duk hakkokin dan adam na asali ne. <ref>Richard McGrath, Janette Young, and Caroline Adams, ‘leisure as a human right special edition introduction,’ Annals of Leisure Research, vol. 20, no. 3, (2017): p. 314.</ref> Masu kare hakkin hutu da hutu suna da'awar cewa yana da mahimmancin mahimmanci ga jin dadi da zarar an tabbatar da tsaro na asali, kuma wannan hutu "ba bata lokaci ba ne kawai ko rashin aiki ne kawai ba, amma dai, ya zama dole don rayuwar mutunci ". <ref>David Richards and Benjamin Carbonetti, “Worth what we decide: a defense of the right to Leisure,” International Journal of Human Rights, vo. 17, no. 3, (2013): 334.</ref> Hakkin hutawa da shakatawa dama ce ta dan adam, kuma ana iya tattaunawa game da mahimmancin sa da aiwatarwa. == Duba wasu abubuwan. == == Bayani. ==   [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] odzwm5e5yrq21fxp4wqb6xta66lot77 906015 906014 2026-08-22T05:49:23Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 906015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Total relex.JPG|thumb|wajen hutu da shakatawa]] [[Fayil:Cinema left - Ice Rink right - geograph.org.uk - 1019796.jpg|thumb|Yancin hutu da shakatawa]] '''Yan’cin hutu da shakatawa,''' Dama ce ta tattalin arziki, zaman takewar al'umma da al'adu dan samun wadatancen lokaci da aiki da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Yana da nasaba da haƙƙin aiki da ƙungiyoyi na tarihi don iyakance doka a kan lokutan aiki. A yau, haƙƙin hutu an yarda da shi a cikin Sanarwar duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam, [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Yarjejeniyar onasa ta duniya game da' Yancin]] tattalin arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu, yarjejeniya kan ''Hakkokin'' yaro, da kuma a cikin rubuce-rubuce da yawa na yanki kamar yarjejeniyar [[Afirka]] kan hakki da Jin dadin yaron. == Tarihi. == Motsi don hakkin da aka amince da shi dan hutawa da hutu ana kuma iya dawowa zuwa karni na sha tara 19 da motsi na kwana takwas. tun a shekara ta 1856, masanan da ke aiki a Jami'ar Melbourne a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] suka ajiye kayan aikinsu har sai an karbi bukatun rage sa'o'in aiki. Shiri mai zuwa na matsakaicin ranar aiki na awa takwas 8 shine dayan misalai na farko na kariya ta doka game da aiki mai yawa, wanda kuma a yau muka gane a matsayin hakkin hutu da hutu. taken Stonemason na Australiya a cikin shekara na 1856, ya kasance kamar haka: Yayinda kasar Ostiraliya ta kasance daya daga cikin farkon kasashe don jin dadin iyakancewar aiki na duniya baki daya (hakkin da ke cikin hutu), a cikin karni na ashirin 20 sauran kasashe da yawa sun kuma fara zartar da irin wadannan muka dokokin na iyakance adadin awonnin da mutum zai iya aiki. == Ma'ana. == Tunanin zamani game da 'yancin hutawa da hutu an yarda da shi a cikin labari na ashirin da hudu 24 na [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Sanarwar Duniya game da' Yancin Dan-Adam]] wanda ya ce: Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu ta amince da sashi na III, Mataki na 7: An kuma amince da 'Yancin hutu a cikin doka ta talatin da daya 31 na Yarjejeniyar kan Hakkokin Yaro, da kuma doka ta goma sha biyu 12 ta yarjejeniyar Afirka kan Hakkoki da Jin Dadin Yaron, duka sun amince da ita: [[File:ReLEx SMILE la phuong phap phau thuat an toan - than thien cho benh nhan.jpg|thumb|wasu ma'aikatan da suka dauki Hutu kenan Dan shakatawa]] 'Yancin lokacin hutu ana daukar shi a matsayin dama ta tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, sabanin na' yan kasa da na siyasa. Hakkin hutu da hutu yana da nasaba da 'yancin yin aiki, wanda aka tanada shi a cikin Mataki na ashirin da ukku 23 na Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Duniya, da kuma sashi na 6.3 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin tattalin arziki, Zamantakewa, da al'adu. Inda 'yancin yin aiki ya bayar da 'yancin yin aiki, 'yancin hutu da hutu na kare mutane daga aiki mai yawa. Kwamitin tattalin arziki, da Al'adu, da 'Yancin Jama'a bai yi wani bayani ba game da labarin 7 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin tattalin arziki, Zamantakewa, da Al'adu. Saboda haka, babu wata yarjejeniya ta duniya game da takamaiman wajibai na jihohi dangane da hakkin na hutu da hutu, kuma "ba wani ra'ayi na yau da kullun game da wadannan sharuɗɗan da za a iya dauka ba bisa ka'ida ba". <ref>David Richards and Benjamin Carbonetti, “Worth what we decide: a defense of the right to Leisure,” International Journal of Human Rights, vo. 17, no. 3, (2013): 331.</ref> Koyaya, jihohi har yanzu suna da nauyi dangane da hakkin hutu da hutu. == Wajibai a kan hakkin hutu da hutu. == Duk da yaren shubce na labarin 24 na [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Sanarwar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Duniya]], Jihohi suna da wajibai da nauyi dangane da hakkin shakatawa. Kungiyar marubuta da Kwamitin wallafa Tattalin Arziki, da na Al'adu ya wallafa ya nuna cewa dangane da dukkan hakkoki, gami da hakkin hutu da lokacin hutu, Jihohi suna da alhakin girmamawa, kiyayewa da cikawa. === Girmamawa, kiyayewa da cikawa === Girmamawa da kiyayewa na daga cikin ka'idojin sune ainihin wajibcin kasa dangane da hakkin tattalin arziki, al'adu da zamantakewar al'umma, gami da hakkin shakatawa: Dangane da ma'anar girmamawa, karewa da cika ƙa'idar da aka zayyana a cikin Kwamitin Rightsancin Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki, da 'Yancin Al'adu ' babban sharhi mai lamba 14, kuma wajibcin girmamawa yana bukatar Jihohi su guji yin katsalandan kai tsaye ko a kaikaice tare da jin dadin 'yancin hutu Hakkin karewa yana bukatar Jihohi su dauki matakan da ke hana bangare na uku tsoma baki cikin hakkin shakatawa. Akarshe, wajibin cikawa yana bukatar Jihohi suyi amfani da dokokin da suka dace, tsarin mulki, kasafin kudi, shari'a, gabatarwa da sauran matakan tabbatarwa da jin dadin hakkin hutu. [[File:歇心亭 - Relex Pavilion - 2012.04 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Cin gajiyar hakkin hutu]] Sabili da haka, dole ne jihohi ba kawai girmamawa da kare mutane daga aiki mai yawa ba, amma dole ne su cika hakki, kuma su tabbatar da cewa mutane na da karfin da za su ci gajiyar hakkinsu na hutu, kuma ba kawai kasancewa cikin rashin aiki da yawa ba. == Sukar. == Hakkin hutu da hutu, kamar yawancin hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da al'adu (ESCR), galibi ana daukarsa kasa da mahimmanci ko mahimmanci kamar hakkin jama'a da siyasa . Sanarwa game da hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewar al'umma, da al'adu irin su Maurice Cranston da Aryeh Neier, ko William Talbott ''Wane Hakki Ya Kamata Ya Zama Na Duniya'', <ref>William Talbott, Which Rights Should be Universal. Oxford. Oxford University Press. 2005</ref> galibi suna jayayya cewa (ESCR) ba su da wata mahimmanci don mutuncin dan adam, ba su da asali kamar hakkin dan kasa da siyasa, su ma tsada da rashin aiki, kuma cewa wasu yankuna na mutane basu cancanci (ESCR) ba. <ref>David Richards and Benjamin Carbonetti, “Worth what we decide: a defense of the right to Leisure,” International Journal of Human Rights, vo. 17, no. 3, (2013): 331.</ref> Koyaya, masana hakkin dan adam suna kara karbar ra'ayi na rashin rarrabuwa kuma suna yarda da cewa duk hakkokin dan adam na asali ne. <ref>Richard McGrath, Janette Young, and Caroline Adams, ‘leisure as a human right special edition introduction,’ Annals of Leisure Research, vol. 20, no. 3, (2017): p. 314.</ref> Masu kare hakkin hutu da hutu suna da'awar cewa yana da mahimmancin mahimmanci ga jin dadi da zarar an tabbatar da tsaro na asali, kuma wannan hutu "ba bata lokaci ba ne kawai ko rashin aiki ne kawai ba, amma dai, ya zama dole don rayuwar mutunci ". <ref>David Richards and Benjamin Carbonetti, “Worth what we decide: a defense of the right to Leisure,” International Journal of Human Rights, vo. 17, no. 3, (2013): 334.</ref> Hakkin hutawa da shakatawa dama ce ta dan adam, kuma ana iya tattaunawa game da mahimmancin sa da aiwatarwa. == Duba wasu abubuwan. == == Bayani. ==   [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ke6c2s9usfd0smrb1b3h2ou4agq202k 906016 906015 2026-08-22T05:49:45Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 906016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Total relex.JPG|thumb|wajen hutu da shakatawa]] [[Fayil:Cinema left - Ice Rink right - geograph.org.uk - 1019796.jpg|thumb|Yancin hutu da shakatawa]] '''Yan’cin hutu da shakatawa,''' Dama ce ta tattalin arziki, zaman takewar al'umma da al'adu dan samun wadatancen lokaci da aiki da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Yana da nasaba da haƙƙin aiki da ƙungiyoyi na tarihi don iyakance doka a kan lokutan aiki. A yau, haƙƙin hutu an yarda da shi a cikin Sanarwar duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam, [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Yarjejeniyar onasa ta duniya game da' Yancin]] tattalin arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu, yarjejeniya kan ''Hakkokin'' yaro, da kuma a cikin rubuce-rubuce da yawa na yanki kamar yarjejeniyar [[Afirka]] kan hakki da Jin dadin yaron. == Tarihi. == Motsi don hakkin da aka amince da shi dan hutawa da hutu ana kuma iya dawowa zuwa karni na sha tara 19 da motsi na kwana takwas. tun a shekara ta 1856, masanan da ke aiki a Jami'ar Melbourne a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] suka ajiye kayan aikinsu har sai an karbi bukatun rage sa'o'in aiki. Shiri mai zuwa na matsakaicin ranar aiki na awa takwas 8 shine dayan misalai na farko na kariya ta doka game da aiki mai yawa, wanda kuma a yau muka gane a matsayin hakkin hutu da hutu. taken Stonemason na Australiya a cikin shekara na 1856, ya kasance kamar haka: Yayinda kasar Ostiraliya ta kasance daya daga cikin farkon kasashe don jin dadin iyakancewar aiki na duniya baki daya (hakkin da ke cikin hutu), a cikin ƙarni na ashirin 20 sauran kasashe da yawa sun kuma fara zartar da irin waɗannan muka dokokin na iyakance adadin awonnin da mutum zai iya aiki. == Ma'ana. == Tunanin zamani game da 'yancin hutawa da hutu an yarda da shi a cikin labari na ashirin da hudu 24 na [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Sanarwar Duniya game da' Yancin Dan-Adam]] wanda ya ce: Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu ta amince da sashi na III, Mataki na 7: An kuma amince da 'Yancin hutu a cikin doka ta talatin da daya 31 na Yarjejeniyar kan Hakkokin Yaro, da kuma doka ta goma sha biyu 12 ta yarjejeniyar Afirka kan Hakkoki da Jin Dadin Yaron, duka sun amince da ita: [[File:ReLEx SMILE la phuong phap phau thuat an toan - than thien cho benh nhan.jpg|thumb|wasu ma'aikatan da suka dauki Hutu kenan Dan shakatawa]] 'Yancin lokacin hutu ana daukar shi a matsayin dama ta tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, sabanin na' yan kasa da na siyasa. Hakkin hutu da hutu yana da nasaba da 'yancin yin aiki, wanda aka tanada shi a cikin Mataki na ashirin da ukku 23 na Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Duniya, da kuma sashi na 6.3 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin tattalin arziki, Zamantakewa, da al'adu. Inda 'yancin yin aiki ya bayar da 'yancin yin aiki, 'yancin hutu da hutu na kare mutane daga aiki mai yawa. Kwamitin tattalin arziki, da Al'adu, da 'Yancin Jama'a bai yi wani bayani ba game da labarin 7 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin tattalin arziki, Zamantakewa, da Al'adu. Saboda haka, babu wata yarjejeniya ta duniya game da takamaiman wajibai na jihohi dangane da hakkin na hutu da hutu, kuma "ba wani ra'ayi na yau da kullun game da wadannan sharuɗɗan da za a iya dauka ba bisa ka'ida ba". <ref>David Richards and Benjamin Carbonetti, “Worth what we decide: a defense of the right to Leisure,” International Journal of Human Rights, vo. 17, no. 3, (2013): 331.</ref> Koyaya, jihohi har yanzu suna da nauyi dangane da hakkin hutu da hutu. == Wajibai a kan hakkin hutu da hutu. == Duk da yaren shubce na labarin 24 na [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Sanarwar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Duniya]], Jihohi suna da wajibai da nauyi dangane da hakkin shakatawa. Kungiyar marubuta da Kwamitin wallafa Tattalin Arziki, da na Al'adu ya wallafa ya nuna cewa dangane da dukkan hakkoki, gami da hakkin hutu da lokacin hutu, Jihohi suna da alhakin girmamawa, kiyayewa da cikawa. === Girmamawa, kiyayewa da cikawa === Girmamawa da kiyayewa na daga cikin ka'idojin sune ainihin wajibcin kasa dangane da hakkin tattalin arziki, al'adu da zamantakewar al'umma, gami da hakkin shakatawa: Dangane da ma'anar girmamawa, karewa da cika ƙa'idar da aka zayyana a cikin Kwamitin Rightsancin Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki, da 'Yancin Al'adu ' babban sharhi mai lamba 14, kuma wajibcin girmamawa yana bukatar Jihohi su guji yin katsalandan kai tsaye ko a kaikaice tare da jin dadin 'yancin hutu Hakkin karewa yana bukatar Jihohi su dauki matakan da ke hana bangare na uku tsoma baki cikin hakkin shakatawa. Akarshe, wajibin cikawa yana bukatar Jihohi suyi amfani da dokokin da suka dace, tsarin mulki, kasafin kudi, shari'a, gabatarwa da sauran matakan tabbatarwa da jin dadin hakkin hutu. [[File:歇心亭 - Relex Pavilion - 2012.04 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Cin gajiyar hakkin hutu]] Sabili da haka, dole ne jihohi ba kawai girmamawa da kare mutane daga aiki mai yawa ba, amma dole ne su cika hakki, kuma su tabbatar da cewa mutane na da karfin da za su ci gajiyar hakkinsu na hutu, kuma ba kawai kasancewa cikin rashin aiki da yawa ba. == Sukar. == Hakkin hutu da hutu, kamar yawancin hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da al'adu (ESCR), galibi ana daukarsa kasa da mahimmanci ko mahimmanci kamar hakkin jama'a da siyasa . Sanarwa game da hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewar al'umma, da al'adu irin su Maurice Cranston da Aryeh Neier, ko William Talbott ''Wane Hakki Ya Kamata Ya Zama Na Duniya'', <ref>William Talbott, Which Rights Should be Universal. Oxford. Oxford University Press. 2005</ref> galibi suna jayayya cewa (ESCR) ba su da wata mahimmanci don mutuncin dan adam, ba su da asali kamar hakkin dan kasa da siyasa, su ma tsada da rashin aiki, kuma cewa wasu yankuna na mutane basu cancanci (ESCR) ba. <ref>David Richards and Benjamin Carbonetti, “Worth what we decide: a defense of the right to Leisure,” International Journal of Human Rights, vo. 17, no. 3, (2013): 331.</ref> Koyaya, masana hakkin dan adam suna kara karbar ra'ayi na rashin rarrabuwa kuma suna yarda da cewa duk hakkokin dan adam na asali ne. <ref>Richard McGrath, Janette Young, and Caroline Adams, ‘leisure as a human right special edition introduction,’ Annals of Leisure Research, vol. 20, no. 3, (2017): p. 314.</ref> Masu kare hakkin hutu da hutu suna da'awar cewa yana da mahimmancin mahimmanci ga jin dadi da zarar an tabbatar da tsaro na asali, kuma wannan hutu "ba bata lokaci ba ne kawai ko rashin aiki ne kawai ba, amma dai, ya zama dole don rayuwar mutunci ". <ref>David Richards and Benjamin Carbonetti, “Worth what we decide: a defense of the right to Leisure,” International Journal of Human Rights, vo. 17, no. 3, (2013): 334.</ref> Hakkin hutawa da shakatawa dama ce ta dan adam, kuma ana iya tattaunawa game da mahimmancin sa da aiwatarwa. == Duba wasu abubuwan. == == Bayani. ==   [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] pz84yzq2cy02sn7c8iikju0rie8wr1a 906017 906016 2026-08-22T05:50:13Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 906017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Total relex.JPG|thumb|wajen hutu da shakatawa]] [[Fayil:Cinema left - Ice Rink right - geograph.org.uk - 1019796.jpg|thumb|Yancin hutu da shakatawa]] '''Yan’cin hutu da shakatawa,''' Dama ce ta tattalin arziki, zaman takewar al'umma da al'adu dan samun wadatancen lokaci da aiki da sauran ayyukan al'umma. Yana da nasaba da haƙƙin aiki da ƙungiyoyi na tarihi don iyakance doka a kan lokutan aiki. A yau, haƙƙin hutu an yarda da shi a cikin Sanarwar duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam, [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Yarjejeniyar onasa ta duniya game da' Yancin]] tattalin arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu, yarjejeniya kan ''Hakkokin'' yaro, da kuma a cikin rubuce-rubuce da yawa na yanki kamar yarjejeniyar [[Afirka]] kan hakki da Jin dadin yaron. == Tarihi. == Motsi don hakkin da aka amince da shi dan hutawa da hutu ana kuma iya dawowa zuwa karni na sha tara 19 da motsi na kwana takwas. tun a shekara ta 1856, masanan da ke aiki a Jami'ar Melbourne a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] suka ajiye kayan aikinsu har sai an karbi bukatun rage sa'o'in aiki. Shiri mai zuwa na matsakaicin ranar aiki na awa takwas 8 shine dayan misalai na farko na kariya ta doka game da aiki mai yawa, wanda kuma a yau muka gane a matsayin hakkin hutu da hutu. taken Stonemason na Australiya a cikin shekara na 1856, ya kasance kamar haka: Yayinda kasar Ostiraliya ta kasance daya daga cikin farkon kasashe don jin dadin iyakancewar aiki na duniya baki daya (hakkin da ke cikin hutu), a cikin ƙarni na ashirin 20 sauran kasashe da yawa sun kuma fara zartar da irin waɗannan muka dokokin na iyakance adadin awonnin da mutum zai iya aiki. == Ma'ana. == Tunanin zamani game da 'yancin hutawa da hutu an yarda da shi a cikin labari na ashirin da hudu 24 na [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Sanarwar Duniya game da' Yancin Dan-Adam]] wanda ya ce: Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa kan Ƴancin Tattalin Arziƙi, Zamantakewa da Al'adu ta amince da sashi na III, Mataki na 7: An kuma amince da 'Yancin hutu a cikin doka ta talatin da daya 31 na Yarjejeniyar kan Hakkokin Yaro, da kuma doka ta goma sha biyu 12 ta yarjejeniyar Afirka kan Hakkoki da Jin Dadin Yaron, duka sun amince da ita: [[File:ReLEx SMILE la phuong phap phau thuat an toan - than thien cho benh nhan.jpg|thumb|wasu ma'aikatan da suka dauki Hutu kenan Dan shakatawa]] 'Yancin lokacin hutu ana daukar shi a matsayin dama ta tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, sabanin na' yan kasa da na siyasa. Hakkin hutu da hutu yana da nasaba da 'yancin yin aiki, wanda aka tanada shi a cikin Mataki na ashirin da ukku 23 na Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Duniya, da kuma sashi na 6.3 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin tattalin arziki, Zamantakewa, da al'adu. Inda 'yancin yin aiki ya bayar da 'yancin yin aiki, 'yancin hutu da hutu na kare mutane daga aiki mai yawa. Kwamitin tattalin arziki, da Al'adu, da 'Yancin Jama'a bai yi wani bayani ba game da labarin 7 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin tattalin arziki, Zamantakewa, da Al'adu. Saboda haka, babu wata yarjejeniya ta duniya game da takamaiman wajibai na jihohi dangane da hakkin na hutu da hutu, kuma "ba wani ra'ayi na yau da kullun game da wadannan sharuɗɗan da za a iya dauka ba bisa ka'ida ba". <ref>David Richards and Benjamin Carbonetti, “Worth what we decide: a defense of the right to Leisure,” International Journal of Human Rights, vo. 17, no. 3, (2013): 331.</ref> Koyaya, jihohi har yanzu suna da nauyi dangane da hakkin hutu da hutu. == Wajibai a kan hakkin hutu da hutu. == Duk da yaren shubce na labarin 24 na [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Sanarwar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Duniya]], Jihohi suna da wajibai da nauyi dangane da hakkin shakatawa. Kungiyar marubuta da Kwamitin wallafa Tattalin Arziki, da na Al'adu ya wallafa ya nuna cewa dangane da dukkan hakkoki, gami da hakkin hutu da lokacin hutu, Jihohi suna da alhakin girmamawa, kiyayewa da cikawa. === Girmamawa, kiyayewa da cikawa === Girmamawa da kiyayewa na daga cikin ka'idojin sune ainihin wajibcin kasa dangane da hakkin tattalin arziki, al'adu da zamantakewar al'umma, gami da hakkin shakatawa: Dangane da ma'anar girmamawa, karewa da cika ƙa'idar da aka zayyana a cikin Kwamitin Rightsancin Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki, da 'Yancin Al'adu ' babban sharhi mai lamba 14, kuma wajibcin girmamawa yana bukatar Jihohi su guji yin katsalandan kai tsaye ko a kaikaice tare da jin dadin 'yancin hutu Hakkin karewa yana bukatar Jihohi su dauki matakan da ke hana bangare na uku tsoma baki cikin hakkin shakatawa. Akarshe, wajibin cikawa yana bukatar Jihohi suyi amfani da dokokin da suka dace, tsarin mulki, kasafin kudi, shari'a, gabatarwa da sauran matakan tabbatarwa da jin dadin hakkin hutu. [[File:歇心亭 - Relex Pavilion - 2012.04 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Cin gajiyar hakkin hutu]] Sabili da haka, dole ne jihohi ba kawai girmamawa da kare mutane daga aiki mai yawa ba, amma dole ne su cika hakki, kuma su tabbatar da cewa mutane na da karfin da za su ci gajiyar hakkinsu na hutu, kuma ba kawai kasancewa cikin rashin aiki da yawa ba. == Sukar. == Hakkin hutu da hutu, kamar yawancin hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da al'adu (ESCR), galibi ana daukarsa kasa da mahimmanci ko mahimmanci kamar hakkin jama'a da siyasa . Sanarwa game da hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewar al'umma, da al'adu irin su Maurice Cranston da Aryeh Neier, ko William Talbott ''Wane Hakki Ya Kamata Ya Zama Na Duniya'', <ref>William Talbott, Which Rights Should be Universal. Oxford. Oxford University Press. 2005</ref> galibi suna jayayya cewa (ESCR) ba su da wata mahimmanci don mutuncin dan adam, ba su da asali kamar hakkin dan kasa da siyasa, su ma tsada da rashin aiki, kuma cewa wasu yankuna na mutane basu cancanci (ESCR) ba. <ref>David Richards and Benjamin Carbonetti, “Worth what we decide: a defense of the right to Leisure,” International Journal of Human Rights, vo. 17, no. 3, (2013): 331.</ref> Koyaya, masana hakkin dan adam suna kara karbar ra'ayi na rashin rarrabuwa kuma suna yarda da cewa duk hakkokin dan adam na asali ne. <ref>Richard McGrath, Janette Young, and Caroline Adams, ‘leisure as a human right special edition introduction,’ Annals of Leisure Research, vol. 20, no. 3, (2017): p. 314.</ref> Masu kare hakkin hutu da hutu suna da'awar cewa yana da mahimmancin mahimmanci ga jin dadi da zarar an tabbatar da tsaro na asali, kuma wannan hutu "ba bata lokaci ba ne kawai ko rashin aiki ne kawai ba, amma dai, ya zama dole don rayuwar mutunci ". <ref>David Richards and Benjamin Carbonetti, “Worth what we decide: a defense of the right to Leisure,” International Journal of Human Rights, vo. 17, no. 3, (2013): 334.</ref> Hakkin hutawa da shakatawa dama ce ta dan adam, kuma ana iya tattaunawa game da mahimmancin sa da aiwatarwa. == Duba wasu abubuwan. == == Bayani. ==   [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] s44pyrbm4l49lrh6hl1j27h1w9q29h0 0 22415 905991 718663 2026-08-22T05:37:24Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Old_Homeless_man_in_Boston.jpg |thumb|Wani zaune shi kadai a Boston ]] [[File:"Freedom_From_Want"_-_NARA_-_513539.jpg|thumb| ''<nowiki/>'Yanci daga Son'' a shekarar (1943) na mai zane Norman Rockwell]] '''Yancin samun ingantaccen tsarin rayuwa,''' haƙƙi ne na [[Hakkokin Yan-adam|ɗan adam]]. Yana daga cikin [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Sanarwar Majalissar Ɗinkin Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam,]] wanda Babban Taron [[Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ya karba a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1948. <ref name="UVvM">United Nations, [http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'']</ref>   Bugu da ƙari kuma, an rubuta shi a cikin labarin 11, na Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta Duniya game da Tattalin Arziƙin, Tsarin Al'adu da Al'adu. Wanda ya gabaci wannan ƴancin, ''<nowiki/>' Yanci daga So'', yana ɗaya daga cikin ''Yanci Hudu'' da Shugaban [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] (Franklin D). Roosevelt yayi magana a Jiharsa ta tarayyar Janairu 6, a shekarata 11941.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/news/2014/01/140127_freedom_hausa_seriesone</ref> A cewar Roosevelt hakki ne ga duk wani ɗan adam a duk inda kuma yake a duniya ya kamata ya samu. A cikin jawabin nasa Roosevelt ya bayyana haƙƙinsa na uku kamar haka: <ref name="FDR6-1-1941">Roosvelt, Franklin Delano (January 6, 1941) [http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/fdrthefourfreedoms.htm ''The Four Freedoms''], American Rhetoric</ref> == Duba sauran wasu abubuwan == * 'Yancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu * 'Yancin mutum na ruwa da tsafta == Bayani ==   quto1bi69iih3baszdbyopq2kg7fn2r 905992 905991 2026-08-22T05:37:48Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Old_Homeless_man_in_Boston.jpg |thumb|Wani zaune shi kadai a Boston ]] [[File:"Freedom_From_Want"_-_NARA_-_513539.jpg|thumb| ''<nowiki/>'Yanci daga Son'' a shekarar (1943) na mai zane Norman Rockwell]] '''Yancin samun ingantaccen tsarin rayuwa,''' haƙƙi ne na [[Hakkokin Yan-adam|ɗan adam]]. Yana daga cikin [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Sanarwar Majalissar Ɗinkin Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam,]] wanda Babban Taron [[Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ya karba a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1948. <ref name="UVvM">United Nations, [http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'']</ref>   Bugu da ƙari kuma, an rubuta shi a cikin labarin 11, na Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta Duniya game da Tattalin Arziƙin, Tsarin Al'adu da Al'adu. Wanda ya gabaci wannan ƴancin, ''<nowiki/>' Yanci daga So'', yana ɗaya daga cikin ''Yanci Hudu'' da Shugaban [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] (Franklin D). Roosevelt yayi magana a Jiharsa ta tarayyar Janairu 6, a shekarata 11941.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/news/2014/01/140127_freedom_hausa_seriesone</ref> A cewar Roosevelt hakki ne ga duk wani ɗan adam a duk inda kuma yake a duniya ya kamata ya samu. A cikin jawabin nasa Roosevelt ya bayyana haƙƙinsa na uku kamar haka: <ref name="FDR6-1-1941">Roosvelt, Franklin Delano (January 6, 1941) [http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/fdrthefourfreedoms.htm ''The Four Freedoms''], American Rhetoric</ref> == Duba sauran wasu abubuwan == * Ƴancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu * Ƴancin mutum na ruwa da tsafta == Bayani ==   f0qe9yyjj0ul0m4171q0nncl4mqt0qh 905993 905992 2026-08-22T05:38:00Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Old_Homeless_man_in_Boston.jpg |thumb|Wani zaune shi kadai a Boston ]] [[File:"Freedom_From_Want"_-_NARA_-_513539.jpg|thumb| ''<nowiki/>'Yanci daga Son'' a shekarar (1943) na mai zane Norman Rockwell]] '''Yancin samun ingantaccen tsarin rayuwa,''' haƙƙi ne na [[Hakkokin Yan-adam|ɗan adam]]. Yana daga cikin [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Sanarwar Majalissar Ɗinkin Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam,]] wanda Babban Taron [[Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ya karba a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1948. <ref name="UVvM">United Nations, [http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'']</ref>   Bugu da ƙari kuma, an rubuta shi a cikin labarin 11, na Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta Duniya game da Tattalin Arziƙin, Tsarin Al'adu da Al'adu. Wanda kuma ya gabaci wannan ƴancin, ''<nowiki/>' Yanci daga So'', yana ɗaya daga cikin ''Yanci Hudu'' da Shugaban [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] (Franklin D). Roosevelt yayi magana a Jiharsa ta tarayyar Janairu 6, a shekarata 11941.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/news/2014/01/140127_freedom_hausa_seriesone</ref> A cewar Roosevelt hakki ne ga duk wani ɗan adam a duk inda kuma yake a duniya ya kamata ya samu. A cikin jawabin nasa Roosevelt ya bayyana haƙƙinsa na uku kamar haka: <ref name="FDR6-1-1941">Roosvelt, Franklin Delano (January 6, 1941) [http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/fdrthefourfreedoms.htm ''The Four Freedoms''], American Rhetoric</ref> == Duba sauran wasu abubuwan == * Ƴancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu * Ƴancin mutum na ruwa da tsafta == Bayani ==   216b2dh60dkwg349pt5g95nfixcfzsr 905994 905993 2026-08-22T05:38:29Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Old_Homeless_man_in_Boston.jpg |thumb|Wani zaune shi kadai a Boston ]] [[File:"Freedom_From_Want"_-_NARA_-_513539.jpg|thumb| ''<nowiki/>'Yanci daga Son'' a shekarar (1943) na mai zane Norman Rockwell]] '''Yancin samun ingantaccen tsarin rayuwa,''' haƙƙi ne na [[Hakkokin Yan-adam|ɗan adam]]. Yana daga cikin [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Sanarwar Majalissar Ɗinkin Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam,]] wanda Babban Taron [[Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ya karba a ranar 10 ga Disamban shekarar 1948. <ref name="UVvM">United Nations, [http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'']</ref>   Bugu da ƙari kuma, an rubuta shi a cikin labarin 11, na Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta Duniya game da Tattalin Arziƙin, Tsarin Al'adu da Al'adu. Wanda kuma ya gabaci wannan ƴancin, ''<nowiki/>' Yanci daga So'', yana ɗaya daga cikin ''Yanci Hudu'' da Shugaban [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] (Franklin D). Roosevelt yayi magana a Jiharsa ta tarayyar Janairu 6, a shekarata 11941.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/news/2014/01/140127_freedom_hausa_seriesone</ref> A cewar Roosevelt hakki ne ga duk wani ɗan adam a duk inda kuma yake a duniya ya kamata ya samu. A cikin jawabin nasa Roosevelt ya bayyana haƙƙinsa na uku kamar haka: <ref name="FDR6-1-1941">Roosvelt, Franklin Delano (January 6, 1941) [http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/fdrthefourfreedoms.htm ''The Four Freedoms''], American Rhetoric</ref> == Duba sauran wasu abubuwan == * Ƴancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu * Ƴancin mutum na ruwa da tsafta == Bayani ==   i05849p55o8vodhqq9hs3ehtwzv8rb2 905995 905994 2026-08-22T05:38:54Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Old_Homeless_man_in_Boston.jpg |thumb|Wani zaune shi kadai a Boston ]] [[File:"Freedom_From_Want"_-_NARA_-_513539.jpg|thumb| ''<nowiki/>'Yanci daga Son'' a shekarar (1943) na mai zane Norman Rockwell]] '''Yancin samun ingantaccen tsarin rayuwa,''' haƙƙi ne na [[Hakkokin Yan-adam|ɗan adam]]. Yana daga cikin [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Sanarwar Majalissar Ɗinkin Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam,]] wanda Babban Taron [[Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ya karɓa a ranar 10 ga Disamban shekarar 1948. <ref name="UVvM">United Nations, [http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'']</ref>   Bugu da ƙari kuma, an rubuta shi a cikin labarin 11, na Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta Duniya game da Tattalin Arziƙin, Tsarin Al'adu da Al'adu. Wanda kuma ya gabaci wannan ƴancin, ''<nowiki/>' Yanci daga So'', yana ɗaya daga cikin ''Yanci Hudu'' da Shugaban [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] (Franklin D). Roosevelt yayi magana a Jiharsa ta tarayyar Janairu 6, a shekarata 11941.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/news/2014/01/140127_freedom_hausa_seriesone</ref> A cewar Roosevelt hakki ne ga duk wani ɗan adam a duk inda kuma yake a duniya ya kamata ya samu. A cikin jawabin nasa Roosevelt ya bayyana haƙƙinsa na uku kamar haka: <ref name="FDR6-1-1941">Roosvelt, Franklin Delano (January 6, 1941) [http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/fdrthefourfreedoms.htm ''The Four Freedoms''], American Rhetoric</ref> == Duba sauran wasu abubuwan == * Ƴancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu * Ƴancin mutum na ruwa da tsafta == Bayani ==   1uxqgvrhft2jcxophohbjh5sjhvgjhg 0 23423 906171 673167 2026-08-22T11:26:30Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Conflict03-pollution-china 13151 600x450.jpg|thumb|gurbta yanayi na tashin hankali a china]] [[Fayil:A Pall of Pollution Over Northeastern China (NESDIS 2018-11-02).png|thumb|gurbatar yanayi na iska a sin]] '''Gurbacewar muhalli a ƙasar Sin,''' wani bangare ne na babban batun batutuwan muhalli a ƙasar Sin. Hanyoyi daban-daban na gurbata yanayi sun karu yayin da [[Sin|kasar Sin]] ta [[Masana'antu|kera masana'antu]], wanda kuma ya haifar da matsalolin kiwon lafiyar muhalli. Tun lokacin da aka aiwatar da manufar tsabtace iska a cikin shekarar 2013, gurɓataccen iska yana raguwa a hankali a duk faɗin China, kuma biranen China ba su mamaye manyan wurare ɗan jerin biranen da suka fi gurɓata.<ref>[[Jared Diamond]], ''[[Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed]]'', [[Penguin Books]], 2005 and 2011 ([[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Musamman:BookSources/9780241958681|9780241958681]]). See chapter 12 entitled "China, Lurching Giant" (pages 258–377).</ref> == ƙididdigar kasanta == === Gurɓata ƙasa === Girman girma na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin tun daga shekarun 1980 ya haifar da ƙaruwar gurɓataccen ƙasa. Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Jiha ta yi imanin cewa barazana ce ga muhalli, amincin abinci da aikin gona mai ɗorewa. 38,610 murabba'in murabba'in (100,000&nbsp;km ² ) na ƙasar China da aka noma ta gurɓata, tare da amfani da gurɓataccen ruwa don yin noman mil mil miliyan 31.5 (21,670)&nbsp;km ^2.), da kuma wani miliyan 2 mil (1,300&nbsp;km ² ) datti ya rufe ko lalata su. Asusun yankin da abin ya shafa ya kai kashi ɗaya cikin goma na ƙasar noma ta China. Kimanin tan miliyan 6 na hatsi na abinci ana gurbata shi da manyan ƙarfe a kowace shekara, yana haifar da asarar kai tsaye na [[Renminbi|yuan]] biliyan 29 (dala biliyan 2.5. Tã karafa (ciki har da Mercury, gubar, cadmium, jan, nickel, chromium, kuma tutiya) a cikin gurbata ƙasa da m kiwon lafiya effects a kan mutum [[metabolism]] . Ciyarwa, tuntuɓar fata, abinci ta hanyar ƙasa-sarkar abinci, shan iska, da cin abinci na iya isar da abubuwa masu guba ga ɗan adam. <ref>{{Cite journal}}</ref> ==== Bola ==== Yayin da yawan fitar da shara na ƙasar Sin ke ƙaruwa, an dora gazawar ƙoƙarin samar da ingantattun tsare -tsaren sake amfani da su saboda rashin sanin muhalli. <ref>{{cite news|date=28 July 2011|access-date=29 July 2011|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2011/0728/As-China-s-prosperity-grows-so-do-its-trash-piles|title=As China's prosperity grows, so do its trash piles|author=Violet Law|newspaper=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref> Dokar ta fara aiki a ranar 15 ga Yunin shekarar 2008 wanda ya hana duk manyan kantuna, kantin sayar da kayayyaki da shaguna a duk fadin ƙasar Sin bayar da jakunkunan filastik kyauta, don haka yana karfafa wa mutane gwiwar amfani da jakunkuna. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Dole shagunan su yi alamar farashin jakunkunan siyayyar filastik kuma an hana su ƙara farashin a kan farashin kayayyakin. A samar, sayarwa da kuma amfani da matsananci-bakin ciki roba bags — waɗanda kasa fiye da 0,025 millimeters (0.00098&nbsp;in) lokacin farin ciki — su ma an hana su. == Manazarta == frds7rryaxao7dh4gcxy5pyt6905x69 906172 906171 2026-08-22T11:27:01Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Conflict03-pollution-china 13151 600x450.jpg|thumb|gurbta yanayi na tashin hankali a china]] [[Fayil:A Pall of Pollution Over Northeastern China (NESDIS 2018-11-02).png|thumb|gurbatar yanayi na iska a sin]] '''Gurbacewar muhalli a ƙasar Sin,''' wani bangare ne na babban batun batutuwan muhalli a ƙasar Sin. Hanyoyi daban-daban na gurbata yanayi sun karu yayin da [[Sin|kasar Sin]] ta [[Masana'antu|kera masana'antu]], wanda kuma ya haifar da matsalolin kiwon lafiyar muhalli. Tun lokacin da aka aiwatar da manufar tsabtace iska a cikin shekarar 2013, gurɓataccen iska yana raguwa a hankali a duk faɗin China, kuma biranen China ba su mamaye manyan wurare ɗan jerin biranen da suka fi gurɓata.<ref>[[Jared Diamond]], ''[[Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed]]'', [[Penguin Books]], 2005 and 2011 ([[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Musamman:BookSources/9780241958681|9780241958681]]). See chapter 12 entitled "China, Lurching Giant" (pages 258–377).</ref> == ƙididdigar kasanta == === Gurɓata ƙasa === Girman girma na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin tun daga shekarun 1980 ya haifar da ƙaruwar gurɓataccen ƙasa. Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Jiha ta yi imanin cewa barazana ce ga muhalli, amincin abinci da aikin gona mai ɗorewa. 38,610 murabba'in murabba'in (100,000&nbsp;km ² ) na ƙasar China da aka noma ta gurɓata, tare da amfani da gurɓataccen ruwa don yin noman mil mil miliyan 31.5 (21,670)&nbsp;km ^2.), da kuma wani miliyan 2 mil (1,300&nbsp;km ² ) datti ya rufe ko lalata su. Asusun yankin da abin ya shafa ya kuma kai kashi ɗaya cikin goma na ƙasar noma ta China. Kimanin tan miliyan 6 na hatsi na abinci ana gurbata shi da manyan ƙarfe a kowace shekara, yana haifar da asarar kai tsaye na [[Renminbi|yuan]] biliyan 29 (dala biliyan 2.5. Tã karafa (ciki har da Mercury, gubar, cadmium, jan, nickel, chromium, kuma tutiya) a cikin gurbata ƙasa da m kiwon lafiya effects a kan mutum [[metabolism]] . Ciyarwa, tuntuɓar fata, abinci ta hanyar ƙasa-sarkar abinci, shan iska, da cin abinci na iya isar da abubuwa masu guba ga ɗan adam. <ref>{{Cite journal}}</ref> ==== Bola ==== Yayin da yawan fitar da shara na ƙasar Sin ke ƙaruwa, an dora gazawar ƙoƙarin samar da ingantattun tsare -tsaren sake amfani da su saboda rashin sanin muhalli. <ref>{{cite news|date=28 July 2011|access-date=29 July 2011|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2011/0728/As-China-s-prosperity-grows-so-do-its-trash-piles|title=As China's prosperity grows, so do its trash piles|author=Violet Law|newspaper=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref> Dokar ta fara aiki a ranar 15 ga Yunin shekarar 2008 wanda ya hana duk manyan kantuna, kantin sayar da kayayyaki da shaguna a duk fadin ƙasar Sin bayar da jakunkunan filastik kyauta, don haka yana karfafa wa mutane gwiwar amfani da jakunkuna. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Dole shagunan su yi alamar farashin jakunkunan siyayyar filastik kuma an hana su ƙara farashin a kan farashin kayayyakin. A samar, sayarwa da kuma amfani da matsananci-bakin ciki roba bags — waɗanda kasa fiye da 0,025 millimeters (0.00098&nbsp;in) lokacin farin ciki — su ma an hana su. == Manazarta == moitcyx61e3qcuc6i5lolpowwpr6aqu 906174 906172 2026-08-22T11:27:34Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Conflict03-pollution-china 13151 600x450.jpg|thumb|gurbta yanayi na tashin hankali a china]] [[Fayil:A Pall of Pollution Over Northeastern China (NESDIS 2018-11-02).png|thumb|gurbatar yanayi na iska a sin]] '''Gurbacewar muhalli a ƙasar Sin,''' wani bangare ne na babban batun batutuwan muhalli a ƙasar Sin. Hanyoyi daban-daban na gurbata yanayi sun karu yayin da [[Sin|kasar Sin]] ta [[Masana'antu|kera masana'antu]], wanda kuma ya haifar da matsalolin kiwon lafiyar muhalli. Tun lokacin da aka aiwatar da manufar tsabtace iska a cikin shekarar 2013, gurɓataccen iska yana raguwa a hankali a duk faɗin China, kuma biranen China ba su mamaye manyan wurare ɗan jerin biranen da suka fi gurɓata.<ref>[[Jared Diamond]], ''[[Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed]]'', [[Penguin Books]], 2005 and 2011 ([[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Musamman:BookSources/9780241958681|9780241958681]]). See chapter 12 entitled "China, Lurching Giant" (pages 258–377).</ref> == ƙididdigar kasanta == === Gurɓata ƙasa === Girman girma na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin tun daga shekarun 1980 ya haifar da ƙaruwar gurɓataccen ƙasa. Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Jiha ta yi imanin cewa barazana ce ga muhalli, amincin abinci da aikin gona mai ɗorewa. 38,610 murabba'in murabba'in (100,000&nbsp;km ² ) na ƙasar China da aka noma ta gurɓata, tare da amfani da gurɓataccen ruwa don yin noman mil mil miliyan 31.5 (21,670)&nbsp;km ^2.), da kuma wani miliyan 2 mil (1,300&nbsp;km ² ) datti ya rufe ko lalata su. Asusun yankin da abin ya shafa ya kuma kai kashi ɗaya cikin goma na ƙasar noma ta China. Kimanin tan miliyan 6 na hatsi na abinci ana gurbata shi da manyan ƙarfe a kowace shekara, yana haifar da asarar kai tsaye na [[Renminbi|yuan]] biliyan 29 (dala biliyan 2.5. Tã karafa (ciki har da Mercury, gubar, cadmium, jan, nickel, chromium, kuma tutiya) a cikin gurbata ƙasa da m kiwon lafiya effects a kan mutum [[metabolism]] . Ciyarwa, tuntuɓar fata, abinci ta hanyar ƙasa-sarkar abinci, shan iska, da cin abinci na iya isar da abubuwa masu guba ga ɗan adam. <ref>{{Cite journal}}</ref> ==== Bola ==== Yayin da yawan fitar da shara na ƙasar Sin ke ƙaruwa, an dora gazawar ƙoƙarin samar da ingantattun tsare -tsaren sake amfani da su saboda rashin sanin muhalli. <ref>{{cite news|date=28 July 2011|access-date=29 July 2011|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2011/0728/As-China-s-prosperity-grows-so-do-its-trash-piles|title=As China's prosperity grows, so do its trash piles|author=Violet Law|newspaper=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref> Dokar ta fara aiki a ranar 15 ga Yunin shekarar 2008 wanda ya hana duk manyan kantuna, kantin sayar da kayayyaki da shaguna a duk fadin ƙasar Sin bayar da jakunkunan filastik kyauta, don haka yana ƙarfafa wa mutane gwiwar amfani da jakunkuna. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Dole shagunan su yi alamar farashin jakunkunan siyayyar filastik kuma an hana su ƙara farashin a kan farashin kayayyakin. A samar, sayarwa da kuma amfani da matsananci-bakin ciki roba bags — waɗanda kasa fiye da 0,025 millimeters (0.00098&nbsp;in) lokacin farin ciki — su ma an hana su. == Manazarta == 5dngsl3z03ep749otihrig6kqsnypaw 0 29759 906158 677238 2026-08-22T11:18:50Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Wildlife_Trafficking_Investigators_Course_at_the_International_Law_Enforcement_Academy_-_Bangkok,_Thailand_(March_6,_2017)_(37610607006).jpg |thumb|Wildlife Trafficking Investigators Course at the International Law Enforcement Academy - Bangkok, Thailand (March 6, 2017) ]] [[File:BCSTI_(120).jpg|thumb| BCSTI (120)]] [[Fayil:Environmental pollution channel.jpg|thumb]] '''Laifin muhalli''' haramun ne wanda ke cutar da muhalli kai tsaye. Wadannan haramtattun ayyuka sun hada da muhallin namun daji, bambancin halittu da albarkatun kasa.<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c3g7ynwewzxo.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17536046142153&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com</ref> Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar, G8, Intafol, [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] Shirin Muhalli, [[Duk Majalisar Jama'a|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] Intergional Crime da Justice Research Institute, sun gane wadannan laifukan muhalli: * '''Laifin''' namun daji :<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/lg/news/2010/06/100615_nigeria_pollution</ref> Ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, cinikin namun daji a cikin nau'ikan da ke cikin hatsari ya saba wa Yarjejeniyar Ciniki ta Duniya a cikin Nauyin Fauna da Flora (CITES); * '''Haƙar ma'adanai ba bisa ka'ida ba''' : Fasakar da abubuwan da ke lalata ozone (ODS) wanda ya saba wa Yarjejeniyar Montreal ta 1987 akan Abubuwan da ke Rage Ozon Layer ; * '''Laifukan''' gurbacewar yanayi : Jibgewa da cinikin haramtacciyar shara a cikin sharar gida wanda ya saba wa Yarjejeniyar Basel ta 1989 kan Kula da Matsala Tsakanin Sharar da Sharar gida da sauran sharar gida da zubar da su; * Kamun kifi ba bisa '''ka'ida ba: kamun kifi''' ba bisa ka'ida ba, ba a ba da rahoto ba kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda ya saba wa ka'idojin da kungiyoyin kula da kamun kifi daban-daban na yanki suka sanya; * Satar katako '''ba bisa ka'ida ba''' : Yin saren itace ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma cinikin katakon da aka sace ba bisa ka'ida ba wanda ya saba wa dokokin kasa. <ref>Banks, D., Davies, C., Gosling, J., Newman, J., Rice, M., Wadley, J., Walravens, F. (2008) ''Environmental Crime. A threat to our future.'' Environmental Investigation Agency [http://www.unodc.org/documents/NGO/EIA_Ecocrime_report_0908_final_draft_low.pdf pdf]</ref> == Farashin == Kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka na kasa da kasa da kungiyoyin masu fafutuka suna cin gajiyar satar albarkatun kasa kuma wadannan ribar ba bisa ka'ida ba na karuwa. Ta'addanci har ma da yakin basasa sakamakon laifukan muhalli ne. <ref> Solheim, E., Need for global action, in: D+C 9 (2016), S. 46. </ref> A cewar UNEP da Intafol, a cikin watan Yunin 2016, yawan laifukan muhalli ya kai kashi 26 bisa 100 fiye da kimar da aka yi a baya, a dalar Amurka biliyan 91-258, idan aka kwatanta da dalar Amurka biliyan 70-213 a shekarar 2014, wanda ya zarce cinikin kananan makamai ba bisa ka'ida ba . Fiye da rabin wannan adadin ana iya danganta su da sare itatuwa da [[Gandun daji|sare itatuwa]] ba bisa ka'ida ba . == tuhumar [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|ICC]] == A watan Satumba na 2016 an sanar da cewa [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa]] da kasa da ke birnin The Hague za ta gurfanar da gwamnati da daidaikun mutane kan laifukan da suka shafi muhalli. Dangane da Sharuɗɗan Zaɓin Harka da aka sanar a cikin Takardar Manufofin kan Zaɓin Harka da fifiko ta ICC a ranar 15 ga Satumba 2016, Ofishin zai ba da la'akari na musamman don gabatar da laifuffukan Dokar Rome da aka aikata ta hanyar, ko kuma hakan ya haifar da, "inter alia, the lalata muhalli, cin dukiyar kasa ba bisa ka'ida ba ko kuma kwace filaye ba bisa ka'ida ba". == Laifukan muhalli ta ƙasa == === [[Amurka]] === Wuraren da aka yashe ko kaɗan da aka yi amfani da su sune wuraren zubar da ruwa na gama gari a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] -musamman titin jirgin ƙasa. Ana amfani da sama da dala miliyan 10 a shekara don kawar da zubar da shara ba bisa ka'ida ba daga garuruwa da muhalli. Wata karamar kungiya, CSXT reshen laifukan muhalli na yan sanda, an fara dakatar da zubar da titin jirgin kasa musamman. Tun lokacin da aka kafa Ofishin Tilasta Laifuka na Hukumar Kare Muhalli a 1982, ana samun ci gaba da samun karuwar laifukan muhalli da ake tuhuma. <ref>[http://www.epa.gov/oecaerth/basics/criminal.html EPA Basic Information on criminal enforcement]</ref> Hakan ya hada da gurfanar da kamfanonin da suka yi jibge ko haddasa malalar mai ba bisa ka'ida ba. A matakin tarayya, yayin da EPA ke kula da binciken, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ce ke gabatar da kararrakin, ta hanyar Sashin Laifukan Muhalli, da/ko ta daya daga cikin Ofishin Lauyan Amurka 94 a duk fadin kasar. A cikin binciken shari'ar 2004, ana iya siyan silinda mai nauyin kilo 30 na CFC-12 a China akan dalar Amurka 40 kuma ana siyar da shi ba bisa ka'ida ba a Amurka akan dalar Amurka 600. <ref>[[doi:10.1289/ehp.112-a96|Environmental crimes: profiting at earth's expense]]</ref> A shekara ta 2000, an yanke masa hukumcin daurin watanni 6 a gidan yari, maginin gidaje Eric Diesel, kuma ya biya tarar dalar Amurka 300,000 saboda ba da lambar yabo ta haramtacciyar hanya a tsaunukan Santa Cruz. <ref>[https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Big-Fine-In-Hillside-Erosion-300-000-fine-over-2768683.php Big Fine In Hillside Erosion / $300,000 fine over road's collapse]</ref> === Italiya === Misali na Ecomafia shine sarrafa sharar Naples inda aka yi zubar da shara ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin 1980s. === Najeriya === A Najeriya, an fara kafa hukumomin kula da muhalli ne tun a shekarar 1988 bayan wani lamari na zubar da kayan dafi a cikin kasar da masu sharar sharar duniya suka yi (mummunan lamarin Koko ). A halin yanzu, hukumomi irin su [[Hukumar Kula da Muhalli da Ƙa'idoji ta Ƙasa|Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Kasa (Nigeria)]] dokokin Najeriya sun ba su damar daidaita yanayin muhalli. Ita dai wannan hukuma tana aiki da sauran sassan gwamnati kamar su kwastam, ‘yan sanda, leken asirin soji da dai sauransu, kuma ta yi nasarar kame namun daji da aka yi safararsu ba bisa ka’ida ba tare da gurfanar da wasu da dama ciki har da wadanda ba ‘yan kasar ba. === Singapore === A matsayin cibiyar ciniki, Singapore tana da saurin kamuwa da haramtattun kayayyaki da ba a san su ba. Charles W. Schmidt ya bayyana yadda China ke siyar da CFC-12 ga Amurka ba bisa ka'ida ba ta hanyar Singapore saboda rashin bincike da kuma sirrin kasuwancin masu zaman kansu a Singapore. <ref>[[doi:10.1289/ehp.112-a96|Environmental crimes: profiting at earth's expense]]</ref> === Rasha === Cin zarafin dokokin kare muhalli na kasar Rasha ya janyo asarar sama da dalar Amurka miliyan 187 a shekarar 2018. Daga cikin laifukan muhalli kusan dubu 23.9 da aka yiwa rajista a Rasha a cikin 2018, mafi rinjayen suna da alaƙa da; yankan dazuzzuka ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda ya kai kimanin shari'o'i dubu 13.8, da kuma farauta ba bisa ka'ida ba, inda aka samu fiye da dubu 1.9. <ref>[https://www.statista.com/statistics/1063005/russia-environmental-crimes-count-by-type/ Statista statistics- Environmental crimes by country-Russia ]</ref> == tilastawa == Ingantacciyar aiwatar da dokokin muhalli yana da mahimmanci ga kowane tsarin kariya da aka tsara don kare muhalli. A farkon dokokin muhalli, cin zarafi ya ɗauki tara mafi ƙarancin ƙima da hukunci. Dokokin farko da ƙa'idodin muhalli ba su da ɗan tasiri ko hanawa kan hukumomi, daidaikun mutane, ko gwamnatoci don bin dokokin muhalli. Lallai, babban tushen gazawar dokokin kare muhalli na Amurka shine halayen farar hula na ayyukan tilastawa tarayya. Babban hukuncin da aka yanke musu shi ne tara, wanda kamfanoni da yawa suka ɗauka a matsayin tsadar kasuwanci. Dokar laifuka ta muhalli ta ƙunshi ƙasa mai kunkuntar. Jigon sa ya ƙunshi tanadin laifuka na dokokin tarayya takwas da aka zartar a cikin 1970s kuma aka gyara a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. A lokuta da yawa, musamman kamfanoni sun ga ya fi dacewa don ci gaba da gurɓata fiye da yadda doka ta yarda da kuma biyan duk wani tarar abokan hulɗa idan da gaske an sami kamfani kuma an same shi da laifin keta dokokin muhalli ko ƙa'idodi. Kevin Tomkins ya yi imanin kamfanoni suna da rashin jin daɗi don bin dokokin muhalli ko ƙa'idodi kamar yadda bin ka'ida ya haɓaka farashin aikin su gabaɗaya. An fassara wannan kamar yadda kamfanoni da yawa ke yin biyayya ga dokokin muhalli, ko saboda ma'anar aikin doka ko wajibcin jama'a, sun kasance marasa lahani kuma sun yi hasarar gasa kuma saboda haka sun sha wahala a kasuwa ga masu fafatawa waɗanda suka yi watsi da dokokin muhalli da ƙa'idodi. Sakamakon raunin dokokin muhalli da kuma ci gaba da ra'ayin jama'a game da kula da muhalli, gwamnatoci da yawa sun kafa gwamnatocin tilasta muhalli daban-daban waɗanda suka haɓaka ikon doka na masu binciken muhalli. Haɗin takunkumin laifuka, ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin tara tare da yuwuwar ɗaure jami'an kamfanoni a kurkuku ya canza fuskar tilasta bin doka da oda. Misali, tsakanin 1983 da 1990 Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta sami $57,358,404.00 a cikin hukunce-hukuncen aikata laifuka tare da samun hukuncin dauri a kan kashi 55% na wadanda ake tuhuma da ake tuhuma da laifukan muhalli. <ref name="tomkins">Tomkins, Kevin. Police, Law Enforcement and the Environment [online]. Current Issues in Criminal Justice; Volume 16, Issue 3; March 2005; 294-306</ref> Yawancin hukumomin muhalli suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rage lalacewar muhalli da kare muhalli ta hanyar dokokin muhalli da ka'idoji. Wadannan hukumomi suna aiki ne a matakai daban-daban tun daga kasa da kasa, yanki, kasa, jiha zuwa kananan hukumomi, suna sanya hukuma guda tana aiki a mataki daya. Waɗannan hukumomin suna amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na tilastawa don ba da garantin bin dokokin muhalli da ƙa'idodi. A wasu lokuta hukumomin tilastawa suna amfani da abin da ake kira "Umurni da Sarrafa" waɗanda ke bin tsarin tsarin gargajiya. A wasu lokuta, suna iya amfani da haɓakar tattalin arziƙi da hanyoyin tushen matasan, waɗanda akwai guda biyu. Bugu da kari, ya kara bukatar hadin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin 'yan sanda daban-daban. Hukumomin tilasta bin doka da muhalli da ayyukan 'yan sanda ba sa aiki a cikin sarari; kayan aikin doka da tsarin siyasa ke aiwatarwa suna tafiyar da ayyukansu da ayyukansu a cikin al'umma. Duk da haka, a bayyane, kayan aikin doka da gwamnatoci ke aiwatarwa ne ke ƙayyade yawancin dabarun da ayyukan 'yan sanda ke amfani da su wajen kare muhalli. Gabaɗaya waɗannan kayan aikin na ƙasa da ƙasa, na yanki, na ƙasa da na Jiha an ƙirƙira su ne don tabbatar da masana'antu, daidaikun mutane, da gwamnatoci sun bi wasu wajibai daban-daban na muhalli waɗanda ke cikin ƙa'idodi da dokoki na ƙasa. Har ila yau, akwai ka'idoji da yarjejeniyoyin doka na ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda su ma suka shafi yadda ƙasashe masu iko ke tinkarar matsalolin muhalli . <ref name="tomkins">Tomkins, Kevin. Police, Law Enforcement and the Environment [online]. Current Issues in Criminal Justice; Volume 16, Issue 3; March 2005; 294-306</ref> == Laifukan muhalli == Laifukan muhalli yana nazarin ra'ayoyin laifuffuka, laifuka da munanan halaye a kan muhalli kuma ya fara nazarin rawar da al'ummomi ciki har da hukumomi, gwamnatoci da al'ummomi ke takawa wajen haifar da illar muhalli . Likitocin laifuka a yanzu sun fara gane tasirin mutane kan muhalli da yadda hukumomin tilasta bin doka da shari'a ke auna cutar da muhalli da kuma danganta takunkumi ga masu laifi. <ref>White, R. 2003‘Environmental Issues and the Criminological Imagination’, Theoretical Criminology, 7(4): 483-506.</ref> Laifukan muhalli ba wai kawai ya shafi ƙasa, ruwa, iska ba, yana shafar lafiyar yara kuma. A cewar wata kasida da aka buga a cikin Halayen Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli a cikin 2016, “Juyin halitta da fadada kariyar lafiyar yara a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata ya kasance abin ban mamaki. A US EPA, an yi ƙoƙari sosai don magance rashin lafiyar yara na musamman, kuma aikinmu yana ci gaba da magance matsalolin muhalli da ke tasowa don tabbatar da cewa muhallin yara ba su da haɗari da kuma tallafawa ci gaba mai kyau." == manazarta == {{Reflist}} # '''^''' Banks, D., Davies, C., Gosling, J., Newman, J., Rice, M., Wadley, J., Walravens, F. (2008) ''Environmental Crime. A threat to our future.'' Environmental Investigation Agency pdf # '''^''' [unep.org] # '''^''' Interpol (2009) ''Environmental crime'' online Archived 2006-03-15 at the Wayback Machine # '''^''' Solheim, E., Need for global action, in: D+C 9 (2016), S. 46. [1] # '''^''' # '''^''' # '''^''' # '''^''' EPA Basic Information on criminal enforcement # '''^''' Environmental crimes: profiting at earth's expense # '''^''' Big Fine In Hillside Erosion / $300,000 fine over road's collapse *   *   p9w8r78vou1dpj62mmsipa7qz3za6t4 906160 906158 2026-08-22T11:19:08Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Wildlife_Trafficking_Investigators_Course_at_the_International_Law_Enforcement_Academy_-_Bangkok,_Thailand_(March_6,_2017)_(37610607006).jpg |thumb|Wildlife Trafficking Investigators Course at the International Law Enforcement Academy - Bangkok, Thailand (March 6, 2017) ]] [[File:BCSTI_(120).jpg|thumb| BCSTI (120)]] [[Fayil:Environmental pollution channel.jpg|thumb]] '''Laifin muhalli''' haramun ne wanda ke cutar da muhalli kai tsaye. Wadannan haramtattun ayyuka sun hada da muhallin namun daji, bambancin halittu da albarkatun kasa.<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c3g7ynwewzxo.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17536046142153&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com</ref> Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar, G8, Intafol, [[Tarayyar Turai]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] Shirin Muhalli, [[Duk Majalisar Jama'a|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] Intergional Crime da Justice Research Institute, sun gane wadannan laifukan muhalli: * '''Laifin''' namun daji :<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/lg/news/2010/06/100615_nigeria_pollution</ref> Ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, cinikin namun daji a cikin nau'ikan da ke cikin hatsari ya saba wa Yarjejeniyar Ciniki ta Duniya a cikin Nauyin Fauna da Flora (CITES); * '''Haƙar ma'adanai ba bisa k'ƙa'ida ba''' : Fasakar da abubuwan da ke lalata ozone (ODS) wanda ya saba wa Yarjejeniyar Montreal ta 1987 akan Abubuwan da ke Rage Ozon Layer ; * '''Laifukan''' gurbacewar yanayi : Jibgewa da cinikin haramtacciyar shara a cikin sharar gida wanda ya saba wa Yarjejeniyar Basel ta 1989 kan Kula da Matsala Tsakanin Sharar da Sharar gida da sauran sharar gida da zubar da su; * Kamun kifi ba bisa '''ka'ida ba: kamun kifi''' ba bisa ka'ida ba, ba a ba da rahoto ba kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda ya saba wa ka'idojin da kungiyoyin kula da kamun kifi daban-daban na yanki suka sanya; * Satar katako '''ba bisa ka'ida ba''' : Yin saren itace ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma cinikin katakon da aka sace ba bisa ka'ida ba wanda ya saba wa dokokin kasa. <ref>Banks, D., Davies, C., Gosling, J., Newman, J., Rice, M., Wadley, J., Walravens, F. (2008) ''Environmental Crime. A threat to our future.'' Environmental Investigation Agency [http://www.unodc.org/documents/NGO/EIA_Ecocrime_report_0908_final_draft_low.pdf pdf]</ref> == Farashin == Kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka na kasa da kasa da kungiyoyin masu fafutuka suna cin gajiyar satar albarkatun kasa kuma wadannan ribar ba bisa ka'ida ba na karuwa. Ta'addanci har ma da yakin basasa sakamakon laifukan muhalli ne. <ref> Solheim, E., Need for global action, in: D+C 9 (2016), S. 46. </ref> A cewar UNEP da Intafol, a cikin watan Yunin 2016, yawan laifukan muhalli ya kai kashi 26 bisa 100 fiye da kimar da aka yi a baya, a dalar Amurka biliyan 91-258, idan aka kwatanta da dalar Amurka biliyan 70-213 a shekarar 2014, wanda ya zarce cinikin kananan makamai ba bisa ka'ida ba . Fiye da rabin wannan adadin ana iya danganta su da sare itatuwa da [[Gandun daji|sare itatuwa]] ba bisa ka'ida ba . == tuhumar [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|ICC]] == A watan Satumba na 2016 an sanar da cewa [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa]] da kasa da ke birnin The Hague za ta gurfanar da gwamnati da daidaikun mutane kan laifukan da suka shafi muhalli. Dangane da Sharuɗɗan Zaɓin Harka da aka sanar a cikin Takardar Manufofin kan Zaɓin Harka da fifiko ta ICC a ranar 15 ga Satumba 2016, Ofishin zai ba da la'akari na musamman don gabatar da laifuffukan Dokar Rome da aka aikata ta hanyar, ko kuma hakan ya haifar da, "inter alia, the lalata muhalli, cin dukiyar kasa ba bisa ka'ida ba ko kuma kwace filaye ba bisa ka'ida ba". == Laifukan muhalli ta ƙasa == === [[Amurka]] === Wuraren da aka yashe ko kaɗan da aka yi amfani da su sune wuraren zubar da ruwa na gama gari a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] -musamman titin jirgin ƙasa. Ana amfani da sama da dala miliyan 10 a shekara don kawar da zubar da shara ba bisa ka'ida ba daga garuruwa da muhalli. Wata karamar kungiya, CSXT reshen laifukan muhalli na yan sanda, an fara dakatar da zubar da titin jirgin kasa musamman. Tun lokacin da aka kafa Ofishin Tilasta Laifuka na Hukumar Kare Muhalli a 1982, ana samun ci gaba da samun karuwar laifukan muhalli da ake tuhuma. <ref>[http://www.epa.gov/oecaerth/basics/criminal.html EPA Basic Information on criminal enforcement]</ref> Hakan ya hada da gurfanar da kamfanonin da suka yi jibge ko haddasa malalar mai ba bisa ka'ida ba. A matakin tarayya, yayin da EPA ke kula da binciken, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ce ke gabatar da kararrakin, ta hanyar Sashin Laifukan Muhalli, da/ko ta daya daga cikin Ofishin Lauyan Amurka 94 a duk fadin kasar. A cikin binciken shari'ar 2004, ana iya siyan silinda mai nauyin kilo 30 na CFC-12 a China akan dalar Amurka 40 kuma ana siyar da shi ba bisa ka'ida ba a Amurka akan dalar Amurka 600. <ref>[[doi:10.1289/ehp.112-a96|Environmental crimes: profiting at earth's expense]]</ref> A shekara ta 2000, an yanke masa hukumcin daurin watanni 6 a gidan yari, maginin gidaje Eric Diesel, kuma ya biya tarar dalar Amurka 300,000 saboda ba da lambar yabo ta haramtacciyar hanya a tsaunukan Santa Cruz. <ref>[https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Big-Fine-In-Hillside-Erosion-300-000-fine-over-2768683.php Big Fine In Hillside Erosion / $300,000 fine over road's collapse]</ref> === Italiya === Misali na Ecomafia shine sarrafa sharar Naples inda aka yi zubar da shara ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin 1980s. === Najeriya === A Najeriya, an fara kafa hukumomin kula da muhalli ne tun a shekarar 1988 bayan wani lamari na zubar da kayan dafi a cikin kasar da masu sharar sharar duniya suka yi (mummunan lamarin Koko ). A halin yanzu, hukumomi irin su [[Hukumar Kula da Muhalli da Ƙa'idoji ta Ƙasa|Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Kasa (Nigeria)]] dokokin Najeriya sun ba su damar daidaita yanayin muhalli. Ita dai wannan hukuma tana aiki da sauran sassan gwamnati kamar su kwastam, ‘yan sanda, leken asirin soji da dai sauransu, kuma ta yi nasarar kame namun daji da aka yi safararsu ba bisa ka’ida ba tare da gurfanar da wasu da dama ciki har da wadanda ba ‘yan kasar ba. === Singapore === A matsayin cibiyar ciniki, Singapore tana da saurin kamuwa da haramtattun kayayyaki da ba a san su ba. Charles W. Schmidt ya bayyana yadda China ke siyar da CFC-12 ga Amurka ba bisa ka'ida ba ta hanyar Singapore saboda rashin bincike da kuma sirrin kasuwancin masu zaman kansu a Singapore. <ref>[[doi:10.1289/ehp.112-a96|Environmental crimes: profiting at earth's expense]]</ref> === Rasha === Cin zarafin dokokin kare muhalli na kasar Rasha ya janyo asarar sama da dalar Amurka miliyan 187 a shekarar 2018. Daga cikin laifukan muhalli kusan dubu 23.9 da aka yiwa rajista a Rasha a cikin 2018, mafi rinjayen suna da alaƙa da; yankan dazuzzuka ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda ya kai kimanin shari'o'i dubu 13.8, da kuma farauta ba bisa ka'ida ba, inda aka samu fiye da dubu 1.9. <ref>[https://www.statista.com/statistics/1063005/russia-environmental-crimes-count-by-type/ Statista statistics- Environmental crimes by country-Russia ]</ref> == tilastawa == Ingantacciyar aiwatar da dokokin muhalli yana da mahimmanci ga kowane tsarin kariya da aka tsara don kare muhalli. A farkon dokokin muhalli, cin zarafi ya ɗauki tara mafi ƙarancin ƙima da hukunci. Dokokin farko da ƙa'idodin muhalli ba su da ɗan tasiri ko hanawa kan hukumomi, daidaikun mutane, ko gwamnatoci don bin dokokin muhalli. Lallai, babban tushen gazawar dokokin kare muhalli na Amurka shine halayen farar hula na ayyukan tilastawa tarayya. Babban hukuncin da aka yanke musu shi ne tara, wanda kamfanoni da yawa suka ɗauka a matsayin tsadar kasuwanci. Dokar laifuka ta muhalli ta ƙunshi ƙasa mai kunkuntar. Jigon sa ya ƙunshi tanadin laifuka na dokokin tarayya takwas da aka zartar a cikin 1970s kuma aka gyara a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. A lokuta da yawa, musamman kamfanoni sun ga ya fi dacewa don ci gaba da gurɓata fiye da yadda doka ta yarda da kuma biyan duk wani tarar abokan hulɗa idan da gaske an sami kamfani kuma an same shi da laifin keta dokokin muhalli ko ƙa'idodi. Kevin Tomkins ya yi imanin kamfanoni suna da rashin jin daɗi don bin dokokin muhalli ko ƙa'idodi kamar yadda bin ka'ida ya haɓaka farashin aikin su gabaɗaya. An fassara wannan kamar yadda kamfanoni da yawa ke yin biyayya ga dokokin muhalli, ko saboda ma'anar aikin doka ko wajibcin jama'a, sun kasance marasa lahani kuma sun yi hasarar gasa kuma saboda haka sun sha wahala a kasuwa ga masu fafatawa waɗanda suka yi watsi da dokokin muhalli da ƙa'idodi. Sakamakon raunin dokokin muhalli da kuma ci gaba da ra'ayin jama'a game da kula da muhalli, gwamnatoci da yawa sun kafa gwamnatocin tilasta muhalli daban-daban waɗanda suka haɓaka ikon doka na masu binciken muhalli. Haɗin takunkumin laifuka, ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin tara tare da yuwuwar ɗaure jami'an kamfanoni a kurkuku ya canza fuskar tilasta bin doka da oda. Misali, tsakanin 1983 da 1990 Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta sami $57,358,404.00 a cikin hukunce-hukuncen aikata laifuka tare da samun hukuncin dauri a kan kashi 55% na wadanda ake tuhuma da ake tuhuma da laifukan muhalli. <ref name="tomkins">Tomkins, Kevin. Police, Law Enforcement and the Environment [online]. Current Issues in Criminal Justice; Volume 16, Issue 3; March 2005; 294-306</ref> Yawancin hukumomin muhalli suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rage lalacewar muhalli da kare muhalli ta hanyar dokokin muhalli da ka'idoji. Wadannan hukumomi suna aiki ne a matakai daban-daban tun daga kasa da kasa, yanki, kasa, jiha zuwa kananan hukumomi, suna sanya hukuma guda tana aiki a mataki daya. Waɗannan hukumomin suna amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na tilastawa don ba da garantin bin dokokin muhalli da ƙa'idodi. A wasu lokuta hukumomin tilastawa suna amfani da abin da ake kira "Umurni da Sarrafa" waɗanda ke bin tsarin tsarin gargajiya. A wasu lokuta, suna iya amfani da haɓakar tattalin arziƙi da hanyoyin tushen matasan, waɗanda akwai guda biyu. Bugu da kari, ya kara bukatar hadin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin 'yan sanda daban-daban. Hukumomin tilasta bin doka da muhalli da ayyukan 'yan sanda ba sa aiki a cikin sarari; kayan aikin doka da tsarin siyasa ke aiwatarwa suna tafiyar da ayyukansu da ayyukansu a cikin al'umma. Duk da haka, a bayyane, kayan aikin doka da gwamnatoci ke aiwatarwa ne ke ƙayyade yawancin dabarun da ayyukan 'yan sanda ke amfani da su wajen kare muhalli. Gabaɗaya waɗannan kayan aikin na ƙasa da ƙasa, na yanki, na ƙasa da na Jiha an ƙirƙira su ne don tabbatar da masana'antu, daidaikun mutane, da gwamnatoci sun bi wasu wajibai daban-daban na muhalli waɗanda ke cikin ƙa'idodi da dokoki na ƙasa. Har ila yau, akwai ka'idoji da yarjejeniyoyin doka na ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda su ma suka shafi yadda ƙasashe masu iko ke tinkarar matsalolin muhalli . <ref name="tomkins">Tomkins, Kevin. Police, Law Enforcement and the Environment [online]. Current Issues in Criminal Justice; Volume 16, Issue 3; March 2005; 294-306</ref> == Laifukan muhalli == Laifukan muhalli yana nazarin ra'ayoyin laifuffuka, laifuka da munanan halaye a kan muhalli kuma ya fara nazarin rawar da al'ummomi ciki har da hukumomi, gwamnatoci da al'ummomi ke takawa wajen haifar da illar muhalli . Likitocin laifuka a yanzu sun fara gane tasirin mutane kan muhalli da yadda hukumomin tilasta bin doka da shari'a ke auna cutar da muhalli da kuma danganta takunkumi ga masu laifi. <ref>White, R. 2003‘Environmental Issues and the Criminological Imagination’, Theoretical Criminology, 7(4): 483-506.</ref> Laifukan muhalli ba wai kawai ya shafi ƙasa, ruwa, iska ba, yana shafar lafiyar yara kuma. A cewar wata kasida da aka buga a cikin Halayen Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli a cikin 2016, “Juyin halitta da fadada kariyar lafiyar yara a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata ya kasance abin ban mamaki. A US EPA, an yi ƙoƙari sosai don magance rashin lafiyar yara na musamman, kuma aikinmu yana ci gaba da magance matsalolin muhalli da ke tasowa don tabbatar da cewa muhallin yara ba su da haɗari da kuma tallafawa ci gaba mai kyau." == manazarta == {{Reflist}} # '''^''' Banks, D., Davies, C., Gosling, J., Newman, J., Rice, M., Wadley, J., Walravens, F. (2008) ''Environmental Crime. A threat to our future.'' Environmental Investigation Agency pdf # '''^''' [unep.org] # '''^''' Interpol (2009) ''Environmental crime'' online Archived 2006-03-15 at the Wayback Machine # '''^''' Solheim, E., Need for global action, in: D+C 9 (2016), S. 46. [1] # '''^''' # '''^''' # '''^''' # '''^''' EPA Basic Information on criminal enforcement # '''^''' Environmental crimes: profiting at earth's expense # '''^''' Big Fine In Hillside Erosion / $300,000 fine over road's collapse *   *   diolpl6qemn1yraxo7tr53ggyu19h6b 0 29787 905996 718664 2026-08-22T05:39:45Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Haƙƙoƙi mara kyau da masu kyau,''' sune [[Haƙƙoƙi|haƙƙoƙin]] dake wajabta, ko dai rashin aiki (''munanan haƙƙoƙin'') ko aiki ( ''haƙƙoƙi masu kyau'' ). Waɗannan wajibai na iya zama na shari'a ko ɗabi'a. Hakanan ana iya amfani da ra'ayi na haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau ga [[Haƙƙin Da'awa da yanci|haƙƙin 'yanci]] da mutahallin shi. Dan bada misalin da ya shafi ɓangarori biyu a cikin kotun shari'a : Adrian yana da ''mummunan haƙƙin x'' akan Clay idan kuma kawai idan Clay ya ''hana'' Clay aikatawa Adrian ta wata hanya game da ''x''. Sabanin haka, Adrian yana da ''tabbataccen haƙƙi don x'' akan Clay idan kuma kawai idan Clay ya zama dole ya yi aiki akan Adrian ta wata hanya game da ''x''. Wani lamari mai mahimmanci, idan Adrian yana da ''mummunan haƙƙin rayuwa'' akan Clay, to ana buƙatar Clay don guje wa kashe Adrian; yayin da idan Adrian yana da ''tabbataccen haƙƙin rayuwa'' akan Clay, to ana buƙatar Clay yayi aiki yadda yakamata don adana rayuwar Adrian. Haƙƙoƙin da aka ɗauka ''mara kyau'' na iya haɗawa da haƙƙin farar hula da na siyasa kamar [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki]], rayuwa, dukiya mai zaman kansa, 'yanci daga aikata laifukan tashin hankali, kariya daga zamba, ƴancin yin addini, ''habeas corpus'', [[Ƴancin gwaji|shari'a ta gaskiya]], da ƴancin kada a bautar da su. wani Hakki ne da aka yi la'akari da shi, kamar yadda farko da farko da farko da aka gabatar a shekarar 1979 da farko Karel Vaqák, da ''haƙƙin'' [[Ɗan sanda|'yan sanda]] na mutum da kadarorin' yan sanda, da kuma [[Haƙƙin Bada Shawara|ikon]] tattalin arziki, zamantakewa kamar abinci, [['Ƴancin Mallakar Gidaje|gidaje]], ilimin jama'a, aikin yi, tsaron ƙasa, soja, [[Ƴancin Lafiya|kula da lafiya]], tsaro na zamantakewa, [[Ƴancin Samun Damar Shiga Internet|shiga yanar gizo]], da mafi ƙarancin [[Yancin Samun Ingataccen Tsarin Rayuwa|rayuwa]] . A cikin lissafin [[Ƴancin Dan adam zuwa gida uku|"ƙarni uku"]] na haƙƙin ɗan adam, haƙƙoƙin da ba su dace ba galibi suna haɗuwa da haƙƙin ƙarni na farko, yayin da haƙƙoƙi masu kyau suna alaƙa da tsara na biyu da na uku da akayi. Wasu masana falsafa (duba zargi) ba su yarda cewa bambance-bambancen haƙƙoƙi mara kyau yana da amfani ko inganci. Karkashin ka’idar hakkoki masu kyau da mara kyau, hakkin da bai dace ba yana da hakki ne na ''kada a'' yi masa wani aiki na wani mutum ko wata kungiya – alal misali gwamnati – yawanci ta hanyar cin zarafi ko tilastawa. Don haka, haƙƙoƙin da ba su da kyau suna wanzu sai dai idan wani ya yi ''watsi'' da su. Haƙƙi mai kyau shi ne haƙƙin ''yin'' aikin wani mutum ko ƙungiya. A wasu kalmomi, don ingantaccen haƙƙin amfani, dole ne a ''ƙara'' ayyukan wani a cikin ma'auni. A ka’ida, wani hakki mara kyau ya hana wasu yin abin da ya dace, yayin da hakki mai kyau ya wajabta wa wasu yin aiki da abin da ya dace. A cikin tsarin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun Kantian, ana iya haɗa haƙƙin mara kyau tare da cikakkun ayyuka yayin da haƙƙin na iya haɗawa da ayyuka marasa kyau.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2008}} Imani da bambanci tsakanin haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau yawanci ana kiyaye su, ko kuma ƙarfafa su, ta masu sassaucin ra'ayi, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka ba su wanzu har sai an halicce su ta hanyar kwangila. [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam]] [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Duniya ta Majalisar Ɗinkin]] Duniya ta lissafa duka haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau (amma ba ta bayyana su a matsayin haka ba). Kundin tsarin mulki na yawancin dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun tabbatar da munanan haƙƙi, amma ba duka sun haɗa da haƙƙi masu kyau ba. Duk da haka, sau da yawa wasu dokoki suna tabbatar da haƙƙin mallaka sau da yawa, kuma galibin dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi suna ba wa 'yan ƙasa tallafin ilimi, kula da lafiya, tsaro na zamantakewa da fa'idodin rashin aikin yi da makamantan hakan. == Lokacin aikace-aikacen dokoki masu kyau da Marasa kyau == Sau da yawa ana maganar haƙƙoƙin a matsayin wanda ba za a iya raba shi ba kuma wani lokacin ma cikakke. Koyaya, a aikace ana ɗaukar wannan sau da yawa azaman absolutism. Haƙƙoƙin suna da matsayi gwargwadon mahimmanci, kuma ana karɓar cin zarafi na ƙanana a cikin hanyar hana cin zarafi na manya. Don haka, ko da haƙƙin da ba za a kashe shi ba ne, kwatankwacin wajibcin da ke kan wasu na ƙin kisa ana fahimtar cewa yana da aƙalla keɓantawa ɗaya: [[Haƙƙin Kare Kai|kariyar kai]]. Wasu wajibai marasa kyau da aka yarda da su (kamar wajibcin hani daga sata, kisan kai, da dai sauransu) galibi ana la'akari da su na farko, ma'ana cewa an yarda da halaccin wajibcin "a fuskarsa"; amma ko da ba a yi tambaya ba, ana iya sanya irin waɗannan wajibai don nazarin ɗabi'a da halayya. Don haka barawo na iya samun mummunan wajibci na kada ya yi sata, kuma dan [[Jami'an Ƴan Sanda|sanda]] yana iya fuskantar mummunan wajibci na kada ya addabi mutane &#x2014; amma dan sandan da ke magance barawon cikin sauki yakan fuskanci nauyin hujjar cewa ya yi daidai, tunda nasa ya sabawa doka. Karamin takalifi kuma ya kore sabawa wani babban wajibi. Haka kuma mai shago ko wani mai wucewa shima zai iya saduwa da wannan nauyin hujja lokacin da yake fuskantar barawo. Amma idan daya daga cikin wadancan mutanen ya ja bindiga ya harbe barawon (marasa makami) don yin sata, mafi yawan al'ummomin zamani ba za su yarda cewa an cika nauyin hujja ba. Wajibcin da ba a kashe shi ba &#x2014; ana ɗauka a duk duniya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma, idan ba babban wajibi ba &#x2014; yana da yawa fiye da wajibcin kada a yi sata wanda keta na ƙarshe ba ya tabbatar da sabawa na farko. Yawancin al'ummomin zamani sun dage cewa wasu, tambayoyi masu mahimmanci na ɗabi'a suna buƙatar shiga cikin wasa kafin sata ta iya tabbatar da kisa. Kyawawan wajibai suna ba da aiki. Amma kamar yadda muka gani tare da dan sanda, yin aiki na iya keta wajibai marasa kyau (misali kar a yi fushi da kisa). Saboda wannan dalili, a cikin ɗabi'a tabbatacce wajibai kusan ba a taɓa la'akari da ''prima facie''. Babban wajibi mara kyau na iya samun keɓanta ɗaya kawai &#x2014; babban wajibci na kare kai &#x2014; amma har ma mafi girman wajibai gabaɗaya suna buƙatar ƙarin hadaddun bincike na ɗabi'a. Misali, mutum zai iya ba da hujjar kasa taimakawa, ba ɗaya kaɗai ba, amma yara da yawa da suka ji rauni cikin ɗabi'a a cikin yanayin bambance- bambancen bayan bala'i. Wannan la'akari ya haifar da masu ilimin dabi'a don yarda a gaba ɗaya cewa ayyuka masu kyau yawanci sun kasance ƙarami zuwa wajibai marasa kyau saboda ba su da dogaro ''na prima facie.'' Wasu masu sukar haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin suna ba da shawarar cewa saboda kyawawan ayyuka ba su dogara da ''farko'' ba dole ne a amince da su ta hanyar kwangila koyaushe. <ref>[http://aynrandlexicon.com/lexicon/individual_rights.html "Individual rights"], ''Ayn Rand Lexicon''.</ref> Masanin falsafa na ƙarni na goma sha tara Frédéric Bastiat ya taƙaita rikice-rikice tsakanin waɗannan munanan haƙƙoƙi da tabbatacce ta wurin cewa Kamar haka: A cewar Jan Narveson, ra'ayin wasu na cewa babu bambanci tsakanin haƙƙin mara kyau da masu kyau a kan cewa haƙƙin da ba daidai ba yana buƙatar 'yan sanda da kotuna don aiwatar da su "kuskure ne". Ya ce tambayar da ke tsakanin me mutum ke da hakkin yi da wanda idan wani ya aiwatar da hakan lamari ne daban. Idan har hakkoki ba su da kyau to yana nufin babu wanda ke da hakkin tilasta su, ko da yake daidaikun mutane suna da hakkin yin amfani da duk wata hanya da ba ta tilastawa ba don samun hadin kan wasu wajen kare haƙƙin. Saboda haka, ya ce "bambance tsakanin korau da tabbatacce yana da ƙarfi sosai." Masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun yarda cewa haƙƙin kariya, ba su wanzu har sai an ƙirƙira su ta hanyar kwangila. Sai dai masu wannan ra'ayi ba sa nufin 'yan sanda, alal misali, ba su da hakkin kare hakkin 'yan kasa. Tun da sun yi yarjejeniya da ma'aikatansu don kare 'yan ƙasa daga tashin hankali, to sun haifar da wannan wajibcin ga ma'aikacin su. Hakki mara kyau na rayuwa yana bawa mutum damar kare rayuwarsa daga wasu ƙoƙarin kashe shi, ko kuma samun taimako na son rai daga wasu don kare rayuwarsa &#x2014; amma ba zai tilasta wa wasu su kare shi ba, saboda ba shi da haƙƙin halitta da za a ba shi. tsaro. Tilasta wa mutum kare hakkinsa mara kyau, ko kuma hakkin wani bangare na uku, zai zama tauye hakkin mutumin ko dan'adam. Wasu masu fafutuka na ganin cewa akwai bambanci tsakanin munanan hakkokinsu da na kwarai suna ganin kasancewar rundunar ‘yan sanda ko sojoji ba wai saboda wani hakki mai kyau na wadannan ayyuka da ‘yan kasa ke da’awa ba, sai dai saboda kasancewarsu ‘ yan mulkin mallaka ne ko kuma kayayyakin jama’a &#x2014; fasalulluka na kowace al'ummar ɗan adam da ta taso ta hanyar dabi'a, ko da yayin da suke bin manufar munanan haƙƙi kawai. Robert Nozick yayi dogon bayani akan wannan ra'ayin a cikin littafinsa ''Anarchy, State, and Utopia'' . == A cikin magani == A fagen magani, haƙƙin haƙƙin marasa lafiya sau da yawa suna cin karo da mummunan haƙƙin likitoci. A cikin wuraren da ake jayayya kamar [[Zubar da ciki|zubar]] da ciki da taimakawa kashe kansa, ƙwararrun likitoci na iya ba su son bayar da wasu ayyuka don ɗabi'a ko dalilai na falsafa. Idan ƙwararrun likitocin sun fice sakamakon lamiri, haƙƙin da aka ba shi ta hanyar ƙa'idodin sashe na lamiri a yawancin hukunce-hukunce (duba Lantarki ƙin zubar da ciki da lamiri a cikin magani a Amurka ), marasa lafiya na iya samun wata hanya ta samun nasu haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka. cika Irin wannan shi ne batun Janet Murdock, wata mace ta Montana wadda ba ta iya samun wani likita da zai taimaka mata kashe kansa a 2009. Wannan takaddama game da haƙƙin jama’a a cikin muhawarar jama’a da ke gudana tsakanin ma'aikacin ra'ayin mazan jiya Wesley J. Smith da masanin ilimin halittu Jacob M. Appel. A cikin tattaunawa ''Baxter v.'' ''Montana'', Appel ya rubuta: Smith ya ba da amsa cewa wannan yana "ɗaukar nauyin mutuwa da canza shi zuwa wani aikin kisa", wanda ya ce "yana nuna mummunar rashin fahimtar aikin tsarin gwamnati". == Suka == [[File:Aid_Pakistan_Truck.jpeg|right|thumb|180x180px| Haƙƙin samun isasshen abinci mai gina jiki yana buƙatar ayyuka don guje wa sata, amma kuma haƙƙin yin aiki ta hanyoyin da za su kare ko gyara isar da kayayyaki. Ba za a iya tabbatar da haƙƙin ta hanyar ayyuka masu kyau kawai ba, kuma ba kawai ayyuka marasa kyau ba; yana bukatar duka biyun.]] Mai yiwuwa, idan mutum yana da haƙƙi masu kyau yana nuna cewa wasu mutane suna da ayyuka masu kyau (don ɗaukar wasu ayyuka); alhali munanan haƙƙin na nuna cewa wasu suna da ayyuka mara kyau (don guje wa wasu ayyuka). Masanin falsafa Henry Shue yana da shakka; ya yi imanin cewa duk haƙƙoƙi (ko da kuwa sun fi "mara kyau" ko "tabbatacce") yana buƙatar nau'ikan ayyuka guda biyu a lokaci ɗaya. A wasu kalmomi, Shue ya ce girmama haƙƙin yana buƙatar nisantar (ayyukan "marasa kyau") amma kuma ayyuka na kariya ko gyara (ayyukan "tabbatacce"). Bambance-bambancen da ba daidai ba na iya zama batun girmamawa; Don haka ba shi da amfani a siffanta ''kowane hakki'' kamar yana buƙatar ɗaya kawai daga cikin nau'ikan ayyuka biyu. <ref name="ShueRights">Shue, Henry (1980). </ref> Don Shue, ana iya fahimtar haƙƙoƙin koyaushe azaman fuskantar “barazana daidai” ga ɗan adam. Yin hulɗa tare da daidaitattun barazanar yana buƙatar kowane nau'i na ayyuka, waɗanda za a iya raba su cikin lokaci (misali "idan guje wa halayen cutarwa ya kasa, fara gyara lalacewa"), amma kuma an raba tsakanin mutane. Maganar ita ce, kowane hakki yana tsokanar duk nau'ikan halaye guda uku (gujewa, kariya, gyara) zuwa wani mataki. Yin hulɗa da barazana kamar kisan kai, alal misali, zai buƙaci mutum ɗaya ya yi aiki da gujewa (misali mai yuwuwar kisa dole ne ya natsu), wasu don kare (misali ɗan sanda, wanda dole ne ya dakatar da harin, ko kuma wanda ke tsaye, wanda zai iya zama wajibi. a kira ’yan sanda), da sauran su gyara (misali likitan da dole ne ya tada wanda aka kai wa hari). Don haka, ko da mummunan haƙƙin da ba a kashe ba za a iya tabbatar da shi ne kawai tare da taimakon wasu ayyuka masu kyau. Shue ya ci gaba, kuma ya ci gaba da cewa rabe-raben haƙƙoƙi mara kyau da tabbatacce na iya zama cutarwa, saboda yana iya haifar da rashin kula da ayyukan da suka dace Kuma suke da fa'ida. <ref name="ShueRights">Shue, Henry (1980). </ref> James P. Sterba yayi irin wannan suka. Yana da ra'ayin cewa duk wani hakki na iya bayyana ko dai yana da kyau ko mara kyau dangane da harshen da aka yi amfani da shi wajen ayyana shi. Ya rubuta: Sterba ya sake sake fasalin "haƙƙi mai kyau" na gargajiya don tanadi, kuma ya sanya shi a cikin wani nau'i na "haƙƙin mara kyau" ''don kada a hana'' su ɗaukar albarkatun da kansu. Don haka, duk haƙƙoƙin ƙila ba wai kawai suna buƙatar ayyuka na “tabbatacce” da “marasa kyau” ba, amma da alama haƙƙoƙin da ba su haɗa da aikin tilastawa ba za a iya faɗi su da kyau ko mara kyau yadda aka so. Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin mai kyau da mara kyau ba zai zama mai fa'ida sosai ba, ko kuma ya cancanta, saboda haƙƙoƙin da ake buƙata na samar da aiki ana iya maimaita su daga " haƙƙin neman ilimi " ko " [[Ƴancin Lafiya|yancin kula da lafiya]] " zuwa "haƙƙin karɓar rarar kuɗi don biyan malamai" ko "damar karban rarar kudi a biya likitoci" koma dai wasu ma'aikatan. == Wasu abubuwan == * [[Haƙƙin Da'awa da yanci|Da'awar haƙƙoƙin da haƙƙoƙin yanci]] - bambanci daban-daban, na asali zuwa wancan tsakanin haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau * Tattalin arzikin tsarin mulki * Tsarin tsarin mulki * Hakki * 'Yanci da lasisi * Yi mulki bisa ga babbar doka * Dokar Hakki na Biyu * [[Ƴancin Dan adam zuwa gida uku|Ƙarni uku na haƙƙin ɗan adam]] * Ra'ayoyi guda biyu na 'Yanci - lacca ta Isaiah Berlin, wanda ya bambanta tsakanin 'yanci mai kyau da mara kyau * Sanarwar Vienna da Shirin Aiki == Bayanai == <references /> == Manazarta == * ''Mawallafa'' bita na mako-mako na Stephen Holmes da Cass R. Sunstein, ''Kudin Haƙƙin: Me yasa 'Yanci Ya dogara da Haraji'' ,  . * Nozick, Robert (1975). ''Anarchy, Jiha, da Utopia'' . Oxford : Blackwell. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-631-15680-1|0-631-15680-1]] * Sterba, JP, "Daga 'Yanci zuwa Jin Dadi" a cikin ''Da'a: Babban Tambayoyi'' . Maldan, MA : Blackwell, 1998. (shafi na 238) * Hodgson, D. (1998). ''Haqqin Dan Adam na Ilimi'' . Aldershot, Ingila: Ashgate Publishing [[Category:Hakki]] [[Category:Mutuwa]] [[Category:Yanci]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r5pniv78bthd399syxszb2pk1gm8gh8 905997 905996 2026-08-22T05:40:27Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Haƙƙoƙi mara kyau da masu kyau,''' sune [[Haƙƙoƙi|haƙƙoƙin]] dake wajabta, ko dai rashin aiki (''munanan haƙƙoƙin'') ko aiki ( ''haƙƙoƙi masu kyau'' ). Waɗannan wajibai na iya zama na shari'a ko ɗabi'a. Hakanan ana iya amfani da ra'ayi na haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau ga [[Haƙƙin Da'awa da yanci|haƙƙin 'yanci]] da mutahallin shi. Dan bada misalin da ya shafi ɓangarori biyu a cikin kotun shari'a : Adrian yana da ''mummunan haƙƙin x'' akan Clay idan kuma kawai idan Clay ya ''hana'' Clay aikatawa Adrian ta wata hanya game da ''x''. Sabanin haka, Adrian yana da ''tabbataccen haƙƙi don x'' akan Clay idan kuma kawai idan Clay ya zama dole ya yi aiki akan Adrian ta wata hanya game da ''x''. Wani lamari mai mahimmanci, idan Adrian yana da ''mummunan haƙƙin rayuwa'' akan Clay, to ana buƙatar Clay don guje wa kashe Adrian; yayin da idan Adrian yana da ''tabbataccen haƙƙin rayuwa'' akan Clay, to ana buƙatar Clay yayi aiki yadda yakamata don adana rayuwar Adrian. Haƙƙoƙin da aka ɗauka ''mara kyau'' na iya haɗawa da haƙƙin farar hula da na siyasa kamar [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki]], rayuwa, dukiya mai zaman kansa, 'yanci daga aikata laifukan tashin hankali, kariya daga zamba, ƴancin yin addini, ''habeas corpus'', [[Ƴancin gwaji|shari'a ta gaskiya]], da ƴancin kada a bautar da su. wani Hakki ne da aka yi la'akari da shi, kamar yadda farko da farko da farko da aka gabatar a shekarar 1979 da farko Karel Vaqák, da ''haƙƙin'' [[Ɗan sanda|'yan sanda]] na mutum da kadarorin' yan sanda, da kuma [[Haƙƙin Bada Shawara|ikon]] tattalin arziki, zamantakewa kamar abinci, [['Ƴancin Mallakar Gidaje|gidaje]], ilimin jama'a, aikin yi, tsaron ƙasa, soja, [[Ƴancin Lafiya|kula da lafiya]], tsaro na zamantakewa, [[Ƴancin Samun Damar Shiga Internet|shiga yanar gizo]], da mafi ƙarancin [[Yancin Samun Ingataccen Tsarin Rayuwa|rayuwa]] . A cikin lissafin [[Ƴancin Dan adam zuwa gida uku|"ƙarni uku"]] na haƙƙin ɗan adam, haƙƙoƙin da ba su dace ba galibi suna haɗuwa da haƙƙin ƙarni na farko, yayin da haƙƙoƙi masu kyau suna alaƙa da tsara na biyu da na uku da akayi. Wasu masana falsafa (duba zargi) ba su yarda cewa bambance-bambancen haƙƙoƙi mara kyau yana da amfani ko inganci. Ƙarƙashin ƙa’idar hakkoki masu kyau da mara kyau, hakkin da bai dace ba yana da Haƙƙin ne na ''kada a'' yi masa wani aiki na wani mutum ko wata kungiya – alal misali gwamnati – yawanci ta hanyar cin zarafi ko tilastawa. Don haka, haƙƙoƙin da ba su da kyau suna wanzu sai dai idan wani ya yi ''watsi'' da su. Haƙƙi mai kyau shi ne haƙƙin ''yin'' aikin wani mutum ko ƙungiya. A wasu kalmomi, don ingantaccen haƙƙin amfani, dole ne a ''ƙara'' ayyukan wani a cikin ma'auni. A ka’ida, wani hakki mara kyau ya hana wasu yin abin da ya dace, yayin da hakki mai kyau ya wajabta wa wasu yin aiki da abin da ya dace. A cikin tsarin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun Kantian, ana iya haɗa haƙƙin mara kyau tare da cikakkun ayyuka yayin da haƙƙin na iya haɗawa da ayyuka marasa kyau.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2008}} Imani da bambanci tsakanin haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau yawanci ana kiyaye su, ko kuma ƙarfafa su, ta masu sassaucin ra'ayi, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka ba su wanzu har sai an halicce su ta hanyar kwangila. [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam]] [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Duniya ta Majalisar Ɗinkin]] Duniya ta lissafa duka haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau (amma ba ta bayyana su a matsayin haka ba). Kundin tsarin mulki na yawancin dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun tabbatar da munanan haƙƙi, amma ba duka sun haɗa da haƙƙi masu kyau ba. Duk da haka, sau da yawa wasu dokoki suna tabbatar da haƙƙin mallaka sau da yawa, kuma galibin dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi suna ba wa 'yan ƙasa tallafin ilimi, kula da lafiya, tsaro na zamantakewa da fa'idodin rashin aikin yi da makamantan hakan. == Lokacin aikace-aikacen dokoki masu kyau da Marasa kyau == Sau da yawa ana maganar haƙƙoƙin a matsayin wanda ba za a iya raba shi ba kuma wani lokacin ma cikakke. Koyaya, a aikace ana ɗaukar wannan sau da yawa azaman absolutism. Haƙƙoƙin suna da matsayi gwargwadon mahimmanci, kuma ana karɓar cin zarafi na ƙanana a cikin hanyar hana cin zarafi na manya. Don haka, ko da haƙƙin da ba za a kashe shi ba ne, kwatankwacin wajibcin da ke kan wasu na ƙin kisa ana fahimtar cewa yana da aƙalla keɓantawa ɗaya: [[Haƙƙin Kare Kai|kariyar kai]]. Wasu wajibai marasa kyau da aka yarda da su (kamar wajibcin hani daga sata, kisan kai, da dai sauransu) galibi ana la'akari da su na farko, ma'ana cewa an yarda da halaccin wajibcin "a fuskarsa"; amma ko da ba a yi tambaya ba, ana iya sanya irin waɗannan wajibai don nazarin ɗabi'a da halayya. Don haka barawo na iya samun mummunan wajibci na kada ya yi sata, kuma dan [[Jami'an Ƴan Sanda|sanda]] yana iya fuskantar mummunan wajibci na kada ya addabi mutane &#x2014; amma dan sandan da ke magance barawon cikin sauki yakan fuskanci nauyin hujjar cewa ya yi daidai, tunda nasa ya sabawa doka. Karamin takalifi kuma ya kore sabawa wani babban wajibi. Haka kuma mai shago ko wani mai wucewa shima zai iya saduwa da wannan nauyin hujja lokacin da yake fuskantar barawo. Amma idan daya daga cikin wadancan mutanen ya ja bindiga ya harbe barawon (marasa makami) don yin sata, mafi yawan al'ummomin zamani ba za su yarda cewa an cika nauyin hujja ba. Wajibcin da ba a kashe shi ba &#x2014; ana ɗauka a duk duniya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma, idan ba babban wajibi ba &#x2014; yana da yawa fiye da wajibcin kada a yi sata wanda keta na ƙarshe ba ya tabbatar da sabawa na farko. Yawancin al'ummomin zamani sun dage cewa wasu, tambayoyi masu mahimmanci na ɗabi'a suna buƙatar shiga cikin wasa kafin sata ta iya tabbatar da kisa. Kyawawan wajibai suna ba da aiki. Amma kamar yadda muka gani tare da dan sanda, yin aiki na iya keta wajibai marasa kyau (misali kar a yi fushi da kisa). Saboda wannan dalili, a cikin ɗabi'a tabbatacce wajibai kusan ba a taɓa la'akari da ''prima facie''. Babban wajibi mara kyau na iya samun keɓanta ɗaya kawai &#x2014; babban wajibci na kare kai &#x2014; amma har ma mafi girman wajibai gabaɗaya suna buƙatar ƙarin hadaddun bincike na ɗabi'a. Misali, mutum zai iya ba da hujjar kasa taimakawa, ba ɗaya kaɗai ba, amma yara da yawa da suka ji rauni cikin ɗabi'a a cikin yanayin bambance- bambancen bayan bala'i. Wannan la'akari ya haifar da masu ilimin dabi'a don yarda a gaba ɗaya cewa ayyuka masu kyau yawanci sun kasance ƙarami zuwa wajibai marasa kyau saboda ba su da dogaro ''na prima facie.'' Wasu masu sukar haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin suna ba da shawarar cewa saboda kyawawan ayyuka ba su dogara da ''farko'' ba dole ne a amince da su ta hanyar kwangila koyaushe. <ref>[http://aynrandlexicon.com/lexicon/individual_rights.html "Individual rights"], ''Ayn Rand Lexicon''.</ref> Masanin falsafa na ƙarni na goma sha tara Frédéric Bastiat ya taƙaita rikice-rikice tsakanin waɗannan munanan haƙƙoƙi da tabbatacce ta wurin cewa Kamar haka: A cewar Jan Narveson, ra'ayin wasu na cewa babu bambanci tsakanin haƙƙin mara kyau da masu kyau a kan cewa haƙƙin da ba daidai ba yana buƙatar 'yan sanda da kotuna don aiwatar da su "kuskure ne". Ya ce tambayar da ke tsakanin me mutum ke da hakkin yi da wanda idan wani ya aiwatar da hakan lamari ne daban. Idan har hakkoki ba su da kyau to yana nufin babu wanda ke da hakkin tilasta su, ko da yake daidaikun mutane suna da hakkin yin amfani da duk wata hanya da ba ta tilastawa ba don samun hadin kan wasu wajen kare haƙƙin. Saboda haka, ya ce "bambance tsakanin korau da tabbatacce yana da ƙarfi sosai." Masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun yarda cewa haƙƙin kariya, ba su wanzu har sai an ƙirƙira su ta hanyar kwangila. Sai dai masu wannan ra'ayi ba sa nufin 'yan sanda, alal misali, ba su da hakkin kare hakkin 'yan kasa. Tun da sun yi yarjejeniya da ma'aikatansu don kare 'yan ƙasa daga tashin hankali, to sun haifar da wannan wajibcin ga ma'aikacin su. Hakki mara kyau na rayuwa yana bawa mutum damar kare rayuwarsa daga wasu ƙoƙarin kashe shi, ko kuma samun taimako na son rai daga wasu don kare rayuwarsa &#x2014; amma ba zai tilasta wa wasu su kare shi ba, saboda ba shi da haƙƙin halitta da za a ba shi. tsaro. Tilasta wa mutum kare hakkinsa mara kyau, ko kuma hakkin wani bangare na uku, zai zama tauye hakkin mutumin ko dan'adam. Wasu masu fafutuka na ganin cewa akwai bambanci tsakanin munanan hakkokinsu da na kwarai suna ganin kasancewar rundunar ‘yan sanda ko sojoji ba wai saboda wani hakki mai kyau na wadannan ayyuka da ‘yan kasa ke da’awa ba, sai dai saboda kasancewarsu ‘ yan mulkin mallaka ne ko kuma kayayyakin jama’a &#x2014; fasalulluka na kowace al'ummar ɗan adam da ta taso ta hanyar dabi'a, ko da yayin da suke bin manufar munanan haƙƙi kawai. Robert Nozick yayi dogon bayani akan wannan ra'ayin a cikin littafinsa ''Anarchy, State, and Utopia'' . == A cikin magani == A fagen magani, haƙƙin haƙƙin marasa lafiya sau da yawa suna cin karo da mummunan haƙƙin likitoci. A cikin wuraren da ake jayayya kamar [[Zubar da ciki|zubar]] da ciki da taimakawa kashe kansa, ƙwararrun likitoci na iya ba su son bayar da wasu ayyuka don ɗabi'a ko dalilai na falsafa. Idan ƙwararrun likitocin sun fice sakamakon lamiri, haƙƙin da aka ba shi ta hanyar ƙa'idodin sashe na lamiri a yawancin hukunce-hukunce (duba Lantarki ƙin zubar da ciki da lamiri a cikin magani a Amurka ), marasa lafiya na iya samun wata hanya ta samun nasu haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka. cika Irin wannan shi ne batun Janet Murdock, wata mace ta Montana wadda ba ta iya samun wani likita da zai taimaka mata kashe kansa a 2009. Wannan takaddama game da haƙƙin jama’a a cikin muhawarar jama’a da ke gudana tsakanin ma'aikacin ra'ayin mazan jiya Wesley J. Smith da masanin ilimin halittu Jacob M. Appel. A cikin tattaunawa ''Baxter v.'' ''Montana'', Appel ya rubuta: Smith ya ba da amsa cewa wannan yana "ɗaukar nauyin mutuwa da canza shi zuwa wani aikin kisa", wanda ya ce "yana nuna mummunar rashin fahimtar aikin tsarin gwamnati". == Suka == [[File:Aid_Pakistan_Truck.jpeg|right|thumb|180x180px| Haƙƙin samun isasshen abinci mai gina jiki yana buƙatar ayyuka don guje wa sata, amma kuma haƙƙin yin aiki ta hanyoyin da za su kare ko gyara isar da kayayyaki. Ba za a iya tabbatar da haƙƙin ta hanyar ayyuka masu kyau kawai ba, kuma ba kawai ayyuka marasa kyau ba; yana bukatar duka biyun.]] Mai yiwuwa, idan mutum yana da haƙƙi masu kyau yana nuna cewa wasu mutane suna da ayyuka masu kyau (don ɗaukar wasu ayyuka); alhali munanan haƙƙin na nuna cewa wasu suna da ayyuka mara kyau (don guje wa wasu ayyuka). Masanin falsafa Henry Shue yana da shakka; ya yi imanin cewa duk haƙƙoƙi (ko da kuwa sun fi "mara kyau" ko "tabbatacce") yana buƙatar nau'ikan ayyuka guda biyu a lokaci ɗaya. A wasu kalmomi, Shue ya ce girmama haƙƙin yana buƙatar nisantar (ayyukan "marasa kyau") amma kuma ayyuka na kariya ko gyara (ayyukan "tabbatacce"). Bambance-bambancen da ba daidai ba na iya zama batun girmamawa; Don haka ba shi da amfani a siffanta ''kowane hakki'' kamar yana buƙatar ɗaya kawai daga cikin nau'ikan ayyuka biyu. <ref name="ShueRights">Shue, Henry (1980). </ref> Don Shue, ana iya fahimtar haƙƙoƙin koyaushe azaman fuskantar “barazana daidai” ga ɗan adam. Yin hulɗa tare da daidaitattun barazanar yana buƙatar kowane nau'i na ayyuka, waɗanda za a iya raba su cikin lokaci (misali "idan guje wa halayen cutarwa ya kasa, fara gyara lalacewa"), amma kuma an raba tsakanin mutane. Maganar ita ce, kowane hakki yana tsokanar duk nau'ikan halaye guda uku (gujewa, kariya, gyara) zuwa wani mataki. Yin hulɗa da barazana kamar kisan kai, alal misali, zai buƙaci mutum ɗaya ya yi aiki da gujewa (misali mai yuwuwar kisa dole ne ya natsu), wasu don kare (misali ɗan sanda, wanda dole ne ya dakatar da harin, ko kuma wanda ke tsaye, wanda zai iya zama wajibi. a kira ’yan sanda), da sauran su gyara (misali likitan da dole ne ya tada wanda aka kai wa hari). Don haka, ko da mummunan haƙƙin da ba a kashe ba za a iya tabbatar da shi ne kawai tare da taimakon wasu ayyuka masu kyau. Shue ya ci gaba, kuma ya ci gaba da cewa rabe-raben haƙƙoƙi mara kyau da tabbatacce na iya zama cutarwa, saboda yana iya haifar da rashin kula da ayyukan da suka dace Kuma suke da fa'ida. <ref name="ShueRights">Shue, Henry (1980). </ref> James P. Sterba yayi irin wannan suka. Yana da ra'ayin cewa duk wani hakki na iya bayyana ko dai yana da kyau ko mara kyau dangane da harshen da aka yi amfani da shi wajen ayyana shi. Ya rubuta: Sterba ya sake sake fasalin "haƙƙi mai kyau" na gargajiya don tanadi, kuma ya sanya shi a cikin wani nau'i na "haƙƙin mara kyau" ''don kada a hana'' su ɗaukar albarkatun da kansu. Don haka, duk haƙƙoƙin ƙila ba wai kawai suna buƙatar ayyuka na “tabbatacce” da “marasa kyau” ba, amma da alama haƙƙoƙin da ba su haɗa da aikin tilastawa ba za a iya faɗi su da kyau ko mara kyau yadda aka so. Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin mai kyau da mara kyau ba zai zama mai fa'ida sosai ba, ko kuma ya cancanta, saboda haƙƙoƙin da ake buƙata na samar da aiki ana iya maimaita su daga " haƙƙin neman ilimi " ko " [[Ƴancin Lafiya|yancin kula da lafiya]] " zuwa "haƙƙin karɓar rarar kuɗi don biyan malamai" ko "damar karban rarar kudi a biya likitoci" koma dai wasu ma'aikatan. == Wasu abubuwan == * [[Haƙƙin Da'awa da yanci|Da'awar haƙƙoƙin da haƙƙoƙin yanci]] - bambanci daban-daban, na asali zuwa wancan tsakanin haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau * Tattalin arzikin tsarin mulki * Tsarin tsarin mulki * Hakki * 'Yanci da lasisi * Yi mulki bisa ga babbar doka * Dokar Hakki na Biyu * [[Ƴancin Dan adam zuwa gida uku|Ƙarni uku na haƙƙin ɗan adam]] * Ra'ayoyi guda biyu na 'Yanci - lacca ta Isaiah Berlin, wanda ya bambanta tsakanin 'yanci mai kyau da mara kyau * Sanarwar Vienna da Shirin Aiki == Bayanai == <references /> == Manazarta == * ''Mawallafa'' bita na mako-mako na Stephen Holmes da Cass R. Sunstein, ''Kudin Haƙƙin: Me yasa 'Yanci Ya dogara da Haraji'' ,  . * Nozick, Robert (1975). ''Anarchy, Jiha, da Utopia'' . Oxford : Blackwell. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-631-15680-1|0-631-15680-1]] * Sterba, JP, "Daga 'Yanci zuwa Jin Dadi" a cikin ''Da'a: Babban Tambayoyi'' . Maldan, MA : Blackwell, 1998. (shafi na 238) * Hodgson, D. (1998). ''Haqqin Dan Adam na Ilimi'' . Aldershot, Ingila: Ashgate Publishing [[Category:Hakki]] [[Category:Mutuwa]] [[Category:Yanci]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] haq78fzoquzqzgased44g2cyqc0uch7 905998 905997 2026-08-22T05:40:53Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Haƙƙoƙi mara kyau da masu kyau,''' sune [[Haƙƙoƙi|haƙƙoƙin]] dake wajabta, ko dai rashin aiki (''munanan haƙƙoƙin'') ko aiki ( ''haƙƙoƙi masu kyau'' ). Waɗannan wajibai na iya zama na shari'a ko ɗabi'a. Hakanan ana iya amfani da ra'ayi na haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau ga [[Haƙƙin Da'awa da yanci|haƙƙin 'yanci]] da mutahallin shi. Dan bada misalin da ya shafi ɓangarori biyu a cikin kotun shari'a : Adrian yana da ''mummunan haƙƙin x'' akan Clay idan kuma kawai idan Clay ya ''hana'' Clay aikatawa Adrian ta wata hanya game da ''x''. Sabanin haka, Adrian yana da ''tabbataccen haƙƙi don x'' akan Clay idan kuma kawai idan Clay ya zama dole ya yi aiki akan Adrian ta wata hanya game da ''x''. Wani lamari mai mahimmanci, idan Adrian yana da ''mummunan haƙƙin rayuwa'' akan Clay, to ana buƙatar Clay don guje wa kashe Adrian; yayin da idan Adrian yana da ''tabbataccen haƙƙin rayuwa'' akan Clay, to ana buƙatar Clay yayi aiki yadda yakamata don adana rayuwar Adrian. Haƙƙoƙin da aka ɗauka ''mara kyau'' na iya haɗawa da haƙƙin farar hula da na siyasa kamar [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki]], rayuwa, dukiya mai zaman kansa, 'yanci daga aikata laifukan tashin hankali, kariya daga zamba, ƴancin yin addini, ''habeas corpus'', [[Ƴancin gwaji|shari'a ta gaskiya]], da ƴancin kada a bautar da su. wani Hakki ne da aka yi la'akari da shi, kamar yadda farko da farko da farko da aka gabatar a shekarar 1979 da farko Karel Vaqák, da ''haƙƙin'' [[Ɗan sanda|'yan sanda]] na mutum da kadarorin' yan sanda, da kuma [[Haƙƙin Bada Shawara|ikon]] tattalin arziki, zamantakewa kamar abinci, [['Ƴancin Mallakar Gidaje|gidaje]], ilimin jama'a, aikin yi, tsaron ƙasa, soja, [[Ƴancin Lafiya|kula da lafiya]], tsaro na zamantakewa, [[Ƴancin Samun Damar Shiga Internet|shiga yanar gizo]], da mafi ƙarancin [[Yancin Samun Ingataccen Tsarin Rayuwa|rayuwa]] . A cikin lissafin [[Ƴancin Dan adam zuwa gida uku|"ƙarni uku"]] na haƙƙin ɗan adam, haƙƙoƙin da ba su dace ba galibi suna haɗuwa da haƙƙin ƙarni na farko, yayin da haƙƙoƙi masu kyau suna alaƙa da tsara na biyu da na uku da akayi. Wasu masana falsafa (duba zargi) ba su yarda cewa bambance-bambancen haƙƙoƙi mara kyau yana da amfani ko inganci. Ƙarƙashin ƙa’idar hakkoki masu kyau da mara kyau, hakkin da bai dace ba yana da Haƙƙin ne na ''kada a'' yi masa wani aiki na wani mutum ko wata kungiya – alal misali gwamnati – yawanci ta hanyar cin zarafi ko tilastawa. Don haka, haƙƙoƙin da ba su da kyau suna wanzu sai dai idan wani ya yi ''watsi'' da su. Haƙƙi mai kyau shi ne haƙƙin ''yin'' aikin wani mutum ko ƙungiya. A wasu kalmomi, don ingantaccen haƙƙin amfani, dole ne a ''ƙara'' ayyukan wani a cikin ma'auni. A ka’ida, wani hakki mara kyau ya hana wasu yin abin da ya dace, yayin da hakki mai kyau ya wajabta wa wasu yin aiki da abin da ya dace. A cikin tsarin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun Kantian, ana iya haɗa haƙƙin mara kyau tare da cikakkun ayyuka yayin da haƙƙin na iya haɗawa da ayyuka marasa kyau.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2008}} Imani da bambanci tsakanin haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau yawanci ana kiyaye su, ko kuma ƙarfafa su, ta masu sassaucin ra'ayi, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka ba su wanzu har sai an halicce su ta hanyar kwangila. [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Ƴancin Dan'adam|Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam]] [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Duniya ta Majalisar Ɗinkin]] Duniya ta lissafa duka haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau (amma ba ta bayyana su a matsayin haka ba). Kundin tsarin mulki na yawancin dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun tabbatar da munanan haƙƙi, amma ba duka sun haɗa da haƙƙi masu kyau ba. Duk da haka, sau da yawa wasu dokoki suna tabbatar da haƙƙin mallaka sau da yawa, kuma galibin dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi suna ba wa 'yan ƙasa tallafin ilimi, kula da lafiya, tsaro na zamantakewa da fa'idodin rashin aikin yi da makamantan hakan. == Lokacin aikace-aikacen dokoki masu kyau da Marasa kyau == Sau da yawa ana maganar haƙƙoƙin a matsayin wanda ba za a iya raba shi ba kuma wani lokacin ma cikakke. Koyaya, a aikace ana ɗaukar wannan sau da yawa azaman absolutism. Haƙƙoƙin suna da matsayi gwargwadon mahimmanci, kuma ana karɓar cin zarafi na ƙanana a cikin hanyar hana cin zarafi na manya. Don haka, ko da haƙƙin da ba za a kashe shi ba ne, kwatankwacin wajibcin da ke kan wasu na ƙin kisa ana fahimtar cewa yana da aƙalla keɓantawa ɗaya: [[Haƙƙin Kare Kai|kariyar kai]]. Wasu wajibai marasa kyau da aka yarda da su (kamar wajibcin hani daga sata, kisan kai, da dai sauransu) galibi ana la'akari da su na farko, ma'ana cewa an yarda da halaccin wajibcin "a fuskarsa"; amma ko da ba a yi tambaya ba, ana iya sanya irin waɗannan wajibai don nazarin ɗabi'a da halayya. Don haka barawo na iya samun mummunan wajibci na kada ya yi sata, kuma dan [[Jami'an Ƴan Sanda|sanda]] yana iya fuskantar mummunan wajibci na kada ya addabi mutane &#x2014; amma dan sandan da ke magance barawon cikin sauki yakan fuskanci nauyin hujjar cewa ya yi daidai, tunda nasa ya sabawa doka. Karamin takalifi kuma ya kore sabawa wani babban wajibi. Haka kuma mai shago ko wani mai wucewa shima zai iya saduwa da wannan nauyin hujja lokacin da yake fuskantar barawo. Amma idan daya daga cikin wadancan mutanen ya ja bindiga ya harbe barawon (marasa makami) don yin sata, mafi yawan al'ummomin zamani ba za su yarda cewa an cika nauyin hujja ba. Wajibcin da ba a kashe shi ba &#x2014; ana ɗauka a duk duniya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma, idan ba babban wajibi ba &#x2014; yana da yawa fiye da wajibcin kada a yi sata wanda keta na ƙarshe ba ya tabbatar da sabawa na farko. Yawancin al'ummomin zamani sun dage cewa wasu, tambayoyi masu mahimmanci na ɗabi'a suna buƙatar shiga cikin wasa kafin sata ta iya tabbatar da kisa. Kyawawan wajibai suna ba da aiki. Amma kamar yadda muka gani tare da dan sanda, yin aiki na iya keta wajibai marasa kyau (misali kar a yi fushi da kisa). Saboda wannan dalili, a cikin ɗabi'a tabbatacce wajibai kusan ba a taɓa la'akari da ''prima facie''. Babban wajibi mara kyau na iya samun keɓanta ɗaya kawai &#x2014; babban wajibci na kare kai &#x2014; amma har ma mafi girman wajibai gabaɗaya suna buƙatar ƙarin hadaddun bincike na ɗabi'a. Misali, mutum zai iya ba da hujjar kasa taimakawa, ba ɗaya kaɗai ba, amma yara da yawa da suka ji rauni cikin ɗabi'a a cikin yanayin bambance- bambancen bayan bala'i. Wannan la'akari ya haifar da masu ilimin dabi'a don yarda a gaba ɗaya cewa ayyuka masu kyau yawanci sun kasance ƙarami zuwa wajibai marasa kyau saboda ba su da dogaro ''na prima facie.'' Wasu masu sukar haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin suna ba da shawarar cewa saboda kyawawan ayyuka ba su dogara da ''farko'' ba dole ne a amince da su ta hanyar kwangila koyaushe. <ref>[http://aynrandlexicon.com/lexicon/individual_rights.html "Individual rights"], ''Ayn Rand Lexicon''.</ref> Masanin falsafa na ƙarni na goma sha tara Frédéric Bastiat ya taƙaita rikice-rikice tsakanin waɗannan munanan haƙƙoƙi da tabbatacce ta wurin cewa Kamar haka: A cewar Jan Narveson, ra'ayin wasu na cewa babu bambanci tsakanin haƙƙin mara kyau da masu kyau a kan cewa haƙƙin da ba daidai ba yana buƙatar 'yan sanda da kotuna don aiwatar da su "kuskure ne". Ya ce tambayar da ke tsakanin me mutum ke da hakkin yi da wanda idan wani ya aiwatar da hakan lamari ne daban. Idan har hakkoki ba su da kyau to yana nufin babu wanda ke da hakkin tilasta su, ko da yake daidaikun mutane suna da hakkin yin amfani da duk wata hanya da ba ta tilastawa ba don samun hadin kan wasu wajen kare haƙƙin. Saboda haka, ya ce "bambance tsakanin korau da tabbatacce yana da ƙarfi sosai." Masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun yarda cewa haƙƙin kariya, ba su wanzu har sai an ƙirƙira su ta hanyar kwangila. Sai dai masu wannan ra'ayi ba sa nufin 'yan sanda, alal misali, ba su da hakkin kare hakkin 'yan kasa. Tun da sun yi yarjejeniya da ma'aikatansu don kare 'yan ƙasa daga tashin hankali, to sun haifar da wannan wajibcin ga ma'aikacin su. Hakki mara kyau na rayuwa yana bawa mutum damar kare rayuwarsa daga wasu ƙoƙarin kashe shi, ko kuma samun taimako na son rai daga wasu don kare rayuwarsa &#x2014; amma ba zai tilasta wa wasu su kare shi ba, saboda ba shi da haƙƙin halitta da za a ba shi. tsaro. Tilasta wa mutum kare hakkinsa mara kyau, ko kuma hakkin wani bangare na uku, zai zama tauye hakkin mutumin ko dan'adam. Wasu masu fafutuka na ganin cewa akwai bambanci tsakanin munanan hakkokinsu da na kwarai suna ganin kasancewar rundunar ‘yan sanda ko sojoji ba wai saboda wani hakki mai kyau na wadannan ayyuka da ‘yan kasa ke da’awa ba, sai dai saboda kasancewarsu ‘ yan mulkin mallaka ne ko kuma kayayyakin jama’a &#x2014; fasalulluka na kowace al'ummar ɗan adam da ta taso ta hanyar dabi'a, ko da yayin da suke bin manufar munanan haƙƙi kawai. Robert Nozick yayi dogon bayani akan wannan ra'ayin a cikin littafinsa ''Anarchy, State, and Utopia'' . == A cikin magani == A fagen magani, haƙƙin haƙƙin marasa lafiya sau da yawa suna cin karo da mummunan haƙƙin likitoci. A cikin wuraren da ake jayayya kamar [[Zubar da ciki|zubar]] da ciki da taimakawa kashe kansa, ƙwararrun likitoci na iya ba su son bayar da wasu ayyuka don ɗabi'a ko dalilai na falsafa. Idan ƙwararrun likitocin sun fice sakamakon lamiri, haƙƙin da aka ba shi ta hanyar ƙa'idodin sashe na lamiri a yawancin hukunce-hukunce (duba Lantarki ƙin zubar da ciki da lamiri a cikin magani a Amurka ), marasa lafiya na iya samun wata hanya ta samun nasu haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka. cika Irin wannan shi ne batun Janet Murdock, wata mace ta Montana wadda ba ta iya samun wani likita da zai taimaka mata kashe kansa a 2009. Wannan takaddama game da haƙƙin jama’a a cikin muhawarar jama’a da ke gudana tsakanin ma'aikacin ra'ayin mazan jiya Wesley J. Smith da masanin ilimin halittu Jacob M. Appel. A cikin tattaunawa ''Baxter v.'' ''Montana'', Appel ya rubuta: Smith ya ba da amsa cewa wannan yana "ɗaukar nauyin mutuwa da canza shi zuwa wani aikin kisa", wanda ya ce "yana nuna mummunar rashin fahimtar aikin tsarin gwamnati". == Suka == [[File:Aid_Pakistan_Truck.jpeg|right|thumb|180x180px| Haƙƙin samun isasshen abinci mai gina jiki yana buƙatar ayyuka don guje wa sata, amma kuma haƙƙin yin aiki ta hanyoyin da za su kare ko gyara isar da kayayyaki. Ba za a iya tabbatar da haƙƙin ta hanyar ayyuka masu kyau kawai ba, kuma ba kawai ayyuka marasa kyau ba; yana bukatar duka biyun.]] Mai yiwuwa, idan mutum yana da haƙƙi masu kyau yana nuna cewa wasu mutane suna da ayyuka masu kyau (don ɗaukar wasu ayyuka); alhali munanan haƙƙin na nuna cewa wasu suna da ayyuka mara kyau (don guje wa wasu ayyuka). Masanin falsafa Henry Shue yana da shakka; ya yi imanin cewa duk haƙƙoƙi (ko da kuwa sun fi "mara kyau" ko "tabbatacce") yana buƙatar nau'ikan ayyuka guda biyu a lokaci ɗaya. A wasu kalmomi, Shue ya ce girmama haƙƙin yana buƙatar nisantar (ayyukan "marasa kyau") amma kuma ayyuka na kariya ko gyara (ayyukan "tabbatacce"). Bambance-bambancen da ba daidai ba na iya zama batun girmamawa; Don haka ba shi da amfani a siffanta ''kowane hakki'' kamar yana buƙatar ɗaya kawai daga cikin nau'ikan ayyuka biyu. <ref name="ShueRights">Shue, Henry (1980). </ref> Don Shue, ana iya fahimtar haƙƙoƙin koyaushe azaman fuskantar “barazana daidai” ga ɗan adam. Yin hulɗa tare da daidaitattun barazanar yana buƙatar kowane nau'i na ayyuka, waɗanda za a iya raba su cikin lokaci (misali "idan guje wa halayen cutarwa ya kasa, fara gyara lalacewa"), amma kuma an raba tsakanin mutane. Maganar ita ce, kowane hakki yana tsokanar duk nau'ikan halaye guda uku (gujewa, kariya, gyara) zuwa wani mataki. Yin hulɗa da barazana kamar kisan kai, alal misali, zai buƙaci mutum ɗaya ya yi aiki da gujewa (misali mai yuwuwar kisa dole ne ya natsu), wasu don kare (misali ɗan sanda, wanda dole ne ya dakatar da harin, ko kuma wanda ke tsaye, wanda zai iya zama wajibi. a kira ’yan sanda), da sauran su gyara (misali likitan da dole ne ya tada wanda aka kai wa hari). Don haka, ko da mummunan haƙƙin da ba a kashe ba za a iya tabbatar da shi ne kawai tare da taimakon wasu ayyuka masu kyau. Shue ya ci gaba, kuma ya ci gaba da cewa rabe-raben haƙƙoƙi mara kyau da tabbatacce na iya zama cutarwa, saboda yana iya haifar da rashin kula da ayyukan da suka dace Kuma suke da fa'ida. <ref name="ShueRights">Shue, Henry (1980). </ref> James P. Sterba yayi irin wannan suka. Yana da ra'ayin cewa duk wani hakki na iya bayyana ko dai yana da kyau ko mara kyau dangane da harshen da aka yi amfani da shi wajen ayyana shi. Ya rubuta: Sterba ya sake sake fasalin "haƙƙi mai kyau" na gargajiya don tanadi, kuma ya sanya shi a cikin wani nau'i na "haƙƙin mara kyau" ''don kada a hana'' su ɗaukar albarkatun da kansu. Don haka, duk haƙƙoƙin ƙila ba wai kawai suna buƙatar ayyuka na “tabbatacce” da “marasa kyau” ba, amma da alama haƙƙoƙin da ba su haɗa da aikin tilastawa ba za a iya faɗi su da kyau ko mara kyau yadda aka so. Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin mai kyau da mara kyau ba zai zama mai fa'ida sosai ba, ko kuma ya cancanta, saboda haƙƙoƙin da ake buƙata na samar da aiki ana iya maimaita su daga " haƙƙin neman ilimi " ko " [[Ƴancin Lafiya|yancin kula da lafiya]] " zuwa "haƙƙin karɓar rarar kuɗi don biyan malamai" ko "damar karban rarar kudi a biya likitoci" koma dai wasu ma'aikatan. == Wasu abubuwan == * [[Haƙƙin Da'awa da yanci|Da'awar haƙƙoƙin da haƙƙoƙin yanci]] - bambanci daban-daban, na asali zuwa wancan tsakanin haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau * Tattalin arzikin tsarin mulki * Tsarin tsarin mulki * Hakki * 'Yanci da lasisi * Yi mulki bisa ga babbar doka * Dokar Hakki na Biyu * [[Ƴancin Dan adam zuwa gida uku|Ƙarni uku na haƙƙin ɗan adam]] * Ra'ayoyi guda biyu na 'Yanci - lacca ta Isaiah Berlin, wanda ya bambanta tsakanin 'yanci mai kyau da mara kyau * Sanarwar Vienna da Shirin Aiki == Bayanai == <references /> == Manazarta == * ''Mawallafa'' bita na mako-mako na Stephen Holmes da Cass R. Sunstein, ''Kudin Haƙƙin: Me yasa 'Yanci Ya dogara da Haraji'' ,  . * Nozick, Robert (1975). ''Anarchy, Jiha, da Utopia'' . Oxford : Blackwell. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-631-15680-1|0-631-15680-1]] * Sterba, JP, "Daga 'Yanci zuwa Jin Dadi" a cikin ''Da'a: Babban Tambayoyi'' . Maldan, MA : Blackwell, 1998. (shafi na 238) * Hodgson, D. (1998). ''Haqqin Dan Adam na Ilimi'' . Aldershot, Ingila: Ashgate Publishing [[Category:Hakki]] [[Category:Mutuwa]] [[Category:Yanci]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gosg0birkbxx7cw5dmcgdju4bagzfc5 905999 905998 2026-08-22T05:41:11Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Haƙƙoƙi mara kyau da masu kyau,''' sune [[Haƙƙoƙi|haƙƙoƙin]] dake wajabta, ko dai rashin aiki (''munanan haƙƙoƙin'') ko aiki ( ''haƙƙoƙi masu kyau'' ). Waɗannan wajibai na iya zama na shari'a ko ɗabi'a. Hakanan ana iya amfani da ra'ayi na haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau ga [[Haƙƙin Da'awa da yanci|haƙƙin 'yanci]] da mutahallin shi. Dan bada misalin da ya shafi ɓangarori biyu a cikin kotun shari'a : Adrian yana da ''mummunan haƙƙin x'' akan Clay idan kuma kawai idan Clay ya ''hana'' Clay aikatawa Adrian ta wata hanya game da ''x''. Sabanin haka, Adrian yana da ''tabbataccen haƙƙi don x'' akan Clay idan kuma kawai idan Clay ya zama dole ya yi aiki akan Adrian ta wata hanya game da ''x''. Wani lamari mai mahimmanci, idan Adrian yana da ''mummunan haƙƙin rayuwa'' akan Clay, to ana buƙatar Clay don guje wa kashe Adrian; yayin da idan Adrian yana da ''tabbataccen haƙƙin rayuwa'' akan Clay, to ana buƙatar Clay yayi aiki yadda yakamata don adana rayuwar Adrian. Haƙƙoƙin da aka ɗauka ''mara kyau'' na iya haɗawa da haƙƙin farar hula da na siyasa kamar [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki]], rayuwa, dukiya mai zaman kansa, 'yanci daga aikata laifukan tashin hankali, kariya daga zamba, ƴancin yin addini, ''habeas corpus'', [[Ƴancin gwaji|shari'a ta gaskiya]], da ƴancin kada a bautar da su. wani Hakki ne da aka yi la'akari da shi, kamar yadda farko da farko da farko da aka gabatar a shekarar 1979 da farko Karel Vaqák, da ''haƙƙin'' [[Ɗan sanda|'yan sanda]] na mutum da kadarorin' yan sanda, da kuma [[Haƙƙin Bada Shawara|ikon]] tattalin arziki, zamantakewa kamar abinci, [['Ƴancin Mallakar Gidaje|gidaje]], ilimin jama'a, aikin yi, tsaron ƙasa, soja, [[Ƴancin Lafiya|kula da lafiya]], tsaro na zamantakewa, [[Ƴancin Samun Damar Shiga Internet|shiga yanar gizo]], da mafi ƙarancin [[Yancin Samun Ingataccen Tsarin Rayuwa|rayuwa]] . A cikin lissafin [[Ƴancin Dan adam zuwa gida uku|"ƙarni uku"]] na haƙƙin ɗan adam, haƙƙoƙin da ba su dace ba galibi suna haɗuwa da haƙƙin ƙarni na farko, yayin da haƙƙoƙi masu kyau suna alaƙa da tsara na biyu da na uku da akayi. Wasu masana falsafa (duba zargi) ba su yarda cewa bambance-bambancen haƙƙoƙi mara kyau yana da amfani ko inganci. Ƙarƙashin ƙa’idar hakkoki masu kyau da mara kyau, hakkin da bai dace ba yana da Haƙƙin ne na ''kada a'' yi masa wani aiki na wani mutum ko wata kungiya – alal misali gwamnati – yawanci ta hanyar cin zarafi ko tilastawa. Don haka, haƙƙoƙin da ba su da kyau suna wanzu sai dai idan wani ya yi ''watsi'' da su. Haƙƙi mai kyau shi ne haƙƙin ''yin'' aikin wani mutum ko ƙungiya. A wasu kalmomi, don ingantaccen haƙƙin amfani, dole ne a ''ƙara'' ayyukan wani a cikin ma'auni. A ka’ida, wani hakki mara kyau ya hana wasu yin abin da ya dace, yayin da hakki mai kyau ya wajabta wa wasu yin aiki da abin da ya dace. A cikin tsarin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun Kantian, ana iya haɗa haƙƙin mara kyau tare da cikakkun ayyuka yayin da haƙƙin na iya haɗawa da ayyuka marasa kyau.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2008}} Imani da bambanci tsakanin haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau yawanci ana kiyaye su, ko kuma ƙarfafa su, ta masu sassaucin ra'ayi, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka ba su wanzu har sai an halicce su ta hanyar kwangila. [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Ƴancin Dan'adam|Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam]] [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Duniya ta Majalisar Ɗinkin]] Duniya ta lissafa duka haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau (amma ba ta bayyana su a matsayin haka ba). Kundin tsarin mulki na yawancin dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun tabbatar da munanan haƙƙi, amma ba duka sun haɗa da haƙƙi masu kyau ba. Duk da haka, sau da yawa wasu dokoki suna tabbatar da haƙƙin mallaka sau da yawa, kuma galibin dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi suna ba wa ƴan ƙasa tallafin ilimi, kula da lafiya, tsaro na zamantakewa da fa'idodin rashin aikin yi da makamantan hakan. == Lokacin aikace-aikacen dokoki masu kyau da Marasa kyau == Sau da yawa ana maganar haƙƙoƙin a matsayin wanda ba za a iya raba shi ba kuma wani lokacin ma cikakke. Koyaya, a aikace ana ɗaukar wannan sau da yawa azaman absolutism. Haƙƙoƙin suna da matsayi gwargwadon mahimmanci, kuma ana karɓar cin zarafi na ƙanana a cikin hanyar hana cin zarafi na manya. Don haka, ko da haƙƙin da ba za a kashe shi ba ne, kwatankwacin wajibcin da ke kan wasu na ƙin kisa ana fahimtar cewa yana da aƙalla keɓantawa ɗaya: [[Haƙƙin Kare Kai|kariyar kai]]. Wasu wajibai marasa kyau da aka yarda da su (kamar wajibcin hani daga sata, kisan kai, da dai sauransu) galibi ana la'akari da su na farko, ma'ana cewa an yarda da halaccin wajibcin "a fuskarsa"; amma ko da ba a yi tambaya ba, ana iya sanya irin waɗannan wajibai don nazarin ɗabi'a da halayya. Don haka barawo na iya samun mummunan wajibci na kada ya yi sata, kuma dan [[Jami'an Ƴan Sanda|sanda]] yana iya fuskantar mummunan wajibci na kada ya addabi mutane &#x2014; amma dan sandan da ke magance barawon cikin sauki yakan fuskanci nauyin hujjar cewa ya yi daidai, tunda nasa ya sabawa doka. Karamin takalifi kuma ya kore sabawa wani babban wajibi. Haka kuma mai shago ko wani mai wucewa shima zai iya saduwa da wannan nauyin hujja lokacin da yake fuskantar barawo. Amma idan daya daga cikin wadancan mutanen ya ja bindiga ya harbe barawon (marasa makami) don yin sata, mafi yawan al'ummomin zamani ba za su yarda cewa an cika nauyin hujja ba. Wajibcin da ba a kashe shi ba &#x2014; ana ɗauka a duk duniya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma, idan ba babban wajibi ba &#x2014; yana da yawa fiye da wajibcin kada a yi sata wanda keta na ƙarshe ba ya tabbatar da sabawa na farko. Yawancin al'ummomin zamani sun dage cewa wasu, tambayoyi masu mahimmanci na ɗabi'a suna buƙatar shiga cikin wasa kafin sata ta iya tabbatar da kisa. Kyawawan wajibai suna ba da aiki. Amma kamar yadda muka gani tare da dan sanda, yin aiki na iya keta wajibai marasa kyau (misali kar a yi fushi da kisa). Saboda wannan dalili, a cikin ɗabi'a tabbatacce wajibai kusan ba a taɓa la'akari da ''prima facie''. Babban wajibi mara kyau na iya samun keɓanta ɗaya kawai &#x2014; babban wajibci na kare kai &#x2014; amma har ma mafi girman wajibai gabaɗaya suna buƙatar ƙarin hadaddun bincike na ɗabi'a. Misali, mutum zai iya ba da hujjar kasa taimakawa, ba ɗaya kaɗai ba, amma yara da yawa da suka ji rauni cikin ɗabi'a a cikin yanayin bambance- bambancen bayan bala'i. Wannan la'akari ya haifar da masu ilimin dabi'a don yarda a gaba ɗaya cewa ayyuka masu kyau yawanci sun kasance ƙarami zuwa wajibai marasa kyau saboda ba su da dogaro ''na prima facie.'' Wasu masu sukar haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin suna ba da shawarar cewa saboda kyawawan ayyuka ba su dogara da ''farko'' ba dole ne a amince da su ta hanyar kwangila koyaushe. <ref>[http://aynrandlexicon.com/lexicon/individual_rights.html "Individual rights"], ''Ayn Rand Lexicon''.</ref> Masanin falsafa na ƙarni na goma sha tara Frédéric Bastiat ya taƙaita rikice-rikice tsakanin waɗannan munanan haƙƙoƙi da tabbatacce ta wurin cewa Kamar haka: A cewar Jan Narveson, ra'ayin wasu na cewa babu bambanci tsakanin haƙƙin mara kyau da masu kyau a kan cewa haƙƙin da ba daidai ba yana buƙatar 'yan sanda da kotuna don aiwatar da su "kuskure ne". Ya ce tambayar da ke tsakanin me mutum ke da hakkin yi da wanda idan wani ya aiwatar da hakan lamari ne daban. Idan har hakkoki ba su da kyau to yana nufin babu wanda ke da hakkin tilasta su, ko da yake daidaikun mutane suna da hakkin yin amfani da duk wata hanya da ba ta tilastawa ba don samun hadin kan wasu wajen kare haƙƙin. Saboda haka, ya ce "bambance tsakanin korau da tabbatacce yana da ƙarfi sosai." Masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun yarda cewa haƙƙin kariya, ba su wanzu har sai an ƙirƙira su ta hanyar kwangila. Sai dai masu wannan ra'ayi ba sa nufin 'yan sanda, alal misali, ba su da hakkin kare hakkin 'yan kasa. Tun da sun yi yarjejeniya da ma'aikatansu don kare 'yan ƙasa daga tashin hankali, to sun haifar da wannan wajibcin ga ma'aikacin su. Hakki mara kyau na rayuwa yana bawa mutum damar kare rayuwarsa daga wasu ƙoƙarin kashe shi, ko kuma samun taimako na son rai daga wasu don kare rayuwarsa &#x2014; amma ba zai tilasta wa wasu su kare shi ba, saboda ba shi da haƙƙin halitta da za a ba shi. tsaro. Tilasta wa mutum kare hakkinsa mara kyau, ko kuma hakkin wani bangare na uku, zai zama tauye hakkin mutumin ko dan'adam. Wasu masu fafutuka na ganin cewa akwai bambanci tsakanin munanan hakkokinsu da na kwarai suna ganin kasancewar rundunar ‘yan sanda ko sojoji ba wai saboda wani hakki mai kyau na wadannan ayyuka da ‘yan kasa ke da’awa ba, sai dai saboda kasancewarsu ‘ yan mulkin mallaka ne ko kuma kayayyakin jama’a &#x2014; fasalulluka na kowace al'ummar ɗan adam da ta taso ta hanyar dabi'a, ko da yayin da suke bin manufar munanan haƙƙi kawai. Robert Nozick yayi dogon bayani akan wannan ra'ayin a cikin littafinsa ''Anarchy, State, and Utopia'' . == A cikin magani == A fagen magani, haƙƙin haƙƙin marasa lafiya sau da yawa suna cin karo da mummunan haƙƙin likitoci. A cikin wuraren da ake jayayya kamar [[Zubar da ciki|zubar]] da ciki da taimakawa kashe kansa, ƙwararrun likitoci na iya ba su son bayar da wasu ayyuka don ɗabi'a ko dalilai na falsafa. Idan ƙwararrun likitocin sun fice sakamakon lamiri, haƙƙin da aka ba shi ta hanyar ƙa'idodin sashe na lamiri a yawancin hukunce-hukunce (duba Lantarki ƙin zubar da ciki da lamiri a cikin magani a Amurka ), marasa lafiya na iya samun wata hanya ta samun nasu haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka. cika Irin wannan shi ne batun Janet Murdock, wata mace ta Montana wadda ba ta iya samun wani likita da zai taimaka mata kashe kansa a 2009. Wannan takaddama game da haƙƙin jama’a a cikin muhawarar jama’a da ke gudana tsakanin ma'aikacin ra'ayin mazan jiya Wesley J. Smith da masanin ilimin halittu Jacob M. Appel. A cikin tattaunawa ''Baxter v.'' ''Montana'', Appel ya rubuta: Smith ya ba da amsa cewa wannan yana "ɗaukar nauyin mutuwa da canza shi zuwa wani aikin kisa", wanda ya ce "yana nuna mummunar rashin fahimtar aikin tsarin gwamnati". == Suka == [[File:Aid_Pakistan_Truck.jpeg|right|thumb|180x180px| Haƙƙin samun isasshen abinci mai gina jiki yana buƙatar ayyuka don guje wa sata, amma kuma haƙƙin yin aiki ta hanyoyin da za su kare ko gyara isar da kayayyaki. Ba za a iya tabbatar da haƙƙin ta hanyar ayyuka masu kyau kawai ba, kuma ba kawai ayyuka marasa kyau ba; yana bukatar duka biyun.]] Mai yiwuwa, idan mutum yana da haƙƙi masu kyau yana nuna cewa wasu mutane suna da ayyuka masu kyau (don ɗaukar wasu ayyuka); alhali munanan haƙƙin na nuna cewa wasu suna da ayyuka mara kyau (don guje wa wasu ayyuka). Masanin falsafa Henry Shue yana da shakka; ya yi imanin cewa duk haƙƙoƙi (ko da kuwa sun fi "mara kyau" ko "tabbatacce") yana buƙatar nau'ikan ayyuka guda biyu a lokaci ɗaya. A wasu kalmomi, Shue ya ce girmama haƙƙin yana buƙatar nisantar (ayyukan "marasa kyau") amma kuma ayyuka na kariya ko gyara (ayyukan "tabbatacce"). Bambance-bambancen da ba daidai ba na iya zama batun girmamawa; Don haka ba shi da amfani a siffanta ''kowane hakki'' kamar yana buƙatar ɗaya kawai daga cikin nau'ikan ayyuka biyu. <ref name="ShueRights">Shue, Henry (1980). </ref> Don Shue, ana iya fahimtar haƙƙoƙin koyaushe azaman fuskantar “barazana daidai” ga ɗan adam. Yin hulɗa tare da daidaitattun barazanar yana buƙatar kowane nau'i na ayyuka, waɗanda za a iya raba su cikin lokaci (misali "idan guje wa halayen cutarwa ya kasa, fara gyara lalacewa"), amma kuma an raba tsakanin mutane. Maganar ita ce, kowane hakki yana tsokanar duk nau'ikan halaye guda uku (gujewa, kariya, gyara) zuwa wani mataki. Yin hulɗa da barazana kamar kisan kai, alal misali, zai buƙaci mutum ɗaya ya yi aiki da gujewa (misali mai yuwuwar kisa dole ne ya natsu), wasu don kare (misali ɗan sanda, wanda dole ne ya dakatar da harin, ko kuma wanda ke tsaye, wanda zai iya zama wajibi. a kira ’yan sanda), da sauran su gyara (misali likitan da dole ne ya tada wanda aka kai wa hari). Don haka, ko da mummunan haƙƙin da ba a kashe ba za a iya tabbatar da shi ne kawai tare da taimakon wasu ayyuka masu kyau. Shue ya ci gaba, kuma ya ci gaba da cewa rabe-raben haƙƙoƙi mara kyau da tabbatacce na iya zama cutarwa, saboda yana iya haifar da rashin kula da ayyukan da suka dace Kuma suke da fa'ida. <ref name="ShueRights">Shue, Henry (1980). </ref> James P. Sterba yayi irin wannan suka. Yana da ra'ayin cewa duk wani hakki na iya bayyana ko dai yana da kyau ko mara kyau dangane da harshen da aka yi amfani da shi wajen ayyana shi. Ya rubuta: Sterba ya sake sake fasalin "haƙƙi mai kyau" na gargajiya don tanadi, kuma ya sanya shi a cikin wani nau'i na "haƙƙin mara kyau" ''don kada a hana'' su ɗaukar albarkatun da kansu. Don haka, duk haƙƙoƙin ƙila ba wai kawai suna buƙatar ayyuka na “tabbatacce” da “marasa kyau” ba, amma da alama haƙƙoƙin da ba su haɗa da aikin tilastawa ba za a iya faɗi su da kyau ko mara kyau yadda aka so. Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin mai kyau da mara kyau ba zai zama mai fa'ida sosai ba, ko kuma ya cancanta, saboda haƙƙoƙin da ake buƙata na samar da aiki ana iya maimaita su daga " haƙƙin neman ilimi " ko " [[Ƴancin Lafiya|yancin kula da lafiya]] " zuwa "haƙƙin karɓar rarar kuɗi don biyan malamai" ko "damar karban rarar kudi a biya likitoci" koma dai wasu ma'aikatan. == Wasu abubuwan == * [[Haƙƙin Da'awa da yanci|Da'awar haƙƙoƙin da haƙƙoƙin yanci]] - bambanci daban-daban, na asali zuwa wancan tsakanin haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau * Tattalin arzikin tsarin mulki * Tsarin tsarin mulki * Hakki * 'Yanci da lasisi * Yi mulki bisa ga babbar doka * Dokar Hakki na Biyu * [[Ƴancin Dan adam zuwa gida uku|Ƙarni uku na haƙƙin ɗan adam]] * Ra'ayoyi guda biyu na 'Yanci - lacca ta Isaiah Berlin, wanda ya bambanta tsakanin 'yanci mai kyau da mara kyau * Sanarwar Vienna da Shirin Aiki == Bayanai == <references /> == Manazarta == * ''Mawallafa'' bita na mako-mako na Stephen Holmes da Cass R. Sunstein, ''Kudin Haƙƙin: Me yasa 'Yanci Ya dogara da Haraji'' ,  . * Nozick, Robert (1975). ''Anarchy, Jiha, da Utopia'' . Oxford : Blackwell. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-631-15680-1|0-631-15680-1]] * Sterba, JP, "Daga 'Yanci zuwa Jin Dadi" a cikin ''Da'a: Babban Tambayoyi'' . Maldan, MA : Blackwell, 1998. (shafi na 238) * Hodgson, D. (1998). ''Haqqin Dan Adam na Ilimi'' . Aldershot, Ingila: Ashgate Publishing [[Category:Hakki]] [[Category:Mutuwa]] [[Category:Yanci]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] aztymzet91gn0wbiproibrus5sbz4ba 0 29791 906178 675266 2026-08-22T11:30:23Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Barcelona_TV_Catalonia.jpg |thumb|Ƴan jarida a bakin Aiki]] [[Fayil:THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF MODERN OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT (IA gov.gpo.fdsys.CHRG-108hhrg89399).pdf|thumb|hakan yanayin jaridar muhalli na wasu bangare yake]] '''Aikin jarida na muhalli,''' shine tarin tabbatarwa, samarwa, rarrabawa da baje kolin bayanai game da abubuwan dake faruwa a yanzu, abubuwan dake faruwa, da kuma batutuwan da ke da alaƙa da duniyar da ba ta ɗan adam ba. Don zama ɗan jarida na muhalli, dole ne mutum ya sami fahimtar harshen kimiyya. Mutum yana buƙatar yin amfani da iliminsa na abubuwan da suka faru na muhalli na tarihi<ref>https://www.wikiwand.com/ha/articles/Tsarin_muhalli_na_masana'antar_makamashi</ref>. Dole ne kuma mutum ya sami ikon bin shawarar manufofin muhalli da ƙungiyoyin muhalli. Ya kamata ɗan jaridar muhalli ya kasance da cikakkiyar fahimta game da matsalolin muhalli na yau da kullun, da ikon isar da bayanai ga jama'a ta hanyar da ke cike da sauƙin fahimta. Aikin jarida na muhalli ya faɗi cikin iyakokin sadarwar muhalli. Tushensa za a iya gano shi zuwa rubutun yanayi. Rigima ɗaya a cikin aikin jarida na muhalli shine, yadda za a bambanta nau'in daga sassan da ke da alaƙa. == Tarihi == Yayin da kuma al'adar rubuce-rubucen dabi'a ke da tarihin tarihi mai yawa wanda ya samo asali a ƙalla har zuwa bayanan bincike na Christopher Columbus, kuma yana bin al'ada ta hanyar fitattun marubutan yanayi kamar Ralph Waldo Emerson da Henry David Thoreau a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, John Burroughs da kuma John Muir a farkon ƙarni na 20, da Aldo Leopold a cikin shekara ta 1940, fannin aikin jarida na muhalli bai fara yin tasiri ba sai a shekarun 1960 da shekara ta 1970. Habɓaka aikin jarida na muhalli a matsayin sana'a yayi dai-dai da na motsin muhalli, wanda ya zama ƙungiyoyin al'adu na yau da kullun tare da littafin Rachel Carson's ''Silent Spring'' a cikin shekara ta 1962 kuma an ƙara halalta shi ta hanyar zartar da dokar jeji a shekara ta 1964. Ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli sun ba da haske a fagen siyasa a cikin shekarun 1960 zuwa shekarar 1970, tare da wayar da kan jama'a game da abin da mutane da yawa ke ɗauka a matsayin "rikicin muhalli", da kuma yin aiki don rinjayar shawarar manufofin muhalli . Kafofin watsa labarai sun bi kuma sun haifar da sha'awar jama'a game da batutuwan muhalli tun daga lokacin. Fannin aikin jarida na muhalli ya ƙara halalta ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar 'yan jarida ta muhalli [http://www.sej.org]a cikin shekarata 1990, wanda manufarsa "shi ne don haɓaka fahimtar jama'a game da al'amuran muhalli ta hanyar inganta inganci, daidaito, da hangen nesa na rahoton muhalli." A yau, ana ba da shirye-shiryen ilimi a cibiyoyi da yawa don horar da ƴan jarida masu tasowa a cikin takura, sarƙaƙƙiya da faɗin aikin jarida na muhalli. == Muhawarar shawara == Akwai ƙaramin baraka a cikin al'ummar 'yan jaridun muhalli. Wasu, ciki har da waɗanda ke cikin Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jaridun Muhalli, sun yi imani da bayar da rahoton labaran muhalli da gangan, yayin da wasu, kamar Michael Frome, wani fitaccen mutum a wannan fanni, sun yi imanin cewa 'yan jarida ya kamata su shiga bangaren muhalli na filin ne kawai idan ceton duniya ya kasance. sha'awar kashin kai, da kuma cewa 'yan jaridun muhalli kada su nisanci bayar da shawarwarin muhalli, ko da yake ba tare da yin la'akari da zahirin gaskiya da ra'ayi a kowane bangare na lamarin ba. Ba za a iya warware wannan muhawara nan ba da dadewa ba, amma tare da sauye-sauye a fannin aikin jarida da ake tace sabbin kafafen yada labarai da jama'a ke amfani da su wajen samar da labarai, da alama dai fannin aikin jarida na muhalli zai kara ba da kansa wajen bayar da rahoto. ra'ayoyi daidai da shawarwarin muhalli. === Sadarwar muhalli === Sadarwar muhalli shine dukkanin nau'o'in sadarwar da ke tattare da muhawarar zamantakewa game da matsalolin muhalli da matsaloli.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theieca.org/|title=What is Environmental Communication?|author=Meisner, Mark|publisher=Environmental Communication Network|access-date=2007-06-06}}</ref> Hakanan a cikin iyakokin sadarwar muhalli akwai nau'ikan rubutu na yanayi, rubutun kimiyya, adabin muhalli, fassarar muhalli da shawarwarin muhalli. Duk da yake akwai babban cikas a tsakanin nau'o'i daban-daban a cikin sadarwar muhalli, kowannensu ya cancanci ma'anarsa. === Rubutun yanayi === Rubutun yanayi shine nau'in da ke da tarihin mafi tsayi a cikin sadarwar muhalli. A cikin littafinsa, ''Wannan Ƙasar da ba ta iya kwatantawa: Jagora ga Rubutun Halitta na Amirka'', Thomas J. Lyon yayi ƙoƙari ya yi amfani da "taxonomy na rubutun yanayi" don bayyana nau'in. Ya ba da shawarar cewa rarrabuwar sa, ma, yana fama da yawa tare da juna. “Littafin yanayi yana da manyan ma’auni guda uku zuwa gare shi: bayanan tarihin halitta, martanin mutum ga yanayi, da fassarar falsafar yanayi” (Lyon 20). A cikin maƙalar tarihin halitta, "babban nauyin rubutu shine isar da umarni mai ma'ana a cikin gaskiyar yanayi," kamar tare da rubutun nau'in dabi'a na John Burroughs (Lyon 21). "A cikin kasidun gwaninta, tuntuɓar da marubucin ya yi da yanayi shine tsarin rubutun," kamar yadda Edward Abbey yayi tunani game da faɗuwar hamada (Lyon 23). A cikin fassarar falsafar yanayi, abubuwan da ke ciki sun yi kama da na tarihin halitta da maƙasudin gogewa na mutum, "amma yanayin gabatarwa ya fi dacewa ya zama mafi m da ilimi" (Lyon 25). ''Littafin Norton na Rubutun yanayi'' yana ƙara ƴan sabbin ma'auni zuwa nau'in rubutun yanayi, gami da labarin dabbobi, kasidun lambu, kasidun noma, ayyukan tattalin arziki, rubutu akan adalcin muhalli, da kuma aiki da ke ba da shawarar kiyaye muhalli, dorewa da bambancin halittu. Aikin jarida na muhalli ya ja daga al'ada da iyawar rubutun yanayi. === Rubutun kimiyya === Rubutun kimiyya rubutu ne da ke mayar da hankali musamman kan batutuwan binciken kimiyya, gaba ɗaya fassarar jargon da ke da wahala ga waɗanda ke wajen wani fannin kimiyyar fahimta zuwa harshe mai sauƙin narkewa. Wannan nau'in na iya zama labari ko bayani. Ba duk rubuce-rubucen kimiyya ba sun faɗi cikin iyakokin sadarwar muhalli, kawai rubutun kimiyya wanda ke ɗaukar batutuwan da suka dace da muhalli. Aikin jarida na muhalli kuma ya ja daga al'ada da fa'idar rubutun kimiyya. === Fassarar muhalli === Fassarar muhalli wani tsari ne na musamman don sadarwar bayanan da suka dace. Ya "ƙunshi fassarar harshen fasaha na kimiyyar halitta ko filin da ke da alaƙa zuwa cikin sharuɗɗan da ra'ayoyin da mutanen da ba masana kimiyya ba za su iya fahimta da sauri. Kuma ya ƙunshi yinta ta hanyar da ke da daɗi da ban sha’awa ga waɗannan mutane.” (Ham 3). Fassarar muhalli tana da daɗi (don shigar da masu sauraro a cikin maudu'in da zaburar da su don ƙarin koyo game da shi), dacewa (ma'ana da na sirri ga masu sauraro domin su sami dalili na asali don ƙarin koyo game da batun), tsara (mai sauƙin bi). kuma an tsara shi ta yadda za a iya tunawa da manyan batutuwa) da kuma jigo (bayanin yana da alaƙa da takamaiman saƙo mai maimaitawa) (Ham 8-28). Yayin da aikin jarida na muhalli ba a samo shi daga fassarar muhalli ba, yana iya amfani da dabarun fassara don bayyana ra'ayoyi masu wahala ga masu sauraronsa. === Adabin muhalli === Littattafan muhalli rubuce-rubuce ne da ke yin sharhi da hankali kan jigogin muhalli, musamman kamar yadda aka yi amfani da su kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutum, al'umma da muhalli. Yawancin rubuce-rubucen yanayi da wasu rubuce-rubucen kimiyya sun faɗi cikin iyakokin wallafe-wallafen muhalli. Sau da yawa, ana fahimtar wallafe-wallafen muhalli don ɗaukar kulawa da damuwa ga muhalli, don haka yana ba da shawarar ƙarin tunani da fahimtar yanayin muhalli na mutum da yanayi. Jarida ta muhalli ta samo asali ne daga wallafe-wallafen muhalli === Shawarwari na muhalli === Shawarwari na muhalli yana gabatar da bayanai kan yanayi da al'amuran muhalli waɗanda ke da tsayayyen ra'ayi kuma yana ƙarfafa masu sauraronsa su ɗauki ƙarin halaye masu kula da muhalli, galibi fiye da ra'ayoyin duniya. Shawarar muhalli na iya kasancewa a cikin kowane nau'ikan sadarwar muhalli da aka ambata. A halin yanzu ana muhawara ko aikin jarida na muhalli ya kamata ya yi amfani da dabaru na shawarwarin muhalli. == Batutuwa == Fannin aikin jarida na muhalli ya ƙunshi batutuwa iri-iri. A cewar ''littafin Muhalli na The Reporter'', 'yan jaridun muhalli sun fahimci matsalolin ruwa a matsayin mafi mahimmancin batun muhalli, sannan kuma abubuwan da suka shafi gurbatar yanayi, masu rushewar endocrin, da kuma matsalolin kula da sharar gida. 'Yan jaridar da aka yi binciken sun fi ba da fifiko musamman, batutuwan muhalli fiye da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli na duniya. Aikin jarida na muhalli zai iya haɗawa, amma ba'a iyakance shi ba, wasu batutuwa masu zuwa kamar haka: Daga ''Littafin Muhalli na Mai Rahoto'' : Daga [http://www.envirolink.org EnviroLink] : == Duba wasu abubuwan == == Magana == {{Reflist}} === Ci gaba da karatu === * Anderson, Alison. Kafofin watsa labarai, Al'adu da Muhalli. Taylor da Francis, Inc., 1997. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-85728-383-X|1-85728-383-X]] * Beck, Larry da Ted Cable. Tafsiri na Karni na 21: Sharuɗɗan Jagoranci guda goma sha biyar don Fassarar yanayi da Al'adu. 2nd ed. Champaign: Sagamore Publishing, 2002. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-57167-522-1|1-57167-522-1]] * Blum, Deborah, Robin Marantz Henig, da Mary Knudson. Jagorar Filin don Marubutan Kimiyya: Jagoran Hukuma na Ƙungiyar Marubutan Kimiyya ta Ƙasa. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2005. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-19-517499-2|0-19-517499-2]] * * Buell, Lawrence. Hasashen Muhalli: Thoreau, Rubutun yanayi, da Samar da Al'adun Amurka. Cambridge da London: Belknap Press na Jami'ar Harvard Press, 1995. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-674-25862-2|0-674-25862-2]] * Chapman, Graham, Keval Kumar, Caroline Fraser, and Ivor Gaber. Muhalli da Mass Media. New York da London: Routledge, 1997. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-415-15505-3|0-415-15505-3]] * [http://www.beritalingkungan.com/2012/12/events-covering-green-beat-in-asia.html Rufe Green Beat a Asiya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308114051/http://www.beritalingkungan.com/2012/12/events-covering-green-beat-in-asia.html |date=2022-03-08 }} Beritalingkungan.com * Dobson, Andrew. Green Reader: Maƙalaci Zuwa ga Al'umma Mai Dorewa. Mercury House, 1991. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-56279-010-2|1-56279-010-2]] * EnviroLink. An shiga 11 Oktoba 2005. < http://www.envirolink.org > * Finch, Howard da John Elder. Eds. Littafin Norton na Rubutun Halitta. Kwalejin Ed. New York da London: WW Norton & Kamfanin, 2002. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-393-97816-8|0-393-97816-8]] * Daga, Michael. Koren Tawada. Salt Lake City: Jami'ar Utah Press, 1998. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-87480-582-1|0-87480-582-1]] * Goldstein, Eric A. da kuma Mark Izeman. Littafin Muhalli na New York. Island Press, 1990. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-55963-018-3|1-55963-018-3]] * Ham, Sam. Fassarar Muhalli: Jagorar Aiki Ga Mutane Masu Manyan Ra'ayoyi da Kananan Kasafin Kudi. Golden: Arewacin Amurka Press, 1992. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-55591-902-2|1-55591-902-2]] * Hanson, Anders, ed. Kafofin watsa labarai da al'amurran da suka shafi muhalli. London da New York: Jami'ar Leicester Press, 1993. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-7185-1444-0|0-7185-1444-0]] * Kamrin, Michael A., Dolores J. Katz, da Martha L. Walter. Rahoto kan Hatsari: Littafin Jagoran Jarida. ed 3rd. Shirin Kwalejin Tekun Gishiri na Michigan, 1999. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-885756-11-9|1-885756-11-9]] * Lamay, Craig LL da Everette E. Dennis, ed. Kafofin watsa labarai da Muhalli. Island Press, 1991. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-55963-130-9|1-55963-130-9]] * Lyon, Thomas J. Wannan ƙasa mara misaltuwa: Jagora ga Rubutun Halitta na Amurka. Minneapolis: Littattafan Milkweed, 2001. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-57131-256-0|1-57131-256-0]] * Nash, Roderick Frazier. Daji da Tunanin Amurka. ed na 4. New Haven da London: Jami'ar Yale Press, 2001. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-300-09122-2|0-300-09122-2]] * Neuzil, Mark da William Kovairk. Kafofin watsa labarai na Jama'a da Rikicin Muhalli: Yaƙin Koren Amurka. Dubu Oaks, London da New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 1996. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-7619-0333-X|0-7619-0333-X]] * Palen, John. "Manufa a matsayin Independence: Ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida na Muhalli, 1989-1997." Abubuwan da aka gabatar na Babban Taron Ƙasa na Ƙungiyar Ilimi a Aikin Jarida da Sadarwar Jama'a, Agusta 1998. Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Muhalli. 28 Satumba 2005 < https://web.archive.org/web/20090419012719/http://www.sej.org/about/index2.htm >. * Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Muhalli. 2005. An shiga 11 Oktoba 2005. < http://www.sej.org > * Yamma, Bernadette M., M. Jane Lewis, Michael R. Greenburg, David B. Sachsman, da Renée M. Rogers. Littafin Muhalli na Mai Rahoto. ed 3rd. New Brunswick da London: Rutgers University Press, 2003. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-8135-3287-6|0-8135-3287-6]] * <bdi><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWitschi2002">[[Musamman: Sources Littattafai/0-8173-1117-3|0-8173-1117-3]]</cite></bdi> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://greenpressnetwork.wordpress.com/profil/ Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Muhalli] Greenpress Indonesia * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150926174656/http://bdenvironment.com/2015/09/22/what-is-green-journalism/ menene koren jarida?] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080211135115/http://www.crossoverindia.org/ Xover Mujallar Muhalli] * [http://www.sej.org/ Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Muhalli] * [http://www.environmental-journalism.org/ Bayanan Muhalli na Jarida] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324231320/http://www.environmental-journalism.org/ |date=2018-03-24 }} * [http://www.colorado.edu/journalism/cej/ Cibiyar Jarida ta Muhalli a Jami'ar Colorado, Boulder] * [http://www.esf.edu/ecn/ Cibiyar Sadarwar Muhalli (ECN)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827193147/http://www.esf.edu/ecn/ |date=2011-08-27 }} * [http://www.beritalingkungan.com/ Shafukan labarai na jaridar muhalli a Indonesia] Beritalingkungan.com * [http://www.environmentwriter.org/ Marubucin Muhalli] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051102022236/http://environmental.jrn.msu.edu/ Cibiyar Knight don Jarida ta Muhalli a Jami'ar Jihar Michigan] * [http://www.metcalfinstitute.org/ Cibiyar Metcalf don Rahoton Ruwa da Muhalli] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021034051/http://metcalfinstitute.org/ |date=2013-10-21 }} * [http://journalism.nyu.edu/prospectivestudents/coursesofstudy/serp/ Kimiyya, Lafiya da Shirin Ba da Rahoton Muhalli a Jami'ar New York] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100910024425/http://journalism.nyu.edu/prospectivestudents/coursesofstudy/serp/ |date=2010-09-10 }} * [http://www.openschoolofjournalism.com/distance-education-program/courses/environmental-journalism-jd040 Bayanin Module na Course akan Aikin Jarida na Muhalli a] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730044136/http://www.openschoolofjournalism.com/distance-education-program/courses/environmental-journalism-jd040 |date=2016-07-30 }} Budaddiyar Makarantar Aikin Jarida * [http://www.times.org/ Cascadia Times] * [http://www.yaleclimatemediaforum.org/ Dandalin Yale akan Canjin Yanayi & Kafafen Yada Labarai] * [http://www.journaliststoolbox.com/newswriting/environment.html Akwatin Kayan Aikin Jarida: Muhalli] * [http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=7&issue_area_id=12 Yankin Batun GASKIYA: Muhalli ta hanyar Adalci] da daidaito a cikin Rahoto * [http://earthjournalism.net/ Duniyar Jarida Network] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Gidaje a Najeriya]] [[Category:Gine-gine]] [[Category:Daji]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kw4gm1dlx9e3bor5lczk7wr03gxapku 906179 906178 2026-08-22T11:30:41Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Barcelona_TV_Catalonia.jpg |thumb|Ƴan jarida a bakin Aiki]] [[Fayil:THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF MODERN OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT (IA gov.gpo.fdsys.CHRG-108hhrg89399).pdf|thumb|hakan yanayin jaridar muhalli na wasu bangare yake]] '''Aikin jarida na muhalli,''' shine tarin tabbatarwa, samarwa, rarrabawa da baje kolin bayanai game da abubuwan dake faruwa a yanzu, abubuwan dake faruwa, da kuma batutuwan da ke da alaƙa da duniyar da ba ta ɗan adam ba. Don zama ɗan jarida na muhalli, dole ne mutum ya sami fahimtar harshen kimiyya. Mutum yana buƙatar yin amfani da iliminsa na abubuwan da suka faru na muhalli na tarihi<ref>https://www.wikiwand.com/ha/articles/Tsarin_muhalli_na_masana'antar_makamashi</ref>. Dole ne kuma mutum ya sami ikon bin shawarar manufofin muhalli da ƙungiyoyin muhalli. Ya kamata ɗan jaridar muhalli ya kasance da cikakkiyar fahimta game da matsalolin muhalli na yau da kullun, da ikon isar da bayanai ga jama'a ta hanyar da ke cike da sauƙin fahimta. Aikin jarida na muhalli ya faɗi cikin iyakokin sadarwar muhalli. Tushensa za a iya gano shi zuwa rubutun yanayi. Rigima ɗaya a cikin aikin jarida na muhalli shine, yadda za a bambanta nau'in daga sassan da ke da alaƙa. == Tarihi == Yayin da kuma al'adar rubuce-rubucen dabi'a ke da tarihin tarihi mai yawa wanda ya samo asali a ƙalla har zuwa bayanan bincike na Christopher Columbus, kuma yana bin al'ada ta hanyar fitattun marubutan yanayi kamar Ralph Waldo Emerson da Henry David Thoreau a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, John Burroughs da kuma John Muir a farkon ƙarni na 20, da Aldo Leopold a cikin shekara ta 1940, fannin aikin jarida na muhalli bai fara yin tasiri ba sai a shekarun 1960 da shekara ta 1970. Habɓaka aikin jarida na muhalli a matsayin sana'a yayi dai-dai da na motsin muhalli, wanda kuma ya zama ƙungiyoyin al'adu na yau da kullun tare da littafin Rachel Carson's ''Silent Spring'' a cikin shekara ta 1962 kuma an ƙara halalta shi ta hanyar zartar da dokar jeji a shekara ta 1964. Ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli sun ba da haske a fagen siyasa a cikin shekarun 1960 zuwa shekarar 1970, tare da wayar da kan jama'a game da abin da mutane da yawa ke ɗauka a matsayin "rikicin muhalli", da kuma yin aiki don rinjayar shawarar manufofin muhalli . Kafofin watsa labarai sun bi kuma sun haifar da sha'awar jama'a game da batutuwan muhalli tun daga lokacin. Fannin aikin jarida na muhalli ya ƙara halalta ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar 'yan jarida ta muhalli [http://www.sej.org]a cikin shekarata 1990, wanda manufarsa "shi ne don haɓaka fahimtar jama'a game da al'amuran muhalli ta hanyar inganta inganci, daidaito, da hangen nesa na rahoton muhalli." A yau, ana ba da shirye-shiryen ilimi a cibiyoyi da yawa don horar da ƴan jarida masu tasowa a cikin takura, sarƙaƙƙiya da faɗin aikin jarida na muhalli. == Muhawarar shawara == Akwai ƙaramin baraka a cikin al'ummar 'yan jaridun muhalli. Wasu, ciki har da waɗanda ke cikin Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jaridun Muhalli, sun yi imani da bayar da rahoton labaran muhalli da gangan, yayin da wasu, kamar Michael Frome, wani fitaccen mutum a wannan fanni, sun yi imanin cewa 'yan jarida ya kamata su shiga bangaren muhalli na filin ne kawai idan ceton duniya ya kasance. sha'awar kashin kai, da kuma cewa 'yan jaridun muhalli kada su nisanci bayar da shawarwarin muhalli, ko da yake ba tare da yin la'akari da zahirin gaskiya da ra'ayi a kowane bangare na lamarin ba. Ba za a iya warware wannan muhawara nan ba da dadewa ba, amma tare da sauye-sauye a fannin aikin jarida da ake tace sabbin kafafen yada labarai da jama'a ke amfani da su wajen samar da labarai, da alama dai fannin aikin jarida na muhalli zai kara ba da kansa wajen bayar da rahoto. ra'ayoyi daidai da shawarwarin muhalli. === Sadarwar muhalli === Sadarwar muhalli shine dukkanin nau'o'in sadarwar da ke tattare da muhawarar zamantakewa game da matsalolin muhalli da matsaloli.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theieca.org/|title=What is Environmental Communication?|author=Meisner, Mark|publisher=Environmental Communication Network|access-date=2007-06-06}}</ref> Hakanan a cikin iyakokin sadarwar muhalli akwai nau'ikan rubutu na yanayi, rubutun kimiyya, adabin muhalli, fassarar muhalli da shawarwarin muhalli. Duk da yake akwai babban cikas a tsakanin nau'o'i daban-daban a cikin sadarwar muhalli, kowannensu ya cancanci ma'anarsa. === Rubutun yanayi === Rubutun yanayi shine nau'in da ke da tarihin mafi tsayi a cikin sadarwar muhalli. A cikin littafinsa, ''Wannan Ƙasar da ba ta iya kwatantawa: Jagora ga Rubutun Halitta na Amirka'', Thomas J. Lyon yayi ƙoƙari ya yi amfani da "taxonomy na rubutun yanayi" don bayyana nau'in. Ya ba da shawarar cewa rarrabuwar sa, ma, yana fama da yawa tare da juna. “Littafin yanayi yana da manyan ma’auni guda uku zuwa gare shi: bayanan tarihin halitta, martanin mutum ga yanayi, da fassarar falsafar yanayi” (Lyon 20). A cikin maƙalar tarihin halitta, "babban nauyin rubutu shine isar da umarni mai ma'ana a cikin gaskiyar yanayi," kamar tare da rubutun nau'in dabi'a na John Burroughs (Lyon 21). "A cikin kasidun gwaninta, tuntuɓar da marubucin ya yi da yanayi shine tsarin rubutun," kamar yadda Edward Abbey yayi tunani game da faɗuwar hamada (Lyon 23). A cikin fassarar falsafar yanayi, abubuwan da ke ciki sun yi kama da na tarihin halitta da maƙasudin gogewa na mutum, "amma yanayin gabatarwa ya fi dacewa ya zama mafi m da ilimi" (Lyon 25). ''Littafin Norton na Rubutun yanayi'' yana ƙara ƴan sabbin ma'auni zuwa nau'in rubutun yanayi, gami da labarin dabbobi, kasidun lambu, kasidun noma, ayyukan tattalin arziki, rubutu akan adalcin muhalli, da kuma aiki da ke ba da shawarar kiyaye muhalli, dorewa da bambancin halittu. Aikin jarida na muhalli ya ja daga al'ada da iyawar rubutun yanayi. === Rubutun kimiyya === Rubutun kimiyya rubutu ne da ke mayar da hankali musamman kan batutuwan binciken kimiyya, gaba ɗaya fassarar jargon da ke da wahala ga waɗanda ke wajen wani fannin kimiyyar fahimta zuwa harshe mai sauƙin narkewa. Wannan nau'in na iya zama labari ko bayani. Ba duk rubuce-rubucen kimiyya ba sun faɗi cikin iyakokin sadarwar muhalli, kawai rubutun kimiyya wanda ke ɗaukar batutuwan da suka dace da muhalli. Aikin jarida na muhalli kuma ya ja daga al'ada da fa'idar rubutun kimiyya. === Fassarar muhalli === Fassarar muhalli wani tsari ne na musamman don sadarwar bayanan da suka dace. Ya "ƙunshi fassarar harshen fasaha na kimiyyar halitta ko filin da ke da alaƙa zuwa cikin sharuɗɗan da ra'ayoyin da mutanen da ba masana kimiyya ba za su iya fahimta da sauri. Kuma ya ƙunshi yinta ta hanyar da ke da daɗi da ban sha’awa ga waɗannan mutane.” (Ham 3). Fassarar muhalli tana da daɗi (don shigar da masu sauraro a cikin maudu'in da zaburar da su don ƙarin koyo game da shi), dacewa (ma'ana da na sirri ga masu sauraro domin su sami dalili na asali don ƙarin koyo game da batun), tsara (mai sauƙin bi). kuma an tsara shi ta yadda za a iya tunawa da manyan batutuwa) da kuma jigo (bayanin yana da alaƙa da takamaiman saƙo mai maimaitawa) (Ham 8-28). Yayin da aikin jarida na muhalli ba a samo shi daga fassarar muhalli ba, yana iya amfani da dabarun fassara don bayyana ra'ayoyi masu wahala ga masu sauraronsa. === Adabin muhalli === Littattafan muhalli rubuce-rubuce ne da ke yin sharhi da hankali kan jigogin muhalli, musamman kamar yadda aka yi amfani da su kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutum, al'umma da muhalli. Yawancin rubuce-rubucen yanayi da wasu rubuce-rubucen kimiyya sun faɗi cikin iyakokin wallafe-wallafen muhalli. Sau da yawa, ana fahimtar wallafe-wallafen muhalli don ɗaukar kulawa da damuwa ga muhalli, don haka yana ba da shawarar ƙarin tunani da fahimtar yanayin muhalli na mutum da yanayi. Jarida ta muhalli ta samo asali ne daga wallafe-wallafen muhalli === Shawarwari na muhalli === Shawarwari na muhalli yana gabatar da bayanai kan yanayi da al'amuran muhalli waɗanda ke da tsayayyen ra'ayi kuma yana ƙarfafa masu sauraronsa su ɗauki ƙarin halaye masu kula da muhalli, galibi fiye da ra'ayoyin duniya. Shawarar muhalli na iya kasancewa a cikin kowane nau'ikan sadarwar muhalli da aka ambata. A halin yanzu ana muhawara ko aikin jarida na muhalli ya kamata ya yi amfani da dabaru na shawarwarin muhalli. == Batutuwa == Fannin aikin jarida na muhalli ya ƙunshi batutuwa iri-iri. A cewar ''littafin Muhalli na The Reporter'', 'yan jaridun muhalli sun fahimci matsalolin ruwa a matsayin mafi mahimmancin batun muhalli, sannan kuma abubuwan da suka shafi gurbatar yanayi, masu rushewar endocrin, da kuma matsalolin kula da sharar gida. 'Yan jaridar da aka yi binciken sun fi ba da fifiko musamman, batutuwan muhalli fiye da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli na duniya. Aikin jarida na muhalli zai iya haɗawa, amma ba'a iyakance shi ba, wasu batutuwa masu zuwa kamar haka: Daga ''Littafin Muhalli na Mai Rahoto'' : Daga [http://www.envirolink.org EnviroLink] : == Duba wasu abubuwan == == Magana == {{Reflist}} === Ci gaba da karatu === * Anderson, Alison. Kafofin watsa labarai, Al'adu da Muhalli. Taylor da Francis, Inc., 1997. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-85728-383-X|1-85728-383-X]] * Beck, Larry da Ted Cable. Tafsiri na Karni na 21: Sharuɗɗan Jagoranci guda goma sha biyar don Fassarar yanayi da Al'adu. 2nd ed. Champaign: Sagamore Publishing, 2002. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-57167-522-1|1-57167-522-1]] * Blum, Deborah, Robin Marantz Henig, da Mary Knudson. Jagorar Filin don Marubutan Kimiyya: Jagoran Hukuma na Ƙungiyar Marubutan Kimiyya ta Ƙasa. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2005. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-19-517499-2|0-19-517499-2]] * * Buell, Lawrence. Hasashen Muhalli: Thoreau, Rubutun yanayi, da Samar da Al'adun Amurka. Cambridge da London: Belknap Press na Jami'ar Harvard Press, 1995. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-674-25862-2|0-674-25862-2]] * Chapman, Graham, Keval Kumar, Caroline Fraser, and Ivor Gaber. Muhalli da Mass Media. New York da London: Routledge, 1997. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-415-15505-3|0-415-15505-3]] * [http://www.beritalingkungan.com/2012/12/events-covering-green-beat-in-asia.html Rufe Green Beat a Asiya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308114051/http://www.beritalingkungan.com/2012/12/events-covering-green-beat-in-asia.html |date=2022-03-08 }} Beritalingkungan.com * Dobson, Andrew. Green Reader: Maƙalaci Zuwa ga Al'umma Mai Dorewa. Mercury House, 1991. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-56279-010-2|1-56279-010-2]] * EnviroLink. An shiga 11 Oktoba 2005. < http://www.envirolink.org > * Finch, Howard da John Elder. Eds. Littafin Norton na Rubutun Halitta. Kwalejin Ed. New York da London: WW Norton & Kamfanin, 2002. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-393-97816-8|0-393-97816-8]] * Daga, Michael. Koren Tawada. Salt Lake City: Jami'ar Utah Press, 1998. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-87480-582-1|0-87480-582-1]] * Goldstein, Eric A. da kuma Mark Izeman. Littafin Muhalli na New York. Island Press, 1990. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-55963-018-3|1-55963-018-3]] * Ham, Sam. Fassarar Muhalli: Jagorar Aiki Ga Mutane Masu Manyan Ra'ayoyi da Kananan Kasafin Kudi. Golden: Arewacin Amurka Press, 1992. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-55591-902-2|1-55591-902-2]] * Hanson, Anders, ed. Kafofin watsa labarai da al'amurran da suka shafi muhalli. London da New York: Jami'ar Leicester Press, 1993. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-7185-1444-0|0-7185-1444-0]] * Kamrin, Michael A., Dolores J. Katz, da Martha L. Walter. Rahoto kan Hatsari: Littafin Jagoran Jarida. ed 3rd. Shirin Kwalejin Tekun Gishiri na Michigan, 1999. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-885756-11-9|1-885756-11-9]] * Lamay, Craig LL da Everette E. Dennis, ed. Kafofin watsa labarai da Muhalli. Island Press, 1991. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-55963-130-9|1-55963-130-9]] * Lyon, Thomas J. Wannan ƙasa mara misaltuwa: Jagora ga Rubutun Halitta na Amurka. Minneapolis: Littattafan Milkweed, 2001. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-57131-256-0|1-57131-256-0]] * Nash, Roderick Frazier. Daji da Tunanin Amurka. ed na 4. New Haven da London: Jami'ar Yale Press, 2001. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-300-09122-2|0-300-09122-2]] * Neuzil, Mark da William Kovairk. Kafofin watsa labarai na Jama'a da Rikicin Muhalli: Yaƙin Koren Amurka. Dubu Oaks, London da New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 1996. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-7619-0333-X|0-7619-0333-X]] * Palen, John. "Manufa a matsayin Independence: Ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida na Muhalli, 1989-1997." Abubuwan da aka gabatar na Babban Taron Ƙasa na Ƙungiyar Ilimi a Aikin Jarida da Sadarwar Jama'a, Agusta 1998. Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Muhalli. 28 Satumba 2005 < https://web.archive.org/web/20090419012719/http://www.sej.org/about/index2.htm >. * Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Muhalli. 2005. An shiga 11 Oktoba 2005. < http://www.sej.org > * Yamma, Bernadette M., M. Jane Lewis, Michael R. Greenburg, David B. Sachsman, da Renée M. Rogers. Littafin Muhalli na Mai Rahoto. ed 3rd. New Brunswick da London: Rutgers University Press, 2003. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-8135-3287-6|0-8135-3287-6]] * <bdi><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWitschi2002">[[Musamman: Sources Littattafai/0-8173-1117-3|0-8173-1117-3]]</cite></bdi> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://greenpressnetwork.wordpress.com/profil/ Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Muhalli] Greenpress Indonesia * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150926174656/http://bdenvironment.com/2015/09/22/what-is-green-journalism/ menene koren jarida?] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080211135115/http://www.crossoverindia.org/ Xover Mujallar Muhalli] * [http://www.sej.org/ Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Muhalli] * [http://www.environmental-journalism.org/ Bayanan Muhalli na Jarida] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324231320/http://www.environmental-journalism.org/ |date=2018-03-24 }} * [http://www.colorado.edu/journalism/cej/ Cibiyar Jarida ta Muhalli a Jami'ar Colorado, Boulder] * [http://www.esf.edu/ecn/ Cibiyar Sadarwar Muhalli (ECN)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827193147/http://www.esf.edu/ecn/ |date=2011-08-27 }} * [http://www.beritalingkungan.com/ Shafukan labarai na jaridar muhalli a Indonesia] Beritalingkungan.com * [http://www.environmentwriter.org/ Marubucin Muhalli] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051102022236/http://environmental.jrn.msu.edu/ Cibiyar Knight don Jarida ta Muhalli a Jami'ar Jihar Michigan] * [http://www.metcalfinstitute.org/ Cibiyar Metcalf don Rahoton Ruwa da Muhalli] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021034051/http://metcalfinstitute.org/ |date=2013-10-21 }} * [http://journalism.nyu.edu/prospectivestudents/coursesofstudy/serp/ Kimiyya, Lafiya da Shirin Ba da Rahoton Muhalli a Jami'ar New York] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100910024425/http://journalism.nyu.edu/prospectivestudents/coursesofstudy/serp/ |date=2010-09-10 }} * [http://www.openschoolofjournalism.com/distance-education-program/courses/environmental-journalism-jd040 Bayanin Module na Course akan Aikin Jarida na Muhalli a] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730044136/http://www.openschoolofjournalism.com/distance-education-program/courses/environmental-journalism-jd040 |date=2016-07-30 }} Budaddiyar Makarantar Aikin Jarida * [http://www.times.org/ Cascadia Times] * [http://www.yaleclimatemediaforum.org/ Dandalin Yale akan Canjin Yanayi & Kafafen Yada Labarai] * [http://www.journaliststoolbox.com/newswriting/environment.html Akwatin Kayan Aikin Jarida: Muhalli] * [http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=7&issue_area_id=12 Yankin Batun GASKIYA: Muhalli ta hanyar Adalci] da daidaito a cikin Rahoto * [http://earthjournalism.net/ Duniyar Jarida Network] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Gidaje a Najeriya]] [[Category:Gine-gine]] [[Category:Daji]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bgtatlfxz8jm9zrnhnyfxovamc3aoob 906180 906179 2026-08-22T11:30:59Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Barcelona_TV_Catalonia.jpg |thumb|Ƴan jarida a bakin Aiki]] [[Fayil:THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF MODERN OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT (IA gov.gpo.fdsys.CHRG-108hhrg89399).pdf|thumb|hakan yanayin jaridar muhalli na wasu bangare yake]] '''Aikin jarida na muhalli,''' shine tarin tabbatarwa, samarwa, rarrabawa da baje kolin bayanai game da abubuwan dake faruwa a yanzu, abubuwan dake faruwa, da kuma batutuwan da ke da alaƙa da duniyar da ba ta ɗan adam ba. Don zama ɗan jarida na muhalli, dole ne mutum ya sami fahimtar harshen kimiyya. Mutum yana buƙatar yin amfani da iliminsa na abubuwan da suka faru na muhalli na tarihi<ref>https://www.wikiwand.com/ha/articles/Tsarin_muhalli_na_masana'antar_makamashi</ref>. Dole ne kuma mutum ya sami ikon bin shawarar manufofin muhalli da ƙungiyoyin muhalli. Ya kamata ɗan jaridar muhalli ya kasance da cikakkiyar fahimta game da matsalolin muhalli na yau da kullun, da ikon isar da bayanai ga jama'a ta hanyar da ke cike da sauƙin fahimta. Aikin jarida na muhalli ya faɗi cikin iyakokin sadarwar muhalli. Tushensa za a iya gano shi zuwa rubutun yanayi. Rigima ɗaya a cikin aikin jarida na muhalli shine, yadda za a bambanta nau'in daga sassan da ke da alaƙa. == Tarihi == Yayin da kuma al'adar rubuce-rubucen dabi'a ke da tarihin tarihi mai yawa wanda ya samo asali a ƙalla har zuwa bayanan bincike na Christopher Columbus, kuma yana bin al'ada ta hanyar fitattun marubutan yanayi kamar Ralph Waldo Emerson da Henry David Thoreau a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, John Burroughs da kuma John Muir a farkon ƙarni na 20, da Aldo Leopold a cikin shekara ta 1940, fannin aikin jarida na muhalli bai fara yin tasiri ba sai a shekarun 1960 da shekara ta 1970. Habɓaka aikin jarida na muhalli a matsayin sana'a yayi dai-dai da na motsin muhalli, wanda kuma ya zama ƙungiyoyin al'adu na yau da kullun tare da littafin Rachel Carson's ''Silent Spring'' a cikin shekara ta 1962 kuma an ƙara halalta shi ta hanyar zartar da dokar jeji a shekara ta 1964. Ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli sun ba da haske a fagen siyasa a cikin shekarun 1960 zuwa shekarar 1970, tare da wayar da kan jama'a game da abin da mutane da yawa ke ɗauka a matsayin "rikicin muhalli", da kuma yin aiki don rinjayar shawarar manufofin muhalli . Kafofin watsa labarai sun bi kuma sun haifar da sha'awar jama'a game da batutuwan muhalli tun daga lokacin. Fannin aikin jarida na muhalli ya ƙara halalta ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar 'yan jarida ta muhalli [http://www.sej.org]a cikin shekarata 1990, wanda manufarsa "shi ne don haɓaka fahimtar jama'a game da al'amuran muhalli ta hanyar inganta inganci, daidaito, da hangen nesa na rahoton muhalli." A yau, ana ba da shirye-shiryen ilimi a cibiyoyi da yawa don horar da ƴan jarida masu tasowa a cikin takura, sarƙaƙƙiya da faɗin aikin jarida na muhalli. == Muhawarar shawara == Akwai ƙaramin baraka a cikin al'ummar 'yan jaridun muhalli. Wasu, ciki har da waɗanda ke cikin Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jaridun Muhalli, sun yi imani da bayar da rahoton labaran muhalli da gangan, yayin da wasu, kamar Michael Frome, wani fitaccen mutum a wannan fanni, sun yi imanin cewa 'yan jarida ya kamata su shiga ɓangaren muhalli na filin ne kawai idan ceton duniya ya kasance. sha'awar kashin kai, da kuma cewa 'yan jaridun muhalli kada su nisanci bayar da shawarwarin muhalli, ko da yake ba tare da yin la'akari da zahirin gaskiya da ra'ayi a kowane bangare na lamarin ba. Ba za a iya warware wannan muhawara nan ba da dadewa ba, amma tare da sauye-sauye a fannin aikin jarida da ake tace sabbin kafafen yada labarai da jama'a ke amfani da su wajen samar da labarai, da alama dai fannin aikin jarida na muhalli zai kara ba da kansa wajen bayar da rahoto. ra'ayoyi daidai da shawarwarin muhalli. === Sadarwar muhalli === Sadarwar muhalli shine dukkanin nau'o'in sadarwar da ke tattare da muhawarar zamantakewa game da matsalolin muhalli da matsaloli.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theieca.org/|title=What is Environmental Communication?|author=Meisner, Mark|publisher=Environmental Communication Network|access-date=2007-06-06}}</ref> Hakanan a cikin iyakokin sadarwar muhalli akwai nau'ikan rubutu na yanayi, rubutun kimiyya, adabin muhalli, fassarar muhalli da shawarwarin muhalli. Duk da yake akwai babban cikas a tsakanin nau'o'i daban-daban a cikin sadarwar muhalli, kowannensu ya cancanci ma'anarsa. === Rubutun yanayi === Rubutun yanayi shine nau'in da ke da tarihin mafi tsayi a cikin sadarwar muhalli. A cikin littafinsa, ''Wannan Ƙasar da ba ta iya kwatantawa: Jagora ga Rubutun Halitta na Amirka'', Thomas J. Lyon yayi ƙoƙari ya yi amfani da "taxonomy na rubutun yanayi" don bayyana nau'in. Ya ba da shawarar cewa rarrabuwar sa, ma, yana fama da yawa tare da juna. “Littafin yanayi yana da manyan ma’auni guda uku zuwa gare shi: bayanan tarihin halitta, martanin mutum ga yanayi, da fassarar falsafar yanayi” (Lyon 20). A cikin maƙalar tarihin halitta, "babban nauyin rubutu shine isar da umarni mai ma'ana a cikin gaskiyar yanayi," kamar tare da rubutun nau'in dabi'a na John Burroughs (Lyon 21). "A cikin kasidun gwaninta, tuntuɓar da marubucin ya yi da yanayi shine tsarin rubutun," kamar yadda Edward Abbey yayi tunani game da faɗuwar hamada (Lyon 23). A cikin fassarar falsafar yanayi, abubuwan da ke ciki sun yi kama da na tarihin halitta da maƙasudin gogewa na mutum, "amma yanayin gabatarwa ya fi dacewa ya zama mafi m da ilimi" (Lyon 25). ''Littafin Norton na Rubutun yanayi'' yana ƙara ƴan sabbin ma'auni zuwa nau'in rubutun yanayi, gami da labarin dabbobi, kasidun lambu, kasidun noma, ayyukan tattalin arziki, rubutu akan adalcin muhalli, da kuma aiki da ke ba da shawarar kiyaye muhalli, dorewa da bambancin halittu. Aikin jarida na muhalli ya ja daga al'ada da iyawar rubutun yanayi. === Rubutun kimiyya === Rubutun kimiyya rubutu ne da ke mayar da hankali musamman kan batutuwan binciken kimiyya, gaba ɗaya fassarar jargon da ke da wahala ga waɗanda ke wajen wani fannin kimiyyar fahimta zuwa harshe mai sauƙin narkewa. Wannan nau'in na iya zama labari ko bayani. Ba duk rubuce-rubucen kimiyya ba sun faɗi cikin iyakokin sadarwar muhalli, kawai rubutun kimiyya wanda ke ɗaukar batutuwan da suka dace da muhalli. Aikin jarida na muhalli kuma ya ja daga al'ada da fa'idar rubutun kimiyya. === Fassarar muhalli === Fassarar muhalli wani tsari ne na musamman don sadarwar bayanan da suka dace. Ya "ƙunshi fassarar harshen fasaha na kimiyyar halitta ko filin da ke da alaƙa zuwa cikin sharuɗɗan da ra'ayoyin da mutanen da ba masana kimiyya ba za su iya fahimta da sauri. Kuma ya ƙunshi yinta ta hanyar da ke da daɗi da ban sha’awa ga waɗannan mutane.” (Ham 3). Fassarar muhalli tana da daɗi (don shigar da masu sauraro a cikin maudu'in da zaburar da su don ƙarin koyo game da shi), dacewa (ma'ana da na sirri ga masu sauraro domin su sami dalili na asali don ƙarin koyo game da batun), tsara (mai sauƙin bi). kuma an tsara shi ta yadda za a iya tunawa da manyan batutuwa) da kuma jigo (bayanin yana da alaƙa da takamaiman saƙo mai maimaitawa) (Ham 8-28). Yayin da aikin jarida na muhalli ba a samo shi daga fassarar muhalli ba, yana iya amfani da dabarun fassara don bayyana ra'ayoyi masu wahala ga masu sauraronsa. === Adabin muhalli === Littattafan muhalli rubuce-rubuce ne da ke yin sharhi da hankali kan jigogin muhalli, musamman kamar yadda aka yi amfani da su kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutum, al'umma da muhalli. Yawancin rubuce-rubucen yanayi da wasu rubuce-rubucen kimiyya sun faɗi cikin iyakokin wallafe-wallafen muhalli. Sau da yawa, ana fahimtar wallafe-wallafen muhalli don ɗaukar kulawa da damuwa ga muhalli, don haka yana ba da shawarar ƙarin tunani da fahimtar yanayin muhalli na mutum da yanayi. Jarida ta muhalli ta samo asali ne daga wallafe-wallafen muhalli === Shawarwari na muhalli === Shawarwari na muhalli yana gabatar da bayanai kan yanayi da al'amuran muhalli waɗanda ke da tsayayyen ra'ayi kuma yana ƙarfafa masu sauraronsa su ɗauki ƙarin halaye masu kula da muhalli, galibi fiye da ra'ayoyin duniya. Shawarar muhalli na iya kasancewa a cikin kowane nau'ikan sadarwar muhalli da aka ambata. A halin yanzu ana muhawara ko aikin jarida na muhalli ya kamata ya yi amfani da dabaru na shawarwarin muhalli. == Batutuwa == Fannin aikin jarida na muhalli ya ƙunshi batutuwa iri-iri. A cewar ''littafin Muhalli na The Reporter'', 'yan jaridun muhalli sun fahimci matsalolin ruwa a matsayin mafi mahimmancin batun muhalli, sannan kuma abubuwan da suka shafi gurbatar yanayi, masu rushewar endocrin, da kuma matsalolin kula da sharar gida. 'Yan jaridar da aka yi binciken sun fi ba da fifiko musamman, batutuwan muhalli fiye da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli na duniya. Aikin jarida na muhalli zai iya haɗawa, amma ba'a iyakance shi ba, wasu batutuwa masu zuwa kamar haka: Daga ''Littafin Muhalli na Mai Rahoto'' : Daga [http://www.envirolink.org EnviroLink] : == Duba wasu abubuwan == == Magana == {{Reflist}} === Ci gaba da karatu === * Anderson, Alison. Kafofin watsa labarai, Al'adu da Muhalli. Taylor da Francis, Inc., 1997. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-85728-383-X|1-85728-383-X]] * Beck, Larry da Ted Cable. Tafsiri na Karni na 21: Sharuɗɗan Jagoranci guda goma sha biyar don Fassarar yanayi da Al'adu. 2nd ed. Champaign: Sagamore Publishing, 2002. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-57167-522-1|1-57167-522-1]] * Blum, Deborah, Robin Marantz Henig, da Mary Knudson. Jagorar Filin don Marubutan Kimiyya: Jagoran Hukuma na Ƙungiyar Marubutan Kimiyya ta Ƙasa. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2005. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-19-517499-2|0-19-517499-2]] * * Buell, Lawrence. Hasashen Muhalli: Thoreau, Rubutun yanayi, da Samar da Al'adun Amurka. Cambridge da London: Belknap Press na Jami'ar Harvard Press, 1995. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-674-25862-2|0-674-25862-2]] * Chapman, Graham, Keval Kumar, Caroline Fraser, and Ivor Gaber. Muhalli da Mass Media. New York da London: Routledge, 1997. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-415-15505-3|0-415-15505-3]] * [http://www.beritalingkungan.com/2012/12/events-covering-green-beat-in-asia.html Rufe Green Beat a Asiya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308114051/http://www.beritalingkungan.com/2012/12/events-covering-green-beat-in-asia.html |date=2022-03-08 }} Beritalingkungan.com * Dobson, Andrew. Green Reader: Maƙalaci Zuwa ga Al'umma Mai Dorewa. Mercury House, 1991. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-56279-010-2|1-56279-010-2]] * EnviroLink. An shiga 11 Oktoba 2005. < http://www.envirolink.org > * Finch, Howard da John Elder. Eds. Littafin Norton na Rubutun Halitta. Kwalejin Ed. New York da London: WW Norton & Kamfanin, 2002. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-393-97816-8|0-393-97816-8]] * Daga, Michael. Koren Tawada. Salt Lake City: Jami'ar Utah Press, 1998. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-87480-582-1|0-87480-582-1]] * Goldstein, Eric A. da kuma Mark Izeman. Littafin Muhalli na New York. Island Press, 1990. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-55963-018-3|1-55963-018-3]] * Ham, Sam. Fassarar Muhalli: Jagorar Aiki Ga Mutane Masu Manyan Ra'ayoyi da Kananan Kasafin Kudi. Golden: Arewacin Amurka Press, 1992. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-55591-902-2|1-55591-902-2]] * Hanson, Anders, ed. Kafofin watsa labarai da al'amurran da suka shafi muhalli. London da New York: Jami'ar Leicester Press, 1993. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-7185-1444-0|0-7185-1444-0]] * Kamrin, Michael A., Dolores J. Katz, da Martha L. Walter. Rahoto kan Hatsari: Littafin Jagoran Jarida. ed 3rd. Shirin Kwalejin Tekun Gishiri na Michigan, 1999. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-885756-11-9|1-885756-11-9]] * Lamay, Craig LL da Everette E. Dennis, ed. Kafofin watsa labarai da Muhalli. Island Press, 1991. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-55963-130-9|1-55963-130-9]] * Lyon, Thomas J. Wannan ƙasa mara misaltuwa: Jagora ga Rubutun Halitta na Amurka. Minneapolis: Littattafan Milkweed, 2001. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-57131-256-0|1-57131-256-0]] * Nash, Roderick Frazier. Daji da Tunanin Amurka. ed na 4. New Haven da London: Jami'ar Yale Press, 2001. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-300-09122-2|0-300-09122-2]] * Neuzil, Mark da William Kovairk. Kafofin watsa labarai na Jama'a da Rikicin Muhalli: Yaƙin Koren Amurka. Dubu Oaks, London da New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 1996. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-7619-0333-X|0-7619-0333-X]] * Palen, John. "Manufa a matsayin Independence: Ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida na Muhalli, 1989-1997." Abubuwan da aka gabatar na Babban Taron Ƙasa na Ƙungiyar Ilimi a Aikin Jarida da Sadarwar Jama'a, Agusta 1998. Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Muhalli. 28 Satumba 2005 < https://web.archive.org/web/20090419012719/http://www.sej.org/about/index2.htm >. * Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Muhalli. 2005. An shiga 11 Oktoba 2005. < http://www.sej.org > * Yamma, Bernadette M., M. Jane Lewis, Michael R. Greenburg, David B. Sachsman, da Renée M. Rogers. Littafin Muhalli na Mai Rahoto. ed 3rd. New Brunswick da London: Rutgers University Press, 2003. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-8135-3287-6|0-8135-3287-6]] * <bdi><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWitschi2002">[[Musamman: Sources Littattafai/0-8173-1117-3|0-8173-1117-3]]</cite></bdi> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://greenpressnetwork.wordpress.com/profil/ Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Muhalli] Greenpress Indonesia * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150926174656/http://bdenvironment.com/2015/09/22/what-is-green-journalism/ menene koren jarida?] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080211135115/http://www.crossoverindia.org/ Xover Mujallar Muhalli] * [http://www.sej.org/ Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Muhalli] * [http://www.environmental-journalism.org/ Bayanan Muhalli na Jarida] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324231320/http://www.environmental-journalism.org/ |date=2018-03-24 }} * [http://www.colorado.edu/journalism/cej/ Cibiyar Jarida ta Muhalli a Jami'ar Colorado, Boulder] * [http://www.esf.edu/ecn/ Cibiyar Sadarwar Muhalli (ECN)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827193147/http://www.esf.edu/ecn/ |date=2011-08-27 }} * [http://www.beritalingkungan.com/ Shafukan labarai na jaridar muhalli a Indonesia] Beritalingkungan.com * [http://www.environmentwriter.org/ Marubucin Muhalli] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051102022236/http://environmental.jrn.msu.edu/ Cibiyar Knight don Jarida ta Muhalli a Jami'ar Jihar Michigan] * [http://www.metcalfinstitute.org/ Cibiyar Metcalf don Rahoton Ruwa da Muhalli] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021034051/http://metcalfinstitute.org/ |date=2013-10-21 }} * [http://journalism.nyu.edu/prospectivestudents/coursesofstudy/serp/ Kimiyya, Lafiya da Shirin Ba da Rahoton Muhalli a Jami'ar New York] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100910024425/http://journalism.nyu.edu/prospectivestudents/coursesofstudy/serp/ |date=2010-09-10 }} * [http://www.openschoolofjournalism.com/distance-education-program/courses/environmental-journalism-jd040 Bayanin Module na Course akan Aikin Jarida na Muhalli a] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730044136/http://www.openschoolofjournalism.com/distance-education-program/courses/environmental-journalism-jd040 |date=2016-07-30 }} Budaddiyar Makarantar Aikin Jarida * [http://www.times.org/ Cascadia Times] * [http://www.yaleclimatemediaforum.org/ Dandalin Yale akan Canjin Yanayi & Kafafen Yada Labarai] * [http://www.journaliststoolbox.com/newswriting/environment.html Akwatin Kayan Aikin Jarida: Muhalli] * [http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=7&issue_area_id=12 Yankin Batun GASKIYA: Muhalli ta hanyar Adalci] da daidaito a cikin Rahoto * [http://earthjournalism.net/ Duniyar Jarida Network] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Gidaje a Najeriya]] [[Category:Gine-gine]] [[Category:Daji]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] h747a3n3iu4rjiml7ne4evyutsxc06n 906181 906180 2026-08-22T11:31:52Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Barcelona_TV_Catalonia.jpg |thumb|Ƴan jarida a bakin Aiki]] [[Fayil:THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF MODERN OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT (IA gov.gpo.fdsys.CHRG-108hhrg89399).pdf|thumb|hakan yanayin jaridar muhalli na wasu bangare yake]] '''Aikin jarida na muhalli,''' shine tarin tabbatarwa, samarwa, rarrabawa da baje kolin bayanai game da abubuwan dake faruwa a yanzu, abubuwan dake faruwa, da kuma batutuwan da ke da alaƙa da duniyar da ba ta ɗan adam ba. Don zama ɗan jarida na muhalli, dole ne mutum ya sami fahimtar harshen kimiyya. Mutum yana buƙatar yin amfani da iliminsa na abubuwan da suka faru na muhalli na tarihi<ref>https://www.wikiwand.com/ha/articles/Tsarin_muhalli_na_masana'antar_makamashi</ref>. Dole ne kuma mutum ya sami ikon bin shawarar manufofin muhalli da ƙungiyoyin muhalli. Ya kamata ɗan jaridar muhalli ya kasance da cikakkiyar fahimta game da matsalolin muhalli na yau da kullun, da ikon isar da bayanai ga jama'a ta hanyar da ke cike da sauƙin fahimta. Aikin jarida na muhalli ya faɗi cikin iyakokin sadarwar muhalli. Tushensa za a iya gano shi zuwa rubutun yanayi. Rigima ɗaya a cikin aikin jarida na muhalli shine, yadda za a bambanta nau'in daga sassan da ke da alaƙa. == Tarihi == Yayin da kuma al'adar rubuce-rubucen dabi'a ke da tarihin tarihi mai yawa wanda ya samo asali a ƙalla har zuwa bayanan bincike na Christopher Columbus, kuma yana bin al'ada ta hanyar fitattun marubutan yanayi kamar Ralph Waldo Emerson da Henry David Thoreau a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, John Burroughs da kuma John Muir a farkon ƙarni na 20, da Aldo Leopold a cikin shekara ta 1940, fannin aikin jarida na muhalli bai fara yin tasiri ba sai a shekarun 1960 da shekara ta 1970. Habɓaka aikin jarida na muhalli a matsayin sana'a yayi dai-dai da na motsin muhalli, wanda kuma ya zama ƙungiyoyin al'adu na yau da kullun tare da littafin Rachel Carson's ''Silent Spring'' a cikin shekara ta 1962 kuma an ƙara halalta shi ta hanyar zartar da dokar jeji a shekara ta 1964. Ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli sun ba da haske a fagen siyasa a cikin shekarun 1960 zuwa shekarar 1970, tare da wayar da kan jama'a game da abin da mutane da yawa ke ɗauka a matsayin "rikicin muhalli", da kuma yin aiki don rinjayar shawarar manufofin muhalli . Kafofin watsa labarai sun bi kuma sun haifar da sha'awar jama'a game da batutuwan muhalli tun daga lokacin. Fannin aikin jarida na muhalli ya ƙara halalta ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar 'yan jarida ta muhalli [http://www.sej.org]a cikin shekarata 1990, wanda manufarsa "shi ne don haɓaka fahimtar jama'a game da al'amuran muhalli ta hanyar inganta inganci, daidaito, da hangen nesa na rahoton muhalli." A yau, ana ba da shirye-shiryen ilimi a cibiyoyi da yawa don horar da ƴan jarida masu tasowa a cikin takura, sarƙaƙƙiya da faɗin aikin jarida na muhalli. == Muhawarar shawara == Akwai ƙaramin baraka a cikin al'ummar 'yan jaridun muhalli. Wasu, ciki har da waɗanda ke cikin Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jaridun Muhalli, sun yi imani da bayar da rahoton labaran muhalli da gangan, yayin da wasu, kamar Michael Frome, wani fitaccen mutum a wannan fanni, sun yi imanin cewa 'yan jarida ya kamata su shiga ɓangaren muhalli na filin ne kawai idan ceton duniya ya kasance. sha'awar kashin kai, da kuma cewa 'yan jaridun muhalli kada su nisanci bayar da shawarwarin muhalli, ko da yake ba tare da yin la'akari da zahirin gaskiya da ra'ayi a kowane bangare na lamarin ba. Ba za a iya warware wannan muhawara nan ba da dadewa ba, amma tare da sauye-sauye a fannin aikin jarida da ake tace sabbin kafafen yada labarai da jama'a ke amfani da su wajen samar da labarai, da alama dai fannin aikin jarida na muhalli zai kara ba da kansa wajen bayar da rahoto. ra'ayoyi daidai da shawarwarin muhalli. === Sadarwar muhalli === Sadarwar muhalli shine dukkanin nau'o'in sadarwar da ke tattare da muhawarar zamantakewa game da matsalolin muhalli da matsaloli.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theieca.org/|title=What is Environmental Communication?|author=Meisner, Mark|publisher=Environmental Communication Network|access-date=2007-06-06}}</ref> Hakanan a cikin iyakokin sadarwar muhalli akwai nau'ikan rubutu na yanayi, rubutun kimiyya, adabin muhalli, fassarar muhalli da shawarwarin muhalli. Duk da yake akwai babban cikas a tsakanin nau'o'i daban-daban a cikin sadarwar muhalli, kowannensu ya cancanci ma'anarsa. === Rubutun yanayi === Rubutun yanayi shine nau'in da ke da tarihin mafi tsayi a cikin sadarwar muhalli. A cikin littafinsa, ''Wannan Ƙasar da ba ta iya kwatantawa: Jagora ga Rubutun Halitta na Amirka'', Thomas J. Lyon yayi ƙoƙari ya yi amfani da "taxonomy na rubutun yanayi" don bayyana nau'in. Ya ba da shawarar cewa rarrabuwar sa, ma, yana fama da yawa tare da juna. “Littafin yanayi yana da manyan ma’auni guda uku zuwa gare shi: bayanan tarihin halitta, martanin mutum ga yanayi, da fassarar falsafar yanayi” (Lyon 20). A cikin maƙalar tarihin halitta, "babban nauyin rubutu shine isar da umarni mai ma'ana a cikin gaskiyar yanayi," kamar tare da rubutun nau'in dabi'a na John Burroughs (Lyon 21). "A cikin kasidun gwaninta, tuntuɓar da marubucin ya yi da yanayi shine tsarin rubutun," kamar yadda Edward Abbey yayi tunani game da faɗuwar hamada (Lyon 23). A cikin fassarar falsafar yanayi, abubuwan da ke ciki sun yi kama da na tarihin halitta da maƙasudin gogewa na mutum, "amma yanayin gabatarwa ya fi dacewa ya zama mafi m da ilimi" (Lyon 25). ''Littafin Norton na Rubutun yanayi'' yana ƙara ƴan sabbin ma'auni zuwa nau'in rubutun yanayi, gami da labarin dabbobi, kasidun lambu, kasidun noma, ayyukan tattalin arziki, rubutu akan adalcin muhalli, da kuma aiki da ke ba da shawarar kiyaye muhalli, dorewa da bambancin halittu. Aikin jarida na muhalli ya ja daga al'ada da iyawar rubutun yanayi. === Rubutun kimiyya === Rubutun kimiyya rubutu ne da ke mayar da hankali musamman kan batutuwan binciken kimiyya, gaba ɗaya fassarar jargon da ke da wahala ga waɗanda ke wajen wani fannin kimiyyar fahimta zuwa harshe mai sauƙin narkewa. Wannan nau'in na iya zama labari ko bayani. Ba duk rubuce-rubucen kimiyya ba sun faɗi cikin iyakokin sadarwar muhalli, kawai rubutun kimiyya wanda ke ɗaukar batutuwan da suka dace da muhalli. Aikin jarida na muhalli kuma ya ja daga al'ada da fa'idar rubutun kimiyya. === Fassarar muhalli === Fassarar muhalli wani tsari ne na musamman don sadarwar bayanan da suka dace. Ya "ƙunshi fassarar harshen fasaha na kimiyyar halitta ko filin da ke da alaƙa zuwa cikin sharuɗɗan da ra'ayoyin da mutanen da ba masana kimiyya ba za su iya fahimta da sauri. Kuma ya ƙunshi yinta ta hanyar da ke da daɗi da ban sha’awa ga waɗannan mutane.” (Ham 3). Fassarar muhalli tana da daɗi (don shigar da masu sauraro a cikin maudu'in da zaburar da su don ƙarin koyo game da shi), dacewa (ma'ana da na sirri ga masu sauraro domin su sami dalili na asali don ƙarin koyo game da batun), tsara (mai sauƙin bi). kuma an tsara shi ta yadda za a iya tunawa da manyan batutuwa) da kuma jigo (bayanin yana da alaƙa da takamaiman saƙo mai maimaitawa) (Ham 8-28). Yayin da aikin jarida na muhalli ba a samo shi daga fassarar muhalli ba, yana iya amfani da dabarun fassara don bayyana ra'ayoyi masu wahala ga masu sauraronsa. === Adabin muhalli === Littattafan muhalli rubuce-rubuce ne da ke yin sharhi da hankali kan jigogin muhalli, musamman kamar yadda aka yi amfani da su kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutum, al'umma da muhalli. Yawancin rubuce-rubucen yanayi da wasu rubuce-rubucen kimiyya sun faɗi cikin iyakokin wallafe-wallafen muhalli. Sau da yawa, ana fahimtar wallafe-wallafen muhalli don ɗaukar kulawa da damuwa ga muhalli, don haka yana ba da shawarar ƙarin tunani da fahimtar yanayin muhalli na mutum da yanayi. Jarida ta muhalli ta samo asali ne daga wallafe-wallafen muhalli === Shawarwari na muhalli === Shawarwari na muhalli yana gabatar da bayanai kan yanayi da al'amuran muhalli waɗanda ke da tsayayyen ra'ayi kuma yana ƙarfafa masu sauraronsa su ɗauki ƙarin halaye masu kula da muhalli, galibi fiye da ra'ayoyin duniya. Shawarar muhalli na iya kasancewa a cikin kowane nau'ikan sadarwar muhalli da aka ambata. A halin yanzu ana muhawara ko aikin jarida na muhalli ya kamata ya yi amfani da dabaru na shawarwarin muhalli. == Batutuwa == Fannin aikin jarida na muhalli ya ƙunshi batutuwa iri-iri. A cewar ''littafin Muhalli na The Reporter'', 'yan jaridun muhalli sun fahimci matsalolin ruwa a matsayin mafi mahimmancin batun muhalli, sannan kuma abubuwan da suka shafi gurbatar yanayi, masu rushewar endocrin, da kuma matsalolin kula da sharar gida. Ƴan jaridar da aka yi binciken sun fi ba da fifiko musamman, batutuwan muhalli fiye da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli na duniya. Aikin jarida na muhalli zai iya haɗawa, amma ba'a iyakance shi ba, wasu batutuwa masu zuwa kamar haka: Daga ''Littafin Muhalli na Mai Rahoto'' : Daga [http://www.envirolink.org EnviroLink] : == Duba wasu abubuwan == == Magana == {{Reflist}} === Ci gaba da karatu === * Anderson, Alison. Kafofin watsa labarai, Al'adu da Muhalli. Taylor da Francis, Inc., 1997. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-85728-383-X|1-85728-383-X]] * Beck, Larry da Ted Cable. Tafsiri na Karni na 21: Sharuɗɗan Jagoranci guda goma sha biyar don Fassarar yanayi da Al'adu. 2nd ed. Champaign: Sagamore Publishing, 2002. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-57167-522-1|1-57167-522-1]] * Blum, Deborah, Robin Marantz Henig, da Mary Knudson. Jagorar Filin don Marubutan Kimiyya: Jagoran Hukuma na Ƙungiyar Marubutan Kimiyya ta Ƙasa. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2005. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-19-517499-2|0-19-517499-2]] * * Buell, Lawrence. Hasashen Muhalli: Thoreau, Rubutun yanayi, da Samar da Al'adun Amurka. Cambridge da London: Belknap Press na Jami'ar Harvard Press, 1995. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-674-25862-2|0-674-25862-2]] * Chapman, Graham, Keval Kumar, Caroline Fraser, and Ivor Gaber. Muhalli da Mass Media. New York da London: Routledge, 1997. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-415-15505-3|0-415-15505-3]] * [http://www.beritalingkungan.com/2012/12/events-covering-green-beat-in-asia.html Rufe Green Beat a Asiya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308114051/http://www.beritalingkungan.com/2012/12/events-covering-green-beat-in-asia.html |date=2022-03-08 }} Beritalingkungan.com * Dobson, Andrew. Green Reader: Maƙalaci Zuwa ga Al'umma Mai Dorewa. Mercury House, 1991. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-56279-010-2|1-56279-010-2]] * EnviroLink. An shiga 11 Oktoba 2005. < http://www.envirolink.org > * Finch, Howard da John Elder. Eds. Littafin Norton na Rubutun Halitta. Kwalejin Ed. New York da London: WW Norton & Kamfanin, 2002. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-393-97816-8|0-393-97816-8]] * Daga, Michael. Koren Tawada. Salt Lake City: Jami'ar Utah Press, 1998. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-87480-582-1|0-87480-582-1]] * Goldstein, Eric A. da kuma Mark Izeman. Littafin Muhalli na New York. Island Press, 1990. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-55963-018-3|1-55963-018-3]] * Ham, Sam. Fassarar Muhalli: Jagorar Aiki Ga Mutane Masu Manyan Ra'ayoyi da Kananan Kasafin Kudi. Golden: Arewacin Amurka Press, 1992. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-55591-902-2|1-55591-902-2]] * Hanson, Anders, ed. Kafofin watsa labarai da al'amurran da suka shafi muhalli. London da New York: Jami'ar Leicester Press, 1993. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-7185-1444-0|0-7185-1444-0]] * Kamrin, Michael A., Dolores J. Katz, da Martha L. Walter. Rahoto kan Hatsari: Littafin Jagoran Jarida. ed 3rd. Shirin Kwalejin Tekun Gishiri na Michigan, 1999. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-885756-11-9|1-885756-11-9]] * Lamay, Craig LL da Everette E. Dennis, ed. Kafofin watsa labarai da Muhalli. Island Press, 1991. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-55963-130-9|1-55963-130-9]] * Lyon, Thomas J. Wannan ƙasa mara misaltuwa: Jagora ga Rubutun Halitta na Amurka. Minneapolis: Littattafan Milkweed, 2001. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-57131-256-0|1-57131-256-0]] * Nash, Roderick Frazier. Daji da Tunanin Amurka. ed na 4. New Haven da London: Jami'ar Yale Press, 2001. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-300-09122-2|0-300-09122-2]] * Neuzil, Mark da William Kovairk. Kafofin watsa labarai na Jama'a da Rikicin Muhalli: Yaƙin Koren Amurka. Dubu Oaks, London da New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 1996. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-7619-0333-X|0-7619-0333-X]] * Palen, John. "Manufa a matsayin Independence: Ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida na Muhalli, 1989-1997." Abubuwan da aka gabatar na Babban Taron Ƙasa na Ƙungiyar Ilimi a Aikin Jarida da Sadarwar Jama'a, Agusta 1998. Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Muhalli. 28 Satumba 2005 < https://web.archive.org/web/20090419012719/http://www.sej.org/about/index2.htm >. * Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Muhalli. 2005. An shiga 11 Oktoba 2005. < http://www.sej.org > * Yamma, Bernadette M., M. Jane Lewis, Michael R. Greenburg, David B. Sachsman, da Renée M. Rogers. Littafin Muhalli na Mai Rahoto. ed 3rd. New Brunswick da London: Rutgers University Press, 2003. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-8135-3287-6|0-8135-3287-6]] * <bdi><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWitschi2002">[[Musamman: Sources Littattafai/0-8173-1117-3|0-8173-1117-3]]</cite></bdi> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://greenpressnetwork.wordpress.com/profil/ Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Muhalli] Greenpress Indonesia * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150926174656/http://bdenvironment.com/2015/09/22/what-is-green-journalism/ menene koren jarida?] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080211135115/http://www.crossoverindia.org/ Xover Mujallar Muhalli] * [http://www.sej.org/ Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Muhalli] * [http://www.environmental-journalism.org/ Bayanan Muhalli na Jarida] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324231320/http://www.environmental-journalism.org/ |date=2018-03-24 }} * [http://www.colorado.edu/journalism/cej/ Cibiyar Jarida ta Muhalli a Jami'ar Colorado, Boulder] * [http://www.esf.edu/ecn/ Cibiyar Sadarwar Muhalli (ECN)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827193147/http://www.esf.edu/ecn/ |date=2011-08-27 }} * [http://www.beritalingkungan.com/ Shafukan labarai na jaridar muhalli a Indonesia] Beritalingkungan.com * [http://www.environmentwriter.org/ Marubucin Muhalli] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051102022236/http://environmental.jrn.msu.edu/ Cibiyar Knight don Jarida ta Muhalli a Jami'ar Jihar Michigan] * [http://www.metcalfinstitute.org/ Cibiyar Metcalf don Rahoton Ruwa da Muhalli] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021034051/http://metcalfinstitute.org/ |date=2013-10-21 }} * [http://journalism.nyu.edu/prospectivestudents/coursesofstudy/serp/ Kimiyya, Lafiya da Shirin Ba da Rahoton Muhalli a Jami'ar New York] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100910024425/http://journalism.nyu.edu/prospectivestudents/coursesofstudy/serp/ |date=2010-09-10 }} * [http://www.openschoolofjournalism.com/distance-education-program/courses/environmental-journalism-jd040 Bayanin Module na Course akan Aikin Jarida na Muhalli a] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730044136/http://www.openschoolofjournalism.com/distance-education-program/courses/environmental-journalism-jd040 |date=2016-07-30 }} Budaddiyar Makarantar Aikin Jarida * [http://www.times.org/ Cascadia Times] * [http://www.yaleclimatemediaforum.org/ Dandalin Yale akan Canjin Yanayi & Kafafen Yada Labarai] * [http://www.journaliststoolbox.com/newswriting/environment.html Akwatin Kayan Aikin Jarida: Muhalli] * [http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=7&issue_area_id=12 Yankin Batun GASKIYA: Muhalli ta hanyar Adalci] da daidaito a cikin Rahoto * [http://earthjournalism.net/ Duniyar Jarida Network] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Gidaje a Najeriya]] [[Category:Gine-gine]] [[Category:Daji]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kwmg4ayv7gi95arxodpa8us731k266t 0 29798 906141 686752 2026-08-22T11:10:03Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hukumomin muhalli''' iri-iri, kwamitoci, shirye-shirye da sakatariya duk sun wanzu a duk faɗin [[duniya]] a yau. Wasu nau'ikan yanayi ne na duniya, wasu na yanki, zasu iya zama da yawa- ko biyu a hali. Wasu suna da alhakin faffadan fagage na manufofin muhalli, tsari da aiwatarwa ko aikatawa, wasu dan takamaiman batutuwan. Wannan labarin ya lissafa fitattun hukumomin muhalli na ƙasa, ta yyanki.<ref>https://www-voahausa-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.voahausa.com/amp/6078795.html?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17534620641981&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com</ref> == Duniya. == === Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya === * Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Noma * Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya * Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Teku ** International Seabed Authority ** Kotun kasa da kasa na shari'ar teku * Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da Sakatariyar Hamada * Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya * Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sakatariyar Sauyin Yanayi * Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya === Sauran === * Hadin gwiwar Jihohin Small Island * [[Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi|Kwamitin Tsakanin gwamnatoci kan Canjin Yanayi]] * Dandali na Kimiyya-Tsarin Manufofin Gwamnati akan Sabis na Tsarin Halittu da Tsarin Halitta. * Haɗin gwiwar Ayyukan Carbon Ta Duniya. * Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Ƙasa ta Duniya. * Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Kare Halitta. * Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya. * North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission. * OECD Environment Directorate. * Ƙungiyar Halitta ta Duniya. == [[Afirka]] == * Hukumar gandun daji ta Afirka ta tsakiya * Haɗin gwiwar Gandun Dajin Kongo == [[Amurka]] da Caribbean. == * Comissão de Integração Nacional, Desenvolvimento Regional e da Amazônia - CINDRA, Brazil * Hukumar Haɗin Kan Muhalli, tana aiki ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Ciniki Kyauta ta Arewacin Amirka * Taron Ministocin Muhalli na Latin Amurka da Caribbean, wani yanki na ofishin UNEP na yankin Latin Amurka da Caribbean. * Hukumar Hadin Kai ta Duniya, tana hanawa da warware takaddama game da amfani da ingancin ruwan iyaka akan iyakar Kanada da Amurka == Antarctica == * Sakatariyar Yarjejeniyar Antarctic == [[Asiya]] == * Cibiyar Tilasta Namun daji ta ASEAN * Cibiyar sadarwa ta Duniya don Bamboo da Rattan (INBAR) * Hukumar kogin Mekong * Haɗin gwiwa a cikin Gudanar da Muhalli don Tekun Gabashin Asiya (PEMSEA) == Turai == === [[Tarayyar Turai]] === * Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ** Darakta-Janar don Ayyukan Yanayi ** Darakta-Janar na Makamashi ** Darakta-Janar na Muhalli ** Babban Darakta na Harkokin Maritime da Kifi * Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai === Sauran === * Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Baltic Marine (HELCOM) * Majalisar Jihohin Baltic Sea * Cibiyar Dajin Turai * Hukumar Kare Kogin Danube ta Duniya * Cibiyar Muhalli na Yanki don Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai == Oceania == * Hukumar Kamun kifi ta Dandalin Tsibirin Pacific * Shirin Muhalli na Yankin Pacific == Duba suran abubuwa == * Jerin ma'aikatun noma * Jerin ma'aikatun muhalli * Jerin kungiyoyin muhalli * Jerin ma'aikatun gandun daji * Jerin ƙungiyoyin gwamnatoci * Jerin yarjejeniyar muhalli ta duniya * Ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.worldnature.org/ Ƙungiyar Halittar Duniya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820092408/http://www.worldnature.org/ |date=2018-08-20 }} [[Category:Kwamitoci]] [[Category:Hukumomi]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Sakatare]] 5vlmh709hpazfm2hr7ar8f89o2kmng4 906142 906141 2026-08-22T11:10:21Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hukumomin muhalli''' iri-iri, kwamitoci, shirye-shirye da sakatariya duk sun wanzu a duk faɗin [[duniya]] a yau. Wasu nau'ikan yanayi ne na duniya, wasu na yanki, zasu iya zama da yawa- ko biyu a hali. Wasu suna da alhakin faffadan fagage na manufofin muhalli, tsari da aiwatarwa ko aikatawa, wasu dan takamaiman batutuwan. Wannan labarin ya lissafa fitattun hukumomin muhalli na ƙasa, ta yyanki.<ref>https://www-voahausa-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.voahausa.com/amp/6078795.html?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17534620641981&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com</ref> == Duniya. == === Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya === * Ƙungiyar Abinci da Aikin Noma * Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya * Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Teku ** International Seabed Authority ** Kotun kasa da kasa na shari'ar teku * Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da Sakatariyar Hamada * Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya * Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sakatariyar Sauyin Yanayi * Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya === Sauran === * Hadin gwiwar Jihohin Small Island * [[Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi|Kwamitin Tsakanin gwamnatoci kan Canjin Yanayi]] * Dandali na Kimiyya-Tsarin Manufofin Gwamnati akan Sabis na Tsarin Halittu da Tsarin Halitta. * Haɗin gwiwar Ayyukan Carbon Ta Duniya. * Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Ƙasa ta Duniya. * Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Kare Halitta. * Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya. * North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission. * OECD Environment Directorate. * Ƙungiyar Halitta ta Duniya. == [[Afirka]] == * Hukumar gandun daji ta Afirka ta tsakiya * Haɗin gwiwar Gandun Dajin Kongo == [[Amurka]] da Caribbean. == * Comissão de Integração Nacional, Desenvolvimento Regional e da Amazônia - CINDRA, Brazil * Hukumar Haɗin Kan Muhalli, tana aiki ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Ciniki Kyauta ta Arewacin Amirka * Taron Ministocin Muhalli na Latin Amurka da Caribbean, wani yanki na ofishin UNEP na yankin Latin Amurka da Caribbean. * Hukumar Hadin Kai ta Duniya, tana hanawa da warware takaddama game da amfani da ingancin ruwan iyaka akan iyakar Kanada da Amurka == Antarctica == * Sakatariyar Yarjejeniyar Antarctic == [[Asiya]] == * Cibiyar Tilasta Namun daji ta ASEAN * Cibiyar sadarwa ta Duniya don Bamboo da Rattan (INBAR) * Hukumar kogin Mekong * Haɗin gwiwa a cikin Gudanar da Muhalli don Tekun Gabashin Asiya (PEMSEA) == Turai == === [[Tarayyar Turai]] === * Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ** Darakta-Janar don Ayyukan Yanayi ** Darakta-Janar na Makamashi ** Darakta-Janar na Muhalli ** Babban Darakta na Harkokin Maritime da Kifi * Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai === Sauran === * Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Baltic Marine (HELCOM) * Majalisar Jihohin Baltic Sea * Cibiyar Dajin Turai * Hukumar Kare Kogin Danube ta Duniya * Cibiyar Muhalli na Yanki don Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai == Oceania == * Hukumar Kamun kifi ta Dandalin Tsibirin Pacific * Shirin Muhalli na Yankin Pacific == Duba suran abubuwa == * Jerin ma'aikatun noma * Jerin ma'aikatun muhalli * Jerin kungiyoyin muhalli * Jerin ma'aikatun gandun daji * Jerin ƙungiyoyin gwamnatoci * Jerin yarjejeniyar muhalli ta duniya * Ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.worldnature.org/ Ƙungiyar Halittar Duniya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820092408/http://www.worldnature.org/ |date=2018-08-20 }} [[Category:Kwamitoci]] [[Category:Hukumomi]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Sakatare]] t98kb9rqp4gs46a07kagntwaaq5zkj4 906143 906142 2026-08-22T11:10:40Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hukumomin muhalli''' iri-iri, kwamitoci, shirye-shirye da sakatariya duk sun wanzu a duk faɗin [[duniya]] a yau. Wasu nau'ikan yanayi ne na duniya, wasu na yanki, zasu iya zama da yawa- ko biyu a hali. Wasu suna da alhakin faffadan fagage na manufofin muhalli, tsari da aiwatarwa ko aikatawa, wasu dan takamaiman batutuwan. Wannan labarin ya lissafa fitattun hukumomin muhalli na ƙasa, ta yyanki.<ref>https://www-voahausa-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.voahausa.com/amp/6078795.html?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17534620641981&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com</ref> == Duniya. == === Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya === * Ƙungiyar Abinci da Aikin Noma * Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya * Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Teku ** International Seabed Authority ** Kotun ƙasa da ƙasa na shari'ar teku * Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da Sakatariyar Hamada * Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya * Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sakatariyar Sauyin Yanayi * Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya === Sauran === * Hadin gwiwar Jihohin Small Island * [[Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi|Kwamitin Tsakanin gwamnatoci kan Canjin Yanayi]] * Dandali na Kimiyya-Tsarin Manufofin Gwamnati akan Sabis na Tsarin Halittu da Tsarin Halitta. * Haɗin gwiwar Ayyukan Carbon Ta Duniya. * Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Ƙasa ta Duniya. * Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Kare Halitta. * Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya. * North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission. * OECD Environment Directorate. * Ƙungiyar Halitta ta Duniya. == [[Afirka]] == * Hukumar gandun daji ta Afirka ta tsakiya * Haɗin gwiwar Gandun Dajin Kongo == [[Amurka]] da Caribbean. == * Comissão de Integração Nacional, Desenvolvimento Regional e da Amazônia - CINDRA, Brazil * Hukumar Haɗin Kan Muhalli, tana aiki ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Ciniki Kyauta ta Arewacin Amirka * Taron Ministocin Muhalli na Latin Amurka da Caribbean, wani yanki na ofishin UNEP na yankin Latin Amurka da Caribbean. * Hukumar Hadin Kai ta Duniya, tana hanawa da warware takaddama game da amfani da ingancin ruwan iyaka akan iyakar Kanada da Amurka == Antarctica == * Sakatariyar Yarjejeniyar Antarctic == [[Asiya]] == * Cibiyar Tilasta Namun daji ta ASEAN * Cibiyar sadarwa ta Duniya don Bamboo da Rattan (INBAR) * Hukumar kogin Mekong * Haɗin gwiwa a cikin Gudanar da Muhalli don Tekun Gabashin Asiya (PEMSEA) == Turai == === [[Tarayyar Turai]] === * Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ** Darakta-Janar don Ayyukan Yanayi ** Darakta-Janar na Makamashi ** Darakta-Janar na Muhalli ** Babban Darakta na Harkokin Maritime da Kifi * Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai === Sauran === * Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Baltic Marine (HELCOM) * Majalisar Jihohin Baltic Sea * Cibiyar Dajin Turai * Hukumar Kare Kogin Danube ta Duniya * Cibiyar Muhalli na Yanki don Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai == Oceania == * Hukumar Kamun kifi ta Dandalin Tsibirin Pacific * Shirin Muhalli na Yankin Pacific == Duba suran abubuwa == * Jerin ma'aikatun noma * Jerin ma'aikatun muhalli * Jerin kungiyoyin muhalli * Jerin ma'aikatun gandun daji * Jerin ƙungiyoyin gwamnatoci * Jerin yarjejeniyar muhalli ta duniya * Ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.worldnature.org/ Ƙungiyar Halittar Duniya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820092408/http://www.worldnature.org/ |date=2018-08-20 }} [[Category:Kwamitoci]] [[Category:Hukumomi]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Sakatare]] ccyufrc7h1mytw3ruld0axo008kw7on 906144 906143 2026-08-22T11:12:56Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hukumomin muhalli''' iri-iri, kwamitoci, shirye-shirye da sakatariya duk sun wanzu a duk faɗin [[duniya]] a yau. Wasu nau'ikan yanayi ne na duniya, wasu na yanki, zasu iya zama da yawa- ko biyu a hali. Wasu suna da alhakin faffadan fagage na manufofin muhalli, tsari da aiwatarwa ko aikatawa, wasu dan takamaiman batutuwan. Wannan labarin ya lissafa fitattun hukumomin muhalli na ƙasa, ta yyanki.<ref>https://www-voahausa-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.voahausa.com/amp/6078795.html?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17534620641981&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com</ref> == Duniya. == === Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya === * Ƙungiyar Abinci da Aikin Noma * Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya * Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Teku ** International Seabed Authority ** Kotun ƙasa da ƙasa na shari'ar teku * Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da Sakatariyar Hamada * Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya * Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sakatariyar Sauyin Yanayi * Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya === Sauran === * Haɗin gwiwar Jihohin Small Island * [[Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi|Kwamitin Tsakanin gwamnatoci kan Canjin Yanayi]] * Dandali na Kimiyya-Tsarin Manufofin Gwamnati akan Sabis na Tsarin Halittu da Tsarin Halitta. * Haɗin gwiwar Ayyukan Carbon Ta Duniya. * Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Ƙasa ta Duniya. * Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Kare Halitta. * Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya. * North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission. * OECD Environment Directorate. * Ƙungiyar Halitta ta Duniya. == [[Afirka]] == * Hukumar gandun daji ta Afirka ta tsakiya * Haɗin gwiwar Gandun Dajin Kongo == [[Amurka]] da Caribbean. == * Comissão de Integração Nacional, Desenvolvimento Regional e da Amazônia - CINDRA, Brazil * Hukumar Haɗin Kan Muhalli, tana aiki ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Ciniki Kyauta ta Arewacin Amirka * Taron Ministocin Muhalli na Latin Amurka da Caribbean, wani yanki na ofishin UNEP na yankin Latin Amurka da Caribbean. * Hukumar Hadin Kai ta Duniya, tana hanawa da warware takaddama game da amfani da ingancin ruwan iyaka akan iyakar Kanada da Amurka == Antarctica == * Sakatariyar Yarjejeniyar Antarctic == [[Asiya]] == * Cibiyar Tilasta Namun daji ta ASEAN * Cibiyar sadarwa ta Duniya don Bamboo da Rattan (INBAR) * Hukumar kogin Mekong * Haɗin gwiwa a cikin Gudanar da Muhalli don Tekun Gabashin Asiya (PEMSEA) == Turai == === [[Tarayyar Turai]] === * Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ** Darakta-Janar don Ayyukan Yanayi ** Darakta-Janar na Makamashi ** Darakta-Janar na Muhalli ** Babban Darakta na Harkokin Maritime da Kifi * Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai === Sauran === * Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Baltic Marine (HELCOM) * Majalisar Jihohin Baltic Sea * Cibiyar Dajin Turai * Hukumar Kare Kogin Danube ta Duniya * Cibiyar Muhalli na Yanki don Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai == Oceania == * Hukumar Kamun kifi ta Dandalin Tsibirin Pacific * Shirin Muhalli na Yankin Pacific == Duba suran abubuwa == * Jerin ma'aikatun noma * Jerin ma'aikatun muhalli * Jerin kungiyoyin muhalli * Jerin ma'aikatun gandun daji * Jerin ƙungiyoyin gwamnatoci * Jerin yarjejeniyar muhalli ta duniya * Ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.worldnature.org/ Ƙungiyar Halittar Duniya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820092408/http://www.worldnature.org/ |date=2018-08-20 }} [[Category:Kwamitoci]] [[Category:Hukumomi]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Sakatare]] gax8w5sgukxss623kc41y3zjg2b1sud 906145 906144 2026-08-22T11:13:08Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hukumomin muhalli''' iri-iri, kwamitoci, shirye-shirye da sakatariya duk sun wanzu a duk faɗin [[duniya]] a yau. Wasu nau'ikan yanayi ne na duniya, wasu na yanki, zasu iya zama da yawa- ko biyu a hali. Wasu suna da alhakin faffadan fagage na manufofin muhalli, tsari da aiwatarwa ko aikatawa, wasu dan takamaiman batutuwan. Wannan labarin ya lissafa fitattun hukumomin muhalli na ƙasa, ta yyanki.<ref>https://www-voahausa-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.voahausa.com/amp/6078795.html?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17534620641981&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com</ref> == Duniya. == === Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya === * Ƙungiyar Abinci da Aikin Noma * Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya * Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan Dokar Teku ** International Seabed Authority ** Kotun ƙasa da ƙasa na shari'ar teku * Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da Sakatariyar Hamada * Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya * Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sakatariyar Sauyin Yanayi * Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya === Sauran === * Haɗin gwiwar Jihohin Small Island * [[Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi|Kwamitin Tsakanin gwamnatoci kan Canjin Yanayi]] * Dandali na Kimiyya-Tsarin Manufofin Gwamnati akan Sabis na Tsarin Halittu da Tsarin Halitta. * Haɗin gwiwar Ayyukan Carbon Ta Duniya. * Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Ƙasa ta Duniya. * Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Kare Halitta. * Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya. * North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission. * OECD Environment Directorate. * Ƙungiyar Halitta ta Duniya. == [[Afirka]] == * Hukumar gandun daji ta Afirka ta tsakiya * Haɗin gwiwar Gandun Dajin Kongo == [[Amurka]] da Caribbean. == * Comissão de Integração Nacional, Desenvolvimento Regional e da Amazônia - CINDRA, Brazil * Hukumar Haɗin Kan Muhalli, tana aiki ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Ciniki Kyauta ta Arewacin Amirka * Taron Ministocin Muhalli na Latin Amurka da Caribbean, wani yanki na ofishin UNEP na yankin Latin Amurka da Caribbean. * Hukumar Hadin Kai ta Duniya, tana hanawa da warware takaddama game da amfani da ingancin ruwan iyaka akan iyakar Kanada da Amurka == Antarctica == * Sakatariyar Yarjejeniyar Antarctic == [[Asiya]] == * Cibiyar Tilasta Namun daji ta ASEAN * Cibiyar sadarwa ta Duniya don Bamboo da Rattan (INBAR) * Hukumar kogin Mekong * Haɗin gwiwa a cikin Gudanar da Muhalli don Tekun Gabashin Asiya (PEMSEA) == Turai == === [[Tarayyar Turai]] === * Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ** Darakta-Janar don Ayyukan Yanayi ** Darakta-Janar na Makamashi ** Darakta-Janar na Muhalli ** Babban Darakta na Harkokin Maritime da Kifi * Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai === Sauran === * Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Baltic Marine (HELCOM) * Majalisar Jihohin Baltic Sea * Cibiyar Dajin Turai * Hukumar Kare Kogin Danube ta Duniya * Cibiyar Muhalli na Yanki don Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai == Oceania == * Hukumar Kamun kifi ta Dandalin Tsibirin Pacific * Shirin Muhalli na Yankin Pacific == Duba suran abubuwa == * Jerin ma'aikatun noma * Jerin ma'aikatun muhalli * Jerin kungiyoyin muhalli * Jerin ma'aikatun gandun daji * Jerin ƙungiyoyin gwamnatoci * Jerin yarjejeniyar muhalli ta duniya * Ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.worldnature.org/ Ƙungiyar Halittar Duniya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820092408/http://www.worldnature.org/ |date=2018-08-20 }} [[Category:Kwamitoci]] [[Category:Hukumomi]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Sakatare]] kbdokey7sxr967wppbzkqh5e9zgpznb 906146 906145 2026-08-22T11:13:26Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hukumomin muhalli''' iri-iri, kwamitoci, shirye-shirye da sakatariya duk sun wanzu a duk faɗin [[duniya]] a yau. Wasu nau'ikan yanayi ne na duniya, wasu na yanki, zasu iya zama da yawa- ko biyu a hali. Wasu suna da alhakin faffadan fagage na manufofin muhalli, tsari da aiwatarwa ko aikatawa, wasu dan takamaiman batutuwan. Wannan labarin ya lissafa fitattun hukumomin muhalli na ƙasa, ta yyanki.<ref>https://www-voahausa-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.voahausa.com/amp/6078795.html?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17534620641981&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com</ref> == Duniya. == === Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya === * Ƙungiyar Abinci da Aikin Noma * Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya * Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan Dokar Teku ** International Seabed Authority ** Kotun ƙasa da ƙasa na shari'ar teku * Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da Sakatariyar Hamada * Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya * Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan Sakatariyar Sauyin Yanayi * Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya === Sauran === * Haɗin gwiwar Jihohin Small Island * [[Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi|Kwamitin Tsakanin gwamnatoci kan Canjin Yanayi]] * Dandali na Kimiyya-Tsarin Manufofin Gwamnati akan Sabis na Tsarin Halittu da Tsarin Halitta. * Haɗin gwiwar Ayyukan Carbon Ta Duniya. * Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Ƙasa ta Duniya. * Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Kare Halitta. * Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya. * North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission. * OECD Environment Directorate. * Ƙungiyar Halitta ta Duniya. == [[Afirka]] == * Hukumar gandun daji ta Afirka ta tsakiya * Haɗin gwiwar Gandun Dajin Kongo == [[Amurka]] da Caribbean. == * Comissão de Integração Nacional, Desenvolvimento Regional e da Amazônia - CINDRA, Brazil * Hukumar Haɗin Kan Muhalli, tana aiki ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Ciniki Kyauta ta Arewacin Amirka * Taron Ministocin Muhalli na Latin Amurka da Caribbean, wani yanki na ofishin UNEP na yankin Latin Amurka da Caribbean. * Hukumar Hadin Kai ta Duniya, tana hanawa da warware takaddama game da amfani da ingancin ruwan iyaka akan iyakar Kanada da Amurka == Antarctica == * Sakatariyar Yarjejeniyar Antarctic == [[Asiya]] == * Cibiyar Tilasta Namun daji ta ASEAN * Cibiyar sadarwa ta Duniya don Bamboo da Rattan (INBAR) * Hukumar kogin Mekong * Haɗin gwiwa a cikin Gudanar da Muhalli don Tekun Gabashin Asiya (PEMSEA) == Turai == === [[Tarayyar Turai]] === * Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ** Darakta-Janar don Ayyukan Yanayi ** Darakta-Janar na Makamashi ** Darakta-Janar na Muhalli ** Babban Darakta na Harkokin Maritime da Kifi * Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai === Sauran === * Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Baltic Marine (HELCOM) * Majalisar Jihohin Baltic Sea * Cibiyar Dajin Turai * Hukumar Kare Kogin Danube ta Duniya * Cibiyar Muhalli na Yanki don Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai == Oceania == * Hukumar Kamun kifi ta Dandalin Tsibirin Pacific * Shirin Muhalli na Yankin Pacific == Duba suran abubuwa == * Jerin ma'aikatun noma * Jerin ma'aikatun muhalli * Jerin kungiyoyin muhalli * Jerin ma'aikatun gandun daji * Jerin ƙungiyoyin gwamnatoci * Jerin yarjejeniyar muhalli ta duniya * Ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.worldnature.org/ Ƙungiyar Halittar Duniya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820092408/http://www.worldnature.org/ |date=2018-08-20 }} [[Category:Kwamitoci]] [[Category:Hukumomi]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Sakatare]] r65wnvusnm2mul1pzvxb88fn4n86dar 0 29903 906175 676912 2026-08-22T11:28:30Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Starr-140915-4948-Dubautia_menziesii-habit_with_Forest-Ka_Luu_o_ka_Oo_Flow_Nr_Red_Flow_HNP-Maui_(24950640510).jpg |thumb|Muhalli ]] [[File:LOWEST_FLOW_ON_RECORD_FOR_THE_COLUMBIA_RIVER_IN_THE_FALL_OF_1973_WAS_THE_RESULT_OF_SPARSE_SNOWFALL_AND_RAIN_THE..._-_NARA_-_555400.jpg |thumb|Magudanar Muhalli ]] [[Fayil:Big drainage Ghana.jpg|thumb|haka magudanun ruwa suke kasancewa.]] '''Magudanar muhalli,''' suna bayyana adadi, lokaci, da ingancin magudanar '''ruwa''' da ake buƙata dan dorewar ruwa mai kyau da tsabta da [[Muhalli|muhallin halittu]] da rayuwar ɗan adam da jin daɗin rayuwa waɗanda suka dogara da waɗannan yanayin. A cikin mahallin [[Indiya]] [[:Category:Koguna|kogin]] da ake buƙata don buƙatun [[Al'ada|al'adu]] da na ruhaniya yana ɗaukar mahimmanci. <ref>http://awsassets.wwfindia.org/downloads/exec_summary_mail_1_28.pdf</ref> Ta hanyar aiwatar da kwararar muhalli, masu kula da ruwa suna ƙoƙari don cimma tsarin gudana, ko tsari, wanda ke ba da amfanin ɗan adam da kiyaye mahimman hanyoyin da ake buƙata don tallafawa yanayin yanayin kogin lafiya. Magudanar muhalli ba lallai ba ne ace ya buƙaci maido da dabi'un dabi'un da za su iya faruwa ba tare da ci gaban ɗan adam ba, amfani, da karkatar da su amma, a maimakon haka, an yi niyya ne don samar da fa'ida mai fa'ida da fa'ida daga koguna fiye da kulawa da aka mai da hankali kan samar da ruwa. makamashi, nishaɗi, ko sarrafa ambaliya. Koguna sassa ne na tsarin haɗin gwiwar da suka haɗa da filayen ambaliya da magudanan ruwa. Gaba ɗaya waɗannan tsarin suna ba da babban fa'idodi. Duk da haka, ana ƙara samun canjin kogunan duniya ta hanyar gina madatsun ruwa, karkatar da ruwa, da kuma magudanan ruwa. Fiye da rabin manyan koguna na duniya ne aka datse su, <ref>Nilsson, C., Reidy, C. A., Dynesius, M., and Revenga, C. 2005. Fragmentation and flow regulation of the world's large river systems. Science 308:405-408.</ref> adadi da ke ci gaba da karuwa. Kusan madatsun ruwa kimanin 1,000 ne ake shirin ginawa ko kuma ana gina su a Kudancin Amurka, kuma ana shirin gina sabbin madatsun ruwa guda 50 a kogin Yangtze na kasar Sin kadai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rivers and Lakes: Reducing the Ecological Impact of Dams |url=http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/habitats/riverslakes/reducing-the-ecological-impact-of-dams.xml |access-date=2022-03-11 |archive-date=2015-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150718155816/http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/habitats/riverslakes/reducing-the-ecological-impact-of-dams.xml |url-status=dead |archivedate=2015-07-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150718155816/http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/habitats/riverslakes/reducing-the-ecological-impact-of-dams.xml }}</ref> Dams da sauran gine-ginen kogin suna canza yanayin kwararowar ruwa kuma saboda haka suna shafar ingancin ruwa, zafin jiki, motsin ruwa da jibgewa, kifaye da namun daji, da kuma rayuwar mutanen da suka dogara da ingantaccen yanayin kogin. <ref>Postel, S., and Richter, B. 2003. Rivers for Life: Managing Water for People and Nature. Island Press, Washington, D.C.</ref> Magudanar muhalli na neman kula da waɗannan ayyukan kogin yayin da a lokaci guda ke ba da fa'idodin gargajiya na waje. == Juyin Halittu na kwararar muhalli da kuma ganewa == Tun daga farkon karni na 20 zuwa shekarata 1960, kula da ruwa a cikin kasashen da suka ci gaba sun fi mayar da hankali kan kara yawan kariyar ambaliyar ruwa, samar da ruwa, da samar da wutar lantarki. A cikin shekarun 1970s, tasirin muhalli da tattalin arziƙin waɗannan ayyukan ya sa masana kimiyya su nemi hanyoyin da za a gyara ayyukan [https://www2.kenyon.edu/projects/Dams/gbe02lac.html dam] don kula da wasu nau'in kifin. Farkon abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne tantance mafi ƙarancin magudanar ruwa da ake buƙata don adana nau'in ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗai, kamar kifi, a cikin kogi. Wasu daga cikin Matsalolin muhalli sun samo asali ne daga wannan ra'ayi na "mafi ƙarancin magudanar ruwa" da kuma, daga baya, "gudanar ruwa", wanda ya jaddada buƙatar kiyaye ruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa. A cikin shekarun 1990, masana kimiyya sun fahimci cewa tsarin halittu da zamantakewar da koguna ke tallafawa suna da wahala sosai don a taƙaice su da ƙaramin buƙatun ruwa guda ɗaya. <ref>Bunn, S. E., and Arthington, A. H. 2002. Basic principles and ecological consequences of altered flow regimes for aquatic [[biodiversity]]. Environmental Management 30:492-507.</ref> Tun daga shekarun 1990s, maidowa da kuma kula da matsugunan muhalli masu fa'ida sun sami ƙarin tallafi, kamar yadda ƙarfin masana kimiyya da injiniyoyi ke da ikon ayyana waɗannan kwararar ruwa don kiyaye cikakkiyar nau'ikan nau'ikan kogi, matakai da ayyuka. Bugu da ƙari kuma, aiwatarwa ya samo asali ne daga sake aikin madatsar ruwa zuwa haɗin kai ga duk wani nau'i na kula da ruwa, <ref>Dyson, M., Bergkamp, G. J. J., and Scanlon, J., eds. 2003. Flow: The Essentials of Environmental Flows. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK .</ref> ciki har da ruwa na kasa da ruwa da kuma dawowa, da kuma amfani da ƙasa da kuma kula da ruwa na guguwa. Ilimin kimiyya don tallafawa ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun kwararar muhalli na yanki da gudanarwa shima ya ci gaba. <ref>Arthington, A. H., Bunn, S. E., Poff, N. L., and Naiman, R. J. 2006. The challenge of providing environmental flow rules to sustain river ecosystems. Ecological Applications 16(4):1311-1318.</ref> A wani bincike na duniya na kwararru kan ruwa da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2003 don auna hasashen kwararar muhalli, kashi 88% na 272 da suka amsa sun amince da cewa manufar tana da matukar muhimmanci ga dorewar sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kuma biyan bukatun mutane na dogon lokaci. <ref>Moore, M. 2004. Perceptions and interpretations of environmental flows and implications for future water resource management: A survey study. Masters Thesis, Department of Water and Environmental Studies, Linköping University, Sweden.</ref> A cikin shekarata 2007, sama da ma'aikata 750 daga ƙasashe sama da 50 ne suka amince da sanarwar Brisbane akan kwararar muhalli. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eflownet.org/viewinfo.cfm?linkcategoryid=4&linkid=64&siteid=1&FuseAction=display |title=The Brisbane Declaration |access-date=2022-03-11 |archive-date=2011-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614172149/http://www.eflownet.org/viewinfo.cfm?linkcategoryid=4&linkid=64&siteid=1&FuseAction=display |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sanarwar ta sanar da yin alkawarin yin aiki tare don kare da dawo da koguna da tafkunan duniya. A shekara ta 2010, manyan ƙasashe da yawa a duk faɗin duniya sun amince da manufofin kwararar muhalli, kodayake aiwatar da su ya kasance ƙalubale. <ref>Le Quesne, T., Kendy, E., and Weston, D. 2010. [http://conserveonline.org/workspaces/eloha/documents/wwf-tnc-e-flow-policies-report The Implementation Challenge: Taking stock of government policies to protect and restore environmental flows.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927182404/http://conserveonline.org/workspaces/eloha/documents/wwf-tnc-e-flow-policies-report |date=2011-09-27 }} WWF and The Nature Conservancy.</ref> == Misalai == Ɗaya daga cikin ƙoƙarin da ake yi a halin yanzu don maido da kwararar mahalli shine [https://web.archive.org/web/20120321045053/http://www.conservationgateway.org/content/sustainable-rivers Tsarin Ruwa mai Dorewa], haɗin gwiwa tsakanin The Nature Conservancy (TNC) da US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), wanda shi ne babban manajan ruwa a Amurka. Tun daga shekarata 2002, TNC da USACE suna aiki don ayyana da aiwatar da kwararar muhalli ta hanyar canza ayyukan madatsun ruwa na USACE a cikin [https://web.archive.org/web/20120321045155/http://www.conservationgateway.org/file/sustainable-rivers-project-current-sites koguna 8] a cikin jihohi 12. Sake aikin madatsar ruwa don sakin matsugunan muhalli, tare da dawo da ambaliya, a wasu lokutan ya kara yawan ruwan da ake samu don samar da wutar lantarki tare da rage hadarin ambaliya. Kogin Bill Williams na [[Arizona]], wanda ke gudana daga kogin Alamo Dam, ɗaya ne daga cikin kogunan da aka nuna a cikin Aikin koguna masu dorewa. Bayan tattaunawa game da gyara ayyukan madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekarun 1990, masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida sun fara aiki tare da TNC da USACE a cikin shekarata 2005 bisa bincike don gano takamaiman dabaru don inganta lafiyar muhalli da nau'ikan halittu na rafin rafi daga madatsar ruwa. Masana kimiyya sun tattara mafi kyawun bayanan da ake samu kuma sun yi aiki tare don ayyana kwararar [http://www.fort.usgs.gov/products/publications/21745/21745.pdf muhalli don kogin Bill Williams] . <ref>U.S. Geological Survey, 2006. Defining Ecosystem Flow Requirements for the Bill Williams River, Arizona. Open-File Report 2006-1314. Edited by Shafroth, P.B. and V.B. Beauchamp.</ref> Duk da yake ba za a iya aiwatar da duk abubuwan da aka ba da shawarar kwararar muhalli nan da nan ba, USACE ta canza ayyukanta na Dam na Alamo don haɗa ƙarin ƙananan kwararar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa. Ci gaba da sa ido yana ɗaukar sakamakon sakamakon muhalli kamar sake sabunta gandun daji na willow-cottonwood, murkushe tamarisk masu cin zarafi da waɗanda ba na asali ba, maido da ƙarin yawan halittu na madatsun ruwa na beaver da wuraren zama masu alaƙa, canje-canje a cikin yawan kwari na ruwa, da haɓaka ruwan ƙasa . yi caji . Manya Daga cikin Injiniyoyin USACE na ci gaba da tuntubar masana kimiyya akai-akai kuma suna amfani da sakamakon sa ido don kara inganta ayyukan dam. <ref>Shafroth, P., Wilcox, A., Lytle, D., Hickey, J., Andersen, D., Beauchamp, V., Hautzinger, A., McMullen, L., and Warner, A. 2010. Ecosystem effects of environmental flows: modeling and experimental floods in a dryland river. Freshwater Biology 55: 68-85.</ref> Wani shari'ar da masu ruwa da tsaki suka samar da shawarwarin kwararar muhalli shine aikin samar da wutar lantarki na [[Honduras]] ' [https://web.archive.org/web/20120321045259/http://www.conservationgateway.org/file/sustainable-waters-patuca-river-honduras Patuca III] . Kogin Patuca, kogi na biyu mafi tsayi a Amurka ta tsakiya, ya tallafawa yawan kifin, da ciyar da amfanin gona, kuma ya ba da damar kewayawa ga al'ummomin ƴan asali da yawa, gami da Indiyawan Tawahka, Pech, da Miskito, na ɗaruruwan shekaru. Don kare lafiyar muhalli na mafi girma dajin dajin da ba a daɗe ba a arewacin Amazon da mazaunanta, TNC da Empresa Nacional de Energía Eléctrica (ENEE, hukumar da ke da alhakin aikin) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120321045259/http://www.conservationgateway.org/file/sustainable-waters-patuca-river-honduras sun amince da yin nazari] da ƙayyade kwararar ruwa masu mahimmanci don kiyaye lafiyar ɗan adam da na halitta. al'ummomin da ke gefen kogin. Saboda karancin bayanai da ake da su, an samar da sabbin dabaru don kimanta bukatu masu kwarara bisa gogewa da lura da mutanen yankin da suka dogara da wannan kusan tsaftataccen ruwan kogin. <ref>Esselman, P. C., and Opperman, J. J. 2010. [http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss1/art6/ Overcoming information limitations] for the prescription of an environmental flow regime for a Central American river. Ecology and Society 15(1):6 (online).</ref> == Hanyoyi, kayan aiki, da samfura == Fiye da hanyoyi guda 200 ana amfani da su a duk duniya don tsara magudanar ruwa da ake buƙata don kula da koguna masu lafiya. Koyaya, kaɗan daga cikin waɗannan suna da cikakkun bayanai kuma cikakke, suna lissafin yanayin yanayi da bambancin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara da ake buƙata don tallafawa duk sabis na tsarin halittu waɗanda koguna masu lafiya suke bayarwa. <ref>Tharme, R. E. 2003. A global perspective on environmental flow assessment: emerging trends in the development and application of environmental flow methodologies for rivers. River Research and Applications 19:397-441.</ref> Irin waɗannan ingantattun hanyoyin sun haɗa da DRIFT (Amsa na ƙasa don Canjin Canjin Ruwa), <ref>King, J., Brown, C., and Sabet, H. 2003. A scenario-based holistic approach to environmental flow assessments for rivers. River Research and Applications 19(5-6):619-639.</ref> BBM (Tsarin Tsarin Ginin Ginin), <ref>King, J., and Louw, D. 1998. Instream flow assessments for regulated rivers in South Africa using the Building Block Methodology. Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management 1:109-124.</ref> da "Tsarin Savannah" <ref>Richter, B. D., Warner, A. T., Meyer, J. L., and Lutz, K. 2006. A collaborative and adaptive process for developing environmental flow recommendations. River Research and Applications 22:297-318.</ref> don ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun yanayin muhalli, da ELOHA (Iyakokin Muhalli na Canjin Hydrologic) don tsarawa da sarrafa albarkatun ruwa na yanki. <ref>Poff, N. L., Richter, B. D., Arthington, A. H., Bunn, S. E., Naiman, R. J., Kendy, E., Acreman, M., Apse, C., Bledsoe, B. P., Freeman, M. C., Henriksen, J., Jacobson, R. B., Kennen, J. G., Merritt, D. M., O'Keeffe, J. H., Olden, J. D., Rogers, K., Tharme, R. E., and Warner, A. 2010. The ecological limits of hydrologic alteration (ELOHA): a new framework for developing regional environmental flow standards. Freshwater Biology 55:147-170.</ref> Hanyar "mafi kyau", ko mafi kusantar, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120321045413/http://www.conservationgateway.org/content/environmental-flows-methods-and-tools hanyoyin], don yanayin da aka ba da shi ya dogara da adadin albarkatun da bayanai da ake samuwa, batutuwa mafi mahimmanci, da matakin tabbacin da ake bukata. Don sauƙaƙe takaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun muhalli, ƙira da kayan aikin kwamfuta da yawa sun ƙirƙira ta ƙungiyoyi kamar USACE's [http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/ Hydrologic Engineering Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308150357/http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/ |date=2013-03-08 }} Archived don kama buƙatun kwarara da aka ayyana a cikin saitin bita (misali, [http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-rpt/ HEC-RPT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118172259/https://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-rpt/ |date=2022-01-18 }} ) ko don kimanta abubuwan da ke tattare da aiwatar da kwararar muhalli (misali, [http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-ressim/ HEC-ResSim] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309035732/http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-ressim/ |date=2022-03-09 }}, [http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-ras/ HEC-RAS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320130916/https://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-ras/ |date=2022-03-20 }}, da [http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-efm/index.html HEC-EFM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223050855/http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-efm/index.html |date=2018-02-23 }} ). Bugu da ƙari, an ƙirƙira ƙirar 2D daga ƙirar tashin hankali na 3D dangane da Smagorinsky babban rufewar eddy zuwa mafi dacewa da ƙira babban sikelin muhalli. <ref>Cao, M. and Roberts, A. J. 2012. Modelling 3D turbulent floods based upon the Smagorinski large eddy closure. Proceedings of the 18th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference Published by the Australasian Fluid Mechanics Society.</ref> Wannan samfurin ya dogara ne akan jinkirin ɗimbin ɗabi'a na rikice-rikice na Smagorinsky babban rufewar eddy maimakon ace matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin kwarara. Sauran hanyoyin tantance kwararar muhalli da aka gwada da kuma gwadawa sun haɗa da DRIFT (King et al. A shekarata 2003), kuma wanda kwanan nan aka yi amfani da shi a rikicin Kishenganga HPP tsakanin Pakistan da Indiya a Kotun Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa ta Duniya. == A Indiya == A [[Indiya]], bukatuwar kwararar muhalli ta samo asali daga daruruwan manyan madatsun ruwa da ake shiryawa a cikin kogin [[Himalaya|Himalayan]] don samar da wutar lantarki. Rikicin madatsun ruwa da aka tsara a fadin Lohit, Kogin Dibang a cikin kogin Brahmaputra, kogin Alaknanda da kogin Bhagirathi a cikin Ganga basin da Teesta a [[Sikkim]] alal misali, za su ƙare a cikin kogunan da ke gudana ta hanyar ramuka da hannun jari na alkalami maimakon kogin. tashoshi. Akwai wasu shawarwarin da hukumomi daban-daban suka bayar (Kotu, Kotuna, Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki na Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Dazuzzuka (Indiya) ) game da sakin hanyoyin lantarki daga madatsun ruwa. Koyaya, waɗannan shawarwarin ba su taɓa samun goyan baya daga maƙasudai masu ƙarfi ba game da dalilin da yasa ake buƙatar wasu sakin e-flow. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Ruwan da ke shigowa * Rashin ruwa == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Yanayi]] [[Category:Indiyawa]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] eb8gtap4jrujwusa6gmymvyujh04xqm 0 30151 906176 817529 2026-08-22T11:28:55Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Environment_Protection_Authority_Victoria_EPA_Carlton_Entrance.jpg |thumb|Ginin hukumar kare muhalli, Victoria]] [[File:Children_cleaning_environment_in_Seychelles.jpg |thumb|Yara na tsabtace Muhalli]] [[File:Primera línea Isabel Zuleta.jpg|thumb]] Masu kare muhalli ko masu kare [[Muhalli mai zurfi|haƙƙin mahalli]], mutane ne ko ƙungiyoyin jama'a waɗanda ke kare muhalli daga illolin dake haifar da hakar albarkatu, zubar [[Sharar gida mai haɗari|da shara mai haɗari]], ayyukan more rayuwa, rabon ƙasa, ko wasu hatsari. A Shekarar 2019, Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya baki daya ta amince da muhimmancinsu ga kare muhalli. Kalmar ''kare muhalli'' ana amfani da ita sosai ga [[Gudanar da muhalli|ƙungiyoyin muhalli]] daban-daban da shugabanni daga al'adu daban-daban waɗanda duk suke amfani da dabaru daban-daban kuma suna riƙe da manufofi daban-daban. An yi hamayya da amfani da kalmar, yayin da yake yin kamanceceniya da ƙungiyoyi da yaƙin neman zaɓe, da yawa daga cikinsu ba su san kansu da kalmar ba kuma maiyuwa ba su da maƙasudin kare muhalli (wanda kuma ke da nasaba da adalci na zamantakewa). Masu kare muhalli da ke da hannu a rikice-rikicen muhalli suna fuskantar barazana da yawa daga gwamnatoci, manyan mutane, da sauran masu iko da ke amfana daga ayyukan da masu kare ke adawa da su. Global Witness ta ba da rahoton kisan 1922 na masu kare muhalli a cikin ƙasashe 57 tsakanin shekarar 2002 da shekarar 2019, tare da ƴan asalin ƙasar sun kai kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na wannan jimlar. Takardun wannan tashin hankalin shima bai cika ba. Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan kare hakkin dan adam ya ruwaito cewa kusan masu kare muhalli dari ana tsoratarwa, kama su ko kuma musgunawa duk wanda aka kashe. == Fage == Akwai dogon tarihi na mutanen da ke kare muhallinsu daga illolin da ke tattare da samar da tattalin arziki. An tattauna wannan a baya game da adalci na muhalli, muhalli na matalauta, rikice-rikice na rarraba muhalli, mulkin mallaka, da sauran ra'ayoyin da suka danganci tsarin kare muhalli. Takardun ilimi, kafofin watsa labarai, da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun ƙara yin amfani da kalmar ''kare muhalli'', ''mai kare haƙƙin muhalli'', da ''kare ƙasa'' don bayyana mutanen da ke fafutukar kare ƙasarsu daga gurɓata ko ɓarna, musamman tun bayan sanarwar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kan masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a shekarar 1998. Wannan karuwar amfani da kalmar yana tare da fadada kayan aiki don kare masu kare da ke cikin wannan aikin. Masu kare muhalli galibi ana kallon su azaman rukunin masu [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|kare haƙƙin ɗan adam]] kuma suna da alaƙa da ka'idar doka ta ainihin [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam]] wanda [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta inganta. Suna aiki don kafa ko kare ainihin [[Hakki zuwa lafiyayyen muhalli|haƙƙin muhalli mai lafiya]] . <ref name=":3" /> Ba a yin amfani da tsarin kare muhalli daidai gwargwado a cikin yaruka kuma yana iya samun mabambantan ma'anoni a yankuna daban-daban. Misali, ''defenseurs de l'environnement'' na [[Faransa]] na iya nufin masana muhalli gaba ɗaya kuma ana amfani da su sosai ga mutane a Arewacin Duniya . Yawancin masu kare layi na gaba ba sa tantance kansu tare da ajali, sun fi son faffadan sauran abubuwan ganowa kamar: ''mai kare ruwa, masanin muhalli na asali, mai kare rayuwa, mai kare yanayi, masanin halittu, masanin muhalli, shugaban al'umma,'' da sauran su. <ref name=":0" /> Rikicin mahalli a cikin birane ko na tsaka-tsaki zuwa manyan ƙasashe masu samun kudin shiga yakan jawo kalmomi daga tsarin adalci na muhalli. Rikice-rikice a yankunan karkara da kasashe masu karamin karfi sukan yi amfani da sharuddan da suka shafi muhalli na talakawa. Masanan ‘yan asalin kasar sun yi nuni da cewa shekaru aru-aru suna kare filayensu, sun kuma bayyana irin gwagwarmayar da suka yi ta fuskar mulkin mallaka. Kariyar muhalli bazai zama bayyanannen ajanda na wasu al'ummomi masu kare muhalli waɗanda al'amurran da suka shafi adalci na zamantakewa ko 'yancin ƴan asalin ƙasar ke motsa su ba. Duk da haka, iyakokin ayyukan hakar albarkatu da al'ummomin karkara ke aiwatarwa yana raguwa da buƙatun ma'adanai na ƙasashe da yawa da noma, don haka ko da al'ummomin masu kare muhalli na cikin gida suna da kuzari ta hanyar abubuwan hako albarkatun su, tasirinsa shine kiyaye muhalli. <ref name=":1" /> Don haka, sa hannun masu kare muhalli a cikin tashe-tashen hankula kan filaye da albarkatu galibi suna haɓaka kare muhalli a sarari, amma ba koyaushe ba. <ref name=":1" /> === Motsi na duniya === Masu kare muhalli suna kan gaba-gaba na motsi na adalci na muhalli na duniya wanda ke haifar da rikice-rikice na kowane wuri (watau rikice-rikice na rarraba muhalli ) yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tsarin adalci na muhalli wanda ya ci gaba da ba da gudummawar sababbin ra'ayoyi ga labarun kare muhalli da adalci na zamantakewa. Masanan tattalin arziki suna ba da shawarar cewa ƙasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu suna ci gaba da buƙatar sabbin iyakoki don hakar albarkatu, yana haifar da haɓaka rikice-rikicen rarraba muhalli. Ƙarshen ƙaƙƙarfan ɓangarorin halittu waɗanda ƴan asalin ƙasar ke karewa yanzu ana niyya don hakar albarkatu. Masu bincike da dama da Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun kammala cewa, ci gaba da kare wadannan guraren da masu kare muhalli ke da muhimmanci ga kare muhalli da rage sauyin yanayi. [[File:Environmental_conflict_tactics.jpg|thumb| Masu kare muhalli suna amfani da dabaru iri-iri]] [[File:Environmental_conflicts.jpg|thumb| Yawancin rikice-rikicen muhalli suna cikin sassan ma'adinai, makamashi, da zubar da shara.]] Adalci na Muhalli Atlas ya tattara fiye da rikice-rikicen rarraba muhalli 3500 a duniya. Nazarin da aka zana akan wannan ma'ajin bayanai da sauran hanyoyin bayanai sun bayyana wasu alamu da masu bincike ke fatan za su fi ba da damar fahimtar yanayin adalcin muhalli na duniya da kuma kare masu kare muhalli. Siffofin ƙwaƙƙwaran sun haɗa da: * Yawan kisan gilla yana da alaƙa da tashe-tashen hankula a sassan ma'adinai da noma. * Ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi suna da ƙarin rikice-rikice a yankunan karkara da suka shafi kiyayewa, kwayoyin halitta, amfani da ƙasa, da kula da ruwa. Ƙasashe masu yawan samun kuɗi suna da ƙarin rikice-rikice a cikin birane ko yankunan birni masu alaƙa da zubar da sharar gida, yawon shakatawa, makamashin nukiliya, masana'antu da ayyukan more rayuwa. <ref name=":3" /> * Mutanen ƴan asalin ƙasar sun fi yawan yin taro kan illolin muhalli kuma suna shiga cikin kashi 41% na shari'o'in da aka rubuta. Shigar ƴan asalin ƙasar yana da alaƙa da yawan kisan gilla. <ref name=":3" /> * Nasarar yakin neman adalci na muhalli (sakamakon soke aikin ko hukuncin shari'a mai kyau) yawanci ana amfani da dabaru iri-iri na rashin tashin hankali . Sokewar aikin ya haifar da kashi 26.7% na kamfen da aka ruwaito. <ref name=":3" /> * Rikicin rarraba muhalli na iya shafar mata ba daidai ba saboda rabon ma'aikata da rashin daidaituwar wutar lantarki. Mata masu kare muhalli suma suna fuskantar cin zarafi kamar karuwanci ta tilastawa, fyade, da bacewar matan ƴan asalin ƙasar. == Cin zarafi da masu tsaron gida == Global Witness ta ba da rahoton kisan 1,922 na masu kare muhalli a cikin ƙasashe 57 tsakanin shekarar 2002 da shekarar 2019, tare da ƴan asalin ƙasar sun kai kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na wannan jimlar. A matsakaita, ana kashe masu kare uku kowane mako. Takardun wannan tashin hankalin shima bai cika ba. Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan kare hakkin dan adam ya ruwaito cewa kusan masu kare muhalli dari ana tsoratarwa, kama su ko kuma musgunawa duk wanda aka kashe. === Rikici mai girman gaske === Yayin da ake fahimtar tashin hankali a cikin rikice-rikicen muhalli a matsayin abubuwan da ba su dace ba (kamar bacewar, fyade, ko kisa), wasu bincike sun nuna cewa cikakkiyar fahimtar cin zarafi ga al'ummomin masu kare muhalli na buƙatar hanya mai yawa. <ref name=":7" /> Bugu da ƙari ga tashin hankali kai tsaye da aka saba bayar da rahoton tashin hankali na tsari (wanda ke cikin tsarin zamantakewa, siyasa da tattalin arziki), tashin hankali na al'adu (wanda ke cikin harshe, addini, ko akida), jinkirin tashin hankali (kamar tarawa ga ƙananan matakan guba), da kuma muhalli. tashin hankali (kamar lalata kayan abinci) duk suna ba da gudummawa ga tashin hankalin da al'ummomin masu karewa suka fuskanta. == Tsarin doka == Yarjejeniyar Aarhus (1998) ta bayyana cewa mutane suna da hakkin samun damar samun bayanan muhalli, shiga cikin yanke shawara game da muhalli, da samun damar yin adalci. Ana kuma kiyaye waɗannan la'akari a cikin labarin 10 na Sanarwar Rio . Ana kiyaye haƙƙin samun yanayi mai kyau a cikin yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da dama da suka haɗa da Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Jama'a, Yarjejeniyar Amurka akan Haƙƙin Dan Adam, [[Yarjejeniyar Escazú|Yarjejeniyar Escazu, Yarjejeniya]] ta Larabawa kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam, da sanarwar ASEAN kan haƙƙin ɗan adam . == Suka da amsa == Adawa ga masu kare muhalli na iya ɗaukar nau'i na laifi ko ƙetare siyasa wanda ke tsara ayyukan kare muhalli dangane da manyan muhawarar siyasa. Misali, a Columbia ''líderes ambientale'' (shugabannin muhalli) ana jefa su akai-akai a matsayin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na hagu da jami'an tsaro da na gwamnati suka yi niyya. A Arewacin Duniya, yaƙi da ta'addanci ya haifar da ƙara aikata laifuka na masu kare muhalli. Kodayake masu kare muhalli ba safai suke amfani da dabarun tashin hankali ba, gwamnatoci da sauransu na iya sukar ayyukan masu kare a lokutan da suka yi barna ko makamancin haka. Misali, an gurfanar da Jessica Reznicek a Amurka bisa laifin lalata kayan aikin gini da ake amfani da su wajen gina bututun Dakota, kuma alkali ya yi amfani da karin lokaci a kan hukuncin daurin da aka yanke mata a matsayin <nowiki>''haɓaka ta'addanci'</nowiki>. Hakanan akwai mahimman suka game da ra'ayi mai kare muhalli ko al'ummomin masu kare muhalli bisa ga mahallin tarihi ko rashin fahimta na ɗabi'a. Waɗannan sun haɗa da keɓanta ayyukan gama kai, asalin mulkin mallaka, da rikitattun yanayi waɗanda suka haɗa da ayyukan kiyayewa ko sabunta makamashi . === Bambance-bambance === Kodayake yawancin kafofin ilimi da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suna bayyana masu kare muhalli don haɗawa da ƙungiyoyin mutane, kafofin watsa labarai da ƙungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari kan ba da rahoto kan daidaikun masu karewa, wanda ya haifar da kalmar tana da tasiri na keɓancewa ga fahimtar jama'a game da rikice-rikicen rarraba muhalli. Wannan na iya ɓoye yanayin gama-gari na rikice-rikicen rarraba muhalli, da ƙara jefa shugabanni ɗaya cikin haɗari, da kuma ta'azzara rikice-rikice na cikin gida a tsakanin al'ummomin masu karewa. <ref name=":0" /> Rarraba masu kare muhalli kuma na iya haifar da [[shahada]]. Shahidai na iya samun tasirin faɗaɗa goyon baya ga rikice-rikicen rarraba muhalli, ƙarfafa ƙawance, da inganta damar samun nasara. Misali a Philippines, kisan da aka yi wa Macli-ing Dulag ya haifar da tarzoma a kan madatsar ruwan kogin Chico da soke aikin. Duk da haka, shahada baya bayar da gudunmawa iri daya wajen samun nasarar rikice-rikicen rarraba muhalli. Karkashin gwamnatocin danniya na musamman, mutuwar masu karewa na iya haifar da lalacewa kawai; a cikin ƙasashen da ke da yawan kisan kai, mutuwar masu karewa na iya wucewa da gaske ba a sani ba. <ref name=":0" /> === Sabunta makamashi da kiyayewa === Yawancin rikice-rikicen rarraba muhalli sun samo asali ne daga hakar albarkatu ko amfani da ƙasa masu alaƙa da sabunta makamashi ko kiyayewa. An soki masu kare muhalli da ke kare ƙasarsu daga waɗannan hatsarori da yin katsalandan ga ci gaban da za a iya fahimtar cewa ya zama dole don rage sauyin yanayi, kare nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari, ko "farin jama'a". Waɗannan al'amuran suna nuna shubuhawar ɗabi'a da ka iya kasancewa a cikin gwagwarmayar al'ummomin masu kare muhalli. Misali, kare [[Filin shakatawa na Virunga|gandun dajin Virunga]] da ke Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kongo an yi amfani da sojoji, kuma masu kula da gandun daji sun yi rikici da 'yan asalin yankin, lamarin da ya kai ga sukar 'kare da sojoji'. Amfani da ƙasa da ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa masu alaƙa da sabunta makamashi akai-akai suna haifar da rikicin muhalli; akwai rikice-rikice dari da yawa da aka jera akan EJAtlas masu alaƙa da ababen more rayuwa na makamashi. Misali, madatsun ruwa masu amfani da wutar lantarki na da muhimmanci ga tsare-tsaren masana da dama na dakile sauyin yanayi, amma suna raba dimbin jama'a da matsugunan su, kuma su ne suka fi haddasa rikice-rikice a fannin makamashin da ake sabuntawa. Matsakaicin ma'aunin iska da ayyukan hasken rana suma suna da tasirin shari'ar muhalli, kamar yadda ake hakar albarkatun tagulla, lithium, da sauran ma'adanai masu mahimmanci da ake buƙata don sabunta makamashin makamashi. Thacker Pass lithium ma'adanin hakar ma'adinan a Amurka misali ne na rikici a bangaren makamashi mai sabuntawa inda masu kare muhalli ke adawa da wani budadden rami wanda wasu masana muhalli suka yi imanin cewa ya wajaba don samar da lithium don batir motocin lantarki don tallafawa shirin rage sauyin yanayi. === Mulkin mallaka === Haɗin kai tare da tsarin shari'a na haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya ya haifar da sukar ra'ayi mai kare muhalli a matsayin lakabin mulkin mallaka da aka sanya wa al'ummomin da ba su da alaƙa da ra'ayi ko akidar wayewar Yammacin Turai waɗanda suka samar da tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Masanin Colville Dina Gilio-Whitaker ya yi nuni da cewa ba da fifiko kan 'yancin samun kyakkyawan yanayi da kuma adalcin muhalli na iya ɗaukan haƙƙin jari-hujja na ƙasar da bai dace da ra'ayoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar ba. Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman John Knox ya nunar da cewa kasashen Kudancin Duniya ne suka jagoranci daukar ‘yancin samun yanayi mai kyau kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen kawar da dokar kare hakkin bil adama. == Magana == {{Reflist}} <ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_defender</ref> [[Category:Ƴancin muhalli]] [[Category:Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam]] [[Category:Tsaro]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jcgdfyh8qecsn0cvuurc7ok4dwse563 906177 906176 2026-08-22T11:29:46Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Environment_Protection_Authority_Victoria_EPA_Carlton_Entrance.jpg |thumb|Ginin hukumar kare muhalli, Victoria]] [[File:Children_cleaning_environment_in_Seychelles.jpg |thumb|Yara na tsabtace Muhalli]] [[File:Primera línea Isabel Zuleta.jpg|thumb]] Masu kare muhalli ko masu kare [[Muhalli mai zurfi|haƙƙin mahalli]], mutane ne ko ƙungiyoyin jama'a waɗanda ke kare muhalli daga illolin dake haifar da hakar albarkatu, zubar [[Sharar gida mai haɗari|da shara mai haɗari]], ayyukan more rayuwa, rabon ƙasa, ko wasu hatsari. A Shekarar 2019, Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya baki daya ta amince da muhimmancinsu ga kare muhalli. Kalmar ''kare muhalli'' ana amfani da ita sosai ga [[Gudanar da muhalli|ƙungiyoyin muhalli]] daban-daban da shugabanni daga al'adu daban-daban waɗanda duk suke amfani da dabaru daban-daban kuma suna riƙe da manufofi daban-daban. An yi hamayya da amfani da kalmar, yayin da yake yin kamanceceniya da ƙungiyoyi da yaƙin neman zaɓe, da yawa daga cikinsu ba su san kansu da kalmar ba kuma maiyuwa ba su da maƙasudin kare muhalli (wanda kuma ke da nasaba da adalci na zamantakewa). Masu kare muhalli da ke da hannu a rikice-rikicen muhalli suna fuskantar barazana da yawa daga gwamnatoci, manyan mutane, da sauran masu iko da ke amfana daga ayyukan da masu kare ke adawa da su. Global Witness ta ba da rahoton kisan 1922 na masu kare muhalli a cikin ƙasashe 57 tsakanin shekarar 2002 da shekarar 2019, tare da ƴan asalin ƙasar sun kai kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na wannan jimlar. Takardun wannan tashin hankalin shima bai cika ba. Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan kare hakkin dan adam ya ruwaito cewa kusan masu kare muhalli dari ana tsoratarwa, kama su ko kuma musgunawa duk wanda aka kashe. == Fage == Akwai dogon tarihi na mutanen da ke kare muhallinsu daga illolin da ke tattare da samar da tattalin arziƙi. An kuma tattauna wannan a baya game da adalci na muhalli, muhalli na matalauta, rikice-rikice na rarraba muhalli, mulkin mallaka, da sauran ra'ayoyin da suka danganci tsarin kare muhalli. Takardun ilimi, kafofin watsa labarai, da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun ƙara yin amfani da kalmar ''kare muhalli'', ''mai kare haƙƙin muhalli'', da ''kare ƙasa'' don bayyana mutanen da ke fafutukar kare ƙasarsu daga gurɓata ko ɓarna, musamman tun bayan sanarwar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kan masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a shekarar 1998. Wannan karuwar amfani da kalmar yana tare da fadada kayan aiki don kare masu kare da ke cikin wannan aikin. Masu kare muhalli galibi ana kallon su azaman rukunin masu [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|kare haƙƙin ɗan adam]] kuma suna da alaƙa da ka'idar doka ta ainihin [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam]] wanda [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta inganta. Suna aiki don kafa ko kare ainihin [[Hakki zuwa lafiyayyen muhalli|haƙƙin muhalli mai lafiya]] . <ref name=":3" /> Ba a yin amfani da tsarin kare muhalli daidai gwargwado a cikin yaruka kuma yana iya samun mabambantan ma'anoni a yankuna daban-daban. Misali, ''defenseurs de l'environnement'' na [[Faransa]] na iya nufin masana muhalli gaba ɗaya kuma ana amfani da su sosai ga mutane a Arewacin Duniya . Yawancin masu kare layi na gaba ba sa tantance kansu tare da ajali, sun fi son faffadan sauran abubuwan ganowa kamar: ''mai kare ruwa, masanin muhalli na asali, mai kare rayuwa, mai kare yanayi, masanin halittu, masanin muhalli, shugaban al'umma,'' da sauran su. <ref name=":0" /> Rikicin mahalli a cikin birane ko na tsaka-tsaki zuwa manyan ƙasashe masu samun kudin shiga yakan jawo kalmomi daga tsarin adalci na muhalli. Rikice-rikice a yankunan karkara da kasashe masu karamin karfi sukan yi amfani da sharuddan da suka shafi muhalli na talakawa. Masanan ‘yan asalin kasar sun yi nuni da cewa shekaru aru-aru suna kare filayensu, sun kuma bayyana irin gwagwarmayar da suka yi ta fuskar mulkin mallaka. Kariyar muhalli bazai zama bayyanannen ajanda na wasu al'ummomi masu kare muhalli waɗanda al'amurran da suka shafi adalci na zamantakewa ko 'yancin ƴan asalin ƙasar ke motsa su ba. Duk da haka, iyakokin ayyukan hakar albarkatu da al'ummomin karkara ke aiwatarwa yana raguwa da buƙatun ma'adanai na ƙasashe da yawa da noma, don haka ko da al'ummomin masu kare muhalli na cikin gida suna da kuzari ta hanyar abubuwan hako albarkatun su, tasirinsa shine kiyaye muhalli. <ref name=":1" /> Don haka, sa hannun masu kare muhalli a cikin tashe-tashen hankula kan filaye da albarkatu galibi suna haɓaka kare muhalli a sarari, amma ba koyaushe ba. <ref name=":1" /> === Motsi na duniya === Masu kare muhalli suna kan gaba-gaba na motsi na adalci na muhalli na duniya wanda ke haifar da rikice-rikice na kowane wuri (watau rikice-rikice na rarraba muhalli ) yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tsarin adalci na muhalli wanda ya ci gaba da ba da gudummawar sababbin ra'ayoyi ga labarun kare muhalli da adalci na zamantakewa. Masanan tattalin arziki suna ba da shawarar cewa ƙasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu suna ci gaba da buƙatar sabbin iyakoki don hakar albarkatu, yana haifar da haɓaka rikice-rikicen rarraba muhalli. Ƙarshen ƙaƙƙarfan ɓangarorin halittu waɗanda ƴan asalin ƙasar ke karewa yanzu ana niyya don hakar albarkatu. Masu bincike da dama da Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun kammala cewa, ci gaba da kare wadannan guraren da masu kare muhalli ke da muhimmanci ga kare muhalli da rage sauyin yanayi. [[File:Environmental_conflict_tactics.jpg|thumb| Masu kare muhalli suna amfani da dabaru iri-iri]] [[File:Environmental_conflicts.jpg|thumb| Yawancin rikice-rikicen muhalli suna cikin sassan ma'adinai, makamashi, da zubar da shara.]] Adalci na Muhalli Atlas ya tattara fiye da rikice-rikicen rarraba muhalli 3500 a duniya. Nazarin da aka zana akan wannan ma'ajin bayanai da sauran hanyoyin bayanai sun bayyana wasu alamu da masu bincike ke fatan za su fi ba da damar fahimtar yanayin adalcin muhalli na duniya da kuma kare masu kare muhalli. Siffofin ƙwaƙƙwaran sun haɗa da: * Yawan kisan gilla yana da alaƙa da tashe-tashen hankula a sassan ma'adinai da noma. * Ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi suna da ƙarin rikice-rikice a yankunan karkara da suka shafi kiyayewa, kwayoyin halitta, amfani da ƙasa, da kula da ruwa. Ƙasashe masu yawan samun kuɗi suna da ƙarin rikice-rikice a cikin birane ko yankunan birni masu alaƙa da zubar da sharar gida, yawon shakatawa, makamashin nukiliya, masana'antu da ayyukan more rayuwa. <ref name=":3" /> * Mutanen ƴan asalin ƙasar sun fi yawan yin taro kan illolin muhalli kuma suna shiga cikin kashi 41% na shari'o'in da aka rubuta. Shigar ƴan asalin ƙasar yana da alaƙa da yawan kisan gilla. <ref name=":3" /> * Nasarar yakin neman adalci na muhalli (sakamakon soke aikin ko hukuncin shari'a mai kyau) yawanci ana amfani da dabaru iri-iri na rashin tashin hankali . Sokewar aikin ya haifar da kashi 26.7% na kamfen da aka ruwaito. <ref name=":3" /> * Rikicin rarraba muhalli na iya shafar mata ba daidai ba saboda rabon ma'aikata da rashin daidaituwar wutar lantarki. Mata masu kare muhalli suma suna fuskantar cin zarafi kamar karuwanci ta tilastawa, fyade, da bacewar matan ƴan asalin ƙasar. == Cin zarafi da masu tsaron gida == Global Witness ta ba da rahoton kisan 1,922 na masu kare muhalli a cikin ƙasashe 57 tsakanin shekarar 2002 da shekarar 2019, tare da ƴan asalin ƙasar sun kai kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na wannan jimlar. A matsakaita, ana kashe masu kare uku kowane mako. Takardun wannan tashin hankalin shima bai cika ba. Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan kare hakkin dan adam ya ruwaito cewa kusan masu kare muhalli dari ana tsoratarwa, kama su ko kuma musgunawa duk wanda aka kashe. === Rikici mai girman gaske === Yayin da ake fahimtar tashin hankali a cikin rikice-rikicen muhalli a matsayin abubuwan da ba su dace ba (kamar bacewar, fyade, ko kisa), wasu bincike sun nuna cewa cikakkiyar fahimtar cin zarafi ga al'ummomin masu kare muhalli na buƙatar hanya mai yawa. <ref name=":7" /> Bugu da ƙari ga tashin hankali kai tsaye da aka saba bayar da rahoton tashin hankali na tsari (wanda ke cikin tsarin zamantakewa, siyasa da tattalin arziki), tashin hankali na al'adu (wanda ke cikin harshe, addini, ko akida), jinkirin tashin hankali (kamar tarawa ga ƙananan matakan guba), da kuma muhalli. tashin hankali (kamar lalata kayan abinci) duk suna ba da gudummawa ga tashin hankalin da al'ummomin masu karewa suka fuskanta. == Tsarin doka == Yarjejeniyar Aarhus (1998) ta bayyana cewa mutane suna da hakkin samun damar samun bayanan muhalli, shiga cikin yanke shawara game da muhalli, da samun damar yin adalci. Ana kuma kiyaye waɗannan la'akari a cikin labarin 10 na Sanarwar Rio . Ana kiyaye haƙƙin samun yanayi mai kyau a cikin yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da dama da suka haɗa da Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Jama'a, Yarjejeniyar Amurka akan Haƙƙin Dan Adam, [[Yarjejeniyar Escazú|Yarjejeniyar Escazu, Yarjejeniya]] ta Larabawa kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam, da sanarwar ASEAN kan haƙƙin ɗan adam . == Suka da amsa == Adawa ga masu kare muhalli na iya ɗaukar nau'i na laifi ko ƙetare siyasa wanda ke tsara ayyukan kare muhalli dangane da manyan muhawarar siyasa. Misali, a Columbia ''líderes ambientale'' (shugabannin muhalli) ana jefa su akai-akai a matsayin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na hagu da jami'an tsaro da na gwamnati suka yi niyya. A Arewacin Duniya, yaƙi da ta'addanci ya haifar da ƙara aikata laifuka na masu kare muhalli. Kodayake masu kare muhalli ba safai suke amfani da dabarun tashin hankali ba, gwamnatoci da sauransu na iya sukar ayyukan masu kare a lokutan da suka yi barna ko makamancin haka. Misali, an gurfanar da Jessica Reznicek a Amurka bisa laifin lalata kayan aikin gini da ake amfani da su wajen gina bututun Dakota, kuma alkali ya yi amfani da karin lokaci a kan hukuncin daurin da aka yanke mata a matsayin <nowiki>''haɓaka ta'addanci'</nowiki>. Hakanan akwai mahimman suka game da ra'ayi mai kare muhalli ko al'ummomin masu kare muhalli bisa ga mahallin tarihi ko rashin fahimta na ɗabi'a. Waɗannan sun haɗa da keɓanta ayyukan gama kai, asalin mulkin mallaka, da rikitattun yanayi waɗanda suka haɗa da ayyukan kiyayewa ko sabunta makamashi . === Bambance-bambance === Kodayake yawancin kafofin ilimi da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suna bayyana masu kare muhalli don haɗawa da ƙungiyoyin mutane, kafofin watsa labarai da ƙungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari kan ba da rahoto kan daidaikun masu karewa, wanda ya haifar da kalmar tana da tasiri na keɓancewa ga fahimtar jama'a game da rikice-rikicen rarraba muhalli. Wannan na iya ɓoye yanayin gama-gari na rikice-rikicen rarraba muhalli, da ƙara jefa shugabanni ɗaya cikin haɗari, da kuma ta'azzara rikice-rikice na cikin gida a tsakanin al'ummomin masu karewa. <ref name=":0" /> Rarraba masu kare muhalli kuma na iya haifar da [[shahada]]. Shahidai na iya samun tasirin faɗaɗa goyon baya ga rikice-rikicen rarraba muhalli, ƙarfafa ƙawance, da inganta damar samun nasara. Misali a Philippines, kisan da aka yi wa Macli-ing Dulag ya haifar da tarzoma a kan madatsar ruwan kogin Chico da soke aikin. Duk da haka, shahada baya bayar da gudunmawa iri daya wajen samun nasarar rikice-rikicen rarraba muhalli. Karkashin gwamnatocin danniya na musamman, mutuwar masu karewa na iya haifar da lalacewa kawai; a cikin ƙasashen da ke da yawan kisan kai, mutuwar masu karewa na iya wucewa da gaske ba a sani ba. <ref name=":0" /> === Sabunta makamashi da kiyayewa === Yawancin rikice-rikicen rarraba muhalli sun samo asali ne daga hakar albarkatu ko amfani da ƙasa masu alaƙa da sabunta makamashi ko kiyayewa. An soki masu kare muhalli da ke kare ƙasarsu daga waɗannan hatsarori da yin katsalandan ga ci gaban da za a iya fahimtar cewa ya zama dole don rage sauyin yanayi, kare nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari, ko "farin jama'a". Waɗannan al'amuran suna nuna shubuhawar ɗabi'a da ka iya kasancewa a cikin gwagwarmayar al'ummomin masu kare muhalli. Misali, kare [[Filin shakatawa na Virunga|gandun dajin Virunga]] da ke Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kongo an yi amfani da sojoji, kuma masu kula da gandun daji sun yi rikici da 'yan asalin yankin, lamarin da ya kai ga sukar 'kare da sojoji'. Amfani da ƙasa da ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa masu alaƙa da sabunta makamashi akai-akai suna haifar da rikicin muhalli; akwai rikice-rikice dari da yawa da aka jera akan EJAtlas masu alaƙa da ababen more rayuwa na makamashi. Misali, madatsun ruwa masu amfani da wutar lantarki na da muhimmanci ga tsare-tsaren masana da dama na dakile sauyin yanayi, amma suna raba dimbin jama'a da matsugunan su, kuma su ne suka fi haddasa rikice-rikice a fannin makamashin da ake sabuntawa. Matsakaicin ma'aunin iska da ayyukan hasken rana suma suna da tasirin shari'ar muhalli, kamar yadda ake hakar albarkatun tagulla, lithium, da sauran ma'adanai masu mahimmanci da ake buƙata don sabunta makamashin makamashi. Thacker Pass lithium ma'adanin hakar ma'adinan a Amurka misali ne na rikici a bangaren makamashi mai sabuntawa inda masu kare muhalli ke adawa da wani budadden rami wanda wasu masana muhalli suka yi imanin cewa ya wajaba don samar da lithium don batir motocin lantarki don tallafawa shirin rage sauyin yanayi. === Mulkin mallaka === Haɗin kai tare da tsarin shari'a na haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya ya haifar da sukar ra'ayi mai kare muhalli a matsayin lakabin mulkin mallaka da aka sanya wa al'ummomin da ba su da alaƙa da ra'ayi ko akidar wayewar Yammacin Turai waɗanda suka samar da tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Masanin Colville Dina Gilio-Whitaker ya yi nuni da cewa ba da fifiko kan 'yancin samun kyakkyawan yanayi da kuma adalcin muhalli na iya ɗaukan haƙƙin jari-hujja na ƙasar da bai dace da ra'ayoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar ba. Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman John Knox ya nunar da cewa kasashen Kudancin Duniya ne suka jagoranci daukar ‘yancin samun yanayi mai kyau kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen kawar da dokar kare hakkin bil adama. == Magana == {{Reflist}} <ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_defender</ref> [[Category:Ƴancin muhalli]] [[Category:Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam]] [[Category:Tsaro]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i42bak8maqqf712sl4checzum2xvpwn 0 30153 906148 832136 2026-08-22T11:15:18Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Environment_Protection_Authority_Victoria_EPA_Carlton_Entrance.jpg |thumb|Ginin hukumar kare muhalli, Victoria]] [[File:Children_cleaning_environment_in_Seychelles.jpg |thumb|Yara na tsabtace Muhalli]] [[File:Nrborderborderentrythreecolorsmay05-1-.JPG|right|thumb| Gurbacewar ruwa lamari ne da ya shafi muhalli da yawa. Wannan hoton yana nuna kumfa a sabon kogin yayin da yake shiga Amurka daga Mexico.]] [[File:Environmental problem.jpg|thumb|Matsalar muhalli ta gurbata hanyar ruwa.]] [[File:Environmental issues in Hawthorne Park.jpg|thumb|Abinda ya danganci muhalli a Hawthorne park]] [[Fayil:Environmental problem.jpg|thumb|Matsalar muhalli]] '''Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli,''' suna da tasiri na aiyukan dan adam akan yanayin halitta, mafi yawan abin dake haifar da lalacewar muhalli. [[Kare Muhalli|Kare muhalli]] al'ada ce ta kare yanayin a kan daidaikun mutane, kungiyoyi ko gwamnati, ɗan amfanin [[Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya|muhalli]] akan mutane. Muhalli, cigaban zaman takewa da [[Gudanar da muhalli|muhalli]], yana magance matsalolin muhalli ta hanyar ba da shawara, ilimin dokoki da gwagwarmaya.<ref>Eccleston, Charles H. (2010). [https://www.amazon.com/Global-Environmental-Policy-Concepts-Principles/dp/1439847665/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1486953980&sr=8-1&keywords=charles+eccleston+global+environmental ''Global Environmental Policy: Concepts, Principles, and Practice'']. Chapter 7. {{ISBN|978-1439847664}}.</ref> Lalacewar muhalli da mutane ke haifarwa matsala ce ta duniya mai gudana. Yawancin masana kuma suna tunanin cewa aikin ya kuma kai kololuwar yawan jama'ar duniya tsakanin mutane biliyan 9-10, zai iya rayuwa mai ɗorewa a cikin halittun duniya idan al'ummar bil'adama ta yi aiki don rayuwa mai ɗorewa a cikin iyakokin duniya.<ref name=":112">{{Cite web|last=Alberro|first=Heather|title=Why we should be wary of blaming 'overpopulation' for the climate crisis|url=http://theconversation.com/why-we-should-be-wary-of-blaming-overpopulation-for-the-climate-crisis-130709|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":132">{{Cite web|date=4 November 2020|title=David Attenborough's claim that humans have overrun the planet is his most popular comment|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/environment/2020/11/david-attenborough-s-claim-humans-have-overrun-planet-his-most-popular|access-date=2021-08-03|website=www.newstatesman.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":142">{{cite news|date=18 January 2011|title=Dominic Lawson: The population timebomb is a myth The doom-sayers are becoming more fashionable just as experts are coming to the view it has all been one giant false alarm|work=The Independent|location=UK|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/dominic-lawson/dominic-lawson-the-population-timebomb-is-a-myth-2186968.html|access-date=30 November 2011}}</ref> Mafi yawan tasirin muhalli na faruwa ne sakamakon mafi yawan attajirai a duniya suna cin kayayyaki masana'antu da yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nässén|first=Jonas|last2=Andersson|first2=David|last3=Larsson|first3=Jörgen|last4=Holmberg|first4=John|date=2015|title=Explaining the Variation in Greenhouse Gas Emissions Between Households: Socioeconomic, Motivational, and Physical Factors|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jiec.12168|journal=Journal of Industrial Ecology|language=en|volume=19|issue=3|pages=480–489|doi=10.1111/jiec.12168|issn=1530-9290}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Moser|first=Stephanie|last2=Kleinhückelkotten|first2=Silke|date=2017-06-09|title=Good Intents, but Low Impacts: Diverging Importance of Motivational and Socioeconomic Determinants Explaining Pro-Environmental Behavior, Energy Use, and Carbon Footprint|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0013916517710685?journalCode=eaba|journal=Environment and Behavior|volume=50|issue=6|pages=626–656|doi=10.1177/0013916517710685|issn=0013-9165}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lynch|first=Michael J.|last2=Long|first2=Michael A.|last3=Stretesky|first3=Paul B.|last4=Barrett|first4=Kimberly L.|date=2019-05-15|title=Measuring the Ecological Impact of the Wealthy: Excessive Consumption, Ecological Disorganization, Green Crime, and Justice|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2329496519847491?journalCode=scua&|journal=Social Currents|volume=6|issue=4|pages=377–395|doi=10.1177/2329496519847491|issn=2329-4965}}</ref> Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, a cikin rahotonsu na "Samar da Zaman Lafiya Tare da Yanayi" a cikin 2021, an gano yana magance manyan rikice-rikice na duniya, kamar gurbatar yanayi, canjin yanayi da asarar rayayyun halittu, idan ɓangarorin suka yi aiki don magance Manufofin Cigaba mai dorewa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Environment|first=U. N.|date=2021-02-11|title=Making Peace With Nature|url=http://www.unep.org/resources/making-peace-nature|access-date=2022-02-18|website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme|language=en}}</ref> == Nau'ukan. == Manyan batutuwan muhalli na yanzu na iya hadawa da [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]], gurbataccen yanayi, lalata muhalli, da karancin albarkatu. Kungiyoyin kiyayewa dan kariya ga nau'ikan da ke cikin hadari da kariya ga kowane yanki mai kima na muhalli, ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki da [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]]. Tsare-tsaren kasa da kasa kan batutuwan muhalli sun mayar da hankali kan muhimman batutuwa guda uku (3) a matsayin "rikicin duniya sau uku": sauyin yanayi, gurbatar yanayi da asarar rayayyun halittu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-27|title=SDGs will address ‘three planetary crises’ harming life on Earth|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/04/1090762|access-date=2022-02-18|website=UN News|language=en|archive-date=2023-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926114216/https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/04/1090762|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tasiri. == === Rikici === {{Excerpt|environmental conflict}} == Abin da ya jawo == == Mataki == === Adalci === {{Excerpt|Environmental justice}}{{Excerpt|Environmental law}}{{Excerpt|environmental movement}} === Kungiyoyi. === Kungiyoyin gwamnati suna magance matsalolin muhalli a matakin yanki, na kasa ko na duniya. Babbar hukumar kasa da kasa, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1972, ita ce Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar dinkin Duniya. Kungiyar kare dabi'a ta kasa da kasa ta hada jihohi 83, hukumomin gwamnati 108, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 766, da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa 81, da kwararru kusan 10,000, masana [[kimiyya]] daga kasashen duniya. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da kasa sun hada da Greenpeace, Abokan Duniya da Asusun Duniya na yanayi. Gwamnatoci suna kafa manufofin muhalli da aiwatar da dokar muhalli kuma ana yin hakan zuwa digiri daban-daban a duniya. == Fim da talabiji. == Ana samun karuwar fina-finan da ake shiryawa kan batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli, musamman kan [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] da [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]]. Fim din Al Gore na shekarar 2006. ''[[Gaskiya mai Rashin Dacewa (Fim)|Gaskiya mara dadi]]'' ya sami nasarar kasuwanci da babban bayanan watsa labarai. == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category: Hakkin dan Adam]] smvx8bk0s1h6cps5s7zawaxi8drti88 906149 906148 2026-08-22T11:15:42Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Environment_Protection_Authority_Victoria_EPA_Carlton_Entrance.jpg |thumb|Ginin hukumar kare muhalli, Victoria]] [[File:Children_cleaning_environment_in_Seychelles.jpg |thumb|Yara na tsabtace Muhalli]] [[File:Nrborderborderentrythreecolorsmay05-1-.JPG|right|thumb| Gurbacewar ruwa lamari ne da ya shafi muhalli da yawa. Wannan hoton yana nuna kumfa a sabon kogin yayin da yake shiga Amurka daga Mexico.]] [[File:Environmental problem.jpg|thumb|Matsalar muhalli ta gurbata hanyar ruwa.]] [[File:Environmental issues in Hawthorne Park.jpg|thumb|Abinda ya danganci muhalli a Hawthorne park]] [[Fayil:Environmental problem.jpg|thumb|Matsalar muhalli]] '''Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli,''' suna da tasiri na aiyukan dan adam akan yanayin halitta, mafi yawan abin dake haifar da lalacewar muhalli. [[Kare Muhalli|Kare muhalli]] al'ada ce ta kare yanayin a kan daidaikun mutane, kungiyoyi ko gwamnati, ɗan amfanin [[Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya|muhalli]] akan mutane. Muhalli, cigaban zaman takewa da [[Gudanar da muhalli|muhalli]], yana magance matsalolin muhalli ta hanyar ba da shawara, ilimin dokoki da gwagwarmaya.<ref>Eccleston, Charles H. (2010). [https://www.amazon.com/Global-Environmental-Policy-Concepts-Principles/dp/1439847665/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1486953980&sr=8-1&keywords=charles+eccleston+global+environmental ''Global Environmental Policy: Concepts, Principles, and Practice'']. Chapter 7. {{ISBN|978-1439847664}}.</ref> Lalacewar muhalli da mutane ke haifarwa matsala ce ta duniya mai gudana. Yawancin masana kuma suna tunanin cewa aikin ya kuma kai kololuwar yawan jama'ar duniya tsakanin mutane biliyan 9-10, zai iya rayuwa mai ɗorewa a cikin halittun duniya idan al'ummar bil'adama ta yi aiki don rayuwa mai ɗorewa a cikin iyakokin duniya.<ref name=":112">{{Cite web|last=Alberro|first=Heather|title=Why we should be wary of blaming 'overpopulation' for the climate crisis|url=http://theconversation.com/why-we-should-be-wary-of-blaming-overpopulation-for-the-climate-crisis-130709|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":132">{{Cite web|date=4 November 2020|title=David Attenborough's claim that humans have overrun the planet is his most popular comment|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/environment/2020/11/david-attenborough-s-claim-humans-have-overrun-planet-his-most-popular|access-date=2021-08-03|website=www.newstatesman.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":142">{{cite news|date=18 January 2011|title=Dominic Lawson: The population timebomb is a myth The doom-sayers are becoming more fashionable just as experts are coming to the view it has all been one giant false alarm|work=The Independent|location=UK|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/dominic-lawson/dominic-lawson-the-population-timebomb-is-a-myth-2186968.html|access-date=30 November 2011}}</ref> Mafi yawan tasirin muhalli na faruwa ne sakamakon mafi yawan attajirai a duniya suna cin kayayyaki masana'antu da yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nässén|first=Jonas|last2=Andersson|first2=David|last3=Larsson|first3=Jörgen|last4=Holmberg|first4=John|date=2015|title=Explaining the Variation in Greenhouse Gas Emissions Between Households: Socioeconomic, Motivational, and Physical Factors|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jiec.12168|journal=Journal of Industrial Ecology|language=en|volume=19|issue=3|pages=480–489|doi=10.1111/jiec.12168|issn=1530-9290}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Moser|first=Stephanie|last2=Kleinhückelkotten|first2=Silke|date=2017-06-09|title=Good Intents, but Low Impacts: Diverging Importance of Motivational and Socioeconomic Determinants Explaining Pro-Environmental Behavior, Energy Use, and Carbon Footprint|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0013916517710685?journalCode=eaba|journal=Environment and Behavior|volume=50|issue=6|pages=626–656|doi=10.1177/0013916517710685|issn=0013-9165}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lynch|first=Michael J.|last2=Long|first2=Michael A.|last3=Stretesky|first3=Paul B.|last4=Barrett|first4=Kimberly L.|date=2019-05-15|title=Measuring the Ecological Impact of the Wealthy: Excessive Consumption, Ecological Disorganization, Green Crime, and Justice|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2329496519847491?journalCode=scua&|journal=Social Currents|volume=6|issue=4|pages=377–395|doi=10.1177/2329496519847491|issn=2329-4965}}</ref> Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, a cikin rahotonsu na "Samar da Zaman Lafiya Tare da Yanayi" a cikin 2021, an gano yana magance manyan rikice-rikice na duniya, kamar gurbatar yanayi, canjin yanayi da asarar rayayyun halittu, idan ɓangarorin suka yi aiki don magance Manufofin Cigaba mai dorewa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Environment|first=U. N.|date=2021-02-11|title=Making Peace With Nature|url=http://www.unep.org/resources/making-peace-nature|access-date=2022-02-18|website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme|language=en}}</ref> == Nau'ukan. == Manyan batutuwan muhalli na yanzu na iya haɗawa da [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]], gurbataccen yanayi, lalata muhalli, da karancin albarkatu. Kungiyoyin kiyayewa dan kariya ga nau'ikan da ke cikin hadari da kariya ga kowane yanki mai kima na muhalli, ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki da [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]]. Tsare-tsaren kasa da kasa kan batutuwan muhalli sun mayar da hankali kan muhimman batutuwa guda uku (3) a matsayin "rikicin duniya sau uku": sauyin yanayi, gurbatar yanayi da asarar rayayyun halittu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-27|title=SDGs will address ‘three planetary crises’ harming life on Earth|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/04/1090762|access-date=2022-02-18|website=UN News|language=en|archive-date=2023-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926114216/https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/04/1090762|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tasiri. == === Rikici === {{Excerpt|environmental conflict}} == Abin da ya jawo == == Mataki == === Adalci === {{Excerpt|Environmental justice}}{{Excerpt|Environmental law}}{{Excerpt|environmental movement}} === Kungiyoyi. === Kungiyoyin gwamnati suna magance matsalolin muhalli a matakin yanki, na kasa ko na duniya. Babbar hukumar kasa da kasa, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1972, ita ce Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar dinkin Duniya. Kungiyar kare dabi'a ta kasa da kasa ta hada jihohi 83, hukumomin gwamnati 108, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 766, da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa 81, da kwararru kusan 10,000, masana [[kimiyya]] daga kasashen duniya. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da kasa sun hada da Greenpeace, Abokan Duniya da Asusun Duniya na yanayi. Gwamnatoci suna kafa manufofin muhalli da aiwatar da dokar muhalli kuma ana yin hakan zuwa digiri daban-daban a duniya. == Fim da talabiji. == Ana samun karuwar fina-finan da ake shiryawa kan batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli, musamman kan [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] da [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]]. Fim din Al Gore na shekarar 2006. ''[[Gaskiya mai Rashin Dacewa (Fim)|Gaskiya mara dadi]]'' ya sami nasarar kasuwanci da babban bayanan watsa labarai. == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category: Hakkin dan Adam]] iy6qn8ci8d7t6slrz45612w0b5cv6e4 906150 906149 2026-08-22T11:15:58Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Environment_Protection_Authority_Victoria_EPA_Carlton_Entrance.jpg |thumb|Ginin hukumar kare muhalli, Victoria]] [[File:Children_cleaning_environment_in_Seychelles.jpg |thumb|Yara na tsabtace Muhalli]] [[File:Nrborderborderentrythreecolorsmay05-1-.JPG|right|thumb| Gurbacewar ruwa lamari ne da ya shafi muhalli da yawa. Wannan hoton yana nuna kumfa a sabon kogin yayin da yake shiga Amurka daga Mexico.]] [[File:Environmental problem.jpg|thumb|Matsalar muhalli ta gurbata hanyar ruwa.]] [[File:Environmental issues in Hawthorne Park.jpg|thumb|Abinda ya danganci muhalli a Hawthorne park]] [[Fayil:Environmental problem.jpg|thumb|Matsalar muhalli]] '''Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli,''' suna da tasiri na aiyukan dan adam akan yanayin halitta, mafi yawan abin dake haifar da lalacewar muhalli. [[Kare Muhalli|Kare muhalli]] al'ada ce ta kare yanayin a kan daidaikun mutane, kungiyoyi ko gwamnati, ɗan amfanin [[Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya|muhalli]] akan mutane. Muhalli, cigaban zaman takewa da [[Gudanar da muhalli|muhalli]], yana magance matsalolin muhalli ta hanyar ba da shawara, ilimin dokoki da gwagwarmaya.<ref>Eccleston, Charles H. (2010). [https://www.amazon.com/Global-Environmental-Policy-Concepts-Principles/dp/1439847665/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1486953980&sr=8-1&keywords=charles+eccleston+global+environmental ''Global Environmental Policy: Concepts, Principles, and Practice'']. Chapter 7. {{ISBN|978-1439847664}}.</ref> Lalacewar muhalli da mutane ke haifarwa matsala ce ta duniya mai gudana. Yawancin masana kuma suna tunanin cewa aikin ya kuma kai kololuwar yawan jama'ar duniya tsakanin mutane biliyan 9-10, zai iya rayuwa mai ɗorewa a cikin halittun duniya idan al'ummar bil'adama ta yi aiki don rayuwa mai ɗorewa a cikin iyakokin duniya.<ref name=":112">{{Cite web|last=Alberro|first=Heather|title=Why we should be wary of blaming 'overpopulation' for the climate crisis|url=http://theconversation.com/why-we-should-be-wary-of-blaming-overpopulation-for-the-climate-crisis-130709|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":132">{{Cite web|date=4 November 2020|title=David Attenborough's claim that humans have overrun the planet is his most popular comment|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/environment/2020/11/david-attenborough-s-claim-humans-have-overrun-planet-his-most-popular|access-date=2021-08-03|website=www.newstatesman.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":142">{{cite news|date=18 January 2011|title=Dominic Lawson: The population timebomb is a myth The doom-sayers are becoming more fashionable just as experts are coming to the view it has all been one giant false alarm|work=The Independent|location=UK|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/dominic-lawson/dominic-lawson-the-population-timebomb-is-a-myth-2186968.html|access-date=30 November 2011}}</ref> Mafi yawan tasirin muhalli na faruwa ne sakamakon mafi yawan attajirai a duniya suna cin kayayyaki masana'antu da yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nässén|first=Jonas|last2=Andersson|first2=David|last3=Larsson|first3=Jörgen|last4=Holmberg|first4=John|date=2015|title=Explaining the Variation in Greenhouse Gas Emissions Between Households: Socioeconomic, Motivational, and Physical Factors|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jiec.12168|journal=Journal of Industrial Ecology|language=en|volume=19|issue=3|pages=480–489|doi=10.1111/jiec.12168|issn=1530-9290}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Moser|first=Stephanie|last2=Kleinhückelkotten|first2=Silke|date=2017-06-09|title=Good Intents, but Low Impacts: Diverging Importance of Motivational and Socioeconomic Determinants Explaining Pro-Environmental Behavior, Energy Use, and Carbon Footprint|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0013916517710685?journalCode=eaba|journal=Environment and Behavior|volume=50|issue=6|pages=626–656|doi=10.1177/0013916517710685|issn=0013-9165}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lynch|first=Michael J.|last2=Long|first2=Michael A.|last3=Stretesky|first3=Paul B.|last4=Barrett|first4=Kimberly L.|date=2019-05-15|title=Measuring the Ecological Impact of the Wealthy: Excessive Consumption, Ecological Disorganization, Green Crime, and Justice|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2329496519847491?journalCode=scua&|journal=Social Currents|volume=6|issue=4|pages=377–395|doi=10.1177/2329496519847491|issn=2329-4965}}</ref> Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, a cikin rahotonsu na "Samar da Zaman Lafiya Tare da Yanayi" a cikin 2021, an gano yana magance manyan rikice-rikice na duniya, kamar gurbatar yanayi, canjin yanayi da asarar rayayyun halittu, idan ɓangarorin suka yi aiki don magance Manufofin Cigaba mai dorewa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Environment|first=U. N.|date=2021-02-11|title=Making Peace With Nature|url=http://www.unep.org/resources/making-peace-nature|access-date=2022-02-18|website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme|language=en}}</ref> == Nau'ukan. == Manyan batutuwan muhalli na yanzu na iya haɗawa da [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]], gurbataccen yanayi, lalata muhalli, da karancin albarkatu. Ƙungiyoyin kiyayewa dan kariya ga nau'ikan da ke cikin hadari da kariya ga kowane yanki mai kima na muhalli, ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki da [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]]. Tsare-tsaren kasa da kasa kan batutuwan muhalli sun mayar da hankali kan muhimman batutuwa guda uku (3) a matsayin "rikicin duniya sau uku": sauyin yanayi, gurbatar yanayi da asarar rayayyun halittu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-27|title=SDGs will address ‘three planetary crises’ harming life on Earth|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/04/1090762|access-date=2022-02-18|website=UN News|language=en|archive-date=2023-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926114216/https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/04/1090762|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tasiri. == === Rikici === {{Excerpt|environmental conflict}} == Abin da ya jawo == == Mataki == === Adalci === {{Excerpt|Environmental justice}}{{Excerpt|Environmental law}}{{Excerpt|environmental movement}} === Kungiyoyi. === Kungiyoyin gwamnati suna magance matsalolin muhalli a matakin yanki, na kasa ko na duniya. Babbar hukumar kasa da kasa, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1972, ita ce Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar dinkin Duniya. Kungiyar kare dabi'a ta kasa da kasa ta hada jihohi 83, hukumomin gwamnati 108, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 766, da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa 81, da kwararru kusan 10,000, masana [[kimiyya]] daga kasashen duniya. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da kasa sun hada da Greenpeace, Abokan Duniya da Asusun Duniya na yanayi. Gwamnatoci suna kafa manufofin muhalli da aiwatar da dokar muhalli kuma ana yin hakan zuwa digiri daban-daban a duniya. == Fim da talabiji. == Ana samun karuwar fina-finan da ake shiryawa kan batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli, musamman kan [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] da [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]]. Fim din Al Gore na shekarar 2006. ''[[Gaskiya mai Rashin Dacewa (Fim)|Gaskiya mara dadi]]'' ya sami nasarar kasuwanci da babban bayanan watsa labarai. == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category: Hakkin dan Adam]] gikihw549t36hwct51z84q3xr42u7gf 906151 906150 2026-08-22T11:16:20Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Environment_Protection_Authority_Victoria_EPA_Carlton_Entrance.jpg |thumb|Ginin hukumar kare muhalli, Victoria]] [[File:Children_cleaning_environment_in_Seychelles.jpg |thumb|Yara na tsabtace Muhalli]] [[File:Nrborderborderentrythreecolorsmay05-1-.JPG|right|thumb| Gurbacewar ruwa lamari ne da ya shafi muhalli da yawa. Wannan hoton yana nuna kumfa a sabon kogin yayin da yake shiga Amurka daga Mexico.]] [[File:Environmental problem.jpg|thumb|Matsalar muhalli ta gurbata hanyar ruwa.]] [[File:Environmental issues in Hawthorne Park.jpg|thumb|Abinda ya danganci muhalli a Hawthorne park]] [[Fayil:Environmental problem.jpg|thumb|Matsalar muhalli]] '''Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli,''' suna da tasiri na aiyukan dan adam akan yanayin halitta, mafi yawan abin dake haifar da lalacewar muhalli. [[Kare Muhalli|Kare muhalli]] al'ada ce ta kare yanayin a kan daidaikun mutane, kungiyoyi ko gwamnati, ɗan amfanin [[Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya|muhalli]] akan mutane. Muhalli, cigaban zaman takewa da [[Gudanar da muhalli|muhalli]], yana magance matsalolin muhalli ta hanyar ba da shawara, ilimin dokoki da gwagwarmaya.<ref>Eccleston, Charles H. (2010). [https://www.amazon.com/Global-Environmental-Policy-Concepts-Principles/dp/1439847665/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1486953980&sr=8-1&keywords=charles+eccleston+global+environmental ''Global Environmental Policy: Concepts, Principles, and Practice'']. Chapter 7. {{ISBN|978-1439847664}}.</ref> Lalacewar muhalli da mutane ke haifarwa matsala ce ta duniya mai gudana. Yawancin masana kuma suna tunanin cewa aikin ya kuma kai kololuwar yawan jama'ar duniya tsakanin mutane biliyan 9-10, zai iya rayuwa mai ɗorewa a cikin halittun duniya idan al'ummar bil'adama ta yi aiki don rayuwa mai ɗorewa a cikin iyakokin duniya.<ref name=":112">{{Cite web|last=Alberro|first=Heather|title=Why we should be wary of blaming 'overpopulation' for the climate crisis|url=http://theconversation.com/why-we-should-be-wary-of-blaming-overpopulation-for-the-climate-crisis-130709|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":132">{{Cite web|date=4 November 2020|title=David Attenborough's claim that humans have overrun the planet is his most popular comment|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/environment/2020/11/david-attenborough-s-claim-humans-have-overrun-planet-his-most-popular|access-date=2021-08-03|website=www.newstatesman.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":142">{{cite news|date=18 January 2011|title=Dominic Lawson: The population timebomb is a myth The doom-sayers are becoming more fashionable just as experts are coming to the view it has all been one giant false alarm|work=The Independent|location=UK|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/dominic-lawson/dominic-lawson-the-population-timebomb-is-a-myth-2186968.html|access-date=30 November 2011}}</ref> Mafi yawan tasirin muhalli na faruwa ne sakamakon mafi yawan attajirai a duniya suna cin kayayyaki masana'antu da yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nässén|first=Jonas|last2=Andersson|first2=David|last3=Larsson|first3=Jörgen|last4=Holmberg|first4=John|date=2015|title=Explaining the Variation in Greenhouse Gas Emissions Between Households: Socioeconomic, Motivational, and Physical Factors|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jiec.12168|journal=Journal of Industrial Ecology|language=en|volume=19|issue=3|pages=480–489|doi=10.1111/jiec.12168|issn=1530-9290}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Moser|first=Stephanie|last2=Kleinhückelkotten|first2=Silke|date=2017-06-09|title=Good Intents, but Low Impacts: Diverging Importance of Motivational and Socioeconomic Determinants Explaining Pro-Environmental Behavior, Energy Use, and Carbon Footprint|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0013916517710685?journalCode=eaba|journal=Environment and Behavior|volume=50|issue=6|pages=626–656|doi=10.1177/0013916517710685|issn=0013-9165}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lynch|first=Michael J.|last2=Long|first2=Michael A.|last3=Stretesky|first3=Paul B.|last4=Barrett|first4=Kimberly L.|date=2019-05-15|title=Measuring the Ecological Impact of the Wealthy: Excessive Consumption, Ecological Disorganization, Green Crime, and Justice|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2329496519847491?journalCode=scua&|journal=Social Currents|volume=6|issue=4|pages=377–395|doi=10.1177/2329496519847491|issn=2329-4965}}</ref> Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, a cikin rahotonsu na "Samar da Zaman Lafiya Tare da Yanayi" a cikin 2021, an gano yana magance manyan rikice-rikice na duniya, kamar gurbatar yanayi, canjin yanayi da asarar rayayyun halittu, idan ɓangarorin suka yi aiki don magance Manufofin Cigaba mai dorewa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Environment|first=U. N.|date=2021-02-11|title=Making Peace With Nature|url=http://www.unep.org/resources/making-peace-nature|access-date=2022-02-18|website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme|language=en}}</ref> == Nau'ukan. == Manyan batutuwan muhalli na yanzu na iya haɗawa da [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]], gurbataccen yanayi, lalata muhalli, da karancin albarkatu. Ƙungiyoyin kiyayewa dan kariya ga nau'ikan da ke cikin hadari da kariya ga kowane yanki mai kima na muhalli, ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki da [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]]. Tsare-tsaren kasa da kasa kan batutuwan muhalli sun mayar da hankali kan muhimman batutuwa guda uku (3) a matsayin "rikicin duniya sau uku": sauyin yanayi, gurbatar yanayi da asarar rayayyun halittu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-27|title=SDGs will address ‘three planetary crises’ harming life on Earth|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/04/1090762|access-date=2022-02-18|website=UN News|language=en|archive-date=2023-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926114216/https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/04/1090762|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tasiri. == === Rikici === {{Excerpt|environmental conflict}} == Abin da ya jawo == == Mataki == === Adalci === {{Excerpt|Environmental justice}}{{Excerpt|Environmental law}}{{Excerpt|environmental movement}} === Kungiyoyi. === Ƙungiyoyin gwamnati suna magance matsalolin muhalli a matakin yanki, na kasa ko na duniya. Babbar hukumar ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1972, ita ce Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar dinkin Duniya. Kungiyar kare dabi'a ta kasa da kasa ta hada jihohi 83, hukumomin gwamnati 108, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 766, da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa 81, da kwararru kusan 10,000, masana [[kimiyya]] daga kasashen duniya. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da kasa sun hada da Greenpeace, Abokan Duniya da Asusun Duniya na yanayi. Gwamnatoci suna kafa manufofin muhalli da aiwatar da dokar muhalli kuma ana yin hakan zuwa digiri daban-daban a duniya. == Fim da talabiji. == Ana samun karuwar fina-finan da ake shiryawa kan batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli, musamman kan [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] da [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]]. Fim din Al Gore na shekarar 2006. ''[[Gaskiya mai Rashin Dacewa (Fim)|Gaskiya mara dadi]]'' ya sami nasarar kasuwanci da babban bayanan watsa labarai. == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category: Hakkin dan Adam]] 3jx2o9fs1c50h46wtx40w6ncukka95q 906152 906151 2026-08-22T11:16:42Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Environment_Protection_Authority_Victoria_EPA_Carlton_Entrance.jpg |thumb|Ginin hukumar kare muhalli, Victoria]] [[File:Children_cleaning_environment_in_Seychelles.jpg |thumb|Yara na tsabtace Muhalli]] [[File:Nrborderborderentrythreecolorsmay05-1-.JPG|right|thumb| Gurbacewar ruwa lamari ne da ya shafi muhalli da yawa. Wannan hoton yana nuna kumfa a sabon kogin yayin da yake shiga Amurka daga Mexico.]] [[File:Environmental problem.jpg|thumb|Matsalar muhalli ta gurbata hanyar ruwa.]] [[File:Environmental issues in Hawthorne Park.jpg|thumb|Abinda ya danganci muhalli a Hawthorne park]] [[Fayil:Environmental problem.jpg|thumb|Matsalar muhalli]] '''Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli,''' suna da tasiri na aiyukan dan adam akan yanayin halitta, mafi yawan abin dake haifar da lalacewar muhalli. [[Kare Muhalli|Kare muhalli]] al'ada ce ta kare yanayin a kan daidaikun mutane, kungiyoyi ko gwamnati, ɗan amfanin [[Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya|muhalli]] akan mutane. Muhalli, cigaban zaman takewa da [[Gudanar da muhalli|muhalli]], yana magance matsalolin muhalli ta hanyar ba da shawara, ilimin dokoki da gwagwarmaya.<ref>Eccleston, Charles H. (2010). [https://www.amazon.com/Global-Environmental-Policy-Concepts-Principles/dp/1439847665/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1486953980&sr=8-1&keywords=charles+eccleston+global+environmental ''Global Environmental Policy: Concepts, Principles, and Practice'']. Chapter 7. {{ISBN|978-1439847664}}.</ref> Lalacewar muhalli da mutane ke haifarwa matsala ce ta duniya mai gudana. Yawancin masana kuma suna tunanin cewa aikin ya kuma kai kololuwar yawan jama'ar duniya tsakanin mutane biliyan 9-10, zai iya rayuwa mai ɗorewa a cikin halittun duniya idan al'ummar bil'adama ta yi aiki don rayuwa mai ɗorewa a cikin iyakokin duniya.<ref name=":112">{{Cite web|last=Alberro|first=Heather|title=Why we should be wary of blaming 'overpopulation' for the climate crisis|url=http://theconversation.com/why-we-should-be-wary-of-blaming-overpopulation-for-the-climate-crisis-130709|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":132">{{Cite web|date=4 November 2020|title=David Attenborough's claim that humans have overrun the planet is his most popular comment|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/environment/2020/11/david-attenborough-s-claim-humans-have-overrun-planet-his-most-popular|access-date=2021-08-03|website=www.newstatesman.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":142">{{cite news|date=18 January 2011|title=Dominic Lawson: The population timebomb is a myth The doom-sayers are becoming more fashionable just as experts are coming to the view it has all been one giant false alarm|work=The Independent|location=UK|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/dominic-lawson/dominic-lawson-the-population-timebomb-is-a-myth-2186968.html|access-date=30 November 2011}}</ref> Mafi yawan tasirin muhalli na faruwa ne sakamakon mafi yawan attajirai a duniya suna cin kayayyaki masana'antu da yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nässén|first=Jonas|last2=Andersson|first2=David|last3=Larsson|first3=Jörgen|last4=Holmberg|first4=John|date=2015|title=Explaining the Variation in Greenhouse Gas Emissions Between Households: Socioeconomic, Motivational, and Physical Factors|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jiec.12168|journal=Journal of Industrial Ecology|language=en|volume=19|issue=3|pages=480–489|doi=10.1111/jiec.12168|issn=1530-9290}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Moser|first=Stephanie|last2=Kleinhückelkotten|first2=Silke|date=2017-06-09|title=Good Intents, but Low Impacts: Diverging Importance of Motivational and Socioeconomic Determinants Explaining Pro-Environmental Behavior, Energy Use, and Carbon Footprint|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0013916517710685?journalCode=eaba|journal=Environment and Behavior|volume=50|issue=6|pages=626–656|doi=10.1177/0013916517710685|issn=0013-9165}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lynch|first=Michael J.|last2=Long|first2=Michael A.|last3=Stretesky|first3=Paul B.|last4=Barrett|first4=Kimberly L.|date=2019-05-15|title=Measuring the Ecological Impact of the Wealthy: Excessive Consumption, Ecological Disorganization, Green Crime, and Justice|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2329496519847491?journalCode=scua&|journal=Social Currents|volume=6|issue=4|pages=377–395|doi=10.1177/2329496519847491|issn=2329-4965}}</ref> Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, a cikin rahotonsu na "Samar da Zaman Lafiya Tare da Yanayi" a cikin 2021, an gano yana magance manyan rikice-rikice na duniya, kamar gurbatar yanayi, canjin yanayi da asarar rayayyun halittu, idan ɓangarorin suka yi aiki don magance Manufofin Cigaba mai dorewa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Environment|first=U. N.|date=2021-02-11|title=Making Peace With Nature|url=http://www.unep.org/resources/making-peace-nature|access-date=2022-02-18|website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme|language=en}}</ref> == Nau'ukan. == Manyan batutuwan muhalli na yanzu na iya haɗawa da [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]], gurbataccen yanayi, lalata muhalli, da karancin albarkatu. Ƙungiyoyin kiyayewa dan kariya ga nau'ikan da ke cikin hadari da kariya ga kowane yanki mai kima na muhalli, ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki da [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]]. Tsare-tsaren kasa da kasa kan batutuwan muhalli sun mayar da hankali kan muhimman batutuwa guda uku (3) a matsayin "rikicin duniya sau uku": sauyin yanayi, gurbatar yanayi da asarar rayayyun halittu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-27|title=SDGs will address ‘three planetary crises’ harming life on Earth|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/04/1090762|access-date=2022-02-18|website=UN News|language=en|archive-date=2023-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926114216/https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/04/1090762|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tasiri. == === Rikici === {{Excerpt|environmental conflict}} == Abin da ya jawo == == Mataki == === Adalci === {{Excerpt|Environmental justice}}{{Excerpt|Environmental law}}{{Excerpt|environmental movement}} === Kungiyoyi. === Ƙungiyoyin gwamnati suna magance matsalolin muhalli a matakin yanki, na kasa ko na duniya. Babbar hukumar ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1972, ita ce Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar ɗinkin Duniya. Kungiyar kare dabi'a ta kasa da kasa ta hada jihohi 83, hukumomin gwamnati 108, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 766, da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa 81, da kwararru kusan 10,000, masana [[kimiyya]] daga kasashen duniya. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da kasa sun hada da Greenpeace, Abokan Duniya da Asusun Duniya na yanayi. Gwamnatoci suna kafa manufofin muhalli da aiwatar da dokar muhalli kuma ana yin hakan zuwa digiri daban-daban a duniya. == Fim da talabiji. == Ana samun karuwar fina-finan da ake shiryawa kan batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli, musamman kan [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] da [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]]. Fim din Al Gore na shekarar 2006. ''[[Gaskiya mai Rashin Dacewa (Fim)|Gaskiya mara dadi]]'' ya sami nasarar kasuwanci da babban bayanan watsa labarai. == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category: Hakkin dan Adam]] ah44i3lhlqf5md9krs4ng39fqabjjmz 906153 906152 2026-08-22T11:16:58Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Environment_Protection_Authority_Victoria_EPA_Carlton_Entrance.jpg |thumb|Ginin hukumar kare muhalli, Victoria]] [[File:Children_cleaning_environment_in_Seychelles.jpg |thumb|Yara na tsabtace Muhalli]] [[File:Nrborderborderentrythreecolorsmay05-1-.JPG|right|thumb| Gurbacewar ruwa lamari ne da ya shafi muhalli da yawa. Wannan hoton yana nuna kumfa a sabon kogin yayin da yake shiga Amurka daga Mexico.]] [[File:Environmental problem.jpg|thumb|Matsalar muhalli ta gurbata hanyar ruwa.]] [[File:Environmental issues in Hawthorne Park.jpg|thumb|Abinda ya danganci muhalli a Hawthorne park]] [[Fayil:Environmental problem.jpg|thumb|Matsalar muhalli]] '''Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli,''' suna da tasiri na aiyukan dan adam akan yanayin halitta, mafi yawan abin dake haifar da lalacewar muhalli. [[Kare Muhalli|Kare muhalli]] al'ada ce ta kare yanayin a kan daidaikun mutane, kungiyoyi ko gwamnati, ɗan amfanin [[Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya|muhalli]] akan mutane. Muhalli, cigaban zaman takewa da [[Gudanar da muhalli|muhalli]], yana magance matsalolin muhalli ta hanyar ba da shawara, ilimin dokoki da gwagwarmaya.<ref>Eccleston, Charles H. (2010). [https://www.amazon.com/Global-Environmental-Policy-Concepts-Principles/dp/1439847665/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1486953980&sr=8-1&keywords=charles+eccleston+global+environmental ''Global Environmental Policy: Concepts, Principles, and Practice'']. Chapter 7. {{ISBN|978-1439847664}}.</ref> Lalacewar muhalli da mutane ke haifarwa matsala ce ta duniya mai gudana. Yawancin masana kuma suna tunanin cewa aikin ya kuma kai kololuwar yawan jama'ar duniya tsakanin mutane biliyan 9-10, zai iya rayuwa mai ɗorewa a cikin halittun duniya idan al'ummar bil'adama ta yi aiki don rayuwa mai ɗorewa a cikin iyakokin duniya.<ref name=":112">{{Cite web|last=Alberro|first=Heather|title=Why we should be wary of blaming 'overpopulation' for the climate crisis|url=http://theconversation.com/why-we-should-be-wary-of-blaming-overpopulation-for-the-climate-crisis-130709|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":132">{{Cite web|date=4 November 2020|title=David Attenborough's claim that humans have overrun the planet is his most popular comment|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/environment/2020/11/david-attenborough-s-claim-humans-have-overrun-planet-his-most-popular|access-date=2021-08-03|website=www.newstatesman.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":142">{{cite news|date=18 January 2011|title=Dominic Lawson: The population timebomb is a myth The doom-sayers are becoming more fashionable just as experts are coming to the view it has all been one giant false alarm|work=The Independent|location=UK|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/dominic-lawson/dominic-lawson-the-population-timebomb-is-a-myth-2186968.html|access-date=30 November 2011}}</ref> Mafi yawan tasirin muhalli na faruwa ne sakamakon mafi yawan attajirai a duniya suna cin kayayyaki masana'antu da yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nässén|first=Jonas|last2=Andersson|first2=David|last3=Larsson|first3=Jörgen|last4=Holmberg|first4=John|date=2015|title=Explaining the Variation in Greenhouse Gas Emissions Between Households: Socioeconomic, Motivational, and Physical Factors|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jiec.12168|journal=Journal of Industrial Ecology|language=en|volume=19|issue=3|pages=480–489|doi=10.1111/jiec.12168|issn=1530-9290}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Moser|first=Stephanie|last2=Kleinhückelkotten|first2=Silke|date=2017-06-09|title=Good Intents, but Low Impacts: Diverging Importance of Motivational and Socioeconomic Determinants Explaining Pro-Environmental Behavior, Energy Use, and Carbon Footprint|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0013916517710685?journalCode=eaba|journal=Environment and Behavior|volume=50|issue=6|pages=626–656|doi=10.1177/0013916517710685|issn=0013-9165}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lynch|first=Michael J.|last2=Long|first2=Michael A.|last3=Stretesky|first3=Paul B.|last4=Barrett|first4=Kimberly L.|date=2019-05-15|title=Measuring the Ecological Impact of the Wealthy: Excessive Consumption, Ecological Disorganization, Green Crime, and Justice|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2329496519847491?journalCode=scua&|journal=Social Currents|volume=6|issue=4|pages=377–395|doi=10.1177/2329496519847491|issn=2329-4965}}</ref> Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, a cikin rahotonsu na "Samar da Zaman Lafiya Tare da Yanayi" a cikin 2021, an gano yana magance manyan rikice-rikice na duniya, kamar gurbatar yanayi, canjin yanayi da asarar rayayyun halittu, idan ɓangarorin suka yi aiki don magance Manufofin Cigaba mai dorewa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Environment|first=U. N.|date=2021-02-11|title=Making Peace With Nature|url=http://www.unep.org/resources/making-peace-nature|access-date=2022-02-18|website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme|language=en}}</ref> == Nau'ukan. == Manyan batutuwan muhalli na yanzu na iya haɗawa da [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]], gurbataccen yanayi, lalata muhalli, da karancin albarkatu. Ƙungiyoyin kiyayewa dan kariya ga nau'ikan da ke cikin hadari da kariya ga kowane yanki mai kima na muhalli, ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki da [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]]. Tsare-tsaren kasa da kasa kan batutuwan muhalli sun mayar da hankali kan muhimman batutuwa guda uku (3) a matsayin "rikicin duniya sau uku": sauyin yanayi, gurbatar yanayi da asarar rayayyun halittu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-27|title=SDGs will address ‘three planetary crises’ harming life on Earth|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/04/1090762|access-date=2022-02-18|website=UN News|language=en|archive-date=2023-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926114216/https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/04/1090762|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tasiri. == === Rikici === {{Excerpt|environmental conflict}} == Abin da ya jawo == == Mataki == === Adalci === {{Excerpt|Environmental justice}}{{Excerpt|Environmental law}}{{Excerpt|environmental movement}} === Kungiyoyi. === Ƙungiyoyin gwamnati suna magance matsalolin muhalli a matakin yanki, na kasa ko na duniya. Babbar hukumar ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1972, ita ce Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar ɗinkin Duniya. Kungiyar kare dabi'a ta kasa da kasa ta hada jihohi 83, hukumomin gwamnati 108, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 766, da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa 81, da kwararru kusan 10,000, masana [[kimiyya]] daga kasashen duniya. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da kasa sun hada da Greenpeace, Abokan Duniya da Asusun Duniya na yanayi. Gwamnatoci suna kafa manufofin muhalli da aiwatar da dokar muhalli kuma ana yin hakan zuwa digiri daban-daban a duniya. == Fim da talabiji. == Ana samun karuwar fina-finan da ake shiryawa kan batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli, musamman kan [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] da [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]]. Fim din Al Gore na shekarar 2006. ''[[Gaskiya mai Rashin Dacewa (Fim)|Gaskiya mara dadi]]'' ya sami nasarar kasuwanci da babban bayanan watsa labarai. == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category: Hakkin dan Adam]] owi0ike9jovxkxg5064hm6s70sl7n2k 906154 906153 2026-08-22T11:17:43Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Environment_Protection_Authority_Victoria_EPA_Carlton_Entrance.jpg |thumb|Ginin hukumar kare muhalli, Victoria]] [[File:Children_cleaning_environment_in_Seychelles.jpg |thumb|Yara na tsabtace Muhalli]] [[File:Nrborderborderentrythreecolorsmay05-1-.JPG|right|thumb| Gurbacewar ruwa lamari ne da ya shafi muhalli da yawa. Wannan hoton yana nuna kumfa a sabon kogin yayin da yake shiga Amurka daga Mexico.]] [[File:Environmental problem.jpg|thumb|Matsalar muhalli ta gurbata hanyar ruwa.]] [[File:Environmental issues in Hawthorne Park.jpg|thumb|Abinda ya danganci muhalli a Hawthorne park]] [[Fayil:Environmental problem.jpg|thumb|Matsalar muhalli]] '''Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli,''' suna da tasiri na aiyukan dan adam akan yanayin halitta, mafi yawan abin dake haifar da lalacewar muhalli. [[Kare Muhalli|Kare muhalli]] al'ada ce ta kare yanayin a kan daidaikun mutane, kungiyoyi ko gwamnati, ɗan amfanin [[Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya|muhalli]] akan mutane. Muhalli, cigaban zaman takewa da [[Gudanar da muhalli|muhalli]], yana magance matsalolin muhalli ta hanyar ba da shawara, ilimin dokoki da gwagwarmaya.<ref>Eccleston, Charles H. (2010). [https://www.amazon.com/Global-Environmental-Policy-Concepts-Principles/dp/1439847665/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1486953980&sr=8-1&keywords=charles+eccleston+global+environmental ''Global Environmental Policy: Concepts, Principles, and Practice'']. Chapter 7. {{ISBN|978-1439847664}}.</ref> Lalacewar muhalli da mutane ke haifarwa matsala ce ta duniya mai gudana. Yawancin masana kuma suna tunanin cewa aikin ya kuma kai kololuwar yawan jama'ar duniya tsakanin mutane biliyan 9-10, zai iya rayuwa mai ɗorewa a cikin halittun duniya idan al'ummar bil'adama ta yi aiki don rayuwa mai ɗorewa a cikin iyakokin duniya.<ref name=":112">{{Cite web|last=Alberro|first=Heather|title=Why we should be wary of blaming 'overpopulation' for the climate crisis|url=http://theconversation.com/why-we-should-be-wary-of-blaming-overpopulation-for-the-climate-crisis-130709|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":132">{{Cite web|date=4 November 2020|title=David Attenborough's claim that humans have overrun the planet is his most popular comment|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/environment/2020/11/david-attenborough-s-claim-humans-have-overrun-planet-his-most-popular|access-date=2021-08-03|website=www.newstatesman.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":142">{{cite news|date=18 January 2011|title=Dominic Lawson: The population timebomb is a myth The doom-sayers are becoming more fashionable just as experts are coming to the view it has all been one giant false alarm|work=The Independent|location=UK|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/dominic-lawson/dominic-lawson-the-population-timebomb-is-a-myth-2186968.html|access-date=30 November 2011}}</ref> Mafi yawan tasirin muhalli na faruwa ne sakamakon mafi yawan attajirai a duniya suna cin kayayyaki masana'antu da yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nässén|first=Jonas|last2=Andersson|first2=David|last3=Larsson|first3=Jörgen|last4=Holmberg|first4=John|date=2015|title=Explaining the Variation in Greenhouse Gas Emissions Between Households: Socioeconomic, Motivational, and Physical Factors|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jiec.12168|journal=Journal of Industrial Ecology|language=en|volume=19|issue=3|pages=480–489|doi=10.1111/jiec.12168|issn=1530-9290}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Moser|first=Stephanie|last2=Kleinhückelkotten|first2=Silke|date=2017-06-09|title=Good Intents, but Low Impacts: Diverging Importance of Motivational and Socioeconomic Determinants Explaining Pro-Environmental Behavior, Energy Use, and Carbon Footprint|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0013916517710685?journalCode=eaba|journal=Environment and Behavior|volume=50|issue=6|pages=626–656|doi=10.1177/0013916517710685|issn=0013-9165}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lynch|first=Michael J.|last2=Long|first2=Michael A.|last3=Stretesky|first3=Paul B.|last4=Barrett|first4=Kimberly L.|date=2019-05-15|title=Measuring the Ecological Impact of the Wealthy: Excessive Consumption, Ecological Disorganization, Green Crime, and Justice|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2329496519847491?journalCode=scua&|journal=Social Currents|volume=6|issue=4|pages=377–395|doi=10.1177/2329496519847491|issn=2329-4965}}</ref> Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, a cikin rahotonsu na "Samar da Zaman Lafiya Tare da Yanayi" a cikin 2021, an gano yana magance manyan rikice-rikice na duniya, kamar gurbatar yanayi, canjin yanayi da asarar rayayyun halittu, idan ɓangarorin suka yi aiki don magance Manufofin Cigaba mai dorewa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Environment|first=U. N.|date=2021-02-11|title=Making Peace With Nature|url=http://www.unep.org/resources/making-peace-nature|access-date=2022-02-18|website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme|language=en}}</ref> == Nau'ukan. == Manyan batutuwan muhalli na yanzu na iya haɗawa da [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]], gurbataccen yanayi, lalata muhalli, da karancin albarkatu. Ƙungiyoyin kiyayewa dan kariya ga nau'ikan da ke cikin hadari da kariya ga kowane yanki mai kima na muhalli, ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki da [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]]. Tsare-tsaren kasa da kasa kan batutuwan muhalli sun mayar da hankali kan muhimman batutuwa guda uku (3) a matsayin "rikicin duniya sau uku": sauyin yanayi, gurbatar yanayi da asarar rayayyun halittu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-27|title=SDGs will address ‘three planetary crises’ harming life on Earth|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/04/1090762|access-date=2022-02-18|website=UN News|language=en|archive-date=2023-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926114216/https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/04/1090762|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tasiri. == === Rikici === {{Excerpt|environmental conflict}} == Abin da ya jawo == == Mataki == === Adalci === {{Excerpt|Environmental justice}}{{Excerpt|Environmental law}}{{Excerpt|environmental movement}} === Kungiyoyi. === Ƙungiyoyin gwamnati suna magance matsalolin muhalli a matakin yanki, na kasa ko na duniya. Babbar hukumar ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1972, ita ce Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar ɗinkin Duniya. Kungiyar kare dabi'a ta kasa da kasa ta hada jihohi 83, hukumomin gwamnati 108, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 766, da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa 81, da kwararru kusan 10,000, masana [[kimiyya]] daga ƙasashen duniya. Ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu na kasa da kasa sun hada da Greenpeace, Abokan Duniya da Asusun Duniya na yanayi. Gwamnatoci suna kafa manufofin muhalli da aiwatar da dokar muhalli kuma ana yin hakan zuwa digiri daban-daban a duniya. == Fim da talabiji. == Ana samun karuwar fina-finan da ake shiryawa kan batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli, musamman kan [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] da [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]]. Fim din Al Gore na shekarar 2006. ''[[Gaskiya mai Rashin Dacewa (Fim)|Gaskiya mara dadi]]'' ya sami nasarar kasuwanci da babban bayanan watsa labarai. == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category: Hakkin dan Adam]] 415uu3mo74cfmsv3pnmvxqnuds8q4ci 0 30183 906169 748497 2026-08-22T11:24:45Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Compendium_of_UK_Statistics_-_Environment.png|thumb| Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Burtaniya - Muhalli]] [[Fayil:Europe-UK (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Gurbacewar iska a duniya.]] [[Fayil:Village lack-of-communications centre - geograph.org.uk - 5448852.jpg|thumb|wani kauyen mask rashin wurin Isar da sako]] [[Fayil:Starvinginengland-twopennycoffin-june1906.jpg|thumb|masu yunwa da rashin muhali]] Wannan shafin yana lissafin batutuwan da [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] ke da su a halin yanzu waɗanda kuma ke da alaƙa da muhalli, kamar gurɓatawa. Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli suna da illa na ayyukan ɗan adam akan muhallin [[Halitta|halittu]]. A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, [[Yanayi na muhalli|yanayin muhalli]] a Burtaniya ya tabarbare sosai a birane da karkara. Tare da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 67, irin wannan ƙasa mai yawan jama'a da ci gaban fasaha na haɓaka matsalolin muhalli. Sannan kuma A cewar Hukumar NEA ta Burtaniya, gurbacewar iska da kuma ƙarfin [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] ya shafi yankunan tsaunuka na Burtaniya sosai. Saboda sauyin yanayi; hauhawar yanayin, ruwan teku da kuma amfani da albarkatun ruwa ya haifar da mummunar asarar inganci a cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa na Burtaniya. <ref name="Smith20150608" /> Gurbacewar iska, canjin yanayi, datti, sharar gida, da Kuma gurɓacewar ƙasa duk wani ɓangare ne na ayyukan ɗan adam da ke haifar da waɗannan batutuwan muhalli a Burtaniya. == Batutuwa == === 1 [[Gurbacewar Iska|Gurbacewar]] iska === Gas da ke haifar da gurɓacewar iska sun haɗa da carbon, nitrogen da sulfur oxides. Yayin da wasu daga cikin wadannan iskar gas ke faruwa ta ɗabi'a, sannan kamar kamar carbon dioxide a cikin fitar da iska daga huhu, masu gurbataccen gurbataccen yanayi suna fitowa ne daga konewar makamashin burbushin halittu: gawayi, mai da iskar gas. Ana fitar da iskar gas mai guba a cikin iska ta hanyar hayaƙin da masana'antu da masana'antun sinadarai ke fitarwa. An san gurɓacewar iska a matsayin cakuda abubuwa na halitta da na mutum a cikin iskar da muke shaka. Wasu misalan abubuwan da ke haifar da gurbacewar iska a Burtaniya sun haɗa da kura da pollen yayin da misalan abubuwan da mutum ya kera ke haifar da matsalar iskar gas da ke fitowa daga motoci da hayaƙin mota. Bugu da ƙari kuma, gurɓacewar iska ita ce sanadin kashi 10% na duk mace-mace a Burtaniya da ke zuwa na biyu bayan [[Sin|China]] da kashi 17%, wannan ƙididdigar ce mai ban mamaki idan aka yi la'akari da yawan mutanen China sun fi Burtaniya girma. Mutanen da ke da cututtukan zuciya da na huhu sun fi shafar gurɓatar iska, amma kuma ana danganta kamuwa da cutar shanyewar jiki, ciwon sukari, kiba da ciwon hauka. <ref name="Russell-Jones2017" /> An ba da rahoton a cikin kanun labarai da yawa cewa gurɓatacciyar iska tana kashe mutane 29,000 a shekara a Burtaniya. Waɗannan ƙididdigar sun nuna yadda gurɓacewar iska ke da hadari da kuma kisa amma kuma yadda hakan zai iya shafa da kuma haifar da wasu munanan matsalolin kiwon lafiya a tsakanin mutane. === 2 Canjin yanayi === A cewar Lord Stern na Brentford, ambaliyar ruwa da hadari a Birtaniya a cikin shekarata 2014 sun kasance alamun sauyin yanayi. Marubucin 2006 Stern Review ya ce yanayi na shekarar 2013-2014 wani bangare ne na tsarin ƙasa da ƙasa kuma yana nuna bukatar gaggawa na yanke hayakin carbon. Sauyin yanayi yana faruwa ne lokacin da yanayin yanayin duniya ya canza, wanda ke haifar da sabbin yanayin yanayi na tsawon lokaci. Canjin yanayi yana da babban tasiri a kan halittun ruwa da na ƙasa. A cikin ruwan Burtaniya, sauyin yanayi da na teku na iya yin tasiri da yin tasiri ga nau'ikan da ke barazana ta hanyar yin tasiri kan ingancin matakan da aka tsara don kare su. Fitar da iskar gas kuma sanannen dalili ne na wasu manyan ci gaban sauyin yanayi a duniya cikin shekaru. Sannan Biranen da ke bakin ruwa, wadanda su ne akasarin Birtaniyya, an ba da rahoton cewa, suna da babban kalubale a gabansu ta fuskar juriyar sauyin yanayi . Wannan ya sa biranen da ake da su kamar waɗannan garuruwan da ke bakin ruwa za su sake farfado da su tare da inganta su don magance tasirin sauyin yanayi. === 3 Littattafai === Sharar gida shine aikin zubar da kowane irin kayan da ba daidai ba, zubar da shara a Burtaniya matsala ce mai mahimmanci. Kungiyar kiyaye ruwa ta Marine Conservation Society (MCS) ta bayyana cewa rahotonta na shekara-shekara na sharar rairayin bakin teku ya nuna karuwar sharar datti a gabar tekun Burtaniya sama da shekaru 20, don haka suka yanke cewa a fili babu isasshen abin da gwamnatin Burtaniya ke yi wajen kokarin. don rage wannan matsala. Sakamakon baya-bayan nan daga babban taron Tsabtace Tekun Biritaniya ya nuna cewa ɓangarorin filastik sune abubuwan da aka fi samu akai-akai akan rairayin bakin teku na Burtaniya, ba wai kawai sakamakon ba amma sakamakon ya nuna cewa filastik ya kai sama da kashi 50% na duk zuriyar da aka yi rikodin. <ref name="MCSBBW2010" /> Baya ga wannan, datti a cikin tekunan Burtaniya sun yi tasiri sosai a rayuwar tekun. Kuma Sharar gida yana da matukar damuwa da teku saboda yana lalata matsuguni na rayuwar ruwa kuma shine dalilin kisa ga halittun teku marasa adadi. Kuma Gwamnatin Scotland ta amince da sharar gida a matsayin babbar matsala a cikin tekunan su kuma ta fara wani tsari na ciyar da dabarun da za su yi aiki don hana cutar da rayuwar ruwa da muhalli. === 4 Sharar gida === Sharar gida wani bangare ne na yanayin rayuwa; sharar gida yana faruwa ne lokacin da kowace halitta ta dawo da abubuwa zuwa muhalli. 'Yan Adam suna samar da ragowar abubuwan sharar da suka wuce kima wanda ke wuce gona da iri na hanyoyin sake yin amfani da su. Yin takin zamani muhimmin abu ne a cikin kula da sharar gida mai ɗorewa ga Burtaniya kuma yana iya samun muhimmiyar rawar da za ta taka wajen biyan wajibcin Dokar Fill. A halin yanzu Burtaniya tana cika tan 27,000,000 na sharar gida a shekara tare da kashi 60 cikin 100 na iya zama mai lalacewa . Za a rage yawan abubuwan da za a iya lalatar da su a cikin wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa sosai ta hanyar yin takin, ta yadda za a samar da ƙarancin iskar gas da leach . Ko da yake ba duk abubuwan da za a iya lalata su sun dace da takin zamani ba, farawa ne na samun sarrafa shara a cikin Burtaniya. Sanna Lalacewa ga muhalli saboda rashin kula da sharar gida abu ne da za a iya kauce masa ta hanyar aiwatar da dabaru ta hanyar ka'idar zaɓin yanayi mafi kyawun aiki (BPEO). Rage sharar gida, sake amfani da su, sake amfani da su, da dabarun dawo da su duk hanyoyin da za a rage buƙatun wuraren zubar da ƙasa cikin wannan ƙa'idar. <ref name="jstor40573107" /> Sake amfani da/sake amfani da takin zamani sun zama manyan hanyoyin sarrafa sharar gida a Burtaniya, wanda ya kai kashi 42.2% na jimillar MSW. A cikin shekarata 2012, tan miliyan 13.1 na MSW aka takin ko kuma aka sake yin fa'ida a cikin United Kingdom, wanda ke wakiltar karuwar 27.3% tun daga 2002. <ref name="Growing old or Growing Clean?" /> === 5 Gurbacewar ƙasa === Gurɓacewar ƙasa wani bangare ne na gurɓacewar ƙasa wanda ke haifar da kasancewar sinadarai kuma wannan gurɓataccen abu yana da matuƙar haɗari ga ɗan adam. Kuma Gurbacewar ƙasa a Burtaniya ya kasance al'amari mai gudana a wasu yankuna kuma ba kwanan nan ba ne ke tasowa ba, rikodin Hg na samfurori da aka ɗauka daga Diss Mere, United Kingdom ya nuna cewa ƙasa ta gurɓata tun shekaru dubu da suka gabata, wannan yana ƙara haɗarin yuwuwar gurɓata yanayi don shiga cikin yanayi. Gurɓatar ƙasa, kamar sharar gida, yana faruwa ne ta hanyar zubar da kayan da ba daidai ba. Bugu da ƙari kuma, an sami rahotannin gurɓacewar ƙasa da tsire-tsire masu yawa a sassan Ingila waɗanda a da ake kira wuraren [[hakar ma'adinai]], <ref name="Li & Thornton 1993" /> wanda ke haifar da lalata ƙasa. === Dazuzzuka === Ƙasar Burtaniya tana da ma'aunin daidaiton yanayin gandun daji na shekarar 2018 yana nufin maki 1.65/10, wanda ya yi mata matsayi na 161 a duniya cikin kasashe 172. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar Koren * Makamashi a Burtaniya * Ayyukan muhalli kai tsaye a cikin Burtaniya * Rashin daidaiton muhalli a Burtaniya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 68fl1gse3f0cfyu35j6rjsc7h4g5aep 906170 906169 2026-08-22T11:25:47Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Compendium_of_UK_Statistics_-_Environment.png|thumb| Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Burtaniya - Muhalli]] [[Fayil:Europe-UK (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Gurbacewar iska a duniya.]] [[Fayil:Village lack-of-communications centre - geograph.org.uk - 5448852.jpg|thumb|wani kauyen mask rashin wurin Isar da sako]] [[Fayil:Starvinginengland-twopennycoffin-june1906.jpg|thumb|masu yunwa da rashin muhali]] Wannan shafin yana lissafin batutuwan da [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] ke da su a halin yanzu waɗanda kuma ke da alaƙa da muhalli, kamar gurɓatawa. Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli suna da illa na ayyukan ɗan adam akan muhallin [[Halitta|halittu]]. A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, [[Yanayi na muhalli|yanayin muhalli]] a ƙasar Burtaniya ya tabarbare sosai a birane da karkara. Tare da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 67, irin wannan ƙasa mai yawan jama'a da ci gaban fasaha na haɓaka matsalolin muhalli. Sannan kuma A cewar Hukumar NEA ta Burtaniya, gurbacewar iska da kuma ƙarfin [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] ya shafi yankunan tsaunuka na Burtaniya sosai. Saboda sauyin yanayi; hauhawar yanayin, ruwan teku da kuma amfani da albarkatun ruwa ya haifar da mummunar asarar inganci a cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa na Burtaniya. <ref name="Smith20150608" /> Gurbacewar iska, canjin yanayi, datti, sharar gida, da Kuma gurɓacewar ƙasa duk wani ɓangare ne na ayyukan ɗan adam da ke haifar da waɗannan batutuwan muhalli a Burtaniya. == Batutuwa == === 1 [[Gurbacewar Iska|Gurbacewar]] iska === Gas da ke haifar da gurɓacewar iska sun haɗa da carbon, nitrogen da sulfur oxides. Yayin da wasu daga cikin wadannan iskar gas ke faruwa ta ɗabi'a, sannan kamar kamar carbon dioxide a cikin fitar da iska daga huhu, masu gurbataccen gurbataccen yanayi suna fitowa ne daga konewar makamashin burbushin halittu: gawayi, mai da iskar gas. Ana fitar da iskar gas mai guba a cikin iska ta hanyar hayaƙin da masana'antu da masana'antun sinadarai ke fitarwa. An san gurɓacewar iska a matsayin cakuda abubuwa na halitta da na mutum a cikin iskar da muke shaka. Wasu misalan abubuwan da ke haifar da gurbacewar iska a Burtaniya sun haɗa da kura da pollen yayin da misalan abubuwan da mutum ya kera ke haifar da matsalar iskar gas da ke fitowa daga motoci da hayaƙin mota. Bugu da ƙari kuma, gurɓacewar iska ita ce sanadin kashi 10% na duk mace-mace a Burtaniya da ke zuwa na biyu bayan [[Sin|China]] da kashi 17%, wannan ƙididdigar ce mai ban mamaki idan aka yi la'akari da yawan mutanen China sun fi Burtaniya girma. Mutanen da ke da cututtukan zuciya da na huhu sun fi shafar gurɓatar iska, amma kuma ana danganta kamuwa da cutar shanyewar jiki, ciwon sukari, kiba da ciwon hauka. <ref name="Russell-Jones2017" /> An ba da rahoton a cikin kanun labarai da yawa cewa gurɓatacciyar iska tana kashe mutane 29,000 a shekara a Burtaniya. Waɗannan ƙididdigar sun nuna yadda gurɓacewar iska ke da hadari da kuma kisa amma kuma yadda hakan zai iya shafa da kuma haifar da wasu munanan matsalolin kiwon lafiya a tsakanin mutane. === 2 Canjin yanayi === A cewar Lord Stern na Brentford, ambaliyar ruwa da hadari a Birtaniya a cikin shekarata 2014 sun kasance alamun sauyin yanayi. Marubucin 2006 Stern Review ya ce yanayi na shekarar 2013-2014 wani bangare ne na tsarin ƙasa da ƙasa kuma yana nuna bukatar gaggawa na yanke hayakin carbon. Sauyin yanayi yana faruwa ne lokacin da yanayin yanayin duniya ya canza, wanda ke haifar da sabbin yanayin yanayi na tsawon lokaci. Canjin yanayi yana da babban tasiri a kan halittun ruwa da na ƙasa. A cikin ruwan Burtaniya, sauyin yanayi da na teku na iya yin tasiri da yin tasiri ga nau'ikan da ke barazana ta hanyar yin tasiri kan ingancin matakan da aka tsara don kare su. Fitar da iskar gas kuma sanannen dalili ne na wasu manyan ci gaban sauyin yanayi a duniya cikin shekaru. Sannan Biranen da ke bakin ruwa, wadanda su ne akasarin Birtaniyya, an ba da rahoton cewa, suna da babban kalubale a gabansu ta fuskar juriyar sauyin yanayi . Wannan ya sa biranen da ake da su kamar waɗannan garuruwan da ke bakin ruwa za su sake farfado da su tare da inganta su don magance tasirin sauyin yanayi. === 3 Littattafai === Sharar gida shine aikin zubar da kowane irin kayan da ba daidai ba, zubar da shara a Burtaniya matsala ce mai mahimmanci. Kungiyar kiyaye ruwa ta Marine Conservation Society (MCS) ta bayyana cewa rahotonta na shekara-shekara na sharar rairayin bakin teku ya nuna karuwar sharar datti a gabar tekun Burtaniya sama da shekaru 20, don haka suka yanke cewa a fili babu isasshen abin da gwamnatin Burtaniya ke yi wajen kokarin. don rage wannan matsala. Sakamakon baya-bayan nan daga babban taron Tsabtace Tekun Biritaniya ya nuna cewa ɓangarorin filastik sune abubuwan da aka fi samu akai-akai akan rairayin bakin teku na Burtaniya, ba wai kawai sakamakon ba amma sakamakon ya nuna cewa filastik ya kai sama da kashi 50% na duk zuriyar da aka yi rikodin. <ref name="MCSBBW2010" /> Baya ga wannan, datti a cikin tekunan Burtaniya sun yi tasiri sosai a rayuwar tekun. Kuma Sharar gida yana da matukar damuwa da teku saboda yana lalata matsuguni na rayuwar ruwa kuma shine dalilin kisa ga halittun teku marasa adadi. Kuma Gwamnatin Scotland ta amince da sharar gida a matsayin babbar matsala a cikin tekunan su kuma ta fara wani tsari na ciyar da dabarun da za su yi aiki don hana cutar da rayuwar ruwa da muhalli. === 4 Sharar gida === Sharar gida wani bangare ne na yanayin rayuwa; sharar gida yana faruwa ne lokacin da kowace halitta ta dawo da abubuwa zuwa muhalli. 'Yan Adam suna samar da ragowar abubuwan sharar da suka wuce kima wanda ke wuce gona da iri na hanyoyin sake yin amfani da su. Yin takin zamani muhimmin abu ne a cikin kula da sharar gida mai ɗorewa ga Burtaniya kuma yana iya samun muhimmiyar rawar da za ta taka wajen biyan wajibcin Dokar Fill. A halin yanzu Burtaniya tana cika tan 27,000,000 na sharar gida a shekara tare da kashi 60 cikin 100 na iya zama mai lalacewa . Za a rage yawan abubuwan da za a iya lalatar da su a cikin wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa sosai ta hanyar yin takin, ta yadda za a samar da ƙarancin iskar gas da leach . Ko da yake ba duk abubuwan da za a iya lalata su sun dace da takin zamani ba, farawa ne na samun sarrafa shara a cikin Burtaniya. Sanna Lalacewa ga muhalli saboda rashin kula da sharar gida abu ne da za a iya kauce masa ta hanyar aiwatar da dabaru ta hanyar ka'idar zaɓin yanayi mafi kyawun aiki (BPEO). Rage sharar gida, sake amfani da su, sake amfani da su, da dabarun dawo da su duk hanyoyin da za a rage buƙatun wuraren zubar da ƙasa cikin wannan ƙa'idar. <ref name="jstor40573107" /> Sake amfani da/sake amfani da takin zamani sun zama manyan hanyoyin sarrafa sharar gida a Burtaniya, wanda ya kai kashi 42.2% na jimillar MSW. A cikin shekarata 2012, tan miliyan 13.1 na MSW aka takin ko kuma aka sake yin fa'ida a cikin United Kingdom, wanda ke wakiltar karuwar 27.3% tun daga 2002. <ref name="Growing old or Growing Clean?" /> === 5 Gurbacewar ƙasa === Gurɓacewar ƙasa wani bangare ne na gurɓacewar ƙasa wanda ke haifar da kasancewar sinadarai kuma wannan gurɓataccen abu yana da matuƙar haɗari ga ɗan adam. Kuma Gurbacewar ƙasa a Burtaniya ya kasance al'amari mai gudana a wasu yankuna kuma ba kwanan nan ba ne ke tasowa ba, rikodin Hg na samfurori da aka ɗauka daga Diss Mere, United Kingdom ya nuna cewa ƙasa ta gurɓata tun shekaru dubu da suka gabata, wannan yana ƙara haɗarin yuwuwar gurɓata yanayi don shiga cikin yanayi. Gurɓatar ƙasa, kamar sharar gida, yana faruwa ne ta hanyar zubar da kayan da ba daidai ba. Bugu da ƙari kuma, an sami rahotannin gurɓacewar ƙasa da tsire-tsire masu yawa a sassan Ingila waɗanda a da ake kira wuraren [[hakar ma'adinai]], <ref name="Li & Thornton 1993" /> wanda ke haifar da lalata ƙasa. === Dazuzzuka === Ƙasar Burtaniya tana da ma'aunin daidaiton yanayin gandun daji na shekarar 2018 yana nufin maki 1.65/10, wanda ya yi mata matsayi na 161 a duniya cikin kasashe 172. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar Koren * Makamashi a Burtaniya * Ayyukan muhalli kai tsaye a cikin Burtaniya * Rashin daidaiton muhalli a Burtaniya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] j1awdp2sd7ows9996o7gvyzx950h44c 0 30250 906008 718670 2026-08-22T05:45:48Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 906008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:HAKI_AFRICA_LOGO.jpg |thumb|Tambarin Haki Africa]] [[File:Katie_Taylor_2012_TobiasK.jpg |thumb| Katie Taylor 2012]] [[File:International_Coordinating_Committee_of_National_Human_Rights_Institutions.png|200px|right|thumbnail|Taswirar Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Kasa da Kasa na Cibiyoyin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Kasa.]] [[File:Debbie_McGrath_-_Human_Rights_and_Democracy_Report_2016_(35326860863).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Debbie McGrath - Rahoton Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Dimokuradiyya 2016]] [[File:Petitions%C3%BCbergabe_von_IJM_an_die_UN.png|200px|right|thumbnail|Mika takardar koke daga IJM ga [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]]]] '''Ƙungiyar kare hakkin dan adam, kungiya''' ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke bayar da shawarwari kan [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|haƙƙin ɗan adam]] ta hanyar gano take haƙƙinsu, tattara bayanan abubuwan da suka faru, bincike da buga su, haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a yayin gudanar da shawarwarin hukumomi, da kuma yin fafutuka dan dakatar da waɗannan abubuwan take haƙƙi, Kamar sauran kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam ana bayyana su a cikin halayensu ta hanyar doka, gami da haraji, iyakokin da suke aiki a karkashinsu, kamar <ref>Lindblom, Anna-Karin, ''Non-governmental organisations in international law'', Cambridge University Press, New York, 2005, p.52</ref> : 1. shine 'marasa gwamnati' ma'ana cewa an kafa ta ne ta hanyar sirri, ba ta da tasirin gwamnati, kuma ba ta yin ayyukan jama'a. : 2. yana da manufar da ba ta riba ba, ma’ana idan wata riba ta kuma samu ƙungiyar ba a raba ta ga mambobinta amma ana amfani da ita wajen cimma manufarta. : 3. baya amfani ko inganta tashin hankali ko kuma yana da bayyananniyar alaƙa da aikata laifuka, kuma : 4. Yana da ka'ida da tsarin dimokuradiyya da wakilci, kuma yana cin gajiyar halayya ta doka a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa. Abin da ya bambanta kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam da sauran bangarorin siyasa na kowace al'umma shi ne, Kuma yayin da masu rajin siyasa sukan nemi kare hakkin jama'arsu ne kawai, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama na neman kare hakki iri daya ga dukkan 'ya'yan wannan ko wata al'umma. <ref>Brett, Rachel, The Role and Limits of Human Rights NGOs at the United Nations, in, Beetham, David, ''Politics and human rights'', The Political Studies Association, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, 1995, p.97</ref> Sabanin ƙungiyoyin siyasa waɗanda ke neman ci gaba da buƙatun kansu ko shirye-shiryen ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙoƙarin buɗe tsarin siyasa ga duk halaltattun mahalarta cikin rikice-rikicen al'umma inda irin wannan take haƙƙin ɗan adam ke faruwa. Sannan kuma Wannan mayar da hankali mai zaman kansa gabaɗaya yana bambanta ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da ƙungiyoyin bangaranci da bangaranci kamar su ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata, waɗanda babban burinsu shine kare muradun membobin ƙungiyoyi. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama a wasu lokuta suna rikicewa da kungiyoyin agaji da kungiyoyin da ke wakiltar kungiyoyin da ke mayar da hankali kan wasu batutuwa na musamman, kuma yayin da akasari ke neman banbance kansu da kungiyoyin siyasa da ke da hannu cikin tashe-tashen hankula wadanda galibi ke haifar da Kuma take hakkin bil'adama. Sau da yawa ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam suna da'awar sanin ƙwararru kan batun ko batutuwan da suke bincikowa ta hanyar masu lura da haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayin masu binciken fage . Sannna kumaDaya daga cikin sanannun kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya ita ce [[Amnesty International]] . Sai dai kuma kamar sauran kungiyoyi, ta shimfida ma'anar kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam domin baya ga kasancewarta mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama, ta kuma shiga cikin batutuwan da ba su fito fili ba. <ref>Thomas, Clive S., ''Research guide to United States and international interest groups'', Praeger Publishers, Westport, 2004, p.272</ref> Akwai wasu ƙungiyoyin gwamnati waɗanda kuma ake kiran sunan ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, irin su Ƙungiyar Majalisun Duk-Ɗaya ta Burtaniya akan Haƙƙin Bil Adama, to amma waɗanda ke ba da rahoto da farko don manufar tsara manufofi. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|Mai kare hakkin dan Adam]] * [[Gidauniyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Gidauniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam]] * Jerin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} nm0bk4pp9p4qmigf7tj6ysioiv1tadm 906009 906008 2026-08-22T05:46:13Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 906009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:HAKI_AFRICA_LOGO.jpg |thumb|Tambarin Haki Africa]] [[File:Katie_Taylor_2012_TobiasK.jpg |thumb| Katie Taylor 2012]] [[File:International_Coordinating_Committee_of_National_Human_Rights_Institutions.png|200px|right|thumbnail|Taswirar Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Kasa da Kasa na Cibiyoyin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Kasa.]] [[File:Debbie_McGrath_-_Human_Rights_and_Democracy_Report_2016_(35326860863).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Debbie McGrath - Rahoton Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Dimokuradiyya 2016]] [[File:Petitions%C3%BCbergabe_von_IJM_an_die_UN.png|200px|right|thumbnail|Mika takardar koke daga IJM ga [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]]]] '''Ƙungiyar kare hakkin dan adam, kungiya''' ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke bayar da shawarwari kan [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|haƙƙin ɗan adam]] ta hanyar gano take haƙƙinsu, tattara bayanan abubuwan da suka faru, bincike da buga su, haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a yayin gudanar da shawarwarin hukumomi, da kuma yin fafutuka dan dakatar da waɗannan abubuwan take haƙƙi, Kamar sauran ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam ana bayyana su a cikin halayensu ta hanyar doka, gami da haraji, iyakokin da suke aiki a ƙarƙashin su, kamar <ref>Lindblom, Anna-Karin, ''Non-governmental organisations in international law'', Cambridge University Press, New York, 2005, p.52</ref> : 1. shine 'marasa gwamnati' ma'ana cewa an kafa ta ne ta hanyar sirri, ba ta da tasirin gwamnati, kuma ba ta yin ayyukan jama'a. : 2. yana da manufar da ba ta riba ba, ma’ana idan wata riba ta kuma samu ƙungiyar ba a raba ta ga mambobinta amma ana amfani da ita wajen cimma manufarta. : 3. baya amfani ko inganta tashin hankali ko kuma yana da bayyananniyar alaƙa da aikata laifuka, kuma : 4. Yana da ka'ida da tsarin dimokuradiyya da wakilci, kuma yana cin gajiyar halayya ta doka a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa. Abin da ya bambanta kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam da sauran bangarorin siyasa na kowace al'umma shi ne, Kuma yayin da masu rajin siyasa sukan nemi kare hakkin jama'arsu ne kawai, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama na neman kare hakki iri daya ga dukkan 'ya'yan wannan ko wata al'umma. <ref>Brett, Rachel, The Role and Limits of Human Rights NGOs at the United Nations, in, Beetham, David, ''Politics and human rights'', The Political Studies Association, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, 1995, p.97</ref> Sabanin ƙungiyoyin siyasa waɗanda ke neman ci gaba da buƙatun kansu ko shirye-shiryen ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙoƙarin buɗe tsarin siyasa ga duk halaltattun mahalarta cikin rikice-rikicen al'umma inda irin wannan take haƙƙin ɗan adam ke faruwa. Sannan kuma Wannan mayar da hankali mai zaman kansa gabaɗaya yana bambanta ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da ƙungiyoyin bangaranci da bangaranci kamar su ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata, waɗanda babban burinsu shine kare muradun membobin ƙungiyoyi. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama a wasu lokuta suna rikicewa da kungiyoyin agaji da kungiyoyin da ke wakiltar kungiyoyin da ke mayar da hankali kan wasu batutuwa na musamman, kuma yayin da akasari ke neman banbance kansu da kungiyoyin siyasa da ke da hannu cikin tashe-tashen hankula wadanda galibi ke haifar da Kuma take hakkin bil'adama. Sau da yawa ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam suna da'awar sanin ƙwararru kan batun ko batutuwan da suke bincikowa ta hanyar masu lura da haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayin masu binciken fage . Sannna kumaDaya daga cikin sanannun kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya ita ce [[Amnesty International]] . Sai dai kuma kamar sauran kungiyoyi, ta shimfida ma'anar kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam domin baya ga kasancewarta mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama, ta kuma shiga cikin batutuwan da ba su fito fili ba. <ref>Thomas, Clive S., ''Research guide to United States and international interest groups'', Praeger Publishers, Westport, 2004, p.272</ref> Akwai wasu ƙungiyoyin gwamnati waɗanda kuma ake kiran sunan ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, irin su Ƙungiyar Majalisun Duk-Ɗaya ta Burtaniya akan Haƙƙin Bil Adama, to amma waɗanda ke ba da rahoto da farko don manufar tsara manufofi. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|Mai kare hakkin dan Adam]] * [[Gidauniyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Gidauniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam]] * Jerin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} htyp5tghbrkqr183syj4ij3z8m89o5c 906010 906009 2026-08-22T05:46:32Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 906010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:HAKI_AFRICA_LOGO.jpg |thumb|Tambarin Haki Africa]] [[File:Katie_Taylor_2012_TobiasK.jpg |thumb| Katie Taylor 2012]] [[File:International_Coordinating_Committee_of_National_Human_Rights_Institutions.png|200px|right|thumbnail|Taswirar Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Kasa da Kasa na Cibiyoyin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Kasa.]] [[File:Debbie_McGrath_-_Human_Rights_and_Democracy_Report_2016_(35326860863).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Debbie McGrath - Rahoton Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Dimokuradiyya 2016]] [[File:Petitions%C3%BCbergabe_von_IJM_an_die_UN.png|200px|right|thumbnail|Mika takardar koke daga IJM ga [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]]]] '''Ƙungiyar kare hakkin dan adam, kungiya''' ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke bayar da shawarwari kan [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|haƙƙin ɗan adam]] ta hanyar gano take haƙƙinsu, tattara bayanan abubuwan da suka faru, bincike da buga su, haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a yayin gudanar da shawarwarin hukumomi, da kuma yin fafutuka dan dakatar da waɗannan abubuwan take haƙƙi, Kamar sauran ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam ana bayyana su a cikin halayensu ta hanyar doka, gami da haraji, iyakokin da suke aiki a ƙarƙashin su, kamar <ref>Lindblom, Anna-Karin, ''Non-governmental organisations in international law'', Cambridge University Press, New York, 2005, p.52</ref> : 1. shine 'marasa gwamnati' ma'ana cewa an kafa ta ne ta hanyar sirri, ba ta da tasirin gwamnati, kuma ba ta yin ayyukan jama'a. : 2. yana da manufar da ba ta riba ba, ma’ana idan wata riba ta kuma samu ƙungiyar ba a raba ta ga mambobinta amma ana amfani da ita wajen cimma manufarta. : 3. baya amfani ko inganta tashin hankali ko kuma yana da bayyananniyar alaƙa da aikata laifuka, kuma : 4. Yana da ka'ida da tsarin dimokuradiyya da wakilci, kuma yana cin gajiyar halayya ta doka a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa. Abin da ya bambanta ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da sauran bangarorin siyasa na kowace al'umma shi ne, Kuma yayin da masu rajin siyasa sukan nemi kare hakkin jama'arsu ne kawai, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama na neman kare hakki iri daya ga dukkan 'ya'yan wannan ko wata al'umma. <ref>Brett, Rachel, The Role and Limits of Human Rights NGOs at the United Nations, in, Beetham, David, ''Politics and human rights'', The Political Studies Association, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, 1995, p.97</ref> Sabanin ƙungiyoyin siyasa waɗanda ke neman ci gaba da buƙatun kansu ko shirye-shiryen ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙoƙarin buɗe tsarin siyasa ga duk halaltattun mahalarta cikin rikice-rikicen al'umma inda irin wannan take haƙƙin ɗan adam ke faruwa. Sannan kuma Wannan mayar da hankali mai zaman kansa gabaɗaya yana bambanta ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da ƙungiyoyin bangaranci da bangaranci kamar su ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata, waɗanda babban burinsu shine kare muradun membobin ƙungiyoyi. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama a wasu lokuta suna rikicewa da kungiyoyin agaji da kungiyoyin da ke wakiltar kungiyoyin da ke mayar da hankali kan wasu batutuwa na musamman, kuma yayin da akasari ke neman banbance kansu da kungiyoyin siyasa da ke da hannu cikin tashe-tashen hankula wadanda galibi ke haifar da Kuma take hakkin bil'adama. Sau da yawa ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam suna da'awar sanin ƙwararru kan batun ko batutuwan da suke bincikowa ta hanyar masu lura da haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayin masu binciken fage . Sannna kumaDaya daga cikin sanannun kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya ita ce [[Amnesty International]] . Sai dai kuma kamar sauran kungiyoyi, ta shimfida ma'anar kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam domin baya ga kasancewarta mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama, ta kuma shiga cikin batutuwan da ba su fito fili ba. <ref>Thomas, Clive S., ''Research guide to United States and international interest groups'', Praeger Publishers, Westport, 2004, p.272</ref> Akwai wasu ƙungiyoyin gwamnati waɗanda kuma ake kiran sunan ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, irin su Ƙungiyar Majalisun Duk-Ɗaya ta Burtaniya akan Haƙƙin Bil Adama, to amma waɗanda ke ba da rahoto da farko don manufar tsara manufofi. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|Mai kare hakkin dan Adam]] * [[Gidauniyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Gidauniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam]] * Jerin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} c6k1cuo2kryw8d0dvatflmtha3wmz0u 906011 906010 2026-08-22T05:46:53Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 906011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:HAKI_AFRICA_LOGO.jpg |thumb|Tambarin Haki Africa]] [[File:Katie_Taylor_2012_TobiasK.jpg |thumb| Katie Taylor 2012]] [[File:International_Coordinating_Committee_of_National_Human_Rights_Institutions.png|200px|right|thumbnail|Taswirar Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Kasa da Kasa na Cibiyoyin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Kasa.]] [[File:Debbie_McGrath_-_Human_Rights_and_Democracy_Report_2016_(35326860863).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Debbie McGrath - Rahoton Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Dimokuradiyya 2016]] [[File:Petitions%C3%BCbergabe_von_IJM_an_die_UN.png|200px|right|thumbnail|Mika takardar koke daga IJM ga [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]]]] '''Ƙungiyar kare hakkin dan adam, kungiya''' ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke bayar da shawarwari kan [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|haƙƙin ɗan adam]] ta hanyar gano take haƙƙinsu, tattara bayanan abubuwan da suka faru, bincike da buga su, haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a yayin gudanar da shawarwarin hukumomi, da kuma yin fafutuka dan dakatar da waɗannan abubuwan take haƙƙi, Kamar sauran ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam ana bayyana su a cikin halayensu ta hanyar doka, gami da haraji, iyakokin da suke aiki a ƙarƙashin su, kamar <ref>Lindblom, Anna-Karin, ''Non-governmental organisations in international law'', Cambridge University Press, New York, 2005, p.52</ref> : 1. shine 'marasa gwamnati' ma'ana cewa an kafa ta ne ta hanyar sirri, ba ta da tasirin gwamnati, kuma ba ta yin ayyukan jama'a. : 2. yana da manufar da ba ta riba ba, ma’ana idan wata riba ta kuma samu ƙungiyar ba a raba ta ga mambobinta amma ana amfani da ita wajen cimma manufarta. : 3. baya amfani ko inganta tashin hankali ko kuma yana da bayyananniyar alaƙa da aikata laifuka, kuma : 4. Yana da ka'ida da tsarin dimokuradiyya da wakilci, kuma yana cin gajiyar halayya ta doka a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa. Abin da ya bambanta ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da sauran bangarorin siyasa na kowace al'umma shi ne, Kuma yayin da masu rajin siyasa sukan nemi kare hakkin jama'arsu ne kawai, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama na neman kare hakki iri daya ga dukkan 'ya'yan wannan ko wata al'umma. <ref>Brett, Rachel, The Role and Limits of Human Rights NGOs at the United Nations, in, Beetham, David, ''Politics and human rights'', The Political Studies Association, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, 1995, p.97</ref> Sabanin ƙungiyoyin siyasa waɗanda ke neman ci gaba da buƙatun kansu ko shirye-shiryen ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙoƙarin buɗe tsarin siyasa ga duk halaltattun mahalarta cikin rikice-rikicen al'umma inda irin wannan take haƙƙin ɗan adam ke faruwa. Sannan kuma Wannan mayar da hankali mai zaman kansa gabaɗaya yana bambanta ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da ƙungiyoyin bangaranci da bangaranci kamar su ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata, waɗanda babban burinsu shine kare muradun membobin ƙungiyoyi. Ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin bil'adama a wasu lokuta suna rikicewa da kungiyoyin agaji da kungiyoyin da ke wakiltar kungiyoyin da ke mayar da hankali kan wasu batutuwa na musamman, kuma yayin da akasari ke neman banbance kansu da kungiyoyin siyasa da ke da hannu cikin tashe-tashen hankula wadanda galibi ke haifar da Kuma take hakkin bil'adama. Sau da yawa ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam suna da'awar sanin ƙwararru kan batun ko batutuwan da suke bincikowa ta hanyar masu lura da haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayin masu binciken fage . Sannna kumaDaya daga cikin sanannun kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya ita ce [[Amnesty International]] . Sai dai kuma kamar sauran kungiyoyi, ta shimfida ma'anar kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam domin baya ga kasancewarta mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama, ta kuma shiga cikin batutuwan da ba su fito fili ba. <ref>Thomas, Clive S., ''Research guide to United States and international interest groups'', Praeger Publishers, Westport, 2004, p.272</ref> Akwai wasu ƙungiyoyin gwamnati waɗanda kuma ake kiran sunan ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, irin su Ƙungiyar Majalisun Duk-Ɗaya ta Burtaniya akan Haƙƙin Bil Adama, to amma waɗanda ke ba da rahoto da farko don manufar tsara manufofi. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|Mai kare hakkin dan Adam]] * [[Gidauniyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Gidauniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam]] * Jerin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} s3wth4qs2k9c1wr6kzmt7ff0jtzwctj 906012 906011 2026-08-22T05:47:17Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 906012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:HAKI_AFRICA_LOGO.jpg |thumb|Tambarin Haki Africa]] [[File:Katie_Taylor_2012_TobiasK.jpg |thumb| Katie Taylor 2012]] [[File:International_Coordinating_Committee_of_National_Human_Rights_Institutions.png|200px|right|thumbnail|Taswirar Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Kasa da Kasa na Cibiyoyin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Kasa.]] [[File:Debbie_McGrath_-_Human_Rights_and_Democracy_Report_2016_(35326860863).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Debbie McGrath - Rahoton Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Dimokuradiyya 2016]] [[File:Petitions%C3%BCbergabe_von_IJM_an_die_UN.png|200px|right|thumbnail|Mika takardar koke daga IJM ga [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]]]] '''Ƙungiyar kare hakkin dan adam, kungiya''' ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke bayar da shawarwari kan [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|haƙƙin ɗan adam]] ta hanyar gano take haƙƙinsu, tattara bayanan abubuwan da suka faru, bincike da buga su, haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a yayin gudanar da shawarwarin hukumomi, da kuma yin fafutuka dan dakatar da waɗannan abubuwan take haƙƙi, Kamar sauran ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam ana bayyana su a cikin halayensu ta hanyar doka, gami da haraji, iyakokin da suke aiki a ƙarƙashin su, kamar <ref>Lindblom, Anna-Karin, ''Non-governmental organisations in international law'', Cambridge University Press, New York, 2005, p.52</ref> : 1. shine 'marasa gwamnati' ma'ana cewa an kafa ta ne ta hanyar sirri, ba ta da tasirin gwamnati, kuma ba ta yin ayyukan jama'a. : 2. yana da manufar da ba ta riba ba, ma’ana idan wata riba ta kuma samu ƙungiyar ba a raba ta ga mambobinta amma ana amfani da ita wajen cimma manufarta. : 3. baya amfani ko inganta tashin hankali ko kuma yana da bayyananniyar alaƙa da aikata laifuka, kuma : 4. Yana da ka'ida da tsarin dimokuradiyya da wakilci, kuma yana cin gajiyar halayya ta doka a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa. Abin da ya bambanta ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da sauran bangarorin siyasa na kowace al'umma shi ne, Kuma yayin da masu rajin siyasa sukan nemi kare hakkin jama'arsu ne kawai, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama na neman kare hakki iri daya ga dukkan 'ya'yan wannan ko wata al'umma. <ref>Brett, Rachel, The Role and Limits of Human Rights NGOs at the United Nations, in, Beetham, David, ''Politics and human rights'', The Political Studies Association, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, 1995, p.97</ref> Sabanin ƙungiyoyin siyasa waɗanda ke neman ci gaba da buƙatun kansu ko shirye-shiryen ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙoƙarin buɗe tsarin siyasa ga duk halaltattun mahalarta cikin rikice-rikicen al'umma inda irin wannan take haƙƙin ɗan adam ke faruwa. Sannan kuma Wannan mayar da hankali mai zaman kansa gabaɗaya yana bambanta ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da ƙungiyoyin bangaranci da bangaranci kamar su ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata, waɗanda babban burinsu shine kare muradun membobin ƙungiyoyi. Ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin bil'adama a wasu lokuta suna rikicewa da kungiyoyin agaji da kungiyoyin da ke wakiltar kungiyoyin da ke mayar da hankali kan wasu batutuwa na musamman, kuma yayin da akasari ke neman banbance kansu da ƙungiyoyin siyasa da ke da hannu cikin tashe-tashen hankula wadanda galibi ke haifar da Kuma take hakkin bil'adama. Sau da yawa ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam suna da'awar sanin ƙwararru kan batun ko batutuwan da suke bincikowa ta hanyar masu lura da haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayin masu binciken fage . Sannna kumaDaya daga cikin sanannun ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya ita ce [[Amnesty International]] . Sai dai kuma kamar sauran kungiyoyi, ta shimfida ma'anar kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam domin baya ga kasancewarta mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama, ta kuma shiga cikin batutuwan da ba su fito fili ba. <ref>Thomas, Clive S., ''Research guide to United States and international interest groups'', Praeger Publishers, Westport, 2004, p.272</ref> Akwai wasu ƙungiyoyin gwamnati waɗanda kuma ake kiran sunan ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, irin su Ƙungiyar Majalisun Duk-Ɗaya ta Burtaniya akan Haƙƙin Bil Adama, to amma waɗanda ke ba da rahoto da farko don manufar tsara manufofi. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|Mai kare hakkin dan Adam]] * [[Gidauniyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Gidauniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam]] * Jerin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} mzgcselj1mpwqy3h1dpnh8zaoijedx2 906013 906012 2026-08-22T05:47:44Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 906013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:HAKI_AFRICA_LOGO.jpg |thumb|Tambarin Haki Africa]] [[File:Katie_Taylor_2012_TobiasK.jpg |thumb| Katie Taylor 2012]] [[File:International_Coordinating_Committee_of_National_Human_Rights_Institutions.png|200px|right|thumbnail|Taswirar Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Kasa da Kasa na Cibiyoyin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Kasa.]] [[File:Debbie_McGrath_-_Human_Rights_and_Democracy_Report_2016_(35326860863).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Debbie McGrath - Rahoton Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Dimokuradiyya 2016]] [[File:Petitions%C3%BCbergabe_von_IJM_an_die_UN.png|200px|right|thumbnail|Mika takardar koke daga IJM ga [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]]]] '''Ƙungiyar kare hakkin dan adam, kungiya''' ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke bayar da shawarwari kan [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|haƙƙin ɗan adam]] ta hanyar gano take haƙƙinsu, tattara bayanan abubuwan da suka faru, bincike da buga su, haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a yayin gudanar da shawarwarin hukumomi, da kuma yin fafutuka dan dakatar da waɗannan abubuwan take haƙƙi, Kamar sauran ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam ana bayyana su a cikin halayensu ta hanyar doka, gami da haraji, iyakokin da suke aiki a ƙarƙashin su, kamar <ref>Lindblom, Anna-Karin, ''Non-governmental organisations in international law'', Cambridge University Press, New York, 2005, p.52</ref> : 1. shine 'marasa gwamnati' ma'ana cewa an kafa ta ne ta hanyar sirri, ba ta da tasirin gwamnati, kuma ba ta yin ayyukan jama'a. : 2. yana da manufar da ba ta riba ba, ma’ana idan wata riba ta kuma samu ƙungiyar ba a raba ta ga mambobinta amma ana amfani da ita wajen cimma manufarta. : 3. baya amfani ko inganta tashin hankali ko kuma yana da bayyananniyar alaƙa da aikata laifuka, kuma : 4. Yana da ka'ida da tsarin dimokuradiyya da wakilci, kuma yana cin gajiyar halayya ta doka a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa. Abin da ya bambanta ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da sauran bangarorin siyasa na kowace al'umma shi ne, Kuma yayin da masu rajin siyasa sukan nemi kare hakkin jama'arsu ne kawai, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama na neman kare hakki iri daya ga dukkan 'ya'yan wannan ko wata al'umma. <ref>Brett, Rachel, The Role and Limits of Human Rights NGOs at the United Nations, in, Beetham, David, ''Politics and human rights'', The Political Studies Association, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, 1995, p.97</ref> Sabanin ƙungiyoyin siyasa waɗanda ke neman ci gaba da buƙatun kansu ko shirye-shiryen ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙoƙarin buɗe tsarin siyasa ga duk halaltattun mahalarta cikin rikice-rikicen al'umma inda irin wannan take haƙƙin ɗan adam ke faruwa. Sannan kuma Wannan mayar da hankali mai zaman kansa gabaɗaya yana bambanta ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da ƙungiyoyin bangaranci da bangaranci kamar su ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata, waɗanda babban burinsu shine kare muradun membobin ƙungiyoyi. Ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin bil'adama a wasu lokuta suna rikicewa da kungiyoyin agaji da kungiyoyin da ke wakiltar kungiyoyin da ke mayar da hankali kan wasu batutuwa na musamman, kuma yayin da akasari ke neman banbance kansu da ƙungiyoyin siyasa da ke da hannu cikin tashe-tashen hankula wadanda galibi ke haifar da Kuma take hakkin bil'adama. Sau da yawa ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam suna da'awar sanin ƙwararru kan batun ko batutuwan da suke bincikowa ta hanyar masu lura da haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayin masu binciken fage . Sannna kumaDaya daga cikin sanannun ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya ita ce [[Amnesty International]] . Sai dai kuma kamar sauran kungiyoyi, ta shimfida ma'anar ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin dan Adam domin baya ga kasancewarta mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin bil'adama, ta kuma shiga cikin batutuwan da ba su fito fili ba. <ref>Thomas, Clive S., ''Research guide to United States and international interest groups'', Praeger Publishers, Westport, 2004, p.272</ref> Akwai wasu ƙungiyoyin gwamnati waɗanda kuma ake kiran sunan ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, irin su Ƙungiyar Majalisun Duk-Ɗaya ta Burtaniya akan Haƙƙin Bil Adama, to amma waɗanda ke ba da rahoto da farko don manufar tsara manufofi. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|Mai kare hakkin dan Adam]] * [[Gidauniyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Gidauniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam]] * Jerin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} pygtn6g1z0v3txk62sdnmj0ux20j3k6 0 30591 906147 746728 2026-08-22T11:14:43Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Comparison_motivations_for_carfree_living.png |thumb| Comparison motivations for carfree living]] [[File:Klimademo_Bern_02.jpg|thumb| Zanga-zangar kasa don aikin sauyin yanayi, Bern, 2019.]] [[File:Marche_pour_le_climat,_Genève_2018-28.jpg|thumb| Yanayi Maris, Geneva, 2018.]] Ƙungiyoyi masu yawa kuma(ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu) suna wakiltar '''[[Gudanar da muhalli|ƙungiyoyin muhalli]] a''' kasar '''[[Switzerland]]'''. Yanayi ya kuma gabatar da siyasa tare da manufofin [[Switzerland|muhalli na Switzerland]]. == Ƙungiyoyi == [[File:Logo_of_Renovate_Switzerland.png |thumb| Tambarin yunkurin Sabuwar kasar Switzerland na masu fafutukar]] Ƙungiyoyi sun wanzu kuma suna aiki akan ma'auni na gida, kantonal, tarayya da na duniya. Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na muhalli sun bambanta sosai a cikin ra'ayoyin siyasa da kuma yadda suke neman tasiri ga halaye da manufofin muhalli. === na gwamnati === * Ofishin Tarayya na Muhalli (tun 1971) === Na gwamnati === * Pro Natura (tun shekarata 1909, Sashen Abokan Duniya na Swiss tun 1995) <ref>{{HDS|7791|Protection of nature|author=Stephanie Summermatter}} (Page visited on 27 September 2016).</ref> - mafi tsufa * Ƙungiyar Swiss don Kare Tsuntsaye (tun 1922, Sashen ''Swiss na BirdLife International'' ) * Sashen Swiss na Asusun Duniya na Duniya (WWF Switzerland, tun shekarar 1961) <ref>{{HDS|15291|WWF|author=Alexis Schwarzenbach}} (Page visited on 27 September 2016).</ref> <ref name="Roux" /> - mafi yawan mambobi * Idon Jama'a (Bayanin Berne) (tun 1968) * Ecology da Yawan Jama'a (tun 1971) * Franz Weber Foundation (tun 1977) * Ƙungiyar Sufuri da Muhalli na Swiss (tun 1979) * Bio Suisse (tun 1981) * Pro Specie Rara (tun 1982) * Sashen Swiss na Greenpeace (tun 1984) <ref>{{HDS|15292|Greenpeace|author=Andrea Weibel}} (Page visited on 27 September 2016).</ref> <ref name="Roux" /> * Alternative Bank Schweiz (tun 1990) * Bruno Manser Foundation (tun 1992) * Sashen Swiss na Green Cross International (tun 1994) * Summit Foundation (tun 2001) * Myclimate Foundation (tun 2002) * Swiss Climate Alliance (haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyi 66, tun shekarata 2004) ** Category: [[Climate Alliance|Swiss Climate Alliance]] * Matasan Swiss don Yanayi (tun 2015) * Ƙungiyar Swiss don Kare Yanayi (tun 2018) <ref name="Roux" /> === Jam'iyyun siyasa === * Green Party of Switzerland (tun shekarata 1983) <ref name="Greens">{{HDS|17413|Greens|author=Ruedi Brassel-Moser}} (Page visited on 27 September 2016).</ref> * Green Liberal Party of Switzerland (tun 2007) <ref name="Greens" /> === Sauran ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa === * BreakFree [daga burbushin mai] Switzerland (tun shekarar 2016) * Yajin yanayi Switzerland (tun 2018) <ref name="Roux" /> * Kashe Tawayen Switzerland (tun 2018) <ref name="Roux" /> == manufofin doka don Muhalli == === Doka === A cikin shekarata 1874, an gabatar da wata kasida don kare gandun daji a cikin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayyar Switzerland. A cikin shekarar 1962, an gabatar da labarin tsarin mulki don kariyar yanayi. <ref name="Roch" /> A cikin shekarata 1967, Dokar Tarayya game da Kariya da Halittu da Al'adun gargajiya ta gabatar da musamman haƙƙin roko na ƙungiyoyin muhalli ("haƙƙin ɗaukaka", labarin 12) wanda ya ba duk ƙungiyoyin Swiss da ke da alaƙa da kariyar yanayi 'yancin tayar da gaba ɗaya ƙin yarda ko zuwa shigar da kara kan wasu ayyuka. <ref>[https://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compilation/19660144/index.html Federal Act on the Protection of Nature and Cultural Heritage of 1 July 1966], status as of 12 October 2014, [[Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]] (page visited on 4 October 2016).</ref> Haƙƙin ƙungiyoyin muhalli don ɗaukaka daga baya kuma an haɗa su a cikin Dokar Tarayya kan Kare Muhalli (1985, labarin 55 <ref>[https://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compilation/19830267/index.html Federal Act on the Protection of the Environment of 7 October 1983], status as of 1 August 2016, [[Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]] (page visited on 4 October 2016).</ref> ) da Dokar Tarayya kan Fasahar Jini da Ba Bil Adama ba (2004, labarin 28 <ref>[https://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compilation/19996136/index.html Federal Act on Non-Human Gene Technology of 21 March 2003], status as of 1 June 2014, [[Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]] (page visited on 4 October 2016).</ref> ). <ref name="Recours" /> A cikin shekarata 1971, kashi 92.7 cikin 100 na masu jefa ƙuri'a sun amince da wata ka'idar tsarin mulki don kare muhalli (Mataki na 24, a halin yanzu sashi na 74 na kundin tsarin mulkin 1999) da Ofishin Tarayya na Muhalli, dazuzzuka da Tsarin ƙasa (wanda kuma aka sake masa suna Ofishin Tarayya na Muhalli). a cikin 2006) an kafa shi (a matsayin ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri, Sadarwa da Makamashi ). An gabatar da Inventory na Tarayya na Filaye da Abubuwan Mota na Halitta a cikin shekarar 1977. A ranar 21 ga Mayu shekarata 2017, kashi 58 cikin 100 na masu jefa kuri'a na Switzerland sun yarda da sabon Dokar Makamashi da ke kafa dabarun makamashi na 2050 (msar da makamashi ) da kuma hana gina sabbin tashoshin makamashin nukiliya. <ref>[http://www.bfe.admin.ch/energiestrategie2050/index.html?lang=en Energy strategy 2050], Swiss Federal Office of Energy, [[Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications]] (page visited on 21 May 2017).</ref> ==== Shahararrun himma ==== An ƙaddamar da wasu mashahuran yunƙurin tarayya don ƙara [[Kare Muhalli|kare muhalli]] . An kar~i da dama daga cikinsu: <ref>{{In lang|fr}} Michel Guillaume, "L'économie Suisse prompt de verdict", ''[[Da lokaci|Le temps]]'', Monday 26 September 2016, page 4. This article only shows the results of three vocations: the Rothenthurm initiative, the Alps initiative and the Franz Weber initiative.</ref> * Shahararriyar yunƙurin gwamnatin tarayya "don kariyar marsh" (" Rothenthurm initiative"), wanda kashi 57.8 cikin ɗari na masu jefa ƙuri'a suka karɓa a ranar 6 ga Disamba 1987. Domin kare dausayi . * Shahararriyar yunƙurin gwamnatin tarayya "dakatar da gina tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki (moratorium)", wanda kashi 54.5 cikin ɗari na masu jefa ƙuri'a suka karɓa a ranar 23 ga Satumba shekarata 1990. Tsawon shekaru goma na dakatar da gina sabbin tashoshin nukiliya. * Shahararriyar yunƙurin tarayya "don kare wuraren tsaunuka daga zirga-zirgar ababen hawa" ("Initiative na Alps "), wanda kashi 51.9 cikin ɗari na masu jefa ƙuri'a suka karɓa a ranar 20 ga Fabrairun 1994. Don kare yanayin Alpine daga mummunan tasirin zirga-zirga (duba kuma Ramin Gidan Gida na Gotthard ). * Shahararriyar shirin gwamnatin tarayya "don abincin da aka samar ba tare da injiniyan kwayoyin halitta ba", wanda kashi 55.7 cikin dari na masu jefa kuri'a suka amince da shi a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba shekarar 2005. Don dakatar da al'adar kwayoyin halitta da aka gyara . * Shahararriyar yunƙurin tarayya "don kawo ƙarshen ginin gidaje na biyu" (" Franz Weber initiative"), wanda kashi 50.6 cikin ɗari na masu jefa ƙuri'a suka karɓa a ranar 12 ga Maris 2012. Don rage bazuwar birane ta hanyar iyakance adadin gidaje na biyu (tare da kaso na kashi ashirin cikin ɗari a kowace gari ). == Duba wasu abubuwan == * 2000-watt al'umma * Ƙungiyar yaƙi da makaman nukiliya a Switzerland * Bio Suisse * Energy a Switzerland * Nature Parks a Switzerland * Matakin fita daga jakunkunan filastik marasa nauyi (Switzerland) * Sandoz sinadarai zube * Gudanar da sharar gida a Switzerland == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{reflist}} == Tushe == * {{In lang|fr}} Peter Knoepfel, Stéphane Nahrath, Jérôme Savary and Frédéric Varone, ''Analyse des politiques suisses de l’environnement'', 2010 ( ). * {{In lang|fr}} René Longet, ''Planète, sauvetage en cours'', third edition, collection « Le savoir suisse », [[Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes]], 2016 ( ). * {{In lang|fr}} [[Philippe Roch]], "Écologie en Suisse (histoire)", in [[Dominique Burg|Dominique Bourg]] and Alain Papaux , ''Dictionnaire de la pensée écologique'', 2015 ( ). == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Environment in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. * Environmental movement in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. * Protection of nature in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. kv6mw00ntrxlhosaw6us1rbxeojal7h 0 30859 906161 692183 2026-08-22T11:19:45Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Hung Hom train terminus, HK (7985922207).jpg|thumb|muhalli Yana da kyau a tsaftace dun gudun kamuwa da cuta kamar yau da kullum ]] == Muhimmancin Tsaftace Muhalli == [[Fayil:Dumpsters cleanin in Barcelona by Alexander Plyushchev - IMG 1486.jpg|thumb|yin shara ya gyara muhallin]] == Muhalli waje ne da al'umma da dabbobi da tsirrai ke rayuwa. A ƴan shekarun nan muhalli na fuskantar kalubale babba daga dumamar yanayi. == Muhalli wani suna ne dake nufin wurin da ake zama, ko yin wata sana’a da kuma aiki, ya kuma kunshi abubuwa masu yawa da suka sa ake kiran shi haka, sun hada da gida cikin shi da [[Kewaye Saati|kewaye]] wato waje, a cikin za, a samu dakuna, dakin dafa abinci, dakin ajiye kayayyaki, wurin wanka, da dai sauransu.<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-46110765.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17535308538059&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Flabarai-46110765</ref> Da kuma akwai buqata ta tsaftace su domin aji dadin amfani dasu kamar yadda ya kamata, tsafta dai ita ce abu mai kyau ga kowani irin addini sai da ita, wato idan an tabbatar da ita, za a iya yin ayyukan ibadu na kowani addinai wadanda suka kamata sai an yi su, sai da ita tsaftar za’a iya tunanin yin su daya bayan daya. Wannan ke nan bayan haka kuma sanin kowa ne sai da lafiya ake iya yin al’amura masu yawa, wurin da ya dace kuma a samarwa lafiya muhalli shi ne inda tsafta ta ke, manufa can ne gidan ta, wanda ya fi dacewa da ita. Sauran dayar kuma, wato dauka kowa ai ya san inda kazanta ta ke can ne kyakkyawan [[Muhalli a Mongolia|muhallin]] ta. [[Fayil:FAMILY PHOTO Informal Meeting of Health Ministers (Informal EPSCO-Health) 2016-10-0351 (29974998652).jpg|thumb]] == Ministocin lafiya == Wannan ya nuna kenan ashe abin bana wasa bane shi yasa ma har manyan ma’aikatu biyu ake dasu da kuma ministocinsu, na lafiya da kuma muhalli, muddin aka yi sa’a, suna gabatar da ayyukansu kamar yadda ya kamata , to ai komai sai ya kasance za a yi sha’awa da dadin kallo ke nan, idan kuma aka yi rashin sa’ar suna tafiyar Hawainiya ne, abin sai dai ayi sha’ani wai an cuci nakauye. Idan mu kadan nisa cikin zuciyarmu muna iya gane cewa kwayoyin cuta sune ke kasancewa musabbabin kamuwa da duk wata cuta babba ko kuma karama, akan kirasu da sunan bakteriya, ko kuma birus, da dai sauran sunaye daban–daban. Kkwayoyin cuta su kananan abubuwa ne, saboda ma kankantar su ba kuma za’a iya ganinsu da kwayar idanu ba, sai an yi amfani da madubin Likita wanda ake kira da suna, a Turance ''Microscope'', daga nan sai a gane ko wadanne iri ne da kuma jinsin da suka fito, suna kuma son muhallan ko wuraren da suke da dauka saboda a can ne zasu samu rayuwa mai kyau. Shi ya sa duk inda aka samu datti ko kumakazanta, to ana fa kyautata zaton da akwai su wadannan kwayoyin cututtuka ba ma cutadaya ba. Idan aka duba a wannan hali da muke ciki yadda wasu garuruwa suke cikin kazanta ciki da waje, ya kuma kasance suma al’ummar haka suke, ba maganar dakunan kwanansu ba, ga kuma kayayyakin da suke sawa ko kuma (Sutura) wuraren da ake dafa abinci, su kansu a matsayin su na mutane wasu idan suka wuce ji za’a yi suna buga wani irin warin wanda babu ko dadin ji. Akwai garuruwa ko kuma nace kauyuka wadanda mutum zai gane ko dai sun san abar da ake kira tsafta, amma kuma su ba wannan abin ya dame su ba, sai ka lura dasu akwai wani abinda yafi damun su, wanda kai kuma, gare ka ba mai muhimmanci bane ko misqala zaratun. Tun ma akofar gidan za’a fara shan mamaki saboda za’a fara yin karo da wani kwatami inda ruwan wanka, wanke-wanke, har ma da Fitsari kan shiga, daga doyi , wari sai kuma wani hamami, wannan ya nuna kwarai da gaske suna shirin tarbar cutar zazzavin cizon sauro ko kuma wata can daban. Ai dama a ire iren wuraren ne suke yin kwayaye masu yawa, su kyan kyashe su, daga baya kuma su kasance matsala ga al’umma, mutum da hankali, wayo , tunaninshi ya sayar da lafiya ya sayi ciwo kamar dai yadda marigayi Alhaji dan Anace ya ce, a wata waqarshi ta Adodan kwaure. Wani garin, unguwar, gidan ma ana shiga abubuwan da zasu fara yi wa mutum barka da zuwa farkon shiga cikin, basu wuce a samu kwanonin da ake cin abinci, an bar su gajal hakanan duk kudaje nata kai gwauro da kuma mari akan su, ana kallon wurin dafa abinci (kicin) can kuma ba abin mamaki bane har ma Tukwanen dafa abinci wasu ana iya samun watakila an yi sa’a an zuba masu ruwa, wani gidan ma suna iya yin kwana biyu, har sai ya kai ga sun fara yin wari tukuna, an yi magana lokacin ne kuma za’a dauka, aje a wanke.<ref>https://hausa.leadership.ng/muhimmancin-tsafatace-muhalli/amp/</ref> == Dakunan Kwana == Dakunan kwana su ma ko wannen su idan ba sa’a aka yi ba, ba wani abin mamaki bane, a same su, suna buga warin kazanta, ga dai tulin kayan sawa nan masu yawa, wasu na buqatar wanki, amma ba’a wanke su ba, ana jiran sai wani lokaci a wanke. Wanka shi kuma wani ko wata yana iya daukar kwana daya zuwa biyu bai yi ba, kai wani ko wata suna iya yin kwana ma har uku babu wanka, su kasance cikin dauda kayan da suke sawa ma (sutura) su ma daudar, sai maganar wasu soshe-soshe, kai ana ma iya yin babbar sa’a a samu wanda yake da kwarkwata saboda rashin tsafta har Kirci da kazuwa suma sun samu wurin zama ke nan. Wani ma bai damu ba yana tafiya yana soshe –soshen saboda dauda ta kai ga sa ma shi kaikayi, sai ya sosa tukuna ya samu kwanciyar hankali. A zo cin abinci wani ko wasu ba da muwarsu ce ba, haka za’a sa hannun mai dauke da daudar soshe- soshen da aka yi, ga kuma ‘yan yatsun hannu ba’ a yanke kunba (akaifa) ba, nan madin da akwai wata ajiyar takwayoyin cutar suka yi, ana kuma sa hannu cikin abincin sai daudar ta jiqa abin ya shiga cikin abincin, a riqa ci ana kaiwa zuwa Baki, daganan sa’a ta samu sai Cikin ya dauka. To a kwana a tashi watarana sai an samu hakuwa da wata babbar bakuwa mai muhimmanci wato cutar da aka aika ma goron gaiyata, ta kuma zo, bai kuma kamata ace mata ai ba masaukin ta bane. Bayan kuwa ita ta san can ne ya fi dacewa da ita. Ruwa wanda ake amfani da shi tabangarori daban daban wasu idan aka ga wurin da suke zuwa suna wanka, wanki, can suke dibar ruwan da suke abinci, sha, kai har ma dabbobinsu can ne suke sha, saboda sun yi rashin sa’a basu da rijiyar burtsatse wadda akalla ruwanta yana dakyau da kuma dandano mai dadi wanda ana iya amfani da shi wurare masu yawa. Ba zan manta ba da akwai wani kauye da Allah ya kai mu mun je yin documentary, a sashen Arewa maso Yamma can ne muka samu labarin saboda rashin rijiyoyin burtsatse waxanda ake dasu suna nesa da gari, mutane kuma na zuwa su yi cincirindo, mutum yana iya kwana da yini kafin ya samu ruwan da zai amfani da shi, shi ya sa al’amarin na wancan kauyen sai dai ace Allah ya sauwake, saboda kuwa kamar yadda suka fada mana akwai dan asalin wannan kauye wanda har ma muqamin shugaban karamar Hukuma ya tava riqewa. Jami’an duba lafiyar muhalli wadanda suke bi gida-gida suna kula da yadda ake tsafatace shi wadanda aka fi sani da Santarori ko kuma sanitary inspectors, akwai su shekarun baya da suka wuce, saboda wani lokacidan Adam zuma ne sai da wuta ake shan shi, idan ba matsa ma shi ake yi ba, sanin shi ne abin fa shi zai fi amfana da shi amma ba zai yi ba sai an tilasta ma shi. Don haka abin da ya kamata ne Jihohin da basu da wadannan Malaman tsaftar sai, a sake dawowa dasu, domin shi muhallin nan ba, tsaftace shi ake yi ba ,akwai matsala,wadda kuma bakarama ba ce sboda kuwa za’a yi ta zaman cikin muhallin da baya dakyau, daga kamuwa da cuta sai kuma abin da ba, a rasa ba. Idan aka yi la’akari da lokacin da ake da su Malaman tsaftar ba wasu cututtukan da ake dasu, yanzu da ana kulawa da muhalli kamar yadda ya dace ayi. Ita ma kanta gwamnatin idan har ta dawo da Malaman tsaftar masu zuwa suna shiga gida-gida suna tabbatar da ana tsaftace su, ai ba, a ware ma bangaren lafiya makudan kudade kamar yadda ake yi yanzu idan maganar kasafin kudi ta taso. Kamata ya yi a nuna ba, sani ba sabo wajen maganar tsaftace muhalli, kada a bari kowa yana yin abin da yaga dama, ba maganar wani sassauci. Shekara da shekaru sai maganar yadda zazzavin cizon Sauro yake ke ta kassara mutane da yawa duk shekara, amma an kasa gano bakin tsaren, sai Jaki ake ta duka, amma an manta da cewar ashe Taiki ne yake takura ma shi Jakin. == Manazarta == 1sahgr62d43ecs2oasolkacqt47gyo8 906163 906161 2026-08-22T11:20:19Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Hung Hom train terminus, HK (7985922207).jpg|thumb|muhalli Yana da kyau a tsaftace dun gudun kamuwa da cuta kamar yau da kullum ]] == Muhimmancin Tsaftace Muhalli == [[Fayil:Dumpsters cleanin in Barcelona by Alexander Plyushchev - IMG 1486.jpg|thumb|yin shara ya gyara muhallin]] == Muhalli waje ne da al'umma da dabbobi da tsirrai ke rayuwa. A ƴan shekarun nan muhalli na fuskantar kalubale babba daga dumamar yanayi. == Muhalli wani suna ne dake nufin wurin da ake zama, ko yin wata sana’a da kuma aiki, ya kuma ƙunshi abubuwa masu yawa da suka sa ake kiran shi haka, sun haɗa da gida cikin shi da [[Kewaye Saati|kewaye]] wato waje, a cikin za, a samu dakuna, dakin dafa abinci, dakin ajiye kayayyaki, wurin wanka, da dai sauransu.<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-46110765.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17535308538059&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Flabarai-46110765</ref> Da kuma akwai buqata ta tsaftace su domin aji dadin amfani dasu kamar yadda ya kamata, tsafta dai ita ce abu mai kyau ga kowani irin addini sai da ita, wato idan an tabbatar da ita, za a iya yin ayyukan ibadu na kowani addinai wadanda suka kamata sai an yi su, sai da ita tsaftar za’a iya tunanin yin su daya bayan daya. Wannan ke nan bayan haka kuma sanin kowa ne sai da lafiya ake iya yin al’amura masu yawa, wurin da ya dace kuma a samarwa lafiya muhalli shi ne inda tsafta ta ke, manufa can ne gidan ta, wanda ya fi dacewa da ita. Sauran dayar kuma, wato dauka kowa ai ya san inda kazanta ta ke can ne kyakkyawan [[Muhalli a Mongolia|muhallin]] ta. [[Fayil:FAMILY PHOTO Informal Meeting of Health Ministers (Informal EPSCO-Health) 2016-10-0351 (29974998652).jpg|thumb]] == Ministocin lafiya == Wannan ya nuna kenan ashe abin bana wasa bane shi yasa ma har manyan ma’aikatu biyu ake dasu da kuma ministocinsu, na lafiya da kuma muhalli, muddin aka yi sa’a, suna gabatar da ayyukansu kamar yadda ya kamata , to ai komai sai ya kasance za a yi sha’awa da dadin kallo ke nan, idan kuma aka yi rashin sa’ar suna tafiyar Hawainiya ne, abin sai dai ayi sha’ani wai an cuci nakauye. Idan mu kadan nisa cikin zuciyarmu muna iya gane cewa kwayoyin cuta sune ke kasancewa musabbabin kamuwa da duk wata cuta babba ko kuma karama, akan kirasu da sunan bakteriya, ko kuma birus, da dai sauran sunaye daban–daban. Kkwayoyin cuta su kananan abubuwa ne, saboda ma kankantar su ba kuma za’a iya ganinsu da kwayar idanu ba, sai an yi amfani da madubin Likita wanda ake kira da suna, a Turance ''Microscope'', daga nan sai a gane ko wadanne iri ne da kuma jinsin da suka fito, suna kuma son muhallan ko wuraren da suke da dauka saboda a can ne zasu samu rayuwa mai kyau. Shi ya sa duk inda aka samu datti ko kumakazanta, to ana fa kyautata zaton da akwai su wadannan kwayoyin cututtuka ba ma cutadaya ba. Idan aka duba a wannan hali da muke ciki yadda wasu garuruwa suke cikin kazanta ciki da waje, ya kuma kasance suma al’ummar haka suke, ba maganar dakunan kwanansu ba, ga kuma kayayyakin da suke sawa ko kuma (Sutura) wuraren da ake dafa abinci, su kansu a matsayin su na mutane wasu idan suka wuce ji za’a yi suna buga wani irin warin wanda babu ko dadin ji. Akwai garuruwa ko kuma nace kauyuka wadanda mutum zai gane ko dai sun san abar da ake kira tsafta, amma kuma su ba wannan abin ya dame su ba, sai ka lura dasu akwai wani abinda yafi damun su, wanda kai kuma, gare ka ba mai muhimmanci bane ko misqala zaratun. Tun ma akofar gidan za’a fara shan mamaki saboda za’a fara yin karo da wani kwatami inda ruwan wanka, wanke-wanke, har ma da Fitsari kan shiga, daga doyi , wari sai kuma wani hamami, wannan ya nuna kwarai da gaske suna shirin tarbar cutar zazzavin cizon sauro ko kuma wata can daban. Ai dama a ire iren wuraren ne suke yin kwayaye masu yawa, su kyan kyashe su, daga baya kuma su kasance matsala ga al’umma, mutum da hankali, wayo , tunaninshi ya sayar da lafiya ya sayi ciwo kamar dai yadda marigayi Alhaji dan Anace ya ce, a wata waqarshi ta Adodan kwaure. Wani garin, unguwar, gidan ma ana shiga abubuwan da zasu fara yi wa mutum barka da zuwa farkon shiga cikin, basu wuce a samu kwanonin da ake cin abinci, an bar su gajal hakanan duk kudaje nata kai gwauro da kuma mari akan su, ana kallon wurin dafa abinci (kicin) can kuma ba abin mamaki bane har ma Tukwanen dafa abinci wasu ana iya samun watakila an yi sa’a an zuba masu ruwa, wani gidan ma suna iya yin kwana biyu, har sai ya kai ga sun fara yin wari tukuna, an yi magana lokacin ne kuma za’a dauka, aje a wanke.<ref>https://hausa.leadership.ng/muhimmancin-tsafatace-muhalli/amp/</ref> == Dakunan Kwana == Dakunan kwana su ma ko wannen su idan ba sa’a aka yi ba, ba wani abin mamaki bane, a same su, suna buga warin kazanta, ga dai tulin kayan sawa nan masu yawa, wasu na buqatar wanki, amma ba’a wanke su ba, ana jiran sai wani lokaci a wanke. Wanka shi kuma wani ko wata yana iya daukar kwana daya zuwa biyu bai yi ba, kai wani ko wata suna iya yin kwana ma har uku babu wanka, su kasance cikin dauda kayan da suke sawa ma (sutura) su ma daudar, sai maganar wasu soshe-soshe, kai ana ma iya yin babbar sa’a a samu wanda yake da kwarkwata saboda rashin tsafta har Kirci da kazuwa suma sun samu wurin zama ke nan. Wani ma bai damu ba yana tafiya yana soshe –soshen saboda dauda ta kai ga sa ma shi kaikayi, sai ya sosa tukuna ya samu kwanciyar hankali. A zo cin abinci wani ko wasu ba da muwarsu ce ba, haka za’a sa hannun mai dauke da daudar soshe- soshen da aka yi, ga kuma ‘yan yatsun hannu ba’ a yanke kunba (akaifa) ba, nan madin da akwai wata ajiyar takwayoyin cutar suka yi, ana kuma sa hannu cikin abincin sai daudar ta jiqa abin ya shiga cikin abincin, a riqa ci ana kaiwa zuwa Baki, daganan sa’a ta samu sai Cikin ya dauka. To a kwana a tashi watarana sai an samu hakuwa da wata babbar bakuwa mai muhimmanci wato cutar da aka aika ma goron gaiyata, ta kuma zo, bai kuma kamata ace mata ai ba masaukin ta bane. Bayan kuwa ita ta san can ne ya fi dacewa da ita. Ruwa wanda ake amfani da shi tabangarori daban daban wasu idan aka ga wurin da suke zuwa suna wanka, wanki, can suke dibar ruwan da suke abinci, sha, kai har ma dabbobinsu can ne suke sha, saboda sun yi rashin sa’a basu da rijiyar burtsatse wadda akalla ruwanta yana dakyau da kuma dandano mai dadi wanda ana iya amfani da shi wurare masu yawa. Ba zan manta ba da akwai wani kauye da Allah ya kai mu mun je yin documentary, a sashen Arewa maso Yamma can ne muka samu labarin saboda rashin rijiyoyin burtsatse waxanda ake dasu suna nesa da gari, mutane kuma na zuwa su yi cincirindo, mutum yana iya kwana da yini kafin ya samu ruwan da zai amfani da shi, shi ya sa al’amarin na wancan kauyen sai dai ace Allah ya sauwake, saboda kuwa kamar yadda suka fada mana akwai dan asalin wannan kauye wanda har ma muqamin shugaban karamar Hukuma ya tava riqewa. Jami’an duba lafiyar muhalli wadanda suke bi gida-gida suna kula da yadda ake tsafatace shi wadanda aka fi sani da Santarori ko kuma sanitary inspectors, akwai su shekarun baya da suka wuce, saboda wani lokacidan Adam zuma ne sai da wuta ake shan shi, idan ba matsa ma shi ake yi ba, sanin shi ne abin fa shi zai fi amfana da shi amma ba zai yi ba sai an tilasta ma shi. Don haka abin da ya kamata ne Jihohin da basu da wadannan Malaman tsaftar sai, a sake dawowa dasu, domin shi muhallin nan ba, tsaftace shi ake yi ba ,akwai matsala,wadda kuma bakarama ba ce sboda kuwa za’a yi ta zaman cikin muhallin da baya dakyau, daga kamuwa da cuta sai kuma abin da ba, a rasa ba. Idan aka yi la’akari da lokacin da ake da su Malaman tsaftar ba wasu cututtukan da ake dasu, yanzu da ana kulawa da muhalli kamar yadda ya dace ayi. Ita ma kanta gwamnatin idan har ta dawo da Malaman tsaftar masu zuwa suna shiga gida-gida suna tabbatar da ana tsaftace su, ai ba, a ware ma bangaren lafiya makudan kudade kamar yadda ake yi yanzu idan maganar kasafin kudi ta taso. Kamata ya yi a nuna ba, sani ba sabo wajen maganar tsaftace muhalli, kada a bari kowa yana yin abin da yaga dama, ba maganar wani sassauci. Shekara da shekaru sai maganar yadda zazzavin cizon Sauro yake ke ta kassara mutane da yawa duk shekara, amma an kasa gano bakin tsaren, sai Jaki ake ta duka, amma an manta da cewar ashe Taiki ne yake takura ma shi Jakin. == Manazarta == jxfrbaszej4iwust5mjtvqgqxu5qshm 906164 906163 2026-08-22T11:20:36Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Hung Hom train terminus, HK (7985922207).jpg|thumb|muhalli Yana da kyau a tsaftace dun gudun kamuwa da cuta kamar yau da kullum ]] == Muhimmancin Tsaftace Muhalli == [[Fayil:Dumpsters cleanin in Barcelona by Alexander Plyushchev - IMG 1486.jpg|thumb|yin shara ya gyara muhallin]] == Muhalli waje ne da al'umma da dabbobi da tsirrai ke rayuwa. A ƴan shekarun nan muhalli na fuskantar kalubale babba daga dumamar yanayi. == Muhalli wani suna ne dake nufin wurin da ake zama, ko yin wata sana’a da kuma aiki, ya kuma ƙunshi abubuwa masu yawa da suka sa ake kiran shi haka, sun haɗa da gida cikin shi da [[Kewaye Saati|kewaye]] wato waje, a cikin za, a samu dakuna, dakin dafa abinci, dakin ajiye kayayyaki, wurin wanka, da dai sauransu.<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-46110765.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17535308538059&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Flabarai-46110765</ref> Da kuma akwai buqata ta tsaftace su domin aji dadin amfani dasu kamar yadda ya kamata, tsafta dai ita ce abu mai kyau ga kowani irin addini sai da ita, wato idan an tabbatar da ita, za a iya yin ayyukan ibadu na kowani addinai wadanda suka kamata sai an yi su, sai da ita tsaftar za’a iya tunanin yin su daya bayan daya. Wannan ke nan bayan haka kuma sanin kowa ne sai da lafiya ake iya yin al’amura masu yawa, wurin da ya dace kuma a samarwa lafiya muhalli shi ne inda tsafta ta ke, manufa can ne gidan ta, wanda ya fi dacewa da ita. Sauran dayar kuma, wato dauka kowa ai ya san inda kazanta ta ke can ne kyakkyawan [[Muhalli a Mongolia|muhallin]] ta. [[Fayil:FAMILY PHOTO Informal Meeting of Health Ministers (Informal EPSCO-Health) 2016-10-0351 (29974998652).jpg|thumb]] == Ministocin lafiya == Wannan kuma ya nuna kenan ashe abin bana wasa bane shi yasa ma har manyan ma’aikatu biyu ake dasu da kuma ministocinsu, na lafiya da kuma muhalli, muddin aka yi sa’a, suna gabatar da ayyukansu kamar yadda ya kamata , to ai komai sai ya kasance za a yi sha’awa da dadin kallo ke nan, idan kuma aka yi rashin sa’ar suna tafiyar Hawainiya ne, abin sai dai ayi sha’ani wai an cuci nakauye. Idan mu kadan nisa cikin zuciyarmu muna iya gane cewa kwayoyin cuta sune ke kasancewa musabbabin kamuwa da duk wata cuta babba ko kuma karama, akan kirasu da sunan bakteriya, ko kuma birus, da dai sauran sunaye daban–daban. Kkwayoyin cuta su kananan abubuwa ne, saboda ma kankantar su ba kuma za’a iya ganinsu da kwayar idanu ba, sai an yi amfani da madubin Likita wanda ake kira da suna, a Turance ''Microscope'', daga nan sai a gane ko wadanne iri ne da kuma jinsin da suka fito, suna kuma son muhallan ko wuraren da suke da dauka saboda a can ne zasu samu rayuwa mai kyau. Shi ya sa duk inda aka samu datti ko kumakazanta, to ana fa kyautata zaton da akwai su wadannan kwayoyin cututtuka ba ma cutadaya ba. Idan aka duba a wannan hali da muke ciki yadda wasu garuruwa suke cikin kazanta ciki da waje, ya kuma kasance suma al’ummar haka suke, ba maganar dakunan kwanansu ba, ga kuma kayayyakin da suke sawa ko kuma (Sutura) wuraren da ake dafa abinci, su kansu a matsayin su na mutane wasu idan suka wuce ji za’a yi suna buga wani irin warin wanda babu ko dadin ji. Akwai garuruwa ko kuma nace kauyuka wadanda mutum zai gane ko dai sun san abar da ake kira tsafta, amma kuma su ba wannan abin ya dame su ba, sai ka lura dasu akwai wani abinda yafi damun su, wanda kai kuma, gare ka ba mai muhimmanci bane ko misqala zaratun. Tun ma akofar gidan za’a fara shan mamaki saboda za’a fara yin karo da wani kwatami inda ruwan wanka, wanke-wanke, har ma da Fitsari kan shiga, daga doyi , wari sai kuma wani hamami, wannan ya nuna kwarai da gaske suna shirin tarbar cutar zazzavin cizon sauro ko kuma wata can daban. Ai dama a ire iren wuraren ne suke yin kwayaye masu yawa, su kyan kyashe su, daga baya kuma su kasance matsala ga al’umma, mutum da hankali, wayo , tunaninshi ya sayar da lafiya ya sayi ciwo kamar dai yadda marigayi Alhaji dan Anace ya ce, a wata waqarshi ta Adodan kwaure. Wani garin, unguwar, gidan ma ana shiga abubuwan da zasu fara yi wa mutum barka da zuwa farkon shiga cikin, basu wuce a samu kwanonin da ake cin abinci, an bar su gajal hakanan duk kudaje nata kai gwauro da kuma mari akan su, ana kallon wurin dafa abinci (kicin) can kuma ba abin mamaki bane har ma Tukwanen dafa abinci wasu ana iya samun watakila an yi sa’a an zuba masu ruwa, wani gidan ma suna iya yin kwana biyu, har sai ya kai ga sun fara yin wari tukuna, an yi magana lokacin ne kuma za’a dauka, aje a wanke.<ref>https://hausa.leadership.ng/muhimmancin-tsafatace-muhalli/amp/</ref> == Dakunan Kwana == Dakunan kwana su ma ko wannen su idan ba sa’a aka yi ba, ba wani abin mamaki bane, a same su, suna buga warin kazanta, ga dai tulin kayan sawa nan masu yawa, wasu na buqatar wanki, amma ba’a wanke su ba, ana jiran sai wani lokaci a wanke. Wanka shi kuma wani ko wata yana iya daukar kwana daya zuwa biyu bai yi ba, kai wani ko wata suna iya yin kwana ma har uku babu wanka, su kasance cikin dauda kayan da suke sawa ma (sutura) su ma daudar, sai maganar wasu soshe-soshe, kai ana ma iya yin babbar sa’a a samu wanda yake da kwarkwata saboda rashin tsafta har Kirci da kazuwa suma sun samu wurin zama ke nan. Wani ma bai damu ba yana tafiya yana soshe –soshen saboda dauda ta kai ga sa ma shi kaikayi, sai ya sosa tukuna ya samu kwanciyar hankali. A zo cin abinci wani ko wasu ba da muwarsu ce ba, haka za’a sa hannun mai dauke da daudar soshe- soshen da aka yi, ga kuma ‘yan yatsun hannu ba’ a yanke kunba (akaifa) ba, nan madin da akwai wata ajiyar takwayoyin cutar suka yi, ana kuma sa hannu cikin abincin sai daudar ta jiqa abin ya shiga cikin abincin, a riqa ci ana kaiwa zuwa Baki, daganan sa’a ta samu sai Cikin ya dauka. To a kwana a tashi watarana sai an samu hakuwa da wata babbar bakuwa mai muhimmanci wato cutar da aka aika ma goron gaiyata, ta kuma zo, bai kuma kamata ace mata ai ba masaukin ta bane. Bayan kuwa ita ta san can ne ya fi dacewa da ita. Ruwa wanda ake amfani da shi tabangarori daban daban wasu idan aka ga wurin da suke zuwa suna wanka, wanki, can suke dibar ruwan da suke abinci, sha, kai har ma dabbobinsu can ne suke sha, saboda sun yi rashin sa’a basu da rijiyar burtsatse wadda akalla ruwanta yana dakyau da kuma dandano mai dadi wanda ana iya amfani da shi wurare masu yawa. Ba zan manta ba da akwai wani kauye da Allah ya kai mu mun je yin documentary, a sashen Arewa maso Yamma can ne muka samu labarin saboda rashin rijiyoyin burtsatse waxanda ake dasu suna nesa da gari, mutane kuma na zuwa su yi cincirindo, mutum yana iya kwana da yini kafin ya samu ruwan da zai amfani da shi, shi ya sa al’amarin na wancan kauyen sai dai ace Allah ya sauwake, saboda kuwa kamar yadda suka fada mana akwai dan asalin wannan kauye wanda har ma muqamin shugaban karamar Hukuma ya tava riqewa. Jami’an duba lafiyar muhalli wadanda suke bi gida-gida suna kula da yadda ake tsafatace shi wadanda aka fi sani da Santarori ko kuma sanitary inspectors, akwai su shekarun baya da suka wuce, saboda wani lokacidan Adam zuma ne sai da wuta ake shan shi, idan ba matsa ma shi ake yi ba, sanin shi ne abin fa shi zai fi amfana da shi amma ba zai yi ba sai an tilasta ma shi. Don haka abin da ya kamata ne Jihohin da basu da wadannan Malaman tsaftar sai, a sake dawowa dasu, domin shi muhallin nan ba, tsaftace shi ake yi ba ,akwai matsala,wadda kuma bakarama ba ce sboda kuwa za’a yi ta zaman cikin muhallin da baya dakyau, daga kamuwa da cuta sai kuma abin da ba, a rasa ba. Idan aka yi la’akari da lokacin da ake da su Malaman tsaftar ba wasu cututtukan da ake dasu, yanzu da ana kulawa da muhalli kamar yadda ya dace ayi. Ita ma kanta gwamnatin idan har ta dawo da Malaman tsaftar masu zuwa suna shiga gida-gida suna tabbatar da ana tsaftace su, ai ba, a ware ma bangaren lafiya makudan kudade kamar yadda ake yi yanzu idan maganar kasafin kudi ta taso. Kamata ya yi a nuna ba, sani ba sabo wajen maganar tsaftace muhalli, kada a bari kowa yana yin abin da yaga dama, ba maganar wani sassauci. Shekara da shekaru sai maganar yadda zazzavin cizon Sauro yake ke ta kassara mutane da yawa duk shekara, amma an kasa gano bakin tsaren, sai Jaki ake ta duka, amma an manta da cewar ashe Taiki ne yake takura ma shi Jakin. == Manazarta == m491gfa1ggs01cd2ydmn0bg1x2nh0mz 0 32710 905862 856542 2026-08-21T23:42:14Z 90imrana 48124 Acikin Gusau sabon garin Gusau 905862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Filin wasa na tunawa da '''Sardauna, filin wasa''' ne da ake amfani da shi a [[Gusau]], [[Zamfara|Jihar Zamfara]], [[Najeriya]] . A halin yanzu ana amfani da shi mafi yawa don [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] kuma filin wasa ne na [[Zamfara United F.C.|Zamfara United FC]] na gasar Premier ta Najeriya . Filin wasan yana ɗaukar mutane 5,000 filin wasa na cikin unguwar sabon garin Gusau,kusa da masalacin jumu'a na shehk Abubakar mahamut gummi wanda a kafisa da masalacin jumu'a Rabi'a Gusau a cikin unguwar sabon garin Gusau. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == <references /> {{Coord|12|09|51|N|6|40|06|E|region:NG-ZA_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki}} tf1cjm46ozmyrr23i6c18txogab2liv 905864 905862 2026-08-21T23:46:27Z 90imrana 48124 905864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Filin wasa na tunawa da '''Sardauna, filin wasa''' ne da ake amfani da shi a [[Gusau]], [[Zamfara|Jihar Zamfara]], [[Najeriya]] . A halin yanzu ana amfani da shi mafi yawa don [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] kuma filin wasa ne na [[Zamfara United F.C.|Zamfara United FC]] na gasar Premier ta Najeriya . Filin wasan yana ɗaukar mutane 5,000 filin wasa na cikin unguwar sabon garin Gusau,kusa da masalacin jumu'a na shehk Abubakar mahamut gummi wanda a kafisa da masalacin jumu'a Rabi'a Gusau, a cikin unguwar sabon garin Gusau. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == <references /> {{Coord|12|09|51|N|6|40|06|E|region:NG-ZA_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki}} ifnqj23umfxa44i6yk9kgt3ixrjueei 0 39201 906108 835701 2026-08-22T10:25:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:IPOB logo.jpg|thumb|Tambarin IPOB]] A watan Mayun shekarar 2022, an bayar da rahoton cewa, ƴan bindiga da ke da alaƙa da IPOB, ƙungiyar ƴan awaren [[Biyafara|Biafra]], sun kashe fararen hula fiye da 14 a wasu hare-hare da suka kai a [[Anambra|jihar Anambra]]. Daga cikin waɗanda lamarin ya rutsa da su akwai mace mai ciki da kuma yara. Kisan dai wani ɓangare ne na tada kayar baya a yankin kudu maso gabashin [[Najeriya]].<ref name="Akinwotu">{{cite web| url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/30/pro-biafra-militants-accused-of-killing-pregnant-woman-and-children-in-nigeria| title =Pro-Biafra militants accused of killing pregnant woman and children in Nigeria |author=Emmanuel Akinwotu| work = The Guardian | date = 30 May 2022 | access-date = 30 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://dailytrust.com/woman-4-kids-murdered-by-ipob-buried-in-anambra|date= 25 May 2022|accessdate= 26 May 2022|publisher= daily trust.com|title= Woman, 4 Kids Murdered By IPOB Buried In Anambra|last= Adeuyi|first= Seun|archive-date= 26 May 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220526101042/https://dailytrust.com/woman-4-kids-murdered-by-ipob-buried-in-anambra|url-status= dead}}<br>{{cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/05/cso-condemns-gruesome-murder-of-pregnant-woman-4-children-in-anambra|date=25 May 2022|accessdate=26 May 2022|publisher=Vanguardngr.com|title=some murder of pregnant woman, 4 children in Anambra|last=Onyegbula|first=Esther}}<br>{{cite news|url= https://tribuneonlineng.com/can-arewa-groups-condemn-killing-of-pregnant-woman-four-children-in-anambra/|date= 25 May 2022|accessdate= 26 May 2022|publisher= Tribuneonlineng.com|title= CAN, Arewa Groups Condemn Killing Of Pregnant Woman, Four Children In Anambra|last= Sabi'u|first= Muhammad}}<br>{{cite news|url= https://dailynigerian.com/ipob-kill-woman/|date= 24 May 2022|accessdate= 26 May 2022|publisher= dailynigerian.com|title= Pregnant woman, 4 children, 6 others killed in Anambra as IPOB terrorists target Northerners}}<br>{{cite news|url=https://prnigeria.com/2022/05/25/muric-condemns-ipob-killing/|date=25 May 2022|accessdate=26 May 2022|title=MURIC Condemns IPOB for Killing Muslim Northern Woman, Children in Anambra|publisher=Prnigeria.com}}<br>{{cite news|url= https://www.legit.ng/nigeria/1471481-names-details-woman-4-children-killed-by-ipob-gunmen-revealed/|date= 26 May 2022|accessdate= 26 May 2022|publisher= legit.ng.com|title= Names, Details of Woman, 4 Children Killed by IPOB Gunmen Revealed as They're Buried in Anambra|last= Lawal|first= Nuruddeen}}<br>{{cite news|url=https://independent.ng/ipob-allegedly-kills-woman-4-kids-6-other-northerners-in-anambra/|publisher=Independent.ng|title=IPOB Allegedly Kills Woman, 4 Kids, 6 Other Northerners In Anambra|last=Babatunde|first=Adedayo}}<br>{{cite news|url= https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1471183-yan-ipob-sun-kashe-wata-mata-yara-4-da-wasu-yan-arewa-6-a-anambra/|date= 24 May 2022|accessdate= 26 May 2022|publisher= legit.hausa.ng|title= Yan IPOB Sun Kashe Wata Mata Mai Juna Biyu, Yaranta 4 Da Wasu 'Yan Arewa 6 a Anambra|last= Ibrahim|first= Aminu|language= ha}}<br>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/topics/cjgn7kzz4x9t|date=25 May 2022|accessdate=26 May 2022|publisher=BBC Hausa.Com|title=Ƴan awaren IPOB. Abinda Buhari yace gameda kisan Jarirai Jibril da ƴaƴanta huɗu a jihar Anambra|language=ha}}<br>{{cite news|url= https://hausa.leadership.ng/ina-cikin-wani-hali-an-kashe-matata-da-ciki-wata-9-da-yara-4-mijin-matar-da-ipob-suka-kashe/|date= 25 May 2022|accessdate= 26 May 2022|publisher= leadership.hausa.ng|title= Ina Cikin Wani Hali, An Kashe Matata Da Ciki Wata 9 Da Yara 4” —Mijin Matar Da IPOB Suka Kashe|language= ha}}</ref> ==Bayan fage == A watan Janairun 2021, an samu tashin hankali a yankin kudu maso gabashin [[Najeriya]], wanda akasari 'yan [[Inyamurai|ƙabilar Igbo ne ke]] marawa baya. Jami'an tsaro da 'yan awaren da ke ɗauke da makamai sun fara artabu da karin karfi a cikin watanni masu zuwa. Fitacciyar ƙungiyar masu fafutukar neman kafa kasar Biafra (IPOB), a hukumance ta ci gaba da ikirarin cewa ta na da niyyar ganin ta samu ƴancin kai na Biafra ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba. Sai dai kungiyar ta IPOB ta kafa wasu dakarai masu ɗauke da makamai, watau Eastern Security Network, kuma ana zarginta da kai hare-hare da dama a yankin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya.<ref name="Akinwotu" /> Ɗaya daga cikin manyan dabarun da masu fafutukar neman ɓallewar yankin ke amfani da su shi ne zanga-zangar neman kafa kasar Biafra wacce ake aiwatarwa ta hanyar tashin hankali da kuma tsoratarwa.<ref name="Akinwotu" /> Wani ɓangare na zanga-zangar na da nufin matsawa gwamnatin Najeriya lamba kan ta saki [[Nnamdi Kanu]], shugaban kungiyar IPOB.<ref name="humanglemedia">{{Cite web|url=https://humanglemedia.com/many-vacate-anambra-communities-as-terrorists-kill-mother-children/|title=Many Vacate Anambra Communities As Terrorists Kill Mother, Children|date=24 May 2022|access-date=23 November 2022|archive-date=24 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524110304/https://humanglemedia.com/many-vacate-anambra-communities-as-terrorists-kill-mother-children/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kashe-kashe == An sace ɗan majalisar dokokin [[Majalisar dokokin Anambura|jihar Anambra]] Okechukwu Okoye, tare da wani mataimaki a ranar 15 ga Mayu 2022. An gano kan Okoye a wani wurin shakatawa a [[Nnewi ta Kudu]] a ranar 21 ga Mayu.<ref name="cnn">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/23/africa/nigerian-lawmaker-beheaded-anambra-intl/index.html|title=Severed head of missing Nigerian lawmaker found in park, police say|first=Story by|last=Reuters|website=CNN}}</ref><ref name="channel">{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2022/05/22/anambra-assembly-condemns-barbaric-murder-of-lawmaker-tasks-soludo-on-security/|title=Anambra Assembly Condemns 'Barbaric Murder' Of Lawmaker, Tasks Soludo On Security}}</ref><ref name="BBC Pidgin">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-61582874 |title=Anambra killing: President Buhari tok tough over killing for South East |publisher=BBC Hausa |date= 25 May 2022 |accessdate=30 May 2022 |language= pcm}}</ref> Daga baya kuma an gano sauran jikinsa da kuma gawar mataimakinsa.<ref name="Akinwotu" /> A ranar 22 ga Mayu 2022, an ba da rahoton cewa 'yan bindiga sun yi kisan kiyashi guda biyu. A karon farko kungiyar masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra sun yi wa Harira Jibril kwanton bauna da iyalanta. An haifi Harira Jibril a [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]], ƴar ƙabilar [[Hausawa|Hausa]]<nowiki/>wa ce kuma mazauniyar [[Orumba ta Kudu]]. Ta ziyarci 'yan uwanta kuma tana kan hanyarta ta komawa gidanta acikin motar haya lokacin da mayakan suka kai hari a Isulo, [[Orumba ta Arewa|Orumba North]]. An kashe matar mai ciki da ‘ya’yanta huɗu masu shekaru biyu zuwa tara, yayin da direbansu ya tsere. Daga baya aka ɗauki hoton gawarwakin dangin tare da ɗaukar hoto, kuma aka buga a [[Twitter|shafin Twitter]] tare da danganta kisan wacce ta fito daga arewacin kasar.<ref name="Elijah">{{cite web | url = https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/ipob-kills-woman-4-kids-6-other-northerners-in-anambra/c42ndjv | title = IPOB kills woman, 4 kids, 6 other northerners in Anambra | author = Ima Elijah | work = pulse.ng | date = 24 May 2022 | access-date = 30 May 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="dailytrust">{{Cite web|url=https://dailytrust.com/ipob-kills-woman-4-kids-6-other-northerners-in-anambra|title=IPOB kills woman, 4 kids, 6 other northerners in Anambra|date=24 May 2022|website=Daily Trust|access-date=23 November 2022|archive-date=24 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524214841/https://dailytrust.com/ipob-kills-woman-4-kids-6-other-northerners-in-anambra|url-status=dead}}</ref> A wannan rana, an kashe wasu mahaya babur 5 ‘yan kasuwa a Onocha, watakila saboda kin bin umarnin IPOB na zama a gida. Maharan sun kona gawar wani direban babur da aka kashe. Bugu da ƙari, an kashe wani mai siyar da kaya a gefen hanya a Nnanka.<ref name="Elijah" /> Masu tuka babur da masu saide-saiden ‘yan asalin arewacin Najeriya ne.<ref name="dailytrust" /> ‘Yan sandan yankin sun alaƙanta harin da kungiyar IPOB.<ref name="Akinwotu" /><ref name="BBC Hausa">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-61563581 |title=IPOB: 'Yan Najeriya sun fusata kan 'kisan mace mai ciki da ƴaƴa huɗu' a Anambra |publisher=BBC Hausa |date= 25 May 2022 |accessdate= 30 May 2022 |language= ha}}</ref> Kungiyar ta IPOB ta musanta cewa tana da alhakin kisan.<ref name="BBC Pidgin" /> == Waɗanda abin ya shafa == Gabaɗaya, fararen hula 14 ne aka kashe yayin hare-haren.<ref name="Akinwotu" /> An tabbatar da cewa mutane masu hada-hada gun sun kasance waɗanda aka kashe a watan Mayun 2022 a jihar Anambra: {{div col}} * Okechukwu Okoye, [[Aguata|Aguata 2 Constituency]] representative in the [[Anambra State House of Assembly]]<ref name="cnn" /><ref name="channel" /> * Cyril Chiegboka, aide to Okechukwu Okoye<ref name="channel" /> * Harira Jibril, ƴar shekara 32 <ref name="Elijah" /> * Fatima Jibril, ƴar shekara 9<ref name="Elijah" /> * Khadijah Jibril, ƴar shekara 7<ref name="Elijah" /> * Hadiza Jibril, ƴar shekara 5<ref name="Elijah" /> * Zaituna Jibril, ƴar shekara 2<ref name="Elijah" /> * Abdullahi, salesman<ref name="Elijah" /> {{div col end}} == Bayan haka == Kisan gillar da aka yi a watan Mayu ya sa mutane da yawa ‘yan asalin Arewa, galibi [[Hausawa]], barin gidajensu ko kuma rufe shagunansu a jihar Anambra.<ref name="humanglemedia" /><ref name="Elijah" /> Alhaji Usman Abdullahi, Sarkin Hausawan [[Ihiala]] a Anambra ya yi hijira. Kisan gillar da aka yi, musamman mutuwar Harira Jibril da iyalanta, ya tayar da hankulan ‘yan arewacin Najeriya a shafukan sada zumunta.<ref name="BBC Hausa" /> Gwamnan jihar Anambra, Charles Chukwuma Soludo, ya bayar da tukuicin [[naira]] miliyan 10, kwatankwacin dalar Amurka 24,000 ga duk wanda ya bayar da bayanai kan waɗanda suka kashe Okechukwu Okoye<ref name="cnn" /> tare da yin alkawarin cewa za a kama waɗanda suka kashe iyalan Harira Jibril. Shugaban Najeriya [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya yi Allah-wadai da hare-haren, inda ya ce hare-haren na daji da dabbanci da kuma na banza.<ref name="BBC Pidgin" /> == Duba kuma == * ’Yan asalin Biafra == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:2022 Kashe-kashe a Najeriya]] [[Category:Jihar Anambra]] dx82l3vq2658gitbwdqxrhn9c6l4fi5 0 39325 905983 664591 2026-08-22T05:34:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Reverend John Ntim Fordjour''' dan siyasan Ghana ne kuma dan majalisar dokoki ta bakwai na jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu mai wakiltar mazabar Assin ta kudu a shiyyar tsakiya a kan tikitin New Patriotic Party. A halin yanzu yana rike da mukamin mataimakin ministan ilimi bayan Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo ya nada shi kuma ya samu amincewar majalisar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Govt commits to breaking digital divide – Ntim Fordjour|url=https://www.businessghana.com/|access-date=2022-11-25|website=BusinessGhana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-12|title='Stick to your core mandate'- Rev Ntim Fordjour charges Technical Universities - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/stick-to-your-core-mandate-rev-ntim-fordjour-charges-technical-universities/|access-date=2022-11-25|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> == Aiki == [[File:JOHN NTIM FORDJOUR.jpg|thumb|John Ntim Fordjour]] Shi ne mataimakin ministan ilimi na yanzu<ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate education priority in standards-based curriculum - Ntim Fordjour|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/climate-education-priority-in-standards-based-curriculum-ntim-fordjour.html|access-date=2022-11-25|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> kuma dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar mazabar Assin ta kudu na majalisar dokokin Ghana, shugaban kungiyar abokantaka ta majalisar dokokin Ghana da Kanada, mataimakin shugaban kwamitin majalisar kan ma'aikatun ribar riba da kuma memba. na kwamitin zaben majalisar dokoki kan harkokin kasashen waje. Shi ne Babban Fasto na VBCI Higher Heights Sanctuary a East Legon.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-21|title=Profile of Deputy Education Minister-designate, Rev. John Ntim Fordjour|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2021/04/profile-of-deputy-education-minister-designate-rev-john-ntim-fordjour/|access-date=2022-11-25|website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Fordjour a ranar 28 ga Mayu 1986 kuma ya fito daga Assin Kruwa a yankin tsakiyar Ghana.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=36|access-date=2022-11-25|website=www.parliament.gh|archive-date=2024-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302032502/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=36|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya halarci Assin Manso Senior High School. Yana da ilimantarwa da yawa a fannin hakar ma'adinai, manufofin tattalin arziki da dangantakar ƙasa da ƙasa, Ntim Fordjour a halin yanzu ɗan takarar PhD ne a Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa na Jami'ar Ghana. Ya kammala karatun digirinsa na farko a fannin Injiniya Ma’adinai daga Jami’ar Ma’adinai da Fasaha (UMaT), Tarkwa a shekarar 2007, daga nan kuma sai Jami’ar Ghana ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Master of Arts Degree in Economic Policy Management a shekarar 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://johnfordjour.com/index.php/biography|title=Biography|website=johnfordjour.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-04-27|archive-date=2022-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126145622/https://johnfordjour.com/index.php/biography|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Siyasa == Fordjour memba ne na New Patriotic Party.<ref name=":0" /> A zaben 2016, ya samu kuri’u 23,308 daga cikin sahihin kuri’u 39,887 da aka kada wanda ke wakiltar kuri’u 58.99% ya zama dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar mazabar Assin ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5416|title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Fordjour, John Ntim|website=www.ghanamps.com|access-date=2019-04-27}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A halin yanzu shi ne mataimakin shugaban kwamitin riko na mambobi da kuma memba na kwamitin harkokin waje a majalisa. John Ntim Fordjour memba ne na hukumar gudanarwa ta Ghana Integrated Iron & Steel Development Corporation (GIISDEC) kuma yana aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin saka hannun jari da dabaru na hukumar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.gh/committees?com=21|title=Parliament of Ghana|website=www.parliament.gh|access-date=2019-04-27}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Fordjour yana da aure kuma yana da yara uku, dukansu mata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=54|title=Parliament of Ghana}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Shi Kirista ne.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1986]] 3dai6u64ftltulu8y3jppxvj77sxw4c 0 41453 905616 280090 2026-08-21T13:47:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} '''Hussaini Danko''' Hussaini Abubakar Danko Mawakin Hausa ne na Najeriya, marubuci kuma mawaki, an haife shi ne a ranar 18 ga Afrilu a jihar Yobe ta Najeriya, hussaini Abubakar danko wanda aka fi sani da husaini danko, daya ne daga cikin hazikan mawakan hausa da suka yi tasiri a harkar waka. Arewacin Najeriya. Hussaini danko ya yi makarantar firamare da sakandire a jihar yobe, danko bai shiga makarantar sakandire ba, saboda wasu dalilai na kansa, amma wata rana zai iya komawa makaranta domin ya ci gaba da karatu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://manuniya.com/2022/12/09/cikakken-tarihin-hussaini-danko/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-17 |archive-date=2023-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317143936/https://manuniya.com/2022/12/09/cikakken-tarihin-hussaini-danko/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sana'ar waka == == Nasarorin daya samua yayi == == Wakokin d == ==Manazarta== feakizem85z7tbu8fn3uy5na0tzfmzb 0 46916 906083 321998 2026-08-22T09:27:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kamoru Ibitoye Yusuf''', [[Order of the Niger|MON]] (an haife shi ranar 16 ga watan Oktoba, 1968) hamshakin attajiri ne na Najeriya, wanda ya yi fice wajen ƙera ƙarafa da da samar da kayan gini. Har ila yau, shi ne Shugaban, Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN) [[Ȯra Kwara|Kwara]] / [[Kogi]] Branch; Shugaban, Masu Ƙera Basic Metal, Iron, Karfe gami da sarrafa ƙarafa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manufacturersnigeria.org/NationalCouncil.aspx|title=Manufacturers Association of Nigeria [MAN Portal]|website=www.manufacturersnigeria.org|access-date=2019-12-21|archive-date=2019-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226043356/http://www.manufacturersnigeria.org/NationalCouncil.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/07/agm-kam-industries-boss-yusuf-elected-mans-sectoral-group-chairman/|title=AGM: KAM Industries boss, Yusuf, elected MAN's sectoral group chairman|date=2019-07-24|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/man-tasks-ministers-on-policies-to-revive-industries/|title=MAN tasks ministers on policies to revive industries|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/fg-to-ban-importation-of-steel-products-%E2%80%95-adegbite/|website=tribuneonlineng.com|access-date=2019-12-21}}</ref> Yusuf shi ne ya kafa kamfanin KAM Holdings, wanda ya ƙware wajen ƙera kayayyakin ƙarafa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/12/we-are-proud-of-your-efforts-minister-applauds-kam-holding-boss/|title=We are proud of your efforts, Minister applauds KAM Holding boss|date=2019-12-19|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/why-kwara-created-enterprise-ministry-by-abdulrazaq/|title=Why Kwara created enterprise ministry, by AbdulRazaq|date=2019-12-25|website=The Nation Newspaper|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-27}}</ref> [[Jami'ar Calabar]], jihar Cross River ta ba shi digirin girmamawa na Doctorate na Gudanar da Kasuwanci (Honoris Causa) a bikin taro karo na 34 da aka gudanar a watan Maris 2021;<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-27|title=Nigeria's industrial giant, Kamoru Yusuf, reiterates commitment to One Nigeria, as UNICAL honours him with doctorate degree|url=https://thedefenderngr.com/nigerias-industrial-giant-kamoru-yusuf-reiterates-commitment-to-one-nigeria-as-unical-honours-him-with-doctorate-degree/|access-date=2022-01-21|website=The DEFENDER|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-29|title=Education remains bedrock of growth, development ― Kamoru|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/03/education-remains-bedrock-of-growth-development/|access-date=2022-01-21|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> haka kuma da Digiri na Daraja daga [[Jami'ar Garin Osun|Jami'ar Jihar Osun]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=BREAKING…..KAM Holding CEO, Kamoru Yusuf finally decorated with UniOsun PhD honours (PHOTOS)|url=https://royalnews.com.ng/breaking-kam-holding-ceo-kamoru-yusuf-finally-decorated-with-uniosun-phd-honours-photos/|access-date=2022-01-21|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121103859/https://royalnews.com.ng/breaking-kam-holding-ceo-kamoru-yusuf-finally-decorated-with-uniosun-phd-honours-photos/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-21|title=PHOTO NEWS: KAM Holding boss, Kamoru Yusuf, decorated with UniOsun Ph.D honours|url=https://thedefenderngr.com/photo-news-kam-holding-boss-kamoru-yusuf-decorated-with-uniosun-ph-d-honours/|access-date=2022-01-21|website=The DEFENDER|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-21|title=Use education for nation-building, industrialist tells youths|url=https://punchng.com/use-education-for-nation-building-industrialist-tells-youths/|access-date=2022-01-21|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da membobinsu == === Kyaututtuka da karramawa === ●Yusuf ya samu lambar yabo ta Najeriya, Memba na Order of Niger ( [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Nigeria|MON]] ), da shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya bashi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abdulazeez |first=Arowona |date=2022-10-11 |title=KAM Holding Ltd. hails Buhari for honouring Kamoru Yusuf with MON |url=https://royalnews.com.ng/kam-holding-ltd-hails-buhari-for-honouring-kamoru-yusuf-with-mon/ |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=Royal News |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011140615/https://royalnews.com.ng/kam-holding-ltd-hails-buhari-for-honouring-kamoru-yusuf-with-mon/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeyemi |first=Segun |date=2022-10-04 |title=Buhari to confer 2022 national honour on 5 foreigners, gateman, cleaner, others |url=https://www.legit.ng/nigeria/1495393-complete-list-nigerias-national-honours-award-2022/ |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news. |language=en}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[category:Attajiran Najeriya]] pway0f9f18jso1z6548osf8v87vqzsk 2 50368 905614 692181 2026-08-21T13:19:15Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 Gyara 905614 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Umar A Muhammad.jpg|thumb|Umar Muhammad ]] Sunana Umar Muhammad daga jihar neja na kasance masoyin Rubuce-rubucen hausa ne injin dadin kasance wana ɗaya daga cikin editocin Wikipedia 9i03xqtqb82lzt3mghug8bpij9o4tui 905787 905614 2026-08-21T20:30:02Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 Gyara 905787 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Umar A Muhammad.jpg|thumb|Umar Muhammad ]] [[Fayil:Umar Muhammad Award in Hausa Wikipedia.jpg|thumb|Umar Muhammad ]] Sunana Umar Muhammad daga jihar neja na kasance masoyin Rubuce-rubucen hausa ne injin dadin kasance wana ɗaya daga cikin editocin Wikipedia zanci gaba da bada nawa gudun mawan in sha Allah emv3rkfmd2t4tu962ldwl47w8b6xqz3 0 50845 905881 785073 2026-08-22T00:25:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905881 wikitext text/x-wiki Unguwar Jekadefari da ke Jihar [[Gombe]]: ita ce haduwar kalmomi guda biyu mabambanta “jeka” kalmar [[Hausa]] ce da ke nufin bi da “defari” ma’ana fari. Jekadefari yana nufin "bi farar fata". Yankin ne turawan suka zauna a lokacin bayan sun ci [[Sarivahy Vombola|Sarkin]] Gombe a shekarar alif 1903. == Tarihi == Saboda yawan shekarun yankin, dukkan gine-ginen an yi su ne da yumbu kuma ba su da tsarin gari. da babu hanyar shiga gidan da [https://www.africa-confidential.com/profile/id/3938/Ibrahim_Dankwambo Alh. Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo], gwamnatin da ta shude, ba ta gina hanyoyin da za a bi zuwa unguwar ba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/news/gombe-to-pay-over-n229m-compensation-to-jekadafari-community/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-06-04 |archive-date=2023-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604215853/https://guardian.ng/news/gombe-to-pay-over-n229m-compensation-to-jekadafari-community/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bugu da kari gwamnatin [https://editor.guardian.ng/news/governor-yahaya-of-gombe-signs-n154-9bn-2022-budget-into-law/ Alhaji Muhammad Inuwa Yahaya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222145745/https://editor.guardian.ng/news/governor-yahaya-of-gombe-signs-n154-9bn-2022-budget-into-law/ |date=2022-02-22 }} ta kula da su domin samun damar shiga gidajen su yadda ya kamata. Duk da haka, gidan gidan Gwamna ne na yanzu. Jekadefari ya kasance sanannen yanki inda tsarin Jacobite daban-daban suke, kamar makarantar [[Gombe (jiha)|jihar Gombe]] [https://heyhealthclinics.com.ng/0702212/School_Of_Nursing_And_Midwifery_Gombe Nursing and Midwifery],<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nnorth-east/466309-gombe-secondary-school-students-protest-over-food.html</ref>Gombe. [https://dailytrust.com/health-sector-transformation-in-gombe Asibitin Kwararru na Jiha,] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324155939/https://dailytrust.com/health-sector-transformation-in-gombe |date=2022-03-24 }} Makarantar Sakandaren Kimiyya ta Gwamnati,<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nnorth-east/466309-gombe-secondary-school-students-protest-over-food.html</ref> == Sanannen Tsarukan Jekadafari == * Old Burial Ground Abacha road Jekadafari * Gombe State Specialist Hospital * Tsohuwar Kasuwar Gombe * [https://branches.com.ng/branch-detail/Hospitals-and-Clinics-in-Nigeria-Jekadafari-Primary-Health-Care-Centre-Gombe Primary Health Care] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605150511/https://branches.com.ng/branch-detail/Hospitals-and-Clinics-in-Nigeria-Jekadafari-Primary-Health-Care-Centre-Gombe |date=2023-06-05 }} <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://branches.com.ng/branch-detail/Hospitals-and-Clinics-in-Nigeria-Jekadafari-Primary-Health-Care-Centre-Gombe |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-06-04 |archive-date=2023-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605150511/https://branches.com.ng/branch-detail/Hospitals-and-Clinics-in-Nigeria-Jekadafari-Primary-Health-Care-Centre-Gombe |url-status=dead }}</ref>Jekadafari * Gombe State School of Nursing and Midwifery == Nassoshi == o0dt0arxnxzod39r1c6rj5lmml0vz0d 0 50877 905710 606916 2026-08-21T16:33:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Interswitch''' babbar kamfani ce ta hadin gwiwar biyan kuɗi da kasuwancin dijital da ke da hedikwata a [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]].<ref name=B110811>{{cite news |last=News |first=Bloomberg|date=28 January 2022 |title=Nigeria's Interswitch Plans African Buys After Uganda Deal|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-08-11/nigeria-s-interswitch-plans-african-buys-with-helios-funding|newspaper=Bloomberg |access-date=31 March 2015}}</ref> An kafa shi a shekara ta 2002 a Najeriya, a matsayin kamfanin sauyawa da sarrafa ma'amala tare da mayar da hankali ga kasa, Interswitch ya ci gaba da canzawa don haɗa ayyukan kuɗi na mabukaci tare le ƙaddamar da Quickteller, tsarin biyan kuɗi mai siyarwa wanda ke haɗa 'yan kasuwa da masu ba da kuɗi tare tare ni masu amfani, da Verve, shirin katin gida, EMV-certified. == Tarihi == Bayan amfani da ATM a karo na farko a Scotland, Mitchell Elegbe ya kirkiro ra'ayin ƙirƙirar kayan aikin biyan kuɗi na lantarki a Najeriya yayin da yake aiki akan aiwatar da SWIFT. Da yake aiki a Telnet, shugabansa ya amince da sauya ma'amala. Koyaya yawancin 'yan wasan da ya sayar wa ba su da sha'awar software don sauyawa; wannan ya kai shi ga ƙirƙirar Interswitch don saduwa da burinsa. Tare da taimakon Accenture, Elegbe da tawagarsa sun kafa kamfanin, wanda daga nan ya zama Shugaba.<ref name=F1113>{{cite news |last=Idem |first=Charles |date=November 2013 |title=Spreading tentacles across Africa |url=http://www.heliosinvestment.com/support/uploads/1383842595Forbes-Africa_Mitchell-Elegbe.pdf |newspaper=Forbes Africa |access-date=12 February 2022 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091355/http://www.heliosinvestment.com/support/uploads/1383842595Forbes-Africa_Mitchell-Elegbe.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=B110811/> A cikin 2010 an sayar da kashi biyu cikin uku na kamfanin ga ƙungiyar da Helios Investment Partners ke jagoranta. A cikin 2011 Interswitch ya ɗauki kashi 60 cikin 100 a Bankom a [[Uganda]].<ref name=B110811/> A cikin 2013 Interswitch ya shiga yarjejeniya don aiwatar da biyan kuɗi tare da Discover Financial Services.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 October 2014 |title= Yours To Discover: How Discover Financial Services Is A Direct Play On The U.S. Recovery|url=http://seekingalpha.com/article/2557835-yours-to-discover-how-discover-financial-services-is-a-direct-play-on-the-u-s-recovery|newspaper=Seeking Alpha |access-date=22 April 2015}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2014 kamfanin ya sami mafi yawan hannun jari a Paynet Group, mai ba da biyan kuɗi na Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{cite news|last=Akingbolu|first=Raheem|date=22 September 2014|title=Interswitch Enters Partnership with Paynet Group|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/interswitch-enters-partnership-with-paynet-group/189584/|newspaper=This Day|access-date=22 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015011017/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/interswitch-enters-partnership-with-paynet-group/189584/|archive-date=15 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin 2015 Interswitch ta ƙaddamar da asusun saka hannun jari na $ 10m don farawa na Afirka a bangaren biyan kuɗi.<ref>{{cite news|date=26 February 2015|title=E-payment: Interswitch Nigeria launches a specialized investment fund|url=http://economie.jeuneafrique.com/regions/afrique-subsaharienne/24206-e-paiement-le-nigerian-interswitch-lance-un-fonds-dinvestissement-specialise.html|newspaper=Jeune Afrique|access-date=31 March 2015|archive-date=22 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522013232/http://economie.jeuneafrique.com/regions/afrique-subsaharienne/24206-e-paiement-le-nigerian-interswitch-lance-un-fonds-dinvestissement-specialise.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2018, Interswitch ta bayyana gasar SPAK ta kasa don ingantawa da kuma ba da lada ga ƙwarewa a Kimiyya, Fasaha, Injiniya da Lissafi a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news|date=22 February 2018|title=Interswitch unveils SPAK initiative to boost sciences|url=https://guardian.ng/business-services/interswitch-unveils-spak-initiative-to-boost-sciences/|access-date=3 March 2018|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024111100/https://guardian.ng/business-services/interswitch-unveils-spak-initiative-to-boost-sciences/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ayyuka da rassa == An kafa kamfanin Interswitch a matsayin, mai ba da sabis na kudi na Afirka kuma yana kula da shi kawai, ɗakunan bayanai masu yawa a Afirka.<ref name=FT180813>{{cite news |last=Rice |first=Xan |date=18 August 2013 |title=Boom in plastic money as Nigeria spends, spends, spends |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/425911c0-04e5-11e3-9e71-00144feab7de.html?siteedition=uk#axzz3Sg3fP8I0 |newspaper=Financial Times |access-date=31 March 2015}}</ref> Kamfanin yana da ATM sama da 11,000 a kan hanyar sadarwarsa, tare da masu amfani da yawa a Najeriya fiye da ko'ina.<ref name=F1113/> [[Verve International|Verve]], masana'antar katin biyan kuɗi wani reshe ne na Interswitch. An kuma kaddamar da Verve a Kenya.<ref>{{cite news |last=Aglionby |first=John |date=27 October 2015 |title=New payments service to launch in Kenya |url=https://www.ft.com/content/fa4acc9c-7c9d-11e5-98fb-5a6d4728f74e |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |access-date=2 March 2017}}</ref> Interswitch kuma ta mallaki Quickteller, wanda aka ambata a matsayin mai sayar da lokacin sadarwa, ban da haka, yana ba da sabis na biyan kuɗi.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rice |first=Xan |date=15 December 2013 |title=Nigeria embraces cashless revolution |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/b557b03c-5751-11e3-9624-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3SqhaDAzw |newspaper=Financial Times |access-date=31 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Akingbolu|first=Raheem|date=13 November 2014|title=Retailpay as a New Positioning Tool for Interswitch|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/retailpay-as-a-new-positioning-tool-for-interswitch/193872/|newspaper=This Day|access-date=22 April 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150418185204/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/retailpay-as-a-new-positioning-tool-for-interswitch/193872/|archive-date=18 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Akingbolu |first=Raheem |date=15 January 2014 |title=Interswitch Smartgov to boost Cross River's revenue |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/interswitch-smartgov-to-boost-cross-river-s-revenue/168815/ |newspaper=This Day |access-date=22 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726051537/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/interswitch-smartgov-to-boost-cross-river-s-revenue/168815 |archive-date=26 July 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tsarin Interswitch yana tura tsaron cibiyar sadarwa da firewalls, a matsayin sabon abu na yau da kullun. A watan Oktoba 2020, Quickteller ta ƙaddamar da al'ummar Qtrybe, al-umma ta ɗalibai 50 na musamman daga cibiyoyin sakandare na Najeriya don aiki a matsayin jakadun Quicokteler da Interswitch a makarantun su.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-08|title=You could get paid by Quickteller to be an influencer on your campus: Here is the gist|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/metro/you-could-get-paid-by-quickteller-to-be-an-influencer-on-your-campus-here-is-the-gist/0nz7sdh|access-date=2020-12-03|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013212812/https://www.pulse.ng/news/metro/you-could-get-paid-by-quickteller-to-be-an-influencer-on-your-campus-here-is-the-gist/0nz7sdh|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aceworldpub.com.ng/quickteller-student-ambassador-program-for-nigerian-undergraduates/#.X8kgSVMo8wA|website=Ace world Pub|title=Quickteller Student Ambassador Program for Nigerian Undergraduates|date=14 December 2020|access-date=5 June 2023|archive-date=2 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202044657/https://aceworldpub.com.ng/quickteller-student-ambassador-program-for-nigerian-undergraduates/#.X8kgSVMo8wA|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Kasuwanci]] [[Category:Kasuwanci a Afrika]] phv0m3i562wmxtdi81wxcncdmmeqhpi 0 53243 905719 746271 2026-08-21T16:49:07Z Zahrah0 14848 905719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Yunus Alif Real Mulia.jpg|thumb|Yunusa Alif]] '''Ahmad Yunus bin Mohd Alif''' (an haife shi 27 ga Mayun shekarar alif 1958 a Terengganu) ko kuma wanda aka fi sani da '''Yunus Alif''' tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] . Shi ne tsohon kocin kungiyar Real Mulia FC ta Malaysia FAM League . A matsayinsa na dan wasa, ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa a matsayin dan wasan gaba na Pahang a zamanin zinariya na shekarun 1980. Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Malaysia . == Ayyuka == === A matsayin ɗan wasa === [[Fayil:Yunus Alif Real Mulia.jpg|thumb|Yunusa Alif]] Ya buga wa Terengganu da Pahang wasa, inda ya lashe kofin Malaysia na shekarar 1983 tare da Pahang . Yunus ya kuma kasance a cikin tawagar kwallor kafa ta Malaysia a cikin 80s.<ref name="Yunus">{{cite web|url=https://www.nadibangiukm.com/amp/kisah-kasut-emas-piala-malaysia-1984|title=Kisah Kasut Emas Piala Malaysia 1984|accessdate=15 December 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626012518/https://www.nadibangiukm.com/amp/kisah-kasut-emas-piala-malaysia-1984|archivedate=26 June 2023|publisher= Nadi Bangi UKM|url-status=live}}</ref> Ya lashe gasar Agatas Golden Boot a shekarar 1984.<ref name="Yunus"/> === A matsayinsa na kocin === Bayan aikinsa na wasa, Yunus ya zauna tare da Pahang kuma ya fara aikin horar da shi a matsayin mataimakin kocin Tajuddin Nor a shekarar 1991. Lokacin da aka kara wa Tajuddin matsayi na manajan kungiyar a shekarar 1995, an nada Yunus a matsayin kocin da ya maye gurbin Tajuddin. Ya jagoranci Pahang zuwa wasan karshe na Kofin Malaysia a 1995 da 1997, kodayake sau biyu sun ƙare a matsayin masu cin gaba zuwa Selangor. Pahang ya kuma lashe lambar yabo ta M-League ta 1995, kuma ya zo na biyu a wasan karshe na Kofin Malaysia na 1995 tare da Yunus a kan shugabanci. An nada shi a matsayin kocin Terengganu a shekarar 1998, ya maye gurbin Abdul Rahman Ibrahim wanda aka nada shi a zama sabon kocin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Malaysia. Tare da Terengganu, Yunus ya lashe kofin Malaysia FA na 2000 bayan ya kasance na biyu a shekara guda da ta gabata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=20000611&id=XwEzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hBQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6427,6309227|title = New Straits Times - Google News Archive Search}}</ref> Daga baya ya koma Pahang na tsawon shekaru biyu, ya kuma dauki aikin a matsayin manajan kungiyar, kafin ya dauki shugabancin Penang a matsayin kocin a shekara ta 2004. Bayan kakar wasa daya kawai tare da Penang, ya koma Terengganu, inda ya rike aikin kocin shekaru hudu har zuwa karshen shekara ta 2008. A shekara ta 2009, an nada shi babban kocin kungiyar Proton FC a cikin abin da zai zama kakar wasa ta karshe ta kulob din a gasar Malaysia. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010, an nada shi sabon kocin Perlis, ya maye gurbin Muhammad Nidzam Adzha . Yunus ya koma Terengganu lokacin da kungiyar PBDKT T-Team FC ta nada shi a matsayin kocin a shekarar 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sports.mylaunchpad.com.my/other-sports/news-highlights/top-news/newsid/118865 |title=Yunus Alif takes over T' Team &#124; Malaysian Football Team News, Results & Ranking &#124; Sports |publisher=Sports.mylaunchpad.com.my |date=2 December 2010 |access-date=22 May 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bayan kammala kwangilarsa tare da T-Team a shekarar 2012, ya koma Perlis a matsayin babban kocin a yakin neman zaɓe na 2013 na Malaysia Premier League . Yunus ya sake komawa bayan kakar ta ƙare, a wannan lokacin zuwa 'yan wasan Premier na Malaysia na 2014 PBAPP FC. An nada shi a matsayin kocin Real Mulia FC == Rayuwar mutum == 'Yan uwansa Abdah Alif da Najib Alif su ma 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne, tare da Abdah kuma ya buga wasa tare da Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fikrahpahang.com.my/yunus-alif-dollah-zainal-ahmad-yusof-kini-bergelar-dato/ |title=Yunus Alif, Dollah, Zainal, Ahmad Yusof kini bergelar Dato’ - Fikrah Pahang |access-date=2023-07-19 |archive-date=2023-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627125402/https://fikrahpahang.com.my/yunus-alif-dollah-zainal-ahmad-yusof-kini-bergelar-dato/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Daraja == === Kungiyar === ; Pahang * Malaysia League: 1987; masu cin gaba 1984 * Kofin Malaysia: 1983; masu cin gaba 1984 === Kasashen Duniya === ; Malaysia * Medal na azurfa na Wasannin SEA: 1981, 1987 === Manajan === ; Pahang * Liga Perdana: 1995 * Wadanda suka zo na biyu a gasar cin kofin Malaysia: 1995, 1997 * Wadanda suka zo na biyu a gasar cin kofin FA ta Malaysia: 1995 ; Terengganu * Kofin FA na Malaysia: 2000; masu cin gaba 1999 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19890606&id=tqFUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NpADAAAAIBAJ&pg=3140,1310919 Kashewa ta ƙarshe ga Yunus] * [http://www.goal.com/en-sg/people/malaysia/66641/ahmad-yunus-bin-mohd-alif Bayanan Yunus Alif a Goal.com] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1958]] 5kyodycklyjj3afn79smzj41b4t8wxe 0 54865 905645 722482 2026-08-21T14:26:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ibrahim Mandawari''' ya kasance Tsohon jarumi ne a masana antar fim ta [[Hausa]] wato [[Kannywood]] ya fara fim tun yana matashi yanzun ya zama dattijo a masana'antar<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://manuniya.com/2023/01/30/tattaunawa-da-ibrahim-mandawari-akan-rayuwar-sa-da-baku-sani-ba-nina-fara-yin-producer-a-kannywood-1990/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-07-30 |archive-date=2023-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730090158/https://manuniya.com/2023/01/30/tattaunawa-da-ibrahim-mandawari-akan-rayuwar-sa-da-baku-sani-ba-nina-fara-yin-producer-a-kannywood-1990/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yana fitowa a matsayin UBA a masana'antar, kyakkyawan jarumi ne Wanda yake Hawa matsayin gwamna a fim ya hau abin daidai .<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/media-55561914</ref>yayi fina finai da dama, sannan a wata hira da akai da jarumi sarkin kanniwud Ali nuhu, inda yace Ibrahim mandawari shine yasa mishi suna yaro mai tashe. == Tarihi == Cikakken sunan sa shine Ibrahim muhammad Mandawari Wanda ya Bada gudummawa gurin Gina masana'antar kanniwud, jarumi ne Kuma furodusa ne. An haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan ugusta a Unguwar Kano municipal Wani local government a jihar Kano. Ya shigo masana'antar fim a shekarar 1999, Yana zuwa training a gidan radio da talabijin domin ya Kara Gina career nasa. Yayi fina finai basa kirguwa a masana'antar, yayi furodusin sama da hamsin shi da kansa<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/8b3a07eaf917d1f45437917f17c38cba |access-date=2023-07-30 |archive-date=2023-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730090157/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/8b3a07eaf917d1f45437917f17c38cba |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane daga jihar kano]] qh7lc2csa24nf59iimu86s3upd2y80v 0 58857 905647 378470 2026-08-21T14:31:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ibrahim Kolapo Sulu Gambari Dan Bawa''' CFR (an haife shi 22 Afrilu shekarar 1940) shine [[Masarautar Ilorin|Sarkin Ilorin]] na 11 kuma na yanzu mai ci. Shi ne [[Sarakunan Gargajiya na Najeriya|sarkin gargajiya]] na masarautar [[Fulani]] ta [[Masarautar Ilorin|Ilorin]]. Ya hau ƙaragar mulki a shekarar 1995 ya gaji kawunsa Aliyu ɗan Abdulkadir. Shi ne Shugaban Majalisar Sarakunan Gargajiya ta Jihar Kwara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/11/hrh-ibrahim-sulu-gambari-20-years-on-the-ilorin-throne/|title=HRH Ibrahim Sulu-Gambari: 20 years on the Ilorin throne|date=2015-11-11|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rulers.org/nigatrad.html|title=Nigerian traditional polities|website=www.rulers.org|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_native.html|title=Nigerian Traditional States|website=www.worldstatesmen.org|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan sarakunan gargajiya guda 10 a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|arewacin Najeriya]]. == Rayuwar farko == Ya fara makarantar farko a makarantar Native Authority a 1953 ya kammala a 1956 sannan ya koma Offa Grammar School ya kammala a shekarar 1960, daga baya a 1961 zuwa 1962 ya yi karatu a Oakham Schools England da City Westminster College ya gama a 1963 kuma ya koma Middle Temple School. Daga 1964 zuwa 1967 har wayau a 1966 ya halarci Jami'ar Landan zuwa 1969 sannan [[Makarantar Koyan Lauya ta Najeriya|ya yi makarantar koyon aikin lauya ta Najeriya]] a 1969 zuwa 1971. Ya yi aiki a matsayin sakatare na din-din-din da lauyan gwamnati a lokacin Gongola sannan ya zama alƙali a babbar kotun [[Bauchi (jiha)|Bauchi]] a shekarar 1976 daga baya a 1978 ya zama mai shari'a a kotun ɗaukaka ƙara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/sulu-gambari-justice-ibrahim-kolapo/|title=SULU-GAMBARI, Justice Ibrahim Kolapo|last=Babah|first=Chinedu|date=2017-03-24|website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Yaaqub_A.S|date=2020-11-11|title=[OPINION]: 25TH CORONATION ANNIVERSARY: WHEN A KING HAS GOOD COUNSELORS, HIS REIGN IS PEACEFUL BY BASHEER LUQMAN OLAREWAJU-UNIQUE|url=https://www.teamboma.com/opinion-25th-coronation-anniversary-when-a-king-has-good-counselors-his-reign-is-peaceful-by-basheer-luqman-olarewaju-unique/|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Team Boma Reports|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213126/https://www.teamboma.com/opinion-25th-coronation-anniversary-when-a-king-has-good-counselors-his-reign-is-peaceful-by-basheer-luqman-olarewaju-unique/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kane ne ga shugaban ma'aikatan fadar [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban Najeriya]] [[Muhammadu Buhari]] [[Ibrahim Gambari]]. <ref>[https://archive.today/20130710153048/http://www.cablegatesearch.net/cable.php?id=08ABUJA1924&version=1314919461 cablegatesearch.net]</ref> == Arewacin Najeriya == Riƙe Sarkin Ilorin, na ɗaya daga cikin sarakuna uku masu riƙe da sarautar Shehu a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]]. Sauran sun haɗa da [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shehu Usman Danfodio]] na [[Sokoto (birni)|Sokoto]], Shehu El-Kanemi na [[Borno]] da Shehu Alimi Dan Janta na Ilorin.<ref>{{Citation|last=Abaka|first=Edmund|title=Uthman Dan Fodio|date=2011-12-08|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.50169|work=African American Studies Center|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1}}</ref> Marigayi mahaifinsa kuma Sarkin Ilorin na 9, Alhaji Zulkarnaini Muhammadu Gambari, ya naɗa Alhaji Ibrahim Sulu-Gambari a matsayin Ciroman Ilorin a shekarar 1984, a lokacin da yake aiki a matsayin Alkalin Alkalan [[Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Najeriya|Kotun Daukaka Kara]] [[Ibadan|ta Ibadan]]. Sarkin Ilorin na bakwai, Shehu Shuaibu Dan Bawa wanda ya yi sarauta daga shekarar 1915 zuwa 1919, shi ne kakansa na wajen [[Kakanni|uwa]] (Shuaibu-Abdulkadir-Ayisatu-Ibrahim) da kakan uba (Shuaibu -Muhammadu Laofe-Zulkarnaini-Ibrahim) ya sanya shi a matsayin kakansa sarki kuma daga karshe sarki. Mahaifiyar Sulu Gambari, Hajiya Nma (ta rasu ranar Litinin 4 ga watan Yuni, 2019) gimbiya ce. A lokacin da Mai Martaba Sarki ya tafi aikin Hajji tare da mahaifiyarsa, yayin da sauran alhazai ke shagaltuwa da daukar kaya, Ibrahim Sulu-Gambari ya ɗauki mahaifiyarsa, yana mai nuna soyayyarsa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://royalnews.com.ng/profile-of-the-11th-emir-of-ilorin-his-royal-highness-alhaji-ibrahim-sulu-gambari/|title=Profile of the 11th Emir of Ilorin, His Royal Highness Alhaji Ibrahim Sulu-Gambari|last=editor|date=2019-06-13|website=Royal News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-13|archive-date=2019-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823142340/https://royalnews.com.ng/profile-of-the-11th-emir-of-ilorin-his-royal-highness-alhaji-ibrahim-sulu-gambari/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Sana'a == Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mutane 138 da suka sanya hannu kan buɗaɗɗiyar wasiƙar ''A Common Word Tsakanin Mu da Kai'' ta shugabannin [[Musulunci]] zuwa ga shugabannin majami'un [[Kiristanci|Kirista]] a ko'ina.<ref>{{cite web |title=Signatories |publisher=A Common Word |date=October 13, 2007 |url=http://www.acommonword.com/signatories/}}</ref> Waɗannan su ne zuriyar Shehu Alimi waɗanda su ma sarakunan Ilorin ne. Sulu Gambari ya zama Sarkin Ilorin na 11 a ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, 1995, kuma ya yi sarauta a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1995, yayin da ya ajiye muƙaminsa na alƙalin kotun ɗaukaka ƙara da [[Lagos (birni)|ke Legas]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dailytrust News, Sports and Business, Politics {{!}} Dailytrust|url=https://dailytrust.com/|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Daily Trust|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-11-11|title=HRH Ibrahim Sulu-Gambari: 20 years on the Ilorin throne|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/11/hrh-ibrahim-sulu-gambari-20-years-on-the-ilorin-throne/|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Freshinsight|title=25 Garlands for Emir of Ilorin @ 25|url=https://freshinsightnewstv.com/25-garlands-for-emir-of-ilorin-25/|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Freshinsight|date=10 November 2020|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212628/https://freshinsightnewstv.com/25-garlands-for-emir-of-ilorin-25/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A zamanin mahaifinsa Shehu Zulkarnaini Muhammadu Gambari (1959-1992), Kwara State College of Technology now [[Kwalejin kimiyya da fasaha ta jihar kwara|Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin]], [[Kwalejin ilimi ta jihar Kwara, Illorin|Kwara state College of Education, Ilorin]] da [[Jami'ar Ilorin]] aka kafa. A lokacin mulkinsa, manyan makarantun sun ƙaru tare da kafa [[Jami'ar Al-Hikmah]], [[Jami'ar Jihar Kwara|Jami'ar Jihar Kwara Malete]] da [[Muyideen College of education|Kwalejin Ilimi ta Muyideen]] a tsakanin sauran kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da na gwamnati a faɗin jihar irin su Kwalejin Jiragen Sama na kasa da kasa da [https://hadcng.com/ Cibiyar Bincike ta Advanced Diagnostic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324100121/https://hadcng.com/ |date=2023-03-24 }} . Ya ƙaddamar da gyare-gyaren babban masallacin Ilorin (wanda marigayi mahaifinsa ya gina a 1979) don zama babban gini na duniya kuma kusa da na Annabi Muhammad a Madina, [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] . Har zuwa kwanan nan lokacin da aka mayar da shi Jami’ar Aikin Gona ta Makurdi, Jihar Binuwai, Sarkin ya riƙe muƙamin Shugaban Jami’ar Nnamdi Azikiwe, [[Awka]], [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] tsawon shekaru 14 (2001-2015). A lokacin bikin naɗin sarauta karo na 11 a shekara ta 2006, Sarkin ya naɗa wasu mutane 11 a matsayin masu riƙe da muƙaman gargajiya a cikin al’umma, daga cikin su akwai; [[Bukola Saraki|Dr. Abubakar Bukola Saraki]] (Turaki'n Ilorin) kuma kwararre a shari'a wanda shine babban dansa, Barista Abubakar Bature Sulu-Gambari (Ciroma'n Ilorin). Sulu-Gambari ya kasance wakili a taron kundin tsarin mulki na baya-bayan nan inda ya ba da gudummawa ga tattaunawar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-24|title=Tinubu Hails Emir of Ilorin at 80|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/04/24/tinubu-hails-emir-of-ilorin-at-80/|access-date=2021-05-30|website=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kafa gidauniyar zaman lafiya da ci gaba ta Shehu Alimi tare da kwamitin mutum 11 sannan ya sanya Sheikh Dr. AbdulKadir Oba-Solagberu shugabanta na ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Profile of the 11th Emir of Ilorin, His Royal Highness Alhaji Ibrahim Sulu-Gambari|date=13 June 2019|url=https://royalnews.com.ng/profile-of-the-11th-emir-of-ilorin-his-royal-highness-alhaji-ibrahim-sulu-gambari/|access-date=2021-05-30|language=en-US|archive-date=2019-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823142340/https://royalnews.com.ng/profile-of-the-11th-emir-of-ilorin-his-royal-highness-alhaji-ibrahim-sulu-gambari/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1944]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] kx1pt7duz80lp13poc09g112oom12e5 0 59271 905825 656384 2026-08-21T21:14:16Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341291294|Sokhna Benga]]" 905825 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Sokhna_Benga,_2013_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Sokhna Benga a cikin 2013]] '''Sokhna Benga''' (Mbengue) (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba 1967, a [[Dakar]]) marubuci ce kuma mawaki Senegal. Tana rubutu a [[Faransanci]]. == Tarihin rayuwa == Sokhna Benga ta girma ne a cikin iyalin [[Musulunci|Musulmi]].<ref name="UWA">{{Cite web |title=Sokhna BENGA |url=http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/BengaSokhnaEng.html |access-date=5 June 2013 |website=An author from Senegal writing in French |publisher=University of Western Australia}}</ref> Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Dakar, Senegal, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Shari'ar Kasuwanci . Daga baya ta tafi [[Faransa]], inda ta sami DESS a cikin Dokar Ruwa kuma ta zauna a can kusan shekaru goma.<ref name="blog">{{Cite web |title=La vie et rien d'autre |url=http://www.blogg.org/blog-48692-themes-sokhna_benga__ecrivain-106261.html |access-date=5 June 2013 |website=CV de SOKHNA BENGA |publisher=blogg.org}}</ref> Ta shiga kungiyoyin agaji kuma ta yi aiki tare da mutanen da aka ware, musamman dalibai. Dawowa Dakar a 2001, ta zama darektan adabi na gidan buga littattafai na Nouvelles editions africaines du Sénégal (NEAS). Ita memba ce ta Société des gens de lettres, la Maison des Ecrivains, ƙungiyar marubuta ta Senegal (AES), da ƙungiyar marubutan Faransa (ADELF). A shekara ta 2004 ta zama memba na ƙungiyar French Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Order of Arts and Letters). == Ayyuka == * 2004: Waly NGuilane, wanda Roog ke karewa (kashi na 1 & 2) * 2003: La balade du Sabador - Grand Prix na Shugaban kasa 2000, Mention na Musamman na Grand Prix na Black Africa 2001). * 1990: Le Dard du secret - Grand Prix of the Mayor of Dakar 1988 . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] rinenvvaapxud85lhln0zyhtmywzxl6 905826 905825 2026-08-21T21:14:40Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 905826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  [[Fayil:Sokhna_Benga,_2013_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Sokhna Benga a cikin 2013]] '''Sokhna Benga''' (Mbengue) (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba 1967, a [[Dakar]]) marubuci ce kuma mawaki Senegal. Tana rubutu a [[Faransanci]]. == Tarihin rayuwa == Sokhna Benga ta girma ne a cikin iyalin [[Musulunci|Musulmi]].<ref name="UWA">{{Cite web |title=Sokhna BENGA |url=http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/BengaSokhnaEng.html |access-date=5 June 2013 |website=An author from Senegal writing in French |publisher=University of Western Australia}}</ref> Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Dakar, Senegal, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Shari'ar Kasuwanci . Daga baya ta tafi [[Faransa]], inda ta sami DESS a cikin Dokar Ruwa kuma ta zauna a can kusan shekaru goma.<ref name="blog">{{Cite web |title=La vie et rien d'autre |url=http://www.blogg.org/blog-48692-themes-sokhna_benga__ecrivain-106261.html |access-date=5 June 2013 |website=CV de SOKHNA BENGA |publisher=blogg.org}}</ref> Ta shiga kungiyoyin agaji kuma ta yi aiki tare da mutanen da aka ware, musamman dalibai. Dawowa Dakar a 2001, ta zama darektan adabi na gidan buga littattafai na Nouvelles editions africaines du Sénégal (NEAS). Ita memba ce ta Société des gens de lettres, la Maison des Ecrivains, ƙungiyar marubuta ta Senegal (AES), da ƙungiyar marubutan Faransa (ADELF). A shekara ta 2004 ta zama memba na ƙungiyar French Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Order of Arts and Letters). == Ayyuka == * 2004: Waly NGuilane, wanda Roog ke karewa (kashi na 1 & 2) * 2003: La balade du Sabador - Grand Prix na Shugaban kasa 2000, Mention na Musamman na Grand Prix na Black Africa 2001). * 1990: Le Dard du secret - Grand Prix of the Mayor of Dakar 1988 . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] cq1jmw56b9s932bto0tv5cfbcfb1ccd 0 65928 905810 607427 2026-08-21T20:39:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Cranfield University Accommodation.jpg|thumb|Wajen zama na '''Cranfield''']] [[Fayil:Cranfield University entrance Main reception and logo.jpg|thumb|hanyar shiga '''Cranfield''']] [[Fayil:Cranfield University.jpg|thumb|'''Jama at Cranfield''' ]] '''Jami'ar Cranfield''' wata jami'ar bincike ce ta jama'a ta [[Birtaniya]] wacce ta kware a fannin kimiyya, injiniyanci, ƙira, fasaha da gudanarwa. An kafa Cranfield a matsayin Kwalejin Aeronautics (CoA) a cikin 1946. Ta hanyar shekarun 1950 da 1960, haɓaka binciken jiragen sama ya haifar da girma da haɓaka zuwa wasu fannoni kamar masana'antu da gudanarwa, kuma a cikin 1967, har zuwa kafuwar Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Cranfield. A cikin shekarar 1969, Kwalejin Aeronautics ta koma Cibiyar Fasaha ta Cranfield, an haɗa ta da tsarin sarauta, ya sami ikon ba da digiri, kuma ya zama jami'a. A cikin 1993, ta karɓi sunanta na yanzu.<ref>https://www.cranfield.ac.uk/about/history-and-heritage</ref> Jami'ar Cranfield tana da cibiyoyi guda biyu: babban harabar yana a Cranfield, Bedfordshire, na biyu kuma a Makarantar Tsaro ta Burtaniya a Shrivenham, kudu maso yammacin Oxfordshire.<ref name=":0">https://www.cranfield.ac.uk/about/how-to-find-cranfield/how-to-find-shrivenham</ref> Babban ɗakin karatu na musamman ne<ref>https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20180102-the-university-shaping-aviations-future</ref> a cikin United Kingdom (da Turai) don samun filin jirgin sama na kansa - Filin jirgin saman Cranfield - da nasa jirgin sama, ana amfani da shi don koyarwa da bincike. == Tarihi == === '''Kwalejin Aeronautics (1946-1969):''' === An kafa Jami'ar Cranfield a cikin 1946 a matsayin Kwalejin Aeronautics, a kan sansanin Sojan Sama na Royal Air Force na RAF Cranfield. Roxbee Cox ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasa kwalejin, daga baya Lord Kings Norton, wanda aka nada shi ya zama gwamnan farko na kwalejin a 1945 sannan ya zama mataimakin shugaba da (daga 1962) shugaban hukumar. Ya jagoranci yunƙurin ƙaddamar da kwalejin, tare da kafa Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Jami'ar Cranfield a cikin 1967, kuma ya yi nasara cikin nasara don ba da izinin sarauta da ikon ba da digiri. Lokacin da aka ba da waɗannan a cikin 1969, ya zama shugaban gwamnati na farko na Cibiyar Fasaha ta Cranfield, yana aiki har zuwa 1997.<ref>https://www.cranfield.ac.uk/about/history-and-heritage</ref><ref>http://lordkingsnorton.cranfield.ac.uk/cranfield/index.html</ref> === '''Cibiyar Fasaha ta Cranfield (1969-1993):''' === Cibiyar Fasaha ta Cranfield ta kasance ta tsarin sarauta a cikin 1969, ta ba wa cibiyar ikon ba da digirin digiri tare da sanya ta cikakkiyar jami'a a kanta.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/education/2012/jan/23/postgraduate-only-universities</ref><ref name=":0" /> A cikin 1975 Kwalejin Injiniyan Aikin Noma ta ƙasa, wacce aka kafa a cikin 1963 a Silsoe, Bedfordshire, an haɗa ta da Cranfield kuma ana gudanar da ita azaman Kwalejin Silsoe.<ref name=":2">http://www.bedfordtoday.co.uk/news/education/silsoe-college-remembered-on-new-homes-estate-1-5748954{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An kafa haɗin gwiwar ilimi tare da Kwalejin Kimiyya na Soja ta Royal (RMCS) a Shrivenham a cikin 1984. RMCS, wanda za a iya gano tushensa zuwa 1772, yanzu wani ɓangare ne na Kwalejin Tsaro na Ƙasar Ingila kuma daga 2009 an san shi da suna. "Cranfield Kariya da Tsaro". RMCS ya zama gabaɗayan digiri na biyu a cikin c.2007 tare da darussan karatun digiri sun koma wani wuri. === '''Jami'ar Cranfield (1993-yanzu):''' === A cikin 1993 an gyara tsarin mulkin cibiyar canza suna zuwa Jami'ar Cranfield.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> Shekaru goma daga baya a cikin 2003, Cranfield ya zama cikakken digiri na biyu kuma shafin Shrivenham ya yarda da karatun digiri na ƙarshe.<ref>http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=173295&sectioncode=26</ref> A cikin 2007, Prince Edward, Duke na Kent, wanda ke cikin Ginin Torrens a Adelaide, ya buɗe harabar jami'a ta farko ta ƙasa da ƙasa. Ya ba da digiri na ɗan gajeren lokaci a fannin sarrafa tsaro da fasaha, tare da haɗin gwiwar cibiyoyi na gida da kuma amfani da wasu darussan koyon nesa. Duk da haka, "haɓakar tsaro" ta Kudancin Ostiraliya bai samu ba kuma rashin jawo hankalin ɗalibai ya sa aka rufe harabar a shekarar 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://adelaidia.sa.gov.au/places/torrens-building-0 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-12-29 |archive-date=2020-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410014811/http://adelaidia.sa.gov.au/places/torrens-building-0 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.theguardian.com/education/2007/aug/07/highereducation.internationaleducationnews</ref><ref>https://indaily.com.au/opinion/2015/02/04/adelaides-uni-city-dream/</ref> A cikin 2009 an rufe Kwalejin Silsoe kuma an mayar da ayyukanta zuwa babban harabar a Cranfield.<ref name=":2" /> == Wuri da harabar jami'a == Harabar Cranfield yana da nisan mil 50 (kilomita 80) arewa da tsakiyar London kuma kusa da ƙauyen Cranfield,<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070607211624/http://www.cranfieldexpress.co.uk/</ref> Bedfordshire. Manyan garuruwa mafi kusa su ne Milton Keynes da Bedford, waɗanda cibiyoyinsu biyu ke da nisan mil 8 (kilomita 13). Cambridge yana da nisan mil 30 (kilomita 48) gabas. Shrivenham yana da nisan mil 73 (kilomita 117) yamma da London, kusa da ƙauyen Shrivenham, mil 7 (kilomita 11) daga tsakiyar gari mafi kusa, Swindon, kuma kusan mil 23 (kilomita 37) daga Oxford. Cibiyar ta Cranfield tana zaune ne a cikin titin Cambridge – Milton Keynes – Oxford corridor inda ake shirye-shiryen danganta waɗannan garuruwa da haɓaka haɓakar tattalin arziki.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranfield_University#cite_note-15</ref> Har ila yau, akwai wani tsari na tsarin zirga-zirga cikin sauri tsakanin (faɗaɗɗen) Milton Keynes da harabar makarantar, kodayake wannan har yanzu yana kan matakin farko.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190411212659/https://www.nic.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/NIC-FinalReport-February-2018-Rev-A-optimised.pdf</ref> === '''Gidan Fasaha:''' === Akwai kamfanoni da yawa da ke kan Cibiyar Fasaha ta Jami'ar Cranfield tun daga manyan kamfanoni na duniya zuwa ƙananan farawa. Manyan kamfanoni a wurin shakatawa sun hada da: * Cibiyar Fasaha ta Nissan<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nissan.co.uk/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-12-29 |archive-date=2016-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126214939/http://www.nissan.co.uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turai, wacce ke kerawa da haɓaka motoci don kasuwar Turai. Wurin NTC Turai yana da murabba'in murabba'in mita 19,700 (mil murabba'in 0.0076) na filin Fasaha, wanda ke wakiltar hannun jarin £46m ta Nissan. * Cibiyar Innovation: Fakin Fasaha kuma wuri ne na ɗimbin ƙananan kamfanoni. Kafin 2016: * Trafficmaster plc,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.trafficmaster.co.uk/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-12-29 |archive-date=2014-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006154959/http://www.trafficmaster.co.uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ya mamaye wani yanki mai girman eka 10 (40,000 m2) don hedikwatarta ta Turai. Babban kamfani a cikin fasahar telematics, fasaha na ci gaba na Trafficmaster yana ba da damar motoci da hanyoyi don amfani da su yadda ya kamata. === Milton Keynes: === Jami'ar Cranfield ita ce abokin tarayya na ilimi a cikin aikin tare da Milton Keynes City Council don kafa sabuwar jami'a, mai suna MK: U, a kusa da Milton Keynes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mkfutures2050.com/projects/mku |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-12-29 |archive-date=2019-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209123752/http://www.mkfutures2050.com/projects/mku |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":3">https://www.mkfm.com/news/local-news/santander-provides-30m-boost-to-plans-for-innovative-new-university-in-milton-keynes/</ref> Shirin yana tsammanin buɗewa ta 2023, tare da harabar a tsakiyar Milton Keynes.<ref name=":3" /> A cikin Janairu 2019, abokan haɗin gwiwar sun ba da sanarwar gasa ta duniya don tsara sabon harabar kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Tsakiya.<ref>https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/competitions/competition-mku-milton-keynes/10039394.article</ref> A watan Mayun 2019, Bankin Santander ya ba da sanarwar bayar da 'kudin tallafin iri' na fam miliyan 30 don taimakawa tare da gini da farashin farawa.<ref name=":3" /> A ranar 4 ga Yuli, 2019, an ba da sanarwar zaɓaɓɓun shawarwarin harabar.<ref>https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/revealed-plans-by-finalists-in-188m-milton-keynes-university-contest/10043452.article</ref> A ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2019, kwamitin kimantawa ya sanar da cewa Hopkins Architects sun samar da ƙirar nasara.<ref>https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/exclusive-milton-keynes-university-contest-winner-revealed/10043849.article</ref> Tun daga watan Janairun 2023, aikin ya tsaya cak biyo bayan matakin da gwamnati ta dauka na hana tallafi.<ref>https://www.miltonkeynes.co.uk/news/people/milton-keynes-plan-to-create-world-class-university-in-tatters-after-government-refuses-multi-million-pound-funding-3993522</ref> == Coat of arms == === Coat of arms na Jami'ar Cranfield === {| class="wikitable" |+ |- |[[File:Coat of Arms of Cranfield University.svg|center|thumb|Coat of arm na Jami'ar Cranfield]] | === '''Crest''' === A kan wata kwalliya Argent da Gules, daga cikin Astral Crown Azure a gaban fikafikan mujiya an nuna Argent maɓallai biyu da aka haɗa zuwa sama ko. === '''Escutcheon''' === Per chevron barry undy Or da Azure da Azure a gindin fitilar rassa uku Ko kumburin da ya dace. === '''Magoya baya''' === A kowane gefen crane Daidai, lanƙwasa daga wuyan kowane Crown Rayonnée Ko; gabaki ɗaya akan wani daki wanda ya ƙunshi bankin marsh tare da reed Proper. === '''Take''' === 'Post Nubes Lux' |} Tufafin makamai na jami'ar yana nuna wasu mahimman fannoni na gadonta. The ‘Bars undy wavy’ a cikin shugaban garkuwa an yi niyya ne a hade tare da cranes don yin ishara da sunan jami’ar, Cranfield, wanda asalinsa ya samo asali daga ‘cranuc-feld’, ma’ana filin da Cranes ke yawan zuwa. Tocila mai rassa uku a cikin ginin yana nufin koyo da ilimi a cikin kimiyyar Injiniya, Fasaha da Gudanarwa. A cikin kambin, rawanin astral ya yi ishara da Kwalejin Aeronautics kuma yana tunawa da The Lord Kings Norton a matsayin shugabar gwamnati, tare da la'akari da gudummawar da ya bayar ga ci gaban binciken sararin sama da alakarsa da kwalejin. Ana nufin maɓallan don nuna alamar samun ilimi ta hanyar nazari da koyarwa kuma mujiya, tare da faɗaɗa fuka-fuki, ana iya ɗauka don wakiltar ilimi a cikin mafi girman ma'ana. A cikin tambarin, an riga an yi ishara da mahimmancin maɓallan kuma rayonny rawanin yana nufin duka ga tsarin sarauta wanda Cranfield ya kasance a ƙarƙashinsa kuma, ta ƙarshe ya ƙunshi haskoki na rana, zuwa makamashi da aikace-aikacen ta ta hanyar. fasahar injiniya da fasaha don masana'antu, kasuwanci da rayuwar jama'a. Sarkar da ke kewaye da alamar tana nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin fannoni daban-daban da za a yi karatu a jami'ar kuma a kanta tana nufin aikin injiniya ne inda yake yin sassa da yawa. Dakin da cranes ke tsaye a kai yana wakiltar yankin gefen kogi inda ake iya samun kusoshi, wannan ba shakka dangane da sunan 'Cranfield'.<ref>https://www.cranfield.ac.uk/about/history-and-heritage/the-arms-of-the-university</ref> Taken jami'a, post nubes lux, yana nufin 'bayan hasken gajimare'.<ref>https://www.cranfield.ac.uk/About/History-and-Heritage/The-Arms-of-the-University</ref> An nuna shi a jikin rigar makamai na jami'ar da aka gabatar a lokacin da jami'ar ta ba da takardar shaidar sarauta.<ref>https://www.cranfield.ac.uk/about/history-and-heritage</ref> == Ƙungiya da gudanar da mulki == === Shugabannin Jami'a === [[File:Cranfield University Vincent Building.jpg|thumb|Ginin Vincent na Jami'ar Cranfield ]] * 1969-1997: Harold Roxbee Cox, Lord Kings Norton * 1998-2010: Richard Vincent, Ubangiji Vincent na Colesill * 2010–2020: Baroness Matashi na Tsohon Scone * 2021-yanzu: Dame Deirdre Hutton === Mataimakan Shugaban Jami'a === * 1970-1989: Henry Chilver, Lord Chilver * 1989-2006: Frank Robinson Hartley * 2006–2012: Sir John (James) O'Reilly<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070607181049/http://www.epsrc.ac.uk/Content/Documents/Biographies/OReillyJ.htm</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20090718021551/http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/about/people/page1573.jsp</ref> * 2013: Clifford Michael Friend - mataimakin shugaban riko * 2013-2021: Sir Peter Gregson<ref>http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/about/people-and-resources/senior-team/senior-officers/professor-sir-peter-gregson.html</ref> * 2021- zuwa yanzu: Karen Holford === Makarantu === Makarantun jami'an sune: * Makarantar Aerospace, Transport da Manufacturing, wanda aka sani da SATM, wanda ya haɗa da Kwalejin Kwalejin Aeronautics na asali, yana da wurare masu yawa na gwaje-gwaje na gwaji don masters da daliban digiri da abokan ciniki na kasuwanci; * Makarantar Ruwa, Makamashi, Muhalli da Agrifood, wanda aka sani da SWEE da Agrifood (ciki har da Zane); * Makarantar Gudanarwa, wanda aka sani da SoM; * Kariya da Tsaro na Cranfield, wanda aka sani da CDS. === Dabarun ilimi === ƙwararrun wuraren da aka mayar da hankali a Jami'ar Cranfield, ko jigogi na Cranfield, suna da nufin haɗa nau'ikan fannonin ilimi tare don tinkarar manyan ƙalubalen da ke fuskantar duniya a cikin sassa daban-daban na masana'antu da kasuwanci. Waɗannan su ne Ruwa, Agrifood, Makamashi da Makamashi, Aerospace, Manufacturing, Tsarin Sufuri, Kariya da Tsaro da Kasuwanci / Gudanarwa. A cikin yanayin karatun digiri na Jami'ar Cranfield, darussan ilimi suna aiki tare, suna haɗuwa kamar yadda suke yi a cikin duniyar kasuwanci da masana'antu don sadar da mafita ta duniya.<ref>https://www.cranfield.ac.uk/about/disciplines</ref> * Injiniyan Jirgin Sama * Injiniyan mota * Noma da noma * Aiwatar da Sirrin Artificial * Tsarin sarrafa kansa da sarrafawa * Kasuwanci da gudanarwa * Injiniyan kimiyya * Injiniyan farar hula * Tsabtataccen makamashi * Ilimin kwamfuta * Tsaron Yanar Gizo * Zane da ƙirƙira * Ilimin halittu da dorewa * Tattalin arziki da kuma kudi * Injiniyan lantarki da lantarki * Makamashi da iko * Injiniya * Kimiyyar muhalli * Kimiyyar Shari'a * Geography * Kimiyyar ƙasa * Kayan aiki da kayan aiki * Zane da ƙirƙira * Tunanin Zane * Injiniya photonics * Alakar kasa da kasa * Ilimin rayuwa * Injiniya masana'antu * Kimiyyar kayan aiki da injiniyanci * Lissafi da kididdiga * Ininiyan inji * Makanikai * Ilimin yanayi da kimiyyar yanayi * Ilimin soja * Physics * Kimiyyar shuka da ƙasa * Ilimin halin dan Adam * Makamashi mai sabuntawa * Robotics * Binciken Tsaro da Hatsari * Ilimin zamantakewa * Kimiyyar tsarin * Kimiyyar sufuri da fasaha * Ilimin ruwa == Bayanin Martaban Jami'a == === Suna da martaba === A matsayin ta na jami'a na musamman mai tafiya da tsarin karatun digiri na biyu, Jami'ar Cranfield an cire ta daga Matsayin Jami'o'in Duniya na Times Higher Education, The Times World Rankings, The Complete University Guide, da The Guardian, wanda ke mai da hankali kan taimaka wa ɗaliban da ke son kammala karatun digiri don kwatanta jami'o'i. Kamar yadda jami'a ke ba da karatun digiri na biyu, kwatancen kai tsaye tare da cibiyoyin karatun digiri na daya yana da wahala. Wasu mahimman bayanai da ƙididdiga sune: * Jami'ar Cranfield tana cikin kaso 1% na cibiyoyi a duniya mai tsofaffin ɗalibai waɗanda ke riƙe muƙaman Shugaba a manyan kamfanoni na duniya, a cewar Cibiyar Matsayin Jami'ar Duniya, 2017.<ref>https://www.cranfield.ac.uk/about/facts-and-figures</ref> * Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Cranfield na cikakken lokaci na MBA na shekara guda ya kasance mai na bakwai a duniya kuma na daya a Burtaniya kuma MSc nashi a cikin Kudi da Gudanarwa shine na shida a cikin duniya da na biyu a cikin Burtaniya. An samu hakan ne daga Times Higher Education/Wall Street Journal a shekarar 2018.<ref>https://www.cranfield.ac.uk/press/news-2018/cranfield-programmes-named-top-10-in-the-world</ref> * Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Cranfield tana matsayi na talatin da hudu a cikin Matsayin Makarantar Kasuwancin Turai na Fٍinancial Times 2021 da kuma na tamanin a shekarar 2018, kaman yanda Matsayin kasuwancin duniya da tattalin arziki ya bayyana.<ref>https://rankings.ft.com/rankings/2869/european-business-school-rankings-2021</ref><ref>https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/cranfield-university</ref> * Jami'ar Cranfield tana matsayi na ashirin da bakwai a duniya da matsayi na biyar a cikin Burtaniya a bangaren injiniyanci, jiragen sama da injiniyan masana'antu a cikin 2022 QS World University Rankings.<ref>https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/university-subject-rankings/2022/mechanical-aeronautical-manufacturing-engineering</ref> * Jami'ar Cranfield tana matsayi na tara a cikin Burtaniya a cikin 2014 Research Excellence Framework (REF) a bangaren Aeronautical, Mechanical, Chemical and Manufacturing engineering. Tana matsayi na biyu a bangaren Ƙarfin Bincike, kuma na shida a bangaren Ƙwararrun Sakamakon Bincike tare da kaso tamanin da daya (81%), wanda ya bata daman cimma 3*-4* a ayyukan bincike. * Cranfield ta sami lambar yabo ta Queen's Anniversary Prize sau shida: a cikin 2005 na shirin Further and Higher Education for the Fellowship in Manufacturing Management (FMM); a cikin 2007 saboda rawar da take takawa a cikin ayyukan hako abun fashewa;<ref>https://www.cranfield.ac.uk/about/rankings-and-awards/queens-anniversary-prize</ref> a cikin 2011 don ba da gudummawa ga amincin jirgin sama ta hanyar bincike da horarwa kan binciken haɗari;<ref>http://www.royalanniversarytrust.org.uk/news/winners-announced</ref> a cikin 2015 don aikinta na ruwa da tsafta;<ref>http://m.bedfordshire-news.co.uk/cranfield-university-8203-research-changes-tide/story-28254154-detail/story.html</ref> a cikin 2017 don bincike da ilimi a cikin manyan ƙasa da bayanan muhalli don dorewar amfani da albarkatun ƙasa;<ref>https://www.cranfield.ac.uk/about/rankings-and-awards</ref> kuma a cikin 2019 don aikin Cibiyar Nazarin Jirgin Sama ta Ƙasa.<ref>https://www.cranfield.ac.uk/press/news-2020/university-collects-highest-uk-honour-for-its-flying-classroom</ref> * Dalibai a shirin Tsaro na Duniya na Cranfield an ba su lambar yabo ta Imbert a shekarar 2006,<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110713030835/http://www.info4security.com/story.asp?storyCode=3081470&sectioncode=10</ref> 2008<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20111003185324/http://www.professionalsecurity.co.uk/newsdetails.aspx?NewsArticleID=9411&imgID=1</ref> da 2009<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110713030844/http://www.info4security.com/story.asp?sectioncode=16&storycode=4122568&c=1</ref> don haɓaka ra'ayoyi don ci gaban kula da haɗari da sarrafa tsaro a Burtaniya. === Shiga === A cikin 2015 zuwa 2016, kaso 49 na daliban Jami'ar Cranfield sun fito ne daga Burtaniya, kaso 25 daga Turai kuma kaso 26 daga sauran duniya. Dalibin Jami'ar Cranfield ga rabon ma'aikata shine 5:1, na biyu a tsakanin duk jami'o'in Burtaniya.<ref name=":1">https://www.cranfield.ac.uk/about/facts-and-figures</ref> Fiye da rabin ɗaliban Jami'ar Cranfield sun haura shekaru 30.<ref name=":1" /> === Abokan hulɗa === Jami'ar Cranfield tana da alaƙa da kasuwanci, masana'antu da gwamnatoci. Jami'ar Cranfield tana da alaƙa mai fa'ida tare da kusan ƙungiyoyi 1,500 a duniya ciki har da ƙananan SMEs masu sarrafa su zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa; Jami'o'in Burtaniya da na duniya, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da gwamnatoci. Wasu abokan haɗin gwiwa na Cranfield sun haɗa da Airbus, Rolls-Royce Group, Grant Thornton, BAE Systems, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Ford, BP, British Airways, PWC, Jacobs, Metro Bank, L'Oréal, Royal Dutch Shell, Jaguar Land Rover, Kamfanin Oracle, PepsiCo, Unilever, da sauran su.<ref>https://www.cranfield.ac.uk/business/choose-cranfield/who-we-work-with</ref> Jami'ar Cranfield tana da alaƙa da jami'o'i sama da 130 a cikin Amurka, Asiya da Oceania, Turai, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Afirka.<ref>https://www.cranfield.ac.uk/about/international-partnerships</ref> Jami'ar tana haɗin gwiwa tare da Jami'ar Kimiyyar Jama'a ta Singapore (SUSS) akan tsarin SUSS's BEng Aerospace Systems.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180529202950/http://www.suss.edu.sg/Partnership/UProgrammes/Pages/Overview.aspx</ref> Cibiyar Nazarin Masana'antu ta IMRC-Innovative a Jami'ar Cranfield wani shiri ne da EPSRC (Majalisar Bincike ta Injiniya da Kimiyyar Jiki) ta ba da kuɗin gudanar da bincike wanda ke magance batutuwan da aka gano a cikin dabarun Samar da Ma'auni na Gwamnatin Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.govopps.co.uk/high-value-manufacturing-strategy-published |access-date=2023-12-29 |archive-date=2018-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127120950/http://www.govopps.co.uk/high-value-manufacturing-strategy-published/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar ɗalibai == [[File:Cranfield University Accommodation.jpg|thumb|Wurin masaukin ɗaliban Jami'ar Cranfield]] Kayan aiki a harabar Jami'ar Cranfield sun haɗa da cibiyar wasanni, wacce ta ƙunshi cibiyar motsa jiki da ɗakin wasan motsa jiki, filayen wasa, filayen wasanni da kotunan wasan tennis da yawa. A harabar akwai ƙananan shaguna guda biyu, ɗaya na CSA da ɗaya na Budgens. Akwai iyakataccen kewayon wuraren cin abinci da aka buɗe yayin lokacin cin abinci, wuraren cin abinci na Costa Coffee guda biyu, da mashaya ɗaya, wanda CSA ke gudanarwa, wanda ke buɗewa daga Litinin zuwa Juma'a. === Kungiyar dalibai === Ƙungiyar Daliban Cranfield (CSA) ita ce ƙungiyar ɗalibai kuma tana gudanar da babban mashaya, cafe da shago a harabar Cranfield. Yana dogara ne akan ginin 114 kusa da tsakiyar harabar. Tawagar zaɓaɓɓun ɗalibai ne ke tafiyar da CSA kuma ƙaramin ƙungiyar ma'aikata ke tallafawa. Manufar CSA ita ce tallafawa da wakiltar ɗaliban Jami'ar Cranfield, haɓaka jin daɗin ɗalibai da tsara ayyukan zamantakewa, al'adu da wasanni. === Wurin masauki na ɗalibai === A harabar jami'ar Cranfield akwai zaɓuɓɓukan masauki da yawa don ɗalibai na cikakken lokaci, daga zauren zama zuwa gidajen da aka raba, gidaje na ma'aurata da gidaje ga iyalai. Ga ɗaliban ɗan lokaci, akwai zaɓuɓɓuka guda biyu da ake da su - Cibiyar Gudanar da Ci gaban Cranfield mai ɗaki 186 da ɗakin Mitchell mai ɗaki 114, dukansu suna kan harabar. == Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai == Jami'ar Cranfield tana da ƙwararrun ma'aikatan ilimi da tsofaffin ɗalibai, waɗanda suka haɗa da 'yan siyasa, 'yan kasuwa, injiniyoyi, masana kimiyya, marubuta, da ma'aikata gidan telabigin, wato TV. [[File:Antony Jenkins.jpg|alt=Antony Jenkins - tsohon shugaban zartarwa na kungiyar Barclays|left|thumb|182x182px|'''Antony Jenkins''' - tsohon shugaban zartarwa na kungiyar Barclays]] [[File:Warren East Royal Society.jpg|none|thumb|131x131px|'''Warren East''' -tsohon Shugaba na Rolls-Royce Holdings]] [[File:Winnie Byanyima, directrice exécutive d'Oxfam international (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|142x142px|'''Winnie Byanyima''' – babban darektan hukumar UNAIDS]] [[File:Andy Bond formerly of Asda.jpg|center|thumb|155x155px|'''Andy Bond''' - tsohon Shugaba, Asda]] [[File:Andy Palmer.jpg|left|thumb|202x202px|'''Andy Palmer''' - tsohon Shugaba, Aston Martin]] [[File:Sarah Willingham portrait.jpg|center|thumb|130x130px|'''Sarah Willingham''' - 'yar kasuwa kuma tsohuwar "dragon" akan jerin Dragons' Den]] == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category:Jami'o'i da kwalejoji da aka kafa a 1946]] [[Category:Cranfield]] [[Category:Jami'ar Cranfield]] [[Category:Makarantun jiragen sama]] 3ta2mobx2s68jl8sn9q2b4pukc1awen 0 66908 905860 543952 2026-08-21T23:36:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Mapa do estado do Ceará 1926.pdf|thumb|Tasbiran Jao]] '''Jose Vicente D. Mapa III'''', ya kasance wanda aka fi saninsa da sunan '''Jao Mapa''' (an haife shi a watan Fabrairu 11, 1976), ɗan wasan ƙasar Filifin ne. Shi ma kwararren mai [[zane]] ne.<ref>https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/Be_sULlFQ4e{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20101125110746/http://www.pep.ph/articles/15039/jao-mapa:-second-time-around</ref> {{Stub}} == Manazarta== 435dt4v2d1axednezn91rtd4t78o9y8 0 67912 905905 460860 2026-08-22T03:39:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905905 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garin Jesse''' (wanda aka fi sani da Idjerhe) ƙabila ne kuma mazauni ne a yankin [[Ethiope west|Ethiope]] na [[Nigeria]] [[Delta State]. ]]]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Omonigho |first=Matiyu |kwanat=2023-04-03 |title=Kungiyar ta fitar da NNPC/PPMC wa'adin kwanaki 90 don kammala aikin da aka watsar a yankin Delta |url=https: //dailypost.ng/2023/04/03/matsalolin-rukuni-nnpc-ppmc-90-day-ultimatum-zuwa-cikalla-aikin-wasu-a-delta-al'umma/ |shiga-kwanaki=2024-01-27 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tana da nata ikon gwamnati karkashin jagorancin wani Ovie kamar yadda ake yi a sauran garuruwan Urhobo.<ref>{{Cite web |karshe=Akinyemi |farko=Bioluwatife |kwanan wata=2020-09-28 |taken=Dan jarida ya fito Ovie-elect of Jesse Kingdom in Delta |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/journalist-emerges-ovie-elect-of-jesse-kingdom-in- |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB |title=Kwafin ajiya |archive-date=2024-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215154525/https://tribuneonlineng.com/journalist-emerges-ovie-elect-of-jesse-kingdom-in- |url-status=dead }}</ref> Garin yana da masaukin ajiya a bakin teku [[man fetur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |na farko=Mai gadi |3=kwanatin 2020-10-28 |title=shekaru 22 bayan bala'in Jesse, sabon sarki ya nemi FG ta shiga tsakani |url=https://guardian.ng/news/22-years-after-jesse- tragedy-new-monarch-seeks-fgs-intervention/ |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == [[1998 Jesse bututun bututun] an ruwaito cewa yana daya daga cikin fashe-fashen bututun mai a [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-03-10 |title=List#2, Maudu'i 3014 |url=http://projects.ldc.upenn.edu/TDT3/topic.research/topic3014.html |kwanan watan shiga=2024-01-27 |website=web.archive.org |access-date=2024-01-27 |archive-date=2008-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310175814/http://projects.ldc.upenn.edu/TDT3/topic.research/topic3014.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Nazari == {{reflist}} [[Category:Towns in Nigeria]] [[Category: Population places in Delta State]] npnne9z5k9jea2lfwta4jr5b4xdf6xl 0 69320 905691 896636 2026-08-21T16:10:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}  '''''Inale''''' fim ne na wasan kwaik-wayon Najeriya an samar dashi a shekara ta 2010 wanda Keke Bongos ya walafar da kiɗa, [[Jeta Amata]] ya ba da umarni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inale - An African Musical fairytale |url=http://www.nollywoodwatch.com/inale-%E2%80%93-african-musical-fairytale/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906225155/http://www.nollywoodwatch.com/inale-%E2%80%93-african-musical-fairytale/ |archive-date=6 September 2014 |access-date=30 August 2014 |publisher=Nollywood Watch}}</ref> a Fim din wanda taurari biyu ne wato [[Caroline Chikezie]] da [[Hakeem Kae-Kazim]] suka taka rawa gani sosai, an saita shi a [[Otukpo]] kuma yana ba da labarin Inale da Ode, waɗanda suke ƙaunar juna so sai, amma al'ada ce ta ke yimasu barazana kuma ta bangare daya dolene Ode ya lashe gasar kokawa ta al'ada kafin a bashi auren Inale.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ikeji, Linda |date=4 August 2010 |title=Jeta Amata's new movie, Inale |url=http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/31660/4/jeta-amatas-new-movie-inale.html |access-date=30 August 2014 |publisher=The Nigerian Voice}}</ref> Fim din ya fara ne a Legas a ranar 22 ga Oktoba shekara ta 2010 <ref name="Rozay, Teefah">{{Cite web |last=Rozay, Teefah |date=26 October 2010 |title=Inale Premieres in Lagos |url=http://www.that1960chick.com/2010/10/26/red-carpet-inale-premieres-in-lagos/#sthash.UlHzlCk6.dpbs |access-date=30 August 2014 |publisher=that1960chick.com}}</ref> kuma an sadar da shi tare da karɓa. Ya sami gabatarwa biyar a 7th Africa Movie Academy Awards kuma daga ƙarshe ya lashe rukunin don Achievement in Soundtrack . <ref name="AMAA Nominations 2011">{{Cite web |date=26 February 2011 |title=AMAA Nominations 2011 |url=http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominations-2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302124149/http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominations-2011 |archive-date=2 March 2011 |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=Africa Film Academy |publisher=[[Africa Movie Academy Awards]]}}</ref> An ce shi film din ''Inale'' yayi kama da wani labari game da [[Mutanen Idoma|Idomaland]].<ref name="Elthan">{{Cite web |last=John, Elnathan |date=3 November 2010 |title=MOVIE REVIEW: INALE by Jeta Amata |url=http://elnathanjohn.blogspot.com/2010/11/movie-review-inale-by-jeta-amata.html |access-date=30 August 2014 |publisher=Elnathan's Dark Corner |archive-date=5 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105134212/http://elnathanjohn.blogspot.com/2010/11/movie-review-inale-by-jeta-amata.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Makirci == Odeh da Gimbiya Inale suna soyayya. Duk da haka, bisa ga al'adun ƙasar, Odeh dole ne ya yi faɗa da wasu masu neman Inale da dama domin ya sami damar auren Inale. Odeh ya yi faɗa da maza da yawa kuma ya yi nasara a duk faɗan; Sarki Oche, Sarkin Otukpo kuma mahaifin Inale ya ayyana Odeh a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara. Kafin a kammala bikin kokawa, wani baƙo da ya rufe fuska ya bayyana ya ƙalubalanci Odeh da faɗa; Baƙon ya yi nasara kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin Yarima Agaba, Yarima daga Apah, wani ƙauye da ke kusa, wanda ke cikin dogon rashin jituwa da Otukpo. Sarkin ya ayyana sabon wanda ya yi nasara cikin rashin son rai kuma ya gaya wa Yarima Agaba cewa za a raka matarsa ​​​​zuwa ƙauyensa washegari. Inale ya jefa cikin baƙin ciki cikin dare, amma sarki ya ki yin sulhu duk da rokon Sarauniya, Ochanya da sauran mutanen fadar. Kashegari, Inale ta gaya wa Odeh da tabbaci cewa za ta dawo masa, yayin da 'yar'uwarta, Princess Omei da baiwarta, Omada suka raka ta zuwa Apah. A lokacin hutu a cikin tafiyarsu, a lokacin da Omei ba ya nan Omada ya tura Inale cikin kogi don nutsar kuma ya yi wa Omei ƙarya cewa Inale ya kashe kansa. Daga ƙarshe matan sun kammala cewa Omada ya yi kamar shi Inale ne ga Yarima Agaba da mutanen Apah, waɗanda ba su san yadda yarima take ba, don kauce wa yaƙi tsakanin al'ummomin biyu. Duo ɗin sun isa Apah, tare da Omada da aka yi amfani da ita a matsayin Inale da Ome a matsayin baiwa; Da zaran Omada ta zama Sarauniya, sai ta fara wulakanta Omei. A sakamakon haka Omei ta yi ƙoƙari ta buɗe wa mutane game da yanayin abubuwa, amma babu wanda zai yarda da ita. Ɗaya daga cikin masu gadi a Apah ya gane Omei a matsayin gimbiya kuma ya 'yantar da ita daga gidan kurkuku da Omada ya sanya ta. Omei ta koma kogi inda Inale ta nitse, kuma Inale wanda yanzu ya zama mermaid ya bayyana mata; Inale ta gaya mata duk abin da Omada ya yi mata kuma ta bayyana cewa ba za ta iya barin kogi ba, don kada ta mutu. A wani lokaci, Odeh a cikin baƙin cikinsa ya yi yawo zuwa wannan kogi, kuma ya ga Inale. Ta gaya masa cewa don ta iya kasancewa tare da shi, dole ne ya kalubalanci Yarima Agaba don sakewa kuma ya ci shi; sai dai a wannan lokacin ne za a iya 'yantar da ita, kuma idan ba a yi wannan ba kafin faɗuwar rana ta gaba, Inale za ta tafi har abada. Odeh ya sake duels tare da Agaba kuma an ci shi sau biyu, kafin Odeh ya ci Agaba. Agaba ya mika Omada ga Odeh, kuma Odeh ya sanar da kowa ainihin Omada. Odeh da Agaba sun gudu zuwa kogi kuma sun ceci Inale, yayin da Omada ya shiga cikin gandun daji kuma ba a sake ganinsa ba. Inale da Odeh sun yi aure, yayin da Yarima Agaba ya auri Omei, kuma ƙauyuka biyu sun haɗu don zama babbar ƙasa ɗaya. == Masu ba da labari == * * [[Caroline Chikezie]] a matsayin Inale * [[Hakeem Kae-Kazim]] a matsayin Ode * [[Dede Mabiaku]] a matsayin Sarki Oche * [[Ini Edo]] a matsayin Omada * [[Keppy Ekpenyong|Keppy Ekpeyong]] a matsayin Yarima Agaba * Lola Shokeye a matsayin Gimbiya Omei * Eunice Philips a matsayin Sarauniya Ochanya * [[Mbong Amata]] a matsayin Keke * [[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Ikpe Etim]] a matsayin Ori * [[Omawumi|Omawumi Megbele]] a matsayin Ene == Fitarwa == Joel Goffin ne ya kirkiro waƙoƙin ''Inale'' kuma ya zira kwallaye. Fim din ya ƙunshi waƙoƙin asali daga Bongos Ikwue, wanda ya kirkiro waƙoƙinsa. Jeta Amata ta rubuta wasu waƙoƙi. Dukkanin waƙoƙin an rubuta su ne a BIK Studios, Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2010 |title=Caroline Chikezie Stars In Nigerian Movie "Inale" |url=http://www.star1960.com/movies-tv/caroline-chikezie-stars-in-nigerian-movie-inale/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227031900/http://www.star1960.com/movies-tv/caroline-chikezie-stars-in-nigerian-movie-inale/ |archive-date=27 February 2015 |access-date=30 August 2014 |publisher=star1960}}</ref> == Saki == An saki wasan kwaikwayo na ''Inale'' a ranar 23 ga Yuni 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Deji |date=28 March 2011 |title="Inale"- theatrical trailer |url=http://www.gidilounge.com/movies/inale-theatrical-trailer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907020118/http://www.gidilounge.com/movies/inale-theatrical-trailer/ |archive-date=7 September 2014 |access-date=30 August 2014 |publisher=Gidilounge}}</ref> An fara shi ne a Legas a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2010 kuma an fara shi a Abuja a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 2010. <ref name="Rozay, Teefah"/> An fitar da shi a wasan kwaikwayo a watan Nuwamba a cikin fina-finai da aka zaɓa a duk faɗin Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2010 |title=INALE – in Theatres! |url=http://www.goldenicons.com/inale-in-theatres/ |access-date=30 August 2014 |publisher=Golden Icons Magazine}}</ref> Har ila yau, an sake shi a lokacin bikin Kirsimeti da Sabuwar Shekara ta 2011 ta hanyar 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2011 |title=Movie: INALE Hits National Theatre |url=http://olorisupergal.com/movie-inale-hits-national-theatre/ |access-date=30 August 2014 |publisher=Olori Supergal}}</ref> An saki fim din daga baya a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka ta Kudu a ranar 26 ga Yulin 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akitobi, Emmanuel |date=15 July 2012 |title=Nigerian Musical 'Inale' To Make South Africa Big-Screen Debut (Starring Caroline Chikezie, Hakeem Kae-Kazim, Ini Edo) |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/nigerian-musical-inale-to-make-south-africa-big-screen-premiere-starring-caroline-chikezie-hakeem-kae-kazim |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906223645/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/nigerian-musical-inale-to-make-south-africa-big-screen-premiere-starring-caroline-chikezie-hakeem-kae-kazim |archive-date=6 September 2014 |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=[[IndieWire]] |publisher=Shadow and Act}}</ref> == Karɓar baƙi == ''Inale'' ta sami ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa; yayin da aka yaba da ita saboda kyawawan abubuwan da ta samar, an soki ta saboda labarun ta. Victor Olatoye na Nollywood Critics ya ba shi taurari 4 kuma ya ce: "Idan kun yi sha'awar fim din gargajiya na Nollywood da aka samar da kyau ina ba da shawarar ganin Inale. Wannan fim ne na Nollywood wanda kowa zai iya jin daɗi. Abubuwan gani sun kasance masu kyau, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo sun yi aiki ba tare da ƙoƙari ba". Ya yaba da fim din, gyare-gyare da sauti na fim din, amma ya yi magana a kan kiɗa, wanda yake jin ba na gargajiya ba ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Olatoye, Victor O. |title=Inale |url=http://www.nollywoodcritics.com/Archives_Display.aspx?Videoid=302 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906224027/http://www.nollywoodcritics.com/Archives_Display.aspx?Videoid=302 |archive-date=6 September 2014 |access-date=30 August 2014 |publisher=Nollywood Critics}}</ref> [[Elnathan John]], a gefe guda, ya yaba da kiɗa amma ya yi kuskuren rubutun da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na rawa da fada. Ya kammala da cewa: "Yana da babban yunkuri na samar da kiɗa. Kokarin yana da yabo; duk da haka burinsa ya zama kamar lalacewarsa. Yawancin lokaci da albarkatu sun zama kamar ana zuba su cikin samarwa don cutar da ainihin tushen fim din - rubutun Lazy, samarwa mai kyau, rashin kulawa ga muhimman bayanai; Wasu bayanai marasa mahimmanci sun zama kamar dai darektan yana so [] don burge masu sauraron Najeriya fiye da yin fim mai kyau. " <ref name="Elthan"/> {{Sic}}Osugo Joshua-Karis ya ba shi 7 daga 10, yana mai cewa: "''Inale'' yana taɓa labarin soyayya, yaƙi da al'ada. A cikin duka, ''Inale'' babban fim ne don shakatawa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshua-Karis, Osugo |date=19 October 2013 |title=Inale |url=http://movieevolution.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/index.php/inale/#sthash.DevOeBCO.Am6IGmTx.dpbs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906223031/http://movieevolution.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/index.php/inale/#sthash.DevOeBCO.Am6IGmTx.dpbs |archive-date=6 September 2014 |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=[[Covenant University]] |publisher=Movie Evolution}}</ref> === Godiya gaisuwa === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" |+Cikakken jerin kyaututtuka !Kyautar !Sashe !Masu karɓa da waɗanda aka zaba !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="5" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] (7th Africa Movie Academy Awards) <ref name="AMAA Nominations 2011"/><br /> |[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Nigerian Film|Mafi kyawun Fim na Najeriya]] |[[Jeta Amata]]| {{Nom}} |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Fim Mafi Kyawun Soundtrack|Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Soundtrack]] |Joel Goffin, Bongos Ikwue| {{Won}} |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Mafi Kyawun Ayyuka|Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Tasirin Bayani]] |Thomas R. Dickens, Clint Nitkiewicz Hernandez| {{Nom}} |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Mafi Kyawun Makeup|Nasarar da aka samu a cikin kayan shafawa]] |Temisan Etsede| {{Nom}} |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Kyakkyawan Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawa|Nasarar da aka samu a cikin zane-zane]] |Jane Unogwu| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi kyawun Mujallar Nollywood]] ([[2011 Best of Nollywood Awards|2011 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]]) <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2011 |title=BON Awards Nominees |url=http://www.jaguda.com/2011/09/15/the-2011-best-of-nollywood-b-o-n-award-nominees/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306170624/http://jaguda.com/2011/09/15/the-2011-best-of-nollywood-b-o-n-award-nominees/ |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=30 August 2014 |publisher=Jaguda.com}}</ref><br /> |Cinematography na Shekara |James M. Costello| {{Nom}} |- |Amfani da Kayan Kayan Kwarewa |Jane Unogwu| {{Nom}} |- |Daraktan Shekara |[[Jeta Amata]]| {{Nom}} |- |Soundtrack na Shekara |Joel Goffin, Bongos Ikwue| {{Won}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Sauti a Fim |Martin Kittappa, Justin Scott Dixon| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |[[Nigeria Entertainment Awards|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya]] (2011 Kyautar Nishiri ta Najeriya) <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2011 |title=NIGERIA ENTERTAINMENT AWARDS: NOMINEES |url=http://nollywoodmindspace.blogspot.com/2011/05/nominees-for-nigerian-entertainment.html |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=Nollywood Mindspace |publisher=Nollywood by Mindspace}}</ref><br /> |Mafi kyawun Actor A Fim |[[Hakeem Kae-Kazim]]| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin fim |[[Caroline Chikezie]]| {{Nom}} |- |Hoton da ya fi dacewa | rowspan="3" |[[Jeta Amata]]| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Gudanarwa A Fim| {{Nom}} |- |Bikin Fim na Monaco (Monaco Charity Film Festival Awards na 2011) <ref>{{Cite web |last=26 May |date=26 May 2011 |title='INALE' MOST ENTERTAINING MOVIE IN 2011…Monaco Charity Film Festival |url=http://www.olamildent.com/2011/05/inale-most-entertaining-movie-in.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906223552/http://www.olamildent.com/2011/05/inale-most-entertaining-movie-in.html |archive-date=6 September 2014 |access-date=30 August 2014 |publisher=Olamildent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MONACO CHARITY FILM FESTIVAL AWARDS 2011 |url=http://www.monacofilmfestival.de/100-0-Awards-2011.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719045719/http://www.monacofilmfestival.de/100-0-Awards-2011.html |archive-date=19 July 2014 |access-date=30 August 2014 |publisher=Monaco Film Festival}}</ref><br /> |Fim mafi ban sha'awa| {{Won}} |} == Dubi kuma == == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|http://inalethemovie.com/}} * {{IMDb title|1744772|Inale}} * {{YouTube|jLc527cd2jg|''Inale'' trailer}} [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] hsh8wz0n9neox1fwzjuy0ka2h3gaoch 0 72065 905913 384238 2026-08-22T05:05:12Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ghada Adel Ibrahim''' (Arabic, an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1974) [[Ɗan wasa|'yar wasan kwaikwayo]] ce ta Masar kuma Mai gabatar da talabijin. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife ta ne a [[Benghazi]], [[Libya]], a cikin iyalin Masar masu aiki.<ref>{{Citation|title=بالفيديو: "مذكرات" غادة عادل بالليبي|url=http://alwasat.ly/news/art-culture/152966}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=عيد ميلادها الـ48.. كواليس طفولة غادة عادل في ليبيا|url=https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/6379318|quote=الفنانة غادة عادل ولدت في لبيبا، رغم أنها من عائلة مصرية، حيث كان والدها يعمل هناك، وفي صغرها، حين كانت تعيش هناك، تذكرت موقفًا لن تنساه في حياتها، حين كانت تعيش في أحد العقارات...}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Ghada Adel,The Egyptian Start Stays Young At Heart|url=https://www.enigma-mag.com/ghada-adel/|access-date=12 February 2024}}</ref> Mahaifiyarta 'yar Masar ita ce kuma' yar'uwar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mai ritaya [[Shams al-Baroudi|Shams el-baroudi]] ta hanyar mahaifiyarsu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=شمس البارودي تكشف صلة القرابة التي تجمعها بريم البارودي وغادة عادل {{!}} وكالة الرأي الدولية|url=https://www.alrai-iq.com/2018/10/01/413570/|access-date=2020-06-30|website=www.alrai-iq.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=شمس البارودي.. فنانة مصرية من أصول سورية حملت لقب “أميرة سعودية” قبل أن تعتزل وترتدي الحجاب |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2022/10/4/%d8%b4%d9%85%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%af%d9%8a-%d9%81%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%a9-%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%a3%d9%84%d9%82%d8%aa |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=الجزيرة نت |language=ar}}</ref> Mahaifiyar ta mutu lokacin da take 'yar shekara biyu kawai, don haka ita da' yan uwanta sun zauna tare da mahaifinsu da matarsa ta biyu a Libya inda mahaifinta ke aiki, kodayake sun yi hutun shekara-shekara a gida a [[Kairo|Alkahira]]. Tana da ɗan'uwa mai girma da 'yan'uwa mata uku. Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Benghazi bayan ta yi karatun gudanar da kasuwanci da kasuwanci. fara yin samfurin a cikin tallace-tallace, ta bayyana tare da Hany Shaker a cikin ''Tekhsary'' na 1997, sannan ta dauki bakuncin shirin talabijin na ''Fawazir abyad wa aswad'' . [1] == Ayyuka == Matsayinta na farko ya kasance a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV na ''Zizinya'' a cikin 1997, kuma fim dinta na farko ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na ''Saʽidi a Jami'ar Amurka'' a cikin 1998 tare da Mohamed Henedi . Ta yi aiki a manyan matsayi a fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da Belyah da High Mind a cikin 2000, El ''Bawa telmeez'' a cikin 2004 tare da Karim Abd El-Aziz, Lover Boys a cikin 2005 tare da Hamada Helal, She Made Me Criminal a cikin 2006 tare da Ahmed Helmy da Hassan Hosny, da ''Ahwak'' a cikin 2015 tare da Tamer Hosny . Ta kuma yi aiki a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa, ciki har da ''Mabrouk Galak Ala'a'' a 2005 tare da [[Hany Ramzy (dan wasan kwaikwayo)|Hany Ramzy]], Dead Heart a 2008 tare da Sherif Mounir da ''Saraya Abden'' a 2015 tare da Qusai Khouli . <ref>[https://www.enigma-mag.com/ghada-adel/ Ghada Adel The Egyptian Start Stays Young at Heart] interview with Enigma magazine in 2012</ref> A cikin 2019, ta fara yaduwa a dandamali da yawa na kafofin sada zumunta saboda kallon da ta yi a bikin fina-finai na El Gouna .<ref>{{Citation|title=Ghada Adel Goes Viral for Her Daring Look at GFF|date=25 September 2019|url=https://see.news/ghada-adel-goes-viral-for-her-daring-look-at-gff/}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Kakanta ita ce 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mai ritaya [[Shams al-Baroudi|Shams El Baroudi]] . Ta yi aure na tsawon shekaru 20 ga darektan Masar da kuma furodusa [[Magdy El Hawari]], wanda kuma ya taimaka wajen gabatar da ita ga fina-finai da yawa. Suna da 'ya'ya biyar, maza huɗu da mace ɗaya. An sanar da saki daga gare shi bayan shekara guda na rabuwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.albawaba.com/entertainment/after-20-years-ghada-adel-announces-her-divorce-1176114|title=After 20 Years, Ghada Adel Announces Her Divorce|website=Al Bawaba}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Fina-finai === * ''Saʽidi a Jami'ar Amurka'' (1998) * ''Abboud a kan iyakoki'' (1999) * ''Belyah da Babban Zuciyarsa'' (2000) * ''55 Ambulance'' (2001) * ''Albasha Altemeth'' (2004) * ''Alexandria mai zaman kanta'' (2005) * Yara Masu Ƙauna (2005) * Hamada Playing (2005) * ''Ta sanya Ni Mai Laifi'' (2006) * A cikin Heliopolis Flat (2007) * ''Neama Bay'' (2007) * ''Klashinkov'' (2008) * ''Ɗan kwastam'' (2010) * Chord (2010) * ''A kan Jikin Matattu'' (2013) * ''Ahwak'' (2015) * ''Horob na har abada 1'' (2017) * Horob Eterary 2 (2018) * ''Kasablanka'' (2019) * ''Kungiyar Maza ta Asirin'' (2019) === Shirye-shiryen talabijin === * ''Zezenya'' (1997) * ''Fuskar Wata'' (2000) * ''Mabrouk Galak Ala'' (2005) * ''Rediyo Star'' (2005) * ''Almasrawiya 1'' (2007) * Mutuwar Zuciya (2008) * ''Asirin Jama'a'' (2012) * ''Bikin auren Magajin garin'' (2012) * Wani wuri a cikin fadar (2014) * ''[[Saraya Abdeen]]'' (2015) * ''Alkawari: Kalmomi Masu Hace-hance'' (2015) * ''Daidaitawa'' (2016) * ''Adli Alam Aljanu'' (2017) === Jerin Rediyo === * ''Layin tare da Kai'' (2007) * ''Alhamis ko Jumma'a'' (2008) * ''Sheireef Rebelna El khafif'' (2009) * ''Ga Masar'' (2010) * ''Reya wa Meskena'' (2017) === Shirye-shiryen talabijin === * ''Fararen fata da baƙar fata'' (1997) * ''Khalik Jaree'' (2001) * ''Sha shayi'' (2017) === Bidiyo na Kiɗa === * ''Habeboni Fek'' (1994) tare da Amer Mounib * ''Rajeen'' (1995) tare da Amr Diab * ''Tekhsary'' (1997) Hany Shaker * Oyoun Sood (1999) zuwa Laila Ghofran == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [[IMDb]].com/name/nm0011775/" id="mwASk" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Ghada Adel a kan IMDb [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1974]] twj1s2xr90scq22xr67ucsndhts4nvu 905914 905913 2026-08-22T05:05:29Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ghada Adel Ibrahim''' (Arabic, an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1974) [[Ɗan wasa|'yar wasan kwaikwayo]] ce ta Masar kuma Mai gabatar da talabijin. == Rayuwa ta farko == An kuma haife ta ne a [[Benghazi]], [[Libya]], a cikin iyalin Masar masu aiki.<ref>{{Citation|title=بالفيديو: "مذكرات" غادة عادل بالليبي|url=http://alwasat.ly/news/art-culture/152966}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=عيد ميلادها الـ48.. كواليس طفولة غادة عادل في ليبيا|url=https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/6379318|quote=الفنانة غادة عادل ولدت في لبيبا، رغم أنها من عائلة مصرية، حيث كان والدها يعمل هناك، وفي صغرها، حين كانت تعيش هناك، تذكرت موقفًا لن تنساه في حياتها، حين كانت تعيش في أحد العقارات...}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Ghada Adel,The Egyptian Start Stays Young At Heart|url=https://www.enigma-mag.com/ghada-adel/|access-date=12 February 2024}}</ref> Mahaifiyarta 'yar Masar ita ce kuma' yar'uwar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mai ritaya [[Shams al-Baroudi|Shams el-baroudi]] ta hanyar mahaifiyarsu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=شمس البارودي تكشف صلة القرابة التي تجمعها بريم البارودي وغادة عادل {{!}} وكالة الرأي الدولية|url=https://www.alrai-iq.com/2018/10/01/413570/|access-date=2020-06-30|website=www.alrai-iq.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=شمس البارودي.. فنانة مصرية من أصول سورية حملت لقب “أميرة سعودية” قبل أن تعتزل وترتدي الحجاب |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2022/10/4/%d8%b4%d9%85%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%af%d9%8a-%d9%81%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%a9-%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%a3%d9%84%d9%82%d8%aa |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=الجزيرة نت |language=ar}}</ref> Mahaifiyar ta mutu lokacin da take 'yar shekara biyu kawai, don haka ita da' yan uwanta sun zauna tare da mahaifinsu da matarsa ta biyu a Libya inda mahaifinta ke aiki, kodayake sun yi hutun shekara-shekara a gida a [[Kairo|Alkahira]]. Tana da ɗan'uwa mai girma da 'yan'uwa mata uku. Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Benghazi bayan ta yi karatun gudanar da kasuwanci da kasuwanci. fara yin samfurin a cikin tallace-tallace, ta bayyana tare da Hany Shaker a cikin ''Tekhsary'' na 1997, sannan ta dauki bakuncin shirin talabijin na ''Fawazir abyad wa aswad'' . [1] == Ayyuka == Matsayinta na farko ya kasance a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV na ''Zizinya'' a cikin 1997, kuma fim dinta na farko ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na ''Saʽidi a Jami'ar Amurka'' a cikin 1998 tare da Mohamed Henedi . Ta yi aiki a manyan matsayi a fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da Belyah da High Mind a cikin 2000, El ''Bawa telmeez'' a cikin 2004 tare da Karim Abd El-Aziz, Lover Boys a cikin 2005 tare da Hamada Helal, She Made Me Criminal a cikin 2006 tare da Ahmed Helmy da Hassan Hosny, da ''Ahwak'' a cikin 2015 tare da Tamer Hosny . Ta kuma yi aiki a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa, ciki har da ''Mabrouk Galak Ala'a'' a 2005 tare da [[Hany Ramzy (dan wasan kwaikwayo)|Hany Ramzy]], Dead Heart a 2008 tare da Sherif Mounir da ''Saraya Abden'' a 2015 tare da Qusai Khouli . <ref>[https://www.enigma-mag.com/ghada-adel/ Ghada Adel The Egyptian Start Stays Young at Heart] interview with Enigma magazine in 2012</ref> A cikin 2019, ta fara yaduwa a dandamali da yawa na kafofin sada zumunta saboda kallon da ta yi a bikin fina-finai na El Gouna .<ref>{{Citation|title=Ghada Adel Goes Viral for Her Daring Look at GFF|date=25 September 2019|url=https://see.news/ghada-adel-goes-viral-for-her-daring-look-at-gff/}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Kakanta ita ce 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mai ritaya [[Shams al-Baroudi|Shams El Baroudi]] . Ta yi aure na tsawon shekaru 20 ga darektan Masar da kuma furodusa [[Magdy El Hawari]], wanda kuma ya taimaka wajen gabatar da ita ga fina-finai da yawa. Suna da 'ya'ya biyar, maza huɗu da mace ɗaya. An sanar da saki daga gare shi bayan shekara guda na rabuwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.albawaba.com/entertainment/after-20-years-ghada-adel-announces-her-divorce-1176114|title=After 20 Years, Ghada Adel Announces Her Divorce|website=Al Bawaba}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Fina-finai === * ''Saʽidi a Jami'ar Amurka'' (1998) * ''Abboud a kan iyakoki'' (1999) * ''Belyah da Babban Zuciyarsa'' (2000) * ''55 Ambulance'' (2001) * ''Albasha Altemeth'' (2004) * ''Alexandria mai zaman kanta'' (2005) * Yara Masu Ƙauna (2005) * Hamada Playing (2005) * ''Ta sanya Ni Mai Laifi'' (2006) * A cikin Heliopolis Flat (2007) * ''Neama Bay'' (2007) * ''Klashinkov'' (2008) * ''Ɗan kwastam'' (2010) * Chord (2010) * ''A kan Jikin Matattu'' (2013) * ''Ahwak'' (2015) * ''Horob na har abada 1'' (2017) * Horob Eterary 2 (2018) * ''Kasablanka'' (2019) * ''Kungiyar Maza ta Asirin'' (2019) === Shirye-shiryen talabijin === * ''Zezenya'' (1997) * ''Fuskar Wata'' (2000) * ''Mabrouk Galak Ala'' (2005) * ''Rediyo Star'' (2005) * ''Almasrawiya 1'' (2007) * Mutuwar Zuciya (2008) * ''Asirin Jama'a'' (2012) * ''Bikin auren Magajin garin'' (2012) * Wani wuri a cikin fadar (2014) * ''[[Saraya Abdeen]]'' (2015) * ''Alkawari: Kalmomi Masu Hace-hance'' (2015) * ''Daidaitawa'' (2016) * ''Adli Alam Aljanu'' (2017) === Jerin Rediyo === * ''Layin tare da Kai'' (2007) * ''Alhamis ko Jumma'a'' (2008) * ''Sheireef Rebelna El khafif'' (2009) * ''Ga Masar'' (2010) * ''Reya wa Meskena'' (2017) === Shirye-shiryen talabijin === * ''Fararen fata da baƙar fata'' (1997) * ''Khalik Jaree'' (2001) * ''Sha shayi'' (2017) === Bidiyo na Kiɗa === * ''Habeboni Fek'' (1994) tare da Amer Mounib * ''Rajeen'' (1995) tare da Amr Diab * ''Tekhsary'' (1997) Hany Shaker * Oyoun Sood (1999) zuwa Laila Ghofran == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [[IMDb]].com/name/nm0011775/" id="mwASk" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Ghada Adel a kan IMDb [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1974]] j2fidc4waofdjryr0bqdllc0qeii1pl 905915 905914 2026-08-22T05:06:06Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ghada Adel Ibrahim''' (Arabic, an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1974) [[Ɗan wasa|'yar wasan kwaikwayo]] ce ta Masar kuma Mai gabatar da talabijin. == Rayuwa ta farko == An kuma haife ta ne a [[Benghazi]], [[Libya]], a cikin iyalin Masar masu aiki.<ref>{{Citation|title=بالفيديو: "مذكرات" غادة عادل بالليبي|url=http://alwasat.ly/news/art-culture/152966}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=عيد ميلادها الـ48.. كواليس طفولة غادة عادل في ليبيا|url=https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/6379318|quote=الفنانة غادة عادل ولدت في لبيبا، رغم أنها من عائلة مصرية، حيث كان والدها يعمل هناك، وفي صغرها، حين كانت تعيش هناك، تذكرت موقفًا لن تنساه في حياتها، حين كانت تعيش في أحد العقارات...}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Ghada Adel,The Egyptian Start Stays Young At Heart|url=https://www.enigma-mag.com/ghada-adel/|access-date=12 February 2024}}</ref> Mahaifiyarta ƴar Masar ita ce kuma' ƴar'uwar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mai ritaya [[Shams al-Baroudi|Shams el-baroudi]] ta hanyar mahaifiyarsu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=شمس البارودي تكشف صلة القرابة التي تجمعها بريم البارودي وغادة عادل {{!}} وكالة الرأي الدولية|url=https://www.alrai-iq.com/2018/10/01/413570/|access-date=2020-06-30|website=www.alrai-iq.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=شمس البارودي.. فنانة مصرية من أصول سورية حملت لقب “أميرة سعودية” قبل أن تعتزل وترتدي الحجاب |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2022/10/4/%d8%b4%d9%85%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%af%d9%8a-%d9%81%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%a9-%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%a3%d9%84%d9%82%d8%aa |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=الجزيرة نت |language=ar}}</ref> Mahaifiyar ta mutu lokacin da take 'yar shekara biyu kawai, don haka ita da' yan uwanta sun zauna tare da mahaifinsu da matarsa ta biyu a Libya inda mahaifinta ke aiki, kodayake sun yi hutun shekara-shekara a gida a [[Kairo|Alkahira]]. Tana da ɗan'uwa mai girma da 'yan'uwa mata uku. Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Benghazi bayan ta yi karatun gudanar da kasuwanci da kasuwanci. fara yin samfurin a cikin tallace-tallace, ta bayyana tare da Hany Shaker a cikin ''Tekhsary'' na 1997, sannan ta dauki bakuncin shirin talabijin na ''Fawazir abyad wa aswad'' . [1] == Ayyuka == Matsayinta na farko ya kasance a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV na ''Zizinya'' a cikin 1997, kuma fim dinta na farko ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na ''Saʽidi a Jami'ar Amurka'' a cikin 1998 tare da Mohamed Henedi . Ta yi aiki a manyan matsayi a fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da Belyah da High Mind a cikin 2000, El ''Bawa telmeez'' a cikin 2004 tare da Karim Abd El-Aziz, Lover Boys a cikin 2005 tare da Hamada Helal, She Made Me Criminal a cikin 2006 tare da Ahmed Helmy da Hassan Hosny, da ''Ahwak'' a cikin 2015 tare da Tamer Hosny . Ta kuma yi aiki a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa, ciki har da ''Mabrouk Galak Ala'a'' a 2005 tare da [[Hany Ramzy (dan wasan kwaikwayo)|Hany Ramzy]], Dead Heart a 2008 tare da Sherif Mounir da ''Saraya Abden'' a 2015 tare da Qusai Khouli . <ref>[https://www.enigma-mag.com/ghada-adel/ Ghada Adel The Egyptian Start Stays Young at Heart] interview with Enigma magazine in 2012</ref> A cikin 2019, ta fara yaduwa a dandamali da yawa na kafofin sada zumunta saboda kallon da ta yi a bikin fina-finai na El Gouna .<ref>{{Citation|title=Ghada Adel Goes Viral for Her Daring Look at GFF|date=25 September 2019|url=https://see.news/ghada-adel-goes-viral-for-her-daring-look-at-gff/}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Kakanta ita ce 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mai ritaya [[Shams al-Baroudi|Shams El Baroudi]] . Ta yi aure na tsawon shekaru 20 ga darektan Masar da kuma furodusa [[Magdy El Hawari]], wanda kuma ya taimaka wajen gabatar da ita ga fina-finai da yawa. Suna da 'ya'ya biyar, maza huɗu da mace ɗaya. An sanar da saki daga gare shi bayan shekara guda na rabuwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.albawaba.com/entertainment/after-20-years-ghada-adel-announces-her-divorce-1176114|title=After 20 Years, Ghada Adel Announces Her Divorce|website=Al Bawaba}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Fina-finai === * ''Saʽidi a Jami'ar Amurka'' (1998) * ''Abboud a kan iyakoki'' (1999) * ''Belyah da Babban Zuciyarsa'' (2000) * ''55 Ambulance'' (2001) * ''Albasha Altemeth'' (2004) * ''Alexandria mai zaman kanta'' (2005) * Yara Masu Ƙauna (2005) * Hamada Playing (2005) * ''Ta sanya Ni Mai Laifi'' (2006) * A cikin Heliopolis Flat (2007) * ''Neama Bay'' (2007) * ''Klashinkov'' (2008) * ''Ɗan kwastam'' (2010) * Chord (2010) * ''A kan Jikin Matattu'' (2013) * ''Ahwak'' (2015) * ''Horob na har abada 1'' (2017) * Horob Eterary 2 (2018) * ''Kasablanka'' (2019) * ''Kungiyar Maza ta Asirin'' (2019) === Shirye-shiryen talabijin === * ''Zezenya'' (1997) * ''Fuskar Wata'' (2000) * ''Mabrouk Galak Ala'' (2005) * ''Rediyo Star'' (2005) * ''Almasrawiya 1'' (2007) * Mutuwar Zuciya (2008) * ''Asirin Jama'a'' (2012) * ''Bikin auren Magajin garin'' (2012) * Wani wuri a cikin fadar (2014) * ''[[Saraya Abdeen]]'' (2015) * ''Alkawari: Kalmomi Masu Hace-hance'' (2015) * ''Daidaitawa'' (2016) * ''Adli Alam Aljanu'' (2017) === Jerin Rediyo === * ''Layin tare da Kai'' (2007) * ''Alhamis ko Jumma'a'' (2008) * ''Sheireef Rebelna El khafif'' (2009) * ''Ga Masar'' (2010) * ''Reya wa Meskena'' (2017) === Shirye-shiryen talabijin === * ''Fararen fata da baƙar fata'' (1997) * ''Khalik Jaree'' (2001) * ''Sha shayi'' (2017) === Bidiyo na Kiɗa === * ''Habeboni Fek'' (1994) tare da Amer Mounib * ''Rajeen'' (1995) tare da Amr Diab * ''Tekhsary'' (1997) Hany Shaker * Oyoun Sood (1999) zuwa Laila Ghofran == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [[IMDb]].com/name/nm0011775/" id="mwASk" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Ghada Adel a kan IMDb [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1974]] 5gbc37orczyre2lpz61c37awort3g0o 0 73263 906026 827796 2026-08-22T06:19:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Joseph Otsiman''' ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Ghana wanda ke zaune a New York, wanda aka sani da rawar da ya taka a matsayin Fasto John Moses a cikin The Cursed Ones da Kojo a cikin The Burial of Kojo . <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2016/May-19th/video-interview-with-amaa-2016-nominees-joseph-otsiman-and-ophelia-dzidzornu.php |title=Joseph Otsiman Profile |access-date=2024-03-02 |archive-date=2016-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624141835/http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2016/May-19th/video-interview-with-amaa-2016-nominees-joseph-otsiman-and-ophelia-dzidzornu.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kasance dan takarar lambar yabo ta Afirka Movie Academy sau biyu. == Ayyuka == Otsiman buga wasan kwaikwayo, Kojo Bonsu a cikin The Burial of Kojo, wanda Blitz the Ambassador ya jagoranta.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.okayplayer.com/culture/blitz-ambassador-behind-the-scenes-the-burial-of-kojo.html |title=Joseph Otsiman The Burial of Kojo |access-date=2024-03-02 |archive-date=2018-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809184135/http://www.okayplayer.com/culture/blitz-ambassador-behind-the-scenes-the-burial-of-kojo.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> An zabi shi a matsayin Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Tallafawa a 2016 AMA Awards <ref>{{cite web |url=http://pulse.com.gh/celebrities/joseph-otsiman-getting-no-nomination-at-ghana-movie-awards-was-a-motivation-actor-id5046907.html |title=Joseph Otsiman Cursed Ones Nomination |access-date=2024-03-02 |archive-date=2016-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003124844/http://pulse.com.gh/celebrities/joseph-otsiman-getting-no-nomination-at-ghana-movie-awards-was-a-motivation-actor-id5046907.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> da kuma Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayin Jagora a 2019 Africa Movie Academy Awards . <ref>[https://www.glitzafrica.com/africa-movie-academy-awards-2019-list-of-nominees/]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] gs3vtm87u0ter7r6hmc3gs1w5u65jmw 0 74514 905911 856108 2026-08-22T05:04:16Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Jannat Zubair Rahmani in pink dress.jpg|thumb|mawakiya ce]] [[Fayil:Jannat Zubair Rahmani at an event in 2019.png|thumb|Janat mawakiya ce kuma yar wasan kwaikwayo ]] [[Fayil:Jannat-Mahid-FacuofScience2.jpg|thumb|Jannat]] '''Jannat Mahid''' ( {{Lang-ar|جنات مهيد}} ; An haifeta 6 ga watan Janairu , a shekarar 1986), wadda aka fi sani da suna '''Jannat''' ( {{Lang-ar|جنات}} ); mawaƙiya ce kuma ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ta ƙasar Moroko ,<ref>elwatannews.com/news/details/5010141</ref>. An haife ta a kasar Maroko kuma a halin yanzu tana rayuwa kuma tana wasa a kasar Masar. Jannat tana waƙa da Larabcin kasar Masar. Tana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matasa mata mawaƙa a ƙasashen Larabawa. Jannat ta shiga gasar rera waka a kasar Morocco mai taken "Stars of Gobe" a karon farko a lokacin da ta kai shekara takwas. Ta tsaya a kan dandamali tare da ƙungiyar kiɗa kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta farko. Bayan haka, ta yi wasa a gasar rera waƙa ta gida. Bayan ta kai shekaru goma sha biyar, ta halarci bikin dare na ƙasar Dubai kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta mafi kyawun murya a ƙasashen Larabawa a shekarar 2000. Bayan haka, ta kuma sami gayyata daga Mrs. Ratiba El-Hefny, darektan gidan opera na Alkahira, don shiga cikin wani wasan kwaikwayo, a babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma wannan shine karo na farko da ta tsaya a gaban jama'ar Masar. ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== * 2006: ''[[Elli Beny W Benak]]'' – ''اللي بيني وبينك'' * 2009: ''[[Hob Emtelak]]'' – ''حب إمتلاك'' * 2013: ''[[Hob Gamed]]'' – ''حب جامد'' * 2016: ''[[Be Nafs El Kalam]]'' – ''بنفس الكلام'' * 2017: ''[[Adaiya Diniya]]'' – ''أدعية دينية'' * 2020: ''[[Ana Fe Entezarak]]'' – ''أنا في انتظارك'' ===Other albums=== *2008: ''Good News 4 Music Vol.1'' (with the song "Habibi 'ala Neyato") ===Singles=== [[File:Jannat_-_Elly_Beny_W_Benak_2005_sample.ogg|thumb|right|''Elly Beny W Benak'' 2005 version which is not documented and has no online trace. This version is in a higher key and slightly faster than the later album version of 2006.]] [[File:Jannat_-_Elly_Beny_W_Benak_2006_sample.ogg|thumb|right|''Elly Beny W Benak'' 2006 album version.]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Single !! Lyrics !! Composer !! Production !! Year !! Album |- |''Efhamny habebe'' || Hany Abd El-Kerim || Walid Sa'ad || Jannat || 2004 || |- | ''Elli Beny W Benak'' || Khaled Muneer; Nadir Abdullah || Mohamed Raheem || Good News 4 Music || 2005 || (single; a different mix than the album version of 2006) |- |''Aktar Min Sana'' || Nader Abdallah || Mohamed Yehia || Good News 4 Music || 2006 || Elli Beny W Benak |- |''Bahebak'' || Khaled Amiin || Mohamed Rahiim || Good News 4 Music || 2007 || Elli Beny W Benak |- |''Habiby 3ala Neyatoh'' || Bahaa El-Dein Mohamed || Mohamed El-Sawy || Good News 4 Music|| 2008 |- |''Ana Donyetoh'' || Nader AbdAllah || Walid Sa'ad || Good News 4 Music || 2009 || Hob Emtelak |- |''Hob Gamed'' || Aziz El Shaf3i || Aziz El Shaf3i || Rotana || 2013 || Hob Gamed |- |''El Bady Azlam'' || [[Tamer Hussein|Tamer Hossein]]|| Asshraf Salem || Rotana|| 2013 || Hob Gamed |- |''Waheshny'' || Aziz El Shaf3i || Aziz El Shaf3i || Rotana|| 2014 || Hob Gamed |- |''Agbany Shakhsito'' || Salama Ali || Mohamed Yahia || Rotana|| 2015 |} ===Karin wasu waƙoƙi=== *2011: ''Gawaz Safary'', (Lyrics: Wael Gheriany, composer: Ashraf Salem) *2011: ''Ramadan'', (Lyrics: Wael Gheriany, composer: Ashraf Salem) *2013: ''Qess El Nes2 Fel Quran'', (Lyrics: Mohamed Bahget, composer: Mahmoud Tal'at) *2014: ''Estahmlny'', (Lyrics: Ahmed Baree2, composer: Mohamed El-Sawy) *2015: ''Ehtmamy fek'' *2016: ''Lel farah Melad'' *2016: ''Ehna El Hayah'', (Lyrics : Mohammed El Bogha, composer: Mohammed Yahya) ==Videography== *2004: '''''Efhamny Habiby''''', bada Umarni daga : Yasser Sami *2006: '''''Aktar Min Sana''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2007: '''''Bahebak''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2009: '''''Ana Donyetoh''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2011: '''''Gawaz Safary''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2013: '''''El Bady Azlam''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2014: '''''Hob Gamed''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2014: '''''Waheshny''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2016: '''''Ehna El Hayah''''', bada Umarni daga : Said El Farouk *2016: '''''Aiza Arrab''''' ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Hadi na waje== {{Commons category|Jannat}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jannat}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1986]] sig6lr7q9df8xu6fub77qdqon6218kb 905912 905911 2026-08-22T05:04:40Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Jannat Zubair Rahmani in pink dress.jpg|thumb|mawakiya ce]] [[Fayil:Jannat Zubair Rahmani at an event in 2019.png|thumb|Janat mawakiya ce kuma yar wasan kwaikwayo ]] [[Fayil:Jannat-Mahid-FacuofScience2.jpg|thumb|Jannat]] '''Jannat Mahid''' ( {{Lang-ar|جنات مهيد}} ; An haifeta 6 ga watan Janairu , a shekarar 1986), wadda aka fi sani da suna '''Jannat''' ( {{Lang-ar|جنات}} ); mawaƙiya ce kuma ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ta ƙasar Moroko ,<ref>elwatannews.com/news/details/5010141</ref>. An haife ta a kasar Maroko kuma a halin yanzu tana rayuwa kuma tana wasa a kasar Masar. Jannat tana waƙa da Larabcin kasar Masar. Tana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matasa mata mawaƙa a ƙasashen Larabawa. Jannat ta shiga gasar rera waka a kasar Morocco mai taken "Stars of Gobe" a karon farko a lokacin da ta kai shekara takwas. Ta tsaya a kan dandamali tare da ƙungiyar kiɗa kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta farko. Bayan haka, ta yi wasa a gasar rera waƙa ta gida. Bayan ta kai shekaru goma sha biyar, ta halarci bikin dare na ƙasar Dubai kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta mafi kyawun murya a ƙasashen Larabawa a shekarar 2000. Bayan haka, ta kuma sami gayyata daga Mrs. Ratiba El-Hefny, darektan gidan opera na Alkahira, don shiga cikin wani wasan kwaikwayo, a babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma wannan kuma shine karo na farko da ta tsaya a gaban jama'ar Masar. ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== * 2006: ''[[Elli Beny W Benak]]'' – ''اللي بيني وبينك'' * 2009: ''[[Hob Emtelak]]'' – ''حب إمتلاك'' * 2013: ''[[Hob Gamed]]'' – ''حب جامد'' * 2016: ''[[Be Nafs El Kalam]]'' – ''بنفس الكلام'' * 2017: ''[[Adaiya Diniya]]'' – ''أدعية دينية'' * 2020: ''[[Ana Fe Entezarak]]'' – ''أنا في انتظارك'' ===Other albums=== *2008: ''Good News 4 Music Vol.1'' (with the song "Habibi 'ala Neyato") ===Singles=== [[File:Jannat_-_Elly_Beny_W_Benak_2005_sample.ogg|thumb|right|''Elly Beny W Benak'' 2005 version which is not documented and has no online trace. This version is in a higher key and slightly faster than the later album version of 2006.]] [[File:Jannat_-_Elly_Beny_W_Benak_2006_sample.ogg|thumb|right|''Elly Beny W Benak'' 2006 album version.]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Single !! Lyrics !! Composer !! Production !! Year !! Album |- |''Efhamny habebe'' || Hany Abd El-Kerim || Walid Sa'ad || Jannat || 2004 || |- | ''Elli Beny W Benak'' || Khaled Muneer; Nadir Abdullah || Mohamed Raheem || Good News 4 Music || 2005 || (single; a different mix than the album version of 2006) |- |''Aktar Min Sana'' || Nader Abdallah || Mohamed Yehia || Good News 4 Music || 2006 || Elli Beny W Benak |- |''Bahebak'' || Khaled Amiin || Mohamed Rahiim || Good News 4 Music || 2007 || Elli Beny W Benak |- |''Habiby 3ala Neyatoh'' || Bahaa El-Dein Mohamed || Mohamed El-Sawy || Good News 4 Music|| 2008 |- |''Ana Donyetoh'' || Nader AbdAllah || Walid Sa'ad || Good News 4 Music || 2009 || Hob Emtelak |- |''Hob Gamed'' || Aziz El Shaf3i || Aziz El Shaf3i || Rotana || 2013 || Hob Gamed |- |''El Bady Azlam'' || [[Tamer Hussein|Tamer Hossein]]|| Asshraf Salem || Rotana|| 2013 || Hob Gamed |- |''Waheshny'' || Aziz El Shaf3i || Aziz El Shaf3i || Rotana|| 2014 || Hob Gamed |- |''Agbany Shakhsito'' || Salama Ali || Mohamed Yahia || Rotana|| 2015 |} ===Karin wasu waƙoƙi=== *2011: ''Gawaz Safary'', (Lyrics: Wael Gheriany, composer: Ashraf Salem) *2011: ''Ramadan'', (Lyrics: Wael Gheriany, composer: Ashraf Salem) *2013: ''Qess El Nes2 Fel Quran'', (Lyrics: Mohamed Bahget, composer: Mahmoud Tal'at) *2014: ''Estahmlny'', (Lyrics: Ahmed Baree2, composer: Mohamed El-Sawy) *2015: ''Ehtmamy fek'' *2016: ''Lel farah Melad'' *2016: ''Ehna El Hayah'', (Lyrics : Mohammed El Bogha, composer: Mohammed Yahya) ==Videography== *2004: '''''Efhamny Habiby''''', bada Umarni daga : Yasser Sami *2006: '''''Aktar Min Sana''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2007: '''''Bahebak''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2009: '''''Ana Donyetoh''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2011: '''''Gawaz Safary''''', bada Umarni daga : Mohamed Gom'a *2013: '''''El Bady Azlam''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2014: '''''Hob Gamed''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2014: '''''Waheshny''''', bada Umarni daga : Waleed Nassif *2016: '''''Ehna El Hayah''''', bada Umarni daga : Said El Farouk *2016: '''''Aiza Arrab''''' ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Hadi na waje== {{Commons category|Jannat}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jannat}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1986]] e1s83xs58eljqdbczbdbn779ylhxxtz 0 76916 905894 409393 2026-08-22T00:44:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905894 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan sune '''jerin sunayen 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na duniya ne na mata na ƙasar Maroko''' - ƙungiyoyin [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] waɗanda suka fito aƙalla sau ɗaya don babbar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Morocco|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Morocco]] . == 'Yan wasa == {{Reflist}} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="20%" |Name !Caps !Goals !National team years !Club(s) !Ref. |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Nour Imane|Addi}}''' | |2+ | |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[South Alabama Jaguars]] |<ref name="GSA">{{Cite web |title=Morocco - Soccer - Team Profile - Results, fixtures, squad, statistics |url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/morocco/40522/ |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=Global Sports Archive}}</ref> |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Nezha|Aït Baba}}''' | |1+ | |Municipal Laâyoune{{Refn|Based in the [[Political status of Western Sahara|disputed]] Western Sahara. Competes in Moroccan league.}} | |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Hanane|Aït El Haj}}''' | |1+ | |{{Flagicon|MAR}} [[AS FAR (mata)|ASFAR]] | |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Kenza|Allaoui}}''' | | | |{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[VGA Saint-Maur]] | |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Éva|Allice}}''' | | | |{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[FC Nantes|Nantes]] |<ref> name="RMFF">{{Cite web |date=10 June 2021 |title=MATCH AMICAL – MAROC VS MALI |url=https://frmf.ma/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/MAROC-MALI.pdf |access-date=16 June 2021 |website=Royal Moroccan Football Federation |language=fr}}</ref> |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Salma|Amani}}''' | |1+ | |{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[US Saint-Malo|Saint-Malo]] | |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Inès|Arouaissa}}''' | | | |{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Olympique de Marseille (mata)|Marseille]] | |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Rosella|Ayane}}''' | |1+ | |{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Matan Tottenham Hotspur|Tottenham Hotspur]] | |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Najat|Badri}}''' | | | |{{Flagicon|MAR}} [[AS FAR (mata)|ASFAR]] | |- |{{Sortname|Aïcha|Barbou}} | | | | | |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Nouhaila|Benzina}}''' | | | |{{Flagicon|MAR}} [[AS FAR (mata)|ASFAR]] | |- |{{Sortname|Ibtissam|Bouharat}} | | | | | |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Siham|Boukhami}}''' | | | |{{Flagicon|MAR}} [[AS FAR (mata)|ASFAR]] | |- |{{Sortname|Lamia|Boumehdi}} | | | | | |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Zaina|Bouzerrade}}''' | | | |{{Flagicon|NED}} [[AFC Ajax (mata)|Ajax]] | |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Lina|Chabane}}'''{{Refn|Now represents [[Algeria women's national football team|Algeria]].}} | | | |''Unattached'' | |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Ghizlane|Chebbak}}''' | | | |{{Flagicon|MAR}} [[AS FAR (mata)|ASFAR]] | |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Zahra|Cheeseman}}''' | | | |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jami'ar Colorado Tigers|Colorado College Tigers]] | |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Ghizlane|Chhiri}}''' | | | |{{Flagicon|MAR}} [[AS FAR (mata)|ASFAR]] | |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Imène|El Ghazouani}}''' | | | |{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[FF Yzeure Allier Auvergne|Yzeure]] |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2021 |title=Cameroon-Morocco – Aisha Buhari Cup |url=https://video-lax3-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t42.1790-2/10000000_1725044994355502_7226902190999592859_n.mp4?vs=c835ae28401020d5&_nc_vs=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%3D%3D&_nc_ohc=MgL8eFIQyGEAX8NjKXR&_nc_ht=video-lax3-1.xx&edm=AGo2L-IEAAAA&oh=2fc2e9a8e35f1a280f20452690b7b186&oe=6146A300 |access-date=19 September 2021}}</ref> |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Khadija|Er-Rmichi}}''' | | | |{{Flagicon|MAR}} [[AS FAR (mata)|ASFAR]] | |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Inés|Faddi}}''' | | | |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Granada CF (mata)|Granada]] | |- |{{Sortname|Naïma|Fadil}} | | | | |<ref> name="CAF">{{Cite web |title=Competitions - 11th Edition Women AFCON- GHANA 2018 - Match Details |url=http://admin.cafonline.com/en-us/competitions/11theditionwomenafcon-ghana2018/MatchDetails?MatchId=7sIf63FaUmZtJtjsjFcLRPmDweJm7DxwFKR2%2fpCcxCdNdvjoaTgH2xD8Wn8T8uH1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412111950/http://www.cafonline.com/en-us/competitions/11theditionwomenafcon-ghana2018/MatchDetails?MatchId=7sIf63FaUmZtJtjsjFcLRPmDweJm7DxwFKR2/pCcxCdNdvjoaTgH2xD8Wn8T8uH1 |archive-date=12 April 2018 |access-date=20 August 2020 |website=CAF}}</ref> |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Soumia|Hady}}''' | | | |{{Flagicon|MAR}} CSMMF | |- |{{Sortname|Meryem|Hajri}} | | | | |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Marwa|Hassani}}''' | | | |{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[VGA Saint-Maur]] | |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Samya|Hassani}}''' | | | |{{Flagicon|NED}} [[VV Alkmaar|Alkmaar]] | |- |{{Sortname|Hind|Jazouli}} | | | | |<ref> name="CAF-MARALG">{{Cite web |title=Competitions - AWC 2014 Qualifiers (2014) - Match Details |url=http://admin.cafonline.com/en-us/competitions/awc2014qualifiers(2014)/MatchDetails?MatchId=TqiSf1Yz51W936yJCs/IUxbCrnyU6vySgREDbBovmOSZJRggwboMg3zEA7Xqghz6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728050819/http://admin.cafonline.com/en-us/competitions/awc2014qualifiers(2014)/MatchDetails?MatchId=TqiSf1Yz51W936yJCs/IUxbCrnyU6vySgREDbBovmOSZJRggwboMg3zEA7Xqghz6 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |access-date=20 August 2020 |website=CAF}}</ref> |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Ibtissam|Jraidi}}''' | |2+ | |{{Flagicon|MAR}} [[AS FAR (mata)|ASFAR]] | |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Hoda|Khalaf}}''' | | | |{{Flagicon|SWE}} [[Farashin SK|Sätra]] | |- |{{Sortname|Chirine|Knaidil}} | |1+ | | | |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Yasmina|Laaroussi}}''' | | | |{{Flagicon|SUI}} [[Servette FC Chênois Féminin|Servette]] | |- |{{Sortname|Fatiha|Lassiri}} | | | | | |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Rkia|Mazrouai}}''' | | | |{{Flagicon|BEL}} [[KAA Gent (mata)|Gent]] | |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Sanaâ|Mssoudy|Mssoudy Sanaa}}''' | | | |{{Flagicon|MAR}} [[AS FAR (mata)|ASFAR]] |<ref>{{Cite web |title=المنتخب المغربي يتخطى نظيره التونسي بهدف دون رد بدورة اتحاد شمال افريقيا للكبريات |url=http://www.unafonline.org/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%89-%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A-%D8%A8/ |access-date=17 November 2020 |website=UNAF |language=ar |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408054822/http://www.unafonline.org/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%89-%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A-%D8%A8 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{Sortname|Ouafae|Nachâ}} | | | | | |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Élodie|Nakkach}}''' | | | |{{Flagicon|SUI}} [[Servette FC Chênois Féminin|Servette]] | |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Nawëal|Ouinekh}}''' | | | |{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[AS Saint-Étienne (mata)|Saint-Étienne]] | |- |{{Sortname|Khadija|Oussat}} | | | | | |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Aziza|Rebah}}''' | | | |{{Flagicon|MAR}} [[AS FAR (mata)|ASFAR]] | |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Zineb|Redouani}}''' | | | |{{Flagicon|MAR}} [[AS FAR (mata)|ASFAR]] | |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Rania|Salmi}}''' | |1+ | |{{Flagicon|MAR}} Sporting Casablanca |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Imane|Saoud}}''' | |1+ | |{{Flagicon|SUI}} [[FC Basel Frauen|Basel]] | |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Sabah|Seghir}}''' | | | |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[UC Sampdoria (mata)|Sampdoria]] | |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Ranya|Senhaji}}''' | | | |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[South Carolina Gamecocks ƙwallon ƙafa na mata|South Carolina Gamecocks]] | |- |{{Sortname|Faouz|Skattou}} | | | | | |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Fatima|Tagnaout}}''' | |2+ | |{{Flagicon|MAR}} [[AS FAR (mata)|ASFAR]] | |- |{{Sortname|Latifa|Zarhoun}} | | | | | |- | align="left" scope="row" style="background-color:#FFFF99" |'''{{Sortname|Assia|Zouhair}}''' | | | |{{Flagicon|MAR}} [[Chabab Atlas Khénifra|CAK]] | |} == Duba kuma == * [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Morocco|Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Morocco]] == Manazarta == Ambato isix8p6odgmfy7uxz33sg6a31l16jsp 0 77133 905694 474364 2026-08-21T16:18:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:L-16-05-05-A-0028 (26807772612).jpg|thumb|Inez Dickens]] '''Inez E. Dickens''' (an haife shi a watan Yuli 15, 1949) ɗan majalisa ne na gundumar 70th na Majalisar Jihar New York . Ita 'yar Democrat ce . Gundumar ta ƙunshi sassan El Barrio, Hamilton Heights, Harlem, da Morningside Heights a cikin Manhattan . <ref>{{Cite web |title=NYC District Maps &#124; NYC Board of Elections |url=https://vote.nyc/page/nyc-district-maps#p3 |access-date=Feb 19, 2021 |website=vote.nyc}}</ref> Ta taba yin aiki a Majalisar Birnin New York daga 2006 zuwa 2016, tana wakiltar gundumar 9th . == Rayuwa da aiki == Dickens mazaunin birnin New York ne na tsawon rayuwarsa. Mahaifinta, Lloyd E. Dickens, shi ne Shugaban Gundumar Demokraɗiyya kuma memba na Majalisar New York, kuma kawunta [[Thomas K. Dickens]] ɗan majalisa ne kuma mai adalci a Kotun Koli ta New York . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyd |first=Herb |date=2017-02-09 |title=Inez Dickens sworn in as Assembly member |url=http://amsterdamnews.com/news/2017/feb/09/inez-dickens-sworn-assembly-member/ |access-date=2020-10-28 |website=Amsterdam News}}</ref> Ta halarci PS 133 da Julia Richman High School, kuma daga baya ta yi karatun digiri na farko a cikin gidaje da tattalin arzikin ƙasa a Jami'ar New York kuma daga baya a Jami'ar Howard kuma daga baya ta ci gaba da karatun digiri a Chicago. An fara zaben Dickens a ofis a shekarar 1974 a matsayin macen Kwamitin Jam’iyyar Jiha, kuma ya yi aiki a wannan mukamin na tsawon shekaru 32. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Bio - Inez Dickens |url=http://council.nyc.gov/d9/html/members/home.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318202513/http://council.nyc.gov/d9/html/members/home.shtml |archive-date=2016-03-18 |access-date=2016-03-18}}</ref> A zaben shugaban kasa na 2004, ta yi aiki a matsayin daya daga cikin masu zaben shugaban kasa 33 na New York, inda ta kada kuri'arta ga John Kerry . Bayan Bill Perkins ya zabi tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dattijai ta Jihar New York a shekarar 2005, Dickens ya shiga zaben fidda gwani na majalisar birnin don maye gurbinsa, kuma ya yi nasara. Ta sake lashe zabe da hannu a 2009 da kuma a 2013. Inez ya zama ɗan majalisa na 9th New York City Council District a 2006, yana hidima ga al'ummomin Central Harlem, Morningside Heights, Gabas Harlem da sassan Upper West Side. A matsayin sabon zababben dan majalisa, Inez an nada shi bulala mai rinjaye kuma shugabar kwamitin kan ka'idoji da da'a. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russ |first=Buettner |date=11 August 2010 |title=Faltering Harlem Housing Deal Won City Cash |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/12/nyregion/12harlem.html |access-date=11 October 2022 |website=NY Times}}</ref> Ta zama Ba’amurke Ba’amurke ta farko a tarihin majalisar birnin New York da aka nada a mukaman mataimakiyar shugabar masu rinjaye da kuma shugabar kwamitin da ke kan tsare-tsare, rangwame da rangwame. [[Fayil:L-16-05-05-A-0026 (26901070325).jpg|thumb|Inez Dickens]] A cikin watan Agusta 2013, ''New York Post'' ta rubuta jerin labarai da ke bayyana tarihin Inez Dicken a matsayin mai gida. Tun daga watan Yuli 2013, tana da $265,000 a cikin laifukan da ba a biya ba tun daga 2004, ta sami matsayi a cikin "Jerin Kallon Mai Gida Mafi Muni." Ta taba kada kuri'a don inganta "slumlord accountability." == Majalisar New York == A cikin 2016, dan majalisa Keith LT Wright, wanda ya yi aiki a Majalisar fiye da shekaru 25, ya sanar da cewa zai yi nasara don maye gurbin dan majalisa mai tsawo Charlie Rangel . Duk da haka, yakin neman zaben nasa bai yi nasara ba, inda ya sha kashi a hannun Sanata Adriano Espaillat na jihar a tseren kusa. <ref> {{Cite web |title=Keith Wright Weighs Options Amid Uptown Power Shifts |url=http://www.gothamgazette.com/state/6534-keith-wright-weighs-options-amid-uptown-power-shifts |access-date=2017-01-04}} </ref> Yayin da Wright ya samu damar sake tsayawa takarar kujerar Majalisar, ya yi alkawarin ba zai yi ba, maimakon haka ya yi ritaya zuwa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. <ref> {{Cite web |date=17 July 2016 |title=Keith Wright supports Inez Dickens to get her city council seat |url=https://nypost.com/2016/07/17/keith-wright-supports-inez-dickens-for-her-city-council-seat/ |access-date=2017-01-04}} </ref> A sakamakon haka, Dickens, wanda aka iyakance a ƙarshen 2017 a Majalisar, an zaɓi ya tsaya takarar kujerar. Ba ta samu hamayya ba a zaben fidda gwani, kuma ta lashe babban zaben da aka yi tsakaninta da 'yar Republican Heather Tarrant da kashi 93% zuwa 7%. <ref> {{Cite web |title=Councilwoman Inez Dickens Wins Assembly Seat to Represent Harlem in Albany - Central Harlem - DNAinfo New York |url=https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20161109/central-harlem/inez-dickens-state-assembly-heather-tarrant |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105084627/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20161109/central-harlem/inez-dickens-state-assembly-heather-tarrant |archive-date=2017-01-05 |access-date=2017-01-04}} </ref> An rantsar da Dickens a wa'adinta na farko a Majalisar a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2017. Sanata Bill Perkins na jihar, wanda ya rike kujerar majalisar Dickens har zuwa 2005, an zabe shi don maye gurbin ta a shekarar 2017. [[Fayil:Family Day's and BBQ (3808606348).jpg|thumb|Inez Dickens]] Ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta " ƙasa " mai zaman kanta, "New York 4 Harlem", ta nemi gudummawar $500 zuwa $5,000 kuma an ba da rahoton a cikin 2018 cewa ta kasance gaba ga Dickens da wasu jami'ai uku na Harlem. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Campanile |first=Carl |date=February 19, 2018 |title='Grassroots' nonprofit group has ties to powerful politicians |url=https://nypost.com/2018/02/19/grassroots-nonprofit-group-has-ties-to-powerful-politicians/}}</ref> <ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |last=Magazine |first=Harlem World |date=February 19, 2018 |title=Harlem 'Grassroots' Nonprofit Has Ties To Powerful Politicians Reports NY Post |url=https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/harlem-grassroots-nonprofit-ties-powerful-politicians-reports-ny-post/ |access-date=April 12, 2024 |archive-date=February 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227091230/https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/harlem-grassroots-nonprofit-ties-powerful-politicians-reports-ny-post/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bugu da kari, wani foda mai shirya balaguron bas kyauta zuwa Albany don taron da NY State Assn ta shirya. 'Yan Majalisun Baƙar fata da Puerto Rican masu sunan New York 4 Harlem a ciki sun nuna hoton Dickens da sauran jami'ai uku. Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (kungiyoyin 501c3) ban da ƙungiyoyin 501c4 ba a yarda su shiga cikin ayyukan yaƙin neman zaɓe ba. <ref name="auto3" /> Wanda ya tuntubi taron ma’aikaci ne da ke aiki a ofishin daya daga cikin sauran ‘yan majalisar uku. <ref name="auto2" /> Dickens shi ne memba mafi arziki a Majalisar a cikin 2014, tare da kiyasin darajar dala miliyan 2.1. An nada Dickens a matsayin jagorancin Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York zuwa Mataimakin Mafi rinjaye a 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Assembly Leadership &#124; New York State Assembly |url=https://nyassembly.gov/mem/leadership/}}</ref> A cikin tsawon jagorancinta da shekarun da suka gabata na ilimi da kwarewa, Dickens ya taimaka wajen samar da sabuwar hanyar amfani da 400,000-square-foot. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Governor Cuomo Announces Groundbreaking for $242 Million National Urban League Headquarters in Harlem |url=https://hcr.ny.gov/governor-cuomo-announces-groundbreaking-242-million-national-urban-league-headquarters-harlem |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Homes and Community Renewal |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nul.org/news/national-urban-league-empowerment-center |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=nul.org}}</ref> St. [[Fayil:Inez Dickens.jpg|thumb|Inez Dickens]] Mataimakin Mafi rinjayen Whip Dickens an shirya yin ritaya daga Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York a ƙarshen wa'adin ta a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2024 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-22 |title=Longtime Harlem lawmaker Inez Dickens to retire as candidates angle to replace her |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/2024/01/22/longtime-harlem-lawmaker-inez-dickens-to-retire-as-candidates-angle-to-replace-her/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=New York Daily News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kara karantawa == * Paterson, David ''" Baƙar fata, Makafi, &amp;amp; Mai Gudanarwa: Labari na Jagorancin hangen nesa da Cin nasara ."'' New York, New York, 2020 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170105085956/http://assembly.state.ny.us/mem/Inez-Dickens Wakilin Majalisar Inez Dickens] ''official website'' {{S-start}} {{S-off}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl|title=[[New York City Council]], [[New York City's 9th City Council district|9th district]]}} {{S-aft}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl|title=[[New York Assembly|New York Assembly, 70th District]]}} {{S-inc}} {{S-end}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 81r4ym8lde7znhle5myknkzn9y57f5e 0 77264 905919 618009 2026-08-22T05:07:50Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} == Tarihi da ci gaba == An kafa shi a shekara ta 1977, Eros International plc ya fara kasuwancinsa tare da sayen fina-finai kuma a cikin 'yan shekaru ya ci gaba da zama masu rarraba VHS na farko na Indiya. A cikin shekara ta 2012, lokacin da Eros ta ƙaddamar da Eros Now, dandalin nishaɗin dijital da ake buƙata, kamfanin ya canza zuwa cikakken ɗakin karatu. Eros Now tana da niyya ga yawan jama'a biliyan 1.5 na Nishaɗi na Indiya a duk duniya. A farkon ƙaddamarwa, Eros Now ya fara da fina-finai da bidiyon kiɗa a matsayin ainihin abubuwan da ke ciki. Daga 2012 zuwa 2018, ya kara abun ciki kamar gajeren fina-finai, jerin yanar gizo da kuma abubuwan da aka tsara musamman a ƙarƙashin asalin bouquet. Eros Now ya kuma ɗaure- tare da manyan 'yan wasan sadarwa da abubuwan da ke ciki don kasancewa a gaba da layin. == Laburaren abun ciki == Eros Now yana da sunayen sarauta na dijital sama da 12,000 waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Film|fina-finai]], shirye-shiryen talabijin, bidiyon kiɗa da waƙoƙin kiɗa na 2.5 lakhs. Dandalin yana da fina-finai masu ban sha'awa kamar Cheeni Kum, Happy Bhag Jayegi, Manmarziyaan, Bajirao Mastani, Tanu Weds Manu Returns, Goliyon ki raasleela Ram-Leela, Rockstar, Shubh Mangal Savdhan, Vicky Donor, Mukkabaaz, Munna Michael, Ki &amp;amp; Ka, Turanci Vinglish, Sellhan, Zindagi Virat Hain, Maine Pyaar Kiya da Padosan daga cikin wasu lakabi da yawa a fadin harsunan yankin Indiya 10. Dandalin da ake buƙata na dijital yana da tarin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa waɗanda ake watsawa akan Hum TV da ARY TV.A [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]: Bidiyo yanzu yana nuna EROS Yanzu abun ciki akan Bidiyo Tun Yuli 2023 === Shirye-shiryen asali === A watan Janairun 2018, Eros Now ta fara gabatar da gajeren fim din su na farko 'Toffee' tare da Syna Anand da Sammaera Jaiswal. A watan Fabrairun 2018, Eros Now ya yi sanarwa game da fitar da abubuwan da ke ciki na asali a rabi na biyu na shekara, wanda zai hada da fina-finai, jerin, fasalulluka da gajeren fina-fakka. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2018, Eros Now ta fitar da fim din Indiya na farko kai tsaye zuwa dijital Meri Nimmo . <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2018 |title=Meri Nimmo review: An uncomplicated, charming story about childhood, first love and heartbreak |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/meri-nimmo-review-an-uncomplicated-charming-story-about-childhood-first-love-and-heartbreak-4448967.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625021736/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/meri-nimmo-review-an-uncomplicated-charming-story-about-childhood-first-love-and-heartbreak-4448967.html |archive-date=25 June 2018 |access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref> Kuma a watan Satumbar 2018, Eros Now ta kaddamar da wasan kwaikwayo na farko na asali 'Side Hero' wanda Rohan Sippy ya jagoranta kuma ya hada da Kunaal Roy Kapoor, Gauahar Khan, Gopal Dutt da Arjun Kanungo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eros Now launches its first original show 'Side Hero' |url=http://bestmediainfo.com/2018/09/eros-now-launches-its-first-original-show-side-hero/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012014515/http://bestmediainfo.com/2018/09/eros-now-launches-its-first-original-show-side-hero/ |archive-date=12 October 2018 |access-date=11 October 2018 |website=www.bestmediaifo.com}}</ref> Ya biyo bayan ƙaddamar da gidan yanar gizon jirgin ruwa na asali 'Smoke' a watan Oktoba 2018 tare da Tom Alter, Jim Sarbh, Mandira Bedi da Kalki Koechlin. Smoke shine kawai jerin yanar gizo na [[Indiya]] da za a nuna a taron shekara-shekara na MIPCOM 2018 a Cannes a Faransa a karkashin Made in India Originals category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smoke, Eros Now webseries starring Kalki Koechlin, Jim Sarbh, to premiere at MIPCOM 2018 in Cannes |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/smoke-eros-now-webseries-starring-kalki-koechlin-jim-sarbh-to-premiere-at-mipcom-2018-in-cannes-5308241.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011191450/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/smoke-eros-now-webseries-starring-kalki-koechlin-jim-sarbh-to-premiere-at-mipcom-2018-in-cannes-5308241.html |archive-date=11 October 2018 |access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref> Eros Now kuma yana da jerin yanar gizo da fina-finai kamar A Monsoon Date, Maunn, Salute Siachen, Black & White tambayoyi da sauransu a cikin ɓangaren da ake kira E- Buzz. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, Eros Now ya kara fadada dabarun abun ciki tare da ƙaddamar da Eros Now Quickie, wani ɗan gajeren tsarin bidiyo. Eros Now Quickies guda biyu na farko sune Date Gone Wrong, Paise Fek Tamasha Dekh, sun fara yawo a ranar 19 ga Disamba 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-19 |title=Eros Now Launches Quickie, a New Short Form Content Platform |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20181219005403/en/Eros-Launches-Quickie-New-Short-Form-Content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329150331/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20181219005403/en/Eros-Launches-Quickie-New-Short-Form-Content |archive-date=29 March 2019 |access-date=2019-02-28 |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga watan Janairun 2019, Eros Now ta kaddamar da saurin sa na uku, The Investigation wanda ya nuna farkon dijital na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin Hiten Tejwani yana taka rawar jami'in reshen aikata laifuka na [[Mumbai]] da ke Binciken kisan kai yayin da Leena Jumani (''Kumkum Bhagya'' da ''[[Punar Vivaah|Punar Vivah]]'') ya buga matarsa a kan allo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2019 |title=Hiten Tejwani Shares First Look Of Web-Series The Investigation, Says 'Audience Will Be Glued To It' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/hiten-tejwani-shares-first-look-of-web-series-the-investigation-says-audience-will-be-glued-to-it-1971941 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228192416/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/hiten-tejwani-shares-first-look-of-web-series-the-investigation-says-audience-will-be-glued-to-it-1971941 |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=2019-02-28 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Janairu, an kaddamar da Eros Now Quickie na huɗu, Tum Se Na Ho Paayega kuma ya nuna Aakashdeep Arora da Juhi Bhatt a matsayin jagora. Nunin ya kasance abun ciki ne mai sauƙi wanda ya kewaye da wani ƙaramin yaro na gari, Bala, da rashin iya magance halayyar jinsi na duniya mai ci gaba.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}} Eros Now ta kaddamar da asali na gaba, Operation Cobra a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu. Ya nuna farkon dijital ko ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin Gautam Gulati yana taka rawar wakilin R.A.W. Karan Singh yayin da Ruhi Singh da Nyra Banerjee suka yi rubutun matsayin wakilin MI6 Riya Sharma da ɗan ta'adda Tahira Shaikh bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-13 |title=ErosNow presents first trailer of new web series Operation Cobra |url=https://www.thedigitalhash.com/erosnow-presents-first-trailer-of-new-web-series-operation-cobra/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228192131/https://www.thedigitalhash.com/erosnow-presents-first-trailer-of-new-web-series-operation-cobra/ |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=2019-02-28 |website=The Digital Hash |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Maris 2019, Eros Now ta ƙaddamar da asali na gaba, Metro Park . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-23 |title=Metro Park Official Trailer – An Eros Now Original Series {{!}} All Episodes Live On 3rd March |url=https://www.unp.me/f189/metro-park-official-trailer-an-eros-now-original-series-all-episodes-live-on-3rd-march-366879/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204045424/https://www.unp.me/threads/metro-park-official-trailer-an-eros-now-original-series-all-episodes-live-on-3rd-march.366879/ |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=2019-03-01 |website=UNP |language=en-US}}</ref> Abi Varghese ne ya ba da umarnin wasan kwaikwayon, da taurari Ranvir Shorey, Purbi Joshi, Vega Tamotia, Omi Vaidya da Pitobash. == Biyan kuɗi da tushen masu biyan kuɗi == Tsarin kasuwanci na Eros Now shine biyan kuɗi wanda ya dogara da nau'ikan shirye-shiryen membobin da ke gudana guda uku. Shirin na asali (a Indiya) ya haɗa da samun dama ga daidaitattun ma'anar inganci ba tare da aiki a INR 49. Shirin da ya fi dacewa (a Indiya) yana ba da damar samun dama da aiki mara iyaka don yawo ciki har da samun damar HD yawo da fasalulluka kamar saukewa a kan layi, jerin kallo da lissafin wasa a INR 99. Shirin mafi girma (na kasa da kasa) ya haɗa da samun dama ga babban ma'anar da cikakken fasalin. Farashin ya bambanta a duk faɗin ƙasashe watau Amurka US $ 7.99 a kowane wata, Burtaniya £ 4.99 GBP, UAE DHMS 20, Malaysia MYR10. Eros Now yana da masu amfani da rajista miliyan 128 da masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 30 a duk duniya. (Dukan masu biyan kuɗi na iya haɗawa da waɗanda ke kan biyan kuɗi, gwaji kyauta ko ta hanyar mafi ƙarancin garantin muddin an ba da hanyar biyan kuɗi.) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jalen |first=Trisha |date=8 February 2019 |title=Eros Now has 13M paid subscribers in Q3FY19; now at 128M registered users |url=https://www.medianama.com/2019/02/223-eros-now-earnings-q3fy19/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218021209/https://www.medianama.com/2019/02/223-eros-now-earnings-q3fy19/ |archive-date=18 February 2019 |access-date=2020-10-28 |website=www.medianama.com}}</ref> Eros Now yana da masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 18 a YouTube kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin YouTube 100 mafi yawan biyan kuɗi a Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 100 Most Subscribed Youtubers in India – NoxInfluencer |url=https://www.noxinfluencer.com/youtube-channel-rank/top-100-in-all-youtuber-sorted-by-subs-weekly |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417095334/https://www.noxinfluencer.com/youtube-channel-rank/top-100-in-all-youtuber-sorted-by-subs-weekly |archive-date=17 April 2019 |access-date=24 May 2019 |website=www.noxinfluencer.com}}</ref> == Haɗin gwiwa == === Haɗin gwiwar Telecom === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%" ! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;" |Lokacin da ! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;" |Haɗin gwiwa ! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;" |Bayani |- |Janairu 2016 |Ra'ayi na Cell |Eros Now ya ba masu biyan kuɗi na 4G na Idea damar yin amfani da sabis na Eros Now ciki har da fina-finai, kiɗa, abubuwan TV da asalin Eros Now.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kurup |first=Rajesh |date=5 January 2016 |title=ErosNow enters into content distribution deal with Idea Cellular |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/erosnow-enters-into-content-distribution-deal-with-idea-cellular/article8068424.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031131236/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/erosnow-enters-into-content-distribution-deal-with-idea-cellular/article8068424.ece |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=21 November 2018 |website=@businessline}}</ref> |- |Afrilu 2016 |Maxis Sadarwa da U Mobile |Eros Now ya shiga kasuwar Malaysia ta wannan haɗin gwiwa. A matsayin wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwa tare da Maxis, Eros Now an haɗa shi a cikin kewayon shirye-shiryen bayanan da aka riga aka biya da kuma bayan an biya shi, yana ba da gabatarwa daban-daban ga masu biyan kuɗi. Yarjejeniyar tare da U Mobile ta ba da damar samun damar abokan ciniki na telecom kafin da bayan biyan kuɗi ga biyan kuɗi na Eros Now.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ErosNow enters Malaysia with partnerships With Maxis and U Mobile – The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/erosnow-enters-malaysia-with-partnerships-with-maxis-and-u-mobile/amp_articleshow/52030067.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121163246/https://m.economictimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/erosnow-enters-malaysia-with-partnerships-with-maxis-and-u-mobile/amp_articleshow/52030067.cms |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=21 November 2018 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> |- |Agusta 2016 |Dogaro da Jio |Shirin ya ba masu amfani damar samun damar ingantaccen sabis na Eros Now a cikin tsarin halittu na Jio. Wannan haɗin gwiwar ya taimaka wa Eros Now tare da damar samun sabbin masu biyan kuɗi a duk birane da yankunan karkara na Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reliance Jio users to get Eros Now content on phones as companies renew partnership – ET Telecom |url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/reliance-jio-users-to-get-eros-now-content-on-phones-as-companies-renew-partnership/62549635 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031092610/https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/reliance-jio-users-to-get-eros-now-content-on-phones-as-companies-renew-partnership/62549635 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=ETTelecom.com}}</ref> |- |Nuwamba 2016 |Vodafone |Eros Now ta ba da sanarwar haɗin gwiwar rarrabawa tare da Vodafone ko haɗin kai tare da Vodafone Play. Tare da wannan haɗin gwiwa, masu amfani da Vodafone Play sun sami damar samun damar Eros Now ta Bollywood abun ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-23 |title=Eros Now announces distribution partnership with Vodafone |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/digital-news/eros-now-announces-distribution-partnership-with-vodafone-66776.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121203714/https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/digital-news/eros-now-announces-distribution-partnership-with-vodafone-66776.html |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=2020-10-28 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media}}</ref> |- |Fabrairu 2017 |BSNL |Eros Now ta sanar da hadin gwiwa tare da SpeedPay - wata walat din da ke da manufa da yawa da kuma mai ba da sadarwa na jihar Indiya, Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd (BSNL) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-27 |title=BSNL to bundle Eros Now app for new & existing data customers |url=https://www.medianama.com/2017/02/223-eros-now-speedpay-bsnl-partnership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121203831/https://www.medianama.com/2017/02/223-eros-now-speedpay-bsnl-partnership/ |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=2020-10-28 |website=MediaNama}}</ref> |- |Nuwamba 2017 |Telecel Global Pty |Eros Now ya shiga kasuwar Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da jagoran mai ba da sadarwa Telecel Global Pty . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2017 |title=Eros Now Announces Entry into South African Market with Telecel Global Partnership |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20171103005441/en/Eros-Now-Announces-Entry-into-South-African-Market-with-Telecel-Global-Partnership |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031023652/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20171103005441/en/Eros-Now-Announces-Entry-into-South-African-Market-with-Telecel-Global-Partnership |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.businesswire.com}}</ref> |- |Yuni 2018 |Tattaunawar Axiata PLC |Haɗin yana ba da damar masu amfani da Dialog Axiata PLC su bincika cikin sa'o'i sama da 20,000 na abubuwan Indiya na asali a cikin harsuna sama da 10 <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2018 |title=Dialog Partners with Eros Now to Give Sri Lankans Best in Regional Content |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180628005749/en/Dialog-Partners-with-Eros-Now-to-Give-Sri-Lankans-Best-in-Regional-Content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102035423/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180628005749/en/Dialog-Partners-with-Eros-Now-to-Give-Sri-Lankans-Best-in-Regional-Content |archive-date=2 November 2020 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.businesswire.com}}</ref> |} === Alliances na dandamali === ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ja502ezrigtuqlfh612qfe45wltzceb 905920 905919 2026-08-22T05:08:12Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} == Tarihi da ci gaba == An kafa shi a shekara ta 1977, Eros International plc ya fara kasuwancinsa tare da sayen fina-finai kuma a cikin ƴan shekaru ya ci gaba da zama masu rarraba VHS na farko na Indiya. A cikin shekara ta 2012, lokacin da Eros ta ƙaddamar da Eros Now, dandalin nishaɗin dijital da ake buƙata, kamfanin ya canza zuwa cikakken ɗakin karatu. Eros Now tana da niyya ga yawan jama'a biliyan 1.5 na Nishaɗi na Indiya a duk duniya. A farkon ƙaddamarwa, Eros Now ya fara da fina-finai da bidiyon kiɗa a matsayin ainihin abubuwan da ke ciki. Daga 2012 zuwa 2018, ya kara abun ciki kamar gajeren fina-finai, jerin yanar gizo da kuma abubuwan da aka tsara musamman a ƙarƙashin asalin bouquet. Eros Now ya kuma ɗaure- tare da manyan 'yan wasan sadarwa da abubuwan da ke ciki don kasancewa a gaba da layin. == Laburaren abun ciki == Eros Now yana da sunayen sarauta na dijital sama da 12,000 waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Film|fina-finai]], shirye-shiryen talabijin, bidiyon kiɗa da waƙoƙin kiɗa na 2.5 lakhs. Dandalin yana da fina-finai masu ban sha'awa kamar Cheeni Kum, Happy Bhag Jayegi, Manmarziyaan, Bajirao Mastani, Tanu Weds Manu Returns, Goliyon ki raasleela Ram-Leela, Rockstar, Shubh Mangal Savdhan, Vicky Donor, Mukkabaaz, Munna Michael, Ki &amp;amp; Ka, Turanci Vinglish, Sellhan, Zindagi Virat Hain, Maine Pyaar Kiya da Padosan daga cikin wasu lakabi da yawa a fadin harsunan yankin Indiya 10. Dandalin da ake buƙata na dijital yana da tarin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa waɗanda ake watsawa akan Hum TV da ARY TV.A [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]: Bidiyo yanzu yana nuna EROS Yanzu abun ciki akan Bidiyo Tun Yuli 2023 === Shirye-shiryen asali === A watan Janairun 2018, Eros Now ta fara gabatar da gajeren fim din su na farko 'Toffee' tare da Syna Anand da Sammaera Jaiswal. A watan Fabrairun 2018, Eros Now ya yi sanarwa game da fitar da abubuwan da ke ciki na asali a rabi na biyu na shekara, wanda zai hada da fina-finai, jerin, fasalulluka da gajeren fina-fakka. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2018, Eros Now ta fitar da fim din Indiya na farko kai tsaye zuwa dijital Meri Nimmo . <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2018 |title=Meri Nimmo review: An uncomplicated, charming story about childhood, first love and heartbreak |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/meri-nimmo-review-an-uncomplicated-charming-story-about-childhood-first-love-and-heartbreak-4448967.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625021736/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/meri-nimmo-review-an-uncomplicated-charming-story-about-childhood-first-love-and-heartbreak-4448967.html |archive-date=25 June 2018 |access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref> Kuma a watan Satumbar 2018, Eros Now ta kaddamar da wasan kwaikwayo na farko na asali 'Side Hero' wanda Rohan Sippy ya jagoranta kuma ya hada da Kunaal Roy Kapoor, Gauahar Khan, Gopal Dutt da Arjun Kanungo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eros Now launches its first original show 'Side Hero' |url=http://bestmediainfo.com/2018/09/eros-now-launches-its-first-original-show-side-hero/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012014515/http://bestmediainfo.com/2018/09/eros-now-launches-its-first-original-show-side-hero/ |archive-date=12 October 2018 |access-date=11 October 2018 |website=www.bestmediaifo.com}}</ref> Ya biyo bayan ƙaddamar da gidan yanar gizon jirgin ruwa na asali 'Smoke' a watan Oktoba 2018 tare da Tom Alter, Jim Sarbh, Mandira Bedi da Kalki Koechlin. Smoke shine kawai jerin yanar gizo na [[Indiya]] da za a nuna a taron shekara-shekara na MIPCOM 2018 a Cannes a Faransa a karkashin Made in India Originals category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smoke, Eros Now webseries starring Kalki Koechlin, Jim Sarbh, to premiere at MIPCOM 2018 in Cannes |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/smoke-eros-now-webseries-starring-kalki-koechlin-jim-sarbh-to-premiere-at-mipcom-2018-in-cannes-5308241.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011191450/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/smoke-eros-now-webseries-starring-kalki-koechlin-jim-sarbh-to-premiere-at-mipcom-2018-in-cannes-5308241.html |archive-date=11 October 2018 |access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref> Eros Now kuma yana da jerin yanar gizo da fina-finai kamar A Monsoon Date, Maunn, Salute Siachen, Black & White tambayoyi da sauransu a cikin ɓangaren da ake kira E- Buzz. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, Eros Now ya kara fadada dabarun abun ciki tare da ƙaddamar da Eros Now Quickie, wani ɗan gajeren tsarin bidiyo. Eros Now Quickies guda biyu na farko sune Date Gone Wrong, Paise Fek Tamasha Dekh, sun fara yawo a ranar 19 ga Disamba 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-19 |title=Eros Now Launches Quickie, a New Short Form Content Platform |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20181219005403/en/Eros-Launches-Quickie-New-Short-Form-Content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329150331/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20181219005403/en/Eros-Launches-Quickie-New-Short-Form-Content |archive-date=29 March 2019 |access-date=2019-02-28 |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga watan Janairun 2019, Eros Now ta kaddamar da saurin sa na uku, The Investigation wanda ya nuna farkon dijital na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin Hiten Tejwani yana taka rawar jami'in reshen aikata laifuka na [[Mumbai]] da ke Binciken kisan kai yayin da Leena Jumani (''Kumkum Bhagya'' da ''[[Punar Vivaah|Punar Vivah]]'') ya buga matarsa a kan allo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2019 |title=Hiten Tejwani Shares First Look Of Web-Series The Investigation, Says 'Audience Will Be Glued To It' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/hiten-tejwani-shares-first-look-of-web-series-the-investigation-says-audience-will-be-glued-to-it-1971941 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228192416/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/hiten-tejwani-shares-first-look-of-web-series-the-investigation-says-audience-will-be-glued-to-it-1971941 |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=2019-02-28 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Janairu, an kaddamar da Eros Now Quickie na huɗu, Tum Se Na Ho Paayega kuma ya nuna Aakashdeep Arora da Juhi Bhatt a matsayin jagora. Nunin ya kasance abun ciki ne mai sauƙi wanda ya kewaye da wani ƙaramin yaro na gari, Bala, da rashin iya magance halayyar jinsi na duniya mai ci gaba.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}} Eros Now ta kaddamar da asali na gaba, Operation Cobra a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu. Ya nuna farkon dijital ko ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin Gautam Gulati yana taka rawar wakilin R.A.W. Karan Singh yayin da Ruhi Singh da Nyra Banerjee suka yi rubutun matsayin wakilin MI6 Riya Sharma da ɗan ta'adda Tahira Shaikh bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-13 |title=ErosNow presents first trailer of new web series Operation Cobra |url=https://www.thedigitalhash.com/erosnow-presents-first-trailer-of-new-web-series-operation-cobra/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228192131/https://www.thedigitalhash.com/erosnow-presents-first-trailer-of-new-web-series-operation-cobra/ |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=2019-02-28 |website=The Digital Hash |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Maris 2019, Eros Now ta ƙaddamar da asali na gaba, Metro Park . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-23 |title=Metro Park Official Trailer – An Eros Now Original Series {{!}} All Episodes Live On 3rd March |url=https://www.unp.me/f189/metro-park-official-trailer-an-eros-now-original-series-all-episodes-live-on-3rd-march-366879/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204045424/https://www.unp.me/threads/metro-park-official-trailer-an-eros-now-original-series-all-episodes-live-on-3rd-march.366879/ |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=2019-03-01 |website=UNP |language=en-US}}</ref> Abi Varghese ne ya ba da umarnin wasan kwaikwayon, da taurari Ranvir Shorey, Purbi Joshi, Vega Tamotia, Omi Vaidya da Pitobash. == Biyan kuɗi da tushen masu biyan kuɗi == Tsarin kasuwanci na Eros Now shine biyan kuɗi wanda ya dogara da nau'ikan shirye-shiryen membobin da ke gudana guda uku. Shirin na asali (a Indiya) ya haɗa da samun dama ga daidaitattun ma'anar inganci ba tare da aiki a INR 49. Shirin da ya fi dacewa (a Indiya) yana ba da damar samun dama da aiki mara iyaka don yawo ciki har da samun damar HD yawo da fasalulluka kamar saukewa a kan layi, jerin kallo da lissafin wasa a INR 99. Shirin mafi girma (na kasa da kasa) ya haɗa da samun dama ga babban ma'anar da cikakken fasalin. Farashin ya bambanta a duk faɗin ƙasashe watau Amurka US $ 7.99 a kowane wata, Burtaniya £ 4.99 GBP, UAE DHMS 20, Malaysia MYR10. Eros Now yana da masu amfani da rajista miliyan 128 da masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 30 a duk duniya. (Dukan masu biyan kuɗi na iya haɗawa da waɗanda ke kan biyan kuɗi, gwaji kyauta ko ta hanyar mafi ƙarancin garantin muddin an ba da hanyar biyan kuɗi.) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jalen |first=Trisha |date=8 February 2019 |title=Eros Now has 13M paid subscribers in Q3FY19; now at 128M registered users |url=https://www.medianama.com/2019/02/223-eros-now-earnings-q3fy19/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218021209/https://www.medianama.com/2019/02/223-eros-now-earnings-q3fy19/ |archive-date=18 February 2019 |access-date=2020-10-28 |website=www.medianama.com}}</ref> Eros Now yana da masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 18 a YouTube kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin YouTube 100 mafi yawan biyan kuɗi a Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 100 Most Subscribed Youtubers in India – NoxInfluencer |url=https://www.noxinfluencer.com/youtube-channel-rank/top-100-in-all-youtuber-sorted-by-subs-weekly |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417095334/https://www.noxinfluencer.com/youtube-channel-rank/top-100-in-all-youtuber-sorted-by-subs-weekly |archive-date=17 April 2019 |access-date=24 May 2019 |website=www.noxinfluencer.com}}</ref> == Haɗin gwiwa == === Haɗin gwiwar Telecom === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%" ! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;" |Lokacin da ! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;" |Haɗin gwiwa ! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;" |Bayani |- |Janairu 2016 |Ra'ayi na Cell |Eros Now ya ba masu biyan kuɗi na 4G na Idea damar yin amfani da sabis na Eros Now ciki har da fina-finai, kiɗa, abubuwan TV da asalin Eros Now.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kurup |first=Rajesh |date=5 January 2016 |title=ErosNow enters into content distribution deal with Idea Cellular |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/erosnow-enters-into-content-distribution-deal-with-idea-cellular/article8068424.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031131236/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/erosnow-enters-into-content-distribution-deal-with-idea-cellular/article8068424.ece |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=21 November 2018 |website=@businessline}}</ref> |- |Afrilu 2016 |Maxis Sadarwa da U Mobile |Eros Now ya shiga kasuwar Malaysia ta wannan haɗin gwiwa. A matsayin wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwa tare da Maxis, Eros Now an haɗa shi a cikin kewayon shirye-shiryen bayanan da aka riga aka biya da kuma bayan an biya shi, yana ba da gabatarwa daban-daban ga masu biyan kuɗi. Yarjejeniyar tare da U Mobile ta ba da damar samun damar abokan ciniki na telecom kafin da bayan biyan kuɗi ga biyan kuɗi na Eros Now.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ErosNow enters Malaysia with partnerships With Maxis and U Mobile – The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/erosnow-enters-malaysia-with-partnerships-with-maxis-and-u-mobile/amp_articleshow/52030067.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121163246/https://m.economictimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/erosnow-enters-malaysia-with-partnerships-with-maxis-and-u-mobile/amp_articleshow/52030067.cms |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=21 November 2018 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> |- |Agusta 2016 |Dogaro da Jio |Shirin ya ba masu amfani damar samun damar ingantaccen sabis na Eros Now a cikin tsarin halittu na Jio. Wannan haɗin gwiwar ya taimaka wa Eros Now tare da damar samun sabbin masu biyan kuɗi a duk birane da yankunan karkara na Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reliance Jio users to get Eros Now content on phones as companies renew partnership – ET Telecom |url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/reliance-jio-users-to-get-eros-now-content-on-phones-as-companies-renew-partnership/62549635 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031092610/https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/reliance-jio-users-to-get-eros-now-content-on-phones-as-companies-renew-partnership/62549635 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=ETTelecom.com}}</ref> |- |Nuwamba 2016 |Vodafone |Eros Now ta ba da sanarwar haɗin gwiwar rarrabawa tare da Vodafone ko haɗin kai tare da Vodafone Play. Tare da wannan haɗin gwiwa, masu amfani da Vodafone Play sun sami damar samun damar Eros Now ta Bollywood abun ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-23 |title=Eros Now announces distribution partnership with Vodafone |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/digital-news/eros-now-announces-distribution-partnership-with-vodafone-66776.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121203714/https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/digital-news/eros-now-announces-distribution-partnership-with-vodafone-66776.html |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=2020-10-28 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media}}</ref> |- |Fabrairu 2017 |BSNL |Eros Now ta sanar da hadin gwiwa tare da SpeedPay - wata walat din da ke da manufa da yawa da kuma mai ba da sadarwa na jihar Indiya, Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd (BSNL) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-27 |title=BSNL to bundle Eros Now app for new & existing data customers |url=https://www.medianama.com/2017/02/223-eros-now-speedpay-bsnl-partnership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121203831/https://www.medianama.com/2017/02/223-eros-now-speedpay-bsnl-partnership/ |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=2020-10-28 |website=MediaNama}}</ref> |- |Nuwamba 2017 |Telecel Global Pty |Eros Now ya shiga kasuwar Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da jagoran mai ba da sadarwa Telecel Global Pty . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2017 |title=Eros Now Announces Entry into South African Market with Telecel Global Partnership |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20171103005441/en/Eros-Now-Announces-Entry-into-South-African-Market-with-Telecel-Global-Partnership |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031023652/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20171103005441/en/Eros-Now-Announces-Entry-into-South-African-Market-with-Telecel-Global-Partnership |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.businesswire.com}}</ref> |- |Yuni 2018 |Tattaunawar Axiata PLC |Haɗin yana ba da damar masu amfani da Dialog Axiata PLC su bincika cikin sa'o'i sama da 20,000 na abubuwan Indiya na asali a cikin harsuna sama da 10 <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2018 |title=Dialog Partners with Eros Now to Give Sri Lankans Best in Regional Content |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180628005749/en/Dialog-Partners-with-Eros-Now-to-Give-Sri-Lankans-Best-in-Regional-Content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102035423/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180628005749/en/Dialog-Partners-with-Eros-Now-to-Give-Sri-Lankans-Best-in-Regional-Content |archive-date=2 November 2020 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.businesswire.com}}</ref> |} === Alliances na dandamali === ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} fpp1xkayang28q98ge1jq59grlhgtii 905921 905920 2026-08-22T05:08:29Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} == Tarihi da ci gaba == An kafa shi a shekara ta 1977, Eros International plc ya fara kasuwancinsa tare da sayen fina-finai kuma a cikin ƴan shekaru ya ci gaba da zama masu rarraba VHS na farko na Indiya. A cikin shekara ta 2012, lokacin da Eros ta ƙaddamar da Eros Now, dandalin nishaɗin dijital da ake buƙata, kamfanin ya canza zuwa cikakken ɗakin karatu. Eros Now tana da niyya ga yawan jama'a biliyan 1.5 na Nishaɗi na Indiya a duk duniya. A farkon ƙaddamarwa, Eros Now ya fara da fina-finai da bidiyon kiɗa a matsayin ainihin abubuwan da ke ciki. Daga shekarar 2012 zuwa 2018, ya kara abun ciki kamar gajeren fina-finai, jerin yanar gizo da kuma abubuwan da aka tsara musamman a ƙarƙashin asalin bouquet. Eros Now ya kuma ɗaure- tare da manyan 'yan wasan sadarwa da abubuwan da ke ciki don kasancewa a gaba da layin. == Laburaren abun ciki == Eros Now yana da sunayen sarauta na dijital sama da 12,000 waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Film|fina-finai]], shirye-shiryen talabijin, bidiyon kiɗa da waƙoƙin kiɗa na 2.5 lakhs. Dandalin yana da fina-finai masu ban sha'awa kamar Cheeni Kum, Happy Bhag Jayegi, Manmarziyaan, Bajirao Mastani, Tanu Weds Manu Returns, Goliyon ki raasleela Ram-Leela, Rockstar, Shubh Mangal Savdhan, Vicky Donor, Mukkabaaz, Munna Michael, Ki &amp;amp; Ka, Turanci Vinglish, Sellhan, Zindagi Virat Hain, Maine Pyaar Kiya da Padosan daga cikin wasu lakabi da yawa a fadin harsunan yankin Indiya 10. Dandalin da ake buƙata na dijital yana da tarin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa waɗanda ake watsawa akan Hum TV da ARY TV.A [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]: Bidiyo yanzu yana nuna EROS Yanzu abun ciki akan Bidiyo Tun Yuli 2023 === Shirye-shiryen asali === A watan Janairun 2018, Eros Now ta fara gabatar da gajeren fim din su na farko 'Toffee' tare da Syna Anand da Sammaera Jaiswal. A watan Fabrairun 2018, Eros Now ya yi sanarwa game da fitar da abubuwan da ke ciki na asali a rabi na biyu na shekara, wanda zai hada da fina-finai, jerin, fasalulluka da gajeren fina-fakka. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2018, Eros Now ta fitar da fim din Indiya na farko kai tsaye zuwa dijital Meri Nimmo . <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2018 |title=Meri Nimmo review: An uncomplicated, charming story about childhood, first love and heartbreak |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/meri-nimmo-review-an-uncomplicated-charming-story-about-childhood-first-love-and-heartbreak-4448967.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625021736/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/meri-nimmo-review-an-uncomplicated-charming-story-about-childhood-first-love-and-heartbreak-4448967.html |archive-date=25 June 2018 |access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref> Kuma a watan Satumbar 2018, Eros Now ta kaddamar da wasan kwaikwayo na farko na asali 'Side Hero' wanda Rohan Sippy ya jagoranta kuma ya hada da Kunaal Roy Kapoor, Gauahar Khan, Gopal Dutt da Arjun Kanungo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eros Now launches its first original show 'Side Hero' |url=http://bestmediainfo.com/2018/09/eros-now-launches-its-first-original-show-side-hero/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012014515/http://bestmediainfo.com/2018/09/eros-now-launches-its-first-original-show-side-hero/ |archive-date=12 October 2018 |access-date=11 October 2018 |website=www.bestmediaifo.com}}</ref> Ya biyo bayan ƙaddamar da gidan yanar gizon jirgin ruwa na asali 'Smoke' a watan Oktoba 2018 tare da Tom Alter, Jim Sarbh, Mandira Bedi da Kalki Koechlin. Smoke shine kawai jerin yanar gizo na [[Indiya]] da za a nuna a taron shekara-shekara na MIPCOM 2018 a Cannes a Faransa a karkashin Made in India Originals category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smoke, Eros Now webseries starring Kalki Koechlin, Jim Sarbh, to premiere at MIPCOM 2018 in Cannes |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/smoke-eros-now-webseries-starring-kalki-koechlin-jim-sarbh-to-premiere-at-mipcom-2018-in-cannes-5308241.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011191450/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/smoke-eros-now-webseries-starring-kalki-koechlin-jim-sarbh-to-premiere-at-mipcom-2018-in-cannes-5308241.html |archive-date=11 October 2018 |access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref> Eros Now kuma yana da jerin yanar gizo da fina-finai kamar A Monsoon Date, Maunn, Salute Siachen, Black & White tambayoyi da sauransu a cikin ɓangaren da ake kira E- Buzz. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, Eros Now ya kara fadada dabarun abun ciki tare da ƙaddamar da Eros Now Quickie, wani ɗan gajeren tsarin bidiyo. Eros Now Quickies guda biyu na farko sune Date Gone Wrong, Paise Fek Tamasha Dekh, sun fara yawo a ranar 19 ga Disamba 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-19 |title=Eros Now Launches Quickie, a New Short Form Content Platform |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20181219005403/en/Eros-Launches-Quickie-New-Short-Form-Content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329150331/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20181219005403/en/Eros-Launches-Quickie-New-Short-Form-Content |archive-date=29 March 2019 |access-date=2019-02-28 |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga watan Janairun 2019, Eros Now ta kaddamar da saurin sa na uku, The Investigation wanda ya nuna farkon dijital na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin Hiten Tejwani yana taka rawar jami'in reshen aikata laifuka na [[Mumbai]] da ke Binciken kisan kai yayin da Leena Jumani (''Kumkum Bhagya'' da ''[[Punar Vivaah|Punar Vivah]]'') ya buga matarsa a kan allo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2019 |title=Hiten Tejwani Shares First Look Of Web-Series The Investigation, Says 'Audience Will Be Glued To It' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/hiten-tejwani-shares-first-look-of-web-series-the-investigation-says-audience-will-be-glued-to-it-1971941 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228192416/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/hiten-tejwani-shares-first-look-of-web-series-the-investigation-says-audience-will-be-glued-to-it-1971941 |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=2019-02-28 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Janairu, an kaddamar da Eros Now Quickie na huɗu, Tum Se Na Ho Paayega kuma ya nuna Aakashdeep Arora da Juhi Bhatt a matsayin jagora. Nunin ya kasance abun ciki ne mai sauƙi wanda ya kewaye da wani ƙaramin yaro na gari, Bala, da rashin iya magance halayyar jinsi na duniya mai ci gaba.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}} Eros Now ta kaddamar da asali na gaba, Operation Cobra a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu. Ya nuna farkon dijital ko ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin Gautam Gulati yana taka rawar wakilin R.A.W. Karan Singh yayin da Ruhi Singh da Nyra Banerjee suka yi rubutun matsayin wakilin MI6 Riya Sharma da ɗan ta'adda Tahira Shaikh bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-13 |title=ErosNow presents first trailer of new web series Operation Cobra |url=https://www.thedigitalhash.com/erosnow-presents-first-trailer-of-new-web-series-operation-cobra/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228192131/https://www.thedigitalhash.com/erosnow-presents-first-trailer-of-new-web-series-operation-cobra/ |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=2019-02-28 |website=The Digital Hash |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Maris 2019, Eros Now ta ƙaddamar da asali na gaba, Metro Park . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-23 |title=Metro Park Official Trailer – An Eros Now Original Series {{!}} All Episodes Live On 3rd March |url=https://www.unp.me/f189/metro-park-official-trailer-an-eros-now-original-series-all-episodes-live-on-3rd-march-366879/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204045424/https://www.unp.me/threads/metro-park-official-trailer-an-eros-now-original-series-all-episodes-live-on-3rd-march.366879/ |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=2019-03-01 |website=UNP |language=en-US}}</ref> Abi Varghese ne ya ba da umarnin wasan kwaikwayon, da taurari Ranvir Shorey, Purbi Joshi, Vega Tamotia, Omi Vaidya da Pitobash. == Biyan kuɗi da tushen masu biyan kuɗi == Tsarin kasuwanci na Eros Now shine biyan kuɗi wanda ya dogara da nau'ikan shirye-shiryen membobin da ke gudana guda uku. Shirin na asali (a Indiya) ya haɗa da samun dama ga daidaitattun ma'anar inganci ba tare da aiki a INR 49. Shirin da ya fi dacewa (a Indiya) yana ba da damar samun dama da aiki mara iyaka don yawo ciki har da samun damar HD yawo da fasalulluka kamar saukewa a kan layi, jerin kallo da lissafin wasa a INR 99. Shirin mafi girma (na kasa da kasa) ya haɗa da samun dama ga babban ma'anar da cikakken fasalin. Farashin ya bambanta a duk faɗin ƙasashe watau Amurka US $ 7.99 a kowane wata, Burtaniya £ 4.99 GBP, UAE DHMS 20, Malaysia MYR10. Eros Now yana da masu amfani da rajista miliyan 128 da masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 30 a duk duniya. (Dukan masu biyan kuɗi na iya haɗawa da waɗanda ke kan biyan kuɗi, gwaji kyauta ko ta hanyar mafi ƙarancin garantin muddin an ba da hanyar biyan kuɗi.) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jalen |first=Trisha |date=8 February 2019 |title=Eros Now has 13M paid subscribers in Q3FY19; now at 128M registered users |url=https://www.medianama.com/2019/02/223-eros-now-earnings-q3fy19/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218021209/https://www.medianama.com/2019/02/223-eros-now-earnings-q3fy19/ |archive-date=18 February 2019 |access-date=2020-10-28 |website=www.medianama.com}}</ref> Eros Now yana da masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 18 a YouTube kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin YouTube 100 mafi yawan biyan kuɗi a Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 100 Most Subscribed Youtubers in India – NoxInfluencer |url=https://www.noxinfluencer.com/youtube-channel-rank/top-100-in-all-youtuber-sorted-by-subs-weekly |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417095334/https://www.noxinfluencer.com/youtube-channel-rank/top-100-in-all-youtuber-sorted-by-subs-weekly |archive-date=17 April 2019 |access-date=24 May 2019 |website=www.noxinfluencer.com}}</ref> == Haɗin gwiwa == === Haɗin gwiwar Telecom === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%" ! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;" |Lokacin da ! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;" |Haɗin gwiwa ! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;" |Bayani |- |Janairu 2016 |Ra'ayi na Cell |Eros Now ya ba masu biyan kuɗi na 4G na Idea damar yin amfani da sabis na Eros Now ciki har da fina-finai, kiɗa, abubuwan TV da asalin Eros Now.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kurup |first=Rajesh |date=5 January 2016 |title=ErosNow enters into content distribution deal with Idea Cellular |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/erosnow-enters-into-content-distribution-deal-with-idea-cellular/article8068424.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031131236/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/erosnow-enters-into-content-distribution-deal-with-idea-cellular/article8068424.ece |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=21 November 2018 |website=@businessline}}</ref> |- |Afrilu 2016 |Maxis Sadarwa da U Mobile |Eros Now ya shiga kasuwar Malaysia ta wannan haɗin gwiwa. A matsayin wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwa tare da Maxis, Eros Now an haɗa shi a cikin kewayon shirye-shiryen bayanan da aka riga aka biya da kuma bayan an biya shi, yana ba da gabatarwa daban-daban ga masu biyan kuɗi. Yarjejeniyar tare da U Mobile ta ba da damar samun damar abokan ciniki na telecom kafin da bayan biyan kuɗi ga biyan kuɗi na Eros Now.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ErosNow enters Malaysia with partnerships With Maxis and U Mobile – The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/erosnow-enters-malaysia-with-partnerships-with-maxis-and-u-mobile/amp_articleshow/52030067.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121163246/https://m.economictimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/erosnow-enters-malaysia-with-partnerships-with-maxis-and-u-mobile/amp_articleshow/52030067.cms |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=21 November 2018 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> |- |Agusta 2016 |Dogaro da Jio |Shirin ya ba masu amfani damar samun damar ingantaccen sabis na Eros Now a cikin tsarin halittu na Jio. Wannan haɗin gwiwar ya taimaka wa Eros Now tare da damar samun sabbin masu biyan kuɗi a duk birane da yankunan karkara na Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reliance Jio users to get Eros Now content on phones as companies renew partnership – ET Telecom |url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/reliance-jio-users-to-get-eros-now-content-on-phones-as-companies-renew-partnership/62549635 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031092610/https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/reliance-jio-users-to-get-eros-now-content-on-phones-as-companies-renew-partnership/62549635 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=ETTelecom.com}}</ref> |- |Nuwamba 2016 |Vodafone |Eros Now ta ba da sanarwar haɗin gwiwar rarrabawa tare da Vodafone ko haɗin kai tare da Vodafone Play. Tare da wannan haɗin gwiwa, masu amfani da Vodafone Play sun sami damar samun damar Eros Now ta Bollywood abun ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-23 |title=Eros Now announces distribution partnership with Vodafone |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/digital-news/eros-now-announces-distribution-partnership-with-vodafone-66776.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121203714/https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/digital-news/eros-now-announces-distribution-partnership-with-vodafone-66776.html |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=2020-10-28 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media}}</ref> |- |Fabrairu 2017 |BSNL |Eros Now ta sanar da hadin gwiwa tare da SpeedPay - wata walat din da ke da manufa da yawa da kuma mai ba da sadarwa na jihar Indiya, Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd (BSNL) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-27 |title=BSNL to bundle Eros Now app for new & existing data customers |url=https://www.medianama.com/2017/02/223-eros-now-speedpay-bsnl-partnership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121203831/https://www.medianama.com/2017/02/223-eros-now-speedpay-bsnl-partnership/ |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=2020-10-28 |website=MediaNama}}</ref> |- |Nuwamba 2017 |Telecel Global Pty |Eros Now ya shiga kasuwar Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da jagoran mai ba da sadarwa Telecel Global Pty . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2017 |title=Eros Now Announces Entry into South African Market with Telecel Global Partnership |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20171103005441/en/Eros-Now-Announces-Entry-into-South-African-Market-with-Telecel-Global-Partnership |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031023652/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20171103005441/en/Eros-Now-Announces-Entry-into-South-African-Market-with-Telecel-Global-Partnership |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.businesswire.com}}</ref> |- |Yuni 2018 |Tattaunawar Axiata PLC |Haɗin yana ba da damar masu amfani da Dialog Axiata PLC su bincika cikin sa'o'i sama da 20,000 na abubuwan Indiya na asali a cikin harsuna sama da 10 <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2018 |title=Dialog Partners with Eros Now to Give Sri Lankans Best in Regional Content |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180628005749/en/Dialog-Partners-with-Eros-Now-to-Give-Sri-Lankans-Best-in-Regional-Content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102035423/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180628005749/en/Dialog-Partners-with-Eros-Now-to-Give-Sri-Lankans-Best-in-Regional-Content |archive-date=2 November 2020 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.businesswire.com}}</ref> |} === Alliances na dandamali === ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ssqvia0zif8pbgdeoxtonis0m8oi44i 905922 905921 2026-08-22T05:08:51Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} == Tarihi da ci gaba == An kafa shi a shekara ta 1977, Eros International plc ya fara kasuwancinsa tare da sayen fina-finai kuma a cikin ƴan shekaru ya ci gaba da zama masu rarraba VHS na farko na Indiya. A cikin shekara ta 2012, lokacin da Eros ta ƙaddamar da Eros Now, dandalin nishaɗin dijital da ake buƙata, kamfanin ya canza zuwa cikakken ɗakin karatu. Eros Now tana da niyya ga yawan jama'a biliyan 1.5 na Nishaɗi na Indiya a duk duniya. A farkon ƙaddamarwa, Eros Now ya fara da fina-finai da bidiyon kiɗa a matsayin ainihin abubuwan da ke ciki. Daga shekarar 2012 zuwa 2018, ya kara abun ciki kamar gajeren fina-finai, jerin yanar gizo da kuma abubuwan da aka tsara musamman a ƙarƙashin asalin bouquet. Eros Now ya kuma ɗaure- tare da manyan 'yan wasan sadarwa da abubuwan da ke ciki don kasancewa a gaba da layin. == Laburaren abun ciki == Eros Now yana da sunayen sarauta na dijital sama da 12,000 waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Film|fina-finai]], shirye-shiryen talabijin, bidiyon kiɗa da waƙoƙin kiɗa na 2.5 lakhs. Dandalin yana da fina-finai masu ban sha'awa kamar Cheeni Kum, Happy Bhag Jayegi, Manmarziyaan, Bajirao Mastani, Tanu Weds Manu Returns, Goliyon ki raasleela Ram-Leela, Rockstar, Shubh Mangal Savdhan, Vicky Donor, Mukkabaaz, Munna Michael, Ki &amp;amp; Ka, Turanci Vinglish, Sellhan, Zindagi Virat Hain, Maine Pyaar Kiya da Padosan daga cikin wasu lakabi da yawa a faɗin harsunan yankin Indiya 10. Dandalin da ake buƙata na dijital yana da tarin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa waɗanda ake watsawa akan Hum TV da ARY TV.A [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]: Bidiyo yanzu yana nuna EROS Yanzu abun ciki akan Bidiyo Tun Yuli 2023 === Shirye-shiryen asali === A watan Janairun 2018, Eros Now ta fara gabatar da gajeren fim din su na farko 'Toffee' tare da Syna Anand da Sammaera Jaiswal. A watan Fabrairun 2018, Eros Now ya yi sanarwa game da fitar da abubuwan da ke ciki na asali a rabi na biyu na shekara, wanda zai hada da fina-finai, jerin, fasalulluka da gajeren fina-fakka. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2018, Eros Now ta fitar da fim din Indiya na farko kai tsaye zuwa dijital Meri Nimmo . <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2018 |title=Meri Nimmo review: An uncomplicated, charming story about childhood, first love and heartbreak |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/meri-nimmo-review-an-uncomplicated-charming-story-about-childhood-first-love-and-heartbreak-4448967.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625021736/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/meri-nimmo-review-an-uncomplicated-charming-story-about-childhood-first-love-and-heartbreak-4448967.html |archive-date=25 June 2018 |access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref> Kuma a watan Satumbar 2018, Eros Now ta kaddamar da wasan kwaikwayo na farko na asali 'Side Hero' wanda Rohan Sippy ya jagoranta kuma ya hada da Kunaal Roy Kapoor, Gauahar Khan, Gopal Dutt da Arjun Kanungo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eros Now launches its first original show 'Side Hero' |url=http://bestmediainfo.com/2018/09/eros-now-launches-its-first-original-show-side-hero/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012014515/http://bestmediainfo.com/2018/09/eros-now-launches-its-first-original-show-side-hero/ |archive-date=12 October 2018 |access-date=11 October 2018 |website=www.bestmediaifo.com}}</ref> Ya biyo bayan ƙaddamar da gidan yanar gizon jirgin ruwa na asali 'Smoke' a watan Oktoba 2018 tare da Tom Alter, Jim Sarbh, Mandira Bedi da Kalki Koechlin. Smoke shine kawai jerin yanar gizo na [[Indiya]] da za a nuna a taron shekara-shekara na MIPCOM 2018 a Cannes a Faransa a karkashin Made in India Originals category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smoke, Eros Now webseries starring Kalki Koechlin, Jim Sarbh, to premiere at MIPCOM 2018 in Cannes |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/smoke-eros-now-webseries-starring-kalki-koechlin-jim-sarbh-to-premiere-at-mipcom-2018-in-cannes-5308241.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011191450/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/smoke-eros-now-webseries-starring-kalki-koechlin-jim-sarbh-to-premiere-at-mipcom-2018-in-cannes-5308241.html |archive-date=11 October 2018 |access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref> Eros Now kuma yana da jerin yanar gizo da fina-finai kamar A Monsoon Date, Maunn, Salute Siachen, Black & White tambayoyi da sauransu a cikin ɓangaren da ake kira E- Buzz. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, Eros Now ya kara fadada dabarun abun ciki tare da ƙaddamar da Eros Now Quickie, wani ɗan gajeren tsarin bidiyo. Eros Now Quickies guda biyu na farko sune Date Gone Wrong, Paise Fek Tamasha Dekh, sun fara yawo a ranar 19 ga Disamba 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-19 |title=Eros Now Launches Quickie, a New Short Form Content Platform |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20181219005403/en/Eros-Launches-Quickie-New-Short-Form-Content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329150331/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20181219005403/en/Eros-Launches-Quickie-New-Short-Form-Content |archive-date=29 March 2019 |access-date=2019-02-28 |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga watan Janairun 2019, Eros Now ta kaddamar da saurin sa na uku, The Investigation wanda ya nuna farkon dijital na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin Hiten Tejwani yana taka rawar jami'in reshen aikata laifuka na [[Mumbai]] da ke Binciken kisan kai yayin da Leena Jumani (''Kumkum Bhagya'' da ''[[Punar Vivaah|Punar Vivah]]'') ya buga matarsa a kan allo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2019 |title=Hiten Tejwani Shares First Look Of Web-Series The Investigation, Says 'Audience Will Be Glued To It' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/hiten-tejwani-shares-first-look-of-web-series-the-investigation-says-audience-will-be-glued-to-it-1971941 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228192416/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/hiten-tejwani-shares-first-look-of-web-series-the-investigation-says-audience-will-be-glued-to-it-1971941 |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=2019-02-28 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Janairu, an kaddamar da Eros Now Quickie na huɗu, Tum Se Na Ho Paayega kuma ya nuna Aakashdeep Arora da Juhi Bhatt a matsayin jagora. Nunin ya kasance abun ciki ne mai sauƙi wanda ya kewaye da wani ƙaramin yaro na gari, Bala, da rashin iya magance halayyar jinsi na duniya mai ci gaba.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}} Eros Now ta kaddamar da asali na gaba, Operation Cobra a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu. Ya nuna farkon dijital ko ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin Gautam Gulati yana taka rawar wakilin R.A.W. Karan Singh yayin da Ruhi Singh da Nyra Banerjee suka yi rubutun matsayin wakilin MI6 Riya Sharma da ɗan ta'adda Tahira Shaikh bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-13 |title=ErosNow presents first trailer of new web series Operation Cobra |url=https://www.thedigitalhash.com/erosnow-presents-first-trailer-of-new-web-series-operation-cobra/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228192131/https://www.thedigitalhash.com/erosnow-presents-first-trailer-of-new-web-series-operation-cobra/ |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=2019-02-28 |website=The Digital Hash |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Maris 2019, Eros Now ta ƙaddamar da asali na gaba, Metro Park . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-23 |title=Metro Park Official Trailer – An Eros Now Original Series {{!}} All Episodes Live On 3rd March |url=https://www.unp.me/f189/metro-park-official-trailer-an-eros-now-original-series-all-episodes-live-on-3rd-march-366879/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204045424/https://www.unp.me/threads/metro-park-official-trailer-an-eros-now-original-series-all-episodes-live-on-3rd-march.366879/ |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=2019-03-01 |website=UNP |language=en-US}}</ref> Abi Varghese ne ya ba da umarnin wasan kwaikwayon, da taurari Ranvir Shorey, Purbi Joshi, Vega Tamotia, Omi Vaidya da Pitobash. == Biyan kuɗi da tushen masu biyan kuɗi == Tsarin kasuwanci na Eros Now shine biyan kuɗi wanda ya dogara da nau'ikan shirye-shiryen membobin da ke gudana guda uku. Shirin na asali (a Indiya) ya haɗa da samun dama ga daidaitattun ma'anar inganci ba tare da aiki a INR 49. Shirin da ya fi dacewa (a Indiya) yana ba da damar samun dama da aiki mara iyaka don yawo ciki har da samun damar HD yawo da fasalulluka kamar saukewa a kan layi, jerin kallo da lissafin wasa a INR 99. Shirin mafi girma (na kasa da kasa) ya haɗa da samun dama ga babban ma'anar da cikakken fasalin. Farashin ya bambanta a duk faɗin ƙasashe watau Amurka US $ 7.99 a kowane wata, Burtaniya £ 4.99 GBP, UAE DHMS 20, Malaysia MYR10. Eros Now yana da masu amfani da rajista miliyan 128 da masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 30 a duk duniya. (Dukan masu biyan kuɗi na iya haɗawa da waɗanda ke kan biyan kuɗi, gwaji kyauta ko ta hanyar mafi ƙarancin garantin muddin an ba da hanyar biyan kuɗi.) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jalen |first=Trisha |date=8 February 2019 |title=Eros Now has 13M paid subscribers in Q3FY19; now at 128M registered users |url=https://www.medianama.com/2019/02/223-eros-now-earnings-q3fy19/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218021209/https://www.medianama.com/2019/02/223-eros-now-earnings-q3fy19/ |archive-date=18 February 2019 |access-date=2020-10-28 |website=www.medianama.com}}</ref> Eros Now yana da masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 18 a YouTube kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin YouTube 100 mafi yawan biyan kuɗi a Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 100 Most Subscribed Youtubers in India – NoxInfluencer |url=https://www.noxinfluencer.com/youtube-channel-rank/top-100-in-all-youtuber-sorted-by-subs-weekly |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417095334/https://www.noxinfluencer.com/youtube-channel-rank/top-100-in-all-youtuber-sorted-by-subs-weekly |archive-date=17 April 2019 |access-date=24 May 2019 |website=www.noxinfluencer.com}}</ref> == Haɗin gwiwa == === Haɗin gwiwar Telecom === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%" ! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;" |Lokacin da ! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;" |Haɗin gwiwa ! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;" |Bayani |- |Janairu 2016 |Ra'ayi na Cell |Eros Now ya ba masu biyan kuɗi na 4G na Idea damar yin amfani da sabis na Eros Now ciki har da fina-finai, kiɗa, abubuwan TV da asalin Eros Now.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kurup |first=Rajesh |date=5 January 2016 |title=ErosNow enters into content distribution deal with Idea Cellular |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/erosnow-enters-into-content-distribution-deal-with-idea-cellular/article8068424.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031131236/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/erosnow-enters-into-content-distribution-deal-with-idea-cellular/article8068424.ece |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=21 November 2018 |website=@businessline}}</ref> |- |Afrilu 2016 |Maxis Sadarwa da U Mobile |Eros Now ya shiga kasuwar Malaysia ta wannan haɗin gwiwa. A matsayin wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwa tare da Maxis, Eros Now an haɗa shi a cikin kewayon shirye-shiryen bayanan da aka riga aka biya da kuma bayan an biya shi, yana ba da gabatarwa daban-daban ga masu biyan kuɗi. Yarjejeniyar tare da U Mobile ta ba da damar samun damar abokan ciniki na telecom kafin da bayan biyan kuɗi ga biyan kuɗi na Eros Now.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ErosNow enters Malaysia with partnerships With Maxis and U Mobile – The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/erosnow-enters-malaysia-with-partnerships-with-maxis-and-u-mobile/amp_articleshow/52030067.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121163246/https://m.economictimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/erosnow-enters-malaysia-with-partnerships-with-maxis-and-u-mobile/amp_articleshow/52030067.cms |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=21 November 2018 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> |- |Agusta 2016 |Dogaro da Jio |Shirin ya ba masu amfani damar samun damar ingantaccen sabis na Eros Now a cikin tsarin halittu na Jio. Wannan haɗin gwiwar ya taimaka wa Eros Now tare da damar samun sabbin masu biyan kuɗi a duk birane da yankunan karkara na Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reliance Jio users to get Eros Now content on phones as companies renew partnership – ET Telecom |url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/reliance-jio-users-to-get-eros-now-content-on-phones-as-companies-renew-partnership/62549635 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031092610/https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/reliance-jio-users-to-get-eros-now-content-on-phones-as-companies-renew-partnership/62549635 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=ETTelecom.com}}</ref> |- |Nuwamba 2016 |Vodafone |Eros Now ta ba da sanarwar haɗin gwiwar rarrabawa tare da Vodafone ko haɗin kai tare da Vodafone Play. Tare da wannan haɗin gwiwa, masu amfani da Vodafone Play sun sami damar samun damar Eros Now ta Bollywood abun ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-23 |title=Eros Now announces distribution partnership with Vodafone |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/digital-news/eros-now-announces-distribution-partnership-with-vodafone-66776.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121203714/https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/digital-news/eros-now-announces-distribution-partnership-with-vodafone-66776.html |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=2020-10-28 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media}}</ref> |- |Fabrairu 2017 |BSNL |Eros Now ta sanar da hadin gwiwa tare da SpeedPay - wata walat din da ke da manufa da yawa da kuma mai ba da sadarwa na jihar Indiya, Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd (BSNL) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-27 |title=BSNL to bundle Eros Now app for new & existing data customers |url=https://www.medianama.com/2017/02/223-eros-now-speedpay-bsnl-partnership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121203831/https://www.medianama.com/2017/02/223-eros-now-speedpay-bsnl-partnership/ |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=2020-10-28 |website=MediaNama}}</ref> |- |Nuwamba 2017 |Telecel Global Pty |Eros Now ya shiga kasuwar Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da jagoran mai ba da sadarwa Telecel Global Pty . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2017 |title=Eros Now Announces Entry into South African Market with Telecel Global Partnership |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20171103005441/en/Eros-Now-Announces-Entry-into-South-African-Market-with-Telecel-Global-Partnership |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031023652/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20171103005441/en/Eros-Now-Announces-Entry-into-South-African-Market-with-Telecel-Global-Partnership |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.businesswire.com}}</ref> |- |Yuni 2018 |Tattaunawar Axiata PLC |Haɗin yana ba da damar masu amfani da Dialog Axiata PLC su bincika cikin sa'o'i sama da 20,000 na abubuwan Indiya na asali a cikin harsuna sama da 10 <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2018 |title=Dialog Partners with Eros Now to Give Sri Lankans Best in Regional Content |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180628005749/en/Dialog-Partners-with-Eros-Now-to-Give-Sri-Lankans-Best-in-Regional-Content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102035423/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180628005749/en/Dialog-Partners-with-Eros-Now-to-Give-Sri-Lankans-Best-in-Regional-Content |archive-date=2 November 2020 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.businesswire.com}}</ref> |} === Alliances na dandamali === ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} 5mxz90vfvyuw2jq03a9oqcwb0p4iv4b 905923 905922 2026-08-22T05:09:08Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} == Tarihi da ci gaba == An kafa shi a shekara ta 1977, Eros International plc ya fara kasuwancinsa tare da sayen fina-finai kuma a cikin ƴan shekaru ya ci gaba da zama masu rarraba VHS na farko na Indiya. A cikin shekara ta 2012, lokacin da Eros ta ƙaddamar da Eros Now, dandalin nishaɗin dijital da ake buƙata, kamfanin ya canza zuwa cikakken ɗakin karatu. Eros Now tana da niyya ga yawan jama'a biliyan 1.5 na Nishaɗi na Indiya a duk duniya. A farkon ƙaddamarwa, Eros Now ya fara da fina-finai da bidiyon kiɗa a matsayin ainihin abubuwan da ke ciki. Daga shekarar 2012 zuwa 2018, ya kara abun ciki kamar gajeren fina-finai, jerin yanar gizo da kuma abubuwan da aka tsara musamman a ƙarƙashin asalin bouquet. Eros Now ya kuma ɗaure- tare da manyan 'yan wasan sadarwa da abubuwan da ke ciki don kasancewa a gaba da layin. == Laburaren abun ciki == Eros Now yana da sunayen sarauta na dijital sama da 12,000 waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Film|fina-finai]], shirye-shiryen talabijin, bidiyon kiɗa da waƙoƙin kiɗa na 2.5 lakhs. Dandalin yana da fina-finai masu ban sha'awa kamar Cheeni Kum, Happy Bhag Jayegi, Manmarziyaan, Bajirao Mastani, Tanu Weds Manu Returns, Goliyon ki raasleela Ram-Leela, Rockstar, Shubh Mangal Savdhan, Vicky Donor, Mukkabaaz, Munna Michael, Ki &amp;amp; Ka, Turanci Vinglish, Sellhan, Zindagi Virat Hain, Maine Pyaar Kiya da Padosan daga cikin wasu lakabi da yawa a faɗin harsunan yankin Indiya 10. Dandalin da ake buƙata na dijital yana da tarin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa waɗanda ake watsawa akan Hum TV da ARY TV.A [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]: Bidiyo yanzu yana nuna EROS Yanzu abun ciki akan Bidiyo Tun Yuli 2023 === Shirye-shiryen asali === A watan Janairun shekarar 2018, Eros Now ta fara gabatar da gajeren fim din su na farko 'Toffee' tare da Syna Anand da Sammaera Jaiswal. A watan Fabrairun 2018, Eros Now ya yi sanarwa game da fitar da abubuwan da ke ciki na asali a rabi na biyu na shekara, wanda zai hada da fina-finai, jerin, fasalulluka da gajeren fina-fakka. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2018, Eros Now ta fitar da fim din Indiya na farko kai tsaye zuwa dijital Meri Nimmo . <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2018 |title=Meri Nimmo review: An uncomplicated, charming story about childhood, first love and heartbreak |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/meri-nimmo-review-an-uncomplicated-charming-story-about-childhood-first-love-and-heartbreak-4448967.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625021736/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/meri-nimmo-review-an-uncomplicated-charming-story-about-childhood-first-love-and-heartbreak-4448967.html |archive-date=25 June 2018 |access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref> Kuma a watan Satumbar 2018, Eros Now ta kaddamar da wasan kwaikwayo na farko na asali 'Side Hero' wanda Rohan Sippy ya jagoranta kuma ya hada da Kunaal Roy Kapoor, Gauahar Khan, Gopal Dutt da Arjun Kanungo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eros Now launches its first original show 'Side Hero' |url=http://bestmediainfo.com/2018/09/eros-now-launches-its-first-original-show-side-hero/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012014515/http://bestmediainfo.com/2018/09/eros-now-launches-its-first-original-show-side-hero/ |archive-date=12 October 2018 |access-date=11 October 2018 |website=www.bestmediaifo.com}}</ref> Ya biyo bayan ƙaddamar da gidan yanar gizon jirgin ruwa na asali 'Smoke' a watan Oktoba 2018 tare da Tom Alter, Jim Sarbh, Mandira Bedi da Kalki Koechlin. Smoke shine kawai jerin yanar gizo na [[Indiya]] da za a nuna a taron shekara-shekara na MIPCOM 2018 a Cannes a Faransa a karkashin Made in India Originals category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smoke, Eros Now webseries starring Kalki Koechlin, Jim Sarbh, to premiere at MIPCOM 2018 in Cannes |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/smoke-eros-now-webseries-starring-kalki-koechlin-jim-sarbh-to-premiere-at-mipcom-2018-in-cannes-5308241.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011191450/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/smoke-eros-now-webseries-starring-kalki-koechlin-jim-sarbh-to-premiere-at-mipcom-2018-in-cannes-5308241.html |archive-date=11 October 2018 |access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref> Eros Now kuma yana da jerin yanar gizo da fina-finai kamar A Monsoon Date, Maunn, Salute Siachen, Black & White tambayoyi da sauransu a cikin ɓangaren da ake kira E- Buzz. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, Eros Now ya kara fadada dabarun abun ciki tare da ƙaddamar da Eros Now Quickie, wani ɗan gajeren tsarin bidiyo. Eros Now Quickies guda biyu na farko sune Date Gone Wrong, Paise Fek Tamasha Dekh, sun fara yawo a ranar 19 ga Disamba 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-19 |title=Eros Now Launches Quickie, a New Short Form Content Platform |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20181219005403/en/Eros-Launches-Quickie-New-Short-Form-Content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329150331/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20181219005403/en/Eros-Launches-Quickie-New-Short-Form-Content |archive-date=29 March 2019 |access-date=2019-02-28 |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga watan Janairun 2019, Eros Now ta kaddamar da saurin sa na uku, The Investigation wanda ya nuna farkon dijital na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin Hiten Tejwani yana taka rawar jami'in reshen aikata laifuka na [[Mumbai]] da ke Binciken kisan kai yayin da Leena Jumani (''Kumkum Bhagya'' da ''[[Punar Vivaah|Punar Vivah]]'') ya buga matarsa a kan allo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2019 |title=Hiten Tejwani Shares First Look Of Web-Series The Investigation, Says 'Audience Will Be Glued To It' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/hiten-tejwani-shares-first-look-of-web-series-the-investigation-says-audience-will-be-glued-to-it-1971941 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228192416/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/hiten-tejwani-shares-first-look-of-web-series-the-investigation-says-audience-will-be-glued-to-it-1971941 |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=2019-02-28 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Janairu, an kaddamar da Eros Now Quickie na huɗu, Tum Se Na Ho Paayega kuma ya nuna Aakashdeep Arora da Juhi Bhatt a matsayin jagora. Nunin ya kasance abun ciki ne mai sauƙi wanda ya kewaye da wani ƙaramin yaro na gari, Bala, da rashin iya magance halayyar jinsi na duniya mai ci gaba.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}} Eros Now ta kaddamar da asali na gaba, Operation Cobra a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu. Ya nuna farkon dijital ko ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin Gautam Gulati yana taka rawar wakilin R.A.W. Karan Singh yayin da Ruhi Singh da Nyra Banerjee suka yi rubutun matsayin wakilin MI6 Riya Sharma da ɗan ta'adda Tahira Shaikh bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-13 |title=ErosNow presents first trailer of new web series Operation Cobra |url=https://www.thedigitalhash.com/erosnow-presents-first-trailer-of-new-web-series-operation-cobra/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228192131/https://www.thedigitalhash.com/erosnow-presents-first-trailer-of-new-web-series-operation-cobra/ |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=2019-02-28 |website=The Digital Hash |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Maris 2019, Eros Now ta ƙaddamar da asali na gaba, Metro Park . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-23 |title=Metro Park Official Trailer – An Eros Now Original Series {{!}} All Episodes Live On 3rd March |url=https://www.unp.me/f189/metro-park-official-trailer-an-eros-now-original-series-all-episodes-live-on-3rd-march-366879/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204045424/https://www.unp.me/threads/metro-park-official-trailer-an-eros-now-original-series-all-episodes-live-on-3rd-march.366879/ |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=2019-03-01 |website=UNP |language=en-US}}</ref> Abi Varghese ne ya ba da umarnin wasan kwaikwayon, da taurari Ranvir Shorey, Purbi Joshi, Vega Tamotia, Omi Vaidya da Pitobash. == Biyan kuɗi da tushen masu biyan kuɗi == Tsarin kasuwanci na Eros Now shine biyan kuɗi wanda ya dogara da nau'ikan shirye-shiryen membobin da ke gudana guda uku. Shirin na asali (a Indiya) ya haɗa da samun dama ga daidaitattun ma'anar inganci ba tare da aiki a INR 49. Shirin da ya fi dacewa (a Indiya) yana ba da damar samun dama da aiki mara iyaka don yawo ciki har da samun damar HD yawo da fasalulluka kamar saukewa a kan layi, jerin kallo da lissafin wasa a INR 99. Shirin mafi girma (na kasa da kasa) ya haɗa da samun dama ga babban ma'anar da cikakken fasalin. Farashin ya bambanta a duk faɗin ƙasashe watau Amurka US $ 7.99 a kowane wata, Burtaniya £ 4.99 GBP, UAE DHMS 20, Malaysia MYR10. Eros Now yana da masu amfani da rajista miliyan 128 da masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 30 a duk duniya. (Dukan masu biyan kuɗi na iya haɗawa da waɗanda ke kan biyan kuɗi, gwaji kyauta ko ta hanyar mafi ƙarancin garantin muddin an ba da hanyar biyan kuɗi.) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jalen |first=Trisha |date=8 February 2019 |title=Eros Now has 13M paid subscribers in Q3FY19; now at 128M registered users |url=https://www.medianama.com/2019/02/223-eros-now-earnings-q3fy19/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218021209/https://www.medianama.com/2019/02/223-eros-now-earnings-q3fy19/ |archive-date=18 February 2019 |access-date=2020-10-28 |website=www.medianama.com}}</ref> Eros Now yana da masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 18 a YouTube kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin YouTube 100 mafi yawan biyan kuɗi a Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 100 Most Subscribed Youtubers in India – NoxInfluencer |url=https://www.noxinfluencer.com/youtube-channel-rank/top-100-in-all-youtuber-sorted-by-subs-weekly |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417095334/https://www.noxinfluencer.com/youtube-channel-rank/top-100-in-all-youtuber-sorted-by-subs-weekly |archive-date=17 April 2019 |access-date=24 May 2019 |website=www.noxinfluencer.com}}</ref> == Haɗin gwiwa == === Haɗin gwiwar Telecom === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%" ! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;" |Lokacin da ! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;" |Haɗin gwiwa ! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;" |Bayani |- |Janairu 2016 |Ra'ayi na Cell |Eros Now ya ba masu biyan kuɗi na 4G na Idea damar yin amfani da sabis na Eros Now ciki har da fina-finai, kiɗa, abubuwan TV da asalin Eros Now.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kurup |first=Rajesh |date=5 January 2016 |title=ErosNow enters into content distribution deal with Idea Cellular |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/erosnow-enters-into-content-distribution-deal-with-idea-cellular/article8068424.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031131236/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/erosnow-enters-into-content-distribution-deal-with-idea-cellular/article8068424.ece |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=21 November 2018 |website=@businessline}}</ref> |- |Afrilu 2016 |Maxis Sadarwa da U Mobile |Eros Now ya shiga kasuwar Malaysia ta wannan haɗin gwiwa. A matsayin wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwa tare da Maxis, Eros Now an haɗa shi a cikin kewayon shirye-shiryen bayanan da aka riga aka biya da kuma bayan an biya shi, yana ba da gabatarwa daban-daban ga masu biyan kuɗi. Yarjejeniyar tare da U Mobile ta ba da damar samun damar abokan ciniki na telecom kafin da bayan biyan kuɗi ga biyan kuɗi na Eros Now.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ErosNow enters Malaysia with partnerships With Maxis and U Mobile – The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/erosnow-enters-malaysia-with-partnerships-with-maxis-and-u-mobile/amp_articleshow/52030067.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121163246/https://m.economictimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/erosnow-enters-malaysia-with-partnerships-with-maxis-and-u-mobile/amp_articleshow/52030067.cms |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=21 November 2018 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> |- |Agusta 2016 |Dogaro da Jio |Shirin ya ba masu amfani damar samun damar ingantaccen sabis na Eros Now a cikin tsarin halittu na Jio. Wannan haɗin gwiwar ya taimaka wa Eros Now tare da damar samun sabbin masu biyan kuɗi a duk birane da yankunan karkara na Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reliance Jio users to get Eros Now content on phones as companies renew partnership – ET Telecom |url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/reliance-jio-users-to-get-eros-now-content-on-phones-as-companies-renew-partnership/62549635 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031092610/https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/reliance-jio-users-to-get-eros-now-content-on-phones-as-companies-renew-partnership/62549635 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=ETTelecom.com}}</ref> |- |Nuwamba 2016 |Vodafone |Eros Now ta ba da sanarwar haɗin gwiwar rarrabawa tare da Vodafone ko haɗin kai tare da Vodafone Play. Tare da wannan haɗin gwiwa, masu amfani da Vodafone Play sun sami damar samun damar Eros Now ta Bollywood abun ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-23 |title=Eros Now announces distribution partnership with Vodafone |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/digital-news/eros-now-announces-distribution-partnership-with-vodafone-66776.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121203714/https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/digital-news/eros-now-announces-distribution-partnership-with-vodafone-66776.html |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=2020-10-28 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media}}</ref> |- |Fabrairu 2017 |BSNL |Eros Now ta sanar da hadin gwiwa tare da SpeedPay - wata walat din da ke da manufa da yawa da kuma mai ba da sadarwa na jihar Indiya, Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd (BSNL) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-27 |title=BSNL to bundle Eros Now app for new & existing data customers |url=https://www.medianama.com/2017/02/223-eros-now-speedpay-bsnl-partnership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121203831/https://www.medianama.com/2017/02/223-eros-now-speedpay-bsnl-partnership/ |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=2020-10-28 |website=MediaNama}}</ref> |- |Nuwamba 2017 |Telecel Global Pty |Eros Now ya shiga kasuwar Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da jagoran mai ba da sadarwa Telecel Global Pty . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2017 |title=Eros Now Announces Entry into South African Market with Telecel Global Partnership |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20171103005441/en/Eros-Now-Announces-Entry-into-South-African-Market-with-Telecel-Global-Partnership |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031023652/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20171103005441/en/Eros-Now-Announces-Entry-into-South-African-Market-with-Telecel-Global-Partnership |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.businesswire.com}}</ref> |- |Yuni 2018 |Tattaunawar Axiata PLC |Haɗin yana ba da damar masu amfani da Dialog Axiata PLC su bincika cikin sa'o'i sama da 20,000 na abubuwan Indiya na asali a cikin harsuna sama da 10 <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2018 |title=Dialog Partners with Eros Now to Give Sri Lankans Best in Regional Content |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180628005749/en/Dialog-Partners-with-Eros-Now-to-Give-Sri-Lankans-Best-in-Regional-Content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102035423/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180628005749/en/Dialog-Partners-with-Eros-Now-to-Give-Sri-Lankans-Best-in-Regional-Content |archive-date=2 November 2020 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.businesswire.com}}</ref> |} === Alliances na dandamali === ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} 8q7ebjr7tyt6uw2eze61icg8t24bvv6 905924 905923 2026-08-22T05:09:27Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} == Tarihi da ci gaba == An kafa shi a shekara ta 1977, Eros International plc ya fara kasuwancinsa tare da sayen fina-finai kuma a cikin ƴan shekaru ya ci gaba da zama masu rarraba VHS na farko na Indiya. A cikin shekara ta 2012, lokacin da Eros ta ƙaddamar da Eros Now, dandalin nishaɗin dijital da ake buƙata, kamfanin ya canza zuwa cikakken ɗakin karatu. Eros Now tana da niyya ga yawan jama'a biliyan 1.5 na Nishaɗi na Indiya a duk duniya. A farkon ƙaddamarwa, Eros Now ya fara da fina-finai da bidiyon kiɗa a matsayin ainihin abubuwan da ke ciki. Daga shekarar 2012 zuwa 2018, ya kara abun ciki kamar gajeren fina-finai, jerin yanar gizo da kuma abubuwan da aka tsara musamman a ƙarƙashin asalin bouquet. Eros Now ya kuma ɗaure- tare da manyan 'yan wasan sadarwa da abubuwan da ke ciki don kasancewa a gaba da layin. == Laburaren abun ciki == Eros Now yana da sunayen sarauta na dijital sama da 12,000 waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Film|fina-finai]], shirye-shiryen talabijin, bidiyon kiɗa da waƙoƙin kiɗa na 2.5 lakhs. Dandalin yana da fina-finai masu ban sha'awa kamar Cheeni Kum, Happy Bhag Jayegi, Manmarziyaan, Bajirao Mastani, Tanu Weds Manu Returns, Goliyon ki raasleela Ram-Leela, Rockstar, Shubh Mangal Savdhan, Vicky Donor, Mukkabaaz, Munna Michael, Ki &amp;amp; Ka, Turanci Vinglish, Sellhan, Zindagi Virat Hain, Maine Pyaar Kiya da Padosan daga cikin wasu lakabi da yawa a faɗin harsunan yankin Indiya 10. Dandalin da ake buƙata na dijital yana da tarin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa waɗanda ake watsawa akan Hum TV da ARY TV.A [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]: Bidiyo yanzu yana nuna EROS Yanzu abun ciki akan Bidiyo Tun Yuli 2023 === Shirye-shiryen asali === A watan Janairun shekarar 2018, Eros Now ta fara gabatar da gajeren fim ɗin su na farko 'Toffee' tare da Syna Anand da Sammaera Jaiswal. A watan Fabrairun 2018, Eros Now ya yi sanarwa game da fitar da abubuwan da ke ciki na asali a rabi na biyu na shekara, wanda zai hada da fina-finai, jerin, fasalulluka da gajeren fina-fakka. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2018, Eros Now ta fitar da fim din Indiya na farko kai tsaye zuwa dijital Meri Nimmo . <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2018 |title=Meri Nimmo review: An uncomplicated, charming story about childhood, first love and heartbreak |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/meri-nimmo-review-an-uncomplicated-charming-story-about-childhood-first-love-and-heartbreak-4448967.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625021736/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/meri-nimmo-review-an-uncomplicated-charming-story-about-childhood-first-love-and-heartbreak-4448967.html |archive-date=25 June 2018 |access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref> Kuma a watan Satumbar 2018, Eros Now ta kaddamar da wasan kwaikwayo na farko na asali 'Side Hero' wanda Rohan Sippy ya jagoranta kuma ya hada da Kunaal Roy Kapoor, Gauahar Khan, Gopal Dutt da Arjun Kanungo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eros Now launches its first original show 'Side Hero' |url=http://bestmediainfo.com/2018/09/eros-now-launches-its-first-original-show-side-hero/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012014515/http://bestmediainfo.com/2018/09/eros-now-launches-its-first-original-show-side-hero/ |archive-date=12 October 2018 |access-date=11 October 2018 |website=www.bestmediaifo.com}}</ref> Ya biyo bayan ƙaddamar da gidan yanar gizon jirgin ruwa na asali 'Smoke' a watan Oktoba 2018 tare da Tom Alter, Jim Sarbh, Mandira Bedi da Kalki Koechlin. Smoke shine kawai jerin yanar gizo na [[Indiya]] da za a nuna a taron shekara-shekara na MIPCOM 2018 a Cannes a Faransa a karkashin Made in India Originals category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smoke, Eros Now webseries starring Kalki Koechlin, Jim Sarbh, to premiere at MIPCOM 2018 in Cannes |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/smoke-eros-now-webseries-starring-kalki-koechlin-jim-sarbh-to-premiere-at-mipcom-2018-in-cannes-5308241.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011191450/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/smoke-eros-now-webseries-starring-kalki-koechlin-jim-sarbh-to-premiere-at-mipcom-2018-in-cannes-5308241.html |archive-date=11 October 2018 |access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref> Eros Now kuma yana da jerin yanar gizo da fina-finai kamar A Monsoon Date, Maunn, Salute Siachen, Black & White tambayoyi da sauransu a cikin ɓangaren da ake kira E- Buzz. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, Eros Now ya kara fadada dabarun abun ciki tare da ƙaddamar da Eros Now Quickie, wani ɗan gajeren tsarin bidiyo. Eros Now Quickies guda biyu na farko sune Date Gone Wrong, Paise Fek Tamasha Dekh, sun fara yawo a ranar 19 ga Disamba 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-19 |title=Eros Now Launches Quickie, a New Short Form Content Platform |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20181219005403/en/Eros-Launches-Quickie-New-Short-Form-Content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329150331/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20181219005403/en/Eros-Launches-Quickie-New-Short-Form-Content |archive-date=29 March 2019 |access-date=2019-02-28 |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga watan Janairun 2019, Eros Now ta kaddamar da saurin sa na uku, The Investigation wanda ya nuna farkon dijital na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin Hiten Tejwani yana taka rawar jami'in reshen aikata laifuka na [[Mumbai]] da ke Binciken kisan kai yayin da Leena Jumani (''Kumkum Bhagya'' da ''[[Punar Vivaah|Punar Vivah]]'') ya buga matarsa a kan allo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2019 |title=Hiten Tejwani Shares First Look Of Web-Series The Investigation, Says 'Audience Will Be Glued To It' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/hiten-tejwani-shares-first-look-of-web-series-the-investigation-says-audience-will-be-glued-to-it-1971941 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228192416/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/hiten-tejwani-shares-first-look-of-web-series-the-investigation-says-audience-will-be-glued-to-it-1971941 |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=2019-02-28 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Janairu, an kaddamar da Eros Now Quickie na huɗu, Tum Se Na Ho Paayega kuma ya nuna Aakashdeep Arora da Juhi Bhatt a matsayin jagora. Nunin ya kasance abun ciki ne mai sauƙi wanda ya kewaye da wani ƙaramin yaro na gari, Bala, da rashin iya magance halayyar jinsi na duniya mai ci gaba.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}} Eros Now ta kaddamar da asali na gaba, Operation Cobra a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu. Ya nuna farkon dijital ko ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin Gautam Gulati yana taka rawar wakilin R.A.W. Karan Singh yayin da Ruhi Singh da Nyra Banerjee suka yi rubutun matsayin wakilin MI6 Riya Sharma da ɗan ta'adda Tahira Shaikh bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-13 |title=ErosNow presents first trailer of new web series Operation Cobra |url=https://www.thedigitalhash.com/erosnow-presents-first-trailer-of-new-web-series-operation-cobra/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228192131/https://www.thedigitalhash.com/erosnow-presents-first-trailer-of-new-web-series-operation-cobra/ |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=2019-02-28 |website=The Digital Hash |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Maris 2019, Eros Now ta ƙaddamar da asali na gaba, Metro Park . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-23 |title=Metro Park Official Trailer – An Eros Now Original Series {{!}} All Episodes Live On 3rd March |url=https://www.unp.me/f189/metro-park-official-trailer-an-eros-now-original-series-all-episodes-live-on-3rd-march-366879/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204045424/https://www.unp.me/threads/metro-park-official-trailer-an-eros-now-original-series-all-episodes-live-on-3rd-march.366879/ |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=2019-03-01 |website=UNP |language=en-US}}</ref> Abi Varghese ne ya ba da umarnin wasan kwaikwayon, da taurari Ranvir Shorey, Purbi Joshi, Vega Tamotia, Omi Vaidya da Pitobash. == Biyan kuɗi da tushen masu biyan kuɗi == Tsarin kasuwanci na Eros Now shine biyan kuɗi wanda ya dogara da nau'ikan shirye-shiryen membobin da ke gudana guda uku. Shirin na asali (a Indiya) ya haɗa da samun dama ga daidaitattun ma'anar inganci ba tare da aiki a INR 49. Shirin da ya fi dacewa (a Indiya) yana ba da damar samun dama da aiki mara iyaka don yawo ciki har da samun damar HD yawo da fasalulluka kamar saukewa a kan layi, jerin kallo da lissafin wasa a INR 99. Shirin mafi girma (na kasa da kasa) ya haɗa da samun dama ga babban ma'anar da cikakken fasalin. Farashin ya bambanta a duk faɗin ƙasashe watau Amurka US $ 7.99 a kowane wata, Burtaniya £ 4.99 GBP, UAE DHMS 20, Malaysia MYR10. Eros Now yana da masu amfani da rajista miliyan 128 da masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 30 a duk duniya. (Dukan masu biyan kuɗi na iya haɗawa da waɗanda ke kan biyan kuɗi, gwaji kyauta ko ta hanyar mafi ƙarancin garantin muddin an ba da hanyar biyan kuɗi.) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jalen |first=Trisha |date=8 February 2019 |title=Eros Now has 13M paid subscribers in Q3FY19; now at 128M registered users |url=https://www.medianama.com/2019/02/223-eros-now-earnings-q3fy19/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218021209/https://www.medianama.com/2019/02/223-eros-now-earnings-q3fy19/ |archive-date=18 February 2019 |access-date=2020-10-28 |website=www.medianama.com}}</ref> Eros Now yana da masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 18 a YouTube kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin YouTube 100 mafi yawan biyan kuɗi a Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 100 Most Subscribed Youtubers in India – NoxInfluencer |url=https://www.noxinfluencer.com/youtube-channel-rank/top-100-in-all-youtuber-sorted-by-subs-weekly |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417095334/https://www.noxinfluencer.com/youtube-channel-rank/top-100-in-all-youtuber-sorted-by-subs-weekly |archive-date=17 April 2019 |access-date=24 May 2019 |website=www.noxinfluencer.com}}</ref> == Haɗin gwiwa == === Haɗin gwiwar Telecom === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%" ! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;" |Lokacin da ! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;" |Haɗin gwiwa ! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;" |Bayani |- |Janairu 2016 |Ra'ayi na Cell |Eros Now ya ba masu biyan kuɗi na 4G na Idea damar yin amfani da sabis na Eros Now ciki har da fina-finai, kiɗa, abubuwan TV da asalin Eros Now.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kurup |first=Rajesh |date=5 January 2016 |title=ErosNow enters into content distribution deal with Idea Cellular |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/erosnow-enters-into-content-distribution-deal-with-idea-cellular/article8068424.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031131236/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/erosnow-enters-into-content-distribution-deal-with-idea-cellular/article8068424.ece |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=21 November 2018 |website=@businessline}}</ref> |- |Afrilu 2016 |Maxis Sadarwa da U Mobile |Eros Now ya shiga kasuwar Malaysia ta wannan haɗin gwiwa. A matsayin wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwa tare da Maxis, Eros Now an haɗa shi a cikin kewayon shirye-shiryen bayanan da aka riga aka biya da kuma bayan an biya shi, yana ba da gabatarwa daban-daban ga masu biyan kuɗi. Yarjejeniyar tare da U Mobile ta ba da damar samun damar abokan ciniki na telecom kafin da bayan biyan kuɗi ga biyan kuɗi na Eros Now.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ErosNow enters Malaysia with partnerships With Maxis and U Mobile – The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/erosnow-enters-malaysia-with-partnerships-with-maxis-and-u-mobile/amp_articleshow/52030067.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121163246/https://m.economictimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/erosnow-enters-malaysia-with-partnerships-with-maxis-and-u-mobile/amp_articleshow/52030067.cms |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=21 November 2018 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> |- |Agusta 2016 |Dogaro da Jio |Shirin ya ba masu amfani damar samun damar ingantaccen sabis na Eros Now a cikin tsarin halittu na Jio. Wannan haɗin gwiwar ya taimaka wa Eros Now tare da damar samun sabbin masu biyan kuɗi a duk birane da yankunan karkara na Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reliance Jio users to get Eros Now content on phones as companies renew partnership – ET Telecom |url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/reliance-jio-users-to-get-eros-now-content-on-phones-as-companies-renew-partnership/62549635 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031092610/https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/reliance-jio-users-to-get-eros-now-content-on-phones-as-companies-renew-partnership/62549635 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=ETTelecom.com}}</ref> |- |Nuwamba 2016 |Vodafone |Eros Now ta ba da sanarwar haɗin gwiwar rarrabawa tare da Vodafone ko haɗin kai tare da Vodafone Play. Tare da wannan haɗin gwiwa, masu amfani da Vodafone Play sun sami damar samun damar Eros Now ta Bollywood abun ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-23 |title=Eros Now announces distribution partnership with Vodafone |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/digital-news/eros-now-announces-distribution-partnership-with-vodafone-66776.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121203714/https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/digital-news/eros-now-announces-distribution-partnership-with-vodafone-66776.html |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=2020-10-28 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media}}</ref> |- |Fabrairu 2017 |BSNL |Eros Now ta sanar da hadin gwiwa tare da SpeedPay - wata walat din da ke da manufa da yawa da kuma mai ba da sadarwa na jihar Indiya, Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd (BSNL) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-27 |title=BSNL to bundle Eros Now app for new & existing data customers |url=https://www.medianama.com/2017/02/223-eros-now-speedpay-bsnl-partnership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121203831/https://www.medianama.com/2017/02/223-eros-now-speedpay-bsnl-partnership/ |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=2020-10-28 |website=MediaNama}}</ref> |- |Nuwamba 2017 |Telecel Global Pty |Eros Now ya shiga kasuwar Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da jagoran mai ba da sadarwa Telecel Global Pty . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2017 |title=Eros Now Announces Entry into South African Market with Telecel Global Partnership |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20171103005441/en/Eros-Now-Announces-Entry-into-South-African-Market-with-Telecel-Global-Partnership |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031023652/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20171103005441/en/Eros-Now-Announces-Entry-into-South-African-Market-with-Telecel-Global-Partnership |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.businesswire.com}}</ref> |- |Yuni 2018 |Tattaunawar Axiata PLC |Haɗin yana ba da damar masu amfani da Dialog Axiata PLC su bincika cikin sa'o'i sama da 20,000 na abubuwan Indiya na asali a cikin harsuna sama da 10 <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2018 |title=Dialog Partners with Eros Now to Give Sri Lankans Best in Regional Content |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180628005749/en/Dialog-Partners-with-Eros-Now-to-Give-Sri-Lankans-Best-in-Regional-Content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102035423/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180628005749/en/Dialog-Partners-with-Eros-Now-to-Give-Sri-Lankans-Best-in-Regional-Content |archive-date=2 November 2020 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.businesswire.com}}</ref> |} === Alliances na dandamali === ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} jylne93k2irj2wocofzbzvidc9wmou0 905925 905924 2026-08-22T05:09:42Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} == Tarihi da ci gaba == An kafa shi a shekara ta 1977, Eros International plc ya fara kasuwancinsa tare da sayen fina-finai kuma a cikin ƴan shekaru ya ci gaba da zama masu rarraba VHS na farko na Indiya. A cikin shekara ta 2012, lokacin da Eros ta ƙaddamar da Eros Now, dandalin nishaɗin dijital da ake buƙata, kamfanin ya canza zuwa cikakken ɗakin karatu. Eros Now tana da niyya ga yawan jama'a biliyan 1.5 na Nishaɗi na Indiya a duk duniya. A farkon ƙaddamarwa, Eros Now ya fara da fina-finai da bidiyon kiɗa a matsayin ainihin abubuwan da ke ciki. Daga shekarar 2012 zuwa 2018, ya kara abun ciki kamar gajeren fina-finai, jerin yanar gizo da kuma abubuwan da aka tsara musamman a ƙarƙashin asalin bouquet. Eros Now ya kuma ɗaure- tare da manyan 'yan wasan sadarwa da abubuwan da ke ciki don kasancewa a gaba da layin. == Laburaren abun ciki == Eros Now yana da sunayen sarauta na dijital sama da 12,000 waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Film|fina-finai]], shirye-shiryen talabijin, bidiyon kiɗa da waƙoƙin kiɗa na 2.5 lakhs. Dandalin yana da fina-finai masu ban sha'awa kamar Cheeni Kum, Happy Bhag Jayegi, Manmarziyaan, Bajirao Mastani, Tanu Weds Manu Returns, Goliyon ki raasleela Ram-Leela, Rockstar, Shubh Mangal Savdhan, Vicky Donor, Mukkabaaz, Munna Michael, Ki &amp;amp; Ka, Turanci Vinglish, Sellhan, Zindagi Virat Hain, Maine Pyaar Kiya da Padosan daga cikin wasu lakabi da yawa a faɗin harsunan yankin Indiya 10. Dandalin da ake buƙata na dijital yana da tarin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa waɗanda ake watsawa akan Hum TV da ARY TV.A [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]: Bidiyo yanzu yana nuna EROS Yanzu abun ciki akan Bidiyo Tun Yuli 2023 === Shirye-shiryen asali === A watan Janairun shekarar 2018, Eros Now ta fara gabatar da gajeren fim ɗin su na farko 'Toffee' tare da Syna Anand da Sammaera Jaiswal. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2018, Eros Now ya yi sanarwa game da fitar da abubuwan da ke ciki na asali a rabi na biyu na shekara, wanda zai hada da fina-finai, jerin, fasalulluka da gajeren fina-fakka. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2018, Eros Now ta fitar da fim din Indiya na farko kai tsaye zuwa dijital Meri Nimmo . <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2018 |title=Meri Nimmo review: An uncomplicated, charming story about childhood, first love and heartbreak |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/meri-nimmo-review-an-uncomplicated-charming-story-about-childhood-first-love-and-heartbreak-4448967.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625021736/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/meri-nimmo-review-an-uncomplicated-charming-story-about-childhood-first-love-and-heartbreak-4448967.html |archive-date=25 June 2018 |access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref> Kuma a watan Satumbar 2018, Eros Now ta kaddamar da wasan kwaikwayo na farko na asali 'Side Hero' wanda Rohan Sippy ya jagoranta kuma ya hada da Kunaal Roy Kapoor, Gauahar Khan, Gopal Dutt da Arjun Kanungo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eros Now launches its first original show 'Side Hero' |url=http://bestmediainfo.com/2018/09/eros-now-launches-its-first-original-show-side-hero/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012014515/http://bestmediainfo.com/2018/09/eros-now-launches-its-first-original-show-side-hero/ |archive-date=12 October 2018 |access-date=11 October 2018 |website=www.bestmediaifo.com}}</ref> Ya biyo bayan ƙaddamar da gidan yanar gizon jirgin ruwa na asali 'Smoke' a watan Oktoba 2018 tare da Tom Alter, Jim Sarbh, Mandira Bedi da Kalki Koechlin. Smoke shine kawai jerin yanar gizo na [[Indiya]] da za a nuna a taron shekara-shekara na MIPCOM 2018 a Cannes a Faransa a karkashin Made in India Originals category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smoke, Eros Now webseries starring Kalki Koechlin, Jim Sarbh, to premiere at MIPCOM 2018 in Cannes |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/smoke-eros-now-webseries-starring-kalki-koechlin-jim-sarbh-to-premiere-at-mipcom-2018-in-cannes-5308241.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011191450/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/smoke-eros-now-webseries-starring-kalki-koechlin-jim-sarbh-to-premiere-at-mipcom-2018-in-cannes-5308241.html |archive-date=11 October 2018 |access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref> Eros Now kuma yana da jerin yanar gizo da fina-finai kamar A Monsoon Date, Maunn, Salute Siachen, Black & White tambayoyi da sauransu a cikin ɓangaren da ake kira E- Buzz. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, Eros Now ya kara fadada dabarun abun ciki tare da ƙaddamar da Eros Now Quickie, wani ɗan gajeren tsarin bidiyo. Eros Now Quickies guda biyu na farko sune Date Gone Wrong, Paise Fek Tamasha Dekh, sun fara yawo a ranar 19 ga Disamba 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-19 |title=Eros Now Launches Quickie, a New Short Form Content Platform |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20181219005403/en/Eros-Launches-Quickie-New-Short-Form-Content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329150331/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20181219005403/en/Eros-Launches-Quickie-New-Short-Form-Content |archive-date=29 March 2019 |access-date=2019-02-28 |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga watan Janairun 2019, Eros Now ta kaddamar da saurin sa na uku, The Investigation wanda ya nuna farkon dijital na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin Hiten Tejwani yana taka rawar jami'in reshen aikata laifuka na [[Mumbai]] da ke Binciken kisan kai yayin da Leena Jumani (''Kumkum Bhagya'' da ''[[Punar Vivaah|Punar Vivah]]'') ya buga matarsa a kan allo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2019 |title=Hiten Tejwani Shares First Look Of Web-Series The Investigation, Says 'Audience Will Be Glued To It' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/hiten-tejwani-shares-first-look-of-web-series-the-investigation-says-audience-will-be-glued-to-it-1971941 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228192416/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/hiten-tejwani-shares-first-look-of-web-series-the-investigation-says-audience-will-be-glued-to-it-1971941 |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=2019-02-28 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Janairu, an kaddamar da Eros Now Quickie na huɗu, Tum Se Na Ho Paayega kuma ya nuna Aakashdeep Arora da Juhi Bhatt a matsayin jagora. Nunin ya kasance abun ciki ne mai sauƙi wanda ya kewaye da wani ƙaramin yaro na gari, Bala, da rashin iya magance halayyar jinsi na duniya mai ci gaba.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}} Eros Now ta kaddamar da asali na gaba, Operation Cobra a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu. Ya nuna farkon dijital ko ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin Gautam Gulati yana taka rawar wakilin R.A.W. Karan Singh yayin da Ruhi Singh da Nyra Banerjee suka yi rubutun matsayin wakilin MI6 Riya Sharma da ɗan ta'adda Tahira Shaikh bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-13 |title=ErosNow presents first trailer of new web series Operation Cobra |url=https://www.thedigitalhash.com/erosnow-presents-first-trailer-of-new-web-series-operation-cobra/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228192131/https://www.thedigitalhash.com/erosnow-presents-first-trailer-of-new-web-series-operation-cobra/ |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=2019-02-28 |website=The Digital Hash |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Maris 2019, Eros Now ta ƙaddamar da asali na gaba, Metro Park . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-23 |title=Metro Park Official Trailer – An Eros Now Original Series {{!}} All Episodes Live On 3rd March |url=https://www.unp.me/f189/metro-park-official-trailer-an-eros-now-original-series-all-episodes-live-on-3rd-march-366879/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204045424/https://www.unp.me/threads/metro-park-official-trailer-an-eros-now-original-series-all-episodes-live-on-3rd-march.366879/ |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=2019-03-01 |website=UNP |language=en-US}}</ref> Abi Varghese ne ya ba da umarnin wasan kwaikwayon, da taurari Ranvir Shorey, Purbi Joshi, Vega Tamotia, Omi Vaidya da Pitobash. == Biyan kuɗi da tushen masu biyan kuɗi == Tsarin kasuwanci na Eros Now shine biyan kuɗi wanda ya dogara da nau'ikan shirye-shiryen membobin da ke gudana guda uku. Shirin na asali (a Indiya) ya haɗa da samun dama ga daidaitattun ma'anar inganci ba tare da aiki a INR 49. Shirin da ya fi dacewa (a Indiya) yana ba da damar samun dama da aiki mara iyaka don yawo ciki har da samun damar HD yawo da fasalulluka kamar saukewa a kan layi, jerin kallo da lissafin wasa a INR 99. Shirin mafi girma (na kasa da kasa) ya haɗa da samun dama ga babban ma'anar da cikakken fasalin. Farashin ya bambanta a duk faɗin ƙasashe watau Amurka US $ 7.99 a kowane wata, Burtaniya £ 4.99 GBP, UAE DHMS 20, Malaysia MYR10. Eros Now yana da masu amfani da rajista miliyan 128 da masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 30 a duk duniya. (Dukan masu biyan kuɗi na iya haɗawa da waɗanda ke kan biyan kuɗi, gwaji kyauta ko ta hanyar mafi ƙarancin garantin muddin an ba da hanyar biyan kuɗi.) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jalen |first=Trisha |date=8 February 2019 |title=Eros Now has 13M paid subscribers in Q3FY19; now at 128M registered users |url=https://www.medianama.com/2019/02/223-eros-now-earnings-q3fy19/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218021209/https://www.medianama.com/2019/02/223-eros-now-earnings-q3fy19/ |archive-date=18 February 2019 |access-date=2020-10-28 |website=www.medianama.com}}</ref> Eros Now yana da masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 18 a YouTube kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin YouTube 100 mafi yawan biyan kuɗi a Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 100 Most Subscribed Youtubers in India – NoxInfluencer |url=https://www.noxinfluencer.com/youtube-channel-rank/top-100-in-all-youtuber-sorted-by-subs-weekly |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417095334/https://www.noxinfluencer.com/youtube-channel-rank/top-100-in-all-youtuber-sorted-by-subs-weekly |archive-date=17 April 2019 |access-date=24 May 2019 |website=www.noxinfluencer.com}}</ref> == Haɗin gwiwa == === Haɗin gwiwar Telecom === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%" ! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;" |Lokacin da ! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;" |Haɗin gwiwa ! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;" |Bayani |- |Janairu 2016 |Ra'ayi na Cell |Eros Now ya ba masu biyan kuɗi na 4G na Idea damar yin amfani da sabis na Eros Now ciki har da fina-finai, kiɗa, abubuwan TV da asalin Eros Now.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kurup |first=Rajesh |date=5 January 2016 |title=ErosNow enters into content distribution deal with Idea Cellular |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/erosnow-enters-into-content-distribution-deal-with-idea-cellular/article8068424.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031131236/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/erosnow-enters-into-content-distribution-deal-with-idea-cellular/article8068424.ece |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=21 November 2018 |website=@businessline}}</ref> |- |Afrilu 2016 |Maxis Sadarwa da U Mobile |Eros Now ya shiga kasuwar Malaysia ta wannan haɗin gwiwa. A matsayin wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwa tare da Maxis, Eros Now an haɗa shi a cikin kewayon shirye-shiryen bayanan da aka riga aka biya da kuma bayan an biya shi, yana ba da gabatarwa daban-daban ga masu biyan kuɗi. Yarjejeniyar tare da U Mobile ta ba da damar samun damar abokan ciniki na telecom kafin da bayan biyan kuɗi ga biyan kuɗi na Eros Now.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ErosNow enters Malaysia with partnerships With Maxis and U Mobile – The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/erosnow-enters-malaysia-with-partnerships-with-maxis-and-u-mobile/amp_articleshow/52030067.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121163246/https://m.economictimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/erosnow-enters-malaysia-with-partnerships-with-maxis-and-u-mobile/amp_articleshow/52030067.cms |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=21 November 2018 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> |- |Agusta 2016 |Dogaro da Jio |Shirin ya ba masu amfani damar samun damar ingantaccen sabis na Eros Now a cikin tsarin halittu na Jio. Wannan haɗin gwiwar ya taimaka wa Eros Now tare da damar samun sabbin masu biyan kuɗi a duk birane da yankunan karkara na Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reliance Jio users to get Eros Now content on phones as companies renew partnership – ET Telecom |url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/reliance-jio-users-to-get-eros-now-content-on-phones-as-companies-renew-partnership/62549635 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031092610/https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/reliance-jio-users-to-get-eros-now-content-on-phones-as-companies-renew-partnership/62549635 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=ETTelecom.com}}</ref> |- |Nuwamba 2016 |Vodafone |Eros Now ta ba da sanarwar haɗin gwiwar rarrabawa tare da Vodafone ko haɗin kai tare da Vodafone Play. Tare da wannan haɗin gwiwa, masu amfani da Vodafone Play sun sami damar samun damar Eros Now ta Bollywood abun ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-23 |title=Eros Now announces distribution partnership with Vodafone |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/digital-news/eros-now-announces-distribution-partnership-with-vodafone-66776.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121203714/https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/digital-news/eros-now-announces-distribution-partnership-with-vodafone-66776.html |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=2020-10-28 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media}}</ref> |- |Fabrairu 2017 |BSNL |Eros Now ta sanar da hadin gwiwa tare da SpeedPay - wata walat din da ke da manufa da yawa da kuma mai ba da sadarwa na jihar Indiya, Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd (BSNL) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-27 |title=BSNL to bundle Eros Now app for new & existing data customers |url=https://www.medianama.com/2017/02/223-eros-now-speedpay-bsnl-partnership/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121203831/https://www.medianama.com/2017/02/223-eros-now-speedpay-bsnl-partnership/ |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=2020-10-28 |website=MediaNama}}</ref> |- |Nuwamba 2017 |Telecel Global Pty |Eros Now ya shiga kasuwar Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da jagoran mai ba da sadarwa Telecel Global Pty . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2017 |title=Eros Now Announces Entry into South African Market with Telecel Global Partnership |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20171103005441/en/Eros-Now-Announces-Entry-into-South-African-Market-with-Telecel-Global-Partnership |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031023652/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20171103005441/en/Eros-Now-Announces-Entry-into-South-African-Market-with-Telecel-Global-Partnership |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.businesswire.com}}</ref> |- |Yuni 2018 |Tattaunawar Axiata PLC |Haɗin yana ba da damar masu amfani da Dialog Axiata PLC su bincika cikin sa'o'i sama da 20,000 na abubuwan Indiya na asali a cikin harsuna sama da 10 <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2018 |title=Dialog Partners with Eros Now to Give Sri Lankans Best in Regional Content |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180628005749/en/Dialog-Partners-with-Eros-Now-to-Give-Sri-Lankans-Best-in-Regional-Content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102035423/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180628005749/en/Dialog-Partners-with-Eros-Now-to-Give-Sri-Lankans-Best-in-Regional-Content |archive-date=2 November 2020 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.businesswire.com}}</ref> |} === Alliances na dandamali === ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} p9x5qsqdbtu4i773e7r3r1xkoix4396 0 79076 905784 813780 2026-08-21T20:29:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jami'ar Cape Coast''' (UCC) jami'a ce ta jama'a wacce ke cikin garin Cape Coast mai tarihi a yankin tsakiyar Ghana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=central region capital |url=https://www.bing.com/search?q=central+region+capital&form=ANNTH1&refig=07f66ca4644f4cb191148ddd860998ca |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Bing |language=en}}</ref> Harabar makarantar tana da bakin teku da ba kasafai ba kuma tana zaune a kan wani tudu da ke kallon [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]]. Yana aiki akan harabar harabar guda biyu: Kudancin Campus (Old Site) da Cibiyar Arewa (Sabon Wurin). Biyu daga cikin mahimman wuraren tarihi a Ghana, [[Elmina]] da Cape Coast Castle, ƴan kilomita kaɗan ne daga harabar ta. An kafa Jami'ar Cape Coast a watan cikin Oktoban shekarar 1962 <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Cape Coast |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/education/cape.html |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=Ghana web}}</ref> a matsayin kwalejin jami'a don mayar da martani ga matsananciyar bukatar ƙasar na samun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ma'aikata a fannin ilimi. Don haka ainihin aikinsa shi ne horar da malaman da suka kammala karatun digiri na biyu, kwalejojin horar da malamai da cibiyoyin fasaha, <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://ucc.edu.gh/main/about/history |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=University of Cape Coast |language=en |archive-date=2019-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607201818/https://ucc.edu.gh/main/about/history |url-status=dead }}</ref> manufa da jami'o'in gwamnati guda biyu da ake da su a lokacin ba su da kayan aiki don cikawa. A ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1971, kwalejin ta sami matsayin cikakkiyar jami'a mai zaman kanta, tare da ikon ba da nata digiri, difloma da takaddun shaida ta Dokar Majalisa. A yau, tare da fadada wasu daga cikin manyan makarantu/makarantunta da kuma yadda ake gudanar da shirye-shirye daban-daban, jami’ar na da karfin da za ta iya biyan bukatun ma’aikata na sauran ma’aikatu da masana’antu na kasar nan, baya ga na ma’aikatar ilimi. Tuni dai jami’ar ta kara wa ayyukanta horar da likitoci da kwararrun harkar lafiya, kwararrun ‘yan kasuwa, masu gudanarwa, kwararrun shari’a, da masu aikin gona irin su masu aikin fadada aikin gona. Wadanda suka kammala karatun UCC sun hada da ministocin kasa, manyan kwamishinoni, manyan jami’an gwamnati, da ‘yan majalisa. == Tarihi == An kafa Jami'ar Cape Coast a cikin watan Oktoban shekarar 1962 a matsayin kwalejin jami'a kuma an sanya shi cikin dangantaka ta musamman da [[Jami'ar Ghana|Jami'ar Ghana, Legon]] . A ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba 1971, kwalejin ta sami matsayin cikakkiyar jami'a mai zaman kanta, tare da ikon ba da nata digiri, difloma da takaddun shaida ta Dokar Majalisa. An kafa jami'ar ne saboda tsananin bukatar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ma'aikata a fannin ilimi. Ainihin aikinta shi ne horar da kwararrun malamai da suka kammala karatun digiri na biyu a makarantun kasar Ghana da ma’aikatar ilimi domin biyan bukatun ma’aikata na shirin inganta ilimi a kasar a lokacin. A yau, tare da fadada wasu daga cikin Faculty/Schools da kuma sauye-sauyen shirye-shirye, jami'ar tana da karfin da za ta iya biyan bukatun ma'aikata na sauran ma'aikatun da masana'antu na kasar nan, baya ga na ma'aikatar ilimi . Daga farkon karatun ɗalibi na 155 a cikin 1963, Jami'ar Cape Coast yanzu tana da adadin ɗaliban kusan 80,000. Jami’ar ta fara ne da sassa biyu, wato: Arts and Science. Waɗannan sassan sun haɓaka zuwa Faculties a cikin 1963. Domin cimma manufofin da aka gindaya, a shekarar 1964, jami'ar ta samar da karin Faculty guda biyu, wato: Education and Economics & Social Studies [yanzu Faculty of Social Sciences]. An kafa jami'a ta biyar [School of Agriculture] a cikin 1975. An raba Faculty of Science zuwa Makarantun Kimiyyar Jiki da Ilimin Halittu a lokacin shekarar ilimi ta 2002←/2003 yayin da Sashen Nazarin Kasuwancin kuma aka ɗaukaka zuwa Makarantar Kasuwanci tare da tasiri daga shekarar ilimi ta 2003/2004. An kara Makarantar Likitanci da Makarantar Shari'a da sauransu. Yanzu haka dai jami’ar tana horar da likitoci da kwararru a fannin kiwon lafiya, da masu tsara ilimi, masu gudanar da aiki, masana aikin gona, Akanta, lauyoyi da dai sauransu. Jami’ar Cape Coast (UCC) da ta yaye sun hada da ministocin kasa, manyan kwamishinoni, manyan jami’an gwamnati, da ‘yan majalisa. <ref name="ucc.edu.gh">{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} University of Cape Coast |url=https://ucc.edu.gh/main/about/history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607201818/https://ucc.edu.gh/main/about/history |archive-date=7 June 2019}}</ref> == Makarantu == === Tsohuwar Haraba === Tsohuwar Gidan Campus wanda aka fi sani da Kudancin Campus yana kan tudu, sama da matakin teku, a cikin al'ummomin Apewosika da Kokoado a cikin babban birni na Cape Coast. Tsarin dabarun da aka gina na Tsohon Cibiyar Gidan Gida a cikin waɗannan al'ummomin biyu ya haɓaka ayyukan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Harabar dai tana da Babban Jami'ar Gudanarwar Jami'ar, zauren mata daya tilo, zauren Adehye, zauren Atlantic da Oguafo Hall. Asibitin Jami'ar, wanda ke ba da ingantaccen sabis na kiwon lafiya ga yawan ɗalibai da sauran jama'a yana nan <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Campus |url=https://ucc.edu.gh/main/explore-ucc/our-campus |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=University of Cape Coast |language=en}}</ref> . === Sabon Haraba === Sabon Harabar Gidan Yanar Gizo ko Harabar Arewa, wanda aka fi sani da "Kimiyya" yana tsakanin nisan kilomita daga Old Site yana kusa da al'ummomin Kwaprow da Amamoma. Cibiyar ta Arewa ta samo asali ne sakamakon karuwar daliban da ake shigar da su a Jami’ar. Cibiyar tana da zauren mazaje guda ɗaya na Jami'ar, Casley Hayford Hall, Hall na Kwame Nkrumah, Hallo Hall da Cibiyar Watsa Labarai na Campus. Wuri ne na Ginin Kimiyyar Kimiyya saboda haka sanannen sunan "Kimiyya". Lambun Jami'a da Gidan Zoo na Jami'ar suma suna cikin Sabon Gidan Wuta na Jami'ar <ref>{{Cite web |last=Esi |first=Arhin |date=October 7, 2022 |title=Five best places to explore on University of Cape Coast campus |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/lifestyle/life/five-best-places-to-explore-on-university-of-cape-coast-campus.html |website=Graphic Online}}</ref> . == Yawan ɗalibai == Daga farkon karatun ɗalibi na 155 a cikin 1963, Jami'ar Cape Coast yanzu tana da jimlar ɗaliban ɗalibai 74,720. Rushewar ta kasance kamar haka: 18,949 ɗaliban karatun digiri na yau da kullun, 1445 sandwich ɗaliban karatun digiri, ɗaliban karatun digiri na yau da kullun 1014, ɗaliban sandwich 2773 ɗaliban karatun digiri na 48,989 masu nisa na karatun digiri na 1540 da ɗaliban nesa na 1540. Jami'ar ta dauki jimillar dalibai 24,723 a cikin shirye-shiryenta daban-daban na shekarar karatu ta 2016/2017. <ref name="ucc.edu.gh"/> Daga shekarar karatu ta 2016/2017 zuwa yau, yawan jama'ar jami'a na ci gaba da karuwa a kowace shekara. A halin yanzu, makarantar tana da yawan dalibai 78,485 tare da 41,165 (52.40%) maza da 37,320 (47.60%) yawan dalibai mata, wanda a jimlar ya kai 2,765 fiye da abin da suke da shi a shekarar karatu ta 2016/2017. Rarraba yawan daliban a shekarar karatu ta 2022/2023 kamar haka: akwai daliban sandwich guda 9 wadanda su kadai ke bayar da satifiket a shirye-shiryensu daban-daban inda 2 daga cikinsu maza ne mata 7. Difloma 11,539 tana ba wa ɗalibai 11,234 ɗaliban nesa (maza 5,271 da mata 5,963) da ɗaliban sandwich 305 (maza 132 da mata 173). 60,406 masu karatun digiri wanda ya ƙunshi ɗalibai na 23,537 na yau da kullun (maza 13,072 da mata 10,465), ɗaliban nesa 16,260 (maza 8,324 da mata 7,936), ɗaliban sandwich 1,241 (maza 561 da mata 686, ɗalibai 319, mata 319). 25 mata). Yawan jama'a ya ƙunshi ɗalibai 578 na PhD waɗanda duk ɗalibai ne na yau da kullun, tare da maza 372 da mata 206. Daliban PGDE 305 da suka kunshi daliban nesa 71 (maza 29 da mata 42) da daliban sandwich 234 (maza 148 da mata 86). Dalibai 5,648 da ke yin masters a halin yanzu tare da ɗalibai 1,148 waɗanda ke zama ɗalibai na yau da kullun (maza 709 da mata 439), ɗaliban nesa 2,239 (maza 1,287 da mata 952) da ɗaliban sandwich 2,261 (maza 1,321 da mata 940). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-22 |title=-------- Enrolment Facts |url=https://ucc.edu.gh/main/explore-ucc/summary-statistics |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=University of Cape Coast |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tsarin Mulki == Jami'ar Cape Coast a halin yanzu tana ƙarƙashin jagorancin Majalisar da aka zaɓa daga zaɓaɓɓun membobin Jami'ar da waɗanda aka nada na Jiha. === 'Yan Majalisa === Hukumar gudanarwa ana kiranta da Majalisar Jami'ar kuma sun ƙunshi shugaba / Pro-Chancellor, Wakilin Daliban Post-Graduate, Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a, Mutum uku (3) na Gwamnati, biyu (2) Wakilan Taro, Wakilin UTAG - UCC Branch, Wakilin CHASS, Wakilin TEWU na TUC, Wakilin Kungiyar tsofaffin ɗalibai, Wakilin Dalibai masu digiri na farko, Wakilin Dalibai bayan kammala karatun digiri, Wakilin GTEC, magatakarda, Pro-Mataimakin Chancellor, Daraktan Kuɗi da Sakatariyar Majalisar, ofishin, magatakarda. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of Council |url=https://www.ucc.edu.gh/main/about/university-council |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=University of Cape Coast |language=en |archive-date=2023-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829202648/https://www.ucc.edu.gh/main/about/university-council |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Manyan jami'ai === Bisa ga mutum-mutumin jami'ar, manyan jami'an jami'ar sun hada da kansila, [[Mataimakin shugaban Jami'a|pro-chancellor]] / shugaba, mataimakin shugaban jami'a, rejista da kuma mataimakin shugaban jami'ar . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Principal Officers |url=https://www.ucc.edu.gh/main/about/university-principal-officers |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=University of Cape Coast |language=en |archive-date=2023-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829202649/https://www.ucc.edu.gh/main/about/university-principal-officers |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+The list of past and current Principals/Vice-Chancellor of UCC<ref>{{Cite web |title=UCC achieves global excellence @60 |url=https://www.businessghana.com/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=BusinessGhana}}</ref> !Name of Principal or Vice-Chancellor !Position !Duration of tenure |- |Dr C.A. Ackah |Principal |1962 to 1964 |- |Dr N.G Bakhoom |Principal |1964 to 1966 |- |Dr C.A. Ackah |Principal |1966 to 1968 |- |Prof. K.A Nyarko |Acting Principal |1968 to 1969 |- |Prof. E. A Boateng |Principal |1969 to 1972 |- |Prof. E. A Boateng |Vice-Chancellor |1972 to 1973 |- |Prof. Yanney-Ewusie |Vice-Chancellor |1973 to 1978 |- |Prof. S.K. Odamtten |Acting Vice-Chancellor |1978 to 1980 |- |Prof. K. B Dickson |Vice-Chancellor |1980 to 1988 |- |Prof. K.N. Eyeson |Acting Vice-Chancellor |1988 to 1989 |- |Prof. K.B Dickson |Vice-Chancellor |1989 to 1990 |- |Prof. Austin Tetteh Prof. R.K.G Assoku Prof. Martha Tamakloe |Interim Administrative Council |1990 to 1991 |- |Rev. Prof. S.K. Adjepong |Vice-Chancellor |1991 to 2001 |- |Rev. Prof. Emmanuel Addow-Obeng |Vice-Chancellor |2001 to 2008 |- |Prof. Naana Jane Opoku-Agyemang |Vice-Chancellor |2008 to 2012 |- |Prof. D.D. Kuupole |Vice-Chancellor |2012 to 2016 |- |Rev. Prof. Joseph Ghartey-Ampiah |Vice-Chancellor |2016 to 2020 |- |Prof. Johnson Nyarko Boampong |Vice-Chancellor |2020 to date |} == Malamai == Jami'ar Cape Coast a yau an shirya su zuwa kwalejoji shida. Kowace kwaleji tana da bangarori daban-daban, makarantu da sassan da ke ƙarƙashinsu kamar yadda aka bayyana a ƙasa; === College of Agriculture & Natural Sciences === ==== Makarantar Kimiyyar Jiki <ref>{{Cite web |title=School of Physical Sciences {{!}} School of Physical Sciences |url=https://phy.ucc.edu.gh/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=phy ucc Education Ghana |archive-date=2023-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002230331/https://phy.ucc.edu.gh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== * Sashen Physics * Sashen Lissafi * Sashen Kididdiga * Sashen Fasaha na Laboratory * Sashen Kimiyyar Kwamfuta & Fasahar Watsa Labarai * Sashen Kimiyyar Kimiyya * Laser & Fiber Optics Center * Shirin Masana'antu Chemistry ==== Makarantar Kimiyyar Halittu <ref>{{Cite web |title=School of Biological Science {{!}} School of Biological Sciences |url=https://bio.ucc.edu.gh/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=bio ucc Education Ghana |archive-date=2023-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002153318/https://bio.ucc.edu.gh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== * Sashen Nazarin Halittar Halitta da Kimiyyar Halittu * Sashen Kifi da Kimiyyar Ruwa * Sashen Kimiyyar Muhalli * Sashen ilimin cututtuka da namun daji * Sashen Nazarin Halittu & Kimiyyar Shari'a * Sashen Biochemistry ==== Makarantar Aikin Noma <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Agric {{!}} School of Agriculture |url=https://agric.ucc.edu.gh/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=agric ucc education Ghana |archive-date=2023-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002230331/https://agric.ucc.edu.gh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== * Sashen Kimiyyar Kasa * Sashen Kimiyyar amfanin gona * Sashen Kimiyyar Dabbobi * Sashen Injiniyan Aikin Gona * Sashen Tattalin Arzikin Noma da Tsawaita * Kauyen Fasaha * Kula da Ayyukan Kasuwanci (SEPs) * Sashin sarrafa Nama (MPU) === Kwalejin Ilimi mai nisa === * Sashen Nazarin Kasuwanci <ref>{{Cite web |title=College of Distance Education UCC |url=https://ucc.edu.gh/academics/code |access-date=2024-06-07 |archive-date=2015-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017075650/http://ucc.edu.gh/academics/code |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Sashen Ilimi * Sashen Lissafi da Kimiyya === Kwalejin Nazarin Ilimi === ==== Faculty of Education Foundation <ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty of Educational Foundations Homepage {{!}} Faculty of Educational Foundations |url=https://fef.ucc.edu.gh/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=fef ucc Education Ghana}}</ref> ==== * Cibiyar Binciken Ci gaban Yara da Magana * Cibiyar Nasiha * Sashen Ilimin Farko * Sashen Ilimi & Ilimin Halitta * Sashen Jagora da Nasiha ==== Sashen Ilimin Dan Adam & Ilimin Kimiyyar Jama'a <ref>{{Cite web |last=clemence |date=2018-07-30 |title=Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Education |url=https://ucc.edu.gh/faculty-school/faculty-humanities-and-social-sciences-education |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=University of Cape Coast |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002212637/https://ucc.edu.gh/faculty-school/faculty-humanities-and-social-sciences-education |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== * Sashen Ilimin Fasaha * Sashen Harkokin Kasuwanci da Ilimin zamantakewa ==== Sashen Kimiyya da Ilimin Fasaha <ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty of Science and Technology Education Home {{!}} Faculty of Science and Technology Education |url=https://fste.ucc.edu.gh/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=fste ucc education Ghana}}</ref> ==== * Sashen Ilimin Kimiyyar Lafiya * Sashen Lafiya, Ilimin Jiki & Nishaɗi * Sashen Lissafi & Ilimin ICT * Sashen Ilimin Kimiyya * Sashen Koyarwa da Ilimin Fasaha ==== Makarantar Ci gaban Ilimi & Watsawa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home - SEDO {{!}} School of Educational Development and Outreach |url=https://sedo.ucc.edu.gh/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=sedo ucc education Ghana}}</ref> ==== * Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi, Kima da Ci gaba * Cibiyar Haɓaka Ƙwararrun Malamai * Cibiyar Tallafawa Koyarwa * Cibiyar Ilimi === Kwalejin Ilimin Dan Adam da Nazarin Shari'a === ==== Makarantar Kimiyyar zamantakewa <ref>{{Cite web |last=clemence |date=2018-07-30 |title=Faculty of Social Sciences |url=https://ucc.edu.gh/faculty-school/faculty-social-sciences |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=University of Cape Coast |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002212835/https://ucc.edu.gh/faculty-school/faculty-social-sciences |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== * Cibiyar Nazarin Man Fetur da Gas * Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba (IDS) * Sashen ilimin halayyar dan adam & Anthropology * Sashen Yawan Jama'a & Lafiya * Ma'aikatar Baƙi & Gudanar da Yawon shakatawa * Sashen Geography & Tsare-tsare na Yanki * Sashen Tattalin Arziki * Cibiyar Nazarin Jinsi, Bincike, Shawarwari da Takardun Takardun (CEGRAD) * Rukunin Kuɗi * Cibiyar Rubutun Bayanai, Gudanarwa, Bincike da Shawarwari (C-DAMAA) ==== Faculty of Arts <ref>{{Cite web |last=dgessel |date=2018-07-28 |title=Faculty of Arts |url=https://ucc.edu.gh/faculty-school/faculty-arts |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=University of Cape Coast |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002212727/https://ucc.edu.gh/faculty-school/faculty-arts |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== * Bayani & Ƙwararrun Karatu * Sashen wasan kwaikwayo & Nazarin Fim * Sashen Addini da Darajojin Dan Adam * Sashen Kida & Rawa * Sashen Tarihi * Sashen Harsuna & Harsunan Ghana * Sashen Faransanci * Sashen Turanci * Sashen Nazarin Sadarwa * Sashen Classics & Falsafa * Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka da Ƙasashen Duniya ==== Faculty of [https://law.ucc.edu.gh/faculty-front Law]{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ==== * Sashen Shari'a * Clinic Law & Sashen Tsawaita Shari'a * Cibiyar Nazarin Shari'a * Laburaren Shari'a & Cibiyar Bayani ==== Makarantar Kasuwanci <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} School of Business |url=https://sob.ucc.edu.gh/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=sob ucc education Ghana.}}</ref> ==== * Sashen Gudanarwa * Sashen Accounting * Ma'aikatar Kudi * Sashen Tallace-tallace & Gudanar da Sarkar Kaya * Sashen Kula da Albarkatun Dan Adam * Sashin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru & Gudanarwa (PMDU) * Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwanci da Ci gaban Ƙananan Kasuwanci (CESED) === Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya & Ƙwararrun Kimiyya === ==== Makarantar Kimiyyar Lafiya <ref>{{Cite web |title=SMS {{!}} School of Medical Sciences |url=https://sms.ucc.edu.gh/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=sms ucc education Ghana}}</ref> ==== * Sashen Kula da Jiyya * Ma'aikatar Anesthesia & Ciwon Ciwo * Sashen Nazarin Halittu & Halittar Halitta * Sashen Kimiyyar Halittar Kiwon Lafiya & Kwayoyin Halitta * Sashen Ciwon ciki & Gynecology & Magungunan tayi * Sashen Magungunan Ciki & Magunguna * Sashen Kimiyyar Halittu * Ma'aikatar Magungunan Al'umma * Sashen Magungunan Ciki & Magunguna * Sashen Ilimin Kiwon Lafiya & Fasahar Watsa Labarai * Sashen Microbiology & Immunology * Sashen Kimiyyar Magunguna * Sashen Kula da Lafiyar Yara * Sashen Nazarin Halittar Jiki & Histopathology * Sashen tiyata * Ma'aikatar Magungunan Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru * Sashen ilimin halittar jiki ==== Makarantar Nursing & Midwifery ==== * Sashen jinya <ref>{{Cite web |title=SoNM {{!}} School of Nursing & Midwifery |url=https://snm.ucc.edu.gh/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=snm ucc Education Ghana}}</ref> ==== Makarantar Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Allied ==== * Sashen Kimiyyar Wasanni * Sashen Nazarin Mataimakin Likita * Sashen Kula da Abinci da Abinci * Sashen Fasaha na Laboratory Medical * Sashen Hoto na Likita * Ma'aikatar Kula da Bayanan Lafiya * Sashen duban gani === Makarantar Nazarin Karatu da Bincike <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://sgs.ucc.edu.gh/sgs-front |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=School of Graduate Studies |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Makarantar Nazarin Graduate (SGS) na Jami'ar Cape Coast ta kasance a ranar 1 ga Agusta 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=School of Graduate Studies and Research, UCC |url=https://ucc.edu.gh/academics/postgraduate-programmes |access-date=2024-06-07 |archive-date=2015-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008050130/http://ucc.edu.gh/academics/postgraduate-programmes |url-status=dead }}</ref> An fara shi ne a matsayin kwamitin da ke kan manyan digiri, tare da ba wa majalisar dattijai shawara kan manufofin kammala karatun jami'a tare da ba da shawarar ba da tallafin karatu don amincewa. A cikin 1992, an canza kwamitin da ke kan manyan digiri zuwa kwamitin karatun digiri. Ita dai wannan hukumar, wani karamin kwamiti ne na hukumar ilimi, an dora wa alhakin gudanar da karatun digiri a jami’ar, har sai an daukaka matsayinta zuwa makaranta a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan 2008. Makarantar tana da haƙƙin daidaita shirye-shiryen ilimi na matakin digiri na duk kwalejoji a cikin jami'a. Hakanan yana tsarawa da ba da shawarwari kan [https://sgs.ucc.edu.gh/sgs-programmes shirye-shiryen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618190659/https://sgs.ucc.edu.gh/sgs-programmes/ |date=2019-06-18 }} digiri na kwalejojin jami'a waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Cape Coast. Don cimma burinta da manufarta, makarantar tana da ayyuka sau huɗu: # Sharuɗɗan daftarin aiki don duk manyan digiri tare da tabbatar da cewa an kiyaye ƙa'idodin ilimi karɓaɓɓu. # Karɓi rahotanni kuma la'akari da shawarwarin da suka shafi manyan digiri da difloma na digiri daga Sashen da Kwamitin Kwalejin Nazarin Karatu. # Ƙayyade sakamakon mafi girma digiri da digiri na digiri. # Ba da shawarwari ga Hukumar Ilimi don bayar da mafi girman digiri da difloma. Jami'ar tana aiki da tsarin karatun semester biyu don [https://sgs.ucc.edu.gh/sgs-programmes shirye-shiryen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618190659/https://sgs.ucc.edu.gh/sgs-programmes/ |date=2019-06-18 }} karatun digiri na yau da kullun. semester na farko yana farawa daga Agusta zuwa Disamba da kuma zango na biyu daga Janairu zuwa Mayu. Jami'ar ta ba da lambar yabo ta Master of Arts (MA), Jagoran Kimiyya (MSc), Jagoran Ilimi (MED), Jagoran Kasuwancin Kasuwanci (MBA), Jagora na Falsafa (M.Phil.), Jagoran Kasuwanci (M.Com. ) da Dikitan Falsafa (PhD) a fannoni daban-daban. Shirye-shiryen MA/MED/MSc yawanci za su ƙunshi semesters biyu na aikin kwas (watanni tara) sannan aiki ko karatun digiri (watanni uku). == Sanannen tsofaffin ɗalibai == * [[Edmund Abaka]], photographer and professor of African history at the University of Miami * Rosina Acheampong, Ghanaian educationist and former headmistress of Wesley Girls High School * Alfred P. Addaquay, Ghanaian classical keyboardist, composer, arranger, conductor, choral director and singer * Emmanuel Addow-Obeng, Ghanaian academic, administrator and cleric. He was the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cape Coast and served as the Pro-Vice-Chancellor of the Central University of Ghana * [[Mercy Catherine Adjabeng]], author, magazine editor-in-chief and managing editor * Jane Naana Opoku Agyemang, former Minister of Education of the Republic of Ghana, first female Vice Chancellor of a public university in Ghana, first female vice presidential candidate for the National Democratic Congress, the largest opposition political party in Ghana * Kofi Akpabli, Ghanaian journalist, writer, and publisher * Kwesi Ahwoi, Ghana's High Commissioner to [[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] and Ghana's former Minister of Interior * [[Aba Andam]], Ghanaian particle physicist * Samuel Kobina Annim, government statistician and former associate professor of economics<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2019 |title=Prof. Samuel Kobina Annim |url=https://ucc.edu.gh/spotlight/prof-samuel-kobina-annim |access-date=7 June 2024 |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906191920/https://ucc.edu.gh/spotlight/prof-samuel-kobina-annim |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Yaw Ansong Jnr, physician-scientist, inventor, and entrepreneur * [[Juliet Asante]], award-winning filmmaker, entrepreneur, activist, Huffington Post blogger, Aspen Global Leadership fellow, Legatum Institute fellow, alumnus of the Fortune 500/State Department Mentorship program, and Vital Voices Global leaders forum * [[Kojo Armah]] – Ghanaian lawyer, diplomat, and former member of parliament * George Aryee, for director general of the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation  * Kweku Asiamah – Minister of Transport * [[Barbara Asher Ayisi]] – Ghanaian politician, educationist, and Deputy Minister of Education * Michael Okyere Baafi, a Ghanaian politician and executive secretary of Ghana Free Zones Board * Emmanuel Kwasi Bandua – Ghanaian lawyer, politician, and member of parliament * Ama Afo Blay, former director-general of the Ghana Education Service * [[Johnson Nyarko Boampong]], Ghanaian pharmacist, biomedical scientist, and current vice chancellor of the University of Cape Coast * [[Rosemond Aboagyewa Boohene]], Ghanaian accountant, entrepreneurship scholar, and current pro vice chancellor of the University of Cape Coast<ref>{{Cite web |title=Staff Directory{{!}} University of Cape Coast |url=https://directory.ucc.edu.gh/p/rosemond-boohene}}</ref> * [[Richard Damoah]], Ghanaian physicist and research scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center * Doris Dartey, former Ghanaian communication educator, consultant, and onetime member and chairperson of GJA Awards Committee * Nana Amba Eyiaba I – Ghanaian traditional ruler (Queen-mother), educationist and former member of the Electoral Commission of Ghana * [[Dora Francisca Edu-Buandoh]], current pro vice-chancellor and professor of English at the University of Cape Coast * Millison Narh – Deputy Governor of the Bank of Ghana<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stocks |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=108540018&privcapId=13528981 |website=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2001 |title=Narh Appointed Second Deputy Governor of BOG &#124; Business News 2009-05-22 |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Narh-Appointed-Second-Deputy-Governor-Of-BOG-162539}}</ref> * [[Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo]] - Member of Parliament and Minister of State for Private Public Partnership * Yvonne Nduom, a Ghanaian public figure known chiefly as the wife of the leader of the Progressive People's Party and is currently the Executive Chairperson of Coconut Grove Hotels * Kojo Oppong Nkrumah, a Ghanaian politician, lawyer, member of parliament and the Minister of Information in the administration of [[Nana Akufo-Addo]] * Eric Oduro Osae, a Ghanaian local governance expert, lawyer and chartered accountant who serves as the Director General of the Internal Audit Agency of Ghana. * William Quaitoo, a Ghanaian politician, and former Deputy Minister of Agriculture * Kwabena Sarpong-Anane, acting Director General of the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation (2010–2011) * Seth Terkper – Former Minister of Finance, MOFEP (2012– to 2016) * Joseph Whittal – a Ghanaian who has been the Commissioner of Human Rights and Administrative Justice of Ghana since December 2016 * [[Daniel Asua Wubah|Daniel A. Wubah]], President, Millersville University of Pennsylvania, USA * Malik Al-Hassan Yakubu, a former Speaker of Parliament, a former Minister of Interior and a former member of parliament * Mohammed-Sani Abdulai, a Ghanaian educator and an IT specialist. == Gallery == <div style="max-width: 400px;"> <gallery mode="slideshow"> Fayil:University_Library_complex.JPG|{{Center|Sam Jonah Library}} Fayil:Large_Lecture_Theatre.JPG|{{Center|Large Lecture Theatre}} Fayil:Faculty_of_Education_Lecture_Theatre_builing.JPG|{{Center|Faculty of Education Lecture Theatre}} Fayil:Faculty_of_Education_Lecture_Theatre_-_stairway.JPG|{{Center|Faculty of Education Lecture Theatre}} Fayil:Crocodile_at_the_Zoo.JPG|{{Center|Crocodile at the Zoo}} </gallery> </div> == Magana == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cs4krw1vaqoe9n3200weztrc45oiet5 0 79302 905800 724558 2026-08-21T20:33:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University entrance.jpg|thumb|Kofar shiga jami ar ojukwu]] [[Fayil:Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University.jpg|thumb|jamiar chukuemeka]] '''Jami'ar Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu''' da ta kasance '''Jami'ar [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]]''' wata cibiyar sakandare ce ta Najeriya da ke Uli, wani gari a Jihar Anambre . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2013 |title=Anambra University Renamed After Ojukwu |url=http://www.channelstv.com/2013/11/03/anambra-university-renamed-after-ojukwu/ |access-date=11 September 2015 |website=[[Channels TV]]}}</ref> Yana da shafinsa na dindindin a [[Igbariam]] a yankin karamar hukuma ta Anambra ta Gabas a karkashin Gundumar Sanata ta Arewa ta Anambra.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ezejiofor |first=Victoria Obianuju |last2=Agim |first2=Eliezer Chukwuyere |last3=Ndanwu |first3=Angela Ifeoma |date=2022-09-30 |title=AVAILABILITY AND UTILIZATION OF INFORMATION RESOURCES FOR IGBO STUDIES IN CHUKWUEMEKA ODUMEGWU OJUKWU UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, IGBARIAM CAMPUS |url=https://journals.unizik.edu.ng/index.php/lrj/article/view/1257 |journal=Library Research Journal |language=en |volume=7 |pages=1–7 |issn=2636-5952}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anambra North Senatorial District |url=https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/anambra-north-senatorial-district/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=Centre for Community and Rural Development |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251017011114/https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/anambra-north-senatorial-district/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cibiyoyin da ke Uli da Igbariam suna da ɗakunan karatu waɗanda ke ba da albarkatun e-resources da sabis na bincike ga ɗalibai, ma'aikata da membobin ƙungiyar ilimi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ezejiofor, Victoria Obianuju, Agim, Eliezer Chukwuyere & Ndanwu, Angela Ifeoma |date=2022 |title=Availability and Utilization of Information Resources for Igbo Studies in Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Library, Igbariam Campus |url=https://journals.unizik.edu.ng/index.php/lrj/article/view/1257/1013 |journal=Library Research Journal |volume=7 |pages=1–7 |via=Unizik Journal}}</ref> == Tarihi == Jami'ar ta kafa ta hanyar doka No. 13 na 2000 ta Gwamnatin Jihar Anambra kuma tana da tsarin harabar biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History {{!}} Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University |url=https://coou.edu.ng/our-history/ |access-date=2020-05-27 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520233217/https://coou.edu.ng/our-history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Babban harabar jami'ar tana Uli, a cikin tsohon shafin Ekwenugo Okeke Polytechnic, wanda ake kira Anambra State Polytechnic. Kwalejin ta biyu tana [[Igbariam]] a cikin tsohon shafin Kwalejin Aikin Gona.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AcademicInfluence.com |url=https://academicinfluence.com/schools/4751185/Anambra-State-University/ |access-date=2020-05-27 |website=academicinfluence.com}}</ref> Dokar da ta kafa jami'ar ta fitar da Polytechnic na Jiha kuma jami'ar sun gaji kadarorinta da alhakinta.<ref name="ansu">{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=http://ansu.edu.ng/our-history/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126051121/http://ansu.edu.ng/our-history/ |archive-date=26 January 2015 |access-date=11 September 2015}}</ref> A gefe guda, dokar jami'a ta kasa soke Dokar da ta kafa Kwalejin Aikin Gona, [[Igbariam]], saboda haka, bisa doka jami'a da kwalejin sun kasance gefe da gefe a shafin Igbarium Campus, har zuwa 2006 lokacin da gwamnati ta sake komawa Kwalejin Noma zuwa Mgbakwu, kimanin kilomita goma sha biyar daga Igbariami. <ref name="ansu"/> A ranar 11 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2014, an canza jami'ar zuwa sunanta na yanzu bayan majalisar dokokin jihar Anambra ta zartar da lissafi tare da manufar tabbatar da [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu]], ɗan siyasa kuma shugaban [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] mai rabuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2014 |title=Anambra varsity renamed Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/09/anambra-varsity-name-now-chukwuemeka-odumegwu-ojukwu-university/ |access-date=11 September 2015 |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Farfesa Gregory Nwakoby ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban kasa daga 2018 - 2023. A ranar 5 ga watan Disamba, 2023. Farfesa Kate Azuka Omenugha, fnipr, tsohon Kwamishinan Ilimi, Jihar Anambra, ya zama mukaddashin Mataimakin Shugaban ma'aikatar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LEGACIES OF PROFESSOR GREG NWAKOBY AS VICE CHANCELLOR OF CHUKWUEMEKA ODUMEGWU OJUKWU UNIVERSITY |url=https://www.absradiotv.com/2023/11/30/legacies-of-professor-greg-nwakoby-as-vice-chancellor-of-chukwuemeka-odumegwu-ojukwu-university/ |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=Heartbeat Of The East |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130194051/https://www.absradiotv.com/2023/11/30/legacies-of-professor-greg-nwakoby-as-vice-chancellor-of-chukwuemeka-odumegwu-ojukwu-university/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ovat |first=Michael |date=2023-12-05 |title=Kate Omenugha resumes as Ojukwu varsity acting VC |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/kate-omenugha-resumes-as-ojukwu-varsity-acting-vc/ |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Tsarinsa == Bayan gyare-gyare ga Dokar Jami'ar Jihar Anambra No. ANHA / LAW/2006/01 na 26 ga Janairun 2006, an canza sunan jami'ar zuwa Jami'ar Jami'ar Jiha ta Anambra daidai da Rahoton Ziyarar 2004 da shawarar cewa jami'ar ya koma Jami'ar al'ada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-12-13 |title=List of Courses Offered at Anambra State University (ANSU) |url=https://nigerianscholars.com/school-news/list-of-courses-offered-at-anambra-state-university-ansu/ |access-date=2020-05-27 |website=Nigerian Scholars |language=en-US}}</ref> Dokar Kwaskwarima ta 2006 ta samar da tsarin 3 - Campus don jami'ar wanda ya ƙunshi: (i) Kwalejin Injiniya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculties {{!}} Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University |url=https://coou.edu.ng/faculties/ |access-date=2020-05-28 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604151707/https://coou.edu.ng/faculties/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> (ii) Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Muhalli <ref>{{Cite web |title=Environmental Management |url=https://coou.edu.ng/enviornmental-management/ |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519084746/https://coou.edu.ng/enviornmental-management/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> (iii) Kwalejin Kimiyya. (iv) Shirin Pre-Science Cibiyar Igbariam (i) Kwalejin Aikin Gona (ii) Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Jama'a Cibiyar Alor <ref name=":0"/> (i) Kwalejin Shari'a (ii) Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Gudanarwa (iii) Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Lafiya (iv) Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Dokar Kwaskwarima ta 2006 ta kuma ba da cewa Alor Campus zai ba da hedikwatar gudanarwa ta Jami'ar saboda tsakiya ga sauran Campus.<ref name="coou.edu.ng">{{Cite web |title=Our History {{!}} Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University |url=https://coou.edu.ng/our-history/ |access-date=2020-05-28 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520233217/https://coou.edu.ng/our-history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Koyaya, Alor Campus bai tashi ba, duk da cewa dokar da ke ba da izini ta ba da umurni da kafa ta. A halin yanzu, Faculty biyu na Shari'a da Kimiyya na Gudanarwa suna cikin Igbariam Campus na jami'ar. Koyaya, a cikin 2010 ana gina Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya da Asibitin Koyarwa a Babban Asibitin Amaku, Awka ta sami goyon bayan doka yayin da Majalisar Dokokin jihar ta zartar da dokar gyare-gyare don sanya harabar jami'ar ta uku a Uli (Anambra ta Kudu), Awka (Anambra Tsakiya) da Igbariam (Anambra Arewa). <ref name="COOU Anambra State">{{Cite web |last=COOU (Anambra State) |title=Our History |url=https://coou.edu.ng/our-history/ |access-date=27 June 2022 |website=Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University |archive-date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520233217/https://coou.edu.ng/our-history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dokar Kwaskwarimar 2006 ta kuma ba da cewa Alor Campus za ta ba da hedikwatar gudanarwa ta Jami'ar saboda tsakiya ga sauran Campus.<ref name="coou.edu.ng"/> Koyaya, Alor Campus bai tashi ba, duk da cewa dokar da ke ba da izini ta ba da umurni da kafa ta. A halin yanzu, Faculty biyu na Shari'a da Kimiyya na Gudanarwa suna cikin Cibiyar Igbariam ta jami'ar. Koyaya, a cikin 2010 ana gina Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya da Asibitin Koyarwa a Babban Asibitin Amaku, Awka ta sami goyon bayan doka yayin da Majalisar Dokokin jihar ta zartar da dokar gyare-gyare don sanya harabar jami'ar ta uku a Uli (Anambra ta Kudu), Awka (Anambra Tsakiya) da Igbariam (Anambra Arewa). <ref name="COOU Anambra State"/> Shirin Pre-Science na Jami'ar, wanda a cikin 2008, aka sake komawa zuwa Cibiyar Uli, yana da ƙarfi sosai. Haka kuma Shirin Lokaci-lokaci / Makon Ikona a Cibiyar Igbariam. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UPDATED: [COOU] ANSU First & Second Batch Admission Lists : Study Driller |url=https://www.studydriller.com/coou-ansu-first-second-batch-admission-lists/ |access-date=2020-05-27 |website=www.studydriller.com}}</ref> Zuwa wannan ƙarshen, Majalisar Dattijai ta amince da rushewar bangaren kimiyyar muhalli daga Faculty of Engineering a Uli Campus da kuma rushewar Faculty for Arts daga Facultay of Social Sciences a Igbariam Campus. == Shirye-shiryen da izini == Wannan jami'ar tana daya daga cikin cibiyoyin da Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar Najeriya ke taimakawa wajen kafa shirin a Nazarin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci. Wannan shirin yana cikin Faculty of Management Sciences a Igbariam Campus . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anambra State University of Science and Technology, Anambra State, Nigeria Logbaby |url=https://logbaby.com/directory/anambra-state-univer_14783.html |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=logbaby.com |archive-date=2019-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907000045/http://logbaby.com/directory/anambra-state-univer_14783.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya dace a nuna cewa shirye-shiryen a Medicine (watau Pre-Med. da Pre-Clinical), wanda ke zaune a Uli Campus, ya fara ne a shekara ta 2008/2009. [[Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa (NUC)|Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Kasa]] ta ziyarci waɗannan shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya kan tabbatar da albarkatu a cikin 2011 kuma sakamakon ya kasance mai kyau kuma ya ci nasara. Dangane da Shirye-shiryen Asibiti na Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya da Surgery da ke Awka ta amfani da tsarin da kayan aikin tsohon Asibitin Amaku-Janar, Gwamnatin Jihar Anambra ta gina gine-ginen jiki na miliyoyin mutane don karɓar Shirye-sauyen Asibiti ta Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar da kuma izinin Kwararrun Kwararrun Asibitin Koyarwa Jami'ar ba ta yi mummunar matsala ba a ziyarar izini ta kwararru. Ya zuwa yanzu, ya sami cikakken izini na wucin gadi daga ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru masu zuwa. Majalisar don Gudanar da Injiniya a Najeriya (COREN); dangane da Injiniyanci da Injiniyoyin Injiniya (cikakken izini), yayin da Injiniyar Chemical da Injiniyin Lantarki suka sami izini na wucin gadi. Majalisar Ilimi ta Shari'a; dangane da shirye-shiryen Shari'a na jami'a (ƙaddamarwa ta wucin gadi). Wani ziyarar izini ta Majalisar Ilimi ta Shari'a an shirya shi ne a ranar 15-17 ga Nuwamba 2009. Cibiyar Chartered Accountant of Nigeria (ICAN); dangane da shirye-shiryen Accountancy (cikakken izini). Majalisar don Dokar Ayyuka na Geology; an ba da izini na wucin gadi ga Shirye-shiryen Geology na jami'a. Cibiyar Gine-gine ta Najeriya (NIA); an ba da izini na wucin gadi ga shirin Gine-gine bayan ziyarar cibiyar a watan Yulin, 2008. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=IGBOAYAKA |first=KELECHI P. |date=June 2012 |title=A STUDY ON CIRCULATION STRATEGIES IN BUILDINGS |url=http://www.unn.edu.ng/publications/files/IGBOAYEKE.pdf |journal=A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Architecture, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Master of Science (MSC.) Degree in Architecture |pages=136}}</ref> == Laburaren karatu == Jami'ar Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu tana da ɗakunan karatu waɗanda ke ba da albarkatun bayanai da kayan aiki ga ɗalibai da ma'aikata. Baya ga babban ɗakin karatu na jami'a a babban harabarta a Igbariam, <ref name=":1"/> akwai kuma ɗakin karatu na shari'a a Kwalejin Shari'a wanda ke ba da albarkatun bayanai na shari'o'i da albarkatunsa na e-resources. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okeji Clement and Agbanu Norbert |date=2019 |title=EVALUATION OF INFORMATION NEEDS OF LAW LECTURERS: A CASE STUDY OF CHUKWUEMEKA ODUMEGWU OJUKWU UNIVERSITY, IGBARIAM, ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA |url=https://journals.unizik.edu.ng/index.php/lrj/article/view/553/541 |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=Unizik Journal}}</ref> Har ila yau akwai ɗakin karatu na likita a asibitin koyarwa a Amaku a Awka da kuma wani ɗakin karatu a harabar Uli. == Shahararrun ɗalibai == * [[Bonaventure Enemali]], Kwamishinan Karfafa Matasa da Tattalin Arziki a Jihar Anambra * Nenny B, mai watsa labarai na Najeriya * Simon Obi, mai ba da shawara kan tsaro a Najeriya == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120604033602/http://ansu.edu.ng/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] * [https://www.researchgate.net/institution/Chukwuemeka_Odumegwu_Ojukwu_University https://www.researchgate.net/institute/Chukwuemeka_Odumegwu_Ojukwu_Jami'a] [[Rukuni:Jami'o'i a Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Jami'o'i a Afrika]] [[Rukuni:Jami'o'i]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r85num99b25eab0uvn1t22tecyzejp8 0 79708 905783 859692 2026-08-21T20:28:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:University_of_Buea_campus.jpg|alt=|thumb|Babban harabar Jami'ar Buea]] '''Jami'ar Buea''' ('''UB''') tana cikin Molyko, Buea, a yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Kamaru]]. An kafa shi a matsayin cibiyar jami'a a shekarar 1985 kuma ya zama jami'a mai cikakken aiki a shekarar 1992, biyo bayan dokar gwamnati da ta sake tsara jami'o'in jihohi a kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ubuea.net/docs/about_ub/history.php |title=Creation of the University of Buea |access-date=2024-06-15 |archive-date=2009-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105044747/http://www.ubuea.net/docs/about_ub/history.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> An dauke shi a matsayin jami'a mafi kyau a Kamaru kuma yana daya daga cikin jami'o'i biyu masu magana da Ingilishi a Kamaru, tare da [[Jami'ar Bamenda]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Immersion Experience in Anglophone |url=http://www.lingref.com/isb/4/049ISB4.PDF}}</ref> wanda ke bin tsarin ilimi na Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Assessment of the University of Buea as a Hub of Excellence and a Center of Partnerships for the SDGs |url=https://www.uvu.edu/global/docs/wim22/sdg17/sdg17-ngomo.pdf |access-date=February 20, 2024 |website=www.uvu.edu}}</ref> Yana hidimtawa 'yan ƙasa daga yankunan Ingilishi da na [[Faransanci]] na Kamaru da kuma ƙasashe makwabta kamar [[Najeriya]] da [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]]. [[Fayil:University_Buea.JPG|thumb|Ginin Tsakiya]] [[Fayil:University_of_Buea_Cameroon_02.jpg|thumb|Jami'ar Buea Kamaru 02]] == Wurin da yake == UB tana cikin garin tarihi na Buea, tsohon babban birnin Jamus Kamerun, tsohon babban birni na [[Birtaniya Kamaru|Kamaru ta Burtaniya]], tsohon babban Birnin Tarayyar Yammacin Kamaru, kuma yanzu babban birnin yankin Yankin Kudu maso Yammacin Cameroon. Kodayake jami'ar ta jawo ɗalibanta galibi daga ɓangaren Turanci na Kamaru, tana kuma hidima ga sauran yankuna na ƙasar. [[Fayil:UB_Junction.jpg|thumb|UB Junction]] == Gurbin Karatu == Shigarwa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Go-Student -Apply for admission into the university |url=https://ubstudent.online/admission_programs |website=ubstudent.online}}</ref> a cikin jami'a ba gasa ba ce. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 21, 2019 |title=University of Buea [Acceptance Rate + Statistics + Tuition] |url=https://edurank.org/uni/university-of-buea/ |website=EduRank.org - Discover university rankings by location}}</ref> == Jikin dalibai da ma'aikata == Yawan dalibai sun fi 13,000, ciki har da 50 wadanda ke da nakasa a jiki da gani. Akwai ma'aikatan koyarwa na dindindin 300 da 200 na ɗan lokaci. Baya ga koyarwa, ma'aikatan suna gudanar da bincike a fannonin da suka dace da ci gaban kasa. UB tana da ma'aikatan tallafi kusan 473.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2008 |title=About UB |url=https://www.ubuea.cm/about/ |access-date=June 15, 2024 |archive-date=June 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602013620/https://www.ubuea.cm/about/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tsangayu da makarantu == Jami'ar Buea an shirya ta cikin fannoni da yawa, tana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri da digiri a fannoni daban-daban na karatu. Har ila yau, jami'ar tana da Makarantar Nazarin Postgraduate, wanda ke ba da digiri na gaba a fannoni daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Apply For Post-Graduate Admission |url=https://www.ubuea.cm/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/How-to-apply-for-post-graduate-admission.pdf |access-date=February 20, 2024 |website=www.ubuea.cm}}</ref> Kwalejin sun hada da: <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2008 |title=Faculties and Schools |url=https://www.ubuea.cm/academics/faculties-and-schools/ |access-date=June 15, 2024 |archive-date=May 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520223939/https://www.ubuea.cm/academics/faculties-and-schools/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [https://www.ubuea.cm/faculty-of-engineering-and-technology/ Kwalejin Injiniya da Fasaha (FET)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420135724/https://www.ubuea.cm/faculty-of-engineering-and-technology/ |date=2023-04-20 }} * Kwalejin Fasaha * [https://www.ubuea.cm/faculty-of-education-2/ Ma'aikatar Ilimi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419185207/https://www.ubuea.cm/faculty-of-education-2/ |date=2023-04-19 }} * [[Fayil:University_of_Buea_Cameroon_01.jpg|thumb|Wani ra'ayi na bangare na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Lafiya]][https://www.ubuea.cm/faculty-of-health-sciences-2/ Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Lafiya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114112638/https://www.ubuea.cm/faculty-of-health-sciences-2/ |date=2023-11-14 }} * [http://fs.ubuea2.cm Kwalejin Kimiyya] * Kwalejin Kimiyya da Gudanarwa * Kwalejin Aikin Gona da Magungunan Dabbobi * Faculty of Laws and Political Science UB tana da makarantu ko kwalejoji uku: * Ci gaban Makarantar Masu Fassara da Masu Fassarawa * [https://www.ubuea.cm/college-of-technology/ Kwalejin Fasaha (COT)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420135725/https://www.ubuea.cm/college-of-technology/ |date=2023-04-20 }} * [[Kumba]].com/" id="mwVg" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Kwalejin Horar da Malaman Fasaha (a Kumba) Baya ga shirye-shiryen ilimi, UB tana inganta bincike da kirkire-kirkire ta hanyar cibiyoyin bincike da cibiyoyin da yawa. == Bincike == Jami'ar Buea tana da hannu a ayyukan bincike daban-daban da ayyukan haɓaka iyawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2008 |title=Projects |url=https://www.ubuea.cm/projects/ |access-date=June 15, 2024 |archive-date=May 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507083133/https://www.ubuea.cm/projects/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun ayyukan bincike shine "Haɗakar da sharar gida da fasahar makamashi mai sabuntawa a cikin kariya ta albarkatu don ci gaba mai ɗorewa". Wannan aikin, wanda Dr. Nkwatoh Athanasius Fuashi Albrecht ya jagoranta, Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Bincike ta Jamus ce ta tallafawa ta hanyar Jami'ar Fasaha, Cottbus, Jamus. Aikin yana da niyyar haɗa sharar gida da fasahar makamashi mai sabuntawa a cikin kariya ta albarkatu don ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Wani aikin bincike shine amfani da kayan aikin geospatial don bincika yadda sare daji ke shafar yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro a cikin tsuntsaye. Wannan aikin yana karkashin jagorancin Dr. Anigo Nota kuma Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kasa ce ke tallafawa. Nazarin yana da niyyar fahimtar yadda sare daji ke shafar yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro a cikin tsuntsaye. Har ila yau, jami'ar tana da ayyukan bincike a cikin ilimin harshe, gami da takardun multimedia na Magana ta Babanki da kuma yin rubuce-rubuce na Royal Honorific Language of Bafut, wani Grass fields Bantu Language of North West Cameroon. Jami'ar tana da ayyuka da yawa a cikin kula da cututtuka, kamar aikace-aikacen fasahar ilmin halitta ga cututtukan wurare masu zafi karkashin jagorancin Farfesa Vincent P.K Titanji da kuma Malaria Pilot Community Research Project karkashin jagorancin Ffesa Theresa Akenji. Har ila yau, jami'ar tana da ayyukan da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, Medicine for Malaria Venture, da Jami'ar Wellcome Trust-Oxford suka tallafawa kan kula da zazzabin cizon sauro. Bugu da kari, Jami'ar Buea tana da ayyukan bincike a cikin nazarin muhalli, kamar aikin "Canjin yanayi da canjin yanayi a Arewacin Kamaru" wanda Dokta Ernest Molua ya jagoranta da kuma "Matsi da tasirin canjin yanayi na Kamaru akan Lafiya, albarkatun ruwa, da aikin gona: La'akari da dabarun daidaitawa na nan da nan gaba" wanda Farfesa Samuel Ndonwi Ayonghe ya jagorantar. Har ila yau, jami'ar tana da ayyukan da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa suka tallafawa kamar Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Duniya, Tarayyar Turai, [[UNICEF]], Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da [[Bankin Duniya]]. Baya ga ayyukan bincike, Jami'ar Buea tana da ayyukan haɓaka ƙwarewa da yawa tare da haɗin gwiwar kungiyoyin duniya kamar su African Economic Research Consortium, VLIR, da Majalisar Burtaniya. Wadannan ayyukan suna da niyyar karfafa ikon bincike a jami'a da inganta canja wurin ilimi. == Cibiyar da ababen more rayuwa == Babban harabar Jami'ar Buea tana ƙarƙashin [[Dutsen Kamaru]], mafi girman tudu a Yamma da Afirka ta Tsakiya. Kwalejin ta mamaye fiye da kadada 1,000 na ƙasa kuma tana da kayan aiki na zamani, gami da dakunan karatu, dakunan gwaje-gwaje na koyarwa, ɗakunan karatu, da wuraren wasanni. UB an haɗa shi da haɗin fiber na gani zuwa Kamel, kamfanin sadarwa. Dangane da Sabon Manufar Gudanar da Jami'ar Kamaru, ayyukan fadakarwa na jami'ar suna ƙara shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a cikin kudade da horo don tabbatar da cewa masu digiri sun dace a kasuwar ma'aikata. Jami'ar Buea tana ba da taimako kuma tana taka muhimmiyar rawa ga wasu cibiyoyin ilimi da yawa a duk faɗin Kamaru. [[Google]] Developer Student Club (GDSC) a Jami'ar Buea <ref>{{Cite web |title=University Of Buea |url=https://gdsc.community.dev/university-of-buea/ |website=Google Developer Student Clubs |access-date=2024-06-15 |archive-date=2023-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529052638/https://gdsc.community.dev/university-of-buea/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> tana taimaka wa ɗalibai masu sha'awar fasahar masu haɓaka Google su rufe rata tsakanin ka'idar da aiki. Kungiyar tana ba da bita, zaman horo, hackathons, gasa ta ƙididdiga, abubuwan sadarwar, da ayyukan al'umma, suna bawa ɗalibai damar haɓaka ƙwarewarsu ta fasaha, haɗin gwiwa tare da takwarorinsu, da kuma shiga tare da masu sana'a a masana'antar fasaha. Kamar yadda yake a mafi yawan cibiyoyin da ke magana da Ingilishi, tsarin shugabancin jami'ar ya dogara ne akan tsarin kamar Majalisar, Majalisar Dattijai, Ikilisiya da Kwamitocin da ma'aikata da dalibai ke wakiltar su. == Fasahar == Babban harabar tana da cibiyar sadarwa ta fiber-fiber ta harabar da ke haɗa mafi yawan gine-gine. Ana ba da haɗin Intanet ta hanyar hanyar haɗin VSAT. Cibiyar IT tana gudanar da gidan cin abinci na Intanet don samun damar Intanet ta ma'aikata da ɗalibai a farashi mai sauƙi. Jami'ar tana amfani da ci gaban fasaha na baya-bayan nan. Ana yin wannan ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da manyan kamfanonin fasaha a Buea, Kamaru. Jami'ar Buea tana ɗaya daga cikin jami'o'i a Kamaru wanda ke da kashi 100 cikin 100 na tsarin rajista na kan layi. Dalibai suna neman kuma suna kammala shigarsu a kan layi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cameroon universities Making use of technology with Online Registration |url=http://www.ransbiz.com/2016/08/cameroon-universities-making-use-of.html |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=RANSBIZ}}</ref> Dalibai suna iya yin rajistar darussan kan layi kuma su bincika sakamakon kan layi.<ref>https://www.journalducameroun.com/en/cameroon-university-of-buea-awarded-best-web-content-in-sub-saharan-africa/ 'Cameroon: University of Buea Awarded Best Web Content in Sub-Saharan Africa'</ref><ref>https://www.journalducameroun.com/en/cameroon-covid-19-university-of-buea-resumes-lectures-online-on-april-13/ 'Cameroon/COVID-19: University of Buea resumes lectures online on April 13'</ref> Amfani da kuɗin hannu don biyan kuɗi wani sabon abu ne da Jami'ar Buea ta yi amfani da shi. == Laburaren karatu == Laburaren Jami'ar Buea yana aiki a cikin gine-gine biyu: * Babban ɗakin karatu yana da tarin littattafai masu buɗewa, gaggawa da littattafan bincike na gaba ɗaya. Laburaren yana tsakanin dakunan gwaje-gwaje na kimiyya, Ginin Fasaha da Gidan Laburaren Annex. * Gidan karatu na Annex yana bayan Faculty of Arts Building. Ya ƙunshi tarin na musamman - littattafan ajiya / bayanan malami, ɗakunan ajiya, mujallu da tarin Kamaru. Har ila yau, ɗakin karatu yana da cassettes, kaset na bidiyo, microfilm da albarkatun CD-ROM. Ma'aikata, ma'aikata, da ɗalibai suna amfani da tarin ɗakin karatu. Alumni, masu amfani daga cibiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da UB da membobin jama'a na iya, tare da izini, amfani da ɗakin karatu. == Bayyanawa da hadin kai == Jami'ar ta gabatar da sabon digiri na Master of Science a cikin Gudanar da Hadarin Bala'i <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2023 |title=Department of Environmental Science |url=https://fs.ubuea2.cm/index.php/department-of-environmental-science |website=fs.ubuea2.cm |access-date=June 15, 2024 |archive-date=February 22, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222161915/https://fs.ubuea2.cm/index.php/department-of-environmental-science |url-status=dead }}</ref> a cikin 2018, yana nuna jajircewarta ga gina iyawa ga matasa masu sana'a da masana a fannoni daban-daban. Shirin yana da niyyar samar da mahalarta da ƙwarewa don magance haɗarin yanayi da bala'o'i na yanzu da na gaba a yankin Afirka ta Tsakiya, musamman a Kamaru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Buea - Buea, Cameroon |url=https://www.riskreductionafrica.org/partners-and-programmes-1/university-of-buea-buea-cameroon.html |website=www.riskreductionafrica.org |access-date=2024-06-15 |archive-date=2024-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717095126/https://riskreductionafrica.org/partners-and-programmes-1/university-of-buea-buea-cameroon.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2020, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya don karfafa dangantakar da ke tsakanin Jami'ar Buea da Cibiyar Jami'ar Biaka ta Buea kuma don ba da shawara ga BUIB a cikin ayyukansu na ilimi, musamman a gabatar da sabbin shirye-shiryen digiri. Faculty of Health Sciences da Social and Management Sciences a UB za su jagoranci aiwatar da wannan yarjejeniyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cameroon: Biaka University signs postgraduate mentorship agreement with UB |url=https://www.journalducameroun.com/en/cameroon-biaka-university-signs-postgraduate-mentorship-scheme-with-ub/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430053641/https://www.journalducameroun.com/en/cameroon-biaka-university-signs-postgraduate-mentorship-scheme-with-ub/ |archive-date=2023-04-30 |access-date=2020-06-22 |website=Journal du Cameroun |language=en}}</ref> == Hotuna == [[Fayil:University_of_Buea_Campus_B.jpg|alt=University of Buea Campus B|center|thumb|Jami'ar Buea Campus B]] <gallery> Fayil:IMG-20190606-WA0016.jpg|alt=Tree planting at the University campusSecond Gate of the University of Buea Entrance Morning View of the university of Buea|Shuka itace a harabar Jami'ar Ƙofar Jami'ar Buea Shigarwa Morning View a jami'ar Burea Fayil:University_of_Buea_01.jpg|alt=Parking space in the University of Buea|Yankin ajiye babur zuwa Jami'ar Buea Fayil:University_of_Buea_Handball_Court.jpg|alt=Handball court at UB campsu|Kotun kwallon hannu a UB campsu Fayil:University_of_Buea.jpg|alt=Flower garden|Gidan furanni Fayil:Streets_of_University_of_Buea_(Cameroon-SW_region).jpg|alt=Street lights on campus|Hasken titi a harabar Fayil:IMG-20190626-WA0032.jpg|alt=Elephant monument at UB campus|Abin tuna da giwa a harabar UB Fayil:Streets_of_University_of_Buea_3.jpg|alt=Campus street|Hanyar harabar </gallery> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://ubresources.com Albarkatun dalibai a Jami'ar Buea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420194434/http://ubresources.com/ |date=2018-04-20 }} * [http://www.acu.ac.uk/institutions/view?id=158 Jami'ar Buea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201144742/http://www.acu.ac.uk/institutions/view?id=158 |date=2010-12-01 }} * [http://ubuea.cm/ Gidan yanar gizon Jami'ar Buea] * [https://twitter.com/UBuea Jami'ar Buea a Twitter] * [https://www.linkedin.com/school/university-of-buea/ Jami'ar Buea a kan linkedin] * [https://www.biakahc.org/ Cibiyar Jami'ar Biaka ta Buea - BUIB] [[Rukuni:Kameru]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fia63prc915uc1tpuwy5rjvz0xgun6r 0 81129 906081 463094 2026-08-22T09:17:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906081 wikitext text/x-wiki   Sterling Plumbing shine alamar-sunan layin kayan aikin famfo da Kohler Co. Kamfanin ya kera tare da kera nau'ikan samfura daban-daban don dafa abinci da wanka, gami da famfo, bayan gida, tankuna, baho, ƙofofin shawa da kayan wanka. == Tarihi == === Shekaru na farko === Tushen farko na kamfanin ya koma a cikin shekara ta 1907 lokacin da wasu 'yan'uwa biyu daga Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Clark da John M. Beggs, suka gina masana'anta a Crafton, Pennsylvania don samar da bawul ɗin gas na gida don murhu da tukunyar girki. A cikin wannan shekarar da muke ciki, wani mutum da ake kira John Wesley "J.W." Ruby, ya fara aiki a cikin masana'anta a matsayin buffer. J.W. Daga baya Ruby zai zama shugaban kamfanin. A cikin 1913, An kafa Kamfanin Specialty na Sterling na Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. A wannan shekarar, kamfanin ya gina wani wuri a Newcomerstown, Ohio. A cikin shekara ta 1931, an sake canza sunan kamfanin a matsayin Kamfanin Sterling Faucet. Kamfanin ya kware wajen samar da famfo. Kamfanin ya kuma ba da sabis na chrome da nickel plating don sassa na motoci da na kayan aikin likitanci da na likitan hakora. Ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1936, kamfanin ya bukaci kotun tarayya da ta ayyana su da rashin biya da kuma ba da izini don sake tsarawa a ƙarƙashin dokokin fatarar kuɗi na Amurka. Ranar 16 ga Maris, 1939, gobara ta lalata ginin Sterling Faucet na Newcomerstown, Ohio. Bayan da aka kashe wutar, babu tabbas ko za a sake gina wurin ko a'a. Kamfanin yana da kusan ma'aikata 80 a lokacin da gobarar ta tashi. === Tsakiyar garni na 20 === A ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1940, an sanar da Kamfanin Sterling Faucet za a koma Morgantown, West Virginia. A ranar 12 ga Yuni, 1940, an bayar da rahoton cewa Kamfanin Sterling Faucet ya kammala mika kadarorinsa zuwa tsohon wurin aikin Sabraton Works na Kamfanin Sheet na Amurka da Tin Plate. J.W. An sanya Ruby mai kula da ginin Morgantown. Lokacin da Amurka ta shiga yakin duniya na biyu, Sterling ya canza ayyukan tagulla zuwa masana'antar soja..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sterling Plumbing - About Us |url=https://sterling.kohler.com/en/about-us |website=Sterling Plumbing |publisher=Kohler Co |access-date=2024-07-09 |archive-date=2024-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720152754/https://sterling.kohler.com/en/about-us |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 1944, Sterling Faucet Co. ya sanar da tsare-tsare na fadada shuka. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, 1948, an kafa kamfanin Sa-Mor Quality Brass, Inc. a Morgantown, West Virginia. A cikin shekara ta 1952, Kamfanin Sterling Faucet ya shirya kamfanoni uku a Reedsville, West Virginia: Kamfanin Pittsburgh Valve, Kamfanin Manufacturing Sterling da Kamfanin Kera Brass Hardware. A shekara ta 1953 kamfanoni uku a Reedsville suna da ma'aikata 62. A ranar 9 ga Yuli, 1953, Kamfanin Sterling Faucet ya haɗa Sa-Mor Quality Brass, Inc. a matsayin sabon reshe mai sunan Sterling Tubular Products. A cikin 1953, masana'antar Sterling Tubular Products tana da ma'aikata 87 yayin da kamfanin na Sterling Faucet yana da ma'aikata 57. Ranar 24 ga Disamba, na shekara ta 1958, Shugaban Sterling, J. Wesley Ruby, ya ba da sanarwar siyan Glauber na Texas, Inc. wanda ya kasance masana'antar sarrafa tagulla da ke Tyler, Texas tare da ma'aikata 115. A cikin sanarwar manema labarai guda ɗaya, an sanar da cewa za a haɗa wasu tsire-tsire guda biyu, ɗaya a Ohio da ɗaya a Massachusetts tare da biyar da kamfanin ke aiki a West Virginia. A watan Agustan 1961, reshen Kanada Sterling, Sterling Faucet Canada Ltd ya saya daga United Carr Fastener Canada Ltd wata shuka a Oakville, Ontario, Kanada tare da manufar kafa kayan aiki don kera samfuran tagulla na famfo. Kamfanin ya yi niyyar daukar ma'aikata 50 aiki a cikin shekarar farko. A watan Agusta 1962, Kamfanin Reynolds Gas Regulator Company (reshen Arkansas Louisiana Gas Company) ya ba da sanarwar gina mai sarrafa iskar gas da wurin mitoci a Sheridan, Arkansas. Bayan shekara guda (a watan Agustan 1963) yayin da ake gina masana'antar, Arkla Industries Inc. ya sayar da shukar ga Kamfanin Rockwell Manufacturing Co. Daga baya, shukar za ta zama wurin kera famfo. By 1967, Sterling Faucet Co. ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 28 a tallace-tallace. Kamfanin Sterling Faucet yana sarrafa tsire-tsire a Reedsville, West Virginia, Tyler, Texas, da Oakville, Ontario, Kanada yana ɗaukar ma'aikata kusan 2,000. A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 1968, Rockwell Manufacturing Co. ya amince ya sayi Sterling Faucet Co. da rassa uku, Sterling Manufacturing Co., Sterling Tubular Products Inc. da Sterling Faucet Canada Ltd. Lokacin da siyan ya cika, Kamfanin Sterling Faucet ya zama wani reshe. na Rockwell na shekaru masu zuwa. === Ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 === A cikin 1973, Rockwell International Corp., ya sake suna sashin Sterling Faucet a matsayin Sashin Abubuwan Gine-gine. Rockwell ya fara kera famfo a ƙarƙashin alamar Rockwell. A ranar 10 ga Janairu, 1974, rukunin Gine-gine na Rockwell International ya sanar da rufe masana'antarsa ​​a Tyler Texas yana ambaton kwafin wuraren samarwa. Kamfanin yana da ma'aikata 150 a lokacin sanarwar. A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 1977, Rockwell International Corp, ya sanar da cewa yana iya siyar da sashin Gine-gine tunda akwai masu son siye da yawa. An kuma sanar da cewa za ta rufe shukar Reedsville, West Virginia tare da hada shi da ayyukan masana'antar a Morgantown, West Virginia. Bayan rufe Reedsville Plant, ayyukan sashen sun kasance a cikin tsire-tsire na Sheridan, Arkansas, da Morgantown, West Virginia. A cikin 1978, William W. Boyd da David C. Wright sun sayi kamfanin zuwa Rockwell International kuma suka sake masa suna a matsayin Kamfanin Faucet na Sterling. An sake fasalin kamfanin a matsayin kamfani mai zaman kansa. a cikin 1980, Sterling ya gabatar da alamar Accent na famfo a kasuwa. A ranar 26 ga Janairu, 1984, Kohler Co. ya ba da sanarwar siyan Sterling Faucet Co. Kohler jami'an da aka ambata siyan zai ba wa kamfanin damar shiga cikin tattalin arzikin ƙarshen kasuwar famfo, faɗaɗa kasuwanninsa da faɗaɗa layin samfuran. A matsayin wani ɓangare na saye, da tagulla foundry da allura gyare-gyaren na Morgantown, West Virginia da taro da kuma allura gyare-gyare shuka Sheridan, Arkansas (su ne 700 da 250 ma'aikata da aka aiki bi da bi) ya zama wani ɓangare na Kohler. Alamar Sterling da Lafazin an haɗa su cikin dangin samfuran Kohler Kitchen & Bath. Bayan sayan, Kohler ya fara faɗaɗa ba da samfuran samfuran Sterling a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, kofofin bututu, ƙofofin shawa, wuraren shawa na kusurwa, kayan wanka, kayan aikin china vitreous, da sauran kayan aikin gidan wanka zuwa layin faucets ɗin da ake da su. A ranar 29 ga Disamba, 1986, Sterling Faucet Co. ya sanar da samun Polar Stainless Products Inc. wanda ya mallaki shuka a Searcy, Arkansas tun 1965 kuma ya ɗauki ma'aikata 150 aiki. Sayen ya kawo kwandon bakin karfe ga dangin Sterling. A cikin 1987, Sterling Faucet Co. ya sayi Rukunin Samfuran Bath da fasahar haƙƙin mallaka na kamfani mai fama, Owens Corning. Sayen ya haɗa da masana'antar masana'anta a Huntsville, Alabama wanda aka gina a cikin 1972. Wannan siyan ya kawo layin Vikrell (wani poly-resin / filastik da fiberglass fili) na kayan wanka na wanka zuwa Sterling. A ranar 31 ga Maris, 1988, an sake sunan kamfanin a matsayin Sterling Plumbing Group Inc. Kamfanin Sterling Plumbing Group ya mai da hankali kan masana'antu da tallata samfuran cikakken layin kayan aikin famfo don Cibiyar Hardware/Gida, Plumbing da Hardware wholesale, magini da Specialized OEM kasuwar tashoshi. Ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 1988, Sterling ya sayi masana'antar Kinkead (wani reshen USG Corporation) da masana'anta a Union City, Tennessee. Wannan siyan ya ƙara ƙofofin shawa mai naɗewa, baho da wuraren shawa ga dangin Sterling. Daga 1994 zuwa 1996, an tura ayyukan famfo a Morgantown, West Virginia zuwa wurare a cikin garuruwan Sheridan da Malvern, Arkansas. A lokaci guda, ofisoshin kamfanoni sun koma Rolling Meadows, Illinois. A ranar 2 ga Yuli, 1999, kamfanin Sterling Plumbing Group Inc. ya haɗu da Kohler Co. A ƙarshen shekara, tambarin da ke cikin kayan aikin Sterling Plumbing Group an maye gurbinsu da tambarin Kohler. === Karni na 21 === A cikin Janairu 2003, a cikin sanarwar manema labarai, Sterling Plumbing ya sanar da dakatar da duk layin samfurin famfo don mayar da hankali ga sauran rukunin samfuran famfo. An ci gaba da samar da famfo a cikin wurare daban-daban na Kohler a ƙarƙashin alamar Kohler. Katsewa ya haɗa da layukan famfo Nova™, Starflo™, Gemini™, Tribute™, Eminence™, Progression™, magudanar ruwa/shawa da kayan haɗi. Janairu 13, 2012, Kohler co. ya sanar da cewa za a rufe kayan aikin famfo a Malvern Arkansas kuma za a tura ayyukan da ake yi zuwa wuraren da ke Sheridan Arkansas da Kohler Wisconsin. A cikin 2015, Sterling ya gabatar da wani bakin karfen dafa abinci wanda ya haɗa da famfon ɗin da aka ciro na dafa abinci tare da mai ba da sabulu. Wannan ya dawo, a cikin iyakataccen hanya, famfon dafa abinci zuwa layin samfuran Sterling na yanzu, wanda bai faru ba tun 2004. == Dubi kuma == * Kohler Co. * Kamfanin Vollrath == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7w5tlvtbfqgctorz4axrqsbv0rz80qx 0 81370 905717 727903 2026-08-21T16:45:34Z Zahrah0 14848 905717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} [[Fayil:A Eusafzye.png|thumb|Hutun Yusufzai]] '''Yusufzai''' ko '''Yousafzai''' ( Pashto ), kuma ana kiransa '''Esapzai''' ( {{Lang|ps|ايسپزی}} ), ko '''Yusufzai Afganistan''' a tarihi, daya ne daga cikin manyan kabilun Pashtuns .Su na asali ne a arewacin Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( Malakand, Dir, Swat, Shangla, Buner, Swabi, Mardan, Bajaur, Peshawar, Tor Ghar ), inda suka yi hijira daga [[Kabul]] a cikin karni na 16, amma kuma suna nan. a sassan [[Afghanistan]] da suka hada da Kunar, [[Kabul]], [[Kandahar]] da Farah .A waje da waɗannan ƙasashe, ana iya samun su a gundumar Ghoriwala Bannu ( Mughal Khel ), <ref name="KhanRoshanKhan">{{Cite web |last=Khan Roshan Khan |title=Yousafzai qaum ki sarguzasht |url=http://archive.org/details/YousafzaiQaumKiSarguzasht |access-date=2021-03-28}}</ref> Balochistan [[Sibi]] ( Akazai ), Chagai ( Hassanzai ) da Rohilkandh . Yawancin Yusufzai suna magana da nau'in Pashto na arewa da wasu nau'ikan kudancin Pashto (kamar yadda yake a cikin Mughal Khel ) da yaren Afganistan [[Farisawa|Farisa]] . == Etymology == A cikin ilimin harshe na Pashto, kamar yadda /f/ ke samuwa ne kawai a cikin kalmomin aro kuma ana son maye gurbinsu da /p/, yawanci ana kiran sunan ''Yusəpzay'' ko ''Īsəpzay'' . Sunan a zahiri yana nufin "zuriyar [[Yusuf]] " a cikin Pashto; {{Lang|ps|يوسف‎}} ( ''YUSUF''</link> ) sunan namiji ne [[Larabci|na Larabci]] da Aramaic da aka ba shi ma'ana "(Allah) zai kara A cewar wasu masana, ciki har da masanin ilimin falsafa JW McCrindle, sunan ''Yūsəpzay'' ko ''Īsəpzay'' ya samo asali ne daga sunayen kabilanci na ''Aspasioi'' da ''Assakenoi'' - tsoffin mazaunan kwarin Kunar da kwarin Swat waɗanda suka ba da juriya lokacin da Alexander ya mamaye ƙasarsu a 327-326 KZ. . A cewar masanin tarihi RC Majumdar, ''Assakenoi'' sun kasance ko dai suna da alaƙa da ko kuma reshe na ''Aspasioi'' mafi girma, kuma duka waɗannan tsoffin sunayen kabilanci suna yiwuwa sun samo asali ne daga kalmar ''Aśvaka'', wanda a zahiri yana nufin "masu doki", "masu kiwon doki", ko " masan doki ". " (daga ''aśva'' ko ''aspa'', [[Sanskrit]] da kalmomin Avestan don " doki "). <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar}}</ref> McCrindle ya lura cewa: "Sunan ''Aśvaka'' ya nuna cewa ƙasarsu ta shahara a zamanin da, kamar yadda ake yi a yau, don mafi girman nau'in dawakai . Gaskiyar cewa Helenawa sun fassara sunansu zuwa "Hippasioi" (daga ''ἵππος'' . doki) ya nuna cewa tabbas sun san ma’anarsa”. Sunan ''Aśvakan'' ko ''Assakan'' kuma shine asalin ƙabilanci ''Afghān'', wanda tarihi ya yi amfani da shi ga dukan Pashtuns. <ref>''"The name Afghan has evidently been derived from Asvakan, the Assakenoi of Arrian... "'' (Megasthenes and Arrian, p 180. See also: Alexander's Invasion of India, p 38; J.W. McCrindle).</ref> <ref>''"Even the name Afghan is Aryan being derived from Asvakayana, an important clan of the Asvakas or horsemen who must have derived this title from their handling of celebrated breeds of horses"'' (See: Imprints of Indian Thought and Culture abroad, p 124, Vivekananda Kendra Prakashan).</ref> <ref>cf: ''"Their name (Afghan) means "cavalier" being derived from the [[Sanskrit]], ''Asva'', or ''Asvaka'', a horse, and shows that their country must have been noted in ancient times, as it is at the present day, for its superior breed of horses. Asvaka was an important tribe settled north to Kabul river, which offered a gallant resistance but ineffectual resistance to the arms of Alexander "''(Ref: Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1999, p 275, Royal Scottish Geographical Society).</ref> <ref>''"Afghans are Assakani of the [[Greeks]]; this word being the [[Sanskrit]] [[Ashvaka]] meaning 'horsemen' " '' (Ref: Sva, 1915, p 113, Christopher Molesworth Birdwood).</ref> <ref>Cf: ''"The name represents Sanskrit Asvaka in the sense of a ''cavalier'', and this reappears scarcely modified in the Assakani or Assakeni of the historians of the expedition of [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]" '' (Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial [[Anglo-Indian]] words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological..by Henry Yule, AD Burnell).</ref> == Asalin tarihi == Bisa ga wani sanannen tatsuniyar tarihi, wanda wani babban kotun Mughal na ƙarni na 17 Nimat Allah al-Harawi ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa ''Tārīkh-i Khān Jahānī wa Makhzan-i Afghānī'', ƙabilar Yusufzai ta fito ne daga babban kakansu Yusufzai, wanda ɗan Mand ne, wanda ya fito. ɗan Khashay (ko Khakhay), wanda ɗan Kand ne, ɗan Kharshbūn, ɗan Saṛban (tsakanin ƙungiyar kabilar Sarbani ), wanda ɗan Qais Abdur Rashid ne (kakan dukan Pashtuns). Qais Abdur Rashid zuriyar Afghanistan ne, wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin jikan sarkin Isra'ila Saul kuma babban kwamandan sojojin annabi Sulemanu . An yi iƙirarin cewa Qais ya yi zamani da annabin musulunci [[Muhammad]] kuma ɗan'uwan kwamandan [[larabawa]] [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] . Lokacin da Khalid bn al-Walid ya kirayi Qais daga Ghor zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]], Qais ya karbi Musulunci kuma Annabi ya canza masa suna ''Abdur Rashīd'' (ma’ana “Bawan Jagora zuwa ga Madaidaiciya” ko kuma “Bawan Allah” a [[Larabci]] ). Abdur Rashid ya koma Ghor ya gabatar da Musulunci a can. Littafin ya bayyana cewa kakan Yusuf (kuma mahaifin Mand), Khashay, shi ma yana da wasu 'ya'ya biyu, Muk da Tarkalāṇī, waɗanda su ne kakannin Gigyani da Tarkani, bi da bi. Yusuf yana da ɗan'uwa ɗaya, Umar, wanda shi ne zuriyar kabilar Mandanr, wadda ke da alaƙa da Yusufzais. Labarin Mughal na 1595 ''Ain-i-Akbari'' ya kuma ambaci al'adar zuriyar Isra'ila a tsakanin Pashtuns, wanda ya nuna cewa al'adar ta riga ta shahara tsakanin Pashtuns na ƙarni na 16. <ref name="Nejatie">The Pearl of Pearls: The Abdālī-Durrānī Confederacy and Its Transformation under Aḥmad Shāh, Durr-i Durrān by Sajjad Nejatie. https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/80750.</ref> == Tarihi == === Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Babur === [[Fayil:Babur,_during_his_second_Hindustan_campaign,_riding_a_raft_from_Kunar_back_to_Atar.jpg|thumb| Babur yana tsallaka kogin Kunar akan wani rafi, yamma da Bajaur]] A farkon zamanin nan, an fara ambata ƙabilar Yusufzai na Afganistan a ''Baburnama'' ta Babur, wani sarkin Timurid daga Fergana (a [[Uzbekistan]] ta yau ) wanda ya kama [[Kabul]] a 1504 . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Samrin |first=Farah |year=2006 |title=Yusufzais in Mughal History |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=67 |pages=292–300 |jstor=44147949}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1519, makonni biyu bayan kisan kiyashin da ya yi a Bajaur, Babur ya rubuta cewa: “A ranar Juma’a mun yi tattaki zuwa Sawad ( Swat ), da nufin kai wa Yusufzai Afganistan hari, muka sauka a tsakanin ruwan Panjkora da hadaddiyar ruwan Chandāwal. Jandul) da Bajaur, Shah Mansur Yusufzai, sun kawo wasu kayan abinci masu daɗi masu daɗi . <ref name="babur">{{Cite book|last3=Annette Beveridge}}</ref> Saboda ƙarfin soja da dabarun Yousafzai, Babur yana buƙatar tsaro daga wurin da suke a cikin tuddai wanda ke barazana ga daularsa kuma bai ba da damar fadada lafiya zuwa Indiya ba. A wani bangare na yarjejeniya da Yusufzai Afganistan don samun alakar iyali, Babur ya auri Bibi Mubarika, diyar Yusufzai shugaban Shah Mansur a ranar 30 ga Janairun 1519 don tsaron juna bayan ya kasa cin galaba a kan kabilar. Shah Mansur ya fifita zaman lafiya yayin da bangaren Malik Ahmad Khan ke adawa da duk wani kulla alaka. <ref>Arlinghaus, Joseph Theodore (1988) ''The Transformation of Afghan Tribal Society: Tribal Expansion, Mughal Imperialism and the Roshaniyya Insurrection, 1450-1600''</ref> <ref>Elizabeth Moynihan ''[https://asia-archive.si.edu/essays/memoir-05/ V. A Passage to Kabul - An Unplanned Life: In Search of Mughal Gardens]'' National Museum of Asian Art</ref> Bibi Mubarika ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kulla zumunci tsakanin sarakunan Yusufzai Pashtun tare da Babur, wanda daga baya ya kafa [[Mughal Empire|daular Mughal]] bayan ya doke Pashtun Sultan Ibrahim Lodi a yakin Panipat na farko a shekara ta 1526. Daya daga cikin 'yan'uwan Mubarika, Mir Jamal Yusufzai, ya raka Babur zuwa Indiya a 1525 kuma daga baya ya rike manyan mukamai a karkashin Mughal Emperors Humayun da Akbar . Duk da cewa akwai tuhuma a bangarorin biyu kuma Yusufzai bai taba biyan haraji ko haraji ga Babur ko wani Sarkin [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] ba. <ref>The News (2016) ''[https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/561719-forgotten-queen-babur The forgotten Queen of Babur]'' by Dr. Himayatullah Yaqubi</ref> === Yusufzai Mulki === Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai ya ci ƙasar Malakand division kuma Yusufzai ya kasance mai iko kuma fitaccen kabilar Malakand Agency. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2015 |title=Malik Ahmad Baba Yousafzai's life, services to be rembered |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/amp/38531-malik-ahmad-baba-yousafzais-lige-services-to-be-rembered}}</ref> Manyan sassan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa sun kasance a karkashin mulkin Yusufzai kuma manyan sarakunan Yusufzai sune kamar haka. * Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai (Mallaka; 1520 - 1535). * Malak Gaju Khan Yusufzai (Mallaka; 1535 - 1553) * Malak Misri Khan Ali Asghar Yusufzai (Mulkin; 1553 - 1580) * Malak Ghazi Khan Yusufzai (Mulkin; 1580 - 1585) * Malak Kalu Khan Yousafzai (Mulkin; 1585 - 1626). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rashid |first=Haroon |date=2002 |title=History of the Pathans: The Sarabani Pathans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gOFtAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> * Malak Bhaku Khan Yusufzai (Mulkin; 1626 - 1675). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ikram |first=Sheikh Mohamad |date=1966 |title=Muslim Rule in India & Pakistan, 711-1858 A.C.: A Political and Cultural History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9otAAAAMAAJ&q=Bhaku+Khan}}</ref> Bayan 1675, an raba sarautar Yusufzai zuwa yankuna 32 waɗanda suka rage a ƙarƙashin kowane Mashar (Jagora) na kabilar Yusufzai. A shekara ta 1586, Akbar mai girma yayi ƙoƙari ya mamaye Malakand a yakin Malandari Pass (1586) amma ya kasa kuma ya zama babban bala'i ga daular Mughal a zamanin Akbar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=A Short History of the Mughal Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/a-short-history-of-the-mughal-empire}}</ref> === Fafatawar da dakarun Mughal === A cikin 1580s, yawancin Yusufzais da Mandanrs sun yi tawaye ga Mughals kuma suka shiga ƙungiyar Roshani na Pir Roshan . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 19– Imperial Gazetteer of India |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V19_154.gif |access-date=22 April 2015 |publisher=Digital South Asia Library |page=152 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205202857/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V19_154.gif |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ƙarshen 1585, Mughal Emperor Akbar ya aika da dakarun soji karkashin Zain Khan Koka da Birbal don murkushe tawayen. A watan Fabrairun 1586, an kashe kusan sojojin Mughal 8,000, ciki har da Birbal, kusa da Karakar Pass tsakanin Swat da Buner ta hannun Yusufzai lashkar karkashin jagorancin Kalu Khan . Wannan shi ne babban bala'i da sojojin Mughal suka fuskanta a zamanin Akbar. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=John F. Richards}}</ref> A cikin 1630, karkashin jagorancin babban jikan Pir Roshan, Abdul Qadir, dubban Pashtuns daga Yusufzai, Mandanrs, Kheshgi, Mohmand, Afridi, Bangash, da sauran kabilu sun kaddamar da hari a kan sojojin Mughal a Peshawar . A cikin 1667, Yusufzai ya sake yin tawaye ga Mughals, tare da daya daga cikin manyansu a Swat ya shelanta kansa sarki. Muhammad Amin Khan ya kawo sojojin Mughal mai karfi 9,000 daga [[Delhi]] don murkushe tawayen. Duk da cewa Sarkin Mughal Aurangzeb ya iya cin nasara kan filayen kudancin Yusufzai a cikin kwarin Kabul na arewacin, ya kasa kwace Swat da kwarurukan da ke makwabtaka da su daga hannun Yusufzai. === Zaman Durrani === [[Fayil:Patthargarh_fort_outside_Najibabad,_1814-15.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| ''Patthargarh Fort'' a wajen Najibabad, wanda Najib ad-Dawlah Yusufzai ya kafa a Rohilkhand, [[Indiya|Indiya.]]]] [[Fayil:The_Third_battle_of_Panipat_13_January_1761.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| Najib-ud-Daula da Shuja-ud-Daula, sun yi tattaki a gefen hagu na [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], wanda ke kan doki mai launin ruwan kasa, a lokacin yakin Panipat na uku, wanda shi ne adadi mafi yawa na asarar rayuka a rana guda da aka ruwaito a wani labari mai ban mamaki. yakin da aka samu tsakanin runduna biyu]] [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] (1747-1772), wanda ya kafa daular Durrani ta Afghanistan, ya kasassu dukkan kabilun Afganistan zuwa ''ulūs'' (ƙungiya na kabilanci) don dalilai na gudanarwa: Durrani, Ghilji, Sur, da Bar Durrani ("Upper Durranis"). Yusufzai ya kasance cikin ƙungiyar Bar Durrani tare da sauran kabilun Pashtun na gabas, ciki har da Mohmand, Afridi, Bangash, da Khattak . <ref name="Nejatie"/> Bar Durrani kuma an san su da Rohilla, kuma sun ƙunshi yawancin Pashtuns waɗanda suka zauna a Rohilkhand, Indiya. Najib-ud-Daula, wanda dan kabilar Yusufzai ne, ya kasance fitaccen sarkin Rohilla. A cikin 1740s, ya kafa birnin Najibabad a Rohilkhand. A cikin 1757, ya goyi bayan Ahmad Shah Durrani a harin da ya kai Delhi. Bayan nasararsa, Ahmad Shah Durrani ya sake nada Sarkin Mughal Alamgir II a kan karagar Delhi a matsayin shugaban Mughal, amma ya ba da ainihin ikon Delhi ga Najib ad-Daula. Daga 1757 zuwa 1770, Najib ad-Daula ya zama gwamnan Saharanpur, kuma yana mulkin [[Dehradun]] . A cikin 1761, ya shiga cikin yakin Panipat na uku kuma ya ba da dubban sojojin Rohilla da bindigogi da yawa ga Ahmad Shah Durrani don cin nasara kan Marathas . <ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V18_340.gif Najibabad Tehsil & Town] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626125058/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V18_340.gif|date=2022-06-26}} [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]], 1909, v. 18, p. 334.</ref> Ya kuma shawo kan Shuja-ud-Daula, Nawab na Awadh, ya shiga cikin sojojin Durrani. Kafin tashinsa daga Delhi, Ahmad Shah Durrani ya nada Najib-ud-Daula a matsayin ''Mir Bakshi'' (babban mai biyan albashi) na Sarkin Mughal Shah Alam II . <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=MS_jrForJOoC&dq=najib-ud-daula+mir+bakshi+panipat&pg=PA19 History of Modern India, 1707 A. D. to 2000 A. D]</ref> Bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1770, Najib ad-Dawlah ya gaje shi da dansa, Zabita Khan, wanda Marathas ya sha kaye a shekara ta 1772, wanda ya tilasta masa gudu daga Rohilkhand. Duk da haka, zuriyar Najib ad-Dawlah sun ci gaba da mulkin yankin Najibabad har sai da turawan Ingila suka ci su a Nagina a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 1858 a lokacin Tawayen Indiya na 1857 . A yau, yawancin Yusufzai sun zauna a Indiya, musamman a yankin Rohilkhand, da kuma a Farrukhabad, wanda Pashtun Nawab Muhammad Khan Bangash ya kafa a 1714. <ref name="Haleem2007">{{Cite web |last=Haleem |first=Safia |date=24 July 2007 |title=Study of the Pathan Communities in Four States of India |url=http://www.khyber.org/articles/2007/Study_of_the_Pathan_Communitie.shtml |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430071054/http://www.khyber.org/articles/2007/Study_of_the_Pathan_Communitie.shtml |archive-date=April 30, 2013 |access-date=4 May 2014 |publisher=Khyber Gateway |language=en |quote=Farrukhabad has a mixed population of Pathans dominated by the Bangash and Yousafzais.}}</ref> <ref name="Haleem">{{Cite web |last=Haleem |first=Safia |date=24 July 2007 |title=Study of the Pathan Communities in Four States of India |url=http://www.khyber.org/articles/2007/Study_of_the_Pathan_Communitie.shtml |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430071054/http://www.khyber.org/articles/2007/Study_of_the_Pathan_Communitie.shtml |archive-date=April 30, 2013 |access-date=4 May 2014 |publisher=Khyber Gateway |language=en}}</ref> === Jihar Dir === [[Fayil:Flag_of_the_State_of_Dir.svg|thumb| Tutar jihar Dir]] A cikin Dir, zuriyar Akund Ilyas Yusufzai na karni na 17, wanda ya kafa birnin Dir, sun kafa harsashin mulkin Dir . A cikin 1897, Raj na Biritaniya ya haɗa da Dir kuma ya ba da taken "Nawab na Dir" ga Sharif Khan Akhunkhel, sarkin Dir (1886-1904). Jihar Dir ta sarauta ta wanzu har zuwa 1969, bayan haka aka hade su zuwa Yammacin Pakistan, sannan a 1970 zuwa lardin Arewa maso Yamma ( Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ) na Pakistan. Yankin sa wani yanki ne na Buner na yau, Ƙananan Dir da Dir Upper.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2023}} === Yousafzai of Ghoriwala === {{Cquote|The most notable case of the sort is that of the Mughal Khels of Ghoriwala, a Yousafzai group, who conquered territory for themselves seven generations ago and still preserve in speech and physiognomy proof of their origin.|title=Gazetteer of the Bannu District 1883}} [[Fayil:Bannu_Kuram_River.jpg|alt=Bannu Kuram River|thumb|250x250px| Kogin Kuram Bridge, gundumar Bannu]] Daya daga cikin jikan Iliaszai ta hanyar Taje, wani mutum ne mai suna Gadezai, wanda ya haifi 'ya'ya biyar: Hassan, Behram, Ali Sher, Hussain, da Ibrahim. 'Ya'yan hudu na farko sun zauna a gundumar Buner na yau, yayin da Ibrahim ya rabu da su a lokacin kisan gillar da Ulugh Beg ya yi wa Yousafzai a [[Kabul]] . Da farko suna zaune a Kurram, zuriyar Ibrahim daga ƙarshe sun yi ƙaura zuwa Ghoriwala a gundumar Bannu ta yau . Ibrahim yana da ɗa guda ɗaya mai suna Hassan Khan, kuma danginsa ana kiransa da Hassan Khel. Duk da haka, bayan daya daga cikin zuriyarsa, Mughal Khan Yousafzai, an san kabilarsa da Mughal Khel . Jagoranci da iyawar Mughal Khan ya taimaka wajen tabbatar da kabilarsa a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan kabilun Bannu masu daraja da daukaka. Jaffar Khan Yousafzai, jikan Mughal Khan, shi ma ya samu suna da matsayi a cikin dattawan gundumar. Ya kuma ba da umarnin gina wani kyakkyawan masallaci a Bannu Bazar a wajajen shekara ta 1820. [[Fayil:Family_Lineage_of_Pashtun_Tribe_Mughal_Khel.jpg|alt=Family Lineage of Pashtun Tribe Mughal Khel|thumb|368x368px| Itacen kabilanci na Mughal Khel daga Hayat-i-Afghani ]] Kabilar Mughal Khel tana da ƙabilu kamar haka: Qasim Khel, Jaffar Khel, Hakim Khel, da Muhammad Hassan Khel. Mughal Khel dai sun shafe sama da shekaru 300 suna mulki kuma suna rike da mukamin malik a Ghoriwala. Saboda shekaru aru-aru da suke rayuwa a wata kasa mai nisa da ’yan’uwansu, a hankali Mughal Khels suka shiga cikin al’ummar yankin, suna daukar abubuwan gida, ta haka suka rikide daga lafuzzan Hard Pashto zuwa Soft Pashto amma duk da haka a cikin maganganunsu da bayyanarsu da dadewa sun bata. ana iya gane haruffa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bannu :: History, Culture, LifeStyle, People, Food etc |url=https://pmru.kp.gov.pk/districts/bannu/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=pmru.kp.gov.pk}}</ref> Kamar yadda marubucin Bannu Gazetteer ya ce: {{Cquote|The most notable case of the sort is that of the Mughal Khels of Ghoriwala, a Yousafzai group, who conquered territory for themselves seven generations ago and still preserve in speech and physiognomy proof of their origin.|title=Gazetteer of the Bannu District 1883}} == Yaren Pashto == Yusufzai Pashto, wanda shine iri-iri na Arewacin Pashto, shine babban nau'in Pashto a lardin Khyber Pakhtunkhwa na Pakistan. Wasu daga cikin baƙaƙensa sun bambanta da sauran yarukan: {| class="wikitable" align="center" ! style="padding:5px;" |Yaruka <ref name="Hallberg">Hallberg, Daniel G. 1992. Pashto, Waneci, Ormuri. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 4.</ref> ! align="«center»" | <span style="font-size:140%;">ښ</span> ! align="«center»" | <span style="font-size:140%;">ږ</span> ! align="«center»" | <span style="font-size:140%;">tsãwa</span> ! align="«center»" | <span style="font-size:140%;">cin</span> ! align="«center»" | <span style="font-size:140%;">ta</span> |- style="background:LightGrey" ! align="«left»" | Yusufzai Pashto | align="«center»" | [x] | align="«center»" | [ɡ] | align="«center»" | [s, t͡s] | align="«center»" | [z] | align="«center»" | [d͡ʒ] |- style="background:LightGrey" ! align="«left»" | Gilji Pashto | align="«center»" | [c] | align="«center»" | [ʝ] | align="«center»" | [t͡s] | align="«center»" | [z] | align="«center»" | [ʒ, z] |- style="background:LightGrey" ! align="«left»" | Durrani Pashto | align="center" | [ʂ] | align="center" | [ƙa] | align="center" | [t͡s] | align="center" | [d͡z] | align="center" | [ʒ] |} == Al'umma == A tarihi ya kasu kashi Yusufzai Pashtun aristocracy zuwa al'ummomi da yawa bisa ga rukunonin yanki: ; ''Khan'' ''Khan'' ya yi nuni ga masu gidan Yusufzai. A cikin karni na 16, saint Sheikh Milli, babban mai martaba Yusufzai, ya rarraba ƙasar Yusufzai a tsakanin manyan dangin Yusufzai ( ''khēl'' ). Duk da haka, don guje wa rashin daidaito, ya ba da umarnin kada filayen su zama mallakin dangi na dindindin, a maimakon haka a sake raba su a cikin dangin ubanni lokaci-lokaci bayan kowace shekara goma ko makamancin haka. A cikin wannan tsarin ( ''wēsh'' ), kowane ''khān'' mai mallakar ƙasa zai mallaki hannun jari ( ''brakha'' ) wanda ke wakiltar rabonsa na jimlar yanki da aka rarraba. Ta hanyar jujjuyawar mallaka na yau da kullun, masu mallakar Yusufzai za su yi ƙaura har zuwa mil 30 don sabon rabon su bayan kowace zagayowar, kodayake masu hayar da ke noman ƙasar za su ci gaba da kasancewa. Tsarin ''wesh'' yana aiki tsakanin Yusufzai na yankin Swat har zuwa aƙalla 1920s. ; ''Hamsaya'' ''Hamsāya'' ko "masu raba inuwa" su ne abokan ciniki ko masu dogaro daga wasu (wanda ba Yusufzai ba) ƙabilar Pashtun waɗanda suka kasance masu alaƙa da kabilar Yusufzai tsawon shekaru. ; ''Faqir'' ''Faƙīr'' ko “talakawa” su ne waɗanda ba Ba Pashtun ba, waɗanda ba su da ƙasa waɗanda aka ba wa masu gonakin Yusufzai. A matsayinsu na masu dogaro da kai, ''faqir'' ya kasance yana biyan hayar filin da suka noma. A cikin karni na 19, banbance tsakanin ''hamsāya'' a matsayin "ƙabilar Pashtun masu dogaro" da ''faqīr'' a matsayin "ƙauran da ba Pashtun marasa ƙasa ba" ya zama duhu. Duk waɗannan sharuɗɗan an yi amfani da su ta hanyar musanyawa don kawai ana nufin masu dogaro da ƙasa ko abokan ciniki. ; ''Maltəṛ'' ''mlātəṛ'' ko "magoya bayan" sun ba da hidima ga ma'abotansu a matsayin masu sana'a ( ''kasabgar'' ), mawaƙa ( ''ɗəm'' ), makiyaya, ko wakilan kasuwanci, galibi don biyan kuɗi a cikin hatsi ko shinkafa. ; ''Ghulām'' ''Ghulām'' ko “bayi” sun fi kusanci da majiɓincinsu da danginsa kuma galibi ana ba su amana iri-iri a cikin gidan ubangijinsu. Ko da yake ''ghām'' ba su da 'yanci idan aka kwatanta da ''hamsaya'' ko ''faqir'', amma gabaɗaya sun sami matsayi mafi girma a cikin al'umma. == Kabilanci == * Azizkhhel * Akazai * Babuzai * Shamozai * Balarkhel * Chagharzai * Daganhel * Hassanzai * Kamalzai * Khan Khel <ref name="Khyber.org">{{Cite web |title=Ancestor Database - Khan Khel -.-> خان خېل |url=http://www.khyber.org/tribes/web/ppl/6/0/c425bd60e1475530b8fb0be7e06.shtml |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926224453/http://www.khyber.org/tribes/web/ppl/6/0/c425bd60e1475530b8fb0be7e06.shtml |archive-date=September 26, 2015 |access-date=2021-03-28 |website=www.khyber.org}}</ref> <ref name="KhanRoshanKhan"/> <ref name="dictionary">[https://archive.org/download/ADictionaryOfThePathanTribesCORRECT/A%20Dictionary%20of%20the%20Pathan%20Tribes%20-%201910.pdf ''"A Dictionary of the Pathan Tribes of the North West Frontier of India"''] (Part I. North of the Kabul River, including all Mohmands, and tribes west of the Indus), published by The General Staff Army Headquarter, Calcutta, India - (Originally Published 1910) :: The ''Khan Khel'' are mentioned on Page 26 (under ‘K’ -''Khan Khel'')</ref> * Khwaja Khel (Khwajgan) * Madakhel * Mahabatkhel * Malizai * Mandanr ** Abakhel ** Khadarzai ** Utmanzai * Mughal Khel <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bannu :: Gazetteer |url=https://pmru.kp.gov.pk/districts/bannu/gazetteer.php#page/2 |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=pmru.kp.gov.pk}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |first= |title=Leading Families in Bannu :: Khyber.ORG |url=http://www.khyber.org/publications/031-035/leadingfamilies.shtml#Jafar%20Khan%20of%20Ghoriwal |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213055311/http://www.khyber.org/publications/031-035/leadingfamilies.shtml#Jafar%20Khan%20of%20Ghoriwal |archive-date=February 13, 2007 |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=www.khyber.org}}</ref> * Niamatkhel * Nikpikhel * Ranizai * Tahirkheli == Sanannen Yusufzais/Yousafzais == * Gaju Khan, Pashtun Revolutionary and ruler who once served under Sher Shah Sur * Shaukat Ali Yousafzai, Journalist and PTI leader * Gohar Ali Khan, Lawyer and Chairman of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) * Mashal Yousafzai, Chief advisor to the Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and lawyer for PTI * Bibi Mubarika, Empress Consort of the [[Mughal Empire]] * Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai, ''"Founder of Pakhtunkhwa"'' who fought for control of northern Khyber and Pakhtunkhwa to expand the Yusufzai tribe * Bahaku Khan Yousafzai, Afghan Warrior who fought in the Sixth Afghan-Mughal War of 1667-1678{{Efn|''The War beginning with the Yusufzai attack of 1667, led by Bhaku Khan''}} * Kalu Khan Yusufzai (16th Century), Afghan chieftan leader who rallied his tribe and rebelled against [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor Akbar and inflicted one of their greatest defeats in 1586 * Hafiz Alpuri, Pashto Poet of the 18th Century * Haji Musa Khan, Pashtun tribal leader martyr who refused to give up ground to the Taliban * [[Malala Yousafzai]] (born 1997), Pashtun female education activist and Nobel Peace Prize laureate, from the Dalokhel Subclan * Ziauddin Yousafzai (born 1969), Pashtun education activist and father of Malala Yousafzai, from the Dalokhel Subclan * Khan Roshan Khan, Pashtun historian * Najib ad-Dawlah Yousafzai, Afghan serviceman who fought with [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shāh's]] Durrani Empire to Victory at Panipat, 1761 * Malak Ghazi Khan Yusufzai, was the fourth ruler of Pakhtunkhwa State. Ghazi Khan was martyred in the battle against the Mughals * Karnal Sher Khan, Military officer who was martyred in the Kargil War and decorated with the awarded Nishan-e-Haider for highest Wartime Gallantry of Pakistan * Rahimullah Yusufzai, Journalist who once interviewed [[Osama bin Laden|Osama Bin Laden]] * Sami Yousafzai, Afghan Journalist * Nisar Muhammad Yousafzai, Socialist Revolutionary, decorated War Hero of the Afghan War of Independence as well as a founding father for the nation of [[Tajikistan]] * Abdul Ghafoor Yusufzai, Afghan footballer representing the Kingdom of Afghanistan in the 1948 Summer Olympic Games * Mohammad Sarwar Yousafzai, Afghan footballer who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics * Ahmad Yusufzai, Afghan field hockey player * Hamidullah Yousafzai, Afghan football player who played for Afghanistan national football team * Abaseen Yousafzai, Poet and famous writer * Sartor Faqir, was a Pashtun tribal Yusufzai leader and a freedom fighter. The faqīr declared a [[Jihadi|Jihād]] against the British Empire, unsuccessfully in 1895, then successfully in 1897 * Nisar Muhammad Khan, specialised in Pashto language and culture * Azimullah Khan Yusufzai, Afghan warrior hero of the Great Revolt of 1857 against the British East India Company * Malik Jamroz Khan, Pashtun tribal leader and among the founders of the Princely State of Swat * Afzal Khan Lala, Pashtun nationalist, NAP affiliate and former provincial and federal minister of NWFP * Kabir Stori, Pashtun nationalist, poet and writer who founded the Pashtuns Social Democratic Party, refused offers to join government from President Najibullah and was imprisoned by the military regime of [[Muhammad Zia'ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] * Asmatullah Rohani, Afghan judge, educator and a human rights activist during the PDPA regime * Jafar Khan Yusufzai,<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2016 |title=History of Pashtuns: Yousafzais of Ghoriwala in Bannu |url=https://historyofpashtuns.blogspot.com/2016/05/yousafzais-of-ghoriwala-in-bannu.html?m=1}}</ref> former Raes of Mughal Khel Tappa, Bannu * Madhubala, Indian Bollywood actress and superstar == Bayanan kula == *  In Pashto, "Yusufzai" ({{Lang|ps|یوسفزی‎}}, [jusəpˈzai]) is the masculine singular form of the word. Its feminine singular is "Yusufzey" ({{Lang|ps|یوسفزۍ}}, [jusəpˈzəi]), while its plural is "Yusufzee" ({{Lang|ps|یوسفزي}}, [jusəpˈzi]). == Manazarta == {{Notelist}}{{Reflist}}{{Pashtun tribes}} [[Rukuni:Dan adam]] [[Rukuni:Jinsin mutum]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 72kztouruj30wnjo0d9z2apnwijrmtc 0 81844 905856 835306 2026-08-21T22:50:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905856 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">Jamil Baloch</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An haife shi | class="infobox-data" |<span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1972-06-12</span>) </span>Yuni 12, 1972 <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (shekaru 52) &nbsp;</span> <br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">Nushki, Pakistan</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ƙasar | class="infobox-data category" |'Yan Pakistan |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Aiki | class="infobox-data role" |Mai zane |} '''Jamil Baloch''' (an haife shi a ranar sha biyu 12 ga watan Yuni 1972) masanin zane-zane ne na Pakistan. Ayyukansa suna ba da labarin tasirin shingen zamantakewa da siyasa a kan al'umma. Yana aiki a cikin matsakaici da yawa. A halin yanzu yana koyarwa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Kasa ta Lahore . == Rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Jamil Baloch a ranar 12 ga Yuni, shekara ta alif dari tara da saba'in da biyu 1972, a Nushki, [[Balochistan|Baluchistan]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamil's profile |url=http://universes-in-universe.org/eng/nafas/articles/2011/the_rising_tide/img/12_jamil_baloch |access-date=October 9, 2011 |publisher=Universes in Universe |archive-date=September 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920223750/http://universes-in-universe.org/eng/nafas/articles/2011/the_rising_tide/img/12_jamil_baloch |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya sami ilimi na farko daga Nushki. Ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Fasaha ta Kasa ta Lahore a shekarar 1997. == Ayyukan fasaha == Ayyukan Jamil Baloch suna nuna halaye daban-daban na al'umma. Ya fito ne daga al'adun al'adu masu arziki ya haɗa da samfuran gargajiya tare da zamani a cikin fasaharsa. Yawancin ayyukansa na baya suna fassara tashin hankali da zalunci na iko da ci gaba da kokari na rayuwa ta dan adam. Kullum yana bincika matsakaici daban-daban. Ya kasance mai zane-zane a Cibiyar Nazarin Vermont, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamil's work |url=http://www.studioworx.com/blog/?p=358 |access-date=October 9, 2011 |publisher=Studio Worx |archive-date=April 25, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425051836/http://www.studioworx.com/blog/?p=358 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kuma ba shi lambar yabo ta Rangoonwala a baje kolin zane-zane na kasa a shekara ta 2003, [[Karachi]] da kuma Kyautar Kyautar Kyauta ta Duniya a shekara ta 2008, [[Bangladesh]] . == manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hadin waje == * https://web.archive.org/web/20120425051836/http://adapk.com/disorientation-the-work-of-jamil-baloch/index.html * https://web.archive.org/web/20120425051838/http://www.thedrawingroom.com.pk:888/artgallery.php?id=23 * http://www.khaasgallery.com/TheCollectionKhaasArtist.aspx?AID=278 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425051837/http://www.khaasgallery.com/TheCollectionKhaasArtist.aspx?AID=278 |date=2012-04-25 }} * http://gandhara-art.com/artist-bio.php?aid=78 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007165513/https://gandhara-art.com/artist-bio.php?aid=78 |date=2022-10-07 }} * http://www.artchowk.com/Views/artists/artists_profile.php?id=31 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721213202/http://www.artchowk.com/Views/artists/artists_profile.php?id=31 |date=2024-07-21 }} * http://www.vaslart.org/xhtml/artdir/contemporary/List%20J/jamil_baloch/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305054941/http://www.vaslart.org/xhtml/artdir/contemporary/List%20J/jamil_baloch/ |date=2016-03-05 }} * https://web.archive.org/web/20090509211803/http://jang.com.pk/thenews/jun2008-weekly/nos-01-06-2008/enc.htm#4 * http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=24134&Cat=6{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Baloch, Jamil}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]] 7lomnjbn8gay9ufpj5umj2p85v1vkss 0 84328 906023 718690 2026-08-22T05:52:19Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 906023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta [[Uganda]] (UHRC)''' Hukumace da take aiki don saka idanu da inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙasar Uganda. UHRC kungiya ce da aka kirkireta a ƙarƙashin [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki]] na shekarar 1995 Mataki na 51 a karkashin Dokar Hakki da aka samu a Babi na hudu na Kundin Tsarin mulki. Kungiyar ta dogara ne akan [[Ka'idodin Paris na Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Ka'idodin Paris]] waɗanda ke jagororin kafa Cibiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa. An bayyana aikinta ne a Mataki na 52 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Government of Uganda |date=November 2019 |title=Uganda Human Rights Commission: A Public Agency, Also Called UHRC |url=http://askyourgov.ug/body/uhrc |access-date=24 November 2019 |publisher=Ask Your Government Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== 29dybsqig5pj0exmv2i6bqb9h7ngs7q 906024 906023 2026-08-22T05:52:35Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 906024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta [[Uganda]] (UHRC)''' Hukumace da take aiki don saka idanu da inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙasar Uganda. UHRC kungiya ce da aka kirkireta a ƙarƙashin [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki]] na shekarar 1995 Mataki na 51 a karkashin Dokar Hakki da aka samu a Babi na hudu na Kundin Tsarin mulki. Kungiyar ta dogara ne akan [[Ka'idodin Paris na Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Ka'idodin Paris]] waɗanda ke jagororin kafa Cibiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta ƙasa. An kuma bayyana aikinta ne a Mataki na 52 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Government of Uganda |date=November 2019 |title=Uganda Human Rights Commission: A Public Agency, Also Called UHRC |url=http://askyourgov.ug/body/uhrc |access-date=24 November 2019 |publisher=Ask Your Government Uganda |place=Kampala}}</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== 2n8p0p30y7dbgr052w733m85g7iopy1 0 84891 905883 840379 2026-08-22T00:25:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jeleel Olasunkanmi Ojuade''' farfesa ne na karatun rawe-rawe na Najeriya,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akande |first=Araayo |last2=Newspaper |first2=The Culture |date=2021-11-10 |title=44 years after, Ojuade, child dancer turned professor, delivers inaugural lecture |url=https://www.theculturenewspaper.com/44-years-after-ojuade-child-dancer-turned-professor-delivers-inaugural-lecture/ |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=The Culture Newspaper |language=en-US}}</ref> farkon Bayaraben Farfesa na Rawa a Najeriya<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adisa |first=Folorunso Fatai |date=2021-11-12 |title=Jeleel Ojuade: Chronicles of First Professor of Dance in Yoruba History |url=https://platformsafrica.com/2021/11/12/jeleel-ojuade-chronicles-of-first-professor-of-dance-in-yoruba-history/ |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=Platformsafrica |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130052835/https://platformsafrica.com/2021/11/12/jeleel-ojuade-chronicles-of-first-professor-of-dance-in-yoruba-history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma Shugaban Jami'ar Crown-Hill, Ilorin tun daga Janairu 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abdulazeez |first=Arowona |date=2023-01-15 |title=UNILORIN lecturer, Prof. Jeleel Ojuade becomes new VC of Crown-Hill varsity |url=https://royalnews.com.ng/unilorin-lecturer-prof-jeleel-ojuade-becomes-new-vc-of-crown-hill-varsity/ |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=Royal News |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127113903/https://royalnews.com.ng/unilorin-lecturer-prof-jeleel-ojuade-becomes-new-vc-of-crown-hill-varsity/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An nada Ojuade a matsayin farfesa a shekara ta 2019 a [[Jami'ar Ilorin]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-06 |title=I’ve grown thick skin to funny comments about my dancing career – Professor of Dance, Ojuade |url=https://punchng.com/ive-grown-thick-skin-to-funny-comments-about-my-dancing-career-professor-of-dance-ojuade/ |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma ya ba da lakabi, Aare Alasa na Ifetedo ta Olubosin na Ifetedo, Oba Akinola Oyetade Akinrera (Latiri 1).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Friends, Colleagues, Students Celebrate Ojuade – THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/11/10/friends-colleagues-students-celebrate-ojuade/ |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa == Farfesa Jeleel Ojuade dan asalin Ifetedo ne a jihar Osun, daya daga cikin jihohin yammacin Najeriya. An haife shi a shekarar 1970. Rayuwar sa na karama ya yi a Ifetedo amma ya samu damar yin balaguro, tare da raka tawagar mahaifinsa zuwa jihohi daban-daban a fadin Najeriya. Tun yana yaro, ya halarci bikin fasaha da al'adu wanda ya gudana a Lagos Nigeria a shekarar 1977. Bikin wanda kuma ake yiwa lakabi da FESTAC '77 shi ne bikin bakar fata da na Afirka na fasaha da al'adu na duniya na biyu. Lokacin da yake matashi, ya halarci wasan raye-raye a matakin kananan hukumomi da jihohi.<ref>{{Citation |title=THE ESSENCE OF DANCE IN CULTURE |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AERQxyJKhTU |language=en |access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref> Ya sami digiri na farko da digiri na biyu a fannin fasaha daga Jami'ar Ilorin amma ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin wasan kwaikwayo (tare da ƙwararriyar rawa) daga Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka ta [[Jami'ar Ibadan]]. Haka kuma Ojuade ya samu digiri a fannin shari’a na gama gari (LL.B Hons) da digiri na biyu a fannin kare hakkin mallaka (LL.M) duka a Jami’ar Ilorin, [[Jihar Kwara]], Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-30 |title=Ojuade in Dance is Life, Life is Dance. |url=https://owanbecommunity.org/ojuade-in-dance-is-life-life-is-dance/ |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=Owanbe Community |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[category:maluman Najeriya]] [[category:rayayyun mutane]] 3dhecj8yhbk5hopq86hgvmlnnx5ph9s 0 86613 906018 718688 2026-08-22T05:50:40Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 906018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} '''Dokar zama dan kasa ta Rwanda''' tana karkashin tsarin mulkin Rwanda, kamar yadda aka gyara;Dokar ƙasar [[Rwanda]], da gyare-gyarensa; Dokar mutane da iyali; da kuma wasu yarjejeniyoyi na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda kasar ta amince dasu.wadannan dokokin suna tantance wanda ya zama dan ƙasa na ƙasar [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], ko wanda zai iya zama.Hanyoyin shari'a na samun yancin dan kasa,wanda shine hakkin zama dan kasa na hukuma,sun banbanta da alakar cikin gida na nauyi da hakki tsakanin da ƙasa da kuma ƙasar,wanda ake kira zama dan kasa {{Hujja}} ==Manazarta== 1l51j7v6ifv1s8ml9enk0mt1bhh5ui7 906019 906018 2026-08-22T05:50:53Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 906019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} '''Dokar zama dan kasa ta Rwanda''' tana karkashin tsarin mulkin Rwanda, kamar yadda aka gyara;Dokar ƙasar [[Rwanda]], da gyare-gyarensa; Dokar mutane da iyali; da kuma wasu yarjejeniyoyi na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda kasar ta amince dasu.wadannan dokokin suna tantance wanda ya zama dan ƙasa na ƙasar [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], ko wanda kuma zai iya zama.Hanyoyin shari'a na samun yancin dan kasa,wanda shine hakkin zama dan kasa na hukuma,sun banbanta da alakar cikin gida na nauyi da hakki tsakanin da ƙasa da kuma ƙasar,wanda ake kira zama dan kasa {{Hujja}} ==Manazarta== 3w5uy0gizuzb5t01cpc7tms568v4zaf 906020 906019 2026-08-22T05:51:17Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 906020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} '''Dokar zama dan kasa ta Rwanda''' tana karkashin tsarin mulkin Rwanda, kamar yadda aka gyara;Dokar ƙasar [[Rwanda]], da gyare-gyarensa; Dokar mutane da iyali; da kuma wasu yarjejeniyoyi na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda kasar ta amince dasu.wadannan dokokin suna tantance wanda ya zama dan ƙasa na ƙasar [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], ko wanda kuma zai iya zama.Hanyoyin shari'a na samun ƴancin dan kasa,wanda shine hakkin zama ɗan ƙasa na hukuma,sun banbanta da alakar cikin gida na nauyi da hakki tsakanin da ƙasa da kuma ƙasar,wanda ake kira zama dan kasa {{Hujja}} ==Manazarta== nbyay966pma046vygxhoc8cx8kdp0zs 906021 906020 2026-08-22T05:51:37Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 906021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} '''Dokar zama dan kasa ta Rwanda''' tana karkashin tsarin mulkin Rwanda, kamar yadda aka gyara;Dokar ƙasar [[Rwanda]], da gyare-gyarensa; Dokar mutane da iyali; da kuma wasu yarjejeniyoyi na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda kasar ta amince dasu.wadannan dokokin suna tantance wanda ya zama dan ƙasa na ƙasar [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], ko wanda kuma zai iya zama.Hanyoyin shari'a na samun ƴancin ɗan ƙasa wanda shine hakkin zama ɗan ƙasa na hukuma,sun banbanta da alakar cikin gida na nauyi da hakki tsakanin da ƙasa da kuma ƙasar,wanda ake kira zama dan kasa {{Hujja}} ==Manazarta== 3aqha664hcz3uhq2sqto516cjroj53s 906022 906021 2026-08-22T05:51:55Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 906022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} '''Dokar zama dan kasa ta Rwanda''' tana karkashin tsarin mulkin Rwanda, kamar yadda aka gyara;Dokar ƙasar [[Rwanda]], da gyare-gyarensa; Dokar mutane da iyali; da kuma wasu yarjejeniyoyi na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda kasar ta amince dasu.wadannan dokokin suna tantance wanda ya zama dan ƙasa na ƙasar [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], ko wanda kuma zai iya zama.Hanyoyin shari'a na samun ƴancin ɗan ƙasa wanda shine hakkin zama ɗan ƙasa na hukuma,sun banbanta da alakar cikin gida na nauyi da Haƙƙi tsakanin da ƙasa da kuma ƙasar,wanda ake kira zama dan ƙasa {{Hujja}} ==Manazarta== k2sqmktm1a1y12bee4ctf4qy96p6tqm 0 86951 905778 554635 2026-08-21T20:14:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jami'ar aikin gona ta taraya, Zuru''' jami'a ce ta Najeriya da ke [[Zuru]], [[Kebbi|jihar Kebbi]] wacce [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya]] ke kula da ita baki ɗaya.<ref name="CHAN">{{Cite web |last=Television |first=Channels |date=10 April 2019 |title=Senate Approves Bill On Establishment of Federal University of Agriculture, Zuru |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2019/04/10/senate-approves-bill-on-establishment-of-federal-university-of-agriculture-zuru/ |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[Channels Television]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nanono |first=Alhaji Sani |author-link=Sabo Nanono |date=11 December 2019 |title=University of Agriculture, Zuru to take-off in 2020 ― Nanono |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/12/university-of-agriculture-zuru-to-take-off-in-2020/ |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Udegbunam |first=Oge |date=10 December 2019 |title=Federal University of Agriculture Kebbi takes off September 2020- FG |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/367629-federal-university-of-agriculture-kebbi-takes-off-september-2020-fg.html |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Jami'ar Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Zuru a matsayin Kwalejin Aikin Noma, Zuru. A baya kwalejin tana da alaƙa da [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello]] [[Zariya]]. Bayan kafa hukumar kula da ilimin fasaha ta kasa (NBTE) a shekarar 1977 da gwamnatin tarayya ta kafa domin daidaita ilimin fasaha a kasar nan, NBTE ta ɗauki nauyin kulawa da kuma amincewa da shirye-shiryen kwalejin. A shekarar 2019, Sanata [[Barau I Jibrin|Barau Jibrin]] ya gabatar da ƙudirin doka. A ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu, 2019, an karanta dokar karo na uku kuma aka zartar da ita. Sabuwar jami'ar ta fara aiki a watan Satumba na shekarar 2020.<ref name="CHAN"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=College Of Agriculture, Zuru, Kebbi State |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/company/324/college-of-agriculture-zuru-kebbi-state |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=Manpower Nigeria}}</ref> A watan Afrilun shekarar 2020, [[Shugaban Nijeriya|Shugaba]] [[Muhammadu Buhari|Mohammed Buhari]] ya naɗa Musa Isiyaku Ahmed a matsayin mataimakin shugaba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Udegbunam |first=Oge |date=9 April 2020 |title=FG appoints VC for newly-established University Of Agriculture, Kebbi |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/386903-fg-appoints-vc-for-newly-established-university-of-agriculture-kebbi.html |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=Premium Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Odeyemi |first=Joshua |date=9 April 2020 |title=Buhari Appoints VC For Federal University Of Agriculture, Zuru |url=https://dailytrust.com/buhari-appoints-vc-for-federal-university-of-agriculture-zuru |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref> sannan a shekarar 2021, Eze [[Eberechi dick|Eberechi N. Dick]] ya zama shugaban jami'ar na farko. Kafin wannan lokacin, Bello Zaki ya kasance mataimakin shugaban riƙo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ewepu |first=Gabriel |date=10 December 2019 |title=Nigeria: Newly Established Agric Varsity, Zuru Gets 19-Man Interim Management Committee |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201912100673.html |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |via=[[AllAfrica]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nnabuife |first=Collins |date=10 December 2019 |title=Federal University Of Agriculture, Kebbi To Take Off September 2020 ― Minister |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/federal-university-of-agriculture-kebbi-to-take-off-september-2020-%E2%80%95-minister/ |website=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}</ref> == Laburari == Laburaren Jami'ar yana taimakawa wajen koyarwa, koyo da bincike don cimma muradun jami'a. E-Laburaren yana da miliyoyin tushen bayanan kan layi, mujallu na e-mujallolin JSTOR, ScienceDirect.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=E-Library |url=https://www.fuaz.edu.ng/index.php/accordion-3/151-e-library |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=www.fuaz.edu.ng |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228104804/https://www.fuaz.edu.ng/index.php/accordion-3/151-e-library |url-status=dead }}</ref> Laburaren yana sarrafa kansa tare da kwamfutoci don sauƙin isa ga bayanai. == Mataimakin shugaban jami'ar == * [[Musa Isiyaku Ahmed]] (2020 - zuwa - yanzu) == Shugabanni == Eze Eberechi N. Dick (JP). == Maɓallin haɗi na waje == {{Official website|https://www.fuaz.edu.ng/}} == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category: Jami'o'i]] [[Category: Jami'o'i a Najeriya]] [[Category: Jami'o'i a Afrika]] 201ldb6xulfshp4ra7yuejpmi8912v1 0 94986 905606 813459 2026-08-21T12:04:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Wannan faifan fim ne na fina-finai da bidiyo da ke nuna rayuwa da al'adun mutanen Ainu da ke arewacin Japan a yanzu da kuma iyakar Gabas mai Nisa ta Rasha . Wakilai na Ainu na iya bambanta daga ainihin shirin zuwa na almara kuma, kamar yadda yake tare da wakilcin ƴan asalin Amirkawa a cikin fina-finan Hollywood, na iya fama da ɓarna da ra'ayi. <ref name="Oishi">{{Cite journal |last=Ōishi |first=Kazuhisa |date=July 2011 |title='Indian' to shite no Ainu |url=http://hokuga.hgu.jp/dspace/bitstream/123456789/1751/1/OOISHI.pdf |journal=Hokkai Gakuen Daigaku Jinbun Ronshū |volume=49 |pages=172–185 |access-date=2025-03-05 |archive-date=2022-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805073802/http://hokuga.hgu.jp/dspace/bitstream/123456789/1751/1/OOISHI.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Chup">{{Cite web |last=Chupuchisekoru |title=Ainu bunka to media |url=http://www.frpac.or.jp/rst/sem/sem1109.pdf |access-date=3 June 2012 |publisher=The Foundation for Research and Promotion of Ainu Culture}}{{Dead link|date=December 2019}}</ref> An rarraba jerin tsakanin shirye-shiryen bidiyo da fina-finai na almara. == Takardun bayanai == * ''Littafin Shiraoi Ainu'' (1925) <ref name="YIDFF">{{Cite web |title=YIDFF '93 Screening List |url=http://www.yidff.jp/93/93list-e.html |access-date=30 May 2012 |publisher=Yamagata International Documentary Film Festival}}</ref> * ''Bikin Ainu Bear'' (1931) * ''Uepotara—Bikin Fitar da Al'ada na Nibutani Ainu'' (1933) <ref name="YIDFF" /> * ''Chisenomi'' (1934) <ref name="YIDFF" /> * Kita no dōhō (Riken Kagaku, 1941) * ''Kotan no hitotachi'' (1959), shirin NHK <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kotan no hitotachi |url=http://nhk.jp/chronicle/?B10001200995908300130024 |access-date=30 May 2012 |website=NHK Kuronikuru}}</ref> * ''Kalmomi: Alamar Mutane'' (1993), wanda Shiro Kayano ya jagoranta <ref name="YIDFF" /> * ''Kyōsei e no michi: Nihon no senju minzoku Ainu'' (1993) <ref name="Niigata">{{Cite web |title=Jinken, dōwa mondai DVD, 16mm firumu kashidashi risuto |publisher=Niigata Prefecture}}</ref> * ''Mutanen Ainu da aka raina'' (Oktoba 1994) * ''Shin kōsei e no michi: Nihon no senjū minzoku Ainu'' (2000) <ref name="Niigata" /> * ''TOKYO Ainu'' (2010) * ''Kamui to ikiru'' (2011), directed by Hideki Komatsu <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamui to ikiru |url=http://www.kamuytoikiru.com/introduction.html |access-date=30 May 2012}}</ref> * ''Aynu.'' ''Hanyoyi zuwa Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya'' (2013), wanda Marcos Centeno ya jagoranta <ref>{{Cite web |title=ainumemoryfilm |url=http://www.ainumemoryfilm.com/ |access-date=2025-03-05 |archive-date=2013-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219043622/http://ainumemoryfilm.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Fim ɗin almara == * Rira no hana wasureji (リラの花忘れじ) ([[Shochiku]], 1947), directed by Kenkichi Hara * Jakoman to Tetsu (ジャコ万と鉄) ([[Toho]], 1949), directed by [[Senkichi Taniguchi]]<ref name="Chup" /> * Gorotsuki-bune (ごろつき船) ([[Daiei Film]], 1950), directed by [[Kazuo Mori]]<ref name="Chup" /> * Kimi no na wa (君の名は) ([[Shochiku]], 1953–54), directed by [[Hideo Ōba]]<ref name="Chup" /> * Kotan no kuchibue (コタンの口笛) ([[Toho]], 1957), directed by [[Mikio Naruse]]<ref name="Chup" /> * Daisōgen no wataridori (大草原の渡り鳥) ([[Nikkatsu]], 1960), directed by Buichi Saitō<ref name="Oishi"/> * Mito Kōmon umi o wataru (水戸黄門海を渡る) ([[Daiei Film]], 1961), directed by Kunio Watanabe<ref name="Chup" /> * Rex: A Dinosaur's Story (REX 恐竜物語) (1993), directed by [[Haruki Kadokawa]]<ref name="Chup" /> * Kita no reinen (北の零年) (2004), directed by [[Isao Yukisada]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=北の零年 |url=http://www.cinematopics.com/cinema/works/output2.php?oid=3958 |access-date=14 December 2013 |website=Cinema Topics |archive-date=14 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214182132/http://www.cinematopics.com/cinema/works/output2.php?oid=3958 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Ainu Mosir'' (2020) == manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] frsqcyjc26u9y58uu6e9wzhsebp2h4a 0 95051 905729 827572 2026-08-21T17:41:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Grave_Fatema(single_one)_and_other_Imams.JPG|thumb|Kabarin [[Ali ibn Husayn|Imam Sajjad]] a [[Al-Baqi']] a [[Madinah|Madina]]. An yi iƙirarin cewa dangin Ali Khamenei sun fito ne daga gare shi]] [[Fayil:Ali_Khamenei_delivers_Nowruz_message_03.jpg|thumb|[[Ali Khamenei]], Babban Jagora na Iran, shine mafi iko a cikin dangin Khamenei]] [[Fayil:Ayatollah Khamenei Planting saplings on Iran’s National Tree Planting Day (15).jpg|thumb|Ayatollah Khamenei yayin da yake shuki a ranan Shuka Bishiya na Iran ]] '''Iyalin Khamenei''' (Persian) ko '''Daular Khamenei''' <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2013 |title=Can the Khomeinis challenge Khamenei? |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2010/01/can-the-khomeinis-challenge-khamenei.html |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=FRONTLINE - Tehran Bureau}}</ref> suna daga cikin iyalan Azeri [[Sayyid]] na Iran wadanda ke da'awar su ne zuriyar [[Limamai Sha Biyu|Imam]] na huɗu na [[Shi'a|Shia]] Islam, [[Ali ibn Husayn|Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin]] (Persian / Arabic) (wanda aka sani da Imam Sajjad) <ref name="ali5">{{Cite web |title=Descent and parents of Ayatollah Khamenei |url=https://basirat.ir/fa/news/31827/نسب-و-والدین-حضرت-آیت-الله-خامنه-ای |access-date=23 September 2019 |publisher=basirat.ir }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Family of Khamenei -- Biography of Ayatollah Khamenei |url=https://www.leader.ir/fa/content/14121#s1 |access-date=23 September 2019 |publisher=leader.ir}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Family tree of Iran's supreme leader - Seyyed Ali Khamenei |url=http://www.nafee.ir/node/17144 |access-date=23 September 2019 |publisher=nafee.ir |archive-date=23 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923132309/http://www.nafee.ir/node/17144 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [5] [6]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Checking family-tree of the Supreme leader of Iran (Khamenei) -- Ma'aref Radio |url=http://rasanews.ir/fa/news/211940 |access-date=22 September 2019 |publisher=rasanews.ir }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Family tree of Iran's supreme leader, Seyyed Ali Khamenei |url=https://www.aparat.com/v/cdhUN/%D8%B4%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C |access-date=22 September 2019 |publisher=aparat.com }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>n Azerbaijan (Iran) , [[Najaf]], Tafresh, da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dynasty -- Biography of Ayatollah Khamenei |url=http://farsi.khamenei.ir/memory-content?id=26142#600 |access-date=22 September 2019 |publisher=khamenei.ir |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208233452/http://farsi.khamenei.ir/memory-content?id=26142#600 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Parents of Iran's supreme leader |url=https://www.yjc.ir/fa/news/5316067 |access-date=21 September 2019 |publisher=yjc.ir}}</ref> [[Fayil:Ali Khamenei with Sadeq Larijani in June 2018.jpg|thumb|Ali Khamenei da Sadeq Larijani a watan Yuni, 2018]] Seyyed Ali Khamenei, jagoran koli na Iran, shi ne mafi karfin mamba a cikin dangin siyasar Khamenei. Asalinsa, wanda aka sani da "Sadat-e Hosseini", yana da alaka da Imam na uku na Shia, Husayn ibn Ali. Wani shirin talabijin na Al-Manar da aka watsa a watan Maris na 2020 ya yi ikirarin cewa Khamenei shi ne zuriyar 38 na annabin Musulunci Muhammad ta hanyar dansa Hussain Asghar, ɗan Imam Sajjad. Mahaifin Seyyed Ali Khamenei shi ne Seyyed Javad Khamenei, <ref name="ali1">{{Cite web |date=30 December 2012 |title=Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khamenei Fast Facts |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/30/world/meast/ayatollah-seyyed-ali-khamenei---fast-facts/index.html |access-date=21 September 2019 |publisher=cnn.com}}</ref> kuma kakan mahaifinsa shi ne Seiyed Hussein, <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2015 |title=About The Author -- Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Khamenei |url=https://www.al-islam.org/general-pattern-islamic-thought-quran-ayatullah-sayyid-ali-khamenei/about-author |access-date=21 September 2019 |publisher=al-islam.org}}</ref>raki (a cikin makabartar [[Maƙabartar Wadi-us-salam|Wadi-us-Salaam]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2014 |title=Ancestors of Ayatollah Khamenei |url=http://www.hawzahnews.com/news/334592 |access-date=22 September 2019 |publisher=hawzahnews.com }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Knowing ancestors of Ayatollah Khamenei's parents |url=http://navideshahed.com/fa/news/361496 |access-date=28 September 2019 |publisher=navideshahed.com }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mahaifin Seyyed Hussein shi ne Seyyed Mohammad Hosseini Tafresshi, wanda aka dauke shi [[Sayyid]] na Aftasi, wanda itacen danginsa ya haɗa da Sultan-al-Ulama Ahmad (wanda aka fi sani da Seyyed Ahmad). Seyyed Mohammad Hosseini Tafreshi Khamenei Tabrizi (Persian) ɗan Seyyed Mohamad Taghi ne, wanda ɗan Mirza Ali-Akbar ne, wanda shi ne ɗan Seyyad Fakhr-al-Din Tafreshi . Zuriyar Seyyed Fakhr-al-Din (wanda aka fi sani da Mir-Fakhra) ana kiransu Mir-Fakhrayi . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancestors of Ayatollah Khamenei |url=http://navideshahed.com/fa/news/361496 |access-date=23 September 2019 |publisher=navideshahed.com }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Dubi kuma ==   === Labaran Musulunci === * [[Sayyid]] * Silsila har zuwa a Sayyadi Ali RTA * [[Ali Khamenei]] * Javad Khamenei * Mohammad Khiabani === Abinda ke da alaƙa === * Siyasa ta Iran == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} j741d44payhccoq52s0ry0h97udf0b8 0 95097 905878 594650 2026-08-22T00:13:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jean Maria Arrigo''' (An haife shi a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 1944 - 24 ga Fabrairu, 2024) Masanin ilimin halayyar jama'a ne kuma Masanin tarihin baki.<ref>[http://ethicalpsychology.org/about/arrigo.php Jean Maria Arrigo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223031048/https://ethicalpsychology.org/about/arrigo.php |date=2025-02-23 }} at Coalition for an Ethical Psychology site</ref><ref>Spencer Ackerman. [https://www.theguardian.com/law/2015/jul/13/psychologist-torture-doctors-collusion-jean-maria-arrigo 'A national hero': psychologist who warned of torture collusion gets her due]. ‘’The Guardian’’. 13 July 2015.</ref> == Ayyuka == An haifi Arrigo a [[Memphis, Tennessee]] a shekara ta 1944. <ref> name="nyt">{{Cite web |last=Gabriel |first=Trip |date=March 19, 2024 |title=Jean Maria Arrigo, Who Exposed Psychologists' Ties to Torture, Dies at 79 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/19/us/jean-maria-arrigo-dead.html |access-date=March 19, 2024 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> Ta sami digiri na farko da digiri na biyu a lissafi a shekara ta 1966 da 1969 bi da bi daga Jami'ar California kuma ta kasance farfesa a wannan fagen a Jami'ar Jihar San Diego na tsawon shekaru 11.<ref name="nyt" /> Arrigo daga nan ya sami digiri na biyu (1995), da PhD (1999) daga Jami'ar Claremont Graduate a cikin ilimin halayyar jama'a.<ref name="nyt" /> Arrigo ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar aiki ta American Psychological Association (APA) ta shekara ta 2005 da ke kimanta rawar da masu ilimin halayyar dan adam ke takawa a cikin leken asiri na Amurka da tambayoyin soja na fursunoni. Ta zama sananne ne don fallasa rikice-rikice na sha'awa na mafi yawan sauran a kan ƙungiyar aiki mai zaman kanta, waɗanda suka haɗa kai a gaba tare da masu ba da shawara game da hanyoyin tambayoyi masu tsanani. Don ayyukanta na fallasawa, APA ta girmama Arrigo a cikin 2015, kuma Ƙungiyar Amurka don Ci gaban Kimiyya ta gabatar da lambar yabo ta AAAS ta 2015 don 'Yancin Kimiyya da Hakki a gare ta. A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2024, Arrigo ya mutu daga ciwon daji a Alpine, California, yana da shekaru 79. <ref name="nyt">{{Cite web |last=Gabriel |first=Trip |date=March 19, 2024 |title=Jean Maria Arrigo, Who Exposed Psychologists' Ties to Torture, Dies at 79 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/19/us/jean-maria-arrigo-dead.html |access-date=March 19, 2024 |website=The New York Times}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGabriel2024">Gabriel, Trip (March 19, 2024). [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/19/us/jean-maria-arrigo-dead.html "Jean Maria Arrigo, Who Exposed Psychologists' Ties to Torture, Dies at 79"]. ''The New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> == Ayyukan da aka buga == * {{Cite web |date=2006 |title=Torture Is for Amateurs' |url=http://isme.tamu.edu/ISME08/Arrigo08.html |publisher=International Society for Military Ethics}} * Zunubi da Ceto a cikin Binciken Kimiyya na Asirin: Binciken Halitta da Epistemological, Jami'ar Claremont Graduate, 1999 * {{Cite journal |last=Jean Maria Arrigo |last2=Richard V. Wagner |date=16 July 2014 |title=Military Ethics and Peace Psychology: A Dialogue |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w2kJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PP2 |journal=Peace and Conflict |publisher=Psychology Press |page=2 |isbn=978-1-317-75920-1}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]] faxw4bjo3y63brwb8y0w8xn04ad8s3p 0 96084 906030 636752 2026-08-22T07:03:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Judith Ncube''' 'yar siyasar [[Zimbabwe|ƙasar Zimbabwe]] ce. Ita ce ministar harkokin lardi a yanzu kuma ‘yar majalisa mai wakiltar [[Bulawayo]]. Ita ce mamba ta jam'iyyar [[ZANU-PF]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.chronicle.co.zw/minister-judith-ncube-arrives-in-egypt-for-the-arab-africa-investment-indaba/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-03-14 |archive-date=2024-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221144204/https://www.chronicle.co.zw/minister-judith-ncube-arrives-in-egypt-for-the-arab-africa-investment-indaba/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Minister of State for Bulawayo Metropolitan province Judith Ncube – #Asakhe – CITE |url=https://cite.org.zw/tag/minister-of-state-for-bulawayo-metropolitan-province-judith-ncube/ |access-date=2024-02-21 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2024-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221144159/https://cite.org.zw/tag/minister-of-state-for-bulawayo-metropolitan-province-judith-ncube/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Minister of State for Bulawayo Metropolitan province Judith Ncube – #Asakhe – CITE |url=https://cite.org.zw/tag/minister-of-state-for-bulawayo-metropolitan-province-judith-ncube/ |access-date=2024-02-21 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2024-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221144159/https://cite.org.zw/tag/minister-of-state-for-bulawayo-metropolitan-province-judith-ncube/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] phm8tqd83upr2j6u76930qrqholxg4l 0 96479 906029 883686 2026-08-22T06:54:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Joycelyn Tetteh''' (an haife ta 10 Janairu 1988) ta kasance 'yar majalisa ta tara ce ta Jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu mai wakiltar Dayi ta Arewa a [[yankin Volta]] akan tikitin jam'iyyar Democratic Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=We need a national policy to end teenage pregnancy – North Dayi MP |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/We-need-a-national-policy-to-end-teenage-pregnancy-North-Dayi-MP-634771 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=GhanaWeb. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=George Loh failed; people wanted change – 27-year old female student explains victory – MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2015/November-23rd/george-loh-failed-people-wanted-change-27-year-old-female-student-explains-victory.php |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=MyJoyOnline. |archive-date=2018-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024154102/https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2015/November-23rd/george-loh-failed-people-wanted-change-27-year-old-female-student-explains-victory.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kasance daya daga cikin ' [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Meet-the-36-female-MPs-in-Ghana-s-Parliament-729099# yan majalisar mata 36] na majalisar dokoki ta bakwai a jamhuriya ta hudu ta [[Ghana|Ghana.]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=MPs under 30: Meet the youngest MPs in Ghana |url=http://www.newsstandgh.com/mps-30-meet-youngest-mps-ghana/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724030209/http://www.newsstandgh.com/mps-30-meet-youngest-mps-ghana/ |archive-date=24 July 2019 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=News Stand Ghana |language=en-GB}}</ref> A halin yanzu kuma Tettehh ita ce jakadan fataucin mutane a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily Graphic |date=5 October 2018 |title=Human Trafficking Ambassador an honour — Joycelyn Tetteh |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/human-trafficking-ambassador-an-honour-joycelyn-tetteh.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Tetteh a Tsyome-Sabadu, [[yankin Volta]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghana |first=ICT Dept. Office of Parliament |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=189 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=parliament of ghana |archive-date=2023-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927010521/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=189 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta karanta Law and BEd in Management Studies a [[Jami'ar Cape Coast|University of Cape Coast]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Tetteh, Joycelyn |url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5394 |access-date=2018-10-24 |website=GhanaMps. |archive-date=2024-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927062147/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5394 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Siyasa == A shekarar 2016, ta tsaya takara kuma ta lashe kujerar majalisar wakilai ta NDC a mazabar Dayi ta Arewa a [[yankin Volta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |access-date=2022-01-04 |website=parliament of ghana |archive-date=2023-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214022812/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === zaben 2016 === Tetteh ya fara tsayawa takarar majalisar wakilai ta mazabar ranar Arewa a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress a lokacin babban zaben Ghana na 2016 kuma ya lashe zaben da kuri'u 12,948, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 78.53% na kuri'un da aka kada. An zabe ta a kan Wogbe Kpikpitse na IND, Samuel Kwesi Anomah na New Patriotic Party, Christopher Wise Siale na Jam'iyyar Convention People's Party da Christopher NA Dotse na NDP. Sun samu kuri'u 2,946, kuri'u 457, kuri'u 66 da kuri'u 57, daidai da kashi 17.89%, 2.83%, 0.40% da 0.35% na jimillar kuri'u.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=North Dayi Constituency Results - Election 2016 |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/volta/north_dayi/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2024-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301200042/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/volta/north_dayi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== zaben 2020 ==== An sake zaben Tetteh a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Dayi ta Arewa a yankin Volta a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress yayin babban zaben Ghana na 2020 . An zabe ta ne da kuri'u 14,424 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 76.11% na jimillar kuri'un. Ta lashe zaben ne akan Kudjoh Edmund Attah na sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party wanda ya samu kuri'u 4,455 wanda yayi daidai da kashi 23.51% sannan dan takarar majalisar wakilai na jam'iyyar LPG Atteh Kingsely ya samu kuri'u 72, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 0.38% na jimillar kuri'u.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=North Dayi Constituency Results - Election 2020 |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/volta/north_dayi/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2023-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005061303/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/volta/north_dayi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=North Dayi – Election Data Center – The Ghana Report |url=https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/volta-region/north-dayi/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204122827/https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/volta-region/north-dayi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliamentary Results for North Dayi |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2020/elections.constituency.results.php?mode=parliamentary&ID=249 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Mobile GhanaWeb.}}</ref> == Girmamawa == Sarakuna da al’ummar mazabar Dayi ta Arewa ne suka karrama ta a watan Agustan 2019, inda suka ba ta lambar: Mama Edzeame.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quaye |first=Emmanuel |date=10 August 2019 |title=North Dayi MP honoured by constituents |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/north-dayi-mp-honoured-by-constituents.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=Graphic Ghana}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ba ta da aure kuma Kirista.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=www.parliament.gh |archive-date=2023-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214022812/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=90 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mata ƴan majalisar dokokin Ghana]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] cc7meqa69pvj6ywuu84k76hjfk250eo 0 96899 905855 601199 2026-08-21T22:47:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Jamie McIntosh shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma babban darektan Ofishin Jakadancin Kasa da Kasa (IJM) Kanada, [1] kungiya ce da ta sadaukar da kai don ceto yara daga cin zarafi a kasashen waje. [2] Yana da digiri na biyu a fannin dokokin kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya daga Jami'ar Oxford . [3] == Ƙungiya == McIntosh ya kafa reshen IJM na Kanada a shekara ta 2002, bayan ya shafe shekara daya da rabi yana addu’a kan yadda za a magance zalunci a wasu kasashe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jim Coggins |date=April 5, 2007 |title=Canadian activists pursue today's slavers |url=http://canadianchristianity.com/cgi-bin/na.cgi?nationalupdates/2007/070405slavery |url-status=dead |journal=CanadianChristianity |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208202559/http://canadianchristianity.com/cgi-bin/na.cgi?nationalupdates/2007/070405slavery |archive-date=December 8, 2012 |access-date=October 11, 2012}}</ref> Jacob Moon ya yi wasan kwaikwayo na fa'ida a Hamilton, Ontario don IJM Kanada a cikin 2006 bayan McIntosh ya ba shi shawarar wani littafi wanda ya sa Moon ya san ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=September 26, 2006 |title=Jacob Moon Does Benefit for International Justice Mission |url=http://www.soulshine.ca/news/newsarticle.php?nid=3755 |url-status=dead |journal=[[Soul Shine Magazine]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001739/http://www.soulshine.ca/news/newsarticle.php?nid=3755 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=October 11, 2012}}</ref> Har ila yau, a cikin 2006, McIntosh ya bayyana a gaban Kwamitin Tsare-tsare na Majalisar Dokokin Kanada game da Matsayin Mata, inda ya kira Majalisar Dokokin don kubutar da bayi mata a Kudancin Asiya daga kanginsu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 5, 2006 |title=Mr. Jamie McIntosh (Executive Director, International Justice Mission Canada) at the Status of Women Committee |url=https://openparliament.ca/committees/status-of-women/39-1/27/jamie-mcintosh-1/only/ |access-date=October 11, 2012}}</ref> == Fataucin mutane == A 2008 bautar a cikin 21st Century taro a Temple Emanu-El-Beth Sholom, McIntosh ya gabatar da wani gabatarwa mai suna "Lokacin da Kyawawan Yayi Wani Abu: Magance Fataucin Dan Adam". <ref>{{Cite journal |date=April 1, 2008 |title=Five speakers featured at Temple human trafficking conference |url=http://www.westmountexaminer.com/Justice/2008-04-01/article-672337/Five-speakers-featured-at-Temple-human-trafficking-conference/1 |url-status=dead |journal=[[Westmount Examiner]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130209142221/http://www.westmountexaminer.com/Justice/2008-04-01/article-672337/Five-speakers-featured-at-Temple-human-trafficking-conference/1 |archive-date=February 9, 2013 |access-date=October 11, 2012}}</ref> A wani taron 2011 na zamani-bautar da aka yi a Douglas Park a Langley, [[British Columbia]], McIntosh ya yi magana game da [[Bauta|bautar]] a kan sikelin duniya, yayin da Mark Warawa da Peter Fassbender suka yi magana game da batun a kan matakan lardin da na gida bi da bi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brenda Anderson |date=March 3, 2011 |title=Crying freedom |url=http://www.bclocalnews.com/news/117365283.html |url-status=dead |journal=Langley Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110044743/http://www.bclocalnews.com/news/117365283.html |archive-date=November 10, 2015 |access-date=October 11, 2012}}</ref> A cikin 2012, McIntosh ya yi magana game da bautar da IJM a Babban Taron Shari'a a Majami'ar Littafi Mai Tsarki na Metropolitan a Ontario. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=May 3, 2012 |title=Rev. Jamie McIntosh, International Justice Mission Canada |url=http://www.chri.ca/site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2179:rev-jamie-mcintosh-international-justice-mission-canada&catid=48:other&Itemid=124 |journal=[[CHRI-FM]] |access-date=October 11, 2012 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053153/http://www.chri.ca/site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2179:rev-jamie-mcintosh-international-justice-mission-canada&catid=48:other&Itemid=124 |url-status=dead }}</ref> McIntosh yana daya daga cikin [[Kau da Bautan Bayi|masu rushewar]] Kanada da yawa waɗanda suka amince da suna Andrew Kooman 's ''She Has a Name'', wasan da aka zagaya a Kanada a cikin 2012 yana ilimantar da mutanen Kanada game da [[Safarar Mutane|fataucin mutane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mark Weber |date=June 20, 2012 |title=RDC alumnus receives provincial award of excellence |journal=Red Deer Express}}</ref> == Magana == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l68e1sx3rmyjdt9l81xlch2ogojwyo6 0 96966 905916 612105 2026-08-22T05:06:34Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zeynep Tufekci''' ( Turkish ; {{IPA|tr|zejˈnep tyˈfektʃi|}} ; zay--NEP tuu- FEK -chee ) masanin [[Kimiyar al'umma|zamantakewar]] al'umma Ba'amurkiya ce, kuma Farfesa Henry G. Bryant a fannin ilimin zamantakewa da al'amuran jama'a <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tufekci |first=Zeynep |title=Zeynep Tufekci |url=https://sociology.princeton.edu/people/zeynep-tufekci |access-date=August 22, 2023 |website=sociology.princeton.edu/}}</ref> a Jami'ar Princeton . Ita ma marubuciya ce ga ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]'' . Ayyukanta sun mai da hankali kan kafofin watsa labarun, ka'idodin kafofin watsa labaru, abubuwan zamantakewa na sabbin fasahohi, kamar hankali na wucin gadi da manyan bayanai, gami da ƙalubalen al'umma kamar [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|cutar ta COVID-19]] ta amfani da hadaddun tunani da tushen tsarin . A cewar ''The Chronicle of Higher Education ,'' ta kasance daya daga cikin fitattun muryoyin ilimi a kan kafofin watsa labarun da kuma sabon yanayin jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Sarah |title=Meet the Professor Who's Warning the World About Facebook and Google |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/meet-the-professor-whos-warning-the-world-about-facebook-and-google/ |access-date=October 15, 2020 |website=www.chronicle.com}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2022, Tufekci ta kasance 'yar wasan karshe ta Pulitzer Prize don "haske, sau da yawa ginshiƙai, ginshiƙai kan cutar da al'adun Amurka", wanda kwamitin ya ce "ya kawo haske ga jagorar canjin hukuma kuma ta tilasta mu zuwa ga tausayawa da ba da amsa." <ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Finalist: Zeynep Tufekci |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/finalists/zeynep-tufekci |access-date=August 31, 2022 |website=www.pulitzer.org |language=en}}</ref> Kafin ta zama marubuciya ta yau da kullun, ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa akai-akai ga The New York Times da The Atlantic . Ta kuma rubuta ginshiƙai don Wired da Scientific American . Kafin Princeton, ta kasance farfesa a Jami'ar Columbia ta Craig Newmark Center for Journalism Ethics and Security, mai ba da gudummawa a Cibiyar Berkman Klein don Intanet da Al'umma a Jami'an Harvard, kuma mataimakiyar farfesa a Makarantar Bayanai da Kimiyya ta Laburaren a Jami'a ta Arewacin Carolina kuma mataimaki ta farfesa a Jami'ar Maryland Baltimore County. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Tufekci a [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya, kusa da Taksim Gezi Park a cikin gundumar Beyoğlu ta Istanbul. A shekara ta 1995, Tufekci ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Istanbul, da kuma digiri na farko a shirye-shiryen kwamfuta daga Jami'an Boğaziçi . <ref name="UNC-bio">{{Cite web |title=Zeynep Tufekci UNC bio |url=https://sils.unc.edu/people/faculty/profiles/Zeynep-Tufekci |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422162220/https://sils.unc.edu/people/faculty/profiles/Zeynep-Tufekci |archive-date=April 22, 2022 |access-date=October 17, 2020 |website=sils.unc.edu |publisher=University of North Carolina}}</ref> Tufekci ya sami MA da Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Texas a Austin.<ref name="UNC-bio" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zeynep Tufekci Columbia bio |url=https://journalism.columbia.edu/faculty/zeynep-tufekci |access-date=April 26, 2023 |website=journalism.columbia.edu |publisher=Columbia University School of Journalism |archive-date=April 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426143936/https://journalism.columbia.edu/faculty/zeynep-tufekci |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Tufekci ta yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara shirye-shiryen kwamfuta kafin ta zama malami kuma ta mayar da hankalinta ga [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]]. Tufekci ta kasance mataimakin farfesa a Sashen Ilimin zamantakewa da Anthropology a Jami'ar Maryland Baltimore County daga 2005 zuwa 2008 kuma mataimakin Farfesa daga 2008 zuwa 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zeynep Tufekci, CV Princeton |url=https://princeton.academia.edu/ZeynepTufekci/CurriculumVitae}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2012, Tufekci ta zama abokin aiki a Cibiyar Berkman Klein don Intanet & Society a Jami'ar Harvard . <ref name="2012-BerkmanCenter-Profile">{{Cite web |date=March 24, 2020 |title=Zeynep Tufekci, Faculty Associate |url=https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/zeynep |website=Berkman Klein Center |publisher=Harvard University |language=en}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Tufekci ya nuna damuwa game da kamfen ɗin siyasa da ke da tasiri da kuma fitar da manyan bayanai a cikin nau'in "Kamfen masu basira". Wannan gargadi na farko an gane shi a matsayin mai hangen nesa bayan an zabi [[Donald Trump]] a shekarar 2016. A wannan lokacin, Tufekci ya kuma mayar da hankali kan bayyana Yaduwar jama'a da harbe-harbe da kuma alaƙar kai tsaye da kafofin sada zumunta. Ta yi kira akai-akai a kan layi da kuma a cikin labarai cewa ya kamata hanyoyin sadarwa su guji maimaita sunan mai kisan kai da fuska da kuma tattaunawar mataki-mataki game da hanyoyin su. Abubuwan da suka faru na yaduwar kashe kansa ta hanyar kafofin sada zumunta da labarai wani bangare ne na aikin bincike na Tufekci. A cikin 2016, an nuna Tufekci a cikin wani rahoto na musamman na The Economist game da fasaha da siyasa inda ta yi jayayya cewa karuwar niyyar masu jefa kuri'a ta hanyar kamfen na siyasa yana haifar da raguwar "yanayin jama'a" wanda muhawara ta jama'a ke faruwa a fili. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2017, littafin farko na Tufekci, Twitter da Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest, Yale University Press ce ta buga shi. A cikin 2020 a lokacin annobar COVID-19, Tufekci ta soki manyan kafofin watsa labarai saboda rashin bayyana muhimmancin sanya abin rufe fuska, kuma galibi ana ambaton shi a matsayin daya daga cikin na farko da ya ɗauki muhimmancin sanya kayan rufe fuska a cikin manyan kafofin watsa labaru. Wannan ya haifar da Tufekci ya zama ɗaya daga cikin malaman da suka shawarci WHO kan karɓar shawarar abin rufe fuska.<ref name="2020-WHO-COVID-Masks-Tweet">{{Cite tweet|last=Tufekci|first=Zeynep|user=zeynep|date=July 29, 2020|title=I forgot to add yes, I pointed all of this out to the WHO in two meetings with the mask committee, some of the same studies and the logic of why we would not expect a false sense of security like that. This is a review article, so the evidence was already available back in March<}}</ref> Baya ga rubuce-rubucen kafofin watsa labarai na yau da kullun a lokacin annobar [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]], Tufekci ta rubuta rubutun da aka buga a cikin mujallu na ilimi da aka sake dubawa da ke nazarin shaidar cewa Kwayar cutar SARS-CoV-2 tana cikin iska, tare da farfesa a fannin kiwon lafiya na Burtaniya Trisha Greenhalgh da farfesa Injiniyan muhalli Linsey Marr . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Greenhalgh |first=Trisha |last2=Jimenez |first2=Jose L |last3=Prather |first3=Kimberly A |last4=Tufekci |first4=Zeynep |last5=Fisman |first5=David |last6=Schooley |first6=Robert |date=May 2021 |title=Ten scientific reasons in support of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00869-2 |journal=The Lancet |volume=397 |issue=10285 |pages=1603–1605 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00869-2 |issn=0140-6736 |pmc=8049599 |pmid=33865497}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Chia C. |last2=Prather |first2=Kimberly A. |last3=Sznitman |first3=Josué |last4=Jimenez |first4=Jose L. |last5=Lakdawala |first5=Seema S. |last6=Tufekci |first6=Zeynep |last7=Marr |first7=Linsey C. |date=August 27, 2021 |title=Airborne transmission of respiratory viruses |journal=Science |language=en |volume=373 |issue=6558 |pages=eabd9149 |bibcode= |doi=10.1126/science.abd9149 |issn=0036-8075 |pmc=8721651 |pmid=34446582 |s2cid=237308712 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tufekci ta ba da jerin jawabai na TED game da canjin zamantakewar kan layi, fasaha, rawar da hankali na wucin gadi da ilmantarwa na inji ke takawa, da kuma rawar da kafofin watsa labarai da kamfanonin fasaha ke takawa. Ta kuma kasance mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun a Wired . <ref name="2019-Wired-Profile">{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Zeynep Tufekci |url=https://www.wired.com/author/zeynep-tufekci/ |website=WIRED Magazine}}</ref> == Daraja da kyaututtuka == * 2005: Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya, Top Eight Papers in Communication and Technology for "Digital Divide and Social Mobility: How Much Hope and How Much Hype?" * 2011-2012: Cibiyar Berkman Klein don Intanet & Society a Jami'ar Harvard, Fellow * 2012-2013: Jami'ar Princeton, Cibiyar Manufofin Fasahar Bayanai, Fellow <ref name="2012-PrincetonFellow">{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=Fellows: Zeynep Tufekci (2012-2014) |url=https://citp.princeton.edu/people/fellows/ |website=Center for Information Technology Policy |publisher=Princeton University}}</ref> * 2014: Kasuwancin Kasuwanci, Mutanen Fasaha 100 Mafi Tasiri A Twitter * 2014: Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Amirka, Sashe na Sadarwa, Fasahar Bayanai, da Kyautar Harkokin Harkokin Jama'a * 2015-2016: Kamfanin Carnegie na New York, Andrew Carnegie Fellow a cikin Kimiyya ta Jama'a da Humanities <ref name="2015-Carnegie-CarnegieFellow">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=2015 Andrew Carnegie Fellows Recipient: Zeynep Tufekci |url=https://www.carnegie.org/awards/honoree/zeynep-tufekci/ |website=Carnegie Corporation of New York |language=en}}</ref> * 2022: Dokta mai daraja na Halitta, Jami'ar Brown <ref name="browndegree">{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Brian E. |title=Brown to confer nine honorary degrees during Commencement and Reunion Weekend |url=https://www.brown.edu/news/2022-05-06/honorary |access-date=May 24, 2022 |website=News from Brown |publisher=Brown University}}</ref> == Ayyuka ==   === Littattafai === *   === Magana === *   *   === Nazarin da kuma sake dubawa game da aikin Tufekci === ; ''Twitter da iskar hawaye'' * {{Cite magazine|url-status=70–77}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 2fdvhfc58imel4uy2snpj64a91g7d1d 905917 905916 2026-08-22T05:06:55Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905917 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zeynep Tufekci''' ( Turkish ; {{IPA|tr|zejˈnep tyˈfektʃi|}} ; zay--NEP tuu- FEK -chee ) masanin [[Kimiyar al'umma|zamantakewar]] al'umma Ba'amurkiya ce, kuma Farfesa Henry G. Bryant a fannin ilimin zamantakewa da al'amuran jama'a <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tufekci |first=Zeynep |title=Zeynep Tufekci |url=https://sociology.princeton.edu/people/zeynep-tufekci |access-date=August 22, 2023 |website=sociology.princeton.edu/}}</ref> a Jami'ar Princeton . Ita ma marubuciya ce ga ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]'' . Ayyukanta sun mai da hankali kan kafofin watsa labarun, ka'idodin kafofin watsa labaru, abubuwan zamantakewa na sabbin fasahohi, kamar hankali na wucin gadi da manyan bayanai, gami da ƙalubalen al'umma kamar [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|cutar ta COVID-19]] ta amfani da hadaddun tunani da tushen tsarin . A cewar ''The Chronicle of Higher Education ,'' ta kasance daya daga cikin fitattun muryoyin ilimi a kan kafofin watsa labarun da kuma sabon yanayin jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Sarah |title=Meet the Professor Who's Warning the World About Facebook and Google |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/meet-the-professor-whos-warning-the-world-about-facebook-and-google/ |access-date=October 15, 2020 |website=www.chronicle.com}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2022, Tufekci ta kasance 'yar wasan karshe ta Pulitzer Prize don "haske, sau da yawa ginshiƙai, ginshiƙai kan cutar da al'adun Amurka", wanda kwamitin ya ce "ya kawo haske ga jagorar canjin hukuma kuma ta tilasta mu zuwa ga tausayawa da ba da amsa." <ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Finalist: Zeynep Tufekci |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/finalists/zeynep-tufekci |access-date=August 31, 2022 |website=www.pulitzer.org |language=en}}</ref> Kafin ta zama marubuciya ta yau da kullun, ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa akai-akai ga The New York Times da The Atlantic . Ta kuma rubuta ginshiƙai don Wired da Scientific American . Kafin Princeton, ta kasance farfesa a Jami'ar Columbia ta Craig Newmark Center for Journalism Ethics and Security, mai ba da gudummawa a Cibiyar Berkman Klein don Intanet da Al'umma a Jami'an Harvard, kuma mataimakiyar farfesa a Makarantar Bayanai da Kimiyya ta Laburaren a Jami'a ta Arewacin Carolina kuma mataimaki ta farfesa a Jami'ar Maryland Baltimore County. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An kuma haifi Tufekci a [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya, kusa da Taksim Gezi Park a cikin gundumar Beyoğlu ta Istanbul. A shekara ta 1995, Tufekci ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Istanbul, da kuma digiri na farko a shirye-shiryen kwamfuta daga Jami'an Boğaziçi . <ref name="UNC-bio">{{Cite web |title=Zeynep Tufekci UNC bio |url=https://sils.unc.edu/people/faculty/profiles/Zeynep-Tufekci |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422162220/https://sils.unc.edu/people/faculty/profiles/Zeynep-Tufekci |archive-date=April 22, 2022 |access-date=October 17, 2020 |website=sils.unc.edu |publisher=University of North Carolina}}</ref> Tufekci ya sami MA da Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Texas a Austin.<ref name="UNC-bio" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zeynep Tufekci Columbia bio |url=https://journalism.columbia.edu/faculty/zeynep-tufekci |access-date=April 26, 2023 |website=journalism.columbia.edu |publisher=Columbia University School of Journalism |archive-date=April 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426143936/https://journalism.columbia.edu/faculty/zeynep-tufekci |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Tufekci ta yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara shirye-shiryen kwamfuta kafin ta zama malami kuma ta mayar da hankalinta ga [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]]. Tufekci ta kasance mataimakin farfesa a Sashen Ilimin zamantakewa da Anthropology a Jami'ar Maryland Baltimore County daga 2005 zuwa 2008 kuma mataimakin Farfesa daga 2008 zuwa 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zeynep Tufekci, CV Princeton |url=https://princeton.academia.edu/ZeynepTufekci/CurriculumVitae}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2012, Tufekci ta zama abokin aiki a Cibiyar Berkman Klein don Intanet & Society a Jami'ar Harvard . <ref name="2012-BerkmanCenter-Profile">{{Cite web |date=March 24, 2020 |title=Zeynep Tufekci, Faculty Associate |url=https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/zeynep |website=Berkman Klein Center |publisher=Harvard University |language=en}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Tufekci ya nuna damuwa game da kamfen ɗin siyasa da ke da tasiri da kuma fitar da manyan bayanai a cikin nau'in "Kamfen masu basira". Wannan gargadi na farko an gane shi a matsayin mai hangen nesa bayan an zabi [[Donald Trump]] a shekarar 2016. A wannan lokacin, Tufekci ya kuma mayar da hankali kan bayyana Yaduwar jama'a da harbe-harbe da kuma alaƙar kai tsaye da kafofin sada zumunta. Ta yi kira akai-akai a kan layi da kuma a cikin labarai cewa ya kamata hanyoyin sadarwa su guji maimaita sunan mai kisan kai da fuska da kuma tattaunawar mataki-mataki game da hanyoyin su. Abubuwan da suka faru na yaduwar kashe kansa ta hanyar kafofin sada zumunta da labarai wani bangare ne na aikin bincike na Tufekci. A cikin 2016, an nuna Tufekci a cikin wani rahoto na musamman na The Economist game da fasaha da siyasa inda ta yi jayayya cewa karuwar niyyar masu jefa kuri'a ta hanyar kamfen na siyasa yana haifar da raguwar "yanayin jama'a" wanda muhawara ta jama'a ke faruwa a fili. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2017, littafin farko na Tufekci, Twitter da Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest, Yale University Press ce ta buga shi. A cikin 2020 a lokacin annobar COVID-19, Tufekci ta soki manyan kafofin watsa labarai saboda rashin bayyana muhimmancin sanya abin rufe fuska, kuma galibi ana ambaton shi a matsayin daya daga cikin na farko da ya ɗauki muhimmancin sanya kayan rufe fuska a cikin manyan kafofin watsa labaru. Wannan ya haifar da Tufekci ya zama ɗaya daga cikin malaman da suka shawarci WHO kan karɓar shawarar abin rufe fuska.<ref name="2020-WHO-COVID-Masks-Tweet">{{Cite tweet|last=Tufekci|first=Zeynep|user=zeynep|date=July 29, 2020|title=I forgot to add yes, I pointed all of this out to the WHO in two meetings with the mask committee, some of the same studies and the logic of why we would not expect a false sense of security like that. This is a review article, so the evidence was already available back in March<}}</ref> Baya ga rubuce-rubucen kafofin watsa labarai na yau da kullun a lokacin annobar [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]], Tufekci ta rubuta rubutun da aka buga a cikin mujallu na ilimi da aka sake dubawa da ke nazarin shaidar cewa Kwayar cutar SARS-CoV-2 tana cikin iska, tare da farfesa a fannin kiwon lafiya na Burtaniya Trisha Greenhalgh da farfesa Injiniyan muhalli Linsey Marr . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Greenhalgh |first=Trisha |last2=Jimenez |first2=Jose L |last3=Prather |first3=Kimberly A |last4=Tufekci |first4=Zeynep |last5=Fisman |first5=David |last6=Schooley |first6=Robert |date=May 2021 |title=Ten scientific reasons in support of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00869-2 |journal=The Lancet |volume=397 |issue=10285 |pages=1603–1605 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00869-2 |issn=0140-6736 |pmc=8049599 |pmid=33865497}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Chia C. |last2=Prather |first2=Kimberly A. |last3=Sznitman |first3=Josué |last4=Jimenez |first4=Jose L. |last5=Lakdawala |first5=Seema S. |last6=Tufekci |first6=Zeynep |last7=Marr |first7=Linsey C. |date=August 27, 2021 |title=Airborne transmission of respiratory viruses |journal=Science |language=en |volume=373 |issue=6558 |pages=eabd9149 |bibcode= |doi=10.1126/science.abd9149 |issn=0036-8075 |pmc=8721651 |pmid=34446582 |s2cid=237308712 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tufekci ta ba da jerin jawabai na TED game da canjin zamantakewar kan layi, fasaha, rawar da hankali na wucin gadi da ilmantarwa na inji ke takawa, da kuma rawar da kafofin watsa labarai da kamfanonin fasaha ke takawa. Ta kuma kasance mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun a Wired . <ref name="2019-Wired-Profile">{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Zeynep Tufekci |url=https://www.wired.com/author/zeynep-tufekci/ |website=WIRED Magazine}}</ref> == Daraja da kyaututtuka == * 2005: Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya, Top Eight Papers in Communication and Technology for "Digital Divide and Social Mobility: How Much Hope and How Much Hype?" * 2011-2012: Cibiyar Berkman Klein don Intanet & Society a Jami'ar Harvard, Fellow * 2012-2013: Jami'ar Princeton, Cibiyar Manufofin Fasahar Bayanai, Fellow <ref name="2012-PrincetonFellow">{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=Fellows: Zeynep Tufekci (2012-2014) |url=https://citp.princeton.edu/people/fellows/ |website=Center for Information Technology Policy |publisher=Princeton University}}</ref> * 2014: Kasuwancin Kasuwanci, Mutanen Fasaha 100 Mafi Tasiri A Twitter * 2014: Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Amirka, Sashe na Sadarwa, Fasahar Bayanai, da Kyautar Harkokin Harkokin Jama'a * 2015-2016: Kamfanin Carnegie na New York, Andrew Carnegie Fellow a cikin Kimiyya ta Jama'a da Humanities <ref name="2015-Carnegie-CarnegieFellow">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=2015 Andrew Carnegie Fellows Recipient: Zeynep Tufekci |url=https://www.carnegie.org/awards/honoree/zeynep-tufekci/ |website=Carnegie Corporation of New York |language=en}}</ref> * 2022: Dokta mai daraja na Halitta, Jami'ar Brown <ref name="browndegree">{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Brian E. |title=Brown to confer nine honorary degrees during Commencement and Reunion Weekend |url=https://www.brown.edu/news/2022-05-06/honorary |access-date=May 24, 2022 |website=News from Brown |publisher=Brown University}}</ref> == Ayyuka ==   === Littattafai === *   === Magana === *   *   === Nazarin da kuma sake dubawa game da aikin Tufekci === ; ''Twitter da iskar hawaye'' * {{Cite magazine|url-status=70–77}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] gv9efq9nk04w1yqu35a3gp15zyf9qoj 905918 905917 2026-08-22T05:07:18Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zeynep Tufekci''' ( Turkish ; {{IPA|tr|zejˈnep tyˈfektʃi|}} ; zay--NEP tuu- FEK -chee ) masanin [[Kimiyar al'umma|zamantakewar]] al'umma Ba'amurkiya ce, kuma Farfesa Henry G. Bryant a fannin ilimin zamantakewa da al'amuran jama'a <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tufekci |first=Zeynep |title=Zeynep Tufekci |url=https://sociology.princeton.edu/people/zeynep-tufekci |access-date=August 22, 2023 |website=sociology.princeton.edu/}}</ref> a Jami'ar Princeton . Ita ma marubuciya ce ga ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]'' . Ayyukanta sun mai da hankali kan kafofin watsa labarun, ka'idodin kafofin watsa labaru, abubuwan zamantakewa na sabbin fasahohi, kamar hankali na wucin gadi da manyan bayanai, gami da ƙalubalen al'umma kamar [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|cutar ta COVID-19]] ta amfani da hadaddun tunani da tushen tsarin . A cewar ''The Chronicle of Higher Education ,'' ta kasance daya daga cikin fitattun muryoyin ilimi a kan kafofin watsa labarun da kuma sabon yanayin jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Sarah |title=Meet the Professor Who's Warning the World About Facebook and Google |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/meet-the-professor-whos-warning-the-world-about-facebook-and-google/ |access-date=October 15, 2020 |website=www.chronicle.com}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2022, Tufekci ta kasance 'yar wasan karshe ta Pulitzer Prize don "haske, sau da yawa ginshiƙai, ginshiƙai kan cutar da al'adun Amurka", wanda kwamitin ya ce "ya kawo haske ga jagorar canjin hukuma kuma ta tilasta mu zuwa ga tausayawa da ba da amsa." <ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Finalist: Zeynep Tufekci |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/finalists/zeynep-tufekci |access-date=August 31, 2022 |website=www.pulitzer.org |language=en}}</ref> Kafin ta zama marubuciya ta yau da kullun, ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa akai-akai ga The New York Times da The Atlantic . Ta kuma rubuta ginshiƙai don Wired da Scientific American . Kafin Princeton, ta kasance farfesa a Jami'ar Columbia ta Craig Newmark Center for Journalism Ethics and Security, mai ba da gudummawa a Cibiyar Berkman Klein don Intanet da Al'umma a Jami'an Harvard, kuma mataimakiyar farfesa a Makarantar Bayanai da Kimiyya ta Laburaren a Jami'a ta Arewacin Carolina kuma mataimaki ta farfesa a Jami'ar Maryland Baltimore County. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An kuma haifi Tufekci a [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya, kusa da Taksim Gezi Park a cikin gundumar Beyoğlu ta Istanbul. A shekara ta 1995, Tufekci ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Istanbul, da kuma digiri na farko a shirye-shiryen kwamfuta daga Jami'an Boğaziçi . <ref name="UNC-bio">{{Cite web |title=Zeynep Tufekci UNC bio |url=https://sils.unc.edu/people/faculty/profiles/Zeynep-Tufekci |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422162220/https://sils.unc.edu/people/faculty/profiles/Zeynep-Tufekci |archive-date=April 22, 2022 |access-date=October 17, 2020 |website=sils.unc.edu |publisher=University of North Carolina}}</ref> Tufekci ya sami MA da Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Texas a Austin.<ref name="UNC-bio" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zeynep Tufekci Columbia bio |url=https://journalism.columbia.edu/faculty/zeynep-tufekci |access-date=April 26, 2023 |website=journalism.columbia.edu |publisher=Columbia University School of Journalism |archive-date=April 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426143936/https://journalism.columbia.edu/faculty/zeynep-tufekci |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Tufekci ta yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara shirye-shiryen kwamfuta kafin ta zama malami kuma ta mayar da hankalinta ga [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]]. Tufekci ta kuma kasance mataimakin farfesa a Sashen Ilimin zamantakewa da Anthropology a Jami'ar Maryland Baltimore County daga 2005 zuwa 2008 kuma mataimakin Farfesa daga 2008 zuwa 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zeynep Tufekci, CV Princeton |url=https://princeton.academia.edu/ZeynepTufekci/CurriculumVitae}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2012, Tufekci ta zama abokin aiki a Cibiyar Berkman Klein don Intanet & Society a Jami'ar Harvard . <ref name="2012-BerkmanCenter-Profile">{{Cite web |date=March 24, 2020 |title=Zeynep Tufekci, Faculty Associate |url=https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/zeynep |website=Berkman Klein Center |publisher=Harvard University |language=en}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Tufekci ya nuna damuwa game da kamfen ɗin siyasa da ke da tasiri da kuma fitar da manyan bayanai a cikin nau'in "Kamfen masu basira". Wannan gargadi na farko an gane shi a matsayin mai hangen nesa bayan an zabi [[Donald Trump]] a shekarar 2016. A wannan lokacin, Tufekci ya kuma mayar da hankali kan bayyana Yaduwar jama'a da harbe-harbe da kuma alaƙar kai tsaye da kafofin sada zumunta. Ta yi kira akai-akai a kan layi da kuma a cikin labarai cewa ya kamata hanyoyin sadarwa su guji maimaita sunan mai kisan kai da fuska da kuma tattaunawar mataki-mataki game da hanyoyin su. Abubuwan da suka faru na yaduwar kashe kansa ta hanyar kafofin sada zumunta da labarai wani bangare ne na aikin bincike na Tufekci. A cikin 2016, an nuna Tufekci a cikin wani rahoto na musamman na The Economist game da fasaha da siyasa inda ta yi jayayya cewa karuwar niyyar masu jefa kuri'a ta hanyar kamfen na siyasa yana haifar da raguwar "yanayin jama'a" wanda muhawara ta jama'a ke faruwa a fili. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2017, littafin farko na Tufekci, Twitter da Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest, Yale University Press ce ta buga shi. A cikin 2020 a lokacin annobar COVID-19, Tufekci ta soki manyan kafofin watsa labarai saboda rashin bayyana muhimmancin sanya abin rufe fuska, kuma galibi ana ambaton shi a matsayin daya daga cikin na farko da ya ɗauki muhimmancin sanya kayan rufe fuska a cikin manyan kafofin watsa labaru. Wannan ya haifar da Tufekci ya zama ɗaya daga cikin malaman da suka shawarci WHO kan karɓar shawarar abin rufe fuska.<ref name="2020-WHO-COVID-Masks-Tweet">{{Cite tweet|last=Tufekci|first=Zeynep|user=zeynep|date=July 29, 2020|title=I forgot to add yes, I pointed all of this out to the WHO in two meetings with the mask committee, some of the same studies and the logic of why we would not expect a false sense of security like that. This is a review article, so the evidence was already available back in March<}}</ref> Baya ga rubuce-rubucen kafofin watsa labarai na yau da kullun a lokacin annobar [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]], Tufekci ta rubuta rubutun da aka buga a cikin mujallu na ilimi da aka sake dubawa da ke nazarin shaidar cewa Kwayar cutar SARS-CoV-2 tana cikin iska, tare da farfesa a fannin kiwon lafiya na Burtaniya Trisha Greenhalgh da farfesa Injiniyan muhalli Linsey Marr . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Greenhalgh |first=Trisha |last2=Jimenez |first2=Jose L |last3=Prather |first3=Kimberly A |last4=Tufekci |first4=Zeynep |last5=Fisman |first5=David |last6=Schooley |first6=Robert |date=May 2021 |title=Ten scientific reasons in support of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00869-2 |journal=The Lancet |volume=397 |issue=10285 |pages=1603–1605 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00869-2 |issn=0140-6736 |pmc=8049599 |pmid=33865497}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Chia C. |last2=Prather |first2=Kimberly A. |last3=Sznitman |first3=Josué |last4=Jimenez |first4=Jose L. |last5=Lakdawala |first5=Seema S. |last6=Tufekci |first6=Zeynep |last7=Marr |first7=Linsey C. |date=August 27, 2021 |title=Airborne transmission of respiratory viruses |journal=Science |language=en |volume=373 |issue=6558 |pages=eabd9149 |bibcode= |doi=10.1126/science.abd9149 |issn=0036-8075 |pmc=8721651 |pmid=34446582 |s2cid=237308712 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tufekci ta ba da jerin jawabai na TED game da canjin zamantakewar kan layi, fasaha, rawar da hankali na wucin gadi da ilmantarwa na inji ke takawa, da kuma rawar da kafofin watsa labarai da kamfanonin fasaha ke takawa. Ta kuma kasance mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun a Wired . <ref name="2019-Wired-Profile">{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Zeynep Tufekci |url=https://www.wired.com/author/zeynep-tufekci/ |website=WIRED Magazine}}</ref> == Daraja da kyaututtuka == * 2005: Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya, Top Eight Papers in Communication and Technology for "Digital Divide and Social Mobility: How Much Hope and How Much Hype?" * 2011-2012: Cibiyar Berkman Klein don Intanet & Society a Jami'ar Harvard, Fellow * 2012-2013: Jami'ar Princeton, Cibiyar Manufofin Fasahar Bayanai, Fellow <ref name="2012-PrincetonFellow">{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=Fellows: Zeynep Tufekci (2012-2014) |url=https://citp.princeton.edu/people/fellows/ |website=Center for Information Technology Policy |publisher=Princeton University}}</ref> * 2014: Kasuwancin Kasuwanci, Mutanen Fasaha 100 Mafi Tasiri A Twitter * 2014: Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Amirka, Sashe na Sadarwa, Fasahar Bayanai, da Kyautar Harkokin Harkokin Jama'a * 2015-2016: Kamfanin Carnegie na New York, Andrew Carnegie Fellow a cikin Kimiyya ta Jama'a da Humanities <ref name="2015-Carnegie-CarnegieFellow">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=2015 Andrew Carnegie Fellows Recipient: Zeynep Tufekci |url=https://www.carnegie.org/awards/honoree/zeynep-tufekci/ |website=Carnegie Corporation of New York |language=en}}</ref> * 2022: Dokta mai daraja na Halitta, Jami'ar Brown <ref name="browndegree">{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Brian E. |title=Brown to confer nine honorary degrees during Commencement and Reunion Weekend |url=https://www.brown.edu/news/2022-05-06/honorary |access-date=May 24, 2022 |website=News from Brown |publisher=Brown University}}</ref> == Ayyuka ==   === Littattafai === *   === Magana === *   *   === Nazarin da kuma sake dubawa game da aikin Tufekci === ; ''Twitter da iskar hawaye'' * {{Cite magazine|url-status=70–77}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] k8inddoffgdovmtz29ktkz4n14b98r3 0 97404 906032 872401 2026-08-22T07:09:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Juergen Teller''' (an haife shi 28 ga Janairun shekarar1964) ɗan ƙasar Jamus ne mai matuƙar fasaha da mai daukar hoto . An ba shi lambar yabo ta Citibank don daukar hoto a cikin shekarar 2003 kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta Musamman ta Cibiyar Gabatarwa ta Duniya ta Infinity Award a shekarar 2018. An shirya manyan nunin solo na aikinsa a Fondation cartier pour l'art Contemporain, [[Faris|Paris]] (2006); Le Consortium, Dijon, Faransa (2010); Dallas Contemporary, TX (2011); Daelim Museum, [[Seoul]] (2011); Cibiyar Fasaha ta Zamani, London (2013); Arts Fine na zamani, Berlin (2015); Kunsthalle Bonn, Jamus (2016), Garage Museum of Contemporary Art, Moscow (2018), Grand Palais Éphémère, Paris (2023). Hoton kai ya kasance sanannen fasalin aikinsa kuma shine babban abin da ya fi mayar da hankali ga nunin 'Macho' a Gidauniyar DESTE, [[Athens]], Girka (2014). <ref>{{Cite web |title=JUERGEN TELLER: MACHO - DESTE Foundation for Contemporary Art - Athens - Greece |url=https://deste.gr/exhibition/juergen-teller/ |access-date=13 March 2019 |website=deste.gr}}</ref> == Ilimi == Teller yayi karatu a Bayerische Staatslehranstalt für Photographie a Munich, Jamus a shekarar(1984-1986). Don guje wa aikin soja ya koyi Turanci kuma ya koma London a shekarar 1986, yana da shekaru 22. == Sana'a == Tun farkon aikinsa a ƙarshen shekarar 1980s, Teller ya ɓata iyakoki tsakanin aikin da aka ba shi izini da na sirri a cikin kamfen ɗinsa da yawa, edita, wallafe-wallafe da nune-nunen. Teller yana kula da duk batutuwansa - membobin dangi, mashahurai, da kansa tare da salo iri ɗaya na ƙwanƙwasa, ɗawa wanda ya zama abin ƙayatarwa kuma sananne<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dazed |date=23 May 2016 |title=Why Juergen Teller puts himself in his photos |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/31215/1/why-juergen-teller-puts-himself-in-his-photos |access-date=13 March 2019 |website=Dazed}}</ref> Hotunansa sun bayyana a ''Arena Homme + ,'' ''Fuskar ,'' ''iD ,'' ''032c ,'' ''Pop ,'' ''Purple ,'' ''Self Service ,'' ''W ,'' ''Vogue'' (American, Australian, British, French, Italian, Japanese, Polish ) da ''Zeit mujallar'' da sauransu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CLM – Artist |url=https://www.clm-agency.com/photography/juergen-teller |access-date=13 March 2019 |website=clm-agency.com}}</ref> Ya dauki hoton Kylie Minogue don zane-zanen kundinta na 1991 Bari Mu Samu . Teller ya fara samun karbuwa sosai a cikin shekarar 1996 tare da murfinsa na gaba na ''Mujallar Süddeutsche Zeitung'' da ke nuna tsiraicin Kristen McMenamy tare da zana kalmar 'Versace' a cikin zuciya a kirjinta. A cikin shekarar 1997, Marc Jacobs ya yi aiki tare da abokin tarayya na Teller, Venetia Scott don tsara tarinsa kuma Teller ya harbe Kim Gordon daga Sonic Youth don yakin bazara na shekarar 1998. [[Fayil:Juergen_Teller_photographer,_Haarlem_2003_-_17.jpg|thumb| Juergen Teller a Haarlem, 2003]] Don yaƙin shekarar 2005 na alama, ya dauki hoton kansa tare da Cindy Sherman kuma ya yi aiki tare da Winona Ryder, Sofia Coppola, [[Helena Bonham Carter]], Michael Stipe, Rufus Wainwright da Harmony Korine tsakanin sauran har zuwa yaƙin SS2014. Teller ya kuma yi aiki tare da wasu masu zane-zane da gidajen kayan gargajiya a lokacin aikinsa, ciki har da Helmut Lang, Yves Saint Laurent, Vivienne Westwood, Céline, Missoni, Moschino, Barney's, Louis Vuitton, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vuitton |first=Louis |title=News by Louis Vuitton: SERIES 4: THE HEROINE BY JUERGEN TELLER |url=http://uk.louisvuitton.com/eng-gb/articles/series-4-the-heroine-by-juergen-teller |access-date=2018-11-13 |website=uk.louisvuitton.com |archive-date=2018-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114060220/https://uk.louisvuitton.com/eng-gb/articles/series-4-the-heroine-by-juergen-teller |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Adidas]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dazed |date=25 January 2017 |title=See Juergen Teller's new visuals for adidas |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/34479/1/see-juergen-teller-s-new-visuals-for-adidas |access-date=13 March 2019 |website=Dazed}}</ref> da Valentin <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dazed |date=2 February 2018 |title=Juergen Teller shoots and stars in the new Palace lookbook |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/38885/1/juergen-teller-shoots-and-stars-in-the-new-palace-ss18-lookbook-blondey-mccoy |access-date=13 March 2019 |website=Dazed}}</ref> . Teller ya dauki hotuna masu yawa, masu kiɗa, masu fasaha da masu daukar hoto, ciki har da [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], OJ Simpson, Kurt Cobain, Bjork, [[Kate Moss]], [[Elton John]], Joan Didion, [[Pele|Pelé]], David Hockney, Roni Horn, Sarah Lucas, William Eggleston, Araki Nobuilov da Boris Mikhailov . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Juergen Teller - Person - National Portrait Gallery |url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp92757/juergen-teller |access-date=13 March 2019 |website=npg.org.uk}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Galo |first=Sarah |date=6 January 2015 |title=Joan Didion anointed Céline's new 'cool girl' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/fashion-blog/2015/jan/06/joan-didion-celine-spring-2015 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Ya dauki hoton mawakiyar Amurka [[Kanye West]] don ''T: The New York Times Style Magazine'' kuma ya harbe kari na 'Kanye, Juergen da Kim' don Tsarin da ke nuna Kanye West da [[Kim Kardashian]] da kansa a cikin 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fox |first=Imogen |date=10 July 2015 |title=Kim and Kanye snog (again) for fashion and other madness |url=https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2015/jul/10/kim-and-kanye-snog-again-for-fashion-and-other-madness |access-date=13 March 2019 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> 'Yar wasan kwaikwayo Charlotte Rampling ta kasance mai haɗin gwiwa na dogon lokaci, wanda ya bayyana a cikin jerin Teller's ''Louis XV'' wanda aka nuna a Contemporary Fine Arts, Berlin kuma Steidl ya buga a matsayin littafi a shekarar 2005, <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2004 |title=Naked Ambition |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/naked-ambition-21955.html |access-date=13 March 2019 |website=The Independent}}</ref> da kuma hotunan ''Paradis'' da aka harbe a Musée du Louvre a shekarar 2009. Teller ya ba da umarnin fina-finai na zamani da yawa, gajerun fina-finai da bidiyon masu fasaha ciki har da ''Can I Own Myself'' (1998), ''Go-Sees'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2001 |title=Art review: Juergen Teller |url=http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2001/nov/09/art1 |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> (2001), ''Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya, Jamus 0 Brazil 2 London'' (2002), ''Schmetterling''' (2005) da ''Dieter'' (2017). === Koyarwa === Teller shi ne Farfesa na Hoto a Kwalejin Fine Arts a Nuremberg daga shekarar 2014 zuwa 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Academy of Fine Arts Nuremberg - Juergen Teller |url=https://www.adbk-nuernberg.de/en/academy/professors/juergen-teller/ |access-date=13 March 2019 |website=adbk-nuernberg.de |archive-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114230226/https://www.adbk-nuernberg.de/en/academy/professors/juergen-teller/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Kulawa === A cikin shekarar 2016, Teller ya shirya nunin Hotunan Robert Mapplethorpe a Alison Jacques Gallery a London inda ya zaɓi hotuna 58 daga tarin Mapplethorpe Foundation. == Rayuwa ta sirri == An auri Teller da dillalin fasaha na zamani Sadie Coles daga shekarar 2003 zuwa 2018. Teller ya auri Dovile Drizyte a cikin 2021. == Labarai ==   == Kyauta == * 2003: Kyautar Citibank don Hoto <ref>{{Cite web |last=Searle |first=Adrian |date=4 February 2003 |title=The Citibank photography prize, Photographers' Gallery, London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2003/feb/04/photography.artsfeatures |access-date=13 March 2019 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> * 2018: Gabatarwa ta Musamman, Kyautar Infinity na Cibiyar Hoto ta Duniya <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2018 |title=2018 Infinity Award: Special Presentation — Juergen Teller |url=https://www.icp.org/infinity-awards/juergen-teller |access-date=13 March 2019 |website=International Center of Photography |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324004601/https://www.icp.org/infinity-awards/juergen-teller |url-status=dead }}</ref> == nune-nunen == === Solo nune-nunen ===   === nune-nunen nune-nunen === * 2016 Mai ba da labari akan Mapplethorpe, Alison Jacques Gallery, London === Nunin rukunin da aka zaɓa === * 2000 ''Remake Berlin'', Fotomuseum, Winterthur, Zürich, Switzerland * 2003 ''Citibank Photography Prize'', The Photographers Gallery, London, UK * 2004 ''Fashioning Fiction: Photography since 1990'', Museum of Modern Art, New York, USA * 2006 ''Click double Click, Haus der Kunst, Munich'', Germany and Palais des Beaux Arts, Brussels, Belgium * 2006 ''The Kate Show'', The Foam Museum, Amsterdam, Netherlands * 2007 ''A Poem about an Inland Sea'', Ukrainian Pavilion, Palazzo Papadopoli, 52nd Venice Biennale, Italy - Represented Ukraine as one of five artists<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poem on the Inner Sea at the 52nd Venice Biennale / PinchukArtCentre |url=http://pinchukartcentre.org/exhibitions/7442 |access-date=13 March 2019 |website=PinchukArtCentre.org }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * 2008 ''Street & Studio: An Urban History of Photography'', Tate Modern, London, UK * 2008 ''Fashion in the Mirror, Photographer’s Gallery'', London, UK * 2010 ''Not in Fashion'', MMK Museum, Frankfürt, Germany * 2011 ''Nothing in the World but Youth'', Turner Contemporary, Margate, UK * 2011 ''Making it Up as We Go Along: 20 Years of Dazed and Confused magazine'', Somerset House, London, UK * 2012 ''Night in Twilight: Art from Romanticism to the Present'', Belvedere Museum, Vienna, Austria * 2012-13 ''Riotous Baroque'', Kunsthaus Zurich, Switzerland, Toured to Guggenheim, Bilbao, Spain (2013) * 2014 ''Paparazzi! Photographers, Stars and Artists'', Centre Pompidou, Metz, France * 2015 ''Sleepless: The Bed in History and Contemporary Art'', Belvedere 21, Vienna, Austria * 2015-2016''Faces Now: European Portrait Photography Since 1990'', BOZAR Centre for Fine Arts, Brussels, toured to Nederlands Fotomuseum, Rotterdam, and National Museum of Photography, Thessaloniki, Greece * 2016 ''VOGUE 100: A Century of Style'', National Portrait Gallery, London and Manchester Art Gallery * 2016 ''Get a Life: Vivienne Westwood'', K11 Shanghai Xinshiyi Art Center, Shanghai, China * 2017 ''La Vie Simple - Simplement la Vie'', Fondation Vincent van Gogh, Arles, France * 2017 ''Aging Pride'', Museum Belvedere, Vienna, Austria * 2017 ''Boris Mikhailov Parliament'', Ukrainian Pavilion at the Venice Biennale, Italy * 2018 ''Icons of Style: A Century of Fashion Photography 1911-2011'', J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, USA * 2018-19 ''Dior: From Paris to the World'', Denver Art Museum, Denver, USA, Toured to Dallas Museum of Art, USA * 2020 ''The Exhausted Man'', Swiss National Museum, Zurich, Switzerland * 2020 ''Beyond Fashion'', Shanghai Center of Photography, Shanghai, China, Toured to ArtisTree, Hong Kong; Xie Zilong Photography Museum, Changsha, China; ALT.1 Hundai Seoul, Seoul, South Korea; IPFO, House of Photography, Olten, Switzerland; Saatchi Gallery, London, UK (2019-2024) * 2021 ''E/Motion. Fashion in Transition'', MoMu Fashion Museum Antwerp, Belgium * 2021 ''Captivate! Fashion Photography from the 1990s. Curated by Claudia Schiffer'', Kunstpalast, Dusseldorf, Germany * 2021 ''Vogue Paris-100 years-1920-2020'', Palais Galliera, Paris, France * 2022 ''Joan Didion: What She Means'', Hammer Museum, Los Angeles, USA * 2022 ''Football: Sport and Spectacle'', Design Museum, London, UK == Tari == Ana gudanar da aikin Teller a cikin tarin dindindin masu zuwa: * Cibiyar Pompidou, Paris <ref>{{Cite web |title=Juergen Teller |url=https://www.centrepompidou.fr/en/ressources/personne/cABGxkE |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=Centre Pompidou}}</ref> * Fondation cartier zuba l'Art Contemporain, Paris <ref>{{Cite web |title=An overview of the Collection |url=https://www.fondationcartier.com/en/collection/artworks/artists/juergen-teller |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=Fondation Cartier pour l'art contemporain |archive-date=2021-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114003333/https://www.fondationcartier.com/en/collection/artworks/artists/juergen-teller |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Le Louvre, Paris, Faransa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Paradis XII |url=https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010499742 |access-date=2024-07-30}}</ref> * Museum für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt <ref>{{Cite web |title=Werkübersicht ::: Sammlung Museum für Moderne Kunst Frankfurt am Main |url=https://collection.mmk.art/en/nc/werkuebersicht/?werk=2015%252F7&kuenstler=169262&all=1 |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=Museum für Moderne Kunst |archive-date=2021-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113101317/https://collection.mmk.art/en/nc/werkuebersicht/?werk=2015%252F7&kuenstler=169262&all=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * National Hoto Gallery, London : 3 kwafi (tun daga Janairu 2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Juergen Teller - National Portrait Gallery |url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp92757/juergen-teller |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=National Portrait Gallery}}</ref> * Gidan kayan tarihi na Victoria da Albert, London: 4 kwafi (tun daga Janairu 2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Search the Collections |url=http://collections.vam.ac.uk/name/teller-juergen/A10173/ |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=Victoria and Albert Museum}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Official website|www.juergenteller.co.uk}} * [https://steidl.de/Artists/Juergen-Teller-0211194255.html Steidl Artist Page] * [https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/creative-class/juergen-tellers-renegade-eye Interview with Business of Fashion] * [http://www.nowness.com/day/2012/2/20/1900/juergen-teller-exposed Interview with Nowness] * [http://showstudio.com/contributor/juergen_teller Interview with ShowStudio] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ljk0gbwuqje8s8qqqlmb6oettp1gxr5 0 98013 905903 657639 2026-08-22T02:33:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! align="left" width="120px" |Name ! align="center" class="unsortable" width="120px" |Images ! align="left" width="075px" |Location ! align="left" width="050px" |Year ! align="left" class="unsortable" width="250px" |Remarks |- valign="top" |The [[Masjid al-Haram|Great Mosque of Mecca]] |[[Fayil:A_packed_house_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg|120x120px]] |Mecca |Era of [[Annabi Ibrahim|Ibrahim]] ([[Ibrahim|Abraham]]) |The largest mosque in the world, it surrounds [[Musulunci|Islam]]'s holiest place, the [[Kaaba]]. One of the [[Rukunnan Musulunci|Five Pillars of Islam]] requires every [[Musulmi|Muslim]] to perform the ''Hajj'' (Major Pilgrimage) here, at least once in his or her lifetime if able to do so. |- |The [[Masallacin Annabi|Prophet's Mosque]] |[[Fayil:Masjid_Nabawi_The_Prophet's_Mosque,_Madina.jpg|124x124px]] |Medina |622 |The second-holiest site in [[Musulunci|Islam]] and the third mosque built by Muhammad. |- |Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas Mosque |[[Fayil:مسجد_عبدالله_بن_عباس.jpg|none|120x120px]] |[[Ta'if|Taif]] |Abbasid period |Attached to the mosque is a burial plot, where [[Abdullahi ɗan Abbas|Ibn Abbas]] is buried; the mosque is named after him as well.<ref name="Wafy 01-2024">{{Cite web |last=Al-Wazani |first=Nadeen |date=2024-01-12 |title=The deep history of Abdullah bin Abbas Mosque |url=https://www.wafyapp.com/en/article/the-deep-history-of-abdullah-bin-abbas-mosque |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=Wafy (وافي) |archive-date=2024-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227124057/https://www.wafyapp.com/en/article/the-deep-history-of-abdullah-bin-abbas-mosque |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="IslamicLandmarks">{{Cite web |title=Masjid Abdullah Ibn Abbas |url=https://www.islamiclandmarks.com/saudiarabia-additional-places/masjid-of-abdullah-bin-abbas-ra |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=Islamic Landmarks}}</ref> |- |Abu Bakr Mosque |[[Fayil:Masjid_Abu_Bakr.jpg|none|120x120px]] |[[Madinah|Medina]] | ? | |- |[[Ta'if|Addas Mosque]] |[[Fayil:مسجـد_عداس.jpg|none|120x120px]] |At-Ta'if | ? |This mosque is named after Addas, an Iraqi Christian who embraced Islam after meeting Muhammad.<ref name="ArabNews 01-2018" /><ref name="ArabNews 07-2023" /><ref name="AtlasIslamica">{{Cite web |title=Addas Mosque |url=https://atlasislamica.com/addas-mosque/ |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=Atlas Islamica |archive-date=2024-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227154316/https://atlasislamica.com/addas-mosque/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |Aisha Mosque |[[Fayil:Masjid_Aisha_(2).jpg|120x120px]] |At-Tan'eem, [[Makkah|Mecca]] | ? | |- |[[Ajyad Mosque]] |[[Fayil:Ajyad_mosque_-_panoramio.jpg|120x120px]] |Mecca | ? | |- |[[Alowidah Mosque]] |[[Fayil:Alowidah_Mosque.JPG|120x120px]] |[[Riyadh]] | ? | |- |[[Al Hamra Mosque]] |[[Fayil:Al_hamra_mosque_-_panoramio.jpg|120x120px]] |Medina | ? | |- |Al Jum'ah Mosque |[[Fayil:Masjid_Jum'ah.jpg|120x120px]] |Medina |622 | |- |[[Al-Ejabah Mosque]] |[[Fayil:Al-ejabah.jpg|149x149px]] |Mecca | ? | |- |Al-Fuqair Mosque | |Medina | ? | |- |Al-Ijabah Mosque |[[Fayil:Masjid_Ijabah_Imam_Khairul_Annas.JPG|120x120px]] |Medina |622 | |- |[[Al Malik Fahd Mosque]] |[[Fayil:Almalik_Fahd_mosque_in_Jeddah_Corniche_-_panoramio.jpg|120x120px]] |[[Jeddah]] | ? | |- |Abdulaziz Abdullah Sharbatly Mosque |[[Fayil:جامع_عبد_العزيز_عبد_الله_شربتلي.png|120x120px]] |[[Jeddah]] |2024 |The world’s first 3D printed mosque |- |Al-Khaif Mosque |[[Fayil:Crowds_in_Mina_head_to_the_Jamarat_Bridge_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg|120x120px]] |Mina, Mecca | ? |The largest mosque in Mina, which Muslim pilgrims visit during the ''[[Aikin Hajji|Hajj]]''.<ref name="Mecca.net">{{Cite web |title=Nimra Mosque, Al-Khaif Mosque, Masjid Uqbah and Taneem Mosque |url=https://mecca.net/pictures-and-information-about-nimra-mosque-khaif-mosque-and-masjid-taneem/ |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=Mecca.net}}</ref> |- |Al-Mash'ar Al-Haram |[[Fayil:مسجد_المشعر_الحرام.jpg|120x120px]] |Muzdalifah, Mecca | ? |A site which pilgrims visit during the ''Hajj''.<ref name="BadawiSardar1978">{{Cite book|last3=Ziauddin Sardar}}</ref> |- |An-Namirah Mosque |[[Fayil:Masjid_al-Namira.jpg|120x120px]] |[[Dutsen Arfa|Arafat]], Mecca | ? |A mosque near [[Dutsen Arfa|Jabal 'Arafat]], which Muslim pilgrims visit durung the ''Hajj''.<ref name="HUP_Namirah">{{Cite web |title=Masjid al-Namirah |url=https://hajjumrahplanner.com/masjid-al-namirah/ |access-date=13 December 2021 |website=Hajj & Umrah Planner}}</ref> |- |Al Qantara Mosque |[[Fayil:مسجد_المدهون_8.jpg|120x120px]] |At-Ta'if |1856 |A historical mosque from the [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman era]], which is considered to be built on a site where Muhammad and his adopted son, [[Zayd ibn Harithah]], rested after their expulsion from At-Ta'if.<ref name="ArabNews 01-2018" /> |- |Al-Rahmah Mosque |[[Fayil:Al-Rahmah_Mosque_7_(cropped).jpg|120x120px]] |Jeddah | ? | |- |Al-Rayah Mosque | |Medina | ? | |- |Anbariya Mosque |[[Fayil:Medine_Ambariye_mescidi.jpg|120x120px]] |Medina |1908 | |- |As-Sabaq Mosque | |Medina | ? | |- |As-Sajadah Mosque |[[Fayil:Abu_Thar_al_Gafari_Mosque_1.JPG|120x120px]] |Medina | ? | |- |Bani Bayadhah Mosque | |Medina | ? | |- |Bani Harithah Mosque | |Medina | ? | |- |Bay'ah Mosque |[[Fayil:مسجد_البيعة.jpeg|120x120px]] |Mecca |761 | |- |[[Bin Laden Mosque]] |[[Fayil:مسجد_بن_لادن_جدة.jpg|120x120px]] |Jeddah | ? | |- |[[Faqi Mosque]] |[[Fayil:Faqi_mosque_-_panoramio.jpg|120x120px]] |Mecca | ? | |- |Fas'h mosque | |Medina | ? | |- |[[Hassan Enany Mosque]] |[[Fayil:Hasan_Anani_Mosque_February_2020.jpg|120x120px]] |Jeddah | ? | |- |Jawatha Mosque |[[Fayil:Jawatha1.jpg|120x120px]] |Jawatha near Hofuf |629 | |- |King Saud Mosque |[[Fayil:King_Saud_Mosque2_(5).jpg|120x120px]] |Jeddah |1987 | |- |Manartain Mosque |[[Fayil:مسجد_المنارتين.jpg|120x120px]] |Medina | ? | |- |[[Masjid al-Qiblatayn ( Masallaci mai Alqibla biyu)|Masjid al-Qiblatayn]] |[[Fayil:Masjid_al-Qiblatain.jpg|120x120px]] |Medina |623 |Historically important for Muslims as it is the place where, after the [[Annabi|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] received the command to change the direction of prayer (''[[Alƙibila|qiblah]]'') from [[Jerusalem]] to Mecca. |- |Masjid-u-Shajarah |[[Fayil:Abiar_Ali.jpg|120x120px]] |Medina | ? | |- |Mosque of Al-Fadeekh | |Medina | ? | |- |Mosque of Al-Ghamama |[[Fayil:Masjid_Al_Ghamamah.jpg|120x120px]] |Medina | ? | |- |Mosque of Al-Saqiya |[[Fayil:مسجد_السقيا.jpg|120x120px]] |Medina | ? | |- |Mosque of Atban Bin Malik | |Medina | ? | |- |Mosque of Bani Haram | |Medina | ? | |- |[[Masallacin Quba|Quba Mosque]] |[[Fayil:Quba_Masjid.jpg|120x120px]] |Medina |622 |The first mosque that was built by Muhammad. |- |Sayyid Ash-Shuhada Mosque |[[Fayil:Mount_Uhud_2.jpg|120x120px]] |Medina |2017 |This mosque is near the grave of Muhammad's uncle, [[Hamza|Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib]], at the foot of Mount Uhud. |- |The Seven Mosques |[[Fayil:Sab'u_Masajid.jpg|120x120px]] |Medina | ? | |- |Masjid Bilal ibn Rabah | |Badr |2019 | |} == Dubi kuma == * Musulunci a Saudi Arabia * Jerin masallatai ** Jerin masallatai a Madina. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Saudiyya]] [[Rukuni:Makkah]] [[Rukuni:Addini]] [[Rukuni:Masallatai]] [[Rukuni:Gine-gine]] npbbo18q02ec6o60nz0haz6jsphancq 0 99287 906188 636944 2026-08-22T11:50:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Disguise''',Fim ɗin ya sami ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga masu suka kuma an nuna shi a duk duniya. fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo [[Najeriya|Na Najeriya]] na 2018 wanda [[Desmond Elliot]] ya jagoranta kuma Agatha Amata da Victor Okpala ne suka hada kai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Disguise (2018) - nlist: Nollywood, Nigerian Movies & Casting |url=https://nlist.ng//title/disguise-1222/ |access-date=2021-10-03 |website=nlist.ng |language=en-GB}}</ref> Tauraron fim din [[IK Ogbonna]] da [[Nancy Isime]] a cikin manyan matsayi yayin da [[Wale Ojo]], [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]], [[Daniel K. Daniel|Daniyel K Daniyel]] da Desmond Elliot suka taka rawar goyon baya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Disguise, 2018 |url=https://www.kinopoisk.ru/film/1148380/ |access-date=2021-10-03 |website=КиноПоиск}}</ref> Fim din ya kewaye da Lambo da Nengi, abokai biyu waɗanda suka yanke shawarar canza kansu a matsayin jinsi daban-daban don samun gaskiyar da ta kai N10 miliyan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-03 |title=Five Nollywood movies you should see this weekend: Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/260519-five-nollywood-movies-see-weekend-2.html |access-date=2021-10-03 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Fim ɗin ya sami ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga masu suka kuma an nuna shi a duk duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-12 |title="Disguise" is a shallow, cliché-ridden and unnecessary movie about 'what women want' |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/pulse-movie-review-disguise-is-a-shallow-cliche-ridden-and-unnecessary-movie-about/w6bevjw |access-date=2021-10-03 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en |archive-date=2020-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018051207/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/pulse-movie-review-disguise-is-a-shallow-cliche-ridden-and-unnecessary-movie-about/w6bevjw |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinema review |url=https://tns.ng/cinema-review-for-all-who-worked-on-the-film-disguise-is-a-reputation-drainer/ |access-date=2021-10-03 |website=tns.ng |archive-date=2020-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018143223/https://tns.ng/cinema-review-for-all-who-worked-on-the-film-disguise-is-a-reputation-drainer/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-03-06 |title=Adenike Adebayo of The Screening Room reviews "Disguise" |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/03/adenike-adebayo-screening-room-reviews-disguise-watch-bn-tv/ |access-date=2021-10-03 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okiche |first=Wilfred |date=2018-03-12 |title=Wilfred Okiche reviews Disguise and the impressions are not great |url=https://ynaija.com/film-review-disguise-is-so-bad-you-will-want-your-time-and-money-back/ |access-date=2021-10-03 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * [[IK Ogbonna]] a matsayin Belinda / Lambo * [[Nancy Isime]] a matsayin Nengi / Melvin * [[Wale Ojo]] a matsayin Theophilus Vaughn * [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]] a matsayin Gigi * [[Daniel K. Daniel|Daniyel K Daniyel]] a matsayin Romulus * [[Desmond Elliot]] a matsayin George * Stephen Damian a matsayin Russell * Wani Daniyel a matsayin Yahuza * Emem Iniobong a matsayin Rachael * Tomi Makanjuola a matsayin Selena * Chy Nwakanma a matsayin Kate * Chioma Nwosu a matsayin Shelly * David Grey Obiala a matsayin Grey * Helen Enado Odigie a matsayin Gina * Nneka Ofulue a matsayin Sakataren Romulus * Victor Okpala a matsayin Fasto * Bright Nwachineke a matsayin Theophilus' Security Man * Rosalyn Sheri a matsayin Rosalyn * Bangaskiya Adibe a matsayin Ɗalibi * Musa Aleka a matsayin Guy 1 * Justin Ben a matsayin Guy 2 * Nwokolo Chinaza a matsayin Yarinya Mai Tsoro * Eze Chinonso a matsayin Ɗalibi * Oribhabor Dickson a matsayin Grey Boy * Ibeyh Edith a matsayin Ɗalibi * Badejoko Busayo a matsayin Ɗalibi * Uchechi Ejiogu a matsayin Sakataren Gigi * Osunde Loveth a matsayin Ɗalibi * Ngozi Onuoha a matsayin Classmate 2 * Guddy Udeozor a matsayin Classmate 1 * Olasimbo Yetunde a matsayin Yarinya mai ban sha'awa * Lamboginny a matsayin mai zane-zane == Manazarta == di8g9yv4c54budyjak4wajtmimwiitv 0 100694 906131 636921 2026-08-22T10:53:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kasuwar bayi ta Esuk Mba''' cibiyar kasuwancin bayi ce tsakanin ƙarni na 15 zuwa na 19, dake [[Akpabuyo]], [[Cross River|jihar Cross River]], [[Najeriya|Nigeria]]. Tana ɗaya daga cikin kasuwanni da yawa a yankin wanda ya sauƙaƙa [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na transatlantic]]. Kasuwar ta zama wata cibiya inda ake tara bayi daga ƙasashen waje, ana sayar da su, a kai su zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa da ke bakin teku don fitar da su zuwa [[Turai]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Routes of Enslaved Peoples: First 22 places join the new UNESCO's Network of Places of History and Memory |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/routes-enslaved-peoples-first-22-places-join-new-unescos-network-places-history-and-memory |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214181248/https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/routes-enslaved-peoples-first-22-places-join-new-unescos-network-places-history-and-memory |archive-date=2024-12-14 |access-date=2025-03-01 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> == Bayanan tarihi == Kasuwar bayi ta Esuk Mba ta yi aiki a lokacin tsayin cinikin bayi na transatlantic, daga ƙarni na 15 zuwa na 19.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Routes of Enslaved Peoples: First 22 places join the new UNESCO's Network of Places of History and Memory |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/routes-enslaved-peoples-first-22-places-join-new-unescos-network-places-history-and-memory |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214181248/https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/routes-enslaved-peoples-first-22-places-join-new-unescos-network-places-history-and-memory |archive-date=2024-12-14 |access-date=2025-03-01 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> 'Yan kasuwa da masu shiga tsakani sun kama tare da sayar da ɗaiɗaikun mutane ga 'yan kasuwa na Turai don musanya kayayyaki kamar [[Bindiga|bindigogi]], masaku, da tagulla. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Michael |first=Bamidele |date=2020-06-14 |title=3 Historical Slavery Museums Every Nigerian Should Visit |url=https://guardian.ng/life/3-historical-slavery-museums-every-nigerian-should-visit/ |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> Kasuwar ta kasance cikin dabarar da ke kusa da Kogin Cross River, wanda ke ba da damar jigilar fursunonin cikin sauƙi ta hanyar kwale-kwale ko hanyoyin ƙasa zuwa manyan wuraren ajiyar bayi kamar [[Kalaba|Calabar]], wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan tashar jiragen ruwa na fitar da bayi a yammacin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Northrup |first=David |date=1979 |title=Nineteenth-Century Patterns of Slavery and Economic Growth in Southeastern Nigeria |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/218000 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.2307/218000 |issn=0361-7882}}</ref> == Kawarwa == Bayan kawar da cinikin bayi na Burtaniya a cikin shekarar 1807 da aiwatar da dokokin hana bautar da bayi, Kasuwar bayi ta Esuk Mba ta ƙi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/6900/1/25.pdf.pdf |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-05-26 |archive-date=2025-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251031220159/http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/6900/1/25.pdf.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Röschenthaler |first=Ute |title=The Blood Men of Old Calabar – a Slave Revolt of the Nineteenth Century? |date=2013 |work=African Voices on Slavery and the Slave Trade: Volume 1: The Sources |volume=1 |pages=445–465 |editor-last=Bellagamba |editor-first=Alice |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/african-voices-on-slavery-and-the-slave-trade/blood-men-of-old-calabar-a-slave-revolt-of-the-nineteenth-century/D849865E7A3C2E219835CBCFC6FACE52 |access-date=2025-03-01 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-02255-2 |editor2-last=Klein |editor2-first=Martin A. |editor3-last=Greene |editor3-first=Sandra E.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Slave History Museum, Calabar {{!}} Slavery and Remembrance |url=https://slaveryandremembrance.org/partners/partner/?id=P0027 |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=slaveryandremembrance.org}}</ref> Rundunar sojojin ruwan Burtaniya da ke sintiri a gabar tekun Afirka ta Yamma sun kawo cikas ga hada-hadar cinikin bayi, lamarin da ya kai ga rufe kasuwannin cikin gida da dama. <ref>{{Citation|journal=Martin A.|url-status=Greene}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slave History Museum, Calabar {{!}} Slavery and Remembrance |url=https://slaveryandremembrance.org/partners/partner/?id=P0027 |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=slaveryandremembrance.org}}</ref> A yau, Esuk Mba ya sami kulawa don ci gaba da kasuwanci ta hanyar ciniki, inda ake musayar kaya ba tare da amfani da kuɗi ba. Wannan al'ada tana nuna tsarin tattalin arziki na gargajiya wanda ya kasance kafin tasirin mulkin mallaka. ’Yan kasuwa na gida suna yin ciniki da suka haɗa da kayan abinci, dabbobi, da kayan gida. An kiyaye wannan tsarin a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adun mutanen Esuk Mba.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-05-05 |title=Trade by barter thrives after 63 years |url=https://thesun.ng/trade-by-barter-thrives-after-63-years/ |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=McPhilips |first=Nwachukwu |date=2012-06-04 |title=Road to Esuk Mba Slave Market… |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/06/road-to-esuk-mba-slave-market/ |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == fuju4kg22o3fndrdokevew9cnp70z72 0 105199 905926 657920 2026-08-22T05:10:26Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ana yin bikin '''Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam''' ('''HRD''') a kowace shekara a duniya a ranar 10 ga Disamba a kowace shekara. An zaɓi ranar ne don girmama amincewar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da kuma sanar da ita, a ranar 10 ga Disamban shekarar 1948, na Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), furcin farko na duniya na haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin farko na sabuwar Majalisar Dinkinobho. An kafa ranar kare hakkin dan adam a taron 317 na Babban Taron a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba 1950, lokacin da Babban Taron ya ayyana ƙuduri 423 (V), yana gayyatar dukkan kasashe membobin da duk wata ƙungiya mai sha'awar su yi bikin ranar kamar yadda suka ga ya dace.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office of the High Commission for Human Rights |year=2009 |title=The History of Human Rights Day |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/AboutUs/Pages/HumanRightsDay.aspx |access-date=29 October 2009}}</ref> Ranar galibi ana nuna ta ta hanyar manyan tarurruka da tarurruka na siyasa da kuma abubuwan al'adu da nune-nunen da ke hulɗa da batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam. Bayan haka, al'ada ce a ranar 10 ga watan Disamba cewa ana ba da kyautar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta shekaru biyar a fagen 'yancin Dan Adam da Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya. Yawancin kungiyoyin gwamnati da wadanda ba na gwamnati ba da ke aiki a fagen kare hakkin dan adam suma suna tsara abubuwan da suka faru na musamman don tunawa da ranar, kamar yadda yawancin kungiyoyin farar hula da na zamantakewa ke yi. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg|thumb|'Yan jaridar Turkiyya suna nuna rashin amincewa da ɗaurin abokan aikinsu, 10 Disamba 2016]] Ranar [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|'Yancin Dan Adam]] ita ce ranar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da sanarwar' yancin dan Adam ta Duniya a shekarar 1948. An fara ranar 'yancin dan adam ne daga 1950, bayan Majalisar ta zartar da kudurin 423 (V) wanda ke gayyatar dukkan jihohi da kungiyoyi masu sha'awar su karɓi 10 ga Disamba na kowace shekara a matsayin Ranar' yancin dan adam.[1] Za'a iya nuna shahararren ranar ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa hatimi na tunawa da Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam da Hukumar Wasiku ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayar a 1952, ta sami kusan umarni 200,000. [[Fayil:USSR_stamp_1963_CPA_2963.jpg|right|thumb|206x206px|Stamp din gidan waya na 1963 daga [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], don tunawa da cika shekaru 15 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights[[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya]]]] Lokacin da Babban Taron ya amince da Sanarwar, tare da jihohi 48 da suka fi so da kuma takwas da suka guje wa, an ayyana shi a matsayin "ma'auni na cin nasara ga dukkan mutane da dukkan kasashe", wanda mutane da al'ummomi ya kamata su "yi ƙoƙari ta hanyar matakan ci gaba, na kasa da kasa, don tabbatar da amincewarsu ta duniya da tasiri da kiyayewa". Masu ba da shawara da masu sukar sun karɓi matakin a matsayin "ya fi bayyanawa fiye da majalisa, ya fi nunawa fiye da ɗaurewa". Kodayake Sanarwar tare da fa'idodi masu yawa na [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|siyasa, farar hula]], tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu ba takarda ce mai ɗaurewa ba, ta yi wahayi zuwa ga kayan aikin kare hakkin dan adam sama da 60 waɗanda tare suka zama ma'auni na kasa da kasa na kare hakkin dan Adam. A yau yardar dukkan kasashe mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da ka'idojin 'Yancin Dan Adam da aka kafa a cikin sanarwar ta sa ya fi karfi kuma ya jaddada muhimmancin' Yancin Dan Adam a rayuwarmu ta yau da kullun. Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam, a matsayin babban jami'in kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Ofishinsa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita kokarin kiyaye ranar kare hakkin dan Adam a kowace shekara: {{Blockquote|Today, poverty prevails as the gravest human rights challenge in the world. Combating poverty, deprivation and exclusion is not a matter of charity, and it does not depend on how rich a country is. By tackling poverty as a matter of human rights obligation, the world will have a better chance of abolishing this scourge in our lifetime... [[poverty reduction|Poverty eradication]] is an achievable goal.|[[UN High Commissioner for Human Rights]] [[Louise Arbour]], 10 December 2006}} Bikin cika shekaru 60 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights ya faru ne a ranar 10 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2008, kuma Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kaddamar da kamfen na tsawon shekara wanda ya kai ga wannan ranar tunawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: 1948–2008 |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/humanrightsday/udhr60/ |access-date=9 December 2015 |website=United Nations}}</ref> Saboda UDHR tana riƙe da rikodin duniya a matsayin takardar da aka fi fassara (sai dai Littafi Mai-Tsarki), kungiyoyi a duniya sun yi amfani da shekara don mayar da hankali kan taimaka wa mutane a ko'ina su koyi game da hakkinsu. A ranar 9 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2001, Shugaba [[George W. Bush]] ya yi shelar Shugaban kasa cewa mako na 'yancin dan adam ya fara ne a ranar 9 ga Disamba. Ya kuma yi wannan shelar a ranar 10 ga Disamba 2008. == Bukukuwan da suka gabata == [[Fayil:Faroe_stamp_332_human_rights.jpg|right|thumb|191x191px|Stamp din gidan waya na 1998 daga Tsibirin Faroe]] {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ayyuka |- |1979 |Shih Ming-teh ya shirya kamfen na kare hakkin dan adam a [[Kaohsiung]], [[Taiwan]] . Wannan ya haifar da Abin da ya faru a Kaohsiung wanda aka nuna ta hanyar kamawa sau uku da kuma yin shari'a na abokan adawar siyasa na jam'iyyar Kuomintang mai mulki da kuma ɗaurin su. |- |1983 |Shugaba Raúl Alfonsin, na [[Argentina]], ya yanke shawarar ɗaukar mulki a ranar 10 ga Disamba 1983, ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin kama-karya na soja wanda ya mallaki ƙasar tun 1976. Zaben wannan rana don rantsar da shi yana da alaƙa da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka aikata a lokacin mulkin kama-karya. Tun daga wannan lokacin, duk rantsar da shugaban kasa sun faru ne a ranar 10 ga Disamba. |- |2004 | * International PEN ta sanar da ƙaddamar da sabon kamfen don tabbatar da sakin "masu adawa da yanar gizo" daga kurkuku a [[Sin|PR China]], [[Maldives]] da [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A global campaign against Internet censorship and the long-term imprisonment of journalists in Asia |url=http://www.pen.org/freedom/asia2004.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209141501/http://www.pen.org/freedom/asia2004.html |archive-date=9 December 2006 |access-date=15 December 2006 |publisher=PEN American Center}}</ref> * Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Amurka, Wakilin Musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Masu Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da Hukumar [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] kan' Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a sun ba da sanarwa ta hadin gwiwa inda suka yaba wa [[Tarayyar Turai]] saboda karɓar jagororin kare masu kare hakkin dan adam kuma suka bukaci sauran yankuna na duniya da su dauki irin wannan matakai a wannan hanyar. * Ƙungiyar Amurka don Ci gaban Kimiyya ta shirya taron tattaunawa a Birnin New York kan 'yancin ilimi a [[Iraƙi|Iraki]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2006 |title=Satellite Imagery for Conflict Prevention and Human Rights: An Event in Honor of Human Rights Day 2006 |url=http://shr.aaas.org/hrday/ |access-date=15 December 2006 |publisher=The American Association for the Advancement of Science, Science and Human Rights Program}} </ref> * Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta amince da ita ta International Humanist and Ethical Union ([[Humanists International|IHEU]]) a matsayin ranar bikin Humanist. |- |2006 |A cikin wani abu mai ban sha'awa, tsohon mai mulkin kama-karya na Chile Augusto Pinochet, wanda aka sani da take hakkin dan adam da aka aikata a lokacin mulkinsa na mulkin kama-mamaki, ya mutu daga ciwon zuciya a ranar 10 ga Disamba 2006, yana da shekaru 91. |- |2008 | * Masu gwagwarmayar kare hakkin bil'adama a jihar California ta Amurka sun bukaci mutane da su goyi bayan daidaito ta hanyar "kira a cikin 'gay' don aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Calling in 'Gay' to Work Is Latest Form of Protest" ABC News |url=http://www.abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=6420501 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629044532/http://www.abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=6420501 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |access-date=9 December 2008 |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> Wannan ya kasance ne don mayar da martani ga sabunta haramcin auren gay lokacin da Shirin 8 ya wuce a farkon shekarar. * An tsare mutane da yawa a kasar Sin bayan kimanin mutane 300 sun sanya hannu kan wata takarda ta kan layi mai taken Charter 08 don gwamnati ta inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam a kasar. A Beijing, an rushe wani karamin zanga-zangar da ta faru a waje da ma'aikatar harkokin waje. * UNYA Australia ta yi bikin Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam tare da kamfen ɗin write4rights, tana neman matasa su ba da gudummawa game da' yancin ɗan adam ta wayar tarho ko a shafin yanar gizon don nunawa a manyan biranen Jihar Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Write4Rights |url=http://www.unya.asn.au/write4rights.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209011530/http://unya.asn.au/write4rights.php |archive-date=9 February 2009 |access-date=9 December 2008}}</ref> * [[Amnesty International]] ta shirya babban taron a [[Faris|Paris]], [[Faransa]], don tunawa da cika shekaru 60 na ƙudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. * An gudanar da bukukuwan a [[Phnom Penh]] da kewayen Kambodiya, gami da tafiya da mutane 5000, da kuma wasu mutane 1000 da suka saki balloons, wanda kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suka shirya. * Sauran bukukuwan da abubuwan da suka faru sun faru a [[Rasha]] da [[Indiya]]. |- |2009 |10 Disamba 2009 da aka yi alama a matsayin bikin cika shekaru 61 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Tom Malinowski daga Human Rights Watch a Washington, DC, ya yi sharhi cewa an sami ci gaba a cikin haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin shekaru 40 da suka gabata: "Ina tsammanin akwai ƙarin wayar da kan jama'a a duniya cewa mutane suna da haƙƙoƙi na asali kuma waɗannan haƙƙoƙin an tsara su cikin doka a cikin gida da na duniya".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2009 |title=International Human Rights Day Marks Progress and Setbacks |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/international-human-rights-day-marks-progress-and-setbacks-78959132/416327.html |website=VOA}}</ref> |- |2011 |Bayan shekara guda na [[zanga-zanga]] a kasashe da yawa, daga Tunisiya zuwa Alkahira zuwa motsi na Occupy, taken 2011 ya amince da muhimmancin [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]] da fasaha wajen taimakawa masu kare hakkin dan adam a sababbin hanyoyi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Day 2011 |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/newsevents/day2011/pages/hrd2011.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205213415/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Day2011/Pages/HRD2011.aspx |archive-date=5 December 2011 |access-date=6 December 2011}} "Human Rights Day 2011"</ref> |- |2012 |Haɗuwa da haƙƙin shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a shine taken Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 2012. An mayar da hankali a shekarar 2012 ga dukkan mutane su ji muryoyin su kuma a haɗa su cikin yanke shawara na siyasa. An ga taken "My Voice Counts" a cikin yunkurin mamayewa a duniya don nuna rashin daidaito na tattalin arziki, siyasa da zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |title=Human Rights Day, 10 December |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/humanrightsday/2012/index.shtml |access-date=25 March 2015 |publisher=United Nations Department of Public Information}}</ref> |- |2013 |Yin bikin shekaru ashirin da ku yi aiki don haƙƙoƙinku shine taken bikin Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam na 2013. Shekaru ashirin da suka gabata an kafa matsayin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam wanda ya ba da ikon hukuma, murya mai zaman kanta don yin magana a duk duniya don' yancin dan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) |title=HUMAN RIGHTS DAY 2013 |url=http://at20.ohchr.org/human-right-day.html |access-date=28 March 2015 |website=United Nations Human Rights}}</ref> |- |2014 |Kowace rana ita ce Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam ita ce taken shekara ta 2014. [http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/HRDay2014/Pages/HRD2014.aspx 'Yancin Dan Adam 365] suna murna da Universal Declaration on Human Rights wanda ya bayyana cewa kowa, a ko'ina, a kowane lokaci yana da' yancin 'yancin ɗan adam. 'Yancin Dan Adam na kowa ne daidai kuma "yana ɗaure mu tare a matsayin al'umma ta duniya tare da manufofi da dabi'u iri ɗaya".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) |title=Human Rights Day 2014 #Rights 365 |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/HRDay2014/Pages/HRD2014.aspx |access-date=29 March 2015 |website=United Nations Human Rights |publisher=OHCHR}}</ref> |- |2015 |Taken shekarar 2015 shine "Hakkinmu, 'Yanci, Kullum. " |- |2016 |Taken shekara ta 2016 shine "Ka tsaya don haƙƙin wani a yau!" |- |2017 |Taken shekarar 2017 shine "Bari mu tsaya don daidaito, adalci da mutuncin ɗan adam" |- |2018<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rupali Pruthi |date=10 December 2018 |title=Human Rights Day 2018 observed around the world |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/human-rights-day-2018-observed-across-the-world-1544440729-1 |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=Jagran Prakashan Ltd}}</ref> |Taken shekarar 2018 shine "tsayawa don haƙƙin ɗan adam" |- |2019 |Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta shirya wani taro a Hong Kong a ranar Lahadi, 8 ga Disamba don yin bikin Ranar Kare Hakkin dan Adam kwana biyu. Mai shirya ya kiyasta kimanin mutane 800,000 ne suka shiga, yayin da 'yan sanda ke da kimanin mutane 183,000. Wannan tafiya ta fara ne daga Victoria Park a Causeway Bay kuma ita ce mafi girma a irin ta tun lokacin da aka yi tafiya a tsakiyar watan Agusta a matsayin wani ɓangare na zanga-zangar Hong Kong ta 2019-20 a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2019 |title=Hong Kong protesters keep up pressure with mass march |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/08/asia/hong-kong-protest-march-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=8 December 2019 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> 'Yan ƙasa suna kira ga buƙatun su guda biyar, gami da bincike mai zaman kansa game da zargin rashin adalci na' yan sanda a lokacin zanga-zangar Hong Kong ta 2019-20 da ta faru a cikin birni a cikin watanni 6 da suka gabata, da kuma Zaɓin duniya. |- |2020<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-09 |title=Human Rights Day 2020: Theme, History, Quotes, Observed, Celebration |url=https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/human-rights-day-2020/ |access-date=2020-12-12 |website=S A NEWS |language=en-US}}</ref> |Taken shekarar 2020 shine "Ku gano mafi kyau - Tsaya don 'Yancin Dan Adam". |- |2021 |Gl |- |2022 |Taken 2022 shine "Dignity, Freedom and Justice for All". |- |2023 |Taken 2023 shine "Yanci, Daidaitawa da Adalci ga Dukan". |- |2024 |Taken shekara ta 2024 shine "Hakkinmu, Makomarmu, Daidai Yanzu". |} == Bambancin kwanan wata == A [[Afirka ta Kudu]], ana yin bikin Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam a ranar 21 ga Maris, don tunawa da Kisan kiyashi na Sharpeville wanda ya faru a ranar 21 de Maris 1960. Wannan kisan kiyashi ya faru ne sakamakon zanga-zangar adawa da mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Day |url=http://www.sahrc.org.za/why_celebrate_human_rights_day.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923065834/http://www.sahrc.org.za/why_celebrate_human_rights_day.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=23 September 2006 |access-date=15 December 2006 |publisher=South African Human Rights Commission}}</ref> An ayyana [https://www.gov.za/human-rights-day Ranar 'Y]ANC Dan Adam ta Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin hutu na kasa lokacin da aka zabi ANC a matsayin gwamnati tare da [[Nelson Mandela]] a matsayin shugaban farko da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokuradiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Day – 21 March – South Africa |url=http://www.mypublicholidays.co.za/holidays/human-rights-day |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107013727/http://www.mypublicholidays.co.za/holidays/human-rights-day |archive-date=7 November 2015 |access-date=19 February 2016 |website=My Public Holidays}}</ref> Matsayin majalisa a wannan rana shine ya ba da iko ga mutane don a san tsarin dimokuradiyya ga dukkan 'yan Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Day |url=http://www.parliament.gov.za/live/content.php?Item_ID=1481 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213103336/https://www.parliament.gov.za/project-event-details/2 |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=19 February 2016 |website=Parliament of the Republic of South Africa}}</ref> Ana yin bikin ne a ranar 11 ga watan Disamba a [[Kiribati]] . == Dubi kuma == * Hasken Dan Adam * Bikin Duniya * Ranar Kasa da Kasa don Taimako ga Wadanda aka azabtar * Bikin Fim na Duniya na Stalker kan 'Yancin Dan Adam * Ranar Taimako ta Duniya * Ranar Dan Adam ta Duniya * [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3s9ufqehlslp4uvzcv7hdgrtxhkfymd 905927 905926 2026-08-22T05:10:41Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ana yin bikin '''Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam''' ('''HRD''') a kowace shekara a duniya a ranar 10 ga Disamba a kowace shekara. An kuma zaɓi ranar ne don girmama amincewar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da kuma sanar da ita, a ranar 10 ga Disamban shekarar 1948, na Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), furcin farko na duniya na haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin farko na sabuwar Majalisar Dinkinobho. An kafa ranar kare hakkin dan adam a taron 317 na Babban Taron a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba 1950, lokacin da Babban Taron ya ayyana ƙuduri 423 (V), yana gayyatar dukkan kasashe membobin da duk wata ƙungiya mai sha'awar su yi bikin ranar kamar yadda suka ga ya dace.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office of the High Commission for Human Rights |year=2009 |title=The History of Human Rights Day |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/AboutUs/Pages/HumanRightsDay.aspx |access-date=29 October 2009}}</ref> Ranar galibi ana nuna ta ta hanyar manyan tarurruka da tarurruka na siyasa da kuma abubuwan al'adu da nune-nunen da ke hulɗa da batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam. Bayan haka, al'ada ce a ranar 10 ga watan Disamba cewa ana ba da kyautar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta shekaru biyar a fagen 'yancin Dan Adam da Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya. Yawancin kungiyoyin gwamnati da wadanda ba na gwamnati ba da ke aiki a fagen kare hakkin dan adam suma suna tsara abubuwan da suka faru na musamman don tunawa da ranar, kamar yadda yawancin kungiyoyin farar hula da na zamantakewa ke yi. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg|thumb|'Yan jaridar Turkiyya suna nuna rashin amincewa da ɗaurin abokan aikinsu, 10 Disamba 2016]] Ranar [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|'Yancin Dan Adam]] ita ce ranar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da sanarwar' yancin dan Adam ta Duniya a shekarar 1948. An fara ranar 'yancin dan adam ne daga 1950, bayan Majalisar ta zartar da kudurin 423 (V) wanda ke gayyatar dukkan jihohi da kungiyoyi masu sha'awar su karɓi 10 ga Disamba na kowace shekara a matsayin Ranar' yancin dan adam.[1] Za'a iya nuna shahararren ranar ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa hatimi na tunawa da Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam da Hukumar Wasiku ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayar a 1952, ta sami kusan umarni 200,000. [[Fayil:USSR_stamp_1963_CPA_2963.jpg|right|thumb|206x206px|Stamp din gidan waya na 1963 daga [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], don tunawa da cika shekaru 15 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights[[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya]]]] Lokacin da Babban Taron ya amince da Sanarwar, tare da jihohi 48 da suka fi so da kuma takwas da suka guje wa, an ayyana shi a matsayin "ma'auni na cin nasara ga dukkan mutane da dukkan kasashe", wanda mutane da al'ummomi ya kamata su "yi ƙoƙari ta hanyar matakan ci gaba, na kasa da kasa, don tabbatar da amincewarsu ta duniya da tasiri da kiyayewa". Masu ba da shawara da masu sukar sun karɓi matakin a matsayin "ya fi bayyanawa fiye da majalisa, ya fi nunawa fiye da ɗaurewa". Kodayake Sanarwar tare da fa'idodi masu yawa na [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|siyasa, farar hula]], tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu ba takarda ce mai ɗaurewa ba, ta yi wahayi zuwa ga kayan aikin kare hakkin dan adam sama da 60 waɗanda tare suka zama ma'auni na kasa da kasa na kare hakkin dan Adam. A yau yardar dukkan kasashe mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da ka'idojin 'Yancin Dan Adam da aka kafa a cikin sanarwar ta sa ya fi karfi kuma ya jaddada muhimmancin' Yancin Dan Adam a rayuwarmu ta yau da kullun. Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam, a matsayin babban jami'in kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Ofishinsa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita kokarin kiyaye ranar kare hakkin dan Adam a kowace shekara: {{Blockquote|Today, poverty prevails as the gravest human rights challenge in the world. Combating poverty, deprivation and exclusion is not a matter of charity, and it does not depend on how rich a country is. By tackling poverty as a matter of human rights obligation, the world will have a better chance of abolishing this scourge in our lifetime... [[poverty reduction|Poverty eradication]] is an achievable goal.|[[UN High Commissioner for Human Rights]] [[Louise Arbour]], 10 December 2006}} Bikin cika shekaru 60 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights ya faru ne a ranar 10 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2008, kuma Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kaddamar da kamfen na tsawon shekara wanda ya kai ga wannan ranar tunawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: 1948–2008 |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/humanrightsday/udhr60/ |access-date=9 December 2015 |website=United Nations}}</ref> Saboda UDHR tana riƙe da rikodin duniya a matsayin takardar da aka fi fassara (sai dai Littafi Mai-Tsarki), kungiyoyi a duniya sun yi amfani da shekara don mayar da hankali kan taimaka wa mutane a ko'ina su koyi game da hakkinsu. A ranar 9 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2001, Shugaba [[George W. Bush]] ya yi shelar Shugaban kasa cewa mako na 'yancin dan adam ya fara ne a ranar 9 ga Disamba. Ya kuma yi wannan shelar a ranar 10 ga Disamba 2008. == Bukukuwan da suka gabata == [[Fayil:Faroe_stamp_332_human_rights.jpg|right|thumb|191x191px|Stamp din gidan waya na 1998 daga Tsibirin Faroe]] {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ayyuka |- |1979 |Shih Ming-teh ya shirya kamfen na kare hakkin dan adam a [[Kaohsiung]], [[Taiwan]] . Wannan ya haifar da Abin da ya faru a Kaohsiung wanda aka nuna ta hanyar kamawa sau uku da kuma yin shari'a na abokan adawar siyasa na jam'iyyar Kuomintang mai mulki da kuma ɗaurin su. |- |1983 |Shugaba Raúl Alfonsin, na [[Argentina]], ya yanke shawarar ɗaukar mulki a ranar 10 ga Disamba 1983, ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin kama-karya na soja wanda ya mallaki ƙasar tun 1976. Zaben wannan rana don rantsar da shi yana da alaƙa da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka aikata a lokacin mulkin kama-karya. Tun daga wannan lokacin, duk rantsar da shugaban kasa sun faru ne a ranar 10 ga Disamba. |- |2004 | * International PEN ta sanar da ƙaddamar da sabon kamfen don tabbatar da sakin "masu adawa da yanar gizo" daga kurkuku a [[Sin|PR China]], [[Maldives]] da [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A global campaign against Internet censorship and the long-term imprisonment of journalists in Asia |url=http://www.pen.org/freedom/asia2004.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209141501/http://www.pen.org/freedom/asia2004.html |archive-date=9 December 2006 |access-date=15 December 2006 |publisher=PEN American Center}}</ref> * Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Amurka, Wakilin Musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Masu Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da Hukumar [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] kan' Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a sun ba da sanarwa ta hadin gwiwa inda suka yaba wa [[Tarayyar Turai]] saboda karɓar jagororin kare masu kare hakkin dan adam kuma suka bukaci sauran yankuna na duniya da su dauki irin wannan matakai a wannan hanyar. * Ƙungiyar Amurka don Ci gaban Kimiyya ta shirya taron tattaunawa a Birnin New York kan 'yancin ilimi a [[Iraƙi|Iraki]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2006 |title=Satellite Imagery for Conflict Prevention and Human Rights: An Event in Honor of Human Rights Day 2006 |url=http://shr.aaas.org/hrday/ |access-date=15 December 2006 |publisher=The American Association for the Advancement of Science, Science and Human Rights Program}} </ref> * Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta amince da ita ta International Humanist and Ethical Union ([[Humanists International|IHEU]]) a matsayin ranar bikin Humanist. |- |2006 |A cikin wani abu mai ban sha'awa, tsohon mai mulkin kama-karya na Chile Augusto Pinochet, wanda aka sani da take hakkin dan adam da aka aikata a lokacin mulkinsa na mulkin kama-mamaki, ya mutu daga ciwon zuciya a ranar 10 ga Disamba 2006, yana da shekaru 91. |- |2008 | * Masu gwagwarmayar kare hakkin bil'adama a jihar California ta Amurka sun bukaci mutane da su goyi bayan daidaito ta hanyar "kira a cikin 'gay' don aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Calling in 'Gay' to Work Is Latest Form of Protest" ABC News |url=http://www.abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=6420501 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629044532/http://www.abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=6420501 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |access-date=9 December 2008 |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> Wannan ya kasance ne don mayar da martani ga sabunta haramcin auren gay lokacin da Shirin 8 ya wuce a farkon shekarar. * An tsare mutane da yawa a kasar Sin bayan kimanin mutane 300 sun sanya hannu kan wata takarda ta kan layi mai taken Charter 08 don gwamnati ta inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam a kasar. A Beijing, an rushe wani karamin zanga-zangar da ta faru a waje da ma'aikatar harkokin waje. * UNYA Australia ta yi bikin Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam tare da kamfen ɗin write4rights, tana neman matasa su ba da gudummawa game da' yancin ɗan adam ta wayar tarho ko a shafin yanar gizon don nunawa a manyan biranen Jihar Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Write4Rights |url=http://www.unya.asn.au/write4rights.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209011530/http://unya.asn.au/write4rights.php |archive-date=9 February 2009 |access-date=9 December 2008}}</ref> * [[Amnesty International]] ta shirya babban taron a [[Faris|Paris]], [[Faransa]], don tunawa da cika shekaru 60 na ƙudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. * An gudanar da bukukuwan a [[Phnom Penh]] da kewayen Kambodiya, gami da tafiya da mutane 5000, da kuma wasu mutane 1000 da suka saki balloons, wanda kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suka shirya. * Sauran bukukuwan da abubuwan da suka faru sun faru a [[Rasha]] da [[Indiya]]. |- |2009 |10 Disamba 2009 da aka yi alama a matsayin bikin cika shekaru 61 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Tom Malinowski daga Human Rights Watch a Washington, DC, ya yi sharhi cewa an sami ci gaba a cikin haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin shekaru 40 da suka gabata: "Ina tsammanin akwai ƙarin wayar da kan jama'a a duniya cewa mutane suna da haƙƙoƙi na asali kuma waɗannan haƙƙoƙin an tsara su cikin doka a cikin gida da na duniya".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2009 |title=International Human Rights Day Marks Progress and Setbacks |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/international-human-rights-day-marks-progress-and-setbacks-78959132/416327.html |website=VOA}}</ref> |- |2011 |Bayan shekara guda na [[zanga-zanga]] a kasashe da yawa, daga Tunisiya zuwa Alkahira zuwa motsi na Occupy, taken 2011 ya amince da muhimmancin [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]] da fasaha wajen taimakawa masu kare hakkin dan adam a sababbin hanyoyi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Day 2011 |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/newsevents/day2011/pages/hrd2011.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205213415/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Day2011/Pages/HRD2011.aspx |archive-date=5 December 2011 |access-date=6 December 2011}} "Human Rights Day 2011"</ref> |- |2012 |Haɗuwa da haƙƙin shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a shine taken Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 2012. An mayar da hankali a shekarar 2012 ga dukkan mutane su ji muryoyin su kuma a haɗa su cikin yanke shawara na siyasa. An ga taken "My Voice Counts" a cikin yunkurin mamayewa a duniya don nuna rashin daidaito na tattalin arziki, siyasa da zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |title=Human Rights Day, 10 December |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/humanrightsday/2012/index.shtml |access-date=25 March 2015 |publisher=United Nations Department of Public Information}}</ref> |- |2013 |Yin bikin shekaru ashirin da ku yi aiki don haƙƙoƙinku shine taken bikin Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam na 2013. Shekaru ashirin da suka gabata an kafa matsayin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam wanda ya ba da ikon hukuma, murya mai zaman kanta don yin magana a duk duniya don' yancin dan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) |title=HUMAN RIGHTS DAY 2013 |url=http://at20.ohchr.org/human-right-day.html |access-date=28 March 2015 |website=United Nations Human Rights}}</ref> |- |2014 |Kowace rana ita ce Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam ita ce taken shekara ta 2014. [http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/HRDay2014/Pages/HRD2014.aspx 'Yancin Dan Adam 365] suna murna da Universal Declaration on Human Rights wanda ya bayyana cewa kowa, a ko'ina, a kowane lokaci yana da' yancin 'yancin ɗan adam. 'Yancin Dan Adam na kowa ne daidai kuma "yana ɗaure mu tare a matsayin al'umma ta duniya tare da manufofi da dabi'u iri ɗaya".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) |title=Human Rights Day 2014 #Rights 365 |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/HRDay2014/Pages/HRD2014.aspx |access-date=29 March 2015 |website=United Nations Human Rights |publisher=OHCHR}}</ref> |- |2015 |Taken shekarar 2015 shine "Hakkinmu, 'Yanci, Kullum. " |- |2016 |Taken shekara ta 2016 shine "Ka tsaya don haƙƙin wani a yau!" |- |2017 |Taken shekarar 2017 shine "Bari mu tsaya don daidaito, adalci da mutuncin ɗan adam" |- |2018<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rupali Pruthi |date=10 December 2018 |title=Human Rights Day 2018 observed around the world |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/human-rights-day-2018-observed-across-the-world-1544440729-1 |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=Jagran Prakashan Ltd}}</ref> |Taken shekarar 2018 shine "tsayawa don haƙƙin ɗan adam" |- |2019 |Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta shirya wani taro a Hong Kong a ranar Lahadi, 8 ga Disamba don yin bikin Ranar Kare Hakkin dan Adam kwana biyu. Mai shirya ya kiyasta kimanin mutane 800,000 ne suka shiga, yayin da 'yan sanda ke da kimanin mutane 183,000. Wannan tafiya ta fara ne daga Victoria Park a Causeway Bay kuma ita ce mafi girma a irin ta tun lokacin da aka yi tafiya a tsakiyar watan Agusta a matsayin wani ɓangare na zanga-zangar Hong Kong ta 2019-20 a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2019 |title=Hong Kong protesters keep up pressure with mass march |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/08/asia/hong-kong-protest-march-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=8 December 2019 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> 'Yan ƙasa suna kira ga buƙatun su guda biyar, gami da bincike mai zaman kansa game da zargin rashin adalci na' yan sanda a lokacin zanga-zangar Hong Kong ta 2019-20 da ta faru a cikin birni a cikin watanni 6 da suka gabata, da kuma Zaɓin duniya. |- |2020<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-09 |title=Human Rights Day 2020: Theme, History, Quotes, Observed, Celebration |url=https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/human-rights-day-2020/ |access-date=2020-12-12 |website=S A NEWS |language=en-US}}</ref> |Taken shekarar 2020 shine "Ku gano mafi kyau - Tsaya don 'Yancin Dan Adam". |- |2021 |Gl |- |2022 |Taken 2022 shine "Dignity, Freedom and Justice for All". |- |2023 |Taken 2023 shine "Yanci, Daidaitawa da Adalci ga Dukan". |- |2024 |Taken shekara ta 2024 shine "Hakkinmu, Makomarmu, Daidai Yanzu". |} == Bambancin kwanan wata == A [[Afirka ta Kudu]], ana yin bikin Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam a ranar 21 ga Maris, don tunawa da Kisan kiyashi na Sharpeville wanda ya faru a ranar 21 de Maris 1960. Wannan kisan kiyashi ya faru ne sakamakon zanga-zangar adawa da mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Day |url=http://www.sahrc.org.za/why_celebrate_human_rights_day.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923065834/http://www.sahrc.org.za/why_celebrate_human_rights_day.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=23 September 2006 |access-date=15 December 2006 |publisher=South African Human Rights Commission}}</ref> An ayyana [https://www.gov.za/human-rights-day Ranar 'Y]ANC Dan Adam ta Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin hutu na kasa lokacin da aka zabi ANC a matsayin gwamnati tare da [[Nelson Mandela]] a matsayin shugaban farko da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokuradiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Day – 21 March – South Africa |url=http://www.mypublicholidays.co.za/holidays/human-rights-day |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107013727/http://www.mypublicholidays.co.za/holidays/human-rights-day |archive-date=7 November 2015 |access-date=19 February 2016 |website=My Public Holidays}}</ref> Matsayin majalisa a wannan rana shine ya ba da iko ga mutane don a san tsarin dimokuradiyya ga dukkan 'yan Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Day |url=http://www.parliament.gov.za/live/content.php?Item_ID=1481 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213103336/https://www.parliament.gov.za/project-event-details/2 |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=19 February 2016 |website=Parliament of the Republic of South Africa}}</ref> Ana yin bikin ne a ranar 11 ga watan Disamba a [[Kiribati]] . == Dubi kuma == * Hasken Dan Adam * Bikin Duniya * Ranar Kasa da Kasa don Taimako ga Wadanda aka azabtar * Bikin Fim na Duniya na Stalker kan 'Yancin Dan Adam * Ranar Taimako ta Duniya * Ranar Dan Adam ta Duniya * [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] icc8dp13k8pbh0wrug9ixqf1kfgt75l 905928 905927 2026-08-22T05:11:12Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ana yin bikin '''Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam''' ('''HRD''') a kowace shekara a duniya a ranar 10 ga Disamba a kowace shekara. An kuma zaɓi ranar ne don girmama amincewar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da kuma sanar da ita, a ranar 10 ga Disamban shekarar 1948, na Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), furcin farko na duniya na haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin farko na sabuwar Majalisar Dinkinobho. An kafa ranar kare hakkin dan adam a taron 317 na Babban Taron a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba 1950, lokacin da Babban Taron ya ayyana ƙuduri 423 (V), yana gayyatar dukkan kasashe membobin da duk wata ƙungiya mai sha'awar su yi bikin ranar kamar yadda suka ga ya dace.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office of the High Commission for Human Rights |year=2009 |title=The History of Human Rights Day |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/AboutUs/Pages/HumanRightsDay.aspx |access-date=29 October 2009}}</ref> Ranar galibi ana nuna ta ta hanyar manyan tarurruka da tarurruka na siyasa da kuma abubuwan al'adu da nune-nunen da ke hulɗa da batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam. Bayan haka, al'ada ce a ranar 10 ga watan Disamba cewa ana ba da kyautar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta shekaru biyar a fagen ƴancin Ɗan Adam da Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya. Yawancin kungiyoyin gwamnati da wadanda ba na gwamnati ba da ke aiki a fagen kare hakkin dan adam suma suna tsara abubuwan da suka faru na musamman don tunawa da ranar, kamar yadda yawancin kungiyoyin farar hula da na zamantakewa ke yi. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg|thumb|'Yan jaridar Turkiyya suna nuna rashin amincewa da ɗaurin abokan aikinsu, 10 Disamba 2016]] Ranar [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|'Yancin Dan Adam]] ita ce ranar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da sanarwar' yancin dan Adam ta Duniya a shekarar 1948. An fara ranar 'yancin dan adam ne daga 1950, bayan Majalisar ta zartar da kudurin 423 (V) wanda ke gayyatar dukkan jihohi da kungiyoyi masu sha'awar su karɓi 10 ga Disamba na kowace shekara a matsayin Ranar' yancin dan adam.[1] Za'a iya nuna shahararren ranar ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa hatimi na tunawa da Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam da Hukumar Wasiku ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayar a 1952, ta sami kusan umarni 200,000. [[Fayil:USSR_stamp_1963_CPA_2963.jpg|right|thumb|206x206px|Stamp din gidan waya na 1963 daga [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], don tunawa da cika shekaru 15 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights[[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya]]]] Lokacin da Babban Taron ya amince da Sanarwar, tare da jihohi 48 da suka fi so da kuma takwas da suka guje wa, an ayyana shi a matsayin "ma'auni na cin nasara ga dukkan mutane da dukkan kasashe", wanda mutane da al'ummomi ya kamata su "yi ƙoƙari ta hanyar matakan ci gaba, na kasa da kasa, don tabbatar da amincewarsu ta duniya da tasiri da kiyayewa". Masu ba da shawara da masu sukar sun karɓi matakin a matsayin "ya fi bayyanawa fiye da majalisa, ya fi nunawa fiye da ɗaurewa". Kodayake Sanarwar tare da fa'idodi masu yawa na [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|siyasa, farar hula]], tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu ba takarda ce mai ɗaurewa ba, ta yi wahayi zuwa ga kayan aikin kare hakkin dan adam sama da 60 waɗanda tare suka zama ma'auni na kasa da kasa na kare hakkin dan Adam. A yau yardar dukkan kasashe mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da ka'idojin 'Yancin Dan Adam da aka kafa a cikin sanarwar ta sa ya fi karfi kuma ya jaddada muhimmancin' Yancin Dan Adam a rayuwarmu ta yau da kullun. Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam, a matsayin babban jami'in kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Ofishinsa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita kokarin kiyaye ranar kare hakkin dan Adam a kowace shekara: {{Blockquote|Today, poverty prevails as the gravest human rights challenge in the world. Combating poverty, deprivation and exclusion is not a matter of charity, and it does not depend on how rich a country is. By tackling poverty as a matter of human rights obligation, the world will have a better chance of abolishing this scourge in our lifetime... [[poverty reduction|Poverty eradication]] is an achievable goal.|[[UN High Commissioner for Human Rights]] [[Louise Arbour]], 10 December 2006}} Bikin cika shekaru 60 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights ya faru ne a ranar 10 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2008, kuma Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kaddamar da kamfen na tsawon shekara wanda ya kai ga wannan ranar tunawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: 1948–2008 |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/humanrightsday/udhr60/ |access-date=9 December 2015 |website=United Nations}}</ref> Saboda UDHR tana riƙe da rikodin duniya a matsayin takardar da aka fi fassara (sai dai Littafi Mai-Tsarki), kungiyoyi a duniya sun yi amfani da shekara don mayar da hankali kan taimaka wa mutane a ko'ina su koyi game da hakkinsu. A ranar 9 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2001, Shugaba [[George W. Bush]] ya yi shelar Shugaban kasa cewa mako na 'yancin dan adam ya fara ne a ranar 9 ga Disamba. Ya kuma yi wannan shelar a ranar 10 ga Disamba 2008. == Bukukuwan da suka gabata == [[Fayil:Faroe_stamp_332_human_rights.jpg|right|thumb|191x191px|Stamp din gidan waya na 1998 daga Tsibirin Faroe]] {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ayyuka |- |1979 |Shih Ming-teh ya shirya kamfen na kare hakkin dan adam a [[Kaohsiung]], [[Taiwan]] . Wannan ya haifar da Abin da ya faru a Kaohsiung wanda aka nuna ta hanyar kamawa sau uku da kuma yin shari'a na abokan adawar siyasa na jam'iyyar Kuomintang mai mulki da kuma ɗaurin su. |- |1983 |Shugaba Raúl Alfonsin, na [[Argentina]], ya yanke shawarar ɗaukar mulki a ranar 10 ga Disamba 1983, ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin kama-karya na soja wanda ya mallaki ƙasar tun 1976. Zaben wannan rana don rantsar da shi yana da alaƙa da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka aikata a lokacin mulkin kama-karya. Tun daga wannan lokacin, duk rantsar da shugaban kasa sun faru ne a ranar 10 ga Disamba. |- |2004 | * International PEN ta sanar da ƙaddamar da sabon kamfen don tabbatar da sakin "masu adawa da yanar gizo" daga kurkuku a [[Sin|PR China]], [[Maldives]] da [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A global campaign against Internet censorship and the long-term imprisonment of journalists in Asia |url=http://www.pen.org/freedom/asia2004.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209141501/http://www.pen.org/freedom/asia2004.html |archive-date=9 December 2006 |access-date=15 December 2006 |publisher=PEN American Center}}</ref> * Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Amurka, Wakilin Musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Masu Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da Hukumar [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] kan' Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a sun ba da sanarwa ta hadin gwiwa inda suka yaba wa [[Tarayyar Turai]] saboda karɓar jagororin kare masu kare hakkin dan adam kuma suka bukaci sauran yankuna na duniya da su dauki irin wannan matakai a wannan hanyar. * Ƙungiyar Amurka don Ci gaban Kimiyya ta shirya taron tattaunawa a Birnin New York kan 'yancin ilimi a [[Iraƙi|Iraki]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2006 |title=Satellite Imagery for Conflict Prevention and Human Rights: An Event in Honor of Human Rights Day 2006 |url=http://shr.aaas.org/hrday/ |access-date=15 December 2006 |publisher=The American Association for the Advancement of Science, Science and Human Rights Program}} </ref> * Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta amince da ita ta International Humanist and Ethical Union ([[Humanists International|IHEU]]) a matsayin ranar bikin Humanist. |- |2006 |A cikin wani abu mai ban sha'awa, tsohon mai mulkin kama-karya na Chile Augusto Pinochet, wanda aka sani da take hakkin dan adam da aka aikata a lokacin mulkinsa na mulkin kama-mamaki, ya mutu daga ciwon zuciya a ranar 10 ga Disamba 2006, yana da shekaru 91. |- |2008 | * Masu gwagwarmayar kare hakkin bil'adama a jihar California ta Amurka sun bukaci mutane da su goyi bayan daidaito ta hanyar "kira a cikin 'gay' don aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Calling in 'Gay' to Work Is Latest Form of Protest" ABC News |url=http://www.abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=6420501 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629044532/http://www.abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=6420501 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |access-date=9 December 2008 |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> Wannan ya kasance ne don mayar da martani ga sabunta haramcin auren gay lokacin da Shirin 8 ya wuce a farkon shekarar. * An tsare mutane da yawa a kasar Sin bayan kimanin mutane 300 sun sanya hannu kan wata takarda ta kan layi mai taken Charter 08 don gwamnati ta inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam a kasar. A Beijing, an rushe wani karamin zanga-zangar da ta faru a waje da ma'aikatar harkokin waje. * UNYA Australia ta yi bikin Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam tare da kamfen ɗin write4rights, tana neman matasa su ba da gudummawa game da' yancin ɗan adam ta wayar tarho ko a shafin yanar gizon don nunawa a manyan biranen Jihar Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Write4Rights |url=http://www.unya.asn.au/write4rights.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209011530/http://unya.asn.au/write4rights.php |archive-date=9 February 2009 |access-date=9 December 2008}}</ref> * [[Amnesty International]] ta shirya babban taron a [[Faris|Paris]], [[Faransa]], don tunawa da cika shekaru 60 na ƙudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. * An gudanar da bukukuwan a [[Phnom Penh]] da kewayen Kambodiya, gami da tafiya da mutane 5000, da kuma wasu mutane 1000 da suka saki balloons, wanda kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suka shirya. * Sauran bukukuwan da abubuwan da suka faru sun faru a [[Rasha]] da [[Indiya]]. |- |2009 |10 Disamba 2009 da aka yi alama a matsayin bikin cika shekaru 61 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Tom Malinowski daga Human Rights Watch a Washington, DC, ya yi sharhi cewa an sami ci gaba a cikin haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin shekaru 40 da suka gabata: "Ina tsammanin akwai ƙarin wayar da kan jama'a a duniya cewa mutane suna da haƙƙoƙi na asali kuma waɗannan haƙƙoƙin an tsara su cikin doka a cikin gida da na duniya".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2009 |title=International Human Rights Day Marks Progress and Setbacks |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/international-human-rights-day-marks-progress-and-setbacks-78959132/416327.html |website=VOA}}</ref> |- |2011 |Bayan shekara guda na [[zanga-zanga]] a kasashe da yawa, daga Tunisiya zuwa Alkahira zuwa motsi na Occupy, taken 2011 ya amince da muhimmancin [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]] da fasaha wajen taimakawa masu kare hakkin dan adam a sababbin hanyoyi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Day 2011 |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/newsevents/day2011/pages/hrd2011.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205213415/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Day2011/Pages/HRD2011.aspx |archive-date=5 December 2011 |access-date=6 December 2011}} "Human Rights Day 2011"</ref> |- |2012 |Haɗuwa da haƙƙin shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a shine taken Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 2012. An mayar da hankali a shekarar 2012 ga dukkan mutane su ji muryoyin su kuma a haɗa su cikin yanke shawara na siyasa. An ga taken "My Voice Counts" a cikin yunkurin mamayewa a duniya don nuna rashin daidaito na tattalin arziki, siyasa da zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |title=Human Rights Day, 10 December |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/humanrightsday/2012/index.shtml |access-date=25 March 2015 |publisher=United Nations Department of Public Information}}</ref> |- |2013 |Yin bikin shekaru ashirin da ku yi aiki don haƙƙoƙinku shine taken bikin Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam na 2013. Shekaru ashirin da suka gabata an kafa matsayin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam wanda ya ba da ikon hukuma, murya mai zaman kanta don yin magana a duk duniya don' yancin dan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) |title=HUMAN RIGHTS DAY 2013 |url=http://at20.ohchr.org/human-right-day.html |access-date=28 March 2015 |website=United Nations Human Rights}}</ref> |- |2014 |Kowace rana ita ce Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam ita ce taken shekara ta 2014. [http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/HRDay2014/Pages/HRD2014.aspx 'Yancin Dan Adam 365] suna murna da Universal Declaration on Human Rights wanda ya bayyana cewa kowa, a ko'ina, a kowane lokaci yana da' yancin 'yancin ɗan adam. 'Yancin Dan Adam na kowa ne daidai kuma "yana ɗaure mu tare a matsayin al'umma ta duniya tare da manufofi da dabi'u iri ɗaya".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) |title=Human Rights Day 2014 #Rights 365 |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/HRDay2014/Pages/HRD2014.aspx |access-date=29 March 2015 |website=United Nations Human Rights |publisher=OHCHR}}</ref> |- |2015 |Taken shekarar 2015 shine "Hakkinmu, 'Yanci, Kullum. " |- |2016 |Taken shekara ta 2016 shine "Ka tsaya don haƙƙin wani a yau!" |- |2017 |Taken shekarar 2017 shine "Bari mu tsaya don daidaito, adalci da mutuncin ɗan adam" |- |2018<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rupali Pruthi |date=10 December 2018 |title=Human Rights Day 2018 observed around the world |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/human-rights-day-2018-observed-across-the-world-1544440729-1 |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=Jagran Prakashan Ltd}}</ref> |Taken shekarar 2018 shine "tsayawa don haƙƙin ɗan adam" |- |2019 |Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta shirya wani taro a Hong Kong a ranar Lahadi, 8 ga Disamba don yin bikin Ranar Kare Hakkin dan Adam kwana biyu. Mai shirya ya kiyasta kimanin mutane 800,000 ne suka shiga, yayin da 'yan sanda ke da kimanin mutane 183,000. Wannan tafiya ta fara ne daga Victoria Park a Causeway Bay kuma ita ce mafi girma a irin ta tun lokacin da aka yi tafiya a tsakiyar watan Agusta a matsayin wani ɓangare na zanga-zangar Hong Kong ta 2019-20 a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2019 |title=Hong Kong protesters keep up pressure with mass march |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/08/asia/hong-kong-protest-march-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=8 December 2019 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> 'Yan ƙasa suna kira ga buƙatun su guda biyar, gami da bincike mai zaman kansa game da zargin rashin adalci na' yan sanda a lokacin zanga-zangar Hong Kong ta 2019-20 da ta faru a cikin birni a cikin watanni 6 da suka gabata, da kuma Zaɓin duniya. |- |2020<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-09 |title=Human Rights Day 2020: Theme, History, Quotes, Observed, Celebration |url=https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/human-rights-day-2020/ |access-date=2020-12-12 |website=S A NEWS |language=en-US}}</ref> |Taken shekarar 2020 shine "Ku gano mafi kyau - Tsaya don 'Yancin Dan Adam". |- |2021 |Gl |- |2022 |Taken 2022 shine "Dignity, Freedom and Justice for All". |- |2023 |Taken 2023 shine "Yanci, Daidaitawa da Adalci ga Dukan". |- |2024 |Taken shekara ta 2024 shine "Hakkinmu, Makomarmu, Daidai Yanzu". |} == Bambancin kwanan wata == A [[Afirka ta Kudu]], ana yin bikin Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam a ranar 21 ga Maris, don tunawa da Kisan kiyashi na Sharpeville wanda ya faru a ranar 21 de Maris 1960. Wannan kisan kiyashi ya faru ne sakamakon zanga-zangar adawa da mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Day |url=http://www.sahrc.org.za/why_celebrate_human_rights_day.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923065834/http://www.sahrc.org.za/why_celebrate_human_rights_day.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=23 September 2006 |access-date=15 December 2006 |publisher=South African Human Rights Commission}}</ref> An ayyana [https://www.gov.za/human-rights-day Ranar 'Y]ANC Dan Adam ta Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin hutu na kasa lokacin da aka zabi ANC a matsayin gwamnati tare da [[Nelson Mandela]] a matsayin shugaban farko da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokuradiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Day – 21 March – South Africa |url=http://www.mypublicholidays.co.za/holidays/human-rights-day |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107013727/http://www.mypublicholidays.co.za/holidays/human-rights-day |archive-date=7 November 2015 |access-date=19 February 2016 |website=My Public Holidays}}</ref> Matsayin majalisa a wannan rana shine ya ba da iko ga mutane don a san tsarin dimokuradiyya ga dukkan 'yan Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Day |url=http://www.parliament.gov.za/live/content.php?Item_ID=1481 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213103336/https://www.parliament.gov.za/project-event-details/2 |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=19 February 2016 |website=Parliament of the Republic of South Africa}}</ref> Ana yin bikin ne a ranar 11 ga watan Disamba a [[Kiribati]] . == Dubi kuma == * Hasken Dan Adam * Bikin Duniya * Ranar Kasa da Kasa don Taimako ga Wadanda aka azabtar * Bikin Fim na Duniya na Stalker kan 'Yancin Dan Adam * Ranar Taimako ta Duniya * Ranar Dan Adam ta Duniya * [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s68p1kf7d5954a1hh2aha3gft7cbnei 905929 905928 2026-08-22T05:11:46Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ana yin bikin '''Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam''' ('''HRD''') a kowace shekara a duniya a ranar 10 ga Disamba a kowace shekara. An kuma zaɓi ranar ne don girmama amincewar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da kuma sanar da ita, a ranar 10 ga Disamban shekarar 1948, na Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), furcin farko na duniya na haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin farko na sabuwar Majalisar Dinkinobho. An kafa ranar kare hakkin dan adam a taron 317 na Babban Taron a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba 1950, lokacin da Babban Taron ya ayyana ƙuduri 423 (V), yana gayyatar dukkan kasashe membobin da duk wata ƙungiya mai sha'awar su yi bikin ranar kamar yadda suka ga ya dace.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office of the High Commission for Human Rights |year=2009 |title=The History of Human Rights Day |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/AboutUs/Pages/HumanRightsDay.aspx |access-date=29 October 2009}}</ref> Ranar galibi ana nuna ta ta hanyar manyan tarurruka da tarurruka na siyasa da kuma abubuwan al'adu da nune-nunen da ke hulɗa da batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam. Bayan haka, al'ada ce a ranar 10 ga watan Disamba cewa ana ba da kyautar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta shekaru biyar a fagen ƴancin Ɗan Adam da Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya. Yawancin kungiyoyin gwamnati da waɗanda ba na gwamnati ba da ke aiki a fagen kare haƙƙin ɗan adam suma suna tsara abubuwan da suka faru na musamman don tunawa da ranar, kamar yadda yawancin kungiyoyin farar hula da na zamantakewa ke yi. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg|thumb|'Yan jaridar Turkiyya suna nuna rashin amincewa da ɗaurin abokan aikinsu, 10 Disamba 2016]] Ranar [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|'Yancin Dan Adam]] ita ce ranar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da sanarwar' yancin dan Adam ta Duniya a shekarar 1948. An fara ranar 'yancin dan adam ne daga 1950, bayan Majalisar ta zartar da kudurin 423 (V) wanda ke gayyatar dukkan jihohi da kungiyoyi masu sha'awar su karɓi 10 ga Disamba na kowace shekara a matsayin Ranar' yancin dan adam.[1] Za'a iya nuna shahararren ranar ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa hatimi na tunawa da Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam da Hukumar Wasiku ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayar a 1952, ta sami kusan umarni 200,000. [[Fayil:USSR_stamp_1963_CPA_2963.jpg|right|thumb|206x206px|Stamp din gidan waya na 1963 daga [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], don tunawa da cika shekaru 15 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights[[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya]]]] Lokacin da Babban Taron ya amince da Sanarwar, tare da jihohi 48 da suka fi so da kuma takwas da suka guje wa, an ayyana shi a matsayin "ma'auni na cin nasara ga dukkan mutane da dukkan kasashe", wanda mutane da al'ummomi ya kamata su "yi ƙoƙari ta hanyar matakan ci gaba, na kasa da kasa, don tabbatar da amincewarsu ta duniya da tasiri da kiyayewa". Masu ba da shawara da masu sukar sun karɓi matakin a matsayin "ya fi bayyanawa fiye da majalisa, ya fi nunawa fiye da ɗaurewa". Kodayake Sanarwar tare da fa'idodi masu yawa na [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|siyasa, farar hula]], tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu ba takarda ce mai ɗaurewa ba, ta yi wahayi zuwa ga kayan aikin kare hakkin dan adam sama da 60 waɗanda tare suka zama ma'auni na kasa da kasa na kare hakkin dan Adam. A yau yardar dukkan kasashe mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da ka'idojin 'Yancin Dan Adam da aka kafa a cikin sanarwar ta sa ya fi karfi kuma ya jaddada muhimmancin' Yancin Dan Adam a rayuwarmu ta yau da kullun. Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam, a matsayin babban jami'in kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Ofishinsa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita kokarin kiyaye ranar kare hakkin dan Adam a kowace shekara: {{Blockquote|Today, poverty prevails as the gravest human rights challenge in the world. Combating poverty, deprivation and exclusion is not a matter of charity, and it does not depend on how rich a country is. By tackling poverty as a matter of human rights obligation, the world will have a better chance of abolishing this scourge in our lifetime... [[poverty reduction|Poverty eradication]] is an achievable goal.|[[UN High Commissioner for Human Rights]] [[Louise Arbour]], 10 December 2006}} Bikin cika shekaru 60 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights ya faru ne a ranar 10 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2008, kuma Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kaddamar da kamfen na tsawon shekara wanda ya kai ga wannan ranar tunawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: 1948–2008 |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/humanrightsday/udhr60/ |access-date=9 December 2015 |website=United Nations}}</ref> Saboda UDHR tana riƙe da rikodin duniya a matsayin takardar da aka fi fassara (sai dai Littafi Mai-Tsarki), kungiyoyi a duniya sun yi amfani da shekara don mayar da hankali kan taimaka wa mutane a ko'ina su koyi game da hakkinsu. A ranar 9 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2001, Shugaba [[George W. Bush]] ya yi shelar Shugaban kasa cewa mako na 'yancin dan adam ya fara ne a ranar 9 ga Disamba. Ya kuma yi wannan shelar a ranar 10 ga Disamba 2008. == Bukukuwan da suka gabata == [[Fayil:Faroe_stamp_332_human_rights.jpg|right|thumb|191x191px|Stamp din gidan waya na 1998 daga Tsibirin Faroe]] {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ayyuka |- |1979 |Shih Ming-teh ya shirya kamfen na kare hakkin dan adam a [[Kaohsiung]], [[Taiwan]] . Wannan ya haifar da Abin da ya faru a Kaohsiung wanda aka nuna ta hanyar kamawa sau uku da kuma yin shari'a na abokan adawar siyasa na jam'iyyar Kuomintang mai mulki da kuma ɗaurin su. |- |1983 |Shugaba Raúl Alfonsin, na [[Argentina]], ya yanke shawarar ɗaukar mulki a ranar 10 ga Disamba 1983, ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin kama-karya na soja wanda ya mallaki ƙasar tun 1976. Zaben wannan rana don rantsar da shi yana da alaƙa da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka aikata a lokacin mulkin kama-karya. Tun daga wannan lokacin, duk rantsar da shugaban kasa sun faru ne a ranar 10 ga Disamba. |- |2004 | * International PEN ta sanar da ƙaddamar da sabon kamfen don tabbatar da sakin "masu adawa da yanar gizo" daga kurkuku a [[Sin|PR China]], [[Maldives]] da [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A global campaign against Internet censorship and the long-term imprisonment of journalists in Asia |url=http://www.pen.org/freedom/asia2004.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209141501/http://www.pen.org/freedom/asia2004.html |archive-date=9 December 2006 |access-date=15 December 2006 |publisher=PEN American Center}}</ref> * Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Amurka, Wakilin Musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Masu Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da Hukumar [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] kan' Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a sun ba da sanarwa ta hadin gwiwa inda suka yaba wa [[Tarayyar Turai]] saboda karɓar jagororin kare masu kare hakkin dan adam kuma suka bukaci sauran yankuna na duniya da su dauki irin wannan matakai a wannan hanyar. * Ƙungiyar Amurka don Ci gaban Kimiyya ta shirya taron tattaunawa a Birnin New York kan 'yancin ilimi a [[Iraƙi|Iraki]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2006 |title=Satellite Imagery for Conflict Prevention and Human Rights: An Event in Honor of Human Rights Day 2006 |url=http://shr.aaas.org/hrday/ |access-date=15 December 2006 |publisher=The American Association for the Advancement of Science, Science and Human Rights Program}} </ref> * Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta amince da ita ta International Humanist and Ethical Union ([[Humanists International|IHEU]]) a matsayin ranar bikin Humanist. |- |2006 |A cikin wani abu mai ban sha'awa, tsohon mai mulkin kama-karya na Chile Augusto Pinochet, wanda aka sani da take hakkin dan adam da aka aikata a lokacin mulkinsa na mulkin kama-mamaki, ya mutu daga ciwon zuciya a ranar 10 ga Disamba 2006, yana da shekaru 91. |- |2008 | * Masu gwagwarmayar kare hakkin bil'adama a jihar California ta Amurka sun bukaci mutane da su goyi bayan daidaito ta hanyar "kira a cikin 'gay' don aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Calling in 'Gay' to Work Is Latest Form of Protest" ABC News |url=http://www.abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=6420501 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629044532/http://www.abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=6420501 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |access-date=9 December 2008 |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> Wannan ya kasance ne don mayar da martani ga sabunta haramcin auren gay lokacin da Shirin 8 ya wuce a farkon shekarar. * An tsare mutane da yawa a kasar Sin bayan kimanin mutane 300 sun sanya hannu kan wata takarda ta kan layi mai taken Charter 08 don gwamnati ta inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam a kasar. A Beijing, an rushe wani karamin zanga-zangar da ta faru a waje da ma'aikatar harkokin waje. * UNYA Australia ta yi bikin Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam tare da kamfen ɗin write4rights, tana neman matasa su ba da gudummawa game da' yancin ɗan adam ta wayar tarho ko a shafin yanar gizon don nunawa a manyan biranen Jihar Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Write4Rights |url=http://www.unya.asn.au/write4rights.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209011530/http://unya.asn.au/write4rights.php |archive-date=9 February 2009 |access-date=9 December 2008}}</ref> * [[Amnesty International]] ta shirya babban taron a [[Faris|Paris]], [[Faransa]], don tunawa da cika shekaru 60 na ƙudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. * An gudanar da bukukuwan a [[Phnom Penh]] da kewayen Kambodiya, gami da tafiya da mutane 5000, da kuma wasu mutane 1000 da suka saki balloons, wanda kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suka shirya. * Sauran bukukuwan da abubuwan da suka faru sun faru a [[Rasha]] da [[Indiya]]. |- |2009 |10 Disamba 2009 da aka yi alama a matsayin bikin cika shekaru 61 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Tom Malinowski daga Human Rights Watch a Washington, DC, ya yi sharhi cewa an sami ci gaba a cikin haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin shekaru 40 da suka gabata: "Ina tsammanin akwai ƙarin wayar da kan jama'a a duniya cewa mutane suna da haƙƙoƙi na asali kuma waɗannan haƙƙoƙin an tsara su cikin doka a cikin gida da na duniya".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2009 |title=International Human Rights Day Marks Progress and Setbacks |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/international-human-rights-day-marks-progress-and-setbacks-78959132/416327.html |website=VOA}}</ref> |- |2011 |Bayan shekara guda na [[zanga-zanga]] a kasashe da yawa, daga Tunisiya zuwa Alkahira zuwa motsi na Occupy, taken 2011 ya amince da muhimmancin [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]] da fasaha wajen taimakawa masu kare hakkin dan adam a sababbin hanyoyi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Day 2011 |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/newsevents/day2011/pages/hrd2011.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205213415/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Day2011/Pages/HRD2011.aspx |archive-date=5 December 2011 |access-date=6 December 2011}} "Human Rights Day 2011"</ref> |- |2012 |Haɗuwa da haƙƙin shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a shine taken Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 2012. An mayar da hankali a shekarar 2012 ga dukkan mutane su ji muryoyin su kuma a haɗa su cikin yanke shawara na siyasa. An ga taken "My Voice Counts" a cikin yunkurin mamayewa a duniya don nuna rashin daidaito na tattalin arziki, siyasa da zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |title=Human Rights Day, 10 December |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/humanrightsday/2012/index.shtml |access-date=25 March 2015 |publisher=United Nations Department of Public Information}}</ref> |- |2013 |Yin bikin shekaru ashirin da ku yi aiki don haƙƙoƙinku shine taken bikin Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam na 2013. Shekaru ashirin da suka gabata an kafa matsayin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam wanda ya ba da ikon hukuma, murya mai zaman kanta don yin magana a duk duniya don' yancin dan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) |title=HUMAN RIGHTS DAY 2013 |url=http://at20.ohchr.org/human-right-day.html |access-date=28 March 2015 |website=United Nations Human Rights}}</ref> |- |2014 |Kowace rana ita ce Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam ita ce taken shekara ta 2014. [http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/HRDay2014/Pages/HRD2014.aspx 'Yancin Dan Adam 365] suna murna da Universal Declaration on Human Rights wanda ya bayyana cewa kowa, a ko'ina, a kowane lokaci yana da' yancin 'yancin ɗan adam. 'Yancin Dan Adam na kowa ne daidai kuma "yana ɗaure mu tare a matsayin al'umma ta duniya tare da manufofi da dabi'u iri ɗaya".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) |title=Human Rights Day 2014 #Rights 365 |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/HRDay2014/Pages/HRD2014.aspx |access-date=29 March 2015 |website=United Nations Human Rights |publisher=OHCHR}}</ref> |- |2015 |Taken shekarar 2015 shine "Hakkinmu, 'Yanci, Kullum. " |- |2016 |Taken shekara ta 2016 shine "Ka tsaya don haƙƙin wani a yau!" |- |2017 |Taken shekarar 2017 shine "Bari mu tsaya don daidaito, adalci da mutuncin ɗan adam" |- |2018<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rupali Pruthi |date=10 December 2018 |title=Human Rights Day 2018 observed around the world |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/human-rights-day-2018-observed-across-the-world-1544440729-1 |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=Jagran Prakashan Ltd}}</ref> |Taken shekarar 2018 shine "tsayawa don haƙƙin ɗan adam" |- |2019 |Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta shirya wani taro a Hong Kong a ranar Lahadi, 8 ga Disamba don yin bikin Ranar Kare Hakkin dan Adam kwana biyu. Mai shirya ya kiyasta kimanin mutane 800,000 ne suka shiga, yayin da 'yan sanda ke da kimanin mutane 183,000. Wannan tafiya ta fara ne daga Victoria Park a Causeway Bay kuma ita ce mafi girma a irin ta tun lokacin da aka yi tafiya a tsakiyar watan Agusta a matsayin wani ɓangare na zanga-zangar Hong Kong ta 2019-20 a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2019 |title=Hong Kong protesters keep up pressure with mass march |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/08/asia/hong-kong-protest-march-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=8 December 2019 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> 'Yan ƙasa suna kira ga buƙatun su guda biyar, gami da bincike mai zaman kansa game da zargin rashin adalci na' yan sanda a lokacin zanga-zangar Hong Kong ta 2019-20 da ta faru a cikin birni a cikin watanni 6 da suka gabata, da kuma Zaɓin duniya. |- |2020<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-09 |title=Human Rights Day 2020: Theme, History, Quotes, Observed, Celebration |url=https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/human-rights-day-2020/ |access-date=2020-12-12 |website=S A NEWS |language=en-US}}</ref> |Taken shekarar 2020 shine "Ku gano mafi kyau - Tsaya don 'Yancin Dan Adam". |- |2021 |Gl |- |2022 |Taken 2022 shine "Dignity, Freedom and Justice for All". |- |2023 |Taken 2023 shine "Yanci, Daidaitawa da Adalci ga Dukan". |- |2024 |Taken shekara ta 2024 shine "Hakkinmu, Makomarmu, Daidai Yanzu". |} == Bambancin kwanan wata == A [[Afirka ta Kudu]], ana yin bikin Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam a ranar 21 ga Maris, don tunawa da Kisan kiyashi na Sharpeville wanda ya faru a ranar 21 de Maris 1960. Wannan kisan kiyashi ya faru ne sakamakon zanga-zangar adawa da mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Day |url=http://www.sahrc.org.za/why_celebrate_human_rights_day.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923065834/http://www.sahrc.org.za/why_celebrate_human_rights_day.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=23 September 2006 |access-date=15 December 2006 |publisher=South African Human Rights Commission}}</ref> An ayyana [https://www.gov.za/human-rights-day Ranar 'Y]ANC Dan Adam ta Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin hutu na kasa lokacin da aka zabi ANC a matsayin gwamnati tare da [[Nelson Mandela]] a matsayin shugaban farko da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokuradiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Day – 21 March – South Africa |url=http://www.mypublicholidays.co.za/holidays/human-rights-day |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107013727/http://www.mypublicholidays.co.za/holidays/human-rights-day |archive-date=7 November 2015 |access-date=19 February 2016 |website=My Public Holidays}}</ref> Matsayin majalisa a wannan rana shine ya ba da iko ga mutane don a san tsarin dimokuradiyya ga dukkan 'yan Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Day |url=http://www.parliament.gov.za/live/content.php?Item_ID=1481 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213103336/https://www.parliament.gov.za/project-event-details/2 |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=19 February 2016 |website=Parliament of the Republic of South Africa}}</ref> Ana yin bikin ne a ranar 11 ga watan Disamba a [[Kiribati]] . == Dubi kuma == * Hasken Dan Adam * Bikin Duniya * Ranar Kasa da Kasa don Taimako ga Wadanda aka azabtar * Bikin Fim na Duniya na Stalker kan 'Yancin Dan Adam * Ranar Taimako ta Duniya * Ranar Dan Adam ta Duniya * [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mwypkbx52r75x5j2ihnbqayju6hube4 905930 905929 2026-08-22T05:12:23Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ana yin bikin '''Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam''' ('''HRD''') a kowace shekara a duniya a ranar 10 ga Disamba a kowace shekara. An kuma zaɓi ranar ne don girmama amincewar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da kuma sanar da ita, a ranar 10 ga Disamban shekarar 1948, na Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), furcin farko na duniya na haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin farko na sabuwar Majalisar Dinkinobho. An kafa ranar kare hakkin dan adam a taron 317 na Babban Taron a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba 1950, lokacin da Babban Taron ya ayyana ƙuduri 423 (V), yana gayyatar dukkan kasashe membobin da duk wata ƙungiya mai sha'awar su yi bikin ranar kamar yadda suka ga ya dace.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office of the High Commission for Human Rights |year=2009 |title=The History of Human Rights Day |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/AboutUs/Pages/HumanRightsDay.aspx |access-date=29 October 2009}}</ref> Ranar galibi ana nuna ta ta hanyar manyan tarurruka da tarurruka na siyasa da kuma abubuwan al'adu da nune-nunen da ke hulɗa da batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam. Bayan haka, al'ada ce a ranar 10 ga watan Disamba cewa ana ba da kyautar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta shekaru biyar a fagen ƴancin Ɗan Adam da Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya. Yawancin kungiyoyin gwamnati da waɗanda ba na gwamnati ba da ke aiki a fagen kare haƙƙin ɗan adam suma suna tsara abubuwan da suka faru na musamman don tunawa da ranar, kamar yadda yawancin kungiyoyin farar hula da na zamantakewa ke yi. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg|thumb|'Yan jaridar Turkiyya suna nuna rashin amincewa da ɗaurin abokan aikinsu, 10 Disamba 2016]] Ranar [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|'Yancin Dan Adam]] ita ce ranar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da sanarwar' yancin dan Adam ta Duniya a shekarar 1948. An kuma fara ranar ƴancin ɗan adam ne daga 1950, bayan Majalisar ta zartar da kudurin 423 (V) wanda ke gayyatar dukkan jihohi da kungiyoyi masu sha'awar su karɓi 10 ga Disamba na kowace shekara a matsayin Ranar' yancin dan adam.[1] Za'a iya nuna shahararren ranar ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa hatimi na tunawa da Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam da Hukumar Wasiku ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayar a shekarar 1952, ta sami kusan umarni 200,000. [[Fayil:USSR_stamp_1963_CPA_2963.jpg|right|thumb|206x206px|Stamp din gidan waya na 1963 daga [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], don tunawa da cika shekaru 15 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights[[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya]]]] Lokacin da Babban Taron ya amince da Sanarwar, tare da jihohi 48 da suka fi so da kuma takwas da suka guje wa, an ayyana shi a matsayin "ma'auni na cin nasara ga dukkan mutane da dukkan kasashe", wanda mutane da al'ummomi ya kamata su "yi ƙoƙari ta hanyar matakan ci gaba, na kasa da kasa, don tabbatar da amincewarsu ta duniya da tasiri da kiyayewa". Masu ba da shawara da masu sukar sun karɓi matakin a matsayin "ya fi bayyanawa fiye da majalisa, ya fi nunawa fiye da ɗaurewa". Kodayake Sanarwar tare da fa'idodi masu yawa na [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|siyasa, farar hula]], tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu ba takarda ce mai ɗaurewa ba, ta yi wahayi zuwa ga kayan aikin kare hakkin dan adam sama da 60 waɗanda tare suka zama ma'auni na kasa da kasa na kare hakkin dan Adam. A yau yardar dukkan kasashe mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da ka'idojin 'Yancin Dan Adam da aka kafa a cikin sanarwar ta sa ya fi karfi kuma ya jaddada muhimmancin' Yancin Dan Adam a rayuwarmu ta yau da kullun. Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam, a matsayin babban jami'in kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Ofishinsa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita kokarin kiyaye ranar kare hakkin dan Adam a kowace shekara: {{Blockquote|Today, poverty prevails as the gravest human rights challenge in the world. Combating poverty, deprivation and exclusion is not a matter of charity, and it does not depend on how rich a country is. By tackling poverty as a matter of human rights obligation, the world will have a better chance of abolishing this scourge in our lifetime... [[poverty reduction|Poverty eradication]] is an achievable goal.|[[UN High Commissioner for Human Rights]] [[Louise Arbour]], 10 December 2006}} Bikin cika shekaru 60 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights ya faru ne a ranar 10 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2008, kuma Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kaddamar da kamfen na tsawon shekara wanda ya kai ga wannan ranar tunawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: 1948–2008 |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/humanrightsday/udhr60/ |access-date=9 December 2015 |website=United Nations}}</ref> Saboda UDHR tana riƙe da rikodin duniya a matsayin takardar da aka fi fassara (sai dai Littafi Mai-Tsarki), kungiyoyi a duniya sun yi amfani da shekara don mayar da hankali kan taimaka wa mutane a ko'ina su koyi game da hakkinsu. A ranar 9 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2001, Shugaba [[George W. Bush]] ya yi shelar Shugaban kasa cewa mako na 'yancin dan adam ya fara ne a ranar 9 ga Disamba. Ya kuma yi wannan shelar a ranar 10 ga Disamba 2008. == Bukukuwan da suka gabata == [[Fayil:Faroe_stamp_332_human_rights.jpg|right|thumb|191x191px|Stamp din gidan waya na 1998 daga Tsibirin Faroe]] {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ayyuka |- |1979 |Shih Ming-teh ya shirya kamfen na kare hakkin dan adam a [[Kaohsiung]], [[Taiwan]] . Wannan ya haifar da Abin da ya faru a Kaohsiung wanda aka nuna ta hanyar kamawa sau uku da kuma yin shari'a na abokan adawar siyasa na jam'iyyar Kuomintang mai mulki da kuma ɗaurin su. |- |1983 |Shugaba Raúl Alfonsin, na [[Argentina]], ya yanke shawarar ɗaukar mulki a ranar 10 ga Disamba 1983, ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin kama-karya na soja wanda ya mallaki ƙasar tun 1976. Zaben wannan rana don rantsar da shi yana da alaƙa da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka aikata a lokacin mulkin kama-karya. Tun daga wannan lokacin, duk rantsar da shugaban kasa sun faru ne a ranar 10 ga Disamba. |- |2004 | * International PEN ta sanar da ƙaddamar da sabon kamfen don tabbatar da sakin "masu adawa da yanar gizo" daga kurkuku a [[Sin|PR China]], [[Maldives]] da [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A global campaign against Internet censorship and the long-term imprisonment of journalists in Asia |url=http://www.pen.org/freedom/asia2004.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209141501/http://www.pen.org/freedom/asia2004.html |archive-date=9 December 2006 |access-date=15 December 2006 |publisher=PEN American Center}}</ref> * Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Amurka, Wakilin Musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Masu Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da Hukumar [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] kan' Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a sun ba da sanarwa ta hadin gwiwa inda suka yaba wa [[Tarayyar Turai]] saboda karɓar jagororin kare masu kare hakkin dan adam kuma suka bukaci sauran yankuna na duniya da su dauki irin wannan matakai a wannan hanyar. * Ƙungiyar Amurka don Ci gaban Kimiyya ta shirya taron tattaunawa a Birnin New York kan 'yancin ilimi a [[Iraƙi|Iraki]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2006 |title=Satellite Imagery for Conflict Prevention and Human Rights: An Event in Honor of Human Rights Day 2006 |url=http://shr.aaas.org/hrday/ |access-date=15 December 2006 |publisher=The American Association for the Advancement of Science, Science and Human Rights Program}} </ref> * Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta amince da ita ta International Humanist and Ethical Union ([[Humanists International|IHEU]]) a matsayin ranar bikin Humanist. |- |2006 |A cikin wani abu mai ban sha'awa, tsohon mai mulkin kama-karya na Chile Augusto Pinochet, wanda aka sani da take hakkin dan adam da aka aikata a lokacin mulkinsa na mulkin kama-mamaki, ya mutu daga ciwon zuciya a ranar 10 ga Disamba 2006, yana da shekaru 91. |- |2008 | * Masu gwagwarmayar kare hakkin bil'adama a jihar California ta Amurka sun bukaci mutane da su goyi bayan daidaito ta hanyar "kira a cikin 'gay' don aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Calling in 'Gay' to Work Is Latest Form of Protest" ABC News |url=http://www.abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=6420501 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629044532/http://www.abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=6420501 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |access-date=9 December 2008 |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> Wannan ya kasance ne don mayar da martani ga sabunta haramcin auren gay lokacin da Shirin 8 ya wuce a farkon shekarar. * An tsare mutane da yawa a kasar Sin bayan kimanin mutane 300 sun sanya hannu kan wata takarda ta kan layi mai taken Charter 08 don gwamnati ta inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam a kasar. A Beijing, an rushe wani karamin zanga-zangar da ta faru a waje da ma'aikatar harkokin waje. * UNYA Australia ta yi bikin Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam tare da kamfen ɗin write4rights, tana neman matasa su ba da gudummawa game da' yancin ɗan adam ta wayar tarho ko a shafin yanar gizon don nunawa a manyan biranen Jihar Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Write4Rights |url=http://www.unya.asn.au/write4rights.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209011530/http://unya.asn.au/write4rights.php |archive-date=9 February 2009 |access-date=9 December 2008}}</ref> * [[Amnesty International]] ta shirya babban taron a [[Faris|Paris]], [[Faransa]], don tunawa da cika shekaru 60 na ƙudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. * An gudanar da bukukuwan a [[Phnom Penh]] da kewayen Kambodiya, gami da tafiya da mutane 5000, da kuma wasu mutane 1000 da suka saki balloons, wanda kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suka shirya. * Sauran bukukuwan da abubuwan da suka faru sun faru a [[Rasha]] da [[Indiya]]. |- |2009 |10 Disamba 2009 da aka yi alama a matsayin bikin cika shekaru 61 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Tom Malinowski daga Human Rights Watch a Washington, DC, ya yi sharhi cewa an sami ci gaba a cikin haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin shekaru 40 da suka gabata: "Ina tsammanin akwai ƙarin wayar da kan jama'a a duniya cewa mutane suna da haƙƙoƙi na asali kuma waɗannan haƙƙoƙin an tsara su cikin doka a cikin gida da na duniya".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2009 |title=International Human Rights Day Marks Progress and Setbacks |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/international-human-rights-day-marks-progress-and-setbacks-78959132/416327.html |website=VOA}}</ref> |- |2011 |Bayan shekara guda na [[zanga-zanga]] a kasashe da yawa, daga Tunisiya zuwa Alkahira zuwa motsi na Occupy, taken 2011 ya amince da muhimmancin [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]] da fasaha wajen taimakawa masu kare hakkin dan adam a sababbin hanyoyi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Day 2011 |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/newsevents/day2011/pages/hrd2011.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205213415/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Day2011/Pages/HRD2011.aspx |archive-date=5 December 2011 |access-date=6 December 2011}} "Human Rights Day 2011"</ref> |- |2012 |Haɗuwa da haƙƙin shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a shine taken Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 2012. An mayar da hankali a shekarar 2012 ga dukkan mutane su ji muryoyin su kuma a haɗa su cikin yanke shawara na siyasa. An ga taken "My Voice Counts" a cikin yunkurin mamayewa a duniya don nuna rashin daidaito na tattalin arziki, siyasa da zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |title=Human Rights Day, 10 December |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/humanrightsday/2012/index.shtml |access-date=25 March 2015 |publisher=United Nations Department of Public Information}}</ref> |- |2013 |Yin bikin shekaru ashirin da ku yi aiki don haƙƙoƙinku shine taken bikin Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam na 2013. Shekaru ashirin da suka gabata an kafa matsayin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam wanda ya ba da ikon hukuma, murya mai zaman kanta don yin magana a duk duniya don' yancin dan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) |title=HUMAN RIGHTS DAY 2013 |url=http://at20.ohchr.org/human-right-day.html |access-date=28 March 2015 |website=United Nations Human Rights}}</ref> |- |2014 |Kowace rana ita ce Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam ita ce taken shekara ta 2014. [http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/HRDay2014/Pages/HRD2014.aspx 'Yancin Dan Adam 365] suna murna da Universal Declaration on Human Rights wanda ya bayyana cewa kowa, a ko'ina, a kowane lokaci yana da' yancin 'yancin ɗan adam. 'Yancin Dan Adam na kowa ne daidai kuma "yana ɗaure mu tare a matsayin al'umma ta duniya tare da manufofi da dabi'u iri ɗaya".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) |title=Human Rights Day 2014 #Rights 365 |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/HRDay2014/Pages/HRD2014.aspx |access-date=29 March 2015 |website=United Nations Human Rights |publisher=OHCHR}}</ref> |- |2015 |Taken shekarar 2015 shine "Hakkinmu, 'Yanci, Kullum. " |- |2016 |Taken shekara ta 2016 shine "Ka tsaya don haƙƙin wani a yau!" |- |2017 |Taken shekarar 2017 shine "Bari mu tsaya don daidaito, adalci da mutuncin ɗan adam" |- |2018<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rupali Pruthi |date=10 December 2018 |title=Human Rights Day 2018 observed around the world |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/human-rights-day-2018-observed-across-the-world-1544440729-1 |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=Jagran Prakashan Ltd}}</ref> |Taken shekarar 2018 shine "tsayawa don haƙƙin ɗan adam" |- |2019 |Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta shirya wani taro a Hong Kong a ranar Lahadi, 8 ga Disamba don yin bikin Ranar Kare Hakkin dan Adam kwana biyu. Mai shirya ya kiyasta kimanin mutane 800,000 ne suka shiga, yayin da 'yan sanda ke da kimanin mutane 183,000. Wannan tafiya ta fara ne daga Victoria Park a Causeway Bay kuma ita ce mafi girma a irin ta tun lokacin da aka yi tafiya a tsakiyar watan Agusta a matsayin wani ɓangare na zanga-zangar Hong Kong ta 2019-20 a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2019 |title=Hong Kong protesters keep up pressure with mass march |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/08/asia/hong-kong-protest-march-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=8 December 2019 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> 'Yan ƙasa suna kira ga buƙatun su guda biyar, gami da bincike mai zaman kansa game da zargin rashin adalci na' yan sanda a lokacin zanga-zangar Hong Kong ta 2019-20 da ta faru a cikin birni a cikin watanni 6 da suka gabata, da kuma Zaɓin duniya. |- |2020<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-09 |title=Human Rights Day 2020: Theme, History, Quotes, Observed, Celebration |url=https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/human-rights-day-2020/ |access-date=2020-12-12 |website=S A NEWS |language=en-US}}</ref> |Taken shekarar 2020 shine "Ku gano mafi kyau - Tsaya don 'Yancin Dan Adam". |- |2021 |Gl |- |2022 |Taken 2022 shine "Dignity, Freedom and Justice for All". |- |2023 |Taken 2023 shine "Yanci, Daidaitawa da Adalci ga Dukan". |- |2024 |Taken shekara ta 2024 shine "Hakkinmu, Makomarmu, Daidai Yanzu". |} == Bambancin kwanan wata == A [[Afirka ta Kudu]], ana yin bikin Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam a ranar 21 ga Maris, don tunawa da Kisan kiyashi na Sharpeville wanda ya faru a ranar 21 de Maris 1960. Wannan kisan kiyashi ya faru ne sakamakon zanga-zangar adawa da mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Day |url=http://www.sahrc.org.za/why_celebrate_human_rights_day.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923065834/http://www.sahrc.org.za/why_celebrate_human_rights_day.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=23 September 2006 |access-date=15 December 2006 |publisher=South African Human Rights Commission}}</ref> An ayyana [https://www.gov.za/human-rights-day Ranar 'Y]ANC Dan Adam ta Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin hutu na kasa lokacin da aka zabi ANC a matsayin gwamnati tare da [[Nelson Mandela]] a matsayin shugaban farko da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokuradiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Day – 21 March – South Africa |url=http://www.mypublicholidays.co.za/holidays/human-rights-day |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107013727/http://www.mypublicholidays.co.za/holidays/human-rights-day |archive-date=7 November 2015 |access-date=19 February 2016 |website=My Public Holidays}}</ref> Matsayin majalisa a wannan rana shine ya ba da iko ga mutane don a san tsarin dimokuradiyya ga dukkan 'yan Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Day |url=http://www.parliament.gov.za/live/content.php?Item_ID=1481 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213103336/https://www.parliament.gov.za/project-event-details/2 |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=19 February 2016 |website=Parliament of the Republic of South Africa}}</ref> Ana yin bikin ne a ranar 11 ga watan Disamba a [[Kiribati]] . == Dubi kuma == * Hasken Dan Adam * Bikin Duniya * Ranar Kasa da Kasa don Taimako ga Wadanda aka azabtar * Bikin Fim na Duniya na Stalker kan 'Yancin Dan Adam * Ranar Taimako ta Duniya * Ranar Dan Adam ta Duniya * [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ahv4nm63kuynr9f12cbwbiyu0i1ykq1 0 106681 906096 678328 2026-08-22T10:14:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Karuwanci a Botswana''' ba haramtacce ba ne, amma ana amfani da dokoki kamar rikice-rikicen jama'a, yawo, yawo da kuma tanadin addini da aka amince da shi don gurfanar da karuwanci.<ref name="spl" /> Ayyuka masu alaƙa kamar neman izini da kiyaye gidan karuwai ba bisa ka'ida ba ne.<ref name="spl">{{Cite web |title=Sex Work Law - Countries |url=http://spl.ids.ac.uk/sexworklaw/countries |access-date=5 January 2018 |website=Sexuality, Poverty and Law |language=en |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729103225/http://spl.ids.ac.uk/sexworklaw/countries |url-status=dead }}</ref> Botswana ta ba da shawarwari don yin karuwanci doka don hana yaduwar [[Kanjamau|Cutar kanjamau]]. Koyaya, Cocin Katolika sun yi adawa da shi. Karuwanci ya yadu kuma yana faruwa a kan titi, mashaya, otal-otal, gidajen karuwai da kuma taksi na manyan motoci masu nisa.<ref name="bbeb" /> Dokar ta raunana, ba ta dace ba kuma tana da cin hanci da rashawa. Ma'aikatan jima'i sun ba da rahoton tashin hankali da cin hanci da rashawa da 'yan sanda suka yi.<ref name="spl"/> 'Yan sanda wani lokacin suna neman jima'i ko cin hanci daga karuwai na kasashen waje a karkashin barazanar korar su.<ref name="mmegi">{{Cite web |last=Mosikare |first=Lebogang |date=24 March 2016 |title=Surviving on the proceeds of prostitution |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=58829&dir=2016/march/24 |access-date=5 January 2018 |website=Mmegi Online}}</ref> Ana ba da kwaroron roba kyauta daga cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, amma sau da yawa 'yan sanda suna kwace su daga ma'aikatan jima'i. Gidan cin kasuwa na [[Gaborone]] West da titunan da ke kewaye da shi, sune babban yankin karuwanci a babban birnin, [[Gaborone]] . <ref name="monitor">{{Cite web |last=Mooketsi |first=Lekopanye |date=23 June 2014 |title=The sex hub of Gaborone |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=42169 |access-date=5 January 2018 |website=The Monitor}}</ref> Yankin Itekeng na Francistown (wanda aka fi sani da 'Doublers') shine babban yankin karuwanci a cikin birni. Yawancin karuwai a cikin biranen biyu sun fito ne daga [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name="monitor" /><ref name="mmegi"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jakes |first=Stephen |date=1 April 2015 |title=Zimbabwean women blamed for rampant prostitution in Botswana, as one round costs P20 |url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-africa-byo-65382-article-zimbabwean+women+blamed+for+rampant+prostitution+in+botswana,+as+one+round+costs+p20.html |access-date=5 January 2018 |website=Bulawayo24 News}}</ref> A cikin 2013, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Botswana ta kiyasta cewa akwai ma'aikatan jima'i na Zimbabwe sama da 1,500 a cikin ƙasar, galibi a Gaborone, Francistown da Kasane, daga cikin jimlar kusan karuwanci 4,000 a cikin waɗannan yankuna uku.<ref name="review">{{Cite web |last=Dube |first=Mtokozisi |date=3 June 2014 |title=Sex workers of Gaborone go an extra mile |url=http://www.africareview.com/special-reports/Sex-workers-of-Gaborone/979182-2335948-hfmjw8/index.html |access-date=5 January 2018 |website=Africa Review |language=en-UK |archive-date=8 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308155411/http://www.africareview.com/special-reports/Sex-workers-of-Gaborone/979182-2335948-hfmjw8/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="avert">{{Cite web |title=HIV & Aids in Botswana |url=http://www.avert.org/aids-botswana.htm |access-date=15 January 2013 |publisher=AVERT International HIV & Aids Charity |archive-date=16 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116002649/http://avert.org/aids-botswana.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sex workers: Population size estimate - Number, 2016 |url=http://www.aidsinfoonline.org/gam/stock/shared/dv/PivotData_2018_7_22_636678151733621264.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404121947/http://www.aidsinfoonline.org/gam/stock/shared/dv/PivotData_2018_7_22_636678151733621264.htm |archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=21 July 2018 |website=www.aidsinfoonline.org |publisher=[[UNAIDS]]}}</ref> Kodayake ana nuna wulakanci a cikin ƙasar, karuwancin maza yana ƙaruwa a Botswana, musamman a Gaborone, Palapye, Francistown, Maun, Kasane da Kazungula.<ref name="patriot">{{Cite web |last=Mmeso |first=Phillimon |date=29 March 2015 |title=Male prostitution growing in Botswana |url=http://www.thepatriot.co.bw/lifestyle/item/846-male-prostitution-growing-in-botswana.html |access-date=5 January 2018 |website=The Patriot on Sunday |language=en-gb |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805170938/http://www.thepatriot.co.bw/lifestyle/item/846-male-prostitution-growing-in-botswana.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Yanayin Shari'a == Abubuwan da ke cikin Dokar Shari'a ta Botswana suna aikata laifuka, ko kuma ana amfani da su don aikata laifukakawa, karuwanci da ayyukan da suka danganci: <ref name="spl"/><ref name="penal">{{Cite web |title=Penal Code |url=http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/bw/bw012en.pdf |access-date=5 January 2018 |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]}}</ref> * 90. Halin kai farmaki wanda ke haifar da karya zaman lafiya * 136. Zagi ga addini na kowane aji * 149. Samun kaya * 150. Samun ƙazantar mutum ta hanyar barazana ko zamba ko ba da miyagun ƙwayoyi * 153. Tsayar da mutane don dalilai na lalata * 155. Mutumin da ke rayuwa da karuwanci ko ci gaba da neman * 156. Mutum mai taimako, da dai sauransu don riba, karuwanci * 157. Gidajen da ake amfani da su don karuwanci * 158. Gidajen karuwai * 176. Matsalar da aka saba da ita * 179. Mutanen da ba su da aiki da kuma rikici * 182. 'Yan fashi da masu yawo * 184. Yaduwar kamuwa da cuta Sashe na 57 na Dokar Yara ta 2009 ya sa ya zama laifi don sa, tilasta ko ƙarfafa yaro ya shiga karuwanci, wanda ya shafi shekaru biyu zuwa biyar a kurkuku da / ko tarar 50,000 pula ($ 4,685). Dokar Cinikin Dan Adam ta 2014 ta haramta duk wani nau'in fataucin mutane, musamman bin diddigin dokar kasa da kasa da kuma sanya shi laifi don amfani da karfi, zamba ko tilasta don manufar cin zarafi. Masu gwagwarmayar mata ciki har da Resego Kgosidintsi sun tura don halatta aikin jima'i a Botswana a matsayin hanyar rage sirri da tashin hankali ga mata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Charles |first=Thalefang |date=2020-02-10 |title=Legalise Sex Work - Kgosidintsi |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/news/legalise-sex-work-kgosidintsi/news |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=Mmegi Online |language=en}}</ref> == HIV == Botswana tana fuskantar daya daga cikin manyan annobar HIV / AIDS a duniya. Yawan yaduwar [[Kanjamau|Cutar kanjamau]] na kasa tsakanin manya masu shekaru 15 zuwa 49 shine kashi 24.8, wanda shine na uku mafi girma a duniya, bayan Lesotho da Eswatini.<ref name="avert"/> Ma'aikatan jima'i ƙungiya ce mai haɗari sosai. A cikin 2012 an ruwaito cewa ma'aikatan jima'i suna da yaduwar cutar kanjamau na 61.9% .<ref name="avert" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=HIV prevalence amongst sex workers |url=http://www.aidsinfoonline.org/gam/stock/shared/vc/vcshare.html?id=d9c0ff12-f62c-44e7-8e2c-dbe736bbea30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722130109/http://www.aidsinfoonline.org/gam/stock/shared/vc/vcshare.html?id=d9c0ff12-f62c-44e7-8e2c-dbe736bbea30 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |access-date=22 July 2018 |website=www.aidsinfoonline.org |publisher=UNAIDS}}</ref> Ma'aikatan jima'i sun ba da rahoton cewa abokan ciniki da yawa ba sa son amfani da kwaroron roba. Wasu za su biya fiye da jima'i mara kariya, wasu suna amfani da tashin hankali.<ref name="avert"/> == Cinikin jima'i == Botswana ƙasa ce ta tushe, wucewa, da kuma makoma ga mata da yara da ke fuskantar fataucin jima'i. Mazaunan Botswana da suka fi fuskantar fataucin mutane sune mata marasa aikin yi, matalauta a yankunan karkara, ma'aikatan gona, da yara. Ana iya amfani da 'yan mata da mata na Botswana a cikin karuwanci a cikin ƙasar, gami da a cikin mashaya da direbobin manyan motoci a kan manyan hanyoyi. Wasu mata na iya fuskantar fataucin mutane a cikin gida ko jigilar su daga kasashe makwabta kuma suna fuskantar cin zarafin jima'i. Yaran Zimbabwe masu ƙaura marasa takardar shaidarsa na iya zama masu saukin kamuwa da fataucin mutane a Botswana. Babu wani cikakken binciken kasa da kasa ko na cikin gida game da yanayin fataucin mutane a cikin kasar. Ofishin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka don Kulawa da Yaki da Cin Hanci da Kasuwanci a cikin Mutane ya sanya Botswana a matsayin ƙasa ta [[Rahoton Fataucin Mutane|Tier 2]]. == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Tushen == *   [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jhk83xuttlqv8hvesp3mahczv8l88to 0 107360 906053 897907 2026-08-22T08:39:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906053 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Rainforest_Fatu_Hiva.jpg|right|thumb|[[Dajin ruwan sama]] a Amazon, a cikin tsibiran Marquesas, misali ne na albarkatun ƙasa da ba a damu ba.  Daji yana ba da katako ga mutane, abinci, ruwa da matsuguni ga flora da fauna kabilu da dabbobi.  Zagayowar sinadirai tsakanin kwayoyin halitta suna samar da sarƙoƙin abinci kuma suna haɓaka nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu.]] [[Fayil:Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg|thumb|Faɗuwar Carson da ke Dutsen Kinabalu, Malaysia misali ne na albarkatun ƙasa da ba su da matsala.  Waterfalls suna ba da ruwan bazara ga mutane, dabbobi da tsirrai don rayuwa da matsugunin halittun ruwa.  Za a iya amfani da halin yanzu na ruwa don juya turbines don samar da wutar lantarki.]] [[Fayil:Ocean_waves.jpg|thumb|Teku misali ne na albarkatun kasa.  Ana iya amfani da igiyoyin ruwa don samar da wutar lantarki, tushen makamashi mai sabuntawa.  Ruwan teku yana da mahimmanci don samar da gishiri, daskarewa, da samar da wurin zama don kifayen ruwa mai zurfi.  Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu na ruwa a cikin tekun inda ake yawan zagayowar abinci mai gina jiki.]] [[Fayil:Udachnaya_pipe.JPG|thumb|Hoton bututun Udachnaya, ma'adinin lu'u-lu'u a Siberia. Misali na albarkatun halitta marasa sabuntawa.]] '''Albarkatun halitta''' albarkatun ne da aka samo daga yanayi kuma aka yi amfani da su tare da 'yan gyare-gyare. Wannan ya haɗa da tushen halaye, masu [[daraja]] ƙasar amfani da kasuwanci da [[masana'antu]], ƙimar kyawawan [[Abubuwan da ke cikin zafi na teku|abubuwa]], sha'awar kimiyya, da ƙimar al'adu. A [[Duniya]], ya haɗa da Hasken rana, [[yanayi]], [[ruwa]], ƙasa, duk ma'adanai tare da duk ciyayi, da namun daji.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-20 |title=natural resources - definition of natural resources in English |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/natural-resources |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103125106/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/natural-resources |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |access-date=2016-12-12 |publisher=Oxford Dictionaries}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-20 |title=Definition of natural resource - Student Dictionary |url=http://www.wordcentral.com/cgi-bin/student?natural+resource |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803174950/http://www.wordcentral.com/cgi-bin/student?natural+resource |archive-date=2017-08-03 |access-date=2016-12-12 |website=Wordcentral.com |quote=natural resource [...] : something (as a mineral, waterpower source, forest, or kind of animal) that is found in nature and is valuable to humans (as in providing a source of energy, recreation, or scenic beauty[.]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Natural Resources? definition and meaning |url=http://www.investorwords.com/3210/natural_resources.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102191000/http://www.investorwords.com/3210/natural_resources.html |archive-date=2019-11-02 |access-date=2016-12-12 |website=Investorwords.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural resource dictionary definition &#124; natural resource defined |url=http://www.yourdictionary.com/natural-resource |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022135036/https://www.yourdictionary.com/natural-resource |archive-date=2019-10-22 |access-date=2016-12-12 |website=Yourdictionary.com |quote=Natural-resource meaning [:] <br> An actual or potential form of wealth supplied by nature, as coal, oil, water power, timber, arable land, etc. <br> A material source of wealth, such as timber, fresh water, or a mineral deposit, that occurs in a natural state and has economic value. <br> Something, such as a forest, a mineral deposit, or fresh water, that is found in nature and is necessary or useful to humans. <br> Any source of wealth that occurs naturally, especially minerals, fossil fuels, timber, etc.}}</ref> Albarkatun kasa wani bangare ne na gadon dan'adam ko kuma an kiyaye shi a ma'adanar yanayi.  Wurare na musamman (kamar dajin da ke Fatu-Hiva) galibi suna nuna bambance-bambancen halittu da bambance-bambancen ƙasa a cikin [[mahallinsu]].  Ana iya rarraba albarkatun ƙasa ta hanyoyi,daban-daban.  Albarkatun ƙasa kayan aiki ne da abubuwan da aka haɗa (wani abu da za a iya amfani da su) da ake samu a cikin muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://med.iiab.me/kiwix/wikipedia_ha_all_maxi_2019-12/A/Tattalin_arziki |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-04 |archive-date=2025-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211093534/http://med.iiab.me/kiwix/wikipedia_ha_all_maxi_2019-12/A/Tattalin_arziki |url-status=dead }}</ref>  Kowane samfurin mutum ya ƙunshi albarkatun ƙasa (a matakin farko). Albarkatun kasa na iya kasancewa a matsayin wani keɓaɓɓen mahalli kamar ruwa mai daɗi, iska, ko duk wata halitta mai rai kamar kifi, ko kuma ana iya canza shi ta hanyar masana'antu masu tsattsauran ra'ayi zuwa wani tsari mai fa'ida na tattalin arziki wanda dole ne a sarrafa shi don samun albarkatun kamar ƙarfe, abubuwan da ba kasafai ba, man fetur, katako da mafi yawan nau'ikan makamashi. Wasu albarkatun ana sabunta su, wanda ke nufin cewa ana iya amfani da su a wani ƙayyadaddun tsari kuma hanyoyin dabi'a za su dawo da su.  Sabanin haka, yawancin masana'antu masu hakowa sun dogara kacokan akan albarkatun da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba waɗanda za a iya fitar da su sau ɗaya kawai. Rarraba albarkatun kasa na iya kasancewa tsakiyar rigimar tattalin arziki da siyasa da dama a ciki da tsakanin kasashe.  Wannan gaskiya ne musamman a lokutan ƙaranci da rashi (rashewa da yawan amfani da albarkatu). Har ila yau, hakar albarkatu shine babban tushen take haƙƙin ɗan adam da lalacewar muhalli. Manufofin ci gaba mai dorewa da sauran tsare-tsare na ci gaban kasa da kasa akai-akai suna mayar da hankali ne kan samar da karin albarkatu masu dorewa, tare da wasu masana da masu bincike sun mayar da hankali kan samar da tsarin tattalin arziki, kamar tattalin arzikin madauwari, wadanda ba su dogara da hakar albarkatu ba, da kuma sake amfani da su, sake yin amfani da su da sabunta albarkatun da za a iya sarrafa su ta hanyar dawwama. == Rabewa == Akwai ka'idoji daban-daban don rarraba albarkatun kasa. Wadannan sun hada da tushen asali, matakai na ci gaba, sabuntawa da mallaka. === Asalin === * '''Biotic:''' albarkatun da suka samo asali daga biosphere kuma suna da rayuwa kamar flora da fauna, kamun kifi, dabbobi, da dai sauransu. An haɗa [[Danyen mai|man fetur]] kamar kwal da man fetur a cikin wannan rukuni saboda an kafa su ne daga kwayoyin halitta da suka lalace. * '''Abittic:''': albarkatun da suka samo asali ne daga abubuwan da ba su da rai da kuma abubuwan da ba a gina su ba. Wadannan sun hada da ƙasar, [[ruwa]], iska, abubuwa masu wuya, da ƙarfe masu nauyi ciki har da [[Ore|ma'adanai]], kamar [[Zinare|zinariya]], baƙin ƙarfe, azurfa, da dai sauransu. === Mataki na ci gaba === * '''Abubuwan da za a iya amfani da su:''' Abubuwan da aka sani sun wanzu, amma ba a yi amfani da su ba tukuna. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan a nan gaba. Misali, [[Danyen mai|man fetur]] a cikin duwatsu masu laushi wanda, har sai an cire shi kuma an yi amfani da shi, ya kasance mai amfani. * Gaskiya albarkatun: albarkatun da aka bincika, ƙididdiga da cancanta, kuma a halin yanzu ana amfani da su a ci gaba. Wadannan yawanci sun dogara da fasaha da matakin yiwuwar su, aikin katako misali. * Reserves: Sashe na ainihin albarkatun da za a iya bunkasa da riba a nan gaba. * Stocks: albarkatun da aka bincika, amma ba za a iya amfani da su ba saboda rashin fasaha, Motocin hydrogen misali. === Sabuntawa / ƙarewa === * '''Abubuwan sabuntawa:''' Ana iya cika waɗannan albarkatun ta hanyar halitta.  Wasu daga cikin waɗannan albarkatu, kamar makamashin hasken rana, iska, iska, ruwa, da dai sauransu suna ci gaba da samun su kuma yawansu ba ya shafar amfanin ɗan adam.  Ko da yake yawancin albarkatun da za a iya sabuntawa ba su da irin wannan saurin farfadowa, waɗannan albarkatun suna da sauƙi ga lalacewa ta hanyar amfani da yawa.  An rarraba albarkatu daga hangen nesa na amfani da ɗan adam a matsayin mai sabuntawa muddin adadin sakewa/farfadowa ya wuce na ƙimar amfani.  Suna cika sauƙi idan aka kwatanta da albarkatun da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba. [[Fayil:Waters_of_the_Victoria_Nile_in_the_Murchison_Falls_National_Park.jpg|alt=Victoria Nile waters as one of Uganda's key natural resources|thumb|Ruwan White Nile River shine mahimmin albarkatun halitta ga [[Uganda]].]] * '''Abubuwan da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba:''' Wadannan albarkatun an kafa su ne a cikin dogon lokaci a cikin muhalli kuma ba za a sake sabunta su cikin sauƙi ba. Ma'adanai sune mafi yawan albarkatun da aka haɗa a cikin wannan rukuni. Daga hangen nesa na ɗan adam, albarkatun ba za a iya sabuntawa ba lokacin da yawan amfani da su ya wuce yawan sakewa / farfadowa; misali mai kyau na wannan shine man fetur na burbushin halittu, wanda ke cikin wannan rukuni saboda yawan samar da su yana da jinkiri sosai (watakila miliyoyin shekaru), ma'ana ana ɗaukar su ba za a sake sabuntawa. Wasu albarkatun halitta sun ragu a cikin adadi ba tare da tsangwama na mutum ba, mafi sanannun waɗannan abubuwa ne masu aiki na rediyo kamar uranium, wanda ke lalacewa cikin ƙarfe masu nauyi. Daga cikin wadannan, ana iya sake amfani da ma'adanai na ƙarfe ta hanyar sake amfani da su, <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 23, 2007 |title=Earth's natural wealth: an audit |url=http://www.science.org.au/nova/newscientist/027ns_005.htm?id=mg19426051.200&print=true |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720095945/http://www.science.org.au/nova/newscientist/027ns_005.htm?id=mg19426051.200&print=true |archive-date=July 20, 2008 |publisher=Science.org.au}}</ref> amma ba za a iya sake amfani le kwal da man fetur ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2010 |title=Peak Everything? |url=http://reason.com/archives/2010/04/27/peak-everything |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101131819/http://reason.com/archives/2010/04/27/peak-everything |archive-date=January 1, 2019 |access-date=May 5, 2010 |publisher=Reason.com}}</ref> === Mallaka === * Abubuwan da ke cikin mutum: Abubuwan da mutane ke mallaka. Wadannan sun hada da filaye, gidaje, shuka-shuke, [[Wurin yin Kiwo na Dabbobi|makiyaya]], tafkuna, da sauransu. * '''Albarkatun al'umma:''' Albarkatunan da ke samuwa ga dukkan mambobin al'umma. Misali: [[Maƙabarta|Kabari]] * '''Albarkatun ƙasa:''' Albarkatunan da ke cikin al'umma. Al'ummar tana da ikon doka don samun su don jin daɗin jama'a. Wadannan kuma sun hada da ma'adanai, gandun daji da namun daji a cikin iyakokin siyasa da kuma Yankin tattalin arziki na musamman. * '''Albarkatun kasa da kasa:''' Wadannan albarkatun suna sarrafawa ta kungiyoyin kasa da kasa. Misali: Ruwa na kasa da kasa. Cire albarkatu ya haɗa da duk wani aikin da ke janye albarkatu daga yanayi. Wannan na iya kasancewa a sikelin daga amfani da al'ummomin da suka gabata zuwa masana'antar duniya. Masana'antu masu fitarwa, tare da noma, tushen bangaren farko na tattalin arziki. Cirewa yana samar da albarkatun kasa, wanda aka sarrafa shi don ƙara darajar. Misalan masana'antu masu [[hakar ma'adinai]] sune [[farauta]], kamawa, hakar ma-adinai, hako mai da iskar gas, da gandun daji. Albarkatun kasa na iya zama wani bangare mai mahimmanci na dukiyar kasar; <ref>{{Cite web |title=EnviroStats: Canada's natural resource wealth at a glance |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/16-002-x/2007003/10454-eng.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106142956/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/16-002-x/2007003/10454-eng.htm |archive-date=2014-11-06 |access-date=2014-05-31 |publisher=Statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> duk da haka, shigowar kudi ta kwatsam da aka haifar da bunkasa hakar albarkatu na iya haifar da matsalolin zamantakewa ciki har da hauhawar farashi da ke cutar da wasu masana'antu ("Dutch disease") da cin hanci da rashawa, wanda ke haifar da rashin daidaito da rashin ci gaba, wannan an san shi da "la'anar albarkatu". Masana'antu masu fitarwa suna wakiltar babban aiki mai girma a kasashe masu tasowa amma dukiyar da aka samar ba koyaushe tana haifar da ci gaba mai dorewa da haɓaka ba. Mutane galibi suna zargin kasuwancin masana'antu da ke aiki ne kawai don kara darajar gajeren lokaci, yana nuna cewa ƙasashe marasa ci gaba suna da rauni ga kamfanoni masu ƙarfi. A madadin haka, sau da yawa ana zaton gwamnatocin masu karɓar bakuncin suna kara yawan kudaden shiga nan take. Masu bincike suna jayayya cewa akwai wuraren da ke da sha'awa inda burin ci gaba da kasuwanci suka haɗu. Wadannan damar da hukumomin gwamnati na kasa da kasa ke da ita don yin aiki tare da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da gwamnatocin karbar bakuncin ta hanyar gudanar da kudaden shiga da lissafin kudade, ci gaban ababen more rayuwa, samar da aiki, ƙwarewa da ci gaban kasuwanci, da kuma tasiri ga yara, musamman 'yan mata da mata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evelyn Dietsche |last2=Samantha Dodd |last3=Dan Haglund |last4=Mark Henstridge |last5=Maja Jakobsen |last6=Esméralda Sindou |last7=Caroline Slaven |title=Extractive industries, development and the role of donors - ECONOMIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR PROFESSIONAL EVIDENCE AND APPLIED KNOWLEDGE SERVICES |url=http://www.partnerplatform.org/?wwwszt4b |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205225440/https://www.partnerplatform.org/?wwwszt4b |archive-date=2017-02-05 |access-date=2016-12-12 |website=Partberplatform.org}}</ref> Ƙungiyar farar hula mai ƙarfi na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tabbatar da ingantaccen gudanar da albarkatun ƙasa. Norway na iya zama abin koyi a wannan bangaren saboda tana da cibiyoyi masu kyau da muhawara ta jama'a mai budewa da ƙarfi tare da 'yan wasan farar hula masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke ba da ingantaccen tsarin bincike da ma'auni don gudanar da masana'antu masu hawan ruwa, kamar su Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), ma'aunin duniya don kyakkyawan shugabancin mai, iskar gas da albarkatun ma'adinai. Yana neman magance mahimman batutuwan shugabanci a cikin bangarorin hawan dutse. Koyaya, a cikin ƙasashen da ba su da al'umma mai ƙarfi da haɗin kai, ma'ana akwai masu adawa waɗanda ba su da farin ciki da gwamnati kamar yadda yake a Norway, albarkatun ƙasa na iya zama ainihin dalilin ko yakin basasa ya fara da kuma tsawon lokacin da yaƙin ya kasance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lujala |first=Päivi |date=January 2010 |title=The spoils of nature: Armed civil conflict and rebel access to natural resources |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-peace-research_2010-01_47_1/page/15 |journal=Journal of Peace Research |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=15–28 |doi=10.1177/0022343309350015 |s2cid=111088968}}</ref> [[Fayil:Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg|left|thumb|Iska hanya ce ta halitta wacce za a iya amfani da ita don samar da wutar lantarki, kamar yadda yake tare da waɗannan turbines na iska na 5 MW a cikin Thorntonbank Wind Farm {{Convert|28|km|0}} km (17 daga bakin tekun [[Beljik|Belgium]].&nbsp;]] A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, [[Rashin albarkatun|raguwar albarkatun kasa]] ya zama babban abin da gwamnatoci da kungiyoyi kamar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (UN) suka mayar da hankali. Wannan ya bayyana a cikin Agenda 21 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Sashe na Biyu, wanda ya tsara matakan da suka dace ga ƙasashe su ɗauka don ci gaba da albarkatun su.<ref name="UN 2002">{{Cite web |date=12 September 2011 |title=UN 2002 Earth Summit Agenda 21 The United Nations programme for action from Rio: Section Two – Conservation and Management of Resources for Development, United Nations, Rio |url=https://www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21/res_agenda21_09.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010221701/https://www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21/res_agenda21_09.shtml |archive-date=2019-10-10 |access-date=2016-12-12 |publisher=Un.org}}</ref> Rashin albarkatun kasa ana daukar shi a matsayin batun Ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Kalmar ''Ci gaba mai ɗorewa'' tana da fassarori da yawa, musamman Hukumar Brundtland 'don tabbatar da cewa ta cika bukatun yanzu ba tare da lalata ikon tsararraki masu zuwa don biyan bukatun kansu ba'; <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2011 |title=UN 1987 'Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future' UN Documents: Gathering a body of global agreements |url=http://www.un-documents.net/ocf-02.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517002735/http://www.un-documents.net/ocf-02.htm |archive-date=2019-05-17 |access-date=2016-12-12 |publisher=Un.org}}</ref> duk da haka, a cikin cikakkun kalmomi tana daidaita bukatun mutanen duniya da jinsuna yanzu da nan gaba.<ref name="UN 2002" /> Game da albarkatun kasa, raguwa yana da damuwa ga ci gaba mai ɗorewa saboda yana da ikon lalata yanayin yanzu da kuma yiwuwar tasiri ga bukatun tsararraki masu zuwa. <ref name="Schilling" /> {{Quote box|''"The conservation of natural resources is the fundamental problem. Unless we solve that problem, it will avail us little to solve all others."''|3=[[Theodore Roosevelt]]<ref>Theodore Roosevelt, Address to the Deep Waterway Convention Memphis, TN, October 4, 1907</ref>}} Rashin albarkatun kasa yana da alaƙa da Rashin daidaito na zamantakewa. Idan aka yi la'akari da yawancin halittu masu yawa suna cikin kasashe masu tasowa, raguwar wannan albarkatun na iya haifar da asarar [[Sabis ɗin yanayin halittu|Ayyukan yanayin halittu]] ga waɗannan ƙasashe. Wasu suna kallon wannan raguwa a matsayin babban tushen rikice-rikicen zamantakewa da rikice-rikice a kasashe masu tasowa. A halin yanzu, akwai damuwa ta musamman ga yankunan gandun daji waɗanda ke riƙe da mafi yawan halittu masu yawa na Duniya. A cewar Nelson, sare daji da lalacewa sun shafi kashi 8.5% na gandun daji na duniya tare da kashi 30% na farfajiyar duniya da aka riga aka sare.<ref name="Nelson">{{Cite web |date=12 September 2011 |title=Nelson 2005 Chapter 3: Drivers of Ecosystem Change: Summary Chapter in Current State and Trends Assessment Millenium Ecosystem Assessment |url=http://www.maweb.org/documents/document.272.aspx.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014132137/http://www.maweb.org/documents/document.272.aspx.pdf |archive-date=14 October 2009 |access-date=2016-12-12}}</ref> Idan muka yi la'akari da cewa kashi 80% na mutane sun dogara da magungunan da aka samu daga tsire-tsire kuma kashi na magungunan magani na duniya suna da sinadaran da aka karɓa daga tsire'o'i, asarar gandun daji na duniya na iya haifar da asarar neman ƙarin magungunan ceton rai.   Rashin albarkatun kasa ya samo asali ne daga 'masu tuka kai tsaye na canji' <ref name="Nelson"/> kamar [[hakar ma'adinai]], hakar man fetur, kamun kifi, da gandun daji da kuma 'masu tuki na canji ba kai tsaye' kamar yawan jama'a (misali ci gaban yawan jama'aa), tattalin arziki, al'umma, siyasa, da fasaha. Ayyukan [[noma]] na yanzu wani abu ne da ke haifar da raguwar albarkatun kasa. Misali, raguwar abubuwan gina jiki a cikin ƙasa saboda yawan amfani da nitrogen <ref name="Nelson" /> da hamada. <ref name="UN 2002"/> Rashin albarkatun kasa yana ci gaba da damuwa ga al'umma. Ana ganin wannan a cikin bayanin da aka ambata wanda Theodore Roosevelt, sanannen mai kiyayewa kuma tsohon shugaban Amurka, wanda ya yi adawa da hakar albarkatun kasa ba tare da tsari ba. Ilimin halittu na kiyayewa shine binciken kimiyya game da yanayin da matsayi na bambancin halittu na Duniya tare da manufar kare jinsuna, mazauninsu, da yanayin halittu daga yawan halaka. Batun ne na fannoni daban-daban wanda ya samo asali daga kimiyya, tattalin arziki da kuma aikin kula da albarkatun kasa.<ref name="Hunter96">Hunter, M. L. (1996). Fundamentals of Conservation Biology. Blackwell Science Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts., {{ISBN|0-86542-371-7}}.</ref><ref name="Groom06">Groom, M.J., Meffe, G.K. and Carroll, C.R. (2006) Principles of Conservation Biology (3rd ed.). Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA. {{ISBN|0-87893-518-5}}</ref> An gabatar da kalmar ''ilmin halitta'' a matsayin taken taron da aka gudanar a Jami'ar California, San Diego, a La Jolla, California, a cikin 1978, wanda masana kimiyyar halitta Bruce A. Wilcox da Michael E. Soulé suka shirya. Tsaro na mazauni wani nau'in kula da ƙasa ne wanda ke neman kiyayewa, karewa da kuma dawo da wuraren zama ga tsire-tsire da [[Dabba|Dabbobi]] na daji, musamman nau'in da ke dogara da kiyayewa, da kuma hana halaka, raguwa ko raguwa a kewayon.<ref name="CDFG">{{Cite web |last=Habitat Conservation Planning Branch |title=Habitat Conservation |url=http://www.dfg.ca.gov/habcon/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026173356/http://www.dfg.ca.gov/habcon/ |archive-date=2019-10-26 |access-date=2009-04-07 |publisher=[[California Department of Fish & Game]]}}</ref> == Gudanarwa == Gudanar da albarkatun kasa wani horo ne na kula da albarkatun kasa kamar kasa, ruwa, kasa, tsirrai, da dabbobi - tare da mai da hankali musamman kan yadda gudanarwa ke shafar ingancin rayuwa na yanzu da na gaba.  Don haka, ana bin ci gaba mai ɗorewa bisa la'akari da yin amfani da albarkatun don wadata al'ummomin yanzu da na gaba.  Sana'o'in kiwon kamun kifi, dazuzzuka, da namun daji misalai ne na manya-manyan tsarin kula da albarkatun kasa. Gudanar da albarkatun kasa ya haɗa da gano wanda ke da 'yancin amfani da albarkatuna da kuma wanda ba ya bayyana iyakokin gudanarwa na albarkatun.<ref name="Kommers and Mackie">{{Cite web |title=Ostrom E cited in Kommers N and Mackie P 2005 Journalist guide to world resources 2005 World Resources Institute 1-30 |url=http://pdf.wri.org/worldresources_2005_journalist_guide.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125125144/http://pdf.wri.org/worldresources_2005_journalist_guide.pdf |archive-date=2011-11-25 |access-date=2011-09-22 |publisher=Pdf.wri.org}}</ref> Masu amfani na iya sarrafa albarkatun bisa ga ka'idojin da ke mulki lokacin da kuma yadda ake amfani da albarkatun dangane da yanayin gida ko kuma albarkatun na iya sarrafawa ta hanyar ƙungiyar gwamnati ko wata hukuma ta tsakiya. <ref name="Managing Ecosystem">{{Cite web |title=UNDP, UNEP, The World Bank and World Resources Institute – The Wealth of the Poor: Managing Ecosystems to Fight Poverty Institute 2005 Chapter 3 The board's role in governance, World Resources 2005 |url=http://www.sc.com.my/eng/html/cg/cg2011/pdf/chapter3.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725052556/http://www.sc.com.my/eng/html/cg/cg2011/pdf/chapter3.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-25 |publisher=Sc.com.my}}</ref> "... Gudanar da albarkatun kasa mai nasara ya dogara da 'yancin magana, muhawara mai ƙarfi da yawa ta hanyar tashoshin kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu da kuma jama'a masu aiki da ke cikin batutuwan albarkatun halitta..." saboda yanayin albarkatun da aka raba, mutanen da dokoki suka shafi na iya shiga cikin saitawa ko canza su. <ref name="Kommers and Mackie"/> Masu amfani suna da haƙƙin tsara nasu cibiyoyin gudanarwa da tsare-tsare a ƙarƙashin amincewar gwamnati. Hakkin albarkatun ya haɗa da ƙasa, ruwa, kamun kifi, da haƙƙin kiwo.<ref name="Managing Ecosystem"/> Masu amfani ko ɓangarorin da ke da alhakin masu amfani dole ne su sa ido sosai kuma su tabbatar da yin amfani da abubuwan da suka dace da ƙa'idodi da kuma zartar da hukunci akan mutanen da suka keta dokokin. Ana magance waɗannan rikice-rikice cikin sauri da inganci ta hanyar cibiyoyi na gida bisa ga girman da mahallin laifin Dandalin tushen kimiyyar duniya don tattaunawa akan sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa shine Dandalin Albarkatun Duniya, wanda ke a Switzerland == Dubi kuma == * Ma'adinai na Asteroid * Rashin cinikin ɗan ƙasa * Karewa (daidaitawa) * Al'adun al'adu * [[Gudanar da muhalli|Motsi na muhalli]] * Ƙasa (tattalin arziki) * Abubuwan da ke cikin wata * [[Hakar ma'adinai|Ma'adinai]] * Maganin halitta * Ƙaunar ƙasa * Ci gaba mai dorewa * Tsarin Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don albarkatu * Tsarin Gudanar da albarkatun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] e2166gshx9obuhu6o5h46mccrm2di6z 0 108367 906139 696653 2026-08-22T11:08:44Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Muhalli''' galibi yana nufin:muhalli * [[Yanayi na halitta]], yana nufin duk abubuwa masu rai da wadanda ba masu rai da ke faruwa ta halitta da abubuwan jiki da kuma na halitta tare da hulɗar sunadarai da ke shafar kwayoyin halitta ko ƙungiyar [[Kogin Cells|kwayoyin halitta]]. == Sauran yanayin jiki da al'adu == * Ilimin [[Ecology|Muhalli]], reshe na ilimin kabilanci wanda ke hulɗa da alaƙar kwayoyin da juna da kuma mahallinsu na zahiri * Muhalli (tsarin) , kewayon tsarin jiki wanda zai iya hulɗa da tsarin ta hanyar musayar taro, makamashi, ko wasu kaddarorin. * Yanayin da aka gina, wuraren da aka gina waɗanda ke ba da saitunan ayyukan ɗan adam, daga manyan wuraren da ke kewaye da jama'a zuwa wuraren sirri * Yanayin zamantakewa, al'adun da mutum yake zaune a ciki, da kuma mutane da cibiyoyin da suke hulɗa da su * Yanayin kasuwa, lokacin kasuwanci == Fasaha, nishaɗi da bugawa == * [[Mujallar muhalli|''Muhalli'' (mujallar)]] , sanannen littafin kimiyyar muhalli wanda aka kafa a 1958 * <nowiki><i id="mwHQ">Muhalli</i></nowiki> (fim na 1917) fim na Amurka na shiru na shekara ta 1917. * <nowiki><i id="mwIA">Muhalli</i></nowiki> (fim na 1922) , fim din Amurka na shiru na 1922 * <nowiki><i id="mwIw">Muhalli</i></nowiki> (fim na 1927) , fim din shiru na Australiya na 1927 * <nowiki><i id="mwJg">mahalli</i></nowiki> (jerin kundin) , jerin LPs, cassettes da CDs da ke nuna sauti na halitta * Environments (album), wani kundi na 2007 na The Future Sound of London * "Environment", waƙar Dave daga Psychodrama''Rashin hankali'' * Environments (jarida), mujallar kimiyya == A cikin lissafi == * Muhalli (ka'idar nau'in), haɗin tsakanin sunaye masu canji da nau'ikan bayanai a cikin ka'idar nau * Yanayin turawa, a cikin tura software, tsarin kwamfuta wanda aka tura shirin kwamfuta ko ɓangaren software kuma aka aiwatar da shi * Yanayin gudu, yanayin na'ura mai kama da juna wanda ke ba da sabis na software don matakai ko shirye-shirye yayin da kwamfuta ke gudana * Canjin muhalli, mai canji wanda zai iya shafar yadda hanyoyin ke nunawa akan kwamfuta == Dubi kuma == * Muhalli, falsafar muhalli, akidar, da motsi na zamantakewa game da damuwa game da kare muhalli * Cututtukan muhalli * [[Lafiyar muhalli]] * [[Kimiyyar muhalli|Kimiyya ta muhalli]] * Tarihin muhalli na Amurka * Batutuwan muhalli sune rikice-rikice a cikin aikin da aka saba da shi na yanayin halittu. {{Disambig}} 1gl2l8ybxb8mhc9ehdkplgr46eryhv2 0 109650 906001 718665 2026-08-22T05:42:20Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 906001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Haƙƙi masu mahimmanci''' sune hakkokin ɗan adam na asali waɗanda mutane ke da su a cikin al'umma mai tsari kuma sun haɗa da hakkoki da aka ba su ta hanyar doka ta halitta da kuma dokoki masu mahimmanci. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Hakki mai mahimmanci ya haɗa da haƙƙin kasancewa ɗan adam (rayuwa, 'yanci, farin ciki), maimakon haƙƙin hanyar aiwatar da wannan haƙƙin, wanda doka ta bayyana. Misali daya na hakki mai mahimmanci shine daidaito mai mahimmanci. Daidaitaccen daidaito ya shafi dai-daito na sakamako ga dukkan ƙananan rukuni a cikin al'umma gami da marasa galihu da kungiyoyi masu warewa. <ref name="EU">{{Cite journal |last=De Vos |first=Marc |date=2020 |title=The European Court of Justice and the march towards substantive equality in European Union anti-discrimination law |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1358229120927947 |journal=International Journal of Discrimination and the Law |volume=20 |pages=62–87 |doi=10.1177/1358229120927947}}</ref> Hakki masu mahimmanci sun bambanta da haƙƙin tsari, waɗanda kawai ka'idojin doka ne waɗanda kawai ke ba da umarnin yadda ya kamata a aiwatar da doka, maimakon bayyana sakamakon doka. Misali daya na haƙƙin tsari shine daidaito na dama.<ref name="EU" /> Hakkin da aka bayar a cikin al'umma ba na duniya ba ne kuma yana canzawa a tsawon lokaci, <ref> {{Cite journal |last=Theilen |first=Jens T. |date=2021 |title=The inflation of human rights: A deconstruction |journal=Leiden Journal of International Law |language=en |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=831–854 |doi=10.1017/S0922156521000297 |issn=0922-1565 |quote=It is remarkable, in particular, how consistently socio-economic human rights in the form of welfare rights have been denied the status of 'real' human rights on the basis of the anti-inflation mindset. |doi-access=free}}</ref> wanda kuma ake kira hauhawar haƙƙin ɗan adam. Sau da yawa haƙƙin ɗan adam suna da alaƙa da fassarar yammacin haƙƙin da al'adun Yahudanci-Kirista da / ko Haskakawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaheed |first=Ahmed |last2=Richter |first2=Rose Parris |date=2018-10-17 |title=Is 'Human Rights' a Western Concept? |url=https://theglobalobservatory.org/2018/10/are-human-rights-a-western-concept/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710161631/https://theglobalobservatory.org/2018/10/are-human-rights-a-western-concept/ |archive-date=10 July 2022 |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=IPI Global Observatory}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Dimokuradiyya mai mahimmanci == Manazarta == ouid067vrip9chsii7w7ub359jivjb0 906002 906001 2026-08-22T05:42:52Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 906002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Haƙƙi masu mahimmanci''' sune hakkokin ɗan adam na asali waɗanda mutane ke da su a cikin al'umma mai tsari kuma sun haɗa da haƙƙoƙi da aka ba su ta hanyar doka ta halitta da kuma dokoki masu mahimmanci. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Hakki mai mahimmanci ya haɗa da haƙƙin kasancewa ɗan adam (rayuwa, 'yanci, farin ciki), maimakon haƙƙin hanyar aiwatar da wannan haƙƙin, wanda doka ta bayyana. Misali daya na hakki mai mahimmanci shine daidaito mai mahimmanci. Daidaitaccen daidaito ya shafi dai-daito na sakamako ga dukkan ƙananan rukuni a cikin al'umma gami da marasa galihu da kungiyoyi masu warewa. <ref name="EU">{{Cite journal |last=De Vos |first=Marc |date=2020 |title=The European Court of Justice and the march towards substantive equality in European Union anti-discrimination law |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1358229120927947 |journal=International Journal of Discrimination and the Law |volume=20 |pages=62–87 |doi=10.1177/1358229120927947}}</ref> Hakki masu mahimmanci sun bambanta da haƙƙin tsari, waɗanda kawai ka'idojin doka ne waɗanda kawai ke ba da umarnin yadda ya kamata a aiwatar da doka, maimakon bayyana sakamakon doka. Misali daya na haƙƙin tsari shine daidaito na dama.<ref name="EU" /> Hakkin da aka bayar a cikin al'umma ba na duniya ba ne kuma yana canzawa a tsawon lokaci, <ref> {{Cite journal |last=Theilen |first=Jens T. |date=2021 |title=The inflation of human rights: A deconstruction |journal=Leiden Journal of International Law |language=en |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=831–854 |doi=10.1017/S0922156521000297 |issn=0922-1565 |quote=It is remarkable, in particular, how consistently socio-economic human rights in the form of welfare rights have been denied the status of 'real' human rights on the basis of the anti-inflation mindset. |doi-access=free}}</ref> wanda kuma ake kira hauhawar haƙƙin ɗan adam. Sau da yawa haƙƙin ɗan adam suna da alaƙa da fassarar yammacin haƙƙin da al'adun Yahudanci-Kirista da / ko Haskakawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaheed |first=Ahmed |last2=Richter |first2=Rose Parris |date=2018-10-17 |title=Is 'Human Rights' a Western Concept? |url=https://theglobalobservatory.org/2018/10/are-human-rights-a-western-concept/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710161631/https://theglobalobservatory.org/2018/10/are-human-rights-a-western-concept/ |archive-date=10 July 2022 |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=IPI Global Observatory}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Dimokuradiyya mai mahimmanci == Manazarta == 5baqyztene6pdxt6ugqmo78vpaopeee 906003 906002 2026-08-22T05:43:06Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 906003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Haƙƙi masu mahimmanci''' sune hakkokin ɗan adam na asali waɗanda mutane ke da su a cikin al'umma mai tsari kuma sun haɗa da haƙƙoƙi da aka ba su ta hanyar doka ta halitta da kuma dokoki masu mahimmanci. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Hakki mai mahimmanci ya haɗa da haƙƙin kasancewa ɗan adam (rayuwa, 'yanci, farin ciki), maimakon haƙƙin hanyar aiwatar da wannan haƙƙin, wanda doka ta bayyana. Misali daya na hakki mai mahimmanci shine daidaito mai mahimmanci. Daidaitaccen daidaito ya shafi dai-daito na sakamako ga dukkan ƙananan rukuni a cikin al'umma gami da marasa galihu da kungiyoyi masu warewa. <ref name="EU">{{Cite journal |last=De Vos |first=Marc |date=2020 |title=The European Court of Justice and the march towards substantive equality in European Union anti-discrimination law |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1358229120927947 |journal=International Journal of Discrimination and the Law |volume=20 |pages=62–87 |doi=10.1177/1358229120927947}}</ref> Hakki masu mahimmanci sun bambanta da haƙƙin tsari, waɗanda kawai ka'idojin doka ne waɗanda kawai ke ba da umarnin yadda ya kamata a aiwatar da doka, maimakon bayyana sakamakon doka. Misali daya na haƙƙin tsari shine daidaito na dama.<ref name="EU" /> Haƙƙin da aka bayar a cikin al'umma ba na duniya ba ne kuma yana canzawa a tsawon lokaci, <ref> {{Cite journal |last=Theilen |first=Jens T. |date=2021 |title=The inflation of human rights: A deconstruction |journal=Leiden Journal of International Law |language=en |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=831–854 |doi=10.1017/S0922156521000297 |issn=0922-1565 |quote=It is remarkable, in particular, how consistently socio-economic human rights in the form of welfare rights have been denied the status of 'real' human rights on the basis of the anti-inflation mindset. |doi-access=free}}</ref> wanda kuma ake kira hauhawar haƙƙin ɗan adam. Sau da yawa haƙƙin ɗan adam suna da alaƙa da fassarar yammacin haƙƙin da al'adun Yahudanci-Kirista da / ko Haskakawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaheed |first=Ahmed |last2=Richter |first2=Rose Parris |date=2018-10-17 |title=Is 'Human Rights' a Western Concept? |url=https://theglobalobservatory.org/2018/10/are-human-rights-a-western-concept/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710161631/https://theglobalobservatory.org/2018/10/are-human-rights-a-western-concept/ |archive-date=10 July 2022 |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=IPI Global Observatory}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Dimokuradiyya mai mahimmanci == Manazarta == 6cer5k6bm63wzq4buatbugfhartelt4 906004 906003 2026-08-22T05:43:27Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 906004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Haƙƙi masu mahimmanci''' sune hakkokin ɗan adam na asali waɗanda mutane ke da su a cikin al'umma mai tsari kuma sun haɗa da haƙƙoƙi da aka ba su ta hanyar doka ta halitta da kuma dokoki masu mahimmanci. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Hakki mai mahimmanci ya haɗa da haƙƙin kasancewa ɗan adam (rayuwa, 'yanci, farin ciki), maimakon haƙƙin hanyar aiwatar da wannan haƙƙin, wanda doka ta bayyana. Misali daya na hakki mai mahimmanci shine daidaito mai mahimmanci. Daidaitaccen daidaito ya shafi dai-daito na sakamako ga dukkan ƙananan rukuni a cikin al'umma gami da marasa galihu da ƙungiyoyin masu warewa. <ref name="EU">{{Cite journal |last=De Vos |first=Marc |date=2020 |title=The European Court of Justice and the march towards substantive equality in European Union anti-discrimination law |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1358229120927947 |journal=International Journal of Discrimination and the Law |volume=20 |pages=62–87 |doi=10.1177/1358229120927947}}</ref> Hakki masu mahimmanci sun bambanta da haƙƙin tsari, waɗanda kawai ka'idojin doka ne waɗanda kawai ke ba da umarnin yadda ya kamata a aiwatar da doka, maimakon bayyana sakamakon doka. Misali daya na haƙƙin tsari shine daidaito na dama.<ref name="EU" /> Haƙƙin da aka bayar a cikin al'umma ba na duniya ba ne kuma yana canzawa a tsawon lokaci, <ref> {{Cite journal |last=Theilen |first=Jens T. |date=2021 |title=The inflation of human rights: A deconstruction |journal=Leiden Journal of International Law |language=en |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=831–854 |doi=10.1017/S0922156521000297 |issn=0922-1565 |quote=It is remarkable, in particular, how consistently socio-economic human rights in the form of welfare rights have been denied the status of 'real' human rights on the basis of the anti-inflation mindset. |doi-access=free}}</ref> wanda kuma ake kira hauhawar haƙƙin ɗan adam. Sau da yawa haƙƙin ɗan adam suna da alaƙa da fassarar yammacin haƙƙin da al'adun Yahudanci-Kirista da / ko Haskakawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaheed |first=Ahmed |last2=Richter |first2=Rose Parris |date=2018-10-17 |title=Is 'Human Rights' a Western Concept? |url=https://theglobalobservatory.org/2018/10/are-human-rights-a-western-concept/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710161631/https://theglobalobservatory.org/2018/10/are-human-rights-a-western-concept/ |archive-date=10 July 2022 |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=IPI Global Observatory}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Dimokuradiyya mai mahimmanci == Manazarta == fu7djzifj31ogg1a338lexprcsp2xlr 0 109922 906166 687351 2026-08-22T11:21:37Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ilimin yanayin muhalli''' fanni ne na kimiyya da yawa da ke da alaƙa da nazarin illolin da ke tattare da nau'ikan sinadarai, ƙwayoyin halitta da na zahiri akan rayayyun halittu.<ref>About the MET Program". Department of Biological Sciences - Simon Fraser University</ref> Ecotoxicology wani yanki ne na ilimin kimiyyar muhalli wanda ya shafi nazarin illolin masu sa maye a yawan jama'a da matakan muhalli. Ana kuma ɗaukar Rachel Carson a matsayin mahaifiyar ilimin kimiyyar muhalli, yayin da ta mai da shi wani fanni na musamman a cikin toxicology a cikin 1962 tare da buga littafinta na Silent Spring, wanda ya rufe tasirin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari. Littafin Carson ya dogara da yawa akan jerin rahotannin Lucille Farrier Stickel akan illolin muhalli na DDT mai kashe qwari.<ref>Lucille Farrier Stickel: Research Pioneer". National Wildlife Refuge System. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. March 7, 2014. Retrieved August 24, 2015.</ref> Za a iya fallasa kwayoyin halitta ga nau'ikan abubuwan maye a kowane mataki na rayuwa, wasu daga cikinsu sun fi wasu hankali. Har ila yau guba na iya bambanta tare da sanya kwayoyin halitta a cikin gidan yanar gizon abinci. Bioaccumulation yana faruwa ne lokacin da kwayoyin halitta ke adana abubuwan maye a cikin kyallen takarda, wanda a ƙarshe zai iya kafa kaske na trophic da biomagnification na takamaiman abubuwan maye. Biodegradation yana fitar da carbon dioxide da ruwa a matsayin abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli. Wannan tsari yawanci yana iyakance ne a wuraren da abubuwan da ke damun muhalli suka shafa. Mummunan illolin irin waɗannan sinadarai da ƙwayoyin halitta kamar su masu guba daga gurɓatattun abubuwa, magungunan kashe qwari, magungunan kashe qwari, da takin zamani na iya shafar kwayoyin halitta da al’ummarta ta hanyar rage bambancin nau’insa da yalwar su. Irin waɗannan canje-canjen a cikin haɓakar yawan jama'a suna shafar yanayin muhalli ta hanyar rage yawan aiki da kwanciyar hankali. A kowane mataki, waɗannan gubar na iya haifar da mummunar illa ga lafiyar jiki kamar rashin lafiyar jiki, ciwon ciki da gudawa, da mutuwa.<ref>Natural toxins in food". www.who.int. Retrieved 2025-02-07.</ref> Kodayake dokokin da aka aiwatar tun farkon shekarun 1970 sun yi niyya don rage cutar da abubuwan maye gurbi a kan kowane nau'in, McCarty (2013) ya yi gargadin cewa "ƙaddarar da aka daɗe a cikin aiwatar da ƙirar ra'ayi mai sauƙi wanda shine tushen ka'idojin gwajin guba na ruwa na yanzu" na iya haifar da haɗarin muhalli mai zuwa "shekarun duhu". Manufofin gudanarwa game da gubar muhalli == Manufofin Amurka == Don kare muhalli, an rubuta Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Kasa (NEPA). Babban abin da NEPA ta fito fili shi ne, “tana ba da tabbacin cewa dukkan sassan gwamnati suna ba da la’akari da yanayin da ya dace kafin aiwatar da wasu manyan ayyuka na tarayya da suka shafi muhalli sosai.” An zartar da wannan doka a shekarar 1970 kuma ta kafa Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ). Muhimmancin CEQ shi ne cewa ya taimaka kara tura yankunan manufofin. CEQ ta ƙirƙiri shirye-shiryen muhalli da suka haɗa da Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa ta Tarayya, Dokar Kula da Abun Mai Guba, Dokar Kare Albarkatu da Farfaɗowa (RCRA da Safe). CEQ yana da mahimmanci wajen ƙirƙirar tushe ga yawancin "dokokin muhalli na yanzu ban da Superfund da dokokin sarrafa asbestos." Wasu illolin farko na NEPA sun shafi fassarar cikin Kotuna. Ba wai kawai Kotuna ta fassara NEPA don faɗaɗa tasirin muhalli kai tsaye daga kowane ayyuka, musamman na tarayya ba, har ma da ayyukan kai tsaye daga ayyukan tarayya.<ref>1988 Article on NEPA: Past, Present, and Future". 1988-article-nepa-past-present-and-future.html. Retrieved 2019-03-03</ref> === Dokar Kula da Abu Mai Guba === TSCA, wanda kuma aka sani da Dokar Kula da Abubuwan Guba, wata doka ce ta tarayya wacce ke tsara sinadarai na masana'antu waɗanda ke da yuwuwar cutar da mutane da muhalli. TSCA na musamman ya yi niyya "ƙira, shigo da kaya, ajiya, amfani, zubarwa, da lalata sinadarai a cikin amfani da kasuwanci." EPA ta ba da izinin yin haka: "1. Gwajin gwajin farko na sinadarai don ƙayyade lafiyar lafiya ko haɗarin muhalli 2. Binciken sunadarai don babban haɗari kafin fara samar da kasuwanci 3. Ƙuntatawa ko haramtawa a kan wasu masana'antun sarrafa kayan aiki ko fitarwa 4. shiga ko barin Amurka." === Dokar Tsabtace Iska === An taimaka wa Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Sama ta hanyar sanya hannu kan gyare-gyaren 1990. Waɗannan gyare-gyaren sun kare rage acid, Layer ozone, inganta ingancin iska da gurɓata mai guba. An sake sake fasalin Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Sama kuma tare da goyon bayan Shugaba George H.W Bush, an sanya hannu a ciki. Babban manyan barazanar da wannan aikin ya yi niyya shine: gurɓataccen iska na birane, iskar gas mai guba, sararin samaniyar ozone, ruwan sama na acid da sauransu. Baya ga yin niyya ga waɗannan takamaiman wurare, ya kuma kafa wata ƙasa mai aiki da "ba da izinin shirin yin doka mafi aiki, da ƙarfafa tilasta aiwatarwa don taimakawa wajen tabbatar da ingantaccen bin doka."<ref>Overview of the Clean Air Act and Air Poullution". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 27 February 2015.</ref> == Manazarta == l1elyxr5d27x7dvg3hjg73l2wtcvb9y 906167 906166 2026-08-22T11:22:59Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ilimin yanayin muhalli''' fanni ne na kimiyya da yawa da ke da alaƙa da nazarin illolin da ke tattare da nau'ikan sinadarai, ƙwayoyin halitta da na zahiri akan rayayyun halittu.<ref>About the MET Program". Department of Biological Sciences - Simon Fraser University</ref> Ecotoxicology wani yanki ne na ilimin kimiyyar muhalli wanda ya shafi nazarin illolin masu sa maye a yawan jama'a da matakan muhalli. Ana kuma ɗaukar Rachel Carson a matsayin mahaifiyar ilimin kimiyyar muhalli, yayin da ta mai da shi wani fanni na musamman a cikin toxicology a cikin 1962 tare da buga littafinta na Silent Spring, wanda ya rufe tasirin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari. Littafin Carson ya dogara da yawa akan jerin rahotannin Lucille Farrier Stickel akan illolin muhalli na DDT mai kashe qwari.<ref>Lucille Farrier Stickel: Research Pioneer". National Wildlife Refuge System. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. March 7, 2014. Retrieved August 24, 2015.</ref> Za a iya fallasa kwayoyin halitta ga nau'ikan abubuwan maye a kowane mataki na rayuwa, wasu daga cikinsu sun fi wasu hankali. Har ila yau guba na iya bambanta tare da sanya kwayoyin halitta a cikin gidan yanar gizon abinci. Bioaccumulation yana faruwa ne lokacin da kwayoyin halitta ke adana abubuwan maye a cikin kyallen takarda, wanda kuma a ƙarshe zai iya kafa kaske na trophic da biomagnification na takamaiman abubuwan maye. Biodegradation yana fitar da carbon dioxide da ruwa a matsayin abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli. Wannan tsari yawanci yana iyakance ne a wuraren da abubuwan da ke damun muhalli suka shafa. Mummunan illolin irin waɗannan sinadarai da ƙwayoyin halitta kamar su masu guba daga gurɓatattun abubuwa, magungunan kashe qwari, magungunan kashe qwari, da takin zamani na iya shafar kwayoyin halitta da al’ummarta ta hanyar rage bambancin nau’insa da yalwar su. Irin waɗannan canje-canjen a cikin haɓakar yawan jama'a suna shafar yanayin muhalli ta hanyar rage yawan aiki da kwanciyar hankali. A kowane mataki, waɗannan gubar na iya haifar da mummunar illa ga lafiyar jiki kamar rashin lafiyar jiki, ciwon ciki da gudawa, da mutuwa.<ref>Natural toxins in food". www.who.int. Retrieved 2025-02-07.</ref> Kodayake dokokin da aka aiwatar tun farkon shekarun 1970 sun yi niyya don rage cutar da abubuwan maye gurbi a kan kowane nau'in, McCarty (2013) ya yi gargadin cewa "ƙaddarar da aka daɗe a cikin aiwatar da ƙirar ra'ayi mai sauƙi wanda shine tushen ka'idojin gwajin guba na ruwa na yanzu" na iya haifar da haɗarin muhalli mai zuwa "shekarun duhu". Manufofin gudanarwa game da gubar muhalli == Manufofin Amurka == Don kare muhalli, an rubuta Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Kasa (NEPA). Babban abin da NEPA ta fito fili shi ne, “tana ba da tabbacin cewa dukkan sassan gwamnati suna ba da la’akari da yanayin da ya dace kafin aiwatar da wasu manyan ayyuka na tarayya da suka shafi muhalli sosai.” An zartar da wannan doka a shekarar 1970 kuma ta kafa Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ). Muhimmancin CEQ shi ne cewa ya taimaka kara tura yankunan manufofin. CEQ ta ƙirƙiri shirye-shiryen muhalli da suka haɗa da Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa ta Tarayya, Dokar Kula da Abun Mai Guba, Dokar Kare Albarkatu da Farfaɗowa (RCRA da Safe). CEQ yana da mahimmanci wajen ƙirƙirar tushe ga yawancin "dokokin muhalli na yanzu ban da Superfund da dokokin sarrafa asbestos." Wasu illolin farko na NEPA sun shafi fassarar cikin Kotuna. Ba wai kawai Kotuna ta fassara NEPA don faɗaɗa tasirin muhalli kai tsaye daga kowane ayyuka, musamman na tarayya ba, har ma da ayyukan kai tsaye daga ayyukan tarayya.<ref>1988 Article on NEPA: Past, Present, and Future". 1988-article-nepa-past-present-and-future.html. Retrieved 2019-03-03</ref> === Dokar Kula da Abu Mai Guba === TSCA, wanda kuma aka sani da Dokar Kula da Abubuwan Guba, wata doka ce ta tarayya wacce ke tsara sinadarai na masana'antu waɗanda ke da yuwuwar cutar da mutane da muhalli. TSCA na musamman ya yi niyya "ƙira, shigo da kaya, ajiya, amfani, zubarwa, da lalata sinadarai a cikin amfani da kasuwanci." EPA ta ba da izinin yin haka: "1. Gwajin gwajin farko na sinadarai don ƙayyade lafiyar lafiya ko haɗarin muhalli 2. Binciken sunadarai don babban haɗari kafin fara samar da kasuwanci 3. Ƙuntatawa ko haramtawa a kan wasu masana'antun sarrafa kayan aiki ko fitarwa 4. shiga ko barin Amurka." === Dokar Tsabtace Iska === An taimaka wa Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Sama ta hanyar sanya hannu kan gyare-gyaren 1990. Waɗannan gyare-gyaren sun kare rage acid, Layer ozone, inganta ingancin iska da gurɓata mai guba. An sake sake fasalin Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Sama kuma tare da goyon bayan Shugaba George H.W Bush, an sanya hannu a ciki. Babban manyan barazanar da wannan aikin ya yi niyya shine: gurɓataccen iska na birane, iskar gas mai guba, sararin samaniyar ozone, ruwan sama na acid da sauransu. Baya ga yin niyya ga waɗannan takamaiman wurare, ya kuma kafa wata ƙasa mai aiki da "ba da izinin shirin yin doka mafi aiki, da ƙarfafa tilasta aiwatarwa don taimakawa wajen tabbatar da ingantaccen bin doka."<ref>Overview of the Clean Air Act and Air Poullution". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 27 February 2015.</ref> == Manazarta == iib64iredhtlddvic7mmr9j2fdy6cc4 906168 906167 2026-08-22T11:23:45Z Sani Abdullahi M 27364 906168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ilimin yanayin muhalli''' fanni ne na kimiyya da yawa da ke da alaƙa da nazarin illolin da ke tattare da nau'ikan sinadarai, ƙwayoyin halitta da na zahiri akan rayayyun halittu.<ref>About the MET Program". Department of Biological Sciences - Simon Fraser University</ref> Ecotoxicology wani yanki ne na ilimin kimiyyar muhalli wanda ya shafi nazarin illolin masu sa maye a yawan jama'a da matakan muhalli. Ana kuma ɗaukar Rachel Carson a matsayin mahaifiyar ilimin kimiyyar muhalli, yayin da ta mai da shi wani fanni na musamman a cikin toxicology a cikin 1962 tare da buga littafinta na Silent Spring, wanda ya rufe tasirin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari. Littafin Carson ya dogara da yawa akan jerin rahotannin Lucille Farrier Stickel akan illolin muhalli na DDT mai kashe qwari.<ref>Lucille Farrier Stickel: Research Pioneer". National Wildlife Refuge System. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. March 7, 2014. Retrieved August 24, 2015.</ref> Za a iya fallasa kwayoyin halitta ga nau'ikan abubuwan maye a kowane mataki na rayuwa, wasu daga cikinsu sun fi wasu hankali. Har ila yau guba na iya bambanta tare da sanya kwayoyin halitta a cikin gidan yanar gizon abinci. Bioaccumulation yana faruwa ne lokacin da kwayoyin halitta ke adana abubuwan maye a cikin kyallen takarda, wanda kuma a ƙarshe zai iya kafa kaske na trophic da biomagnification na takamaiman abubuwan maye. Biodegradation yana fitar da carbon dioxide da ruwa a matsayin abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli. Wannan tsari yawanci yana iyakance ne a wuraren da abubuwan da ke damun muhalli suka shafa. Mummunan illolin irin waɗannan sinadarai da ƙwayoyin halitta kamar su masu guba daga gurɓatattun abubuwa, magungunan kashe qwari, magungunan kashe qwari, da takin zamani na iya shafar kwayoyin halitta da al’ummarta ta hanyar rage bambancin nau’insa da yalwar su. Irin waɗannan canje-canjen a cikin haɓakar yawan jama'a suna shafar yanayin muhalli ta hanyar rage yawan aiki da kwanciyar hankali. A kowane mataki, waɗannan gubar na iya haifar da mummunar illa ga lafiyar jiki kamar rashin lafiyar jiki, ciwon ciki da gudawa, da mutuwa.<ref>Natural toxins in food". www.who.int. Retrieved 2025-02-07.</ref> Kodayake dokokin da aka aiwatar tun farkon shekarun 1970 sun yi niyya don rage cutar da abubuwan maye gurbi a kan kowane nau'in, McCarty (2013) ya yi gargadin cewa "ƙaddarar da aka daɗe a cikin aiwatar da ƙirar ra'ayi mai sauƙi wanda shine tushen ka'idojin gwajin guba na ruwa na yanzu" na iya haifar da haɗarin muhalli mai zuwa "shekarun duhu". Manufofin gudanarwa game da gubar muhalli == Manufofin Amurka == Don kare muhalli, an rubuta Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Kasa (NEPA). Babban abin da NEPA ta fito fili shi ne, “tana ba da tabbacin cewa dukkan sassan gwamnati suna ba da la’akari da yanayin da ya dace kafin aiwatar da wasu manyan ayyuka na tarayya da suka shafi muhalli sosai.” An zartar da wannan doka a shekarar 1970 kuma ta kafa Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ). Muhimmancin CEQ shi ne cewa ya taimaka kara tura yankunan manufofin. CEQ ta ƙirƙiri shirye-shiryen muhalli da suka haɗa da Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa ta Tarayya, Dokar Kula da Abun Mai Guba, Dokar Kare Albarkatu da Farfaɗowa (RCRA da Safe). CEQ yana da mahimmanci wajen ƙirƙirar tushe ga yawancin "dokokin muhalli na yanzu ban da Superfund da dokokin sarrafa asbestos." Wasu illolin farko na NEPA sun shafi fassarar cikin Kotuna. Ba wai kawai Kotuna ta fassara NEPA don faɗaɗa tasirin muhalli kai tsaye daga kowane ayyuka, musamman na tarayya ba, har ma da ayyukan kai tsaye daga ayyukan tarayya.<ref>1988 Article on NEPA: Past, Present, and Future". 1988-article-nepa-past-present-and-future.html. Retrieved 2019-03-03</ref> === Dokar Kula da Abu Mai Guba === TSCA, wanda kuma aka sani da Dokar Kula da Abubuwan Guba, wata doka ce ta tarayya wacce ke tsara sinadarai na masana'antu waɗanda ke da yuwuwar cutar da mutane da muhalli. TSCA na musamman ya yi niyya "ƙira, shigo da kaya, ajiya, amfani, zubarwa, da lalata sinadarai a cikin amfani da kasuwanci." EPA ta ba da izinin yin haka: "1. Gwajin gwajin farko na sinadarai don ƙayyade lafiyar lafiya ko haɗarin muhalli 2. Binciken sunadarai don babban haɗari kafin fara samar da kasuwanci 3. Ƙuntatawa ko haramtawa a kan wasu masana'antun sarrafa kayan aiki ko fitarwa 4. shiga ko barin Amurka." === Dokar Tsabtace Iska === An kuma taimaka wa Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Sama ta hanyar sanya hannu kan gyare-gyaren shekarar 1990. Waɗannan gyare-gyaren sun kare rage acid, Layer ozone, inganta ingancin iska da gurɓata mai guba. An sake sake fasalin Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Sama kuma tare da goyon bayan Shugaba George H.W Bush, an sanya hannu a ciki. Babban manyan barazanar da wannan aikin ya yi niyya shine: gurɓataccen iska na birane, iskar gas mai guba, sararin samaniyar ozone, ruwan sama na acid da sauransu. Baya ga yin niyya ga waɗannan takamaiman wurare, ya kuma kafa wata ƙasa mai aiki da "ba da izinin shirin yin doka mafi aiki, da ƙarfafa tilasta aiwatarwa don taimakawa wajen tabbatar da ingantaccen bin doka."<ref>Overview of the Clean Air Act and Air Poullution". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 27 February 2015.</ref> == Manazarta == 5v44aq5uk5p7xc2bl9obu6w6ogwy463 0 111159 906007 718669 2026-08-22T05:45:15Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 906007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Waɗan nan Bayanai da ke biyowa a fitar dasu a matsayin bayyani da gabatarwa dan gane da haƙƙoƙi: '''[[Haƙƙoƙi|Hakki]]''' - ka'idojin Al-adu, daban-daban ana kuma fassara su a matsayin [[Ƴancin siyasa|'yanci]] na doka, zamantakewa, ko' ƴanci ko kyakkyawar ɗabi'a ko haƙƙoƙi. == Bambance-bambance na ra'ayi == * [[Haƙƙoƙin Asali da haƙƙin shari'a|Hakkin halitta da na shari'a]] ** Dokar halitta ** Dokar da ta dace ** [[Hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|'Yancin Jama'a]] *** Yarjejeniyar Jama'a * [[Haƙƙin Da'awa da yanci|Hakkin da'awar da' yanci]] ** Da'awar ** Bayani mai kyau ** [['yanci|'Yanci' yanci]] ** [[Ƴancin siyasa|'Yanci' yanci]] * [[Haƙoƙi Masu Kyau da Marasa Kyau|Hakki mara kyau da kuma mai kyau]] * [[Haƙƙoƙin Ƙungiya Da Ɗaiɗaikun Mutane|Hakkin mutum]] * [[Haƙƙoƙin Ƙungiya Da Ɗaiɗaikun Mutane|Hakkin rukuni]] == Sauran kashe-kashe == * [[Ƴancin Dan adam zuwa gida uku|Ƙarnuka uku na haƙƙin ɗan adam]] * [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|'Yancin jama'a da na siyasa]] da' yancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu[[Hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu]] == Ta hanyar mai da'awar == * Hakkin dabbobi * [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|'Yancin Dan Adam]] ** [[Kungiyar kare hakkin maza|'Yancin maza]] *** [[Yunkurin kare hakkin iyaye|Hakkin Iyaye]] ** [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|'Yancin mata]] *** [['Yancin Iyaye Mata|Hakkin iyaye mata]] ** [[Haƙƙoƙin yara|Hakkin yara]] *** Jerin batutuwan haƙƙin yara ** [['Yancin Matasa|Hakkin matasa]] *** Jerin batutuwan kare hakkin matasa ** [[Hakkin jarirai|Hakkin tayin]] ** [['Yancin dalibai|Hakkin dalibai]] ** [[Haƙƙoƙin yan asalin ƙasa|Hakkin 'yan asalin ƙasar]] ** [[Hakkokin 'yan tsiraru|Hakkin 'yan tsiraru]] ** [[Hakkokin LGBT ta ƙasa ko yanki|Hakkin LGBT]] == Hakkoki na musamman == * Hakkin mallakar ilimi ** Hakkin marubuta ** Hakkin mallaka ** Hakkin ƙirar masana'antu ** Hakkin haƙƙin mallaka ** Alamun kasuwanci * [[Haƙƙin mallakar ƙasa|Hakkin dukiya]] == Sauran nau'ikan == * [[Haƙƙoƙin Dijital|Hakkin dijital]] (yancin amfani da albarkatun dijital) * [[Hakkokin Ma'aikata|Hakkin aiki]] * [[Hakkokin mutane na harshe|Hakkin harshe]] * [[Haƙƙin haifuwa|Hakkin haifuwa]] * [[Haƙƙin Riƙe da Ɗaukar Makamai|Hakkin makamai]] * [[Fafutukar haƙƙin naƙasasu|Hakkin nakasassu]] * Hakkin aure * [[Hakkokin fursunoni|'Yancin fursunoni]] ** Fursunonin yaƙi * [[Haƙƙin rayuwa|Hakkin rayuwa]] * [[Ƴancin mutuwa|Hakkin mutuwa]] * [[Divine right of kings|Hakkin Allah na Sarakuna]] * Hakkin da ba a lissafa ba * [[Daidaito a Fuskar Doka|Hakki daidai]]<nowiki/>to * Hakki na asali * Hakkin jefa kuri'a ** Hakkin baƙi na jefa kuri'a ** Hakkin 'yan kasashen waje su jefa kuri'a a ƙasarsu ta asali * [[Ƴancin siyasa|'Yanci na siyasa]] ** [[Yancin taro|'Yanci na taro]] ** [[Ƴancin yin Tarayya|'Yanci na tarayya]] ** [['Yanci na motsi]] ** [['Yancin addini|'Yanci na addini]] ** [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'Yanci na magana]] ** [[Hakkin samun 'yan jarida kyauta|'Yanci na' yan jarida]] ** [[Yancin Tunani|'Yanci na tunani]] ** 'Yanci daga bincike da kwace-kwace mara ma'ana, wanda ke da alaƙa da' yancin sirri ** Zaɓuɓɓuka ** [['Yanci na ilimi|'Yanci na kimiyya]] ** [['Yanci na ilimi]] ** [[Habeas corpus]] * Dokar kasa da kasa ** [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya]] ** Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya ** Dokokin yaƙi * Ta hanyar addini Manusmṛti Confucianism Alkur'ani Dokoki Goma Bushido Juche ** Manusmṛti ** [[Konfushiyanci|Addinin Confucian]] ** [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] ** [[Dokokin nan goma|Dokoki Goma]] ** Bushido ** Juche [[Tarihin 'yancin ɗan adam]] * [[Zamanin Haskakawa|Zamanin wayar da kai]] * [[Yarjejeniyar haƙƙin muhalli|Muhimman takardun haƙƙoƙi]] ** Rarrabawar jinsi ko Jima'i Rarraba ta mata Rarraba da Musulunci *** [[Zaɓen Mata|Hakkin mata na jefa kuri'a]] *** Rarraba jima'i da Musulunci ** [[Rarraba launin fata]] *** Rarraba launin fata a Amurka **** [[Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Yunkurin 'Yancin Bil'adama]] **** [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka]] ** Rarraba addinai ** Rarrabawar zama == Abubuwan da suka danganci == === Motsi === * Yunkurin 'yancin dabbobi * Yunkurin kare hakkin masu kulawa * [[Kungiyar kare hakkin yara|Yunkurin kare hakkin yara]] * [[Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Yunkurin 'Yancin Bil'adama]] * [[Fafutukar haƙƙin naƙasasu|Yunkurin kare hakkin nakasassu]] * Yunkurin zamantakewar LGBT * [[Yunkurin kare hakkin iyaye]] * [[Ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin iyaye|Yunkurin kare hakkin iyaye]] * [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|Yunkurin kare hakkin mata]] === Laifukan da aka yi wa bil'adama === Laifin da aka yi wa bil'adama * Laifin wariyar launin fata * [[Kisan kiyashi]] * [[Bauta|Bautar]] * [[Gallazawa|Azabtarwa]] * [[Laifin Yaƙi|Laifukan yaki]] == Shahararrun mutane == === Jerin === * [[Jerin shugabannin kare hakkin bil'adama]] * Jerin masu fafutukar kare hakkin nakasassu * Jerin masu fafutukar kare hakkin LGBT * Jerin masu adawa da bautar * Jerin masu goyon bayan mata da mata * Jerin masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata === Kowane mutum === * [[Abraham Lincoln|Ibrahim Lincoln]] * Andrei Sakharov * Coretta Scott King * [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] * Elie Wiesel * [[Jimmy Carter]] * Margaret Sanger * [[Martin Luther King|Martin Luther King Jr.]] * [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mohandas Gandhi]] * Mikhail Gorbachev * [[Nelson Mandela]] * Raoul Wallenberg * [[Steve Biko|Stephen Biko]] * [[John Locke]] * [[Confucius]] * [[Voltaire]] * Montesquieu * Jean-Jacques Rousseau * Thomas Paine * John Calvin ** Calvinism *** Abubuwa Biyar na Calvinism == Domin karin bayani ==   * Da'a ** Bayani game da ɗabi'a * [[Gwamnati]] * [[Doka|Dokar]] ** Tsarin doka * [[Kimiyyar siyasa|Kimiyya ta Siyasa]] * [['Yancin Mutum]] [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1fdlqfk35lr04ipcc2fdprqsxbqd05k 0 111183 905707 835111 2026-08-21T16:27:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox occupation|employment_field=Science, technology, engineering, industry, computer, exploration|type=Engineering|official_names=Computer engineer|competencies=Technical knowledge, hardware design, software design|specialty=Hardware engineering, software engineering, software programming, robotics, networking|activity_sector=Information technology, technology industry, engineering industry}}Injiniyancin Computq Injiniyacin Lantarki Injiniyancin Iloktironik Ilimin sanin kwamfuta Kirkiran Soptwe Hanyar sadar da alakar wamfuta '''[[Injinia.|injiniya]] kwamfuta''' ('''CE''', '''CoE''', '''CpE''', ko '''CompE''') reshe ne na injiniya wanda ke da ƙwarewa wajen haɓaka kayan aikin kwamfuta da [[Software|sobtwe]].{{Efn|Before the era of computers, C.E. could also mean "[[Chartered (professional)|Chartered]] Engineer"; "inst. CE" would have meant "[[Institution of Civil Engineers]]".}}<ref>{{Cite book|last3=IEEE Computer Society|last2=Association for Computing Machinery}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last3=IEEE Computer Society|last2=Association for Computing Machinery}}</ref> Ya haɗa fannoni da yawa na Injiniyan lantarki, injiniyan lantarki da kimiyyar kwamfuta. Ana iya kiran aikin injiniya na kwamfuta a matsayin ''Injiniyan lantarki da Kwamfuta'' ko ''Kimiyya da Injiniya na Kwamfuta'' a wasu jami'o'i. injiniarin ( '''CoE''' ko '''CpE''' ) reshen injiniya ne wanda ya haɗu da fannoni da yawa na kimiyyar kwamfuta da injiniyan lantarki da ake buƙata don haɓaka kayan komputa da [[software]] . Injiniyoyin komputa galibi suna da horo a kan aikin injiniyan lantarki (ko injiniyan lantarki ), ƙirar software, da haɗakar kayan aiki-kayan komputa maimakon kawai injiniyan software ko injiniyan lantarki. Computer injiniyoyi suna da hannu a cikin da yawa hardware da software al'amurran da sarrafa kwamfuta, daga cikin zane na mutum microcontrollers, microprocessors, sirri kwamfutar, da kuma supercomputers, to kewaye zane . Wannan fanni na aikin injiniya ba wai kawai yana mai da hankali ne kan ''yadda'' tsarin kwamfutocin da kansu suke aiki ba har ma da yadda suke haɗuwa cikin hoto mafi girma. Saba ayyuka shafe kwamfuta injiniyoyi sun hada da rubutu software da kuma firmware for saka microcontrollers, da zayyana VLSI kwakwalwan kwamfuta, da zayyana analog na'urori masu auna sigina, da zayyana gauraye siginar allon kayan wutan, kuma zayyana tsarukan . Injiniyoyin komputa suma sun dace da binciken fasahar mutum-mutumi, wanda ya dogara da yin amfani da tsarin dijital don sarrafawa da kuma lura da tsarin lantarki kamar injina, sadarwa, da na'urori masu auna sigina . A yawancin cibiyoyin babbar ilmi, ana ba wa ɗaliban injiniyan kwamfuta damar zaɓar fannoni na zurfin karatu a ƙaraminsu da babba saboda cikakken ilimin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ƙira da aikace-aikacen kwamfutoci ya wuce girman digiri na farko . Sauran cibiyoyi na iya buƙatar ɗaliban injiniya su kammala shekara ɗaya ko biyu na babban injiniya kafin ayyana injiniyan komputa a matsayin babban abin da suka fi mayar da hankali. == Tarihi == Injiniyan kwamfuta ya fara ne a 1939 lokacin da John Vincent Atanasoff da Clifford Berry suka fara bunkasa kwamfutar lantarki ta farko a duniya ta hanyar kimiyyar [[lissafi]], lissafi, da injiniyan lantarki. John Vincent Atanasoff ya taɓa zama malamin kimiyyar lissafi da lissafi a Jami'ar Jihar Iowa kuma Clifford Berry tsohon digiri ne a ƙarƙashin injiniyan lantarki da kimiyyar kimiyya. Tare, sun kirkiro kwamfutar Atanasoff-Berry, wanda aka fi sani da ABC wanda ya ɗauki shekaru biyar don kammalawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Vincent Atanasoff - the father of the computer |url=http://www.columbia.edu/~td2177/JVAtanasoff/JVAtanasoff.html |access-date=2017-12-05 |website=www.columbia.edu |archive-date=2019-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526231542/http://www.columbia.edu/~td2177/JVAtanasoff/JVAtanasoff.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yayinda aka rushe ABC na asali kuma aka watsar da shi a cikin shekarun 1940, an ba da haraji ga masu kirkiro; an yi kwatankwacin ABC a cikin 1997, inda ya ɗauki ƙungiyar masu bincike da injiniyoyi shekaru huɗu da $ 350,000 don ginawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iowa State replica of first electronic digital computer going to Computer History Museum - News Service - Iowa State University |url=https://www.news.iastate.edu/news/2009/dec/abc |access-date=2017-12-05 |website=www.news.iastate.edu |language=en-us |archive-date=2019-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421074358/https://www.news.iastate.edu/news/2009/dec/ABC |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwamfutar mutum ta zamani ta fito a cikin shekara 1970s, bayan nasarori da yawa a cikin fasahar semiconductor. Wadannan sun hada da na farko aiki transistor da William Shockley, John Bardeen da Walter Brattain a Bell Labs a 1947, da silicon surface passivation aiwatar (via thermal hadawan abu da iskar shaka ) da Mohamed Atalla a Bell Labs a 1957, wanda aka hada shi da Robert Noyce a kamfanin Fairchild Semiconductor a 1959, transistor mai tasirin karfe-oxide-semiconductor (MOSFET, ko MOS transistor) na Mohamed Atalla da Dawon Kahng a Bell Labs a 1959, da microprocessor guda ( Intel 4004 ) na Federico Faggin, Marcian Hoff, Masatoshi Shima da Stanley Mazor a Intel a 1971. === Tarihin ilimin injiniyan kwamfuta === An fara karatun digiri na farko na injiniyan komputa a Amurka a 1971 a Jami'ar Case Western Reserve a Cleveland, [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]] . {{As of|2015}} , Akwai 250 Abet -accredited kwamfuta injiniya shirye-shirye a cikin US A cikin Turai, takardun aiki na kwamfuta aikin injiniya makarantu da aka yi da dama hukumomin ɓangare na EQANIE cibiyar sadarwa. Saboda karuwar bukatun aiki ga injiniyoyin da zasu iya tsara kayan aiki a lokaci guda, kayan aikin komputa, [[Software|kayan aiki]], da kuma sarrafa dukkan nau'ikan tsarin kwamfutar da ake amfani da su a masana'antu, wasu manyan makarantu a duk duniya suna ba da digiri na farko wanda ake kira injiniyan kwamfuta. Duk shirye-shiryen injiniyan kwamfuta da injiniyan lantarki sun haɗa da analog da ƙirar kewaya na dijital a cikin tsarin karatunsu. Kamar yadda yake tare da yawancin ilimin injiniya, samun cikakken ilimin [[lissafi]] da kimiyya ya zama dole ga injiniyoyin komputa. == Ilimi == Ana kiran aikin Injiniyan Komputa a matsayin kimiyyar kwamfuta da aikin injiniya a wasu jami'o'i. Yawancin ayyukan aikin injiniya na komputa suna buƙatar aƙalla digiri na farko a cikin injiniyan kwamfuta (ko kimiyyar kwamfuta da injiniya). Yawanci dole ne mutum ya koyi tarin [[lissafi]] kamar lissafi, algebra da trigonometry da kuma wasu azuzuwan kimiyyar kwamfuta.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2019}} Wani lokaci ana karɓar digiri a aikin injiniyan lantarki, saboda kamanceceniyar fannonin biyu. Saboda injiniyoyin kayan masarufi galibi suna aiki tare da tsarin software na kwamfuta, ingantaccen tushe a cikin shirye-shiryen kwamfuta ya zama dole. A cewar BLS, "babban injiniyan injiniya yana kama da injiniyan lantarki amma tare da wasu kwasa-kwasan ilimin komputa da aka kara wa tsarin karatun". Wasu manyan kamfanoni ko ayyuka na musamman suna buƙatar digiri na biyu. Hakanan yana da mahimmanci injiniyoyin komputa su ci gaba da samun ci gaba cikin sauri a fasaha. Sabili da haka, da yawa suna ci gaba da koyo cikin ayyukansu. Wannan na iya taimakawa, musamman idan ya zo ga koyan sababbin dabaru ko inganta wadanda ake dasu. Misali, yayin da farashin dangi na gyara kwaro yana kara gaba yayin da yake a cikin tsarin cigaban software, za a iya samun tsadar kudi mafi girma wanda aka danganta ga bunkasa da gwaji don lambar inganci da wuri-wuri a cikin aikin, kuma musamman kafin sakin. === Ayyuka === {{Reflist|30em}}Mutumin da yake da sana'a a aikin injiniya na kwamfuta ana kiran shi injiniyan kwamfuta. {| class="wikitable" !Take ! Prefix ! Suffix ! Bukatun |- | Injin Injiniya | Injiniya. | CpE | Ya wuce digiri a kan aikin injiniya na kwamfuta <small>Itutionaddamarwa: Educungiyar Ilimi (kamar Kwaleji, Jami'ar)</small> |- | Bokan injiniyan kwamfuta | Injiniya. | CCpE | An wuce jarabawar takardar shaida a cikin injiniyan kwamfuta <small>Itutionaddamarwa: Privateungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (kamar ƙungiyoyin injiniyan kwamfuta da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu)</small> |- | Injiniyan kwamfuta mai rajista | Injiniya. | RCpE | An wuce gwajin lasisi a cikin injiniyan kwamfuta <small>Itutionaddamarwa: Instungiyar Jama'a (kamar Hukumar Kula da Countryasa)</small> |- | Kwararren injiniyan komputa | Injiniya. | Kwamfuta | An wuce gwajin ƙwararru a cikin injiniyan kwamfuta, ko ƙwarewar aiki <small>Instaddamarwa: Publicungiyoyin Jama'a ko Masu zaman kansu</small> |- | colspan="4" | <small>''* na iya bambanta a yanki da ƙasa.''</small> |} == Aikace-aikace da aikace-aikace == {{Infobox occupation|employment_field=Science, technology, engineering, industry, computer, exploration|type=Engineering|official_names=Computer engineer|competencies=Technical knowledge, hardware design, software design|specialty=Hardware engineering, software engineering, software programming, robotics, networking|activity_sector=Information technology, technology industry, engineering industry}}Injiniyancin Computq Akwai manyan abubuwan da aka mayar da hankali a cikin injiniyan kwamfuta: kayan aiki da software. === Injin aikin komputa === Injiniyacin Lantarki Injiniyancin Iloktironik Ilimin sanin kwamfuta Kirkiran Soptwe Hanyar sadar da alakar wamfuta Dangane da BLS, aikin Job Outlook na injiniyoyin kayan komputa, haɓakar shekaru goma da ake tsammani daga 2019 zuwa 2029 don injiniyan kayan komputa ya ƙiyasta 2% da kuma jimlar ayyuka 71,100. ("A hankali fiye da matsakaita" a cikin maganganunsu idan aka kwatanta da sauran sana'o'in) ". Wannan raguwa ne daga ƙimar injiniyan kayan komputa na shekara ta 2014 zuwa 2024 na 3% da kuma jimillar ayyuka 77,700. " kuma ya sauka daga 7% na kimar BLS ta shekarar 2012 zuwa 2022 kuma ya ragu daga kashi 9% a cikin kimantawar BLS 2010 zuwa 2020 ." A yau, kayan aikin komputa daidai yake  ga injiniyan lantarki da na’ura mai kwakwalwa (ECE) kuma an raba shi zuwa ƙananan ƙananan fannoni; mafi mahimmanci{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2019}} an saka tsarin zane. === Injin aikin komputa === A cewar Ofishin Labarun Labarun Labarun Amurka (BLS), "ana sa ran injiniyoyin aikace-aikacen kwamfuta da injiniyoyin tsarin komputa zasu kasance cikin sauri fiye da matsakaitan sana'oi" An kiyasta bunkasar shekaru goma zuwa na 2014 don aikin injiniya na kwamfuta kashi goma sha bakwai kuma akwai adadin ayyuka 1,114,000 a wannan shekarar. Wannan ya sauka daga kimar BLS na 2012 zuwa 2022 na 22% na masu haɓaka software. Kuma, ƙara sauka daga kimanta 30% 2010 zuwa 2020 BLS. Kari akan haka, damuwar da ake nunawa kan tsaro ta yanar gizo ya sanya ya sanya injiniyan kayan aikin komputa sama da matsakaicin matakin karuwa ga dukkan fannoni. Koyaya, za'a fitar da wasu daga ayyukan a kasashen waje. <ref>https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-08-04/big-tech-wants-you-to-believe-america-has-a-skills-gap</ref> Saboda wannan, bunkasar aiki ba zai yi sauri kamar na shekaru goman da suka gabata ba, kamar yadda ayyukan da za su koma ga injiniyoyin masarrafan komputa a Amurka za su koma wajen injiniyoyin kayan komputa a kasashe irin su Indiya. Bugu da ƙari, Binciken Aiki na BLS don Masu Shirye-shiryen Kwamfuta, 2014-24 na da −8% (raguwa, a cikin maganganunsu) da Job Outlook, 2019-29 -9% (ƙi) ga waɗanda suka kwamfyutocin shirin (watau tsarin sakawa) waɗanda ba masu haɓaka aikace-aikacen kwamfuta bane. Bugu da ƙari, mata a cikin sassan software suna raguwa a cikin shekaru har ma fiye da sauran filayen injiniya. == Yankuna na musamman == Akwai yankuna na musamman na musamman a fagen injiniyan kwamfuta. === Tsarin sarrafawa === <references responsive="0"></references> Tsarin ƙirar sarrafawa ya haɗa da zaɓar saitin koyarwa da wani tsarin aiwatarwa (misali VLIW ko RISC) kuma yana haifar da microarchitecture, wanda za'a iya bayyana shi a mAaisali VHDL ko Verilog. An rarraba ƙirar CPU cikin ƙirar abubuwan da aka haɗa: hanyoyin data (kamar su ALU da bututun mai), sashin sarrafawa: dabaru wanda ke sarrafa hanyoyin bayanai, abubuwan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kamar fayilolin rajista, wuraren ajiya, kewayen agogo kamar direbobin agogo, PLLs, cibiyoyin rarraba agogo, pad transceiver circuitry, logic gate cell library wacce ake amfani da ita wajen aiwatar da dabaru. === Coding, cryptography, da kariya ta bayanai ===  {{Infobox occupation|employment_field=Science, technology, engineering, industry, computer, exploration|type=[[Engineering]]|official_names=Computer engineer|competencies=Technical knowledge, hardware design, software design|specialty=Hardware engineering, software engineering, software programming, robotics, networking|activity_sector=Telecommunications, technology industry, engineering industry}} [[Fayil:Source_code_in_C.png|thumb|[[C programming language|C]] na tushe da aka rubuta a cikin harshen shirye-shiryen C]] Injiniyoyin komputa suna aiki a cikin lambobin sirri, da kimiyyar sirri, da kuma kariya ta bayanai don samar da sabbin dabaru don kare bayanai daban-daban, kamar su hotuna na dijital da kiɗa, ɓarkewa, keta haƙƙin mallaka da sauran nau'ikan ɓarna. Misalan sun haɗa da aiki a kan hanyoyin sadarwa mara waya, tsarin eriya da yawa, watsa gani, da alamar ruwa ta dijital . === Sadarwa da hanyoyin sadarwa mara waya ===   Waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan sadarwa da hanyoyin sadarwar mara waya, ci gaban aiki a tsarin hanyoyin sadarwa da hanyoyin sadarwa (musamman hanyoyin sadarwar mara waya), haɓakawa da ƙididdigar sarrafa kuskure, da ka'idar bayani. Tsarin cibiyar sadarwa mai saurin gudu, danniyar tsangwama da sauyawa, zane, da kuma nazarin tsarin hakuri, da kuma tsarin adanawa da watsawa duk wani bangare ne na wannan sana'a. === Mai tarawa da tsarin aiki ===   Wannan ƙwararren ya mai da hankali ne kan masu tarawa da ƙirar tsarin aiki da haɓakawa. Injiniyoyi a wannan fannin suna haɓaka sabon tsarin tsarin aiki, dabarun nazarin shirye-shirye, da sabbin dabaru don tabbatar da inganci. Misalan aiki a wannan fagen sun haɗa da canjin canjin lambar algorithm da sabon tsarin aiki. === Kimiyyar lissafi da injiniya ===   Kimiyyar lissafi da injiniya sabon horo ne. A cewar Cibiyar Sloan Career Cornerstone, mutanen da ke aiki a wannan yankin, "ana amfani da hanyoyin lissafi don tsarawa da warware rikitattun matsalolin lissafi a fannin injiniya da na zahiri da kuma na zamantakewar al'umma. Misalan sun ha] a jirgin sama zane, da jini aiki na nanometer siffofi a kan semiconductor waina, VLSI kewaye zane, radar ganewa tsarin, ion kai ta hanyar nazarin halittu tashoshi, da kuma fiye da ". === Cibiyoyin sadarwar komputa, sarrafa kwamfuta, da tsarin rarrabawa ===   A cikin wannan ƙwarewar, injiniyoyi suna gina keɓaɓɓun yanayi don ƙididdiga, sadarwa, da samun damar bayanai . Misalan sun haɗa da hanyoyin sadarwar mara waya ta hanyar raba, sarrafa kayan sarrafawa a cikin tsarin daban-daban, da inganta ƙimar sabis a cikin wayoyin hannu da yanayin ATM. Wasu sauran misalai sun haɗa da aiki akan tsarin sadarwar mara waya da tsarin haɗin waya mai saurin Ethernet. === Tsarin kwamfuta: gine-gine, aiki iri daya, da dogaro ===   Injiniyoyin da ke aiki a cikin tsarin kwamfuta suna aiki akan ayyukan bincike wanda ke ba da izini don amintacce, amintacce, kuma tsarin kwamfuta mai aiki da kyau. Ayyuka kamar ƙirar sarrafawa don zaren abubuwa da yawa da aiki iri ɗaya suna cikin wannan filin. Sauran misalan aiki a wannan fanni sun haɗa da haɓaka sababbin ra'ayoyi, algorithms, da sauran kayan aikin da ke ƙara aiki da tsarin kwamfuta. Gine-ginen kwamfuta ya haɗa da ƙirar CPU, shimfidar matsayi na ɓoye , ƙungiyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da daidaita ma'auni . === Ra'ayi na kwamfuta da robotics ===   Mahanagar Computer da A cikin wannan ƙwarewar, injiniyoyin komputa suna mai da hankali kan haɓaka fasahar hangen nesa don fahimtar yanayi, wakilcin yanayi, da magudi da yanayin. Bayanin da aka tattara bayanai masu girman uku ana aiwatar dasu don aiwatar da ayyuka iri-iri. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ingantaccen samfurin mutum, sadarwar hoto, da mu'amala tsakanin mutane da kwamfuta, da na'urori irin su kyamarori masu manufa ta musamman da na'urori masu auna gani. === Tsarin da aka saka ===   Mutanen da ke aiki a cikin wannan yanki suna ƙirƙirar fasaha don haɓaka saurin, aminci, da aikin tsarin. Ana samun tsarin sakawa a cikin na'urori da yawa daga ƙaramin rediyon FM zuwa jigila. A cewar Cibiyar Kula da Ayyuka ta Sloan Cornerstone, ci gaba da ke gudana a cikin tsarin da aka saka sun hada da "motoci masu sarrafa kansu da kayan aiki don gudanar da bincike da ceto, da tsarin sufuri na atomatik, da kuma hada-hadar mutum-mutumi don gyara kayan aiki a sararin samaniya." {{As of|2018}} , Kwarewar aikin injiniyan komputa na musamman sun hada da tsarin tsarin-kan-guntu, gine-ginen iya sarrafa kwamfuta da Intanet na abubuwa . === Hadaddun da'irori, VLSI zane, gwaji da CAD ===   Wannan keɓaɓɓen aikin injiniyan komputa yana buƙatar cikakken ilimin ilimin lantarki da tsarin lantarki. Injiniyoyin da ke aiki a wannan yankin suna aiki kan haɓaka saurin, abin dogaro, da ingancin makamashi na ƙarni na gaba masu girman sikeli masu haɗaka ( VLSI ) da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Misali na wannan ƙwarewar shine aikin da aka yi akan rage yawan amfani da wutar lantarki na VLSI algorithms da gine-gine. === Sigina, hoto da sarrafa magana ===   Injiniyoyin komputa a wannan yanki suna haɓaka haɓakawa a cikin hulɗar ɗan adam da komputa, gami da fahimtar magana da kira, hotunan likitanci da kimiyya, ko tsarin sadarwa. Sauran ayyuka a wannan yankin sun haɗa da haɓaka hangen nesa ta kwamfuta kamar yarda da siffofin fuskokin ɗan adam . === Antididdigar antididdiga ===   Wannan fanni ya haɗa halayyar ƙananan barbashi kamar tswangwama da rikice-rikice, tare da kwamfutocin gargajiya don kawo karshen matsaloli masu rikitarwa da tsarin algorithms da kyau sannan da inganta nagatar aiyukan kwamfuta. Kowane mutum yana mai da hankali kan fannoni kamar kwamfuta sda yadda ake sarrafa kwamfutan zamani ta hanya amfani da "Quantum cryptography" wanda szama fasaha da ke da tasiri a wannan zamni na yanzu, kwaikwayon jiki da tsarin jerin algorithms da kwa mfuta ke fahimta a yaren mutum. == Fadada bincike == === Fannoni masu alaƙa === {{Columns-list|* [[Electrical engineering]] * [[Electronic engineering]] * [[Electronics and Computer Engineering]] * [[Computer science]] * [[Computer science and engineering]] * [[Computer programming]] * [[Software development]] * [[Computer network]]}} === Associungiyoyi === * Ofungiyar Injiniyoyin Komputa da Masu Fasaha * IEEE Computer Society * Forungiyar Injin Injin inji == Manazarta ==    * {{Commonscatinline}}</img> {{Columns-list|* [[Electrical engineering]] * [[Electronic engineering]] * [[Electronics and Computer Engineering]] * [[Computer science]] * [[Computer science and engineering]] * [[Computer programming]] * [[Software development]] * [[Computer network]]}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] iukcw1nu52ffcyuwk7mvprq7f23q0yy 0 111499 905958 787551 2026-08-22T05:25:33Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905958 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Kwaskwarimar Daidaitaccen Haƙƙi ('''ERA''') wani gyare-gyare ne da aka gabatar ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka wanda zai haramta nuna bambancin jima'i a bayyane. A halin yanzu ba wani bangare ne na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ba, kodayake an daɗe ana muhawara game da matsayinsa na tabbatarwa. [[Alice Paul]] da Crystal Eastman ne suka rubuta shi kuma an gabatar da shi a Majalisa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1923. Tare da hauhawar motsi na mata a Amurka a cikin shekarun 1960, ERA ta sami karuwar goyon baya, kuma, bayan da wakilin Martha Griffiths ya sake gabatar da ita a shekarar 1971, Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka ta amince da ita a wannan shekarar, kuma Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka a 1972, don haka ta miƙa ERA ga majalisun jihohi don tabbatarwa, kamar yadda Mataki na biyar na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya tanada. Shekaru bakwai, 1979, an haɗa shi da dokar da Majalisa ta yi. Mafi rinjaye na Majalisa daga baya sun tsawaita lokacin zuwa 1982. Dukkanin lokutan sun wuce tare da ERA uku ba tare da jihohi 38 da suka dace ba don tabbatarwa. Duk da haka, akwai ci gaba da kokarin tabbatar da gyaran.&nbsp; Manufar ERA ita ce tabbatar da daidaitattun hakkoki na doka ga duk 'yan ƙasar Amurka ba tare da la'akari da jima'i ba. A farkon tarihin Daidaitaccen Hakki, mata masu matsakaicin matsayi sun fi tallafawa, yayin da waɗanda ke magana da ma'aikata galibi ana adawa da su, suna jayayya cewa ya kamata mata su riƙe nauyin gida fiye da maza kuma cewa mata masu aiki suna buƙatar kariya ta musamman game da yanayin aiki da lokutan aiki. Masu goyon baya sun tabbatar da cewa zai kawo karshen bambancin doka tsakanin maza da mata a cikin batutuwa da suka hada da saki, dukiya, da aiki. Masu adawa sun yi jayayya cewa zai cire kariya daga mata kuma ya bude mata don a shiga soja. == Rubutun ƙuduri == Kudurin, "Yin gabatar da gyare-gyare ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka dangane da daidaito ga maza da mata", ya karanta, a wani bangare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proposed Amendment to the Constitution of the United States |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-86/pdf/STATUTE-86-Pg1523.pdf |publisher=govinfo.gov}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko (1920s-1940s) === [[Fayil:Alice_paul.jpg|thumb|[[Alice Paul]] yana gasa (tare da ruwan inabi) sashi na Kwaskwarima na goma sha tara, 26 ga Agusta, 1920 <ref name="WhoWas">{{Cite web |title=Who Was Alice Paul? |url=http://www.alicepaul.org/who-was-alice-paul |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408164043/http://www.alicepaul.org/who-was-alice-paul/ |archive-date=April 8, 2017 |access-date=April 6, 2017 |publisher=Alice Paul Institute}}</ref>]] A ranar 25 ga Satumba, 1921, Jam'iyyar Mata ta Kasa ta sanar da shirye-shiryenta na kamfen don gyare-gyare ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka don tabbatar da daidaiton hakkokin mata da maza. Rubutun gyaran da aka gabatar ya karanta. Paul ya ba da sunan wannan sigar Lucretia Mott Amendment, bayan wata mata mai adawa da abolitionist wacce ta yi yaƙi don haƙƙin mata kuma ta halarci Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Mata ta Farko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucretia Mott |url=https://www.nps.gov/wori/learn/historyculture/lucretia-mott.htm. |access-date=March 21, 2016 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Dokta Frances Dickinson, dan uwan Susan B. Anthony ne ya goyi bayan wannan shawarar. Bayan gabatar da shi a 1923, an sake gabatar da Kwaskwarimar Daidaitaccen Hakki a kowane Majalisa na gaba, amma bai sami ci gaba sosai ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 11, 1923 |title=English: A newspaper article from 1923 talking about the ERA |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ERA_Amendment_First_Introduced.pdf |website=The Baltimore Sun}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 16, 1922 |title=English: Newspaper article from 1922 talking about the ERA |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Still_Not_Introduced.pdf |website=The New York Times |via=Wikimedia Commons}}</ref> A cikin 1943, Alice Paul ta ci gaba da sake fasalin gyare-gyaren don nuna kalmomin Kwaskwarimar goma sha biyar da goma sha tara. Wannan rubutun daga baya zai zama Sashe na 1 na sigar da Majalisa ta zartar a shekarar 1972. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Equal Rights Amendments, 1923–1972 |url=http://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/336era.html |access-date=September 23, 2016 |publisher=Hanover College}}</ref> == Gyaran daidaito na Jiha == Jihohi ashirin da biyar sun amince da kundin tsarin mulki ko gyare-gyaren kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya ba da cewa ba za a hana daidaito a ƙarƙashin doka ba saboda jima'i. Yawancin waɗannan tanadi suna nuna harshen da ya dace na ERA, yayin da kalmomin da ke cikin wasu suna kama da Ma'anar Karewa ta Goma sha huɗu.<ref name="CRSReport">{{Cite web |last=Gladstone |first=Leslie |date=August 23, 2004 |title=Equal Rights Amendment: State Provisions |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7397/m1/1/high_res_d/RS20217_2004Aug23.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517123130/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7397/m1/1/high_res_d/RS20217_2004Aug23.pdf |archive-date=May 17, 2014 |access-date=June 19, 2015 |publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]}}</ref> Kundin Tsarin Mulki na [[California]] na 1879 ya ƙunshi tanadin daidaito na farko a cikin rikodin. An rubuta shi a takaice, yana iyakance daidaitattun hakkoki da aka ba da su ga "shiga ko neman kasuwanci, sana'a, sana'o'i, ko aiki". Kusan ƙarshen karni na 19 wasu jihohi biyu, [[Wyoming]] (1890) da [[Utah]] (1896), sun haɗa da tanadin daidaito a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin su. An rubuta waɗannan tanadi don tabbatar da daidaito na siyasa da na farar hula tsakanin mata da maza. Jihohi da yawa sun kirkiro kuma sun karɓi gyare-gyaren haƙƙin kansu a cikin shekarun 1970 da 1980, yayin da ERA ta kasance a gaban jihohi, ko bayan haka. Wasu gyare-gyaren daidaito na haƙƙin mallaka da tanadin daidaito na kundin tsarin mulki na asali sune: <ref name="CRSReport"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=VoteERA.org Equal Rights Amendment Women's Full Equality |url=http://www.voteera.org/#!about1/c1xk3 |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2018-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414155103/http://www.voteera.org/#!about1/c1xk3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hh0km5ye8eg6mxta5uc0mykvgmgpn15 905959 905958 2026-08-22T05:25:59Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905959 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Kwaskwarimar Daidaitaccen Haƙƙi ('''ERA''') wani gyare-gyare ne da aka gabatar ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka wanda zai haramta nuna bambancin jima'i a bayyane. A halin yanzu ba wani bangare ne na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ba, kodayake an daɗe ana muhawara game da matsayinsa na tabbatarwa. [[Alice Paul]] da Crystal Eastman ne suka rubuta shi kuma an gabatar da shi a Majalisa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1923. Tare da hauhawar motsi na mata a Amurka a cikin shekarun 1960, ERA ta sami karuwar goyon baya, kuma, bayan da wakilin Martha Griffiths ya sake gabatar da ita a shekarar 1971, Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka ta amince da ita a wannan shekarar, kuma Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka a 1972, don haka ta miƙa ERA ga majalisun jihohi don tabbatarwa, kamar yadda Mataki na biyar na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya tanada. Shekaru bakwai, 1979, an haɗa shi da dokar da Majalisa ta yi. Mafi rinjaye na Majalisa daga baya sun tsawaita lokacin zuwa 1982. Dukkanin lokutan sun wuce tare da ERA uku ba tare da jihohi 38 da suka dace ba don tabbatarwa. Duk da haka, akwai ci gaba da kokarin tabbatar da gyaran.&nbsp; Manufar ERA ita ce tabbatar da daidaitattun hakkoki na doka ga duk 'yan ƙasar Amurka ba tare da la'akari da jima'i ba. A farkon tarihin Daidaitaccen Hakki, mata masu matsakaicin matsayi sun fi tallafawa, yayin da waɗanda ke magana da ma'aikata galibi ana adawa da su, suna jayayya cewa ya kamata mata su riƙe nauyin gida fiye da maza kuma cewa mata masu aiki suna buƙatar kariya ta musamman game da yanayin aiki da lokutan aiki. Masu goyon baya sun tabbatar da cewa zai kawo ƙarshen bambancin doka tsakanin maza da mata a cikin batutuwa da suka haɗa da saki, dukiya, da aiki. Masu adawa sun yi jayayya cewa zai cire kariya daga mata kuma ya bude mata don a shiga soja. == Rubutun ƙuduri == Kudurin, "Yin gabatar da gyare-gyare ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka dangane da daidaito ga maza da mata", ya karanta, a wani bangare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proposed Amendment to the Constitution of the United States |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-86/pdf/STATUTE-86-Pg1523.pdf |publisher=govinfo.gov}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko (1920s-1940s) === [[Fayil:Alice_paul.jpg|thumb|[[Alice Paul]] yana gasa (tare da ruwan inabi) sashi na Kwaskwarima na goma sha tara, 26 ga Agusta, 1920 <ref name="WhoWas">{{Cite web |title=Who Was Alice Paul? |url=http://www.alicepaul.org/who-was-alice-paul |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408164043/http://www.alicepaul.org/who-was-alice-paul/ |archive-date=April 8, 2017 |access-date=April 6, 2017 |publisher=Alice Paul Institute}}</ref>]] A ranar 25 ga Satumba, 1921, Jam'iyyar Mata ta Kasa ta sanar da shirye-shiryenta na kamfen don gyare-gyare ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka don tabbatar da daidaiton hakkokin mata da maza. Rubutun gyaran da aka gabatar ya karanta. Paul ya ba da sunan wannan sigar Lucretia Mott Amendment, bayan wata mata mai adawa da abolitionist wacce ta yi yaƙi don haƙƙin mata kuma ta halarci Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Mata ta Farko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucretia Mott |url=https://www.nps.gov/wori/learn/historyculture/lucretia-mott.htm. |access-date=March 21, 2016 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Dokta Frances Dickinson, dan uwan Susan B. Anthony ne ya goyi bayan wannan shawarar. Bayan gabatar da shi a 1923, an sake gabatar da Kwaskwarimar Daidaitaccen Hakki a kowane Majalisa na gaba, amma bai sami ci gaba sosai ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 11, 1923 |title=English: A newspaper article from 1923 talking about the ERA |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ERA_Amendment_First_Introduced.pdf |website=The Baltimore Sun}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 16, 1922 |title=English: Newspaper article from 1922 talking about the ERA |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Still_Not_Introduced.pdf |website=The New York Times |via=Wikimedia Commons}}</ref> A cikin 1943, Alice Paul ta ci gaba da sake fasalin gyare-gyaren don nuna kalmomin Kwaskwarimar goma sha biyar da goma sha tara. Wannan rubutun daga baya zai zama Sashe na 1 na sigar da Majalisa ta zartar a shekarar 1972. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Equal Rights Amendments, 1923–1972 |url=http://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/336era.html |access-date=September 23, 2016 |publisher=Hanover College}}</ref> == Gyaran daidaito na Jiha == Jihohi ashirin da biyar sun amince da kundin tsarin mulki ko gyare-gyaren kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya ba da cewa ba za a hana daidaito a ƙarƙashin doka ba saboda jima'i. Yawancin waɗannan tanadi suna nuna harshen da ya dace na ERA, yayin da kalmomin da ke cikin wasu suna kama da Ma'anar Karewa ta Goma sha huɗu.<ref name="CRSReport">{{Cite web |last=Gladstone |first=Leslie |date=August 23, 2004 |title=Equal Rights Amendment: State Provisions |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7397/m1/1/high_res_d/RS20217_2004Aug23.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517123130/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7397/m1/1/high_res_d/RS20217_2004Aug23.pdf |archive-date=May 17, 2014 |access-date=June 19, 2015 |publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]}}</ref> Kundin Tsarin Mulki na [[California]] na 1879 ya ƙunshi tanadin daidaito na farko a cikin rikodin. An rubuta shi a takaice, yana iyakance daidaitattun hakkoki da aka ba da su ga "shiga ko neman kasuwanci, sana'a, sana'o'i, ko aiki". Kusan ƙarshen karni na 19 wasu jihohi biyu, [[Wyoming]] (1890) da [[Utah]] (1896), sun haɗa da tanadin daidaito a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin su. An rubuta waɗannan tanadi don tabbatar da daidaito na siyasa da na farar hula tsakanin mata da maza. Jihohi da yawa sun kirkiro kuma sun karɓi gyare-gyaren haƙƙin kansu a cikin shekarun 1970 da 1980, yayin da ERA ta kasance a gaban jihohi, ko bayan haka. Wasu gyare-gyaren daidaito na haƙƙin mallaka da tanadin daidaito na kundin tsarin mulki na asali sune: <ref name="CRSReport"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=VoteERA.org Equal Rights Amendment Women's Full Equality |url=http://www.voteera.org/#!about1/c1xk3 |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2018-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414155103/http://www.voteera.org/#!about1/c1xk3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l84tl228nv8ujzbl4s8re2xxf7q6ki2 905960 905959 2026-08-22T05:26:14Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905960 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Kwaskwarimar Daidaitaccen Haƙƙi ('''ERA''') wani gyare-gyare ne da aka gabatar ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka wanda zai haramta nuna bambancin jima'i a bayyane. A halin yanzu ba wani bangare ne na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ba, kodayake an daɗe ana muhawara game da matsayinsa na tabbatarwa. [[Alice Paul]] da Crystal Eastman ne suka rubuta shi kuma an gabatar da shi a Majalisa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1923. Tare da hauhawar motsi na mata a Amurka a cikin shekarun 1960, ERA ta sami karuwar goyon baya, kuma, bayan da wakilin Martha Griffiths ya sake gabatar da ita a shekarar 1971, Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka ta amince da ita a wannan shekarar, kuma Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka a 1972, don haka ta miƙa ERA ga majalisun jihohi don tabbatarwa, kamar yadda Mataki na biyar na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya tanada. Shekaru bakwai, 1979, an haɗa shi da dokar da Majalisa ta yi. Mafi rinjaye na Majalisa daga baya sun tsawaita lokacin zuwa 1982. Dukkanin lokutan sun wuce tare da ERA uku ba tare da jihohi 38 da suka dace ba don tabbatarwa. Duk da haka, akwai ci gaba da kokarin tabbatar da gyaran.&nbsp; Manufar ERA ita ce tabbatar da daidaitattun hakkoki na doka ga duk 'yan ƙasar Amurka ba tare da la'akari da jima'i ba. A farkon tarihin Daidaitaccen Hakki, mata masu matsakaicin matsayi sun fi tallafawa, yayin da waɗanda ke magana da ma'aikata galibi ana adawa da su, suna jayayya cewa ya kamata mata su riƙe nauyin gida fiye da maza kuma cewa mata masu aiki suna buƙatar kariya ta musamman game da yanayin aiki da lokutan aiki. Masu goyon baya sun tabbatar da cewa zai kawo ƙarshen bambancin doka tsakanin maza da mata a cikin batutuwa da suka haɗa da saki, dukiya, da aiki. Masu adawa sun yi jayayya cewa zai cire kariya daga mata kuma ya bude mata don a shiga soja. == Rubutun ƙuduri == Kudurin, "Yin gabatar da gyare-gyare ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka dangane da daidaito ga maza da mata", ya kuma karanta, a wani bangare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proposed Amendment to the Constitution of the United States |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-86/pdf/STATUTE-86-Pg1523.pdf |publisher=govinfo.gov}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko (1920s-1940s) === [[Fayil:Alice_paul.jpg|thumb|[[Alice Paul]] yana gasa (tare da ruwan inabi) sashi na Kwaskwarima na goma sha tara, 26 ga Agusta, 1920 <ref name="WhoWas">{{Cite web |title=Who Was Alice Paul? |url=http://www.alicepaul.org/who-was-alice-paul |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408164043/http://www.alicepaul.org/who-was-alice-paul/ |archive-date=April 8, 2017 |access-date=April 6, 2017 |publisher=Alice Paul Institute}}</ref>]] A ranar 25 ga Satumba, 1921, Jam'iyyar Mata ta Kasa ta sanar da shirye-shiryenta na kamfen don gyare-gyare ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka don tabbatar da daidaiton hakkokin mata da maza. Rubutun gyaran da aka gabatar ya karanta. Paul ya ba da sunan wannan sigar Lucretia Mott Amendment, bayan wata mata mai adawa da abolitionist wacce ta yi yaƙi don haƙƙin mata kuma ta halarci Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Mata ta Farko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucretia Mott |url=https://www.nps.gov/wori/learn/historyculture/lucretia-mott.htm. |access-date=March 21, 2016 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Dokta Frances Dickinson, dan uwan Susan B. Anthony ne ya goyi bayan wannan shawarar. Bayan gabatar da shi a 1923, an sake gabatar da Kwaskwarimar Daidaitaccen Hakki a kowane Majalisa na gaba, amma bai sami ci gaba sosai ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 11, 1923 |title=English: A newspaper article from 1923 talking about the ERA |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ERA_Amendment_First_Introduced.pdf |website=The Baltimore Sun}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 16, 1922 |title=English: Newspaper article from 1922 talking about the ERA |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Still_Not_Introduced.pdf |website=The New York Times |via=Wikimedia Commons}}</ref> A cikin 1943, Alice Paul ta ci gaba da sake fasalin gyare-gyaren don nuna kalmomin Kwaskwarimar goma sha biyar da goma sha tara. Wannan rubutun daga baya zai zama Sashe na 1 na sigar da Majalisa ta zartar a shekarar 1972. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Equal Rights Amendments, 1923–1972 |url=http://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/336era.html |access-date=September 23, 2016 |publisher=Hanover College}}</ref> == Gyaran daidaito na Jiha == Jihohi ashirin da biyar sun amince da kundin tsarin mulki ko gyare-gyaren kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya ba da cewa ba za a hana daidaito a ƙarƙashin doka ba saboda jima'i. Yawancin waɗannan tanadi suna nuna harshen da ya dace na ERA, yayin da kalmomin da ke cikin wasu suna kama da Ma'anar Karewa ta Goma sha huɗu.<ref name="CRSReport">{{Cite web |last=Gladstone |first=Leslie |date=August 23, 2004 |title=Equal Rights Amendment: State Provisions |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7397/m1/1/high_res_d/RS20217_2004Aug23.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517123130/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7397/m1/1/high_res_d/RS20217_2004Aug23.pdf |archive-date=May 17, 2014 |access-date=June 19, 2015 |publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]}}</ref> Kundin Tsarin Mulki na [[California]] na 1879 ya ƙunshi tanadin daidaito na farko a cikin rikodin. An rubuta shi a takaice, yana iyakance daidaitattun hakkoki da aka ba da su ga "shiga ko neman kasuwanci, sana'a, sana'o'i, ko aiki". Kusan ƙarshen karni na 19 wasu jihohi biyu, [[Wyoming]] (1890) da [[Utah]] (1896), sun haɗa da tanadin daidaito a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin su. An rubuta waɗannan tanadi don tabbatar da daidaito na siyasa da na farar hula tsakanin mata da maza. Jihohi da yawa sun kirkiro kuma sun karɓi gyare-gyaren haƙƙin kansu a cikin shekarun 1970 da 1980, yayin da ERA ta kasance a gaban jihohi, ko bayan haka. Wasu gyare-gyaren daidaito na haƙƙin mallaka da tanadin daidaito na kundin tsarin mulki na asali sune: <ref name="CRSReport"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=VoteERA.org Equal Rights Amendment Women's Full Equality |url=http://www.voteera.org/#!about1/c1xk3 |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2018-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414155103/http://www.voteera.org/#!about1/c1xk3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9tbc1zgg7ambnfglpj3qc36czcmshld 905961 905960 2026-08-22T05:26:30Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905961 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Kwaskwarimar Daidaitaccen Haƙƙi ('''ERA''') wani gyare-gyare ne da aka gabatar ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka wanda zai haramta nuna bambancin jima'i a bayyane. A halin yanzu ba wani bangare ne na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ba, kodayake an daɗe ana muhawara game da matsayinsa na tabbatarwa. [[Alice Paul]] da Crystal Eastman ne suka rubuta shi kuma an gabatar da shi a Majalisa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1923. Tare da hauhawar motsi na mata a Amurka a cikin shekarun 1960, ERA ta sami karuwar goyon baya, kuma, bayan da wakilin Martha Griffiths ya sake gabatar da ita a shekarar 1971, Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka ta amince da ita a wannan shekarar, kuma Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka a 1972, don haka ta miƙa ERA ga majalisun jihohi don tabbatarwa, kamar yadda Mataki na biyar na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya tanada. Shekaru bakwai, 1979, an haɗa shi da dokar da Majalisa ta yi. Mafi rinjaye na Majalisa daga baya sun tsawaita lokacin zuwa 1982. Dukkanin lokutan sun wuce tare da ERA uku ba tare da jihohi 38 da suka dace ba don tabbatarwa. Duk da haka, akwai ci gaba da kokarin tabbatar da gyaran.&nbsp; Manufar ERA ita ce tabbatar da daidaitattun hakkoki na doka ga duk 'yan ƙasar Amurka ba tare da la'akari da jima'i ba. A farkon tarihin Daidaitaccen Hakki, mata masu matsakaicin matsayi sun fi tallafawa, yayin da waɗanda ke magana da ma'aikata galibi ana adawa da su, suna jayayya cewa ya kamata mata su riƙe nauyin gida fiye da maza kuma cewa mata masu aiki suna buƙatar kariya ta musamman game da yanayin aiki da lokutan aiki. Masu goyon baya sun tabbatar da cewa zai kawo ƙarshen bambancin doka tsakanin maza da mata a cikin batutuwa da suka haɗa da saki, dukiya, da aiki. Masu adawa sun yi jayayya cewa zai cire kariya daga mata kuma ya bude mata don a shiga soja. == Rubutun ƙuduri == Kudurin, "Yin gabatar da gyare-gyare ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka dangane da daidaito ga maza da mata", ya kuma karanta, a wani bangare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proposed Amendment to the Constitution of the United States |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-86/pdf/STATUTE-86-Pg1523.pdf |publisher=govinfo.gov}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko (1920s-1940s) === [[Fayil:Alice_paul.jpg|thumb|[[Alice Paul]] yana gasa (tare da ruwan inabi) sashi na Kwaskwarima na goma sha tara, 26 ga Agusta, 1920 <ref name="WhoWas">{{Cite web |title=Who Was Alice Paul? |url=http://www.alicepaul.org/who-was-alice-paul |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408164043/http://www.alicepaul.org/who-was-alice-paul/ |archive-date=April 8, 2017 |access-date=April 6, 2017 |publisher=Alice Paul Institute}}</ref>]] A ranar 25 ga Satumban shekarar 1921, Jam'iyyar Mata ta Kasa ta sanar da shirye-shiryenta na kamfen don gyare-gyare ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka don tabbatar da daidaiton hakkokin mata da maza. Rubutun gyaran da aka gabatar ya karanta. Paul ya ba da sunan wannan sigar Lucretia Mott Amendment, bayan wata mata mai adawa da abolitionist wacce ta yi yaƙi don haƙƙin mata kuma ta halarci Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Mata ta Farko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucretia Mott |url=https://www.nps.gov/wori/learn/historyculture/lucretia-mott.htm. |access-date=March 21, 2016 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Dokta Frances Dickinson, dan uwan Susan B. Anthony ne ya goyi bayan wannan shawarar. Bayan gabatar da shi a 1923, an sake gabatar da Kwaskwarimar Daidaitaccen Hakki a kowane Majalisa na gaba, amma bai sami ci gaba sosai ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 11, 1923 |title=English: A newspaper article from 1923 talking about the ERA |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ERA_Amendment_First_Introduced.pdf |website=The Baltimore Sun}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 16, 1922 |title=English: Newspaper article from 1922 talking about the ERA |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Still_Not_Introduced.pdf |website=The New York Times |via=Wikimedia Commons}}</ref> A cikin 1943, Alice Paul ta ci gaba da sake fasalin gyare-gyaren don nuna kalmomin Kwaskwarimar goma sha biyar da goma sha tara. Wannan rubutun daga baya zai zama Sashe na 1 na sigar da Majalisa ta zartar a shekarar 1972. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Equal Rights Amendments, 1923–1972 |url=http://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/336era.html |access-date=September 23, 2016 |publisher=Hanover College}}</ref> == Gyaran daidaito na Jiha == Jihohi ashirin da biyar sun amince da kundin tsarin mulki ko gyare-gyaren kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya ba da cewa ba za a hana daidaito a ƙarƙashin doka ba saboda jima'i. Yawancin waɗannan tanadi suna nuna harshen da ya dace na ERA, yayin da kalmomin da ke cikin wasu suna kama da Ma'anar Karewa ta Goma sha huɗu.<ref name="CRSReport">{{Cite web |last=Gladstone |first=Leslie |date=August 23, 2004 |title=Equal Rights Amendment: State Provisions |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7397/m1/1/high_res_d/RS20217_2004Aug23.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517123130/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7397/m1/1/high_res_d/RS20217_2004Aug23.pdf |archive-date=May 17, 2014 |access-date=June 19, 2015 |publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]}}</ref> Kundin Tsarin Mulki na [[California]] na 1879 ya ƙunshi tanadin daidaito na farko a cikin rikodin. An rubuta shi a takaice, yana iyakance daidaitattun hakkoki da aka ba da su ga "shiga ko neman kasuwanci, sana'a, sana'o'i, ko aiki". Kusan ƙarshen karni na 19 wasu jihohi biyu, [[Wyoming]] (1890) da [[Utah]] (1896), sun haɗa da tanadin daidaito a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin su. An rubuta waɗannan tanadi don tabbatar da daidaito na siyasa da na farar hula tsakanin mata da maza. Jihohi da yawa sun kirkiro kuma sun karɓi gyare-gyaren haƙƙin kansu a cikin shekarun 1970 da 1980, yayin da ERA ta kasance a gaban jihohi, ko bayan haka. Wasu gyare-gyaren daidaito na haƙƙin mallaka da tanadin daidaito na kundin tsarin mulki na asali sune: <ref name="CRSReport"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=VoteERA.org Equal Rights Amendment Women's Full Equality |url=http://www.voteera.org/#!about1/c1xk3 |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2018-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414155103/http://www.voteera.org/#!about1/c1xk3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r2rn6tw4k8pnlkct6f57detoj7czabe 905962 905961 2026-08-22T05:26:52Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905962 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Kwaskwarimar Daidaitaccen Haƙƙi ('''ERA''') wani gyare-gyare ne da aka gabatar ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka wanda zai haramta nuna bambancin jima'i a bayyane. A halin yanzu ba wani bangare ne na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ba, kodayake an daɗe ana muhawara game da matsayinsa na tabbatarwa. [[Alice Paul]] da Crystal Eastman ne suka rubuta shi kuma an gabatar da shi a Majalisa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1923. Tare da hauhawar motsi na mata a Amurka a cikin shekarun 1960, ERA ta sami karuwar goyon baya, kuma, bayan da wakilin Martha Griffiths ya sake gabatar da ita a shekarar 1971, Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka ta amince da ita a wannan shekarar, kuma Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka a 1972, don haka ta miƙa ERA ga majalisun jihohi don tabbatarwa, kamar yadda Mataki na biyar na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya tanada. Shekaru bakwai, 1979, an haɗa shi da dokar da Majalisa ta yi. Mafi rinjaye na Majalisa daga baya sun tsawaita lokacin zuwa 1982. Dukkanin lokutan sun wuce tare da ERA uku ba tare da jihohi 38 da suka dace ba don tabbatarwa. Duk da haka, akwai ci gaba da kokarin tabbatar da gyaran.&nbsp; Manufar ERA ita ce tabbatar da daidaitattun hakkoki na doka ga duk 'yan ƙasar Amurka ba tare da la'akari da jima'i ba. A farkon tarihin Daidaitaccen Hakki, mata masu matsakaicin matsayi sun fi tallafawa, yayin da waɗanda ke magana da ma'aikata galibi ana adawa da su, suna jayayya cewa ya kamata mata su riƙe nauyin gida fiye da maza kuma cewa mata masu aiki suna buƙatar kariya ta musamman game da yanayin aiki da lokutan aiki. Masu goyon baya sun tabbatar da cewa zai kawo ƙarshen bambancin doka tsakanin maza da mata a cikin batutuwa da suka haɗa da saki, dukiya, da aiki. Masu adawa sun yi jayayya cewa zai cire kariya daga mata kuma ya bude mata don a shiga soja. == Rubutun ƙuduri == Kudurin, "Yin gabatar da gyare-gyare ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka dangane da daidaito ga maza da mata", ya kuma karanta, a wani bangare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proposed Amendment to the Constitution of the United States |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-86/pdf/STATUTE-86-Pg1523.pdf |publisher=govinfo.gov}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko (1920s-1940s) === [[Fayil:Alice_paul.jpg|thumb|[[Alice Paul]] yana gasa (tare da ruwan inabi) sashi na Kwaskwarima na goma sha tara, 26 ga Agusta, 1920 <ref name="WhoWas">{{Cite web |title=Who Was Alice Paul? |url=http://www.alicepaul.org/who-was-alice-paul |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408164043/http://www.alicepaul.org/who-was-alice-paul/ |archive-date=April 8, 2017 |access-date=April 6, 2017 |publisher=Alice Paul Institute}}</ref>]] A ranar 25 ga Satumban shekarar 1921, Jam'iyyar Mata ta Kasa ta sanar da shirye-shiryenta na kamfen don gyare-gyare ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka don tabbatar da daidaiton hakkokin mata da maza. Rubutun gyaran da aka gabatar ya karanta. Paul ya ba da sunan wannan sigar Lucretia Mott Amendment, bayan wata mata mai adawa da abolitionist wacce ta yi yaƙi don haƙƙin mata kuma ta halarci Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Mata ta Farko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucretia Mott |url=https://www.nps.gov/wori/learn/historyculture/lucretia-mott.htm. |access-date=March 21, 2016 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Dokta Frances Dickinson, dan uwan Susan B. Anthony ne ya goyi bayan wannan shawarar. Bayan gabatar da shi a shekarar 1923, an sake gabatar da Kwaskwarimar Daidaitaccen Haƙƙin a kowane Majalisa na gaba, amma bai sami ci gaba sosai ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 11, 1923 |title=English: A newspaper article from 1923 talking about the ERA |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ERA_Amendment_First_Introduced.pdf |website=The Baltimore Sun}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 16, 1922 |title=English: Newspaper article from 1922 talking about the ERA |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Still_Not_Introduced.pdf |website=The New York Times |via=Wikimedia Commons}}</ref> A cikin 1943, Alice Paul ta ci gaba da sake fasalin gyare-gyaren don nuna kalmomin Kwaskwarimar goma sha biyar da goma sha tara. Wannan rubutun daga baya zai zama Sashe na 1 na sigar da Majalisa ta zartar a shekarar 1972. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Equal Rights Amendments, 1923–1972 |url=http://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/336era.html |access-date=September 23, 2016 |publisher=Hanover College}}</ref> == Gyaran daidaito na Jiha == Jihohi ashirin da biyar sun amince da kundin tsarin mulki ko gyare-gyaren kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya ba da cewa ba za a hana daidaito a ƙarƙashin doka ba saboda jima'i. Yawancin waɗannan tanadi suna nuna harshen da ya dace na ERA, yayin da kalmomin da ke cikin wasu suna kama da Ma'anar Karewa ta Goma sha huɗu.<ref name="CRSReport">{{Cite web |last=Gladstone |first=Leslie |date=August 23, 2004 |title=Equal Rights Amendment: State Provisions |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7397/m1/1/high_res_d/RS20217_2004Aug23.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517123130/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7397/m1/1/high_res_d/RS20217_2004Aug23.pdf |archive-date=May 17, 2014 |access-date=June 19, 2015 |publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]}}</ref> Kundin Tsarin Mulki na [[California]] na 1879 ya ƙunshi tanadin daidaito na farko a cikin rikodin. An rubuta shi a takaice, yana iyakance daidaitattun hakkoki da aka ba da su ga "shiga ko neman kasuwanci, sana'a, sana'o'i, ko aiki". Kusan ƙarshen karni na 19 wasu jihohi biyu, [[Wyoming]] (1890) da [[Utah]] (1896), sun haɗa da tanadin daidaito a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin su. An rubuta waɗannan tanadi don tabbatar da daidaito na siyasa da na farar hula tsakanin mata da maza. Jihohi da yawa sun kirkiro kuma sun karɓi gyare-gyaren haƙƙin kansu a cikin shekarun 1970 da 1980, yayin da ERA ta kasance a gaban jihohi, ko bayan haka. Wasu gyare-gyaren daidaito na haƙƙin mallaka da tanadin daidaito na kundin tsarin mulki na asali sune: <ref name="CRSReport"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=VoteERA.org Equal Rights Amendment Women's Full Equality |url=http://www.voteera.org/#!about1/c1xk3 |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2018-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414155103/http://www.voteera.org/#!about1/c1xk3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] c9vs56anufhi2jx24zans8ayo2nzbi6 905963 905962 2026-08-22T05:27:06Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905963 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Kwaskwarimar Daidaitaccen Haƙƙi ('''ERA''') wani gyare-gyare ne da aka gabatar ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka wanda zai haramta nuna bambancin jima'i a bayyane. A halin yanzu ba wani bangare ne na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ba, kodayake an daɗe ana muhawara game da matsayinsa na tabbatarwa. [[Alice Paul]] da Crystal Eastman ne suka rubuta shi kuma an gabatar da shi a Majalisa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1923. Tare da hauhawar motsi na mata a Amurka a cikin shekarun 1960, ERA ta sami karuwar goyon baya, kuma, bayan da wakilin Martha Griffiths ya sake gabatar da ita a shekarar 1971, Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka ta amince da ita a wannan shekarar, kuma Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka a 1972, don haka ta miƙa ERA ga majalisun jihohi don tabbatarwa, kamar yadda Mataki na biyar na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya tanada. Shekaru bakwai, 1979, an haɗa shi da dokar da Majalisa ta yi. Mafi rinjaye na Majalisa daga baya sun tsawaita lokacin zuwa 1982. Dukkanin lokutan sun wuce tare da ERA uku ba tare da jihohi 38 da suka dace ba don tabbatarwa. Duk da haka, akwai ci gaba da kokarin tabbatar da gyaran.&nbsp; Manufar ERA ita ce tabbatar da daidaitattun hakkoki na doka ga duk 'yan ƙasar Amurka ba tare da la'akari da jima'i ba. A farkon tarihin Daidaitaccen Hakki, mata masu matsakaicin matsayi sun fi tallafawa, yayin da waɗanda ke magana da ma'aikata galibi ana adawa da su, suna jayayya cewa ya kamata mata su riƙe nauyin gida fiye da maza kuma cewa mata masu aiki suna buƙatar kariya ta musamman game da yanayin aiki da lokutan aiki. Masu goyon baya sun tabbatar da cewa zai kawo ƙarshen bambancin doka tsakanin maza da mata a cikin batutuwa da suka haɗa da saki, dukiya, da aiki. Masu adawa sun yi jayayya cewa zai cire kariya daga mata kuma ya bude mata don a shiga soja. == Rubutun ƙuduri == Kudurin, "Yin gabatar da gyare-gyare ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka dangane da daidaito ga maza da mata", ya kuma karanta, a wani bangare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proposed Amendment to the Constitution of the United States |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-86/pdf/STATUTE-86-Pg1523.pdf |publisher=govinfo.gov}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko (1920s-1940s) === [[Fayil:Alice_paul.jpg|thumb|[[Alice Paul]] yana gasa (tare da ruwan inabi) sashi na Kwaskwarima na goma sha tara, 26 ga Agusta, 1920 <ref name="WhoWas">{{Cite web |title=Who Was Alice Paul? |url=http://www.alicepaul.org/who-was-alice-paul |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408164043/http://www.alicepaul.org/who-was-alice-paul/ |archive-date=April 8, 2017 |access-date=April 6, 2017 |publisher=Alice Paul Institute}}</ref>]] A ranar 25 ga Satumban shekarar 1921, Jam'iyyar Mata ta Kasa ta sanar da shirye-shiryenta na kamfen don gyare-gyare ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka don tabbatar da daidaiton hakkokin mata da maza. Rubutun gyaran da aka gabatar ya karanta. Paul ya ba da sunan wannan sigar Lucretia Mott Amendment, bayan wata mata mai adawa da abolitionist wacce ta yi yaƙi don haƙƙin mata kuma ta halarci Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Mata ta Farko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucretia Mott |url=https://www.nps.gov/wori/learn/historyculture/lucretia-mott.htm. |access-date=March 21, 2016 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Dokta Frances Dickinson, dan uwan Susan B. Anthony ne ya goyi bayan wannan shawarar. Bayan gabatar da shi a shekarar 1923, an sake gabatar da Kwaskwarimar Daidaitaccen Haƙƙin a kowane Majalisa na gaba, amma bai sami ci gaba sosai ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 11, 1923 |title=English: A newspaper article from 1923 talking about the ERA |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ERA_Amendment_First_Introduced.pdf |website=The Baltimore Sun}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 16, 1922 |title=English: Newspaper article from 1922 talking about the ERA |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Still_Not_Introduced.pdf |website=The New York Times |via=Wikimedia Commons}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 1943, Alice Paul ta ci gaba da sake fasalin gyare-gyaren don nuna kalmomin Kwaskwarimar goma sha biyar da goma sha tara. Wannan rubutun daga baya zai zama Sashe na 1 na sigar da Majalisa ta zartar a shekarar 1972. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Equal Rights Amendments, 1923–1972 |url=http://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/336era.html |access-date=September 23, 2016 |publisher=Hanover College}}</ref> == Gyaran daidaito na Jiha == Jihohi ashirin da biyar sun amince da kundin tsarin mulki ko gyare-gyaren kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya ba da cewa ba za a hana daidaito a ƙarƙashin doka ba saboda jima'i. Yawancin waɗannan tanadi suna nuna harshen da ya dace na ERA, yayin da kalmomin da ke cikin wasu suna kama da Ma'anar Karewa ta Goma sha huɗu.<ref name="CRSReport">{{Cite web |last=Gladstone |first=Leslie |date=August 23, 2004 |title=Equal Rights Amendment: State Provisions |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7397/m1/1/high_res_d/RS20217_2004Aug23.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517123130/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7397/m1/1/high_res_d/RS20217_2004Aug23.pdf |archive-date=May 17, 2014 |access-date=June 19, 2015 |publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]}}</ref> Kundin Tsarin Mulki na [[California]] na 1879 ya ƙunshi tanadin daidaito na farko a cikin rikodin. An rubuta shi a takaice, yana iyakance daidaitattun hakkoki da aka ba da su ga "shiga ko neman kasuwanci, sana'a, sana'o'i, ko aiki". Kusan ƙarshen karni na 19 wasu jihohi biyu, [[Wyoming]] (1890) da [[Utah]] (1896), sun haɗa da tanadin daidaito a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin su. An rubuta waɗannan tanadi don tabbatar da daidaito na siyasa da na farar hula tsakanin mata da maza. Jihohi da yawa sun kirkiro kuma sun karɓi gyare-gyaren haƙƙin kansu a cikin shekarun 1970 da 1980, yayin da ERA ta kasance a gaban jihohi, ko bayan haka. Wasu gyare-gyaren daidaito na haƙƙin mallaka da tanadin daidaito na kundin tsarin mulki na asali sune: <ref name="CRSReport"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=VoteERA.org Equal Rights Amendment Women's Full Equality |url=http://www.voteera.org/#!about1/c1xk3 |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2018-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414155103/http://www.voteera.org/#!about1/c1xk3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9771ru9gp152uj9kxgjkse6bacn560z 905964 905963 2026-08-22T05:27:28Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905964 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Kwaskwarimar Daidaitaccen Haƙƙi ('''ERA''') wani gyare-gyare ne da aka gabatar ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka wanda zai haramta nuna bambancin jima'i a bayyane. A halin yanzu ba wani bangare ne na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ba, kodayake an daɗe ana muhawara game da matsayinsa na tabbatarwa. [[Alice Paul]] da Crystal Eastman ne suka rubuta shi kuma an gabatar da shi a Majalisa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1923. Tare da hauhawar motsi na mata a Amurka a cikin shekarun 1960, ERA ta sami karuwar goyon baya, kuma, bayan da wakilin Martha Griffiths ya sake gabatar da ita a shekarar 1971, Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka ta amince da ita a wannan shekarar, kuma Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka a 1972, don haka ta miƙa ERA ga majalisun jihohi don tabbatarwa, kamar yadda Mataki na biyar na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya tanada. Shekaru bakwai, 1979, an haɗa shi da dokar da Majalisa ta yi. Mafi rinjaye na Majalisa daga baya sun tsawaita lokacin zuwa 1982. Dukkanin lokutan sun wuce tare da ERA uku ba tare da jihohi 38 da suka dace ba don tabbatarwa. Duk da haka, akwai ci gaba da kokarin tabbatar da gyaran.&nbsp; Manufar ERA ita ce tabbatar da daidaitattun hakkoki na doka ga duk 'yan ƙasar Amurka ba tare da la'akari da jima'i ba. A farkon tarihin Daidaitaccen Hakki, mata masu matsakaicin matsayi sun fi tallafawa, yayin da waɗanda ke magana da ma'aikata galibi ana adawa da su, suna jayayya cewa ya kamata mata su riƙe nauyin gida fiye da maza kuma cewa mata masu aiki suna buƙatar kariya ta musamman game da yanayin aiki da lokutan aiki. Masu goyon baya sun tabbatar da cewa zai kawo ƙarshen bambancin doka tsakanin maza da mata a cikin batutuwa da suka haɗa da saki, dukiya, da aiki. Masu adawa sun yi jayayya cewa zai cire kariya daga mata kuma ya bude mata don a shiga soja. == Rubutun ƙuduri == Kudurin, "Yin gabatar da gyare-gyare ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka dangane da daidaito ga maza da mata", ya kuma karanta, a wani bangare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proposed Amendment to the Constitution of the United States |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-86/pdf/STATUTE-86-Pg1523.pdf |publisher=govinfo.gov}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko (1920s-1940s) === [[Fayil:Alice_paul.jpg|thumb|[[Alice Paul]] yana gasa (tare da ruwan inabi) sashi na Kwaskwarima na goma sha tara, 26 ga Agusta, 1920 <ref name="WhoWas">{{Cite web |title=Who Was Alice Paul? |url=http://www.alicepaul.org/who-was-alice-paul |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408164043/http://www.alicepaul.org/who-was-alice-paul/ |archive-date=April 8, 2017 |access-date=April 6, 2017 |publisher=Alice Paul Institute}}</ref>]] A ranar 25 ga Satumban shekarar 1921, Jam'iyyar Mata ta Kasa ta sanar da shirye-shiryenta na kamfen don gyare-gyare ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka don tabbatar da daidaiton hakkokin mata da maza. Rubutun gyaran da aka gabatar ya karanta. Paul ya ba da sunan wannan sigar Lucretia Mott Amendment, bayan wata mata mai adawa da abolitionist wacce ta yi yaƙi don haƙƙin mata kuma ta halarci Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Mata ta Farko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucretia Mott |url=https://www.nps.gov/wori/learn/historyculture/lucretia-mott.htm. |access-date=March 21, 2016 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Dokta Frances Dickinson, dan uwan Susan B. Anthony ne ya goyi bayan wannan shawarar. Bayan gabatar da shi a shekarar 1923, an sake gabatar da Kwaskwarimar Daidaitaccen Haƙƙin a kowane Majalisa na gaba, amma bai sami ci gaba sosai ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 11, 1923 |title=English: A newspaper article from 1923 talking about the ERA |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ERA_Amendment_First_Introduced.pdf |website=The Baltimore Sun}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 16, 1922 |title=English: Newspaper article from 1922 talking about the ERA |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Still_Not_Introduced.pdf |website=The New York Times |via=Wikimedia Commons}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 1943, Alice Paul ta ci gaba da sake fasalin gyare-gyaren don nuna kalmomin Kwaskwarimar goma sha biyar da goma sha tara. Wannan rubutun daga baya zai zama Sashe na 1 na sigar da Majalisa ta zartar a shekarar 1972. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Equal Rights Amendments, 1923–1972 |url=http://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/336era.html |access-date=September 23, 2016 |publisher=Hanover College}}</ref> == Gyaran daidaito na Jiha == Jihohi ashirin da biyar sun amince da kundin tsarin mulki ko gyare-gyaren kundin tsarin mulki wanda kuma ya ba da cewa ba za a hana daidaito a ƙarƙashin doka ba saboda jima'i. Yawancin waɗannan tanadi suna nuna harshen da ya dace na ERA, yayin da kalmomin da ke cikin wasu suna kama da Ma'anar Karewa ta Goma sha huɗu.<ref name="CRSReport">{{Cite web |last=Gladstone |first=Leslie |date=August 23, 2004 |title=Equal Rights Amendment: State Provisions |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7397/m1/1/high_res_d/RS20217_2004Aug23.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517123130/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7397/m1/1/high_res_d/RS20217_2004Aug23.pdf |archive-date=May 17, 2014 |access-date=June 19, 2015 |publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]}}</ref> Kundin Tsarin Mulki na [[California]] na 1879 ya ƙunshi tanadin daidaito na farko a cikin rikodin. An rubuta shi a takaice, yana iyakance daidaitattun hakkoki da aka ba da su ga "shiga ko neman kasuwanci, sana'a, sana'o'i, ko aiki". Kusan ƙarshen karni na 19 wasu jihohi biyu, [[Wyoming]] (1890) da [[Utah]] (1896), sun haɗa da tanadin daidaito a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin su. An rubuta waɗannan tanadi don tabbatar da daidaito na siyasa da na farar hula tsakanin mata da maza. Jihohi da yawa sun kirkiro kuma sun karɓi gyare-gyaren haƙƙin kansu a cikin shekarun 1970 da 1980, yayin da ERA ta kasance a gaban jihohi, ko bayan haka. Wasu gyare-gyaren daidaito na haƙƙin mallaka da tanadin daidaito na kundin tsarin mulki na asali sune: <ref name="CRSReport"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=VoteERA.org Equal Rights Amendment Women's Full Equality |url=http://www.voteera.org/#!about1/c1xk3 |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2018-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414155103/http://www.voteera.org/#!about1/c1xk3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 03sbqcn8ohxcayrl34i0ifot7xuy7wi 0 111510 905974 722065 2026-08-22T05:31:41Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905974 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Dokar Yarjejeniyar Ƴancin Ɗan Adam da Haƙƙi ta shekarar 2006 Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ce ta jihar Victoria, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], wacce aka tsara don karewa da inganta' yancin ɗan adam. Yana yin hakan ta hanyar lissafin jerin haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda aka haɓaka daga waɗanda ke cikin [[International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights|Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa]], tare da wasu tanadi na tilasta aiki. Dokar ta fara aiki sosai a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2008 kuma tana iya aiki ta hanyar da ta yi kama da Dokar '[[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|'Yancin ɗan adam]] ta Burtaniya ta 1998 ko Dokar' Yancin Kanada. == Game da aikin == Dokar ta kare muhimman hakkoki ashirin da daya, ciki har da: * Hakkin amincewa da daidaito a gaban doka (sashi na 8) * Hakkin rayuwa (Sashe na 9) * Hakkin kariya daga azabtarwa da zalunci, rashin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|mutunci]] ko wulakanci (sashi na 10) * Hakkin samun 'yanci daga aikin tilas (Sashe na 11) * Hakkin 'yancin motsi (sashi na 12) * Hakkin sirri da suna (sashi na 13) * Hakkin 'yancin tunani, lamiri, addini da imani (Sashe na 14) * Hakkin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki (Sashe na 15) * Hakkin yin taro na zaman lafiya da 'yancin yin tarayya (Sashe na 16) * Hakkin kare iyalai da yara (Sashe na 17) * Hakkin shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a (sashi na 18) * Hakkin al'adu (sashi na 19) * Hakkin dukiya (Sashe na 20) * Hakkin 'yanci da tsaron mutum (Sashe na 21) * Hakkin samun kulawa ta mutunci lokacin da aka hana 'yanci (sashi na 22) * 'Yancin yara a cikin tsarin aikata laifuka (sashi na 23) * Hakkin sauraron adalci (Sashe na 24) * Hakki a cikin shari'o'in aikata laifuka (Sashe na 25) * Hakkin kada a gwada shi ko a hukunta shi fiye da sau ɗaya (sashi na 26) * Dokokin aikata laifuka na baya-bayan nan (sashi na 27) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria's Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities |url=https://www.humanrightscommission.vic.gov.au/human-rights/the-charter |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=Victoria Equal Opportunity & Human Rights Commission}}</ref> == Tarihi == Ostiraliya ita ce kadai kasar dimokuradiyya a duniya da ba ta da Dokar 'Yancin (ko irin wannan kariya). Don yin wani hanya don magance wannan, a cikin 2005 Babban Birnin Australiya (ACT) ya ɗauki matakai don aiwatar da Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 2004 don kare' yanci, girmamawa, daidaito da mutunci a cikin iko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Bede |title=Australia doesn't have a constitutional right protecting freedom of the person – it needs one |url=https://theconversation.com/australia-doesnt-have-a-constitutional-right-protecting-freedom-of-the-person-it-needs-one-80603 |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=The Conversation}}</ref> Gwamnati Ma'aikata ta Victoria, a cikin 2005 a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Bracks, ta shiga cikin shawarwarin al'umma don dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam mai kama da waɗanda aka aiwatar a cikin ACT da Dokar 'Yancin dan Adam ta Burtaniya ta 1998. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Australian Human Rights Commission |date=2012-12-14 |title=Vic Human Rights consultation committee |url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/vic-human-rights-consultation-committee |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.humanrights.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Babban Lauyan Victoria Rob Hulls ya yi jayayya cewa Dokar 'Yancin Za ta "ƙarfafa dimokuradiyya kuma ta tsara haƙƙinmu a wuri ɗaya mai sauƙi". Bayan shawarwarin al'umma, gami da shigarwa daga [[Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Australiya]], an gabatar da dokar kuma an yi muhawara a Majalisar a ranar 2 ga Mayu 2008.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2007 |title=Victoria to be first state to adopt a human rights charter - National |url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/national/victoria-to-be-first-state-to-adopt-a-human-rights-charter/2007/12/07/1196813026916.html |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.theage.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Dokar Victoria ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da Hakki ta 2006 ta sami amincewar sarauta a ranar 25 ga Yuli 2006 kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Counsel |first=Office of the Chief Parliamentary |title=Office of the Chief Parliamentary Counsel - Victorian Legislation Home Page |url=http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/PubPDocs_Arch.nsf/5da7442d8f61e92bca256de50013d008/ca2570ce0018ac6dca257162001d4b2b!OpenDocument |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.legislation.vic.gov.au}}</ref> == Ƙuntatawa da iko == Wasu sun yi imanin cewa kamar yadda ya samo asali ne a Victoria Dokar ba ta samar da kariya a waje da 'dokar' ta Victoria ba; duk wata doka ta tarayya tana da fifiko ba tare da la'akari da keta kowane haƙƙi ba. Koyaya, kundin tsarin mulki bai ba da izinin nuna bambanci tsakanin jihohi ba. Babu wani 'ƙwasar ikon jihar', kawai tarayya. Har zuwa lokacin da kundin tsarin mulki ya dace da kundin tsarin mulkin, ya shafi dukkan jihohi. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma ba da ikon Majalisar don dakatar da ko keta haƙƙoƙi a yanayi na musamman, kamar lokacin da suke fuskantar mummunar barazanar tsaro ko yanayin gaggawa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2007 |title=Victoria to be first state to adopt a human rights charter - National |url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/national/victoria-to-be-first-state-to-adopt-a-human-rights-charter/2007/12/07/1196813026916.html |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.theage.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Kotuna ba su da ikon kaddamar da dokokin da ke hanawa, amma suna iya fassara tanadin doka ta hanyar da ta dace da haƙƙin ɗan adam. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tgppujsf44dkbwwsxvfkow3cau0qin6 905975 905974 2026-08-22T05:32:01Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905975 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Dokar Yarjejeniyar Ƴancin Ɗan Adam da Haƙƙi ta shekarar 2006 Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ce ta jihar Victoria, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], wacce aka tsara don karewa da inganta' yancin ɗan adam. Yana yin hakan ta hanyar lissafin jerin haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda kuma aka haɓaka daga waɗanda ke cikin [[International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights|Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa]], tare da wasu tanadi na tilasta aiki. Dokar ta fara aiki sosai a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2008 kuma tana iya aiki ta hanyar da ta yi kama da Dokar '[[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|'Yancin ɗan adam]] ta Burtaniya ta 1998 ko Dokar' Yancin Kanada. == Game da aikin == Dokar ta kare muhimman hakkoki ashirin da daya, ciki har da: * Hakkin amincewa da daidaito a gaban doka (sashi na 8) * Hakkin rayuwa (Sashe na 9) * Hakkin kariya daga azabtarwa da zalunci, rashin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|mutunci]] ko wulakanci (sashi na 10) * Hakkin samun 'yanci daga aikin tilas (Sashe na 11) * Hakkin 'yancin motsi (sashi na 12) * Hakkin sirri da suna (sashi na 13) * Hakkin 'yancin tunani, lamiri, addini da imani (Sashe na 14) * Hakkin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki (Sashe na 15) * Hakkin yin taro na zaman lafiya da 'yancin yin tarayya (Sashe na 16) * Hakkin kare iyalai da yara (Sashe na 17) * Hakkin shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a (sashi na 18) * Hakkin al'adu (sashi na 19) * Hakkin dukiya (Sashe na 20) * Hakkin 'yanci da tsaron mutum (Sashe na 21) * Hakkin samun kulawa ta mutunci lokacin da aka hana 'yanci (sashi na 22) * 'Yancin yara a cikin tsarin aikata laifuka (sashi na 23) * Hakkin sauraron adalci (Sashe na 24) * Hakki a cikin shari'o'in aikata laifuka (Sashe na 25) * Hakkin kada a gwada shi ko a hukunta shi fiye da sau ɗaya (sashi na 26) * Dokokin aikata laifuka na baya-bayan nan (sashi na 27) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria's Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities |url=https://www.humanrightscommission.vic.gov.au/human-rights/the-charter |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=Victoria Equal Opportunity & Human Rights Commission}}</ref> == Tarihi == Ostiraliya ita ce kadai kasar dimokuradiyya a duniya da ba ta da Dokar 'Yancin (ko irin wannan kariya). Don yin wani hanya don magance wannan, a cikin 2005 Babban Birnin Australiya (ACT) ya ɗauki matakai don aiwatar da Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 2004 don kare' yanci, girmamawa, daidaito da mutunci a cikin iko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Bede |title=Australia doesn't have a constitutional right protecting freedom of the person – it needs one |url=https://theconversation.com/australia-doesnt-have-a-constitutional-right-protecting-freedom-of-the-person-it-needs-one-80603 |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=The Conversation}}</ref> Gwamnati Ma'aikata ta Victoria, a cikin 2005 a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Bracks, ta shiga cikin shawarwarin al'umma don dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam mai kama da waɗanda aka aiwatar a cikin ACT da Dokar 'Yancin dan Adam ta Burtaniya ta 1998. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Australian Human Rights Commission |date=2012-12-14 |title=Vic Human Rights consultation committee |url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/vic-human-rights-consultation-committee |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.humanrights.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Babban Lauyan Victoria Rob Hulls ya yi jayayya cewa Dokar 'Yancin Za ta "ƙarfafa dimokuradiyya kuma ta tsara haƙƙinmu a wuri ɗaya mai sauƙi". Bayan shawarwarin al'umma, gami da shigarwa daga [[Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Australiya]], an gabatar da dokar kuma an yi muhawara a Majalisar a ranar 2 ga Mayu 2008.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2007 |title=Victoria to be first state to adopt a human rights charter - National |url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/national/victoria-to-be-first-state-to-adopt-a-human-rights-charter/2007/12/07/1196813026916.html |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.theage.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Dokar Victoria ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da Hakki ta 2006 ta sami amincewar sarauta a ranar 25 ga Yuli 2006 kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Counsel |first=Office of the Chief Parliamentary |title=Office of the Chief Parliamentary Counsel - Victorian Legislation Home Page |url=http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/PubPDocs_Arch.nsf/5da7442d8f61e92bca256de50013d008/ca2570ce0018ac6dca257162001d4b2b!OpenDocument |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.legislation.vic.gov.au}}</ref> == Ƙuntatawa da iko == Wasu sun yi imanin cewa kamar yadda ya samo asali ne a Victoria Dokar ba ta samar da kariya a waje da 'dokar' ta Victoria ba; duk wata doka ta tarayya tana da fifiko ba tare da la'akari da keta kowane haƙƙi ba. Koyaya, kundin tsarin mulki bai ba da izinin nuna bambanci tsakanin jihohi ba. Babu wani 'ƙwasar ikon jihar', kawai tarayya. Har zuwa lokacin da kundin tsarin mulki ya dace da kundin tsarin mulkin, ya shafi dukkan jihohi. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma ba da ikon Majalisar don dakatar da ko keta haƙƙoƙi a yanayi na musamman, kamar lokacin da suke fuskantar mummunar barazanar tsaro ko yanayin gaggawa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2007 |title=Victoria to be first state to adopt a human rights charter - National |url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/national/victoria-to-be-first-state-to-adopt-a-human-rights-charter/2007/12/07/1196813026916.html |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.theage.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Kotuna ba su da ikon kaddamar da dokokin da ke hanawa, amma suna iya fassara tanadin doka ta hanyar da ta dace da haƙƙin ɗan adam. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] raqyelul7onwf9moebosvuwd120wxea 905976 905975 2026-08-22T05:32:14Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905976 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Dokar Yarjejeniyar Ƴancin Ɗan Adam da Haƙƙi ta shekarar 2006 Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ce ta jihar Victoria, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], wacce aka tsara don karewa da inganta' yancin ɗan adam. Yana yin hakan ta hanyar lissafin jerin haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda kuma aka haɓaka daga waɗanda ke cikin [[International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights|Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa]], tare da wasu tanadi na tilasta aiki. Dokar ta fara aiki sosai a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2008 kuma tana iya aiki ta hanyar da ta yi kama da Dokar '[[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|'Yancin ɗan adam]] ta Burtaniya ta shekarar 1998 ko Dokar' Yancin Kanada. == Game da aikin == Dokar ta kare muhimman hakkoki ashirin da daya, ciki har da: * Hakkin amincewa da daidaito a gaban doka (sashi na 8) * Hakkin rayuwa (Sashe na 9) * Hakkin kariya daga azabtarwa da zalunci, rashin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|mutunci]] ko wulakanci (sashi na 10) * Hakkin samun 'yanci daga aikin tilas (Sashe na 11) * Hakkin 'yancin motsi (sashi na 12) * Hakkin sirri da suna (sashi na 13) * Hakkin 'yancin tunani, lamiri, addini da imani (Sashe na 14) * Hakkin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki (Sashe na 15) * Hakkin yin taro na zaman lafiya da 'yancin yin tarayya (Sashe na 16) * Hakkin kare iyalai da yara (Sashe na 17) * Hakkin shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a (sashi na 18) * Hakkin al'adu (sashi na 19) * Hakkin dukiya (Sashe na 20) * Hakkin 'yanci da tsaron mutum (Sashe na 21) * Hakkin samun kulawa ta mutunci lokacin da aka hana 'yanci (sashi na 22) * 'Yancin yara a cikin tsarin aikata laifuka (sashi na 23) * Hakkin sauraron adalci (Sashe na 24) * Hakki a cikin shari'o'in aikata laifuka (Sashe na 25) * Hakkin kada a gwada shi ko a hukunta shi fiye da sau ɗaya (sashi na 26) * Dokokin aikata laifuka na baya-bayan nan (sashi na 27) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria's Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities |url=https://www.humanrightscommission.vic.gov.au/human-rights/the-charter |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=Victoria Equal Opportunity & Human Rights Commission}}</ref> == Tarihi == Ostiraliya ita ce kadai kasar dimokuradiyya a duniya da ba ta da Dokar 'Yancin (ko irin wannan kariya). Don yin wani hanya don magance wannan, a cikin 2005 Babban Birnin Australiya (ACT) ya ɗauki matakai don aiwatar da Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 2004 don kare' yanci, girmamawa, daidaito da mutunci a cikin iko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Bede |title=Australia doesn't have a constitutional right protecting freedom of the person – it needs one |url=https://theconversation.com/australia-doesnt-have-a-constitutional-right-protecting-freedom-of-the-person-it-needs-one-80603 |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=The Conversation}}</ref> Gwamnati Ma'aikata ta Victoria, a cikin 2005 a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Bracks, ta shiga cikin shawarwarin al'umma don dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam mai kama da waɗanda aka aiwatar a cikin ACT da Dokar 'Yancin dan Adam ta Burtaniya ta 1998. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Australian Human Rights Commission |date=2012-12-14 |title=Vic Human Rights consultation committee |url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/vic-human-rights-consultation-committee |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.humanrights.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Babban Lauyan Victoria Rob Hulls ya yi jayayya cewa Dokar 'Yancin Za ta "ƙarfafa dimokuradiyya kuma ta tsara haƙƙinmu a wuri ɗaya mai sauƙi". Bayan shawarwarin al'umma, gami da shigarwa daga [[Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Australiya]], an gabatar da dokar kuma an yi muhawara a Majalisar a ranar 2 ga Mayu 2008.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2007 |title=Victoria to be first state to adopt a human rights charter - National |url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/national/victoria-to-be-first-state-to-adopt-a-human-rights-charter/2007/12/07/1196813026916.html |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.theage.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Dokar Victoria ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da Hakki ta 2006 ta sami amincewar sarauta a ranar 25 ga Yuli 2006 kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Counsel |first=Office of the Chief Parliamentary |title=Office of the Chief Parliamentary Counsel - Victorian Legislation Home Page |url=http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/PubPDocs_Arch.nsf/5da7442d8f61e92bca256de50013d008/ca2570ce0018ac6dca257162001d4b2b!OpenDocument |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.legislation.vic.gov.au}}</ref> == Ƙuntatawa da iko == Wasu sun yi imanin cewa kamar yadda ya samo asali ne a Victoria Dokar ba ta samar da kariya a waje da 'dokar' ta Victoria ba; duk wata doka ta tarayya tana da fifiko ba tare da la'akari da keta kowane haƙƙi ba. Koyaya, kundin tsarin mulki bai ba da izinin nuna bambanci tsakanin jihohi ba. Babu wani 'ƙwasar ikon jihar', kawai tarayya. Har zuwa lokacin da kundin tsarin mulki ya dace da kundin tsarin mulkin, ya shafi dukkan jihohi. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma ba da ikon Majalisar don dakatar da ko keta haƙƙoƙi a yanayi na musamman, kamar lokacin da suke fuskantar mummunar barazanar tsaro ko yanayin gaggawa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2007 |title=Victoria to be first state to adopt a human rights charter - National |url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/national/victoria-to-be-first-state-to-adopt-a-human-rights-charter/2007/12/07/1196813026916.html |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.theage.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Kotuna ba su da ikon kaddamar da dokokin da ke hanawa, amma suna iya fassara tanadin doka ta hanyar da ta dace da haƙƙin ɗan adam. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1sqzdfk5uodyr83joz5dtazaejqtt1e 905977 905976 2026-08-22T05:32:38Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905977 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Dokar Yarjejeniyar Ƴancin Ɗan Adam da Haƙƙi ta shekarar 2006 Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ce ta jihar Victoria, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], wacce aka tsara don karewa da inganta' yancin ɗan adam. Yana yin hakan ta hanyar lissafin jerin haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda kuma aka haɓaka daga waɗanda ke cikin [[International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights|Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa]], tare da wasu tanadi na tilasta aiki. Dokar ta fara aiki sosai a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2008 kuma tana iya aiki ta hanyar da ta yi kama da Dokar '[[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|'Yancin ɗan adam]] ta Burtaniya ta shekarar 1998 ko Dokar' Yancin Kanada. == Game da aikin == Dokar ta kare muhimman hakkoki ashirin da daya, ciki har da: * Haƙƙin amincewa da daidaito a gaban doka (sashi na 8) * Haƙƙin rayuwa (Sashe na 9) * Haƙƙin kariya daga azabtarwa da zalunci, rashin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|mutunci]] ko wulakanci (sashi na 10) * Haƙƙin samun 'yanci daga aikin tilas (Sashe na 11) * Hakkin 'yancin motsi (sashi na 12) * Haƙƙin sirri da suna (sashi na 13) * Hakkin 'yancin tunani, lamiri, addini da imani (Sashe na 14) * Hakkin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki (Sashe na 15) * Hakkin yin taro na zaman lafiya da 'yancin yin tarayya (Sashe na 16) * Hakkin kare iyalai da yara (Sashe na 17) * Hakkin shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a (sashi na 18) * Hakkin al'adu (sashi na 19) * Hakkin dukiya (Sashe na 20) * Hakkin 'yanci da tsaron mutum (Sashe na 21) * Hakkin samun kulawa ta mutunci lokacin da aka hana 'yanci (sashi na 22) * 'Yancin yara a cikin tsarin aikata laifuka (sashi na 23) * Hakkin sauraron adalci (Sashe na 24) * Hakki a cikin shari'o'in aikata laifuka (Sashe na 25) * Hakkin kada a gwada shi ko a hukunta shi fiye da sau ɗaya (sashi na 26) * Dokokin aikata laifuka na baya-bayan nan (sashi na 27) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria's Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities |url=https://www.humanrightscommission.vic.gov.au/human-rights/the-charter |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=Victoria Equal Opportunity & Human Rights Commission}}</ref> == Tarihi == Ostiraliya ita ce kadai kasar dimokuradiyya a duniya da ba ta da Dokar 'Yancin (ko irin wannan kariya). Don yin wani hanya don magance wannan, a cikin 2005 Babban Birnin Australiya (ACT) ya ɗauki matakai don aiwatar da Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 2004 don kare' yanci, girmamawa, daidaito da mutunci a cikin iko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Bede |title=Australia doesn't have a constitutional right protecting freedom of the person – it needs one |url=https://theconversation.com/australia-doesnt-have-a-constitutional-right-protecting-freedom-of-the-person-it-needs-one-80603 |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=The Conversation}}</ref> Gwamnati Ma'aikata ta Victoria, a cikin 2005 a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Bracks, ta shiga cikin shawarwarin al'umma don dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam mai kama da waɗanda aka aiwatar a cikin ACT da Dokar 'Yancin dan Adam ta Burtaniya ta 1998. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Australian Human Rights Commission |date=2012-12-14 |title=Vic Human Rights consultation committee |url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/vic-human-rights-consultation-committee |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.humanrights.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Babban Lauyan Victoria Rob Hulls ya yi jayayya cewa Dokar 'Yancin Za ta "ƙarfafa dimokuradiyya kuma ta tsara haƙƙinmu a wuri ɗaya mai sauƙi". Bayan shawarwarin al'umma, gami da shigarwa daga [[Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Australiya]], an gabatar da dokar kuma an yi muhawara a Majalisar a ranar 2 ga Mayu 2008.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2007 |title=Victoria to be first state to adopt a human rights charter - National |url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/national/victoria-to-be-first-state-to-adopt-a-human-rights-charter/2007/12/07/1196813026916.html |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.theage.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Dokar Victoria ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da Hakki ta 2006 ta sami amincewar sarauta a ranar 25 ga Yuli 2006 kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Counsel |first=Office of the Chief Parliamentary |title=Office of the Chief Parliamentary Counsel - Victorian Legislation Home Page |url=http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/PubPDocs_Arch.nsf/5da7442d8f61e92bca256de50013d008/ca2570ce0018ac6dca257162001d4b2b!OpenDocument |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.legislation.vic.gov.au}}</ref> == Ƙuntatawa da iko == Wasu sun yi imanin cewa kamar yadda ya samo asali ne a Victoria Dokar ba ta samar da kariya a waje da 'dokar' ta Victoria ba; duk wata doka ta tarayya tana da fifiko ba tare da la'akari da keta kowane haƙƙi ba. Koyaya, kundin tsarin mulki bai ba da izinin nuna bambanci tsakanin jihohi ba. Babu wani 'ƙwasar ikon jihar', kawai tarayya. Har zuwa lokacin da kundin tsarin mulki ya dace da kundin tsarin mulkin, ya shafi dukkan jihohi. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma ba da ikon Majalisar don dakatar da ko keta haƙƙoƙi a yanayi na musamman, kamar lokacin da suke fuskantar mummunar barazanar tsaro ko yanayin gaggawa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2007 |title=Victoria to be first state to adopt a human rights charter - National |url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/national/victoria-to-be-first-state-to-adopt-a-human-rights-charter/2007/12/07/1196813026916.html |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.theage.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Kotuna ba su da ikon kaddamar da dokokin da ke hanawa, amma suna iya fassara tanadin doka ta hanyar da ta dace da haƙƙin ɗan adam. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ew8eksva7v7xur2cph497t4eqz0gbrj 905978 905977 2026-08-22T05:33:14Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905978 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Dokar Yarjejeniyar Ƴancin Ɗan Adam da Haƙƙi ta shekarar 2006 Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ce ta jihar Victoria, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], wacce aka tsara don karewa da inganta' yancin ɗan adam. Yana yin hakan ta hanyar lissafin jerin haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda kuma aka haɓaka daga waɗanda ke cikin [[International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights|Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa]], tare da wasu tanadi na tilasta aiki. Dokar ta fara aiki sosai a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2008 kuma tana iya aiki ta hanyar da ta yi kama da Dokar '[[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|'Yancin ɗan adam]] ta Burtaniya ta shekarar 1998 ko Dokar' Yancin Kanada. == Game da aikin == Dokar ta kare muhimman hakkoki ashirin da daya, ciki har da: * Haƙƙin amincewa da daidaito a gaban doka (sashi na 8) * Haƙƙin rayuwa (Sashe na 9) * Haƙƙin kariya daga azabtarwa da zalunci, rashin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|mutunci]] ko wulakanci (sashi na 10) * Haƙƙin samun 'yanci daga aikin tilas (Sashe na 11) * Haƙƙin ƴancin motsi (sashi na 12) * Haƙƙin sirri da suna (sashi na 13) * Haƙƙin ƴancin tunani, lamiri, addini da imani (Sashe na 14) * Haƙƙin ƴancin faɗar albarkacin baki (Sashe na 15) * Hakkin yin taro na zaman lafiya da 'yancin yin tarayya (Sashe na 16) * Hakkin kare iyalai da yara (Sashe na 17) * Hakkin shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a (sashi na 18) * Hakkin al'adu (sashi na 19) * Hakkin dukiya (Sashe na 20) * Hakkin 'yanci da tsaron mutum (Sashe na 21) * Hakkin samun kulawa ta mutunci lokacin da aka hana 'yanci (sashi na 22) * 'Yancin yara a cikin tsarin aikata laifuka (sashi na 23) * Hakkin sauraron adalci (Sashe na 24) * Hakki a cikin shari'o'in aikata laifuka (Sashe na 25) * Hakkin kada a gwada shi ko a hukunta shi fiye da sau ɗaya (sashi na 26) * Dokokin aikata laifuka na baya-bayan nan (sashi na 27) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria's Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities |url=https://www.humanrightscommission.vic.gov.au/human-rights/the-charter |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=Victoria Equal Opportunity & Human Rights Commission}}</ref> == Tarihi == Ostiraliya ita ce kadai kasar dimokuradiyya a duniya da ba ta da Dokar 'Yancin (ko irin wannan kariya). Don yin wani hanya don magance wannan, a cikin 2005 Babban Birnin Australiya (ACT) ya ɗauki matakai don aiwatar da Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 2004 don kare' yanci, girmamawa, daidaito da mutunci a cikin iko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Bede |title=Australia doesn't have a constitutional right protecting freedom of the person – it needs one |url=https://theconversation.com/australia-doesnt-have-a-constitutional-right-protecting-freedom-of-the-person-it-needs-one-80603 |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=The Conversation}}</ref> Gwamnati Ma'aikata ta Victoria, a cikin 2005 a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Bracks, ta shiga cikin shawarwarin al'umma don dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam mai kama da waɗanda aka aiwatar a cikin ACT da Dokar 'Yancin dan Adam ta Burtaniya ta 1998. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Australian Human Rights Commission |date=2012-12-14 |title=Vic Human Rights consultation committee |url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/vic-human-rights-consultation-committee |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.humanrights.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Babban Lauyan Victoria Rob Hulls ya yi jayayya cewa Dokar 'Yancin Za ta "ƙarfafa dimokuradiyya kuma ta tsara haƙƙinmu a wuri ɗaya mai sauƙi". Bayan shawarwarin al'umma, gami da shigarwa daga [[Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Australiya]], an gabatar da dokar kuma an yi muhawara a Majalisar a ranar 2 ga Mayu 2008.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2007 |title=Victoria to be first state to adopt a human rights charter - National |url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/national/victoria-to-be-first-state-to-adopt-a-human-rights-charter/2007/12/07/1196813026916.html |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.theage.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Dokar Victoria ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da Hakki ta 2006 ta sami amincewar sarauta a ranar 25 ga Yuli 2006 kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Counsel |first=Office of the Chief Parliamentary |title=Office of the Chief Parliamentary Counsel - Victorian Legislation Home Page |url=http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/PubPDocs_Arch.nsf/5da7442d8f61e92bca256de50013d008/ca2570ce0018ac6dca257162001d4b2b!OpenDocument |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.legislation.vic.gov.au}}</ref> == Ƙuntatawa da iko == Wasu sun yi imanin cewa kamar yadda ya samo asali ne a Victoria Dokar ba ta samar da kariya a waje da 'dokar' ta Victoria ba; duk wata doka ta tarayya tana da fifiko ba tare da la'akari da keta kowane haƙƙi ba. Koyaya, kundin tsarin mulki bai ba da izinin nuna bambanci tsakanin jihohi ba. Babu wani 'ƙwasar ikon jihar', kawai tarayya. Har zuwa lokacin da kundin tsarin mulki ya dace da kundin tsarin mulkin, ya shafi dukkan jihohi. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma ba da ikon Majalisar don dakatar da ko keta haƙƙoƙi a yanayi na musamman, kamar lokacin da suke fuskantar mummunar barazanar tsaro ko yanayin gaggawa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2007 |title=Victoria to be first state to adopt a human rights charter - National |url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/national/victoria-to-be-first-state-to-adopt-a-human-rights-charter/2007/12/07/1196813026916.html |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.theage.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Kotuna ba su da ikon kaddamar da dokokin da ke hanawa, amma suna iya fassara tanadin doka ta hanyar da ta dace da haƙƙin ɗan adam. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hryrrd5rat6713edcugk1hk538di3q3 905979 905978 2026-08-22T05:33:32Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905979 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Dokar Yarjejeniyar Ƴancin Ɗan Adam da Haƙƙi ta shekarar 2006 Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ce ta jihar Victoria, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], wacce aka tsara don karewa da inganta' yancin ɗan adam. Yana yin hakan ta hanyar lissafin jerin haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda kuma aka haɓaka daga waɗanda ke cikin [[International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights|Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa]], tare da wasu tanadi na tilasta aiki. Dokar ta fara aiki sosai a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2008 kuma tana iya aiki ta hanyar da ta yi kama da Dokar '[[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|'Yancin ɗan adam]] ta Burtaniya ta shekarar 1998 ko Dokar' Yancin Kanada. == Game da aikin == Dokar ta kare muhimman hakkoki ashirin da daya, ciki har da: * Haƙƙin amincewa da daidaito a gaban doka (sashi na 8) * Haƙƙin rayuwa (Sashe na 9) * Haƙƙin kariya daga azabtarwa da zalunci, rashin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|mutunci]] ko wulakanci (sashi na 10) * Haƙƙin samun 'yanci daga aikin tilas (Sashe na 11) * Haƙƙin ƴancin motsi (sashi na 12) * Haƙƙin sirri da suna (sashi na 13) * Haƙƙin ƴancin tunani, lamiri, addini da imani (Sashe na 14) * Haƙƙin ƴancin faɗar albarkacin baki (Sashe na 15) * Haƙƙin yin taro na zaman lafiya da 'yancin yin tarayya (Sashe na 16) * Haƙƙin kare iyalai da yara (Sashe na 17) * Haƙƙin shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a (sashi na 18) * Haƙƙin al'adu (sashi na 19) * Hakkin dukiya (Sashe na 20) * Hakkin 'yanci da tsaron mutum (Sashe na 21) * Hakkin samun kulawa ta mutunci lokacin da aka hana 'yanci (sashi na 22) * 'Yancin yara a cikin tsarin aikata laifuka (sashi na 23) * Hakkin sauraron adalci (Sashe na 24) * Hakki a cikin shari'o'in aikata laifuka (Sashe na 25) * Hakkin kada a gwada shi ko a hukunta shi fiye da sau ɗaya (sashi na 26) * Dokokin aikata laifuka na baya-bayan nan (sashi na 27) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria's Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities |url=https://www.humanrightscommission.vic.gov.au/human-rights/the-charter |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=Victoria Equal Opportunity & Human Rights Commission}}</ref> == Tarihi == Ostiraliya ita ce kadai kasar dimokuradiyya a duniya da ba ta da Dokar 'Yancin (ko irin wannan kariya). Don yin wani hanya don magance wannan, a cikin 2005 Babban Birnin Australiya (ACT) ya ɗauki matakai don aiwatar da Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 2004 don kare' yanci, girmamawa, daidaito da mutunci a cikin iko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Bede |title=Australia doesn't have a constitutional right protecting freedom of the person – it needs one |url=https://theconversation.com/australia-doesnt-have-a-constitutional-right-protecting-freedom-of-the-person-it-needs-one-80603 |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=The Conversation}}</ref> Gwamnati Ma'aikata ta Victoria, a cikin 2005 a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Bracks, ta shiga cikin shawarwarin al'umma don dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam mai kama da waɗanda aka aiwatar a cikin ACT da Dokar 'Yancin dan Adam ta Burtaniya ta 1998. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Australian Human Rights Commission |date=2012-12-14 |title=Vic Human Rights consultation committee |url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/vic-human-rights-consultation-committee |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.humanrights.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Babban Lauyan Victoria Rob Hulls ya yi jayayya cewa Dokar 'Yancin Za ta "ƙarfafa dimokuradiyya kuma ta tsara haƙƙinmu a wuri ɗaya mai sauƙi". Bayan shawarwarin al'umma, gami da shigarwa daga [[Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Australiya]], an gabatar da dokar kuma an yi muhawara a Majalisar a ranar 2 ga Mayu 2008.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2007 |title=Victoria to be first state to adopt a human rights charter - National |url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/national/victoria-to-be-first-state-to-adopt-a-human-rights-charter/2007/12/07/1196813026916.html |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.theage.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Dokar Victoria ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da Hakki ta 2006 ta sami amincewar sarauta a ranar 25 ga Yuli 2006 kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Counsel |first=Office of the Chief Parliamentary |title=Office of the Chief Parliamentary Counsel - Victorian Legislation Home Page |url=http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/PubPDocs_Arch.nsf/5da7442d8f61e92bca256de50013d008/ca2570ce0018ac6dca257162001d4b2b!OpenDocument |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.legislation.vic.gov.au}}</ref> == Ƙuntatawa da iko == Wasu sun yi imanin cewa kamar yadda ya samo asali ne a Victoria Dokar ba ta samar da kariya a waje da 'dokar' ta Victoria ba; duk wata doka ta tarayya tana da fifiko ba tare da la'akari da keta kowane haƙƙi ba. Koyaya, kundin tsarin mulki bai ba da izinin nuna bambanci tsakanin jihohi ba. Babu wani 'ƙwasar ikon jihar', kawai tarayya. Har zuwa lokacin da kundin tsarin mulki ya dace da kundin tsarin mulkin, ya shafi dukkan jihohi. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma ba da ikon Majalisar don dakatar da ko keta haƙƙoƙi a yanayi na musamman, kamar lokacin da suke fuskantar mummunar barazanar tsaro ko yanayin gaggawa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2007 |title=Victoria to be first state to adopt a human rights charter - National |url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/national/victoria-to-be-first-state-to-adopt-a-human-rights-charter/2007/12/07/1196813026916.html |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.theage.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Kotuna ba su da ikon kaddamar da dokokin da ke hanawa, amma suna iya fassara tanadin doka ta hanyar da ta dace da haƙƙin ɗan adam. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fsxtxgeqra0c6sejbbwa1267jan57bi 905980 905979 2026-08-22T05:34:01Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905980 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Dokar Yarjejeniyar Ƴancin Ɗan Adam da Haƙƙi ta shekarar 2006 Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ce ta jihar Victoria, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], wacce aka tsara don karewa da inganta' yancin ɗan adam. Yana yin hakan ta hanyar lissafin jerin haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda kuma aka haɓaka daga waɗanda ke cikin [[International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights|Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa]], tare da wasu tanadi na tilasta aiki. Dokar ta fara aiki sosai a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2008 kuma tana iya aiki ta hanyar da ta yi kama da Dokar '[[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|'Yancin ɗan adam]] ta Burtaniya ta shekarar 1998 ko Dokar' Yancin Kanada. == Game da aikin == Dokar ta kare muhimman hakkoki ashirin da daya, ciki har da: * Haƙƙin amincewa da daidaito a gaban doka (sashi na 8) * Haƙƙin rayuwa (Sashe na 9) * Haƙƙin kariya daga azabtarwa da zalunci, rashin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|mutunci]] ko wulakanci (sashi na 10) * Haƙƙin samun 'yanci daga aikin tilas (Sashe na 11) * Haƙƙin ƴancin motsi (sashi na 12) * Haƙƙin sirri da suna (sashi na 13) * Haƙƙin ƴancin tunani, lamiri, addini da imani (Sashe na 14) * Haƙƙin ƴancin faɗar albarkacin baki (Sashe na 15) * Haƙƙin yin taro na zaman lafiya da 'yancin yin tarayya (Sashe na 16) * Haƙƙin kare iyalai da yara (Sashe na 17) * Haƙƙin shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a (sashi na 18) * Haƙƙin al'adu (sashi na 19) * Haƙƙin dukiya (Sashe na 20) * Haƙƙin ƴanci da tsaron mutum (Sashe na 21) * Haƙƙin samun kulawa ta mutunci lokacin da aka hana 'yanci (sashi na 22) * Ƴancin yara a cikin tsarin aikata laifuka (sashi na 23) * Hakkin sauraron adalci (Sashe na 24) * Hakki a cikin shari'o'in aikata laifuka (Sashe na 25) * Hakkin kada a gwada shi ko a hukunta shi fiye da sau ɗaya (sashi na 26) * Dokokin aikata laifuka na baya-bayan nan (sashi na 27) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria's Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities |url=https://www.humanrightscommission.vic.gov.au/human-rights/the-charter |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=Victoria Equal Opportunity & Human Rights Commission}}</ref> == Tarihi == Ostiraliya ita ce kadai kasar dimokuradiyya a duniya da ba ta da Dokar 'Yancin (ko irin wannan kariya). Don yin wani hanya don magance wannan, a cikin 2005 Babban Birnin Australiya (ACT) ya ɗauki matakai don aiwatar da Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 2004 don kare' yanci, girmamawa, daidaito da mutunci a cikin iko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Bede |title=Australia doesn't have a constitutional right protecting freedom of the person – it needs one |url=https://theconversation.com/australia-doesnt-have-a-constitutional-right-protecting-freedom-of-the-person-it-needs-one-80603 |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=The Conversation}}</ref> Gwamnati Ma'aikata ta Victoria, a cikin 2005 a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Bracks, ta shiga cikin shawarwarin al'umma don dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam mai kama da waɗanda aka aiwatar a cikin ACT da Dokar 'Yancin dan Adam ta Burtaniya ta 1998. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Australian Human Rights Commission |date=2012-12-14 |title=Vic Human Rights consultation committee |url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/vic-human-rights-consultation-committee |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.humanrights.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Babban Lauyan Victoria Rob Hulls ya yi jayayya cewa Dokar 'Yancin Za ta "ƙarfafa dimokuradiyya kuma ta tsara haƙƙinmu a wuri ɗaya mai sauƙi". Bayan shawarwarin al'umma, gami da shigarwa daga [[Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Australiya]], an gabatar da dokar kuma an yi muhawara a Majalisar a ranar 2 ga Mayu 2008.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2007 |title=Victoria to be first state to adopt a human rights charter - National |url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/national/victoria-to-be-first-state-to-adopt-a-human-rights-charter/2007/12/07/1196813026916.html |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.theage.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Dokar Victoria ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da Hakki ta 2006 ta sami amincewar sarauta a ranar 25 ga Yuli 2006 kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Counsel |first=Office of the Chief Parliamentary |title=Office of the Chief Parliamentary Counsel - Victorian Legislation Home Page |url=http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/PubPDocs_Arch.nsf/5da7442d8f61e92bca256de50013d008/ca2570ce0018ac6dca257162001d4b2b!OpenDocument |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.legislation.vic.gov.au}}</ref> == Ƙuntatawa da iko == Wasu sun yi imanin cewa kamar yadda ya samo asali ne a Victoria Dokar ba ta samar da kariya a waje da 'dokar' ta Victoria ba; duk wata doka ta tarayya tana da fifiko ba tare da la'akari da keta kowane haƙƙi ba. Koyaya, kundin tsarin mulki bai ba da izinin nuna bambanci tsakanin jihohi ba. Babu wani 'ƙwasar ikon jihar', kawai tarayya. Har zuwa lokacin da kundin tsarin mulki ya dace da kundin tsarin mulkin, ya shafi dukkan jihohi. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma ba da ikon Majalisar don dakatar da ko keta haƙƙoƙi a yanayi na musamman, kamar lokacin da suke fuskantar mummunar barazanar tsaro ko yanayin gaggawa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2007 |title=Victoria to be first state to adopt a human rights charter - National |url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/national/victoria-to-be-first-state-to-adopt-a-human-rights-charter/2007/12/07/1196813026916.html |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.theage.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Kotuna ba su da ikon kaddamar da dokokin da ke hanawa, amma suna iya fassara tanadin doka ta hanyar da ta dace da haƙƙin ɗan adam. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7bq5ey5eljb5au8evgkkx8r853xmga2 905981 905980 2026-08-22T05:34:24Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905981 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Dokar Yarjejeniyar Ƴancin Ɗan Adam da Haƙƙi ta shekarar 2006 Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ce ta jihar Victoria, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], wacce aka tsara don karewa da inganta' yancin ɗan adam. Yana yin hakan ta hanyar lissafin jerin haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda kuma aka haɓaka daga waɗanda ke cikin [[International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights|Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa]], tare da wasu tanadi na tilasta aiki. Dokar ta fara aiki sosai a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2008 kuma tana iya aiki ta hanyar da ta yi kama da Dokar '[[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|'Yancin ɗan adam]] ta Burtaniya ta shekarar 1998 ko Dokar' Yancin Kanada. == Game da aikin == Dokar ta kare muhimman hakkoki ashirin da daya, ciki har da: * Haƙƙin amincewa da daidaito a gaban doka (sashi na 8) * Haƙƙin rayuwa (Sashe na 9) * Haƙƙin kariya daga azabtarwa da zalunci, rashin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|mutunci]] ko wulakanci (sashi na 10) * Haƙƙin samun 'yanci daga aikin tilas (Sashe na 11) * Haƙƙin ƴancin motsi (sashi na 12) * Haƙƙin sirri da suna (sashi na 13) * Haƙƙin ƴancin tunani, lamiri, addini da imani (Sashe na 14) * Haƙƙin ƴancin faɗar albarkacin baki (Sashe na 15) * Haƙƙin yin taro na zaman lafiya da 'yancin yin tarayya (Sashe na 16) * Haƙƙin kare iyalai da yara (Sashe na 17) * Haƙƙin shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a (sashi na 18) * Haƙƙin al'adu (sashi na 19) * Haƙƙin dukiya (Sashe na 20) * Haƙƙin ƴanci da tsaron mutum (Sashe na 21) * Haƙƙin samun kulawa ta mutunci lokacin da aka hana 'yanci (sashi na 22) * Ƴancin yara a cikin tsarin aikata laifuka (sashi na 23) * Haƙƙin sauraron adalci (Sashe na 24) * Haƙƙi a cikin shari'o'in aikata laifuka (Sashe na 25) * Haƙƙin kada a gwada shi ko a hukunta shi fiye da sau ɗaya (sashi na 26) * Dokokin aikata laifuka na baya-bayan nan (sashi na 27) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria's Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities |url=https://www.humanrightscommission.vic.gov.au/human-rights/the-charter |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=Victoria Equal Opportunity & Human Rights Commission}}</ref> == Tarihi == Ostiraliya ita ce kadai kasar dimokuradiyya a duniya da ba ta da Dokar 'Yancin (ko irin wannan kariya). Don yin wani hanya don magance wannan, a cikin 2005 Babban Birnin Australiya (ACT) ya ɗauki matakai don aiwatar da Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 2004 don kare' yanci, girmamawa, daidaito da mutunci a cikin iko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Bede |title=Australia doesn't have a constitutional right protecting freedom of the person – it needs one |url=https://theconversation.com/australia-doesnt-have-a-constitutional-right-protecting-freedom-of-the-person-it-needs-one-80603 |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=The Conversation}}</ref> Gwamnati Ma'aikata ta Victoria, a cikin 2005 a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Bracks, ta shiga cikin shawarwarin al'umma don dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam mai kama da waɗanda aka aiwatar a cikin ACT da Dokar 'Yancin dan Adam ta Burtaniya ta 1998. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Australian Human Rights Commission |date=2012-12-14 |title=Vic Human Rights consultation committee |url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/vic-human-rights-consultation-committee |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.humanrights.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Babban Lauyan Victoria Rob Hulls ya yi jayayya cewa Dokar 'Yancin Za ta "ƙarfafa dimokuradiyya kuma ta tsara haƙƙinmu a wuri ɗaya mai sauƙi". Bayan shawarwarin al'umma, gami da shigarwa daga [[Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Australiya]], an gabatar da dokar kuma an yi muhawara a Majalisar a ranar 2 ga Mayu 2008.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2007 |title=Victoria to be first state to adopt a human rights charter - National |url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/national/victoria-to-be-first-state-to-adopt-a-human-rights-charter/2007/12/07/1196813026916.html |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.theage.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Dokar Victoria ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da Hakki ta 2006 ta sami amincewar sarauta a ranar 25 ga Yuli 2006 kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Counsel |first=Office of the Chief Parliamentary |title=Office of the Chief Parliamentary Counsel - Victorian Legislation Home Page |url=http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/PubPDocs_Arch.nsf/5da7442d8f61e92bca256de50013d008/ca2570ce0018ac6dca257162001d4b2b!OpenDocument |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.legislation.vic.gov.au}}</ref> == Ƙuntatawa da iko == Wasu sun yi imanin cewa kamar yadda ya samo asali ne a Victoria Dokar ba ta samar da kariya a waje da 'dokar' ta Victoria ba; duk wata doka ta tarayya tana da fifiko ba tare da la'akari da keta kowane haƙƙi ba. Koyaya, kundin tsarin mulki bai ba da izinin nuna bambanci tsakanin jihohi ba. Babu wani 'ƙwasar ikon jihar', kawai tarayya. Har zuwa lokacin da kundin tsarin mulki ya dace da kundin tsarin mulkin, ya shafi dukkan jihohi. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma ba da ikon Majalisar don dakatar da ko keta haƙƙoƙi a yanayi na musamman, kamar lokacin da suke fuskantar mummunar barazanar tsaro ko yanayin gaggawa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2007 |title=Victoria to be first state to adopt a human rights charter - National |url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/national/victoria-to-be-first-state-to-adopt-a-human-rights-charter/2007/12/07/1196813026916.html |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.theage.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Kotuna ba su da ikon kaddamar da dokokin da ke hanawa, amma suna iya fassara tanadin doka ta hanyar da ta dace da haƙƙin ɗan adam. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i2q30sk4ed9yqluznmfh3vdogornpyc 905984 905981 2026-08-22T05:34:45Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905984 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Dokar Yarjejeniyar Ƴancin Ɗan Adam da Haƙƙi ta shekarar 2006 Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ce ta jihar Victoria, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], wacce aka tsara don karewa da inganta' yancin ɗan adam. Yana yin hakan ta hanyar lissafin jerin haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda kuma aka haɓaka daga waɗanda ke cikin [[International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights|Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa]], tare da wasu tanadi na tilasta aiki. Dokar ta fara aiki sosai a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2008 kuma tana iya aiki ta hanyar da ta yi kama da Dokar '[[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|'Yancin ɗan adam]] ta Burtaniya ta shekarar 1998 ko Dokar' Yancin Kanada. == Game da aikin == Dokar ta kare muhimman hakkoki ashirin da daya, ciki har da: * Haƙƙin amincewa da daidaito a gaban doka (sashi na 8) * Haƙƙin rayuwa (Sashe na 9) * Haƙƙin kariya daga azabtarwa da zalunci, rashin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|mutunci]] ko wulakanci (sashi na 10) * Haƙƙin samun 'yanci daga aikin tilas (Sashe na 11) * Haƙƙin ƴancin motsi (sashi na 12) * Haƙƙin sirri da suna (sashi na 13) * Haƙƙin ƴancin tunani, lamiri, addini da imani (Sashe na 14) * Haƙƙin ƴancin faɗar albarkacin baki (Sashe na 15) * Haƙƙin yin taro na zaman lafiya da 'yancin yin tarayya (Sashe na 16) * Haƙƙin kare iyalai da yara (Sashe na 17) * Haƙƙin shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a (sashi na 18) * Haƙƙin al'adu (sashi na 19) * Haƙƙin dukiya (Sashe na 20) * Haƙƙin ƴanci da tsaron mutum (Sashe na 21) * Haƙƙin samun kulawa ta mutunci lokacin da aka hana 'yanci (sashi na 22) * Ƴancin yara a cikin tsarin aikata laifuka (sashi na 23) * Haƙƙin sauraron adalci (Sashe na 24) * Haƙƙi a cikin shari'o'in aikata laifuka (Sashe na 25) * Haƙƙin kada a gwada shi ko a hukunta shi fiye da sau ɗaya (sashi na 26) * Dokokin aikata laifuka na baya-bayan nan (sashi na 27) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria's Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities |url=https://www.humanrightscommission.vic.gov.au/human-rights/the-charter |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=Victoria Equal Opportunity & Human Rights Commission}}</ref> == Tarihi == Ostiraliya ita ce kadai kasar dimokuradiyya a duniya da ba ta da Dokar Ƴancin (ko irin wannan kariya). Don yin wani hanya don magance wannan, a cikin shekarar 2005 Babban Birnin Australiya (ACT) ya ɗauki matakai don aiwatar da Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 2004 don kare' yanci, girmamawa, daidaito da mutunci a cikin iko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Bede |title=Australia doesn't have a constitutional right protecting freedom of the person – it needs one |url=https://theconversation.com/australia-doesnt-have-a-constitutional-right-protecting-freedom-of-the-person-it-needs-one-80603 |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=The Conversation}}</ref> Gwamnati Ma'aikata ta Victoria, a cikin 2005 a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Bracks, ta shiga cikin shawarwarin al'umma don dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam mai kama da waɗanda aka aiwatar a cikin ACT da Dokar 'Yancin dan Adam ta Burtaniya ta 1998. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Australian Human Rights Commission |date=2012-12-14 |title=Vic Human Rights consultation committee |url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/vic-human-rights-consultation-committee |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.humanrights.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Babban Lauyan Victoria Rob Hulls ya yi jayayya cewa Dokar 'Yancin Za ta "ƙarfafa dimokuradiyya kuma ta tsara haƙƙinmu a wuri ɗaya mai sauƙi". Bayan shawarwarin al'umma, gami da shigarwa daga [[Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Australiya]], an gabatar da dokar kuma an yi muhawara a Majalisar a ranar 2 ga Mayu 2008.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2007 |title=Victoria to be first state to adopt a human rights charter - National |url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/national/victoria-to-be-first-state-to-adopt-a-human-rights-charter/2007/12/07/1196813026916.html |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.theage.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Dokar Victoria ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da Hakki ta 2006 ta sami amincewar sarauta a ranar 25 ga Yuli 2006 kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Counsel |first=Office of the Chief Parliamentary |title=Office of the Chief Parliamentary Counsel - Victorian Legislation Home Page |url=http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/PubPDocs_Arch.nsf/5da7442d8f61e92bca256de50013d008/ca2570ce0018ac6dca257162001d4b2b!OpenDocument |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.legislation.vic.gov.au}}</ref> == Ƙuntatawa da iko == Wasu sun yi imanin cewa kamar yadda ya samo asali ne a Victoria Dokar ba ta samar da kariya a waje da 'dokar' ta Victoria ba; duk wata doka ta tarayya tana da fifiko ba tare da la'akari da keta kowane haƙƙi ba. Koyaya, kundin tsarin mulki bai ba da izinin nuna bambanci tsakanin jihohi ba. Babu wani 'ƙwasar ikon jihar', kawai tarayya. Har zuwa lokacin da kundin tsarin mulki ya dace da kundin tsarin mulkin, ya shafi dukkan jihohi. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma ba da ikon Majalisar don dakatar da ko keta haƙƙoƙi a yanayi na musamman, kamar lokacin da suke fuskantar mummunar barazanar tsaro ko yanayin gaggawa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2007 |title=Victoria to be first state to adopt a human rights charter - National |url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/national/victoria-to-be-first-state-to-adopt-a-human-rights-charter/2007/12/07/1196813026916.html |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.theage.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Kotuna ba su da ikon kaddamar da dokokin da ke hanawa, amma suna iya fassara tanadin doka ta hanyar da ta dace da haƙƙin ɗan adam. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6axtgrbid4i83kj9k8cg7kdnwkp7bs0 905985 905984 2026-08-22T05:35:00Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905985 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Dokar Yarjejeniyar Ƴancin Ɗan Adam da Haƙƙi ta shekarar 2006 Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ce ta jihar Victoria, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], wacce aka tsara don karewa da inganta' yancin ɗan adam. Yana yin hakan ta hanyar lissafin jerin haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda kuma aka haɓaka daga waɗanda ke cikin [[International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights|Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa]], tare da wasu tanadi na tilasta aiki. Dokar ta fara aiki sosai a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2008 kuma tana iya aiki ta hanyar da ta yi kama da Dokar '[[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|'Yancin ɗan adam]] ta Burtaniya ta shekarar 1998 ko Dokar' Yancin Kanada. == Game da aikin == Dokar ta kare muhimman hakkoki ashirin da daya, ciki har da: * Haƙƙin amincewa da daidaito a gaban doka (sashi na 8) * Haƙƙin rayuwa (Sashe na 9) * Haƙƙin kariya daga azabtarwa da zalunci, rashin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|mutunci]] ko wulakanci (sashi na 10) * Haƙƙin samun 'yanci daga aikin tilas (Sashe na 11) * Haƙƙin ƴancin motsi (sashi na 12) * Haƙƙin sirri da suna (sashi na 13) * Haƙƙin ƴancin tunani, lamiri, addini da imani (Sashe na 14) * Haƙƙin ƴancin faɗar albarkacin baki (Sashe na 15) * Haƙƙin yin taro na zaman lafiya da 'yancin yin tarayya (Sashe na 16) * Haƙƙin kare iyalai da yara (Sashe na 17) * Haƙƙin shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a (sashi na 18) * Haƙƙin al'adu (sashi na 19) * Haƙƙin dukiya (Sashe na 20) * Haƙƙin ƴanci da tsaron mutum (Sashe na 21) * Haƙƙin samun kulawa ta mutunci lokacin da aka hana 'yanci (sashi na 22) * Ƴancin yara a cikin tsarin aikata laifuka (sashi na 23) * Haƙƙin sauraron adalci (Sashe na 24) * Haƙƙi a cikin shari'o'in aikata laifuka (Sashe na 25) * Haƙƙin kada a gwada shi ko a hukunta shi fiye da sau ɗaya (sashi na 26) * Dokokin aikata laifuka na baya-bayan nan (sashi na 27) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria's Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities |url=https://www.humanrightscommission.vic.gov.au/human-rights/the-charter |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=Victoria Equal Opportunity & Human Rights Commission}}</ref> == Tarihi == Ostiraliya ita ce kadai ƙasar dimokuradiyya a duniya da ba ta da Dokar Ƴancin (ko irin wannan kariya). Don yin wani hanya don magance wannan, a cikin shekarar 2005 Babban Birnin Australiya (ACT) ya ɗauki matakai don aiwatar da Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 2004 don kare' yanci, girmamawa, daidaito da mutunci a cikin iko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Bede |title=Australia doesn't have a constitutional right protecting freedom of the person – it needs one |url=https://theconversation.com/australia-doesnt-have-a-constitutional-right-protecting-freedom-of-the-person-it-needs-one-80603 |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=The Conversation}}</ref> Gwamnati Ma'aikata ta Victoria, a cikin 2005 a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Bracks, ta shiga cikin shawarwarin al'umma don dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam mai kama da waɗanda aka aiwatar a cikin ACT da Dokar 'Yancin dan Adam ta Burtaniya ta 1998. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Australian Human Rights Commission |date=2012-12-14 |title=Vic Human Rights consultation committee |url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/vic-human-rights-consultation-committee |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.humanrights.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Babban Lauyan Victoria Rob Hulls ya yi jayayya cewa Dokar 'Yancin Za ta "ƙarfafa dimokuradiyya kuma ta tsara haƙƙinmu a wuri ɗaya mai sauƙi". Bayan shawarwarin al'umma, gami da shigarwa daga [[Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Australiya]], an gabatar da dokar kuma an yi muhawara a Majalisar a ranar 2 ga Mayu 2008.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2007 |title=Victoria to be first state to adopt a human rights charter - National |url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/national/victoria-to-be-first-state-to-adopt-a-human-rights-charter/2007/12/07/1196813026916.html |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.theage.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Dokar Victoria ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da Hakki ta 2006 ta sami amincewar sarauta a ranar 25 ga Yuli 2006 kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Counsel |first=Office of the Chief Parliamentary |title=Office of the Chief Parliamentary Counsel - Victorian Legislation Home Page |url=http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/PubPDocs_Arch.nsf/5da7442d8f61e92bca256de50013d008/ca2570ce0018ac6dca257162001d4b2b!OpenDocument |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.legislation.vic.gov.au}}</ref> == Ƙuntatawa da iko == Wasu sun yi imanin cewa kamar yadda ya samo asali ne a Victoria Dokar ba ta samar da kariya a waje da 'dokar' ta Victoria ba; duk wata doka ta tarayya tana da fifiko ba tare da la'akari da keta kowane haƙƙi ba. Koyaya, kundin tsarin mulki bai ba da izinin nuna bambanci tsakanin jihohi ba. Babu wani 'ƙwasar ikon jihar', kawai tarayya. Har zuwa lokacin da kundin tsarin mulki ya dace da kundin tsarin mulkin, ya shafi dukkan jihohi. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma ba da ikon Majalisar don dakatar da ko keta haƙƙoƙi a yanayi na musamman, kamar lokacin da suke fuskantar mummunar barazanar tsaro ko yanayin gaggawa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2007 |title=Victoria to be first state to adopt a human rights charter - National |url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/national/victoria-to-be-first-state-to-adopt-a-human-rights-charter/2007/12/07/1196813026916.html |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.theage.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Kotuna ba su da ikon kaddamar da dokokin da ke hanawa, amma suna iya fassara tanadin doka ta hanyar da ta dace da haƙƙin ɗan adam. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] thppz7e1l8eswv02mhuz9jiogne5ny4 905986 905985 2026-08-22T05:35:24Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905986 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Dokar Yarjejeniyar Ƴancin Ɗan Adam da Haƙƙi ta shekarar 2006 Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ce ta jihar Victoria, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], wacce aka tsara don karewa da inganta' yancin ɗan adam. Yana yin hakan ta hanyar lissafin jerin haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda kuma aka haɓaka daga waɗanda ke cikin [[International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights|Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa]], tare da wasu tanadi na tilasta aiki. Dokar ta fara aiki sosai a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2008 kuma tana iya aiki ta hanyar da ta yi kama da Dokar '[[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|'Yancin ɗan adam]] ta Burtaniya ta shekarar 1998 ko Dokar' Yancin Kanada. == Game da aikin == Dokar ta kare muhimman hakkoki ashirin da daya, ciki har da: * Haƙƙin amincewa da daidaito a gaban doka (sashi na 8) * Haƙƙin rayuwa (Sashe na 9) * Haƙƙin kariya daga azabtarwa da zalunci, rashin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|mutunci]] ko wulakanci (sashi na 10) * Haƙƙin samun 'yanci daga aikin tilas (Sashe na 11) * Haƙƙin ƴancin motsi (sashi na 12) * Haƙƙin sirri da suna (sashi na 13) * Haƙƙin ƴancin tunani, lamiri, addini da imani (Sashe na 14) * Haƙƙin ƴancin faɗar albarkacin baki (Sashe na 15) * Haƙƙin yin taro na zaman lafiya da 'yancin yin tarayya (Sashe na 16) * Haƙƙin kare iyalai da yara (Sashe na 17) * Haƙƙin shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a (sashi na 18) * Haƙƙin al'adu (sashi na 19) * Haƙƙin dukiya (Sashe na 20) * Haƙƙin ƴanci da tsaron mutum (Sashe na 21) * Haƙƙin samun kulawa ta mutunci lokacin da aka hana 'yanci (sashi na 22) * Ƴancin yara a cikin tsarin aikata laifuka (sashi na 23) * Haƙƙin sauraron adalci (Sashe na 24) * Haƙƙi a cikin shari'o'in aikata laifuka (Sashe na 25) * Haƙƙin kada a gwada shi ko a hukunta shi fiye da sau ɗaya (sashi na 26) * Dokokin aikata laifuka na baya-bayan nan (sashi na 27) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria's Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities |url=https://www.humanrightscommission.vic.gov.au/human-rights/the-charter |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=Victoria Equal Opportunity & Human Rights Commission}}</ref> == Tarihi == Ostiraliya ita ce kadai ƙasar dimokuradiyya a duniya da ba ta da Dokar Ƴancin (ko irin wannan kariya). Don yin wani hanya don magance wannan, a cikin shekarar 2005 Babban Birnin Australiya (ACT) ya ɗauki matakai don aiwatar da Dokar Ƴancin Ɗan Adam ta 2004 don kare' yanci, girmamawa, daidaito da mutunci a cikin iko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Bede |title=Australia doesn't have a constitutional right protecting freedom of the person – it needs one |url=https://theconversation.com/australia-doesnt-have-a-constitutional-right-protecting-freedom-of-the-person-it-needs-one-80603 |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=The Conversation}}</ref> Gwamnati Ma'aikata ta Victoria, a cikin 2005 a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Bracks, ta shiga cikin shawarwarin al'umma don dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam mai kama da waɗanda aka aiwatar a cikin ACT da Dokar 'Yancin dan Adam ta Burtaniya ta 1998. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Australian Human Rights Commission |date=2012-12-14 |title=Vic Human Rights consultation committee |url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/vic-human-rights-consultation-committee |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.humanrights.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Babban Lauyan Victoria Rob Hulls ya yi jayayya cewa Dokar 'Yancin Za ta "ƙarfafa dimokuradiyya kuma ta tsara haƙƙinmu a wuri ɗaya mai sauƙi". Bayan shawarwarin al'umma, gami da shigarwa daga [[Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Australiya]], an gabatar da dokar kuma an yi muhawara a Majalisar a ranar 2 ga Mayu 2008.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2007 |title=Victoria to be first state to adopt a human rights charter - National |url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/national/victoria-to-be-first-state-to-adopt-a-human-rights-charter/2007/12/07/1196813026916.html |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.theage.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Dokar Victoria ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da Hakki ta 2006 ta sami amincewar sarauta a ranar 25 ga Yuli 2006 kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Counsel |first=Office of the Chief Parliamentary |title=Office of the Chief Parliamentary Counsel - Victorian Legislation Home Page |url=http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/PubPDocs_Arch.nsf/5da7442d8f61e92bca256de50013d008/ca2570ce0018ac6dca257162001d4b2b!OpenDocument |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.legislation.vic.gov.au}}</ref> == Ƙuntatawa da iko == Wasu sun yi imanin cewa kamar yadda ya samo asali ne a Victoria Dokar ba ta samar da kariya a waje da 'dokar' ta Victoria ba; duk wata doka ta tarayya tana da fifiko ba tare da la'akari da keta kowane haƙƙi ba. Koyaya, kundin tsarin mulki bai ba da izinin nuna bambanci tsakanin jihohi ba. Babu wani 'ƙwasar ikon jihar', kawai tarayya. Har zuwa lokacin da kundin tsarin mulki ya dace da kundin tsarin mulkin, ya shafi dukkan jihohi. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma ba da ikon Majalisar don dakatar da ko keta haƙƙoƙi a yanayi na musamman, kamar lokacin da suke fuskantar mummunar barazanar tsaro ko yanayin gaggawa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2007 |title=Victoria to be first state to adopt a human rights charter - National |url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/national/victoria-to-be-first-state-to-adopt-a-human-rights-charter/2007/12/07/1196813026916.html |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.theage.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Kotuna ba su da ikon kaddamar da dokokin da ke hanawa, amma suna iya fassara tanadin doka ta hanyar da ta dace da haƙƙin ɗan adam. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p3w0udr5g05u56npbm7gxbzlic8kbpa 905987 905986 2026-08-22T05:35:38Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905987 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Dokar Yarjejeniyar Ƴancin Ɗan Adam da Haƙƙi ta shekarar 2006 Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ce ta jihar Victoria, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], wacce aka tsara don karewa da inganta' yancin ɗan adam. Yana yin hakan ta hanyar lissafin jerin haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda kuma aka haɓaka daga waɗanda ke cikin [[International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights|Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa]], tare da wasu tanadi na tilasta aiki. Dokar ta fara aiki sosai a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2008 kuma tana iya aiki ta hanyar da ta yi kama da Dokar '[[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|'Yancin ɗan adam]] ta Burtaniya ta shekarar 1998 ko Dokar' Yancin Kanada. == Game da aikin == Dokar ta kare muhimman hakkoki ashirin da daya, ciki har da: * Haƙƙin amincewa da daidaito a gaban doka (sashi na 8) * Haƙƙin rayuwa (Sashe na 9) * Haƙƙin kariya daga azabtarwa da zalunci, rashin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|mutunci]] ko wulakanci (sashi na 10) * Haƙƙin samun 'yanci daga aikin tilas (Sashe na 11) * Haƙƙin ƴancin motsi (sashi na 12) * Haƙƙin sirri da suna (sashi na 13) * Haƙƙin ƴancin tunani, lamiri, addini da imani (Sashe na 14) * Haƙƙin ƴancin faɗar albarkacin baki (Sashe na 15) * Haƙƙin yin taro na zaman lafiya da 'yancin yin tarayya (Sashe na 16) * Haƙƙin kare iyalai da yara (Sashe na 17) * Haƙƙin shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a (sashi na 18) * Haƙƙin al'adu (sashi na 19) * Haƙƙin dukiya (Sashe na 20) * Haƙƙin ƴanci da tsaron mutum (Sashe na 21) * Haƙƙin samun kulawa ta mutunci lokacin da aka hana 'yanci (sashi na 22) * Ƴancin yara a cikin tsarin aikata laifuka (sashi na 23) * Haƙƙin sauraron adalci (Sashe na 24) * Haƙƙi a cikin shari'o'in aikata laifuka (Sashe na 25) * Haƙƙin kada a gwada shi ko a hukunta shi fiye da sau ɗaya (sashi na 26) * Dokokin aikata laifuka na baya-bayan nan (sashi na 27) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria's Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities |url=https://www.humanrightscommission.vic.gov.au/human-rights/the-charter |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=Victoria Equal Opportunity & Human Rights Commission}}</ref> == Tarihi == Ostiraliya ita ce kadai ƙasar dimokuradiyya a duniya da ba ta da Dokar Ƴancin (ko irin wannan kariya). Don yin wani hanya don magance wannan, a cikin shekarar 2005 Babban Birnin Australiya (ACT) ya ɗauki matakai don aiwatar da Dokar Ƴancin Ɗan Adam ta 2004 don kare' yanci, girmamawa, daidaito da mutunci a cikin iko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Bede |title=Australia doesn't have a constitutional right protecting freedom of the person – it needs one |url=https://theconversation.com/australia-doesnt-have-a-constitutional-right-protecting-freedom-of-the-person-it-needs-one-80603 |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=The Conversation}}</ref> Gwamnati Ma'aikata ta Victoria, a cikin shekarar 2005 a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Bracks, ta shiga cikin shawarwarin al'umma don dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam mai kama da waɗanda aka aiwatar a cikin ACT da Dokar 'Yancin dan Adam ta Burtaniya ta 1998. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Australian Human Rights Commission |date=2012-12-14 |title=Vic Human Rights consultation committee |url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/vic-human-rights-consultation-committee |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.humanrights.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Babban Lauyan Victoria Rob Hulls ya yi jayayya cewa Dokar 'Yancin Za ta "ƙarfafa dimokuradiyya kuma ta tsara haƙƙinmu a wuri ɗaya mai sauƙi". Bayan shawarwarin al'umma, gami da shigarwa daga [[Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Australiya]], an gabatar da dokar kuma an yi muhawara a Majalisar a ranar 2 ga Mayu 2008.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2007 |title=Victoria to be first state to adopt a human rights charter - National |url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/national/victoria-to-be-first-state-to-adopt-a-human-rights-charter/2007/12/07/1196813026916.html |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.theage.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Dokar Victoria ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da Hakki ta 2006 ta sami amincewar sarauta a ranar 25 ga Yuli 2006 kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Counsel |first=Office of the Chief Parliamentary |title=Office of the Chief Parliamentary Counsel - Victorian Legislation Home Page |url=http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/PubPDocs_Arch.nsf/5da7442d8f61e92bca256de50013d008/ca2570ce0018ac6dca257162001d4b2b!OpenDocument |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.legislation.vic.gov.au}}</ref> == Ƙuntatawa da iko == Wasu sun yi imanin cewa kamar yadda ya samo asali ne a Victoria Dokar ba ta samar da kariya a waje da 'dokar' ta Victoria ba; duk wata doka ta tarayya tana da fifiko ba tare da la'akari da keta kowane haƙƙi ba. Koyaya, kundin tsarin mulki bai ba da izinin nuna bambanci tsakanin jihohi ba. Babu wani 'ƙwasar ikon jihar', kawai tarayya. Har zuwa lokacin da kundin tsarin mulki ya dace da kundin tsarin mulkin, ya shafi dukkan jihohi. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma ba da ikon Majalisar don dakatar da ko keta haƙƙoƙi a yanayi na musamman, kamar lokacin da suke fuskantar mummunar barazanar tsaro ko yanayin gaggawa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2007 |title=Victoria to be first state to adopt a human rights charter - National |url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/national/victoria-to-be-first-state-to-adopt-a-human-rights-charter/2007/12/07/1196813026916.html |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.theage.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Kotuna ba su da ikon kaddamar da dokokin da ke hanawa, amma suna iya fassara tanadin doka ta hanyar da ta dace da haƙƙin ɗan adam. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8qt76jxqdcblfh2bdv9pgm7sb0p7u9w 905988 905987 2026-08-22T05:36:09Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905988 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Dokar Yarjejeniyar Ƴancin Ɗan Adam da Haƙƙi ta shekarar 2006 Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ce ta jihar Victoria, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], wacce aka tsara don karewa da inganta' yancin ɗan adam. Yana yin hakan ta hanyar lissafin jerin haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda kuma aka haɓaka daga waɗanda ke cikin [[International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights|Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa]], tare da wasu tanadi na tilasta aiki. Dokar ta fara aiki sosai a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2008 kuma tana iya aiki ta hanyar da ta yi kama da Dokar '[[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|'Yancin ɗan adam]] ta Burtaniya ta shekarar 1998 ko Dokar' Yancin Kanada. == Game da aikin == Dokar ta kare muhimman hakkoki ashirin da daya, ciki har da: * Haƙƙin amincewa da daidaito a gaban doka (sashi na 8) * Haƙƙin rayuwa (Sashe na 9) * Haƙƙin kariya daga azabtarwa da zalunci, rashin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|mutunci]] ko wulakanci (sashi na 10) * Haƙƙin samun 'yanci daga aikin tilas (Sashe na 11) * Haƙƙin ƴancin motsi (sashi na 12) * Haƙƙin sirri da suna (sashi na 13) * Haƙƙin ƴancin tunani, lamiri, addini da imani (Sashe na 14) * Haƙƙin ƴancin faɗar albarkacin baki (Sashe na 15) * Haƙƙin yin taro na zaman lafiya da 'yancin yin tarayya (Sashe na 16) * Haƙƙin kare iyalai da yara (Sashe na 17) * Haƙƙin shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a (sashi na 18) * Haƙƙin al'adu (sashi na 19) * Haƙƙin dukiya (Sashe na 20) * Haƙƙin ƴanci da tsaron mutum (Sashe na 21) * Haƙƙin samun kulawa ta mutunci lokacin da aka hana 'yanci (sashi na 22) * Ƴancin yara a cikin tsarin aikata laifuka (sashi na 23) * Haƙƙin sauraron adalci (Sashe na 24) * Haƙƙi a cikin shari'o'in aikata laifuka (Sashe na 25) * Haƙƙin kada a gwada shi ko a hukunta shi fiye da sau ɗaya (sashi na 26) * Dokokin aikata laifuka na baya-bayan nan (sashi na 27) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria's Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities |url=https://www.humanrightscommission.vic.gov.au/human-rights/the-charter |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=Victoria Equal Opportunity & Human Rights Commission}}</ref> == Tarihi == Ostiraliya ita ce kadai ƙasar dimokuradiyya a duniya da ba ta da Dokar Ƴancin (ko irin wannan kariya). Don yin wani hanya don magance wannan, a cikin shekarar 2005 Babban Birnin Australiya (ACT) ya ɗauki matakai don aiwatar da Dokar Ƴancin Ɗan Adam ta 2004 don kare' yanci, girmamawa, daidaito da mutunci a cikin iko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Bede |title=Australia doesn't have a constitutional right protecting freedom of the person – it needs one |url=https://theconversation.com/australia-doesnt-have-a-constitutional-right-protecting-freedom-of-the-person-it-needs-one-80603 |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=The Conversation}}</ref> Gwamnati Ma'aikata ta Victoria, a cikin shekarar 2005 a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Bracks, ta shiga cikin shawarwarin al'umma don dokar Ƴancin Dan Adam mai kama da waɗanda aka aiwatar a cikin ACT da Dokar Ƴancin ɗan Adam ta Burtaniya ta 1998. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Australian Human Rights Commission |date=2012-12-14 |title=Vic Human Rights consultation committee |url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/vic-human-rights-consultation-committee |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.humanrights.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Babban Lauyan Victoria Rob Hulls ya yi jayayya cewa Dokar 'Yancin Za ta "ƙarfafa dimokuradiyya kuma ta tsara haƙƙinmu a wuri ɗaya mai sauƙi". Bayan shawarwarin al'umma, gami da shigarwa daga [[Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Australiya]], an gabatar da dokar kuma an yi muhawara a Majalisar a ranar 2 ga Mayu 2008.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2007 |title=Victoria to be first state to adopt a human rights charter - National |url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/national/victoria-to-be-first-state-to-adopt-a-human-rights-charter/2007/12/07/1196813026916.html |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.theage.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Dokar Victoria ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da Hakki ta 2006 ta sami amincewar sarauta a ranar 25 ga Yuli 2006 kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Counsel |first=Office of the Chief Parliamentary |title=Office of the Chief Parliamentary Counsel - Victorian Legislation Home Page |url=http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/PubPDocs_Arch.nsf/5da7442d8f61e92bca256de50013d008/ca2570ce0018ac6dca257162001d4b2b!OpenDocument |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.legislation.vic.gov.au}}</ref> == Ƙuntatawa da iko == Wasu sun yi imanin cewa kamar yadda ya samo asali ne a Victoria Dokar ba ta samar da kariya a waje da 'dokar' ta Victoria ba; duk wata doka ta tarayya tana da fifiko ba tare da la'akari da keta kowane haƙƙi ba. Koyaya, kundin tsarin mulki bai ba da izinin nuna bambanci tsakanin jihohi ba. Babu wani 'ƙwasar ikon jihar', kawai tarayya. Har zuwa lokacin da kundin tsarin mulki ya dace da kundin tsarin mulkin, ya shafi dukkan jihohi. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma ba da ikon Majalisar don dakatar da ko keta haƙƙoƙi a yanayi na musamman, kamar lokacin da suke fuskantar mummunar barazanar tsaro ko yanayin gaggawa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2007 |title=Victoria to be first state to adopt a human rights charter - National |url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/national/victoria-to-be-first-state-to-adopt-a-human-rights-charter/2007/12/07/1196813026916.html |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.theage.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Kotuna ba su da ikon kaddamar da dokokin da ke hanawa, amma suna iya fassara tanadin doka ta hanyar da ta dace da haƙƙin ɗan adam. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9v0mwukr3olg5hf3mk6wlqu896rud98 905989 905988 2026-08-22T05:36:22Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905989 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Dokar Yarjejeniyar Ƴancin Ɗan Adam da Haƙƙi ta shekarar 2006 Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ce ta jihar Victoria, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], wacce aka tsara don karewa da inganta' yancin ɗan adam. Yana yin hakan ta hanyar lissafin jerin haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda kuma aka haɓaka daga waɗanda ke cikin [[International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights|Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa]], tare da wasu tanadi na tilasta aiki. Dokar ta fara aiki sosai a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2008 kuma tana iya aiki ta hanyar da ta yi kama da Dokar '[[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|'Yancin ɗan adam]] ta Burtaniya ta shekarar 1998 ko Dokar' Yancin Kanada. == Game da aikin == Dokar ta kare muhimman hakkoki ashirin da daya, ciki har da: * Haƙƙin amincewa da daidaito a gaban doka (sashi na 8) * Haƙƙin rayuwa (Sashe na 9) * Haƙƙin kariya daga azabtarwa da zalunci, rashin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|mutunci]] ko wulakanci (sashi na 10) * Haƙƙin samun 'yanci daga aikin tilas (Sashe na 11) * Haƙƙin ƴancin motsi (sashi na 12) * Haƙƙin sirri da suna (sashi na 13) * Haƙƙin ƴancin tunani, lamiri, addini da imani (Sashe na 14) * Haƙƙin ƴancin faɗar albarkacin baki (Sashe na 15) * Haƙƙin yin taro na zaman lafiya da 'yancin yin tarayya (Sashe na 16) * Haƙƙin kare iyalai da yara (Sashe na 17) * Haƙƙin shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a (sashi na 18) * Haƙƙin al'adu (sashi na 19) * Haƙƙin dukiya (Sashe na 20) * Haƙƙin ƴanci da tsaron mutum (Sashe na 21) * Haƙƙin samun kulawa ta mutunci lokacin da aka hana 'yanci (sashi na 22) * Ƴancin yara a cikin tsarin aikata laifuka (sashi na 23) * Haƙƙin sauraron adalci (Sashe na 24) * Haƙƙi a cikin shari'o'in aikata laifuka (Sashe na 25) * Haƙƙin kada a gwada shi ko a hukunta shi fiye da sau ɗaya (sashi na 26) * Dokokin aikata laifuka na baya-bayan nan (sashi na 27) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria's Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities |url=https://www.humanrightscommission.vic.gov.au/human-rights/the-charter |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=Victoria Equal Opportunity & Human Rights Commission}}</ref> == Tarihi == Ostiraliya ita ce kadai ƙasar dimokuradiyya a duniya da ba ta da Dokar Ƴancin (ko irin wannan kariya). Don yin wani hanya don magance wannan, a cikin shekarar 2005 Babban Birnin Australiya (ACT) ya ɗauki matakai don aiwatar da Dokar Ƴancin Ɗan Adam ta 2004 don kare' yanci, girmamawa, daidaito da mutunci a cikin iko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Bede |title=Australia doesn't have a constitutional right protecting freedom of the person – it needs one |url=https://theconversation.com/australia-doesnt-have-a-constitutional-right-protecting-freedom-of-the-person-it-needs-one-80603 |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=The Conversation}}</ref> Gwamnati Ma'aikata ta Victoria, a cikin shekarar 2005 a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Bracks, ta shiga cikin shawarwarin al'umma don dokar Ƴancin Dan Adam mai kama da waɗanda aka aiwatar a cikin ACT da Dokar Ƴancin ɗan Adam ta Burtaniya ta shekarar 1998. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Australian Human Rights Commission |date=2012-12-14 |title=Vic Human Rights consultation committee |url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/vic-human-rights-consultation-committee |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.humanrights.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Babban Lauyan Victoria Rob Hulls ya yi jayayya cewa Dokar 'Yancin Za ta "ƙarfafa dimokuradiyya kuma ta tsara haƙƙinmu a wuri ɗaya mai sauƙi". Bayan shawarwarin al'umma, gami da shigarwa daga [[Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Australiya]], an gabatar da dokar kuma an yi muhawara a Majalisar a ranar 2 ga Mayu 2008.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2007 |title=Victoria to be first state to adopt a human rights charter - National |url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/national/victoria-to-be-first-state-to-adopt-a-human-rights-charter/2007/12/07/1196813026916.html |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.theage.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Dokar Victoria ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da Hakki ta 2006 ta sami amincewar sarauta a ranar 25 ga Yuli 2006 kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Counsel |first=Office of the Chief Parliamentary |title=Office of the Chief Parliamentary Counsel - Victorian Legislation Home Page |url=http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/PubPDocs_Arch.nsf/5da7442d8f61e92bca256de50013d008/ca2570ce0018ac6dca257162001d4b2b!OpenDocument |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.legislation.vic.gov.au}}</ref> == Ƙuntatawa da iko == Wasu sun yi imanin cewa kamar yadda ya samo asali ne a Victoria Dokar ba ta samar da kariya a waje da 'dokar' ta Victoria ba; duk wata doka ta tarayya tana da fifiko ba tare da la'akari da keta kowane haƙƙi ba. Koyaya, kundin tsarin mulki bai ba da izinin nuna bambanci tsakanin jihohi ba. Babu wani 'ƙwasar ikon jihar', kawai tarayya. Har zuwa lokacin da kundin tsarin mulki ya dace da kundin tsarin mulkin, ya shafi dukkan jihohi. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma ba da ikon Majalisar don dakatar da ko keta haƙƙoƙi a yanayi na musamman, kamar lokacin da suke fuskantar mummunar barazanar tsaro ko yanayin gaggawa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2007 |title=Victoria to be first state to adopt a human rights charter - National |url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/national/victoria-to-be-first-state-to-adopt-a-human-rights-charter/2007/12/07/1196813026916.html |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.theage.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Kotuna ba su da ikon kaddamar da dokokin da ke hanawa, amma suna iya fassara tanadin doka ta hanyar da ta dace da haƙƙin ɗan adam. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] poex52nh87q8wsdms38dag7q1g1xfp1 905990 905989 2026-08-22T05:36:56Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905990 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Dokar Yarjejeniyar Ƴancin Ɗan Adam da Haƙƙi ta shekarar 2006 Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ce ta jihar Victoria, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], wacce aka tsara don karewa da inganta' yancin ɗan adam. Yana yin hakan ta hanyar lissafin jerin haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda kuma aka haɓaka daga waɗanda ke cikin [[International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights|Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa]], tare da wasu tanadi na tilasta aiki. Dokar ta fara aiki sosai a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2008 kuma tana iya aiki ta hanyar da ta yi kama da Dokar '[[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|'Yancin ɗan adam]] ta Burtaniya ta shekarar 1998 ko Dokar' Yancin Kanada. == Game da aikin == Dokar ta kare muhimman hakkoki ashirin da daya, ciki har da: * Haƙƙin amincewa da daidaito a gaban doka (sashi na 8) * Haƙƙin rayuwa (Sashe na 9) * Haƙƙin kariya daga azabtarwa da zalunci, rashin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|mutunci]] ko wulakanci (sashi na 10) * Haƙƙin samun 'yanci daga aikin tilas (Sashe na 11) * Haƙƙin ƴancin motsi (sashi na 12) * Haƙƙin sirri da suna (sashi na 13) * Haƙƙin ƴancin tunani, lamiri, addini da imani (Sashe na 14) * Haƙƙin ƴancin faɗar albarkacin baki (Sashe na 15) * Haƙƙin yin taro na zaman lafiya da 'yancin yin tarayya (Sashe na 16) * Haƙƙin kare iyalai da yara (Sashe na 17) * Haƙƙin shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a (sashi na 18) * Haƙƙin al'adu (sashi na 19) * Haƙƙin dukiya (Sashe na 20) * Haƙƙin ƴanci da tsaron mutum (Sashe na 21) * Haƙƙin samun kulawa ta mutunci lokacin da aka hana 'yanci (sashi na 22) * Ƴancin yara a cikin tsarin aikata laifuka (sashi na 23) * Haƙƙin sauraron adalci (Sashe na 24) * Haƙƙi a cikin shari'o'in aikata laifuka (Sashe na 25) * Haƙƙin kada a gwada shi ko a hukunta shi fiye da sau ɗaya (sashi na 26) * Dokokin aikata laifuka na baya-bayan nan (sashi na 27) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria's Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities |url=https://www.humanrightscommission.vic.gov.au/human-rights/the-charter |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=Victoria Equal Opportunity & Human Rights Commission}}</ref> == Tarihi == Ostiraliya ita ce kadai ƙasar dimokuradiyya a duniya da ba ta da Dokar Ƴancin (ko irin wannan kariya). Don yin wani hanya don magance wannan, a cikin shekarar 2005 Babban Birnin Australiya (ACT) ya ɗauki matakai don aiwatar da Dokar Ƴancin Ɗan Adam ta 2004 don kare' yanci, girmamawa, daidaito da mutunci a cikin iko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Bede |title=Australia doesn't have a constitutional right protecting freedom of the person – it needs one |url=https://theconversation.com/australia-doesnt-have-a-constitutional-right-protecting-freedom-of-the-person-it-needs-one-80603 |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=The Conversation}}</ref> Gwamnati Ma'aikata ta Victoria, a cikin shekarar 2005 a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Bracks, ta shiga cikin shawarwarin al'umma don dokar Ƴancin Dan Adam mai kama da waɗanda aka aiwatar a cikin ACT da Dokar Ƴancin ɗan Adam ta Burtaniya ta shekarar 1998. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Australian Human Rights Commission |date=2012-12-14 |title=Vic Human Rights consultation committee |url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/vic-human-rights-consultation-committee |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.humanrights.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Babban Lauyan Victoria Rob Hulls ya yi jayayya cewa Dokar 'Yancin Za ta "ƙarfafa dimokuradiyya kuma ta tsara haƙƙinmu a wuri ɗaya mai sauƙi". Bayan shawarwarin al'umma, gami da shigarwa daga [[Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Australiya]], an gabatar da dokar kuma an yi muhawara a Majalisar a ranar 2 ga Mayu 2008.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2007 |title=Victoria to be first state to adopt a human rights charter - National |url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/national/victoria-to-be-first-state-to-adopt-a-human-rights-charter/2007/12/07/1196813026916.html |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.theage.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Dokar Victoria ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da Hakki ta 2006 ta sami amincewar sarauta a ranar 25 ga Yuli 2006 kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Counsel |first=Office of the Chief Parliamentary |title=Office of the Chief Parliamentary Counsel - Victorian Legislation Home Page |url=http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/PubPDocs_Arch.nsf/5da7442d8f61e92bca256de50013d008/ca2570ce0018ac6dca257162001d4b2b!OpenDocument |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.legislation.vic.gov.au}}</ref> == Ƙuntatawa da iko == Wasu sun yi imanin cewa kamar yadda ya samo asali ne a Victoria Dokar ba ta samar da kariya a waje da 'dokar' ta Victoria ba; duk wata doka ta tarayya tana da fifiko ba tare da la'akari da keta kowane haƙƙi ba. Koyaya, kundin tsarin mulki bai ba da izinin nuna bambanci tsakanin jihohi ba. Babu wani 'ƙwasar ikon jihar', kawai tarayya. Har zuwa lokacin da kundin tsarin mulki ya dace da kundin tsarin mulkin, ya shafi dukkan jihohi. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma ba da ikon Majalisar don dakatar da ko keta haƙƙoƙi a yanayi na musamman, kamar lokacin da suke fuskantar mummunar barazanar tsaro ko yanayin gaggawa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2007 |title=Victoria to be first state to adopt a human rights charter - National |url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/national/victoria-to-be-first-state-to-adopt-a-human-rights-charter/2007/12/07/1196813026916.html |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.theage.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Kotuna ba su da ikon kaddamar da dokokin da ke hanawa, to amma suna iya fassara tanadin doka ta hanyar da ta dace da haƙƙin ɗan adam. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 12i047li9xvqczuewpih255pzkecwo7 0 111755 905945 718658 2026-08-22T05:20:21Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hakki na asali''' rukuni ne na haƙƙoƙin da aka amince da su ta hanyar kariya mai yawa daga mamayewa. Waɗannan hakkoki an gano su musamman a cikin [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|kundin tsarin mulki]], ko kuma an samo su a ƙarƙashin tsarin doka. Manufar Ci Gaban Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 17, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 2015, ta kuma jaddada alaƙar da ke tsakanin inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam da kiyaye zaman lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Doss |first=Eric |title=Sustainable Development Goal 16 |url=https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/sdg-16/ |access-date=2020-09-25 |website=United Nations and the Rule of Law |language=en-US}}</ref> == Jerin muhimman hakkoki == Wasu haƙƙoƙin da aka amince da su a duniya waɗanda ake gani a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci, watau, waɗanda ke cikin sanarwar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta Majalisar Dattijai kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa, ko Yarjejeniyar Duniya ta Majalisar Dangane da Kasa kan' Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu, sun haɗa da: * [[Ƙaddamar da kai]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 1 |url=http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cpr.html}}</ref> * [['yanci|'Yanci' yanci]]<ref name="hrweb1">{{Cite web |title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 9 |url=http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cpr.html}}</ref> * Tsarin doka da ya dace<ref name="hrweb1" /> * [['Yanci na motsi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 12 |url=http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cpr.html}}</ref> * [[Ƴancin sirri|Hakkin sirri]]<ref name="hrweb2">{{Cite web |title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 17 |url=http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cpr.html}}</ref> * [[Yancin Tunani|'Yanci na tunani]]<ref name="hrweb-18">{{Cite web |title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 18 |url=http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cpr.html}}</ref> * [['Yanci na lamiri]]<ref name="hrweb-18" /> * [['Yancin addini|'Yanci na addini]]<ref name="hrweb-18" /> * [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 19 |url=http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cpr.html}}</ref> * [[Yancin taro|'Yanci na taro]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 21 |url=http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cpr.html}}</ref> * [[Ƴancin yin Tarayya|'Yanci na tarayya]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 22 |url=http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cpr.html}}</ref> == Takamaiman hukunce-hukunce ==   === Kanada ===   A [[Kanada]], Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin da' Yanci ta tsara' Yanci na Musamman guda huɗu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms |url=http://www.efc.ca/pages/law/charter/charter.text.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212155200/http://www.efc.ca/pages/law/charter/charter.text.html |archive-date=2018-12-12 |access-date=2012-11-05 |publisher=Efc.ca}}</ref> Waɗannan su ne 'yancin: * [['Yanci na lamiri|Lamiri]] da [['Yancin addini|Addini]] * Tunanin, imani, ra'ayi, da faɗar albarkacin baki, gami da 'yancin' yan jarida da sauran kafofin watsa labarai na sadarwa * [[Yancin taro|Taron Zaman Lafiya]] * Haɗin kai. === Turai === A matakin Turai, dokoki uku ne ke kare haƙƙoƙi na asali: * Yarjejeniyar Hakki na Musamman na Tarayyar Turai * Muhimman 'Yanci na Tarayyar Turai * [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam]] === Japan === A [[Japan]], haƙƙoƙin asali da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Japan ya kare sun haɗa da: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/human/race_rep1/intro.html |access-date=2022-02-23 |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan]]}}</ref> * [[Ƴancin Jama'a|'Yancin Jama'a]], gami da' yancin 'yanci da' yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki, tunani, lamiri da addini * Hakkin zamantakewa, gami da [[Haƙƙin Ilimi|haƙƙin samun ilimi]] da haƙƙin kula da mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodin rayuwa mai kyau da al'adu[[Yancin Samun Ingataccen Tsarin Rayuwa|haƙƙin kula da mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodin rayuwa mai kyau da al'ada]] === Indiya === Akwai hakkoki guda shida da aka amince da su a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya: * haƙƙin daidaito (Mataki 14-18): Mataki na 14: Daidaitawa a gaban doka Mataki na 15: Hana nuna bambanci bisa tushen addini, kabilanci, jinsi, ko wurin haihuwa Mataki na 16: Daidaitaccen dama a cikin al'amuran aikin jama'a Mataki na 17: Cire rashin taɓa Mataki na 18: Cire lakabi ** Mataki na 14: Daidaitawa a gaban doka ** Mataki na 15: Hana nuna bambanci bisa tushen addini, launin fata, matsayi, jima'i, ko wurin haihuwa ** Mataki na 16: Daidaitawar dama a cikin al'amuran aikin jama'a ** Mataki na 17: Cire abubuwan da ba za a iya taɓa su ba ** Mataki na 18: Cire lakabi * [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin' yanci]] (Mataki na 19, 22): Mataki na 19: Kare wasu' yanci game da' yancin magana, faɗar albarkacin baki, taro, ƙungiya, motsi, da zama Mataki na 20: Kariya game da yanke hukunci ga laifuka Mataki na 21: Kare rayuwa da' yanci na mutum Mataki na 21A: 'Yancin ilimi ** Mataki na 19: Kare wasu hakkoki game da 'yancin magana, faɗar albarkacin baki, taro, ƙungiya, motsi, da zama ** Mataki na 20: Kariya game da hukunci ga laifuka ** Mataki na 21: Kare rayuwa da 'yancin mutum ** Mataki na 21A: Hakkin ilimi * haƙƙin cin zarafi (Mataki na 23-24): Mataki na 23: Hana fataucin mutane da aikin tilas Mataki na 24: Hana aikin yara ** Mataki na 23: Hana fataucin mutane da aikin tilas ** Mataki na 24: haramta aikin yara * [['Yancin addini|'yancin' yancin addini]] (Mataki 25-28): Mataki na 25: 'Yanci na lamiri da' yancin aiki, aiki, da yaduwar addini Mataki na 26: 'Yanci don gudanar da harkokin addini Mataki ya 27: 'Yanci daga biyan haraji don inganta kowane addini Mataki: 'Yanci da halartar koyarwar addini ko ibada a wasu cibiyoyin ilimi ** Mataki na 25: 'Yanci na lamiri da' yancin aiki, aiki, da yaduwar addini ** Mataki na 26: 'Yanci don gudanar da harkokin addini ** Mataki na 27: 'Yanci daga biyan haraji don inganta kowane addini ** Mataki na 28: 'Yanci daga halartar koyarwar addini ko bautar a wasu cibiyoyin ilimi * Hakkin al'adu da ilimi (Mataki na 29-30): Mataki na 29: Kare bukatun 'yan tsiraru Mataki na 30: Hakkin' yan tsiraru don kafawa da gudanar da cibiyoyin ilimi ** Mataki na 29: Kare bukatun 'yan tsiraru ** Mataki na 30: Hakkin 'yan tsiraru don kafawa da gudanar da cibiyoyin ilimi * haƙƙin warwarewar tsarin mulki (Mataki na 32 da 226): <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 26, 2021 |title=The Constitution of India |url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI...pdf |access-date=May 16, 2022 |website=Legislative Department, Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India |pages=37–51}}</ref> Mataki na 32: Hakkin matsa Kotun Koli don aiwatar da Hakki na Musamman Mataki na 226: Ikon Kotuna Masu Girma don bayar da wasu umarni don aiwatar da hakkoki na Musamman [2] ** Mataki na 32: Hakkin matsa Kotun Koli don aiwatar da Hakki na Musamman ** Mataki na 226: Ikon Kotuna Masu Girma don bayar da wasu takardun shaida don aiwatar da Hakki na Musamman <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2023 |title=List of Important Articles in Constitution of India |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/important-articles-in-constitution-of-india/ |access-date=5 July 2023 |website=Adda247 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Amurka === Kodayake yawancin haƙƙoƙin asali ana ɗaukar su a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam, rarraba haƙƙin a matsayin "babban" yana kiran takamaiman gwajin shari'a da kotunan ke amfani da su don ƙayyade yanayin da aka ƙuntata wanda gwamnatin Amurka da gwamnatocin jihohi daban-daban zasu iya iyakance waɗannan haƙƙoƙinsa. A cikin irin wannan yanayin shari'a, kotuna suna tantance ko haƙƙoƙi suna da mahimmanci ta hanyar nazarin tushen tarihi na waɗancan haƙƙoƙin da kuma ƙayyade ko kariya ta kasance wani ɓangare na al'ada mai tsawo. Musamman, kotuna suna duban ko haƙƙin "ya samo asali ne daga al'adunmu da lamirin mutanenmu don a sanya shi a matsayin mahimmanci. " Jihohi daban-daban na iya tabbatar da wasu haƙƙoƙi a matsayin mahimmanci". Wato, Jihohi na iya ƙarawa ga haƙƙoƙi na asali amma ba za su taɓa raguwa ba kuma ba za su iya keta haƙƙoƙin asali ta hanyar hanyoyin majalisa ba. Duk wani irin wannan yunkuri, idan aka kalubalanci, na iya haɗawa da sake dubawa "mai tsauri" a kotu. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lnjmqivdzi2sei7ar3d5h0rsjkt4fkf 905946 905945 2026-08-22T05:20:50Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hakki na asali''' rukuni ne na haƙƙoƙin da aka amince da su ta hanyar kariya mai yawa daga mamayewa. Waɗannan hakkoki an gano su musamman a cikin [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|kundin tsarin mulki]], ko kuma an samo su a ƙarƙashin tsarin doka. Manufar Ci Gaban Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 17, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 2015, ta kuma jaddada alaƙar da ke tsakanin inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam da kiyaye zaman lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Doss |first=Eric |title=Sustainable Development Goal 16 |url=https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/sdg-16/ |access-date=2020-09-25 |website=United Nations and the Rule of Law |language=en-US}}</ref> == Jerin muhimman hakkoki == Wasu haƙƙoƙin da aka amince da su a duniya waɗanda ake gani a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci, watau, waɗanda ke cikin sanarwar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta Majalisar Dattijai kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa, ko Yarjejeniyar Duniya ta Majalisar Dangane da Ƙasa kan Ƴancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu, sun haɗa da: * [[Ƙaddamar da kai]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 1 |url=http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cpr.html}}</ref> * [['yanci|'Yanci' yanci]]<ref name="hrweb1">{{Cite web |title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 9 |url=http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cpr.html}}</ref> * Tsarin doka da ya dace<ref name="hrweb1" /> * [['Yanci na motsi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 12 |url=http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cpr.html}}</ref> * [[Ƴancin sirri|Hakkin sirri]]<ref name="hrweb2">{{Cite web |title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 17 |url=http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cpr.html}}</ref> * [[Yancin Tunani|'Yanci na tunani]]<ref name="hrweb-18">{{Cite web |title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 18 |url=http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cpr.html}}</ref> * [['Yanci na lamiri]]<ref name="hrweb-18" /> * [['Yancin addini|'Yanci na addini]]<ref name="hrweb-18" /> * [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 19 |url=http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cpr.html}}</ref> * [[Yancin taro|'Yanci na taro]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 21 |url=http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cpr.html}}</ref> * [[Ƴancin yin Tarayya|'Yanci na tarayya]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 22 |url=http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cpr.html}}</ref> == Takamaiman hukunce-hukunce ==   === Kanada ===   A [[Kanada]], Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin da' Yanci ta tsara' Yanci na Musamman guda huɗu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms |url=http://www.efc.ca/pages/law/charter/charter.text.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212155200/http://www.efc.ca/pages/law/charter/charter.text.html |archive-date=2018-12-12 |access-date=2012-11-05 |publisher=Efc.ca}}</ref> Waɗannan su ne 'yancin: * [['Yanci na lamiri|Lamiri]] da [['Yancin addini|Addini]] * Tunanin, imani, ra'ayi, da faɗar albarkacin baki, gami da 'yancin' yan jarida da sauran kafofin watsa labarai na sadarwa * [[Yancin taro|Taron Zaman Lafiya]] * Haɗin kai. === Turai === A matakin Turai, dokoki uku ne ke kare haƙƙoƙi na asali: * Yarjejeniyar Hakki na Musamman na Tarayyar Turai * Muhimman 'Yanci na Tarayyar Turai * [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam]] === Japan === A [[Japan]], haƙƙoƙin asali da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Japan ya kare sun haɗa da: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/human/race_rep1/intro.html |access-date=2022-02-23 |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan]]}}</ref> * [[Ƴancin Jama'a|'Yancin Jama'a]], gami da' yancin 'yanci da' yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki, tunani, lamiri da addini * Hakkin zamantakewa, gami da [[Haƙƙin Ilimi|haƙƙin samun ilimi]] da haƙƙin kula da mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodin rayuwa mai kyau da al'adu[[Yancin Samun Ingataccen Tsarin Rayuwa|haƙƙin kula da mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodin rayuwa mai kyau da al'ada]] === Indiya === Akwai hakkoki guda shida da aka amince da su a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya: * haƙƙin daidaito (Mataki 14-18): Mataki na 14: Daidaitawa a gaban doka Mataki na 15: Hana nuna bambanci bisa tushen addini, kabilanci, jinsi, ko wurin haihuwa Mataki na 16: Daidaitaccen dama a cikin al'amuran aikin jama'a Mataki na 17: Cire rashin taɓa Mataki na 18: Cire lakabi ** Mataki na 14: Daidaitawa a gaban doka ** Mataki na 15: Hana nuna bambanci bisa tushen addini, launin fata, matsayi, jima'i, ko wurin haihuwa ** Mataki na 16: Daidaitawar dama a cikin al'amuran aikin jama'a ** Mataki na 17: Cire abubuwan da ba za a iya taɓa su ba ** Mataki na 18: Cire lakabi * [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin' yanci]] (Mataki na 19, 22): Mataki na 19: Kare wasu' yanci game da' yancin magana, faɗar albarkacin baki, taro, ƙungiya, motsi, da zama Mataki na 20: Kariya game da yanke hukunci ga laifuka Mataki na 21: Kare rayuwa da' yanci na mutum Mataki na 21A: 'Yancin ilimi ** Mataki na 19: Kare wasu hakkoki game da 'yancin magana, faɗar albarkacin baki, taro, ƙungiya, motsi, da zama ** Mataki na 20: Kariya game da hukunci ga laifuka ** Mataki na 21: Kare rayuwa da 'yancin mutum ** Mataki na 21A: Hakkin ilimi * haƙƙin cin zarafi (Mataki na 23-24): Mataki na 23: Hana fataucin mutane da aikin tilas Mataki na 24: Hana aikin yara ** Mataki na 23: Hana fataucin mutane da aikin tilas ** Mataki na 24: haramta aikin yara * [['Yancin addini|'yancin' yancin addini]] (Mataki 25-28): Mataki na 25: 'Yanci na lamiri da' yancin aiki, aiki, da yaduwar addini Mataki na 26: 'Yanci don gudanar da harkokin addini Mataki ya 27: 'Yanci daga biyan haraji don inganta kowane addini Mataki: 'Yanci da halartar koyarwar addini ko ibada a wasu cibiyoyin ilimi ** Mataki na 25: 'Yanci na lamiri da' yancin aiki, aiki, da yaduwar addini ** Mataki na 26: 'Yanci don gudanar da harkokin addini ** Mataki na 27: 'Yanci daga biyan haraji don inganta kowane addini ** Mataki na 28: 'Yanci daga halartar koyarwar addini ko bautar a wasu cibiyoyin ilimi * Hakkin al'adu da ilimi (Mataki na 29-30): Mataki na 29: Kare bukatun 'yan tsiraru Mataki na 30: Hakkin' yan tsiraru don kafawa da gudanar da cibiyoyin ilimi ** Mataki na 29: Kare bukatun 'yan tsiraru ** Mataki na 30: Hakkin 'yan tsiraru don kafawa da gudanar da cibiyoyin ilimi * haƙƙin warwarewar tsarin mulki (Mataki na 32 da 226): <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 26, 2021 |title=The Constitution of India |url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI...pdf |access-date=May 16, 2022 |website=Legislative Department, Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India |pages=37–51}}</ref> Mataki na 32: Hakkin matsa Kotun Koli don aiwatar da Hakki na Musamman Mataki na 226: Ikon Kotuna Masu Girma don bayar da wasu umarni don aiwatar da hakkoki na Musamman [2] ** Mataki na 32: Hakkin matsa Kotun Koli don aiwatar da Hakki na Musamman ** Mataki na 226: Ikon Kotuna Masu Girma don bayar da wasu takardun shaida don aiwatar da Hakki na Musamman <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2023 |title=List of Important Articles in Constitution of India |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/important-articles-in-constitution-of-india/ |access-date=5 July 2023 |website=Adda247 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Amurka === Kodayake yawancin haƙƙoƙin asali ana ɗaukar su a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam, rarraba haƙƙin a matsayin "babban" yana kiran takamaiman gwajin shari'a da kotunan ke amfani da su don ƙayyade yanayin da aka ƙuntata wanda gwamnatin Amurka da gwamnatocin jihohi daban-daban zasu iya iyakance waɗannan haƙƙoƙinsa. A cikin irin wannan yanayin shari'a, kotuna suna tantance ko haƙƙoƙi suna da mahimmanci ta hanyar nazarin tushen tarihi na waɗancan haƙƙoƙin da kuma ƙayyade ko kariya ta kasance wani ɓangare na al'ada mai tsawo. Musamman, kotuna suna duban ko haƙƙin "ya samo asali ne daga al'adunmu da lamirin mutanenmu don a sanya shi a matsayin mahimmanci. " Jihohi daban-daban na iya tabbatar da wasu haƙƙoƙi a matsayin mahimmanci". Wato, Jihohi na iya ƙarawa ga haƙƙoƙi na asali amma ba za su taɓa raguwa ba kuma ba za su iya keta haƙƙoƙin asali ta hanyar hanyoyin majalisa ba. Duk wani irin wannan yunkuri, idan aka kalubalanci, na iya haɗawa da sake dubawa "mai tsauri" a kotu. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0vyidvcitaswc2o3dn2f93243xtvf8s 0 111757 905953 718660 2026-08-22T05:23:40Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hakki na asali a Indiya''' wanda kuma aka tsarkake a kashi na III (Mataki na 12-35) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ya tabbatar da ƴanci na farar hula don duk Indiyawa su iya gudanar da rayuwarsu cikin salama da jituwa a matsayin' yan ƙasar Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2023 |title=Know your Fundamental Rights guaranteed under the Constitution of India |url=https://jobseek.buzz/2023/09/08/fundamental-rights-indian-constitution/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908083556/https://jobseek.buzz/2023/09/08/fundamental-rights-indian-constitution/ |archive-date=8 September 2023 |website=jobseek.buzz}}</ref> Wadannan hakkoki an san su da "babban" saboda su ne mafi mahimmanci ga ci gaba gaba gaba gaba ɗaya watau, na zahiri, na ilimi, na ɗabi'a da na ruhaniya kuma an kare su da ka'idar ƙasa watau kundin tsarin mulki. Idan haƙƙoƙin da Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya bayar musamman haƙƙoƙi na asali sun keta, Kotun Koli da Kotun Kolai na iya ba da takardu a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 32 da 226 na Kundin Tsarin mulki, bi da bi, suna ba da umarnin Injin Jiha don aiwatar da haƙƙoƙini na asali. Waɗannan sun hada da haƙƙin mutum na kowa ga mafi yawan dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi, kamar daidaito a gaban doka, [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin magana]] da faɗar albarkacin baki, 'yanci na tarayya da taron zaman lafiya, 'yancen yin addini da' yancin maganin tseren mulki don kare haƙƙin jama'a ta hanyar rubuce-rubuce kamar [[habeas corpus]]. Rashin bin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin yana haifar da azabtarwa kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, bisa ga ikon shari'a. An bayyana Hakki na asali a matsayi 'yancin ɗan adam na asali inda kowane ɗan ƙasar Indiya yana da' yancin jin daɗin ci gaban mutum da rayuwa mai kyau. Wadannan hakkoki suna aiki a duk duniya ga dukkan 'yan ƙasar Indiya, ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba, wurin haihuwa, addini, matsayi ko [[jinsi]]. Kotuna na iya aiwatar da su, dangane da wasu ƙuntatawa. Hakkin sun samo asali ne daga tushe da yawa, gami da [[Dokar 'Yancin Ingilishi|Dokar 'Yancin Ingila]], Dokar' Yancin Amurka da Sanarwar' Yancin Mutum ta Faransa. Hakki guda shida sune: # Hakkin daidaito (Mataki na 14-18) # Hakkin samun 'yanci (Mataki na 19-22) # Hakki game da cin zarafi (Mataki na 23-24) # Hakkin 'yancin addini (Mataki na 25-28) # Hakkin al'adu da ilimi (Mataki na 29-30) # Hakkin magance tsarin mulki (Mataki na 32-35) [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|Hakki]] a zahiri yana nufin waɗancan 'yanci waɗanda suke da mahimmanci don amfanin mutum da kuma amfanin al'umma. Hakkin da aka tabbatar a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya suna da mahimmanci kamar yadda aka sanya su cikin Dokar Ƙasa kuma ana iya aiwatar da su a kotun doka. Koyaya, wannan ba yana nufin cewa suna da cikakkiyar ko kuma ba su da kariya daga Gyaran Tsarin Mulki.{{Sfn|Tayal|Jacob|2005}} == Asalin == A cikin lokaci mai zuwa, an yi ƙoƙari daga bangarorin da ke neman gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba da haƙƙin Indiyawa. INC ta yanke shawarar waɗannan buƙatun tsakanin 1917 da 1919 a cikin rahotanni da takardun kudi da yawa. A cikin 1919, Dokar Rowlatt ta ba da iko mai yawa ga gwamnatin Burtaniya kuma ta ba da izinin kamawa da tsare mutane ba tare da izini ba, bincike da kwacewa ba, ƙuntatawa ga tarurrukan jama'a, da kuma tantancewa mai zurfi na kafofin watsa labarai da wallafe-wallafen. Hamayya da jama'a ga wannan aikin ya haifar da kamfen na rashin biyayya ga farar hula a duk faɗin ƙasar da ke neman tabbatar da 'yancin farar hula, da iyakancewa ga ikon gwamnati. Indiyawa, waɗanda ke neman 'yancin kai da nasu gwamnati, sun sami rinjaye musamman daga' 'yancin kai na Ireland da ci gaban kundin tsarin mulkin Irish. Har ila yau, ka'idodin jagora na manufofin jihar a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin Irish mutanen Indiya sun kalli su a matsayin wahayi ga gwamnatin Indiya mai zaman kanta don magance matsalolin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki masu rikitarwa a duk faɗin al'umma da jama'a daban-daban. == Muhimmancin da halaye == An haɗa haƙƙoƙin asali a cikin kundin tsarin mulki saboda an dauke su da mahimmanci don ci gaban halin kowane mutum da kuma adana mutuncin ɗan adam. Marubutan kundin tsarin mulki sun dauki [[Dimokaraɗiyya|Dimokuradiyya]] ba ta da amfani idan 'yanci na jama'a, kamar' yancin magana da addini, ba a amince da su ba kuma Gwamnati ta kare su. A cewar su, "dimokuradiyya" ita ce, a zahiri, gwamnati ta ra'ayi sabili da haka, ya kamata a tabbatar da hanyar tsara ra'ayin jama'a ga mutanen ƙasar dimokuradiyya. Don wannan dalili, kundin tsarin mulki ya tabbatar wa dukkan 'yan ƙasar Indiya' yancin magana da faɗar albarkacin baki da sauran' yanci daban-daban a cikin nau'ikan'ikan' yanci.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Harold Laski}}</ref> Dukkanin mutane, ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba, addini, matsayi ko jinsi, an ba su damar yin kira ga [[Kotun koli na Indiya|Kotun Koli]] ko Kotun Kolai don aiwatar da hakkinsu na asali. Ba lallai ba ne cewa wanda ya yi wa rauni dole ne ya yi hakan. Mutanen da ke fama da talauci bazai da damar yin hakan sabili da haka, don amfanin jama'a, kowa na iya fara shari'a a kotu a madadin su. Wannan an san shi da "ƙaddamar da jama'a".<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Bodhisattwa Gautam vs. Subhra Chakraborty''; 1995 ICHRL 69 |url=http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICHRL/1995/69.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051122042456/http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICHRL/1995/69.html |archive-date=22 November 2005 |access-date=25 May 2006 |publisher=www.worldlii.org, World Legal Information Institute}} This was the case where [[Dokar sha'awar jama'a|Public interest litigation]] was introduced (date of ruling 15 December 1995).</ref> A wasu lokuta, alƙalai na Kotun Koli sun yi [[Suo moto|suo motoci]] da kansu bisa ga rahotanni na jarida. Wadannan hakkoki na asali suna taimakawa ba kawai a cikin kariya ba har ma da hana manyan keta haƙƙin ɗan adam. Suna jaddada muhimmancin hadin kan Indiya ta hanyar tabbatar wa dukkan 'yan ƙasa damar samun dama da amfani da kayan aiki iri ɗaya, ba tare da la'akari da asalin ba. Wasu hakkoki na asali suna aiki ga mutanen kowace ƙasa yayin da wasu suna samuwa ne kawai ga 'yan ƙasar Indiya. Hakkin rayuwa da 'yancin mutum yana samuwa ga dukkan mutane kuma haka ne haƙƙin' yancin addini. A gefe guda, 'yancin [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|magana]] da faɗar albarkacin baki, da' yancin zama da zama a kowane bangare na ƙasar an tanada su ne ga' yan ƙasa kadai, gami da' yan ƙasar Indiya da ba mazauna ba.{{Sfn|Tayal|Jacob|2005}} Ba za a iya ba da haƙƙin daidaito a cikin al'amuran aikin jama'a ga 'yan ƙasar Indiya na ƙasashen waje ba<ref name="OCI">{{Cite web |title=''Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2003'' |url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/legislative/amendbills/XXXIX_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060425230738/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/legislative/amendbills/XXXIX_2003.pdf |archive-date=25 April 2006 |access-date=25 May 2006 |publisher=rajyasabha.nic.in/, Rajya Sabha |page=5}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] avw035a9qpx96fy2pnop93a287n983q 905954 905953 2026-08-22T05:23:53Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hakki na asali a Indiya''' wanda kuma aka tsarkake a kashi na III (Mataki na 12-35) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ya tabbatar da ƴanci na farar hula don duk Indiyawa su iya gudanar da rayuwarsu cikin salama da jituwa a matsayin' yan ƙasar Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2023 |title=Know your Fundamental Rights guaranteed under the Constitution of India |url=https://jobseek.buzz/2023/09/08/fundamental-rights-indian-constitution/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908083556/https://jobseek.buzz/2023/09/08/fundamental-rights-indian-constitution/ |archive-date=8 September 2023 |website=jobseek.buzz}}</ref> Wadannan hakkoki an san su da "babban" saboda su ne mafi mahimmanci ga ci gaba gaba gaba gaba ɗaya watau, na zahiri, na ilimi, na ɗabi'a da na ruhaniya kuma an kare su da ka'idar ƙasa watau kundin tsarin mulki. Idan haƙƙoƙin da Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya bayar musamman haƙƙoƙi na asali sun keta, Kotun Koli da Kotun Kolai na iya ba da takardu a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 32 da 226 na Kundin Tsarin mulki, bi da bi, suna ba da umarnin Injin Jiha don aiwatar da haƙƙoƙini na asali. Waɗannan sun haɗa da haƙƙin mutum na kowa ga mafi yawan dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi, kamar daidaito a gaban doka, [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin magana]] da faɗar albarkacin baki, 'yanci na tarayya da taron zaman lafiya, 'yancen yin addini da' yancin maganin tseren mulki don kare haƙƙin jama'a ta hanyar rubuce-rubuce kamar [[habeas corpus]]. Rashin bin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin yana haifar da azabtarwa kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, bisa ga ikon shari'a. An bayyana Hakki na asali a matsayi 'yancin ɗan adam na asali inda kowane ɗan ƙasar Indiya yana da' yancin jin daɗin ci gaban mutum da rayuwa mai kyau. Wadannan hakkoki suna aiki a duk duniya ga dukkan 'yan ƙasar Indiya, ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba, wurin haihuwa, addini, matsayi ko [[jinsi]]. Kotuna na iya aiwatar da su, dangane da wasu ƙuntatawa. Hakkin sun samo asali ne daga tushe da yawa, gami da [[Dokar 'Yancin Ingilishi|Dokar 'Yancin Ingila]], Dokar' Yancin Amurka da Sanarwar' Yancin Mutum ta Faransa. Hakki guda shida sune: # Hakkin daidaito (Mataki na 14-18) # Hakkin samun 'yanci (Mataki na 19-22) # Hakki game da cin zarafi (Mataki na 23-24) # Hakkin 'yancin addini (Mataki na 25-28) # Hakkin al'adu da ilimi (Mataki na 29-30) # Hakkin magance tsarin mulki (Mataki na 32-35) [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|Hakki]] a zahiri yana nufin waɗancan 'yanci waɗanda suke da mahimmanci don amfanin mutum da kuma amfanin al'umma. Hakkin da aka tabbatar a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya suna da mahimmanci kamar yadda aka sanya su cikin Dokar Ƙasa kuma ana iya aiwatar da su a kotun doka. Koyaya, wannan ba yana nufin cewa suna da cikakkiyar ko kuma ba su da kariya daga Gyaran Tsarin Mulki.{{Sfn|Tayal|Jacob|2005}} == Asalin == A cikin lokaci mai zuwa, an yi ƙoƙari daga bangarorin da ke neman gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba da haƙƙin Indiyawa. INC ta yanke shawarar waɗannan buƙatun tsakanin 1917 da 1919 a cikin rahotanni da takardun kudi da yawa. A cikin 1919, Dokar Rowlatt ta ba da iko mai yawa ga gwamnatin Burtaniya kuma ta ba da izinin kamawa da tsare mutane ba tare da izini ba, bincike da kwacewa ba, ƙuntatawa ga tarurrukan jama'a, da kuma tantancewa mai zurfi na kafofin watsa labarai da wallafe-wallafen. Hamayya da jama'a ga wannan aikin ya haifar da kamfen na rashin biyayya ga farar hula a duk faɗin ƙasar da ke neman tabbatar da 'yancin farar hula, da iyakancewa ga ikon gwamnati. Indiyawa, waɗanda ke neman 'yancin kai da nasu gwamnati, sun sami rinjaye musamman daga' 'yancin kai na Ireland da ci gaban kundin tsarin mulkin Irish. Har ila yau, ka'idodin jagora na manufofin jihar a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin Irish mutanen Indiya sun kalli su a matsayin wahayi ga gwamnatin Indiya mai zaman kanta don magance matsalolin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki masu rikitarwa a duk faɗin al'umma da jama'a daban-daban. == Muhimmancin da halaye == An haɗa haƙƙoƙin asali a cikin kundin tsarin mulki saboda an dauke su da mahimmanci don ci gaban halin kowane mutum da kuma adana mutuncin ɗan adam. Marubutan kundin tsarin mulki sun dauki [[Dimokaraɗiyya|Dimokuradiyya]] ba ta da amfani idan 'yanci na jama'a, kamar' yancin magana da addini, ba a amince da su ba kuma Gwamnati ta kare su. A cewar su, "dimokuradiyya" ita ce, a zahiri, gwamnati ta ra'ayi sabili da haka, ya kamata a tabbatar da hanyar tsara ra'ayin jama'a ga mutanen ƙasar dimokuradiyya. Don wannan dalili, kundin tsarin mulki ya tabbatar wa dukkan 'yan ƙasar Indiya' yancin magana da faɗar albarkacin baki da sauran' yanci daban-daban a cikin nau'ikan'ikan' yanci.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Harold Laski}}</ref> Dukkanin mutane, ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba, addini, matsayi ko jinsi, an ba su damar yin kira ga [[Kotun koli na Indiya|Kotun Koli]] ko Kotun Kolai don aiwatar da hakkinsu na asali. Ba lallai ba ne cewa wanda ya yi wa rauni dole ne ya yi hakan. Mutanen da ke fama da talauci bazai da damar yin hakan sabili da haka, don amfanin jama'a, kowa na iya fara shari'a a kotu a madadin su. Wannan an san shi da "ƙaddamar da jama'a".<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Bodhisattwa Gautam vs. Subhra Chakraborty''; 1995 ICHRL 69 |url=http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICHRL/1995/69.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051122042456/http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICHRL/1995/69.html |archive-date=22 November 2005 |access-date=25 May 2006 |publisher=www.worldlii.org, World Legal Information Institute}} This was the case where [[Dokar sha'awar jama'a|Public interest litigation]] was introduced (date of ruling 15 December 1995).</ref> A wasu lokuta, alƙalai na Kotun Koli sun yi [[Suo moto|suo motoci]] da kansu bisa ga rahotanni na jarida. Wadannan hakkoki na asali suna taimakawa ba kawai a cikin kariya ba har ma da hana manyan keta haƙƙin ɗan adam. Suna jaddada muhimmancin hadin kan Indiya ta hanyar tabbatar wa dukkan 'yan ƙasa damar samun dama da amfani da kayan aiki iri ɗaya, ba tare da la'akari da asalin ba. Wasu hakkoki na asali suna aiki ga mutanen kowace ƙasa yayin da wasu suna samuwa ne kawai ga 'yan ƙasar Indiya. Hakkin rayuwa da 'yancin mutum yana samuwa ga dukkan mutane kuma haka ne haƙƙin' yancin addini. A gefe guda, 'yancin [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|magana]] da faɗar albarkacin baki, da' yancin zama da zama a kowane bangare na ƙasar an tanada su ne ga' yan ƙasa kadai, gami da' yan ƙasar Indiya da ba mazauna ba.{{Sfn|Tayal|Jacob|2005}} Ba za a iya ba da haƙƙin daidaito a cikin al'amuran aikin jama'a ga 'yan ƙasar Indiya na ƙasashen waje ba<ref name="OCI">{{Cite web |title=''Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2003'' |url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/legislative/amendbills/XXXIX_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060425230738/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/legislative/amendbills/XXXIX_2003.pdf |archive-date=25 April 2006 |access-date=25 May 2006 |publisher=rajyasabha.nic.in/, Rajya Sabha |page=5}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] di8sunbk61dt2nzcw6lptq2bcljw41h 905955 905954 2026-08-22T05:24:20Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hakki na asali a Indiya''' wanda kuma aka tsarkake a kashi na III (Mataki na 12-35) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ya tabbatar da ƴanci na farar hula don duk Indiyawa su iya gudanar da rayuwarsu cikin salama da jituwa a matsayin' yan ƙasar Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2023 |title=Know your Fundamental Rights guaranteed under the Constitution of India |url=https://jobseek.buzz/2023/09/08/fundamental-rights-indian-constitution/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908083556/https://jobseek.buzz/2023/09/08/fundamental-rights-indian-constitution/ |archive-date=8 September 2023 |website=jobseek.buzz}}</ref> Wadannan hakkoki an san su da "babban" saboda su ne mafi mahimmanci ga ci gaba gaba gaba gaba ɗaya watau, na zahiri, na ilimi, na ɗabi'a da na ruhaniya kuma an kare su da ka'idar ƙasa watau kundin tsarin mulki. Idan haƙƙoƙin da Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya bayar musamman haƙƙoƙi na asali sun keta, Kotun Koli da Kotun Kolai na iya ba da takardu a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 32 da 226 na Kundin Tsarin mulki, bi da bi, suna ba da umarnin Injin Jiha don aiwatar da haƙƙoƙini na asali. Waɗannan sun haɗa da haƙƙin mutum na kowa ga mafi yawan dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi, kamar daidaito a gaban doka, [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin magana]] da faɗar albarkacin baki, 'yanci na tarayya da taron zaman lafiya, ƴancen yin addini da' yancin maganin tseren mulki don kare haƙƙin jama'a ta hanyar rubuce-rubuce kamar [[habeas corpus]]. Rashin bin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin yana haifar da azabtarwa kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, bisa ga ikon shari'a. An bayyana Hakki na asali a matsayi 'yancin ɗan adam na asali inda kowane ɗan ƙasar Indiya yana da' yancin jin daɗin ci gaban mutum da rayuwa mai kyau. Wadannan hakkoki suna aiki a duk duniya ga dukkan 'yan ƙasar Indiya, ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba, wurin haihuwa, addini, matsayi ko [[jinsi]]. Kotuna na iya aiwatar da su, dangane da wasu ƙuntatawa. Hakkin sun samo asali ne daga tushe da yawa, gami da [[Dokar 'Yancin Ingilishi|Dokar 'Yancin Ingila]], Dokar' Yancin Amurka da Sanarwar' Yancin Mutum ta Faransa. Hakki guda shida sune: # Hakkin daidaito (Mataki na 14-18) # Hakkin samun 'yanci (Mataki na 19-22) # Hakki game da cin zarafi (Mataki na 23-24) # Hakkin 'yancin addini (Mataki na 25-28) # Hakkin al'adu da ilimi (Mataki na 29-30) # Hakkin magance tsarin mulki (Mataki na 32-35) [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|Hakki]] a zahiri yana nufin waɗancan 'yanci waɗanda suke da mahimmanci don amfanin mutum da kuma amfanin al'umma. Hakkin da aka tabbatar a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya suna da mahimmanci kamar yadda aka sanya su cikin Dokar Ƙasa kuma ana iya aiwatar da su a kotun doka. Koyaya, wannan ba yana nufin cewa suna da cikakkiyar ko kuma ba su da kariya daga Gyaran Tsarin Mulki.{{Sfn|Tayal|Jacob|2005}} == Asalin == A cikin lokaci mai zuwa, an yi ƙoƙari daga bangarorin da ke neman gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba da haƙƙin Indiyawa. INC ta yanke shawarar waɗannan buƙatun tsakanin 1917 da 1919 a cikin rahotanni da takardun kudi da yawa. A cikin 1919, Dokar Rowlatt ta ba da iko mai yawa ga gwamnatin Burtaniya kuma ta ba da izinin kamawa da tsare mutane ba tare da izini ba, bincike da kwacewa ba, ƙuntatawa ga tarurrukan jama'a, da kuma tantancewa mai zurfi na kafofin watsa labarai da wallafe-wallafen. Hamayya da jama'a ga wannan aikin ya haifar da kamfen na rashin biyayya ga farar hula a duk faɗin ƙasar da ke neman tabbatar da 'yancin farar hula, da iyakancewa ga ikon gwamnati. Indiyawa, waɗanda ke neman 'yancin kai da nasu gwamnati, sun sami rinjaye musamman daga' 'yancin kai na Ireland da ci gaban kundin tsarin mulkin Irish. Har ila yau, ka'idodin jagora na manufofin jihar a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin Irish mutanen Indiya sun kalli su a matsayin wahayi ga gwamnatin Indiya mai zaman kanta don magance matsalolin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki masu rikitarwa a duk faɗin al'umma da jama'a daban-daban. == Muhimmancin da halaye == An haɗa haƙƙoƙin asali a cikin kundin tsarin mulki saboda an dauke su da mahimmanci don ci gaban halin kowane mutum da kuma adana mutuncin ɗan adam. Marubutan kundin tsarin mulki sun dauki [[Dimokaraɗiyya|Dimokuradiyya]] ba ta da amfani idan 'yanci na jama'a, kamar' yancin magana da addini, ba a amince da su ba kuma Gwamnati ta kare su. A cewar su, "dimokuradiyya" ita ce, a zahiri, gwamnati ta ra'ayi sabili da haka, ya kamata a tabbatar da hanyar tsara ra'ayin jama'a ga mutanen ƙasar dimokuradiyya. Don wannan dalili, kundin tsarin mulki ya tabbatar wa dukkan 'yan ƙasar Indiya' yancin magana da faɗar albarkacin baki da sauran' yanci daban-daban a cikin nau'ikan'ikan' yanci.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Harold Laski}}</ref> Dukkanin mutane, ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba, addini, matsayi ko jinsi, an ba su damar yin kira ga [[Kotun koli na Indiya|Kotun Koli]] ko Kotun Kolai don aiwatar da hakkinsu na asali. Ba lallai ba ne cewa wanda ya yi wa rauni dole ne ya yi hakan. Mutanen da ke fama da talauci bazai da damar yin hakan sabili da haka, don amfanin jama'a, kowa na iya fara shari'a a kotu a madadin su. Wannan an san shi da "ƙaddamar da jama'a".<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Bodhisattwa Gautam vs. Subhra Chakraborty''; 1995 ICHRL 69 |url=http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICHRL/1995/69.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051122042456/http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICHRL/1995/69.html |archive-date=22 November 2005 |access-date=25 May 2006 |publisher=www.worldlii.org, World Legal Information Institute}} This was the case where [[Dokar sha'awar jama'a|Public interest litigation]] was introduced (date of ruling 15 December 1995).</ref> A wasu lokuta, alƙalai na Kotun Koli sun yi [[Suo moto|suo motoci]] da kansu bisa ga rahotanni na jarida. Wadannan hakkoki na asali suna taimakawa ba kawai a cikin kariya ba har ma da hana manyan keta haƙƙin ɗan adam. Suna jaddada muhimmancin hadin kan Indiya ta hanyar tabbatar wa dukkan 'yan ƙasa damar samun dama da amfani da kayan aiki iri ɗaya, ba tare da la'akari da asalin ba. Wasu hakkoki na asali suna aiki ga mutanen kowace ƙasa yayin da wasu suna samuwa ne kawai ga 'yan ƙasar Indiya. Hakkin rayuwa da 'yancin mutum yana samuwa ga dukkan mutane kuma haka ne haƙƙin' yancin addini. A gefe guda, 'yancin [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|magana]] da faɗar albarkacin baki, da' yancin zama da zama a kowane bangare na ƙasar an tanada su ne ga' yan ƙasa kadai, gami da' yan ƙasar Indiya da ba mazauna ba.{{Sfn|Tayal|Jacob|2005}} Ba za a iya ba da haƙƙin daidaito a cikin al'amuran aikin jama'a ga 'yan ƙasar Indiya na ƙasashen waje ba<ref name="OCI">{{Cite web |title=''Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2003'' |url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/legislative/amendbills/XXXIX_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060425230738/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/legislative/amendbills/XXXIX_2003.pdf |archive-date=25 April 2006 |access-date=25 May 2006 |publisher=rajyasabha.nic.in/, Rajya Sabha |page=5}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6odc7js0cgr48hu02w0fbjxu06i1cnk 905956 905955 2026-08-22T05:24:39Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hakki na asali a Indiya''' wanda kuma aka tsarkake a kashi na III (Mataki na 12-35) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ya tabbatar da ƴanci na farar hula don duk Indiyawa su iya gudanar da rayuwarsu cikin salama da jituwa a matsayin' yan ƙasar Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2023 |title=Know your Fundamental Rights guaranteed under the Constitution of India |url=https://jobseek.buzz/2023/09/08/fundamental-rights-indian-constitution/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908083556/https://jobseek.buzz/2023/09/08/fundamental-rights-indian-constitution/ |archive-date=8 September 2023 |website=jobseek.buzz}}</ref> Wadannan hakkoki an san su da "babban" saboda su ne mafi mahimmanci ga ci gaba gaba gaba gaba ɗaya watau, na zahiri, na ilimi, na ɗabi'a da na ruhaniya kuma an kare su da ka'idar ƙasa watau kundin tsarin mulki. Idan haƙƙoƙin da Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya bayar musamman haƙƙoƙi na asali sun keta, Kotun Koli da Kotun Kolai na iya ba da takardu a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 32 da 226 na Kundin Tsarin mulki, bi da bi, suna ba da umarnin Injin Jiha don aiwatar da haƙƙoƙini na asali. Waɗannan sun haɗa da haƙƙin mutum na kowa ga mafi yawan dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi, kamar daidaito a gaban doka, [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin magana]] da faɗar albarkacin baki, 'yanci na tarayya da taron zaman lafiya, ƴancen yin addini da' yancin maganin tseren mulki don kare haƙƙin jama'a ta hanyar rubuce-rubuce kamar [[habeas corpus]]. Rashin bin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin yana haifar da azabtarwa kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, bisa ga ikon shari'a. An bayyana Hakki na asali a matsayi 'yancin ɗan adam na asali inda kowane ɗan ƙasar Indiya yana da' yancin jin daɗin ci gaban mutum da rayuwa mai kyau. Wadannan hakkoki suna aiki a duk duniya ga dukkan 'yan ƙasar Indiya, ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba, wurin haihuwa, addini, matsayi ko [[jinsi]]. Kotuna na iya aiwatar da su, dangane da wasu ƙuntatawa. Hakkin sun samo asali ne daga tushe da yawa, gami da [[Dokar 'Yancin Ingilishi|Dokar 'Yancin Ingila]], Dokar' Yancin Amurka da Sanarwar' Yancin Mutum ta Faransa. Hakki guda shida sune: # Haƙƙin daidaito (Mataki na 14-18) # Haƙƙin samun 'yanci (Mataki na 19-22) # Haƙƙin game da cin zarafi (Mataki na 23-24) # Hakkin 'yancin addini (Mataki na 25-28) # Hakkin al'adu da ilimi (Mataki na 29-30) # Hakkin magance tsarin mulki (Mataki na 32-35) [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|Hakki]] a zahiri yana nufin waɗancan 'yanci waɗanda suke da mahimmanci don amfanin mutum da kuma amfanin al'umma. Hakkin da aka tabbatar a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya suna da mahimmanci kamar yadda aka sanya su cikin Dokar Ƙasa kuma ana iya aiwatar da su a kotun doka. Koyaya, wannan ba yana nufin cewa suna da cikakkiyar ko kuma ba su da kariya daga Gyaran Tsarin Mulki.{{Sfn|Tayal|Jacob|2005}} == Asalin == A cikin lokaci mai zuwa, an yi ƙoƙari daga bangarorin da ke neman gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba da haƙƙin Indiyawa. INC ta yanke shawarar waɗannan buƙatun tsakanin 1917 da 1919 a cikin rahotanni da takardun kudi da yawa. A cikin 1919, Dokar Rowlatt ta ba da iko mai yawa ga gwamnatin Burtaniya kuma ta ba da izinin kamawa da tsare mutane ba tare da izini ba, bincike da kwacewa ba, ƙuntatawa ga tarurrukan jama'a, da kuma tantancewa mai zurfi na kafofin watsa labarai da wallafe-wallafen. Hamayya da jama'a ga wannan aikin ya haifar da kamfen na rashin biyayya ga farar hula a duk faɗin ƙasar da ke neman tabbatar da 'yancin farar hula, da iyakancewa ga ikon gwamnati. Indiyawa, waɗanda ke neman 'yancin kai da nasu gwamnati, sun sami rinjaye musamman daga' 'yancin kai na Ireland da ci gaban kundin tsarin mulkin Irish. Har ila yau, ka'idodin jagora na manufofin jihar a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin Irish mutanen Indiya sun kalli su a matsayin wahayi ga gwamnatin Indiya mai zaman kanta don magance matsalolin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki masu rikitarwa a duk faɗin al'umma da jama'a daban-daban. == Muhimmancin da halaye == An haɗa haƙƙoƙin asali a cikin kundin tsarin mulki saboda an dauke su da mahimmanci don ci gaban halin kowane mutum da kuma adana mutuncin ɗan adam. Marubutan kundin tsarin mulki sun dauki [[Dimokaraɗiyya|Dimokuradiyya]] ba ta da amfani idan 'yanci na jama'a, kamar' yancin magana da addini, ba a amince da su ba kuma Gwamnati ta kare su. A cewar su, "dimokuradiyya" ita ce, a zahiri, gwamnati ta ra'ayi sabili da haka, ya kamata a tabbatar da hanyar tsara ra'ayin jama'a ga mutanen ƙasar dimokuradiyya. Don wannan dalili, kundin tsarin mulki ya tabbatar wa dukkan 'yan ƙasar Indiya' yancin magana da faɗar albarkacin baki da sauran' yanci daban-daban a cikin nau'ikan'ikan' yanci.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Harold Laski}}</ref> Dukkanin mutane, ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba, addini, matsayi ko jinsi, an ba su damar yin kira ga [[Kotun koli na Indiya|Kotun Koli]] ko Kotun Kolai don aiwatar da hakkinsu na asali. Ba lallai ba ne cewa wanda ya yi wa rauni dole ne ya yi hakan. Mutanen da ke fama da talauci bazai da damar yin hakan sabili da haka, don amfanin jama'a, kowa na iya fara shari'a a kotu a madadin su. Wannan an san shi da "ƙaddamar da jama'a".<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Bodhisattwa Gautam vs. Subhra Chakraborty''; 1995 ICHRL 69 |url=http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICHRL/1995/69.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051122042456/http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICHRL/1995/69.html |archive-date=22 November 2005 |access-date=25 May 2006 |publisher=www.worldlii.org, World Legal Information Institute}} This was the case where [[Dokar sha'awar jama'a|Public interest litigation]] was introduced (date of ruling 15 December 1995).</ref> A wasu lokuta, alƙalai na Kotun Koli sun yi [[Suo moto|suo motoci]] da kansu bisa ga rahotanni na jarida. Wadannan hakkoki na asali suna taimakawa ba kawai a cikin kariya ba har ma da hana manyan keta haƙƙin ɗan adam. Suna jaddada muhimmancin hadin kan Indiya ta hanyar tabbatar wa dukkan 'yan ƙasa damar samun dama da amfani da kayan aiki iri ɗaya, ba tare da la'akari da asalin ba. Wasu hakkoki na asali suna aiki ga mutanen kowace ƙasa yayin da wasu suna samuwa ne kawai ga 'yan ƙasar Indiya. Hakkin rayuwa da 'yancin mutum yana samuwa ga dukkan mutane kuma haka ne haƙƙin' yancin addini. A gefe guda, 'yancin [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|magana]] da faɗar albarkacin baki, da' yancin zama da zama a kowane bangare na ƙasar an tanada su ne ga' yan ƙasa kadai, gami da' yan ƙasar Indiya da ba mazauna ba.{{Sfn|Tayal|Jacob|2005}} Ba za a iya ba da haƙƙin daidaito a cikin al'amuran aikin jama'a ga 'yan ƙasar Indiya na ƙasashen waje ba<ref name="OCI">{{Cite web |title=''Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2003'' |url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/legislative/amendbills/XXXIX_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060425230738/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/legislative/amendbills/XXXIX_2003.pdf |archive-date=25 April 2006 |access-date=25 May 2006 |publisher=rajyasabha.nic.in/, Rajya Sabha |page=5}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l2yq050nh1zhhc3hpnyeka0u6xz2guy 905957 905956 2026-08-22T05:25:03Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hakki na asali a Indiya''' wanda kuma aka tsarkake a kashi na III (Mataki na 12-35) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ya tabbatar da ƴanci na farar hula don duk Indiyawa su iya gudanar da rayuwarsu cikin salama da jituwa a matsayin' yan ƙasar Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2023 |title=Know your Fundamental Rights guaranteed under the Constitution of India |url=https://jobseek.buzz/2023/09/08/fundamental-rights-indian-constitution/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908083556/https://jobseek.buzz/2023/09/08/fundamental-rights-indian-constitution/ |archive-date=8 September 2023 |website=jobseek.buzz}}</ref> Wadannan hakkoki an san su da "babban" saboda su ne mafi mahimmanci ga ci gaba gaba gaba gaba ɗaya watau, na zahiri, na ilimi, na ɗabi'a da na ruhaniya kuma an kare su da ka'idar ƙasa watau kundin tsarin mulki. Idan haƙƙoƙin da Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya bayar musamman haƙƙoƙi na asali sun keta, Kotun Koli da Kotun Kolai na iya ba da takardu a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 32 da 226 na Kundin Tsarin mulki, bi da bi, suna ba da umarnin Injin Jiha don aiwatar da haƙƙoƙini na asali. Waɗannan sun haɗa da haƙƙin mutum na kowa ga mafi yawan dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi, kamar daidaito a gaban doka, [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin magana]] da faɗar albarkacin baki, 'yanci na tarayya da taron zaman lafiya, ƴancen yin addini da' yancin maganin tseren mulki don kare haƙƙin jama'a ta hanyar rubuce-rubuce kamar [[habeas corpus]]. Rashin bin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin yana haifar da azabtarwa kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, bisa ga ikon shari'a. An bayyana Hakki na asali a matsayi 'yancin ɗan adam na asali inda kowane ɗan ƙasar Indiya yana da' yancin jin daɗin ci gaban mutum da rayuwa mai kyau. Wadannan hakkoki suna aiki a duk duniya ga dukkan 'yan ƙasar Indiya, ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba, wurin haihuwa, addini, matsayi ko [[jinsi]]. Kotuna na iya aiwatar da su, dangane da wasu ƙuntatawa. Hakkin sun samo asali ne daga tushe da yawa, gami da [[Dokar 'Yancin Ingilishi|Dokar 'Yancin Ingila]], Dokar' Yancin Amurka da Sanarwar' Yancin Mutum ta Faransa. Hakki guda shida sune: # Haƙƙin daidaito (Mataki na 14-18) # Haƙƙin samun 'yanci (Mataki na 19-22) # Haƙƙin game da cin zarafi (Mataki na 23-24) # Haƙƙin ƴancin addini (Mataki na 25-28) # Haƙƙin al'adu da ilimi (Mataki na 29-30) # Haƙƙin magance tsarin mulki (Mataki na 32-35) [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|Hakki]] a zahiri yana nufin waɗancan 'yanci waɗanda suke da mahimmanci don amfanin mutum da kuma amfanin al'umma. Hakkin da aka tabbatar a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya suna da mahimmanci kamar yadda aka sanya su cikin Dokar Ƙasa kuma ana iya aiwatar da su a kotun doka. Koyaya, wannan ba yana nufin cewa suna da cikakkiyar ko kuma ba su da kariya daga Gyaran Tsarin Mulki.{{Sfn|Tayal|Jacob|2005}} == Asalin == A cikin lokaci mai zuwa, an yi ƙoƙari daga bangarorin da ke neman gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba da haƙƙin Indiyawa. INC ta yanke shawarar waɗannan buƙatun tsakanin 1917 da 1919 a cikin rahotanni da takardun kudi da yawa. A cikin 1919, Dokar Rowlatt ta ba da iko mai yawa ga gwamnatin Burtaniya kuma ta ba da izinin kamawa da tsare mutane ba tare da izini ba, bincike da kwacewa ba, ƙuntatawa ga tarurrukan jama'a, da kuma tantancewa mai zurfi na kafofin watsa labarai da wallafe-wallafen. Hamayya da jama'a ga wannan aikin ya haifar da kamfen na rashin biyayya ga farar hula a duk faɗin ƙasar da ke neman tabbatar da 'yancin farar hula, da iyakancewa ga ikon gwamnati. Indiyawa, waɗanda ke neman 'yancin kai da nasu gwamnati, sun sami rinjaye musamman daga' 'yancin kai na Ireland da ci gaban kundin tsarin mulkin Irish. Har ila yau, ka'idodin jagora na manufofin jihar a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin Irish mutanen Indiya sun kalli su a matsayin wahayi ga gwamnatin Indiya mai zaman kanta don magance matsalolin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki masu rikitarwa a duk faɗin al'umma da jama'a daban-daban. == Muhimmancin da halaye == An haɗa haƙƙoƙin asali a cikin kundin tsarin mulki saboda an dauke su da mahimmanci don ci gaban halin kowane mutum da kuma adana mutuncin ɗan adam. Marubutan kundin tsarin mulki sun dauki [[Dimokaraɗiyya|Dimokuradiyya]] ba ta da amfani idan 'yanci na jama'a, kamar' yancin magana da addini, ba a amince da su ba kuma Gwamnati ta kare su. A cewar su, "dimokuradiyya" ita ce, a zahiri, gwamnati ta ra'ayi sabili da haka, ya kamata a tabbatar da hanyar tsara ra'ayin jama'a ga mutanen ƙasar dimokuradiyya. Don wannan dalili, kundin tsarin mulki ya tabbatar wa dukkan 'yan ƙasar Indiya' yancin magana da faɗar albarkacin baki da sauran' yanci daban-daban a cikin nau'ikan'ikan' yanci.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Harold Laski}}</ref> Dukkanin mutane, ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba, addini, matsayi ko jinsi, an ba su damar yin kira ga [[Kotun koli na Indiya|Kotun Koli]] ko Kotun Kolai don aiwatar da hakkinsu na asali. Ba lallai ba ne cewa wanda ya yi wa rauni dole ne ya yi hakan. Mutanen da ke fama da talauci bazai da damar yin hakan sabili da haka, don amfanin jama'a, kowa na iya fara shari'a a kotu a madadin su. Wannan an san shi da "ƙaddamar da jama'a".<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Bodhisattwa Gautam vs. Subhra Chakraborty''; 1995 ICHRL 69 |url=http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICHRL/1995/69.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051122042456/http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICHRL/1995/69.html |archive-date=22 November 2005 |access-date=25 May 2006 |publisher=www.worldlii.org, World Legal Information Institute}} This was the case where [[Dokar sha'awar jama'a|Public interest litigation]] was introduced (date of ruling 15 December 1995).</ref> A wasu lokuta, alƙalai na Kotun Koli sun yi [[Suo moto|suo motoci]] da kansu bisa ga rahotanni na jarida. Wadannan hakkoki na asali suna taimakawa ba kawai a cikin kariya ba har ma da hana manyan keta haƙƙin ɗan adam. Suna jaddada muhimmancin hadin kan Indiya ta hanyar tabbatar wa dukkan 'yan ƙasa damar samun dama da amfani da kayan aiki iri ɗaya, ba tare da la'akari da asalin ba. Wasu hakkoki na asali suna aiki ga mutanen kowace ƙasa yayin da wasu suna samuwa ne kawai ga 'yan ƙasar Indiya. Hakkin rayuwa da 'yancin mutum yana samuwa ga dukkan mutane kuma haka ne haƙƙin' yancin addini. A gefe guda, 'yancin [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|magana]] da faɗar albarkacin baki, da' yancin zama da zama a kowane bangare na ƙasar an tanada su ne ga' yan ƙasa kadai, gami da' yan ƙasar Indiya da ba mazauna ba.{{Sfn|Tayal|Jacob|2005}} Ba za a iya ba da haƙƙin daidaito a cikin al'amuran aikin jama'a ga 'yan ƙasar Indiya na ƙasashen waje ba<ref name="OCI">{{Cite web |title=''Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2003'' |url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/legislative/amendbills/XXXIX_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060425230738/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/legislative/amendbills/XXXIX_2003.pdf |archive-date=25 April 2006 |access-date=25 May 2006 |publisher=rajyasabha.nic.in/, Rajya Sabha |page=5}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cfmmn5odxfvy06a3a4qt6a9pirklinv 0 111759 905965 718661 2026-08-22T05:28:07Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:CONSTITUTION_PREAMBLE.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Gabatarwa na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya - Indiya ta ayyana kanta a matsayin ƙasa.&nbsp;]] Ka'idodin '''Hakki na asali''', Dokokin Dokoki na Manufofin Jiha da Ayyuka na asali sassan Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ne waɗanda ke ba da mahimman wajibai na jihohi ga ƴan ƙasa da kuma ayyuka da haƙƙin' yan ƙasa ga Jiha. Wadannan sassan ana ɗaukar su a matsayin muhimman abubuwa na kundin tsarin mulki, wanda Majalisar Dokokin Indiya ta haɓaka tsakanin 1949. An bayyana Hakki na asali a Sashe na III na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya daga matsayi na 12 zuwa 35 kuma an yi amfani da shi ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba, wurin haihuwa, addini, jinsi, da daidaito na dama a al'amuran aiki. Kotuna na iya aiwatar da su, dangane da takamaiman ƙuntatawa. Ƙa'idodin Dokokin Manufofin Jiha jagororin ne don tsara dokoki ta gwamnati. Wadannan tanadi, waɗanda aka tsara a Sashe na IV na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, kotuna ba za su iya aiwatar da su ba, amma ƙa'idodin da suka dogara da su sune jagororin jagora na shugabanci wanda ake sa ran Jiha za ta yi amfani da su wajen tsara kowane manufofi da aiwatar da dokoki. Ana bayyana ''Ayyuka na Musamman'' a matsayin wajibai na ɗabi'a na dukan 'yan ƙasa don taimakawa wajen inganta ruhun kishin ƙasa da kuma tabbatar da hadin kan Indiya. Wadannan ayyuka da aka tsara a Sashe na IV-A na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, sun shafi mutane da al'umma. Kamar ka'idodin umarni, kotuna ba za su iya aiwatar da su ba sai dai idan an sanya su ta hanyar dokar majalisa. == Tarihi == Ka'idodin Hakki da Dokokin Dokoki sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyar 'yancin kai ta [[Indiya]], wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya cimma iyakokin' yanci da jin dadin jama'a a matsayin burin jihar Indiya mai zaman kanta.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Ci gaban haƙƙin tsarin mulki a Indiya ya samo asali ne daga takardun tarihi kamar Dokar 'Yancin Ingila, Dokar' Yancin Amurka da Sanarwar' Yancin Mutum ta Faransa. Bukatar 'yanci na jama'a ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na yunkurin' yancin kai na Indiya, tare da daya daga cikin manufofin Majalisar Dokokin Indiya (INC) shine kawo karshen nuna bambanci tsakanin sarakunan [[Birtaniya]] da talakawan Indiya. An ambaci wannan bukatar a bayyane a cikin ƙudurin da INC ta karɓa tsakanin 1917 da 1919.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Bukatar da aka bayyana a cikin waɗannan ƙuduri sun haɗa da ba wa Indiyawa haƙƙin daidaito a gaban doka, 'yancin magana, shari'ar da juriya suka hada da akalla rabin membobin Indiya, ikon siyasa, da daidaitattun sharuɗɗa don ɗaukar makamai a matsayin' yan Burtaniya.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Rashin gamsarwa na Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms na 1919, da kuma hauhawar [[Mahatma Gandhi|M. K. Gandhi]] a cikin yunkurin 'yancin kai na Indiya sun nuna canji a cikin halin shugabannin ta game da bayyana bukatun' yancin jama'a. An mayar da hankali daga neman daidaito tsakanin Indiyawa da Birtaniya zuwa tabbatar da 'yanci ga dukkan Indiyawa.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Dokar Commonwealth of India, wacce [[Annie Besant]] ta tsara a 1925, musamman ta haɗa da buƙatun haƙƙoƙi bakwai na asali - 'yanci na mutum,' [['Yanci na lamiri|'yancin lamiri]], 'yancin bayyana ra'ayi,' yanci na taro, rashin nuna bambanci a kan jima'i, ilimin firamare kyauta da kuma amfani da wuraren jama'a kyauta.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> A cikin 1927, INC ta yanke shawarar kafa kwamiti don tsara "Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Swaraj" don Indiya bisa ga sanarwar haƙƙin da zai samar da kariya daga zalunci. Kwamitin mambobi 11, wanda [[Motilal Nehru]] ya jagoranta, an kafa shi ne a 1928. Rahotonta ya ba da shawarwari da yawa, gami da bayar da tabbacin haƙƙoƙi na asali ga dukan Indiyawa. Wadannan hakkoki sun yi kama da na Kundin [[American Constitution|Tsarin Mulki na Amurka]] da waɗanda ƙasashen Turai suka karɓa bayan yaƙin, kuma an karɓi da yawa daga cikinsu daga Dokar 1925. Da yawa daga cikin wadannan tanadi daga baya an sake maimaita su a sassa daban-daban na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, gami da Hakki na asali da kansa don kare haƙƙin jama'a da 'yancin tattalin arziki, tare da manufofin da aka bayyana na kawo karshen amfani, samar da tsaro na zamantakewa da aiwatar da sake fasalin ƙasa. Sauran sabbin hakkoki da ƙudurin ya gabatar sune haramtacciyar lakabi na Jiha, [[Universal suffrage|ikon mallakar manya na duniya]], kawar da hukuncin kisa da 'yancin motsi.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] ne ya tsara ƙudurin, wanda daga baya ya zama tushen wasu ka'idodin umarni, ya sanya babban alhakin aiwatar da sake fasalin zamantakewa a kan Jiha, kuma ya nuna karuwar tasirin kwaminisanci da falsafar Gandhian akan ƙungiyar 'yancin kai.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Mataki na karshe na yunkurin 'yancin kai ya ga sake maimaita ka'idodin gurguzu na shekarun 1930, tare da karuwar mayar da hankali kan haƙƙin' yan tsiraru - wanda ya zama batun babbar damuwa ta siyasa a lokacin - wanda aka buga a cikin [[Tej Bahadur Sapru|Rahoton Sapru]] a 1945. Rahoton, ban da jaddada kare haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru, ya kuma nemi ya ba da umarni "Ka'idodin Hakki na asali ne a cikin motsi na' yancin kai na Indiya, wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya cimma dabi'un'u da jin dadin jama'a a matsayin manufofin wata jiha mai zaman kanta ta Indiya. Ci gaban haƙƙin tsarin mulki a Indiya ya yi wahayi zuwa ga takardun tarihi kamar Dokar 'Yancin Ingila, Dokar' yancin Amurka da Faransa ta bayyana' yancin 'yanci a cikin shekarun da aka ambata <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pymo3c1kgeqsxzwnzbusuaizkqlyitq 905966 905965 2026-08-22T05:28:23Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:CONSTITUTION_PREAMBLE.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Gabatarwa na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya - Indiya ta ayyana kanta a matsayin ƙasa.&nbsp;]] Ka'idodin '''Hakki na asali''', Dokokin Dokoki na Manufofin Jiha da Ayyuka na asali sassan Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ne waɗanda ke ba da mahimman wajibai na jihohi ga ƴan ƙasa da kuma ayyuka da haƙƙin' yan ƙasa ga Jiha. Wadannan sassan ana ɗaukar su a matsayin muhimman abubuwa na kundin tsarin mulki, wanda Majalisar Dokokin Indiya ta haɓaka tsakanin 1949. An bayyana Hakki na asali a Sashe na III na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya daga matsayi na 12 zuwa 35 kuma an yi amfani da shi ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba, wurin haihuwa, addini, jinsi, da daidaito na dama a al'amuran aiki. Kotuna na iya aiwatar da su, dangane da takamaiman ƙuntatawa. Ƙa'idodin Dokokin Manufofin Jiha jagororin ne don tsara dokoki ta gwamnati. Wadannan tanadi, waɗanda aka tsara a Sashe na IV na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, kotuna ba za su iya aiwatar da su ba, amma ƙa'idodin da suka dogara da su sune jagororin jagora na shugabanci wanda ake sa ran Jiha za ta yi amfani da su wajen tsara kowane manufofi da aiwatar da dokoki. Ana kuma bayyana ''Ayyuka na Musamman'' a matsayin wajibai na ɗabi'a na dukan 'yan ƙasa don taimakawa wajen inganta ruhun kishin ƙasa da kuma tabbatar da hadin kan Indiya. Wadannan ayyuka da aka tsara a Sashe na IV-A na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, sun shafi mutane da al'umma. Kamar ka'idodin umarni, kotuna ba za su iya aiwatar da su ba sai dai idan an sanya su ta hanyar dokar majalisa. == Tarihi == Ka'idodin Hakki da Dokokin Dokoki sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyar 'yancin kai ta [[Indiya]], wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya cimma iyakokin' yanci da jin dadin jama'a a matsayin burin jihar Indiya mai zaman kanta.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Ci gaban haƙƙin tsarin mulki a Indiya ya samo asali ne daga takardun tarihi kamar Dokar 'Yancin Ingila, Dokar' Yancin Amurka da Sanarwar' Yancin Mutum ta Faransa. Bukatar 'yanci na jama'a ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na yunkurin' yancin kai na Indiya, tare da daya daga cikin manufofin Majalisar Dokokin Indiya (INC) shine kawo karshen nuna bambanci tsakanin sarakunan [[Birtaniya]] da talakawan Indiya. An ambaci wannan bukatar a bayyane a cikin ƙudurin da INC ta karɓa tsakanin 1917 da 1919.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Bukatar da aka bayyana a cikin waɗannan ƙuduri sun haɗa da ba wa Indiyawa haƙƙin daidaito a gaban doka, 'yancin magana, shari'ar da juriya suka hada da akalla rabin membobin Indiya, ikon siyasa, da daidaitattun sharuɗɗa don ɗaukar makamai a matsayin' yan Burtaniya.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Rashin gamsarwa na Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms na 1919, da kuma hauhawar [[Mahatma Gandhi|M. K. Gandhi]] a cikin yunkurin 'yancin kai na Indiya sun nuna canji a cikin halin shugabannin ta game da bayyana bukatun' yancin jama'a. An mayar da hankali daga neman daidaito tsakanin Indiyawa da Birtaniya zuwa tabbatar da 'yanci ga dukkan Indiyawa.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Dokar Commonwealth of India, wacce [[Annie Besant]] ta tsara a 1925, musamman ta haɗa da buƙatun haƙƙoƙi bakwai na asali - 'yanci na mutum,' [['Yanci na lamiri|'yancin lamiri]], 'yancin bayyana ra'ayi,' yanci na taro, rashin nuna bambanci a kan jima'i, ilimin firamare kyauta da kuma amfani da wuraren jama'a kyauta.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> A cikin 1927, INC ta yanke shawarar kafa kwamiti don tsara "Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Swaraj" don Indiya bisa ga sanarwar haƙƙin da zai samar da kariya daga zalunci. Kwamitin mambobi 11, wanda [[Motilal Nehru]] ya jagoranta, an kafa shi ne a 1928. Rahotonta ya ba da shawarwari da yawa, gami da bayar da tabbacin haƙƙoƙi na asali ga dukan Indiyawa. Wadannan hakkoki sun yi kama da na Kundin [[American Constitution|Tsarin Mulki na Amurka]] da waɗanda ƙasashen Turai suka karɓa bayan yaƙin, kuma an karɓi da yawa daga cikinsu daga Dokar 1925. Da yawa daga cikin wadannan tanadi daga baya an sake maimaita su a sassa daban-daban na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, gami da Hakki na asali da kansa don kare haƙƙin jama'a da 'yancin tattalin arziki, tare da manufofin da aka bayyana na kawo karshen amfani, samar da tsaro na zamantakewa da aiwatar da sake fasalin ƙasa. Sauran sabbin hakkoki da ƙudurin ya gabatar sune haramtacciyar lakabi na Jiha, [[Universal suffrage|ikon mallakar manya na duniya]], kawar da hukuncin kisa da 'yancin motsi.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] ne ya tsara ƙudurin, wanda daga baya ya zama tushen wasu ka'idodin umarni, ya sanya babban alhakin aiwatar da sake fasalin zamantakewa a kan Jiha, kuma ya nuna karuwar tasirin kwaminisanci da falsafar Gandhian akan ƙungiyar 'yancin kai.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Mataki na karshe na yunkurin 'yancin kai ya ga sake maimaita ka'idodin gurguzu na shekarun 1930, tare da karuwar mayar da hankali kan haƙƙin' yan tsiraru - wanda ya zama batun babbar damuwa ta siyasa a lokacin - wanda aka buga a cikin [[Tej Bahadur Sapru|Rahoton Sapru]] a 1945. Rahoton, ban da jaddada kare haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru, ya kuma nemi ya ba da umarni "Ka'idodin Hakki na asali ne a cikin motsi na' yancin kai na Indiya, wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya cimma dabi'un'u da jin dadin jama'a a matsayin manufofin wata jiha mai zaman kanta ta Indiya. Ci gaban haƙƙin tsarin mulki a Indiya ya yi wahayi zuwa ga takardun tarihi kamar Dokar 'Yancin Ingila, Dokar' yancin Amurka da Faransa ta bayyana' yancin 'yanci a cikin shekarun da aka ambata <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2kyetwysvlbiyiuc42ex21wdg55jdz6 905967 905966 2026-08-22T05:28:42Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:CONSTITUTION_PREAMBLE.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Gabatarwa na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya - Indiya ta ayyana kanta a matsayin ƙasa.&nbsp;]] Ka'idodin '''Hakki na asali''', Dokokin Dokoki na Manufofin Jiha da Ayyuka na asali sassan Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ne waɗanda ke ba da mahimman wajibai na jihohi ga ƴan ƙasa da kuma ayyuka da haƙƙin' yan ƙasa ga Jiha. Wadannan sassan ana ɗaukar su a matsayin muhimman abubuwa na kundin tsarin mulki, wanda Majalisar Dokokin Indiya ta haɓaka tsakanin 1949. An bayyana Hakki na asali a Sashe na III na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya daga matsayi na 12 zuwa 35 kuma an yi amfani da shi ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba, wurin haihuwa, addini, jinsi, da daidaito na dama a al'amuran aiki. Kotuna na iya aiwatar da su, dangane da takamaiman ƙuntatawa. Ƙa'idodin Dokokin Manufofin Jiha jagororin ne don tsara dokoki ta gwamnati. Wadannan tanadi, waɗanda aka tsara a Sashe na IV na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, kotuna ba za su iya aiwatar da su ba, amma ƙa'idodin da suka dogara da su sune jagororin jagora na shugabanci wanda ake sa ran Jiha za ta yi amfani da su wajen tsara kowane manufofi da aiwatar da dokoki. Ana kuma bayyana ''Ayyuka na Musamman'' a matsayin wajibai na ɗabi'a na dukan ƴan ƙasa don taimakawa wajen inganta ruhun kishin ƙasa da kuma tabbatar da haɗin kan Indiya. Wadannan ayyuka da aka tsara a Sashe na IV-A na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, sun shafi mutane da al'umma. Kamar ka'idodin umarni, kotuna ba za su iya aiwatar da su ba sai dai idan an sanya su ta hanyar dokar majalisa. == Tarihi == Ka'idodin Hakki da Dokokin Dokoki sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyar 'yancin kai ta [[Indiya]], wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya cimma iyakokin' yanci da jin dadin jama'a a matsayin burin jihar Indiya mai zaman kanta.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Ci gaban haƙƙin tsarin mulki a Indiya ya samo asali ne daga takardun tarihi kamar Dokar 'Yancin Ingila, Dokar' Yancin Amurka da Sanarwar' Yancin Mutum ta Faransa. Bukatar 'yanci na jama'a ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na yunkurin' yancin kai na Indiya, tare da daya daga cikin manufofin Majalisar Dokokin Indiya (INC) shine kawo karshen nuna bambanci tsakanin sarakunan [[Birtaniya]] da talakawan Indiya. An ambaci wannan bukatar a bayyane a cikin ƙudurin da INC ta karɓa tsakanin 1917 da 1919.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Bukatar da aka bayyana a cikin waɗannan ƙuduri sun haɗa da ba wa Indiyawa haƙƙin daidaito a gaban doka, 'yancin magana, shari'ar da juriya suka hada da akalla rabin membobin Indiya, ikon siyasa, da daidaitattun sharuɗɗa don ɗaukar makamai a matsayin' yan Burtaniya.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Rashin gamsarwa na Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms na 1919, da kuma hauhawar [[Mahatma Gandhi|M. K. Gandhi]] a cikin yunkurin 'yancin kai na Indiya sun nuna canji a cikin halin shugabannin ta game da bayyana bukatun' yancin jama'a. An mayar da hankali daga neman daidaito tsakanin Indiyawa da Birtaniya zuwa tabbatar da 'yanci ga dukkan Indiyawa.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Dokar Commonwealth of India, wacce [[Annie Besant]] ta tsara a 1925, musamman ta haɗa da buƙatun haƙƙoƙi bakwai na asali - 'yanci na mutum,' [['Yanci na lamiri|'yancin lamiri]], 'yancin bayyana ra'ayi,' yanci na taro, rashin nuna bambanci a kan jima'i, ilimin firamare kyauta da kuma amfani da wuraren jama'a kyauta.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> A cikin 1927, INC ta yanke shawarar kafa kwamiti don tsara "Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Swaraj" don Indiya bisa ga sanarwar haƙƙin da zai samar da kariya daga zalunci. Kwamitin mambobi 11, wanda [[Motilal Nehru]] ya jagoranta, an kafa shi ne a 1928. Rahotonta ya ba da shawarwari da yawa, gami da bayar da tabbacin haƙƙoƙi na asali ga dukan Indiyawa. Wadannan hakkoki sun yi kama da na Kundin [[American Constitution|Tsarin Mulki na Amurka]] da waɗanda ƙasashen Turai suka karɓa bayan yaƙin, kuma an karɓi da yawa daga cikinsu daga Dokar 1925. Da yawa daga cikin wadannan tanadi daga baya an sake maimaita su a sassa daban-daban na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, gami da Hakki na asali da kansa don kare haƙƙin jama'a da 'yancin tattalin arziki, tare da manufofin da aka bayyana na kawo karshen amfani, samar da tsaro na zamantakewa da aiwatar da sake fasalin ƙasa. Sauran sabbin hakkoki da ƙudurin ya gabatar sune haramtacciyar lakabi na Jiha, [[Universal suffrage|ikon mallakar manya na duniya]], kawar da hukuncin kisa da 'yancin motsi.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] ne ya tsara ƙudurin, wanda daga baya ya zama tushen wasu ka'idodin umarni, ya sanya babban alhakin aiwatar da sake fasalin zamantakewa a kan Jiha, kuma ya nuna karuwar tasirin kwaminisanci da falsafar Gandhian akan ƙungiyar 'yancin kai.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Mataki na karshe na yunkurin 'yancin kai ya ga sake maimaita ka'idodin gurguzu na shekarun 1930, tare da karuwar mayar da hankali kan haƙƙin' yan tsiraru - wanda ya zama batun babbar damuwa ta siyasa a lokacin - wanda aka buga a cikin [[Tej Bahadur Sapru|Rahoton Sapru]] a 1945. Rahoton, ban da jaddada kare haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru, ya kuma nemi ya ba da umarni "Ka'idodin Hakki na asali ne a cikin motsi na' yancin kai na Indiya, wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya cimma dabi'un'u da jin dadin jama'a a matsayin manufofin wata jiha mai zaman kanta ta Indiya. Ci gaban haƙƙin tsarin mulki a Indiya ya yi wahayi zuwa ga takardun tarihi kamar Dokar 'Yancin Ingila, Dokar' yancin Amurka da Faransa ta bayyana' yancin 'yanci a cikin shekarun da aka ambata <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mztwahy4cf1kc4o1y59i2erbzko8hiy 905968 905967 2026-08-22T05:29:18Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:CONSTITUTION_PREAMBLE.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Gabatarwa na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya - Indiya ta ayyana kanta a matsayin ƙasa.&nbsp;]] Ka'idodin '''Hakki na asali''', Dokokin Dokoki na Manufofin Jiha da Ayyuka na asali sassan Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ne waɗanda ke ba da mahimman wajibai na jihohi ga ƴan ƙasa da kuma ayyuka da haƙƙin' yan ƙasa ga Jiha. Wadannan sassan ana ɗaukar su a matsayin muhimman abubuwa na kundin tsarin mulki, wanda Majalisar Dokokin Indiya ta haɓaka tsakanin 1949. An bayyana Hakki na asali a Sashe na III na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya daga matsayi na 12 zuwa 35 kuma an yi amfani da shi ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba, wurin haihuwa, addini, jinsi, da daidaito na dama a al'amuran aiki. Kotuna na iya aiwatar da su, dangane da takamaiman ƙuntatawa. Ƙa'idodin Dokokin Manufofin Jiha jagororin ne don tsara dokoki ta gwamnati. Wadannan tanadi, waɗanda aka tsara a Sashe na IV na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, kotuna ba za su iya aiwatar da su ba, amma ƙa'idodin da suka dogara da su sune jagororin jagora na shugabanci wanda ake sa ran Jiha za ta yi amfani da su wajen tsara kowane manufofi da aiwatar da dokoki. Ana kuma bayyana ''Ayyuka na Musamman'' a matsayin wajibai na ɗabi'a na dukan ƴan ƙasa don taimakawa wajen inganta ruhun kishin ƙasa da kuma tabbatar da haɗin kan Indiya. Wadannan ayyuka da aka tsara a Sashe na IV-A na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, sun shafi mutane da al'umma. Kamar ƙa'idodin umarni, kotuna ba za su iya aiwatar da su ba sai dai idan an sanya su ta hanyar dokar majalisa. == Tarihi == Ka'idodin Hakki da Dokokin Dokoki sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyar 'yancin kai ta [[Indiya]], wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya cimma iyakokin' yanci da jin dadin jama'a a matsayin burin jihar Indiya mai zaman kanta.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Ci gaban haƙƙin tsarin mulki a Indiya ya samo asali ne daga takardun tarihi kamar Dokar 'Yancin Ingila, Dokar' Yancin Amurka da Sanarwar' Yancin Mutum ta Faransa. Bukatar 'yanci na jama'a ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na yunkurin' yancin kai na Indiya, tare da daya daga cikin manufofin Majalisar Dokokin Indiya (INC) shine kawo karshen nuna bambanci tsakanin sarakunan [[Birtaniya]] da talakawan Indiya. An ambaci wannan bukatar a bayyane a cikin ƙudurin da INC ta karɓa tsakanin 1917 da 1919.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Bukatar da aka bayyana a cikin waɗannan ƙuduri sun haɗa da ba wa Indiyawa haƙƙin daidaito a gaban doka, 'yancin magana, shari'ar da juriya suka hada da akalla rabin membobin Indiya, ikon siyasa, da daidaitattun sharuɗɗa don ɗaukar makamai a matsayin' yan Burtaniya.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Rashin gamsarwa na Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms na 1919, da kuma hauhawar [[Mahatma Gandhi|M. K. Gandhi]] a cikin yunkurin 'yancin kai na Indiya sun nuna canji a cikin halin shugabannin ta game da bayyana bukatun' yancin jama'a. An mayar da hankali daga neman daidaito tsakanin Indiyawa da Birtaniya zuwa tabbatar da 'yanci ga dukkan Indiyawa.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Dokar Commonwealth of India, wacce [[Annie Besant]] ta tsara a 1925, musamman ta haɗa da buƙatun haƙƙoƙi bakwai na asali - 'yanci na mutum,' [['Yanci na lamiri|'yancin lamiri]], 'yancin bayyana ra'ayi,' yanci na taro, rashin nuna bambanci a kan jima'i, ilimin firamare kyauta da kuma amfani da wuraren jama'a kyauta.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> A cikin 1927, INC ta yanke shawarar kafa kwamiti don tsara "Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Swaraj" don Indiya bisa ga sanarwar haƙƙin da zai samar da kariya daga zalunci. Kwamitin mambobi 11, wanda [[Motilal Nehru]] ya jagoranta, an kafa shi ne a 1928. Rahotonta ya ba da shawarwari da yawa, gami da bayar da tabbacin haƙƙoƙi na asali ga dukan Indiyawa. Wadannan hakkoki sun yi kama da na Kundin [[American Constitution|Tsarin Mulki na Amurka]] da waɗanda ƙasashen Turai suka karɓa bayan yaƙin, kuma an karɓi da yawa daga cikinsu daga Dokar 1925. Da yawa daga cikin wadannan tanadi daga baya an sake maimaita su a sassa daban-daban na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, gami da Hakki na asali da kansa don kare haƙƙin jama'a da 'yancin tattalin arziki, tare da manufofin da aka bayyana na kawo karshen amfani, samar da tsaro na zamantakewa da aiwatar da sake fasalin ƙasa. Sauran sabbin hakkoki da ƙudurin ya gabatar sune haramtacciyar lakabi na Jiha, [[Universal suffrage|ikon mallakar manya na duniya]], kawar da hukuncin kisa da 'yancin motsi.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] ne ya tsara ƙudurin, wanda daga baya ya zama tushen wasu ka'idodin umarni, ya sanya babban alhakin aiwatar da sake fasalin zamantakewa a kan Jiha, kuma ya nuna karuwar tasirin kwaminisanci da falsafar Gandhian akan ƙungiyar 'yancin kai.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Mataki na karshe na yunkurin 'yancin kai ya ga sake maimaita ka'idodin gurguzu na shekarun 1930, tare da karuwar mayar da hankali kan haƙƙin' yan tsiraru - wanda ya zama batun babbar damuwa ta siyasa a lokacin - wanda aka buga a cikin [[Tej Bahadur Sapru|Rahoton Sapru]] a 1945. Rahoton, ban da jaddada kare haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru, ya kuma nemi ya ba da umarni "Ka'idodin Hakki na asali ne a cikin motsi na' yancin kai na Indiya, wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya cimma dabi'un'u da jin dadin jama'a a matsayin manufofin wata jiha mai zaman kanta ta Indiya. Ci gaban haƙƙin tsarin mulki a Indiya ya yi wahayi zuwa ga takardun tarihi kamar Dokar 'Yancin Ingila, Dokar' yancin Amurka da Faransa ta bayyana' yancin 'yanci a cikin shekarun da aka ambata <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9hwyhjka0b1yf09yp3e70s0d2u3xrnl 905969 905968 2026-08-22T05:29:40Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:CONSTITUTION_PREAMBLE.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Gabatarwa na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya - Indiya ta ayyana kanta a matsayin ƙasa.&nbsp;]] Ka'idodin '''Hakki na asali''', Dokokin Dokoki na Manufofin Jiha da Ayyuka na asali sassan Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ne waɗanda ke ba da mahimman wajibai na jihohi ga ƴan ƙasa da kuma ayyuka da haƙƙin' yan ƙasa ga Jiha. Wadannan sassan ana ɗaukar su a matsayin muhimman abubuwa na kundin tsarin mulki, wanda Majalisar Dokokin Indiya ta haɓaka tsakanin 1949. An bayyana Hakki na asali a Sashe na III na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya daga matsayi na 12 zuwa 35 kuma an yi amfani da shi ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba, wurin haihuwa, addini, jinsi, da daidaito na dama a al'amuran aiki. Kotuna na iya aiwatar da su, dangane da takamaiman ƙuntatawa. Ƙa'idodin Dokokin Manufofin Jiha jagororin ne don tsara dokoki ta gwamnati. Wadannan tanadi, waɗanda aka tsara a Sashe na IV na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, kotuna ba za su iya aiwatar da su ba, amma ƙa'idodin da suka dogara da su sune jagororin jagora na shugabanci wanda ake sa ran Jiha za ta yi amfani da su wajen tsara kowane manufofi da aiwatar da dokoki. Ana kuma bayyana ''Ayyuka na Musamman'' a matsayin wajibai na ɗabi'a na dukan ƴan ƙasa don taimakawa wajen inganta ruhun kishin ƙasa da kuma tabbatar da haɗin kan Indiya. Wadannan ayyuka da aka tsara a Sashe na IV-A na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, sun shafi mutane da al'umma. Kamar ƙa'idodin umarni, kotuna ba za su iya aiwatar da su ba sai dai idan an sanya su ta hanyar dokar majalisa. == Tarihi == Ƙa'idodin Haƙƙin da Dokokin Dokoki sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyar 'yancin kai ta [[Indiya]], wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya cimma iyakokin' yanci da jin dadin jama'a a matsayin burin jihar Indiya mai zaman kanta.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Ci gaban haƙƙin tsarin mulki a Indiya ya samo asali ne daga takardun tarihi kamar Dokar 'Yancin Ingila, Dokar' Yancin Amurka da Sanarwar' Yancin Mutum ta Faransa. Bukatar 'yanci na jama'a ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na yunkurin' yancin kai na Indiya, tare da daya daga cikin manufofin Majalisar Dokokin Indiya (INC) shine kawo karshen nuna bambanci tsakanin sarakunan [[Birtaniya]] da talakawan Indiya. An ambaci wannan bukatar a bayyane a cikin ƙudurin da INC ta karɓa tsakanin 1917 da 1919.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Bukatar da aka bayyana a cikin waɗannan ƙuduri sun haɗa da ba wa Indiyawa haƙƙin daidaito a gaban doka, 'yancin magana, shari'ar da juriya suka hada da akalla rabin membobin Indiya, ikon siyasa, da daidaitattun sharuɗɗa don ɗaukar makamai a matsayin' yan Burtaniya.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Rashin gamsarwa na Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms na 1919, da kuma hauhawar [[Mahatma Gandhi|M. K. Gandhi]] a cikin yunkurin 'yancin kai na Indiya sun nuna canji a cikin halin shugabannin ta game da bayyana bukatun' yancin jama'a. An mayar da hankali daga neman daidaito tsakanin Indiyawa da Birtaniya zuwa tabbatar da 'yanci ga dukkan Indiyawa.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Dokar Commonwealth of India, wacce [[Annie Besant]] ta tsara a 1925, musamman ta haɗa da buƙatun haƙƙoƙi bakwai na asali - 'yanci na mutum,' [['Yanci na lamiri|'yancin lamiri]], 'yancin bayyana ra'ayi,' yanci na taro, rashin nuna bambanci a kan jima'i, ilimin firamare kyauta da kuma amfani da wuraren jama'a kyauta.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> A cikin 1927, INC ta yanke shawarar kafa kwamiti don tsara "Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Swaraj" don Indiya bisa ga sanarwar haƙƙin da zai samar da kariya daga zalunci. Kwamitin mambobi 11, wanda [[Motilal Nehru]] ya jagoranta, an kafa shi ne a 1928. Rahotonta ya ba da shawarwari da yawa, gami da bayar da tabbacin haƙƙoƙi na asali ga dukan Indiyawa. Wadannan hakkoki sun yi kama da na Kundin [[American Constitution|Tsarin Mulki na Amurka]] da waɗanda ƙasashen Turai suka karɓa bayan yaƙin, kuma an karɓi da yawa daga cikinsu daga Dokar 1925. Da yawa daga cikin wadannan tanadi daga baya an sake maimaita su a sassa daban-daban na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, gami da Hakki na asali da kansa don kare haƙƙin jama'a da 'yancin tattalin arziki, tare da manufofin da aka bayyana na kawo karshen amfani, samar da tsaro na zamantakewa da aiwatar da sake fasalin ƙasa. Sauran sabbin hakkoki da ƙudurin ya gabatar sune haramtacciyar lakabi na Jiha, [[Universal suffrage|ikon mallakar manya na duniya]], kawar da hukuncin kisa da 'yancin motsi.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] ne ya tsara ƙudurin, wanda daga baya ya zama tushen wasu ka'idodin umarni, ya sanya babban alhakin aiwatar da sake fasalin zamantakewa a kan Jiha, kuma ya nuna karuwar tasirin kwaminisanci da falsafar Gandhian akan ƙungiyar 'yancin kai.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Mataki na karshe na yunkurin 'yancin kai ya ga sake maimaita ka'idodin gurguzu na shekarun 1930, tare da karuwar mayar da hankali kan haƙƙin' yan tsiraru - wanda ya zama batun babbar damuwa ta siyasa a lokacin - wanda aka buga a cikin [[Tej Bahadur Sapru|Rahoton Sapru]] a 1945. Rahoton, ban da jaddada kare haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru, ya kuma nemi ya ba da umarni "Ka'idodin Hakki na asali ne a cikin motsi na' yancin kai na Indiya, wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya cimma dabi'un'u da jin dadin jama'a a matsayin manufofin wata jiha mai zaman kanta ta Indiya. Ci gaban haƙƙin tsarin mulki a Indiya ya yi wahayi zuwa ga takardun tarihi kamar Dokar 'Yancin Ingila, Dokar' yancin Amurka da Faransa ta bayyana' yancin 'yanci a cikin shekarun da aka ambata <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] j7snq426r0c326xt0iymzylie4ys5ll 905970 905969 2026-08-22T05:30:11Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:CONSTITUTION_PREAMBLE.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Gabatarwa na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya - Indiya ta ayyana kanta a matsayin ƙasa.&nbsp;]] Ka'idodin '''Hakki na asali''', Dokokin Dokoki na Manufofin Jiha da Ayyuka na asali sassan Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ne waɗanda ke ba da mahimman wajibai na jihohi ga ƴan ƙasa da kuma ayyuka da haƙƙin' yan ƙasa ga Jiha. Wadannan sassan ana ɗaukar su a matsayin muhimman abubuwa na kundin tsarin mulki, wanda Majalisar Dokokin Indiya ta haɓaka tsakanin 1949. An bayyana Hakki na asali a Sashe na III na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya daga matsayi na 12 zuwa 35 kuma an yi amfani da shi ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba, wurin haihuwa, addini, jinsi, da daidaito na dama a al'amuran aiki. Kotuna na iya aiwatar da su, dangane da takamaiman ƙuntatawa. Ƙa'idodin Dokokin Manufofin Jiha jagororin ne don tsara dokoki ta gwamnati. Wadannan tanadi, waɗanda aka tsara a Sashe na IV na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, kotuna ba za su iya aiwatar da su ba, amma ƙa'idodin da suka dogara da su sune jagororin jagora na shugabanci wanda ake sa ran Jiha za ta yi amfani da su wajen tsara kowane manufofi da aiwatar da dokoki. Ana kuma bayyana ''Ayyuka na Musamman'' a matsayin wajibai na ɗabi'a na dukan ƴan ƙasa don taimakawa wajen inganta ruhun kishin ƙasa da kuma tabbatar da haɗin kan Indiya. Wadannan ayyuka da aka tsara a Sashe na IV-A na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, sun shafi mutane da al'umma. Kamar ƙa'idodin umarni, kotuna ba za su iya aiwatar da su ba sai dai idan an sanya su ta hanyar dokar majalisa. == Tarihi == Ƙa'idodin Haƙƙin da Dokokin Dokoki sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyar ƴancin kai ta [[Indiya]], wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya cimma iyakokin' ƴanci da jin daɗin jama'a a matsayin burin jihar Indiya mai zaman kanta.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Ci gaban haƙƙin tsarin mulki a Indiya ya samo asali ne daga takardun tarihi kamar Dokar 'Yancin Ingila, Dokar' Yancin Amurka da Sanarwar' Yancin Mutum ta Faransa. Bukatar 'yanci na jama'a ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na yunkurin' yancin kai na Indiya, tare da daya daga cikin manufofin Majalisar Dokokin Indiya (INC) shine kawo karshen nuna bambanci tsakanin sarakunan [[Birtaniya]] da talakawan Indiya. An ambaci wannan bukatar a bayyane a cikin ƙudurin da INC ta karɓa tsakanin 1917 da 1919.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Bukatar da aka bayyana a cikin waɗannan ƙuduri sun haɗa da ba wa Indiyawa haƙƙin daidaito a gaban doka, 'yancin magana, shari'ar da juriya suka hada da akalla rabin membobin Indiya, ikon siyasa, da daidaitattun sharuɗɗa don ɗaukar makamai a matsayin' yan Burtaniya.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Rashin gamsarwa na Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms na 1919, da kuma hauhawar [[Mahatma Gandhi|M. K. Gandhi]] a cikin yunkurin 'yancin kai na Indiya sun nuna canji a cikin halin shugabannin ta game da bayyana bukatun' yancin jama'a. An mayar da hankali daga neman daidaito tsakanin Indiyawa da Birtaniya zuwa tabbatar da 'yanci ga dukkan Indiyawa.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Dokar Commonwealth of India, wacce [[Annie Besant]] ta tsara a 1925, musamman ta haɗa da buƙatun haƙƙoƙi bakwai na asali - 'yanci na mutum,' [['Yanci na lamiri|'yancin lamiri]], 'yancin bayyana ra'ayi,' yanci na taro, rashin nuna bambanci a kan jima'i, ilimin firamare kyauta da kuma amfani da wuraren jama'a kyauta.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> A cikin 1927, INC ta yanke shawarar kafa kwamiti don tsara "Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Swaraj" don Indiya bisa ga sanarwar haƙƙin da zai samar da kariya daga zalunci. Kwamitin mambobi 11, wanda [[Motilal Nehru]] ya jagoranta, an kafa shi ne a 1928. Rahotonta ya ba da shawarwari da yawa, gami da bayar da tabbacin haƙƙoƙi na asali ga dukan Indiyawa. Wadannan hakkoki sun yi kama da na Kundin [[American Constitution|Tsarin Mulki na Amurka]] da waɗanda ƙasashen Turai suka karɓa bayan yaƙin, kuma an karɓi da yawa daga cikinsu daga Dokar 1925. Da yawa daga cikin wadannan tanadi daga baya an sake maimaita su a sassa daban-daban na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, gami da Hakki na asali da kansa don kare haƙƙin jama'a da 'yancin tattalin arziki, tare da manufofin da aka bayyana na kawo karshen amfani, samar da tsaro na zamantakewa da aiwatar da sake fasalin ƙasa. Sauran sabbin hakkoki da ƙudurin ya gabatar sune haramtacciyar lakabi na Jiha, [[Universal suffrage|ikon mallakar manya na duniya]], kawar da hukuncin kisa da 'yancin motsi.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] ne ya tsara ƙudurin, wanda daga baya ya zama tushen wasu ka'idodin umarni, ya sanya babban alhakin aiwatar da sake fasalin zamantakewa a kan Jiha, kuma ya nuna karuwar tasirin kwaminisanci da falsafar Gandhian akan ƙungiyar 'yancin kai.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Mataki na karshe na yunkurin 'yancin kai ya ga sake maimaita ka'idodin gurguzu na shekarun 1930, tare da karuwar mayar da hankali kan haƙƙin' yan tsiraru - wanda ya zama batun babbar damuwa ta siyasa a lokacin - wanda aka buga a cikin [[Tej Bahadur Sapru|Rahoton Sapru]] a 1945. Rahoton, ban da jaddada kare haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru, ya kuma nemi ya ba da umarni "Ka'idodin Hakki na asali ne a cikin motsi na' yancin kai na Indiya, wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya cimma dabi'un'u da jin dadin jama'a a matsayin manufofin wata jiha mai zaman kanta ta Indiya. Ci gaban haƙƙin tsarin mulki a Indiya ya yi wahayi zuwa ga takardun tarihi kamar Dokar 'Yancin Ingila, Dokar' yancin Amurka da Faransa ta bayyana' yancin 'yanci a cikin shekarun da aka ambata <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qnffm1v1lfl441wug48m1iat2uv4rq8 905971 905970 2026-08-22T05:30:39Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:CONSTITUTION_PREAMBLE.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Gabatarwa na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya - Indiya ta ayyana kanta a matsayin ƙasa.&nbsp;]] Ka'idodin '''Hakki na asali''', Dokokin Dokoki na Manufofin Jiha da Ayyuka na asali sassan Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ne waɗanda ke ba da mahimman wajibai na jihohi ga ƴan ƙasa da kuma ayyuka da haƙƙin' yan ƙasa ga Jiha. Wadannan sassan ana ɗaukar su a matsayin muhimman abubuwa na kundin tsarin mulki, wanda Majalisar Dokokin Indiya ta haɓaka tsakanin 1949. An bayyana Hakki na asali a Sashe na III na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya daga matsayi na 12 zuwa 35 kuma an yi amfani da shi ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba, wurin haihuwa, addini, jinsi, da daidaito na dama a al'amuran aiki. Kotuna na iya aiwatar da su, dangane da takamaiman ƙuntatawa. Ƙa'idodin Dokokin Manufofin Jiha jagororin ne don tsara dokoki ta gwamnati. Wadannan tanadi, waɗanda aka tsara a Sashe na IV na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, kotuna ba za su iya aiwatar da su ba, amma ƙa'idodin da suka dogara da su sune jagororin jagora na shugabanci wanda ake sa ran Jiha za ta yi amfani da su wajen tsara kowane manufofi da aiwatar da dokoki. Ana kuma bayyana ''Ayyuka na Musamman'' a matsayin wajibai na ɗabi'a na dukan ƴan ƙasa don taimakawa wajen inganta ruhun kishin ƙasa da kuma tabbatar da haɗin kan Indiya. Wadannan ayyuka da aka tsara a Sashe na IV-A na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, sun shafi mutane da al'umma. Kamar ƙa'idodin umarni, kotuna ba za su iya aiwatar da su ba sai dai idan an sanya su ta hanyar dokar majalisa. == Tarihi == Ƙa'idodin Haƙƙin da Dokokin Dokoki sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyar ƴancin kai ta [[Indiya]], wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya cimma iyakokin' ƴanci da jin daɗin jama'a a matsayin burin jihar Indiya mai zaman kanta.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Ci gaban haƙƙin tsarin mulki a Indiya ya samo asali ne daga takardun tarihi kamar Dokar 'Yancin Ingila, Dokar' Yancin Amurka da Sanarwar' Yancin Mutum ta Faransa. Bukatar 'yanci na jama'a ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na yunkurin' yancin kai na Indiya, tare da ɗaya daga cikin manufofin Majalisar Dokokin Indiya (INC) shine kawo karshen nuna bambanci tsakanin sarakunan [[Birtaniya]] da talakawan Indiya. An ambaci wannan buƙatar a bayyane a cikin ƙudurin da INC ta karɓa tsakanin shekarar 1917 da 1919.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Bukatar da aka bayyana a cikin waɗannan ƙuduri sun haɗa da ba wa Indiyawa haƙƙin daidaito a gaban doka, 'yancin magana, shari'ar da juriya suka hada da akalla rabin membobin Indiya, ikon siyasa, da daidaitattun sharuɗɗa don ɗaukar makamai a matsayin' yan Burtaniya.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Rashin gamsarwa na Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms na 1919, da kuma hauhawar [[Mahatma Gandhi|M. K. Gandhi]] a cikin yunkurin 'yancin kai na Indiya sun nuna canji a cikin halin shugabannin ta game da bayyana bukatun' yancin jama'a. An mayar da hankali daga neman daidaito tsakanin Indiyawa da Birtaniya zuwa tabbatar da 'yanci ga dukkan Indiyawa.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Dokar Commonwealth of India, wacce [[Annie Besant]] ta tsara a 1925, musamman ta haɗa da buƙatun haƙƙoƙi bakwai na asali - 'yanci na mutum,' [['Yanci na lamiri|'yancin lamiri]], 'yancin bayyana ra'ayi,' yanci na taro, rashin nuna bambanci a kan jima'i, ilimin firamare kyauta da kuma amfani da wuraren jama'a kyauta.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> A cikin 1927, INC ta yanke shawarar kafa kwamiti don tsara "Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Swaraj" don Indiya bisa ga sanarwar haƙƙin da zai samar da kariya daga zalunci. Kwamitin mambobi 11, wanda [[Motilal Nehru]] ya jagoranta, an kafa shi ne a 1928. Rahotonta ya ba da shawarwari da yawa, gami da bayar da tabbacin haƙƙoƙi na asali ga dukan Indiyawa. Wadannan hakkoki sun yi kama da na Kundin [[American Constitution|Tsarin Mulki na Amurka]] da waɗanda ƙasashen Turai suka karɓa bayan yaƙin, kuma an karɓi da yawa daga cikinsu daga Dokar 1925. Da yawa daga cikin wadannan tanadi daga baya an sake maimaita su a sassa daban-daban na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, gami da Hakki na asali da kansa don kare haƙƙin jama'a da 'yancin tattalin arziki, tare da manufofin da aka bayyana na kawo karshen amfani, samar da tsaro na zamantakewa da aiwatar da sake fasalin ƙasa. Sauran sabbin hakkoki da ƙudurin ya gabatar sune haramtacciyar lakabi na Jiha, [[Universal suffrage|ikon mallakar manya na duniya]], kawar da hukuncin kisa da 'yancin motsi.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] ne ya tsara ƙudurin, wanda daga baya ya zama tushen wasu ka'idodin umarni, ya sanya babban alhakin aiwatar da sake fasalin zamantakewa a kan Jiha, kuma ya nuna karuwar tasirin kwaminisanci da falsafar Gandhian akan ƙungiyar 'yancin kai.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Mataki na karshe na yunkurin 'yancin kai ya ga sake maimaita ka'idodin gurguzu na shekarun 1930, tare da karuwar mayar da hankali kan haƙƙin' yan tsiraru - wanda ya zama batun babbar damuwa ta siyasa a lokacin - wanda aka buga a cikin [[Tej Bahadur Sapru|Rahoton Sapru]] a 1945. Rahoton, ban da jaddada kare haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru, ya kuma nemi ya ba da umarni "Ka'idodin Hakki na asali ne a cikin motsi na' yancin kai na Indiya, wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya cimma dabi'un'u da jin dadin jama'a a matsayin manufofin wata jiha mai zaman kanta ta Indiya. Ci gaban haƙƙin tsarin mulki a Indiya ya yi wahayi zuwa ga takardun tarihi kamar Dokar 'Yancin Ingila, Dokar' yancin Amurka da Faransa ta bayyana' yancin 'yanci a cikin shekarun da aka ambata <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6ypu1zs2fmy71cql5or2h9488wry7vk 905972 905971 2026-08-22T05:30:53Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:CONSTITUTION_PREAMBLE.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Gabatarwa na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya - Indiya ta ayyana kanta a matsayin ƙasa.&nbsp;]] Ka'idodin '''Hakki na asali''', Dokokin Dokoki na Manufofin Jiha da Ayyuka na asali sassan Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ne waɗanda ke ba da mahimman wajibai na jihohi ga ƴan ƙasa da kuma ayyuka da haƙƙin' yan ƙasa ga Jiha. Wadannan sassan ana ɗaukar su a matsayin muhimman abubuwa na kundin tsarin mulki, wanda Majalisar Dokokin Indiya ta haɓaka tsakanin 1949. An bayyana Hakki na asali a Sashe na III na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya daga matsayi na 12 zuwa 35 kuma an yi amfani da shi ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba, wurin haihuwa, addini, jinsi, da daidaito na dama a al'amuran aiki. Kotuna na iya aiwatar da su, dangane da takamaiman ƙuntatawa. Ƙa'idodin Dokokin Manufofin Jiha jagororin ne don tsara dokoki ta gwamnati. Waɗannan tanadi, waɗanda aka tsara a Sashe na IV na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, kotuna ba za su iya aiwatar da su ba, amma ƙa'idodin da suka dogara da su sune jagororin jagora na shugabanci wanda ake sa ran Jiha za ta yi amfani da su wajen tsara kowane manufofi da aiwatar da dokoki. Ana kuma bayyana ''Ayyuka na Musamman'' a matsayin wajibai na ɗabi'a na dukan ƴan ƙasa don taimakawa wajen inganta ruhun kishin ƙasa da kuma tabbatar da haɗin kan Indiya. Wadannan ayyuka da aka tsara a Sashe na IV-A na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, sun shafi mutane da al'umma. Kamar ƙa'idodin umarni, kotuna ba za su iya aiwatar da su ba sai dai idan an sanya su ta hanyar dokar majalisa. == Tarihi == Ƙa'idodin Haƙƙin da Dokokin Dokoki sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyar ƴancin kai ta [[Indiya]], wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya cimma iyakokin' ƴanci da jin daɗin jama'a a matsayin burin jihar Indiya mai zaman kanta.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Ci gaban haƙƙin tsarin mulki a Indiya ya samo asali ne daga takardun tarihi kamar Dokar 'Yancin Ingila, Dokar' Yancin Amurka da Sanarwar' Yancin Mutum ta Faransa. Bukatar 'yanci na jama'a ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na yunkurin' yancin kai na Indiya, tare da ɗaya daga cikin manufofin Majalisar Dokokin Indiya (INC) shine kawo karshen nuna bambanci tsakanin sarakunan [[Birtaniya]] da talakawan Indiya. An ambaci wannan buƙatar a bayyane a cikin ƙudurin da INC ta karɓa tsakanin shekarar 1917 da 1919.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Bukatar da aka bayyana a cikin waɗannan ƙuduri sun haɗa da ba wa Indiyawa haƙƙin daidaito a gaban doka, 'yancin magana, shari'ar da juriya suka hada da akalla rabin membobin Indiya, ikon siyasa, da daidaitattun sharuɗɗa don ɗaukar makamai a matsayin' yan Burtaniya.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Rashin gamsarwa na Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms na 1919, da kuma hauhawar [[Mahatma Gandhi|M. K. Gandhi]] a cikin yunkurin 'yancin kai na Indiya sun nuna canji a cikin halin shugabannin ta game da bayyana bukatun' yancin jama'a. An mayar da hankali daga neman daidaito tsakanin Indiyawa da Birtaniya zuwa tabbatar da 'yanci ga dukkan Indiyawa.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Dokar Commonwealth of India, wacce [[Annie Besant]] ta tsara a 1925, musamman ta haɗa da buƙatun haƙƙoƙi bakwai na asali - 'yanci na mutum,' [['Yanci na lamiri|'yancin lamiri]], 'yancin bayyana ra'ayi,' yanci na taro, rashin nuna bambanci a kan jima'i, ilimin firamare kyauta da kuma amfani da wuraren jama'a kyauta.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> A cikin 1927, INC ta yanke shawarar kafa kwamiti don tsara "Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Swaraj" don Indiya bisa ga sanarwar haƙƙin da zai samar da kariya daga zalunci. Kwamitin mambobi 11, wanda [[Motilal Nehru]] ya jagoranta, an kafa shi ne a 1928. Rahotonta ya ba da shawarwari da yawa, gami da bayar da tabbacin haƙƙoƙi na asali ga dukan Indiyawa. Wadannan hakkoki sun yi kama da na Kundin [[American Constitution|Tsarin Mulki na Amurka]] da waɗanda ƙasashen Turai suka karɓa bayan yaƙin, kuma an karɓi da yawa daga cikinsu daga Dokar 1925. Da yawa daga cikin wadannan tanadi daga baya an sake maimaita su a sassa daban-daban na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, gami da Hakki na asali da kansa don kare haƙƙin jama'a da 'yancin tattalin arziki, tare da manufofin da aka bayyana na kawo karshen amfani, samar da tsaro na zamantakewa da aiwatar da sake fasalin ƙasa. Sauran sabbin hakkoki da ƙudurin ya gabatar sune haramtacciyar lakabi na Jiha, [[Universal suffrage|ikon mallakar manya na duniya]], kawar da hukuncin kisa da 'yancin motsi.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] ne ya tsara ƙudurin, wanda daga baya ya zama tushen wasu ka'idodin umarni, ya sanya babban alhakin aiwatar da sake fasalin zamantakewa a kan Jiha, kuma ya nuna karuwar tasirin kwaminisanci da falsafar Gandhian akan ƙungiyar 'yancin kai.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Mataki na karshe na yunkurin 'yancin kai ya ga sake maimaita ka'idodin gurguzu na shekarun 1930, tare da karuwar mayar da hankali kan haƙƙin' yan tsiraru - wanda ya zama batun babbar damuwa ta siyasa a lokacin - wanda aka buga a cikin [[Tej Bahadur Sapru|Rahoton Sapru]] a 1945. Rahoton, ban da jaddada kare haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru, ya kuma nemi ya ba da umarni "Ka'idodin Hakki na asali ne a cikin motsi na' yancin kai na Indiya, wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya cimma dabi'un'u da jin dadin jama'a a matsayin manufofin wata jiha mai zaman kanta ta Indiya. Ci gaban haƙƙin tsarin mulki a Indiya ya yi wahayi zuwa ga takardun tarihi kamar Dokar 'Yancin Ingila, Dokar' yancin Amurka da Faransa ta bayyana' yancin 'yanci a cikin shekarun da aka ambata <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s3q3qivt9dc2yzszcpumcypqw209n7c 905973 905972 2026-08-22T05:31:16Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:CONSTITUTION_PREAMBLE.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Gabatarwa na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya - Indiya ta ayyana kanta a matsayin ƙasa.&nbsp;]] Ka'idodin '''Hakki na asali''', Dokokin Dokoki na Manufofin Jiha da Ayyuka na asali sassan Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ne waɗanda ke ba da mahimman wajibai na jihohi ga ƴan ƙasa da kuma ayyuka da haƙƙin' yan ƙasa ga Jiha. Wadannan sassan ana ɗaukar su a matsayin muhimman abubuwa na kundin tsarin mulki, wanda Majalisar Dokokin Indiya ta haɓaka tsakanin 1949. An bayyana Hakki na asali a Sashe na III na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya daga matsayi na 12 zuwa 35 kuma an yi amfani da shi ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba, wurin haihuwa, addini, jinsi, da daidaito na dama a al'amuran aiki. Kotuna na iya aiwatar da su, dangane da takamaiman ƙuntatawa. Ƙa'idodin Dokokin Manufofin Jiha jagororin ne don tsara dokoki ta gwamnati. Waɗannan tanadi, waɗanda aka tsara a Sashe na IV na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, kotuna ba za su iya aiwatar da su ba, amma ƙa'idodin da suka dogara da su sune jagororin jagora na shugabanci wanda ake sa ran Jiha za ta yi amfani da su wajen tsara kowane manufofi da aiwatar da dokoki. Ana kuma bayyana ''Ayyuka na Musamman'' a matsayin wajibai na ɗabi'a na dukan ƴan ƙasa don taimakawa wajen inganta ruhun kishin ƙasa da kuma tabbatar da haɗin kan Indiya. Wadannan ayyuka da aka tsara a Sashe na IV-A na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, sun shafi mutane da al'umma. Kamar ƙa'idodin umarni, kotuna ba za su iya aiwatar da su ba sai dai idan an sanya su ta hanyar dokar majalisa. == Tarihi == Ƙa'idodin Haƙƙin da Dokokin Dokoki sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyar ƴancin kai ta [[Indiya]], wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya cimma iyakokin' ƴanci da jin daɗin jama'a a matsayin burin jihar Indiya mai zaman kanta.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Ci gaban haƙƙin tsarin mulki a Indiya ya samo asali ne daga takardun tarihi kamar Dokar 'Yancin Ingila, Dokar' Yancin Amurka da Sanarwar' Yancin Mutum ta Faransa. Bukatar 'yanci na jama'a ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na yunkurin' yancin kai na Indiya, tare da ɗaya daga cikin manufofin Majalisar Dokokin Indiya (INC) shine kawo karshen nuna bambanci tsakanin sarakunan [[Birtaniya]] da talakawan Indiya. An ambaci wannan buƙatar a bayyane a cikin ƙudurin da INC ta karɓa tsakanin shekarar 1917 da 1919.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Bukatar da aka bayyana a cikin waɗannan ƙuduri sun haɗa da ba wa Indiyawa haƙƙin daidaito a gaban doka, 'yancin magana, shari'ar da juriya suka hada da akalla rabin membobin Indiya, ikon siyasa, da daidaitattun sharuɗɗa don ɗaukar makamai a matsayin' yan Burtaniya.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Rashin gamsarwa na Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms na 1919, da kuma hauhawar [[Mahatma Gandhi|M. K. Gandhi]] a cikin yunkurin 'yancin kai na Indiya sun nuna canji a cikin halin shugabannin ta game da bayyana bukatun' yancin jama'a. An mayar da hankali daga neman daidaito tsakanin Indiyawa da Birtaniya zuwa tabbatar da 'yanci ga dukkan Indiyawa.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Dokar Commonwealth of India, wacce [[Annie Besant]] ta tsara a 1925, musamman ta haɗa da buƙatun haƙƙoƙi bakwai na asali - 'yanci na mutum,' [['Yanci na lamiri|'yancin lamiri]], 'yancin bayyana ra'ayi,' yanci na taro, rashin nuna bambanci a kan jima'i, ilimin firamare kyauta da kuma amfani da wuraren jama'a kyauta.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> A cikin 1927, INC ta yanke shawarar kafa kwamiti don tsara "Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Swaraj" don Indiya bisa ga sanarwar haƙƙin da zai samar da kariya daga zalunci. Kwamitin mambobi 11, wanda [[Motilal Nehru]] ya jagoranta, an kafa shi ne a 1928. Rahotonta ya ba da shawarwari da yawa, gami da bayar da tabbacin haƙƙoƙi na asali ga dukan Indiyawa. Wadannan hakkoki sun yi kama da na Kundin [[American Constitution|Tsarin Mulki na Amurka]] da waɗanda ƙasashen Turai suka karɓa bayan yaƙin, kuma an karɓi da yawa daga cikinsu daga Dokar 1925. Da yawa daga cikin wadannan tanadi daga baya an sake maimaita su a sassa daban-daban na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, gami da Hakki na asali da kansa don kare haƙƙin jama'a da 'yancin tattalin arziki, tare da manufofin da aka bayyana na kawo karshen amfani, samar da tsaro na zamantakewa da aiwatar da sake fasalin ƙasa. Sauran sabbin hakkoki da ƙudurin ya gabatar sune haramtacciyar lakabi na Jiha, [[Universal suffrage|ikon mallakar manya na duniya]], kawar da hukuncin kisa da 'yancin motsi.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] ne ya tsara ƙudurin, wanda daga baya ya zama tushen wasu ka'idodin umarni, ya sanya babban alhakin aiwatar da sake fasalin zamantakewa a kan Jiha, kuma ya nuna karuwar tasirin kwaminisanci da falsafar Gandhian akan ƙungiyar 'yancin kai.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> Mataki na karshe na yunkurin 'yancin kai ya ga sake maimaita ka'idodin gurguzu na shekarun 1930, tare da karuwar mayar da hankali kan haƙƙin' yan tsiraru - wanda ya zama batun babbar damuwa ta siyasa a lokacin - wanda aka buga a cikin [[Tej Bahadur Sapru|Rahoton Sapru]] a 1945. Rahoton, ban da jaddada kare haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru, ya kuma nemi ya ba da umarni "Ka'idodin Hakki na asali ne a cikin motsi na' yancin kai na Indiya, wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya cimma dabi'un'u da jin dadin jama'a a matsayin manufofin wata jiha mai zaman kanta ta Indiya. Ci gaban haƙƙin tsarin mulki a Indiya ya yi wahayi zuwa ga takardun tarihi kamar Dokar 'Yancin Ingila, Dokar' ƴancin Amurka da Faransa ta bayyana' yancin 'yanci a cikin shekarun da aka ambata <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Austin|1999}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3sbmlghmodpb6utj7iklbhm7u7cqt8a 0 111865 906082 878986 2026-08-22T09:24:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906082 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="4" |Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Kasa | colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" |[[File:National_Union_of_Students_UK_logo.png|alt=Logo of National Union of Students UK|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Takaitaccen bayani | class="infobox-data nickname" |NUS |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Kafawa | class="infobox-data note" |<span class="nowrap">10 Fabrairu 1922<span class="noprint">; Shekaru 103 da suka gabata&#x20;</span> <span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1922-02-10</span>)&nbsp;</span> <ref><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="387">[http://www.nus.org.uk/en/who-we-are/our-history/a-brief-history/ "A brief history: Our History: Who We Are: www.nus.org.uk"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="388"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2016</span>.</span></cite></ref>&nbsp;</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Hedikwatar | class="infobox-data" |[[London|Landan]], Ingila, Burtaniya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Ayyuka | class="infobox-data note" |goyon baya ga ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai da ɗalibai |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Kasancewa memba | class="infobox-data" |~ ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai 600 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Harshen hukuma</div> | class="infobox-data" |Turanci, Welsh (NUS Wales) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">[[List of Presidents of the National Union of Students (United Kingdom)|Shugaban kasa]]</div> | class="infobox-data" |Amira Campbell <ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://www.nus.org.uk/nus-announces-newly-elected-full-time-officers "NUS announces newly elected Officer team"]. </cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |[[Subsidiary|Rukunin reshe]] | class="infobox-data" |Ayyukan NUS Limited, NUS Holdings Limited, Ayyukan Taimako na Tarayyar Dalibai na NUS, NUS Media Limited |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Haɗin kai | class="infobox-data" |[[European Students' Union|Kungiyar Dalibai ta Turai]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Shafin yanar gizo | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[https://www.nus.org.uk www.nus.org.uk]</span> |} '''Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Kasa''' ('''NUS''') ƙungiya ce ta ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai a duk faɗin [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] . Kimanin Kungiyoyin dalibai 600 suna da alaƙa, suna da alaka da sama da kashi 95% na dukkan kungiyoyin ilimi na sama da na gaba a Burtaniya. Kodayake Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Kasa ita ce ƙungiya ta tsakiya ga duk ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa a Burtaniya, akwai kuma ƙungiyoyin ƙasa: NUS Scotland a Scotland, NUS Wales (''UCM Cymru'') a Wales da NUS-USI a Arewacin Ireland (wanda Ƙungiyar Dalibai a Ireland ke gudanar da shi tare). == Kasancewa memba == There are four types of membership of NUS:[citation needed]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership of NUS |url=https://www.nusconnect.org.uk/nus-uk/who-we-are/membership-of-nus |access-date=July 6, 2020}}</ref> * Ana ba da membobin kundin tsarin mulki ga ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai ta Taron Kasa ko Majalisar Zartarwa ta Kasa ta hanyar kuri'un kashi biyu bisa uku * Ana ba da memba na mutum ta atomatik ga membobin ƙungiyar ɗalibai tare da membobin ƙauyuka, jami'an sabbatical na membobin ƙuƙwalwa, membobin Majalisar Zartarwa ta Kasa da masu taron sabbatical ta Yankunan NUS * Ana ba da membobin haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar kashi biyu bisa uku na Majalisar Zartarwa ta Kasa zuwa: Ƙungiyoyin Dalibai a cikin Ƙungiya - duk ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai na ƙasa Ƙungiyoyin Abokan hulɗa a cikin Ƙungiyar - ƙungiyoyin da ba ɗalibai ba waɗanda ke jin tausayi da NUS Individuals in Association - duk mutumin da ke tallafawa abubuwan Yankin NUS - ƙungiyoyin ɗaliban da aka ayyana a cikin ƙasa ** ''Kungiyoyin Dalibai a cikin Kungiyar -'' duk wata ƙungiya ta ɗalibai ta ƙasa ** ''Kungiyoyin Abokan hulɗa a cikin Ƙungiya'' - kungiyoyin da ba na ɗalibai ba waɗanda ke jin tausayi da NUS ** Mutanen da ke cikin Ƙungiya - duk wani mutum wanda ke tallafawa abubuwan NUS ** ''Yankunan NUS'' - ƙungiyoyin da aka ayyana a cikin ƙasa na ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai * Taron kasa yana ba da memba na girmamawa ga "duk wani mutum ko ƙungiya kamar yadda ya ga ya dace" Daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan membobin, kawai membobin ƙauyuka ne zasu iya jefa kuri'a ko gabatar da shawarwarin manufofi ga Taron Kasa. Ana buƙatar membobin kundin tsarin mulki da membobin haɗin gwiwa su biya kuɗin biyan kuɗi a matsayin yanayin membobinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Articles of Association & Rules |url=http://www.nusconnect.org.uk/pageassets/about/democraticprocess/NUS_Articles_Rules_Aug12.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105032545/http://www.nusconnect.org.uk/pageassets/about/democraticprocess/NUS_Articles_Rules_Aug12.pdf |archive-date=5 January 2016 |access-date=9 September 2013 |publisher=National Union of Students}}</ref> == Tarihi == {{National Union of Students (United Kingdom)}} [[Fayil:Sir_Ivison_Macadam.jpg|right|thumb|Sir Ivison Macadam shine shugaban da ya kafa NUS. Daga baya ya zama Darakta Janar na farko na Royal Institute of International Affairs .]] === Asalin da tarihin farko === An kafa NUS a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu 1922 a wani taro da aka gudanar a Jami'ar London. A wannan taron, Inter-Varsity Association da Ofishin Dalibai na Duniya (wanda ya shirya tafiye-tafiye na dalibai kuma yana neman ƙungiyar ƙasa) sun amince da haɗuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-14 |title=National Union of Students |url=https://en.unesco.org/prize-esd/2016laureates/nus |access-date=2020-04-11 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Our story @ NUS Connect |url=https://www.nusconnect.org.uk/nus-uk/who-we-are/our-story |access-date=2020-04-11 |website=www.nusconnect.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> Mambobin da suka kafa sun hada da kungiyoyin kwadago na Jami'ar [[Birmingham]], Birkbeck, Jami'ar London, Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London, Kwalejin Imperial (wanda ya fara barin a 1923 kuma daga baya ya sake komawa kuma ya bar sau uku, karo na karshe ya kasance a watan Yunin 2008), Kwalejin Sarki ta London (wanda ya samar da Shugaban farko, Sir Ivison Macadam) da Jami'ar [[Bristol]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2006 |title=Students start voting on NUS membership {{!}} Imperial News {{!}} Imperial College London |url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/2945/students-start-voting-nus-membership/ |access-date=2020-04-11 |website=Imperial News |language=en}}</ref> === Siyasa da Broad Left, 1968-1982 === Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]] a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin da aka kafa, Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Kasa ta karɓi sashi na "marasa siyasa" a cikin sashin ta a ƙoƙarin nisanta kanta daga dalilan da ya sa Yakin ya ɓarke. Ta haka ne ya damu da kansa game da hulɗar ɗalibai da tafiye-tafiye masu arha, tallafin ɗalibai da abubuwan da ɗalibai ke so. An kalubalanci wannan yarjejeniyar apolitical tare da zanga-zangar kasa da kasa ta 1968 kuma yayin da Yakin Cold ya kara tsanantawa. A taron NUS na 1969, shugaban kasar Trevor Fisk ya yi adawa da Jack Straw (wanda ke kusa da Bert Ramelson na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Burtaniya, amma daga baya Sakataren Harkokin Waje a karkashin sabuwar gwamnatin [[Tony Blair]]) kan batun. Straw ya goyi bayan zanga-zangar dalibai game da shigar da sojojin Amurka a cikin Yaƙin [[Vietnam]], yayin da Fisk ya ba da shawarar tsaka-tsaki; bangaren Straw ya ci nasara kuma an cire sashi na "babu siyasa". Sabuwar zamani ta fara ga NUS, inda tashin hankali na siyasa da zanga-zangar suka zama kafa. Digby Jacks ya biyo bayan Straw a matsayin shugaban kasa, wanda ke wakiltar kungiyar Radical Student Alliance (wanda Fergus Nicholson ya kafa a shekarar 1966) kuma memba ne na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Burtaniya. A cewar rahotanni na gwamnatin Burtaniya ta zamani, an haɗa RSA da Kamfen ɗin Solidarity na Vietnam wanda Trotskyist ke jagoranta kuma yana da alaƙa ta kusa da ''Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund'' (yana shirya zanga-zangar bayan harbin Rudi Dutschke). Rahoton gwamnati ya bayyana cewa "Idan suna da Littafi Mai-Tsarki na akida ya ƙunshi aikin Farfesa Herbert Marcuse, Mutumin Ɗaya. " Dangane da ra'ayin Marcusian na kare kungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru na siyasa, a cikin shekarun 1970s, NUS ta zo don tallafawa abin da ta kira "kamfen na' yanci", gami da; [[Hakkokin LGBT ta ƙasa ko yanki|'Yancin ɗan luwaɗi]] (Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta farko da ta yi haka a 1973), mata masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da kishin ƙasa. A lokaci guda, NUS ta karɓi manufofin No Platform; ra'ayi da IMG ta fara a cikin 1972; don hana ƙungiyar harabar da jawabin kungiyoyin 'yan kasa na Burtaniya waɗanda ta ayyana su "mai wariyar launin fata ko fascist". A lokacin, an yi niyyar wannan ne ga National Front da kuma Litinin Club (wani bangare a cikin Tarayyar Dalibai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya). Har ila yau, ƙungiyar ta shiga cikin al'amuran [[Ireland ta Arewa|Arewacin Ireland]], inda yawancin cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma akwai mambobi na NUS da Union of Students in Ireland (USI), kodayake wannan ya bambanta daga shari'a zuwa shari'a. Lalle ne, shugabannin biyu na NUS a baya a cikin shekarun 1960 sun fito ne daga Jami'ar Sarauniya ta Belfast (Queen's ko QUB); T. William Savage da T. Geoff Martin. Rikicin 1968-69 a Arewacin Ireland ya ga farkon Matsalar da rarrabuwar ɗarika ta fito fili. Bayan mambobin QUBSU sun shirya zanga-zangar adawa da dan siyasa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na Unionist Bill Craig, Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na lokacin, wasu mambobi kamar Bernadette Devlin, Eamonn McCann da Michael Farrell sun yanke shawarar kafa kungiyar Trotskyist People's Democracy a shekarar 1968, wanda ya taka rawar gani a cikin Yunkurin kare hakkin bil'adama na Arewacin Ireland. Bayan wani taro a Galway a 1972, don yaki da rarrabuwar, an amince da cewa za a kafa wata kungiya da ake kira NUS-USI tare da mambobi biyu don rufe Arewacin Ireland. Ɗaya daga cikin kamfen ɗin zanga-zangar NUS wanda ya kasance mai mahimmanci a cikin shekarun 1970s da 1980s shine kamfen ɗin kauracewa jam'iyyar National Party da ke mulkin [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na Anti-Apartheid Movement . A shekara ta 1970, mataimakin shugaban NUS Tony Klug ya ziyarci Afirka ta Kudu kuma ya sadu da [[Steve Biko]] na [[Kungiyar Dalibai ta Afirka ta Kudu|SASO]] da sauransu.<ref name="aa" /> Har ila yau, membobin sun yi ƙoƙari su rushe wasannin rugby da cricket na Afirka ta Kudu a cikin shekarun 1970s. A cikin shekarun 1980s, NUS ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samun Bankin Barclay ya fitar da shi daga Afirka ta Kudu, yana kai masa hari a matsayin "Bankin Boerclay".<ref name="aa" /> A cikin wannan lokacin, shugabancin NUS ya mamaye Broad Left, wanda Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Burtaniya (inda Kwaminisanci ta Yuro ta fi shahara a tsakanin dalibai maimakon masu adawa da sake fasalin Soviet "Tankie") sun fi yawa kuma yawanci suna ba da shugaban, amma Labour da Liberals sun goyi bayan su. Sun yi haka don yin aiki a matsayin ƙungiyar jefa kuri'a a kan Conservatives da Militant. Na farko daga cikin wadannan shugabannin Broad Left shi ne Charles Clarke (daga baya Sakataren Cikin Gida a karkashin Blair) wanda a matsayin memba na Ƙungiyar Sashe na Hudu, ya lashe Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun daga tasirin Militant. Sauran shugabanni sun hada da Sue Slipman (wanda ya fara a bangaren Yurocommunist a Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Burtaniya amma ya zama memba mai kafa Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party a shekara ta 1981), Trevor Phillips (mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa kuma shugaban NUS na farko, wanda daga baya ya jagoranci ƙungiyar alaƙar launin fata Runnymede Trust) da David Aaronovitch (wanda a lokacin ya kasance Yurocomunist, amma daga baya ya zama ɗan jarida da ya haɗa da Neoconservatism). === Shugabancin daliban Labour, 1982-2000 === Daga 1982 tare da zaben Neil Stewart, har sai Andrew Pakes ya sauka a shekara ta 2000, shugabancin kungiyar dalibai ta kasa ya kasance karkashin ikon kungiyar dalibai na Labour, wanda ya taƙaita sunansa zuwa daliban Labour a 1994. Shahararrun Shugabannin NUS na wannan lokacin sun hada da Phil Woolas, Maeve Sherlock da Stephen Twigg . === Tarihi a cikin karni na 21 === ==== Kasuwanci Mai Kyau ==== Dalibai a Jami'ar Edinburgh ne suka fara Gangamin Fairtrade NUS a cikin kaka 2005. Yaƙin neman zaɓe, wanda yanzu ya kasance tare da sauran ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai da yawa a Biritaniya, yana kira ga 100% na abubuwan sha masu zafi (shayi, kofi, cakulan zafi, da sauransu) waɗanda ƙungiyoyin membobin NUS suka siyar don a ba da izini tare da Fairtrade[citation]. Tun daga wannan lokacin an faɗaɗa kamfen ɗin zuwa cikin Dalibai da ke Shirya Tsaro (SOS-UK), ƙungiyar agaji ta ilimi da ke amsawa ga gaggawa ta yanayi da rikicin muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Students Organising for Sustainability |url=https://sustainability.unioncloud.org/ |access-date=July 6, 2020 |website=NUS}}</ref> Gidauniyar Fairtrade ta haɗu da NUS wajen bayar da kyautar Jami'o'i da Kwalejojin Fairtrade, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Universities and College |url=https://www.fairtrade.org.uk/get%20involved/In-your-community/Universities |access-date=July 6, 2020 |archive-date=July 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706232722/https://www.fairtrade.org.uk/get%20involved/In-your-community/Universities |url-status=dead }}</ref> wanda ya fara ne a matsayin matukin jirgi a shekarar 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2017 |title=Fairtrade and NUS pilot new University and College Award scheme |url=https://www.nus.org.uk/en/news/fairtrade-and-nus-pilot-new-university-and-college-award-scheme/ |access-date=July 6, 2020 |website=NUS |archive-date=6 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706195054/https://www.nus.org.uk/en/news/fairtrade-and-nus-pilot-new-university-and-college-award-scheme/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya zuwa 2020, jami'o'i goma sha biyu sun sami matsayin Fairtrade.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2020 |title=12 UNIVERSITIES HAVE ACHIEVED FAIRTRADE STATUS IN NATIONWIDE FAIRTRADE UNIVERSITY AND COLLEGE AWARD |url=https://www.fairtrade.org.uk/Media-Centre/News/June-2020/12-Universities-have-achieved-Fairtrade-status-in-nationwide-Fairtrade-University-and-College-Award |access-date=July 6, 2020 |website=Fairtrade Foundation}}</ref> ==== Kudin ilimi ==== {{Universities in the United Kingdom}}A karkashin jagorancin Wes Streeting NUS ta watsar da jajircewarta na dogon lokaci ga Ilimi kyauta kuma ta goyi bayan harajin digiri a matsayin sakamakon da ta fi so na Browne Review a cikin kudaden ilimi mafi girma. Kafin Babban Zabe na 2010, NUS ta gayyaci 'yan takara su sanya hannu kan alkawarin da ba za su kara kudaden karatu ba, suna karɓar masu sa hannu sama da 1000 daga' yan takarar majalisa. Wannan ya zama babban kamfen lokacin da 'yan majalisa da yawa na Liberal Democrat, wadanda duk sun sanya hannu kan alkawuran NUS da ke nuna cewa za su jefa kuri'a a kan duk wani hauhawar kudaden karatu idan aka zabe su, dole ne su guji ko kuma su yi akasin haka a matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa. NUS, a karkashin sabon shugaban Aaron Porter, ta shirya zanga-zangar kasa da dubban mutane suka halarta a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2010, suna neman kawo karshen yanke ilimi. Hanyar tafiya ta wuce Whitehall da hedkwatar Jam'iyyar Conservative a Hasumiyar Millbank. Yayin da suka wuce ginin, wasu masu zanga-zangar sun karkatar da su zuwa farfajiyar Millbank Tower kuma sun fara zama a ginin. Tare da halartar mutane sama da 50,000, ita ce zanga-zangar Burtaniya mafi girma tun bayan zanga-zambe na Yakin Iraki. Wannan ya haifar da karin demos daban-daban har sai an wuce hauhawar kudaden karatun. Ranar da ta gabata kafin kuri'ar don ba da damar karuwar kudaden karatun, Daily Telegraph ta ruwaito cewa sun ga imel ɗin da suka ba da shawarar Aaron Porter ya goyi bayan, maimakon ƙara kudaden karatun ya kamata a yanke har zuwa 80% don kunshin tallafin ɗalibai ciki har da tallafi da rance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2010 |title=National Union of Students secretly urged Government to make deep cuts in student grants |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/8190379/National-Union-of-Students-secretly-urged-Government-to-make-deep-cuts-in-student-grants.html |access-date=8 December 2010 |website=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> Porter ya amsa da'awar da aka yi a kan NUS Connect cewa "A duk waɗannan tarurruka da sadarwa mun bayyana ƙarfinmu da adawa da yankewa" kuma cewa karkatar da tattaunawar ita ce "tsananin siyasa daga gwamnatin hadin gwiwa da ta rasa muhawara a kan manufofinta".<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2010 |title=NUS responds to Telegraph article |url=http://www.nusconnect.org.uk/news/article/6001/1173/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212222919/http://www.nusconnect.org.uk/news/article/6001/1173/ |archive-date=12 December 2010 |access-date=9 December 2010 |publisher=NUS Connect}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2014 Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Kasa ta zartar da manufofi a taron ta na kasa don juyar da matsayinta game da kudaden ilimi. An watsar da kiran neman harajin digiri don neman kira ga Ilimi kyauta wanda aka tallafawa ta hanyar haraji mai ci gaba. ==== Binciken Gudanarwa ==== [[Fayil:National_union_of_students_uk_logo.PNG|right|thumb|242x242px|Alamar NUS da aka yi amfani da ita har zuwa 2013]] {{European Students' Union}}Taron na 2008 a Blackpool ya mamaye muhawara da kuri'a. Shawarwarin sun kasance don sake fasalin gudanar da Tarayyar amma kuri'un sun rasa kuri'un da kuri'u 25 (an buƙaci kashi biyu bisa uku). An soki bita saboda abin da masu sukar suka ji ya zama hari kan alhakin dimokuradiyya na kungiyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NUS Governance Review defeated at last stage – Education-News-News-UPSU.net<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.upsu.net/news/union/democracy/2008/04/01/nus-governance-revie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516090236/http://www.upsu.net/news/union/democracy/2008/04/01/nus-governance-revie.html |archive-date=16 May 2008 |access-date=2 September 2017}}</ref> Duk da haka magoya bayanta sun kare bita kamar yadda suke samar da tsarin kamfanoni na 'matsayi' wanda ake fatan sanya shi mafi inganci a tattauna manufofin, maimakon kawai 'mai amsawa'. Mutane da yawa a cikin zartarwa ba su karɓi wannan da kyau ba tare da Shugaban kasa, Gemma Tumelty, yana rantsuwa da ci gaba da sake fasalin. Rashin ci gaba a kan sake fasalin mulki ya kuma sa Imperial College Union ta gudanar da raba gardama kan rashin shiga tsakani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashley Brown |date=19 May 2008 |title=Live! – Council Calls NUS Referendum |url=http://live.cgcu.net/news/1769 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608213148/http://live.cgcu.net/news/1769 |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=31 May 2010 |publisher=Live.cgcu.net}}</ref> ==== ISIS, Malia Bouattia, da kuma rashin shiga tsakani ==== A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014, Kwamitin Zartarwa na Kasa na NUS ya ki amincewa da wata yunkuri don hukunta kungiyar masu fafutuka ta Islamic State saboda wasu mambobin zartarwa "sun ji cewa kalmomin da aka gabatar za su lalata dukkan Musulmai ba tare da adalci ba maimakon kawai ƙungiyar mutanen da ta fara hukuntawa da kyau. " <ref>{{Cite web |title=NUS-statement-on-NEC-motion |url=http://www.nusconnect.org.uk/news/article/nus/NUS-statement-on-NEC-motion/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222144258/http://www.nusconnect.org.uk/news/article/nus/NUS-statement-on-NEC-motion/ |archive-date=22 December 2014 |website=www.nusconnect.org.uk |publisher=NUS connect}}</ref> NUS ta sami zargi saboda wannan matsayi saboda la'akari da ita a baya ga jam'iyyar siyasa ta UKIP. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2014 |title=NUS will condemn Israel and Ukip but not Isis |url=http://i100.independent.co.uk/article/nus-will-condemn-israel-and-ukip-but-not-isis--lJLK98e7Ul |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213184443/http://i100.independent.co.uk/article/nus-will-condemn-israel-and-ukip-but-not-isis--lJLK98e7Ul |archive-date=13 February 2016 |access-date=2 September 2017}}</ref> Duk da wata sanarwa daga NUS da ke tabbatar da cewa "za a kai sabon motsi zuwa taron kwamitin zartarwa na kasa na NUS na gaba, wanda zai yi Allah wadai da siyasa da hanyoyin ISIS kuma ya ba da hadin kai ga mutanen Kurdawa, "tsarin kafofin watsa labarai game da kuri'un ya sa wasu mambobin kungiyar dalibai suyi hasashen cewa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun shiga NUS kanta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NUS-statement-on-NEC-motion |url=http://www.nusconnect.org.uk/news/article/nus/NUS-statement-on-NEC-motion/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222144258/http://www.nusconnect.org.uk/news/article/nus/NUS-statement-on-NEC-motion/ |archive-date=22 December 2014 |access-date=22 December 2014 |website=nusconnect |publisher=NUS}}</ref> A taron zartarwa mai zuwa a ranar 3 ga Disamba 2014, an sake gabatar da irin wannan yunkuri, wanda ya yi Allah wadai da ISIS, ya nuna hadin kai ga mutanen Kurdawa, kuma ya yi kira ga NUS da ta kalubalanci "Islamophobia da duk nau'ikan wariyar launin fata da ake yi musu bulala" kuma an sauƙaƙe su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Union of Students votes to oppose US and UK military intervention in Iraq and Syria |url=http://stopwar.org.uk/resources/reports/national-union-of-students-votes-to-oppose-us-and-uk-military-intervention-in-iraq-and-syria |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141222120707/http://stopwar.org.uk/resources/reports/national-union-of-students-votes-to-oppose-us-and-uk-military-intervention-in-iraq-and-syria |archive-date=22 December 2014 |access-date=22 December 2014 |website=Stop the War}}</ref> A taron NUS na 2016, an zabi Malia Bouattia a matsayin shugaban kasa tare da kashi 50.9% na kuri'un da suka doke Megan Dunn wacce ta nemi sake zaben. Ba da daɗewa ba Bouattia ta fuskanci zarge-zarge da yawa na adawa da Yahudawa; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bowden |first=George |date=14 April 2016 |title=NUS President Election Candidate, Malia Bouattia, Responds To 'Anti-Semitism' Claims |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/nus-president-election-candidate-malia-bouattia-responds-to-anti-semitism-claims_uk_570fa2dae4b01711c61318c4 |access-date=23 April 2016 |website=The Huffington Post}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindley |first=Daniel |last2=Bouattia |first2=Malia |date=28 March 2011 |title=University of Birmingham & Israeli Apartheid Week: Mock Israeli Checkpoint |url=http://the-london-school-of-emancipation.blogspot.co.uk/2011/03/university-of-birmingham-israeli.html |access-date=31 January 2017 |website=The London School of Emancipation Blogspot |publisher=The London School of Economics Student Union Palestine Society}}</ref> wani rahoto na Oktoba 2016 na Kwamitin Zaɓin Harkokin Cikin Gida ya bayyana maganganunta a matsayin "ra'ayin wariyar launin fata", kuma ya ce ba ta ɗaukar batutuwan adawa da antisemitism a makarantun jami'a da gaske.<ref name="Nawaz">{{Cite web |last=Nawaz |first=Maajid |date=20 April 2016 |title=Malia Bouattia is symbolic of the poison of the regressive Left |url=http://www.thejc.com/comment-and-debate/comment/157134/malia-bouattia-symbolic-poison-regressive-left |access-date=23 April 2016 |website=The Jewish Chronicle}}</ref> Shugabannin dalibai sama da 300 na Yahudawa, Union of Jewish Students da [[Jami'ar Oxford|Oxford]] University Student Union sun hukunta Bouattia.<ref name="AAli">{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Aftab |title=The NUS has elected its new president for the next academic year |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/student/news/malia-bouattia-elected-nus-national-president-at-brighton-conference-a6992761.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/student/news/malia-bouattia-elected-nus-national-president-at-brighton-conference-a6992761.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |access-date=2016-04-20 |website=The Independent |language=en-GB}}</ref> Dangane da zabenta, ɗalibai a Durham, [[Jami'ar Loughborough|Loughborough]], [[University of Hull|Hull]]" id="mwAXU" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="University of Hull">Hull, Aberystwyth, Oxford, [[Cambridge University Students' Union|Cambridge]]" id="mwAXg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge, Manchester, Essex, York, King's College London, Nottingham, UWE, Leicester, Queen Mary University of London da Jami'ar Reading sun fara kamfen don fita daga NUS. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-09 |title=Lincoln SU disaffiliates from National Union of Students |url=http://thelinc.co.uk/2016/05/lincoln-su-disaffiliates-from-national-union-of-students/ |access-date=2016-05-10 |website=The Linc |language=en-GB}}</ref> Newcastle, Portsmouth, Hull da [[Jami'ar Loughborough|Loughbrough]] sun rabu; sauran sun ci gaba da kasancewa, kodayake NUS ya ruwaito cewa ya karya dokokin kamfen a Oxford, Cambridge, da Ikilisiyar Kristi.<ref> {{Cite web |date=31 May 2016 |title=VERSA – BREAKING EXCLUSIVE: NUS violate referendum rules in an attempt to influence result |url=http://versanews.co.uk/2016/05/31/breaking-nus-violate-referendum-rules-in-an-attempt-to-influence-result/ |access-date=2 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2016 |title=NUS disaffiliation: The story so far |url=https://thetab.com/2016/05/27/nus-disaffiliation-referendums-story-far-91322 |access-date=2 September 2017 |website=The Tab |archive-date=2 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902230317/https://thetab.com/2016/05/27/nus-disaffiliation-referendums-story-far-91322 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2016 |title=BREAKING: No action taken against NUS or CUCA for breaking referendum rules |url=http://thetab.com/uk/cambridge/2016/05/26/breaking-no-action-taken-nus-breaking-referendum-rules-77729 |access-date=2 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2019 |title=NUS cheat uni's vote to leave by emailing voters pro-NUS propaganda |url=https://thetab.com/uk/2019/03/28/nus-caught-cheating-in-unis-vote-to-leave-by-emailing-voters-pro-nus-propaganda-96667 |access-date=15 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hornall |first=Thomas |date=12 May 2016 |title=Newcastle University cuts ties with the NUS following election of controversial president |url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/newcastle-university-cuts-ties-nus-11326067 |access-date=2 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2016 |title=Why Are So Many Student Unions Trying to Leave the NUS? |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/whats-going-on-with-the-nus-disaffiliation/ |access-date=2 September 2017 |website=Vice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Referendum @ Durham Students' Union |url=http://www.durhamsu.com/main-menu/have-your-say/referendum |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607180701/http://www.durhamsu.com/main-menu/have-your-say/referendum |archive-date=7 June 2016 |access-date=2016-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2016 |title=VERSA – BREAKING: Oxford votes to stay in the NUS |url=http://versanews.co.uk/2016/06/02/breaking-oxford-votes-to-stay-in-the-nus/ |access-date=2 September 2017}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2017, Shakira Martin, mataimakin shugaban kungiyar don ci gaba da ilimi, ta kayar da Bouattia a sake zaben ta, wanda ya sami kashi 56% na kuri'un. Martin ya yi alkawarin "haɗin kai", "pragmatism", da kuma mayar da "NUS cikin hannun membobinta". Kungiyoyin masu matsakaici kamar su Organized Independents da Union of Jewish Students sun nemi sake fasalin kungiyar don hana ci gaba da raguwa, ta hanyar wuce manyan yunkurin sake fasalin dimokuradiyya. Canje-canje, waɗanda aka haɓaka daga "shekaru biyu na shawarwari tare da ɗaruruwan ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai, [da kuma] shawarwarin shari'a da ƙwararru, " an bayyana su a matsayin "mafi cikakkiyar gyare-gyare na tsari a tarihin NUS ". ==== Barazanar fatarar kuɗi ==== A ranar 2 ga Nuwamba 2018, an ruwaito cewa NUS ta fuskanci fatarar kuɗi. Ba a kawo sauye-sauyen 2017 ba, kuma shekaru da yawa na rashin kula da kudi sun haifar da raguwar albarkatu.<ref name="the Guardian" /> Martin ya rubuta wa mambobin cewa ƙungiyar za ta "yi mataki na gaggawa don daidaitawa", tare da sauye-sauye da ake ci gaba don "la'akari da ingantawa tare da taimakon mambobinmu". Martin ya fuskanci zargi don bunkasa wani shiri mai tsanani na kudi, shugabanci da kuma yakin neman sauye-sauye don amincewa da Taron Kasa na 2019; duk da haka bayan kimanin sa'o'i biyar na muhawara, wakilai 700 sun kada kuri'a don amincewa le kunshin. Martin ya yi maraba da kuri'ar, yana kiranta "ƙaddamar da yanke shawara don amincewa da sake fasalin da kuma isar da hangen nesa na mambobi". ==== Sabon NUS ==== A cikin 2020, jami'in NUS ya rabu zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyu: NUS UK da NUS Charity . <ref name="Governing Boards @ NUS Connect">{{Cite web |title=Governing Boards @ NUS Connect |url=https://www.nusconnect.org.uk/governance/governing-boards |access-date=2021-04-09 |website=www.nusconnect.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> NUS UK tana mai da hankali kan kamfen tare da dalibai yayin da NUS Charity ke mai da hankali ga tallafawa kungiyoyin dalibai. ==== Rahoto game da halayyar adawa da Yahudawa ==== A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta yanke duk wata alaƙa da NUS bisa zargin cewa ta kasa magance "rugujewar anti-semitic a zuciya". Har ila yau, a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, NUS ta ba da sanarwar cewa Rebecca Tuck QC za ta jagoranci bincike mai zaman kansa game da zargin adawa da Yahudawa a cikin NUS. Bayan bincikenta, an sallami Shaima Dallali a matsayin Shugaban NUS a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hugh Jones |last2=Caredig ap Tomos |last3=Michael Hennessey |date=16 September 2022 |title=NUS president suspended amid antisemitism row |url=https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/24198 |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=[[Varsity (Cambridge)|Varsity]]}}</ref> Binciken mai zaman kansa ya gano cewa NUS ya kasa kalubalantar adawa da Yahudawa da ƙiyayya ga Yahudawa a cikin tsarinsa. Daliban Yahudawa sun kasance "sun fuskanci tsangwama" kuma an karya manufofin NUS. NUS ta nemi gafara ga ɗaliban Yahudawa kuma ta ce za ta aiwatar da shawarwarin rahoton.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Independent investigation into antisemitism |url=https://www.nus.org.uk/independent_investigation_into_antisemitism |access-date=12 January 2023 |publisher=NUS}}</ref> == Dimokuradiyya == {{Authority control}}NUS tana gudanar da taron kasa sau ɗaya a shekara. Taron Kasa shine babban bangare na NUS, kuma shine inda aka yanke shawarar manufofin NUS.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Conference |url=https://www.nusconnect.org.uk/conferences/national-conference |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=NUS}}</ref> Ana gudanar da Taron Yankin don inganta wakilcin mambobi daga Scotland, Wales, da Arewacin Ireland. Kafin sake fasalin 2019 wasu tarurruka kamar Taron Mata, Lesbian, Gay, Taron Dalibai na Bisexual & Trans (wanda aka canza tun daga shekara ta 2004), Taron Dalilai na nakasassu, Taron dalibai na Black, Taron ɗalibai na Mature da na Lokaci da Taron Daliban Duniya (wanda aka kirkira a shekara ta 2004) ana gudanar da su don inganta wakilcin takamaiman membobin da suka haɗa. Bayan 2019 an haɗu da Taron Mata, LGBT, Trans, Naƙasasshe, da Black Students a cikin Taron 'Yanci guda ɗaya kuma Taron Mature da Sashe na Lokaci, Postgraduate, da Taron Dalibai na Duniya ba sa aiki. A watan Yulin 2014, saboda kirkirar sabon yankin NUS London, an gudanar da taron farko na NUS London. Yawancin waɗannan tarurruka, kuma musamman zaɓen da aka gudanar a cikinsu, ƙungiyoyi ne suka fafata da su ciki har da Masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, Daliban Ma'aikata, Matasa Masu sassaucin ra'ayi, Yakin Kasa game da Kudade da Ragewa, Masu Tsara Tsara Tsara, 'Yancin Matasa, Daliban Socialist, Socialist Workers' Student Society, Student RESPECT da Liberation Hagu Baya ga waɗannan ƙungiyoyin siyasa, ƙungiyoyin masu sha'awa kamar Tarayyar Ƙungiyoyin Musulunci na Dalibai da Tarayyar Dalibai na Yahudawa suna da hannu sosai a cikin tsarin dimokuradiyya na ciki na NUS. == Ayyukan NUS == Sabis na NUS yana ba da sabis na siye, tallafi da tallace-tallace ga ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai masu alaƙa da NUS. Masu hannun jarinsa sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai sama da 200 masu alaƙa da NUS, kuma kwamiti da kwamitocin da suka ƙunshi masu sa kai daga waɗannan ƙungiyoyin masu hannun jari ne ke jagoranta. Kungiyar Manajoji a cikin Kungiyoyin Dalibai sun kada kuri'a don haɗuwa da NUS da Ayyukan NUS a cikin 2010 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=AMSU votes to merge with NUS |url=http://www.nus.org.uk/en/news/amsu-votes-to-merge-with-nus/ |access-date=22 December 2014 |website=NUS News |publisher=NUS }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SUSU: What is NUS |url=http://www.susu.org/downloads/democracy/papers/election_2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222135106/http://www.susu.org/downloads/democracy/papers/election_2.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2014 |access-date=22 December 2014 |publisher=Southampton University Students' Union}}</ref> === Dukkanin === TOTUM, wanda aka fi sani da NUS Extra, katin ragi ne wanda ɗalibai za su iya saya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TOTUM – #1 student discount |url=https://www.nus.org.uk/en/nus-extra/ |website=www.nus.org.uk }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ayyukan NUS ne ke samar da shi tare da NUS, kuma ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai masu alaƙa suna karɓar kwamiti a kan kowane katin da aka sayar wa membobinsu, duk da haka katin yana samuwa ga dukan ɗalibai ba tare da la'akari da ko su mambobi ne na ƙungiyar ɗalibai masu haɗin gwiwa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TOTUM – #1 student discount |url=https://www.totum.com/about |website=www.totum.com |access-date=2025-08-08 |archive-date=2025-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802095444/https://totum.com/about |url-status=dead }}</ref> Masu amfani da TOTUM suma sun cancanci neman katin shaida na NUS PASS.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proof of age ID with TOTUM |url=https://www.totum.com/proof-of-age-id-card |access-date=24 January 2020 |website=www.totum.com |publisher=NUS |archive-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211163152/https://www.totum.com/proof-of-age-id-card |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ayyukan sadaka na NUS === NUS ta kafa sadaka don inganta ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai. Zai mai da hankali kan ingancin ƙungiyar ɗalibai, gudanar da baiwa, daidaito da bambancin, ci gaban dabarun da juyawa, aikin ɗabi'a da muhalli, da tara kuɗi.<ref name="Governing Boards @ NUS Connect"/> '''Ayyukan ɗabi'a da muhalli''' Don karfafa dorewa muhalli, NUS tana shirya shirye-shiryen sauye-sauyen halayyar tsakanin ma'aikata da dalibai, kamar Green Impact, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scarborough |first=C |last2=Cantarello |first2=E |date=2018 |title=Barriers to pro-environmental behaviours at Bournemouth University |url=https://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/31095/ |journal=Meliora: International Journal of Student Sustainability Research |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.22493/Meliora.1.2.0010 |doi-broken-date=2 August 2025}}</ref> Student Switch Off, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mazhar |first=MU |last2=Bull |first2=R |last3=Lemon |first3=M |date=2 November 2017 |title=Critical success factors for embedding carbon management in organizations: lessons from the UK higher education sector |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17583004.2017.1386533 |journal=Carbon Management |language=en |volume=8 |issue=5–6 |pages=379–392 |bibcode=2017CarM....8..379M |doi=10.1080/17583004.2017.1386533 |issn=1758-3004 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> da Student Eats. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Laycock Pedersen |first=R |last2=Robinson |first2=ZP |last3=Surman |first3=E |date=January 2019 |title=Understanding Transience and Participation in University Student-Led Food Gardens |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=2788 |bibcode=2019Sust...11.2788L |doi=10.3390/su11102788 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sashen da'a da muhalli na NUS ya samo asali ne a cikin 1995, inda ya kafa wani kwamiti da ke da alhakin bincikar zarge-zargen munanan ayyukan muhalli a wuraren sayar da giya na Bass. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] A cikin 2016, sashen ya gudanar da shekarar matukin jirgi na NUS Students Green Fund - tallafin £5 miliyan daga HEFCE, yana tallafawa 25 jagorancin ɗalibai, ayyukan ɗorewa a ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai a duk faɗin Ingila. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] A cikin 2019, wannan sashen ya zama kungiya mai zaman kanta da ake kira Students Organisation for Sustainability UK . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Students Organising for Sustainability UK (SOS-UK) |url=https://sustainability.nus.org.uk/ |access-date=2021-04-09 |website=sustainability.nus.org.uk |archive-date=2021-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414221801/https://sustainability.nus.org.uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tattaunawa == NUS ta zo ne don zargi daga kungiyoyin dalibai wadanda ba su da alaƙa. Sen Ganesh, shugaban kungiyar Imperial College Union a lokacin, ya ce a shekara ta 2002 cewa "da'awar NUS na zama wakilin dalibai ba ta tabbatar da aikin su ba", musamman kamar yadda "NUS ta mamaye daliban Labour kuma wannan ya rage ikon magance matsalolin dalibai ba tare da nuna bambanci ba". Wani zargi da aka yi wa NUS shine rashin Dimokuradiyya kai tsaye wajen zabar jami'an kasa. Ana zabar jami'an NUS a taron ta hanyar wakilai da kungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da NUS suka zaba. Masu sukar, daga ciki da waje na ƙungiyar ɗalibai, sun yi jayayya cewa shawarwarin da ƙungiyoyi suka yi da membobinsu game da wanda ya kamata ya wakilci ƙungiyar ɗalibai a taron ƙasa sau da yawa kaɗan ne, kuma wasu sun yi jayyana don amincewa da canje-canje ga kundin tsarin mulkin NUS wanda zai haifar da manufofin memba ɗaya-ƙuri ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=One Member One Vote Working Group Findings |url=http://www.theyworkforstudents.co.uk/uploads/6/2/1/0/6210998/nc2012_omov_report.pdf |access-date=22 December 2014 |website=They Work for Students |publisher=Theyworkforstudents.com |archive-date=22 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222131101/http://www.theyworkforstudents.co.uk/uploads/6/2/1/0/6210998/nc2012_omov_report.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=#NUSnc14 – And our one member one vote motion. |url=http://www.yusu.org/your-union/blogs/entry/1319 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222131054/http://www.yusu.org/your-union/blogs/entry/1319 |archive-date=22 December 2014 |access-date=22 December 2014 |website=University of York Students' Union}}</ref> An kuma soki NUS saboda fifiko ga NUS Extra akan kamfen akan batutuwan da ke shafar dalibai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NUS: Extra rip-off for students? |url=http://www.epigram.org.uk/view.php?id=906 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722200944/http://www.epigram.org.uk/view.php?id=906 |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=31 May 2010 |publisher=Epigram.org.uk}}</ref> === Rikicin kudi === A tsakiyar 2000s, NUS ta fuskanci matsalar kudi, wanda ya haifar da daidaituwa na kashe kudi da raguwar samun kudin shiga. An gabatar da jerin matakan don magance wannan, wanda mafi yawan rikice-rikice ya haɗa da jerin canje-canje ga tsarin mulki da tsarin dimokuradiyya. A shekara ta 2004, taron gaggawa guda biyu sun wuce wasu daga cikin canje-canjen da aka gabatar, duk da cewa ba tare da rikici mai tsanani ba tsakanin waɗanda ke da'awar cewa shawarwarin sun kasance sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci don kula da wanzuwar kungiyar da waɗanda ke jayayya cewa an yi niyyar hana su dimokuradiyya da shiga. Taron NUS na 2006 ya zartar da manufofin da suka ba NUS damar ƙaddamar da NUS Extra a watan Satumbar 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NUS CD21 Resolutions – March 2006 |url=http://studentunion.ca/international/uk/NUS%20-%20CD21%20Resolutions%20-%20March%202006.pdf#page=17 |access-date=20 February 2014 |publisher=NUS }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Yakin ƙarya === A cikin gudu har zuwa babban zaben 2015 NUS ta kaddamar da kamfen din Liar Liar da nufin kawar da mambobin majalisar (MPs) wadanda suka karya alkawura game da kudin ilimi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Liar Liar: www.nus.org.uk |url=http://www.nus.org.uk/en/liar-liar/ |access-date=2015-04-21 |archive-date=2015-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419220412/http://www.nus.org.uk/en/liar-liar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kimanin kudin £ 40,000 kuma ya kunshi kamfen din kafofin sada zumunta tare da allon talla, ɗalibai da yawa sun karɓi kamfen ɗin sosai, amma kuma sun kasance ƙarƙashin zargi saboda an motsa shi da siyasa musamman a kan 'Yan majalisa na Liberal Democrat kamar yadda ya saba da membobin dukkan jam'iyyun.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morrissey |first=Ciarán |date=2015-04-21 |title=NUS's 'Liar Liar' campaign comes under fire for being politically biased |url=http://www.nouse.co.uk/2015/04/21/nus-liar-liar-campaign-comes-under-fire-for-being-politically-biased/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523172227/http://www.nouse.co.uk/2015/04/21/nus-liar-liar-campaign-comes-under-fire-for-being-politically-biased/ |archive-date=2015-05-23 |access-date=2015-04-21 |website=[[Nouse]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dougherty |first=Sarah |title=Blair Blair: a response to the NUS's 'Liar Liar' campaign {{!}} Redbrick |url=http://www.redbrick.me/ge2015/election-comment/blair-blair-a-response-to-the-nus-liar-liar-campaign/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427021655/http://www.redbrick.me/ge2015/election-comment/blair-blair-a-response-to-the-nus-liar-liar-campaign/ |archive-date=27 April 2015 |access-date=2015-04-21 |website=Redbrick}}</ref> An kuma cire hotunan da ke inganta kamfen ɗin daga tashoshin jirgin ƙasa da yawa a kan dalilin cewa Network Rail "kungiyar bangaren jama'a ce mai tsawon makamai" sabili da haka dole ne ta kasance tsaka-tsaki a siyasa. NUS ta yi iƙirarin cewa cire hotunan wani yunkuri ne na "ci" ƙungiyar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meikle |first=James |date=24 April 2015 |title=Network Rail orders removal of NUS anti-Lib Dem posters |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/apr/24/network-rail-orders-removal-students-anti-lib-dem-posters-tuition-fees |access-date=2015-04-24 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Shugaban NUS Toni Pearce ya kare ayyukan kungiyar yana cewa karya alkawarin game da kudaden karatun: "Ba karamin laifi ba ne. Ba lallai ne mu riƙe su don yin lissafin wannan, kuma za mu yi. " == Dubi kuma == * Gudanar da Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Kasa * Jerin kungiyoyin dalibai a Burtaniya da ba su da alaƙa da NUS * Kamfen na Ƙungiyar Dalibai Masu Naƙasassu * Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Scotland * Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Ƙasa-Ƙungiyar Dalibai a Ireland * Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Ƙasa ta Wales * Kamfen na Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Mata == Manazarta == {{DEFAULTSORT:National Union Of Students Of The United Kingdom}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tqabb8aif1am9ly29cnrslrrtcu6lyr 0 113107 905748 697065 2026-08-21T19:46:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905748 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Rev. '''James Myles Hinton Sr.''' (1891-1970) ministan Amurka ne, [[ɗan kasuwa]], kuma jagoran 'yancin ɗan adam. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brinson |first=Claudia Smith |date=2020 |title=NAACP Elders Defy White Supremacy |url=https://storiesofstruggle.com/naacp-elders-defy-white-supremacy |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Stories of Struggle |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Hinton ya kasance jagora a cikin [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People|Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru]] (NAACP) a Kudancin Carolina a [[Dokokin Jim Crow|lokacin Jim Crow]] a cikin 1940s da 1950s; ya kasance shugaban babi na gida, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaba na biyu na taron South Carolina na Reshen NAACP, daga 1941 zuwa 1958. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hinton, James M. (James Myles), 1891-1970 |url=https://crdl.usg.edu/people/hinton_james_m_james_myles_1891_1970 |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Civil Rights Digital Library |archive-date=2023-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210053956/https://crdl.usg.edu/people/hinton_james_m_james_myles_1891_1970 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A rayuwa ta ƙarshe, Hinton ya yi hidima a matsayin fasto a Cocin Baptist na Calvary na biyu a Columbia, South Carolina. <ref name=":12" /> A cikin 1940s da 1950s, ya fuskanci cin zarafi da tashin hankali daga [[Ku Klux Klan]] da / ko wasu ƙungiyoyin [[White supremacy|fararen fata]] . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi James Myles Hinton a cikin 1891 a Gates County, North Carolina, kuma yana da shekaru hudu ya ƙaura tare da iyalinsa zuwa birnin New York. innarsa ce ta rene shi. A cikin 1917, an shigar da shi cikin Sojan Amurka, inda Hinton ya kai matsayi na laftanar soja. <ref name=":0" /> Ya yi aiki a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|yakin duniya na daya]] a Camp Hancock a Jojiya. <ref name=":0" /> == Sana'a == Bayan yakin Hinton ya yi aiki da Kamfanin Inshorar Lafiya da Rayuwa a Augusta, Jojiya. Ya auri Ethel Bell, wanda ya mutu a cikin 1935, kuma ya bar masa gwauruwa tare da 'ya'yansu hudu. Hinton ya auri Lula V. Thomas bayan shekaru biyu a cikin 1937, kuma ya ƙaura ba da daɗewa ba tare da 'ya'yansa zuwa Columbia, South Carolina. <ref name=":0" /> A cikin 1939, an zaɓi Hinton shugaban NAACP na reshen Columbia, South Carolina. Ya sadu a cikin Maris 1941 tare da provost marshal a sansanin soji na Fort Jackson, don tattauna yadda sojoji da 'yan sanda na birni ke cin zarafin Baƙar fata a cikin al'ummar Columbia. <ref name=":0" /> A cikin ƴan shekarun farko ya haɓaka membobinsu, kuma ya haɓaka adadin rassan NAACP. <ref name=":0" /> A cikin Oktoba 1941, an zabe shi a matsayin shugaba na biyu na Babban Taron Kudancin Carolina na Branches na NAACP, wanda ya gaji Rev. Alonzo Webster Wright. Har ila yau, Hinton yana aiki a matsayin jagoranci na Kwamitin Jama'a masu launi, Kwamitin Jama'a na Negro, Ƙungiyar Negro na Red Cross War Fund Drive, Kwamitin Tsaro na Negro, da Kwamitin Interracial na Richland County. <ref name=":0" /> Ya kan gudanar da ayyukan tara kudade da daukar ma'aikata. <ref name=":3" /> Daga 1941 har zuwa 1958, Hinton ya haɗu tare da Thurgood Marshall a kan ƙararrakin da ke kalubalantar albashin malamai marasa daidaituwa, duk-fararen firamare, da rarrabuwar makarantu. <ref name="fifty">{{Cite web |title=Challenging White Supremacy - and Winning |url=https://schumanities.org/speakers/rev-james-myles-hinton-sr-and-the-naacp/ |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=South Carolina Humanities |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakilin jihar Carolina ta Kudu John David Long ya gabatar da ƙudiri na Majalisar Wakilai, "alƙawari ga mulkin fari" a cikin Maris 2, 1944; kuma Hinton ya jagoranci NAACP don yaki da batun a kotu. A cikin Afrilu 1944, bayan wucewar ''Smith v. Allwright'', Kotun Koli ta Amurka da ke nuna cewa ba za a iya hana baki baƙi shiga cikin zaɓe ba; kwanaki daga baya Gwamnan South Carolina Olin D. Johnston ya kira wani taro na musamman na Babban Taro ya gabatar da "Tsarin Kudancin Carolina" don ci gaba da gudanar da zabukan farko na farar fata ta hanyar soke dokoki. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Edgar |first=Walter |date=August 23, 2019 |title="S" is for South Carolina Plan (1944) |url=https://www.southcarolinapublicradio.org/show/south-carolina-from-a-to-z/2019-08-23/s-is-for-south-carolina-plan-1944 |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=South Carolina Public Radio |language=en}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Hinton yana tara kuɗi don ƙarar haƙƙin ƙuri'a kuma yana gwagwarmaya don canji. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan ƙarar ita ce George Elmore, wani mutum mai launin fata wanda ya iya yin rajistar yin zabe (saboda an ɗauka shi fari), amma daga baya an hana shi zabe a Richland County; ya iya shigar da kara tare da goyon bayan Columbia NAACP. <ref name=":0" /> Sakamakon babban taron da aka amince da kudirin doka na 147 a cikin kwanaki shida "Tsarin Kudancin Carolina" ya sami damar ci gaba da zama na farko na farar fata a cikin jihar, kuma har zuwa 1947 gwamnatin tarayya ta ayyana shi a matsayin rashin bin doka. <ref name=":2" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1970]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1891]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 66urim65jfmg4rff5npwa57uu687mtz 0 113214 905900 886817 2026-08-22T01:36:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wannan jerin jerin girgizar ƙasa ne a cikin shekaran 2025. Girgizar ƙasa mai girma 6 ko sama ne kawai an haɗa su, sai dai idan sun haifar da babbar lalacewa da / ko asarar rayuka. An jera duk ranaku bisa ga lokacin UTC. Matsakaicin ƙarfin yana dogara ne akan ma'aunin ƙarfin Mercalli Modified. [[Fayil:Sein Pan fire-affected area.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Girgizar ƙasa ta Myanmar ita ce mafi muni a shekarar]] Shekarar 2025 shekara ce mai aiki kuma mai matuƙar hatsari dangane da girgizar ƙasa, inda ta yi manyan abubuwan da suka faru sau 16 kuma ta kashe mutane kusan 8,000. Girgizar ƙasa mai girman Mw 8.8 Kamchatka ita ce girgizar ƙasa ta farko da ta yi sanadiyyar ≥M8 tun daga shekarar 2021, kuma girgizar ƙasa ta shida mafi girma da aka taɓa gani tun lokacin da aka fara rikodin ta. Babban abin da ya fi muni a shekarar shine wani lamari mai karfin maki 7.7–7.9 a Myanmar, wanda ya haifar da barna mara misaltuwa a yawancin sassan kasar kuma ya kashe akalla mutane 5,400 mutane, kodayake ana kyautata zaton ainihin adadin mace-macen ya fi yawa. Tun daga shekarar 2023, Afghanistan ta sake fuskantar matsalar, taron M6.0 da aka shirya a watan Agusta ya kashe sama da mutane 2,200, kusan dukkansu a cikin Lardin Kunar da aka lalata. Haka kuma a watan Janairu, wata girgizar kasa mai karfin maki 7.1 a Tibet, China, wacce ta fi muni a yankin, ta kashe mutane 126 a gundumar Tingri. Wasu girgizar kasa masu ban mamaki da kuma masu kisa sun faru a Filipin, Bangladesh da Guatemala. == Idan aka kwatanta da sauran shekaru == {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=500|frame-height=280|from=Earthquakes in 2025.map|frame-latitude=0|frame-longitude=0|zoom=1|text=Map of earthquakes in 2025 - M 5.0 or greater ([[c:Data:Earthquakes in 2025.map|map data]])}} {| class="wikitable col1left" style="text-align:right" |+Yawan girgizar ƙasa a duk duniya don 2015-2025 !Girma !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 ![[2023]] ![[Jerin girgizar ƙasa a cikin 2024|2024]] ! style="background:#efefef;" |''2025'' ![[Jerin girgizar ƙasa a cikin 2026|2026]] |- !8.0–9.9 |1 |0 |1 |1 |1 |0 |3 |0 |0 |0 | style="background:#efefef;" |1 |- !7.0–7.9 |18 |16 |6 |16 |9 |9 |16 |11 |19 |10 | style="background:#efefef;" |15 |- !6.0–6.9 |127 |131 |104 |118 |135 |111 |141 |117 |128 |89 | style="background:#efefef;" |123 |- !5.0–5.9 |1,413 |1,549 |1,446 |1,671 |1,484 |1,314 |2,055 |1,599 |1,633 |1,408 | style="background:#efefef;" |1,918 |- !4.0–4.9 |13,776 |13,700 |11,541 |12,785 |11,899 |12,513 |15,069 |14,022 |14,451 |12,668 | style="background:#efefef;" |15,181 |- !Jimillar |15,335 |15,396 |13,098 |14,591 |13,528 |13,938 |17,284 |15,749 |16,231 |14,175 | style="background:#efefef;" |17,238 |}   == Ta hanyar yawan wadanda suka mutu == {| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:100%;" !Matsayi !Yawan mutanen da suka mutu !Girma !Wurin da yake !MMI !Rashin zurfi (kilomita) !Ranar !Abin da ya faru |- |1 |5,456 |7.7 |{{Flag|Myanmar}}, [[Sagaing Region|Bayyanawa]] |X (Matsananci) |10.0 |Maris 28 |'''Girgizar ƙasa ta Myanmar ta 2025''' |- |2 |2,217 |6.0 |{{Flag|Afghanistan}}, [[Kunar Province|Kunar]] |IX (Mai tashin hankali) |8.0 |Agusta 31 |'''Girgizar ƙasa ta Kunar ta 2025''' |- |3 |126–400 |7.1 |{{Flag|Sin}}, [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Yankin Tibet mai cin gashin kansa]] |IX (Mai tashin hankali) |10.0 |Janairu 7 |'''[[Girgizar ƙasa ta Tibet ta 2025]]''' |- |4 |79 |6.9 |{{Flag|Filipin}}, [[Central Visayas]] |IX (Mai tashin hankali) |10.0 |Satumba 30 |'''Girgizar Kasa ta Cebu ta 2025''' |- |5 |31 |6.2 |{{Flag|Afghanistan}}, [[Balkh Province|Balkh]] |VII (Ƙarfi sosai) |28.0 |Nuwamba 2 |'''Girgizar ƙasa ta Balkh ta 2025''' |- |6 |10 |5.4 |{{Flag|Bangladesh}}, [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]] |VI (Mai ƙarfi) |27.0 |Nuwamba 21 |'''Girgizar ƙasa a Bangladesh a shekarar 2025''' |- |6 |10 |7.4 |{{Flag|Filipin}}, [[Davao Region|Davao]] |VII (Mai Tsanani) |59.4 |Oktoba 10 |'''Girgizar Kasa ta Gabas ta Davao ta 2025''' |- |} An lissafa girgizar ƙasa da ta yi sanadiyyar mutuwar akalla mutane 10. == Ta hanyar girman == {| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:100%;" !Matsayi !Girma !Yawan mutanen da suka mutu !Wurin da yake !MMI !Rashin zurfi (kilomita) !Ranar !Abin da ya faru |- |1 |8.8 |1 |{{Flag|Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] a bakin teku |IX (Mai tashin hankali) |35.0 |Yuli 29 |'''2025 Girgizar kasa ta Kamchatka''' |- |2 |7.8 |0 |{{Flag|Rasha}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] a bakin teku |VIII (Mai Tsanani) |19.5 |Satumba 18 | - |- |3 |7.7 |5,456 |{{Flag|Myanmar}}, [[Sagaing Region|Bayyanawa]] |X (Matsananci) |10.0 |Maris 28 |'''Girgizar ƙasa ta Myanmar ta 2025''' |- |4 |7.6 |0 |{{Flag|Japan}}, [[Aomori Prefecture|Aomori]] a bakin teku |VIII (Mai Tsanani) |45.5 |Disamba 8 |'''Girgizar Kasa ta Aomori ta 2025''' |- |4 |7.6 |0 |{{Flag|Honduras}}, [[Swan Islands, Honduras|Tsibirin Swan]] a bakin teku |V (Matsakaici) |10.0 |Fabrairu 8 | - |- |4 |7.6 |0 |[[Antatika]], [[Drake Passage]] a bakin teku |IV (Haske) |10.0 |Oktoba 10 | - |- |7 |7.5 |0 |[[Antatika]], [[Drake Passage]] a bakin teku |V (Matsakaici) |10.8 |Agusta 22 | - |- |8 |7.4 |10 |{{Flag|Filipin}}, [[Davao Region]] a bakin teku |VII (Ƙarfi Sosai) |59.4 |Oktoba 10 |'''Girgizar Kasa ta Gabas ta Davao ta 2025''' |- |8 |7.4 |0 |{{Flag|Rasha}}, [[Kamchatka Krais|Kamchatka]] a bakin teku |VIII (Mai Tsanani) |39.5 |Satumba 13 | - |- |8 |7.4 |0 |{{Flag|Rasha}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] a bakin teku |VIII (Mai Tsanani) |34.0 |Yuli 20 | - |- |8 |7.4 |0 |{{Flag|Chile}}, [[Magallanes Region|Magallanes]] a bakin teku |V (Matsakaici) |10.0 |Mayu 2 | - |- |12 |7.3 |0 |{{Flag|Tarayyar Amurka}}, [[Alaska]] a bakin teku |VII !Ƙarfi Sosai) |38.0 |Yuli 16 | - |- |13 |7.1 |126–400 |{{Flag|Sin}}, [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Yankin Tibet mai cin gashin kansa]] |IX (Mai tashin hankali) |10.0 |Janairu 7 |'''Girgizar ƙasa ta Tibet ta 2025''' |- |14 |7.0 |0 |{{Flag|Kanada}}, [[Yukon]] |VIII (Mai Tsanani) |10.0 |Disamba 6 | - |- |14 |7.0 |0 |{{Flag|Tonga}}, [[Haʻapai|Ha'apai]] a bakin teku |VI (Mai ƙarfi) |29.0 |Maris 30 | - |- |14 |7.0 |0 |{{Flag|Asturaliya}}, [[Macquarie Island]] a bakin teku |IV (Haske) |31.0 |Yuli 28 | - |- |} An lissafa girgizar ƙasa mai girman akalla 7.0. == Ta wata == === Janairu ===   [[Fayil:2025_Tibet_earthquake_aftermath_2.png|left|thumb|230x230px|'Yan sanda masu dauke da makamai suna gudanar da agaji a Tibet, China]] [[Fayil:0121嘉義大埔地震臺南古蹟毀損_02.jpg|left|thumb|213x213px|Lalacewar gida a [[Tainan]], Taiwan]]   {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px black; margin-left:1em;" |+ ! rowspan="2" |<small>Date</small> ! rowspan="2" style="width: 310px" |<small>Country and location</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>M_w</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>Depth (km)</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>MMI</small> ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |<small>Notes</small> ! colspan="2" |<small>Casualties</small> |- !<small>Dead</small> !<small>Injured</small> |- |1 |{{Flag|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}}, [[South Sandwich Islands]] offshore |6.1 |70.0 |IV | - | - | - |- |2 |{{Flag|China}}, [[Ningxia]], {{Cvt|6|km|mi}} NNW of [[Yinchuan]] |4.8 |10.0 |VI |Six people injured, 7,599 buildings damaged and railway services disrupted in Yinchuan. | - |6 |- |2 |{{Flag|China}}, [[Inner Mongolia]], {{Cvt|13|km|mi}} SW of [[Yinchuan|Nanliang Nongchang]] |4.8 |10.0 |VI |One building severely damaged, a balcony collapsed and several structures damaged in the Yinchuan area. | - | - |- |2 |{{Flag|Chile}}, [[Antofagasta Region|Antofagasta]], {{Cvt|84|km|mi}} NNW of [[Calama, Chile|Calama]] |6.1 |99.0 |V |Landslides and power and water outages occurred in the epicentral area. | - | - |- |3 |{{Flag|Ethiopia}}, [[Yankin Afar|Afar]], {{Cvt|45|km|mi}} NNE of [[Awash, Ethiopia|Awash]] |5.5 |10.0 | data-sort-value="VIIII" |IX | rowspan="2" |  | rowspan="2" |2 | rowspan="2" |Several |- |4 |{{Flag|Ethiopia}}, [[Yankin Afar|Afar]], {{Cvt|52|km|mi}} N of [[Awash, Ethiopia|Awash]] |5.7 |8.0 |VIII |- |5 |{{Flag|El Salvador}}, [[La Paz Department (El Salvador)|La Paz]] offshore, {{Cvt|56|km|mi}} SSE of [[La Libertad, El Salvador|La Libertad]] |6.2 |46.0 |VI |Two people injured, more than 10 homes and several buildings damaged and landslides in the [[San Salvador]]-Usulután area. | - |2 |- |5<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2025 |title=Earthquake information |url=https://www.emsc-csem.org/Earthquake_information/earthquake.php?id=1752698 |access-date=31 May 2025 |publisher=EMSC-CSEM}}</ref> |{{Flag|Nicaragua}}, [[Madriz Department|Madriz]], {{Cvt|9|km|mi}} SSW of [[Somoto, Madriz|Somoto]] |4.2 |6.0 | - |One home collapsed and 18 structures damaged in Somoto. | - | - |- |6 |{{Flag|Iran}}, [[Fars province|Fars]], {{Cvt|77|km|mi}} SSW of [[Firuzabad, Fars|Firuzabad]] |5.2 |10.0 |VI |At least 200 homes destroyed and 300 others damaged in Farashband County. | - | - |- |7 |{{Flag|China}}, [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], {{Cvt|88|km|mi}} NE of [[Lobuche, Nepal]] |7.1 |10.0 | data-sort-value="VIIII" |IX |  |126–400 |351 |- |7 |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[East Nusa Tenggara]] offshore, {{Cvt|38|km|mi}} NNW of [[Komodo (island)|Komodo]] |5.0 |10.0 |V |One home collapsed in the Bima area. | - | - |- |9<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2025 |title=Earthquake information |url=https://emsc-csem.org/Earthquake_information/earthquake.php?id=1754389 |access-date=16 April 2025 |publisher=EMSC-CSEM}}</ref> |{{Flag|South Africa}}, [[Gauteng]], {{Cvt|16|km|mi}} SW of [[Carletonville]] |3.1 |10.0 | - |One person killed and 20 others injured by a rockfall in a mine in the Carletonville area. |1 |20 |- |12 |{{Flag|Mexico}}, [[Michoacán]], {{Cvt|18|km|mi}} SE of [[Aquila, Michoacán|Aquila]] |6.2 |39.0 |VI |Two people injured by wall collapses in Chinicuila. More than 25 homes and several buildings damaged in the Apatzingán-Coalcomán-Tamazula de Gordiano area. Landslides blocked a road between Colima and Manzanillo. | - |2 |- |13 |{{Flag|Ecuador}}, [[Guayas Province|Guayas]], {{Cvt|16|km|mi}} SE of [[Durán, Ecuador|Eloy Alfaro]] |5.0 |90.6 |V |One person injured and one home collapsed in El Guabo. More than 141 structures damaged in the Guayaquil area. | - |1 |- |13 |{{Flag|Japan}}, [[Miyazaki Prefecture|Miyazaki]] offshore, {{Cvt|15|km|mi}} SE of [[Miyazaki (city)|Miyazaki]] |6.8 |39.0 |VI |Four people injured in the Aira-Miyazaki-Saiki area.<ref name="fdmamiyazaki" /> Two buildings, water pipes and roads damaged and a {{Cvt|20|cm}} tsunami observed in Miyazaki Prefecture. | - |4 |- |13 |{{Flag|China}}, [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], {{Cvt|70|km|mi}} NE of [[Lobuche, Nepal]] |5.0 |10.0 |VI | rowspan="2" |Aftershocks of the 7.1 event on January 7. Several homes destroyed in Tingri County. | - | - |- |13 |{{Flag|China}}, [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], {{Cvt|83|km|mi}} NE of [[Lobuche, Nepal]] |5.1 |10.0 |V | - | - |- |13 |{{Flag|Iran}}, [[Fars province|Fars]], {{Cvt|73|km|mi}} NW of [[Mohr, Fars|Mohr]] |4.6 |10.0 |V |Several homes damaged or destroyed in ten villages in the Dehram area. | - | - |- |14 |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[West Nusa Tenggara]], {{Cvt|39|km|mi}} SSE of [[Dompu Regency|Dompu]] |4.7 |10.5 |IV |One home severely damaged in Bima. | - | - |- |16<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2025 |title=Earthquake information |url=https://www.emsc-csem.org/Earthquake_information/earthquake.php?id=1757393 |access-date=16 January 2025 |publisher=EMSC-CSEM}}</ref> |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[East Java]], {{Cvt|37|km|mi}} SSE of [[Jember Regency|Jember]] |3.2 |16.0 | - |One home destroyed and several others damaged in Jember Regency. | - | - |- |17 |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[West Java]], {{Cvt|20|km|mi}} ESE of [[Palabuhanratu]] |4.3 |75.7 |IV |One home collapsed and several others damaged in Sukabumi Regency. | - | - |- |19 |{{Flag|Portugal}}, [[Azores]], {{Cvt|4|km|mi}} NNW of [[Ribeirinha (Angra do Heroísmo)|Ribeirinha]] |4.6 |10.0 |VI |Several walls collapsed and several houses damaged in Terceira. | - | - |- |20 |{{Flag|Taiwan}}, [[Tainan]], {{Cvt|10|km|mi}} NE of [[Yujing District|Yujing]] |6.0 |16.0 |VI |  | - |50 |- |22 |{{Flag|Philippines}}, [[Eastern Visayas]], {{Cvt|3|km|mi}} NNW of [[San Francisco]] |5.7 |9.0 |VII |Thirty-one people injured, 23 houses destroyed and 947 others damaged in Southern Leyte. One road damaged and landslides occurred in the Liloan-San Francisco-Saint Bernard area. | - |31 |- |23 |{{Flag|Philippines}}, [[Zamboanga Peninsula]], {{Cvt|8|km|mi}} E of [[Siocon]] |5.4 |62.0 |IV |Fifteen students injured, 48 structures including Zamboanga International Airport damaged and power outages in the Siocon-Zamboanga City area. | - |15 |- |24 |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Southeast Sulawesi]], {{Cvt|78|km|mi}} W of [[Kendari]] |4.8 |10.0 |VI |One home destroyed in East Kolaka Regency and one hospital damaged in Kolaka Regency. | - | - |- |25 |{{Flag|Taiwan}}, [[Tainan]], {{Cvt|14|km|mi}} NNW of [[Yujing District|Yujing]] |5.1 |10.0 |VI |Aftershock of the 6.0 event on January 20. One person injured in Nansi, the walls of several homes and a school collapsed, many others damaged and power outages in the Dongshan area. | - |1 |- |25 |{{Flag|Taiwan}}, [[Tainan]], {{Cvt|2|km|mi}} SW of [[Yujing District|Yujing]] |5.2 |10.0 |VI |Aftershock of the 6.0 event on January 20. One home destroyed in Nansi; at least 10 others and a school damaged and power outages in the Dongshan area. | - | - |- |27 |{{Flag|Poland}}, [[Silesian Voivodeship]], {{Cvt|1|km|mi}} NE of [[Radlin, Silesian Voivodeship|Radlin]] |3.2 |5.0 | - |One person killed and 11 others injured at a mine in the Radlin area. |1 |11 |- |- |29 |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Southeast Sulawesi]], {{Cvt|71|km|mi}} W of [[Kendari]] |5.0 |10.1 |VII |Three homes destroyed and 169 structures damaged in East Kolaka Regency. | - | - |- |30 |{{Flag|Taiwan}}, [[Tainan]], {{Cvt|12|km|mi}} ENE of [[Yujing District|Yujing]] |5.1 |10.0 |V |Aftershock of the 6.0 event on January 20. Part of the façade of a building collapsed and damaged two cars in Tainan. | - | - |- |31 |{{Flag|Ecuador}}, [[Napo Province|Napo]], {{Cvt|32|km|mi}} W of [[Archidona, Ecuador|Archidona]] |5.5 |8.0 |VI |Three people hospitalized, four structures damaged and power outages in the [[Quito]]-Tena-El Chaco-Quijos area. | - |3 |- |} === Fabrairu === {{Clear}}  {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px black; margin-left:1em;" |+ ! rowspan="2" |<small>Ranar</small> ! rowspan="2" style="width: 310px" |<small>Kasar da wuri</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>M_w</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>Rashin zurfi (kilomita) </small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>MMI</small> ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |<small>Bayani</small> ! colspan="2" |<small>Wadanda suka mutu</small> |- !<small>Matattu</small> !<small>Wadanda suka ji rauni</small> |- |3 |, [[Sidi Bouzid Governorate|Sidi Bouzid]], {{Cvt|20|km|mi}} km (12 W na [[Mezzouna]]{{Flag|Tunisia}} |4.7 |10.0 |VII |Mutane uku sun ji rauni, rufin wani masana'anta ya rushe kuma gine-gine biyar sun lalace a Meknassy. | - |3 |- |4 |, [[South Aegean|Kudancin Aegean]] bakin teku, {{Cvt|21|km|mi}} km (13 NE na [[Fira]]{{Flag|Greece}} |5.3 |13.5 |VII |Abu mafi karfi na girgizar ƙasa. Ɗaya daga cikin mafaka ya lalace, wasu tsofaffin gine-gine sun lalace kuma duwatsu sun faɗi a Santorini. | - | - |- |8 |, [[Swan Islands, Honduras|Tsibirin Swan]] a bakin teku, {{Cvt|210|km|mi}} km (130 SSW na George Town, [[Cayman Islands|Tsibirin Cayman]]{{Flag|Honduras}} |7.6 |14.3 |V |Wasu gine-gine sun fashe kuma wutar lantarki ta lalace a wasu sassan Honduras da Belize.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-09 |title=Fuerte sismo en el Caribe activa alerta de tsunami en varios países de la región |url=https://www.eldiarioalerta.com/articulo/america/fuerte-sismo-caribe-activa-alerta-tsunami-varios-paises-region/20250209015215551369.html |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Alerta El Diario de Cantabria |language=es}}</ref> Tsunami mai tsayi 3-centimetre (1.2 in) da aka lura a Isla Mujeres, Mexico.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2025 |title=Tsunami Message Number 4 |url=https://www.tsunami.gov/events/PHEB/2025/02/08/25039000/4/WECA40/WECA40.txt |access-date=9 February 2025 |publisher=[[Pacific Tsunami Warning Center]]}}</ref> | - | - |- |11 |, [[Zadar County|Zadar]], {{Cvt|5|km|mi}} NE na [[Starigrad, Zadar County|Starigrad]]{{Flag|Croatia}} |4.6 |10.0 |V |Wasu mutane sun ji rauni, gidaje da yawa da majami'u uku sun lalace a yankin Posedarje-Vinjerac-Pag. | - |Wasu |- |23 |, [[Temotu Province|Temotu]] bakin teku, {{Cvt|85|km|mi}} SE na [[Lata, Solomon Islands|Lata]]{{Flag|Solomon Islands}} |6.0 |36.0 |V | - | - | - |- |25 |, [[North Sulawesi|Arewacin Sulawesi]] bakin teku, {{Cvt|45|km|mi}} km (28 E na [[Modisi]]{{Flag|Indonesia}} |6.1 |21.7 |Na shida |Gidaje goma sha ɗaya da coci sun lalace a Gabashin Bolaang Mongondow Regency. | - | - |- |27 |{{Cvt|2|km|mi}}, Lower Silesia, 2 SE na [[Polkowice]]{{Flag|Poland}} |4.7 |2.5 |V |Mutum daya ya ji rauni a wani mine a Polkowice. | - |1 |- |27 |, [[Bagmati Province|Bagmati]], {{Cvt|11|km|mi}} SSW na [[Kodari]]{{Flag|Nepal}} |5.0 |10.0 |Na shida |Mutane shida sun ji rauni a yankin Sindhupalchowk-Dhading-[[Kathmandu]]; gidaje biyu sun lalace kuma wasu biyar sun lalace a Sankhuwasabha; gida daya ya lalace, wasu uku, shagon da ofishin 'yan sanda sun lalace.<ref name="thahakhabar" /> | - |6 |- |} === Maris ===   [[Fayil:Fallen_Building.jpg|left|thumb|Ginin da ya rushe a Mandalay, [[Myanmar]]]] {{Clear}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px black; margin-left:1em;" |+ ! rowspan="2" |<small>Date</small> ! rowspan="2" style="width: 310px" |<small>Country and location</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>M_w</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>Depth (km)</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>MMI</small> ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |<small>Notes</small> ! colspan="2" |<small>Casualties</small> |- !<small>Dead</small> !<small>Injured</small> |- |4 |{{Flag|Philippines}}, [[Davao Region|Davao]], {{Cvt|7|km|mi}} SW of [[Magsaysay]] |5.0 |17.2 |VI |Ten students hospitalized and power outages in various areas of Davao del Sur. | - |10 |- |4 |{{Flag|Myanmar}}, [[Ayeyarwady Region|Ayeyarwady]], {{Cvt|15|km|mi}} S of [[Nyaungdon]] |5.1 |10.0 |VI |Several houses, a monastery and a pagoda collapsed and several religious buildings damaged in the epicentral area. | - | - |- |6 |{{Flag|Chile}}, [[Antofagasta Region|Antofagasta]], {{Cvt|98|km|mi}} S of [[Calama, Chile]] |6.0 |96.0 |VI |Rockfalls occurred and power cables damaged at a mine in the epicentral area. | - | - |- |7 |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[South Sulawesi]], {{Cvt|78|km|mi}} E of [[Masamba]] |5.0 |10.0 |VII |One mosque collapsed, two schools and one home damaged in East Luwu Regency. | - | - |- |7 |{{Flag|Philippines}}, [[Soccsksargen]], {{Cvt|0|km|mi}} ENE of [[Banisilan]] |4.8 |10.0 |VI |Two people injured, more than 564 houses destroyed and 69 structures damaged in the Wao area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=Progress Report No. 2 for the Effects of Magnitude 5.1 Earthquake in Wao, Lanao del Sur (BARMM) |url=https://ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/4281/Progress-Report-No-2-for-the-Effects-of-Mag-5_1-EQ-in-Wao-Lanao-del-Sur-BARMM.pdf |access-date=15 March 2025 |publisher=NDRRMC |language=en}}</ref> | - |2 |- |8 |{{Flag|Armenia}}, [[Lori Province|Lori]], {{Cvt|3|km|mi}} ENE of [[Sarahart]] |4.4 |10.0 |VI |One house collapsed and one building damaged in the Artik-Spitak area. | - | - |- |10 |{{Flag|Norway}}, [[Svalbard and Jan Mayen]] offshore, {{Cvt|34|km|mi}} NE of [[Olonkinbyen]] |6.5 |10.0 |VIII | - | - | - |- |11 |{{Flag|Iraq}}, [[Duhok Governorate|Dohuk]], {{Cvt|37|km|mi}} E of [[Çukurca]], [[Turkiyya|Turkey]] |4.6 |10.0 |VI |At least 20 homes destroyed and many others damaged in Yüksekova District, Turkey. | - | - |- |12 |{{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}}, [[Osh Region|Osh]], {{Cvt|4|km|mi}} WNW of [[Osh]] |4.1 |10.0 |VI |One structure collapsed and 39 others damaged in Kara-Suu-Alay area. | - | - |- |12 |{{Flag|India}}, [[Nicobar Islands]] offshore |6.0 |23.0 |IV | - | - | - |- |13 |{{Flag|Italy}}, [[Campania]] offshore, {{Cvt|1|km|mi}} S of [[Monte di Procida]] |4.2 |8.0 |V |Eleven people injured and many buildings including a church damaged in the [[Napoli|Naples]] area. | - |11 |- |13 |{{Flag|India}}, [[Ladakh]], {{Cvt|50|km|mi}} SSW of [[Padam, Ladakh|Padam]] |5.1 |10.0 |V |The walls of many houses collapsed and many buildings damaged in the Kargil area. | - | - |- |14 |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[West Java]] offshore, {{Cvt|64|km|mi}} SW of [[Palabuhanratu]] |4.9 |49.3 |V |One home destroyed in Lebak Regency. | - | - |- |15 |{{Flag|Mexico}}, [[Oaxaca]], {{Cvt|5|km|mi}} W of [[San Pedro Tidaá]] |5.6 |62.0 |IV |Four people injured and a gas leak occurred in [[Mexico (birni)|Mexico City]]. | - |4 |- |17 |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[North Sumatra]], {{Cvt|41|km|mi}} ENE of [[Sibolga]] |5.4 |46.9 |V |Two people killed, another person injured, two structures destroyed and two others buried by a landslide, 18 structures damaged and landslides blocked roads in North Tapanuli Regency. |2 |1 |- |18 |{{Flag|Chile}}, [[Coquimbo Region|Coquimbo]], {{Cvt|13|km|mi}} SSE of [[Coquimbo]] |5.3 |68.4 |V |One building collapsed in La Serena and a sinkhole appeared in the Coquimbo area. | - | - |- |21 |{{Flag|Peru}}, [[Department of Arequipa|Arequipa]], {{Cvt|2|km|mi}} SE of [[Maca District|Maca]] |4.6 |10.0 |V |At least 20 homes destroyed, 47 others and a church damaged and roads affected in the Achoma-Lari-Maca area. | - | - |- |21 |{{Flag|Iran}}, [[Isfahan (Lardi)|Isfahan]], {{Cvt|43|km|mi}} W of [[Ardestan|Ardestān]] |4.8 |10.0 |VII |Several homes and a caravanserai collapsed and many buildings damaged in the Natanz area. | - | - |- |21 |{{Flag|Panama}}, [[Chiriquí Province|Chiriquí]], {{Cvt|123|km|mi}} SSE of [[Burica]] |6.2 |10.0 |V |At least 13 structures damaged in Chiriquí, Herrera, and Veraguas provinces. | - | - |- |21 |{{Flag|United States}}, [[Alaska]], {{Cvt|88|km|mi}} SSE of [[Adak, Alaska|Adak]] |6.2 |17.0 |IV | - | - | - |- |25 |{{Flag|New Zealand}}, [[Southland Region|Southland]] offshore, {{Cvt|170|km|mi}} WSW of [[Riverton / Aparima|Riverton]] |6.7 |21.0 |V |Minor damage to the Dunedin Gasworks Museum. A tsunami with a height of {{Cvt|10|cm}} was observed in southwest Fiordland. | - | - |- |25 |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[West Java]] offshore, {{Cvt|73|km|mi}} SSW of [[Singaparna]] |4.6 |64.8 |IV |One home destroyed and nine others damaged in Cipatujah. | - | - |- |28 |central Mid-Atlantic Ridge |6.1 |10.0 |V |Foreshock of the 6.6 earthquake 17 hours later. | - | - |- |28 |{{Flag|Myanmar}}, [[Sagaing Region|Sagaing]], {{Cvt|14|km|mi}} NNW of [[Sagaing]] |7.7 |10.0 |X |  |5,456 |11,404 |- |28 |{{Flag|Myanmar}}, [[Mandalay Region|Mandalay]], {{Cvt|18|km|mi}} WNW of [[Kyaukse]] |6.7 |10.0 | data-sort-value="VIIII" |IX |Aftershock of the 2025 Myanmar earthquake 12 minutes prior. Additional damage to buildings in Mandalay and Sagaing. | - | - |- |28 |central Mid-Atlantic Ridge |6.6 |12.3 |VI | - | - | - |- |30 |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Aceh]], {{Cvt|5|km|mi}} SSE of [[Banda Aceh]] |5.1 |10.0 |V |One person injured in Banda Aceh. | - |1 |- |30 |{{Flag|Tonga}}, [[Haʻapai]] offshore, {{Cvt|61|km|mi}} SSE of [[Pangai]] |7.0 |29.0 |VI |A tsunami with a height of {{Cvt|5|cm}} was observed in Alofi, Niue and {{Cvt|1|cm}} in Nuku'alofa, Tonga. | - | - |- |30 |{{Flag|Tonga}}, [[Haʻapai]] offshore, {{Cvt|72|km|mi}} SSE of [[Pangai]] |6.2 |17.0 |IV |Aftershock of the 7.0 earthquake nearly three hours prior. | - | - |- |31 |{{Flag|Myanmar}}, [[Sagaing Region|Sagaing]], {{Cvt|9|km|mi}} W of [[Mandalay]] |4.2 |10.0 |IV |Aftershock of the 2025 Myanmar earthquake. Several previously-weakened buildings collapsed in Mandalay. | - | - |- |}    === Afrilu === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px black; margin-left:1em;" |+ ! rowspan="2" |<small>Date</small> ! rowspan="2" style="width: 310px" |<small>Country and location</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>M_w</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>Depth (km)</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>MMI</small> ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |<small>Notes</small> ! colspan="2" |<small>Casualties</small> |- !<small>Dead</small> !<small>Injured</small> |- |2 |Pacific-Antarctic Ridge |6.3 |10.0 |I | - | - | - |- |2 |{{Flag|Japan}}, [[Kagoshima Prefecture|Kagoshima]] offshore, {{Cvt|56|km|mi}} ENE of [[Nishinoomote, Kagoshima|Nishinoomote]] |6.1 |29.0 |V | - | - | - |- |3 |Reykjanes Ridge |6.9 |10.0 |III | - | - | - |- |4 |{{Flag|Nepal}}, [[Karnali Province|Karnali]], {{Cvt|35|km|mi}} SSW of [[Jumla (town)|Jumla]] |4.9 |10.0 |IV |Eight people injured, some homes destroyed and several others and government buildings damaged in the Jajarkot-Kalikot-West Rukum area. | - |8 |- |4 |{{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}, [[East New Britain]] offshore, {{Cvt|184|km|mi}} ESE of [[Kimbe]] |6.9 |9.0 |VI | - | - | - |- |10 |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[West Java]], {{Cvt|4|km|mi}} N of [[Caringin]] |3.8 |10.0 |V |One person injured, four homes destroyed, 35 others and several buildings including a school damaged in the Bogor area. | - |1 |- |12 |{{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}, [[New Ireland Province|New Ireland]] offshore, {{Convert|104|km|mi}} ESE of [[Kokopo]] |6.1 |52.0 |V | - | - | - |- |13 |{{Flag|Myanmar}}, [[Mandalay Region|Mandalay]], {{Cvt|41|km|mi}} S of [[Kyaukse]] |5.3 |10.0 |VIII |Aftershock of the 2025 Myanmar earthquake. Several homes, buildings and a dam collapsed in the Mandalay-Tatkon area. | - | - |- |13 |{{Flag|Tajikistan}}, [[Districts under Central Government Jurisdiction]], {{Convert|42|km|mi}} ESE of [[Rasht District|Rasht]] |5.8 |8.0 |VIII |One person killed, 16 others injured, 348 structures destroyed and 361 others damaged in the Rasht-Tojikibod area. |1 |16 |- |13 |South of the [[Fiji]] Islands |6.5 |271.0 |III | - | - | - |- |16 |Southeast Indian Ridge |6.6 |10.0 |I | - | - | - |- |16 |{{Flag|Mexico}}, [[Jalisco]], {{Cvt|8|km|mi}} E of [[Tuxpan]] |4.5 |10.0 |V |Several walls collapsed, one home destroyed, eight structures including a church damaged, landslides and ground cracks occurred in the El Poblado-Tuxpan area. | - | - |- |18 |{{Flag|Japan}}, [[Nagano Prefecture|Nagano]], {{Cvt|1|km|mi}} ENE of [[Ōmachi, Nagano|Ōmachi]] |4.8 |10.0 |V |One person injured in Yamagata. A stonework collapsed, 10 houses and a temple damaged in Ōmachi. About 100 homes lost power in the Ogawa-Nagano area.<ref name="fnn" /> | - |1 |- |21 |{{Flag|Iran}}, [[Fars province|Fars]], {{Cvt|51|km|mi}} E of [[Nurabad, Fars|Nurabad]] |4.4 |10.0 |V |Four people injured and minor damage in the Ardakan area. | - |4 |- |22 |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[North Sulawesi]] offshore, {{Cvt|271|km|mi}} SE of [[Governor Generoso|Pondaguitan]], [[Filipin|Philippines]] |6.2 |104.0 |IV | - | - | - |- |23 |{{Flag|Turkey}}, [[Tekirdağ Province|Tekirdağ]] offshore, {{Cvt|24|km|mi}} SE of [[Marmara Ereğlisi]] |6.2 |12.7 |VIII |  |1 |359 |- |- |25 |{{Flag|Ecuador}}, [[Esmeraldas Province|Esmeraldas]] offshore, {{Cvt|19|km|mi}} NE of [[Esmeraldas, Ecuador|Esmeraldas]] |6.3 |18.0 |VII |Forty-nine people injured, 254 homes collapsed, 1,150 others,<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2025 |title=Sube a cerca de 3.000 la cifra de afectados por sismo de magnitud 6,1 ocurrido en Ecuador |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/sube-a-cerca-de-3.000-la-cifra-de-afectados-por-sismo-de-magnitud-6,1-ocurrido-en-ecuador/89237881 |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=SwissInfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2025 |title=Esmeraldas intenta recuperarse después del sismo de 6,1 que dejó casas dañadas y miedo en sus habitantes |url=https://www.primicias.ec/sociedad/esmeraldas-reconstruccion-sismo-casas-damnificados-bono-cifras-95285/ |access-date=2 May 2025 |website=Primicias}}</ref> 88 buildings, two bridges and 60 roads damaged, landslides and power outages affected 80% of households in Esmeraldas. | - |49 |- |29 |{{Flag|New Zealand}}, [[Southland Region|Southland]] offshore, {{Cvt|285|km|mi}} SW of [[Bluff, New Zealand|Bluff]] |6.2 |10.6 |IV | - | - | - |- |29 |{{Flag|Australia}}, [[Macquarie Island]] offshore |6.8 |19.0 |IV | - | - | - |- |29 |{{Flag|Poland}}, [[Silesian Voivodeship|Silesia]], {{Cvt|3|km|mi}} WSW of [[Bytom]] |2.9 |5.0 |III |Two people injured in a mine in the Ruda Śląska area. | - |2 |- |} === Mayu === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px black; margin-left:1em;" |+ ! rowspan="2" |<small>Date</small> ! rowspan="2" style="width: 310px" |<small>Country and location</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>M_w</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>Depth (km)</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>MMI</small> ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |<small>Notes</small> ! colspan="2" |<small>Casualties</small> |- !<small>Dead</small> !<small>Injured</small> |- |1 |{{Flag|Iran}}, [[Razavi Khorasan province|Razavi Khorasan]], {{Cvt|46|km|mi}} ESE of [[Torbat-e Heydarieh]] |4.8 |10.0 |VI |At least 29 people injured and some houses damaged in the Gonabad-Roshtkhar-Taybad-Torbat-e Heydarieh area. | - |29 |- |1 |{{Flag|Argentina}}, [[La Rioja Province, Argentina|La Rioja]], {{Cvt|52|km|mi}} SSE of [[Tinogasta]] |5.4 |11.0 |VI |Some people hospitalized, many homes collapsed, numerous churches damaged, landslides, ground cracks and power outages in Famatina. | - |Some |- |2 |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[West Sumatra]], {{Cvt|17|km|mi}} SSE of [[Bukittinggi]] |4.6 |10.0 |V |One person injured and four structures damaged in the Padang Panjang-Tanah Datar area. | - |1 |- |2 |{{Flag|Chile}}, [[Magallanes Region|Magallanes]] offshore, {{Cvt|222|km|mi}} S of [[Ushuaia]], [[Argentina]] |7.4 |10.0 |V |Tsunami waves caused serious damage at a nature reserve in Cape Virgenes, Argentina. A {{Convert|14|cm|4=-high}} tsunami observed at Vernadsky Research Base, [[Antatika|Antarctica]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2025 |title=Tsunami Message Number 5 |url=https://www.tsunami.gov/events/PHEB/2025/05/02/25122001/5/WEPA40/WEPA40.txt |access-date=2 May 2025 |publisher=[[Pacific Tsunami Warning Center]]}}</ref> | - | - |- |2 |{{Flag|Chile}}, [[Magallanes Region|Magallanes]] offshore, {{Cvt|289|km|mi}} SSE of [[Ushuaia]], [[Argentina]] |6.4 |8.0 |IV |Aftershock of the 7.4 event five hours earlier. | - | - |- |3 |{{Flag|Turkey}}, [[Tekirdağ Province|Tekirdağ]] offshore, {{Cvt|27|km|mi}} SE of [[Marmara Ereğlisi]] |3.7 |10.0 |II |Aftershock of the 2025 Istanbul earthquake. One person injured and one building partially collapsed in the Bahçelievler area. | - |1 |- |3 |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Gorontalo]], {{Cvt|158|km|mi}} W of [[Gorontalo (city)|Gorontalo]] |5.9 |92.0 |IV |One person injured, several homes and buildings destroyed and one school damaged in the Pohuwato area. One utility pole fell in North Gorontalo Regency. | - |1 |- |5 |Southern East Pacific Rise |6.0 |10.0 | - | - | - | - |- |11 |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Aceh]], {{Cvt|19|km|mi}} ENE of [[Blangpidie]] |5.7 |85.8 |IV |Some homes and a road destroyed and six structures damaged in South Aceh and Southwest Aceh regencies. | - | - |- |11 |{{Flag|China}}, [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], {{Cvt|126|km|mi}} W of [[Shigatse|Rikaze]] |5.5 |9.0 |VIII |Some homes collapsed in Lhatse County. | - | - |- |12 |{{Flag|Mexico}}, [[Nuevo León]], {{Cvt|13|km|mi}} E of [[General Terán, Nuevo León|Ciudad General Terán]] |4.2 |13.5 |V |One home collapsed and 24 structures damaged in the Montemorelos area. | - | - |- |13 |{{Flag|Italy}}, [[Campania]], {{Cvt|3|km|mi}} SW of [[Pozzuoli]] |4.0 |10.0 |IV |One building destroyed, several others damaged and landslides in the Pozzuoli area. | - | - |- |14 |{{Flag|Greece}}, [[South Aegean]] offshore, {{Cvt|21|km|mi}} SSE of [[Fri, Kasos|Fry]] |6.0 |74.0 |VI | - | - | - |- |14 |{{Flag|Tonga}}, [[Vavaʻu]] offshore, {{Cvt|142|km|mi}} W of [[Neiafu (Vavaʻu)|Neiafu]] |6.4 |260.0 |IV | - | - | - |- |15 |{{Flag|Turkey}}, [[Konya Province|Konya]], {{Cvt|14|km|mi}} ENE of [[Kulu, Konya|Kulu]] |5.0 |10.0 |VI |Seventeen people hospitalized, 26 houses and two mosques damaged in Kulu. | - |17 |- |17 |{{Flag|Peru}}, [[Department of Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], {{Cvt|5|km|mi}} W of [[San Pedro District, Lucanas|San Pedro]] |5.9 |101.0 |VI |Some walls collapsed, 54 structures and some roads damaged, power, telephone, and internet outages occurred in the Caravelí-Lucanas area. | - | - |- |17 |{{Flag|Myanmar}}, [[Mandalay Region|Mandalay]], {{Cvt|22|km|mi}} SSW of [[Kyaukse]] |5.1 |10.0 |VI |Aftershock of the 2025 Myanmar earthquake. Two people killed after a tree fell on a temporary tent in the Mandalay area. |2 | - |- |18 |{{Flag|Greece}}, [[Central Greece (administrative region)|Central Greece]], {{Cvt|5|km|mi}} E of [[Mantoudi]] |4.4 |10.0 |VI | rowspan="2" |Three homes severely damaged and 84 structures, including two schools and a museum damaged in the Mantoudi-Prokopi area. | - | - |- |19 |{{Flag|Greece}}, [[Central Greece (administrative region)|Central Greece]], {{Cvt|5|km|mi}} ESE of [[Mantoudi]] |4.6 |21.6 |V | - | - |- |20 |{{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}, [[East Sepik Province|East Sepik]] offshore, {{Cvt|89|km|mi}} ENE of [[Angoram]] |6.5 |16.8 |VIII | - | - | - |- |20 |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[West Java]], {{Cvt|8|km|mi}} NE of [[Sumedang|Sumedang Utara]] |3.4 |10.0 | - |One home collapsed and several buildings, including a mosque damaged in the Sumedang area. | - | - |- |21 |{{Flag|Myanmar}}, [[Mandalay Region|Mandalay]], {{Cvt|20|km|mi}} NNE of [[Meiktila]] |3.4 |10.0 |II |Aftershock of the 2025 Myanmar earthquake. One previously damaged building collapsed in Mandalay. | - | - |- |22 |{{Flag|Greece}}, [[Crete]] offshore, {{Cvt|66|km|mi}} SE of [[Emporeio, Santorini|Emporeío]] |6.2 |64.0 |VII |Several buildings damaged, some balconies collapsed and landslides occurred in the Heraklion area. Four exhibits in the Heraklion Archaeological Museum fell and broke.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2025 |title=Μικρές αποκολλήσεις σε εκθέματα στο Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο Ηρακλείου λόγω του σεισμού των 6,1R |url=https://www.in.gr/2025/05/22/greece/kriti-espasan-ekthemata-sto-arxaiologiko-mouseio-irakleiou-logo-tou-seismou-ton-61r/ |access-date=4 June 2025 |website=in.gr |language=el}}</ref> | - | - |- |22 |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Bengkulu]] offshore, {{Cvt|28|km|mi}} SSW of [[Bengkulu (city)|Bengkulu]] |5.7 |47.0 |VI |One person died of a heart attack, two others injured, 46 homes destroyed and 362 structures damaged in the Bengkulu-Betungan area. |1 |2 |- |23 |{{Flag|Australia}} offshore, west of [[Macquarie Island]] |6.1 |10.0 | - | - | - | - |- |25 |{{Flag|Tonga}}, [[ʻEua]] offshore, {{Cvt|193|km|mi}} SSW of [[ʻOhonua]] |6.0 |48.0 |III | - | - | - |- |27 |{{Flag|Iran}}, [[Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province|Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad]], {{Cvt|12|km|mi}} WNW of [[Dehdasht]] |5.1 |10.0 |IV |Two people injured and 1,000 homes damaged in Dehdasht. | - |2 |- |27 |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Southeast Sulawesi]], {{Cvt|38|km|mi}} ESE of [[Muna Regency|Katobu]] |4.5 |10.0 |VI |One child injured, some buildings and one house damaged in North Buton Regency. | - |1 |- |30 |Southwest of [[Afirka|Africa]] |6.2 |10.0 | - | - | - | - |- |31 |{{Flag|Japan}}, [[Hokkaido]] offshore, {{Cvt|78|km|mi}} S of [[Kushiro]] |6.0 |21.0 |IV | - | - | - |- |31 | rowspan="3" |{{Flag|New Zealand}}, [[Kermadec Islands]] offshore |6.1 |10.0 |III | rowspan="3" |An example of a triplet earthquake. | - | - |- |31 |6.0 |10.0 |III | - | - |- |31 |6.3 |10.0 |III | - | - |- |} === Yuni === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px black; margin-left:1em;" |+ ! rowspan="2" |<small>Date</small> ! rowspan="2" style="width: 310px" |<small>Country and location</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>M_w</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>Depth (km)</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>MMI</small> ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |<small>Notes</small> ! colspan="2" |<small>Casualties</small> |- !<small>Dead</small> !<small>Injured</small> |- |1 |{{Flag|Pakistan}}, [[Sindh]], [[Karachi]] area |3.6 |10.0 | - |Strongest of an earthquake swarm. One person killed and 22 people injured. A wall at a prison in Malir District collapsed. Some houses damaged in the [[Karachi]] area.<ref name="Tribune" /> |1 |22 |- |2 |{{Flag|Turkey}}, [[Muğla Province|Muğla]], {{Cvt|8|km|mi}} SSW of [[İçmeler]] |5.8 |72.0 |VI |One person killed in Fethiye. Seventy-five others injured, some buildings and a mosque collapsed and numerous homes damaged in the Muğla area. Minor damage to buildings in Rhodes, [[Girka (ƙasa)|Greece]]. |1 |75 |- |4 |{{Flag|China}}, [[Yunnan]], {{Cvt|22|km|mi}} N of [[Eryuan County|Zibihu]] |5.0 |10.0 |IV |At least 179 homes damaged or destroyed, one road collapsed and another road blocked by a landslide in Eryuan County. | - | - |- |5<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2025 |title=Terremoto di magnitudo Md 3.2 del 05-06-2025 ore 06:48:25 (Italia) in zona: Campi Flegrei |trans-title=Earthquake of magnitude Md 3.2 on 05-06-2025 at 06:48:25 (Italy) in the Campi Flegrei area |url=https://terremoti.ingv.it/event/42927332 |access-date=18 July 2025 |publisher=National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology |language=it}}</ref> |{{Flag|Italy}}, [[Campania]], [[Campi Flegrei]] |3.2 |3.0 |V |A portion of the Insula Meridionalis, in the Pompeii archeological park, collapsed. | - | - |- |6 |{{Flag|Chile}}, [[Atacama Region|Atacama]], {{Cvt|46|km|mi}} SW of [[Diego de Almagro, Chile|Diego de Almagro]] |6.4 |75.0 |VII |Two people injured, one house destroyed, 246 structures and some roads damaged, four water mains ruptured, power outages occurred and landslides in the Chañaral-Copiapó-Diego de Almagro-Tierra Amarilla-Vallenar area. | - |2 |- |7 |{{Flag|Greece}}, [[Monastic community of Mount Athos|Mount Athos]] offshore, {{Cvt|6|km|mi}} WNW of [[Karyes, Mount Athos|Karyes]] |5.3 |10.0 |VII |One person injured and several monasteries damaged in the Karyes area. | - |1 |- |7 |Western Indian-Antarctic Ridge |6.2 |10.0 | - | - | - | - |- |8 |{{Flag|Colombia}}, [[Cundinamarca Department|Cundinamarca]], {{Cvt|15|km|mi}} NE of [[Paratebueno]] |6.3 |9.0 |VIII |  | - |31 |- |11 |{{Flag|Peru}}, [[Department of Lambayeque|Lambayeque]], {{Cvt|15|km|mi}} WNW of [[Jayanca District|Jayanca]] |5.0 |72.5 |IV |Several homes collapsed, 106 others and a school damaged in the Jayanca-Mochumí area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-13 |title=Lambayeque: sismo de 5.1 deja más de 100 casas dañadas |url=https://soltvperu.com/sismo-lambayeque-casas-danadas/ |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=SOL TV |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-12 |title=Sismo en Lambayeque: distrito de Jayanca reportó 106 viviendas afectadas y un colegio |url=https://andina.pe/INGLES/noticia-sismo-lambayeque-distrito-jayanca-reporto-106-viviendas-afectadas-y-un-colegio-1033287.aspx |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=Andina |language=es}}</ref> | - | - |- |13 |{{Flag|Russia}}, [[Kuril Islands]] offshore |6.0 |35.0 |IV | - | - | - |- |15 |{{Flag|Peru}}, [[Callao]] offshore, {{Cvt|37|km|mi}} WSW of [[Callao]] |5.6 |40.0 |VI |  |2 |135 |- |20 |{{Flag|Iran}}, [[Semnan Province|Semnan]], {{Cvt|40|km|mi}} SW of [[Semnan, Iran|Semnan]] |4.9 |33.9 |IV |Eleven people injured and some homes damaged in the Sorkheh area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-20 |title=خبر جدید از زلزله ۵.۳ ریشتری سمنان |url=https://khabarban.com/a/44963398 |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Khabarban |language=fa }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-12 |title=زلزله سمنان هیچ مصدومی نداشت |url=https://www.asriran.com/fa/news/1070410/%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%87%DB%8C%DA%86-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C-%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Asriran |language=fa}}</ref> | - |11 |- |21 |{{Flag|Japan}}, [[Hokkaido]] offshore, {{Cvt|82|km|mi}} SE of [[Nemuro, Hokkaido|Nemuro]] |6.0 |18.0 |V | - | - | - |- |22 |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Maluku (province)|Maluku]], {{Cvt|149|km|mi}} E of [[Masohi]] |4.8 |10.0 | - |More than 431 homes damaged or destroyed in West Seram Regency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-27 |title=BPBD SBB Dinilai Lambat Tangani Dampak Gempa Di Amalatu, Pemuda Amalatu: Pemda Piara Kucing Dalam Karung |url=https://malukuindomedia.com/bpbd-sbb-dinilai-lambat-tangani-dampak-gempa-di-amalatu-pemuda-amalatu-pemda-piara-kucing-dalam-karung/ |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Maluku Indomedia |language=id}}</ref> | - | - |- |24 |{{Flag|Philippines}}, [[Davao Region|Davao]] offshore, {{Cvt|366|km|mi}} E of [[Baganga|Baculin]] |6.2 |5.0 |III | - | - | - |- |25 |Southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge |6.2 |10.0 | - | - | - | - |- |27 |{{Flag|Philippines}}, [[Davao Region|Davao]] offshore, {{Cvt|67|km|mi}} E of [[Sarangani]] |6.0 |99.7 |V |Ten schools damaged and an overpass cracked in Davao City. | - | - |- |28 |Scotia Sea |6.6 |10.0 | - | - | - | - |- |- |28 |{{Flag|Pakistan}}, [[Balochistan]], {{Cvt|56|km|mi}} NNE of [[Barkhan]] |5.3 |10.0 |VI |Five people injured, 100 homes and a wall of a school collapsed and hundreds of structures damaged in the Barkhan-Musakhel area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2025 |title=5.5 magnitude earthquake hits Musakhel, 5 injured, homes damaged |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/1325260/5-5-magnitude-earthquake-hits-musakhel-5-injured-homes-damaged/ |access-date=29 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2025 |title=ضلع موسیٰ خیل اور بارکھان میں زلزلہ، 100 مکانات تباہ، 5افراد زخمی |url=https://www.express.pk/story/2767613/55-magnitude-earthquake-hits-musakhel-district-of-balochistan-houses-destroyed-3-injured-2767613 |access-date=29 June 2025 |website=[[Express News (TV channel)|Express]] |language=ur}}</ref> | - |5 |- |} === Yuli === [[Fayil:Daños_aeropuerto_Almería_terremoto_Cabo_de_Gata.jpg|left|thumb|Lalacewar rufin filin jirgin saman Almería, [[Ispaniya|Spain]].]] [[Fayil:Presidente Bernardo Arévalo y funcionarios supervisan los planes de respuesta implementados en San María de Jesús, Sacatepéquez, que tuvo personas afectadas y daños en la infraestructura de inmuebles por los sismos - 54644478910.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Lalacewar da aka yi wa coci a cikin [[Santa María de Jesús]], [[Guatemala]]]] {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px black; margin-left:1em;" |+ ! rowspan="2" |<small>Date</small> ! rowspan="2" style="width: 310px" |<small>Country and location</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>M_w</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>Depth (km)</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>[[Modified Mercalli intensity scale|MMI]]</small> ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |<small>Notes</small> ! colspan="2" |<small>Casualties</small> |- !<small>Dead</small> !<small>Injured</small> |- |2<ref>{{cite anss|M 4.2 - 4 km NE of Gemlik, Turkey|2025|us7000qa69}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Turkey}}, [[Bursa Province|Bursa]], {{cvt|4|km|mi}} NE of [[Gemlik]] |4.2 |10.0 |VI |Three people injured after the ceiling of a factory collapsed in the [[Serdivan]] area.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Depremden sonra fabrikada korku dolu anlar! Mesai saatinde tavan çöktü: 3 yaralı|url=https://www.haber7.com/guncel/haber/3543665-depremden-sonra-fabrikada-korku-dolu-anlar-mesai-saatinde-tavan-coktu-3-yarali|date=2 July 2025|access-date=2 June 2025|language=tr|publisher=Haber7}}</ref> | - | 3 |- |4<ref>{{cite anss|M 4.9 - 22 km SW of Amahai, Indonesia|2025|us7000qamm}}</ref> |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Maluku (province)|Maluku]] offshore, {{cvt|22|km|mi}} SW of [[Amahai]] |4.9 |35.2 | - |Two homes destroyed and 494 others damaged in [[West Seram Regency]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Gempa M 4,9 Guncang Maluku, 2 Rumah Ambruk, Warga Mengungsi ke Pegunungan|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2025/07/05/081920378/gempa-m-49-guncang-maluku-2-rumah-ambruk-warga-mengungsi-ke-pegunungan|date=5 July 2025|access-date=5 July 2025|language=id|publisher=Kompas}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Gempa 4,9 M Guncang Amalatu di Seram Barat, Rusak 494 Rumah Warga|url=https://www.kumparan.com/kumparannews/gempa-4-9-m-guncang-amalatu-di-seram-barat-rusak-494-rumah-warga-25Oj9nJKvjT|date=5 July 2025|access-date=5 July 2025|language=id|publisher=Kumparan}}</ref> | - | - |- |7<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.2 - 213 km WSW of Riverton, New Zealand|2025|us7000qb4s}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||New Zealand}}, [[Southland Region|Southland]] offshore, {{cvt|213|km|mi}} WSW of [[Riverton / Aparima|Riverton]] |6.2 |22.0 |V | - | - | - |- |8<ref>{{cite anss|M 5.7 - 3 km SSW of Amatitlán, Guatemala|2025|us7000qbfv}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Guatemala}}, [[Guatemala Department|Guatemala]], {{cvt|3|km|mi}} SSW of [[Amatitlán]] |5.7 |10.0 |VII | | 7 | 300 |- |10<ref>{{cite anss|M 4.5 - 7 km NNE of Jhajjar, India|2025|us7000qbqu}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||India}}, [[Haryana]], {{cvt|7|km|mi}} NNE of [[Jhajjar]] |4.5 |10.0 |VII |Two people killed and another person injured after a tree fell due to the shaking and struck two vehicles in [[Meerut]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=मेरठ : भूकंप में बाइक और कैंटर पर गिरा पेड़, पिता-पुत्री की मौत|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/meerut/story-tragic-accident-in-mawana-earthquake-causes-tree-fall-father-daughter-killed-201752187157738.html|date=10 July 2025|access-date=11 July 2025|language=hi|publisher=Hindustan}}</ref> One wall collapsed and one school damaged in the Jhajjar area.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=झज्जर में सुबह 9:04 बजे लगे भूकंप के झटके, दीवार गिरी|url=https://www.amarujala.com/city-and-states/earthquake-jolted-jhajjar-at-904-am-wall-collapsed-jhajjar-news-c-195-1-nnl1001-123770-2025-07-11|date=11 July 2025|access-date=11 July 2025|language=hi|publisher=Amarujala}}</ref> | 2 | 1 |- |14<ref>{{cite anss|M 5.2 - 24 km E of San José, Spain|2025|us7000qcif}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Spain}}, [[Andalusia]] offshore, {{cvt|24|km|mi}} E of [[San José (Almería)|San José]] |5.2 |10.0 |V |A roof collapsed at [[Almería Airport]] and the ceiling of an [[car dealership|automobile showroom]] fell in [[Huércal de Almería]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Airport roof collapses as Spain hit by powerful earthquake|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/spain-earthquake-almeria-airport-roof-b2788548.html|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=14 July 2025|access-date=14 July 2025}}</ref> | - | - |- |14<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.7 - 181 km WSW of Tual, Indonesia|2025|pt25195000}}</ref> |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Maluku (province)|Maluku]] offshore, {{cvt|181|km|mi}} WSW of [[Tual]] |6.7 |79.0 |VI |Some roads damaged in [[Southwest Maluku Regency]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Infrastruktur Jalan di Kecamatan Kei Besar Utara Timur Alami Kerusakan Akibat Gempa|url=https://laskarmaluku.com/2025/umum/infrastruktur-jalan-di-kecamatan-kei-besar-utara-timur-alami-kerusakan-akibat-gempa/|website=Laskar Maluku|date=14 July 2025|access-date=15 July 2025}}</ref> Several gardens and a road damaged, landslides occurred, and sand dunes as well as coral and gravel formations appeared along the coastline in the Tual area.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Masyarakat Tam Kota Tual Terdampak Gempa Tektonik|url=https://www.rri.co.id/daerah/1664207/masyarakat-tam-kota-tual-terdampak-gempa-tektonik|website=RRI|date=22 July 2025|access-date=22 July 2025}}</ref> | - | - |- |14<ref>{{cite anss|M 5.0 - 70 km NE of Masamba, Indonesia|2025|us7000qcky}}</ref> |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Central Sulawesi]], {{cvt|70|km|mi}} NE of [[Masamba]] |5.0 |10.0 | - |Thirty-eight homes damaged in [[Poso Regency]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=BPBD laporkan 38 rumah warga rusak akibat gempa di Poso Sulteng |url=https://m.antaranews.com/berita/4967161/bpbd-laporkan-38-rumah-warga-rusak-akibat-gempa-di-poso-sulteng |publisher=[[Antara (news agency)|Antara news]] |lang=id |date=15 July 2025 |access-date=15 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Puluhan Rumah Rusak Akibat Gempa Poso Magnitudo 5,3 |url=https://www.liputan6.com/regional/read/6105628/puluhan-rumah-rusak-akibat-gempa-poso-magnitudo-53 |lang=id |publisher=[[Liputan 6]] |date=15 July 2025 |access-date=15 July 2025}}</ref> | - | - |- |14<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.2 - 206 km S of Burica, Panama|2025|pt25195001}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Panama}}, [[Veraguas Province|Veraguas]] offshore, {{cvt|206|km|mi}} S of [[Burica]] |6.2 |10.0 |IV | - | - | - |- |15<ref>{{cite anss|M 4.9 - 13 km NNE of Mandalay, Burma (Myanmar)|2025|us7000qcvt}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Myanmar}}, [[Mandalay Region|Mandalay]], {{cvt|13|km|mi}} NNE of [[Mandalay]] |4.9 |10.0 |V |Aftershock of the 2025 Myanmar earthquake. One person died of shock in [[Kyaukse Township|Kyaukse]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||trans-title= 3 earthquakes shake Mandalay, residents panic |first=Thant |last=Zaw |lang=my |title=မန္တလေးတွင် ငလျင် ၃ ကြိမ်လှုပ်၊ ဒေသခံများစိုးရိမ်ထိတ်လန့်|url=https://bur.mizzima.com/2025/07/16/62219|website=Mizzima|date=16 July 2025|access-date=16 July 2025}}</ref> | 1 | - |- |16<ref>{{cite anss|M 7.3 - 2025 Sand Point, Alaska Earthquake|2025|at00sziems}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||United States}}, [[Alaska]] offshore, {{cvt|87|km|mi}} S of [[Sand Point, Alaska|Sand Point]] |7.3 |38.0 |VII |A {{cvt|0.2|ft|cm}} high tsunami observed at Sand Point.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web||title=Public Tsunami Message Number 5|url=https://www.tsunami.gov/events/PAAQ/2025/07/16/sziems/5/WEAK51/WEAK51.txt|publisher=[[Pacific Tsunami Warning Center]]|date=16 July 2025|access-date=16 July 2025}}</ref> | - | - |- |17<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web||title=Earthquake information|url=https://www.emsc-csem.org/Earthquake_information/earthquake.php?id=1833429|publisher=EMSC-CSEM|date=17 July 2025|access-date=18 July 2025}}</ref> |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[East Java]], {{cvt|23|km|mi}} NE of [[Lumajang]] |3.4 |10.0 | - |The wall of a home collapsed and at least 34 structures damaged in [[Probolinggo Regency]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=64 Kali Gempa Dangkal Guncang Tiris Probolinggo, 21 Rumah Rusak |url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/berita/d-8018999/64-kali-gempa-dangkal-guncang-tiris-probolinggo-21-rumah-rusak/ |lang=id |publisher=[[Detik.com]]|date=19 July 2025 |access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=PVMBG : gempa bumi rusak barat daya Probolinggo|url=https://jatim.antaranews.com/berita/949173/pvmbg-gempa-bumi-rusak-barat-daya-probolinggo|date=20 July 2025|access-date=20 July 2025|language=id|publisher=Antaranews}}</ref> | - | - |- |20<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.6 - 134 km E of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia|2025|us7000qdye}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|134|km|mi}} E of [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]] |6.6 |23.0 |V |Foreshock of the 7.4 event 21 minutes later. | - | - |- |20<ref>{{cite anss|M 7.4 - 2025 Eastern Kamchatka, Russia Earthquake|2025|us7000qdyl}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|145|km|mi}} E of [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]] |7.4 |34.0 |VIII |Foreshock of the 2025 Kamchatka earthquake. Minor damage to some hospitals and clinics in the Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky area.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=После землетрясения в зданиях больниц на Камчатке появились трещины|url=https://aif.ru/society/posle-zemletryaseniya-v-zdaniyah-bolnic-na-kamchatke-poyavilis-treshchiny|date=21 July 2025|access-date=21 July 2025|language=ru|publisher=Argumenty i Fakty}}</ref> A tsunami with a maximum run-up of {{cvt|1.53|m}} was recorded at the mouth of the Khalaktyrka River.<ref>{{cite news |title=Синоптики показали фото последствий прошедшего на Камчатке 20 июля цунами |trans-title=Forecasters have shown photos of the aftermath of the tsunami that hit Kamchatka on July 20|lang=ru |url=https://kamchatka.aif.ru/society/sinoptiki-pokazali-foto-posledstviy-proshedshego-na-kamchatke-20-iyulya-cunami |access-date=24 July 2025 |work=AiF Kamchatka |date=24 July 2025}}</ref> | - | - |- |20<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.6 - 153 km ESE of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia|2025|us7000qdyw}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|153|km|mi}} ESE of [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]] |6.6 |10.0 |V |rowspan="2"|Aftershocks of the 7.4 event less than an hour earlier. | - | - |- |20<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.6 - 147 km E of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia|2025|us7000qdz2}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|147|km|mi}} E of [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]] |6.6 |22.1 |V | - | - |- |20<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.2 - 91 km SSE of Sand Point, Alaska|2025|at00szpyen}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||United States}}, [[Alaska]] offshore, {{cvt|91|km|mi}} SSE of [[Sand Point, Alaska|Sand Point]] |6.2 |40.0 |V |Aftershock of the 7.3 event on July 16. | - | - |- |22<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.0 - 154 km ESE of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia|2025|us6000qu2r}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|154|km|mi}} ESE of [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]] |6.0 |12.3 |IV |Aftershock of the 7.4 event on July 20. | - | - |- |22<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web||title=Earthquake information|url=https://www.emsc-csem.org/Earthquake_information/earthquake.php?id=1835550|publisher=EMSC-CSEM|date=22 July 2025|access-date=31 July 2025}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Poland}}, [[Lower Silesian Voivodeship]], {{cvt|8|km|mi}} SSW of [[Głogów]] |3.5 |1.0 | - |One person injured at the [[Polkowice-Sieroszowice mine]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Wstrząs w kopalni Polkowice-Sieroszowice. Jedna osoba trafiła do szpitala |url=https://miedziowe.pl/content/view/118211/495/ |lang=pl |date=22 July 2025|access-date=31 July 2025|publisher=Miedziowe}}</ref> | - | 1 |- |23<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.3 - 109 km W of Gorontalo, Indonesia|2025|us6000qugg}}</ref> |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Gorontalo]] offshore, {{cvt|109|km|mi}} W of [[Gorontalo (city)|Gorontalo]] |6.3 |142.0 |IV | - | - | - |- |24<ref>{{cite anss|M 5.6 - 69 km NNE of Masamba, Indonesia|2025|us6000qulk}}</ref> |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Central Sulawesi]], {{cvt|69|km|mi}} NNE of [[Masamba]] |5.6 |10.0 |VII |Four people injured, 106 homes, a kindergarten and a church damaged and power and telecommunication outages in [[Poso Regency]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Ribuan Mengungsi, 4 Luka Ringan, dan 96 Gempa Susulan Terjadi di Poso |url=https://www.beritasatu.com/nusantara/2907332/ribuan-mengungsi-4-luka-ringan-dan-96-gempa-susulan-terjadi-di-poso |lang=id |date=25 July 2025|access-date=25 July 2025|publisher=Berita Satu}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Dampak Gempa 5,7 Magnitudo, Poso Mati Listrik dan Rumah Hancur |url=https://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2025/07/25/dampak-gempa-57-magnitudo-poso-mati-listrik-dan-rumah-hancur |lang=id |date=25 July 2025|access-date=25 July 2025|publisher=Tribunnews}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Perkembangan Situasi dan Penanganan Bencana di Tanah Air Tanggal 27 Juli 2025 |url=https://bnpb.go.id/berita/perkembangan-situasi-dan-penanganan-bencana-di-tanah-air-tanggal-27-juli-2025 |lang=id |date=27 July 2025|access-date=28 July 2025|publisher=Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana}}</ref> | - | 4 |- |24<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.0 - 164 km E of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia|2025|us6000quxn}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|164|km|mi}} E of [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]] |6.0 |10.0 |IV |Aftershock of the 7.4 event on July 20. | - | - |- |24<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.6 - 187 km SSE of Mata-Utu, Wallis and Futuna|2025|us6000quy1}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Tonga}}, [[Niua Islands|Niua]] offshore, {{cvt|187|km|mi}} SSE of [[Mata Utu]], [[Wallis and Futuna]] |6.6 |314.2 |IV | - | - | - |- |25<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.2 - west of Macquarie Island|2025|us6000qv1b}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Australia}} offshore, west of [[Macquarie Island]] |6.2 |10.0 | - | rowspan="2"|Foreshocks of the 7.0 event on July 28. | - | - |- |26<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.2 - Macquarie Island region|2025|us6000qvbw}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Australia}}, [[Macquarie Island]] offshore |6.2 |17.0 | - | - | - |- |28<ref>{{cite anss|M 5.1 - 33 km NW of Rumonge, Burundi|2025|us6000qvm7}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Burundi}}, [[Rumonge Province|Rumonge]], {{cvt|33|km|mi}} NW of [[Rumonge]] |5.1 |10.0 |IV |Fourteen students injured due to a stampede at a school in [[Gicumbi District]], [[Rwanda]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Gicumbi: 14 students injured in panic after earthquake |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/28456/news/environment/gicumbi-14-students-injured-in-panic-after-earthquake |lang=en |date=29 July 2025|access-date=29 July 2025|newspaper=The New Times}}</ref> | - | 14 |- |28<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.4 - 264 km WNW of Sabang, Indonesia|2025|us6000qvpp}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||India}}, [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] offshore, {{cvt|264|km|mi}} WNW of [[Sabang, Aceh|Sabang]], [[Indonesia]] |6.4 |21.0 |V | - | - | - |- |28<ref>{{cite anss|M 7.0 - Macquarie Island region|2025|at00t04qxl}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Australia}}, [[Macquarie Island]] offshore |7.0 |31.0 |IV | - | - | - |- |29<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.6 - south of the Fiji Islands|2025|us6000qw1a}}</ref> |South of the [[Fiji]] Islands |6.6 |553.0 |II | - | - | - |- |29<ref>{{cite anss|M 5.7 - 6 km SE of Comapa, Guatemala|2025|us6000qw59}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Guatemala}}, [[Jutiapa Department|Jutiapa]], {{cvt|6|km|mi}} SE of [[Comapa, Jutiapa|Comapa]] |5.7 |10.0 |VII |Two people killed, 26 others injured, at least 1,386 homes, five public buildings, eight schools and a church damaged or destroyed and power outages occurred in the Comapa-[[Jutiapa]] area.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Más de 2 mil 400 personas quedaron damnificadas por sismos en Jutiapa y otros departamentos|url=https://epinvestiga.com/actualidad/mas-de-2-mil-400-personas-quedaron-damnificadas-por-sismos-en-jutiapa-y-otros-departamentos/|lang=es|date=5 August 2025|access-date=6 August 2025|work=EP Investiga}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Temblores sacuden el oriente de Guatemala este 2 de agosto|url=https://www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/comunitario/temblores-sacuden-el-oriente-de-guatemala-este-2-de-agosto-breaking/|lang=es|date=2 August 2025|access-date=2 August 2025|work=Prensa Libre}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Más de 370 viviendas dañadas por sismos en frontera entre El Salvador y Guatemala|url=https://www.centroamerica360.com/region/mas-de-370-viviendas-danadas-por-sismos-en-frontera-entre-el-salvador-y-guatemala/|lang=es|date=30 July 2025|access-date=31 July 2025|work=Centroamerica 360}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Fuertes sismos causan dos muertos y daños en viviendas en el sureste de Guatemala|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/fuertes-sismos-causan-dos-muertos-y-da%C3%B1os-en-viviendas-en-el-sureste-de-guatemala/89755993|date=30 July 2025|access-date=30 July 2025|lang=en|publisher=Swissinfo}}</ref> One person injured, 66 homes destroyed, 375 others, two churches and a school damaged in the [[Ahuachapan]]-[[Chalchuapa]] area, [[El Salvador]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Damage to churches and homes in Ahuachapán and Chalchuapa after strong earthquakes|url=https://www.tcsahora.com/danos-en-iglesias-y-viviendas-en-ahuachapan-y-chalchuapa-tras-fuertes-sismos/|lang=es|date=29 July 2025|access-date=30 July 2025|work=TCSA Hora}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Más de una docena de sismos en zona fronteriza con Guatemala, se reportan daños en ambos países|url=https://diario.elmundo.sv/nacionales/mas-de-una-docena-de-sismos-en-zona-fronteriza-con-guatemala-se-reportan-danos-en-ambos-paises|lang=es|date=29 July 2025|access-date=30 July 2025|work=Diario El Mundo}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Contabilizan 441 viviendas dañadas por los sismos en Ahuachapán|url=https://www.laprensagrafica.com/elsalvador/Contabilizan-441-viviendas-danadas-por--los-sismos-en-Ahuachapan-20250731-0065.html|lang=es|date=31 July 2025|access-date=1 August 2025|work=La Prensa Grafica}}</ref> | 2 | 27 |- |29<ref>{{cite anss|M 8.8 - 2025 Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia Earthquake|2025|us6000qw60}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|119|km|mi}} ESE of [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]] |8.8 |35.0 |IX | |1 |25 |- |29<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.3 - 94 km SE of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia|2025|us6000r0y5}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|94|km|mi}} SE of [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]] |6.3 |16.4 |V | rowspan=9|Aftershocks of the 2025 Kamchatka earthquake. | - | - |- |29<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.1 - 78 km SE of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia|2025|us6000r0xw}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|78|km|mi}} SE of [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]] |6.1 |25.4 |V | - | - |- |29<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.0 - 124 km ENE of Ozernovskiy, Russia|2025|us6000r0qc}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|124|km|mi}} ENE of [[Kamchatka Krai|Ozernovskiy]] |6.0 |35.0 |V | - | - |- |29<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.0 - 165 km SSE of Vilyuchinsk, Russia|2025|us6000qwhj}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|165|km|mi}} SSE of [[Vilyuchinsk]] |6.0 |35.0 |IV | - | - |- |30<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.9 - 125 km SE of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia|2025|us6000qw6q}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|125|km|mi}} SE of [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]] |6.9 |36.6 |VI | - | - |- |30<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.2 - 126 km SE of Vilyuchinsk, Russia|2025|us6000qw6s}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|126|km|mi}} SE of [[Vilyuchinsk]] |6.2 |35.0 |IV | - | - |- |30<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.1 - 183 km SE of Vilyuchinsk, Russia|2025|us6000qwfe}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|183|km|mi}} SE of [[Vilyuchinsk]] |6.1 |10.4 |IV | - | - |- |31<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.0 - 138 km SE of Severo-Kuril’sk, Russia|2025|us6000qwk1}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|138|km|mi}} SE of [[Severo-Kurilsk]] |6.0 |35.0 |IV | - | - |- |31<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.2 - 221 km SE of Severo-Kuril’sk, Russia|2025|us6000qwuh}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|221|km|mi}} SE of [[Severo-Kurilsk]] |6.2 |12.0 |IV | - | - |- |31<ref>{{cite anss|M 4.2 - 28 km NE of Machalí, Chile|2025|us6000qx3m}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Chile}}, [[O'Higgins Region|O'Higgins]], {{cvt|28|km}} NE of [[Machalí]] |4.2 |8.1 |VI |Six people killed and nine others injured after a collapse at the [[El Teniente]] mine.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tragedia en Mina El Teniente: Carabineros reporta preliminarmente seis fallecidos por derrumbe |url=https://www.cnnchile.com/pais/temblor-en-zona-centro-del-pais-dejo-una-persona-atrapada-en-el-teniente_20250731/ |access-date=1 August 2025|work=CNN Chile|date=31 July 2025}}</ref> | 6 | 9 |- |} === Agusta === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px black; margin-left:1em;" |+ ! rowspan="2" |<small>Ranar</small> ! rowspan="2" style="width: 310px" |<small>Kasar da wuri</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>M_w</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>Rashin zurfi (kilomita) </small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>MMI</small> ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |<small>Bayani</small> ! colspan="2" |<small>Wadanda suka mutu</small> |- !<small>Matattu</small> !<small>Wadanda suka ji rauni</small> |- |1 |, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] bakin teku, {{Cvt|213|km|mi}} ESE na [[Severo-Kurilsk]]{{Flag|Russia}} |6.1 |10.0 |Na huɗu | rowspan="2" |Girgizar kasa ta Kamchatka ta 2025. | - | - |- |2 |, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] bakin teku, {{Cvt|166|km|mi}} SSE na [[Vilyuchinsk]]{{Flag|Russia}} |6.0 |20.5 |Na huɗu | - | - |- |2 |{{Cvt|1|km|mi}}, [[Oaxaca]], 1 ENE na [[San Ildefonso Villa Alta]]{{Flag|Mexico}} |5.8 |57.4 |V |Mutane biyu sun ji rauni, gine-gine da yawa sun lalace kuma rushewar ƙasa ta faru a wani tudu a yankin Oaxaca City-San Pablo Huitzo . | - |2 |- |3 |Rashin Pacific-Antarctic |6.4 |10.0 |Na takwas | - | - | - |- |3 |, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] bakin teku, {{Cvt|118|km|mi}} E na [[Severo-Kurilsk]]{{Flag|Russia}} |6.8 |35.0 |VII | rowspan="3" |Girgizar kasa ta Kamchatka ta 2025. | - | - |- |4 |, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] bakin teku, {{Cvt|212|km|mi}} S na [[Severo-Kurilsk]]{{Flag|Russia}} |6.2 |10.0 |Na huɗu | - | - |- |9 |, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] bakin teku, {{Cvt|267|km|mi}} ESE na [[Severo-Kurilsk]]{{Flag|Russia}} |6.0 |10.0 | - | - | - |- |10 |{{Flag|Turkey}}, [[Balıkesir Province|Balıkesir]], {{Cvt|10|km|mi}} SSW na [[Bigadiç]] |6.1 |10.0 |IX |  |1 |52 |- |11<ref>{{cite anss|M 2.1 - 1 km SE of Wilcza, Poland|2025|us7000qsx3}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Poland}}, [[Silesian Voivodeship]], {{cvt|1|km|mi}} SE of [[Wilcza, Silesian Voivodeship|Wilcza]] |2.1 |5.0 | - |One person killed and eight others injured in the [[Szczygłowice Coal Mine]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Koniec akcji w kopalni Knurów-Szczygłowice. Ratownicy dotarli do poszukiwanego górnika|url=https://katowice.tvp.pl/88304533/koniec-akcji-w-kopalni-knurow-szczyglowice-ratownicy-dotarli-do-poszukiwanego-gornika|website=TVP3 Katowice|lang=pl|date=12 August 2025|access-date=13 August 2025}}</ref> | 1 | 8 |- |12<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.3 - 193 km WNW of Abepura, Indonesia|2025|us6000r01m}}</ref> |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Papua (province)|Papua]], {{cvt|193|km|mi}} WNW of [[Jayapura|Abepura]] |6.3 |10.0 |VIII |Some homes and the fence of a hospital collapsed and many structures damaged in [[Sarmi Regency]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Dampak Gempa di Sarmi Papua, Rumah Warga dan Fasum Rusak|url=https://lenteratoday.com/post/item/221729/Dampak-Gempa-di-Sarmi-Papua-Rumah-Warga-dan-Fasum-Rusak|website=Lentera|lang=id|date=12 August 2025|access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref> | - | - |- |14<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.3 - 108 km SSE of Lata, Solomon Islands|2025|us6000r0sa}}</ref> |{{Flag|Solomon Islands}}, [[Temotu Province|Temotu]] offshore, {{cvt|108|km|mi}} SSE of [[Lata, Solomon Islands|Lata]] |6.3 |31.0 |V | - | - | - |- |16<ref>{{cite anss|M 5.8 - 12 km NNW of Poso, Indonesia|2025|us6000r1n3}}</ref> |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Central Sulawesi]], {{cvt|12|km|mi}} NNW of [[Poso]] |5.8 |8.0 |VI<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Gempa M 5,8 di Sulteng, Skala Kerusakan Terbesar di Poso|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20250817073738-20-1263320/gempa-m-58-di-sulteng-skala-kerusakan-terbesar-di-poso|website=CNN Indonesia|lang=id|date=17 August 2025|access-date=17 August 2025}}</ref> | | 2 | 44 |- |20<ref>{{cite anss|M 4.9 - 22 km SSE of Cikarang, Indonesia|2025|us6000r2b3}}</ref> |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[West Java]], {{cvt|22|km|mi}} SSE of [[Cikarang]] |4.9 |9.8 |VI |A prayer room collapsed and 26 homes damaged in [[Bekasi Regency]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||first=Wildan |last=Noviansah|title=Musala di Bekasi Roboh Usai Diguncang Gempa M 4,9|trans-title=A prayer room in Bekasi collapsed after being struck by a 4.9 magnitude earthquake.|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-8071276/musala-di-bekasi-roboh-usai-diguncang-gempa-m-4-9|work=Detik.com|lang=id|date=20 August 2025|access-date=20 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||first=Mohamad |last=Bintang Pamungkas|title=Dampak Gempa Bekasi-Karawang: Puluhan Rumah Rusak Ringan, Ratusan Jiwa Terdampak |trans-title=Impact of the Bekasi-Karawang Earthquake: Dozens of Houses Suffered Minor Damage, Hundreds of People Affected |url=https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2025/08/22/09281541/dampak-gempa-bekasi-karawang-puluhan-rumah-rusak-ringan-ratusan-jiwa|work=Kompas.com|lang=id|date=22 August 2025|access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref> Twenty-two homes and the roof of an office hall collapsed and 45 structures damaged in [[Karawang Regency]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||first=Rizki |last= Andika|title=Titik Pusat Gempa, Camat Tegalwaru Karawang Sebut Sekolah dan Rumah Warga Rusak|trans-title=Tegalwaru District Head in Karawang, at the epicenter of the earthquake, said schools and homes were damaged|url=https://kbeonline.id/2025/08/20/titik-pusat-gempa-camat-tegalwaru-karawang-sebut-sekolah-dan-rumah-warga-rusak/|work=KBE Online|lang=id|date=20 August 2025|access-date=20 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="liputan">{{#invoke:cite|news||first=Arie |last=Nugraha |title=Rentetan Gempa Masih Guncang Bekasi, Jumlah Warga Terdampak Terus Bertambah|trans-title=A series of earthquakes continues to shake Bekasi, with the number of affected residents continuing to grow|url=https://www.liputan6.com/regional/read/6138921/rentetan-gempa-masih-guncang-bekasi-jumlah-warga-terdampak-terus-bertambah?page=3|work=Liputan 6|lang=id|date=21 August 2025|access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref> One home collapsed each in [[West Bandung Regency|West Bandung]], [[Purwakarta Regency|Purwakarta]], and [[Bogor Regency|Bogor Regencies]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||first1=Bagus Puji|last1=Panuntun |first2=Reni |last2=Susanti |title=Gempa Bekasi Magnitudo 4,9 Hancurkan Rumah Warga Bandung Barat|trans-title=The 4.9-magnitude Bekasi Earthquake Destroys Homes in West Bandung |url=https://bandung.kompas.com/read/2025/08/21/114243278/gempa-bekasi-magnitudo-49-hancurkan-rumah-warga-bandung-barat|work=Kompas|lang=id|date=21 August 2025|access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="liputan"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ade Rosyita dari Purwakarta Lolos dari Maut Saat Wudu, Rumah Rusak Akibat Gempa Bekasi |url=https://jabar.tribunnews.com/jabar-region/1143727/ade-rosyita-dari-purwakarta-lolos-dari-maut-saat-wudu-rumah-rusak-akibat-gempa-bekasi |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Tribunjabar.id |language=id-ID}}</ref> | - | - |- |22<ref>{{cite anss|M 7.5 - 2025 Southern Drake Passage Earthquake|2025|us6000r2xq}}</ref> |[[Antarctica]] offshore, [[Drake Passage]] |7.5 |10.8 |V | - | - | - |- |23<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.0 - 81 km SW of Acajutla, El Salvador|2025|us6000r3at}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||El Salvador}}, [[Sonsonate Department|Sonsonate]] offshore, {{cvt|81|km|mi}} SW of [[Acajutla]] |6.0 |10.0 |V | - | - | - |- |23<ref>{{cite anss|M 4.0 - 13 km ESE of Segamat, Malaysia|2025|us6000r3fi}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Malaysia}}, [[Johor]], {{cvt|13|km|mi}} ESE of [[Segamat]] |4.0 |10.0 | - |The ceiling of a mosque collapsed<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Gempa bumi Segamat: Jemaah surau cemas, siling runtuh ketika solat|url=https://www.sinarharian.com.my/article/744894/berita/semasa/gempa-bumi-segamat-jemaah-surau-cemas-siling-runtuh-ketika-solat|website=Sinar Harian|lang=ms|date=24 August 2025|access-date=24 August 2025}}</ref> and at least three structures damaged in the Segamat area.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Earthquake: Segamat Police Receive Three Reports On Property Damage|url=https://www.bernama.com/en/news.php?id=2460115|website=Bernama|lang=en|date=24 August 2025|access-date=24 August 2025}}</ref> | - | - |- |25<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.1 - east of the Kuril Islands|2025|us6000r3l7}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Sakhalin Oblast|Sakhalin]] offshore, {{cvt|313|km|mi}} ESE of [[Severo-Kurilsk]] |6.1 |10.0 | - |Aftershock of the 2025 Kamchatka earthquake. | - | - |- |26<ref>{{cite anss|M 1.9 - 1 km ESE of Murcki, Poland|2025|us7000qvcy}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Poland}}, [[Silesian Voivodeship]], {{cvt|1|km|mi}} ESE of [[Murcki]] |1.9 |1.0 | - |Three people injured at the [[Mysłowice-Wesoła Coal Mine]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Wstrząs w KWK Mysłowice-Wesoła. Poszkodowani trzej górnicy|url=https://www.wkatowicach.eu/informacje/poza-katowicami/Wstrzas-w-KWK-Myslowice-Wesola-Poszkodowani-trzej-gornicy/idn:10091|website=WKatowicach.eu|lang=pl|date=27 August 2025|access-date=28 August 2025}}</ref> | - | 3 |- |27<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.0 - 98 km E of Severo-Kuril’sk, Russia|2025|us7000qr8h}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|98|km|mi}} E of [[Severo-Kurilsk]] |6.0 |53.4 |IV |Aftershock of the 2025 Kamchatka earthquake. | - | - |- |27<ref>{{cite anss|M 5.3 - 17 km ENE of Yilan, Taiwan|2025|us7000qra8}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Taiwan}}, [[Yilan County, Taiwan|Yilan]] offshore, {{cvt|17|km|mi}} ENE of [[Yilan City|Yilan]] |5.3 |116.0 |V | The ceiling of a building of the [[National Taiwan Normal University]] in [[Taipei]] collapsed.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=地震撐不住！台師大「近百年行政大樓」天花板大面積崩落 畫面曝光|url=https://www.setn.com/m/news.aspx?newsid=1712095|website=Setn|lang=zh|date=28 August 2025|access-date=28 August 2025}}</ref> | - | - |- |31<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.0 - 37 km WSW of Asadābād, Afghanistan|2025|us7000qsvj}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Afghanistan}}, [[Kunar Province|Kunar]], {{cvt|37|km|mi}} WSW of [[Asadabad, Afghanistan|Asadabad]] |6.0 |8.0 |IX | |2,217 |4,000 |- |} === Satumba === [[Fayil:Village for survivors of Typhoon Haiyan affected by the 2025 earthquake.jpg|left|thumb|230x230px|An lalata wani gida a Cebu, Filipin]] {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px black; margin-left:1em;" |+ ! rowspan="2" |<small>Date</small> ! rowspan="2" style="width: 310px" |<small>Country and location</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>M_w</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>Depth (km)</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>[[Modified Mercalli intensity scale|MMI]]</small> ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |<small>Notes</small> ! colspan="2" |<small>Casualties</small> |- !<small>Dead</small> !<small>Injured</small> |- |2<ref>{{cite anss|M 4.8 - 9 km SSE of La Playa, Mexico|2025|us7000qt5b}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Mexico}}, [[Baja California Sur]] offshore, {{cvt|9|km|mi}} SSE of [[San José del Cabo|La Playa]] |4.8 |10.0 |V |The ceiling of [[Los Cabos International Airport]] collapsed and several homes and buildings damaged in the [[San José del Cabo]] area.<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 1, 2025 |title=Sismológico Nacional reporta temblor de 4.3 grados en San José del Cabo; deja daños en comercios |url=https://www.bcsnoticias.mx/sismologico-nacional-reporta-temblor-de-4-3-grados-en-san-jose-del-cabo-deja-danos-en-comercios/ |access-date=September 3, 2025 |publisher=BCS Noticias}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=September 1, 2025 |title=Temblor de 4,8 grados sacude Los Cabos, BCS, informa el SSN |url=https://www.milenio.com/videos/estados/temblor-4-8-grados-sacude-cabos-bcs-informa-ssn |access-date=September 3, 2025 |publisher=Milenio}}</ref> | - | - |- |2<ref>{{cite anss|M 5.2 - 34 km NE of Jalālābād, Afghanistan|2025|us7000qt8u}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Afghanistan}}, [[Nangarhar province|Nangarhar]], {{cvt|34|km|mi}} NE of [[Jalalabad]] |5.2 |10.0 |V |Aftershock of the 2025 Kunar earthquake. Many people injured, several previously damaged homes destroyed and rockslides occurred in the epicentral area.<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 2, 2025 |title=New quake shakes devastated Afghan region as death toll exceeds 1400 |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/571846/new-quake-shakes-devastated-afghan-region-as-death-toll-exceeds-1400 |access-date=September 2, 2025 |publisher=[[Radio New Zealand]] }}</ref> | - | Many |- |4<ref>{{cite anss|M 5.6 - 36 km WSW of Asadābād, Afghanistan|2025|us7000qtst}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Afghanistan}}, [[Kunar province|Kunar]], {{cvt|36|km|mi}} WSW of [[Asadabad, Afghanistan|Asadabad]] |5.6 |10.0 |VIII |Aftershock of the 2025 Kunar earthquake. Two people killed, 51 others injured, 330 homes destroyed and additional landslides in Kunar, [[Laghman Province|Laghman]] and [[Nangarhar Province]]s.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Sources: One dead, 22 injured in new earthquake in eastern Afghanistan|url=https://amu.tv/196960/|work=[[Amu Television]]|first1=Siyar|last1=Sirat|date=4 September 2025|access-date=4 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Afghanistan: 22 injured as quake hits Nangarhar|url=https://amu.tv/197052/|work=[[Amu Television]]|first1=Siyar|last1=Sirat|date=5 September 2025|access-date=5 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=شرق کشور در شوک پنج زلزله متوالی / شدت تکان‌ها و نزدیکی به سطح زمین، خسارات را افزایش داده است|url=https://www.avapress.com/fa/report/327539/|work=Afghan Voice Agency|date=5 September 2025|access-date=5 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Sources: 9 injured in overnight earthquake in Laghman|url=https://amu.tv/197024/|work=[[Amu Television]]|first1=Siyar|last1=Sirat|date=5 September 2025|access-date=5 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Kunar Earthquake Aftershocks; Dara-i-Nur District Residents: "We Have Been Forgotten"|url=https://8am.media/eng/kunar-earthquake-aftershocks-dara-i-nur-district-residents-we-have-been-forgotten/|work=Hasht-e Subh Media|first1=Avizha|last1=Khorshid|date=6 September 2025|access-date=7 September 2025}}</ref> | 2 | 51 |- |7<ref>{{cite anss|M 4.9 - 6 km SSW of Sındırgı, Turkey|2025|us7000quja}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Turkey}}, [[Balıkesir Province|Balıkesir]], {{cvt|6|km|mi}} SSW of [[Sındırgı]] |4.9 |10.0 |VI |Aftershock of the 2025 Balıkesir earthquake. Two homes collapsed in the Sındırgı area.<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 7, 2025 |title=4.9 büyüklüğünde depremde 2 metruk evde çökmeler meydana geldi |url=https://www.aydindenge.com.tr/yurt/07/09/2025/49-buyuklugunde-depremde-2-metruk-evde-cokmeler-meydana-geldi |access-date=September 7, 2025 |publisher=Aydindenge}}</ref> | - | - |- |8<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.4 - Vanuatu region|2025|pt25251000}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Vanuatu}} region offshore |6.4 |10.0 | IV | - | - | - |- |12<ref>{{cite anss|M 4.4 - 6 km SSE of Rudna, Poland|2025|us7000qvl9}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Poland}}, [[Lower Silesian Voivodeship|Lower Silesia]], {{cvt|6|km|mi}} SSE of [[Rudna, Lower Silesian Voivodeship|Rudna]] |4.4 |10.0 | - |One person injured in the [[Rudna mine]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 7, 2025 |title=Jedna osoba trafiła do szpitala |url=https://miedziowe.pl/content/view/118709/495/ |access-date=September 12, 2025 |publisher=Miedziowe.pl}}</ref> | - | 1 |- |13<ref>{{cite anss|M 7.4 - 111 km E of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia|2025|us7000qvw5}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|111|km|mi}} E of [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]] |7.4 |39.5 |VIII |Aftershock of the 2025 Kamchatka earthquake. | - | - |- |14<ref>{{cite anss|M 5.4 - 5 km N of Uramita, Colombia|2025|us7000qw4k}}</ref> |{{Flag|Colombia}}, [[Antioquia Department|Antioquia]], {{cvt|5|km|mi}} N of [[Uramita]] |5.4 |50.2 |V |One person died while trying to repair their damaged roof, another injured, two homes destroyed and 233 structures damaged in the [[Frontino, Antioquia|Frontino]]-Uramita area.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=14 September 2025|access-date=14 September 2025|title=Fue más que un susto: sismos causaron daños en casas, escuelas y otras edificaciones de Uramita y Frontino, Antioquia|url=https://www.elcolombiano.com/antioquia/sismos-uramita-frontino-danos-NJ29130159|work=El Colombiano}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=14 September 2025|access-date=15 September 2025|title=Sismo de 5.1 en Antioquia deja colapsos de viviendas en zona rural de Frontino|url=https://caracol.com.co/2025/09/14/sismo-de-51-en-antioquia-deja-colapsos-de-viviendas-en-zona-rural-de-frontino/|work=Caracol Radio|author=Laura Sampedro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jiménez |first=Juliet |date=2025-09-14 |title=Muy triste: hombre murió al caerse mientras arreglaba el techo dañado por el sismo en Antioquia |work=Hora 13 Noticias |url=https://h13n.com/muy-triste-hombre-murio-al-caerse-mientras-arreglaba-el-techo-danado-por-el-sismo-en-antioquia/ |access-date=2025-09-16 |language=es}}</ref> | 1 |1 |- |14<ref>{{cite anss|M 5.5 - 10 km NNE of Khārupatia, India|2025|us7000qw56}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||India}}, [[Assam]], {{cvt|10|km|mi}} NNE of [[Kharupetia|Khārupatia]] |5.5 |29.0 |VII |Two people injured by a roof collapse in [[Udalguri]] and many buildings damaged in [[Biswanath district|Biswanath]], [[Darrang district|Darrang]], [[Hojai district|Hojai]], [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]] and [[Sonitpur district]]s.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=14 September 2025|access-date=14 September 2025|title=Earthquake of 5.8 magnitude hits Assam, 2 girls injured|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/earthquake-of-5-8-magnitude-hits-assam-2-girls-injured-101757866594158.html|author=Biswa Kalyan Purkayastha}}</ref> | - |2 |- |15<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.0 - 145 km ESE of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia|2025|us7000qwch}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|145|km|mi}} ESE of [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]] |6.0 |24.5 |IV |Aftershock of the 2025 Kamchatka earthquake. | - | - |- |16<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.0 - 207 km SE of Kokopo, Papua New Guinea|2025|us7000qwir}}</ref> |{{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}, [[Autonomous Region of Bougainville]] offshore, {{cvt|207|km|mi}} SE of [[Kokopo]] |6.0 |63.3 |IV | - | - | - |- |18<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.0 - 26 km S of Nabire, Indonesia|2025|us7000qx1z}}</ref> |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Central Papua]], {{cvt|26|km|mi}} S of [[Nabire]] |6.0 |28.0 |VII |Three people injured, two homes, one bridge and a church collapsed, 15 structures including the [[Douw Aturure Airport]] and another bridge damaged and power and telecommunication outages in [[Nabire Regency]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=19 September 2025|access-date=19 September 2025|title=Earthquake causes scattered damage in Indonesia's Papua region|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/earthquake-causes-scattered-damage-indonesias-papua-region-125725432|lang=en|website=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=19 September 2025|access-date=19 September 2025|title=Dampak Gempa Nabire M 6,5: Jembatan Ambles, Sejumlah Bangunan Rusak|url=https://www.beritasatu.com/nusantara/2923767/dampak-gempa-nabire-m-65-jembatan-ambles-sejumlah-bangunan-rusak|lang=id|website=Beritasatu}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=20 September 2025|access-date=20 September 2025|title=Gempa M 6,6 Nabire: 3 Orang Terluka, 15 Bangunan dan 2 Jembatan Rusak|url=https://seputarpapua.com/view/gempa-m-66-nabire-3-orang-terluka-15-bangunan-dan-2-jembatan-rusak.html/|lang=id|website=Seputar Papua}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=19 September 2025|access-date=19 September 2025|title=Gempa M 6,5 Guncang Nabire, Jembatan Rusak hingga Jaringan Listrik dan Telekomunikasi Terdampak|url=https://www.kompas.id/artikel/gempa-m-65-guncang-nabire-jembatan-rusak-hingga-jaringan-listrik-dan-telekomunikasi-terdampak|lang=id|website=Kompas}}</ref> | - | 3 |- |18<ref>{{cite anss|M 7.8 - 138 km E of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia|2025|pt25261001}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|138|km|mi}} E of [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]] |7.8 |27.0 |VIII |Aftershock of the 2025 Kamchatka earthquake. At least four buildings and a swimming pool damaged in the Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky area.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=19 September 2025|access-date=19 September 2025|title=На Камчатке после мощного землетрясения пошли трещинами бассейн и несколько школ |url=https://kamchatinfo.com/news/elements/detail/73145/|lang=ru|website=Kamchatinfo}}</ref> Tsunami waves measuring up to {{cvt|62|cm|ft}} recorded near the [[Maly Semyachik]] volcano and {{cvt|6|cm|ft|1}} in the western [[Aleutian Islands]] region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Public Tsunami Message Number 4 |url=https://www.tsunami.gov/events/PHEB/2025/09/18/25261001/4/WEPA40/WEPA40.txt |publisher=[[Pacific Tsunami Warning Center]] |date=18 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||publisher=[[Vzglyad (newspaper)|Vzglyad]]|date=19 September 2025|access-date=19 September 2025|title=Волна высотой 62 см зафиксирована у вулкана Семячика на Камчатке|url=https://www.vz.ru/news/2025/9/19/1360817.html|author=Anton Antonov}}</ref> | - | - |- |19<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.0 - 98 km ESE of Ozernovskiy, Russia|2025|us7000rge8}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|98|km|mi}} ESE of [[Kamchatka Krai|Ozernovskiy]] |6.0 |58.3 |V |Aftershock of the 2025 Kamchatka earthquake. | - | - |- |20<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web||title=Earthquake information|url=https://www.emsc-csem.org/Earthquake_information/earthquake.php?id=1868568|publisher=EMSC-CSEM|date=20 September 2025|access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref> |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[West Java]], {{cvt|31|km|mi}} SW of [[Bogor]] |4.2 |10.0 | - |Some walls collapsed and 321 homes damaged in [[Sukabumi Regency|Sukabumi]] and [[Bogor Regency|Bogor]] regencies.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=20 September 2025|access-date=21 September 2025|title=Gempa Sukabumi: BPBD Catat Belasan Rumah Rusak, Dinding Retak-retak|url=https://jabar.tribunnews.com/jabar-region/1147751/gempa-sukabumi-bpbd-catat-belasan-rumah-rusak-dinding-retak-retak|lang=id|website=Tribunnews}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=22 September 2025|access-date=23 September 2025|title=Ratusan Rumah di Bogor Rusak akibat Gempa Swarm Sukabumi, Warga Sempat Mengungsi ke Tenda|url=https://bandung.kompas.com/read/2025/09/22/211259078/ratusan-rumah-di-bogor-rusak-akibat-gempa-swarm-sukabumi-warga-sempat|lang=id|website=Kompas}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=25 September 2025|access-date=26 September 2025|title=135 Rumah Rusak Akibat Gempa Sukabumi|url=https://www.metrotvnews.com/read/b1oCVEzQ-135-rumah-rusak-akibat-gempa-sukabumi|lang=id|website=Metro TV News}}</ref> | - | - |- |23<ref>{{cite anss|M 4.9 - 23 km NE of Jalālābād, Afghanistan|2025|us6000rc98}}</ref> |{{Flag|Afghanistan}}, [[Nangarhar province|Nangarhar]], {{cvt|23|km|mi}} NE of [[Jalalabad]] |4.9 |10.0 |VII |Aftershock of the 2025 Kunar earthquake. Fifteen people injured, several homes damaged or destroyed and rockslides in [[Darai Nur District]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=September 23, 2025|title=Earthquake injures 15 in Nangarhar|last=Sirat|first=Siyar|url=https://amu.tv/201696/|access-date=September 23, 2025|publisher=[[Amu TV]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=September 23, 2025|title=زلزله ۴.۹ ریشتری در ننگرهار: تخریب شماری از خانه‌ها در ولسوالی دره نور|author=Safir|url=https://safir.af/2025/09/23/%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%87-%DB%B4-%DB%B9-%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%86%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A8-%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C/|access-date=September 23, 2025|publisher=Safir.af}}</ref> | - | 15 |- |24<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.2 - 24 km ENE of Mene Grande, Venezuela|2025|pt25267000}}</ref> |{{Flag|Venezuela}}, [[Zulia]], {{cvt|24|km|mi}} ENE of [[Baralt Municipality|Mene Grande]] |6.2 |7.8 |VIII | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2|1 | rowspan=2|110 |- |25<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.3 - 27 km ENE of Mene Grande, Venezuela|2025|us6000rcqw}}</ref> |{{Flag|Venezuela}}, [[Trujillo (state)|Trujillo]], {{cvt|27|km|mi}} ENE of [[Baralt Municipality|Mene Grande]] |6.3 |14.0 |VIII |- |25<ref>{{cite anss|M 5.2 - 24 km N of Wongsorejo, Indonesia|2025|us6000rcry}}</ref> |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[East Java]] offshore, {{cvt|24|km|mi}} N of [[Banyuwangi Regency|Wongsorejo]] |5.2 |10.0 |V |One person injured and one home collapsed in [[Jember Regency|Jember]]. At least 110 structures damaged or destroyed in [[Situbondo Regency]]<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||publisher=Ketik.com|date=27 September 2025|access-date=27 September 2025|title=Ini Kata Wabup Situbondo Ketika Kunjungi Rumah Warga Terdampak Gempa |url=https://ketik.com/berita/ini-kata-wabup-situbondo-ketika-kunjungi-rumah-warga-terdampak-gempa|author1=Heru Hartanto|author2=Muhammad Faizin}}</ref><ref name="liputan6"/> including seven posts at the [[Baluran National Park]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||publisher=Merdeka.com|date=25 September 2025|access-date=25 September 2025|title=Fakta Gempa Situbondo: 50 Rumah Rusak dan 7 Pos Taman Nasional Baluran Terdampak|url=https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/fakta-gempa-situbondo-50-rumah-rusak-dan-7-pos-taman-nasional-baluran-terdampak-419188-mvk.html?page=3}}</ref> Three homes collapsed and six others and a mosque damaged in [[Banyuwangi Regency]].<ref name="liputan6">{{#invoke:cite|news||publisher=Liputan6|date=26 September 2025|access-date=26 September 2025|title=Puskesmas dan Rumah Warga di Bali Rusak Akibat Gempa Magnitudo 5,7 di Banyuwangi |url=https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/6169126/puskesmas-dan-rumah-warga-di-bali-rusak-akibat-gempa-magnitudo-57-di-banyuwangi?page=2|author1=Supriatin}}</ref> Two homes collapsed and another damaged in [[Bondowoso Regency|Bondowoso]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||publisher=Times Indonesia|date=26 September 2025|access-date=26 September 2025|title=Tiga Rumah di Bondowoso Dilaporkan Rusak Akibat Gempa|url=https://timesindonesia.co.id/peristiwa-daerah/556709/tiga-rumah-di-bondowoso-dilaporkan-rusak-akibat-gempa}}</ref> Two buildings damaged in [[Jembrana Regency|Jembrana]], [[Bali]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||publisher=Detik.com|date=26 September 2025|access-date=26 September 2025|title=Tembok Puskesmas-Rumah Warga Jembrana Rusak Akibat Gempa Banyuwangi |url=https://www.detik.com/bali/berita/d-8131009/tembok-puskesmas-rumah-warga-jembrana-rusak-akibat-gempa-banyuwangi|author1=Aryo Mahendro}}</ref> | - | 1 |- |26<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web||title=Mag. 4.6 earthquake - Kabupaten Lampung Barat, 99 km west of Bandar Lampung, Indonesia, on Friday, Sep 26, 2025, at 09:55 pm (Jakarta time) - 17 hours ago|url=https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/earthquakes/quake-info/22205822/mag4quake-Sep-26-2025-Southern-Sumatra-Indonesia.html|publisher=Volcano Discovery|date=26 September 2025|access-date=27 September 2025}}</ref> |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Lampung]], {{cvt|96|km|mi}} SW of [[Kotabumi]] |4.6 |10.0 | - |One home destroyed and 10 others damaged in [[Tanggamus Regency]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=20 September 2025|access-date=21 September 2025|title=11 Rumah Warga Ambruk-Rusak Dampak Gempa M 4,6 Tanggamus |url=https://www.detik.com/sumbagsel/berita/d-8132956/11-rumah-warga-ambruk-rusak-dampak-gempa-m-4-6-tanggamus|lang=id|website=Detik.com|author=Tommy Saputra}}</ref> | - | - |- |26<ref>{{cite anss|M 5.2 - 19 km NW of Hualin, China|2025|us6000rd99}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||China}}, [[Gansu]], {{cvt|19|km|mi}} NW of [[Wushan County, Gansu|Hualin]] |5.2 |10.0 |VII |Eleven people injured, 17 homes destroyed and 4,328 others damaged in the [[Longxi County|Longxi]]-[[Zhang County|Zhang]] area.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=September 27, 2025|title=甘肃陇西地震致定西11人受伤，已有5人出院|url=https://www.163.com/dy/article/KAG04LRF0534A4SC.html|access-date=September 27, 2025|publisher=[[NetEase]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=September 27, 2025|title=甘肃省陇西县地震：3505间房屋受损，8人受伤|url=https://www.163.com/dy/article/KAFHTRQ00519D4UH.html?spss=adap_pc|access-date=September 27, 2025|publisher=[[NetEase]]|author=Hexun.com}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=September 27, 2025|title=救援开展有序 伤员均得到救治——甘肃陇西5.6级地震救援现场目击|url=http://www.news.cn/local/20250927/8a605ef60ad34c8188fd8295e43995ef/c.html|access-date=September 27, 2025|publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|editor=Wang Jianing}}</ref> | - | 11 |- |28<ref>{{cite anss|M 5.2 - 18 km N of Simav, Turkey|2025|us6000rdf2}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Turkey}}, [[Kütahya Province|Kütahya]], {{cvt|18|km|mi}} N of [[Simav]] |5.2 |10.0 |VII |Eight homes collapsed in [[Simav District]]<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=September 28, 2025|title=Yemişli Köyünde 5.4'lük Deprem: Metruk 8 Ev Yıkıldı! Vali Işın: "Çok Şükür Can Kaybı Yok"|url=https://dumlupinargazetesi.com/yemisli-koyunde-54luk-deprem-metruk-8-ev-yikildi-vali-isin-cok-sukur-can-kaybi-yok|access-date=September 28, 2025|publisher=Dumlupinar}}</ref> and one building damaged in the [[Hisarcık]] area.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=September 28, 2025|title= Simav'da 5.4'lük deprem: Belediye hizmet binası hasar gördü|url=https://www.birgun.net/haber/simav-da-5-4-luk-deprem-belediye-hizmet-binasi-hasar-gordu-656998|access-date=September 28, 2025|publisher=[[BirGün]]}}</ref> | - | - |- |30<ref>{{Cite anss|M 6.9 - 10 km E of Bateria, Philippines|2025|us6000rdrz}}</ref> |{{Flag|Filipin}}, [[Central Visayas]] offshore, {{cvt|10|km|mi}} east of [[Daanbantayan|Bateria]] |6.9 |10.0 |IX | | 79 | 1,271 |- |30<ref>{{Cite anss|M 6.0 - 32 km SE of Kalianget, Indonesia|2025|us6000rdta}}</ref> |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[East Java]] offshore, {{cvt|32|km|mi}} SE of [[Sumenep Regency|Kalianget]] |6.0 |24.2 |VII<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web||title=BMKG ShakeMap: 50 km Tenggara SUMENEP-JATIM|url=https://static.bmkg.go.id/20250930235240.mmi.jpg|language=id|work=[[Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency|BMKG]]|date=30 September 2025|access-date=30 September 2025}}</ref> |Six people injured, 14 structures collapsed and 316 others damaged in [[Sumenep Regency]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web||title=Gempa M 6,5 di Sumenep, Masjid dan Puluhan Rumah di Pulau Sepudi Rusak|url=https://surabaya.kompas.com/read/2025/10/01/021007678/gempa-m-65-di-sumenep-masjid-dan-puluhan-rumah-di-pulau-sepudi-rusak|language=id|work=[[Kompas]]|date=30 September 2025|access-date=30 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web||title=Update Gempa Sumenep: 144 Bangunan Rusak, 6 Korban Luka|url=https://beritajatim.com/update-gempa-sumenep-144-bangunan-rusak-6-korban-luka|language=id|work=Berita Jatim|date=1 October 2025|access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web||title=Update Data Gempa Sumenep: 316 Bangunan Rusak, Termasuk Sekolah dan Puskesmas|url=https://beritajatim.com/update-data-gempa-sumenep-316-bangunan-rusak-termasuk-sekolah-dan-puskesmas|language=id|work=Berita Jatim|date=2 October 2025|access-date=2 October 2025}}</ref> Eight buildings damaged in [[Pamekasan Regency|Pamekasan]], [[Situbondo Regency|Situbondo]] and [[Jember Regency|Jember]] regencies.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web||title=Bangunan warga Pamekasan rusak terdampak gempa Sumenep|url=https://jatim.antaranews.com/berita/982665/bangunan-warga-pamekasan-rusak-terdampak-gempa-sumenep|language=id|work=Antara Jatim|date=1 October 2025|access-date=2 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web||title=BPBD Situbondo catat beberapa rumah rusak akibat gempa Sumenep|url=https://jatim.antaranews.com/berita/982489/bpbd-situbondo-catat-beberapa-rumah-rusak-akibat-gempa-sumenep|language=id|work=Antara Jatim|date=1 October 2025|access-date=2 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |work=Tadatodays |title=Terdampak Guncangan Gempa 6,5 SR, Empat Bangunan di Jember Mengalami Kerusakan |url=https://tadatodays.com/detail/terdampak-guncangan-gempa-65-sr-empat-bangunan-di-jember-mengalami-kerusakan |access-date=2025-10-03 |lang=id}}</ref> A madrasa collapsed in [[Probolinggo Regency|Probolinggo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rofiq |first=M. |title=Imbas Gempa Sumenep, Madrasah di Probolinggo Ambruk Rata dengan Tanah |url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/berita/d-8140377/imbas-gempa-sumenep-madrasah-di-probolinggo-ambruk-rata-dengan-tanah |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=detikjatim |language=id-ID }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Additional damage to the [[Al-Khoziny Islamic Boarding School collapse|collapsed Al-Khoziny Islamic Boarding School]] in [[Sidoarjo Regency]], hampering rescue efforts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marsi |first=Federica |title=Rescuers race to save survivors of Indonesia school collapse as quake hits |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/10/1/rescuers-race-to-save-survivors-of-indonesia-school-collapse-as-quake-hits |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref> | - | 6 |- |} === Oktoba === [[Fayil:Damage caused by the 2025 Davao earthquakes, 3.jpg|left|thumb|230x230px|Wani gida da ya ruguje a Manay, Filipin]] {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px black; margin-left:1em;" |+ ! rowspan="2" |<small>Date</small> ! rowspan="2" style="width: 310px" |<small>Country and location</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>M_w</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>Depth (km)</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>[[Modified Mercalli intensity scale|MMI]]</small> ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |<small>Notes</small> ! colspan="2" |<small>Casualties</small> |- !<small>Dead</small> !<small>Injured</small> |- |2<ref>{{cite anss|M 5.0 - 24 km S of Marmara Ereğlisi, Turkey|2025|us6000re6a}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Turkey}}, [[Tekirdağ Province|Tekirdağ]] offshore, {{cvt|24|km|mi}} S of [[Marmara Ereğlisi]] |5.0 |10.0 |V |Seventeen people injured and four buildings damaged in the [[Istanbul]] area.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 2, 2025 |title=Deprem Sonrası 17 Kişi Yaralandı, 4 Binada Hasar İhbarı Yapıldı |url=https://www.muglagazetesi.com.tr/gundem/deprem-sonrasi-17-kisi-yaralandi-4-binada-hasar-ihbari-yapildi-197399h |access-date=October 2, 2025 |publisher=Mugla Gazetesi}}</ref> | - | 17 |- |2<ref>{{cite anss|M 5.1 - 79 km NE of Ardestān, Iran|2025|us6000recq}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Iran}}, [[Isfahan province|Isfahan]], {{cvt|79|km|mi}} NE of [[Ardestan]] |5.1 |10.0 |V |Two homes destroyed and 181 structures damaged in the [[Zavareh]] area.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 23, 2025 |title=خسارت زلزله به ۱۶۴ منزل مسکونی و ۱۹ بنای تاریخی در اردستان |url=https://www.iribnews.ir/fa/news/5604939/%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%87-%DB%B1%DB%B6%DB%B4-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%88-%DB%B1%DB%B9-%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86 |access-date=October 24, 2025 |publisher=IRIB News}}</ref> | - | - |- |3<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.1 - 177 km SE of Vilyuchinsk, Russia|2025|us6000rei1}}</ref> |{{flag|Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|177|km|mi}} SE of [[Vilyuchinsk]] |6.1 |19.0 |IV |Aftershock of the 2025 Kamchatka earthquake. | - | - |- |5<ref>{{cite anss|M 4.7 - 48 km S of Trà My, Vietnam|2025|us6000reze}}</ref> |{{flag|Vietnam}}, [[Quảng Ngãi province|Quảng Ngãi]], {{cvt|48|km|mi}} S of [[Da Nang|Trà My]] |4.7 |10.0 |IV |Several roofs collapsed and 12 structures damaged in [[Kon Plông District]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Động đất ở Quảng Ngãi: Nhiều điểm trường sập mái, tường nứt toác|url=https://tienphong.vn/dong-dat-o-quang-ngai-nhieu-diem-truong-sap-mai-tuong-nut-toac-post1784424.tpo|date=6 October 2025|access-date=6 October 2025|lang=vi|publisher=[[Tiền Phong (newspaper)|Tiền Phong]]}}</ref> | - | - |- |7<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.6 - 20 km W of Lae, Papua New Guinea|2025|us6000rfb2}}</ref> |{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}, [[Morobe Province|Morobe]], {{cvt|20|km|mi}} W of [[Lae]] |6.6 |103.9 |VI |Some huts collapsed and power and internet outages occurred in the Lae area.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=6.6 earthquake causes chaos at Wenge's funeral|url=https://www.thenational.com.pg/6-6-earthquake-causes-chaos-at-wenges-funeral/|date=9 October 2025|access-date=10 October 2025|lang=en|publisher=[[The National (Papua New Guinea)|The National]]}}</ref> | - | - |- |9<ref>{{cite anss|M 4.6 - 9 km NNE of Labayug, Philippines|2025|us6000rfb2}}</ref> |{{flag|Philippines}}, [[Ilocos Region|Ilocos]] offshore, {{cvt|9|km|mi}} NNE of [[Sison, Pangasinan|Sison]] |4.6 |10.0 | - |At least 46 people hospitalized in [[Baguio]]<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||work=Manila Bulletin|title=46 hospitalized in Baguio due to earthquake|url=https://mb.com.ph/2025/10/09/46-hospitalized-in-baguio-due-to-earthquake|date=9 October 2025|access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref> and one bridge damaged in [[Rosario, La Union]].<ref>{{cite report|work=NDRRMC|title=Progress Report No.1 for the Effects of M4.4 EQ in Pugo La Union Region I|url=https://ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/4281/Progress-Report-No.-1-for-the-Effects-of-M-4.4-Earthquake-in-Pugo-La-Union-Region-I.pdf|date=10 October 2025|access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref>{{dead link|date=December 2025}} | - | 46 |- |9<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.1 - 120 km E of Ozernovskiy, Russia|2025|us6000rft9}}</ref> |{{flag|Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|120|km|mi}} E of [[Kamchatka Krai|Ozernovskiy]] |6.1 |63.7 |VI |Aftershock of the 2025 Kamchatka earthquake. | - | - |- |10<ref>{{cite anss|M 7.4 - 12 km E of Santiago, Philippines|2025|pt25283000}}</ref> |{{flag|Philippines}}, [[Davao Region|Davao]] offshore, {{cvt|12|km|mi}} E of [[Caraga, Davao Oriental|Santiago]] |7.4 |59.4 |VII | | 10 | 1,027 |- |10<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.3 - 139 km SE of Lorengau, Papua New Guinea|2025|us6000rfye}}</ref> |{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}, [[Manus Province|Manus]] offshore, {{cvt|139|km|mi}} SE of [[Lorengau]] |6.3 |10.0 |V | - | - | - |- |10<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.7 - 12 km SE of Santiago, Philippines|2025|at00t3wxs9}}</ref> |{{flag|Philippines}}, [[Davao Region|Davao]] offshore, {{cvt|12|km|mi}} SE of [[Caraga, Davao Oriental|Santiago]] |6.7 |47.0 |VI | | - | - |- |10<ref>{{cite anss|M 7.6 - Drake Passage|2025|at00t3xnl1}}</ref> |[[Antarctica]] offshore, [[Drake Passage]] |7.6 |6.5 |IV | - | - | - |- |11<ref>{{Cite anss|M 6.0 - 10 km ENE of Aras-asan, Philippines|2025|us6000rgkr}}</ref> |{{Flag|Philippines}}, [[Caraga]] offshore, {{Convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} ENE of [[Cagwait|Aras-asan]] |6.0 |59.3 |V |At least 344 homes damaged in the [[Cagwait]]-[[Marihatag]] area.<ref>{{Cite report|date=2025-10-16|title=DSWD DROMIC Report #3 on the Effects of Magnitude 6.0 Earthquake in Cagwait, Surigao del Sur|url=https://dromic.dswd.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/DSWD-DROMIC-Report-3-on-the-Effects-of-Magnitude-6.0-Earthquake-in-Cagwait-Surigao-del-Sur-as-of-16-October-2025-6PM.pdf|access-date=2025-10-16|work=[[Department of Social Welfare and Development|DSWD]]}}</ref> | - | - |- |11<ref>{{Cite anss|M 5.6 - 53 km NE of Mek'ele, Ethiopia|2025|us6000rglb}}</ref> |{{Flag|Ethiopia}}, [[Afar Region|Afar]], {{Convert|53|km|mi|abbr=on}} NE of [[Mekelle|Mek'ele]] |5.6 |10.0 |VII | One person killed, nine others injured, at least five homes destroyed, 1,452 structures and 74 water wells damaged, and more than 43,400 people displaced in the [[Berhale]]-[[Dallol (woreda)|Dallol]]-[[Koneba (woreda)|Koneba]]-Mekelle area.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||work=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|title=Earthquake kills 1, displaces over 43,400 in NE Ethiopia |url=https://english.news.cn/20251013/ce81838d738545bdb940044063932ada/c.html|date=13 October 2025|access-date=13 October 2025|editor=huaxia}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||work=[[ReliefWeb]]|author=ECHO|title=Ethiopia - Earthquake (DG ECHO Partners, GDACS, USGS, media) (ECHO Daily Flash of 15 October 2025) |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/ethiopia-earthquake-dg-echo-partners-gdacs-usgs-media-echo-daily-flash-15-october-2025|date=15 October 2025|access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||work=[[Fana Broadcasting Corporate]]|title=በአፋር ክልል ኮናባ ወረዳ በተከሰተው የመሬት መንቀጥቀጥ ከ500 በላይ ቤቶች ላይ ጉዳት ደረሰ |url=https://www.fanamc.com/archives/302473|date=13 October 2025|access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref> | 1 | 9 |- |12<ref>{{Cite anss|M 5.8 - 3 km S of Lapaz, Philippines|2025|us6000rgrd}}</ref> |{{Flag|Philippines}}, [[Central Visayas]], {{Convert|3|km|mi|abbr=on}} S of [[Bogo, Cebu|Lapaz]] |5.8 |10.0 |VII | Aftershock of the 2025 Cebu earthquake. Fourteen people injured, several previously damaged homes destroyed, one road damaged, landslides and power outages occurred in the [[Bogo, Cebu|Bogo]]-[[Daanbantayan]]-[[San Remigio, Cebu|San Remigio]]-[[Sogod, Cebu|Sogod]] area.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||work=Cebu Daily News|title=14 injured after 5.8 magnitude aftershock jolts Bogo, Cebu |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/663170/14-injured-after-5-8-magnitude-aftershock-jolts-bogo-cebu|date=13 October 2025|access-date=13 October 2025|author=Morexette Marie B. Erram}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||work=Manila Bulletin|title=OCD: Power outage, minor landslides recorded as M5.8 aftershock rattles northern Cebu |url=https://mb.com.ph/2025/10/13/ocd-power-outage-minor-landslides-recorded-as-m58-aftershock-rattles-northern-cebu|date=13 October 2025|access-date=13 October 2025|author=Martin Sadongdong}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||work=GMA Integrated News|title=Magnitude 5.8 aftershock worsens damage in Cebu |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/962315/magnitude-5-8-aftershock-worsens-cebu-damage/story/|date=13 October 2025|access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref> | - | 14 |- |16<ref>{{Cite anss|M 6.3 - Drake Passage|2025|us6000rhf2}}</ref> |[[Antarctica]] offshore, [[Drake Passage]] |6.3 |10.0 |I | - | - | - |- |16<ref>{{Cite anss|M 6.5 - 194 km WNW of Abepura, Indonesia|2025|at00t47mtk}}</ref> |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Papua (province)|Papua]], {{Convert|194|km|mi|abbr=on}} WNW of [[Jayapura|Abepura]] |6.5 |35.0 |VII | At least 20 homes destroyed and 50 structures damaged in [[Sarmi Regency]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||work=Detik.com|title=Puluhan Bangunan Rusak Akibat Gempa M 6,6 di Sarmi Papua |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-8163978/puluhan-bangunan-rusak-akibat-gempa-m-6-6-di-sarmi-papua|date=16 October 2025|access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||work=Kompas.com|title=Dampak Gempa di Sarmi, 50 Rumah, 2 Gereja, dan 2 Jembatan Rusak|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2025/10/16/165519578/dampak-gempa-di-sarmi-50-rumah-2-gereja-dan-2-jembatan-rusak|date=16 October 2025|lang=id|access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref> | - | - |- |16<ref>{{Cite anss|M 6.0 - 3 km N of Union, Philippines|2025|us6000rhns}}</ref> |{{flag|Philippines}}, [[Caraga]], {{cvt|3|km|mi}} N of [[Dapa, Surigao del Norte|Union]] |6.0 |32.0 |VI |At least four structures damaged in the [[San Benito, Surigao del Norte|San Benito]]-[[Socorro, Surigao del Norte|Socorro]] area.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||work=GMA Integrated News|title=Damaged house, schools reported so far due to Surigao del Norte earthquake|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/962799/damaged-house-schools-reported-so-far-due-to-surigao-del-norte-earthquake/story/|date=17 October 2025|lang=en|access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref> | - | - |- |17<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web||title=Earthquake information|url=https://www.emsc-csem.org/Earthquake_information/earthquake.php?id=1868568|publisher=EMSC-CSEM|date=17 October 2025|access-date=18 October 2025}}</ref> |{{flag|Myanmar}}, [[Yangon Region|Yangon]], {{cvt|6|km|mi}} SSE of [[Yangon]] |3.9 |7.0 | - |Two people injured in [[North Okkalapa Township]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||work=Democratic Voice of Burma|title=Magnitude 3.9 earthquake rattles Yangon residents|url=https://english.dvb.no/magnitude-3-9-earthquake-rattles-yangon-residents/|date=18 October 2025|lang=en|access-date=18 October 2025}}</ref> | - | 2 |- |20<ref>{{Cite anss|M 5.0 - 13 km N of Estebanía, Dominican Republic|2025|us6000rich}}</ref> |{{flag|Dominican Republic}}, [[San José de Ocoa Province|San José de Ocoa]], {{cvt|13|km|mi}} N of [[Estebanía]] |5.0 |10.0 |V |At least twelve students hospitalized and one school damaged in the [[Sabana Larga]] area.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||work=Listin Diario|title=Estudiantes se desmayan tras temblor en Sabana Larga, Ocoa|url=https://listindiario.com/la-republica/provincias/20251021/estudiantes-desmayan-temblor-sabana-larga-ocoa_879047.html|date=21 October 2025|lang=es|access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref> | - | 12 |- |21<ref>{{Cite anss|M 5.0 - 47 km ENE of Nūrābād, Iran|2025|us6000rieu}}</ref> |{{flag|Iran}}, [[Fars province|Fars]], {{cvt|47|km|mi}} ENE of [[Nurabad, Fars|Nurabad]] |5.0 |10.0 |IV |Eight people injured and some homes and buildings damaged in [[Sepidan County]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||work=Nour News|title=زلزله سپیدان فارس 8 مصدوم بر جای گذاشت/مدارس فردا مجازی شد|url=https://nournews.ir/fa/news/252332/%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3-8-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C-%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D8%AF|date=21 October 2025|lang=fa|access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref> | - | 8 |- |22<ref>{{Cite anss|M 5.5 - 16 km WNW of Piñas, Ecuador|2025|us6000rik7}}</ref> |{{Flag|Ecuador}}, [[El Oro Province|El Oro]], 16 km (9.9 mi) WNW of [[Piñas Canton|Piñas]] |5.5 |73.6 |V |Power outages occurred in [[Arenillas Canton]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Extra |first=Diario |title=Sismo en Ecuador: Fuerte temblor se sintió este martes 21 de octubre, ¿hubo daños? |url=https://www.extra.ec/noticia/ecuador/fuerte-temblor-se-sintio-en-ecuador-este-martes-21-de-octubre-hubo-danos-139353.html |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=Diario Extra |language=spanish}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-22 |title=‘Sentimos que todo se movía, los vidrios sonaban’: sismo de 6,1 sacudió con fuerza a El Oro y varias provincias del Ecuador |url=https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/ecuador/sismo-de-61-sacudio-con-fuerza-a-el-oro-y-varias-provincias-del-ecuador-nota/ |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=El Universo |language=es}}</ref> Two schools damaged in the [[Department of Piura|Piura]]-[[Department of Tumbes|Tumbes]] area, Peru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-23 |title=REPORTE COMPLEMENTARIO N.º 11186 – 23/10/2025 / COEN – INDECI / 13:00 HORAS (Reporte N.º 3) SISMO DE MAGNITUD 6.0 CON EPICENTRO EN EL ECUADOR A 36 KM AL SE DE ZARUMILLA – TUMBES |url=https://portal.indeci.gob.pe/emergencias/reporte-preliminar-n-1432-21-10-2025-coen-indeci-1935-horas-sismo-de-magnitud-6-0-con-epicentro-en-el-ecuador-a-36-km-al-se-de-zarumilla-tumbes/ |website=INDECI Tarea de Todos |language=es-PE}}</ref> | - | - |- |22<ref>{{Cite anss|M 5.9 - 7 km SSW of Quepos, Costa Rica|2025|us6000ril5}}</ref> |{{flag|Costa Rica}}, [[Puntarenas Province|Puntarenas]] offshore, {{cvt|7|km|mi}} SSW of [[Quepos]] |5.9 |31.0 |V |The ceiling of a gas station collapsed and power outages occurred in the [[Jacó, Costa Rica|Jacó]]-[[Parrita]]-Quepos area.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||work=CRHoy|title=(VIDEO) Fuerte sismo provocó caída de productos en comercios de Quepos|url=https://crhoy.com/video-fuerte-sismo-provoco-caida-de-productos-en-comercios-de-quepos/|date=22 October 2025|lang=es|access-date=22 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||work=La Nación|title=Temblor de 6,1 grados sacude Costa Rica; reportan caída de objetos y cortes de electricidad en Quepos y Parrita|url=https://crhoy.com/video-fuerte-sismo-provoco-caida-de-productos-en-comercios-de-quepos/|date=22 October 2025|lang=es|access-date=22 October 2025}}</ref> | - | - |- |25<ref>{{Cite anss|M 6.0 - 197 km SSE of Lata, Solomon Islands|2025|us6000rjhm}}</ref> |{{flag|Vanuatu}}, [[Torba Province|Torba]] offshore, {{cvt|197|km|mi}} SSE of [[Lata, Solomon Islands|Lata]], [[Solomon Islands]] |6.0 |54.4 |IV | - | - | - |- |26<ref>{{Cite anss|M 6.2 - 59 km NW of Pante Makasar, Timor Leste|2025|us6000rjkv}}</ref> |{{flag|Indonesia}}, [[East Nusa Tenggara]] offshore, {{cvt|59|km|mi}} NW of [[Pante Macassar|Pante Makasar]], [[East Timor]] |6.2 |95.6 |V | - | - | - |- |27<ref>{{Cite anss|M 6.5 - 162 km E of Beauséjour, Guadeloupe|2025|us6000rjq8}}</ref> |{{flag|France}}, [[Guadeloupe]] offshore, {{cvt|162|km|mi}} E of [[La Désirade (commune)|Beauséjour]] |6.5 |10.0 |IV | - | - | - |- |27<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.0 - 4 km ESE of Sındırgı, Turkey|2025|us6000rjsu}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Turkey}}, [[Balıkesir Province|Balıkesir]], {{cvt|4|km|mi}} ESE of [[Sındırgı]] |6.0 |10.0 |VIII | | - | 68 |- |28<ref>{{cite anss|M 4.9 - 11 km SSE of Sındırgı, Turkey|2025|us6000rjvg}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Turkey}}, [[Balıkesir Province|Balıkesir]], {{cvt|11|km|mi}} SSE of [[Sındırgı]] |4.9 |10.0 |II |Aftershock of the 2025 Balıkesir earthquakes. One previously-damaged building collapsed in Sındırgı.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Bursa'da hissedildi! Artçı sarsıntılar devam ediyor...|url=https://www.bursadabugun.com/haber/bursa-da-hissedildi-artci-sarsintilar-devam-ediyor-1856722.html|date=28 October 2025|access-date=28 October 2025|agency=Bursada Bugün}}</ref> | - | - |- |28<ref>{{Cite anss|M 6.4 - Banda Sea|2025|us6000rjx3}}</ref> |{{flag|Indonesia}}, [[Maluku (province)|Maluku]] offshore, {{cvt|325|km|mi}} WSW of [[Tual]] |6.4 |143.6 |IV | - | - | - |- |} === Nuwamba === [[Fayil:Earthquake Afghanistan Aid Iran Tasnim November 2025.jpg|left|thumb|230x230px|Gidaje sun ruguje a Balkh, Afghanistan]] {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px black; margin-left:1em;" |+ ! rowspan="2" |<small>Date</small> ! rowspan="2" style="width: 310px" |<small>Country and location</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>M_w</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>Depth (km)</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>[[Modified Mercalli intensity scale|MMI]]</small> ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |<small>Notes</small> ! colspan="2" |<small>Casualties</small> |- !<small>Dead</small> !<small>Injured</small> |- |2<ref>{{Cite anss|M 6.2 - 29 km SE of Mazār-e Sharīf, Afghanistan|2025|us6000rl31}}</ref> |{{Flag|Afghanistan}}, [[Balkh Province|Balkh]], {{cvt|29|km|mi}} SE of [[Mazār-e Sharīf]] |6.2 |28.0 |VII | |31 |1,172 |- |3<ref>{{Cite anss|M 6.1 - 151 km SE of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia|2025|us6000rl5i}}</ref> |{{Flag|Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|151|km|mi}} SE of [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]] |6.1 |29.0 |IV |Aftershock of the 2025 Kamchatka earthquake | - | - |- |4<ref>{{Cite anss|M 6.0 - 191 km WSW of Merizo Village, Guam|2025|us6000rlcd}}</ref> |{{Flag|Guam}} offshore, {{cvt|191|km|mi}} WSW of [[Malesso, Guam|Merizo Village]] |6.0 |65.0 |III | - | - | - |- |4<ref>{{Cite anss|M 6.0 - 149 km SE of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia|2025|us6000rlik}}</ref> |{{Flag|Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|149|km|mi}} SE of [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]] |6.0 |28.0 |IV |Aftershock of the 2025 Kamchatka earthquake | - | - |- |4<ref>{{Cite anss|M 5.9 - 70 km S of Gorontalo, Indonesia|2025|us6000rlim}}</ref> |{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Gorontalo]] offshore, {{cvt|70|km}} S of [[Gorontalo (city)|Gorontalo]] |5.9 |120.3 |IV | The walls and ceilings of a school collapsed in [[Banggai Regency]], and some homes and buildings damaged in [[Bone Bolango Regency|Bone Bolango]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Gempa 6,2 Magnitudo Guncang Gorontalo, Getaran Terasa hingga Sulawesi Utara dan Tengah |url=https://buol.pikiran-rakyat.com/news/pr-3459769327/gempa-62-magnitudo-guncang-gorontalo-getaran-terasa-hingga-sulawesi-utara-dan-tengah?page=all |work=Pikiran Rakyat|date=5 November 2025|access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Gempa M 6,2 Guncang Gorontalo, Sekolah di Banggai Sulteng Rusak |url=https://www.beritasatu.com/nusantara/2938155/gempa-m-62-guncang-gorontalo-sekolah-di-banggai-sulteng-rusak |work=BeritaSatu|date=6 November 2025|access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref> | - | - |- |5<ref>{{Cite anss|M 4.8 - 13 km ESE of Tarakan, Indonesia|2025|us6000rln1}}</ref> |{{flag|Indonesia}}, [[North Kalimantan]] offshore, {{cvt|13|km|mi}} ESE of [[Tarakan]] |4.8 |10.0 |V<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Tarakan Diguncang Gempa M 4,8, Dipicu Aktivitas Sesar Tarakan|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2025/11/05/184441178/tarakan-diguncang-gempa-m-48-dipicu-aktivitas-sesar-tarakan. |work=[[Kompas]] |lang=id |date=5 November 2025|access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref> |Two people injured,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=RSUD-Plaza Ramayana Rusak, 2 Warga Luka Pascagempa di Tarakan|url=https://www.detik.com/kalimantan/berita/d-8198423/rsud-plaza-ramayana-rusak-2-warga-luka-pascagempa-di-tarakan|date=7 November 2025|lang=id|access-date=7 November 2025|website=Detik}}</ref> two homes destroyed and 22 structures, including [[Juwata Airport]] damaged in Tarakan.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Rumah Sakit hingga Bandara Terdampak Gempa M 4,8 di Tarakan|url=https://www.detik.com/kalimantan/berita/d-8196353/rumah-sakit-hingga-bandara-terdampak-gempa-m-4-8-di-tarakan|date=5 November 2025|lang=id|access-date=5 November 2025|website=Detik}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Update Data Pasca Gempa di Tarakan, BPBD Sebut Ada 17 Titik Rumah Rusak Mulai Ringan hingga Berat|url=https://kaltara.tribunnews.com/kaltara/114378/update-data-pasca-gempa-di-tarakan-bpbd-sebut-ada-17-titik-rumah-rusak-mulai-ringan-hingga-berat|date=6 November 2025|lang=id|access-date=6 November 2025|website=Tribunnews}}</ref> | - | 2 |- |7<ref>{{Cite anss|M 5.6 - 75 km NNE of Santa Rosalía, Mexico|2025|us6000rm2p}}</ref> |{{Flag|Mexico}}, [[Baja California Sur]] offshore, {{cvt|75|km|mi}} NNE of [[Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur|Santa Rosalía]] |5.6 |10.0 |IV | The facade of a building collapsed in [[Guaymas]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=7 November 2025|access-date=9 November 2025|title=Cierran oficinas del Registro Civil en Guaymas tras derrumbe de fachada por sismo|url=https://www.critica.com.mx/vernoticias.php?artid=113861&relacion=critica&mas=2|lang=es|website=Critica}}</ref> | - | - |- |7<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web||title=Earthquake information|url=https://www.emsc-csem.org/Earthquake_information/earthquake.php?id=1894518|publisher=EMSC-CSEM|date=7 November 2025|access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref> |{{flag|Turkey}}, [[Hatay Province|Hatay]], {{cvt|7|km|mi}} W of [[Antakya]] |3.6 |12.0 | - |One person injured due to panic in the [[Defne]] area.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=7 November 2025|access-date=8 November 2025|title=Son dakika... Hatay'da 3.9 büyüklüğünde deprem oldu|url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/son-dakika-hatayda-3-9-buyuklugunde-deprem-oldu-43011490|lang=tr|website=Hürriyet}}</ref> | - | 1 |- |8<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web||title=Earthquake information|url=https://www.emsc-csem.org/Earthquake_information/earthquake.php?id=1894977|publisher=EMSC-CSEM|date=8 November 2025|access-date=9 November 2025}}</ref> |{{flag|Indonesia}}, [[North Kalimantan]] offshore, {{cvt|19|km|mi}} E of [[Tarakan]] |4.2 |10.0 | - |Aftershock of the 4.7 event in November 5. One home collapsed in the Tarakan area.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=8 November 2025|access-date=9 November 2025|title=Gempa Kembali Guncang Tarakan, Satu Rumah Warga Rusak Parah|url=https://intikatanusantara.id/gempa-kembali-guncang-tarakan-satu-rumah-warga-rusak-parah/|lang=id|website=Inti Kata Nusantara}}</ref> | - | - |- |9<ref>{{Cite anss|M 6.8 - 126 km E of Yamada, Japan|2025|us6000rmea}}</ref> |{{flag|Japan}}, [[Iwate Prefecture|Iwate]] offshore, {{cvt|126|km|mi}} E of [[Yamada, Iwate|Yamada]] |6.8 |10.0 | V |A tsunami with heights of {{cvt|20|cm}} was observed in [[Kuji, Iwate|Kuji]] and [[Ōfunato]] and {{cvt|10|cm}} at [[Miyako, Iwate|Miyako]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=9 November 2025|access-date=9 November 2025|title=岩手で津波観測　久慈・大船渡で20センチ　震度4で津波注意報 |url=https://mainichi.jp/articles/20251109/k00/00m/040/167000c|lang=ja|website=[[Mainichi Shimbun]]}}</ref> | - | - |- |9<ref>{{Cite anss|M 6.4 - 121 km E of Yamada, Japan|2025|us6000rmep}}</ref> |{{flag|Japan}}, [[Iwate Prefecture|Iwate]] offshore, {{cvt|121|km|mi}} E of [[Yamada, Iwate|Yamada]] |6.4 |10.0 |IV |rowspan="2"|Aftershocks of the 6.8 event. | - | - |- |10<ref>{{Cite anss|M 6.0 - 120 km E of Yamada, Japan|2025|us6000rmk2}}</ref> |{{flag|Japan}}, [[Iwate Prefecture|Iwate]] offshore, {{cvt|120|km|mi}} E of [[Yamada, Iwate|Yamada]] |6.0 |11.2 |IV | - | - |- |12<ref>{{Cite anss|M 5.2 - 2 km ESE of Konia, Cyprus|2025|us6000rmxj}}</ref> |{{flag|Cyprus}}, [[Paphos District|Paphos]], {{cvt|2|km|mi}} ESE of [[Konia, Cyprus|Konia]] |5.2 |10.0 |VI |rowspan="2"|One wall collapsed in [[Kelokedara]], several homes and buildings including a monastery damaged, rockfalls and telecommunication outages occurred in [[Paphos District]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=13 November 2025|access-date=13 November 2025|title=Ζημιές σε διατηρητέο και παλιό τείχος από τους σεισμούς στην Πάφο. Κλιμάκιο Τμ. Αρχαιοτήτων στη Μονή Αγίου Νεοφύτου|url=https://cyprustimes.com/koinonia/zimies-se-diatiriteo-kai-palio-teichos-apo-tous-seismous-stin-pafo-klimakio-tm-archaiotiton-sti-moni-agiou-neofytou/|lang=el|website=Cyprus Times}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=12 November 2025|access-date=13 November 2025|title=5.3-magnitude earthquake shakes Cyprus, no injuries reported|url=https://english.news.cn/20251112/1569de0a6eb14ed4b36da748ba1879d0/c.html|lang=en|website=Xinhua News Agency}}</ref> | - | - |- |12<ref>{{Cite anss|M 5.3 - 3 km SE of Meládeia, Cyprus|2025|us6000rmyh}}</ref> |{{flag|Cyprus}}, [[Paphos District|Paphos]], {{cvt|3|km|mi}} SE of [[Meladeia]] |5.3 |10.0 |VI | - | - |- |14<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web||title=Earthquake information|url=https://www.emsc-csem.org/Earthquake_information/earthquake.php?id=1898690|publisher=EMSC-CSEM|date=14 November 2025|access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref> |{{flag|Netherlands}}, [[Groningen Province|Groningen]], {{cvt|13|km|mi}} WNW of [[Appingedam]] |3.2 |10.0 | - |At least 1,077 homes damaged, 32 of them severely in the [[Groningen]] area.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=16 November 2025|access-date=16 November 2025|title=Meer dan duizend schademeldingen na aardbeving Groningen|url=https://www.rtl.nl/nieuws/binnenland/artikel/5539166/aardbeving-natuurramp-groningen-gaswinning|lang=nl|website=RTL Nederland}}</ref> | - | - |- |19<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web||title=Earthquake information|url=https://www.emsc-csem.org/Earthquake_information/earthquake.php?id=1901810|publisher=EMSC-CSEM|date=19 November 2025|access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref> |{{flag|Indonesia}}, [[West Java]], {{cvt|17|km|mi}} SSE of [[Bandung Regency|Banjaran]] |3.3 |10.0 | - |One house collapsed and one hospital damaged in [[Bandung Regency]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=20 November 2025|access-date=20 November 2025|title=Kabupaten Bandung Diguncang 9 Kali Gempa, Rumah Roboh dan RS Retak|url=https://jabarekspres.com/berita/2025/11/20/kabupaten-bandung-diguncang-9-kali-gempa-rumah-roboh-dan-rs-retak/|lang=id|website=Jabar Ekspres}}</ref> | - | - |- |21<ref>{{cite anss|M 5.4 - 14 km SSW of Narsingdi, Bangladesh|2025|us6000rpht}}</ref> |{{flag|Bangladesh}}, [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]], {{cvt|14|km|mi}} SSW of [[Narsingdi]] |5.4 |27.0 |VI | | 10 | 629 |- |22<ref>{{cite anss|M 4.3 - 11 km W of Narsingdi, Bangladesh|2025|us6000rptl}}</ref> |{{flag|Bangladesh}}, [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]], {{cvt|11|km|mi}} W of [[Narsingdi]] |4.3 |10.0 |V | Aftershock of the 2025 Bangladesh earthquake. Six students injured due to panic at [[Dhaka University]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=22 November 2025|access-date=22 November 2025|title=ভূমিকম্প: আতঙ্কে-হুড়োহুড়িতে ঢাবির ৬ শিক্ষার্থী আহত|url=https://bangla.thedailystar.net/youth/education/campus/news-716431|lang=bn|website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> | - | 6 |- |24<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web||title=Earthquake information|url=https://www.emsc-csem.org/Earthquake_information/earthquake.php?id=1904259|publisher=EMSC-CSEM|date=24 November 2025|access-date=26 November 2025}}</ref> |{{flag|Indonesia}}, [[Aceh]], {{cvt|31|km|mi}} SSE of [[Bireuën|Bireun]] |4.6 |10.0 | - |The ceiling of a room in a university collapsed in [[Takengon]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=25 November 2025|access-date=26 November 2025|title=Kerusakan Plafon Ruang Kuliah UGP Takengon Akibat Gempa|url=https://rri.co.id/takengon/daerah/1996439/kerusakan-plafon-ruang-kuliah-ugp-takengon-akibat-gempa|lang=id|website=Radio Republik Indonesia}}</ref> | - | - |- |25<ref>{{cite anss|M 5.4 - 13 km N of Aso, Japan|2025|us7000rdmh}}</ref> |{{flag|Japan}}, [[Kumamoto Prefecture|Kumamoto]], {{cvt|13|km|mi}} N of [[Aso, Kumamoto|Aso]] |5.4 |10.0 |VII | One person injured and rockfalls occurred in the Aso-[[Ubuyama, Kumamoto|Ubuyama]] area.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=25 November 2025|access-date=25 November 2025|title=熊本・阿蘇地方で震度5強　高齢女性、転倒し軽傷（共同通信）|url=https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/d195874d9f80bcd08a42312a5d9ed279bc34a6f3|lang=ja|website=Yahoo! News Japan}}</ref> | - | 1 |- |27<ref>{{Cite anss|M 6.6 - 45 km WNW of Sinabang, Indonesia|2025|us7000re2g}}</ref> |{{flag|Indonesia}}, [[Aceh]], {{cvt|45|km|mi}} WNW of [[Sinabang]] |6.6 |25.4 |VI | Twelve people injured, several buildings and the roof of an office building collapsed, one mosque and a health center damaged and a warehouse caught fire in [[Simeulue Regency]].<ref>{{cite news|date=27 November 2025|access-date=27 November 2025|title=Update Gempa 6,3 di Simeulue Aceh: 12 Warga Luka, Bangunan Rubuh, dan Gudang Terbakar|url=https://www.kompas.tv/nasional/633981/update-gempa-6-3-di-simeulue-aceh-12-warga-luka-bangunan-rubuh-dan-gudang-terbakar|lang=id|website=[[Kompas.id]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 November 2025|access-date=27 November 2025|title=Masjid hingga Puskesmas di Simeulue Aceh Rusak Akibat Gempa M 6,3|url=https://www.beritasatu.com/nusantara/2944413/masjid-hingga-puskesmas-di-simeulue-aceh-rusak-akibat-gempa-m-63|lang=id|website=Beritasatu}}</ref> | - | 12 |- |27<ref>{{Cite anss|M 6.0 - 12 km WNW of Susitna, Alaska|2025|ak2025xjbvhj}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||United States}}, [[Alaska]], {{cvt|12|km|mi}} WNW of [[Susitna, Alaska|Susitna]] |6.0 |69.4 |VI | - | - | - |- |} === Disamba === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px black; margin-left:1em;" |+ ! rowspan="2" |<small>Date</small> ! rowspan="2" style="width: 310px" |<small>Country and location</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>M_w</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>Depth (km)</small> ! rowspan="2" |<small>[[Modified Mercalli intensity scale|MMI]]</small> ! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |<small>Notes</small> ! colspan="2" |<small>Casualties</small> |- !<small>Dead</small> !<small>Injured</small> |- |6<ref>{{Cite anss|M 7.0 - 2025 Hubbard Glacier Earthquake|2025|ak2025xzwiky}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Canada}}, [[Yukon]], {{cvt|90|km|mi}} N of [[Yakutat, Alaska]] |7.0 |10.0 |VIII | Landslides and avalanches occurred in the [[Kluane National Park and Reserve]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=17 December 2025|access-date=18 December 2025|title=Mountain Sides Collapse After Huge Earthquake|url=https://gripped.com/profiles/mountain-sides-collapse-after-huge-earthquake/|lang=en|website=Gripped.com}}</ref> | - | - |- |8<ref>{{cite anss|M 7.6 - 2025 Aomori Prefecture, Japan Earthquake|2025|pt25342050}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Japan}}, [[Aomori Prefecture|Aomori]] offshore, {{cvt|73|km|mi}} ENE of [[Misawa, Aomori|Misawa]] |7.6 |44.1 |VIII<ref>{{Cite anss|M 7.6 - 2025 Aomori Prefecture, Japan Earthquake - ShakeMap|2025|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000rtdt/shakemap/stations?source=us&code=us6000rtdt}}</ref> | | - | 47 |- |8<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.6 - 125 km S of Honchō, Japan|2025|us6000rtie}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Japan}}, [[Aomori Prefecture|Aomori]] offshore, {{cvt|125|km|mi}} S of [[Erimo, Hokkaido|Honchō]] |6.6 |10.0 |V |Aftershock of the 2025 Aomori earthquake. | - | - |- |12<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.7 - 114 km ENE of Hachinohe, Japan|2025|pt25346000}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Japan}}, [[Iwate Prefecture|Iwate]] offshore, {{cvt|114|km|mi}} ENE of [[Hachinohe]] |6.7 |10.7 |V |Aftershock do the 2025 Aomori earthquake. One person injured in [[Hiranai]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/06624defecf9c6e720a61008d65a42661ae39158 |title=青森で震度4　一時津波注意報　1人ケガ |work=Yahoo! News Japan |date=13 December 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and tsunamis with heights of {{cvt|20|cm}} observed in [[Erimo, Hokkaido|Erimo]] and Hachinohe.<ref>{{cite news |title=【速報】北海道・えりも庶野と青森・八戸港で20cmの津波観測 |publisher=[[Fuji News Network]] |language=ja |url=https://www.fnn.jp/articles/-/973901 |date=12 December 2025 |access-date=12 December 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | - | 1 |- |15<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web||title=Earthquake information|url=https://www.emsc-csem.org/Earthquake_information/earthquake.php?id=1914921|publisher=EMSC-CSEM|date=15 December 2025|access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref> |{{#invoke:flag||Turkey}}, [[Hatay Province|Hatay]], {{cvt|3|km|mi}} NNW of [[Antakya]] |4.0 |10.0 | - |One person injured due to panic in the Antakya area.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=15 December 2025|access-date=15 December 2025|title=Hatay 4.2 ile sarsıldı: Depremden kaçarken bacağını çatlattı!|url=https://www.gzt.com/jurnalist/hatay-42-ile-sarsildi-depremden-kacarken-bacagini-catlatti-yerel-haberler-3824598|lang=tr|website=GZT.com}}</ref> | - | 1 |- |22<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.5 - 42 km NNE of Goroka, Papua New Guinea|2025|us6000rwgh}}</ref> |{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}, [[Madang Province|Madang]], {{cvt|42|km|mi}} NNE of [[Goroka]] |6.5 |110.2 |VI | - | - | - |- |24<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.0 - 2025 Taitung, Taiwan Earthquake|2025|us7000rkjm}}</ref> |{{flag|Taiwan}}, [[Taitung County|Taitung]] offshore, {{cvt|11|km|mi}} NNE of [[Taitung City|Taitung]] |6.0 |10.0 |VII | The ceilings of a school and a store collapsed, walls cracked at a prison and a fire occurred at a building in [[Taitung City]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=24 December 2025|access-date=24 December 2025|title=台東體中牆面磁磚「被地震震落」！健身房天花板砸地上　慘況曝光|url=https://www.ettoday.net/news/20251224/3089829.htm|lang=zh|website=ET Today}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=24 December 2025|access-date=24 December 2025|title=台東發生六點一規模地震 火車暫時行駛 監獄圍牆龜裂 餘震不斷引民眾驚慌|url=https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E5%8F%B0%E6%9D%B1%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F%E5%85%AD%E9%BB%9E-%E8%A6%8F%E6%A8%A1%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87-%E7%81%AB%E8%BB%8A%E6%9A%AB%E6%99%82%E8%A1%8C%E9%A7%9B-%E7%9B%A3%E7%8D%84%E5%9C%8D%E7%89%86%E9%BE%9C%E8%A3%82-%E9%A4%98%E9%9C%87%E4%B8%8D%E6%96%B7%E5%BC%95%E6%B0%91%E7%9C%BE%E9%A9%9A%E6%85%8C-121855065.html |lang=zh|website=Yahoo! News Taiwan}}</ref> | - | - |- |27<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.6 - 31 km ESE of Yilan, Taiwan|2025|us7000rl2n}}</ref> |{{flag|Taiwan}}, [[Yilan County, Taiwan|Yilan]] offshore, {{cvt|31|km|mi}} ESE of [[Yilan City]] |6.6 |67.5 |VI |One person killed in [[Wugu District]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=28 December 2025|access-date=28 December 2025|title=7.0強震造成1人亡！ 德音國小水管漏水 工友爬梯關水閥摔落重創亡|url=https://udn.com/news/story/124692/9230065|lang=zh|website=[[United Daily News]]}}</ref> Eight structures damaged and water and gas leaks in [[Taipei]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=28 December 2025|access-date=28 December 2025|title=宜蘭外海規模7地震北市接獲39件災情　多數已處理|url=https://www.cna.com.tw/news/ahel/202512280022.aspx|lang=zh|website=[[Central News Agency (Taiwan)|Central News Agency]]}}</ref> the ceiling of the terminal of [[Taoyuan International Airport]] partially collapsed<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=27 December 2025|access-date=27 December 2025|title=6.6级地震深夜袭台 桃园机场惊传天花板塌陷|url=https://finance.sina.com.cn/jjxw/2025-12-28/doc-inhehise9479699.shtml|lang=zh|website=[[Sina Corporation]]}}</ref> and one building and a road damaged in [[New Taipei]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=27 December 2025|access-date=27 December 2025|title=強震驚魂！板橋社區降 [磁磚雨] 住戶淚控：都更再慢恐出人命|url=https://www.setn.com/News.aspx?NewsID=1771775|lang=zh|website=[[SET News]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=27 December 2025|access-date=27 December 2025|title=規模7.0地震 [搖到地裂]? 新莊馬路驚見 [大裂縫] 網挖對比照嚇傻|url=https://www.msn.com/zh-tw/news/living/%E8%A6%8F%E6%A8%A17-0%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87-%E6%90%96%E5%88%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%A3%82-%E6%96%B0%E8%8E%8A%E9%A6%AC%E8%B7%AF%E9%A9%9A%E8%A6%8B-%E5%A4%A7%E8%A3%82%E7%B8%AB-%E7%B6%B2%E6%8C%96%E5%B0%8D%E6%AF%94%E7%85%A7%E5%9A%87%E5%82%BB/ar-AA1T7ZjY|lang=zh|website=[[MSN]]}}</ref> | 1 | - |- |28<ref>{{cite anss|M 4.6 - 34 km NW of Bukittinggi, Indonesia|2025|us7000rl53}}</ref> |{{flag|Indonesia}}, [[West Sumatra]] offshore, {{Cvt|34|km|mi}} NW of [[Bukittinggi]] |4.6 |46.3 | - |rowspan="2"|Ten homes destroyed and 15 others damaged in [[Agam Regency]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news||date=28 December 2025|access-date=28 December 2025|title=Gempa Pasaman M 4,7 Rusak Puluhan Rumah di Agam|url=https://www.beritasatu.com/nusantara/2953271/gempa-pasaman-m-47-rusak-puluhan-rumah-di-agam|lang=id|website=Berita Satu}}</ref> | - | - |- |28<ref>{{cite anss|M 4.6 - 43 km NW of Bukittinggi, Indonesia|2025|us7000rl54}}</ref> |{{flag|Indonesia}}, [[West Sumatra]] offshore, {{Cvt|43|km|mi}} NW of [[Bukittinggi]] |4.6 |58.5 | - | - | - |- |28<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.2 - 36 km W of Puerto Santa, Peru|2025|us7000rl57}}</ref> |{{flag|Peru}}, [[Department of La Libertad|La Libertad]] offshore, {{Cvt|36|km|mi}} W of [[Santa, Peru|Puerto Santa]] |6.2 |66.4 |VI | | - | 53 |- |31<ref>{{cite anss|M 6.0 - 91 km E of Noda, Japan|2025|us7000rlq3}}</ref> |{{flag|Japan}}, [[Iwate Prefecture|Iwate]] offshore, {{cvt|91|km|mi}} E of [[Noda, Iwate|Noda]] |6.0 |19.3 |IV |Aftershock of the 2025 Aomori earthquake. | - | - |- |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist|3}} 0jg00b8i0vzzj81vs7n4e6f9dgo9m4z 0 114092 905724 883697 2026-08-21T16:55:25Z Zahrah0 14848 905724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''María Cecilia Suárez de Garay''' (pronunciation: [seˈsilja ˈswaɾes]; an haife ta 22 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta alif 1971) <ref name="debate">{{Cite web |last=Rodarte |first=Jorge |title=A Cecilia Suárez la colman de fe-li-ci-ta-cio-nes en España |url=https://www.debate.com.mx/show/cecilia-suarez-premio-espana-trayectoria-la-casa-de-las-flores-netflix-20181019-0191.html |access-date=April 22, 2020 |website=El Debate |language=es-ES}}</ref> 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Mexico kuma mai fafutuka da ke aiki tare da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da [[Tarayyar Turai]] da ke yakin neman Kisan mata da tashin hankali a kan mata. Ta fito a fina-finai, talabijin, da wasan kwaikwayo a fadin Amurka, Mexico, da Spain.{{IPA|es|seˈsilja ˈswaɾes}}{{IPA|es|seˈsilja ˈswaɾes}}{{IPA|es|seˈsilja ˈswaɾes}} Ta yi rawar gani a ayyukan da suka hada da Jima'i, Kunya da Hawaye, Capadocia, Nos vemos, papá, da Gidan Furanni. An karrama ta da lambobin yabo na nasara a rayuwa guda uku; ita ce mace ta farko da ta samu lambar yabo ta kasar Mexico a fagen fina-finai. Ita ce kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta farko da ta fara magana da Mutanen Espanya da aka zaba don Emmy. Mai lambu a kan Netflix ya fara Afrilu 11, 2025. Cecilia tana taka rawa a matsayin mahaifiyar ɗan bugu. 6 episode. Bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na yaƙi da mace, Suárez kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da yancin mata a Mexico da kafofin watsa labarai na Mexico. Ignacio Sánchez Prado, wata ƴar tarihi ce ta fina-finan Mexico, ta rubuta cewa tana da "mafi kyawun matsayi a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin fina-finan da suka fi samun nasara a Mexico". ^:152 == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Suárez kuma ya girma a Tampico, wani ƙaramin yanki na bakin teku a arewacin jihar Tamaulipas na Mexico. Ta ce babu wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo a wurin, kuma iyayenta sun kare ta daga yawan wasan kwaikwayo tun tana yarinya saboda “karatu abu ne na tsawaitawa da mutuntawa".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Mancilla |first=Alejandro |title=Cecilia Suárez's Glory Days |url=https://americanway.com/en/features/2018/12/la-bella-epoca-de-cecilia-suarez |access-date=November 14, 2019 |website=American Way |language=en}}</ref> Tana da 'yan'uwa mata uku, ciki har da darektan Mafer Suárez; mahaifinta Engino "Ben" <ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Montoya |first=Leydy |date=June 27, 2019 |title=Historia y biografía de Cecilia Suárez |url=https://historia-biografia.com/cecilia-suarez/ |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=Historia y biografía de |language=es-CO}}</ref> kuma mahaifiyarta M^a̰ Elena ce.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Cano |first=Natalia |date=January 18, 2013 |title=Cecilia Suárez: "Nos vemos, papá" fue premonitoria |url=https://laopinion.com/2013/01/18/cecilia-suarez-nos-vemos-papa-fue-premonitoria/ |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=La Opinión |language=es}}</ref><ref name=":17" /> Suárez kuma tana da dangi daga Asturias, Spain, kuma tana da 'yan ƙasa biyu na Mutanen Espanya daga kakanta, ɗan Asturian wanda ya yi ƙaura zuwa Mexico.<ref name="loc">{{Cite web |last=Rosa del Pino |first=Andrea M. |date=October 17, 2019 |title=Cecilia Suárez, de 'La casa de las Flores', y sus potenciales planes de mudarse a Madrid |url=https://www.elmundo.es/loc/celebrities/2019/10/17/5da70e50fc6c8388258b45e5.html |access-date=November 14, 2019 |website=El Mundo |language=es}}</ref><ref name="smoda">{{Cite web |last=Campelo |first=Sara |date=December 22, 2018 |title=Cecilia Suárez: "No voy a interpretar a una bomba sexual porque no dignifica mi género" |url=https://smoda.elpais.com/celebrities/vips/cecilia-suarez-la-casa-de-las-flores/ |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=S Moda EL PAÍS |language=es}}</ref><ref name="ramosa">{{Cite web |last=Ramos Aísa |first=Lucía |date=March 7, 2020 |title=De estrella de Netflix a madrileña de adopción: "No sé si la gente de aquí valora lo que tiene" |url=https://elpais.com/espana/madrid/2020-03-07/de-estrella-de-netflix-a-madrilena-de-adopcion-no-se-si-la-gente-de-aqui-valora-lo-que-tiene.html |access-date=April 27, 2020 |website=EL PAÍS |language=es}}</ref><ref name="ramosa" /> == Ayyuka == Suárez ta ce ba ta taɓa yin mafarki na zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ba. Ta koma [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a 1991 don jami'a, tana halartar Jami'ar Jihar Illinois; <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=October 16, 2012 |title=Acting alum Cecilia Suarez makes her way back to campus |url=https://news.illinoisstate.edu/2012/10/acting-alum-cecilia-suarez-makes-her-way-back-to-campus/ |access-date=November 15, 2019 |website=News - Illinois State |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Efn|Most sources say that Suárez attended the University of Illinois, but she is listed as a '95 alumnus of Illinois State by this institution.}} da niyyar karatun doka, a maimakon haka ta koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo, <ref name=":3"/> wanda 'yar'uwarta Mafer ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Cacho |first=Lydia |date=July 25, 2019 |title=En México el machismo es cultura: Cecilia Suárez |url=https://www.gq.com.mx/entretenimiento/articulo/en-mexico-el-machismo-es-cultura-cecilia-suarez-entrevista-gq |access-date=November 24, 2019 |website=GQ Mexico |language=es-MX}}</ref> Ta kammala karatu a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo a shekarar 1995, inda ta sami kyautar Jean Scharfenberg Scholarship . <ref name=":7" /> Yayin da ta bar kwaleji, ta kuma sami lambar yabo ta Steppenwolf Theatre Acting Fellowship Award, kuma ta fara fitowa ne a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Steppenwolf na Chicago. <ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sun |first=Rebecca |date=December 18, 2017 |title=Rep Sheet Roundup: ICM Partners Signs NASCAR Champ Kurt Busch |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/rep-sheet-roundup-icm-partners-signs-nascar-champ-kurt-busch-1068716 |access-date=November 12, 2019 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en}}</ref> Tare da alaƙa da birnin, har yanzu tana cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Chicago tare da ƙungiyar View / Teatro Vista.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Cecilia Suarez |url=https://www.somosdecididas.com/en/decididas/cecilia-suarez/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426054313/https://www.somosdecididas.com/en/decididas/cecilia-suarez/ |archive-date=April 26, 2021 |access-date=November 14, 2019 |website=Somos Decididas |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2019 |title=2019 Special Jeff Award Goes To Teatro Vista |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/chicago/article/2019-Special-Jeff-Award-Goes-To-Teatro-Vista-20190917 |access-date=November 14, 2019 |website=BroadwayWorld.com |language=en}}</ref> Yayinda yake Illinois, Suárez ya taka rawar gani a cikin wasannin gargajiya da yawa, kuma ya shiga cikin Bikin Shakespeare na Illinois.[b]<ref name=":18" /> A ƙarshen shekarun 1990s ta fito a cikin ''Jima'i, Jin kunya da hawaye'', fim na biyu na Nuevo Cine Mexicano, wanda shine "nasara ta farko". <ref name=":3" /> Lokacin da aka tambaye ta game da kwarewarta na yin ''Jima'i, Jin kunya da hawaye'', ta amsa cewa tana tunawa da shi sosai, saboda ta "zama wani ɓangare na labarin fim na ƙasar ". [her]<ref name=":3" /> A wannan lokacin, Suárez ya sadu da mai shirya fina-finai na gaba Manolo Caro, lokacin da yake dan shekara 14.<ref name=":3"/> Ta tafi wani taro a makarantarsa a [[Guadalalajara|Guadalajara]]; dan uwanta shine malamin Caro kuma ya gabatar da su biyu. Caro daga nan ya yi karatun gine-gine, amma sun zama abokai lokacin da ya koma [[Mexico (birni)|Birnin Mexico]] don neman yin fim.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Aguilar |first=Carlos |date=January 10, 2019 |title=Cecilia Suárez & Manolo Caro on their Two Decades of Friendship and Creative Collaboration |url=https://remezcla.com/features/film/cecilia-suarez-manolo-caro-perfectos-desconocidos-interview/ |access-date=November 4, 2019 |website=Remezcla |language=en-US}}</ref> An bayyana Suárez a matsayin Caro's muse, kuma ta fito a cikin dukkan ayyukansa sai dai daya daga cikin ayyukansa; ba ta da rawar da ta taka a Amor de mis amores saboda Caro "ba ta so ta tilasta shi". <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":0" /> Bayan nasarar ''Jima'i, Jin kunya da hawaye'', Suárez ya yi aiki sosai a manyan fina-finai a farkon shekarun 2000, gami da fina-fukkuna na Hollywood <nowiki><i id="mwuQ">Spanglish</i></nowiki>, The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada, da The Air I Breathe . <ref name=":3"/><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Chávez |first=Natalia |date=August 8, 2018 |title=Esta es la razón por la que Cecilia Suárez le dijo no a Hollywood |url=https://www.quien.com/espectaculos/2018/08/08/esta-es-la-razon-por-la-que-cecilia-suarez-le-dijo-no-a-hollywood |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=Quién |language=es}}</ref> An haɗa wannan da aiki a duk faɗin fim da talabijin na Mexico.<ref name=":3" /> Suárez ya yi aiki tare da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Gael García Bernal a lokuta da yawa a cikin matsakaici biyu, da kuma darektan Ernesto Contreras, bayan da ya sami matsayi a cikin fina-finai biyu. <ref name=":15"/> Ta kuma ci gaba da samun nasarar aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo, tana da matsayi tare da Juan Manuel Bernal a kan mataki da kuma fim da talabijin a wannan lokacin. <ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 22, 2012 |title=1967: Llega al mundo el actor Juan Manuel Bernal |url=https://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/821004.1967-llega-al-mundo-el-actor-juan-manuel-bernal.html |access-date=December 5, 2019 |website=El Siglo |language=es-ES |archive-date=December 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205020531/https://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/821004.1967-llega-al-mundo-el-actor-juan-manuel-bernal.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2000s an zabe ta don lambar yabo ta Ariel ta farko, tare da sauran lambobin yabo.[b] Ta fara yin tauraro a cikin jerin HBO Capadocia a cikin 2008, ta fara wasan fursuna mata La Bambi sannan ta koma wasan kwaikwayon a matsayin masanin ilimin halin ɗabi'a bayan Bambi ya mutu. Kamar yadda wasan kwaikwayon ya shafi batutuwa masu mahimmanci kuma ya kasance daya daga cikin nunin farko da ya danganci mutane daban-daban a cikin gidan yarin mata, Suárez ya shafe lokaci yana bincike sannan kuma yana shirya tunani don ayyukan biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 30, 2018 |title=Cecilia Suárez y el reto de actuar en Capadocia |url=https://www.ciudad.com.ar/virales/cecilia-suarez-reto-actuar-capadocia_105600 |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=Ciudad Magazine |language=es}}</ref> A cikin 2009, an zabe ta don lambar yabo ta Emmy don wasa La Bambi, kasancewarta 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta farko da ta fara jin daɗin Mutanen Espanya da ta sami irin wannan nadin. <ref name=":2" /><ref name="smoda"/> [[Fayil:Ceci_Suárez_red_carpet_Nos_vemos,_papá.png|alt=Photograph of Cecilia Suárez at a red carpet event.|left|thumb|Suárez a kan jan kafet a cikin 2011 don Nos vemos, papá.]] A cikin shekarun 2010, Caro ya fara aikinsa a matsayin darektan da marubuci mai cin nasara. <ref name=":0"/> Suárez ta fito a cikin ayyukansa, da kuma ayyukan 'yar'uwarta, da sauran ayyukan. {{Efn|}} Bayan an haifi ɗanta a shekara ta 2010 ta zaɓi zama a birnin Mexico don aiki. Duk da yawancin fina-finanta na wannan lokacin da ake dangantawa da Caro, Suárez ta ce ba ta jin an yi dambe a matsayinta na 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, ko kuma kamar tana wasa da shi lafiya, yayin da take aiki da Caro kan ayyukan da ta san ya ba da kulawa sosai kuma suna da kalubale.<ref name=":14"/> Suárez ta taka rawa a cikin fim din Nos vemos, papá, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan yadda ake nuna bakin ciki, ta binciko hakan ta hanyar martanin halinta game da mutuwar mahaifinta. An saki fim ɗin jim kaɗan bayan mahaifin Suárez ya mutu a ƙarshen 2012. <ref name=":11"/> Suárez ta ce duk da cewa "abin mamaki ne" ga danginta, amma ta yi imanin cewa "ba hatsari ba ne", kuma rawar da ta taka a fim din ya faru ne don taimaka mata ta magance bakin ciki.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 15, 2013 |title=Cecilia Suárez atrapada en el letargo de la muerte. {{!}} LoftCinema |url=https://loftcinema.com.mx/2013/01/cecilia-suarez-atrapada-en-el-letargo-de-la-muerte/ |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=Loft Cinema |language=es }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bayan ta biyu Ariel nomination a 2015, Suárez ta dauki matsayi a 2016 a cikin [[Macho (film)|''Maza'']]-linkid="155" href="./Netflix" id="mwARU" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Netflix">Netflix asali jerin Sense8 <ref name=":14"/> da kuma Netflix-distributed fim Macho, <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 6, 2016 |title=Cecilia Suárez, Aislinn Derbez y Miguel Rodarte en primeras imágenes de Macho |url=https://www.cinepremiere.com.mx/cecilia-suarez-aislinn-derbez-miguel-rodarte-macho-pelicula-59141.html |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=Cine PREMIERE |language=es}}</ref> da kuma fim din wasan kwaikwayo Cuando los hijos regresan tare da Carmen Maura. <ref>{{Cite web |last=de la Fuente |first=Anna Marie |date=November 15, 2016 |title=Carmen Maura Toplines Invicta Films' 'The Kids Are Back' |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/global/carmen-maura-invicta-films-debut-the-kids-are-back-1201918470/ |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=Variety |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2017 ta sake shiga Netflix, ta sanya hannu don taka rawa a wani asali da Caro ya kirkira, The House of Flowers, kuma ta fara aiki a fim din Amurka Overboard . <ref name=":2"/> Samun karbuwa ta duniya saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin Paulina de la Mora a cikin The House of Flowers, Suárez ta kasance tare da cibiyar sadarwar yawo don fitowa a cikin ƙarin ayyukan da Caro ya kirkira kuma ta taka rawar gani a cikin harshen Mutanen Espanya na Fim din Netflix na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marín |first=Verónica |date=August 31, 2018 |title='La casa de las flores' o por qué el personaje de Paulina de la Mora es el mejor de 2018 |url=https://www.vogue.es/living/articulos/la-casa-de-las-flores-netflix-paulina-de-la-mora-cecilia-suarez/36477 |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=Vogue España |language=es-ES}}</ref><ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=García |first=Angel |date=November 18, 2019 |title=Netflix adelanta la Navidad con el estreno de 'Klaus' |url=https://forbescentroamerica.com/2019/11/18/netflix-adelanta-la-navidad-con-el-estreno-de-klaus/ |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=Forbes Centroamérica • Información de negocios y estilo de vida para los líderes de Centroamérica y RD |language=es-MX}}</ref> Alejandro Mancilla, wanda ke bayanin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin 2018, ya rubuta cewa kodayake Suárez ba ta son yin aiki a cikin telenovelas kuma kawai ta yi kaɗan a farkon aikinta, "mahimmancin Suárez yana cikin aikinta a fina-finai da jerin abubuwan da ke ciki da saitin su na musamman na Mexico ne".<ref name=":3"/> Da farko tana aiki a cikin harshen Mutanen Espanya <ref name=":3" /> kuma a Mexico a kan samar da Mexican, ba ta goyi bayan "al'adun Amurka" na labaran Mexican <ref name=":3" /> kuma ba ta son a ba da matsayi ne kawai. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Lerman |first=Gabriel |date=August 20, 2018 |title=Cecilia Suárez: "Prefiero trabajar en mi idioma y en mi país" |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/articles/cecilia-suarez-prefiero-trabajar-en-mi-idioma-y-en-mi-pais |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=Golden Globe Awards |language=es |archive-date=November 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117025300/https://www.goldenglobes.com/articles/cecilia-suarez-prefiero-trabajar-en-mi-idioma-y-en-mi-pais |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 20, 2019 |title=Relevo en La casa de las flores, Juego de series en Diario Informacion |url=https://www.diarioinformacion.com/blogs/juego-de-series/relevo-en-la-casa-de-las-flores.html |access-date=November 14, 2019 |website=www.diarioinformacion.com |language=es}}</ref> Koyaya, ta bayyana cewa ba ta da wata ƙiyayya ga yin aiki a Hollywood lokacin da rawar ta dace, bayan da ta ɗauki hutu daga shirye-shiryen duniya don daidaitawa lokacin da aka haifi ɗanta - ta kuma ɗauki hutu na shekaru huɗu daga gidan wasan kwaikwayo bayan ta yi ciki. <ref name=":12" /><ref name="regresaalteatro">{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2012 |title=Regresa al teatro Cecilia Suárez con Love Song |url=https://carteleradeteatro.mx/2012/regresa-al-teatro-cecilia-suarez-con-love-song/ |access-date=November 25, 2019 |website=Cartelera de Teatro CDMX |language=es-MX}}</ref> Fim dinta na farko na Hollywood shine ''Spanglish'' na 2004; ta ce ta dauki rawar ne saboda tana so ta yi aiki tare da darakta, James L. Brooks . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 30, 2018 |title=Cecilia Suárez, actriz de La Casa de Las Flores, no quiere promover el "imperio" de Hollywood |url=https://www.ciudad.com.ar/virales/cecilia-suarez-actriz-casa-las-flores-no-quiere-promover-imperio-hollywood_105640 |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=Ciudad Magazine |language=es}}</ref> Ta ce tana jin daɗin taka rawa daban-daban da yin aiki a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban.[1] A cikin 2015, Suárez ta ba da umarnin wani ɗan gajeren wasa, tana cewa za ta yi la'akari da ƙarin jagora, amma kawai a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo; <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Cárdenas |first=Alejandro |title=Cecilia Suárez, la primera mujer en recibir el Premio Cuervo Tradicional |url=https://www.elsoldemexico.com.mx/cultura/cine/cecilia-suarez-la-primera-mujer-en-recibir-el-premio-cuervo-tradicional-2186593.html |access-date=November 14, 2019 |website=El Sol de México |language=es |archive-date=April 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410215801/https://www.elsoldemexico.com.mx/cultura/cine/cecilia-suarez-la-primera-mujer-en-recibir-el-premio-cuervo-tradicional-2186593.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ta ce gidan wasan kwaikwayo shine "mafi girman sha'awarta" da "mafi tserewa". <ref name=":15"/> Har ila yau, tana da shirin da ake kira TNT + Film, inda ta gabatar da tambayoyi, gaskiya, da labarai game da fina-finai na Mexico.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reyes |first=Gustavo |date=September 6, 2017 |title=La actriz mexicana Cecilia Suárez nominada al Emmy vuelve al cine con una historia de amor |url=http://elespecial.com/la-actriz-mexicana-cecilia-suarez-nominada-al-emmy-vuelve-al-cine-con-una-historia-de-amor |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=El Especial |language=es |archive-date=November 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130234306/http://elespecial.com/la-actriz-mexicana-cecilia-suarez-nominada-al-emmy-vuelve-al-cine-con-una-historia-de-amor |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 6, 2009 |title=Cecilia Suárez + Rafael Sarmiento=TNT + Film |url=https://www.merca20.com/tnt-plus-film/ |access-date=January 27, 2020 |website=Revista Merca2.0 |language=es-MX}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009 ta rubuta babi "Una habitación propia" ("A room of one's own") don littafin Gritos y susurros II: experiencias intempestivas de otras 39 mujeres . == Yunkurin fafutuka == An san Suárez don magance rashin adalci a Mexico ta hanyar amfani da dandalinta don yin magana a kan batutuwa; Caro ta ce ta fuskanci koma baya saboda mutanen Mexico ba su saba da irin wannan magana kai tsaye ba.<ref name=":3"/> Ta gudanar da wani aiki a cikin asibitocin jama'a na Mexico, tare da tallafi daga Ma'aikatar Lafiya, don inganta haifuwa lafiya, kuma ta yi magana game da al'adun machismo; tana cikin kwamitin ba da shawara na gwamnatin Mexico yana nazarin wakilcin machismo da cin zarafin mata a kafofin watsa labarai<ref name=":5"/><ref name=":20">{{Cite web |last=Arellano M. |first=J. Fabián |title=Cecilia Suárez es embajadora de la ONU |url=https://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/espectaculos/105420.html |access-date=November 25, 2019 |website=El Universal |language=es}}</ref><ref name="loc"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Catenacci |first=José |date=August 20, 2018 |title=Conoce las curiosidades de 'La Casa de las Flores': La serie mexicana de Netflix de la que se está hablando {{!}} Guioteca.com |url=https://www.guioteca.com/tv-mexicana/conoce-las-curiosidades-de-la-casa-de-las-flores-la-serie-mexicana-de-netflix-de-la-que-se-esta-hablando/ |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=Guioteca |language=es}}</ref> Har ila yau, tana magana game da jima'i a cikin masana'antar fina-finai ta Mexico kuma ta goyi bayan motsi na Me Too . <ref name=":15"/> Shekaru da yawa Suárez ya kasance abokin tarayya kuma mai fafutuka tare da [[Greenpeace]], <ref name="smoda"/> bayan ya fara kamfen tare da su don kare [[masara]] na Mexico a shekara ta 2006.<ref name=":20"/> A cikin 2018, Suárez ta yi tunani game da aikinta tare da Greenpeace, tana mai cewa kungiyar ta koya mata game da duniyar gwagwarmaya.<ref name="smoda" /> Suárez ya fara aiki tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) a cikin 2011 don ƙirƙirar Shirin Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Latin Amurka bayan da gwamnatin Mexico ta fara murkushe manyan laifuka har ta kai ga murkushe masu rajin kare hakkin bil'adama.<ref name=":20"/> Ana kiran kamfen ɗin "Declárate", <ref name=":20" /> wanda ta kasance mai magana da yawun . <ref name=":5"/><ref name=":5" /> A cikin 2018, an kira Suárez Champion na Spotlight Initiative <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 13, 2019 |title=Media advisory: UN Women at the UN General Assembly 2019 |url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2019/9/media-advisory-un-women-at-unga-74 |access-date=February 4, 2020 |website=UN Women |language=en}}</ref> ga kamfen ɗin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Kisan mata, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrities promote Spotlight's digital engagement campaign |url=http://www.spotlightinitiative.org/news/celebrities-promote-spotlights-digital-engagement-campaign |access-date=February 4, 2020 |website=www.spotlightinitiative.org}}</ref> kuma ta ba da lacca ga taron Majalisar Dinkinobho a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] mai taken "Enough" a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar. <ref name=":3"/><ref name="smoda"/> Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin wakilai biyar da suka ba da jawabi yayin buɗe kamfen ɗin Yuro miliyan 50 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da [[Tarayyar Turai]] na 2019 don kawo ƙarshen Kisan mata a Latin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Event: Spotlight on femicide in Latin America |url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/events/2018/09/event-spotlight-on-femicide-in-latin-america |access-date=November 24, 2019 |website=UN Women |language=en}}</ref> {{Efn|In news sources, Suárez is referred to as the UN Global Ambassador Against Femicide. (See:<ref name=":3" /><ref name="smoda" />)}} == Rayuwa ta mutum == [[Fayil:Fénix_2015-Bernal_y_Suárez_(crop).png|alt=|thumb|242x242px|Suárez da Gael García Bernal suna gabatarwa tare a Kyautar Fénix a cikin 2015]] A shekara ta 2001, Suárez tana cikin dangantaka da Gael García Bernal, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Capelo |first=María Eugenia |date=September 18, 2018 |title=Paulina Challenge, el desafío viral que surgió de un curioso personaje de la serie "La Casa de las Flores" |url=https://www.infobae.com/teleshow/infoshow/2018/09/18/paulina-challenge-el-desafio-viral-que-surgio-de-un-curioso-personaje-de-la-serie-la-casa-de-las-flores/ |access-date=November 5, 2019 |website=Infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 30, 2017 |title=Las mujeres que conquistaron el corazón de Gael |url=https://www.capitalmexico.com.mx/show/gael-garcia-novias-amantes-romances/ |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=Capital Mexico |language=es}}</ref> kuma har yanzu suna da alaƙa da su biyu bayan sun fito a cikin Fidel na 2002 tare. Daga nan sai ta yi soyayya da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Osvaldo na León tsakanin 2009 da 2010. Tare da de León, Suárez yana da ɗa, Teo. An haife shi a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010, kuma mahaifinsa shi ne Caro.<ref name=":0"/> Suárez ya sadu da de León a shekara ta 2009, kuma sun fara inganta layin flirtat lokacin da suke tare a cikin wasan Othello kafin su fara dangantaka.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Sáenz |first=Jessica |date=March 2, 2010 |title=Osvaldo de León y su relación con Ceci Suárez |url=https://www.quien.com/espectaculos/2010/03/01/osvaldo-de-leon-en-su-mejor-papel |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=Quién |language=es}}</ref> Sun rabu a watan Agusta 2010, jim kaɗan bayan an haifi ɗansu. Suárez ya ci gaba da tsare Teo kuma, a cikin 2015, ya ba da umarnin hana de León a madadin yaron, yana mai da'awar cewa ya kasance mai tayar da hankali da jiki ga Teo kuma baya biyan kuɗin tallafin yara. De León ya musanta zargin, duk da cewa an yanke hukuncin ne a madadin Suárez.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2018 |title=Este es el drama que tiene Cecilia Suárez, la estrella de 'la casa de las flores' con el padre de su hijo |url=https://peru21.pe/espectaculos/internacional/drama-cecilia-suarez-padre-hijo-fotos-421281-noticia/ |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=Peru21 |language=es}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba 2019, de León ya yi magana game da dangantakar su a karon farko tun lokacin da aka ba da umarnin, yana mai cewa "komai yana da kyau" tsakanin ma'auratan, kodayake sauran 'ya'yansa ba su hadu da Teo ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Berman |first=Shanik |title=Osvaldo de León rompe el silencio sobre su trato con Cecilia Suárez |url=https://www.msn.com/es-mx/entretenimiento/famosos/osvaldo-de-le%C3%B3n-rompe-el-silencio-sobre-su-trato-con-cecilia-su%C3%A1rez/ar-BBX0KuC |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=MSN |language=es}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == An zabi Suárez sau biyu don Kyautar Ariel . <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Cecilia Suarez, Santiago Segura to host Platino Awards |url=https://www.efe.com/efe/english/entertainment/cecilia-suarez-santiago-segura-to-host-platino-awards/50000264-3942345 |access-date=November 14, 2019 |website=www.efe.com |language=en}}</ref> Ta sami gabatarwa don [[Emmy Awards|Emmy na Duniya]] a cikin Mafi kyawun Ayyuka ta hanyar Actress a cikin 2009, saboda rawar da ta taka na La Bambi a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV na ''Cappadocia''; ta zama mai magana da harshen Mutanen Espanya na farko kuma na farko na Mexico da aka zaba don wannan lambar yabo.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":1"/><ref name=":4" /> A shekara ta 2013, ta lashe kyautar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Guadalajara saboda rawar da ta taka a Tercera llamada . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Festival Internacional de Cine en Guadalajara (México): Premio del público; Mejor actriz (Cecilia Suárez); Premio Guerrero de la Prensa al Mejor Largometraje Mexicano de Ficción |url=http://ibermediadigital.com/premios/festival-internacional-de-cine-en-guadalajara-mexico-premio-del-publico-mejor-actriz-cecilia-suarez-premio-guerrero-de-la-prensa-al-mejor-largometraje-mexicano-de-ficcion/ |access-date=November 15, 2019 |website=Ibermedia Digital |language=es-ES}}</ref> A shekara ta 2004 da 2005 an zabi ta don lambar yabo ta fim ta MTV ta Mexico, don rawar da ta taka a Sin ton ni sonia da Puños Rosas . <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 26, 2019 |title=¿Quién es Cecilia Suárez, la mexicana que ha revolucionado el mundo de las series |url=https://www.libertaddigital.com/fotos/quien-es-asi-es-cecilia-suarez-actriz-la-casa-de-las-flores-netflix-chic-1016605/actriz-cecilia-suarez-2.jpg.html |access-date=November 14, 2019 |website=Chic |language=es-ES}}</ref> In 2018, Suárez became the first woman to receive the Premio Cuervo Tradicional, Mexico's lifetime achievement award in film and television.<ref name=":6"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=MiMorelia |date=October 22, 2018 |title=Recibe Cecilia Suárez el premio Cuervo Tradicional en el FICM |url=https://www.mimorelia.com/recibe-cecilia-suarez-el-premio-cuervo-tradicional-en-el-ficm/ |access-date=November 14, 2019 |website=MiMorelia.com |language=es }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> That same year, she received the Bazaar Actitud 43/Actitud Expresiva award, a lifetime achievement award in Spain<ref name=":6" /><ref name="debate"/> that was presented to her by Maura,<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 19, 2018 |title=Le otorgan a Cecilia Suárez el premio de Actitud Expresiva |url=https://losrostros.com.mx/2018/10/19/le-otorgan-cecilia-suarez-el-premio-actitud-expresiva/ |access-date=April 23, 2020 |website=Los Rostros |language=es}}</ref> and the Mexican National Theatre lifetime achievement award. This was presented to her during a performance of ''A Doll's House, Part 2'', where she played the lead.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Huerta |first=Gil |date=July 19, 2018 |title=Homenajean a Cecilia Suárez en 'Después de casa de muñecas' |url=https://www.tvnotas.com.mx/noticias-espectaculos-mexico/homenajean-cecilia-suarez-en-despues-de-casa-de-munecas |access-date=November 28, 2019 |website=TVNotas |language=es}}</ref> In November 2012, Suárez and García Bernal were named "distinguished guests" of the city of Morelia, the location of the Morelia International Film Festival, one of Mexico's largest film festivals, for their contributions to cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 4, 2012 |title=Nombran a Gael y Cecilia Huéspedes distinguidos de Morelia |url=https://www.quadratin.com.mx/entretenimiento/cultura/Nombran-a-Gael-y-Cecilia-Huespedes-distinguidos-de-Morelia-2/ |access-date=November 23, 2019 |website=Quadratín Michoacán |language=es-MX}}</ref> A cikin 2019, Suárez ta karɓi lambar yabo ta 6th Platino Awards, inda ta kuma ci nasara don wasa Paulina de la Mora a cikin Gidan Furanni, a cikin Mafi kyawun Jaruma (TV).<ref>{{Cite web |last=de la Fuente |first=Anna Marie |date=March 21, 2019 |title=Alfonso Cuaron's 'Roma' Nabs Nine Nominations for 6th Premios Platino |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/global/alfonso-cuaron-roma-premios-platino-1203169321/ |access-date=November 12, 2019 |website=Variety |language=en}}</ref> Ta sake lashe wannan don wannan rawar a shekarar 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=de la Fuente |first=Anna Marie |date=2020-06-29 |title=Pedro Almodóvar's 'Pain and Glory' Sweeps 7th Platino Xcaret Awards |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/awards/pedro-almodovar-pain-and-glory-platino-xcaret-awards-1234693348/ |access-date=2020-07-03 |website=Variety}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai da gidan wasan kwaikwayo == Suárez ta sami fiye da 60 na fina-finai da ayyukan talabijin, kuma sama da na wasan kwaikwayo 30, tare da kyaututtuka sama da 20 da zaɓe don ayyukanta. [b] == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Cecilia SuárezaIMDb [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r490lccir325klb5rd5oaz0rh7y36r3 0 114154 906187 716957 2026-08-22T11:48:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kayan Abincin Saudiyya''' ( Larabci : المطبخ العربي السعودي) salon girki ne da girke-girke na mutanen Saudiyya. Sun bambanta dangane da wurare da yankuna daban-daban a fadin ƙasar, yanayi na muhalli, yanki, da bambance-bambance na al'adu sun haifar da girke-girke iri-iri a kasar. Saudi Arabiya ta ƙunshi yankuna daban-daban, wanda ya hada da kayan abinci daban daban daga yankin Tsakiya, Gabas, Kudu da Yamma. Bugu da kari, matsayin Saudiyya kan hanyoyin cinikayyar duniya ya haifar da samun karin na'ukan abinci iri-iri. Girke-girke a Saudiyya na da alaka daga Larabawan asali da kuma al'adun Musulunci. Sun samo asali, alal misali, ana danganta su da al'adar [[Iftar (Budar Baki)|buda baki]] bayan Ramadan. Yawancin kayan abinci, kamar alkama, dabino, [[ghee]], [[nama]], kifi da kayan lambu, ana samun su a cikin gida. Ta hanyar waɗannan sinadarai, an ƙirƙiro ɗimbin girke-girke masu daɗi, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da al'adun gargajiya da al'adun Saudiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-07 |title=Agriculture & Water |url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/agriculture_water/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207123922/http://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/agriculture_water/ |archive-date=2016-02-07 |access-date=2023-12-27}}</ref> Ana more waɗannan girke-girke a lokutan bukukuwa, [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]], lokuta na musamman, bukukuwan aure, da haihuwa. Bayar da wadannan abinci ga baki wata hanya ce ta nuna karimci da kuma irin karimcin da al'ummar Saudiyya suke yi. Wasu daga cikin wadannan al'adu ana ci gaba da yin su har yau. == Abincin gargajiya == === Abinci da girke-girke === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Sunan abinci !Hoto !Bayani |- |Mufattah | |Suna ne na hanyoyoyin bayarda gasasshen rago da shinkafa. Wannan salo ana amfani da shi wajen nuna karimci da mutumtawa, kuma shine daya daga cikin muhimman dabarun samar da abinci a yayin muhimman bukukuwa da murna.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaly |date=2022-01-22 |title=What Food Is Saudi Famous For? (Explained) - Arabic Food Tips |url=https://arabicfoodtips.com/what-food-is-saudi-famous-for-explained/,%20https://arabicfoodtips.com/what-food-is-saudi-famous-for-explained/ |access-date=2023-12-26 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |[[Kabsa]] |[[Fayil:Kabsa.jpg|center|frameless|220x220px]] |Daya daga cikin abinci mafi shahara na mutanen [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabiya]] da ake samu a mafi yawan yankunan Masarautar ana yin shine yawancu da shinkafa, da kayan ganye, kayan yaji, tsirrai da kaji, naman rago, rakumi ko naman sa. Ana daukan kayan yaji a mtsayin kayan hadi na kowanne kabsa tunda su ne, tare da ganyayyaki ke ba wa abinci dandano na musamman. |- |Matazeez |[[Fayil:1مطازيز.jpg|center|frameless]] |Matazeez na daya daga cikin muhimman kayan abincin Yankin Tsakiya na kasar Saudiyya. Abinci ne cikakke na musamman. Ba'a san asalinsa da asalin inda ya samo sunarsa ba kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin kamus na Larabci. Ana tunanin cewa kalmar ta samo asali ne daga kalmomi guda biyu: ''mata'', ma'ana matsawa ko matsewa, na nuna yadda yake tsukewa yayin da ake daga shi da name ko kayan lambu. A wani hannun kuma, wasu sun yi imani cewa kalmar ta fito ne daga ''mataqiq'', a yayinda fulawa ke kara yayin da ake buga shi. Wannan girki yayi suna a duk fadin [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] kuma ana kiransa da suna daban daban a yankuna daban daban na kasar, kamar marasi', al-quraysat, al-masabieh, or al-dahalis. Ana yawan cin shi ne a lokaci sanyi saboda ikonshi na samar da dumi ga jiki, ana amfani da wannan girki sosai a lokacin Ramadana. Garin fulawan Matazeez ana yin shi ne da alkama gabaki daya wanda ake samarwa a gida a garin [[Yankin Al-Qassim|Qassim]]. Ana yanka shi zuwa girma iri daya a zagaye da ake kira da suna mathayel. Sannan ana tsoma shi a cikin nama da hadin kayan lambu. Dole ne a sanya matakin ruwan yadda zai yi kauri kuma ya samar da dandano na musamman da launi. |- |Jareesh |[[Fayil:Jarish_SaudiCuisine.JPG|center|frameless]] |Sanannen abincin [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] ne wanda ya shahara a yankin Tsakiyar kasar, wanda ya hada da nikakken alkama. Ana dafa shi da yogot, kaji, ko kuma wani irin nama kuma ana cin shi da albasan kushnah. A farkon shekara ta 2023, an zabe shi a matsayin abincin kasar.<ref name="arab.news">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-12 |title=Jareesh, maqshush announced as Saudi Arabia's national dishes |url=https://arab.news/wsbfx |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> |- |Qursan | |Faifan Burodi siriri da ake tsomawa a cikin nama da kayan lambu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gursan {{!}} Traditional Meat Dish From Saudi Arabia {{!}} TasteAtlas |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/gursan |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=www.tasteatlas.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-01 |title=Saudi dishes you need to try |url=https://arab.news/jw824 |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> |- |Margoog | |Ana yin sa da fulawan alkama baki daya, gishiri, da ruwa. Ana murza kayan hadin da hannu sannan a barshi har sai naman ya dan dahu. Sannan a kara kayan lambu, sannan a sanya bugaggen fulawan ziriri a saman wannan tukunya har sai sun yi taushi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-10 |title=Ramadan recipes: A filling vegetarian take on Saudi margoog for iftar |url=https://arab.news/wwhe2 |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> |- |Kleja |[[Fayil:Kleeja_1.JPG|center|frameless]] |Ya shahara a sahara a yankin [[Yankin Al-Qassim|Qassim]], ana yin shi da fulawan alkama, sukari, zuma, da sauran kayan hadi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-12-09 |title=Qassim governor to open 'Kleja' folk food festival |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/400582 |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> |- |Hanini |[[Fayil:Hininy_Vestival_in_Unayzah_2020-1.jpg|center|frameless]] |Ya hada da nikakken dabino hade da burodi da akayi da fulawan alkama.<ref name="Hail for a Hearty Meal">{{Cite web |title=Hail for a Hearty Meal |url=https://www.visitsaudi.com/en/eat/food---drink/hail-hearty-meal |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=www.visitsaudi.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226124428/https://www.visitsaudi.com/en/eat/food---drink/hail-hearty-meal |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |Kabeba |[[Fayil:Stuffed_grape_leaves.jpg|center|frameless]] |Ya hada da ganyen grape da aka hada da nama da shinkafa<ref name="Hail for a Hearty Meal" /> |- |Maqshush |[[Fayil:طبق_المقشوش_السعودي.jpg|center|frameless]] |Maqshush shahararren abinci ne da ya fito daga yankin Hail da wasy yankunan arewacin [[Saudi Arebiya]]. Ana yawan cin shi ne a loacin sanyi. Ana yin Maqshush da jan fulawa, farin fulawa, kwai, yist, da madara. Bayan hada shi, ana sanya masa zuma a sama or ghee. An zabi Maqshush a matsayin nau'in abinci na kasar Saudiyya a farko shekara ta 2023.<ref name="arab.news" /> |- |Sha'atha | |Hadi ne na dabino da busasshen laban ('''Iqt'''), da ghee. Yayi fice a tsakanin mutanen al-'Aridh da Sudair, duk da cewa yana iya bambanta a tsakanin su, kayan hadin duka iri daya ne. |- |[[Harees]] |[[Fayil:Al_fanar_harees_(7797136886).jpg|thumb]] |Ana yin shi ne da nama, alkama, bakin barkono, cinnamon, da kuma gishiri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harees {{!}} Traditional Porridge From Saudi Arabia {{!}} TasteAtlas |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/harees |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=www.tasteatlas.com}}</ref> |- |[[Saleeg]] |[[Fayil:Chicken_Saleeg.jpg|center|frameless|220x220px]] |Abinci ne da ake dafawa da shinkafawa da broth (shinkafa ko [[nama]]) ta yadda ake hada shi madara. Yana daya daga cikin abincin yankin Yammacin kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-11 |title=Saleeg — a Saudi dish that won't let you down |url=https://www.arabnews.com/news/464223 |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> |- |Fermoza | |Cushasshen [[nama]] da ake gasawa a ovum.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-26 |title=When East meets West, how two Saudi regions connect through food |url=https://arab.news/pke2f |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> |- |Debyaza | | |- |Bukhari Rice |[[Fayil:Bukhari_Rice_ارز_بخاري_بالدجاج.JPG|center|frameless]] | |- |[[Murtabak|Mutabbaq]] |[[Fayil:Murtabak.jpg|center|frameless]] | |- |[[Tharid]] |[[Fayil:Tharid..JPG|center|frameless]] | |- |Talbina |[[Fayil:Talbinah.jpg|center|frameless]] | |- |Areekah |[[Fayil:Arika,_a_Saudi_dish.jpg|center|frameless]] | |- |Mifa Bread | |Mifa yana da sifar oh kuma ana yin shi ne da jan fulawa, tare da sesame ko kuma 'ya'yan nigella a sama, yana ba buredin dandano na musamman da kamshi a yayin gasa shi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-28 |title=Rural shop in Asir offers freshly baked traditional breads |url=https://arab.news/g9x87 |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> |- |Heneeth | | |- |Mathlotha | | |- |al-Raqash |[[Fayil:الرقش،،،.jpg|center|frameless|220x220px]] | |- |Daghabis | | |- |Aseeda | | |- |Ma'soub |[[Fayil:Yemeni_Masoob.jpg|center|frameless]] | |- |Mahshoosh | |Ana yawan cin shi a lokacin bikin [[Sallar Idi Babba|Babban Sallah]], ana yin wannan abinci ne da sassan rago da ake soya kuma a masa hadi da cinnamon da gishiri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Taste of Jazan |url=https://www.visitsaudi.com/en/eat/food---drink/jazan-taste |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=www.visitsaudi.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228103300/https://www.visitsaudi.com/en/eat/food---drink/jazan-taste |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |Tasabea | |Ana dafa Tasabea a lokacin bikin gargajiya da murna. Don dafa shi, yana bukatan ruwa da madara; ta yadda ake kara fulawa a dafa su duka har sai sun dahu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The popular cuisine in Abha |url=https://www.visitsaudi.com/en/see-do/destinations/abha/traditional-dishes-and-flavors-of-abha |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=www.visitsaudi.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227121915/https://www.visitsaudi.com/en/see-do/destinations/abha/traditional-dishes-and-flavors-of-abha |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |al-Wafd | |Ana yin shi daga Bur (alkama), wanda ake sanyawa a tukunya na daban a gasa. Sannan a matsa shi da hannu don samar da sifan kwallo. Daga nan ana saka shi a wani abu mai kama da kwando da ake kira Matrah sannan a ci shi da broth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=تقرير / "الرقش" و"الوفد" و"المرق" أكلات تتصدر المائدة النجرانية برمضان وكالة الأنباء السعودية |url=https://sp.spa.gov.sa/viewfullstory.php?newsid=1249269 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |Hassawi Rice Kabsa | | |- |Aish al-Jazar | |Wannan abinci ne na lokaci-lokaci wanda ake samarwa a tsakiyar lokacin sanyi a al-Ahsa a yayin da kasuwannin kauye ke cike da jajayen [[Karas]]. Yana kara tsada a yayin da karas ya kara yin ja. Ana dafa shi da busasshen kayan ruwa (shrimp) sannan a ci shi da dafaffen kwai. |- |Maadous | | |- |Maghaziliyah | | |- |Sh'ayriyah | |Daya daga cikin kayan kwadayi mafi shahara [[Makkah]] shine Sh'ayriyah. Matan aure a yankin Makkah suna kwashe lokaci mai tsawo wajen shiryawa da yanka bugaggen fulawan vermicelli yayi siriri, da tsawo daga nan kuma sai a dafa shi a kasko har sai ya koma launin ''golden brown''. Ana zuba ruwan zafi a saman vermicelli and stirred har sai ruwan ya tsotse duka. Sannan a shirya wani hadi mai dauke da madara, saffron, cardamom, sukari, da almod kuma a zuba a saman vermicelli. Ana barin abincin ya yi zafi har sai vermicelli ya tsotse duka madarar sannan a ci da zafi. |- |Khaliat Nahl |[[Fayil:خليه_نحل_IMG_0957.jpg|center|frameless|293x293px]] |Kayan kwadayi da ake yi da burodi da ake gaurayawa da madara da suga da akayi da zuma. |} === Abin sha === Gidajen kofi na gargajiya (maqha) sun kasance a ko'ina, amma a yanzu ana gudun hijira ta hanyar gidajen cin abinci irin na cafes. A cewar hukumar kula da al'adu ta Saudi Arabiya, "yin hidimar Gahwah (Coffee) a Saudi Arabiya alama ce ta karimci da karimci". A al'ada, ana gasasshen wake na kofi, an sanyaya da kuma niƙa a gaban baƙi ta hanyar amfani da [[Turmi|turmi da pestle]] . Mai gida zai ƙara kwas ɗin cardamom a cikin kofi na kofi yayin aikin niƙa. Da zarar an sha kofi, za a zuba wa baƙi. A yau ko, ba a shirya gahwah a gaban baƙi; maimakon haka sai a hada shi da kyau a cikin dallah a zuba a cikin kananan kofuna da ake kira finjan. <ref name="SACM">{{Cite web |title=History of food in Saudi Arabia |url=http://www.sacm.org/ArabicSACM/pdf/Sacm_Food.pdf |access-date=20 November 2014 |publisher=Sacm.org}}</ref> == Abincin sauri da gidajen cin abinci == Gidajen cin abinci na sarka sun yi jinkirin samun bunƙasa a Saudi Arabiya, duk da haka suna ci gaba da zama wani ɓangare na abincin gida. Kodayake gidajen cin abinci na sarkar kawai ke da kashi 25% na tallace-tallace a cikin masana'antar sabis, sarƙoƙi sun sami ci gaba fiye da 'yan wasa masu zaman kansu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-26 |title=Saudi Arabia's Fast Food Segment Continues to Grow |url=https://aaronallen.com/blog/fast-food-restaurants-saudi-arabia |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=Aaron Allen & Associates, Global Restaurant Consultants |language=en-US}}</ref> Al Baik, wani sarkar da aka mayar da hankali kan siyar da soyayyen kaji, ita ce ta jagoranci aikin har zuwa sarkar mallakar Saudiyya, kuma ta fadada ayyukanta zuwa wasu jahohin da ke makwabtaka da ita. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-18 |title=Al Baik to open its second Dubai branch in Mall of the Emirates |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/lifestyle/food/2022/04/18/al-baik-is-opening-a-second-dubai-branch-in-mall-of-the-emirates/ |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref> == Dokokin abinci na Musulunci == Dokokin abinci na Musulunci sun hana cin naman alade da shan barasa. Ana aiwatar da wannan doka a duk faɗin [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] . A tsarin shari'ar Musulunci, dole ne a yanka dabbobi ta hanyar [[halal]] a kuma yi albarka kafin a ci su. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} == Manazarta == c0p5hra1mooa865552ss08y4henr74h 0 114979 905824 706173 2026-08-21T21:13:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}  jami'a Katolika ta St. John Paul II (UCT; Portuguese: Jami'ar Católica Timorense São João Paulo II; Tetum: Jami'a Katólika Timorense) jami'ar Katolika ce mai zaman kanta a Dili, Timor-Leste . An kaddamar da shi a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba a shikara 2021, jami'ar ta shigar da dalibai 491 na farko a watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, kuma tun daga lokacin ya girma zuwa rajista na 2,144. Jami'ar Katolika ta farko a kasar, UCT tana aiki a karkashin Archdiocese na Dili tare da kudade daga gwamnatin kasar. Kwalejin jami'ar tana cikin yankin Balide na Dili UCT ta ƙunshi fannoni huɗu - ilimi, harshe, da zane-zane; kimiyyar kiwon lafiya; kimiyyyar zamantakewa; da aikin injiniya - yana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na biyu 22, tare da shirin digiri na likita na MBBS. Jami'ar tana da bangarorin ilimi 140, galibi Timorese tare da wasu bangarorin kasa da kasa. Jami'ar tana da zaɓi, tana karɓar ɗalibai 500 a kowace shekara daga ƙungiyar masu neman sama da 1,500. UCT memba ne na ƙungiyoyin ilimi na duniya da yawa kuma tana da haɗin gwiwa tare da jami'o'in ƙasashen waje da yawa. == Tarihi == Kafa jami'ar Katolika a Timor-Leste babban burin Archdiocese na Dili ne, wanda ya fara a lokacin mulkin Bishop Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo (1983-2002) kuma daga baya a karkashin Bishop Alberto Ricardo da Silva (2004-2015). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Dagur |first=Ryan |date=2021-07-19 |title=Bid launched for Timor-Leste's first Catholic university |url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/bid-launched-for-timor-lestes-first-catholic-university/93349 |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=UCA News}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Dagur |first=Ryan |date=2021-08-16 |title=Timor-Leste looks to open first Catholic university this year |url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/timor-leste-looks-to-open-first-catholic-university-this-year/93721 |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=UCA News}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Dagur |first=Ryan |date=2021-12-10 |title=Timor-Leste inaugurates first Catholic university |url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/timor-leste-inaugurates-first-catholic-university/95327 |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=UCA News}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga watan Yulin 2021, Archbishop Virgílio do Carmo da Silva, ya gabatar da aikace-aikacen ga Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu don kafa jami'a.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Martins |first=Filomeno |date=2021-07-16 |title=Archdiocese of Dili to establish Catholic University in Timor-Leste |url=https://en.tatoli.tl/2021/07/16/archdiocese-of-dili-to-establish-catholic-university-in-timor-leste/19/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=TATOLI Agência Noticiosa de Timor-Leste |language=en}}</ref> Sabuwar jami'ar, babban bishop ya ce, za ta haɗa kuma ta faɗaɗa a kan cibiyar ilimi mafi girma ta diocese, Instituto de Ciências Religiosas (ICR).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Lemos de Deus |first=Isaura |date=2021-12-14 |title=Arcebispo de Díli defende qualidade do ensino da UCT |trans-title=Archbishop defends the quality of teaching at UCT |url=https://pt.tatoli.tl/2021/12/14/arcebispo-de-dili-defende-qualidade-do-ensino-da-uct/ |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=TATOLI Agência Noticiosa de Timor-Leste |language=pt}}</ref> Wata daya bayan haka, a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta, da Silva ya sadu da Firayim Minista Taur Matan Ruak don tattauna tsarin, bayan haka babban bishop ya ce yana fatan jami'ar za ta iya buɗewa daga baya a wannan shekarar.<ref name=":1" /> [[Fayil:2021-12-08_Universidade_Católica_Timorense.jpg|thumb|Bikin kaddamar da UCT, 8 ga Disamba 2021]] A ranar 3 ga Disamba 2021, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Sama ta ba da lasisin aiki ga babban coci, kuma bayan kwana uku, a ranar 6 ga Disamba, Archbishop da Silva ya ba da doka da ta kafa sabuwar jami'ar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historia |trans-title=History |url=https://uct.edu.tl/perfil-universidade/historia/ |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Universidade Católica Timorense |language=pt |archive-date=2024-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211131426/https://uct.edu.tl/perfil-universidade/historia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jami'ar Katolika ta Timorense São João Paulo II an kaddamar da ita ne a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba ta babban bishop kuma Firayim Minista Taur Matan Ruak a harabarta a unguwar Balide ta Dili.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":14"/><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Poce |first=Anna |date=2021-12-12 |title=Timor Leste tem sua primeira Universidade católica |trans-title=Timor-Leste has its first Catholic university |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/pt/igreja/news/2021-12/timor-leste-aberta-primeira-universidade-catolica.html |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Vatican News |language=pt}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Dagur |first=Ryan |date=2022-03-25 |title=Timor-Leste's Catholic university launches first courses |url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/timor-lestes-catholic-university-launches-first-courses/96649 |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=UCA News}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Affatato |first=Paolo |date=2024-09-11 |title=Universities, training institutes, seminaries: the Church is committed to the education of young people, the future of the nation |url=https://www.fides.org/en/news/75398-ASIA_EAST_TIMOR_Universities_training_institutes_seminaries_the_Church_is_committed_to_the_education_of_young_people_the_future_of_the_nation |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Agenzia Fides}}</ref> Jami'ar, Archbishop da Silva ya ce, za ta "ba da ilimi na duniya a duk fannoni na ayyukan ɗan adam, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar Katolika na ilimi, ɗabi'a, da al'adun ruhaniya". Jami'ar ta sadaukar da ita ga [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul II]], wanda ya ziyarci Timor ta Gabas a 1989 lokacin da ƙasar ke ƙarƙashin mulkin Indonesiya kuma tare da shi, Ruak ya ce, Timor-Leste "ya raba babban haɗin ƙauna da sadaukarwa". <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":14" /> A ranar 14 ga Disamba, Archbishops da Silva ya kaddamar da shugaban jami'ar UCT na farko, Franciscan, 31 na jami'ar gudanarwa, Franciscan friar Joel Casimiro Pinto<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> UCT opened its enrollment in February 2022, accepting 491 students for its first incoming class from a pool of roughly 2,000 applicants.<ref name=":14"/><ref name=":4"/> The university opened with four faculties—education, arts, and culture; health sciences; social sciences; and agricultural engineering—and 50 faculty, with plans to continue expanding.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":14" /><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4" /> Initially, UCT accepted students for 13 departments, including two that were previously part of ICR.<ref name=":14" /> Incoming students were required to complete a sixth-month course to learn [[Harshen Portuguese|Portuguese]] and [[Turanci|English]] before beginning their regular studies.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":14" /><ref name=":3" /> UCT opened its academic year on 24 March 2022 with a ceremony attended by Archbishop da Silva, former president José Ramos-Horta, and Holy See representative Msgr. Marco Sprizzi.<ref name=":4" /> At the ceremony, the university's first rector, Rev. Joel Casimiro Pinto said that UCT aimed "to be the premier university for scientific teaching and research in Timor-Leste."<ref name=":4" /> The university opened the 2023 academic year on 15 March 2023 with a ceremony attended by President Ramos-Horta.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Rosário |first=Afonso do |date=2023-03-15 |title=Universidade Católica Timorense inicia ano letivo |trans-title=Timorese Catholic University begins academic year |url=https://pt.tatoli.tl/2023/03/15/universidade-catolica-timorense-inicia-ano-letivo/ |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=TATOLI Agência Noticiosa de Timor-Leste |language=pt}}</ref> UCT ta gudanar da kammala karatunta na farko a ranar 7 ga Satumba 2023 a bikin a Gidan Zaman Lafiya na Nobel (Portuguese: Salão Nobel da Paz) a harabarta ta Balide . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-09-12 |title=Ministru Ensinu Superior Partisipa Serimonia Graduasaun UCT |trans-title=Ministry of Higher Education Participates in UCT Graduation Ceremony |url=https://mescc.gov.tl/tp/%F0%9D%90%8C%F0%9D%90%88%F0%9D%90%8D%F0%9D%90%88%F0%9D%90%92%F0%9D%90%93%F0%9D%90%91%F0%9D%90%94-%F0%9D%90%84%F0%9D%90%8D%F0%9D%90%92%F0%9D%90%88%F0%9D%90%8D%F0%9D%90%94-%F0%9D%90%92%F0%9D%90%94-16/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=MESCC |language=tet}}</ref> Jami'ar ta ba da digiri ga masu digiri 31 daga fannonin ilimi da kimiyyar zamantakewa, gami da daliban da suka halarci Cibiyar Nazarin Addini.<ref name=":13"/><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Sarmento |first=Augusto |date=2023-09-01 |title=UCT vai realizar cerimónia graduação de 31 finalistas |trans-title=UCT to hold graduation ceremony for 31 finalists |url=https://pt.timorpost.com/educacao/tp-26178/uct-vai-realizar-cerimonia-de-graduacao-de-31-finalistas/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Timor Post |language=pt}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2023 - ranar biki na St. John Paul II, mai kula da jami'ar - UCT ta gudanar da taro, karkashin jagorancin Archbishop da Silva, don tunawa da ranar tunawa da UCT ta farko kuma ta kafa dutse na tushe don sabon gini mai hawa huɗu a harabar.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Caet |first=Ermelinda |date=2022-10-23 |title=Dom Virgilio Cardeal Tau Fatuk Dahuluk ba Edifísiu Foun UCT |trans-title=Cardinal Virgilio Lays the Foundation Stone for New UCT Building |url=https://timorpost.com/edukasaun/tp-27171/dom-virgilio-cardeal-tau-fatuk-dahuluk-ba-edifisiu-foun-uct/ |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=Timor Post |language=tet}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, jami'ar ta sami izinin ma'aikata na A-grade daga Hukumar Nazarin Ilimi ta Kasa da Gudanarwa. <ref name=":17">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-20 |title=A UCT Inaugurou as Novas Instalações do Edifício Papa Francisco |trans-title=UCT Inaugurates New Facilities of the Pope Francis Building |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Ea8jPLZbW/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Universidade Católica Timorense - Facebook |language=pt}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-10 |title=A UCT Conquista a Acreditação Institucional de Nível A |trans-title=UCT Achieves Level A Institutional Accreditation |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/16R8NZzi8z/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Universidade Católica Timorense - Facebook |language=pt}}</ref> Jami'ar ta karu zuwa dalibai 1,240 a 2023, 1,700 a 2024, da kuma 2,144 a watan Fabrairun 2025. <ref name=":5"/> <ref name=":10"/><ref name=":19">{{Cite web |last=Marques |first=Osoria |date=2025-02-12 |title=UCT simu estudante estranjeiru 144 ba kursu medisina |trans-title=UCT accepts 144 foreign medical students |url=https://tatoli.tl/2025/02/12/uct-simu-estudante-estranjeiru-144-ba-kursu-medisina/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=TATOLI Agência Noticiosa de Timor-Leste |language=tet}}</ref> Kowace shekara, ana karɓar sabbin ɗalibai 500 daga tafkin aikace-aikacen sama da 1,500.<ref name=":5" /> [[Fayil:CET-UCT_building,_Dili,_2023_(04).jpg|thumb|Ginin gudanarwa na UCT]] [[Fayil:John_Paul_II_statue,_CET–UCT_building,_Dili,_2023_(01).jpg|thumb|Siffar [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul II]] a harabar UCT]] Kwalejin UCT tana cikin Balide a gabashin Dili, a wani dukiya mallakar Archdiocese na Dili kuma makarantar sakandare ta Colégio de São José ce ta yi amfani da ita.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":13"/><ref name=":3"/> Wani mutum-mutumi na [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul II]], mai kula da jami'ar, yana tsaye a ƙofar harabar.<ref name=":5"/> An kaddamar da ɗakin karatu na Benedict XVI na jami'ar (Portuguese: Biblioteca Bento XVI) a ranar 15 ga Maris 2023 a wani bikin da Shugaba José Ramos-Horta ya halarta.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Rosário |first=Afonso do |date=2023-03-15 |title=UCT inaugura biblioteca Bento XVI |trans-title=UCT inaugurates Benedict XVI library |url=https://pt.tatoli.tl/2023/03/15/uct-inaugura-biblioteca-bento-xvi/ |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=TATOLI Agência Noticiosa de Timor-Leste |language=pt}}</ref> Masu ba da gudummawa ga tarin ɗakin karatu sun haɗa da Firayim Minista Xanana Gusmão, ɗan siyasa [[Paulo Remédios|Paulo Remedios]], da Ramos-Horta, wanda shi kaɗai ya ba da guddina ga littattafai 3,400.<ref name=":16" /> A cikin 2023, UCT ta buɗe ƙasa a kan sabon gini mai hawa huɗu wanda, idan aka kammala, zai ƙunshi sabbin ɗakunan ajiya, dakunan gwaje-gwaje, da ɗakin karatu na jami'a.<ref name=":15"/> Wani kamfani ne [[Iran|Dan Iran]] ya gina ginin kuma archdiocese ne ya ba da kuɗin ta amfani da kudaden da gwamnati ke bayarwa kowace shekara don dalilai na ilimi, zamantakewa, da gudanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-02-15 |title=Discurso do Cardeal na Ocasião da Assinatura do Acordo Anual de Subvenção de 2024 Atribuida à CET |trans-title=Cardinal's Speech on the Occasion of the Signing of the 2024 Annual Grant Agreement Awarded to CET |url=https://arqddili.tl/2024/02/15/discurso-do-cardeal-na-ocasiao-da-assinatura-do-acordo-anual-de-subvencao-de-2024-atribuida-a-cet/ |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=Arquidiocese Dili |language=pt}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Maris 2025, UCT ta gudanar da bikin kaddamar da sabon wurin, mai suna Paparoma Francis Building . <ref name=":17"/> Firayim Minista Xanana Gusmão da Archbishop na Dili Virgílio do Carmo da Silva ne suka jagoranci bikin.<ref name=":17" /> == Tsarin da gudanarwa == UCT tana aiki a karkashin Archdiocese na Dili, kuma ana tallafawa ta hanyar kudade na shekara-shekara da gwamnatin ƙasa ta bayar ga archdiocese, rabin abin da aka ware don dalilai na ilimi. <ref name=":2"/> <ref name=":3"/><ref name=":5"/> Shugaba jami'ar shine shugaban jami'a, ofishin da babban bishop na Dili - a halin yanzu Virgílio do Carmo da Silva ke rikewa.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Estrutura |trans-title=Structure |url=https://uct.edu.tl/perfil-universidade/estrutura/ |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Universidade Católica Timorense |language=pt |archive-date=2024-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111143150/https://uct.edu.tl/perfil-universidade/estrutura/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shugaban jami'ar shine shugaban jami'ar, a halin yanzu Franciscan friar Joel Casimiro Pinto tun lokacin da aka kafa jami'ar a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2021.<ref name=":7" /> Rector yana samun taimako daga babban mai gudanarwa da mataimakan rectors guda huɗu: na ci gaban ma'aikata da fastoci; na karatun digiri, bincike, da hadin kai; na koyarwa da harkokin ilimi; da kuma goyon bayan dalibai.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" /> Rector yana da goyon baya daga majalisar dattijai ta ilimi da Majalisar jami'a.<ref name=":14"/><ref name=":7" /> Jami'ar ta kunshi fannoni huɗu - ilimi, harshe, da zane-zane; kimiyyar kiwon lafiya; kimiyyyar zamantakewa; da aikin injiniya - kowannensu yana karkashin jagorancin Dean.<ref name=":6"/><ref name=":7"/> Kwalejin kimiyyar kiwon lafiya ta ƙunshi makarantun kiwon lafiya, jinya, da kantin magani na jami'ar, kowannensu yana karkashin jagorancin mai tsarawa.<ref name=":7" /> Kwalejin injiniyan noma ta ƙunshi makarantun agrotechnology da kiwon dabbobi, wanda mai tsarawa da darektan ke jagoranta, bi da bi.<ref name=":7" /> Ma'aikatar ilimi, harshe, da zane-zane sun kasu kashi biyu a makarantar ilimi, makarantar harsuna, da ''Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Addini'' (ICR; Instituto de Ciências Religiosas), kowannensu yana karkashin jagorancin darektan.<ref name=":7" /> ICR a baya wata hukuma ce mai zaman kanta a cikin Archdiocese na Dili kafin a haɗa ta cikin sabon UCT.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/> Kwalejin kimiyyar zamantakewa ta ƙunshi makarantun shari'a, sadarwa ta zamantakewa, aikin zamantakewa, da kasuwanci, kowannensu yana da darektan kansa.<ref name=":7" /> Ya zuwa 2025, UCT tana da ƙwararrun ilimi 140, galibi Timorese da kuma ƙarancin ƙwararrun ƙasa da ƙasa. <ref name=":6" /> <ref name=":19"/> == Malamai == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; font-size:90%; margin-left:1em; text-align:left" |+Kwalejin UCT da digiri <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Universidade Católica Timorense |url=https://uct.edu.tl/noticias-registracao-novos-estudantes-2024/ |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Universidade Católica Timorense |language=pt |archive-date=2024-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723150334/https://uct.edu.tl/noticias-registracao-novos-estudantes-2024/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> !Ma'aikata !Hanyar da ake ciki |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" |Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya |Magunguna na gaba ɗaya |- |Nursing |- |Gidan magani |- | rowspan="6" style="text-align:left" |Kimiyya ta Jama'a |Dokar gaba ɗaya |- |Lissafi |- |Gudanar da Kasuwanci |- |Sadarwar Jama'a |- |Ayyukan Jama'a |- |Gudanar da Jama'a |- | rowspan="10" style="text-align:left" |Ilimi, Harshe, & Fasaha |Horar da Malamai, Makarantar Sakandare & Ilimi na asali 1st Cycle |- |Horar da Malamai, Tarihi & Yanayi |- |Horar da Malamai, Ilimin zamantakewa da Tattalin Arziki |- |Horar da Malamai, Lissafi da Fisika |- |Horar da Malamai, Biology & Chemistry |- |Horar da Malamai, Addinin Katolika & Ɗabi'a |- |Ilimin tauhidi da koyarwar |- |Harshe da Littattafan Portuguese |- |Harshen Ingilishi da Littattafai |- |Waƙoƙi |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" |Injiniyan Noma |Fasahar noma |- |Kiwon dabbobi |- |Kasuwancin noma |} A farkon shekara ta farko ta ilimi a watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, UCT tana da fannoni huɗu - ilimi, zane-zane, da al'adu; kimiyyar kiwon lafiya; kimiyyyar zamantakewa; da aikin injiniya - an raba su zuwa sassan 20 (wasu daga cikinsu har yanzu ana shirin su kuma ba su shiga ɗalibai ba). <ref name=":2"/> <ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4"/> Ya zuwa shekara ta ilimi ta 2024, UCT ta ƙunshi fannoni huɗu - ilimi, harshe, da zane-zane; kimiyyar kiwon lafiya; kimiyyyar zamantakewa; da aikin injiniya - yana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri 22.<ref name=":8"/> Portuguese shine babban harshen koyarwa a UCT . <ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/> A lokacin bude jami'ar, ana buƙatar ɗalibai su kammala karatun wata na shida don koyon Portuguese da Ingilishi kafin su fara karatunsu.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2022-11-01 |title=ANAAA avalia UCT só em 2024 |trans-title=ANAAA to evaluate UCT only in 2024 |url=https://timorpost.com/jeral-tl/tp-18293/anaaa-avalia-uct-so-em-2024/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Timor Post |language=pt}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2023, ana buƙatar ɗalibai masu shigowa su sami aƙalla matakin A2 na Portuguese; idan sun gwada ƙasa, dole ne su ɗauki karatun harshe na shekara-shekara don cimma matsakaicin matakin kafin su fara karatunsu na yau da kullun.<ref name=":6"/> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, UCT ta sami takardar shaidarta daga Hukumar Nazarin Ilimi ta Kasa (ANAAA; Portuguese: Agência Nacional para a Avaliação e Acreditação Académica), biyo bayan kimantawa da wakilan ANAAA suka gudanar a ranar 9-10 ga Yuli 2024 <ref name=":17"/> <ref name=":18"/><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-11 |title=Agência Nacional para a Avaliação e Acreditação Académica - ANAAA |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/Eduz7KfSddPb5y3m/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Facebook}}</ref> UCT ta sami takardar shaidar A-level, matsakaicin matsayi.<ref name=":18" /> A baya, Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta ba da lasisi ga UCT don aiki a matsayin jami'a, daidai da manufofin gwamnati da ke buƙatar sabbin jami'o'i suyi aiki na shekaru biyu kafin su cancanci kimantawa ta ANAAA.<ref name=":11"/> === Haɗin kai na kasa da kasa === UCT memba ne na Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Ilimi Mafi Girma a cikin Kasashe da Yankuna masu Magana da Portuguese (FORGES) da kuma Kungiyar Kwalejojin Katolika da Jami'o'in Gabashin Asiya (ASEACCU), ƙungiyar yanki ta Tarayyar Jami'o-in Katolika ta Duniya (IFCU). <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Cooperação |trans-title=Cooperation |url=https://uct.edu.tl/perfil-universidade/cooperacao/ |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Universidade Católica Timorense |language=pt |archive-date=2025-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104035253/https://uct.edu.tl/perfil-universidade/cooperacao/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jami'ar tana da yarjejeniyoyi tare da kungiyoyin Katolika AGIAMONDO da Fidesco International, waɗanda ke zaune a Jamus da Faransa, bi da bi, waɗanda ke aika da masu sa kai don yin aiki a matsayin da jami'ar ta nema.<ref name=":9" /> UCT kuma tana da yarjejeniya tare da Hukumar hadin kan kasa da kasa ta Koriya (KOICA). <ref name=":9" /> UCT tana da yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa da ta shafi koyarwa, bincike, da ci gaban sana'a tare da jami'o'i da yawa, gami da Jami'ar Kasa ta Timor Lorosa'e da kuma cibiyoyin kasa da kasa ciki har da Jami'an Katolika na Atma Jaya na Indonesia, Jami'ar Katolika ta Australia, Jami'an Catholic na Mozambique, Jami'in Katolika na Portugal, Makarantar Kasuwanci LSi a Cambodia, Jami'a ta Brasília, Jami'iyyar Minho a Portugal, Jami'er Saint Joseph a Macau, [[Universitas Katolik Darma Cendika]] a [[Surabaya]], da [[Universitas Katolik Widya Mandira]] a Kupang <ref name=":4"/> .<ref name=":9"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maduca |first=Roger |date=2024-04-05 |title=Cooperação entre Universidades católicas de Moçambique e Timor |trans-title=Cooperation between Catholic universities of Mozambique and Timor |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/pt/africa/news/2024-04/cooperao-entre-universidades-catolicas-de-mocambique-e-timor.html |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Vatican News |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=UCP assina protocolo de colaboração com Universidade Católica Timorense |trans-title=UCP signs collaboration agreement with Timorese Catholic University |url=https://www.ucp.pt/pt-pt/noticias/ucp-assina-protocolo-de-colaboracao-com-universidade-catolica-timorense |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Universidade Católica Portuguesa |language=pt}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024, UCT ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimta tare da IndoMed Educare, mai ba da shawara kan ilimin likitanci na Indiya, don kafa shirin Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) da aka nufa don jawo hankalin ɗaliban kasashen waje zuwa jami'ar.<ref name=":9"/> Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2025, shirin yana da dalibai 144 masu aiki daga Indiya, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, da Sri Lanka.<ref name=":19"/><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-03-20 |title=Estudante Estranjeiru Lubuk Estudu Iha UCT |trans-title=Many Foreign Students Study at UCT |url=https://stltimorleste.com/estudante-estranjeiru-lubuk-estudu-iha-uct/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Suara Timor Lorosae |language=tet}}</ref> == Rayuwar dalibi == Ƙungiyar Ɗalibai UCT (Portuguese: Associação Estudantil da UCT) tana shirya ayyukan ɗalibai kuma tana wakiltar ɗaliban ɗalibai a cikin jami'ar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Associação Estudantil da Universidade Católica Timorense |url=https://www.facebook.com/people/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o-Estudantil-da-Universidade-Cat%C3%B3lica-Timorense/61550469567975/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Facebook}}</ref> == Shahararrun mutane == === Rectors === * Rev. Joel Casimiro Pinto, OFM (2021-yanzu) == Dubi kuma == * Jerin jami'o'i a Timor-Leste == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] e5a1mf4fgcsvlf0b4pxcqdpuaum8ua6 0 115984 905851 794330 2026-08-21T22:02:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Federal University of Agriculture, Zuru''' Jami'a ce ta jama'a da ke [[Zuru]], [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]], Najeriya, kuma [[gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya]] ce ke tafiyar da ita. <ref name="CHAN">{{Cite web |last=Television |first=Channels |date=10 April 2019 |title=Senate Approves Bill On Establishment of Federal University of Agriculture, Zuru |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2019/04/10/senate-approves-bill-on-establishment-of-federal-university-of-agriculture-zuru/ |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[Channels Television]]}}</ref> == Tarihi == Asali an kafa makarantar a matsayin Kwalejin Aikin Gona da ke Zuru, cibiyar tana da alaƙa da [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello]] da [[Tarihin Zariya|ke Zariya]] . Kwalejin ta kasance ƙarƙashin kulawar [[Hukumar Ilimin Ƙere-ƙere da Fasaha ta Ƙasa|hukumar kula da ilimin fasaha ta kasa]] a shekarar 1977. Bayan wani kudiri da Sanata [[Bala Ibn Na'allah]] ya gabatar, majalisar dattawan Najeriya ta amince da daukaka darajarta zuwa jami'a a watan Afrilun shekarar 2019, kuma ta fara aiki gadan-gadan a watan Satumbar 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2019 |title=University of Agriculture, Zuru to take-off in 2020 ― Nanono |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/12/university-of-agriculture-zuru-to-take-off-in-2020/ |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban kasa]] [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya nada Farfesa [[Musa Isiyaku Ahmed]] a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ƙasa na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Udegbunam |first=Oge |date=9 April 2020 |title=FG appoints VC for newly-established University Of Agriculture, Kebbi |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/386903-fg-appoints-vc-for-newly-established-university-of-agriculture-kebbi.html |website=Premium Times}}</ref> A cikin Fabrairun shekarar 2025, Majalisar Mulki ta naɗa Farfesa Ibrahim Rakson Muhammad a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jami'a na biyu, kuma ya fara aiki a hukumance a watan Maris 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeremiah |first=Urowayino |date=2025-02-22 |title=Rakson emerges VC Federal varsity of Agriculture Zuru |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/02/rakson-emerges-vc-federal-varsity-of-agriculture-zuru/ |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=Vanguard News}}</ref> == Tsarin Ilimi == A halin yanzu FUAZ tana gudanar da kwalejojin ilimi masu zuwa: * Kwalejin Aikin Noma * Kwalejin Kimiyya * College of Veterinary Medicine Waɗannan kwalejoji suna ba da shirye-shiryen karatun digiri daban-daban kuma suna da tushe ga fifikon aikin gona da kimiyya na jami'a. == Laburare == Laburare na Jami'ar tana tallafawa koyarwa, koyo, da bincike. Dandalin E-Library ɗin sa yana ba da dama ga bayanai na duniya kamar JSTOR da ScienceDirect, tare da sarrafa kansa na dijital yana ba da damar maido da ingantaccen bayanai.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=E-Library |url=https://www.fuaz.edu.ng/index.php/accordion-3/151-e-library |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=www.fuaz.edu.ng |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228104804/https://www.fuaz.edu.ng/index.php/accordion-3/151-e-library |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bincike da Ci gaban Hukumomi == A watan Maris na 2025, bayan nadin nasa, Farfesa Ibrahim Rakson Muhammad ya kafa '''Ofishin Gudanarwa na Bincike, Kwarewa, Ci gaba, da Canjin Cibiyoyi (CREDIT)''' . Ofishin CREDIT wani shiri ne na dabarun da aka tsara don ƙarfafa jagoranci na bincike, gudanar da ƙididdigewa, sayan kyauta, da sauyi na hukumomi a FUAZ. == Dabarun hangen nesa == Jami'ar ta yi hasashen zama wata cibiya ta ƙware a fannin noma, fasaha, da sauyin yankunan ƙarƙara. Dabarun fifiko sun haɗa da: * Ƙarfafa jagoranci na ilimi da jagorancin bincike * Haɓaka ƙarfin ma'aikata ta hanyar shirye-shiryen ci gaba * Inganta tsarin aiki ta hanyar canjin dijital * Neman rarrabuwar kuɗaɗen kuɗi da damammakin ƙasashen duniya == Mataimakin shugaban ƙasa == * [[Musa Isiyaku Ahmed]] (2020-2025) * [[Ibrahim Rakson Muhammad]] (2025-present) == Kansila == * Eze [[Eberechi dick|Eberechi N. Dick]] (JP) (2021-present) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Official website|https://www.fuaz.edu.ng/}} [[Category: Jami'o'i]] af35tmug9xnmh82to8lj8fo8c5ug8fz 0 117997 905741 813726 2026-08-21T19:07:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905741 wikitext text/x-wiki Jahmali Waite (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1998) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] na El Paso Locomotive a Gasar USL . An haife shi a Amurka, yana wakiltar Jamaica a matakin kasa da kasa. == Ayyukan kulob din == === Ayyukan matasa === Waite ya taka leda a matsayin wani ɓangare na makarantar Philadelphia Union, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ralph |first=Matthew |date=November 15, 2019 |title=Union Academy grad Jahmali Waite saves three in PK shootout to lead FDU to conference final |url=https://www.brotherlygame.com/2019/11/15/20966753/philadelphia-union-academy-reading-united-jahmali-waite-pk-saves-northeast-conference-fdu |website=Brotherly Game |access-date=October 15, 2025 |archive-date=January 23, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123050605/https://www.brotherlygame.com/2019/11/15/20966753/philadelphia-union-academy-reading-united-jahmali-waite-pk-saves-northeast-conference-fdu |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma ya bayyana a kan benci don kulob din USL Championship a lokacin kakar 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamaica - J. Waite - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/jahmali-waite/479463/ |website=uk.soccerway.com}}</ref> Dan wasan Jamaica Andre Blake ne ya rinjaye shi ya koma kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |last=June 21 |first=OneManWolfpack says |last2=Pm |first2=2017 at 6:29 |date=June 21, 2017 |title=The grass roots: Notes from Bethlehem and the Union Academy |url=https://phillysoccerpage.net/2017/06/21/two-mid-june-details/}}</ref> === Kwalejin da kuma aikin mai son === A cikin 2017, Waite ya halarci [[Fairleigh Dickinson University|Jami'ar Fairleigh Dickinson]] don buga wasan [[College soccer in the United States|Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji]]. A cikin yanayi uku tare da Knights, Waite ya buga wasanni 40. An kira shi zuwa kungiyar Northeast Conference All-Rookie a matsayin sabon shiga a shekarar 2017 da kuma zabin Team All-NEC na farko a shekarar 2018. A cikin shekararsa ta ƙarshe tare da Knights, an ba shi suna NEC Tournament MVP kuma ya taimaka wajen jagorantar Fairleigh Dickinson zuwa Gasar NCAA ta 2019. 2020 ya ga Waite ya koma Jami'ar Connecticut, inda ya sake buga wasanni 23.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jahmali Waite - Men's Soccer |url=https://uconnhuskies.com/sports/mens-soccer/roster/jahmali-waite/11929 |website=University of Connecticut Athletics}}</ref> A lokacin da yake kwaleji, Waite ya kuma taka leda a USL League Two . Ya buga wasanni takwas na yau da kullun da kuma wasan kwaikwayo daya na Reading United AC a lokacin kakar 2019 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 15, 2019 |title=United Add Four Union Academy Players to 2019 Roster |url=https://www.bctv.org/2019/04/15/united-add-four-union-academy-players-to-2019-roster/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reading United AC &#124; uslleaguetwo.com |url=https://www.uslleaguetwo.com/roster_players/33014358?subseason=583580 |website=www.uslleaguetwo.com |access-date=2025-10-15 |archive-date=2026-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118225841/https://www.uslleaguetwo.com/roster_players/33014358?subseason=583580 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2021, Waite ya bayyana ga Ocean City Nor'easters, yana wasa sau tara a gasar kuma sau biyu a cikin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ocean City Nor'easters &#124; uslleaguetwo.com |url=https://www.uslleaguetwo.com/roster_players/45376160 |website=www.uslleaguetwo.com }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2021 |title=2021 USL League Two First Team roster |url=https://oceancityfc.demosphere-secure.com/men/roster/2021-usl-league-two-first-team-roster |website=Ocean City FC}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025}}</ref> Bayan kwaleji, Waite ya tafi ba tare da an tsara shi ba a cikin MLS SuperDraft na 2022, amma ya shiga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Major League Chicago Fire don sansanin horar da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chicago Fire FC Announce Roster for Preseason Training Camp &#124; Chicago Fire FC |url=https://www.chicagofirefc.com/news/chicago-fire-fc-announce-roster-for-preseason-training-camp |website=chicagofirefc}}</ref> Koyaya, bai sanya hannu a kulob din ba. === Ayyukan sana'a === ==== Pittsburgh Riverhounds ==== A ranar 25 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, Waite ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'arsa ta farko, ya shiga kungiyar USL Championship ta Pittsburgh Riverhounds . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Goalkeeper Jahmali Waite signs for 2022 season |url=https://www.riverhounds.com/news/2022/03/25/jahmali-waite-signs-goalkeeper/}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa kulob din wasa a gasar cin kofin Lamar Hunt US Open a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pittsburgh Riverhounds vs. Maryland Bobcats - 6 April 2022 - Soccerway |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2022/04/06/united-states/us-open-cup/pittsburgh-riverhounds/maryland-bobcats/3755524/ |website=uk.soccerway.com}}</ref> A cikin 2023, Jahmali Waite ya ɗauki takarda mai tsabta a kan New England Revolution, ya jagoranci kungiyar zuwa nasara 1-0.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krysinsky |first=John |date=2023-05-09 |title=FINAL: Riverhounds SC 1, New England Revolution 0 (US Open Cup – 4th Round) |url=https://pittsburghsoccernow.com/2023/05/09/finalpit1ne0/ |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=Pittsburgh Soccer Now |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan wannan, Jahmali Waite ya kasance mutumin wasan da ya yi da Columbus Crew, ya adana harbe-harbe uku kuma ya ba da sifili a cikin 1-0 wanda ya ba da damar Hounds su kai ga Quarterfinals na Kofin U.S. Open a karo na farko tun shekara ta 2001. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cup run extended with shutout of Columbus Crew |url=https://www.riverhounds.com/news/2023/05/24/columbus-crew-open-cup-win-dikwa/ |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC |language=en-US}}</ref> Jahmali Waite ya kasance mutumin wasan da ya yi da Tampa Bay Rowdies a cikin nasara 1-0, ya ceci harbi guda ɗaya a raga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Early Dikwa strike topples Tampa Bay |url=https://www.riverhounds.com/news/2023/08/05/early-dikwa-strike-topples-tampa-bay/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC |language=en-US}}</ref> === Jirgin ƙasa na El Paso === A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 2024, Waite ya sanya hannu tare da El Paso Locomotive don kakar gasar zakarun USL ta 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 4, 2024 |title=Locomotive FC inks Jamaican international Jahmali Waite |url=https://www.uslchampionship.com/news_article/show/1295984}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Waite ya wakilci Jamaica a matakin kasa Yana da shekara 17.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamaica sends T&T U-17s packing |url=http://www.guardian.co.tt/article-6.2.376259.05637d2d2c |website=www.guardian.co.tt}}</ref> Waite ya fara buga wasan farko na kasa da kasa a ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamba da Kamaru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 10, 2022 |title=Cameroon draw 'something to build on', says Boyz coach - Jamaica Observer |url=https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/sports/cameroon-draw-something-to-build-on-says-boyz-coach/}}</ref> Waite ya buga wasanni da yawa a wasannin sada zumunci na tawagar kasar Jamaica, kuma ya sami kira har zuwa tawagar cin kofin zinare ta CONCACAF ta Jamaica ta 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 19, 2023 |title=Reggae Boyz Jamaica Gold Cup Squad |url=https://yardhype.com/reggae-boyz-2023-concacaf-gold-cup-squad-named/ |website=YardHype}}</ref> Ya fara wasan Kofin Zinare na 2023 da Saint Kitts da Nevis, inda ya yi ceto biyu a nasarar 5-0 kafin ya tashi a minti na 82.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamaica vs Saint Kitts and Nevis - July 02, 2023 |url=https://www.foxsports.com/soccer/gold-cup-jamaica-vs-saint-kitts-and-nevis-jul-02-2023-game-boxscore-119016 |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=FOX Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kasashen Duniya === {{Updated|match played 5 September 2025}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] onjilz6a1u67vl72utlxkwjllnin3dq 0 118183 905686 890644 2026-08-21T15:49:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Iman fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na shekarar 2023 wanda [[John Jaycee]] ya bayar da umarni, kuma [[Uzee Usman]], Bestman Thompson, da [[Mary Njoku]] suka shirya ga kamfanoni [[Rok Studios|ROK Studios]]. Taurarin shirin fim ɗin ya haɗa da manyan jarumai kamar [[Uchechi Treasure Okonkwo|Uchechi Treasure]], Ikenna Azubuike, Stanley Igboanugo, Martins Onyebuchi, da [[Uzee Usman]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Uchechi Treasure Takes the Lead in John Jaycee's New Thriller, Iman |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2023/03/25/uchechi-treasure-takes-the-lead-in-john-jaycees-new-thriller-iman/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-05-14 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref> Labarin shirin na magana game da ƙalubalen da ƙananan 'yan mata a Arewa maso Gabas (Najeriya) ke fuskanta waɗanda ke da burin samun ilimi duk da tsarin tasirin al'adu na kabilun ƙasar. An fitar da shirin Iman a gidan kallon wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 2023, wanda aka haska a gidan talabijin na Nollywood, kuma ya sami martani daban-daban da masu tofa albarkacin baki. ==Takaitaccen Bayani== Shirin fim na Iman na bayar da labarin wata yarinya daga Arewa maso Gabas (Najeriya) wacce ke da burin zuwa makaranta, duk da cewa mahaifinta da mahaifiyarta sun yi imanin cewa ilmantar da 'ya'ya mata ba shi da amfani. Kowace rana, tana zuwa daukar darussa a asirce inda take laɓewa daga wajen tagar ajin da ake koyar da darasi. Fafutukarta ta ƙara yin wahala lokacin da iyayenta suka shirya aurar da ita ga ɗan wani attajiri, hakan wani barazanar rufe burinta ne gaba ɗaya. Daga ƙarshe Iman ta haɗu da wata mace da ta fuskanci irin wannan gwagwarmaya rayuwarta da har ta iya samun nasarar shawo kansu a lokacin. Samun shawarwari game da goyan bayan wannan mata zuwa gareta, Iman ta fara yarda cewa watakila wani burin na daban kan iya yiwuwa a gaba. == Jaruman shirin== * [[Uchechi Treasure Okonkwo|Uchechi Treasure]] a matsayin Iman * [[Uzee Usman]] * Victor Chude * Martha Felix * Ikenna Azubuike * Stanley Igboanugo * Abi Elijah Iji * Asabe Madaki * Jennifer Martins * Ransome Nuhu * Martins Onyebuchi * Rabiu Rikadawa * Abdul U. Zada ==Shiryawa== ===Fitar da Jaruman shirin=== A watan Maris na 2023, [[Rok Studios|ROK Studios]] ya sanar da cewa Uchechi Treasure da Uzee Usman<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Efeturi |date=2025-05-23 |title=Iman: The Girl Who Listened Through Windows” – A Story of Courage and Defiance. |url=https://xplorenollywood.com/iman-the-girl-who-listened-through-windows-a-story-of-courage-and-defiance/ |access-date=2026-07-30 |website=XploreNollywood |language=en-US}}</ref> sune jagororin shirin fim ɗin. Sauran 'yan wasan shirin da aka tabbatar a wannan watan sun haɗa da Ikenna Azubuike, Stanley Igboanugo, Jennifer Martins, Ransome Nuhu, Abdul U. Zada, da Martins Onyebuchi.<ref name=":0" /> ==Bikin haska fim ɗin == An saki fim ɗin Iman a Najeriya ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 2023 akan Dstv ta hanyar ROK2 da kuma a tashar talabijin ta Nollywood TV.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afrikive |url=https://afrikive.com/titles/930/iman |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=afrikive.com }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Jaridar [[This Day|This Day Nigeria]] ta ba fim ɗin maki/taurari 4/5, ta kwatanta fim ɗin a matsayin fim mai tasir.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Movie Review: Iman – A Triumph Against Tradition|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/04/26/movie-review-iman-a-triumph-against-tradition/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |newspaper=[[This Day]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Oluchi Favour Chinedu na [[The Guardian (Najeriya)|jaridar The Guardian]] ta yaba da fim ɗin a matsayin labarin da ya taɓo fannin juriya, da ilimi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Amos |date=2023-04-18 |title=Iman (2023), a story of resilience, education, and breaking barriers– Movie Review |url=https://guardian.ng/features/iman-2023-a-story-of-resilience-education-and-breaking-barriers-movie-review/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-05-14 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Haɗi na Waje== * {{IMDb title|id=tt27392180}} [[Category:Fim]] gufqwja3qt3zmffsi3ipstycfof3okr 0 118527 905706 731933 2026-08-21T16:27:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[Injinia.|injiniya]] abinci''' wani fannin kimiyya ne, ilimi, da noma sana'a wanda ke fassara da kuma amfani da ka'idodin injiniya, kimiyya, da [[lissafi]] ga masana'antar abinci da ayyukan, gami da sarrafawa, [[Masana'antar abinci|samarwa]], sarrafawa, adanawa, sarrafawar, sarrafawa da rarraba kayayyakin abinci.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=EOLSS eBook – Food Engineering |url=https://www.eolss.net/ebooklib/bookinfo/food-engineering.aspx |access-date=2020-11-01 |website=eolss.net}}</ref> Idan aka ba da dogaro da kimiyyar abinci da kuma fannoni na inji masu yawa kamar su lantarki, injiniya, farar hula, sinadarai, masana'antu da aikin gona, ana ɗaukar aikin injiniya na abinci a matsayin yanki mai yawa da ƙanƙanta.<ref name=":04" /> Saboda rikitarwa yanayin kayan abinci, injiniyan abinci ya haɗa da nazarin takamaiman ra'ayoyin sunadarai da na jiki kamar su [[Biochemistry|ilmin sunadarai]], ilmin microbiology, ilmin sunadancin abinci, [[thermodynamics]], [[Transport phenomena|Abubuwan sufuri]], rheology, da [[Heat transfer|canja wurin zafi]].<ref name=":142">{{Cite web |title=EOLSS eBook – Food Engineering |url=https://www.eolss.net/ebooklib/bookinfo/food-engineering.aspx |access-date=2020-11-01 |website=eolss.net}}</ref> Injiniyoyin abinci suna amfani da wannan ilimin ga ƙirar tsada, samarwa, da kasuwanci na ɗorewa, aminci, mai gina jiki, lafiya, mai daɗi, mai araha da inganci da abinci, da kuma ci gaban tsarin abinci, injuna, da kayan aiki.<ref name=":232">{{Cite journal |last=Saguy |first=I. Sam |last2=Roos |first2=Yrjö H. |last3=Cohen |first3=Eli |date=2018-06-01 |title=Food engineering and food science and technology: Forward-looking journey to future new horizons |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146685641830119X |journal=Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies |language=en |volume=47 |pages=326–334 |doi=10.1016/j.ifset.2018.03.001 |issn=1466-8564 |s2cid=102701480 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Tarihi == Kodayake aikin injiniya na abinci wani yanki ne na kwanan nan kuma mai tasowa, ya dogara ne akan ra'ayoyi da ayyukan da aka kafa tun da daɗewa. Al'adun gargajiya na aikin injiniya na abinci shine adanawa, wanda ya haɗa da daidaitawa da kuma lalata abinci, hana lalacewa, da adana abubuwan gina jiki a cikin abinci na dogon lokaci. Ƙarin takamaiman ayyukan gargajiya sun haɗa da rashin ruwa da maida hankali, kunshin kariya, gwangwani da bushewa. Ci gaban fasahar abinci ya sami rinjaye sosai kuma ya bukaci yaƙe-yaƙe da tafiye-tafiye masu tsawo, gami da ayyukan sararin samaniya, inda abinci mai dorewa da abinci mai gina jiki ke da mahimmanci don rayuwa.<ref name=":14"/> Sauran ayyukan tsohuwar sun haɗa da niƙa, adanawa, da kuma tsarin fermentation.<ref name=":14" /> Kodayake ayyukan gargajiya da yawa sun kasance masu damuwa kuma sun zama tushen fasahar yau da sababbin abubuwa, mayar da hankali ga injiniyan abinci kwanan nan ya sauya zuwa ingancin abinci, aminci, ɗanɗano, lafiya da dorewa.<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":33" /> == Aikace-aikace da ayyuka == Wadannan sune wasu aikace-aikace da ayyukan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin injiniyan abinci don samar da abinci mai aminci, lafiya, mai ɗanɗano, da kuma mai ɗorewa: === Rashin sanyi da daskarewa === [[Fayil:Refrigeration_Warehouse.jpg|thumb|258x258px|Cibiyar rarraba abinci tare da fasahar sanyaya]] Babban manufar sanyaya abinci da / ko daskarewa shine adana inganci da amincin kayan abinci. Rashin sanyi da daskarewa suna taimakawa wajen adana abinci mai lalacewa, da kuma kiyaye wasu abubuwan ingancin abinci kamar bayyanar gani, dandano, dandano da abubuwan gina jiki. Gishiri abinci yana jinkirta ci gaban ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda zasu iya cutar da masu amfani. === Rashin ruwa === Ana amfani da evaporation don ƙaddamarwa, ƙara abun ciki mai ƙarfi, canza launi, da rage abun ciki na ruwa na abinci da kayan ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Evaporation in food industry - Efficiency Finder |url=http://wiki.zero-emissions.at/index.php/Evaporation_in_food_industry#:~:text=Evaporation%20is%20used%20to%20pre,Milk%20Industries,%20June%202005 |access-date=2020-11-01 |website=wiki.zero-emissions.at}}</ref> Wannan tsari galibi ana ganinsa lokacin sarrafa madara, kayan starch, kofi, ruwan 'ya'yan itace, kayan lambu da kuma concentrates, kayan yaji, sauces, sukari, da man mai cin abinci. Hakanan ana amfani da evaporation a cikin hanyoyin bushewar abinci. Dalilin rashin ruwa shine don hana ci gaban ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin abinci, wanda kawai ke ginawa lokacin da akwai danshi. Ana iya amfani da wannan tsari ga kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itatuwa, nama, da kifi, misali.<ref name=":33" /> === Kunshin === Ana amfani da fasahar kunshin abinci don tsawaita rayuwar samfuran, don daidaita abinci (tsayawa dandano, bayyanar, da inganci), da kuma kula da abinci mai tsabta, kariya, da kuma jan hankalin mabukaci. Ana iya cimma wannan, alal misali, ta hanyar kunshe abinci a cikin gwangwani da kwalba. Saboda samar da abinci yana haifar da adadi mai yawa na sharar gida, kamfanoni da yawa suna canzawa zuwa kayan kwalliya masu kyau don adana muhalli da kuma jawo hankalin masu amfani da muhalli. Wasu nau'ikan kunshin da ke da kyau ga muhalli sun haɗa da filastik da aka yi daga masara ko dankali, filastik mai sarrafawa da kayan takarda waɗanda ke rushewa, da abubuwan da aka sake amfani da su. Kodayake sauyawa zuwa kunshin muhalli yana da tasiri mai kyau a kan muhalli, kamfanoni da yawa suna samun wasu fa'idodi kamar rage kayan kunshin da suka wuce gona da iri, taimakawa wajen jawo hankalin da riƙe abokan ciniki, da kuma nuna cewa kamfanoni suna kula da muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-05 |title=Eco-friendly packaging in the food and beverage industry: Types & benefits |url=http://stellarfoodforthought.net/eco-friendly-packaging-in-the-food-and-beverage-industry-types-benefits/ |access-date=2020-11-01 |website=Plant Engineering |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029073702/https://stellarfoodforthought.net/eco-friendly-packaging-in-the-food-and-beverage-industry-types-benefits/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Makamashi don sarrafa abinci === Don kara dorewar sarrafa abinci akwai buƙatar [[Tsaro na makamashi|ingancin makamashi]] da dawo da zafi. Canjin tsarin abinci mai amfani da makamashi na al'ada tare da sabbin fasahohi kamar zagaye na thermodynamic da hanyoyin dumama marasa zafi suna samar da wani damar rage amfani da makami, rage farashin samarwa, da inganta dorewa a cikin samar da abinci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Lijun |date=2014-10-01 |title=Energy efficiency technologies for sustainable food processing |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-014-9256-8 |journal=Energy Efficiency |language=en |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=791–810 |bibcode=2014EnEff...7..791W |doi=10.1007/s12053-014-9256-8 |issn=1570-6478 |s2cid=255485007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Canjin zafi a cikin sarrafa abinci === Canjin zafi yana da mahimmanci a cikin sarrafa kusan kowane kayan abinci na kasuwanci kuma yana da mahimmanci don adana tsabta, abinci mai gina jiki da kuma halayen abinci. Hanyoyin canja wurin zafi sun haɗa da induction, convection, da radiation. Ana amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin don ƙirƙirar bambance-bambance a cikin kayan abinci na jiki yayin daskarewa, yin burodi, ko samfuran soya mai zurfi, da kuma lokacin amfani da zafin ohmic ko radiation na infrared ga abinci. Wadannan kayan aikin suna bawa injiniyoyin abinci damar kirkirowa a cikin kirkirar da sauya kayan abinci.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2021}}{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2021}} === Tsarin Gudanar da Tsaro na Abinci (FSMS) === Tsarin Gudanar da Tsaro na Abinci (FSMS) shine "tsarin tsari don sarrafa haɗarin amincin abinci a cikin kasuwanci don tabbatar da cewa samfurin abinci yana da aminci don cinyewa. " <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Admin |first=Bromley |title=Food safety for businesses |url=https://www.bromley.gov.uk/info/407/food_safety/598/food_safety_for_businesses/2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125084318/https://www.bromley.gov.uk/info/407/food_safety/598/food_safety_for_businesses/2 |archive-date=2022-01-25 |access-date=2020-11-01 |website=www.bromley.gov.uk |language=en}}</ref> A wasu ƙasashe FSMS abin da ake buƙata ne na doka, wanda ke tilasta duk kasuwancin samar da abinci su yi amfani da kiyaye FSMS bisa ga ka'idodin Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP). <ref name=":6" /> HACCP tsarin gudanarwa ne wanda ke magance lafiyar abinci ta hanyar bincike da sarrafa haɗarin halittu, sunadarai, da na jiki a duk matakai na jerin samar da abinci. Matsayin ISO 22000 ya ƙayyade bukatun FSMS.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISO 22000:2018 |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/65464.html |access-date=2021-06-05 |publisher=[[International Organization for Standardization]]}}</ref> == Fasahar da ke tasowa == Fasahar da ke biyowa, waɗanda ke ci gaba da bunkasa, sun ba da gudummawa ga sababbin abubuwa da ci gaban ayyukan injiniyan abinci: [[Fayil:ProductionCookies.jpg|thumb|254x254px|Samar da kukis tare da sarrafa kansa]] === Bugawa ta uku na abinci === Bugawa mai girma uku (3D), wanda aka fi sani da masana'antu mai mahimmanci, shine tsari na amfani da fayilolin dijital don ƙirƙirar abubuwa masu girma uku. A cikin masana'antar abinci, ana amfani da bugawa ta 3D na abinci don sarrafa yadudduka na abinci ta amfani da kayan aikin kwamfuta. Tsarin bugawa na 3D yana da jinkiri, amma yana ingantawa a tsawon lokaci tare da burin rage farashi da lokutan sarrafawa. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan abinci masu cin nasara waɗanda aka buga ta hanyar fasahar 3D sune: cakulan, cuku, gurasar cake, turkey, pizza, celery, da sauransu. Wannan fasahar tana ci gaba da ingantawa, kuma tana da damar samar da abinci mai tsada, mai ingancin makamashi wanda ke haɗuwa da kwanciyar hankali, aminci da iri-iri. === Biosensors === Ana iya amfani da masu binciken halittu don kula da inganci a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje da kuma matakai daban-daban na sarrafa abinci. Fasahar Biosensor wata hanya ce da manoma da masu sarrafa abinci suka saba da karuwar buƙatun abinci a duniya, yayin da suke kula da samar da abinci da ingancin su. Bugu da ƙari, tunda miliyoyin mutane suna fama da cututtukan da ke tattare da abinci da ƙwayoyin cuta ke haifar, biosensors suna zama muhimmiyar kayan aiki don tabbatar da amincin abinci. Suna taimakawa wajen bin diddigin da nazarin ingancin abinci a lokuta da yawa na jerin kayayyaki: a cikin sarrafa abinci, jigilar kaya da kasuwanci. Biosensors na iya taimakawa tare da gano kwayoyin halitta (GMOs), don taimakawa wajen tsara samfuran GMO. Tare da ci gaban fasahar, kamar nanotechnology, ana inganta inganci da amfani da biosensors akai-akai. === Pasteurization na madara ta hanyar microwave === Lokacin da aka sarrafa yanayin ajiyar madara, madara tana da ɗanɗano mai kyau. Koyaya, dandano mai ɗanɗano matsala ce da ke shafar dandano da aminci na madara a hanyar da ba ta dace ba. Don hana ci gaban ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa da kuma tsawaita rayuwar madara, an haɓaka hanyoyin pasteurization. An yi nazarin madara mai laushi kuma an haɓaka ta don hana oxidation idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin madara na gargajiya, kuma an kammala cewa madara tana da inganci mafi kyau lokacin da take da madara mai lalacewa. == Ilimi da horo == [[Fayil:Education_and_Training.jpg|thumb|244x244px|Dalibai da ke aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na kimiyyar abinci]] A cikin shekarun 1950, injiniyan abinci ya fito ne a matsayin horo na ilimi, <ref name=":14"/> lokacin da jami'o'in Amurka da yawa suka haɗa da kimiyyar abinci da fasahar abinci a cikin darussan su, kuma muhimman ayyuka a kan injiniyan abinci sun bayyana. A yau, cibiyoyin ilimi a duk faɗin duniya suna ba da digiri na farko, masters, da digiri na biyu a cikin injiniyan abinci. Koyaya, saboda halin musamman na injiniyan abinci, ana ba da horo sau da yawa a matsayin reshe na manyan shirye-shirye akan kimiyyar abinci, fasahar abinci, fasahohin halittu, ko aikin gona da injiniyan sinadarai.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Roos |first=Yrjö H. |last2=Fryer |first2=Peter J. |last3=Knorr |first3=Dietrich |last4=Schuchmann |first4=Heike P. |last5=Schroën |first5=Karin |last6=Schutyser |first6=Maarten A. I. |last7=Trystram |first7=Gilles |last8=Windhab |first8=Erich J. |date=2015-06-03 |title=Food Engineering at Multiple Scales: Case Studies, Challenges and the Future—A European Perspective |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12393-015-9125-z |journal=Food Engineering Reviews |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=91–115 |doi=10.1007/s12393-015-9125-z |issn=1866-7910 |s2cid=107933426 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A wasu lokuta, cibiyoyin suna ba da ilimin injiniyan abinci ta hanyar maida hankali, ƙwarewa, ko yara. 'Yan takarar injiniyan abinci suna karɓar horo na fannoni daban-daban a fannoni kamar lissafi, ilmin sunadarai, ilmin kimiyyar halittu, kimiyyar lissafi, ilimin microbiology, abinci mai gina jiki, da doka. Injiniyan abinci har yanzu yana girma da haɓaka a matsayin filin karatu, kuma tsarin karatun ilimi yana ci gaba da canzawa. Shirye-shiryen injiniyan abinci na gaba suna fuskantar canji saboda kalubalen da ke faruwa a yanzu a masana'antar abinci, gami da tattalin arzikin abinci, tsaron abinci, ci gaban jama'a, tsaron abincin, canza halayyar cin abinci, duniya, canjin yanayi, farashin makamashi da canji a cikin darajar, farashin man fetur na burbushin halittu, da dorewa.<ref name=":0"/> Don magance waɗannan ƙalubalen, waɗanda ke buƙatar ci gaban sabbin samfuran, ayyuka, da matakai, shirye-shiryen ilimi suna haɗa sababbin hanyoyin horo.<ref name=":0" /> Misali, wasu jami'o'i suna karɓar dakunan gwaje-gwaje na kirkire-gwaje, shirye-shiryen bincike, da ayyukan tare da kamfanonin abinci da masana'antun kayan aiki.<ref name=":0" /> Bugu da kari, gasa da gasa daga wasu fannonin kimiyya suna bayyana.<ref name=":0" /> Tare da karuwar bukatar abinci mai aminci, mai ɗorewa, da lafiya, da kuma hanyoyin da ke da kyau ga muhalli da marufi, akwai babbar kasuwar aiki ga ma'aikatan injiniyan abinci. Injiniyoyin abinci galibi suna aiki ne daga masana'antar abinci, ilimi, hukumomin gwamnati, cibiyoyin bincike, kamfanonin ba da shawara, kamfanonin magunguna, kamfanonin kiwon lafiya, da ayyukan kasuwanci.<ref name=":14"/> Bayanan aiki sun haɗa da amma ba'a iyakance su ga injiniyan abinci ba, masanin microbiology na abinci, bioengineering / biotechnology, abinci mai gina jiki, traceability, amincin abinci da sarrafa inganci.<ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Saguy |first=I. Sam |last2=Roos |first2=Yrjö H. |last3=Cohen |first3=Eli |date=2018-06-01 |title=Food engineering and food science and technology: Forward-looking journey to future new horizons |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146685641830119X |journal=Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies |language=en |volume=47 |pages=326–334 |doi=10.1016/j.ifset.2018.03.001 |issn=1466-8564 |s2cid=102701480 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ƙalubalen == === Ci gaba da dorewa === Injiniyan abinci yana da mummunar tasiri a kan muhalli kamar fitar da sharar gida mai yawa da gurɓataccen ruwa da iska, wanda dole ne injiniyoyin abinci su magance shi a cikin ci gaban samar da abinci da ayyukan sarrafawa na gaba. Masana kimiyya da injiniyoyi suna gwaji a hanyoyi daban-daban don ƙirƙirar ingantaccen matakai wanda ke rage gurɓataccen yanayi, amma dole ne a ci gaba da inganta waɗannan don cimma jerin samar da abinci mai ɗorewa. Dole ne injiniyoyin abinci su sake kimanta ayyukan yanzu da fasahohi don mayar da hankali kan kara yawan aiki da inganci yayin rage yawan amfani da ruwa da makamashi, da rage yawan sharar da aka samar. === Ƙaruwar yawan jama'a === Kodayake samar da abinci yana fadada kowace shekara, an kuma sami karuwar yawan mutanen da ke fama da yunwa. Ana sa ran yawan mutanen duniya zai kai mutane biliyan 9-10 nan da shekara ta 2050 kuma matsalar rashin abinci mai gina jiki ta kasance fifiko. Don cimma tsaron abinci, ana buƙatar injiniyoyin abinci don magance karancin ƙasa da ruwa don samar da isasshen ci gaba da abinci ga mutanen da ba su da abinci.<ref name=":33" /> Bugu da kari, samar da abinci ya dogara da ƙasa da samar da ruwa, waɗanda ke cikin damuwa yayin da yawan jama'a ke ƙaruwa. Akwai matsin lamba mai girma a kan albarkatun ƙasa wanda ke haifar da fadada yawan jama'a, wanda ke haifar le fadada gonakin amfanin gona; wannan yawanci ya haɗa da lalata gandun daji da amfani da ƙasar noma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Population Matters to Food Security {{!}} Toolkits |url=https://toolkits.knowledgesuccess.org/toolkits/family-planning-advocacy/why-population-matters-food-security#:~:text=Almost%20one%20in%20seven%20people,healthy%20and%20lead%20active%20lives.&text=Increasing%20numbers%20of%20people%20often,of%20arable%20land%20and%20water. |access-date=2020-11-02 |website=toolkits.knowledgesuccess.org |archive-date=2020-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107111908/https://toolkits.knowledgesuccess.org/toolkits/family-planning-advocacy/why-population-matters-food-security#:~:text=Almost%20one%20in%20seven%20people,healthy%20and%20lead%20active%20lives.&text=Increasing%20numbers%20of%20people%20often,of%20arable%20land%20and%20water. |url-status=dead }}</ref> Injiniyoyin abinci suna fuskantar ƙalubalen neman hanyoyin da za su iya samarwa don daidaitawa da yawan jama'a masu yawa. === Lafiyar ɗan adam === Injiniyoyin abinci dole ne su daidaita fasahar abinci da ayyukan zuwa yanayin masu amfani da kwanan nan zuwa ga amfani da abinci mai kyau da mai gina jiki. Don samar da abinci tare da waɗannan halaye, kuma don amfanin lafiyar ɗan adam, injiniyoyin abinci dole ne su yi aiki tare da masu sana'a a wasu fannoni kamar magani, ilmin sunadarai, da kuma amfani. Dole ne a bunkasa sabbin fasahohi da ayyuka don kara samar da abinci wanda ke da tasiri mai kyau ga lafiyar ɗan adam. == Dubi kuma ==   == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 533h5jbaqzy5fa7m3lecp11jg81z0j7 0 120459 905904 835468 2026-08-22T03:09:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905904 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Sabra_Shatila_demonstration.jpg|thumb|239x239px|Maris a Italiya don tunawa da Kisan kiyashi na Sabra da Shatila .]] Wannan jerin zanga-zangar goyon bayan Palasdinawa ne a Italiya ciki har da zanga-zambe, tafiye-tafiye, zama, ayyukan kai tsaye, da sansanonin harabar don tallafawa haƙƙin [[Palasdinawa]]. == Jerin == An kiyasta halartar ko dai an ambaci a bayyane a cikin nassoshi ko kuma an yi amfani da matsakaicin matsayi, watau, 50 lokacin da aka ambaci da yawa, 500 lokacin da aka ambata daruruwan, da sauransu. === 2023 === {{Reflist|group=Note}} {| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi" style="font-size: 90%; position:relative" ! style="width:15%;" |Ranar ! style="width:13%;" |Birni / birni ! data-sort-type="number" style="width:5%;" |Kimanin halartar ! class="unsortable" style="width:55%;" |Bayyanawa ! class="unsortable" style="width:5%;" |Ref (s) |- |18 ga Nuwamba 2006 | da    |50,000 |Masu zanga-zangar sun kasance game da [[United States|US]]" id="mwKw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Arms industry">Sayar da makamai ga [[Isra'ila]], game da wariyar launin fata, da kuma hadin gwiwar soja tare da kasar. Jam'iyyun siyasa da yawa ne suka dauki nauyin zanga-zangar, kamar su Federation of the Greens, Communist Refoundation Party, Democrats of the Left, Workers' Communist Party, da kuma Party of Italian Communists. Wannan zanga-zangar ta haifar da hukuntawa a duk fadin kasar kuma ta karfafa goyon baya ga Isra'ila bayan mahalarta sun ƙone kayan ado guda uku da aka rufe da Isra'ila, Amurka, da tutar Italiya a gaban abin tunawa ga Sojan da ba a sani ba. |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-11-17 |title=Oggi si sfila in piazze diverse |url=https://ilmanifesto.it/archivio/null |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=il manifesto |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-11-20 |title=Far-Left anti-Israel rally in Italy backfires {{!}} The Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/international/far-left-anti-israel-rally-in-italy-backfires |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Milano e Roma in piazza per chiedere la pace in Medio Oriente |url=https://www.archivioradiovaticana.va/storico/2006/11/18/milano_e_roma_in_piazza_per_chiedere_la_pace_in_medio_oriente/it1-104505 |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=www.archivioradiovaticana.va}}</ref> |- |17 ga Janairu 2009 | Roma |82,500 |Nuni da tafiya a tsakiyar gari. Masu zanga-zangar sun yi waka a kan [[George W. Bush]] da Ehud Baraki. |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baroz |first=Emanuel |date=2009-01-18 |title=Roma, corteo pro-Gaza: stelle di David con svastiche e preghiera al Colosseo |url=https://www.focusonisrael.org/2009/01/18/roma-corteo-pro-gaza-stelle-di-david-con-svastiche-e-preghiera-al-colosseo/ |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=Focus On Israel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-01-18 |title=IMMENSA MANIFESTAZIONE A FIANCO DEL POPOLO PALESTINESE |url=https://www.usb.it/leggi-notizia/immensa-manifestazione-a-fianco-del-popolo-palestinese.html |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=www.usb.it |language=it}}</ref> |- |27 Satumba 2014 | Roma |5,000 |Nuni da tafiya a tsakiyar gari. |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fratticci |first=Sandra |title=Palestina libera: in migliaia alla manifestazione a Roma |url=https://www.piuculture.it/2014/10/palestina-libera-manifestazione-roma/ |access-date=2025-09-23 |language=it-IT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=In piazza per la Palestina: balli, canti e slogan per le strade del centro |url=https://www.romatoday.it/cronaca/manifestazione-palestina-roma-27-settembre-2014.html |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=RomaToday |language=it}}</ref> |- |27 ga Mayu 2018 | Roma |150 |Nuni game da shiga Isra'ila a gasar tseren keke ta Giro d'Italia ta 2018 da kuma Urushalima bayan da ta dauki bakuncin fara tseren a farkon wannan watan. Wasu masu zanga-zangar sun yi ƙoƙari su rushe hanyar masu tuka keke. Ya ƙare da sa hannun 'yan sanda. An kama masu zanga-zangar bakwai. Yawancin masu zanga-zangar da jami'an 'yan sanda biyu sun ji rauni. |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Giro d'Italia, manifestanti pro Palestina irrompono sul tragitto: tensioni con la polizia |url=https://www.romatoday.it/cronaca/manifestazione-palestina-libera-giro-d-italia-roma.html |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=RomaToday |language=it}}</ref> |- |13 ga Mayu 2021 | Milan |5,000 |Nuni da tafiya a tsakiyar gari. |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-14 |title=In 5mila a Milano per la Palestina, oggi la manifestazione a Roma |url=https://ilmanifesto.it/in-5mila-a-milano-per-la-palestina-oggi-la-manifestazione-a-roma |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=il manifesto |language=it}}</ref> |- |14 ga Mayu 2021 |<span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:20px;">[[Fayil:Livorno-Stemma.svg|link=|alt=|25x25px]]</span>&nbsp;Livorno |? |Tsayar da kayan aiki na wucin gadi wanda ke dauke da makamai da fashewa da aka shirya zuwa Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ashdod. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pro-Palestine Italian port workers refuse to load arms shipment destined for Israel |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/pro-palestine-italian-port-workers-refuse-arms-shipment-israel |access-date=23 September 2025 |website=The New Arab |archive-date=29 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250929014452/https://www.newarab.com/news/pro-palestine-italian-port-workers-refuse-arms-shipment-israel |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |15 ga Mayu 2021 |Sauye-sauye |? |zanga-zangar a cikin birane. |<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Redazione |date=2021-05-15 |title=Le città italiane unite per la Palestina, in mille al presidio di Roma |url=https://www.articolo21.org/2021/05/le-citta-italiane-unite-per-la-palestina-in-mille-al-presidio-di-roma/ |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=Articolo21 |language=it-IT}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-16 |title=Pro-Palestinian protests held throughout Italy |url=https://arab.news/6nn8r |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> |- |15 ga Mayu 2021 | Roma |1,000 |Nuni da tafiya a tsakiyar gari. |<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> |- |15 ga Mayu 2021 | Venice |50 |Nuni a tsakiyar gari. |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Anche a Venezia presidio per la solidarietà al popolo palestinese |url=https://www.veneziatoday.it/cronaca/manifestazione.palestinesi-venezia-15-maggio-2021 |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=VeneziaToday |language=it}}</ref> |} === Kafin shekara ta 2023 === {{Reflist}} {| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi" style="font-size: 90%; position:relative" ! style="width:15%;" |Ranar ! style="width:13%;" |Birni / birni ! data-sort-type="number" style="width:5%;" |Kimanin halartar ! class="unsortable" style="width:55%;" |Bayyanawa ! class="unsortable" style="width:5%;" |Ref (s) |- |13 ga Oktoba 2023 | Naples |? |Nuni da tafiya a tsakiyar gari. |<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Thousands rally in Rome to support Palestine amid conflict with Israel |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/thousands-rally-in-rome-to-support-palestine-amid-conflict-with-israel/3019262 |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref> |- |13 ga Oktoba 2023 | Roma |5,000 |Nuni da tafiya a tsakiyar gari. |<ref name=":2" /> |- |21 ga Oktoba 2023 | Roma |500 |Nuni da tafiya a tsakiyar gari. |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-22 |title=Demonstrators across Europe mobilise in pro-Palestinian rallies |url=http://www.euronews.com/2023/10/22/pro-palestinian-demonstrators-across-europe-step-out-in-support-of-ceasefire |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref> |- |17 ga Nuwamba 2023 | Pisa |? |Nuni a tsakiyar gari. Masu zanga-zangar sun ɗaga babban tutar Palasdinawa a Hasumiyar Pisa. | |} === 2024 === {| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi" style="font-size: 90%; position:relative" ! style="width:15%;" |Date ! style="width:13%;" |City/town ! data-sort-type="number" style="width:5%;" |Estimated attendance ! class="unsortable" style="width:55%;" |Description ! class="unsortable" style="width:5%;" |Ref(s) |- |27 January 2024 | Milan |? |Demonstration in the city center during the International Holocaust Remembrance Day. Ended with police intervention. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Police beat pro-Palestine demonstrators in Italy |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2024/1/28/police-beat-pro-palestine-demonstrators-in-italy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128093857/https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2024/1/28/police-beat-pro-palestine-demonstrators-in-italy |archive-date=28 January 2024 |access-date=28 January 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> |- |23 February 2024 | Florence |? |Demonstration and march through the city center. Ended with police intervention. Several protesters were injured. Videos of police officers beating young students went viral online and sparked an investigation into the violence. |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Dopo Pisa anche a Firenze manganellate contro gli studenti pro Palestina |url=https://tg.la7.it/cronaca/pisa-manganellate-studenti-pro-palestina-firenze-25-02-2024-206885 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=TGLA7 |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Police assault schoolchildren with batons at pro-Palestine protest |url=https://monitor.civicus.org/explore/police-assault-schoolchildren-with-batons-at-pro-palestine-protest/ |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Civicus Monitor |language=en}}</ref> |- |23 February 2024 | Pisa |? |Demonstration and march through the city center. Ended with police intervention. Several protesters were injured, including some being taken to the hospital in ambulances. |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Corteo degli studenti pro-Palestina a Pisa, cariche della polizia schierata in tenuta antisommossa - Video |url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2024/02/23/corteo-degli-studenti-pro-palestina-a-pisa-cariche-della-polizia-schierata-in-tenuta-antisommossa-video/7456365/ |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Il Fatto Quotidiano |language=it-IT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Civic Space Watch {{!}} ITALY: CONCERNING CIVIC SPACE REPRESSIONS |url=https://civicspacewatch.eu/italy-alert-concerning-civic-space-repressions/ |access-date=2025-09-24 |language=en-GB}}</ref> |- |15 March 2024 | Naples |? |Demonstration at the Engineering Faculty of the Politecnico di Napoli. |<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-15 |title=Protesta pro Gaza degli studenti di Napoli, alla Federico II salta dibattito con Molinari e il rettore Lorito: tensione con la polizia |url=https://napoli.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/24_marzo_15/protesta-pro-gaza-degli-studenti-alla-federico-ii-salta-dibattito-con-molinari-e-il-rettore-lorito-tensione-con-la-polizia-52427206-3e57-4ca5-b3b2-f1fbdca02xlk.shtml |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=Corriere della Sera |language=it-IT}}</ref> |- |19 March 2024 | Turin |? |Disruption of a session of the Academic Senate in protest of the university ties with Israel. |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-30 |title=Università occupata: le ragioni, la storia, le prospettive della protesta Pro-Palestina |url=https://www.lastampa.it/torino/2024/05/30/news/universita_occupata_ragioni_storia_prospettive_protesta_pro-palestina-14346735/ |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=La Stampa |language=it}}</ref> |- |14 April 2024 | Rome |? |Encampment at the Sapienza University of Rome. Lasted until at least 17 April. |<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2024 |title=Scontri nelle università, chi sono i leader dell'ala dura: cinque anarchici storici e un estremista palestinese |url=https://roma.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/24_aprile_17/scontri-nelle-universita-chi-sono-i-leader-dell-ala-dura-cinque-anarchici-storici-e-un-estremista-palestinese-8cffd9c4-ab27-400b-a694-b7d5dcd18xlk.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426095135/https://roma.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/24_aprile_17/scontri-nelle-universita-chi-sono-i-leader-dell-ala-dura-cinque-anarchici-storici-e-un-estremista-palestinese-8cffd9c4-ab27-400b-a694-b7d5dcd18xlk.shtml |archive-date=April 26, 2024 |access-date=April 26, 2024 |website=Corriere della Sera |language=it-IT}}</ref> |- |16 April 2024 | Rome |300 |Attempted occupation of the Rector's Office at the Sapienza University of Rome. Ended with police intervention. Two protesters were arrested. |<ref name=":3" /> |- |17 April 2024 | Rome |? |Demonstration in front of the Rome Courthouse in Piazzale Clodio in solidarity with protesters arrested the previous day. |<ref name=":3" /> |- |17 April 2024 | Rome |? |Hunger strike by students of the Sapienza University of Rome as part of the ongoing encampment there. |<ref name=":3" /> |- |5 May 2024 |<span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:20px;">[[Fayil:Bologna-Stemma.svg|link=|alt=|30x30px]]</span>&nbsp;Bologna |? |Encampment at the University of Bologna. |<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 6, 2024 |title=Proteste pro-Palestina, all'Università di Bologna il primo presidio italiano con le tende: "Stop complicità con Israele" |trans-title=Pro-Palestine protests, the first Italian protest with tents at the University of Bologna: "Stop complicity with Israel" |url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2024/05/06/proteste-pro-palestina-alluniversita-di-bologna-il-primo-presidio-italiano-con-le-tende-stop-complicita-con-israele/7536995/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602175411/https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2024/05/06/proteste-pro-palestina-alluniversita-di-bologna-il-primo-presidio-italiano-con-le-tende-stop-complicita-con-israele/7536995/ |archive-date=June 2, 2024 |access-date=June 2, 2024 |website=il Fatto Quotidiano |language=it}}</ref> |- |10 May 2024 | Milan |? |Encampment at the University of Milan. |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santucci |first=Gianni |date=May 20, 2024 |title=Milano, dentro l'Università Statale occupata: biscotti, cartelli, attacchi al rettore e vandalismi firmati con la A di anarchia |trans-title=Pisa students camp out in Piazza dei Cavalieri. "Enough fire in Palestine" |url=https://milano.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/24_maggio_20/milano-dentro-l-universita-statale-occupata-biscotti-cartelli-attacchi-al-rettore-e-vandalismi-firmati-con-la-a-di-anarchia-43b238b8-f35d-4df8-b622-bd842af0cxlk.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529193704/https://milano.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/24_maggio_20/milano-dentro-l-universita-statale-occupata-biscotti-cartelli-attacchi-al-rettore-e-vandalismi-firmati-con-la-a-di-anarchia-43b238b8-f35d-4df8-b622-bd842af0cxlk.shtml |archive-date=May 29, 2024 |access-date=May 29, 2024 |website=Milano |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-21 |title=Milan student acampada holds strong |url=https://www.atlasofwars.com/milan-student-acampada-holds-strong/ |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=Atlas of wars |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |10 May 2024 | Padua |? |Encampment at the University of Padua. Lasted until at least 15 May. |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-10 |title=Tende all'Università di Padova a sostegno della Palestina - Notizie - Ansa.it |url=https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/cronaca/2024/05/10/tende-alluniversita-di-padova-a-sostegno-della-palestina_a4f2051b-38ca-4383-a39c-6014223790fd.html |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Agenzia ANSA |language=it}}</ref> |- |13 May 2024 | Pisa |? |Encampment at the University of Pisa. |<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2024 |title=Pisa, gli studenti si accampano in piazza dei Cavalieri. "Basta fuoco in Palestina" |url=https://www.lanazione.it/pisa/cronaca/pisa-protesta-studenti-2b0267ae?live |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602230237/https://www.lanazione.it/pisa/cronaca/pisa-protesta-studenti-2b0267ae?live |archive-date=June 2, 2024 |access-date=June 2, 2024 |website=La Nazione}}</ref> |- |13 May 2024 | Venice |40 |Encampment at the Ca' Foscari University. |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-14 |title=Studenti Pro Palestina occupano il cortile della Ca' Foscari: "Stop agli accordi con atenei ed enti israeliani" |url=https://primavenezia.it/attualita/studenti-pro-palestina-occupano-il-cortile-della-ca-foscari-stop-agli-accordi-con-atenei-ed-enti-israeliani/ |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Prima Venezia |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2024 |title=Palestina, la manifestazione degli studenti di Venezia: tende nel cortile centrale dell'Università - Video |url=https://www.ilgazzettino.it/nordest/venezia/palestina_manifestazione_studenti_venezia-8114692.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602233605/https://www.ilgazzettino.it/nordest/venezia/palestina_manifestazione_studenti_venezia-8114692.html |archive-date=June 2, 2024 |access-date=June 2, 2024 |website=Il Gazzettino |language=it}}</ref> |- |13 May 2024 | Siena |50 |Encampment at the University of Siena. |<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2024 |title=Siena, 50 studenti occupano l'ingresso dell'università: "E' per la Palestina" |url=https://www.lanazione.it/siena/cronaca/siena-universita-occupazione-w37az4ta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602221758/https://www.lanazione.it/siena/cronaca/siena-universita-occupazione-w37az4ta |archive-date=June 2, 2024 |access-date=June 2, 2024 |website=La Nazione}}</ref> |- |15 May 2024 | Genoa |? |Encampment at the University of Genoa. |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rossi |first=Alessandra |date=15 May 2024 |title=Studenti in tenda all'Università di Genova per fermare la guerra in Palestina |url=https://www.ilsecoloxix.it/genova/2024/05/15/video/studenti_in_tenda_alluniversita_di_genova_per_fermare_la_guerra_in_palestina-14304197/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602231351/https://www.ilsecoloxix.it/genova/2024/05/15/video/studenti_in_tenda_alluniversita_di_genova_per_fermare_la_guerra_in_palestina-14304197/ |archive-date=June 2, 2024 |access-date=June 2, 2024 |website=Il Secolo XIX |language=it}}</ref> |- |15 May 2024 | Parma |? |Encampment at the University of Parma. |<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2024 |title=Università di Parma, accampata studentesca per la Palestina nel chiostro di lettere in via d'Azeglio |url=https://parma.repubblica.it/cronaca/2024/05/15/news/universita_di_parma_accampata_studentesca_per_la_palestina_nel_hiostro_di_lettere_in_via_dazeglio-422971544/?callback=in&code=ODM0MJDHNGETMMRHYS0ZOWQYLWFIZJKTYJK3MDDLZGI3NJIX&state=5c21ae45238e411489f2f0613de9953c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602234444/https://parma.repubblica.it/cronaca/2024/05/15/news/universita_di_parma_accampata_studentesca_per_la_palestina_nel_hiostro_di_lettere_in_via_dazeglio-422971544/?callback=in&code=ODM0MJDHNGETMMRHYS0ZOWQYLWFIZJKTYJK3MDDLZGI3NJIX&state=5c21ae45238e411489f2f0613de9953c |archive-date=June 2, 2024 |access-date=June 2, 2024 |website=La Repubblica |language=it}}</ref> |- |15 May 2024 | Bari |? |Encampment at the University of Bari. |<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2024 |title=Studenti occupano l'Ateneo di Bari per la protesta a sostegno della Palestina: con le tende anche di notte. "Stop al massacro" |url=https://bari.repubblica.it/cronaca/2024/05/15/news/bari_tende_universita_pro_palestina-422970383/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602235404/https://bari.repubblica.it/cronaca/2024/05/15/news/bari_tende_universita_pro_palestina-422970383/ |archive-date=June 2, 2024 |access-date=June 2, 2024 |website=La Repubblica |language=it}}</ref> |- |15 May 2024 | Palermo |? |Encampment at the University of Palermo. |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Del Corno |first=Mauro |date=8 May 2024 |title=Universitari pro Palestina, dilagano le proteste. Il governo spagnolo: "Orgogliosi di voi". Studenti accampati anche a Palermo |url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2024/05/08/universitari-pro-palestina-il-governo-spagnolo-orgogliosi-di-voi-dilagano-le-proteste-studenti-accampati-anche-a-palermo/7541009/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514065149/https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2024/05/08/universitari-pro-palestina-il-governo-spagnolo-orgogliosi-di-voi-dilagano-le-proteste-studenti-accampati-anche-a-palermo/7541009/ |archive-date=May 14, 2024 |access-date=June 2, 2024 |website=il Fatto Quotidiano |language=it}}</ref> |- |15 May 2024 |<span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:20px;">[[Fayil:Macerata-Stemma.svg|link=|alt=|25x25px]]</span>&nbsp;Macerata |? |Encampment at the University of Macerata. |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2024 |title=Università occupata per la Palestina. I manifestanti contestano il rettore |url=https://www.ilrestodelcarlino.it/macerata/cronaca/universita-occupata-per-la-palestina-i-manifestanti-contestano-il-rettore-323ece7d |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602234848/https://www.ilrestodelcarlino.it/macerata/cronaca/universita-occupata-per-la-palestina-i-manifestanti-contestano-il-rettore-323ece7d |archive-date=June 2, 2024 |access-date=June 2, 2024 |website=il Resto del Carlino |language=it}}</ref> |- |15 May 2024 | Florence |400 |Encampment at the University of Florence. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Florence University students camp out in support of Palestinian cause |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/florence-university-students-camp-out-in-support-of-palestinian-cause/3220733 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref> |- |16 May 2024 | Turin |? |Encampment at the University of Turin. |<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 31, 2024 |title=Rettore Università di Torino incontrerà studenti in occupazione |url=https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/cronaca/2024/05/31/rettore-universita-di-torino-incontrera-studenti-in-occupazione_08a48f4a-1b66-4339-ac6e-d07aab1636a7.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602152622/https://www.ansa.it/amp/sito/notizie/cronaca/2024/05/31/rettore-universita-di-torino-incontrera-studenti-in-occupazione_08a48f4a-1b66-4339-ac6e-d07aab1636a7.html |archive-date=June 2, 2024 |access-date=June 2, 2024 |website=Ansa |language=it}}</ref> |- |17 May 2024 | Trento |? |Encampment at the University of Trento. |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morone |first=Diego |date=19 May 2024 |title=Studenti pro Palestina a Trento: aula occupata a Economia |url=https://www.ladige.it/cronaca/2024/05/19/studenti-pro-palestina-a-trento-aula-occupata-a-economia-1.3787499 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602232146/https://www.ladige.it/cronaca/2024/05/19/studenti-pro-palestina-a-trento-aula-occupata-a-economia-1.3787499 |archive-date=June 2, 2024 |access-date=June 2, 2024 |website=l'Adige.it |language=it}}</ref> |- |28 May 2024 |<span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:20px;">[[Fayil:Bologna-Stemma.svg|link=|alt=|30x30px]]</span>&nbsp;Bologna |500 |Occupation of train tracks at the train station. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pro-Palestine protesters occupy train station in Italy |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/5/29/israels-war-on-gaza-live-tent-cities-attacked-as-tanks-roll-into-rafah?update=2932770 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629102812/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/5/29/israels-war-on-gaza-live-tent-cities-attacked-as-tanks-roll-into-rafah?update=2932770 |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref> |- |5 June 2024 | Milan |? |Demonstration in the city center. Protesters unfurled a large Palestinian flag on top of the Milan Cathedral. | |- |21 September 2024 | Rome |4,000 |Demonstration and march through the city center. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thousands march in Rome to protest 'genocide' in Palestine |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/thousands-march-in-rome-to-protest-genocide-in-palestine/3337055 |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref> |- |5 October 2024 | Rome |5,000 |Demonstration in the city center despite ban imposed by the government. Ended with police intervention. At least 34 protesters were injured. |<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2024 |title=Pro-Palestine protest in Rome turns violent |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/10/5/live-israel-resumes-beirut-bombing-as-lebanon-death-toll-passes-2000?update=3224306 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009002022/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/10/5/live-israel-resumes-beirut-bombing-as-lebanon-death-toll-passes-2000?update=3224306 |archive-date=9 October 2024 |access-date=6 October 2024 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> |- |15 October 2024 |<span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:20px;">[[Fayil:Bologna-Stemma.svg|link=|alt=|30x30px]]</span>&nbsp;Bologna |3,000 |Demonstration and march through the city center. Protesters also showed solidarity with Lebanese victims of the Israeli invasion. |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-15 |title=In tremila al corteo pro Palestina a Bologna: attivisti salgono sulla statua del Nettuno |url=https://www.ilrestodelcarlino.it/bologna/cronaca/in-mille-al-corteo-in-centro-a-bologna-sventolano-le-bandiere-di-palestina-e-libano-vwvyynd1 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Il Resto del Carlino |language=it}}</ref> |- |13 November 2024 | Turin |100 |Occupation of defence company Leonardo Turin headquarters. Some protesters climbed on top of a plane in the grounds of the company. |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-13 |title=Students occupy Italy defence firm HQ to protest over Gaza |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20241113-students-occupy-italy-defence-firm-hq-to-protest-over-gaza/ |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=Middle East Monitor}}</ref> |- |15 November 2024 | Turin |400 |Demonstration and march through the city center. Ended with police intervention. Several protesters and police officers were injured. |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nova |first=Redazione Agenzia |date=2024-11-15 |title=Students in the square for "No Meloni Day": 15 policemen injured in the pro-Palestine march in Turin |url=https://www.agenzianova.com/en/news/Pro-palestine-march-in-turin-15-policemen-at-the-emergency-room/ |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Agenzia Nova |language=en}}</ref> |} === 2025 === {| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi" style="font-size: 90%; position:relative" ! style="width:15%;" |Date ! style="width:13%;" |City/town ! data-sort-type="number" style="width:5%;" |Estimated attendance ! class="unsortable" style="width:55%;" |Description ! class="unsortable" style="width:5%;" |Ref(s) |- |18 March 2025 |<span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:20px;">[[Fayil:Bologna-Stemma.svg|link=|alt=|30x30px]]</span>&nbsp;Bologna |400 |Demonstration and march through the city center. Ended with police intervention. |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vannelli |first=Enzo |date=2025-03-19 |title=Manifestazione pro Palestina a Bologna: tensioni e bandiere bruciate |url=https://www.bolognacronaca.it/news/bologna/482400/manifestazione-pro-palestina-a-bologna-tensioni-e-bandiere-bruciate.html |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=www.bolognacronaca.it |language=it}}</ref> |- |29 March 2025 | Rome |? |Demonstration and march through the city center. |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-29 |title=VIDEO Roma, manifestazione pro Palestina alla vigilia del "Giorno della Terra" - LaPresse |url=https://www.lapresse.it/cronaca/2025/03/29/roma-manifestazione-pro-palestina-alla-vigilia-del-giorno-della-terra/ |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=www.lapresse.it |language=it-IT}}</ref> |- |13 April 2025 | Milan |10,000 |Demonstration and march through the city center. Ended with police intervention. Seven protesters were arrested. |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-13 |title=Italy: Clash with police in march for Palestine generates controversy (+Photos) - Prensa Latina |url=https://www.plenglish.com/news/2025/04/13/italy-clash-with-police-in-march-for-palestine-generates-controversy/,%20https://www.plenglish.com/news/2025/04/13/italy-clash-with-police-in-march-for-palestine-generates-controversy/ |access-date=2025-09-24 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rainews |first=Redazione di |date=2025-04-13 |title=Milano, in migliaia al corteo pro-Palestina. Denunciati 6 manifestanti |url=https://www.rainews.it/articoli/2025/04/milano-in-migliaia-al-corteo-pro-palestina-scritta-sulla-vetrina-di-una-banca-spara-a-giorgia-denunciati-6-manifestanti--55855999-f68a-4d5e-9ef3-ae23e794b2ba.html |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=RaiNews |language=it}}</ref> |- |17 May 2025 | Rome |100 |Demonstration and march through the city center. |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Il corteo pro-Palestina a Roma: "Israele terrorista" |url=https://www.romatoday.it/cronaca/corteo-pro-palestina-17-maggio-2025.html |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=RomaToday |language=it}}</ref> |- |21 May 2025 | Rome |50 |Demonstration in the city center. |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-22 |title=Manifestación en Roma para exigir el fin de la guerra en Gaza |url=http://es.euronews.com/my-europe/2025/05/22/manifestacion-en-roma-en-solidaridad-con-los-palestinos-de-gaza |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=euronews |language=es}}</ref> |- |26 May 2025 | Rome |6 |Disruption of a public shareholder's meeting at the defence company Leonardo Rome headquarters. |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Blitz pro Palestina a Roma, fumogeni e vernice rossa contro la sede di Leonardo Spa |url=https://www.romatoday.it/attualita/vernice-fumogeni-sede-leonardo-roma-pro-palestina.html |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=RomaToday |language=it}}</ref> |- |31 May 2025 | Rome |500 |Encampment of the Piazza Numa Pompilio in protest of Israel's participation in the cycling competition 2025 Giro d'Italia. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manifestanti pro Palestina occupano il percorso del Giro d'Italia: "Dormiamo qui" |trans-title=Pro-Palestinian protesters occupy the Giro d'Italia route: "We're sleeping here." |url=https://www.fanpage.it/roma/manifestanti-pro-palestina-occupano-il-percorso-del-giro-ditalia-dormiamo-qui/ |access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref> |- |31 May 2025 | Rome |150,000 |Demonstration and march through the city center. |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-31 |title=Roma, corteo contro il dl Sicurezza: "Siamo 150mila". Attivisti pro-Pal: "Bloccheremo il giro d'Italia" |url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/live-post/2025/05/31/dl-sicurezza-il-corteo-a-roma-la-diretta-alziamo-la-testa-contro-lo-stato-di-paura-il-via-alla-manifestazione/8010027/ |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Il Fatto Quotidiano |language=it-IT}}</ref> |- |7 June 2025 | Rome |300,000 |Demonstration and march through the city center. |<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2025 |title=Protesters in Italy's Rome demand end to Israel's war on Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2025/6/8/thousands-march-through-rome-calling-for-an-end-to-the-war-in-gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609070056/https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2025/6/8/thousands-march-through-rome-calling-for-an-end-to-the-war-in-gaza |archive-date=9 June 2025 |access-date=10 June 2025 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> |- |21 June 2025 | Rome |100,000 |Demonstration and march through the city center. | |- |30 August 2025 | Venice |5,000 |Demonstration and march through the city center during the 82nd Venice International Film Festival. |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeosun |first=Adele |date=30 August 2025 |title=Thousands Join Massive Pro-Palestine Protest at Venice Film Festival |url=https://www.newsweek.com/thousands-join-massive-pro-palestine-protest-venice-film-festival-2122203 |access-date=5 September 2025 |website=Newsweek}}</ref> |- |22 September 2025 | Rome |1,200 |March through the city center organized by a group called “Priests Against Genocide”. |<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |title=Priests in Rome march to parliament in solidarity with Palestinians {{!}} Africanews |url=https://www.euronews.com/2025/09/23/priests-in-rome-march-to-parliament-in-solidarity-with-palestinians |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=www.euronews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=Video. Priests in Rome march to parliament in solidarity with Palestinians |url=http://www.euronews.com/video/2025/09/23/priests-in-rome-march-to-parliament-in-solidarity-with-palestinians |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref> |- |22 September 2025 | Multiple |100,000 - 500,000 |Nationwide strike in over 75 municipalities. At least 18 protesters were arrested. Several dozens were injured, including police officers. Dockworkers in [[Genoa]], La Spezia, Ravenna, Trieste, [[Venezia|Venice]], and Livorno halted all arms transfers to Israel. |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kassam |first=Ashifa |date=22 September 2025 |title=Disruption across Italy as tens of thousands protest against Gaza war |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/sep/22/disruption-across-italy-as-tens-of-thousands-protest-against-gaza-war |access-date=22 September 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-24 |title=Riconoscimento Palestina: la spinta dell'opinione pubblica italiana |url=http://it.euronews.com/my-europe/2025/09/24/litalia-non-vuole-riconoscere-la-palestina-ma-gli-italiani-si |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=euronews |language=it}}</ref> |- |24 September 2025 | Milan |? |Demonstration outside the Milan Courthouse in support of a La Scala worker that was fired for screaming "Free Palestine". |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-24 |title=Licenziata per la protesta pro-Palestina al Teatro alla Scala: il presidio davanti al Tribunale di Milano nel primo giorno d'udienza |url=https://video.corriere.it/milano/licenziata-per-la-protesta-pro-palestina-al-teatro-alla-scala-il-presidio-davanti-al-tribunale-di-milano-nel-primo-giorno-d-udienza/8969dd8c-148e-40d4-b5d2-5bc4cfaf8xlk |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=video.corriere.it |language=it-IT}}</ref> |- |24 September 2025 |<span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:20px;">[[Fayil:Bologna-Stemma.svg|link=|alt=|30x30px]]</span>&nbsp;Bologna |5,000 |Demonstration in the city center in protest of the attacks to the Global Sumud Flotilla. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=In migliaia di nuovo in piazza per la Global Sumud Flotilla: "Blocchiamo tutto" |url=https://www.bolognatoday.it/attualita/global-sumud-flotilla-manifestazione-bandiere.html |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=BolognaToday |language=it}}</ref> |- |27 September 2025 | Genoa |25,000 |Demonstration and march through the city center. Blocking by dockworkers of containers with explosives and hazardous materials headed for Israel. |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-28 |title=Genova, in migliaia invadono le strade per Gaza e la Flotilla, Salis: "Palestina libera". E i portuali bloccano "container pericolosi" diretti in Israele |url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2025/09/28/genova-in-migliaia-invadono-le-strade-per-gaza-e-la-flotilla-salis-palestina-libera-e-i-portuali-bloccano-container-pericolosi-diretti-in-israele/8141961/ |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=Il Fatto Quotidiano |language=it-IT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Monitor |date=2025-09-29 |title=Per un embargo totale a Israele. Dal blocco di Genova alle navi in transito a Salerno |url=https://napolimonitor.it/per-un-embargo-totale-a-israele-dal-blocco-di-genova-alle-navi-in-transito-a-salerno/ |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=napolimonitor.it/ |language=it-IT}}</ref> |- |1 October 2025 | Naples |? |Blocking of rail traffic at the Napoli Centrale railway station in response to Israel's interception and kidnapping of activists on board of the Global Sumud Flotilla. |<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=TG24 |first=Sky |date=2025-10-01 |title=Proteste per Flotilla a Napoli, Roma e Milano. Venerdì sarà sciopero |url=https://tg24.sky.it/cronaca/2025/10/01/proteste-attivisti-pro-palestina-flotilla-italia |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=tg24.sky.it |language=it}}</ref> |- |2 October 2025 | Milan |80,000 |Demonstration in solidarity of the Global Sumud Flotilla being intercepted by Israel. Protestors carried a banner reading: ''"Free Palestine, Stop the War Machine”''. | |- |2 October 2025 | Rome |10,000 |Demonstration outside the Roma Termini railway station in response to Israel's interception and kidnapping of activists on board of the Global Sumud Flotilla. |<ref>{{Cite web |last=RTVE.es/AGENCIAS |date=2025-10-02 |title=Protestas en Barcelona, Roma y otras ciudades por la interceptación de la flotilla a Gaza |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20251002/protestas-interceptacion-flotilla/16753087.shtml |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=RTVE.es |language=es}}</ref> |- |4 October 2025 | Rome |250,000-1,000,000 |Demonstration and march through the city center. Two cars and trash bins were set on fire. Met with police intervention. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Big crowds, clashes with police on fourth day of Italian pro-Palestinian protests |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/mass-rally-rome-fourth-day-italys-pro-palestinian-protests-2025-10-04/ |access-date=11 October 2025 |website=Reuters}}</ref> |- |5 October 2025 | Rome |250,000 |Demonstration against Israel's interception of the boats and demand the release of the activists. |<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2025 |title=Hundreds of thousands turn out at pro-Palestine marches across Europe |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2025/10/5/hundreds-of-thousands-turn-out-at-pro-palestine-marches-across-europe |access-date=6 October 2025 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> |- |8 October 2025 | Milan |5,000 |Demonstration and march through the city center. Protesters blocked car traffic. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protests break out in Italy over Israeli attack on Freedom Flotilla |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/protests-break-out-in-italy-over-israeli-attack-on-freedom-flotilla/3711865 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref> |- |24 October 2025 | Rome |500-1,000 |Demonstration and march towards the Israeli Embassy and the Rome Film Festival. Ended with police intervention including the use of water cannons against the protesters. |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-24 |title=Cariche e idranti contro il corteo pro-Pal diretto alla Festa del cinema di Roma |url=https://ilmanifesto.it/cariche-e-idranti-contro-il-corteo-pro-pal-diretto-alla-festa-del-cinema-di-roma |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=il manifesto |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Manifestazione per la Palestina, tensioni in piazza Verdi: dalla polizia idranti sulla folla |url=https://www.romatoday.it/cronaca/tensioni-corteo-palestina-roma-oggi-25-ottobre.html |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=RomaToday |language=it}}</ref> |} == Dubi kuma == * zanga-zangar yaki a Gaza * Kauracewa, Kauracewa da Sanctions * Jerin zanga-zangar goyon bayan Palasdinawa == Bayani == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Manazarta == 6z97h07gukgght3jnvuobkmlqrqr43l 0 120703 905909 735640 2026-08-22T04:52:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Joe Cameron Pritchard''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1996) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na [[Ingila]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya]] na kulob din Rochdale na National League . == Ayyukan kulob din == === Shekaru na farko === Pritchard ya shiga makarantar kungiyar [[Tottenham]] a watan Yulin 2013 yayin da yake can ya sami rauni a gwiwa wanda ya hana shi fita na shekara guda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joe Pritchard profile |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/development-squad/joe-pritchard/ |access-date=8 June 2018 |website=Tottenham Hotspur F.C.}}</ref> An sake shi a ƙarshen kakar 2017-18. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2018 |title=Player Update |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/player-update-080618/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611085407/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/player-update-080618/ |archive-date=11 June 2018 |access-date=8 June 2018 |website=Tottenham Hotspur F.C.}}</ref> === Masu yawo na Bolton === Bayan da aka sake shi daga kungiyar Spurs, Bolton Wanderers ya sanya hannu kan Pritchard a kan canja wurin kyauta a gasar zakarun EFL. Pritchard ya fara bugawa a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 2019 a kan Preston North End da ke zuwa a minti na 77 a maimakon Craig Noone.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2019 |title=Bolton Wanderers 1 - 2 Preston North End |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47098863 |access-date=13 February 2019 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> === Accrington Stanley === A ranar 30 ga Mayu 2019, Pritchard ya shiga Accrington Stanley kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da zaɓi na ƙarin watanni 12.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2019 |title=Signing: Joe joins Stanley |url=https://accringtonstanley.co.uk/2019/05/signing-joe-joins-stanley/ |access-date=30 May 2019 |website=Accrington Stanley}}</ref> Nan da nan bayan shiga, Pritchard a kai a kai ya fito a cikin jerin farawa na Accrington.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2020 |title=Joe Pritchard exclusive: From Spurs whizkid & injury hell to Accrington Stanley success |url=https://www.tribalfootball.com/articles/joe-pritchard-exclusive-from-spurs-whizkid-injury-hell-to-accrington-stanley-success-4325900 |website=tribalfootball.com }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Kyautar Milton Keynes === A ranar 28 ga Yuni 2024, Pritchard ya shiga Milton Keynes Dons a kan canja wurin kyauta daga 1 ga Yuli 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2024 |title=DONDEAL: JOE PRITCHARD JOINS MK DONS |url=https://www.mkdons.com/news/2024/june/28/dondeal-joe-pritchard-joins-mk-dons/ |access-date=28 June 2024 |website=MK Dons}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta 2024, a wasan da aka yi da kungiyar [[Watford]] 5-0 a zagaye na farko na gasar cin Kofin EFL.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2024 |title=Ince treble helps Watford thrash MK Dons in EFL Cup |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/cy8xnw13w5et |access-date=13 August 2024 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Bayan iyakantaccen damar tawagar farko, an dakatar da kwangilar Pritchard tare da kulob din a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2025 |title=Joe Pritchard leaves MK Dons |url=https://www.mkdons.com/news/2025/february/03/joe-pritchard-leaves-mk-dons/ |access-date=3 February 2025 |publisher=[[Milton Keynes Dons F.C.|Milton Keynes Dons]]}}</ref> === Oldham Athletic === A ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun 2025, Pritchard ya shiga kungiyar [[Oldham Athletic A.F.C.|Oldham Athletic]] ta National League a kan yarjejeniyar gajeren lokaci har zuwa karshen kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2025 |title=Pritchard Joins Latics |url=https://www.oldhamathletic.co.uk/news/2025/february/04/pritch/ |access-date=5 February 2025 |website=www.oldhamathletic.co.uk}}</ref> A lokacin kakar 2024/25, Pritchard ya zira kwallaye 4. Goal dinsa na farko ya ba da maki ga Oldham a wasan 2-2 a [[Dagenham & Redbridge F.C.|Dagenham da Redbridge]], tare da na biyu ya zo ta hanyar kisa zuwa [[Tamworth F.C.|Tamworth]], kuma ya sami Latic 1-1 draw. Sauran burinsa 2 ga kulob din sun zo ne a wasan kwaikwayo na National League, na farko da ya ci nasara tare da burin na 4 a kan Halifax Town a cikin nasarar gida 4-0 a zagaye na playoff kuma na biyu ya ci nasara 3-0 a wasan kusa da na karshe da York City wanda ya tabbatar da ziyarar farko ta Oldham zuwa filin wasan Wembley a cikin shekaru 30. == Kididdigar aiki == {{Updated|21 December 2024}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin FA ! colspan="2" |Kofin EFL ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Tottenham Hotspur U23 |2017–18 | colspan="3" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[EFL Trophy]]}} |0 |2 |0 |- |Masu yawo na Bolton |2018–19 |Gasar cin kofin |4 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |5 |0 |- | rowspan="6" |Accrington Stanley |2019–20 |Ƙungiyar Ɗaya |30 |2 |1 |0 |1 |0 |5[a] |1 |37 |3 |- |2020–21 |Ƙungiyar Ɗaya |28 |7 |1 |0 |1 |0 |4[a] |2 |34 |9 |- |2021–22 |Ƙungiyar Ɗaya |10 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |12 |0 |- |2022–23 |Ƙungiyar Ɗaya |18 |2 |1 |0 |1 |0 |3[a] |1 |23 |3 |- |2023–24 |Ƙungiyar Biyu |26 |7 |2 |0 |0 |0 |2[a] |0 |30 |7 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !112 !18 !5 !0 !5 !0 !14 !4 !136 !22 |- |Kyautar Milton Keynes |2024–25 |Ƙungiyar Biyu |4 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |2[a] |0 |7 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !120 !18 !6 !0 !6 !0 !18 !4 !150 !22 |} == Daraja == '''Oldham Athletic''' * Wasanni na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa: 2025 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] <references /> [[Rukuni:Maza]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan kwallo]] gtc4kk2x99wle3sysocz12aji79erle 0 121387 905906 740139 2026-08-22T03:53:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905906 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Jiggy Forever shine kundin studio na halarta na farko na mawakin [[Najeriya]] kuma furodusa Young Jonn . An sake shi a kan 12 Afrilu 2024, ta hanyar Chocolate City Music, kuma yana nuna haɗin gwiwar Kizz Daniel, Seyi Vibez, Don Jazzy, Zlatan, Blaqbonez, Sean Paul da Ya Levis . P.Priime, ePianoh, Telz, BabyBeatz, Magicsticks, Yung Willis, Jhay2unez, T Mode, Ragee, Blaisebeatz da Jaytunes ne suka gudanar da samarwa. Kundin yana aiki azaman mai biyo baya zuwa Soyayya Bai Isa ba, Vol. 2 (2022). == Background and promotion == ''Jiggy'' Forever was created spontaneously, with Young Jonn recording songs without initially planning an album. He later selected tracks that conveyed the emotions he wanted for his debut. The album embodies the "Jiggy Era," which he describes as a lifestyle of "staying fresh, staying fly, staying above all of the noise." A deeply personal track, "Stronger," reflects on the loss of his mother, with Jonn sharing, "I wasn’t planning on recording this type of song... It wasn’t something I was keen to share because they were emotions I had buried. But when I started recording, I knew that I had to see it through because it was bigger than me." This period of growth through hardship is central to the album's themes of resilience and self-expression.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nylander |first=Davina |date=15 May 2024 |title=Young Jonn talks new album, artistic superpowers & opens up about losing his Mum |url=https://grmdaily.com/young-jonn-interview-2024/ |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=[[GRM Daily]] |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091910/https://grmdaily.com/young-jonn-interview-2024/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The album's release date was announced on 5 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adebiyi |first=Adeayo |date=5 April 2024 |title=Young Jonn to feature Sean Paul, Zlatan, Don Jazzy on his debut album |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/young-jonn-is-set-to-release-his-debut-album-jiggy-forever/hbyj1q3 |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=Pulse Nigeria}}</ref> ''Jiggy Forever'' was promoted with a North American tour, with concerts all around places such as [[Montréal|Montreal]], Providence, [[New York (birni)|New York City]], [[Philadelphia]], Silver Spring, [[Chicago]], [[Atlanta]], [[Dallas]], Oakland and [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2024 |title=Nigeria: Young Jonn announces North America tour |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/nigeria-young-jonn-announces-north-america-tour |access-date=3 October 2024 |publisher=Music in Africa}}</ref> == Music and lyrics == ''Jiggy Forever'' delves into themes of love, ambition, heartbreak, and loss. The album opens with "Tony Montana," where he confidently asserts his identity, while "Pot of Gold" uses the Erhu to explore the pursuit of wealth and happiness. Tracks like "Aquafina" and "Big Big Things" delve into love and desire, revealing Young Jonn's complex approach to relationships. A poignant moment arises in "Stronger," a tribute to his mother that confronts personal pain, contrasted by the sensual "Hold On," featuring Sean Paul. Concluding with "Go Hard," which explores brotherhood and resilience, the album navigates themes of love, ambition, and personal growth but occasionally lacks emotional depth and lyrical sophistication, indicating areas for refinement as he evolves as an artist. == Critical reception == {{Music ratings|rev1=''[[Afrocritik]]''|rev1score=5.3/10<ref name="Afrocritik">Ibiale, Hope. [https://www.afrocritik.com/jiggy-forever-review-young-jonn-debut-album/. “Jiggy Forever” Review: Young Jonn’s Clear-Cut Delivery Dulls the Excitement of His Debut Album]. [[Afrocritik]]. 16 April 2024.</ref>|rev2=''Pulse Nigeria''|rev2score=6.9/10<ref name="Pulse Nigeria">Adebiyi, Adeayo. [https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/a-review-of-young-jonns-debut-lp-jiggy-forever/c05xtwn. Young Jonn's hesitation to step away from the familiar stunts his debut LP]. Pulse Nigeria. 17 April 2024.</ref>}}Hope Ibiale of Afrocritik noted that ''Jiggy Forever'' effectively explores the album's themes of love, hustle, heartbreak, and grief, positioning it as a significant declaration of Young Jonn's identity; however, it ultimately fell short in emotional depth and lyrical sophistication, receiving a rating of 5.3/10. As Ibiale stated, "the same lacklustre delivery and sparse lyrics on the project rob Young Jonn of the glamour and excitement expected from a debut album." In Adeayo Adebiyi's review for Pulse Nigeria, he described ''Jiggy Forever'' as a collection of enjoyable but formulaic songs that ultimately failed to provide a compelling listening experience, as Young Jonn relied heavily on familiar Amapiano production throughout the 16 tracks; the review highlighted that despite showcasing his potential as an [[Afrobeats]] hitmaker, the album suffered from monotony and a lack of experimentation, receiving a rating of 6.9/10. Adebiyi noted, "Young Jonn failed to do this on his debut LP," emphasizing the need for more creativity in his approach. Culture Custodian's review of ''Jiggy Forever'' was recognized as Young Jonn's debut album that, while showcasing his vocal prowess and the potential for engaging themes about youthful wealth, ultimately faltered due to its repetitive nature and a lack of thematic depth across its 16 tracks; the review noted, "For a sixteen-track album, ''Jiggy Forever'' does not have enough material or melody to make each song stand out." The album's highlights came from guest features that added personality, but overall, it struggled with homogeneity and failed to deliver a compelling listening experience.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2024 |title="Jiggy Forever" Review: Young Jonn's Debut Offers Fun But Falls Short In Substance |url=https://culturecustodian.com/jiggy-forever-review-young-jonns-debut-offers-fun-but-falls-short-in-substance/ |access-date=3 October 2024 |publisher=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.)}}</ref> == Track listing ==   == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 6ngcbjgckbdl4ispgnmztqssjv8gqcp 0 121778 905742 784994 2026-08-21T19:08:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905742 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Jahmari Oshown Clarke''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2003) ya kasance ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba ga Montego Bay United a Gasar Firimiya ta kasar [[Jamaika|Jamaica]] . An haife shi a ƙasar [[Ingila]], matashi ne na kasa da kasa na [[Jamaika|Jamaica]] . == Ayyuka == Clarke ya fara bugawa Reading wasa na farko a gasar cin Kofin EFL 3-0 a Swansea City a ranar 10 ga watan Agusta 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reading vs. Swansea City - 10 August 2021 - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/08/10/england/league-cup/reading-fc/swansea-city-afc/3524381/ |website=Int.soccerway.com}}</ref> Kwanaki bakwai bayan haka, 17 ga watan Agusta 2021, Clarke ya maye gurbin [[George Puscas|George Pușcaș]] a minti na 76 yayin da aka ci Bristol City 3-2 don yin wasan farko. Goals na farko na Clarke don Reading ya zo ne a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2021, lokacin da ya sake fitowa daga benci don maye gurbin George Pușcaș, sannan ya zira kwallaye biyu na Reading a cikin nasarar 2-1 a kan Birmingham City. A ranar 7 ga Yulin 2022, Reading ta tabbatar da cewa Clarke ta sanya hannu kan sabon kwangila tare da kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2022 |title=JAHMARI CLARKE COMMITS TO NEW ROYALS CONTRACT |url=https://www.readingfc.co.uk/news/2022/july/07/jahmari-clarke-commits-to-new-royals-contract/ |access-date=7 July 2022 |website=readingfc.co.uk/ |publisher=Reading F.C.}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Oktoba 2022, Clarke ta shiga Woking kan yarjejeniyar aro na matasa na tsawon wata daya. A ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 2023, Clarke ta shiga Forest Green Rovers kan aro don sauran kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2023 |title=JAHMARI CLARKE HEADS TO FOREST GREEN ROVERS ON LOAN |url=https://www.readingfc.co.uk/news/2023/january/31/jahmari-clarke-heads-to-forest-green-rovers-on-loan/ |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=readingfc.co.uk |publisher=Reading F.C.}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Disamba 2023, Clarke ya shiga Boreham Wood a kan aro har zuwa 28 ga Janairu 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2023 |title=JAHMARI CLARKE JOINS BOREHAM WOOD ON LOAN |url=https://www.readingfc.co.uk/news/2023/december/07/jahmari-clarke-boreham-wood-loan/ |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=readingfc.co.uk |publisher=Reading F.C.}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Maris 2024, Clarke ta koma Yeovil Town a kan aro har zuwa karshen kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 16, 2024 |title=Yeovil Town Football Club - TRANSFER {{!}} Jahmari Clarke joins on loan |url=https://www.ytfc.net/transfer-jahmari-clarke-joins-on-loan/ |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=www.ytfc.net}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Mayu 2024, Reading ya sanar da cewa za a sake shi a lokacin rani da kwangilarsa ta kare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2024 |title=ACADEMY RETAINED LIST CONFIRMED |url=https://www.readingfc.co.uk/news/2024/may/23/academy-retained-list-2024-23may24/ |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=readingfc.co.uk |publisher=Reading F.C.}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga watan Agustan 2024, Clarke ya shiga kungiyar Wealdstone ta National League a kan yarjejeniyar gajeren lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2024 |title=FORMER READING STRIKER JAHMARI CLARKE |url=https://www.wealdstone-fc.com/post/former-reading-striker-jahmari-clarke-signs |access-date=18 August 2024 |website=www.wealdstone-fc.com |archive-date=18 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818061405/https://www.wealdstone-fc.com/post/former-reading-striker-jahmari-clarke-signs |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 30 ga watan Agustan 2024, Wealdstone ya ba da sanarwar cewa an saki Clarke daga kwangilarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2024 |title=We can announce that Jahmari Clarke has been released from his Wealdstone contract. |url=https://x.com/WealdstoneFC/status/1829496586260341166 |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=x.com/WealdstoneFC |publisher=Wealdstone F.C. Twitter}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 2024, garin Basingstoke ya ba da sanarwar sanya hannu kan Clarke kan kwangilar gajeren lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2024 |title=Jahmari Clarke Signs |url=https://btfc.co.uk/updates/jahmari-clarke-signs/ |access-date=13 November 2024 |website=btfc.co.uk |publisher=Basingstoke Town F.C.}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, Clarke ya koma kungiyar Yeovil Town ta National League a kan sharuddan da ba na kwangila ba.<ref> {{Cite web |date=11 March 2025 |title=Jahmari Clarke returns |url=https://www.ytfc.net/signing-jahmari-clarke-returns/ |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=www.ytfc.net}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga watan Agustan 2025, Clarke ya sanya hannu a Montego Bay United a Gasar Firimiya ta Jamaica . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2025 |title=Thrilled to announce that the newest member of the United Sport Group family, Jahmari Clarke @jahmariclarke , has signed with Montego Bay FC @mobayunitedfc ! |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DNw7TCQwNKn/ |access-date=26 August 2025 |website=instagram.com/unitedsportgroupllc/ |publisher=United Sport Group L.L.C.}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, an zabi Clarke don tawagar Jamaica ta kasa da shekaru 20 don gasar cin kofin CONCACAF ta kasa da shekara 20. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Omari Hutchinson and Jahmari clarke apart of&nbsp;&#91;sic&#93; Reggaeboyz u20 Jamaica submitted the 44 player pool. |url=https://twitter.com/ElJeffMiles1/status/1530324654916874242 |access-date=8 June 2022 |website=Twitter.com}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye a karon farko na U20 da Costa Rica lokacin da bayan ya fito daga benci, ya ci nasara kuma ya zira kwallayen a minti na 98, inda ya ci 1-1. == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|match played 20 October 2025}}<ref name="soccerway">{{cite web |title=J. Clarke: Summary |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/jahmari-clarke/624923/ |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=16 March 2023 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin Kasa{{Efn|Includes [[FA Cup]] and [[JFF Champions Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Kofin League{{Efn|Includes [[EFL Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="4" |Karatu |2021–22 |Gasar cin kofin |12 |2 |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |13 |2 |- |2022–23 |Gasar cin kofin |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- |2023–24 |Ƙungiyar Ɗaya |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !12 !2 !0 !0 !2 !0 !0 !0 !14 !2 |- |Woking (rashin kuɗi) |2022–23 |Ƙungiyar Ƙasa |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2 |1 |- |Masu Ruwa na daji |2022–23<ref name="sb2223" /> |Ƙungiyar Ɗaya |4 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |4 |1 |- |Boreham Wood (rashin kuɗi) |2023–24 |Ƙungiyar Ƙasa |5 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1{{Efn|Appearance in [[FA Trophy]]}} |0 |6 |0 |- |Garin Yeovil (rashin kuɗi) |2023–24 |Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Kudu |3 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |3 |2 |- |Wealdstone |2024–25 |Ƙungiyar Ƙasa |2 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |2 |0 |- |Birnin Basingstoke |2024–25<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basingstoke Town Players |url=https://southern-football-league.co.uk/players/BasingstokeTown/2024/2025/444/P/Position/ |access-date=13 November 2024 |website=southern-football-league.co.uk |publisher=Southern Football League |archive-date=17 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251017101443/https://southern-football-league.co.uk/players/BasingstokeTown/2024/2025/444/P/Position/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |Kudancin Kudancin |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |1 |0 |- |Croydon Athletic |2024–25 |Ƙungiyar Isthmian ta Kudu maso Gabas |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |3 |1 |- |Garin Yeovil |2024–25 |Ƙungiyar Ƙasa |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- |Montego Bay United |[[2025–26 Jamaica Premier League|2025–26]] |Gasar Firimiya ta Jamaica |7 |3 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |7 |3 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !40 !9 !0 !0 !2 !0 !1 !0 !43 !9 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 92u2j4fv4ovffkl0j8ldfizj7q6ckkl 0 122960 905880 896995 2026-08-22T00:22:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}     '''Jephthah Elochukwu Unaegbu''' an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1979 marubuci ne kuma ɗan jarida na Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Muse |first=The |date=2021-05-25 |title=Guest Lecture– Writing and Publishing: Trends in the new Decade{{!}} Mr Jeff Unaegbu |url=https://themuseunn.com/guest-lecture-writing-and-publishing-trends-in-the-new-decade-mr-jeff-unaegbu/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=THE MUSE JOURNAL |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == A Faransa, Okoroafor ya shafe shekaru biyar yana jagorantar bidiyon kiɗa da hotunansu, daga murfin kundin zuwa bidiyon kiɗan. Ya kafa ɗakin karatu mai suna 'Clam' da kuma 'Clam magazine' a cikin 1999. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PASS in Paris: Andy Amadi Okoroafor |url=https://panafricanspacestation.org.za/pass-in-paris-profile-andy-amadi-okoroafor/ |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=Pan African Space Station |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613203712/https://panafricanspacestation.org.za/pass-in-paris-profile-andy-amadi-okoroafor/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana buga mujallar sau biyu a shekara a Japan, Amurka, Turai, da Brazil.<ref name="ted">{{Cite web |title=Fellows Friday with Andy Amadi Okoroafor |url=https://blog.ted.com/fellows-friday-with-andy-amadi-okoroafor/ |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=TED}}</ref> A baje kolin ta shekara ta 2017, ya jagoranci wasan kwaikwayon Never Surrender, a M. Bassy a Hamburg, Jamus. Nunin ya haɗa da daukar hoto da shigarwar bidiyo a cikin jerin, More Aphrike . Tare da jerin, ya yi aiki tare da ɗan'uwansa mai ɗaukar hoto kuma mai yin fim, Andrew Dosunmu . <ref name="Andy Amadi Okoroafor">{{Cite web |title=Andy Amadi Okoroafor |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/andy-amadi-okoroafor/ |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=African Filmny}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Unaegbu ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Fasaha a Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka a cikin shekara ta 2008 kuma ta zama Mai Bincike na Cibiyar a cikin shekara ta 2021.<ref name="Jeff 6">{{Cite web |title=Profile of Jephthah Elochukwu Unaegbu |url=https://staffprofile.unn.edu.ng/profile/801 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=unn.edu.ng |publisher=[[University of Nigeria]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Staff Profiles |url=https://ias.unn.edu.ng/staff-profiles/ |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=Institute of African Studies, University Of Nigeria Nsukka |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://ias.unn.edu.ng/history/ |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=Institute of African Studies, University Of Nigeria Nsukka |language=en-US}}</ref> === Rubuce-rubuce === A Faransa, Okoroafor ya shafe shekaru biyar yana jagorantar bidiyon kiɗa da hotunansu, daga murfin kundin zuwa bidiyon kiɗan. Ya kafa ɗakin karatu mai suna 'Clam' da kuma 'Clam magazine' a cikin shekara ta 1999. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PASS in Paris: Andy Amadi Okoroafor |url=https://panafricanspacestation.org.za/pass-in-paris-profile-andy-amadi-okoroafor/ |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=Pan African Space Station |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613203712/https://panafricanspacestation.org.za/pass-in-paris-profile-andy-amadi-okoroafor/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana buga mujallar sau biyu a shekara a Japan, Amurka, Turai, da Brazil.<ref name="ted2">{{Cite web |title=Fellows Friday with Andy Amadi Okoroafor |url=https://blog.ted.com/fellows-friday-with-andy-amadi-okoroafor/ |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=TED}}</ref> A baje kolin ta 2017, ya jagoranci wasan kwaikwayon Never Surrender, a M. Bassy a Hamburg, Jamus. Nunin ya haɗa da daukar hoto da shigarwar bidiyo a cikin jerin, More Aphrike . Tare da jerin, ya yi aiki tare da ɗan'uwansa mai ɗaukar hoto kuma mai yin fim, Andrew Dosunmu . <ref name="Andy Amadi Okoroafor2">{{Cite web |title=Andy Amadi Okoroafor |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/andy-amadi-okoroafor/ |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=African Filmny}}</ref> Unaegbu ya rubuta littafinsa na biyu, Freedom in Our Bones: the history of the Students' Union Government, Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka, 1960-2004.<ref>Animalu, A.O.E., Njoku, F.I. and Ezekoye, B.A. (2010). ''Biography of Emeritus Professor James O.C. Ezeilo, FAS, CON, A World Class Mathematician and Administrator''. Abuja: Ucheakonam Foundation, p.34. {{ISBN|978-978-8417-91-0}}</ref> An buga littafin a watan Maris na shekara ta 2007, a wannan watan da aka aika Unaegbu zuwa [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]] don shirin [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|NYSC]]. Yayinda yake aiki a Otu-oke, [[Ogbia]] a [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]], ya fara littafinsa na uku, ''Asalin NYSC'' da kuma tarihin Farfesa na Physics, Alexander Obiefoka Enukora Animalu, littafin da ya rubuta tare da Godfrey Akpojotor . <ref name="Alexander Animalu - Biography">{{Cite web |title=Alexander Animalu - Biography |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Animalu/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Maths History |language=en}}</ref> Tsohon Ministan Najeriya, [[Bartholomew Nnaji]] ya ce littafin "ya bayyana rayuwa a Legas a ƙarshen shekarun 1950, musamman matakin aikata laifuka".<ref name="Alexander Animalu - Biography" /> Unaegbu has written several books and journal publications including ''The Secret Principles of Female Powers'' (2009), ''Nelson Mandela and Barack Obama African World Challenge Art and Science in the Reconstruction of the Consciousness of Africans in the 21st Century, A Dialogue on Western and African Worldviews'' (co-authored with Alexander Animalu and Grace Achufusi), ''The Youth and National Development in Nigeria'' (2010; with [[Emeka Joseph Otagburuagu]] and N.C. Ohia) and his debut short stories collection, ''This Mosquito in Your Net''. Unaegbu's story, "Prey", was among those shortlisted for the inaugural African Writing Prize for Flash Fiction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Results - Flash Fiction Competition, 2011; African Writing Online; Many Literatures, One Voice; |url=http://www.african-writing.com/eleven/flashfiction1.htm |access-date=2018-01-03 |website=www.african-writing.com |archive-date=2014-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819230019/http://www.african-writing.com/eleven/flashfiction1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was a recipient of the travel fellowship by the African Studies Association of the United Kingdom (ASAUK) to a Workshop for African Scholars held in [[Jami'ar Garin Osun|Osun State University]], in September 2011. His book, ''Ode on Lagos''' was shortlisted and eventually came third in the [[Kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya|Association of Nigerian Authors]]/Cadbury Prize.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ANA PRIZES 2011.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/16xtrYwDbrH1JAd9K_R_Uix_g2VXvKMtt/view?usp=sharing&usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-11-29 |title=The Nation November 30, 2011 by The Nation - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/thenation/docs/november_30__2011 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=issuu.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125063229/https://issuu.com/thenation/docs/november_30__2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012, Unaegbu (tare da Alex Animalu da Sam Onuigbo) sun fara gyara kundin Jami'ar Najeriya Book of Fame wanda ya ƙunshi bayanan martaba na sanannun tsofaffi da malamai na Jami'ar. A cikin 2012 kuma, Unaegbu (tare da A. O. E. Animalu da [[Francisca Nneka Okeke]]) sun rubuta Tarihin Masanin ilimin ƙasa na Pioneer: Cyril Agodi Onwumechili . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ibuot |first=Emmanuel Johnson |last2=Ibuot |first2=Cletus Johnson |last3=Ibia |first3=Ibia E. |date=2018 |title=Education, Ideology and Social Transformation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48561674 |journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria |volume=27 |pages=24–47 |issn=0018-2540 |jstor=48561674}}</ref> A cikin 2013, Unaegbu da Sam Onuigbo sun hada hannu da littafin, ''Shekaru hamsin na Nazarin Afirka: Tarihin Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka (1963-2013) ''. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Onuigbo |first=Sam |last2=Unaegbu |first2=Jeff |date=2013 |title=50 Years of African Studies |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315648808 |website=ResearchGate}}</ref> An ambaci littafin a cikin Transformations in Africana Studies: History, Theory and Epistemology . Unaegbu's 529-page Braving the Stars: The Biography of Pius Nwankwo Okeke, Famous Nigerian Space Scientist and Professor of Physics (wanda aka rubuta tare da Sam Chukwu a cikin 2014) shi ne tarihin rayuwarsa na huɗu na farfesa masu rai a Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka . Gabatarwarsa a shekarar to 2014 ta ja hankalin tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya, [[Ike Ekweremadu]] da Cif Emmanuel Iwuanyanwu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Olatunji |first=Abdulkabir |title=Deputy Senate President wants Nigerian Scientists to Build Devices to Track Boko Haram |url=https://www.coolstuff49ja.com/2014/05/deputy-senate-president-wants-nigerian.html |access-date=2023-11-25}}</ref> Daga baya, Book Authority ta ambaci e-version dinta a matsayin daya daga cikin littattafan tarihin Najeriya guda biyar mafi kyau na Duk Lokaci. A cikin shekara ta 2014 kuma, Unaegbu da Janna Nwafor-Orizu sun hada hannu da littafin, 92 Days in Power: Dr. A.A. Nwafor- Orizu (GCON) a matsayin mukaddashin shugaban Najeriya (Oktoba 16, 1965- zuwa Janairu 15, 1966). Tsohon Shugaban Najeriya, Alhaji [[Shehu Shagari]] ne ya rubuta gabatarwa. Christian Opata ne ya sake nazarin littafin a cikin jaridar Daily Sun . <ref>{{Cite web |title=92 DAYS IN POWER: DR. A.A. NWAFOR-ORIZU GCON AS ACTING PRESIDENHT OF NIGERIA (OCTOBER 16, 1965- JANUARY 15, 1966) - NWAFOR-ORIZU, JAANNA; UNAEGBU, JEFF: 9781079376555 - AbeBooks |url=https://www.abebooks.com/9781079376555/DAYS-POWER-A.A-NWAFOR-ORIZU-GCON-1079376550/plp |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=www.abebooks.com |language=en}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, a cikin 2014, ''Iroko daga Sapling: Tarihin Kwalejin Aikin Gona, Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka (1961-2014) '' Unaegbu da wasu hudu ne suka rubuta shi, ciki har da Chijioke Nwosu . A cikin shekara ta 2017, Pride of the Den, Tarihin Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Jiki, Jami'ar Najeriya Nsukka (1973-2017) ta kasance marubuta ne daga Unaegbu, Fidelis Ugwuowo da UC Okoro . A cikin shekara ta 2018, Unaegbu, Alex Animalu, da Thaddeus Udeinya sun hada hannu da rubuce-rubuce na Biography of Nigeria's Foremost Professor of Mechanical Engineering: Gordian Ezekwe . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Buy BIOGRAPHY OF NIGERIA'S FOREMOST PROFESSOR OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING GORDIAN OBUMNEME EZEKWE Paperback – 11 Jan. 2021 Online at desertcart KUWAIT |url=https://www.desertcart.com.kw/products/304604386-biography-of-nigerias-foremost-professor-of-mechanical-engineering-gordian-obumneme-ezekwe |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=www.desertcart.com.kw}}</ref> A cikin mujallar The New Yorker a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2020, [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] ta nuna godiyarta ga Unaegbu, [[Alexander Animalu]] da Peter Uche don hada-hadar tarihin mahaifinta a cikin littafi, mai taken, Biography of Nigeria's Foremost Professor of Statistics, Farfesa James Nwoye Adichie A ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2020, an buga littafin Unaegbu, The Jephian Philosophy .  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A ranar 16 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2021, an buga Sambisa Forest da Sauran Labaran Unaegbu. Littafin yana da labarin, "Bye-Bye", wanda aka daɗe ana lissafa shi don lambar yabo ta Diana Woods Memorial Award a cikin Creative Non-Fiction, Jami'ar Antakiya.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2026}}Wani labari a cikin littafin, "The Fulani Damsel" an buga shi a cikin Litro Magazine a Ingila a watan Yunin 2018. On 25 May 2021, Unaegbu delivered the guest lecture at the 2021 Literary Arts Festival of the oldest students’ journal in West Africa, ''Muse Journal'' of the English and Literary Studies Department, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. [[Fayil:Jeff_Unaegbu_as_Guest_Lecturer_at_the_2021_Literary_Arts_Festival,_University_of_Nigeria,_Nsukka-_2021.jpg|thumb|Jeff Unaegbu a matsayin Baƙon Malami a Bikin Fasaha na 2021, Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka- 2021]] Littattafai biyu na Amazing Grace: The Authorized Biography of Cif Emmanuel Iwuanyanwu sun rubuta ta Unaegbu, Sam Chukwu da Chinedu Nsofor a cikin 2022. Tare da Uzodinma Nwala, ya rubuta littafin, The Alaigbo Development Foundation: Shekaru Goma da Sabis ga Ƙasar Igbo (2014-2024). [1]''[[Alaigbo Development Foundation|Gidauniyar Ci Gaban Alaigbo]]: Shekaru Goma da Hidima ga Al'ummar Igbo (2014-2024). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CURRICULUM VITAE JEFF UNAEGBU 2024.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uNrkUDZfSMoB6KEyuwoWUMeIenx2eZF8/view?usp=sharing&usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=}}</ref>'' Tare da Chidi Nzeadibe da Obiora Anichebe, ya hada kai da Heart of the Den, wani littafi a kan Faculty of the Social Sciences, Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka, yana ba da cikakken bayani game da tarihinta daga 1960 zuwa 2025. Unaegbu ta wallafa labarai a matsayin surori na littafi da kuma a cikin mujallu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Udok |first=Ekaette C. |date=February 1, 2024 |title=A Study on Music And Entrepreneurial Skills Among Students In Selected Public Secondary Schools In Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. |url=https://www.globalacademicstar.com/download/article/a-study-on-music-and-entreprenueral-skills-among-students-in-selected-public-secondary-schools-in-akwa-ibom-state-nigeria.pdf |journal=International Journal of Current Innovations in Education |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=142 |issn=2646-7380}}</ref> An buga litattafansa a cikin mujallu na kan layi, sun haɗa da zanga-zangar (wanda aka rubuta tare da Jaanna Nwafor-Orizu) game da kyaututtuka na karni na Najeriya saboda rashin haɗa sunayen yawancin 'yan kasa na farko da suka yi yaƙi don samun' yancin Najeriya don kyaututtukan; wani labarin game da Ikenga kamar yadda ake gani a matsayin babban asirin kabilun Igbo; da kuma wani rubutu game da tsohon soja, Joe Achuzia. A matsayinsa na ɗan jarida mai zaman kansa, ya yi hira da marubutan Najeriya, da [[Akachi Adimora-Ezeigbo]] kuma ya rubuta game da Grace Adichie, mahaifiyar [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|Chimamanda Adichie]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=LagosCityReporters |date=2021-03-03 |title=A Tribute To Mama Grace Adichie. By Jeff Unaegbu |url=https://lagoscityreporters.com/a-tribute-to-mama-grace-adichie-by-jeff-unaegbu/ |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Lagos City Reporters |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425120119/https://lagoscityreporters.com/a-tribute-to-mama-grace-adichie-by-jeff-unaegbu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Unaegbu ta shirya kyautar Cecilia Unaegbu a cikin Flash Fiction tare da lambobin yabo na dala 192 na Amurka a watan Yulin 2011. [[Unoma Azuah]] ne ya yi hukunci da shigarwar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwunze-Ibiam |first=Chioma |date=2011-06-21 |title=THE CECILIA UNAEGBU PRIZE FOR FLASH FACT 2011 |url=https://www.creativewritingnews.com/the-cecilia-unaegbu-prize-for-flash-fact-2011/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Creative Writing News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwunze-Ibiam |first=Chioma |date=2011-09-01 |title=RESULTS: CECILIA UNAEGBU PRIZE FOR FLASH FICTION 2011 |url=https://www.creativewritingnews.com/results-cecilia-unaegbu-prize-for-flash-fiction-2011/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Creative Writing News |language=en-US}}</ref> Unaegbu ita ce Alkalin Kyautar Waƙoƙi ta Eriata Oribhabor a shekarar 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |date=2012-12-21 |title=MONUMENT TO FREEDOM (by Eriata Oribhabor Poetry Prize Judge Jeff Unaegbu) |url=https://www.wrr.ng/poetry/monument-to-freedom/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Words Rhymes & Rhythm |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan jama'a == An nada Unaegbu a matsayin wakilin / jakadan Oja Cultural Development Initiative (OCDI) a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2019. Tsakanin 5 da 11 ga Disamba 2019, ya kasance a Zimbabwe a kan zama don kula da gine-ginen asalin Igbo ko fili da musayar ra'ayoyin al'adu tare da Dzimbanhete Arts and Culture Interactions Trust (DACIT) a matsayin wakilin OCDI. A Zimbabwe, Unaegbu kuma ta wakilci kabilun Igbo ta hanyar shiga cikin Tattaunawar Al'adu da aka shirya tare da hadin gwiwar National Gallery of Zimbabwe a karkashin babban taron su na 'Harare Conversations' wani dandalin fasaha da aka kafa. A cikin 2020, Unaegbu ya jagoranci gina wani babban mutum-mutumi na hannu a Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka . Manufar da ke bayan mutum-mutumi ita ce ta buga a kan sanin jama'ar Jami'ar da jama'arta, muhimmancin falsafar iyayen da suka kafa Jami'ar. A cikin 2022, Gidauniyar Tropical Gate don Ci Gaban Ci gaba ta nada Unaegbu Darakta na Yarjejeniya da Sadarwa na Dabarun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mr. Jeff Unaegbu Brief Info |url=https://tropicalgatefoundation.com.ng/team/jeff-unaegbu/ |access-date=June 8, 2023 |website=www.tropicalgatefoundation.com |archive-date=May 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510152624/https://tropicalgatefoundation.com.ng/team/jeff-unaegbu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2013, ya yi rajistar kamfani, FIRM Najeriya, tare da Hukumar Harkokin Kasuwanci kuma ya girma ya haɗa da kamfanin wallafe-wallafen, FIRmWORLD Publishers . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Firm World Publishers - HOME |url=https://www.firmworldpublishers.com/ |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=www.firmworldpublishers.com}}</ref> == Yunkurin fafutuka == Unaegbu na ɗaya daga cikin masu kafa ƙungiyar Facebook ta Occupy Nigeria (Nationwide Anti-Fuel Subsidy Removal: Strategies & Protests) wanda ya haifar da zanga-zangar matasa a duk ƙasar game da cire tallafin man fetur a shekarar 2012 ta gwamnatin Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]]. Sauran wadanda suka kafa su ne [[Gimba Kakanda]] da Richard Ali . Wannan shi ne batun bincike don rubutun PhD a tarihi mai taken, "Hotunan hoto, Facebook da Virtualisation of Resistance in Nigeria" na George Emeka Agbo" a Jami'ar Western Cape, Afirka ta Kudu, a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2016. == Ayyuka == === Hotunan fina-finai === * An ceto ta Sin, sashi na 2 (2007) wanda [[Fidelis Uchenna Okoro]] ya jagoranta <ref>{{Cite web |title=Complete Film of Saved By Sin Part Two shown Online |url=http://video.onlinenigeria.com/Drama/ad1.asp?blurb=2131 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728122104/http://video.onlinenigeria.com/Drama/ad1.asp?blurb=2131 |archive-date=2011-07-28 |access-date=2011-10-01}}</ref> * An cece shi da zunubi, sashi na 3 (2007) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Complete Film of Saved By Sin Part Three shown Online |url=http://video.onlinenigeria.com/Drama/ad1.asp?blurb=2132 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728122140/http://video.onlinenigeria.com/Drama/ad1.asp?blurb=2132 |archive-date=2011-07-28 |access-date=2011-10-01}}</ref> * Zik na Afirka- Tarihin Tarihi (2008/2010) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Detailed Documentary on Azikiwe Directed by Jeff Unaegbu is shown Live |url=https://www.youtube.com/user/JeffUnaegbunam?feature=mhum#p/u/7/2z5fQ9oaVU8 |access-date=2010-01-10 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> * ''Jarida'' (Flash Documentary) (2010) === Tarin gajerun labarai === * ''This Mosquito in Your Net'', (Nsukka: Global Publishers). (2010) {{ISBN|978-31647-4-0}} === Waƙoƙi === * "Za a iya zama Masanin Tarihi a Tsakanin Tsuntsaye" a cikin Mafi Kyawun "Sabon" Mawallafin Afirka Anthology 2020 wanda Tendai Rinos Mwanaka ya shirya. === Ba tatsuniyoyi ba === * 'Yanci a cikin ƙasusuwanmu: Tarihin Masu Fasaha" UNION GOVERNMENT, Jami'ar NIGERIA, NSUKKA (1960-2004), (Onitsha: Blue Publishers, 2007, 2008). (512 Shafuka) .{{ISBN|978-35602-2-0}} * ''Asalin NYSC'', (Nsukka: Global Publishers, 2009). (Labafu 90) .{{ISBN|978-33254-4-2}} * ''ALEXANDER O.E. ANIMALU: Tarihin Babban Farfesa na Physics'' (An rubuta shi tare da Dr. Akpojotor, GE) (Abuja: Gidauniyar Ucheakonam (Nig.) Ltd., 2008). (133 Shafuka) .{{ISBN|978-049-891-5}} * Nelson Mandela da Barack Obama Ƙalubalen Duniya na Afirka: Fasaha da Kimiyya a cikin sake gina Sanin 'yan Afirka a cikin karni na 21, Tattaunawa da Ra'ayoyin Duniya na Yamma da Afirka, (An rubuta tare da Farfesa Animalu, A.O.E.; Umezinwa, W.A. da Achufusi, G.) (Enugu: Snaap Publishers, 2009). (102 Shafuka) .{{ISBN|978-049-951-2}} * ''Matasa da Ci gaban Kasa a Najeriya'' (An shirya tare da Otagburuagu, E.J. da Ohia, NC (Nsukka: Global Publishers / Benak Ventures) (2010) .{{ISBN|978-8060-35-8}} * ''Tarihin Farfesa na Ƙididdigar Najeriya, Farfesa James Nwoye Adichie.'' (An rubuta shi tare da Farfesa Animalu, A.O.E.; Peter Uche) (Abuja: Ucheakonam Foundation (Nig.) Ltd) (2013) . {{ISBN|979-8592635113}} === Littattafan ilimi === * WeUnaegbu, J. et al. "Shin tilasta dan takara a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyya yana kara yiwuwar lashe zabe?" <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Unaegbu |first=Jeff |title=Does the imposition of a Candidate at Party Primaries Increase the Probability of Winning an Election? |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.31920/2516-5305/2022/19n1a11 |journal=African Renaissance |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.31920/2516-5305/2022/19n1a11 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |via=Sabinet}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Unaegbu |first=Jeff |date=March 2022 |title=Does the imposition of a Candidate at Party Primaries Increase the Probability of Winning an Election? |url=https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85130916142&origin=inward&txGid=4fb4e2230d961956722bc0afe5b644a7 |journal=African Renaissance |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=225–244 |via=Scopus}}</ref> * Unaegbu, J. "Igbo Post-Contact Proverbs of the Inyi Community" <ref name="omire">{{Cite journal |last=Unaegbu |first=Jephthah |date=2020 |title=Igbo Post-Contact Proverbs of the Inyi Community |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/402896 |journal=[[Proverbium]] |volume=37 |pages=311–340}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Unaegbu |first=Jephthah Elochukwu |date=2020 |title=Igbo Post-Contact Proverbs of the Inyi Community |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/278197 |journal=[[Proverbium]] |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=311–340}}</ref> * Alexander O. E. Animalu, & Jeff Unaegbu, "Gaia hypothesis daga hangen nesa na Afirka" * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 2023]. "Igbophobia a Legas da Najeriya Zaben 2023: Labari ko Gaskiya?" <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Unaegbu |first=Jephthah Elochukwu |date=2023-08-18 |title=IGBOPHOBIA IN LAGOS AND NIGERIA 2023 ELECTIONS: MYTH OR REALITY? |url=https://acjol.org/index.php/ajap/article/view/3788 |journal=AMAMIHE Journal of Applied Philosophy |language=en |volume=21 |issue=4 |issn=1597-0779}}</ref> * Unaegbu J. et al, "Cibiyar Nnamdi Azikiwe: Tarihin Rashin Mutuwa na Zik's Lodge a Najeriya - Tafiya, Shirin, da Kwarewar Yawon Bude Ido".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Onyejegbu |first=Maureen |last2=Okemini |first2=Ogbonna Onyebuchi |last3=Ikenegbu |first3=ThankGod Chukwuemeka |last4=Unaegbu |first4=Jeff |last5=Onyegiri |first5=Chikodiri |date=September 2023 |title=Nnamdi Azikiwe Center: Historicizing the Immortalization of Zik's Lodge in Nigeria—the Journey, the Project, and Tourism Potentials |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00219347231184236 |journal=Journal of Black Studies |language=en |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=534–550 |doi=10.1177/00219347231184236 |issn=0021-9347 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Unaegbu, Jeff & Ezeigbo, Joy, "Binciken Rayuwar Maɗaukakiyar Maɗaukaki a cikin Tunanin Addini na Ibo" <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Unaegbu |first=Jeff |last2=Ezeigbo |first2=Joy |date=April 2013 |title=Exploring the Existence of the Supreme Deity Concept in Igbo Premissionary Contact Religious Thoughts: IKENGA: International Journal of Institute of African Studies |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=113698329&site=ehost-live |journal=IKENGA: International Journal of Institute of African Studies |volume=15 |pages=35–59}}</ref> * Emeka Nwabueze da Jeff Unaegbu "Cladding A Galaxy Of Reflections: A Critical B.O.N. Eluwa's Ado-Na-Idu: Tarihin asalin Igbo" <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nwabueze |first=Emeka |last2=Unaegbu |first2=Jeff |title=Cladding A Galaxy Of Reflections: A Critical Appraisal Of B.O.N. Eluwa's Ado-Na-Idu: History Of Igbo Origin |url=https://www.ikengajournal.com.ng/admin/img/paper/Complete-IKENGA-VOL.-19-No.1.pdf#page=8 |journal=Ikenga International Journal of African Studies |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=8–}}</ref> * Orajaka, Susan Nwakaego & Unaegbu, Jeff, "Igbo Minstrels As Pathfinders In Contemporary Society: Social Changes and Challenges".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Orajaka |first=Susan Nwakaego |last2=Unaegbu |first2=Jeff |date=April 2013 |title=Igbo Minstrels as Pathfinders in Contemporary Society: Social Changes and Challenges: IKENGA: International Journal of Institute of African Studies |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=113698338&site=ehost-live |journal=IKENGA: International Journal of Institute of African Studies |volume=15 |pages=184–195}}</ref> * Jephthah Unaegbu, "Warriya a kan doki (Godiya Uku ga Farfesa BIC Ijomah) "<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Unaegbu |first=Jephthah |date=March 2021 |title=A Warrior on Horseback (Three Tributes to Prof. BIC Ijomah) |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/66049367/Public_Policy_Enquiry_PPI_Vol_1_No._1_March_2021_-libre.pdf?1616073928=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DPublic_Policy_Enquiry_PPI_Vol_1_No_1_Mar.pdf&Expires=1714053782&Signature=EcSboKec9Mn2NgKVttobuqN5gg1BH0VO2qbsIDouhNjE7DxnNSFy27YGTTaVW3I2Tr2PY~zkxvWbHMwZr-4B-fiIJzsInD8opiZdHUUlvrj9thNO5ovxrZeBrHHvYTkdrZmiuU2NFSHO~dN-NaVa1gT8WyQuM~ZIIi~IHcRcuIgi6wpHK2gYu777~t6PiyrM8wSolvkafI~H63KeVys7JODb7Z6yPeZpN7CSTdz7fViWhFT2WrqxeRGkXuq35xQHJ7ykR1wAhgcytTaLnYre9ClErQz02utqNhzOXhBOmaGHoTSM6IBLbl8AwuNEFca2FpozMxFbnRmaV1E8CKtURA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=93 |journal=PUBLIC POLICY INQUIRY (PPI) Journal |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=87–105}}</ref> * Unaegbu, Jeff da Ani, Jude (2017). "A Conceptualized Critique of Achebe's 'An Image of Africa: Racism in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness" a cikin Nwabueze, Emeka (ed.). Chinua Achebe da Juyin Juya Halin Rashin Mutuwa: Sake kimanta Marubucin dangane da Sabon Gaskiya. Enugu: Littattafan CNC. shafi na 309-320.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Unaegbu |first=Jeff |date=2017-01-01 |title=A CONTEXTUALIZED CRITIQUE OF ACHEBE'S &quot;AN IMAGE OF AFRICA: RACISM IN CONRAD'S 'HEART OF DARKNESS'&quot; |url=https://www.academia.edu/39793524 |journal=Chinua Achebe and the Convolutions of Immortality: Re-assessing the Writer in Relation to New Realities.}}</ref>&nbsp; * J. E. Unaegbu, "Fisika a cikin Ayyukan gargajiya na Igbo: Halin Ci Gaban Kimiyya da Fasaha a Afirka ta Yau: Ra'ayi na Duniya da Siyasa" <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Unaegbu |first=Jeff |date=2011 |title=Physics In The Traditional Practices Of The Igbo: Paradigms For Advancement Of Science And Technology In Today's Africa :African Worldview And Politics |url=https://ajp.afrips.org/articles/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/AfrJPVol4-p201-216.pdf |journal=African Journal of Physics |volume=4 |pages=201–216 |access-date=2026-07-03 |archive-date=2025-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219192518/https://ajp.afrips.org/articles/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/AfrJPVol4-p201-216.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> * An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da Ibrananci. "Ƙarin dualism na al'adu biyu: Akwatin Oduche da maciji a cikin Arrow of God" a cikin New Frontiers in Contemporary African Studies (Emeka Nwabueze ed.) * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga J. & Animalu. "Tsarin ra'ayoyi biyu na duniya: dabi'u don sabon shugabancin Afirka " a cikin Perspectives on leadership in Africa (wanda Egodi Uchendu, Pat Uche Okpoko, Edlyne Anugwom suka shirya). == Rayuwa ta mutum == == Haɗin waje == * <nowiki>https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=bVRP_J8AAAAJ&hl=a</nowiki> cikin masanin Google] * [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jeff-Unaegbu Ƙofar Bincike] == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pd2kfx8mp793w2sra0b6ofbzbsj3o96 0 123730 905863 749360 2026-08-21T23:44:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Jaridar '''''The Australian''''' jarida ce da aka buga a harshen Turanci a Sydney, Ostiraliya daga 1824 zuwa 1848. Ya fara bayyana a shekarar 1824 kuma shine jarida ta biyu da aka buga a babban yankin Ostiraliya bayan Jaridar Sydney Gazette (1803). Na biyun wani littafi ne da aka buga a hukumance wanda ya ƙunshi sanarwa, ƙa'idoji kuma gwamnati ta yi masa takunkumi. ''Jaridar Australiya'' ita ce jarida ta farko mai zaman kanta a Ostiraliya. Gwamna Brisbane ya fahimci cewa babu wani amfani a ci gaba da tace ''jaridar Sydney Gazette'' lokacin da ba a yi wa jaridar ''The Australian'' takunkumi ba, don haka aka yi watsi da takunkumin gwamnati na jaridu a shekarar 1824 kuma ' [[Hakkin samun 'yan jarida kyauta|yancin manema labarai]] ya fara a Ostiraliya. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:William_Charles_Wentworth_sketch.jpg|thumb|William Wentworth a shekara ta 1848]] [[Fayil:Robert_Wardell.jpg|thumb|Robert Wardell daga allunan tunawa a Cocin St James]] === Shekarun farko === Mujallar farko ta ''jaridar The Australian'' ta fito a ranar Alhamis, 14 ga Oktoba, 1824. Masu jaridar lauyoyi ne guda biyu, Robert Wardell da William Wentworth . <ref name="the catalogue">{{Cite web |title=The Australian |url=http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b3713190~S1 |access-date=21 July 2013 |website=[[State Library of New South Wales]] }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Suna da injin buga littattafai da sauran kayan aiki da suka wajaba a hannun ''Alfred'' wanda ya isa Sydney daga Birtaniya a watan Yulin 1824. Wardell ya taɓa mallakar kuma ya gyara jaridar [[Landan]] ta yamma, wato ''Statesman'' . <ref>Keneally, p. 363.</ref> Ya gyara kuma ya rubuta yawancin labaran da ke cikin jaridar ''The Australian'' kuma ya yi magana game da gudanar da jaridar yau da kullun. Wentworth ya rubuta edita lokaci-lokaci kuma ya ba da £4000 don babban jari da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa. Jaridar ta yi fafutukar kare haƙƙin 'Yancin Kai a New South Wales. Ta yi kira ga a zaɓi majalisar dokoki, ƙaramin ikon mallakar kadarorin gwamnati, shari'a ta hanyar alkalai da kuma a bai wa masu 'yancin 'yancin kaɗa ƙuri'a da kuma zama a cikin alkalai. Ta yi adawa da mulkin kama-karya kuma ta nemi, "a mayar da ''gidan yari'' zuwa wani ''yanki'' da ya dace da ɗan ƙasa." Sau da yawa tana bayyana ra'ayoyi masu sassaucin ra'ayi kuma wani lokacin tana adawa da gwamnan . === Shekarun da suka biyo baya === Atwell Edwin Hayes ya biyo bayan Wardell a matsayin edita da mawallafi a shekarar 1828 kuma ya kasance mai kula har zuwa Fabrairu 1833. <ref>Keneally, p. 363.</ref> Na gaba sai John Richard Hardy (1835-1837). George Nichols ya biyo bayansa a matsayin edita kuma mai haɗin gwiwa daga Yuli 1837 har zuwa Yuni 1841. Mataimakin edita a ƙarƙashin Nichols shine ɗan jarida James Martin . Abraham Cohen (1812–1874) shine firintar jaridar a watan Afrilun 1836 kuma ya zama mai haɗin gwiwa, tare da haɗin gwiwa da Nichols, a watan Mayun 1837. Cohen shine edita, firinta kuma shi kaɗai ne mai shi a watan Satumba na 1838 kuma ya ci gaba da riƙe ragamar har zuwa Satumbar 1839. Firintar George Moss (1809–1854) da Rev. Wickham M. Hesketh (1807–1868) su ne masu haɗin gwiwa a watan Yunin 1841 kuma sun ci gaba da kasancewa masu haɗin gwiwa har sai da aka wargaza haɗin gwiwarsu a watan Yunin 1843. Thomas Forster shine firinta da mawallafin masu shi a watan Disamba na 1843. Forster da Edwyn Henry Statham (1811–1887) sun kasance masu haɗin gwiwa a watan Janairun 1844. Attajiri mai kiwon dabbobi James Macarthur ya kasance mai tallafawa jaridar kuɗi a tsakiyar 1843 kuma a matsayin wanda ke da jinginar gida ana bin sa bashin £2,600. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya karɓi mulki, an naɗa Edward Smith Hall (1786–1860) a matsayin edita a watan Afrilun 1846 kuma ya ci gaba da zama har zuwa watan Yunin 1847. == Gado == ''Jaridar Australiya'' ita ce jarida ta farko mai zaman kanta a yankunan mulkin mallaka, kuma saboda haka ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimakawa wajen tabbatar da ' [[Hakkin samun 'yan jarida kyauta|yancin manema labarai]] a Ostiraliya. Ta ƙirƙiri wani sabon dandali don tattaunawa kan batutuwan kundin tsarin mulki da siyasa waɗanda ba a da su a da. Musamman ma ta ba da murya ga waɗanda ba a ba su 'yancin yin aiki ba, masu 'yancin kai, waɗanda aka yanke wa hukunci da sauran waɗanda ke da hannu a cikin al'ummar mulkin mallaka. Ta tallafa wa ci gaban tattalin arziki kuma ta ƙarfafa sabbin kamfanoni su ƙirƙiri ayyukan yi da samun kuɗi. Ya ƙirƙiri wani dandali inda za a iya gurfanar da gwamnati a gaban kuliya. Haka kuma ana yaba masa da taimakawa wajen rage wasu daga cikin munanan laifukan da suka shafi tsarin hukunta masu laifi . Wani na zamani wanda ya yi tsokaci kan [[Fuskar da aka yi wa bulala|bulala]] da sauran hukunci mai tsauri da ake yi wa waɗanda aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa a New South Wales ya ci gaba da cewa, == Manazarta == * Atkinson, Alan & Marian Averling (eds.) (1987), ''<nowiki/>'yan ƙasar Ostiraliya 1838'', Sydney, Fairfax, Syme & Weldon Associates. * Green, Henry da Dorothy (1984), ''Tarihin Adabin Australiya, Juzu'i na I, 1789–1923'', Sydney, Angus &amp;amp; Robertson, shafi na 1.&nbsp;81–3. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-207-13825-7|<bdi>0-207-13825-7</bdi>]] * Keneally, Thomas (2009), ''<nowiki/>'Yan Australiya: Asalin Eureka, Juzu'i na 1'', Allen &amp;amp; Unwin, Sydney, * Walker, Thomas (1976), ''Jaridar Jarida a New South Wales, 1803–1920'', Sydney University Press, * Wilde, William, Joy Hooton da Barry Andrews (1986), ''Abokin Oxford ga Adabin Australiya'', Oxford University Press, Melbourne. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-19-554233-9|<bdi>0-19-554233-9</bdi>]] k97bqrl91c9e89klwdbzcu7rmsgfbze 0 123733 905865 749366 2026-08-21T23:49:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Jaridar Bathurst Free Press and Mining Journal''''', wadda aka buga a matsayin ''The Bathurst Free Press'', ''Bathurst Times'', ''Bathurst Argus'', ''Bathurst Daily Argus'', ''Western Times'' da ''Western Advocate'', [[Jarida|jarida ce]] ta watsa shirye-shirye ta harshen Turanci da ake bugawa a kowane mako a Bathurst, New South Wales, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bathurst Free Press and Mining Journal (NSW : 1851 - 1904) |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-title56 |access-date=29 January 2015 |website=Trove |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> == Tarihi == Jaridar Bathurst Free Press ta karɓi ragamar mulki daga The Bathurst Advocate kuma William Farrand ne ya fara buga ta a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1849. Ta yi ƙoƙarin bambanta kanta da mai kare haƙƙin ta ta hanyar canza taken ta da kuma "a ba ta izinin yin magana da kanmu a cikin jam'i, maimakon lamba ɗaya tilo". [1] Jaridar ta sake canza taken ta a ranar 28 ga Mayu 1851 zuwa Bathurst Free Press da Mining Journal tare da ƙaruwar kuɗin biyan kuɗin ta saboda "buƙatun gaggawa na leƙen asiri daga Gold Country". [2] A shekara ta 1859, John Charles White ya karɓi jaridar kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun iyalin har sai da ta daina rarrabawa a watan Maris na 1904. A shekara ta 1884, 'ya'yan White, Charles da Gloster White, suka karɓi aikin edita da manajan kasuwanci bi da bi. A matsayin edita, Charles ya yi amfani da jaridar a matsayin dandamali don fafutukar neman 'yancin ciniki da Tarayyar Turai. Wannan daga ƙarshe ya haifar da suka daga al'umma, yayin da aka yi suka ga masu kare haƙƙin jama'a na gida a fili. Sakamakon haka, Charles ya sayar da rabonsa na jaridar ga Gloster a shekara ta 1902. <ref name="ADB">{{Cite web |last=Theo Barker |title=White, Charles (1845–1922) |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/white-charles-4834 |access-date=21 March 2013 |publisher=Australian Dictionary of Biography}}</ref> Jaridar ta haɗu da ''Jaridar Bathurst Times'' (wadda aka fara bugawa tun 1858 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bathurst Times |url=http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b1164613~S2 |access-date=26 June 2013 |publisher=SLNSW catalogue}}</ref> ) a shekarar 1904 kuma aka sake mata suna ''The Bathurst Argus'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bathurst Argus |url=http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b3346001~S2 |access-date=26 June 2013 |publisher=State Library of NSW catalogue}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan shekarar aka sake mata suna ''The Bathurst Daily Argus'' kuma aka buga ta a ƙarƙashin wannan sunan har zuwa 1909. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bathurst Daily Argus |url=http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b1156903~S2 |access-date=26 June 2013 |publisher=State Library of NSW |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100012/http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b1156903~S2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga 1909 zuwa 1936, an buga jaridar a lokuta daban-daban kamar Bathurst Times da Western Times <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bathurst Times 1909-1925 |url=http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b1174354~S2 |access-date=26 June 2013 |publisher=State Library of NSW catalogue}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Western Times 1926-1931 |url=http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b1174365~S2 |access-date=26 June 2013 |website=SLNSW Catalogue |publisher=State Library of NSW |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052502/http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b1174365~S2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bathurst Times 1931-1936 |url=http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b2188947~S2 |access-date=26 June 2013 |website=SLNSW catalogue |publisher=State Library of NSW }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kafin a buga ta a matsayin ''The Western Times'' daga 1936-1963 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Western Times 1936-1963 |url=http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b2188949~S2 |access-date=26 June 2013 |website=SLNSW catalogue |publisher=State Library of NSW}}</ref> lokacin da ''The National Advocate'' ta karɓe ta kuma an buga duka takardu biyu a matsayin ''Western Advocate'' . <ref name="Western Advocate">{{Cite web |title=Western Advocate |url=http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b1173029~S2 |access-date=26 June 2013 |website=SLNSW catalogue |publisher=State Library of NSW}}</ref> ''The National Advocate'' ta kasance tana bugawa tun 1889. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Advocate |url=http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b3453534~S2 |access-date=26 June 2013 |website=SLNSW catalogue |publisher=State Library of NSW}}</ref> === Tarihin bugawa === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Sunan wallafe-wallafe ! An fara wallafawa ! An dakatar da bugawa |- | Bathurst Free Press | 1849 | 1851 |- | Mujallar 'Yan Jarida da Ma'adinai ta Bathurst | 1851 | 1904 |- | Bathurst Times | 1858 | 1904 |- | Lauyan Ƙasa | 1889 | 1963 |- | Bathurst Argus | 1904 | 1904 |- | Jaridar Bathurst Argus | 1904 | 1909 |- | Bathurst Times | 1909 | 1925 |- | Jaridar Western Times | 1926 | 1931 |- | Bathurst Times | 1931 | 1936 |- | Jaridar Western Times | 1936 | 1963 |- | Lauyan Yamma | 1963 | |- | Jaridar Western Times | 1981 | 2021 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} 3d8d7eb50o2xlv9otr2qhg6suiglr43 0 123756 905866 749419 2026-08-21T23:53:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Jaridar '''''Catholic Weekly''''' jarida ce da ake bugawa a harshen Turanci a halin yanzu a [[Sydney|Sydney, Ostiraliya]] . Ana buga ta a cikin tsarin jaridu . A tsawon tarihinta, an kuma buga ta a matsayin '''''Jaridar Freeman''''' da kuma '''''Jaridar Catholic Freeman''''' . <ref name="cat">{{Cite web |title=SLNSW Catalogue |url=http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b1172548~S2 |access-date=12 June 2013 |publisher=State Library of New South Wales |archive-date=18 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018004733/http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b1172548~S2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fayil:Freeman's_Journal_27_June_1850.PNG|thumb|Shafin farko na jaridar ''The Freeman's Journal'' a ranar 27 ga Yuni 1850.]] == Tarihi == Tarihin jaridar za a iya gano shi tun daga ranar 27 ga Yuni, 1850 lokacin da aka sanya mata suna Jaridar Freeman, a ƙarƙashin tasirin edita kuma daga baya archdeacon John McEncroe (1794–1868). [1] Firinta da mawallafi Jeremiah Moore sun fara gudanar da kantin sayar da littattafai mai nasara. John Francis Blakeney (–1914) yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan editocinta, ya fara aiki a matsayin mai koyon aiki a 1867. [2] [3] Manajan darakta har zuwa 1919 shine Mr JH de Courcy, wanda ya fara aiki a ɓangaren buga jaridar kimanin 1865. [4] Da farko yana zaune a George Street, Sydney, kafin Mayu 1886 an mayar da shi Lang Street, kuma a 1925, zuwa ginin Hibernian, Elizabeth Street. [1] == Canzawa ta hanyar dijital == An mayar da nau'ikan takardar daban-daban ta hanyar dijital a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Dijital na Jaridun Australiya, <ref>{{cite news |date=26 February 1914 |title=Death of Mr. J. BLAKENEY |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article111290734 |accessdate=14 June 2019 |page=24 |via=National Library of Australia |newspaper=Freeman's Journal (Sydney) |volume=LXIV |issue=3923 |location=New South Wales, Australia}}</ref> wani aiki da Laburaren Ƙasa na Australiya suka shirya. <ref>{{cite news |date=5 March 1914 |title=John Blakeney—An appreciation |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article111293492 |accessdate=14 June 2019 |page=21 |via=National Library of Australia |newspaper=Freeman's Journal (Sydney) |volume=LXIV |issue=3924 |location=New South Wales, Australia}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Cocin Katolika a Ostiraliya * Jerin jaridu a New South Wales * Jerin jaridu a Ostiraliya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ttskk9nsb2bdnpcrasmuxrolkodie6o 0 123833 905861 749651 2026-08-21T23:42:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Jaridar The Courier''''' [[jarida]] ce ta jaridu da ake bugawa a Narrabri, New South Wales, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], tun daga shekarar 1873. An kuma buga jaridar ''The Courier'' a matsayin ''The North Western Courier'', ''The Narrabri Herald da Northern Districts' Advertiser'' da ''The Narrabri Age da kuma Namoi District Newspaper'' . == Tarihi == An fara buga jaridar Narrabri Herald da Northern Districts' Advertiser a shekarar 1873 [1] kuma an fara buga jaridar The Narrabri Age da Namoi District Newspaper a shekarar 1894. [2] Duk waɗannan jaridun sun daina bugawa a ranar 23 ga Disamba, 1912 kuma an haɗa su cikin jaridar The North Western Courier wadda aka fara bugawa a ranar 7 ga Janairu, 1913. [2] A cikin fitowarta ta farko, The North Western Courier ta yi iƙirarin cewa za ta goyi bayan siyasa mai sassaucin ra'ayi. [3] ''Kamfanin North Western Courier'' ya rage sunansa zuwa ''The Courier'' a shekarar 1967 amma ya canza sunan zuwa ''The North Western Courier'' a shekarar 1976. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Narrabri herald and northern districts' advertise |url=http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b1154721~S2 |access-date=19 February 2014 |website=SLNSW catalogue |publisher=State Library of New South Wales }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An sake rage sunan zuwa ''The Courier'' a shekarar 1982 kuma har yanzu ana buga shi a ƙarƙashin wannan sunan. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=7 Jan 1913 |title=Ourselves |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page15392406 |journal=The North Western Courier |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=2 |access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref> == Canzawa ta hanyar dijital == An mayar da wannan takarda ta hanyar dijital a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin Shirin Digitization na Jaridun Australiya na Laburaren Ƙasa na Australiya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Narrabri herald and northern districts' advertise |url=http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b1154721~S2 |access-date=19 February 2014 |website=SLNSW catalogue |publisher=State Library of New South Wales }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |date=7 Jan 1913 |title=Ourselves |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page15392406 |journal=The North Western Courier |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=2 |access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin jaridu a Ostiraliya * Jerin jaridu a New South Wales == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} numpbuffno9s4u586scge9a0h2txkf4 0 124201 905936 750631 2026-08-22T05:17:11Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohammed Ibrahim Hakki''' (7 ga Afrilun shekarar 1933, [[Kairo|Alkahira]] - 24 ga Oktoba 2015, [[Virginia]]) ɗan jaridar Masar ne, manajan hulɗa da jama'a kuma diflomasiyya, kuma an ɗauke shi babban marubuci da masanin siyasa, kuma mai shaida na shekaru da yawa kuma masanin dangantakar Masar da Amurka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> A cikin aikin da ya kai sama da shekaru ashirin, Hakki ya kasance babban edita da shugaban ofishin jaridu da yawa na Masar da Larabawa, kuma ya rike mukamai a Bankin Duniya, gwamnatin Masar, kuma ya kasance mai magana da yawun marigayi shugaban kasar [[Anwar Sadat]]. == Jarida == Hakki ya fara aikinsa a jaridar Masar mai suna ''Al-Ahram'' a shekarar 1959, inda ya zama Babban Editan Kasashen Waje a cikin shekarun 1960 kuma "ɗaya daga cikin tauraron 'yan jarida... a lokacin da yake da zinariya". <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Goweida |first=Farouk |date=2015-10-31 |title=محمد حقى رحيل صامت |url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/الاعمدة/محمد-حقى-رحيل-صامت.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211212135/https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA.aspx |archive-date=2022-12-11 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=الأهرام اليومي |language=ar}}</ref> Matsayinsa yana nufin cewa ba wai kawai ya rufe duniya ba, amma ya yi tafiya, ya ziyarci ƙasashe a Turai, Asiya, tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, da kusan ƙasashe 25 na Afirka, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> yana hira da masu yanke shawara da yawa ciki har da Shugaba na Jamus Willy Brandt a shekarar 1969. A farkon shekarun 1970s, Hakki ya bar aikin jarida na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin alaƙar jama'a da diflomasiyya, ya koma rubuce-rubuce a farkon shekarun 1980. A shekara ta 1982 an ba shi wata ƙungiya a Cibiyar Woodrow Wilson don rubuta littafi game da dangantakar Masar da Amurka a ƙarƙashin taken aiki The Domestic Determinants of Egypt's Foreign Policy . A cikin shekarun 1980 da 90 Hakki ya zama Babban Ofishin Washington na [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] ''Al-Anba"'' sannan kuma jaridar [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabiya]] ''Okaz''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Mohamed Hakki |url=https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209102930/https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-date=2022-12-09 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=State Information Service |language=Ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Wadannan mukamai suna nufin cewa an gayyace shi akai-akai don yin sharhi game da batutuwan Larabawa da Amurka, musamman a lokacin Yakin Gulf, da kuma nuna bambanci ga al'ummar Larabawa da Amirka a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Coverage of the Persian Gulf {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?16542-1/international-coverage-persian-gulf |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Gulf War and the Media: A Retrospective {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?17157-1/gulf-war-media-retrospective |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Press: Achieving Balanced Coverage {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?64961-1/us-press-achieving-balanced-coverage |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref> Duk da yin ritaya daga aikin cikakken lokaci a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, Hakki ya kasance mai ba da labari na yau da kullun kan batutuwan Masar-Amurka da Larabawa-Amurka, musamman bayan [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren 9/11]], da mamayewar Iraki na 2003, yana rubutu a kai a kai don tashar kiransa ta farko, ''Al-Ahram'', da reshen Ingilishi, a cikin shekarun 1990 da 2000, da kuma kasancewa mai baƙon baki a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da yawa na duniya - Rubuce-rubuce a ƙasa. == Dangantaka da diflomasiyya == A shekara ta 1972, Hakki ya koma [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]] ya shiga Bankin Duniya a matsayin Jami'in Bayanai da Harkokin Jama'a.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGorguissian2015">Gorguissian, Thomas (2015-10-29). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx "Witness to Arab-US Milestones"]. Al-Ahram Weekly. Archived from [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx the original] on 2016-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-11</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Koyaya, a cikin 1975 shugaban kasar Anwar Sadat ya ba shi aiki da kafa [[List of diplomatic missions of Egypt|Ofishin Jakadancin Masar a Washington DC]], ya zama babban mai hulɗa da manema labarai don manyan abubuwan da suka faru a dangantakar Masar da Amurka a cikin shekaru shida da suka biyo baya.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Mohamed Hakki |url=https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209102930/https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-date=2022-12-09 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=State Information Service |language=Ar}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Goweida |first=Farouk |date=2015-10-31 |title=محمد حقى رحيل صامت |url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/الاعمدة/محمد-حقى-رحيل-صامت.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211212135/https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA.aspx |archive-date=2022-12-11 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=الأهرام اليومي |language=ar}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> Hakki ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan [[State Information Service|Ofishin Bayanai na Jiha]] Alkahira a shekarar 1980, kuma ya zama mai magana da yawun Sadat, <ref name=":32" /> ya maye gurbin [[Safwat El-Sherif|Safwat al-Sharif]] . A bayyane yake an ba Hakki wannan matsayi tare da alkawarin rike mukamin ministoci a nan gaba - mai yiwuwa don maye gurbin [[Ministry of Information (Egypt)|Ministan Bayanai]] da Harkokin Shugaban kasa [[Mansour Hassan]] wanda daga ƙarshe aka cire shi / ya yi murabus a watan Satumbar 1981. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Wannan yiwuwar ta lalace tare da [[Assassination of Anwar Sadat|kisan Sadat]] a watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, da kuma ƙarshen zamansa a matsayin shugaban SIS a cikin shekara guda na shugaban [[Hosni Mubarak]] ya zo mulki.<ref name=":22" /> [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] ==manazarta == gijv4j18oog6zh2hwb01p6aeosr2smj 905937 905936 2026-08-22T05:17:27Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohammed Ibrahim Hakki''' (7 ga Afrilun shekarar 1933, [[Kairo|Alkahira]] - 24 ga Oktoban shekarar 2015, [[Virginia]]) ɗan jaridar Masar ne, manajan hulɗa da jama'a kuma diflomasiyya, kuma an ɗauke shi babban marubuci da masanin siyasa, kuma mai shaida na shekaru da yawa kuma masanin dangantakar Masar da Amurka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> A cikin aikin da ya kai sama da shekaru ashirin, Hakki ya kasance babban edita da shugaban ofishin jaridu da yawa na Masar da Larabawa, kuma ya rike mukamai a Bankin Duniya, gwamnatin Masar, kuma ya kasance mai magana da yawun marigayi shugaban kasar [[Anwar Sadat]]. == Jarida == Hakki ya fara aikinsa a jaridar Masar mai suna ''Al-Ahram'' a shekarar 1959, inda ya zama Babban Editan Kasashen Waje a cikin shekarun 1960 kuma "ɗaya daga cikin tauraron 'yan jarida... a lokacin da yake da zinariya". <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Goweida |first=Farouk |date=2015-10-31 |title=محمد حقى رحيل صامت |url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/الاعمدة/محمد-حقى-رحيل-صامت.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211212135/https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA.aspx |archive-date=2022-12-11 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=الأهرام اليومي |language=ar}}</ref> Matsayinsa yana nufin cewa ba wai kawai ya rufe duniya ba, amma ya yi tafiya, ya ziyarci ƙasashe a Turai, Asiya, tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, da kusan ƙasashe 25 na Afirka, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> yana hira da masu yanke shawara da yawa ciki har da Shugaba na Jamus Willy Brandt a shekarar 1969. A farkon shekarun 1970s, Hakki ya bar aikin jarida na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin alaƙar jama'a da diflomasiyya, ya koma rubuce-rubuce a farkon shekarun 1980. A shekara ta 1982 an ba shi wata ƙungiya a Cibiyar Woodrow Wilson don rubuta littafi game da dangantakar Masar da Amurka a ƙarƙashin taken aiki The Domestic Determinants of Egypt's Foreign Policy . A cikin shekarun 1980 da 90 Hakki ya zama Babban Ofishin Washington na [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] ''Al-Anba"'' sannan kuma jaridar [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabiya]] ''Okaz''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Mohamed Hakki |url=https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209102930/https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-date=2022-12-09 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=State Information Service |language=Ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Wadannan mukamai suna nufin cewa an gayyace shi akai-akai don yin sharhi game da batutuwan Larabawa da Amurka, musamman a lokacin Yakin Gulf, da kuma nuna bambanci ga al'ummar Larabawa da Amirka a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Coverage of the Persian Gulf {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?16542-1/international-coverage-persian-gulf |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Gulf War and the Media: A Retrospective {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?17157-1/gulf-war-media-retrospective |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Press: Achieving Balanced Coverage {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?64961-1/us-press-achieving-balanced-coverage |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref> Duk da yin ritaya daga aikin cikakken lokaci a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, Hakki ya kasance mai ba da labari na yau da kullun kan batutuwan Masar-Amurka da Larabawa-Amurka, musamman bayan [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren 9/11]], da mamayewar Iraki na 2003, yana rubutu a kai a kai don tashar kiransa ta farko, ''Al-Ahram'', da reshen Ingilishi, a cikin shekarun 1990 da 2000, da kuma kasancewa mai baƙon baki a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da yawa na duniya - Rubuce-rubuce a ƙasa. == Dangantaka da diflomasiyya == A shekara ta 1972, Hakki ya koma [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]] ya shiga Bankin Duniya a matsayin Jami'in Bayanai da Harkokin Jama'a.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGorguissian2015">Gorguissian, Thomas (2015-10-29). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx "Witness to Arab-US Milestones"]. Al-Ahram Weekly. Archived from [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx the original] on 2016-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-11</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Koyaya, a cikin 1975 shugaban kasar Anwar Sadat ya ba shi aiki da kafa [[List of diplomatic missions of Egypt|Ofishin Jakadancin Masar a Washington DC]], ya zama babban mai hulɗa da manema labarai don manyan abubuwan da suka faru a dangantakar Masar da Amurka a cikin shekaru shida da suka biyo baya.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Mohamed Hakki |url=https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209102930/https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-date=2022-12-09 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=State Information Service |language=Ar}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Goweida |first=Farouk |date=2015-10-31 |title=محمد حقى رحيل صامت |url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/الاعمدة/محمد-حقى-رحيل-صامت.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211212135/https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA.aspx |archive-date=2022-12-11 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=الأهرام اليومي |language=ar}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> Hakki ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan [[State Information Service|Ofishin Bayanai na Jiha]] Alkahira a shekarar 1980, kuma ya zama mai magana da yawun Sadat, <ref name=":32" /> ya maye gurbin [[Safwat El-Sherif|Safwat al-Sharif]] . A bayyane yake an ba Hakki wannan matsayi tare da alkawarin rike mukamin ministoci a nan gaba - mai yiwuwa don maye gurbin [[Ministry of Information (Egypt)|Ministan Bayanai]] da Harkokin Shugaban kasa [[Mansour Hassan]] wanda daga ƙarshe aka cire shi / ya yi murabus a watan Satumbar 1981. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Wannan yiwuwar ta lalace tare da [[Assassination of Anwar Sadat|kisan Sadat]] a watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, da kuma ƙarshen zamansa a matsayin shugaban SIS a cikin shekara guda na shugaban [[Hosni Mubarak]] ya zo mulki.<ref name=":22" /> [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] ==manazarta == 753zxvb03z497jk5x82arwfqqxc8ysa 905938 905937 2026-08-22T05:17:49Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohammed Ibrahim Hakki''' (7 ga Afrilun shekarar 1933, [[Kairo|Alkahira]] - 24 ga Oktoban shekarar 2015, [[Virginia]]) ɗan jaridar Masar ne, manajan hulɗa da jama'a kuma diflomasiyya, kuma an ɗauke shi babban marubuci da masanin siyasa, kuma mai shaida na shekaru da yawa kuma masanin dangantakar Masar da Amurka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> A cikin aikin da ya kai sama da shekaru ashirin, Haƙƙin ya kasance babban edita da shugaban ofishin jaridu da yawa na Masar da Larabawa, kuma ya riƙe muƙamin a Bankin Duniya, gwamnatin Masar, kuma ya kasance mai magana da yawun marigayi shugaban kasar [[Anwar Sadat]]. == Jarida == Hakki ya fara aikinsa a jaridar Masar mai suna ''Al-Ahram'' a shekarar 1959, inda ya zama Babban Editan Kasashen Waje a cikin shekarun 1960 kuma "ɗaya daga cikin tauraron 'yan jarida... a lokacin da yake da zinariya". <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Goweida |first=Farouk |date=2015-10-31 |title=محمد حقى رحيل صامت |url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/الاعمدة/محمد-حقى-رحيل-صامت.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211212135/https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA.aspx |archive-date=2022-12-11 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=الأهرام اليومي |language=ar}}</ref> Matsayinsa yana nufin cewa ba wai kawai ya rufe duniya ba, amma ya yi tafiya, ya ziyarci ƙasashe a Turai, Asiya, tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, da kusan ƙasashe 25 na Afirka, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> yana hira da masu yanke shawara da yawa ciki har da Shugaba na Jamus Willy Brandt a shekarar 1969. A farkon shekarun 1970s, Hakki ya bar aikin jarida na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin alaƙar jama'a da diflomasiyya, ya koma rubuce-rubuce a farkon shekarun 1980. A shekara ta 1982 an ba shi wata ƙungiya a Cibiyar Woodrow Wilson don rubuta littafi game da dangantakar Masar da Amurka a ƙarƙashin taken aiki The Domestic Determinants of Egypt's Foreign Policy . A cikin shekarun 1980 da 90 Hakki ya zama Babban Ofishin Washington na [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] ''Al-Anba"'' sannan kuma jaridar [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabiya]] ''Okaz''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Mohamed Hakki |url=https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209102930/https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-date=2022-12-09 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=State Information Service |language=Ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Wadannan mukamai suna nufin cewa an gayyace shi akai-akai don yin sharhi game da batutuwan Larabawa da Amurka, musamman a lokacin Yakin Gulf, da kuma nuna bambanci ga al'ummar Larabawa da Amirka a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Coverage of the Persian Gulf {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?16542-1/international-coverage-persian-gulf |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Gulf War and the Media: A Retrospective {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?17157-1/gulf-war-media-retrospective |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Press: Achieving Balanced Coverage {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?64961-1/us-press-achieving-balanced-coverage |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref> Duk da yin ritaya daga aikin cikakken lokaci a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, Hakki ya kasance mai ba da labari na yau da kullun kan batutuwan Masar-Amurka da Larabawa-Amurka, musamman bayan [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren 9/11]], da mamayewar Iraki na 2003, yana rubutu a kai a kai don tashar kiransa ta farko, ''Al-Ahram'', da reshen Ingilishi, a cikin shekarun 1990 da 2000, da kuma kasancewa mai baƙon baki a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da yawa na duniya - Rubuce-rubuce a ƙasa. == Dangantaka da diflomasiyya == A shekara ta 1972, Hakki ya koma [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]] ya shiga Bankin Duniya a matsayin Jami'in Bayanai da Harkokin Jama'a.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGorguissian2015">Gorguissian, Thomas (2015-10-29). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx "Witness to Arab-US Milestones"]. Al-Ahram Weekly. Archived from [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx the original] on 2016-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-11</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Koyaya, a cikin 1975 shugaban kasar Anwar Sadat ya ba shi aiki da kafa [[List of diplomatic missions of Egypt|Ofishin Jakadancin Masar a Washington DC]], ya zama babban mai hulɗa da manema labarai don manyan abubuwan da suka faru a dangantakar Masar da Amurka a cikin shekaru shida da suka biyo baya.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Mohamed Hakki |url=https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209102930/https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-date=2022-12-09 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=State Information Service |language=Ar}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Goweida |first=Farouk |date=2015-10-31 |title=محمد حقى رحيل صامت |url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/الاعمدة/محمد-حقى-رحيل-صامت.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211212135/https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA.aspx |archive-date=2022-12-11 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=الأهرام اليومي |language=ar}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> Hakki ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan [[State Information Service|Ofishin Bayanai na Jiha]] Alkahira a shekarar 1980, kuma ya zama mai magana da yawun Sadat, <ref name=":32" /> ya maye gurbin [[Safwat El-Sherif|Safwat al-Sharif]] . A bayyane yake an ba Hakki wannan matsayi tare da alkawarin rike mukamin ministoci a nan gaba - mai yiwuwa don maye gurbin [[Ministry of Information (Egypt)|Ministan Bayanai]] da Harkokin Shugaban kasa [[Mansour Hassan]] wanda daga ƙarshe aka cire shi / ya yi murabus a watan Satumbar 1981. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Wannan yiwuwar ta lalace tare da [[Assassination of Anwar Sadat|kisan Sadat]] a watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, da kuma ƙarshen zamansa a matsayin shugaban SIS a cikin shekara guda na shugaban [[Hosni Mubarak]] ya zo mulki.<ref name=":22" /> [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] ==manazarta == bi5g5mhl67c5bxc8adqvv1aq3nxaauv 905939 905938 2026-08-22T05:18:05Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohammed Ibrahim Hakki''' (7 ga Afrilun shekarar 1933, [[Kairo|Alkahira]] - 24 ga Oktoban shekarar 2015, [[Virginia]]) ɗan jaridar Masar ne, manajan hulɗa da jama'a kuma diflomasiyya, kuma an ɗauke shi babban marubuci da masanin siyasa, kuma mai shaida na shekaru da yawa kuma masanin dangantakar Masar da Amurka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> A cikin aikin da ya kai sama da shekaru ashirin, Haƙƙin ya kasance babban edita da shugaban ofishin jaridu da yawa na Masar da Larabawa, kuma ya riƙe muƙamin a Bankin Duniya, gwamnatin Masar, kuma ya kasance mai magana da yawun marigayi shugaban ƙasar [[Anwar Sadat]]. == Jarida == Hakki ya fara aikinsa a jaridar Masar mai suna ''Al-Ahram'' a shekarar 1959, inda ya zama Babban Editan Kasashen Waje a cikin shekarun 1960 kuma "ɗaya daga cikin tauraron 'yan jarida... a lokacin da yake da zinariya". <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Goweida |first=Farouk |date=2015-10-31 |title=محمد حقى رحيل صامت |url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/الاعمدة/محمد-حقى-رحيل-صامت.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211212135/https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA.aspx |archive-date=2022-12-11 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=الأهرام اليومي |language=ar}}</ref> Matsayinsa yana nufin cewa ba wai kawai ya rufe duniya ba, amma ya yi tafiya, ya ziyarci ƙasashe a Turai, Asiya, tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, da kusan ƙasashe 25 na Afirka, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> yana hira da masu yanke shawara da yawa ciki har da Shugaba na Jamus Willy Brandt a shekarar 1969. A farkon shekarun 1970s, Hakki ya bar aikin jarida na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin alaƙar jama'a da diflomasiyya, ya koma rubuce-rubuce a farkon shekarun 1980. A shekara ta 1982 an ba shi wata ƙungiya a Cibiyar Woodrow Wilson don rubuta littafi game da dangantakar Masar da Amurka a ƙarƙashin taken aiki The Domestic Determinants of Egypt's Foreign Policy . A cikin shekarun 1980 da 90 Hakki ya zama Babban Ofishin Washington na [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] ''Al-Anba"'' sannan kuma jaridar [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabiya]] ''Okaz''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Mohamed Hakki |url=https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209102930/https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-date=2022-12-09 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=State Information Service |language=Ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Wadannan mukamai suna nufin cewa an gayyace shi akai-akai don yin sharhi game da batutuwan Larabawa da Amurka, musamman a lokacin Yakin Gulf, da kuma nuna bambanci ga al'ummar Larabawa da Amirka a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Coverage of the Persian Gulf {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?16542-1/international-coverage-persian-gulf |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Gulf War and the Media: A Retrospective {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?17157-1/gulf-war-media-retrospective |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Press: Achieving Balanced Coverage {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?64961-1/us-press-achieving-balanced-coverage |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref> Duk da yin ritaya daga aikin cikakken lokaci a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, Hakki ya kasance mai ba da labari na yau da kullun kan batutuwan Masar-Amurka da Larabawa-Amurka, musamman bayan [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren 9/11]], da mamayewar Iraki na 2003, yana rubutu a kai a kai don tashar kiransa ta farko, ''Al-Ahram'', da reshen Ingilishi, a cikin shekarun 1990 da 2000, da kuma kasancewa mai baƙon baki a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da yawa na duniya - Rubuce-rubuce a ƙasa. == Dangantaka da diflomasiyya == A shekara ta 1972, Hakki ya koma [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]] ya shiga Bankin Duniya a matsayin Jami'in Bayanai da Harkokin Jama'a.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGorguissian2015">Gorguissian, Thomas (2015-10-29). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx "Witness to Arab-US Milestones"]. Al-Ahram Weekly. Archived from [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx the original] on 2016-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-11</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Koyaya, a cikin 1975 shugaban kasar Anwar Sadat ya ba shi aiki da kafa [[List of diplomatic missions of Egypt|Ofishin Jakadancin Masar a Washington DC]], ya zama babban mai hulɗa da manema labarai don manyan abubuwan da suka faru a dangantakar Masar da Amurka a cikin shekaru shida da suka biyo baya.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Mohamed Hakki |url=https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209102930/https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-date=2022-12-09 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=State Information Service |language=Ar}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Goweida |first=Farouk |date=2015-10-31 |title=محمد حقى رحيل صامت |url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/الاعمدة/محمد-حقى-رحيل-صامت.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211212135/https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA.aspx |archive-date=2022-12-11 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=الأهرام اليومي |language=ar}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> Hakki ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan [[State Information Service|Ofishin Bayanai na Jiha]] Alkahira a shekarar 1980, kuma ya zama mai magana da yawun Sadat, <ref name=":32" /> ya maye gurbin [[Safwat El-Sherif|Safwat al-Sharif]] . A bayyane yake an ba Hakki wannan matsayi tare da alkawarin rike mukamin ministoci a nan gaba - mai yiwuwa don maye gurbin [[Ministry of Information (Egypt)|Ministan Bayanai]] da Harkokin Shugaban kasa [[Mansour Hassan]] wanda daga ƙarshe aka cire shi / ya yi murabus a watan Satumbar 1981. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Wannan yiwuwar ta lalace tare da [[Assassination of Anwar Sadat|kisan Sadat]] a watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, da kuma ƙarshen zamansa a matsayin shugaban SIS a cikin shekara guda na shugaban [[Hosni Mubarak]] ya zo mulki.<ref name=":22" /> [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] ==manazarta == bpeul5hfqidiykq9bspz2f49fv2pphw 905940 905939 2026-08-22T05:18:23Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohammed Ibrahim Hakki''' (7 ga Afrilun shekarar 1933, [[Kairo|Alkahira]] - 24 ga Oktoban shekarar 2015, [[Virginia]]) ɗan jaridar Masar ne, manajan hulɗa da jama'a kuma diflomasiyya, kuma an ɗauke shi babban marubuci da masanin siyasa, kuma mai shaida na shekaru da yawa kuma masanin dangantakar Masar da Amurka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> A cikin aikin da ya kai sama da shekaru ashirin, Haƙƙin ya kasance babban edita da shugaban ofishin jaridu da yawa na Masar da Larabawa, kuma ya riƙe muƙamin a Bankin Duniya, gwamnatin Masar, kuma ya kasance mai magana da yawun marigayi shugaban ƙasar [[Anwar Sadat]]. == Jarida == Hakki ya fara aikinsa a jaridar Masar mai suna ''Al-Ahram'' a shekarar 1959, inda kuma ya zama Babban Editan Kasashen Waje a cikin shekarun 1960 kuma "ɗaya daga cikin tauraron 'yan jarida... a lokacin da yake da zinariya". <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Goweida |first=Farouk |date=2015-10-31 |title=محمد حقى رحيل صامت |url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/الاعمدة/محمد-حقى-رحيل-صامت.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211212135/https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA.aspx |archive-date=2022-12-11 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=الأهرام اليومي |language=ar}}</ref> Matsayinsa yana nufin cewa ba wai kawai ya rufe duniya ba, amma ya yi tafiya, ya ziyarci ƙasashe a Turai, Asiya, tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, da kusan ƙasashe 25 na Afirka, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> yana hira da masu yanke shawara da yawa ciki har da Shugaba na Jamus Willy Brandt a shekarar 1969. A farkon shekarun 1970s, Hakki ya bar aikin jarida na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin alaƙar jama'a da diflomasiyya, ya koma rubuce-rubuce a farkon shekarun 1980. A shekara ta 1982 an ba shi wata ƙungiya a Cibiyar Woodrow Wilson don rubuta littafi game da dangantakar Masar da Amurka a ƙarƙashin taken aiki The Domestic Determinants of Egypt's Foreign Policy . A cikin shekarun 1980 da 90 Hakki ya zama Babban Ofishin Washington na [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] ''Al-Anba"'' sannan kuma jaridar [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabiya]] ''Okaz''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Mohamed Hakki |url=https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209102930/https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-date=2022-12-09 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=State Information Service |language=Ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Wadannan mukamai suna nufin cewa an gayyace shi akai-akai don yin sharhi game da batutuwan Larabawa da Amurka, musamman a lokacin Yakin Gulf, da kuma nuna bambanci ga al'ummar Larabawa da Amirka a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Coverage of the Persian Gulf {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?16542-1/international-coverage-persian-gulf |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Gulf War and the Media: A Retrospective {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?17157-1/gulf-war-media-retrospective |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Press: Achieving Balanced Coverage {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?64961-1/us-press-achieving-balanced-coverage |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref> Duk da yin ritaya daga aikin cikakken lokaci a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, Hakki ya kasance mai ba da labari na yau da kullun kan batutuwan Masar-Amurka da Larabawa-Amurka, musamman bayan [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren 9/11]], da mamayewar Iraki na 2003, yana rubutu a kai a kai don tashar kiransa ta farko, ''Al-Ahram'', da reshen Ingilishi, a cikin shekarun 1990 da 2000, da kuma kasancewa mai baƙon baki a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da yawa na duniya - Rubuce-rubuce a ƙasa. == Dangantaka da diflomasiyya == A shekara ta 1972, Hakki ya koma [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]] ya shiga Bankin Duniya a matsayin Jami'in Bayanai da Harkokin Jama'a.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGorguissian2015">Gorguissian, Thomas (2015-10-29). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx "Witness to Arab-US Milestones"]. Al-Ahram Weekly. Archived from [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx the original] on 2016-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-11</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Koyaya, a cikin 1975 shugaban kasar Anwar Sadat ya ba shi aiki da kafa [[List of diplomatic missions of Egypt|Ofishin Jakadancin Masar a Washington DC]], ya zama babban mai hulɗa da manema labarai don manyan abubuwan da suka faru a dangantakar Masar da Amurka a cikin shekaru shida da suka biyo baya.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Mohamed Hakki |url=https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209102930/https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-date=2022-12-09 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=State Information Service |language=Ar}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Goweida |first=Farouk |date=2015-10-31 |title=محمد حقى رحيل صامت |url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/الاعمدة/محمد-حقى-رحيل-صامت.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211212135/https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA.aspx |archive-date=2022-12-11 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=الأهرام اليومي |language=ar}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> Hakki ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan [[State Information Service|Ofishin Bayanai na Jiha]] Alkahira a shekarar 1980, kuma ya zama mai magana da yawun Sadat, <ref name=":32" /> ya maye gurbin [[Safwat El-Sherif|Safwat al-Sharif]] . A bayyane yake an ba Hakki wannan matsayi tare da alkawarin rike mukamin ministoci a nan gaba - mai yiwuwa don maye gurbin [[Ministry of Information (Egypt)|Ministan Bayanai]] da Harkokin Shugaban kasa [[Mansour Hassan]] wanda daga ƙarshe aka cire shi / ya yi murabus a watan Satumbar 1981. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Wannan yiwuwar ta lalace tare da [[Assassination of Anwar Sadat|kisan Sadat]] a watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, da kuma ƙarshen zamansa a matsayin shugaban SIS a cikin shekara guda na shugaban [[Hosni Mubarak]] ya zo mulki.<ref name=":22" /> [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] ==manazarta == adm9uxl5oc0s62uzjkhojw4ubqyoy78 905941 905940 2026-08-22T05:18:52Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohammed Ibrahim Hakki''' (7 ga Afrilun shekarar 1933, [[Kairo|Alkahira]] - 24 ga Oktoban shekarar 2015, [[Virginia]]) ɗan jaridar Masar ne, manajan hulɗa da jama'a kuma diflomasiyya, kuma an ɗauke shi babban marubuci da masanin siyasa, kuma mai shaida na shekaru da yawa kuma masanin dangantakar Masar da Amurka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> A cikin aikin da ya kai sama da shekaru ashirin, Haƙƙin ya kasance babban edita da shugaban ofishin jaridu da yawa na Masar da Larabawa, kuma ya riƙe muƙamin a Bankin Duniya, gwamnatin Masar, kuma ya kasance mai magana da yawun marigayi shugaban ƙasar [[Anwar Sadat]]. == Jarida == Hakki ya fara aikinsa a jaridar Masar mai suna ''Al-Ahram'' a shekarar 1959, inda kuma ya zama Babban Editan Kasashen Waje a cikin shekarun 1960 kuma "ɗaya daga cikin tauraron 'yan jarida... a lokacin da yake da zinariya". <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Goweida |first=Farouk |date=2015-10-31 |title=محمد حقى رحيل صامت |url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/الاعمدة/محمد-حقى-رحيل-صامت.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211212135/https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA.aspx |archive-date=2022-12-11 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=الأهرام اليومي |language=ar}}</ref> Matsayinsa yana nufin cewa ba wai kawai ya rufe duniya ba, amma ya yi tafiya, ya ziyarci ƙasashe a Turai, Asiya, tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, da kusan ƙasashe 25 na Afirka, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> yana hira da masu yanke shawara da yawa ciki har da Shugaba na Jamus Willy Brandt a shekarar 1969. A farkon shekarun 1970s, Hakki ya bar aikin jarida na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin alaƙar jama'a da diflomasiyya, ya koma rubuce-rubuce a farkon shekarun 1980. A shekara ta 1982 an ba shi wata ƙungiya a Cibiyar Woodrow Wilson don rubuta littafi game da dangantakar Masar da Amurka a ƙarƙashin taken aiki The Domestic Determinants of Egypt's Foreign Policy . A cikin shekarun 1980 da 90 Haƙƙin ya zama Babban Ofishin Washington na [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] ''Al-Anba"'' sannan kuma jaridar [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabiya]] ''Okaz''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Mohamed Hakki |url=https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209102930/https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-date=2022-12-09 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=State Information Service |language=Ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Wadannan mukamai suna nufin cewa an gayyace shi akai-akai don yin sharhi game da batutuwan Larabawa da Amurka, musamman a lokacin Yakin Gulf, da kuma nuna bambanci ga al'ummar Larabawa da Amirka a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Coverage of the Persian Gulf {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?16542-1/international-coverage-persian-gulf |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Gulf War and the Media: A Retrospective {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?17157-1/gulf-war-media-retrospective |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Press: Achieving Balanced Coverage {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?64961-1/us-press-achieving-balanced-coverage |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref> Duk da yin ritaya daga aikin cikakken lokaci a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, Hakki ya kasance mai ba da labari na yau da kullun kan batutuwan Masar-Amurka da Larabawa-Amurka, musamman bayan [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren 9/11]], da mamayewar Iraki na 2003, yana rubutu a kai a kai don tashar kiransa ta farko, ''Al-Ahram'', da reshen Ingilishi, a cikin shekarun 1990 da 2000, da kuma kasancewa mai baƙon baki a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da yawa na duniya - Rubuce-rubuce a ƙasa. == Dangantaka da diflomasiyya == A shekara ta 1972, Hakki ya koma [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]] ya shiga Bankin Duniya a matsayin Jami'in Bayanai da Harkokin Jama'a.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGorguissian2015">Gorguissian, Thomas (2015-10-29). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx "Witness to Arab-US Milestones"]. Al-Ahram Weekly. Archived from [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx the original] on 2016-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-11</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Koyaya, a cikin 1975 shugaban kasar Anwar Sadat ya ba shi aiki da kafa [[List of diplomatic missions of Egypt|Ofishin Jakadancin Masar a Washington DC]], ya zama babban mai hulɗa da manema labarai don manyan abubuwan da suka faru a dangantakar Masar da Amurka a cikin shekaru shida da suka biyo baya.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Mohamed Hakki |url=https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209102930/https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-date=2022-12-09 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=State Information Service |language=Ar}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Goweida |first=Farouk |date=2015-10-31 |title=محمد حقى رحيل صامت |url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/الاعمدة/محمد-حقى-رحيل-صامت.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211212135/https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA.aspx |archive-date=2022-12-11 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=الأهرام اليومي |language=ar}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> Hakki ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan [[State Information Service|Ofishin Bayanai na Jiha]] Alkahira a shekarar 1980, kuma ya zama mai magana da yawun Sadat, <ref name=":32" /> ya maye gurbin [[Safwat El-Sherif|Safwat al-Sharif]] . A bayyane yake an ba Hakki wannan matsayi tare da alkawarin rike mukamin ministoci a nan gaba - mai yiwuwa don maye gurbin [[Ministry of Information (Egypt)|Ministan Bayanai]] da Harkokin Shugaban kasa [[Mansour Hassan]] wanda daga ƙarshe aka cire shi / ya yi murabus a watan Satumbar 1981. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Wannan yiwuwar ta lalace tare da [[Assassination of Anwar Sadat|kisan Sadat]] a watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, da kuma ƙarshen zamansa a matsayin shugaban SIS a cikin shekara guda na shugaban [[Hosni Mubarak]] ya zo mulki.<ref name=":22" /> [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] ==manazarta == 048ogqaowosovb2u5oe6w4e5u667q9x 905942 905941 2026-08-22T05:19:10Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohammed Ibrahim Hakki''' (7 ga Afrilun shekarar 1933, [[Kairo|Alkahira]] - 24 ga Oktoban shekarar 2015, [[Virginia]]) ɗan jaridar Masar ne, manajan hulɗa da jama'a kuma diflomasiyya, kuma an ɗauke shi babban marubuci da masanin siyasa, kuma mai shaida na shekaru da yawa kuma masanin dangantakar Masar da Amurka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> A cikin aikin da ya kai sama da shekaru ashirin, Haƙƙin ya kasance babban edita da shugaban ofishin jaridu da yawa na Masar da Larabawa, kuma ya riƙe muƙamin a Bankin Duniya, gwamnatin Masar, kuma ya kasance mai magana da yawun marigayi shugaban ƙasar [[Anwar Sadat]]. == Jarida == Hakki ya fara aikinsa a jaridar Masar mai suna ''Al-Ahram'' a shekarar 1959, inda kuma ya zama Babban Editan Kasashen Waje a cikin shekarun 1960 kuma "ɗaya daga cikin tauraron 'yan jarida... a lokacin da yake da zinariya". <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Goweida |first=Farouk |date=2015-10-31 |title=محمد حقى رحيل صامت |url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/الاعمدة/محمد-حقى-رحيل-صامت.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211212135/https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA.aspx |archive-date=2022-12-11 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=الأهرام اليومي |language=ar}}</ref> Matsayinsa yana nufin cewa ba wai kawai ya rufe duniya ba, amma ya yi tafiya, ya ziyarci ƙasashe a Turai, Asiya, tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, da kusan ƙasashe 25 na Afirka, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> yana hira da masu yanke shawara da yawa ciki har da Shugaba na Jamus Willy Brandt a shekarar 1969. A farkon shekarun 1970s, Hakki ya bar aikin jarida na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin alaƙar jama'a da diflomasiyya, ya koma rubuce-rubuce a farkon shekarun 1980. A shekara ta 1982 an ba shi wata ƙungiya a Cibiyar Woodrow Wilson don rubuta littafi game da dangantakar Masar da Amurka a ƙarƙashin taken aiki The Domestic Determinants of Egypt's Foreign Policy . A cikin shekarun 1980 da 90 Haƙƙin ya zama Babban Ofishin Washington na [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] ''Al-Anba"'' sannan kuma jaridar [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabiya]] ''Okaz''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Mohamed Hakki |url=https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209102930/https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-date=2022-12-09 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=State Information Service |language=Ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Wadannan mukamai suna nufin cewa an gayyace shi akai-akai don yin sharhi game da batutuwan Larabawa da Amurka, musamman a lokacin Yakin Gulf, da kuma nuna bambanci ga al'ummar Larabawa da Amirka a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Coverage of the Persian Gulf {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?16542-1/international-coverage-persian-gulf |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Gulf War and the Media: A Retrospective {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?17157-1/gulf-war-media-retrospective |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Press: Achieving Balanced Coverage {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?64961-1/us-press-achieving-balanced-coverage |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref> Duk da yin ritaya daga aikin cikakken lokaci a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, Haƙƙin ya kasance mai ba da labari na yau da kullun kan batutuwan Masar-Amurka da Larabawa-Amurka, musamman bayan [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren 9/11]], da mamayewar Iraki na 2003, yana rubutu a kai a kai don tashar kiransa ta farko, ''Al-Ahram'', da reshen Ingilishi, a cikin shekarun 1990 da 2000, da kuma kasancewa mai baƙon baki a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da yawa na duniya - Rubuce-rubuce a ƙasa. == Dangantaka da diflomasiyya == A shekara ta 1972, Hakki ya koma [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]] ya shiga Bankin Duniya a matsayin Jami'in Bayanai da Harkokin Jama'a.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGorguissian2015">Gorguissian, Thomas (2015-10-29). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx "Witness to Arab-US Milestones"]. Al-Ahram Weekly. Archived from [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx the original] on 2016-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-11</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Koyaya, a cikin 1975 shugaban kasar Anwar Sadat ya ba shi aiki da kafa [[List of diplomatic missions of Egypt|Ofishin Jakadancin Masar a Washington DC]], ya zama babban mai hulɗa da manema labarai don manyan abubuwan da suka faru a dangantakar Masar da Amurka a cikin shekaru shida da suka biyo baya.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Mohamed Hakki |url=https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209102930/https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-date=2022-12-09 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=State Information Service |language=Ar}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Goweida |first=Farouk |date=2015-10-31 |title=محمد حقى رحيل صامت |url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/الاعمدة/محمد-حقى-رحيل-صامت.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211212135/https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA.aspx |archive-date=2022-12-11 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=الأهرام اليومي |language=ar}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> Hakki ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan [[State Information Service|Ofishin Bayanai na Jiha]] Alkahira a shekarar 1980, kuma ya zama mai magana da yawun Sadat, <ref name=":32" /> ya maye gurbin [[Safwat El-Sherif|Safwat al-Sharif]] . A bayyane yake an ba Hakki wannan matsayi tare da alkawarin rike mukamin ministoci a nan gaba - mai yiwuwa don maye gurbin [[Ministry of Information (Egypt)|Ministan Bayanai]] da Harkokin Shugaban kasa [[Mansour Hassan]] wanda daga ƙarshe aka cire shi / ya yi murabus a watan Satumbar 1981. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Wannan yiwuwar ta lalace tare da [[Assassination of Anwar Sadat|kisan Sadat]] a watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, da kuma ƙarshen zamansa a matsayin shugaban SIS a cikin shekara guda na shugaban [[Hosni Mubarak]] ya zo mulki.<ref name=":22" /> [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] ==manazarta == 7i3nlkss42sc3l3di9fqzqvsjsfs0b8 905943 905942 2026-08-22T05:19:28Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohammed Ibrahim Hakki''' (7 ga Afrilun shekarar 1933, [[Kairo|Alkahira]] - 24 ga Oktoban shekarar 2015, [[Virginia]]) ɗan jaridar Masar ne, manajan hulɗa da jama'a kuma diflomasiyya, kuma an ɗauke shi babban marubuci da masanin siyasa, kuma mai shaida na shekaru da yawa kuma masanin dangantakar Masar da Amurka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> A cikin aikin da ya kai sama da shekaru ashirin, Haƙƙin ya kasance babban edita da shugaban ofishin jaridu da yawa na Masar da Larabawa, kuma ya riƙe muƙamin a Bankin Duniya, gwamnatin Masar, kuma ya kasance mai magana da yawun marigayi shugaban ƙasar [[Anwar Sadat]]. == Jarida == Hakki ya fara aikinsa a jaridar Masar mai suna ''Al-Ahram'' a shekarar 1959, inda kuma ya zama Babban Editan Kasashen Waje a cikin shekarun 1960 kuma "ɗaya daga cikin tauraron 'yan jarida... a lokacin da yake da zinariya". <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Goweida |first=Farouk |date=2015-10-31 |title=محمد حقى رحيل صامت |url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/الاعمدة/محمد-حقى-رحيل-صامت.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211212135/https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA.aspx |archive-date=2022-12-11 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=الأهرام اليومي |language=ar}}</ref> Matsayinsa yana nufin cewa ba wai kawai ya rufe duniya ba, amma ya yi tafiya, ya ziyarci ƙasashe a Turai, Asiya, tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, da kusan ƙasashe 25 na Afirka, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> yana hira da masu yanke shawara da yawa ciki har da Shugaba na Jamus Willy Brandt a shekarar 1969. A farkon shekarun 1970s, Hakki ya bar aikin jarida na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin alaƙar jama'a da diflomasiyya, ya koma rubuce-rubuce a farkon shekarun 1980. A shekara ta 1982 an ba shi wata ƙungiya a Cibiyar Woodrow Wilson don rubuta littafi game da dangantakar Masar da Amurka a ƙarƙashin taken aiki The Domestic Determinants of Egypt's Foreign Policy . A cikin shekarun 1980 da 90 Haƙƙin ya zama Babban Ofishin Washington na [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] ''Al-Anba"'' sannan kuma jaridar [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabiya]] ''Okaz''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Mohamed Hakki |url=https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209102930/https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-date=2022-12-09 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=State Information Service |language=Ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Wadannan mukamai suna nufin cewa an gayyace shi akai-akai don yin sharhi game da batutuwan Larabawa da Amurka, musamman a lokacin Yakin Gulf, da kuma nuna bambanci ga al'ummar Larabawa da Amirka a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Coverage of the Persian Gulf {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?16542-1/international-coverage-persian-gulf |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Gulf War and the Media: A Retrospective {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?17157-1/gulf-war-media-retrospective |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Press: Achieving Balanced Coverage {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?64961-1/us-press-achieving-balanced-coverage |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref> Duk da yin ritaya daga aikin cikakken lokaci a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, Haƙƙin ya kasance mai ba da labari na yau da kullun kan batutuwan Masar-Amurka da Larabawa-Amurka, musamman bayan [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren 9/11]], da mamayewar Iraki na shekarar 2003, yana rubutu a kai a kai don tashar kiransa ta farko, ''Al-Ahram'', da reshen Ingilishi, a cikin shekarun 1990 da 2000, da kuma kasancewa mai baƙon baki a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da yawa na duniya - Rubuce-rubuce a ƙasa. == Dangantaka da diflomasiyya == A shekara ta 1972, Hakki ya koma [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]] ya shiga Bankin Duniya a matsayin Jami'in Bayanai da Harkokin Jama'a.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGorguissian2015">Gorguissian, Thomas (2015-10-29). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx "Witness to Arab-US Milestones"]. Al-Ahram Weekly. Archived from [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx the original] on 2016-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-11</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Koyaya, a cikin 1975 shugaban kasar Anwar Sadat ya ba shi aiki da kafa [[List of diplomatic missions of Egypt|Ofishin Jakadancin Masar a Washington DC]], ya zama babban mai hulɗa da manema labarai don manyan abubuwan da suka faru a dangantakar Masar da Amurka a cikin shekaru shida da suka biyo baya.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Mohamed Hakki |url=https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209102930/https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-date=2022-12-09 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=State Information Service |language=Ar}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Goweida |first=Farouk |date=2015-10-31 |title=محمد حقى رحيل صامت |url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/الاعمدة/محمد-حقى-رحيل-صامت.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211212135/https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA.aspx |archive-date=2022-12-11 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=الأهرام اليومي |language=ar}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> Hakki ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan [[State Information Service|Ofishin Bayanai na Jiha]] Alkahira a shekarar 1980, kuma ya zama mai magana da yawun Sadat, <ref name=":32" /> ya maye gurbin [[Safwat El-Sherif|Safwat al-Sharif]] . A bayyane yake an ba Hakki wannan matsayi tare da alkawarin rike mukamin ministoci a nan gaba - mai yiwuwa don maye gurbin [[Ministry of Information (Egypt)|Ministan Bayanai]] da Harkokin Shugaban kasa [[Mansour Hassan]] wanda daga ƙarshe aka cire shi / ya yi murabus a watan Satumbar 1981. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Wannan yiwuwar ta lalace tare da [[Assassination of Anwar Sadat|kisan Sadat]] a watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, da kuma ƙarshen zamansa a matsayin shugaban SIS a cikin shekara guda na shugaban [[Hosni Mubarak]] ya zo mulki.<ref name=":22" /> [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] ==manazarta == 9p8xv0xy95lwwmabbqfsy5i8406omv9 905944 905943 2026-08-22T05:19:53Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohammed Ibrahim Hakki''' (7 ga Afrilun shekarar 1933, [[Kairo|Alkahira]] - 24 ga Oktoban shekarar 2015, [[Virginia]]) ɗan jaridar Masar ne, manajan hulɗa da jama'a kuma diflomasiyya, kuma an ɗauke shi babban marubuci da masanin siyasa, kuma mai shaida na shekaru da yawa kuma masanin dangantakar Masar da Amurka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> A cikin aikin da ya kai sama da shekaru ashirin, Haƙƙin ya kasance babban edita da shugaban ofishin jaridu da yawa na Masar da Larabawa, kuma ya riƙe muƙamin a Bankin Duniya, gwamnatin Masar, kuma ya kasance mai magana da yawun marigayi shugaban ƙasar [[Anwar Sadat]]. == Jarida == Hakki ya fara aikinsa a jaridar Masar mai suna ''Al-Ahram'' a shekarar 1959, inda kuma ya zama Babban Editan Kasashen Waje a cikin shekarun 1960 kuma "ɗaya daga cikin tauraron 'yan jarida... a lokacin da yake da zinariya". <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Goweida |first=Farouk |date=2015-10-31 |title=محمد حقى رحيل صامت |url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/الاعمدة/محمد-حقى-رحيل-صامت.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211212135/https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA.aspx |archive-date=2022-12-11 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=الأهرام اليومي |language=ar}}</ref> Matsayinsa yana nufin cewa ba wai kawai ya rufe duniya ba, amma ya yi tafiya, ya ziyarci ƙasashe a Turai, Asiya, tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, da kusan ƙasashe 25 na Afirka, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> yana hira da masu yanke shawara da yawa ciki har da Shugaba na Jamus Willy Brandt a shekarar 1969. A farkon shekarun 1970s, Hakki ya bar aikin jarida na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin alaƙar jama'a da diflomasiyya, ya koma rubuce-rubuce a farkon shekarun 1980. A shekara ta 1982 an ba shi wata ƙungiya a Cibiyar Woodrow Wilson don rubuta littafi game da dangantakar Masar da Amurka a ƙarƙashin taken aiki The Domestic Determinants of Egypt's Foreign Policy . A cikin shekarun 1980 da 90 Haƙƙin ya zama Babban Ofishin Washington na [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] ''Al-Anba"'' sannan kuma jaridar [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabiya]] ''Okaz''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Mohamed Hakki |url=https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209102930/https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-date=2022-12-09 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=State Information Service |language=Ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Wadannan mukamai suna nufin cewa an gayyace shi akai-akai don yin sharhi game da batutuwan Larabawa da Amurka, musamman a lokacin Yakin Gulf, da kuma nuna bambanci ga al'ummar Larabawa da Amirka a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Coverage of the Persian Gulf {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?16542-1/international-coverage-persian-gulf |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Gulf War and the Media: A Retrospective {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?17157-1/gulf-war-media-retrospective |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Press: Achieving Balanced Coverage {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?64961-1/us-press-achieving-balanced-coverage |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref> Duk da yin ritaya daga aikin cikakken lokaci a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, Haƙƙin ya kasance mai ba da labari na yau da kullun kan batutuwan Masar-Amurka da Larabawa-Amurka, musamman bayan [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren 9/11]], da mamayewar Iraki na shekarar 2003, yana rubutu a kai a kai don tashar kiransa ta farko, ''Al-Ahram'', da reshen Ingilishi, a cikin shekarun 1990 da 2000, da kuma kasancewa mai baƙon baki a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da yawa na duniya - Rubuce-rubuce a ƙasa. == Dangantaka da diflomasiyya == A shekara ta 1972, Hakki ya koma [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]] ya shiga Bankin Duniya a matsayin Jami'in Bayanai da Harkokin Jama'a.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGorguissian2015">Gorguissian, Thomas (2015-10-29). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx "Witness to Arab-US Milestones"]. Al-Ahram Weekly. Archived from [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx the original] on 2016-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-11</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Koyaya, a cikin shekarar 1975 shugaban kasar Anwar Sadat ya ba shi aiki da kafa [[List of diplomatic missions of Egypt|Ofishin Jakadancin Masar a Washington DC]], ya zama babban mai hulɗa da manema labarai don manyan abubuwan da suka faru a dangantakar Masar da Amurka a cikin shekaru shida da suka biyo baya.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Mohamed Hakki |url=https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209102930/https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-date=2022-12-09 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=State Information Service |language=Ar}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Goweida |first=Farouk |date=2015-10-31 |title=محمد حقى رحيل صامت |url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/الاعمدة/محمد-حقى-رحيل-صامت.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211212135/https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA.aspx |archive-date=2022-12-11 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=الأهرام اليومي |language=ar}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> Hakki ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan [[State Information Service|Ofishin Bayanai na Jiha]] Alkahira a shekarar 1980, kuma ya zama mai magana da yawun Sadat, <ref name=":32" /> ya maye gurbin [[Safwat El-Sherif|Safwat al-Sharif]] . A bayyane yake an ba Hakki wannan matsayi tare da alkawarin rike mukamin ministoci a nan gaba - mai yiwuwa don maye gurbin [[Ministry of Information (Egypt)|Ministan Bayanai]] da Harkokin Shugaban kasa [[Mansour Hassan]] wanda daga ƙarshe aka cire shi / ya yi murabus a watan Satumbar 1981. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Wannan yiwuwar ta lalace tare da [[Assassination of Anwar Sadat|kisan Sadat]] a watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, da kuma ƙarshen zamansa a matsayin shugaban SIS a cikin shekara guda na shugaban [[Hosni Mubarak]] ya zo mulki.<ref name=":22" /> [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] ==manazarta == 7fa6t2bkr5c9ct24diwkqf6k68qihaa 0 125508 905877 785067 2026-08-22T00:09:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jean-Louis Xavier Trintignant''' ; 11 ga Disamba 1930 - 17 ga Yuni 2022) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Faransa. Ya fara wasan kwaikwayo a shekarar 1951, kuma an ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Faransa na zamanin bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yaƙi]] . Ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na fina-finai na Turai, kuma ya yi aiki tare da fitattun daraktocin marubuci, ciki har da Roger Vadim, Costa-Gavras, Claude Lelouch, Claude Chabrol, Bernardo Bertolucci, Éric Rohmer, François Truffaut, Krzysztof Kieślowski, da Michael Haneke . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Trintignant a ranar 11 ga Disamba 1930 a Piolenc, Vaucluse . Yana da ɗan'uwa ɗan shekara huɗu. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, mahaifinsa ya shiga cikin adawa da mulkin Nazi ta hanyar taimakawa Yahudawa, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta fara wani al'amari tare da wani jami'in Nazi. Wannan haɗin gwiwar a kwance ya shafi Jean-Louis duk rayuwarsa.<ref name=":0" /> Ya girma tare da niyyar karatun shari'a kuma ya shiga Jami'ar Aix-Marseille . Koyaya, nan da nan ya gano sha'awar yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya koma Paris yana da shekaru 20 don nazarin wasan kwaikwayo, ya fara wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta 1951. == Ayyuka == Bayan yawon shakatawa a farkon shekarun 1950 a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da yawa, bayyanarsa ta farko ta zo ne a shekarar 1955, kuma a shekara mai zuwa ya sami daraja tare da aikinsa a gaban Brigitte Bardot a cikin Roger Vadim's And God Created Woman . An katse aikin Trintignant na shekaru da yawa ta hanyar aikin soja. Bayan ya yi aiki a [[Aljir|Algiers]], ya koma Paris kuma ya ci gaba da aikinsa a fim.<ref name="FitzGerald" /> Ya kasance babban namiji a fim din Claude Lelouch A Man and a Woman (Un homme et une femme, 1966), wanda shine fim din Faransa da ya fi cin nasara a duniya na wasu shekaru. A Italiya, ana kiransa da Italiyanci, kuma ya yi aiki tare da daraktocin Italiyanci ciki har da Sergio Corbucci a cikin The Great Silence, Valerio Zurlini a cikin Violent Summer da The Desert of the Tartars, Ettore Scola a cikin La terrazza, Bernardo Bertolucci a cikin The Conformist, da Dino Risi a cikin The Easy Life . == Rayuwa ta mutum == [[Fayil:Jean-Louis_Trintignant.jpg|thumb|Trintignant a cikin 2007]] Trintignant ya fito ne daga iyali mai arziki. Shi dan dan direban motar tsere ne Louis Trintignant, wanda aka kashe a 1933 yayin da yake motsa jiki a filin tsere na [[Péronne, Somme|Péronne]] a [[Picardy]] . <ref name="Snellman 19332">{{Cite web |last=Snellman |first=Leif |date=21 May 1933 |title=1933 GRAND PRIX SEASON – 1933 Avusrennen (Avus grand prix), 1933 Picardie Grand Prix (Grand Prix de Picardie), 1933 Eifelrennen (Eifel Grand Prix), 1933 Targa Florio |url=http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp3306.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801231449/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp3306.htm |archive-date=1 August 2020 |access-date=18 June 2022 |website=Elisa – Suomalaiset tietoliikenne- ja viihtymisen palvelut}}</ref> Wani kawun, [[Maurice Trintignant]] (1917-2005), direban Formula One ne wanda ya lashe Monaco Grand Prix sau biyu da kuma [[24 hours of Le Mans|Sa'o'i 24 na Le Mans]] . Jean-Louis da kansa [[Rallying|direban rally]] ne mai sha'awar sha'awa kuma ya yi gasa a cikin manyan tarurruka da yawa a cikin 1970s da 1980s, gami da zagaye da yawa na [[World Rally Championship|Gasar Rally ta Duniya]]; ya kammala na farko a cikin aji a cikin 1981 Monte Carlo Rally.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 August 2022 |title='Amour,' theater, family: Jean-Louis Trintignant's last breaths |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/summer-reads/article/2022/08/14/amour-theater-family-jean-louis-trintignant-s-last-breaths_5993546_183.html |publisher=LaMorde}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Final results Rallye Automobile de Monte-Carlo 1981 |url=https://www.ewrc-results.com/final/1592-rallye-automobile-de-monte-carlo-1981/?ct=212}}</ref> An haife shi a cikin da kewayen tseren mota, Trintignant shine zaɓi na halitta na darektan fim din [[Claude Lelouch]] don rawar da direban motar motsa jiki ke takawa a fim din 1966 A Man and a Woman . Ya ji rauni a kafa daga hatsarin babur a watan Yunin shekara ta 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enter Inside – RSS – French actor Jean-Louis Trintignant in hospital (AFP) |url=http://www.enterinside.com/browse/news/3/118435/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710193815/http://www.enterinside.com/browse/news/3/118435/ |archive-date=10 July 2011 |access-date=11 November 2009}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == Tushen:<ref name="French New Wave Actor">{{Cite web |title=JEAN-LOUIS TRINTIGNANT |url=http://www.newwavefilm.com/french-new-wave-encyclopedia/jean-louis-trintignant.shtml |access-date=18 June 2022 |website=French New Wave Actor}}</ref><ref name="filmportal.de">{{Cite web |title=Jean-Louis Trintignant |url=https://www.filmportal.de/en/person/jean-louis-trintignant_ef764d2dc21d2394e03053d50b371c7c |access-date=18 June 2022 |website=filmportal.de}}</ref><ref name="FILMSTARTS.de">{{Cite web |title=Filmografie von Jean-Louis Trintignant |url=https://www.filmstarts.de/personen/682/filmo/ |access-date=18 June 2022 |website=FILMSTARTS.de |language=de}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Daraktan ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |1955 |''Idan Dukkanin Maza a Duniya'' |Jean-Louis |Kirista-Jaque | |- | rowspan="3" |1956 |''Dokar tituna'' |Yves Tréguier |Ralph Habib | |- |''Kuma Allah Ya Halitta Mace'' |Michel Tardieu |Roger Vadim | |- |''Kungiyar Mata'' |Michel |Ralph Habib | |- | rowspan="2" |1959 |''Haɗin kai mai haɗari'' |Dancing |Roger Vadim | |- |''Lokacin Rikici'' |Carlo Caremoli |Valerio Zurlini | |- |1960 |''Austerlitz'' |Ƙananan Ségur |Abel Gance | |- | rowspan="2" |1961 |''Cikakken wuta a kan mai kisan'' |Jean-Marie de Керloguen |Georges Franju | |- |''Tafiya a ƙarƙashin hamada'' |Dutse |Edgar G. Ulmer | |- | rowspan="3" |1962 |''{{Interlanguage link|Horace 62|fr}}'' |Joseph Fabiani |André Versini | |- |''Yaƙi a Tsibirin'' |Clement Ƙananan |Alain Cavalier | |- |''Shi ne Sorpasso'' |Roberto Mariani |Dino Risi | |- |1963 |''Gidan sarauta a Sweden'' |Eric |Roger Vadim | |- |1964 |''Matakan Ƙarshe'' |Joe |Jacques Robin | |- |1964 |''Mata Hari, Wakilin H21'' |François Lasalle |Jean-Louis Richard | |- |1965 |''Kisan motoci mai barci'' |Éric Grandin |Costa-Gavras | |- | rowspan="4" |1966 |''Mutum da Mace'' |Jean-Louis Duroc |Claude Lelouch | |- |''Diamond Safari'' |Raphaële Vincente |Michel Drach | |- |''Tafiya Mai Tsawo'' |Filibus |Alexander Astruc | |- |''Trans-Europ-Express'' |Iliyah |Alain Robbe-Grillet | |- | rowspan="3" |1967 |''{{Interlanguage link|Un homme à abattre|fr}}'' |Raphaël |{{Interlanguage link|Philippe Condroyer|fr}} | |- |''Col cuore a cikin gola'' |Bernard |Tinto Brass | |- |''Ƙaunar da nake soyayya'' |Vincent Falaise |Nadine mai cin gashin kansa | |- | rowspan="5" |1968 |''Mutuwa ta Ɗauki'' |Marco |Giulio Questi | |- |''Doki'' |Paul Thomas |Claude Chabrol | |- |''Mutumin da ya yi ƙarya'' |Jan Robin / Boris Varissa |Alain Robbe-Grillet | |- |''Babban Shiru'' |Gordon ("Silence") |Sergio Corbucci | |- |''Libertine'' |Carlo De Marchi |Festa Campanile | |- | rowspan="5" |1969 |''Z'' |Christos Sartzetakis |Costa-Gavras | |- |''Metti, wani zai je abincin dare'' |Michele |Giuseppe Patroni Griffi | |- |''Dare na a gidan Maud'' |Jean-Louis |Eric Rohmer | |- |''{{Interlanguage link|L'Américain|fr|L'Américain (film, 1969)|lt=L'Américain}}'' |Bruno |Marcel Bozzuffi | |- |''Daɗi sosai... Don haka Mai Girma'' |Jean Reynaud |Umberto Lenzi | |- | rowspan="2" |1970 |''Mai bin doka'' |Marcello Clerici |Bernardo Bertolucci | |- |''Jirgin Sama'' |Simon Duroc |Claude Lelouch | |- | rowspan="3" |1971 |''Ginin yumɓu'' |ɗan kasuwa |Jean-Louis Bertucelli | |- |''[[L'Opium et le Bâton (fim)|Opium da Sandar]]'' |Mai zafi |[[Ahmed Rachedi (darektan fim)|Ahmed Rachedi]] | |- |''Ba tare da Bayyanawa ba'' |Stéphane Carella |Philippe Labro | |- | rowspan="3" |1972 |''... da fatan mutuwa'' |Antoine Cardot |René Clément | |- |''Kashewa'' |François Darien |Yves Boisset | |- |''Mutumin da ke waje'' |Lucien Bellon |Jacques Deray | |- | rowspan="2" |1973 |''Jirgin kasa'' |Julien Maroyeur |Pierre Granier-Deferre | |- |''Aikin Rana Mai Girma'' | |jagorantar | |- | rowspan="4" |1974 |''Violin a Ball'' |Michel |Michel Drach | |- |''Gudun Jin Farin Ciki'' |jami'in 'yan sanda |Alain Robbe-Grillet | |- |''Ɗan Rago Mai Fushi'' |Nicolas Mallet |Michel Deville | |- |''Asirin'' |David Daguerre |Robert Enrico | |- | rowspan="5" |1975 |''Yunkurin Yunkurin'' |Paul Varlin |Gérard Pirès | |- |''Labarin Flic'' |Emile Buisson |Jacques Deray | |- |''Ana ruwan sama a kan Santiago'' |Sanata |Helvio Soto | |- |''Yin wasa da Wuta'' |mutumin kirki / mutumin hannu |Alain Robbe-Grillet | |- |''Matar Lahadi'' |Massimo Campi |Luigi Comencini | |- | rowspan="2" |1976 |''Dajin Tartars'' |Rovin |Valerio Zurlini | |- |Tafiyar bikin aure |Paul Carter |Nadine mai cin gashin kansa | |- | |''{{Interlanguage link|L'Ordinateur des pompes funèbres|fr}}'' |Fred Malon |Gérard Pirès | |- | rowspan="2" |1977 |''Fasinjoji'' |Alex Sparrow |Serge Leroy | |- |''Bayanan da aka gano'' |Victor |Michel Soutter | |- |1978 |''Kudin Sauran'' |Henri Rainier |Kirista na Chalonge | |- | rowspan="3" |1980 |''Lady Banker'' |Horace Vannister |Francis Girod | |- |''Yankin da ke ƙasa'' |Enrico D'Orsi |Ettore Scola | |- |''Ina son ku'' |Julien |Claude Berri | |- | rowspan="4" |1981 |''{{Interlanguage link|Un assassin qui passe|fr}}'' |Ravic |{{Interlanguage link|Michel Vianey|fr}} | |- |''Ƙaunar Ƙauna'' |likita |Ettore Scola | |- |''Maza'' |Fulbert |Kirista na Chalonge | |- |''Ruwa mai zurfi'' |Vic Allen |Michel Deville | |- | rowspan="4" |1982 |''{{Interlanguage link|Le Grand Pardon|fr}}'' |Kwamishinan Duchy |Alexandre Arcady | |- |''{{Interlanguage link|Boulevard des assassins|fr}}'' |Daniel Salmon |{{Interlanguage link|Boramy Tioulong|fr}} | |- |''Bishara zuwa Zuciya'' |Dario |Gianni Amelio | |- |''Dare a Varennes'' |Mista Sauce |Ettore Scola | |- | rowspan="3" |1983 |''A Asirin Kai'' |Julien Vercel |François Truffaut | |- |''{{Interlanguage link|La Crime|fr}}'' |Kirista Lacassagne |Philippe Labro | |- |''A karkashin Wutar'' |Marcel Jazy |Roger Spottiswoode | |- |1984 |''Rayuwa ta rayu!'' |François Gaucher |Claude Lelouch | |- | rowspan="4" |1985 |''Lokacin bazara na gaba'' |Bulus |Nadine mai cin gashin kansa | |- |''Tafi, dawowa'' |Kogin Roland |Claude Lelouch | |- |''Ganawa'' |Scrutzler |André Téchiné | |- |''{{Interlanguage link|L'Homme aux yeux d'argent|fr}}'' |Mayene |Pierre Granier-Deferre | |- | rowspan="2" |1986 |''Mutum da Mace: Shekaru 20 Bayan haka'' |Jean-Louis Duroc |Claude Lelouch | |- |''Matar Rayuwata'' |Dutse |Régis Wargnier | |- |1987 |''Kwarin Ghost'' |Bulus |Alain Tanner | |- |1989 |''Otal din Bunker Palace'' |Holm |Enki Bilal | |- |1991 |''Na gode da rayuwa'' |Jami'in SS |Bertrand Blier | |- |1994 |''Launuka Uku: Red'' |Joseph Kern |Krzysztof Kieślowski | |- | rowspan="2" |1995 |''Birnin Yara da suka ɓace'' |Uncle Irvin |Jean-Pierre Jeunet da Marc Caro |Murya kawai |- |''{{Interlanguage link|Fiesta (1995 film)|fr|Fiesta (film)|lt=Fiesta}}'' |Kanal Masagual |Pierre Boutron | |- |1996 |''Wani Jarumi da Ya Yi'' |Albert Dehousse (wanda ya girma) |Jacques Audiard | |- |1998 |''Wadanda suke ƙaunata Za su iya ɗaukar jirgin ƙasa'' |Lucien Emmerich / Jean-Baptiste Emmerich |Patrice Chéreau | |- |2003 |''{{Interlanguage link|Janis et John|fr}}'' |Mista Cannon |Samuel Benchetrit | |- |2012 |''Soyayya'' |George |Michael Haneke | |- |2017 |''Ƙarshen Farin Ciki'' |Georges Laurent |Michael Haneke | |- |2019 |''Shekaru Mafi Kyawun Rayuwa'' |Jean-Louis Duroc |Claude Lelouch |Fim na karshe da aka fitar a lokacin rayuwar Trintignant |- |2024 |''Mafi Kyawun Kayayyaki'' |Mai ba da labari (murya) |Michel Hazanavicius |Fitarwa bayan mutuwarsa; rawar fim na karshe <ref name="Variety">{{Cite web |date=18 June 2022 |title=JEAN-LOUIS TRINTIGNANT |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/global/michel-hazanavicius-most-precious-of-cargos-1235297816/ |access-date=19 June 2022 |website=Variety}}</ref> |} == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == {| class="wikitable unsortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyukan da aka zaba !Sakamakon !{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- |1968 |Bikin Fim na Duniya na Berlin |Bear na Azurfa don Mafi kyawun Actor |''Mutumin da ya yi ƙarya''| {{Won}} |<ref name="berlinale 1968">{{Cite web |title=Berlinale 1968: Prize Winners |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1968/03_preistr_ger_1968/03_Preistraeger_1968.html |access-date=3 March 2010 |website=berlinale.de}}</ref> |- |1969 |Bikin Fim na Cannes |Mafi kyawun Actor |''Z''|{{Won}} |<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{Cite web |title=Festival de Cannes: Z |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/2523/year/1969.html |access-date=9 April 2009 |website=festival-cannes.com}}</ref> |- |1986 | rowspan="5" |Kyautar Kaisar |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako |''Matar Rayuwata''|{{Nom}} |<ref name="César">{{Cite web |title=Jean-Louis Trintignant |url=https://www.academie-cinema.org/personnes/178618/ |access-date=September 9, 2024 |website=César |publisher=Académie des César}}</ref> |- |1994 |Mafi kyawun Actor |''Launuka Uku: Red''|{{Nom}} |<ref name="César" /> |- |1995 |Mafi kyawun Actor |''{{Interlanguage link|Fiesta (1995 film)|fr|Fiesta (film)}}''|{{Nom}} |<ref name="César" /> |- |1998 |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako |''Wadanda suke ƙaunata Za su iya ɗaukar jirgin ƙasa''| {{Nom}} |<ref name="César" /> |- | rowspan="6" |2012 |Mafi kyawun Actor | rowspan="6" |''Soyayya''|{{Won}} |<ref name="Overstraeten 2022">{{Cite web |last=Overstraeten |first=Benoit Van |date=18 June 2022 |title=French cinema legend Jean-Louis Trintignant dies at age 91 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-cinema-trintignant-idCAKBN2NZ00C |access-date=18 June 2022 |website=U.S.}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Fim ta Turai |Mafi kyawun Actor|| {{Won}} |<ref name="Alt Film Guide 2022">{{Cite web |date=13 June 2022 |title=European Film Awards: Michael Haneke Sets Best Director Record |url=https://www.altfg.com/film/european-film-awards-amour/ |access-date=18 June 2022 |website=Alt Film Guide |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526150017/https://www.altfg.com/film/european-film-awards-amour/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |Kyautar Haske |Mafi kyawun Actor|| {{Won}} |<ref name="Cineuropa - the best of european cinema 2013">{{Cite web |date=22 January 2013 |title=Love dominates the Lumières Awards 2013 |url=https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/231643/ |access-date=18 June 2022 |website=Cineuropa – the best of european cinema}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Crystal Globes |Mafi kyawun Actor|| {{Nom}} |<ref name="Média 2013">{{Cite web |date=14 January 2013 |title=Toutes les nominations aux Globes de cristal 2013 |url=https://www.voici.fr/news-people/actu-people/toutes-les-nominations-aux-globes-de-cristal-2013-477848 |access-date=18 June 2022 |website=Voici.fr |language=fr |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126095831/https://www.voici.fr/news-people/actu-people/toutes-les-nominations-aux-globes-de-cristal-2013-477848 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |Kyautar Ƙungiyar Cinematographer ta Duniya |Mafi kyawun Actor|| {{Nom}} |<ref name="International Cinephile Society 2013">{{Cite web |date=11 February 2013 |title=2013 ICS Award Winners |url=https://icsfilm.org/our-yearly-awards/2013-ics-award-winners/ |access-date=18 June 2022 |website=International Cinephile Society}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Masu Fim na London |Mafi kyawun Actor na Shekara|| {{Nom}} |<ref name="Child 2012">{{Cite web |last=Child |first=Ben |date=18 December 2012 |title=Amour and The Master lead charge for London Film Critics' Circle awards |url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/dec/18/london-film-critics-circle-awards |access-date=18 June 2022 |website=the Guardian}}</ref> |- |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1930]] tep0shfo6527r77j8m5ftb716o1kf7y 0 126093 905897 859736 2026-08-22T01:12:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wannan jerin ayyukan diflomasiyya ne na [[Myanmar]]. Myanmar (wanda aka fi sani da [[Myanmar|Burma]]) yana da ɗan gajeren diflomasiyya a duniya, yana nuna shekarun da suka gabata na [[Isolationism|warewa]] kansa. Gwamnatin hadin kan kasa tana da ofisoshin wakilai a kasashe da yawa, a kan ofisoshin jakadancin da ke tallafawa ko jure wa Majalisar Gudanar da Jiha. [[Fayil:Diplomatic_missions_of_Myanmar.PNG|center|thumb|500x500px| Ofishin Jakadun Myanmar Ofishin jakadancin Ofishin Jakudancin Kasuwanci Ofishin Jakadisi na girmamawa      ]] == Ayyukan diflomasiyya == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="6" |Africa |- !Host country !Host city !Mission !Head of mission !Concurrent accreditation !References |- |{{Flag|Egypt}} |[[Kairo|Cairo]] |Embassy |Kyaw Tin Shein, ''Ambassador'' |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Algeria}}|{{Flag|Iraq}}|{{Flag|Morocco}}|{{Flag|Sudan}}|{{Flag|Turkey}}}} |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions">{{Cite web |title=Myanmar Missions Abroad |url=https://www.mofa.gov.mm/mofa-3/myanmar-missions/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar}}</ref><ref name="Me.Emb-Cairo">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://mecairo.org/en/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar / Cairo, The Arab Republic of Egypt}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Ethiopia}} |[[Addis Ababa]] |Embassy |Aung Min Oo, ''Ambassador'' | | |- |{{Flag|South Africa}} |[[Pretoria]] |Embassy |''Vacant'' |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Ghana}}|{{Flag|Kenya}}|{{Flag|Malawi}}|{{Flag|Mauritius}}|{{Flag|Nigeria}}|{{Flag|Zimbabwe}}}} |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Pretoria">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.myanmarembassypretoria.com/ |access-date=12 March 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar / Pretoria }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="DIRCO-RepsinRSA-M">{{Cite web |title=Foreign Representation in South Africa |url=https://dirco.gov.za/foreign-representation-in-south-africa-m/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=[[Department of International Relations and Cooperation|Department of International Relations and Cooperation of South Africa]]}}</ref><ref name="MFDAKen-DD">{{Cite web |year=2025 |title=Directory of Diplomatic Corps and International Organizations 2024/2025 |url=https://mfa.go.ke/sites/default/files/articles/DIPLOMATIC%20DIRECTORY%20READY%20FOR%20PUBLICATION%202024-%202025%20(1).pdf |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign and Diaspora Affairs (Kenya)]] }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- ! colspan="6" |Americas |- !Host country !Host city !Mission !Head of mission !Concurrent accreditation !References |- |{{Flag|Brazil}} |[[Brasilia|Brasília]] |Embassy |Aung Kyaw Zan, ''Ambassador'' |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Argentina}}|{{Flag|Chile}}|{{Flag|Peru}}}} |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Brasília">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://myanmarbsb.org/_site/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar in Brazil}}</ref><ref name="Br.Gov-CD24">{{Cite web |title=Lista do Corpo Diplomático e Datas Nacionais |trans-title=List of the Diplomatic Corps and National Dates |url=https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/assuntos/cerimonial/lista-do-corpo-diplomatico-e-datas-nacionais |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Government Portal of Brazil |language=pt}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Canada}} |[[Ottawa]] |Embassy |Hau Khan Sum, ''Ambassador'' | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Ottawa">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://meottawa.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar / Ottawa (Canada)}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Cuba}} |[[Havana]] |Embassy |Zaw Naing Win, ''Chargé d'affaires'' | |<ref name="Cu.MINREX-CD">{{Cite web |title=List of the Diplomatic Corps accredited in Cuba |url=https://cubaminrex.cu/en/list-diplomatic-corps-accredited-cuba |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cuba |language=en, es}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|United States}} |[[Washington, D.C.]] |Embassy |Thet Win, ''Chargé d'affaires'' | rowspan="2" | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-DC">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://mewashingtondc.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Washington, D.C., USA}}</ref> |- |[[Los Angeles]] |Consulate-General |Win Lei Phyu, ''Consul-General'' |<ref name="Me.CG-LA">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.myanmarcgla.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Consulate-General of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Los Angeles}}</ref> |- ! colspan="6" |Asia |- !Host country !Host city !Mission !Head of mission !Concurrent accreditation !References |- |{{Flag|Bangladesh}} |[[Dhaka]] |Embassy |Kyaw Soe Moe, ''Ambassador'' | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /> |- |{{Flag|Brunei}} |[[Bandar Seri Begawan]] |Embassy |Khin Sandar, ''Chargé d'affaires'' | |<ref name="Me.Emb-BSB">{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Bandar Seri Begawan |url=https://www.mebandarseribegawan.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Bandar Seri Begawan}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Cambodia}} |[[Phnom Penh]] |Embassy |Kyaw Soe Min, ''Ambassador'' | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-PP">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://mephnompenh.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Phnom Penh}}</ref><ref name="MFAICKh-ResInKh">{{Cite web |title=Resident Missions |url=https://www.mfaic.gov.kh/EmbassyResidentMissions |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation of Cambodia}}</ref> |- | rowspan="5" |{{Flag|China}} |[[Beijing]] |Embassy |Tin Maung Swe, ''Ambassador'' | rowspan="5" |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Mongolia}}|{{Flag|North Korea}}}} |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Beijing">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.myanmarembassy.com/index.html |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar / Beijing, China}}</ref> |- |[[Chongqing]] |Consulate-General |Thwin Htet Lin, ''Consul-General'' |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /> |- |[[Hong Kong]] |Consulate-General |Han Win Naing, ''Consul-General'' |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /> |- |Kunming |Consulate-General | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /> |- |Nanning |Consulate-General | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /> |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|India}} |[[New Delhi]] |Embassy |Zaw Oo, ''Ambassador'' | rowspan="2" |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Bhutan}}}} |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-NewDelhi">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.myanmedelhi.com/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar / New Delhi, Republic of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhutan-Myanmar Relations |url=https://www.mfa.gov.bt/rbebangkok/bhutan-myanmar-relations/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Royal Bhutanese Embassy, Bangkok, Thailand}}</ref> |- |[[Kolkata]] |Consulate-General |Aung Aung Myo Thein, ''Consul-General'' |<ref name="Me.CG-Kolkata">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.mcgkolkata.org/ |access-date=29 July 2022 |website=Consulate General of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Kolkata}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Indonesia}} |[[Jakarta]] |Embassy |Mang Hau Thang, ''Chargé d'affaires'' | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /> |- |{{Flag|Israel}} |[[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]] |Embassy |Maung Maung Lynn, ''Ambassador'' |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Cyprus}}}} |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-TA">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://metelaviv.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=The Embassy of The Republic of The Union of Myanmar, Tel Aviv}}</ref><ref name="Cy.MFA-DL">{{Cite web |date=May 2025 |title=Diplomatic List |url=https://www.gov.cy/app/uploads/sites/19/2025/05/Diplomatic-List-May-2025.pdf |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Government of Cyprus |publisher=Protocol Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus |archive-date=18 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250618131454/https://www.gov.cy/app/uploads/sites/19/2025/05/Diplomatic-List-May-2025.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Japan}} |[[Tokyo]] |Embassy |Soe Han, ''Ambassador'' | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Tokyo">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://myanmarembassytokyo.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Tokyo}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Kuwait}} |[[Kuwaiti (birni)|Kuwait City]] |Embassy |Chan Aye, ''Ambassador'' | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Kuwait">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://mekuwait.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Kuwait}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Laos}} |[[Vientiane]] |Embassy |Aung Ko, ''Ambassador'' | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Vientiane">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.myanmarembassy-vte.org/index.php/en/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Vientiane}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Malaysia}} |[[Kuala Lumpur]] |Embassy |Aung Soe Win, ''Ambassador'' | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-KL">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://myanmarembassykl.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar / Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Nepal}} |[[Kathmandu]] |Embassy |Myo Myint Maung, ''Ambassador'' | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Kathmandu">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.myanmarembassy-vte.org/index.php/en/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar in Kathmandu, Nepal}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Pakistan}} |[[Islamabad]] |Embassy |Wunna Han, ''Ambassador'' | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Islamabad">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.me-islamabad.org/index.php |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar / Islamabad |archive-date=19 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519155054/https://www.me-islamabad.org/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Philippines}} |[[Manila]] |Embassy |Soe Ko Ko, ''Chargé d'affaires'' | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Manila">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://memanila.org/index.php/en/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Manila (Philippines)}}</ref><ref name="DFAPh-DC25">{{Cite web |date=14 July 2025 |title=Diplomatic and Consular List |url=https://dfa.gov.ph/resources/office-of-protocol/diplomatic-and-consular-list |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=[[Department of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)]] }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}} |[[Riyadh]] |Embassy |Tin Yu, ''Ambassador'' |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Bahrain}}|{{Flag|Oman}}|{{Flag|Qatar}}}} |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Riyadh">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://meriyadh.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar (Riyadh)}}</ref><ref name="Om.FM-DLMap">{{Cite web |title=Foreign embassies and consulates in Oman |url=https://fm.gov.om/ministry/embassies/foreign-embassies-and-consulates-in-oman/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Foreign Ministry of Oman}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Missions of the State of Qatar / Myanmar |url=https://mofa.gov.qa/en/qatar-and-the-world?country=mm |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Qatar}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Singapore}} |[[Singafora|Singapore]] |Embassy |Zaw Minn Aung, ''Chargé d'affaires'' | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Singapore">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.myanmarembassy.sg/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar / Singapore}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|South Korea}} |[[Seoul]] |Embassy |Thant Sin, ''Ambassador'' | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Seoul">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://meseoul.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Seoul}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Sri Lanka}} |[[Kolombo|Colombo]] |Embassy |Marlar Than Htaik, ''Ambassador'' |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Maldives}}}} |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Lk.MFA-DC">{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Corps |url=https://mfa.gov.lk/en/diplomatic-corps/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Sri Lanka }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Mv.MOFA-E&C">{{Cite web |title=Embassies and Consulates |url=https://foreign.gov.mv/index.php/en/ministry/embassies-and-consulates |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Maldives |archive-date=19 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119141518/https://foreign.gov.mv/index.php/en/ministry/embassies-and-consulates |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Thailand}} |[[Bangkok]] |Embassy |Zaw Zaw Soe, ''Ambassador'' | rowspan="2" | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Bangkok">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.mebangkok.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Bangkok}}</ref><ref name="MFATh-DL25">{{Cite web |date=June 2025 |title=Diplomatic and Consular List / June 2025 |url=https://image.mfa.go.th/mfa/0/mkKfL2iULZ/Diplomatic_and_Consular_List_as_of_June_2025/June_2025.pdf |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Thailand}}</ref> |- |[[Chiang Mai]] |Consulate-General |Ming Kyaw Linn, ''Consul-General'' |<ref name="Me.CG-ChiangMai">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://mcgchiangmai.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Consulate-General of the Republic of Union of Myanmar / Chiang Mai, Kingdom of Thailand}}</ref><ref name="MFATh-DL25" /> |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|United Arab Emirates}} |[[Abu Dhabi (birni)|Abu Dhabi]] |Embassy |Kyaw Kyaw Min, "Ambassador" | rowspan="2" | | |- |[[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]] |Consulate-General |Kyaw Thu Nyein, ''Consul-General'' |<ref name="Me.CG-Dubai">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://mcgdubai.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Consulate General of the Republic of Union of Myanmar in Dubai, United Arab Emirates}}</ref><ref name="DubaiProt-DC">{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic & Consular Corps in UAE |url=https://www.protocol.dubai.ae/en/diplomatic-directory/diplomatic-directory-categories/diplomatic-consular-corps-in-uae/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=Protocol Department of Dubai}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Vietnam}} |[[Hanoi]] |Embassy |Kyaw Soe Win, ''Ambassador'' | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Hanoi">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.me-hanoi.org/index.php/en/contact-us |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar / Hanoi, Socialist Republic of Vietnam |archive-date=7 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007045135/https://www.me-hanoi.org/index.php/en/contact-us |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! colspan="6" |Europe |- !Host country !Host city !Mission !Head of mission !Concurrent accreditation !References |- |{{Flag|Austria}} |[[Vienna]] |Embassy |Min Thein, ''Ambassador'' |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Holy See}}|{{Flag|Lithuania}}}}{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|United Nations}}}} |<ref name="BMEIA-DC">{{Cite web |date=22 July 2025 |title=Directory of the Diplomatic Corps and other representations in Austria |url=https://www.bmeia.gv.at/fileadmin/user_upload/oracle/gesamtliste_en.pdf |access-date=29 July 2025 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Austria)]] |language=de, en}}</ref><ref name="SDS-CD25">{{Cite web |date=August 2025 |title=List du Corps Diplomatique près le Saint-Siège |trans-title=List of the Diplomatic Corps to the Holy See |url=https://www.sdsofficium.va/cd/corpsdiplomatique.html |access-date=8 August 2025 |website=[[Secretariat of State (Holy See)]] |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="URMLt-ForReps">{{Cite web |title=Find Us Abroad / Foreign representations and honorary consuls |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/about-us/organisation/find-us-abroad/941/c2# |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Belarus}} |[[Miniska|Minsk]] |Consulate-General{{Efn|Subordinate to the embassy in Moscow}} |Moe Kyaw Thu, ''Consul-General'' | |<ref name="By.Emb-Hanoi-Myanmar">{{Cite web |title=Political Cooperation |url=https://vietnam.mfa.gov.by/en/bilateral_relations/blrM/mpolit/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Belarus in Socialist Republic of Vietnam |archive-date=8 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208041302/https://vietnam.mfa.gov.by/en/bilateral_relations/blrM/mpolit/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Belgium}} |Brussels |Embassy |Soe Lynn Han, ''Ambassador'' |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Croatia}}|{{Flag|Luxembourg}}|{{Flag|Netherlands}}|{{Flag|Slovakia}}}}{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|European Union}}|[[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]]}} |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Brussels">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.embassyofmyanmar.be/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar / Brussels}}</ref><ref name="HunMFA-DC">{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Corps |url=http://www.kulugyminiszterium.hu/dtwebe/Irodak.aspx |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Hungary}}</ref><ref name="MVEPHr-DL">{{Cite web |title=Diplomatska Lista / Diplomatic List |url=https://mvep.gov.hr/UserDocsImages//2025/datoteke//DIPLOMATSKA%20LISTA%20(2025),%2007.07.2025.pdf |access-date=29 July 2025 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Affairs of Croatia |language=Serbo-Croatian, en}}</ref><ref name="Sk.MVZ-DL">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2025 |title=Diplomatická Listina |trans-title=Diplomatic List |url=https://www.mzv.sk/documents/10182/13139588/diplomaticka-listina.pdf/6d4b0603-d139-408c-8abb-b38bab8523da?t=1680284631883 |access-date=29 July 2025 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Slovakia |language=sk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HE U Soe Lynn Han, Ambassador of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar to the Kingdom of Belgium, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Republic of Croatia and the European Union (Myanmar) |url=https://www.icj-cij.org/index.php/node/204726 |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=International Court of Justice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Republic of the Union of Myanmar |url=https://www.opcw.org/about-us/member-states/myanmar |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=[[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]]}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Czechia}} |[[Prag|Prague]] |Embassy |Htuann Naung, ''Chargé d'affaires'' |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Georgia}}|{{Flag|Hungary}}}} |<ref name="Me.Emb-Prague">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.meprague.org/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar - Prague}}</ref><ref name="Ge.MFA-DL">{{Cite web |date=April 2025 |title=Diplomatic List |url=https://mfa.gov.ge/pfiles/files/DIPLOMATIC%20LIST_%20April%202025.pdf |access-date=29 July 2025 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|France}} |[[Faris|Paris]] |Embassy |Kyaw Zeya, ''Ambassador'' |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Andorra}}|{{Flag|Spain}}}} |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Paris">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://meparis.org/index.php/en/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Paris}}</ref><ref name="MAEUEC-CD25">{{Cite web |date=15 July 2025 |title=Lista del Cuerpo Diplomático |trans-title=List of the Diplomatic Corps |url=https://www.exteriores.gob.es/es/Ministerio/Protocolo/Documents/2ALISTA.pdf |access-date=29 July 2025 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Spain)]] |language=es}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Germany}} |[[Berlin]] |Embassy |Han Thein Kyaw, ''Chargé d'affaires'' |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Estonia}}|{{Flag|Finland}}|{{Flag|Poland}}}} |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Berlin">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.meberlin.com/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Berlin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Myanmar / Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar |url=https://vm.ee/en/country-page/EGY |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Estonia}}</ref><ref name="Fi.UM-RepsInFin">{{Cite web |title=Representation of foreign states in Finland or in the nearest country to Finland |url=https://um.fi/representation-of-foreign-states-in-finland-or-in-the-nearest-country-to-finland |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland}}</ref><ref name="Pl.Gov-DP">{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Protocol |url=https://www.gov.pl/web/diplomacy/diplomatic-protocol |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Government of Poland}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Italy}} |[[Rum|Rome]] |Embassy |Hmway Hmway Khyne, ''Ambassador'' |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Greece}}|{{Flag|Portugal}}|{{Flag|Romania}}}}{{Collapsible list|[[File:FAO logo.svg|25px]] [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|[[File:IFAD logo.svg|25px]] [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]]|[[World Food Programme]]}} |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Rome">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://merome.org/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Rome}}</ref><ref name="CDLisboa25">{{Cite web |date=April 2025 |title=Corpo Diplomático Acreditado em Lisboa |trans-title=Diplomatic Corps Accredited in Lisbon |url=https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/images/Livro_Corpo_Diplom%C3%A1tico/Livro_Corpo_Diplomatico_-_Abril_2025_v2.pdf |access-date=8 May 2025 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Portugal)]] |language=pt}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Norway}} |[[Oslo]] |Embassy |Moe Kyaw Aung, ''Ambassador'' | |<ref name="Me.Emb-Oslo">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://meoslo.org/index.php/en/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Oslo}}</ref><ref name="OsloDL">{{Cite web |date=April 2025 |title=The Oslo Diplomatic List |url=https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/3818fa2f0ec449689f40fd6fbeb99df2/the-oslo-diplomatic-list-april-2025.pdf |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Government of Norway}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Serbia}} |[[Belgrade]] |Embassy |Aung Min Oo, ''Chargé d'affaires'' |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Bulgaria}}|{{Flag|Slovakia}}}} |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Belgrade">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://mebelgrade.org/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Belgrade}}</ref><ref name="Bg.MFA-DL">{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Corps List |url=https://www.mfa.bg/en/topical-information/protocol-guide/diplomatic-corps-list |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bulgaria)]]}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |{{Flag|Russia}} |[[Moscow]] |Embassy |Thit Linn Ohn, ''Ambassador'' | rowspan="3" |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Azerbaijan}}|{{Flag|Belarus}}|{{Flag|Kazakhstan}}|{{Flag|Latvia}}}} |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Moscow">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://memoscow.org/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Moscow (Russia)}}</ref><ref name="By.Emb-Hanoi-Myanmar" /><ref name="Az.MFA-DL25">{{Cite web |date=February 2025 |title=Diplomatic List |url=https://mfa.gov.az/files/file/MXM_MFA_Diplomatic_List_Feb_2025.pdf |access-date=29 July 2025 |publisher=State Protocol Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan}}</ref><ref name="Lv.MFA-DL">{{Cite web |date=18 July 2025 |title=Diplomatic missions in Latvia |url=https://www.mfa.gov.lv/en/diplomatic-missions-latvia |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia}}</ref> |- |[[Novosibirsk]] |Consulate-General |Pyae Phyo Wai, ''Consul-General'' | |- |[[Saint-Petersburg|Saint Petersburg]] |Consulate-General |Aung Pe Thet, ''Consul-General'' |<ref name="GNLM-020325" /> |- |{{Flag|United Kingdom}} |[[Landan|London]] |Embassy |Win Zeyar Tun, ''Chargé d'affaires'' |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Denmark}}|{{Flag|Ireland}}|{{Flag|Sweden}}}} |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-London">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://londonmyanmarembassy.com/index.php |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar / London}}</ref><ref name="Dk.UM-DL">{{Cite web |title=The Protocol Department |url=https://um.dk/en/about-us/the-protocol-department |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Government of Denmark |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Denmark)]]}}</ref><ref name="Ie.DFA-DL25">{{Cite web |date=July 2025 |title=Diplomatic List |url=https://assets.ireland.ie/documents/Updated_Diplomatic_List_July_2025.pdf |access-date=29 July 2025 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Ireland }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Se.Gov-DL25">{{Cite web |date=22 July 2025 |title=Stockholm Diplomatic List |url=https://www.government.se/contentassets/fbe729b57a7b4cd8a6cc2ebb882fff02/stockholm-diplomatic-list-22-july-2025.pdf |access-date=2 July 2025 |publisher=[[Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Sweden)]]}}</ref> |- ! colspan="6" |Oceania |- !Host country !Host city !Mission !Head of mission !Concurrent accreditation !References |- |{{Flag|Australia}} |[[Kanberra|Canberra]] |Embassy |Myat Thuzar Than, ''Chargé d'affaires'' |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|New Zealand}}}} |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.Emb-Canberra">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.mecanberra.org/index.php/en/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Canberra}}</ref><ref name="Au.DFAT-EmbsInAu">{{Cite web |title=Foreign Embassies in Australia |url=https://protocol.dfat.gov.au/Public/MissionsInAustralia |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Australia}}</ref><ref name="NZ.MFAT-Embs">{{Cite web |title=Embassies |url=https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/embassies |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of New Zealand}}</ref> |- ! colspan="6" |Multilateral organizations |- !Organization !Host city !Mission !Head of mission !Concurrent accreditation !References |- |{{Flag|Association of Southeast Asian Nations}} |[[Jakarta]] |Permanent Mission |Aung Myo Myint, ''Permanent Representative'' | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.PM-ASEAN">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://mmaseanjkt.org/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Union of Myanmar to ASEAN / Jakarta}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|United Nations}} |[[New York (birni)|New York City]] |Permanent Mission |Hau Do Suan, ''Permanent Representative'' | |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Permanent Mission of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.int/myanmar/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=United Nations}}</ref> |- |[[Geneva]] |Permanent Mission |Myint Thu, ''Permanent Representative'' |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Switzerland}}}} |<ref name="Me.MOFA-Missions" /><ref name="Me.PM-UNOG">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.myanmargeneva.org/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Union of Myanmar to the United Nations Office in Geneva}}</ref><ref name="FDFA-Dipcorps">{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic and Consular Corps |url=https://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/en/fdfa/foreign-policy/diplomatie/diplomatisches-corps.html |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=[[Federal Department of Foreign Affairs]]}}</ref> |} == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery widths="149" heights="149"> Fayil:สถานทูตพม่า_ถนนสาทร_Burmese_Embassy,_Bangkok,_Sathon_Rd.jpg|Embassy in Bangkok Fayil:Myanmar_Embassy_in_Belgrade_2024.jpg|Embassy in Belgrade Fayil:Botschaft_Myanmar_Berlin_Thielallee_19.jpg|Embassy in Berlin Fayil:Embassy_of_Myanmar_in_Canberra.jpg|Embassy in Canberra Fayil:Embassy_of_Myanmar_in_London_1.jpg|Embassy in London Fayil:B_Nikitskaya_41,43_dusk_May_2009_02.JPG|Embassy in Moscow Fayil:Consulate-General_of_the_Republic_of_the_Union_of_Myanmar,_Nanning_(20180715).jpg|Consulate-General in Nanning Fayil:Le_Parthénon,_60_rue_de_Courcelles,_Paris_8e_2.jpg|Embassy in Paris Fayil:ミャンマー大使館正門.jpg|Embassy in Tokyo Fayil:Embassy_of_Myanmar_-_Washington,_D.C.jpg|Embassy in Washington, D.C. </gallery> == Dubi kuma == * Dangantakar kasashen waje ta Myanmar * Jerin ayyukan diflomasiyya a Myanmar * Manufofin biza na Myanmar == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == drrq778zot46hewrh8ycbiyzi652ov9 0 126378 906044 757088 2026-08-22T08:24:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:27em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:22.5em}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-alpha]{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-roman]{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-alpha]{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-greek]{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-roman]{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-alpha .references{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-roman .references{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-alpha .references{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-greek .references{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-roman .references{list-style-type:lower-roman} Kabarin Baron de Hirsch wani kabari ne na Yahudawa wanda ke arewacin titin de la Savane, tsakanin Mountain Sights da Kindersley Avenues a unguwar Côte-des-Neiges na Montreal, Quebec, Kanada . An buɗe makabartar a watan Yulin 1905 tare da kudade daga mai ba da agaji Maurice, Baron de Hirsch . <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://barondehirsch.com/en/who-we-are/history/ |access-date=October 24, 2023 |website=Baron de Hirsch–Back River Cemeteries |archive-date=November 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128191626/https://barondehirsch.com/en/who-we-are/history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, an binne kimanin mutane 55,000 a cikin filayenta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baron de Hirsch – de la Savane Cemetery |url=https://jgs-montreal.org/bdh.html |access-date=October 24, 2023 |website=Jewish Genealogical Society of Montreal}}</ref> An raba shi zuwa sassan da ke da alaƙa da ƙasa da majami'u daban-daban. == Mashahuran kaburbura da abubuwan tunawa == Shahararrun mazaunan makabartar sun hada da marubuta J. I. Segal, Rachel Korn, A. M. Klein; ɗan siyasa Fred Rose; da ɗan wasan hockey Larry Zeidel . Kabarin ya ƙunshi kaburbura goma sha shida na ma'aikatan Commonwealth: biyu daga [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]] da goma sha huɗu daga [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://barondehirsch.com/en/who-we-are/history/ |access-date=October 24, 2023 |website=Baron de Hirsch–Back River Cemeteries |archive-date=November 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128191626/https://barondehirsch.com/en/who-we-are/history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Har ila yau, ya ƙunshi abubuwan tunawa 17 ga waɗanda Holocaust ya shafa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baron de Hirsch – de la Savane Cemetery |url=https://jgs-montreal.org/bdh.html |access-date=October 24, 2023 |website=Jewish Genealogical Society of Montreal}}</ref> == Bayani == == Manazarta == c5w1n6wx9f89y9s4qlu3fh1jk1kde5o 0 126452 905902 882753 2026-08-22T02:24:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Chinesehw.jpg|right|thumb|Ɗalibi yana yin rubuce-rubucen Haruffa na Sinanci.]] Wadannan sune jerin makarantun Sinanci a Amurka don yara da masu koyo. Wannan jerin sun hada da makarantun da Amurkawa na kasar Sin da al'adun Taiwan ke gudanarwa, wadanda suka kware a ciki Sinanci da na gargajiya. Wannan jerin ba ya haɗa da makarantun kasa da kasa na kasar Sin ko Taiwan, kuma ba ya haɗa shirye-shiryen yaren Sinanci da ke gudana a cikin manyan cibiyoyin ilimi, kamar manyan makarantu ko jami'o'i (misali Cibiyoyin Confucius). Bugu da ƙari, don takaice, kawai makarantun Sinanci waɗanda a halin yanzu suke buɗewa, suna aiki da mutum, kuma suna da gidan yanar gizon za a jera su. == Jerin == {| class="wikitable" |+Jerin makarantun Sinanci a Amurka !Sunan a Turanci !Sunan a cikin Sinanci (Mai sauƙi) !Sunan a cikin Sinanci (Al'ada) !Wurin da yake !Bambancin Sinanci da aka koyar (Mandarin sai dai idan an bayyana ba haka ba) !Shafin yanar gizon hukuma !Bayani |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Edison |Makarantar Edisiyar Tsakiya |Makarantar Nazarin Tsakiya |Edison, New Jersey |Al'ada |[http://www.edisonchineseschool.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Ann-Hua |Makarantar Antwar Sin |Makarantar Antaro ta Tsakiya |Ann Arbor, Michigan |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://www.annhua.org/] | |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Bangor |Makarantar Sin ta Bango |Makarantar Sin ta Bango |Bangor, Maine |An sauƙaƙe shi |[http://www.bangorchinese.com/Gaikuang.html] | |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Arewacin Westchester |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Arewa |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Arewa |Briarcliff Manor, New York |Al'ada |[http://nwcsny.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Arewacin Virginia |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Arewa |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Arewa |Makarantar Sakandare ta George Mason, Falls Church, Virginia |Al'ada |[https://www.nvchineseschool.org/] |memba na Washington Metropolitan Association of Chinese SchoolsƘungiyar Makarantun Sinanci ta Washington |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Berryessa |Makarantar Bois ta Tsakiya |Makarantar Bois ta Tsakiya |[[San Jose, California|San Jose]]">Berryessa, San Jose, California |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://www.bcs-usa.org/] | |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Bergen |Makarantar Bogin ta Tsakiya |Makarantar Bogin ta Tsakiya |Makarantar Sakandare ta Tenafly, Tenafly, New Jersey |Al'ada |[https://bergenchineseschool.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Babban Makarantar Sinanci |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Duniyar |Makarantar Girma ta Tsakiya |Sakramento, California |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://cccs-usa.org/] | |- |Babban Makarantar Sinanci |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Duniyar |Makarantar Girma ta Tsakiya |Upper Darby, Pennsylvania |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://greatwall.org/] | |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Delaware |Makarantar Jamusanci ta Tsakiya |Makarantar Jamusanci ta Tsakiya |A cikin garin Hockessin |Al'ada |[http://mingde.ccagp.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci da Ƙungiyar Makaranta ta WashingtonƘungiyar Makarantun Sinanci ta Washington |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Frederick |Makarantar Faransanci ta Faransanci |Makarantar Faransanci ta Faransanci |Frederick, Maryland |An sauƙaƙe shi |[http://www.frederickchineseschool.org/fcs/SchoolInfo.aspx] | |- |Makarantar Harshen Sinanci ta Columbia |Makarantar Girma ta Godiya |Makarantar Girma ta Godiya |Birnin Ellicott, Maryland |Al'ada |[https://www.clscweb.org/aboutUs/aboutUs.php?lang=zh] |memba na Washington Metropolitan Association of Chinese SchoolsƘungiyar Makarantun Sinanci ta Washington |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Guang Hua |Makarantar Tsakiya ta 光华 |Makarantar Tsakiya ta 光華 |Kwalejin Jama'a ta Montgomery County, Blue Bell, Pennsylvania |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://guanghuachinese.org/joomla3/] | |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Howard County |Makarantar Harshen Harshen Harkokin Waje |Makarantar Harshen Harshen Harkokin Waje |Kwalejin Jama'a ta Howard County, Columbia, Maryland |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://www.hccs-md.org/] | |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Riverside Hua Xia |Makarantar Ruwa ta Ruwa |Makarantar Ruwa ta Ruwa ta Tsakiya |Riverside, California |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://riversidehuaxia.org/] | |- |Cibiyar Harshen Sinanci ta Tsakiya ta Hudson |Makarantar Helenanci ta Tsakiya |Makarantar Helenon ta Tsakiya |Poughkeepsie, New York |Al'ada |[https://www.mhclc.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Harshe da Al'adun Sinanci ta Washington |Makarantar Tsakiya ta China |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Tsakiya |Makarantar sakandare ta Thomas S. Wootton, Rockville, Maryland |Al'ada |[https://www.wsclc.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Huaxia |Makarantar Helenanci ta Yamma |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Yamma | * Berkeley Heights, New Jersey * Baitalami, Pennsylvania ("Lehigh Valley") * Bridgewater, New Jersey * Charlotte, Arewacin Carolina * Cherry Hill, New Jersey * Gabashin Brunswick, New Jersey * Edison, New Jersey * Livingston, New Jersey * Marlboro, New Jersey * Millburn, New Jersey * Montgomery, New Jersey * Tsohon Westbury, New York ("Long Island") * Paramus, New Jersey ("Bergen") * Plainsboro, New Jersey * [[San Diego]], California * Scarsdale, New York ("Babban New York") * Staten Island, Birnin New York * Valhalla, New York ("New York Central") * Verona, New Jersey ("Northern New Jersey") * Wappingers Falls, New York ("Mid-Hudson") * Yammacin Chester, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania ("Great Valley") |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://www.hxcs.org/] | |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Huaxia |Makarantar Helenanci ta Yamma |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Yamma | * [[Houston]], Texas * [[Katy, Texas|Katy]], Texas * Arewa maso yammacin Houston, Texas * Pearland, Texas * Sugar Land, Texas |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://www.houstonhuaxia.org/] | |- |Makarantar Harshen Sinanci ta Greater Hartford |Makarantar Harthford ta Tsakiya |Makarantar Harthford ta Tsakiya |Kwalejin Triniti, Hartford, Connecticut |Al'ada |[https://www.cls-ct.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Kwalejin Kwalejin Koo ta kasar Sin |Kyakkyawan Tsakiya |Kyakkyawan Tsakiya |Basking Ridge, New Jersey |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://koochinese.com/index.html] | |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Rockland |Makarantar Girma ta Tsakiya |Makarantar Girma ta Girma |Jami'ar Dominican New York, Orangeburg, New York |Al'ada |[https://rocklandchineseschool.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Harshen Sinanci ta Lexington |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Le星ton |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Lestarton |Lexington, Massachusetts |Al'ada |[https://www.lcs-chinese.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Li Ming ta kasar Sin |Makarantar yaren Girma ta黎明 |Makarantar Helenanci ta Japan |Makarantar Sakandare ta Richard Montgomery, Rockville, Maryland |Al'ada |[http://li-ming.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci da Ƙungiyar Makaranta ta WashingtonƘungiyar Makarantun Sinanci ta Washington |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Livingston |Makarantar Li文斯顿 ta Tsakiya |Makarantar Li文斯頓 ta Tsakiya |Livingston, New Jersey |Al'ada |[http://livingstonchineseschool.org/lcs2/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Union ta kasar Sin |Makarantar Haɗin Kai ta Tsakiya |Makarantar Haɗin Kai ta Tsakiya |Westfield, New Jersey |Al'ada |[https://www.unionchineseschool.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Harshen Sinanci ta Westborough |Makarantar Tsakiyar Tsakiya ta麻州 |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Tsakiya |Westborough, Massachusetts |Al'ada |[https://sites.google.com/view/wcls-org] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Murray Hill |Makarantar Tsakiya ta梅山 |Makarantar Tsakiya ta梅山 |Murray Hill, New Jersey |Al'ada |[https://www.mhcs-nj.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Inland Empire ta kasar Sin |Makarantar Turanci ta Amurka |Makarantar Turanci ta Amurka |Riverside, California |Al'ada |[https://inlandchineseschool.com/] | |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Hua Xia a Mason |Makarantar Turanci ta Amurka ta Saint-Warsa |Makarantar Turanci ta Amurka ta Saint-Wasa |Mason, Ohio |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://sites.google.com/hxcsohio.org/main] | |- |Makarantar MingDe ta kasar Sin |Makarantar Minde ta Tsakiya |Makarantar Turanci ta 明德 |Wayne, Pennsylvania |Al'ada |[http://mingde.ccagp.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci da Ƙungiyar Makaranta ta WashingtonƘungiyar Makarantun Sinanci ta Washington |- |MN HuaXia Makarantar Sinanci |Makarantar Sin ta 明州 |Makarantar Sin ta 明州 |Eden Prairie, Minnesota |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://mnhuaxia.net/] | |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Kudancin Connecticut |Makarantar Tsakiya ta 南康 |Makarantar Tsakiya ta 南康 |Jami'ar Jihar Kudancin Connecticut, New Haven, Connecticut |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://www.ynhchineseschool.org/v2020/public/] | |- |Makarantar Harshen Sinanci ta Fairfield County |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Kudu康州 |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Kudu康州 |[[Stamford, Connecticut|Stamford]], Connecticut |Al'ada |[https://chineseschoolct.org/zh/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Kudancin Westchester |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Kudu |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Kudu |Makarantar Sakandare ta Edgemont, Scarsdale, New York |Sauƙaƙe da Al'ada |[https://csswny.org/zh/home-%e4%b8%ad%e6%96%87-%e4%b8%ad%e5%9b%bd/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Kudu Jersey |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Kudu |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Kudu |Cherry Hill, New Jersey |Al'ada |[https://www.chineseschoolsj.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Harshen Sinanci ta Newton |Makarantar牛頓 ta Tsakiya |Makarantar牛頓 ta Tsakiya |Newton, Massachusetts |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://www.newtonchineseschool.org/indexs.php] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Tsakiyar Jersey |Makarantar Tsakiyar Tsakiya ta New Jersey |Makarantar Tsakiyar Tsakiya ta New Jersey |Gabashin Brunswick, New Jersey |Al'ada |[https://www.mjcs.us/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Kwalejin Tzu Chi New York |Makarantar Sihu ta Sihu ta New York |Makarantar Siz濟 ta New York | * Birnin New York * Long Island, New York * [[Boston]], Massachusetts * Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania * Washington DC * Los Angeles, California * San Jose, California * [[Seattle]], Washington |Al'ada |[https://tzuchi.us/academy/ny] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta New York |Makarantar New York |Makarantar New York |Cibiyar Jama'ar Sin, Chinatown, Manhattan, Birnin New York |Al'ada |[https://www.nychineseschool.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta New York Putnam County |Makarantar Tsakiya ta New York |Makarantar Turanci ta New York |Karmel, New York |An sauƙaƙe shi |[http://www.nyputnamcs.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Kwalejin Amfani |Yanayin New York |Yanayin New York |Fresh Meadows, Birnin New York |Al'ada |[http://www.funtolearnchinese.com/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Sinanci mai haske |Makarantar Tsaro ta Tsakiya |Aikin makarantar Sin |San Jose, California |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://www.enlightenchinese.org/] | |- |Makarantar Ray ta kasar Sin |Makarantar Tsaren Ruwa |Makarantar Tsakiya ta瑞華 |Lisle, Illinois |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://www.raychineseschool.org/] | |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Staten Island |Makarantar Sakataren Tsakiya ta Tsibirin St. |Makarantar Siddton Island ta Tsakiya |Staten Island, Birnin New York |Al'ada |[https://www.sichineseschool.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Amincewa ta kasar Sin ta Monmouth |Makarantar Widdle-Mwing ta Tsakiya |Makarantar Vide孟華 ta Tsakiya |Marlboro, New Jersey |Al'ada |[https://www.mfcsnj.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Wei Hwa |Makarantar Tsaren Tsakiya ta Viwa |Makarantar Sifen ta Viwa |Burke, Virginia |Al'ada |[https://www.weihwa.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci da Ƙungiyar Makaranta ta WashingtonƘungiyar Makarantun Sinanci ta Washington |- |Makarantar Al'adun kasar Sin ta Westchester |Cibiyar Al'adu ta kasar Sin |文誠 Makarantar Al'adu ta kasar Sin |Winchester, Massachusetts |Al'ada |[https://wscc-ma.org/index.php?page=chinese] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250824024621/https://wscc-ma.org/index.php?page=chinese |date=2025-08-24 }} |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Hope ta kasar Sin |Ina fatan makarantar Sin |Sa ran makarantar Sin | * Chantilly, Virginia * Tysons Corner, Virginia * Potomac, Maryland * Gaithersburg, Maryland |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://www.hopechineseschool.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta zamani |Makarantar Tsakiya ta zamani |Makarantar Tsakiya ta zamani | * Flushing, Queens, Birnin New York * Fresh Meadows, New York |An sauƙaƙe shi |[https://www.nymcs.org/en/home] | |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Jersey Shore |Makarantar Sin ta New Sea |Makarantar Sin ta New Sea |Holmdel, New Jersey |Al'ada |[https://jscsnj.org/] |memba na Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Sinanci |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta NewStar |Makarantar Sin ta Sabon Taron |Makarantar Tsakiya ta Sabon Taron |Davis, California |An sauƙaƙe shi |[http://newstardavisca.org/] | |- |Makarantar Sinanci ta Houston Evergreen |Makarantar Tsohon Matasa ta Tsakiya |Makarantar Tsohon Matasa ta Tsakiya |Houston, Texas |Al'ada |[https://houstonevergreenchineseschool.org/] | |} == Dubi kuma == * Makarantar Sinanci * Jerin ƙungiyoyin Sinanci na Amurka ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} dbk5z4c63qgv5znsgj6xan16yvfw0wd 0 127122 905664 813609 2026-08-21T15:24:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''TryFasahar Sirri ta Artificial Intelligence for Environmental & Dorewa''' ( '''ARIES''' ) wani aiki ne na [[bincike]] mai zaman kansa na duniya wanda Cibiyar Basque for Climate Change (BC3) mai hedikwata a [[Bilbao]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]] ta dauki nauyin gudanarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Models and Tool |url=https://www.bc3research.org/tools_models.html |website=bc3research.org |access-date=2025-12-31 |archive-date=2021-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020005200/https://www.bc3research.org/tools_models.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> An ƙirƙiri shi ne don haɗa samfuran lissafi na kimiyya don kimanta dorewar muhalli da tsara manufofi, ta hanyar ilimin muhalli . <ref name="Villa Ceroni Bagstad Johnson 2009">{{Cite web |last=Villa |first=Ferdinando |last2=Ceroni |first2=Marta |last3=Bagstad |first3=Ken |last4=Johnson |first4=Gary |last5=Krivov |first5=Sergey |date=2009-01-01 |title=ARIES (ARtificial Intelligence for Ecosystem Services): A new tool for ecosystem services assessment, planning, and valuation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228342331 |access-date=2022-01-23 |website=ResearchGate}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=A guide to models and data |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/seeaRev/meeting2013/EG13-BG-7.pdf |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> <ref name="A Methodology for Adaptable and Robust Ecosystem Services Assessment">{{Cite journal |last=Villa |first=Ferdinando |last2=Bagstad |first2=Kenneth J. |last3=Voigt |first3=Brian |last4=Johnson |first4=Gary W. |last5=Portela |first5=Rosimeiry |last6=Honzák |first6=Miroslav |last7=Batker |first7=David |display-authors=4 |date=13 March 2014 |title=A Methodology for Adaptable and Robust Ecosystem Services Assessment |journal=PLOS ONE |language=En |volume=9 |issue=3 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...991001V |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0091001 |pmc=3953216 |pmid=24625496 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Fasaha da aikace-aikace == ARIES na neman haɗa [[Bayanai|bayanan]] kimiyya da samfura waɗanda [[Simulate|ke kwaikwayon]] tsarin muhalli da tattalin arziki don magance matsalolin [[Scientific modelling|ƙirar kimiyya]] masu alaƙa, <ref name="PLoSBlogApr162">{{Cite web |last=Barry |first=Katie |date=2016-04-29 |title=Paying for rainforests: current PLoS research on the economic valuation of ecosystem services |url=https://theplosblog.plos.org/2016/04/paying-for-rainforests-current-plos-research-on-the-economic-valuation-of-ecosystem-services-by-katie-barry/ |publisher=PLoS Blog}}</ref> ta hanyar [[Semantics (computer science)|ma'ana (kimiyyar kwamfuta)]], <ref name="Modelling with knowledge: A review of emerging semantic approaches to environmental modelling2">{{Cite journal |last=Villa |first=Ferdinando |last2=Athanasiadis |first2=Ioannis N. |last3=Rizzoli |first3=Andrea Emilio |display-authors=2 |date=11 December 2008 |title=Modelling with knowledge: A review of emerging semantic approaches to environmental modelling |journal=Environmental Modelling & Software |language=En |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=577–587 |doi=10.1016/j.envsoft.2008.09.009 |issn=1364-8152}}</ref> [[FAIR data|bayanai da samfura masu dacewa]], <ref name="FAIR principles 20162">{{Cite journal |last=Wilkinson |first=Mark D. |last2=Dumontier |first2=Michel |last3=Aalbersberg |first3=IJsbrand Jan |last4=Appleton |first4=Gabrielle |last5=Axton |first5=Myles |last6=Baak |first6=Arie |last7=Blomberg |first7=Niklas |last8=Boiten |first8=Jan-Willem |last9=da Silva Santos |first9=Luiz Bonino |last10=Bourne |first10=Philip E. |last11=Bouwman |first11=Jildau |last12=Brookes |first12=Anthony J. |last13=Clark |first13=Tim |last14=Crosas |first14=Mercè |last15=Dillo |first15=Ingrid |display-authors=4 |date=15 March 2016 |title=The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship |journal=Scientific Data |language=En |volume=3 |page=160018 |bibcode=2016NatSD...360018W |doi=10.1038/sdata.2016.18 |oclc=961158301 |pmc=4792175 |pmid=26978244}}</ref> da kuma tsarin [[Open-source software|software mai buɗewa]] wanda ake kira Knowledge Laboratory (k.LAB) don bayyana, ƙididdige, da rarraba bayanai da samfura ta ma'ana ga masu amfani da ƙarshen, masu ƙira, da masu gudanar da hanyar sadarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Models and Tool |url=https://www.bc3research.org/tools_models.html |website=bc3research.org |access-date=2025-12-31 |archive-date=2021-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020005200/https://www.bc3research.org/tools_models.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A halin yanzu ARIES ya haɗa da aikace-aikace guda biyu na yanar gizo: k.Explorer <ref>{{Cite web |title=Models and Tool |url=https://www.bc3research.org/tools_models.html |website=bc3research.org |access-date=2025-12-31 |archive-date=2021-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020005200/https://www.bc3research.org/tools_models.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> da ARIES don SEEA Explorer. <ref>{{Cite web |title=A guide to models and data |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/seeaRev/meeting2013/EG13-BG-7.pdf |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> <ref name="NewtralJun21">{{Cite web |last=Gonzalo |first=Marilín |date=2021-06-09 |title=Inteligencia Artificial para calcular la contribución de la naturaleza al bienestar económico |url=https://www.newtral.es/inteligencia-artificial-para-calcular-la-contribucion-de-la-naturaleza-al-bienestar-economico/20210609/ |publisher=Newtral}}</ref> An fitar da k.Explorer a kaka ta 2018, wani tsari ne wanda ke ba wa masu amfani da ba na fasaha damar gudanar da samfura masu inganci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Models and Tool |url=https://www.bc3research.org/tools_models.html |website=bc3research.org |access-date=2025-12-31 |archive-date=2021-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020005200/https://www.bc3research.org/tools_models.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> BC3 ta fitar da ARIES don SEEA Explorer a watan Afrilun 2021 tare da haɗin gwiwar Sashen Kididdiga na Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN DESA) da [[Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (UNEP) don lissafin jari na halitta cikin sauri, daidaitacce kuma mai gyaggyarawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Artificial intelligence saving the natural world |url=https://www.un.org/en/desa/artificial-intelligence-saving-natural-world |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> <ref name="NobbotJul21">{{Cite web |last=Alonso |first=Tania |date=2021-07-06 |title=¿Cuánto contribuye la naturaleza a nuestra prosperidad económica? La IA nos ayuda a medirlo |url=https://www.nobbot.com/futuro/contabilizar-capital-natural/ |publisher=Nobbot |access-date=2025-12-31 |archive-date=2021-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019213823/https://www.nobbot.com/futuro/contabilizar-capital-natural/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan amincewa da [[Tsarin Haɗin Ƙididdigar Muhalli da Tattalin Arziki|tsarin Lissafin Tsarin Lissafin Muhalli da Tattalin Arziki]] (SEEA) na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a watan Maris na 2021, <ref>{{Cite web |title=UN adopts landmark framework to integrate natural capital in economic reporting |url=https://www.un.org/en/desa/un-adopts-landmark-framework-integrate-natural-capital-economic-reporting |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> An samar da ARIES don SEEA Explorer a Dandalin Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don hanzarta aiwatar da SEEA a duk duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UN launches the first artificial intelligence tool for rapid natural capital accounting |url=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/press-release/un-launches-first-artificial-intelligence-tool-rapid-natural-capital |website=www.unep.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=UN launches AI tool to measure ecosystems of countries |url=https://indiaai.gov.in/news/un-launches-ai-tool-to-measure-ecosystems-of-countries |website=indiaai.gov.in}}</ref> <ref name="InnovaSpainJun21">{{Cite web |last=Calero |first=Juan |date=2021-06-01 |title=ARIES for SEEA: la tecnología desarrollada en Vizcaya y adquirida por la ONU que calcula la contribución de la naturaleza al bienestar |url=https://www.innovaspain.com/aries-for-seea-bc3-ferdinando-villa-stefano-balbi/ |publisher=InnovaSpain}}</ref> == Tarihi da abokan hulɗa == An fara aikin ARIES a watan Afrilun 2007 a Cibiyar Gund don Tattalin Arzikin Muhalli ta Jami'ar Vermont, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], wanda aka ba shi tallafin dala miliyan 1 daga Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta gwamnatin Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Models and Tool |url=https://www.bc3research.org/tools_models.html |website=bc3research.org |access-date=2025-12-31 |archive-date=2021-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020005200/https://www.bc3research.org/tools_models.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> An ƙirƙiro samfurin tsarin gina samfura a cikin shekara mai zuwa, kuma an samar da samfurin aiki akan layi a cikin 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |title=A guide to models and data |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/seeaRev/meeting2013/EG13-BG-7.pdf |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Tun daga 2010, aikin yana kan BC3, inda [[Fasaha|fasahar]] ke ci gaba da haɓaka tun daga lokacin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Models and Tool |url=https://www.bc3research.org/tools_models.html |website=bc3research.org |access-date=2025-12-31 |archive-date=2021-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020005200/https://www.bc3research.org/tools_models.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tun daga 2013, ƙungiyar ARIES ta gudanar da Jami'ar Bazara ta Duniya (ISU) kan Tsarin [[Sabis ɗin yanayin halittu|Ayyukan Muhalli]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Models and Tool |url=https://www.bc3research.org/tools_models.html |website=bc3research.org |access-date=2025-12-31 |archive-date=2021-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020005200/https://www.bc3research.org/tools_models.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> makarantar koyon ƙira ta shekara-shekara ga masana kimiyya da masu nazarin manufofi waɗanda ke aiki a fannin dorewar muhalli. Ana jagorantar ARIES daga cibiyar duniya a BC3. == Manazarta == n3rydkkjuxzpnobm89filcyr9vk9dlf 0 127188 905947 872809 2026-08-22T05:21:27Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Kula da Hakki ta Adelaide''' wani ɓangare ne na Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences a Jami'ar Adelaide . Makarantar Kula da Hakki ta Adelaide tana shiga cikin koyarwa da bincike. Shirye-shiryen ta sun haɗa da Bachelor of Dental Surgery da Bachelor of Oral Health, tare da kewayon digiri na digiri. Har ila yau, makarantar tana ba da shirin ci gaba da ilimi ga aikin hakora. Ita ce jami'a ta uku mafi tsufa a Ostiraliya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[OFFICIAL] CatEight - Course Search, Course Application, CRM System |url=https://www.cateight.com/news/oldest-universities-in-australia |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=www.cateight.com}}</ref> == Bincike == Makarantar Kula da Hakki ta Adelaide ita ce Cibiyar Bincike ta Australiya don Lafiya ta Jama'a. == Shirye-shiryen digiri == Makarantar Kula da Dental ta Adelaide tana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na yau da kullun wanda ke haifar da digiri na Doctor of Clinical Dentistry (DClinDent) a cikin waɗannan yankuna: * Maganin Magana da Magana * Magungunan Magunguna da Magunguna (An ba da haɗin gwiwa tare da digiri na likita daga Kwalejin Magunguna) * Magungunan [[Hakoran mutum|hakora]] * Magungunan hakora * Magungunan hakora * Endodontics * Bukatun Dentistry na Musamman Har ila yau, Faculty tana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri a cikin Forensic Odontology da Restorative dentistry. == Amincewa == * Makarantar likitan hakora ta Jami'ar Adelaide ta sami amincewar Majalisar likitan hakori ta Australiya da Kwalejin likitan hakoro ta Australasian. == Manazarta == 4gyyp49srrfwqhowv8w3k9ksb1gongm 905948 905947 2026-08-22T05:21:43Z Abubakar Kaddi 24783 905948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Kula da Hakki ta Adelaide''' wani ɓangare ne na Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences a Jami'ar Adelaide . Makarantar Kula da Hakki ta Adelaide tana shiga cikin koyarwa da bincike. Shirye-shiryen ta sun haɗa da Bachelor of Dental Surgery da Bachelor of Oral Health, tare da kewayon digiri na digiri. Har ila yau, makarantar tana ba da shirin ci gaba da ilimi ga aikin hakora. Ita ce jami'a ta uku mafi tsufa a Ostiraliya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[OFFICIAL] CatEight - Course Search, Course Application, CRM System |url=https://www.cateight.com/news/oldest-universities-in-australia |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=www.cateight.com}}</ref> == Bincike == Makarantar Kula da Haƙƙin ta Adelaide ita ce Cibiyar Bincike ta Australiya don Lafiya ta Jama'a. == Shirye-shiryen digiri == Makarantar Kula da Dental ta Adelaide tana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na yau da kullun wanda ke haifar da digiri na Doctor of Clinical Dentistry (DClinDent) a cikin waɗannan yankuna: * Maganin Magana da Magana * Magungunan Magunguna da Magunguna (An ba da haɗin gwiwa tare da digiri na likita daga Kwalejin Magunguna) * Magungunan [[Hakoran mutum|hakora]] * Magungunan hakora * Magungunan hakora * Endodontics * Bukatun Dentistry na Musamman Har ila yau, Faculty tana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri a cikin Forensic Odontology da Restorative dentistry. == Amincewa == * Makarantar likitan hakora ta Jami'ar Adelaide ta sami amincewar Majalisar likitan hakori ta Australiya da Kwalejin likitan hakoro ta Australasian. == Manazarta == p9ijjtelj6vdme9ff9wnyxr0s8jtz2y 0 127238 905774 821369 2026-08-21T20:08:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jami'ar Adelaide Theatre Guild''' kamfani ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Kudancin [[Australia]] wanda ba don riba ba wanda ya dogara da harabar Arewa Terrace na Jami'ardelaide. An kafa shi a shekarar 1938, an amince da Guild a matsayin wata ƙungiya da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar, tare da kasancewa a matsayin kulob a cikin Kungiyar Kungiyoyinta.<ref name="adelaide" /> Yana ɗaya daga cikin [[Gidan wasan kwaikwayo|kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo]] na Australia da suka fi tsayi. == Tarihi == A matsayin mai bugawa mai budewa wanda jami'ar ta tallafawa, an samar da lakabi na UAP a matsayin littattafai na kyauta a lokacin bugawa. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2015, an sauke littattafan lantarki sama da rabin miliyan.<ref>New Adelaide Theatre Guide, 2012, University of Adelaide Theatre Guild, http://www.theatreguide.com.au/current_site/directory/companies_detail.php?CompanyID=uniguild {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316074004/https://www.theatreguide.com.au/current_site/directory/companies_detail.php?CompanyID=uniguild |date=2025-03-16 }}</ref> UAP ta buga kusan lakabi 80 a cikin shekaru 10 na aiki, kuma suna nan a matsayin PDFs kyauta a shafin yanar gizon ta kuma don sayen a cikin bugawa. A cikin shekarun 1960, Guild ta buga kanun labarai lokacin da aka kama ta a tsakiyar wata takaddama tsakanin Patrick White da Kwamitin Gwamnonin Bikin Adelaide game da fara wasan farko da aka buga, The Ham Funeral. <ref name="Round_a">Round, K, 1999, ''As Many Lives As A Cat? The University of Adelaide Theatre Guild, 1938-1998''. Openbook Publishers, p46. {{ISBN|978-0-86396-665-1}}.</ref> An ki amincewa da ''<nowiki><i id="mwRw">jana'izar Ham</i></nowiki>'' daga hadawa a cikin bikin, saboda an dauke shi da 'mai wahala' ga masu sauraro ta Hukumar Gwamnoni - biyo bayan wannan sanarwar 'mai rikitarwa' <ref name="Round_a" /> , shugaban Guild Dr. Harry Medlin ya sami kwafin rubutun, sannan kuma ya nace cewa a haɗa shi cikin kakar wasan kwaikwayo ta 1961.<ref name="abc" /> Bayan tashin hankali na muhimmancin kasa, wasan kwaikwayon a Jami'ar Adelaide ya sami karbuwa sosai daga masu sukar da masu sauraro, watakila a wani bangare saboda roƙon da ba shi da kyau. A cikin tarihin David Marr na White, Patrick White: A Life, mai sukar Australiya Geoffrey Dutton ya ce game da ''jana'izar Ham'' cewa: "[p]watakila akwai tsakanin masu sauraro tunanin cewa ana ci gaba da ci gaba da sakewa a kan kansa, cewa maraice zai zama nasara na tunanin akan matsakaici. " Don haka ya kasance.<ref>Dutton, G in Marr, D, 1991, ''Patrick White: A Life''. Random House Australia, 1991, p13. {{ISBN|1741667577}}.</ref> == Manazarta == tgf1dkbnftol466sgd6a5yovar66bz2 0 129090 905901 827714 2026-08-22T02:21:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905901 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wannan jerin makarantun da '''Birnin Ballarat,''' Victoria, Ostiraliya ke bayarwa ne kuma a cikin su.[1] {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%; width:100%;" |- style="background:#efefef; text-align:center;" !School !Suburb or town !Years !M/F/co-ed !Category !Founded !Website |- |Alfredton Primary School |Alfredton |Primary |Co-ed |Government | style="text-align:center;" | | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.alfredtonps.vic.edu.au/ website] |- |Ballarat Christian College |Sebastopol |Prep to Year 12 |Co-ed |[[Kirista|Christian]] |1985 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.balcc.vic.edu.au website] |- |Ballarat Clarendon College |Ballarat |Prep to Year 12 |Co-ed |Uniting |1864 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.clarendon.vic.edu.au website] |- |Ballarat Grammar School |Wendouree |K-12 |Co-ed |Anglican |1911 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.bgs.vic.edu.au/ website] |- |Ballarat High School |Ballarat |Secondary |Co-ed |Government |1907 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.ballaraths.vic.edu.au/ website] |- |Ballarat North Primary School |Ballarat |Primary |Co-ed |Government |1953 | style="text-align:center;" |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140516202627/http://ballaratnthps.vic.edu.au/ website] |- |Ballarat Secondary College |Ballarat |Secondary |Co-ed |Government |1994 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.ballaratsc.vic.edu.au/ website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130170020/http://www.ballaratsc.vic.edu.au/ |date=2020-01-30 }} |- |Ballarat Steiner School and Kindergarten |Mount Helen |Primary |Co-ed |Rudolf Steiner |2000 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.ballaratsteinerschool.com.au website] |- |Black Hill Primary School |Black Hill |Primary |Co-ed |Government |1881 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.blackhillps.vic.edu.au website] |- |Bungaree Primary School |Bungaree |Primary |Co-ed |Government |1877 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.bungareeps.vic.edu.au/ website] |- |Buninyong Primary School |Buninyong |Primary |Co-ed |Government |1874<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://home.vicnet.net.au/~buninhis/ |website=home.vicnet.net.au }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[http://buninyongps.vic.edu.au/ website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516184050/http://buninyongps.vic.edu.au/ |date=2014-05-16 }} |- |Caledonian Primary School |Brown Hill |Primary |Co-ed |Government |1994 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.caledonianps.vic.edu.au/ website] |- |Canadian Lead Primary School |Ballarat East |Primary |Co-ed |Government |1994 | style="text-align:center;" |[https://web.archive.org/web/20160110022519/http://clps.vic.edu.au/ website] |- |Cape Clear Primary School |Cape Clear |Primary |Co-ed |Government | | style="text-align:center;" | |- |Clunes Primary School |Clunes |Primary |Co-ed |Government |1875 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.clunesps.vic.edu.au/ website] |- |Creswick North Primary School |Creswick |Primary |Co-ed |Government | | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.creswicknorthps.vic.edu.au/ website] |- |Creswick Primary School |Creswick |Primary |Co-ed |Government |1854 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.creswickps.vic.edu.au/ website] |- |Damascus College |Mount Clear |Secondary |Co-ed |[[Cocin katolika|Catholic]] |1881 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.damascus.vic.edu.au website]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- |Dana Street Primary School |Ballarat |Primary |Co-ed |Government |1857 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.danaps.vic.edu.au/ website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250908092259/http://www.danaps.vic.edu.au/ |date=2025-09-08 }} |- |Delacombe Primary School |Delacombe |Primary |Co-ed |Government |1981 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.delacombeps.vic.edu.au/ website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209003747/https://www.delacombeps.vic.edu.au/ |date=2025-12-09 }} |- |Emmaus Catholic Primary School |Mount Clear |Primary |Co-ed |[[Cocin katolika|Catholic]] |2008 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.emtclear.catholic.edu.au/ website] |- |Forest Street Primary School |Wendouree |Primary |Co-ed |Government |1966 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.foreststreetps.com/ website]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- |Glen Park Primary School |Glen Park |Primary |Co-ed |Government |1871 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.glenparkps.vic.edu.au/ website]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- |Haddon Primary School |Haddon |Primary |Co-ed |Government |1870 | style="text-align:center;" |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140516185529/http://haddonps.vic.edu.au/ website] |- |Invermay Primary School |Invermay |Primary |Co-ed |Government |1867 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.invermayps.vic.edu.au/ website] |- |Lal Lal Primary School |Lal Lal |Primary |Co-ed |Government |1866 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.lallalps.vic.edu.au/ website] |- |Little Bendigo Primary School |Nerrina |Primary |Co-ed |Government |1874 | style="text-align:center;" |[https://web.archive.org/web/20141219033338/http://littlebendigops.vic.edu.au/ website] |- |Loreto College |Ballarat |Secondary |F |[[Cocin katolika|Catholic]] |1875 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.loreto.vic.edu.au website] |- |Lumen Christi School |Delacombe |Primary |Co-ed |[[Cocin katolika|Catholic]] |1990 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.lcdelacombe.catholic.edu.au/ website] |- |Macarthur Street Primary School |Soldiers Hill |Primary |Co-ed |Government |1878 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.macps.vic.edu.au/ website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010625102058/http://www.macps.vic.edu.au/ |date=2001-06-25 }} |- |Magpie Primary School |Magpie |Primary |Co-ed |Government |1880 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.magpieps.vic.edu.au/ website] |- |Miners Rest Primary School |Miners Rest |K to Year 6 |Co-ed |Government |1858 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.minersrestps.vic.edu.au/ website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112042340/http://minersrestps.vic.edu.au/ |date=2016-01-12 }} |- |Mount Blowhard Primary School |Blowhard |Primary |Co-ed |Government | | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.mountbhps.vic.edu.au/ website] |- |Mount Clear College |Mount Clear |Secondary |Co-ed |Government |1976 | style="text-align:center;" |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140527170654/https://www.mtclearsc.vic.edu.au/ website] |- |Mount Clear Primary School |Mount Clear |Primary |Co-ed |Government |1958 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.mountclearps.vic.edu.au/ website] |- |Mount Pleasant Primary School |Ballarat |Primary |Co-ed |Government |1855 | style="text-align:center;" |[https://web.archive.org/web/20000819053445/http://www.mtpleasps.vic.edu.au/ website] |- |- |Mount Rowan Secondary College |Wendouree |Secondary |Co-ed |Government |2019 | style="text-align:center;" |[https://mountrowan.net.au/ website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103234843/https://mountrowan.net.au/ |date=2026-01-03 }} |- |Napoleons Primary School |Napoleons |Primary |Co-ed |Government |1870 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.napoleonsps.vic.edu.au/ website] |- |Newington Primary School |Ballarat |Primary |Co-ed |Government |1860 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.urquhartps.vic.edu.au/ website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223023647/http://www.urquhartps.vic.edu.au/ |date=2015-12-23 }} |- |Our Lady Help of Christians School |Wendouree |Primary |Co-ed |[[Cocin katolika|Catholic]] |1961 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.olhcwendouree.catholic.edu.au/ website] |- |Phoenix P-12 Community College |Sebastopol |Kinder to Year 12 |Co-ed |Government |2011 | style="text-align:center;" |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140516184046/http://sebas.vic.edu.au/ website] |- |Pleasant Street Primary School |Lake Wendouree |Primary |Co-ed |Government |1877 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.pleasantstps.vic.edu.au/ website] |- |Sebastopol Primary School |Sebastopol |Primary |Co-ed |Government |1873 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.sebasps.vic.edu.au/ website] |- |Siena Catholic Primary School |Lucas |Primary |Co-ed |Catholic |2017 |- |St Alipius' Primary School |Ballarat East |Primary |Co-ed |[[Cocin katolika|Catholic]] |1853 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.saballarat.catholic.edu.au/ website]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- |St Aloysius' School |Redan |Primary |Co-ed |[[Cocin katolika|Catholic]] |1876 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.saredan.catholic.edu.au/ website] |- |St Brendan's Primary School |Dunnstown |Primary |Co-ed |[[Cocin katolika|Catholic]] |1858 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.sbdunnstown.catholic.edu.au/ website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413035351/https://sbdunnstown.catholic.edu.au/ |date=2024-04-13 }} |- |St Columba's School |Soldiers Hill |Primary |Co-ed |[[Cocin katolika|Catholic]] |1911 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.scballarat.catholic.edu.au/ website] |- |St Francis Xavier School |Ballarat East |Primary |Co-ed |[[Cocin katolika|Catholic]] |1914 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.sfxballarat.catholic.edu.au/ website] |- |St James' Parish School |Sebastopol |Primary |Co-ed |[[Cocin katolika|Catholic]] |1956 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.sjsebastopol.catholic.edu.au/ website] |- |St Mary's School |Clarkes Hill |Primary |Co-ed |[[Cocin katolika|Catholic]] |1946 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.smclarkeshill.catholic.edu.au/ website] |- |St Patrick's College |Ballarat |Secondary |M |[[Cocin katolika|Catholic]] |1893 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.stpats.vic.edu.au/ website] |- |St Patrick's Primary School |Ballarat |Primary |Co-ed |[[Cocin katolika|Catholic]] |1924 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.spballarat.catholic.edu.au/ website] |- |St Thomas More School |Alfredton |Primary |Co-ed |[[Cocin katolika|Catholic]] |1980 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.stmalfredton.catholic.edu.au/ website] |- |Warrenheip Primary School |Warrenheip |Primary |Co-ed |Government |1876 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.whps.vic.edu.au/ website] |- |Waubra Primary School |Waubra |Primary |Co-ed |Government |1916 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.waubps.vic.edu.au/ website] |- |Wendouree Primary School |Wendouree |Primary |Co-ed |Government | | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.wendoureeps.vic.edu.au/ website] |- |Woady Yaloak Primary School |Scarsdale, Smythesdale, Snake Valley, Ross Creek |Primary |Co-ed |Government |1994 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.woadyyaloak.vic.edu.au/ website] |- |Woodmans Hill Secondary College |Ballarat East |Secondary |Co-ed |Government |2019 | style="text-align:center;" |[https://woodmanshill.net.au/ website] |- |Yuille Park P-8 Community College |Wendouree |Primary |Co-ed |Government |2008 | style="text-align:center;" |[http://www.yuilleparkcc.vic.edu.au/ website] |} == Duba kuma == * Ilimi a Ballarat == Manazarta == 54pw0vspbam1ekdi6s3cqrfq28vo5gd 0 129830 906040 766220 2026-08-22T07:46:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Tragedy of Julius Caesar (First Folio title: The Tragedie of Ivlivs Cæsar), sau da yawa an taƙaita shi zuwa Julius Caesar, bala'i ne na tarihi na [[William Shakespeare]], wanda aka yi imanin cewa an rubuta shi kuma an fara yin shi a cikin 1599. Wasan ya nuna makircin siyasa wanda ya haifar da kisan gillar mai mulkin kama-karya na Roma '''''[[Julius Caesar|Julius Kaisar]]''''' da yakin basasar da ya biyo baya na Roma. Da farko (tare da karkatarwa a fannoni daban-daban) daga fassarar Sir Thomas North ta 1579 na Parallel Lives by Plutarch, Shakespeare ya gabatar da labarin da aka yi game da karuwar ikon Kaisar, kisan da ƙungiyar sanatoci da Cassius da [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] suka jagoranta, da kuma cin nasarar masu makirci da sojojin Mark Antony da [[Augustus|Octavius]] suka yi a [[Yaƙin Filibiya]]. Kodayake an sanya masa suna bayan Kaisar, wasan kwaikwayon ya fi mayar da hankali ga Brutus, wanda matsalolin ɗabi'a da siyasa galibi sun sa masu sukar su ɗauke shi a matsayin jarumi mai ban tsoro. Jigogi na tsakiya sun haɗa da tashin hankali tsakanin amincin mutum da aikin jama'a, amfani da maganganu a siyasa, da kuma rashin ƙarfi na mulkin jamhuriya a fuskar burin da iko. Julius Caesar ya kasance daga cikin wasannin farko da aka yi a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Globe kuma ya kasance ɗayan ayyukan Shakespeare da aka fi yin akai-akai. An daidaita shi a cikin nau'o'i da yawa kuma an fassara shi a cikin yanayin siyasa daban-daban, yana nuna damuwa daga muhawara ta Elizabethan game da maye gurbin zuwa tattaunawar zamani game da mulkin kama-karya da dimokuradiyya. Ana nazarin wasan kwaikwayon sosai don binciken halayensa, rinjaye, da ɗabi'ar siyasa, kuma yana ci gaba da tasiri ga adabi, wasan kwaikwayo, da maganganun siyasa. == Bayani game da shi == Wasan ya fara ne da manyan sojoji biyu Flavius da Marullus (shugabannin / jami'an Roma) suna gano talakawa na Roma suna murna da nasarar dawowar [[Julius Caesar|Julius Kaisar]] daga kayar da 'ya'yan abokin hamayyarsa na soja, Pompey. Masu gabatar da kara, suna zagi taron saboda canjin amincinsu daga Pompey zuwa Kaisar, suna ƙoƙari su kawo ƙarshen bukukuwan kuma su raba talakawa, waɗanda suka mayar da zagi. A lokacin bikin Lupercal, Kaisar ya gudanar da fareti na nasara kuma mai duba ya gargadi shi ya "Ka kula da ides na Maris," wanda ya yi watsi da shi. A halin yanzu, Cassius yayi ƙoƙari ya shawo kan [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] ya shiga cikin makirci na kashe Kaisar. Kodayake Brutus, mai abokantaka ga Kaisar, yana jinkirin kashe shi, ya yarda cewa Kaisar na iya cin zarafin ikonsa. Daga nan sai suka ji daga Casca cewa Mark Antony ya miƙa Kaisar kambin Roma sau uku. Casca ya gaya musu cewa a duk lokacin da Kaisar ya ƙi shi tare da karuwar rashin amincewa, yana fatan cewa taron da ke kallo za su nace cewa ya yarda da kambin. Ya bayyana yadda taron suka yaba wa Kaisar saboda musanta kambin, da kuma yadda wannan ya ɓata Kaisar rai. A ranar da aka yi bikin Maris, masu makirci sun hadu kuma sun bayyana cewa sun ƙirƙiri wasiƙun tallafi daga mutanen Romawa don jarabce Brutus ya shiga. Brutus ya karanta wasiƙun kuma, bayan muhawara mai yawa na ɗabi'a, ya yanke shawarar shiga cikin makircin, yana tunanin cewa ya kamata a kashe Kaisar don ''hanawa'' shi yin wani abu a kan mutanen Roma idan za a taɓa kambi. [[Fayil:'Julius_Caesar',_Act_III,_Scene_2,_the_Murder_Scene_George_Clint_(1770–1854)_Royal_Shakespeare_Theatre.jpg|thumb|''"Julius Kaisar", Dokar III, Scene 2, Scene na Kisan kai'', George Clint (1822) ]] Bayan ya yi watsi da mai duba, da kuma tunanin matarsa Calpurnia, Kaisar ya tafi Majalisar Dattijai. Masu makirci sun kusance shi da takardar neman izini ta karya a madadin ɗan'uwan Metellus Cimber da aka kore shi. Kamar yadda Kaisar ya ƙi roƙon, Casca da sauran ba zato ba tsammani sun soke shi; Brutus ya kasance na ƙarshe. A wannan, Kaisar ya tambayi "Et tu, Brute?" <ref>{{Cite web |title=''Julius Caesar,'' Act 3, Scene 1, Line 77. |url=http://shakespeare-navigators.com/JC_Navigator/JC_3_1.html#speech36 |access-date=2026-01-04 |archive-date=2018-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112081237/http://shakespeare-navigators.com/JC_Navigator/JC_3_1.html#speech36 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ("Kai ma, Brutus?"), ya kammala da "Sa'an nan faɗuwa, Kaisar!" [[Fayil:Herbert_Beerbohm_Tree_(1852–1917),_as_Mark_Anthony_in_'Julius_Caesar'_by_William_Shakespeare_Charles_A._Buchel_(1872–1950)_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg|thumb|''Herbert Beerbohm Tree (1852-1917), a matsayin Mark Anthony a cikin 'Julius Caesar' na William Shakespeare'', Charles A. Buchel (1914) ]] Masu makirci sun yi ƙoƙari su nuna cewa sun kashe Kaisar don amfanin Roma, don hana mai mulkin kama karya. Sun tabbatar da wannan ta hanyar kada su tsere daga wurin. Brutus ya gabatar da jawabi yana kare ayyukansa, kuma a halin yanzu, taron yana gefen sa. Koyaya, Antony ya yi magana mai zurfi game da gawar Kaisar, ya fara "Abokai, Romawa, 'yan ƙasa, ba ni kunnuwanku!" [1] Ya juya ra'ayin jama'a da kyau game da masu kisan kai ta hanyar sarrafa motsin zuciyar mutane, sabanin sautin tunani na jawabin Brutus, duk da haka akwai hanya a cikin jawabinsa da kuma alamunsa. Antony ya tunatar da taron mutanen da Kaisar ya yi wa Roma, jinƙai ga matalauta, da kuma kin amincewa da kambin a Lupercal, don haka ya yi tambaya game da ikirarin Brutus game da burin Kaisar; ya nuna jikin Kaisar mai jini, marar rai ga taron don su zubar da hawaye kuma su sami tausayi ga jarumin da ya fadi; kuma ya karanta nufin Kaisar, inda kowane ɗan ƙasar Roma zai sami drakma 75. Antony, ko da yake ya bayyana niyyarsa game da shi, ya tayar da taron don korar masu makirci daga Roma. Jama'a sun dauki jikin Kaisar zuwa Forum, sun kunna wuta ta jana'izarsa, kuma sun yi amfani da wuta don kunna fitilu don ƙone gidajen masu makirci. A cikin tashin hankali, wani mawaki marar laifi, Cinna, ya rikice da mai makirci Lucius Cinna kuma taron jama'a sun kama shi, wanda ya kashe shi saboda irin waɗannan "laifukai" kamar mugayen ayoyinsa. == Manazarta == aaca8o62s9q1fhodstazyblpy115fnf 0 129921 905720 766500 2026-08-21T16:50:14Z Zahrah0 14848 905720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jacob Elordi''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Yuni shekarar alif 1997) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na ƙasar Ostiraliya. <ref name="LCNAF">{{Cite web |date=4 August 2025 |title=Elordi, Jacob, 1997- |url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2020054625 |access-date=26 October 2025 |website=Library of Congress Name Authority File |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Ya shahara sosai a matsayinsa na Noah Flynn a cikin shirin [[Netflix]] na <nowiki><i id="mwGQ">The Kissing Booth</i></nowiki> (2018–2021) kuma ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci saboda yadda ya nuna Nate Jacobs a cikin shirin HBO ''na Euphoria'' (2019–yanzu).<ref name="Langmann">{{Cite web |last=Langmann |first=Brady |date=30 November 2021 |title=Jacob Elordi Is Young and Restless and Longing for Home |url=https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/a38377867/jacob-elordi-euphoria-season-two/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129063745/https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/a38377867/jacob-elordi-euphoria-season-two/ |archive-date=29 January 2024 |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Esquire}}</ref> <ref name="Skipper">{{Cite web |last=Skipper |first=Clay |date=8 August 2022 |title=How Jacob Elordi became Gen Z's leading man |url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/culture/article/jacob-elordi-interview-2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123021658/https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/culture/article/jacob-elordi-interview-2022 |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=[[GQ|British GQ]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, Elordi ya fito a matsayin [[Elvis Presley]] a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Sofia Coppola ''mai suna Priscilla.'' Ya sami lambar yabo ta BAFTA don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi a Matsayin Tallafi saboda rawar da ya taka a cikin fim ɗin baƙar fata na Emerald Fennell mai suna ''Saltburn'' (2023). Elordi ya sami ƙarin yabo saboda rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo na yaƙi ''The Narrow Road to the Deep North'' da kuma matsayin Halitta a cikin ''Frankenstein'' na Guillermo del Toro (dukansu a 2025), inda kowannensu ya sami damar zaɓen lambar yabo ta Golden Globe. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Jacob Elordi a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 1997 a [[Brisbane]], ga Melissa Elordi, uwa mai zaman gida kuma mai aikin sa kai a makaranta, da kuma John Elordi, mai fenti a gida.<ref name="LCNAF">{{Cite web |date=4 August 2025 |title=Elordi, Jacob, 1997- |url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2020054625 |access-date=26 October 2025 |website=Library of Congress Name Authority File |publisher=Library of Congress}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2020054625 "Elordi, Jacob, 1997-"]. ''Library of Congress Name Authority File''. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 4 August 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Aizin">{{Cite web |last=Aizin |first=Rebecca |date=3 November 2023 |title=All About Jacob Elordi's Parents, John and Melissa Elordi |url=https://people.com/all-about-jacob-elordi-parents-8387167 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108034334/https://people.com/all-about-jacob-elordi-parents-8387167 |archive-date=8 November 2023 |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=People |publisher=People Inc.; Time Inc.}}</ref> An haifi mahaifin Elordi a Markina-Xemein, Basque Country ; ya yi ƙaura zuwa Ostiraliya daga [[Bilbao]] lokacin da yake ɗan shekara takwas don tserewa daga mulkin kama-karya na Francois.<ref name="Osorio">{{Cite web |last=Osorio |first=Silvia |date=4 June 2025 |title=El actor Jacob Elordi, sobre sus orígenes vizcaínos: «Mi abuelo era de Ondarroa y cortaba caña de azúcar con 8 dólares en el bolsillo» |url=https://www.elcorreo.com/gente-estilo/actor-jacob-elordi-sobre-origenes-vizcainos-abuelo-20250604100300-nt.html?ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elcorreo.com%2Fgente-estilo%2Factor-jacob-elordi-sobre-origenes-vizcainos-abuelo-20250604100300-nt.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251026121222/https://www.elcorreo.com/gente-estilo/actor-jacob-elordi-sobre-origenes-vizcainos-abuelo-20250604100300-nt.html?ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elcorreo.com%2Fgente-estilo%2Factor-jacob-elordi-sobre-origenes-vizcainos-abuelo-20250604100300-nt.html |archive-date=26 October 2025 |access-date=26 October 2025 |website=El Correo |language=ES}}</ref> <ref name="ActuallyMe">{{Cite web |date=30 July 2020 |title=Jacob Elordi Replies to Fans on the Internet |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IPWs2Of3Uos |access-date=25 February 2024 |website=[[GQ (magazine)|GQ]] |format=YouTube video |quote=I was in the background of the movie. I wasn't in the movie, I wasn't credited, I wasn't billed, I didn't audition, I was an extra.}}</ref> Kakan Elordi na uba, Joaquín Elordi, daga Ondarroa ne.<ref name="Osorio" /> Elordi yana da 'yan'uwa mata uku, kuma ya girma a gidan ma'aikata.<ref name="Aizin" /> <ref name="ActuallyMe" /> <ref name="Paiella">{{Cite web |last=Paiella |first=Gabriella |date=13 November 2023 |title=How Jacob Elordi Became The New King |url=https://www.gq.com/story/jacob-elordi-men-of-the-year-cover-2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113235142/https://www.gq.com/story/jacob-elordi-men-of-the-year-cover-2023 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=21 January 2024 |website=[[GQ (magazine)|GQ]]}}</ref> Tun yana ƙarami, ya kasance ɗan wasa mai hazaka, wanda ke wakiltar Victoria a ƙungiyar rugby da [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williamson |first=Nathan |date=14 February 2024 |title='It's pretty awesome': When Wallaby Rob Leota locked down with Hollywood superstar Jacob Elordi |url=https://www.rugby.com.au/news/jacob-elordi-sport-rugby-rebels-rob-leota-wallabies-super-rugby-2024214 |access-date=29 November 2025 |website=www.rugby.com.au |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jacob Elordi Biography |url=https://cdn.showcast.com.au/actor-pdfs/fe369ab4-0a3a-4624-ad99-11e894899a02.pdf |access-date=6 December 2025 |website=Showcast}}</ref> A lokacin da yake ɗan wasa a ƙungiyar rugby ta makarantarsa, Elordi ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a makarantun kiɗa tun yana ɗan shekara 12, inda ya fito a cikin shirye-shiryen ''Seussical'' da ''Charlie da Chocolate Factory'', kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya fara ɗaukar darussan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="W">{{Cite web |last=Hirschberg |first=Lynn |date=24 February 2021 |title=How Jacob Elordi Really Feels About His ''Euphoria'' Character |url=https://www.wmagazine.com/culture/jacob-elordi-interview-euphoria-kissing-booth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119212328/https://www.wmagazine.com/culture/jacob-elordi-interview-euphoria-kissing-booth |archive-date=19 January 2024 |access-date=21 January 2024 |website=[[W (magazine)|W]]}}</ref> Heath Ledger ne ya fara zaburar da shi ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, musamman saboda rawar da ya taka a fim ɗin ''The Dark Knight'' na 2008. <ref name="Wonderland">{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Lily |date=19 August 2019 |title=Jacob Elordi On Starring In HBO's Euphoria |url=https://www.wonderlandmagazine.com/2019/08/19/jacob-elordi-summer-19-issue/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125005122/https://www.wonderlandmagazine.com/2019/08/19/jacob-elordi-summer-19-issue/ |archive-date=25 January 2024 |access-date=3 February 2024 |website=[[Wonderland (magazine)|Wonderland]]}}</ref> Ya kuma buga Oberon a cikin wani shiri na ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'' . A lokacin yana da shekaru 14, Elordi ya fara yin amfani da lafazinsa na Amurka, yana kwaikwayon [[Vin Diesel]].<ref name="Paiella">{{Cite web |last=Paiella |first=Gabriella |date=13 November 2023 |title=How Jacob Elordi Became The New King |url=https://www.gq.com/story/jacob-elordi-men-of-the-year-cover-2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113235142/https://www.gq.com/story/jacob-elordi-men-of-the-year-cover-2023 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=21 January 2024 |website=[[GQ (magazine)|GQ]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPaiella2023">Paiella, Gabriella (13 November 2023). [https://www.gq.com/story/jacob-elordi-men-of-the-year-cover-2023 "How Jacob Elordi Became The New King"]. ''[[GQ (magazine)|GQ]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231113235142/https://www.gq.com/story/jacob-elordi-men-of-the-year-cover-2023 Archived] from the original on 13 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Ya kuma yi ƙoƙarin yin tallan kayan kawa bisa shawarar mahaifiyarsa tun yana ɗan shekara 15, amma an gaya masa cewa ya yi tsayi da yawa don ya dace da kayan samfurin.<ref name="MHint">{{Cite web |last=Larson |first=Lauren |date=20 December 2021 |title=Jacob Elordi Doesn't Want to Rush Becoming a Superstar |url=https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/a38515572/jacob-elordi-euphoria-season-2-interview/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129062245/https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/a38515572/jacob-elordi-euphoria-season-2-interview/ |archive-date=29 January 2024 |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=[[Men's Health]]}}</ref> Elordi ya halarci makarantun sakandare na Roman Katolika masu zaman kansu na Kwalejin St Kevin da [[Kwalejin St Joseph, Nudgee|Kwalejin St Joseph]], inda ya ji "ba shi da tabbas".<ref name="ActuallyMe">{{Cite web |date=30 July 2020 |title=Jacob Elordi Replies to Fans on the Internet |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IPWs2Of3Uos |access-date=25 February 2024 |website=[[GQ (magazine)|GQ]] |format=YouTube video |quote=I was in the background of the movie. I wasn't in the movie, I wasn't credited, I wasn't billed, I didn't audition, I was an extra.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IPWs2Of3Uos "Jacob Elordi Replies to Fans on the Internet"] <span class="cs1-format">(YouTube video)</span>. ''[[GQ (magazine)|GQ]]''. 30 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2024</span>. <q>I was in the background of the movie. I wasn't in the movie, I wasn't credited, I wasn't billed, I didn't audition, I was an extra.</q></cite></ref> <ref name="Variety">{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Angelique |date=11 December 2023 |title=''Euphoria'' Stars Jacob Elordi and Colman Domingo Finally Break Big at the Movies: 'I Feel the Most Free in My Career I Ever Have' |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/features/jacob-elordi-colman-domingo-euphoria-elvis-saltburn-1235821132/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218000436/https://variety.com/2023/film/features/jacob-elordi-colman-domingo-euphoria-elvis-saltburn-1235821132/ |archive-date=18 December 2023 |website=Variety |quote=When I was 15, I was at an all-boys Catholic school. I was deeply unsettled.}}</ref> A cewar Elordi, "bai kammala makarantar sakandare ba".<ref name="Skipper">{{Cite web |last=Skipper |first=Clay |date=8 August 2022 |title=How Jacob Elordi became Gen Z's leading man |url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/culture/article/jacob-elordi-interview-2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123021658/https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/culture/article/jacob-elordi-interview-2022 |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=[[GQ|British GQ]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSkipper2022">Skipper, Clay (8 August 2022). [https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/culture/article/jacob-elordi-interview-2022 "How Jacob Elordi became Gen Z's leading man"]. ''[[GQ|British GQ]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240123021658/https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/culture/article/jacob-elordi-interview-2022 Archived] from the original on 23 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> A duk lokacin makarantar sakandare, Elordi ya ci gaba da buga wasan rugby har sai da ya ji rauni a bayansa a lokacin wasa, wanda a cewarsa, ya kore shi daga wasannin motsa jiki zuwa ga yin wasan kwaikwayo. [1] Ya bayyana cewa, bayan karanta Waiting for Godot a cikin ajin wasan kwaikwayo yana da shekaru 15, yin wasan kwaikwayo "ya zama cocinsa" kuma halayensa sun canza sakamakon haka. Mahaifiyarsa ta kuma ƙarfafa shi ya ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo. [2] Ya sami kwarin gwiwa daga 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Marlon Brando, Laurence Olivier, Daniel Day-Lewis, Christian Bale, da Ledger, kuma zai karanta tarihin rayuwarsu yayin da yake kwaikwayon halayensu. [3] Daga baya ya halarci makarantar wasan kwaikwayo a Melbourne kuma ya koma Amurka a shekarar 2017 yana da shekaru 19 don neman aikin wasan kwaikwayo. [1] [4] [[Fayil:Jacob_Elordi-65976.jpg|thumb|Elordi a shekarar 2025 a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Berlin karo na 75]] == Hoton jama'a == [[Fayil:Jacob_Elordi_at_the_2024_Toronto_International_Film_Festival_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Elordi a bikin fina-finai na duniya na Toronto na 2024]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] akbebtavjy5driddpe43f9jb7ovlaig 0 130233 905757 835206 2026-08-21T19:56:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Tuttle''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Mayu 1996) ɗan wasan rugby ne na ƙasar Australiya. Ya buga wasa na ƙarshe a ƙungiyar Melbourne Rebels <ref>{{Cite web |last=Media |first=Rebels |date=2022-05-26 |title=Starting scrum-half James Tuttle re-signs for two more seasons {{!}} Latest Rugby News {{!}} Melbourne Rebels |url=https://melbournerebels.rugby/news/starting-scrumhalf-james-tuttle-resigns-for-two-more-seasons-2022526 |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=melbournerebels.rugby |language=en |archive-date=2022-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017112244/https://melbournerebels.rugby/news/starting-scrumhalf-james-tuttle-resigns-for-two-more-seasons-2022526 |url-status=dead }}</ref> bayan ya taɓa bugawa Queensland Reds wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-05 |title=Queensland Reds re-sign James Tuttle, earmark the halfback as future club goalkicker |url=https://heraldsun.com.au/sport/rugby/queensland-reds/queensland-reds-resign-james-tuttle-earmark-the-halfback-as-future-club-goalkicker/news-story/07170d77c740368bc5b3d875dc890f82 |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=Fox Sports |language=en}}</ref> Tuttle ya halarci [[Kwalejin St Joseph, Nudgee]] kuma ya wakilci Queensland da Ostiraliya a gasar rugby ta yara 'yan makaranta a shekarar 2013. Ya shiga ƙungiyar GPS ta Queensland, kuma rawar da ya taka a gasar Queensland Premier Rugby ta sa ya sanya hannu tare da ƙungiyar Queensland Country don fara kakar wasa ta National Rugby Championship (NRC) a shekarar 2014. A shekarar 2015, an zaɓi Tuttle a cikin ƙungiyar ' yan ƙasa da shekaru 20 ta Australia don buga gasar cin kofin duniya ta Rugby ta 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 20 a Italiya. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar Super Rugby ta shekaru uku tare da Reds da ke Brisbane a shekarar 2015, kuma ya yi rangadin aiki tare da ƙungiyar zuwa Afirka ta Kudu amma bai buga wasa ba. Bayan da aka tilasta wa kyaftin ɗin Queensland Country Anthony Fainga'a ya janye daga kakar wasa ta NRC ta 2015 saboda rauni, an naɗa Tuttle a matsayin sabon kyaftin na ƙungiyar. A halin yanzu Tuttle yana karatun digirin farko a fannin kasuwanci a Jami'ar Deakin a shekarar 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Media |first=Rebels |date=2022-05-26 |title=Starting scrum-half James Tuttle re-signs for two more seasons {{!}} Latest Rugby News {{!}} Melbourne Rebels |url=https://melbournerebels.rugby/news/starting-scrumhalf-james-tuttle-resigns-for-two-more-seasons-2022526 |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=melbournerebels.rugby |language=en |archive-date=2022-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017112244/https://melbournerebels.rugby/news/starting-scrumhalf-james-tuttle-resigns-for-two-more-seasons-2022526 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2022, an zaɓi Tuttle a cikin ƙungiyar Rugby Union ta 'A' ta Australia don buga gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Pacific [undefined] a Fiji. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ya sake yin rangadin tare da ƙungiyar 'A' ta Australia zuwa Japan don buga wasa da ƙungiyar Japan XV a cikin jerin wasanni uku.[2] An naɗa Tuttle a matsayin kyaftin a wasan ƙarshe na ƙungiyar a Osaka.[1] A shekarar 2023, Tuttle ya sake yin rangadin tare da ƙungiyar ƙwallon rugby ta Australia A zuwa Faransa don buga wasa da Portugal a wasan ƙwallo na RWC. Daga baya ya koma Barbarian FC don rangadin makonni 6 a Burtaniya inda zai fafata da ƙungiyoyin Premier na Ingila Northampton, Bristol, Gloucester, Harlequins da kuma Scarlets na URC. == Ƙididdigar Super Rugby == {{Updated|3 June 2023|<ref name="Player Statistics">{{cite web | url=http://www.itsrugby.co.uk/players/james-tuttle-33035.html | title=Player Statistics | work=It's Rugby }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:90%; font-size:95%; width:60%;" !Kakar wasa ! Ƙungiyar ! Wasanni ! Farawa ! Ƙaramin sashe ! Minti ! Gwaje-gwaje ! Fursunoni ! Alƙalami ! Digogi ! Maki ! Yel ! Ja |- | 2016 | Reds | 5 | 2 | 3 | 183 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |- | 2017 | Reds | 13 | 9 | 4 | 742 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 |- | 2018 | Reds | 6 | 5 | 1 | 365 | 0 | 5 | 10 | 0 | 40 | 0 | 0 |- | 2019 | Reds | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |- | 2020 | Rebels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |- | AU ta 2020 | Rebels | 4 | 1 | 3 | 79 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |- | AU ta 2021 | Rebels | 5 | 0 | 5 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |- | 2021 TT | Rebels | 4 | 0 | 4 | 70 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 |- | 2022 | Rebels | 12 | 8 | 4 | 540 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |- | 2023 | Rebels | 12 | 0 | 12 | 211 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 61 ! 25 ! 36 ! 2,230 ! 1 ! 6 ! 12 ! 0 ! 53 ! 1 ! 0 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist|colwidth=25em}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] 2wllkotd2djmy3qlawbiqu3ktn7q1ze 0 132565 905854 870747 2026-08-21T22:41:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Jamiat ul Mominat cibiyar ba da shawarwarin aure ce ta mata ta Islama, dake Hyderabad, Indiya. Yana ba da ilimi ga 'yan mata kawai.[1] Yana da Darul Ifta—(sashe na hukunce-hukuncen shari’a a karkashin hukunce-hukuncen Musulunci) ko kuma gaba daya jami’ar muftis — inda ake horar da ‘yan mata su zama mufti.[2] An kira taron a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin na farko a duniya musamman a tsakanin musulmin Indiya.[1][3] makarantar hauza tana ba da kwasa-kwasan kamar; Alima yayi daidai da Higher Secondary School Certificate kuma Fazila daidai yake da Digiri na farko kuma yawancin jami'o'in Indiya sun san su. == Tarihi == Tun da farko a karni na 19, Nizams da aristocrats sun jagoranci ilimin addini a [[Hyderabad]], an karfafa maza da mata daidai don ilimi. Masallatai na cikin gida sune cibiyar ilimin Islama na farko, daga inda ɗalibai ke ƙaura zuwa Khanqahs da [[Makarantar Islamiyya|Madrasas]] don samun ilimin tauhidi kuma an ba su digiri na Alim, Fazil, [[Hafizi|Hafiz]], Qazi da Mufti. Kodayake an ƙarfafa 'yan mata don ilimi mafi girma na zamani da na Islama amma matsayin Qazi da Mufti an iyakance su ga maza. An kafa shi a cikin 1991, Jamiat ul Mominat ya gabatar da darasi na ''Mufti'' ga 'yan mata a matsayin ''Muftia'', kuma ya kafa kwamiti na mata kawai (Darul Ifta). Kamar yadda masana kimiyya na Islama suka ce ita ce ta farko a Indiya da [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]]. Musamman a Hyderabad mata Musulmai dole ne su dogara da namiji Mufti don jagorantar addini ta hukuma kan batutuwan da suka ''Shari'a'' jinsi. Sabon kwamitin mata da aka kafa (''''Muftia'''') yana ba da hukunce-hukuncen doka a kan batun dokar Islama (sharia). Ya zuwa 2020, madrassa ta samar da muftias 318 kuma 'yan mata 15 a halin yanzu suna shiga cikin hanyar Muftia. == Kalmomin == Tare da karatun Islama, madrasa ta bi tsarin Takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare ta [[Telangana]] kuma an tsara ta ne don biyan ma'aikata da kuma tabbatar da inganta ilimi da addini na mata Musulmai na Indiya gabaɗaya. Ya zuwa 2020, madrassa tana da dalibai mata 2,500 daga cikinsu 400 masu masauki ne. Darussan da aka koyar a "Jamiat ul Mominat" kamar ''Alima'' daidai yake da Takardar shaidar Makarantar Sakandare kuma ''Fazila'' daidai yake da Digiri na farko kuma yawancin Jami'o'in Indiya sun amince da su, daga cikinsu wasu sune Jami'ar Musulmi ta Aligarh, Jami'ar Urdu ta Kasa ta Maulana Azad, Jamia Millia Islamia da Jami'ar Harshen Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti <ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Recognised Courses of Arabic Madaris/ Institutions |url=http://jmicoe.in/pdf22/updated%20prospectus%202021-22.pdf |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=[[Jamia Millia Islamia]] |archive-date=22 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922042912/http://jmicoe.in/pdf22/updated%20prospectus%202021-22.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=List of Madaris/Institutions and their degree/sanad recognized by the University |url=https://amucontrollerexams.com/uploads/files/58575547862e0cfd667060956252aa81.pdf |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=[[Aligarh Muslim University]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2019 |title=List of Madarsa Programs approved by the University for Admissions 2019-20 |url=https://manuucoe.in/RegularAdmission/assets/pdf/List%20of%20Madarsa%20Programs%20approved%20by%20the%20University%20for%20Admissions%202019.pdf |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=[[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=List of Madarsas |url=https://storage.googleapis.com/ezap-prod/colleges/44/khwaja-moinuddin-chishti-urdu-arabi-farsi-university-lucknow-information-brochure.pdf |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=[[Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti Language University]]}}</ref> == Cibiyar == Makarantar tana cikin Moghalpura wani yanki na [[Hyderabad]], [[Indiya]]. Baya ga ginin kwaleji ya ƙunshi ɗakin karatu, cibiyar bincike, dakin gwaje-gwaje na kwamfuta da ɗakin mata don gudanar da tarurruka tare da baƙi.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Recognised Courses of Arabic Madaris/ Institutions |url=http://jmicoe.in/pdf22/updated%20prospectus%202021-22.pdf |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=[[Jamia Millia Islamia]] |archive-date=22 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922042912/http://jmicoe.in/pdf22/updated%20prospectus%202021-22.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sauran ayyukan == Baya ga ilimi madrasa tana gudanar da tarurruka na jama'a na yau da kullun ga mata. A cikin 2016 an gudanar da wani taro a Gidan Tarihi na Salarjung kan "Mace Musulmi da Al'adun Indiya" wanda Michael Mullins, Janar Janar na Amurka a Hyderabad, Indiya da Mataimakin Babban Ministan Telangana M. Mahmood Ali ya jagoranta. Har ila yau, tana shiga cikin sauye-sauye da al'amuran yanzu na [[Musulunci a Indiya|Musulmai na Indiya]] kuma tana riƙe da ra'ayinta a cikin al'amaloli kamar Triple talaq a Indiya na 2017 da Hakkin Yara ga Dokar Ilimi ta kyauta da tilas (RTE) na 2018. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * [https://books.google.com/books?id=FTxsDwAAQBAJ&pg= Madrasas da Yin Mace ta Musulunci, Oxford University Press, Hem Borker, (2018)] <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|17.35595|N|78.47502|E}} 3noed6drecednlv1oapf8lfxho00ujc 0 138558 905723 783643 2026-08-21T16:53:28Z Zahrah0 14848 905723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Xu Bing''' ( Chinese ; an haife shi a shekarar alif 1955) wani mai fasaha ne ɗan ƙasar Sin wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Kwalejin Fasaha ta Tsakiya . An san shi da ƙwarewarsa ta yin bugu da fasahar shigarwa, da kuma amfani da harshe, kalmomi, da rubutu a fannin fasaha da kuma yadda suka shafi fahimtarmu game da duniya. Farfesa ne na Farko a [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] . An ba shi kyautar Shirin Abokan Hulɗa na MacArthur a shekarar 1999 da kuma Kyautar Fukuoka a shekarar 2003. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Xu a Chongqing a shekarar alif 1955, kuma ya girma a [[Beijing]] . Mahaifinsa shi ne shugaban sashen tarihi a Jami'ar Peking . A shekarar 1975, kusan ƙarshen [[Cultural Revolution|juyin juya halin al'adu]], an mayar da shi ƙauye . Ya koma Beijing a shekarar 1977, ya yi rajista a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Tsakiya (CAFA) da ke Beijing, inda ya shiga sashen yin bugu kuma ya yi aiki na ɗan gajeren lokaci a matsayin malami, inda ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin Fasaha a shekarar 1987. Bayan zanga-zangar Tiananmen Square da kisan kiyashi da aka yi a 1989, gwamnati ta yi masa bincike kan aikinsa na baya-bayan nan kuma ta sami suka mai zafi kan abin da ake ɗauka a matsayin suka ga gwamnatin China. Saboda matsin lamba na siyasa da ƙuntatawa na fasaha na lokacin bayan Tiananmen a China, Xu ya ƙaura zuwa Amurka a shekarar 1990 inda Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison ta gayyace shi. Daga nan ya zauna a Amurka har zuwa lokacin da aka naɗa shi mataimakin shugaban CAFA na Beijing a shekarar 2008. A tsakanin shekarun 1990–91, Xu ya yi baje kolinsa na farko a Amurka a Jami'ar Wisconsin–Madison 's Elvehjem Museum of Art (wanda yanzu shine Chazen Museum of Art ) wanda ya haɗa da kayan aikinsa kamar ''A Book from the Sky'' da ''Ghosts Ponding the Wall'' . A cikin ''Book from the Sky'', mai zane ya ƙirƙiro haruffa 4,000 kuma ya sassaka su da hannu zuwa tubalan katako, sannan ya yi amfani da su azaman nau'in motsi don buga littattafai da gungura, waɗanda aka nuna a ƙasa kuma aka rataye su daga rufin. Manyan layukan rubutu suna nuna hikima ta dā, amma a zahiri ba a iya fahimta ba. An ga ''saman Gilashi na Tafki'', wani wurin da aka keɓe don Elvehjem, a cikin 2004–05. A cikin wannan aikin, tarin haruffan aluminum da aka yi da aka yi da wani sashi daga ''Walden'' na Henry David Thoreau ya miƙe a cikin atrium na gidan kayan tarihi kuma ya zube zuwa tarin haruffa marasa karantawa a ƙasa a ƙasa. A cikin aikinsa na kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban, Xu ya ƙirƙiri wasu shirye-shirye da ke tambayar ra'ayin isar da ma'ana ta hanyar harshe, yana nuna yadda za a iya sarrafa ma'anoni da kalmomin da aka rubuta cikin sauƙi. Ya sami tallafin Gidauniyar MacArthur a watan Yulin 1999, wanda aka ba shi don "asali, kerawa, jagoranci kai, da kuma ikon ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga al'umma, musamman a fannin buga littattafai da rubutu ." A shekara ta 2003 ya yi baje kolin a sabuwar cibiyar fasahar Sinanci da ke Manchester a wancan lokacin, kuma a shekara ta 2004 ya lashe kyautar "Artes Mundi" ta farko a Wales don Ina ƙurar take tattara kanta?, wani shiri da ya yi amfani da ƙurar da ya tattara a birnin New York a ranar da aka lalata Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya . [1] Ya kuma lashe rabin shekara na aiki da karatu kyauta a Kwalejin Amurka da ke Berlin a 2004. [2] == Manazarta == <ref>Tang, Xiaobing (2016). "Socialist Visual Experience as Cultural Identity: On Wang Guangyi and Contemporary Art". In Li, Jie; Zhang, Enhua (eds.). Red Legacies in China: Cultural Afterlives of the Communist Revolution. Harvard Contemporary China Series. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Asia Center. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-674-73718-1</nowiki>.</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] 1awkvr61ef8jf55jtkins4rs7dg9dyh 0 140310 905882 793806 2026-08-22T00:25:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jekadefari''' yanki ne a [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Yankin yana da matukar muhimmanci a tarihi domin a nan ne Baturai suka zauna bayan sun ci nasara a kan sarkin Gombe a shekarar 1903. == Asalin Kalmar == Sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmomi guda biyu na Hausa: "jeka," ma'ana"bi," da "defari," ma'ana "fari." Don haka, Jekadefari ana fassara shi zuwa "bi fararen maza." == Tarihi == Saboda shekarun yankin, dukkan gine-ginen an yi su ne da yumbu kuma ba su da ingantaccen tsarin gari. Da ace Alh. [[Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo]], tsohon gwamnan, bai gina hanyoyin shiga unguwan ba, da ba hanyar shiga. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-15 |title=Gombe to pay over N229m compensation to Jekadafari community |url=https://guardian.ng/news/gombe-to-pay-over-n229m-compensation-to-jekadafari-community/ |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, gwamnatin Alhaji [[Muhammad Inuwa Yahaya]] ya kula da waɗannan hanyoyin domin tabbatar da cewa akwai hanya masu kyau. Haka kuma shine garin da gidan iyalan Gwamna na yanzu yake. Jekadefari ta shahara wajen samar da cibiyoyin gwamnati daban-daban, kamar [[Makarantar Jinya da unguwarzoma ta Jihar Gombe|Makarantar Jinya da Ungozoma ta Jihar Gombe]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=School Of Nursing And Midwifery Gombe « HEYHEALTHCLINICS |url=https://heyhealthclinics.com.ng/0702212/School_Of_Nursing_And_Midwifery_Gombe |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=heyhealthclinics.com.ng |language=en-NG}}</ref> [[Asibitin Kwararru na Jihar Gombe|Asibitin Ƙwararru na Jiha]], da kuma Makarantar Sakandare ta Kimiyya ta Gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-07 |title=Gombe secondary school students protest over food |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nnorth-east/466309-gombe-secondary-school-students-protest-over-food.html |access-date=2022-03-28 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rukunan zaɓe == Jekadafari unguwa ce a karamar hukumar Gombe dake jihar Gombe a Najeriya. Rukunan zaɓe a Jekadafari: * Goni Ali, Kofar Goni Ali * Sarkin Fata, Kofar Sarkin Fata * Hassan Kwadon, Kofar H. Kwadon * Ung. Doma, Kotun Yankin Doma * Kani, Kofar Kani * Umaru Adamu, Kofar U. Adamu * Saidu Mangu, Kofar S. Mangu * Buzu, Kofar Buzu * Magaji Rumbudi, Kofar Magaji R. * Yahaya Umaru, Kofar Y. Umaru * Usman Asibity, Kofar U. Asibity * Mele Mai Gishiri, KM Mai Gishiri * Ibrahim Nayaya, K. Ibrahim Nayaya * Malma Mamman, KM Mamman * Malam Mamman, KM Mamman 2 * Modibo Tukur, KM Tukur * Alh. Sarki, Kofar Alh. Sarki * Checheniya, K. Bappayo Jamjam * Nayaya, Karamin Jami'in Ilimi * Namadi, Kofar Namadi * Tsamiya, Kofar J. Tsamiya * Gidaje na Buhari, Gidaje na Buhari * Ofishin Shige da Fice, Ofishin Shige da Fice * Wuraren Shige da Fice, Wuraren Shige da Fice * Wanzam, K. Adamu Wanzam * Benue ta Upper, K. Upper Benue * Bappah Tirebo, K/bappah Tirebo * Mai Saka, Kofar Mai Saka * JI Orji, JI Orji Quarters. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeka Dafari Polling Units |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/ward/4168/jeka-dafari |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwafor |first=Uchechukwu |date=2021-08-02 |title=APC Congress: Gombe elects ward executives in peaceful, transparent process |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/apc-congress-gombe-elects-ward-executives-in-peaceful-transparent-process/ |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Gine-gine masu mahimmanci == * Primary Health Care Jekadafari <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jekadafari Primary Health Care Centre Gombe - Phone Number, Branch Code & Address |url=https://branches.com.ng/branch-detail/Hospitals-and-Clinics-in-Nigeria-Jekadafari-Primary-Health-Care-Centre-Gombe |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=branches.com.ng |archive-date=2023-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605150511/https://branches.com.ng/branch-detail/Hospitals-and-Clinics-in-Nigeria-Jekadafari-Primary-Health-Care-Centre-Gombe |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Tsohuwar filin Kabari, Abacha Road, Jekadafari * Asibitin Ƙwararru na Jihar Gombe * Gombe Old Market (Tsohuwar Kasuwa) * Makarantar Jinya da Ungozoma ta Jihar Gombe == Manazarta == ahmwdfgqo8g038vzc9dj96pd45ryu38 0 144607 906043 860527 2026-08-22T08:18:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kaba Rougui Barry''' (23 Satumba 1953 - 13 Maris 2016) 'yar siyasa ce kuma 'yar kasuwa 'yar ƙasar Guinea. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Barry a ranar 23 ga watan Satumba, 1953 a Mamou ga dangin masu daraja na yankin. <ref name="Kaba">{{Cite web |last=Jeune Afrique |first=Jeune Afrique |title=Fuite en avant répressive ? |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/113616/archives-thematique/fuite-en-avant-r-pressive/ |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=jeuneafrique.com |publisher=Jeune Afrique}}</ref> Ita ce 'ya ta biyu ga 'yan'uwa 10. <ref name="IK">{{Cite web |last=iKNOW politics |first=iKNOW politics |title=Kaba Rougui Barry |url=https://iknowpolitics.org/fr/knowledge-library/interview/kaba-rougui-barry |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=iknowpolitics.org |publisher=iKNOW politics}}</ref> Daga nan ta koma Conakry a cikin shekara guda da ba a sani ba kuma ta halarci makarantar firamare a unguwar Coléah ta Conakry daga shekarun 1962 zuwa 1968. Bayan haka, ta yi rajista a CER de Coléah kuma ta sami takardar shaidar kammala karatun sakandare (BEPC) tare da girmamawa a shekarar 1972. Daga nan ta yi karatu a Lycée 02 ga watan Oktoba kuma ta sami takardar shaidar Baccalaureat a fannin Lissafi da Physics a shekarar 1975. <ref name="Barry">{{Cite web |last=Guinee en Marche |first=Guinee en Marche |title=Voici le grand parcours de Mme Rougui Barry |url=https://guineeenmarche.com/2016/03/15/voici-le-grand-parcours-de-mme-rougui-barry/ |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=guineeenmarche.com |publisher=Guinee en Marche}}</ref> Barry ta ci gaba da karatunta na gaba da sakandare ta hanyar yin kwas ɗin kafin horo a fannin injiniyanci na gine-gine. Bayan haka, ta yi rajista a Jami'ar Paris-Panthéon-Assas kuma ta sami digiri a fannin tattalin arziki a shekarar 1981. <ref name="Barry"/> == Aikin kasuwanci == Ta fara aikinta a matsayin 'yar kasuwa. A shekarar 1986, ta zama mace ta farko da ta fitar da kofi zuwa ƙasar Guinea. Aikinta na kasuwanci ya ci gaba yayin da take aiki a matsayin Magajiyar Garin Matam. A shekarar 1993, ta kafa masana'antar kera batir wacce ke ɗaukar ma'aikata 400 aiki. <ref name="Barry"/> == Aikin siyasa == === Shugaban Matam === A shekarar 1990, Barry ta yanke shawarar tsayawa takarar magajiyar garin Matam bayan da wasu matasa suka shawo kanta. <ref name="Rougui">{{Cite web |last=IPS |first=IPS |title=POLITIQUE-GUINEE: ROUGUI BARRY, UN PARCOURS ATYPIQUE |url=http://ipsnews.net/francais/2008/11/11/politique-guinee-rougui-barry-un-parcours-atypique/ |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=ipsnews.net |publisher=Inter Press Service News Agency}}</ref> An zaɓe ta magajiyar garin Matam a shekarar 1991, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama magajiyar garin mace ta farko a Guinea. An sake zaɓen ta a shekarar 1996. Duk da haka, Lansana Conte bai goyi bayan Barry ba kuma ya hana ta rantsar da ita a matsayin magajiyar gari na tsawon watanni bakwai. A shekarar 2000, ta shiga jam'iyyar adawa, URF, bayan da aka zartar da wata doka da ta tanadi cewa dole ne 'yan takarar magajin gari su zama membobin wata jam'iyyar siyasa. Duk da haka, ba za ta iya shiga zaɓen magajin garin Matam na shekarar 2000 ba bayan da Lansana Conté ta soke takarar magajin garinta saboda kasancewa cikin 'yan adawa. <ref name="KRB">{{Cite web |last=Baghaka |first=Aminata |title=Kaba Rougui Barry : Une Nyéléni au service des Guinéens de la diaspora |url=https://www.maliweb.net/societe/kaba-rougui-barry-une-nyeleni-au-service-des-guineens-de-la-diaspora-171557.html |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=maliweb.net |publisher=Mali Web}}</ref> A lokacin mulkinta, ta gina gadoji masu hawa ƙafa da ke kallon babbar hanyar Fidel Castro. Baya ga haka, ta ƙarfafa mata su ɗauki aiki a fannin rini da yin sabulu, sannan ta ƙirƙiri wani tsari da zai bai wa matasa marasa aikin yi damar haɗuwa da shugabannin kasuwanci. <ref name="KRB"/> A lokacin da take aiki a matsayin magajiyar gari, ta kuma shiga ƙungiyar manajojin Afirka daga shekarun 1991 zuwa 2000. <ref name="Barry"/> === Zamanin bayan magajiyar gari (2000-2009) === Bayan ta sauka daga muƙamin magajiyar gari a shekarar 2000, Barry ta koma Saint-Denis ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin 'yar kasuwa ta hanyar kafa kamfanin kasuwancinta. <ref name="Kaba"/> Ta kuma shiga cikin ayyukan agaji da dama. Ta kafa ƙungiyoyin agaji masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke samar da ayyukan yi ga matasa. Ta zama shugabar ƙungiyar agaji ta NGO Aid for Sustainable Development (ADD) a shekarar 2006. <ref name="Barry"/> A ranar 29 ga watan Maris 2004, an kama Barry aka tsare ta na tsawon kwanaki 44 bisa zargin makircin kifar da gwamnati. <ref name="KRB"/> A lokacin tsarewar, ta yi yajin cin abinci na kwanaki tara don nuna rashin adalci. <ref name="Barry" /> A da, an hana ta barin ƙasar lokacin da ta hau jirgin sama zuwa [[Faris|Paris]] a ranar 24 ga watan Maris. <ref name="Kaba" /> Ta sanar da takararta ta zaɓen kwaminis a shekarar 2005. Duk da haka, gwamnati ta ƙi amincewa da hakan. <ref name="Barry" /> === Aikin siyasa (2019-2016) === A watan Janairun 2009, [[Dadis Mousa Camara|Moussa Dadis Camara]] ta naɗa Barry a matsayin Sakatare Janar na Ma'aikatar Sufuri na tsawon kwana biyu, sannan ta ƙara mata matsayi zuwa Ministar Jami'a kafin shiga Jami'a, Fasaha, Ilimin Sana'o'i, da Ilimin Jama'a, inda ta maye gurbin Aisha Bah. <ref name="Barry"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sow |first=Mamadou Samba |title=Enseignement pré universitaire Rougui Barry ségréguée par son entourage, humiliée par Dadis |url=http://laplumeplus.canalblog.com/archives/2009/11/07/15717073.html |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=laplumeplus.canalblog.com |publisher=La Plume Plus}}</ref> An nemi Barry da ta shiga cikin shirye-shiryen zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Guinea na 2010 a ranar 8 ga 5 Maris 2010. Ta sanar da takararta ta shugaban ƙasa daga Jam'iyyar Renaissance da Ci gaba ta Guinea don zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |last=guineenews.com |first=guineenews.com |title=Présidentielle du 27 juin Rougui Barry annonce sa candidature |url=http://laplumeplus.canalblog.com/archives/2010/05/22/17977246.html |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=laplumeplus.canalblog.com |publisher=La Plume Plus}}</ref> Daga nan aka naɗa ta Mai Gudanar da Zaɓen Shugaban RPG na Ƙasa a watan Nuwamban 2010. <ref name="Barry" /> Condé ta naɗa Barry a matsayin ministar da zata wakilci 'yan ƙasar Guinea a ƙasashen waje a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Barry |first=Kaba Rogui |title=CURRICULUM VITAE: De Son Excellence Madame KABA Hadja Rougui BARRY Ministre Délégué des Guinéens de l’Etranger. |url=http://www.iom.int/sites/default/files/migrated_files/What-We-Do/idm/workshops/IDM-2013-Diaspora-Ministerial-Conference/Diaspora-Ministerial-Conference-Bio-BARRY.pdf |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=iom.int |publisher=Kaba Rogui Barry}}</ref> 'Yan ƙasar Guinea da aka kora daga Libya waɗanda suka isa ƙasar sun zargi Barry da yin almubazzaranci da tallafin haɗin gwiwa na dala 300,000 da Saudiyya da Belgium suka bayar domin asusun bai taɓa isa gare su ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sompare |first=Idrissa |title=L'OIM et Rougui Barry accusées de détournements de fonds |url=https://aminata.com/loim-et-rougui-barry-accusees-de-detournements-de-fonds/ |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=aminata.com |publisher=Aminata |archive-date=20 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420142444/https://aminata.com/loim-et-rougui-barry-accusees-de-detournements-de-fonds/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga haka, wani ɗan kasuwan kwamfuta mai suna Moussa Diallo ya yi Allah wadai da Barry saboda rashin biyan bashin kwamfutoci da kwamfutocin tafi-da-gidanka da ta saya wa Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Guinea kayan aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=BM Diallo |first=Aliou |title=Affaire : Un commerçant accuse la ministre Rougui Barry de lui devoir plus de 252 millions GNF… |url=https://www.africaguinee.com/affaire-un-commercant-accuse-la-ministre-rougui-barry-de-lui-devoir-plus-de-252/ |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=africaguinee.com |publisher=Africa Guinee}}</ref> Duk da haka, ta musanta cewa ma'aikatar ta sayi kwamfutar ne da Moussa Diallo amma ta sayi kamfanin Joly Decor maimakon haka, kuma ta yi iƙirarin cewa ma'aikatar ta biya kamfanin siyan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bah |first=Mamadou Oury |title=Affaire Rougui Barry-Moussa Diallo : Le jeune homme veut se suicider vendredi prochain, si toutefois son argent n’est payé jusque là. |url=https://mosaiqueguinee.com/2013/12/affaire-rougui-barry-moussa-diallo-le-jeune-homme-veut-se-suicider-vendredi-prochain-si-toutefois-son-argent-n-est-paye-jusque-la/ |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=mosaiqueguinee.com |publisher=Mosaique Guinee}}</ref> A shekarar 2014, ta sauka daga muƙamin minista lokacin da aka naɗa ta a matsayin mai ba wa shugaban ƙasa shawara a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbassikolo |first=Gbassikolo |title=Bah Ousmane, Papakoly Kourouma, Rougui Barry … signent leur retour |url=https://gbassikolo.com/bah-ousmane-papakoly-kourouma-rougui-barry-signent-leur-retour/#google_vignette |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=gbassikolo.com |publisher=Gbassikolo}}</ref> Conakry ta fuskanci tashin hankali a lokacin yakin neman zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Guinea na shekarar 2015 kuma ta yi kira ga 'yan Guinea da su "kwantar da hankalinsu su nuna juriya." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Yansané |first=Daouda |title=Violence a Conakry : Rougui Barry appelle au calme et à la retenue |url=https://guineelive.com/2015/10/09/violence-a-conakry-rougui-barry-appelle-au-calme-et-a-la-retenue/ |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=guineelive.com |publisher=Guinee Live}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Barry ta rasu a Morocco a ranar 13 ga watan Maris 2016 sakamakon rashin lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rainfroy |first=Claire |title=Guinée : la ministre Rougui Barry est décédée au Maroc |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/309661/politique/guinee-la-ministre-rougui-barry-est-decedee-a-rabat/ |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=jeuneafrique.com |publisher=Jeune Afrique}}</ref> An kai gawarta zuwa Guinea, kuma an yi jana'izar a ranar 18 ga watan Afrilu 2016. An binne ta a {{Interlanguage link|Cameroon Cemetery|fr|Cimetière de Cameroun}}, Conakry. <ref>{{Cite web |last=La Nouvelles Republique |first=La Nouvelles Republique |title=l’ex conseillère à la présidence, Mme Kaba Rougui Barry a regagné sa dernière demeure |url=https://nrguinee.net/2016/03/19/lex-conseillere-a-la-presidence-mme-kaba-rougui-barry-a-regagne-sa-derniere-demeure/ |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=nrguinee.net |publisher=La Nouvelles Republique |archive-date=20 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420142444/https://nrguinee.net/2016/03/19/lex-conseillere-a-la-presidence-mme-kaba-rougui-barry-a-regagne-sa-derniere-demeure/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Barry 'yar [[Fulani]] ce kuma [[Musulmi|Musulma]] ce. <ref name="Barry"/> <ref name="Rougui"/> Ta yi aure a shekarar 1988 da mataimakin daraktan kwastam a Conakry, Mamady Kaba, kuma tana da 'ya'ya biyar. <ref name="IK"/> <ref name="Kaba"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Diallo |first=Saïdou Hady |title=Un an après le décès de Rougui Barry : l’héritage de sa concession divise… |url=https://guineematin.com/2017/03/20/un-an-apres-le-deces-de-rougui-barry-lheritage-de-sa-concession-divise/#google_vignette |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=guineematin.com |publisher=Guinee Matin}}</ref> == Martaba == A shekarar 2018, an kafa wata gidauniya mai suna bayan Barry, MME Kaba Rougui Barry & Babies Foundation da nufin taimaka wa talakawa da mabuƙata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ca |first=Idi |title=Lutte contre le COVID19: la fondation RBB de Rougui BARRY offre des masques et kits sanitaires à des familles vulnérables de conakry |url=https://radioenvironementguinee.org/archives/3058 |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=radioenvironementguinee.org |publisher=Radio Environment Guinee}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2016]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pdldxo1v3vnr8a72cwu1yc1yu4dqnjb 0 144842 905859 835318 2026-08-21T23:21:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jane Visvader''' masanin kimiyya ce da ke ƙwarewa a binciken ciwon nono wanda ke aiki a Cibiyar Walter da Eliza Hall a [[Melbourne]], [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] . Ita ce shugabar hadin gwiwa ta Laboratory na Ciwon Cutar Cutar Camar tare da Geoff Lindeman . <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Professor Jane Visvader |url=http://www.wehi.edu.au/faculty_members/professor_jane_visvader |access-date=2014-08-14 |publisher= }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ilimi == Visvader yana da PhD a cikin [[Biochemistry]] daga Jami'ar Adelaide bayan ya yi nazarin tsarin da aikin citrus exocortis viroid <ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-28 |title=Structure and function of citrus exocortis viroid / by Jane Ellen Visvader. - Version details - Trove |url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/3750664?q=+Visvader&c=book&versionId=21400027+49704861 |access-date=2014-08-14 |publisher=Trove.nla.gov.au}}</ref> == Ayyuka da bincike == Bayan ta PhD <ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Jane Visvader |url=https://www.centenary.org.au/people/professor-jane-visvader/ }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> a Sashen Biochemistry a Jami'ar Adelaide , ta kasance mai bincike tare da Inder Verma (Salk Institute, San Diego) da Jerry Adams (Walter da Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI)). <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date= |title=News &#124; Royal Society of Victoria &#124; Promoting Science and Science Education |url=http://www.royalsocietyvictoria.org.au/news/ |access-date=2014-08-14 |publisher=Royalsocietyvictoria.org.au }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta yi aiki a Asibitin Yara / Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard a [[Boston]] kafin ta koma Victoria a 1997 don kafa Laboratory na Ciwon Cutar Cutar Ciki a WEHI .<ref name="auto" /> Visvader ta wallafa aikin da ke binciken rawar da sel na asali ke takawa a cikin ciwon daji [1] kuma musamman tana mai da hankali kan rawar da sel ke takawa, [2] [3] wanda ta yi imanin cewa na iya zama mabuɗin fahimtar ciwon nono. [4] An zabe ta a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Australiya a shekarar 2012 kuma a halin yanzu (Janairu 2022 - Disamba 2027) memba ne na Kwamitin Musayar Kasa da Kasa.[5] Shirin Kasuwancin Kasa da Kasa yana ba da damar dandamali mai sauƙi ga masana kimiyya na Burtaniya don hulɗa tare da masana kimiyya a duniya. Visvader memba ne na kwamitin Ciwon daji na Victoria, Kwamitin Kiwon Lafiya da Kimiyya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors - Cancer Council Victoria |url=https://www.cancervic.org.au/about/governance/executive-committee}}</ref> === Takaddun shaida === Visvader mai suna ne mai kirkiro a kan takardun shaida guda biyar da suka shafi binciken ciwon daji wanda aka mayar da hankali kan warewar tantanin halitta da kuma ganewar asali.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Patents by Inventor Jane Visvader - Justia Patents Database |url=http://patents.justia.com/inventor/jane-visvader |access-date=2014-08-14 |publisher=Patents.justia.com}}</ref> * Hanyar Keɓewar Kwayar halitta, lambar aikace-aikace: 20080038230 * Bambanci da / ko yaduwar wakilai masu canzawa da amfani da su, lambar aikace-aikace: 20060166917 * Sabon phosphoprotein, lambar aikace-aikace: 20060148032 * Hanyar ganewar asali da magani da wakilai masu amfani don wannan, lambar aikace-aikace: 20050048528 * Bambanci da / ko yaduwar masu sauya wakilai da amfani sabili da haka, lambar aikace-aikace: 20030175971 == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == * 2008 GlaxoSmithKline Award for Research Excellence (Hadin gwiwar Geoff Lindeman) <ref>{{Cite web |title=GSK Alumni Members |url=https://au.gsk.com/en-au/research/supporting-research/gsk-award-for-research-excellence/alumni-members-1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209013403/https://au.gsk.com/en-au/research/supporting-research/gsk-award-for-research-excellence/alumni-members-1/ |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=2021-02-09}}</ref> * 2012 Fellow na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Australiya <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Fellowship list - Australian Academy of Science |url=http://www.science.org.au/fellowship-list?name=visvader&field_d_year_of_election_value%5Bmin%5D%5Byear%5D=1954&field_d_year_of_election_value%5Bmax%5D%5Byear%5D=2014 |access-date=2014-08-14 |publisher=Science.org.au}}</ref> * 2014 Royal Society of Victoria Research Medal for Scientific Excellence in Biomedical & Health Sciences.<ref name="auto"/> * 2016 Majalisar Kula da Lafiya da Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa Elizabeth Blackburn Fellowship <ref>{{Cite web |title=Top NHMRC research recognised |url=https://medicine.unimelb.edu.au/archive-news/top-nhmrc-research-recognised |access-date=2021-02-09}}</ref> * 2016 Lemberg Medal, Australian Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE 2016 LEMBERG MEDAL: JANE VISVADER |url=https://www.asbmb.org.au/awards/jane_visvader-html/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408144736/https://www.asbmb.org.au/awards/jane_visvader-html/ |archive-date=8 April 2020 |access-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> * 2016 Fellowship na Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya da Kimiyya ta Australiya <ref name="aahms oct 2016">{{Cite web |title=AAHMS announces its second scientific meeting and induction of new fellows |url=http://www.aahms.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/AAHMS-Press-Release_6-Oct-2016.pdf |access-date=14 October 2016 |publisher=Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences}}</ref> * 2017 Kyautar Victoria don Kimiyya & Innovation (Hadin gwiwa tare da Geoff Lindeman) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Jane Visvader&Professor Geoffrey Lindeman 2017 Victoria Prize for Science & Innovation |url=https://www.veski.org.au/JaneVisvader_GeoffreyLindeman#:~:text=2017%20Victoria%20Prize%20for%20Science,basic%20discoveries%20to%20the%20clinic. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209004118/https://www.veski.org.au/JaneVisvader_GeoffreyLindeman#:~:text=2017%20Victoria%20Prize%20for%20Science,basic%20discoveries%20to%20the%20clinic. |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=2021-02-09}}</ref> * 2020 Fellow na Royal Society (FRS). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jane Visvader |url=https://royalsociety.org/people/Jane-Visvader-25404/ |access-date=20 September 2020 |publisher=Royal Society}}</ref> * 2022 Ziskin Prize, Tsaya zuwa Ciwon daji (hadin lambar yabo) <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Prof Jane Visvader |url=https://www.wehi.edu.au/researcher/jane-visvader/ |access-date=2026-03-11 |archive-date=2026-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260415132442/https://www.wehi.edu.au/researcher/jane-visvader/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2022 Fellow na Cibiyar Nazarin Ciwon daji ta Amurka (AACR) <ref name="auto1" /> * 2024 Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya da Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiyar Ostiraliya Kyautar Mai Bincike Mata [19][https://www.wehi.edu.au/news/outstanding-breast-cancer-researcher-honoured/ <nowiki>[19]</nowiki><nowiki>]</nowiki>] * 2024 Medal din Buchanan don gudummawa mai ban sha'awa ga kimiyyar kiwon lafiya (Hadin gwiwa tare da Geoff Lindeman) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-29 |title=Buchanan Medal {{!}} Royal Society |url=https://royalsociety.org/medals-and-prizes/buchanan-medal/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=royalsociety.org |language=en}}</ref> * 2025 Ruby Payne-Scott Medal and Lecture - don gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga binciken ciwon nono.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Academy honours pioneering breast cancer researchers with prestigious awards {{!}} Australian Academy of Science |url=https://www.science.org.au/news-and-events/news-and-media-releases/academy-honours-pioneering-breast-cancer-researchers-with-prestigious-awards |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=www.science.org.au |language=en}}</ref> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa == * {{Cite journal |last=Rios |first=AC |last2=Fu |first2=NY |last3=Lindeman |first3=GJ |last4=Visvader |first4=JE |date=20 February 2014 |title=In situ identification of bipotent stem cells in the mammary gland |journal=Nature |volume=506 |issue=7488 |pages=322–7 |bibcode=2014Natur.506..322R |doi=10.1038/nature12948 |pmid=24463516}} * Nolan E, Vaillant F, Branstetter D, Pal B, Giner G, Whitehead L, Lok SW, Mann GB, Rohrbach K, Huang LY, Soriano R, Smyth GK, Dougall WC, Visvader JE * da Lindeman GJ*. (2016) ''RANK ligand a matsayin yiwuwar manufa don rigakafin ciwon nono a cikin masu dauke da BRCA1-mutation''. Nat Med. 2016 Yuni 20. Rubuce-rubuce: 10.1038/nm.4118. PMID: 27322743 daidai babban marubuci * Fu NY, Rios AC, Pal B, Law C, Jamieson P, Liu R, Vaillant F, Jackling F, Liu KH, Smyth GK, Lindeman GJ, Ritchie ME, da Visvader JE. Gano ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin nono masu ƙuntataccen wuri waɗanda ke amsa hormone. Biol na halitta. 2017 19 (3):164-176 PMID: 28192422 * Rios AC, Capaldo BD, Vaillant F, Pal B, van Ineveld R, Dawson CA, Chen Y, Nolan E, Fu NY; 3DTCLSM Group, Jackling FC, Devi S, Clouston D, Whitehead L, Smyth GK, Mueller SN, Lindeman GJ, Visvader JE. ''Intraclonal Plasticity in Mammary Tumors An bayyana ta hanyar Babban Tsarin Single-Scale Single-Cell Resolution 3D Imaging.'' Kwayar cutar kansa. 2019 35 (4), 618-632 PMID: 31185217 * Dawson CA, Pal B, Vaillant F, Gandolfo LC, Liu Z, Bleriot C, Ginhoux F, Smyth GK, Lindeman GJ, Mueller SN, Rios AC, Visvader JE. Tissue-resident ductal macrophages bincika epithelium na mama kuma yana sauƙaƙa sake fasalin nama. Biol na halitta. 2020 22(5), 546-558. IDF: 32341550 * Pal B, Chen Y, Vaillant F, Capaldo BD, Joyce R, Song X, Bryant VL, Penington JS, Di Stephano L, Tubau Ribera N, Wilcox S, Mann, GB, kConFab, Papenfuss AT, Lindeman GJ, Smyth GK*, Visvader JE*. ''A guda-cell RNA bayyana atlas na al'ada, preneoplastic da kuma tumorigenic jihohi a cikin mutum nono.'' EMBO J. 2021 40 (11): e107333 PMID: 33950524 *daidai manyan marubuta * Nolan E, Lindeman, G, Visvader JE Ciwon daji na mama: daga ilmin halitta zuwa asibitin. Cell 2023 Volume 186, fitowar 8 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nolan |first=Emma |last2=Lindeman |first2=Geoffrey J. |last3=Visvader |first3=Jane E. |date=2023-04-13 |title=Deciphering breast cancer: from biology to the clinic |journal=Cell |volume=186 |issue=8 |pages=1708–1728 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2023.01.040 |issn=0092-8674 |pmid=36931265 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] n21oaj73eqg61ymy9zlhfj1fghyppro 0 145219 905725 809065 2026-08-21T17:01:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Isabelle Housna Kassire''' 'yar siyasa ce 'yar ƙasar [[Cadi|Chadi]] wacce a halin yanzu take aiki a matsayin sakatariyar harkokin waje <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Ambassador Naci Koru received Chad's Secretary of State Isabelle Housna Kassire. |url=https://www.mfa.gov.tr/deputy-minister-of-foreign-affairs-ambassador-naci-koru-received-chad_s-secretary-of-state-isabelle-housna-kassire.en.mfa |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=mfa.gov.tr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=étrangères |first=Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires |title=Composition du gouvernement |url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/tchad/presentation-du-tchad/article/composition-du-gouvernement |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=France Diplomatie - Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères |language=fr}}</ref> an naɗa ta a ranar 14 ga watan Oktoba, 2022 bayan ƙirƙirar sakatariyar haɗin gwiwar ƙasashen waje da na haɗin kan ƙasashen waje ta [[Cadi|Chadi]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bisong Etahoben |date=3 May 2021 |title=Chad Military Junta Appoints 9 Women Into 40-member Transitional Govt |url=https://humanglemedia.com/chad-military-junta-appoints-9-women-into-40-member-transitional-govt/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=humanglemedia.com |archive-date=2024-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105121328/https://humanglemedia.com/chad-military-junta-appoints-9-women-into-40-member-transitional-govt/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A da, ta kasance ministar horar da sana'o'i <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Chadian Women supported by TIKA Contribute to production |url=https://www.tika.gov.tr/en/news/chadian_women_supported_by_tika_contribute_to_production-65132 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105122745/https://www.tika.gov.tr/en/news/chadian_women_supported_by_tika_contribute_to_production-65132 |archive-date=2024-01-05 |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=tika.gov.tr}}</ref> kafin a mayar da ita kan harkokin ƙasashen waje <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Chad's Sec. of State for Foreign Relations Meets Qatar's Ambassador |url=https://mofa.gov.qa/en/all-mofa-news/details/2014/10/14/chad%27s-sec-of-state-for-foreign-relations-meets-qatar%27s-ambassador |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=mofa.gov.qa}}</ref> a wani sauye-sauye da aka yi wa majalisar ministoci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chad's Sec. of State for Foreign Relations Meets Qatar's Ambassador |url=https://mofa.gov.qa/en/all-mofa-news/details/2014/10/14/chad's-sec-of-state-for-foreign-relations-meets-qatar's-ambassador |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=mofa.gov.qa}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-14 |title=Tchad : 13 femmes dans le gouvernement d'union nationale |url=https://tchadinfos.com/tchad-12-femmes-dans-le-gouvernement-dunion-nationale/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613043205/https://tchadinfos.com/tchad-12-femmes-dans-le-gouvernement-dunion-nationale/ |archive-date=2024-06-13 |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=Tchadinfos.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tchad : nouveau remaniement ministériel, le frère du président entre au gouvernement – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/167751/politique/tchad-nouveau-remaniement-minist-riel-le-fr-re-du-pr-sident-entre-au-gouvernement/ |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-15 |title=Tchad : Les tchadiens de la zone Afrique sensibilisés sur le "Oui" au référendum constitutionnel |url=https://tribuneechos.com/tchad-les-tchadiens-de-la-zone-afrique-sensibilises-sur-le-oui-au-referendum-constitutionnel/ |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=Tribune Echos |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] pkt0ukhl088rtsci45i44x3vmmb8k20 0 147385 905777 835211 2026-08-21T20:11:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jami'ar Afirka, Toru-Orua''' jami'a ce ta jama'a da ke a Toru- Orua, [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]], [[Najeriya]] . Gwamnatin [[Henry Dickson|Seriake Dickson]] ce ta kafa ta a cikin shekarar 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rapheal |date=2018-05-04 |title=Tackling the challenge of education in Bayelsa |url=https://sunnewsonline.com/tackling-the-challenge-of-education-in-bayelsa/ |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wande |first=S.-Davies |date=2017-10-13 |title=University of Africa would be model as a world-class varsity ―Dickson |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/115228-2/ |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Jami'ar Afirka, Toru-Orua a ƙarƙashin Dokar Jami'ar [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]] ta shekarar 2016 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=III |first=Admin |date=2018-04-22 |title=370 students matriculate at University of Africa, Toru-Orua |url=https://www.blueprint.ng/370-students-matriculate-university-africa-toru-orua/ |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=Blueprint Newspapers Limited |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-12 |title='We Will Make UAT A Model Public University Run Like A Private Institution' |url=https://guardian.ng/interview/we-will-make-uat-a-model-public-university-run-like-a-private-institution/ |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=The Guardian Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> Jami'ar ta shigar da rukuni na farko na ɗaliban digiri a shekarar 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-17 |title=Who We Are - University of Africa, Toru-Orua |url=https://uat.edu.ng/who-we-are/ |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=University of Africa, Toru-Orua - |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tona |first=Fidelia |date=2022-08-23 |title=University of Africa, Toru-Orua set for 1st Convocation |url=https://bayelsawatch.com/university-of-africa-toru-orua-set-for-1st-convocation/ |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=BayelsaWatch |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Jagora === Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar na farko shi ne Farfesa Valentine A. Aletor, masanin ilimin kimiyyar noma da abinci mai gina jiki. Lokacin da ya yi aiki daga shekarar 2016 zuwa shekara ta 2019 ya kula da kafa ababen more rayuwa, shirye-shiryen ilimi, da shirye-shirye na bincike.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-02 |title=University of Africa Toru-Orua |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-africa-toru-orua |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref> Farfesa Kingston Nyamapfene ne ya gaje shi, ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda aka haife shi a ƙasar [[Zimbabwe]], wanda ya ƙware a Kimiyya ta Ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-20 |title=University of Africa, Toru-Orua gets new DVC |url=https://thetrumpet.ng/university-of-africa-toru-orua-gets-new-dvc/ |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=The Trumpet Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Africa Toru Orua Nigeria |url=https://www.campus.africa/university/university-of-africa-toru-orua/ |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=campus.africa |language=en-US}}</ref> A ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, jami'ar ta faɗaɗa gudummawar ilimi, ta haɓaka haɗin gwiwar bincike, da kuma inganta haɗin gwiwar al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Africa, Toru-Orua approves promotion of lecturers as Professorial. |url=https://radiobayelsa.com/university-of-africa-toru-orua-approves-promotion-of-lecturers-as-professorial/ |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=Radio Bayelsa |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Cibiyar == Kwalejin jami'ar ta rufe kadada 200 a Toru-Orua . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-30 |title=University of Africa takes over Bayelsa Tourism Institute |url=https://sunnewsonline.com/university-of-africa-takes-over-bayelsa-tourism-institute/ |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> Gidajen sun haɗa da ɗakunan karatu, ɗakunan gwaje-gwaje, ɗakin karatu, masaukin ɗalibai, da wuraren shakatawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-31 |title=Pomp, as UAT Holds Matriculation Ceremony - University of Africa, Toru-Orua |url=https://uat.edu.ng/pomp-as-uat-holds-matriculation-ceremony/ |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=University of Africa, Toru-Orua - |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828180201/https://uat.edu.ng/pomp-as-uat-holds-matriculation-ceremony/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-25 |title=VC Charges Prospective Corps Members To Be Good Ambassadors Of University Of Africa |url=https://thewillnews.com/vc-charges-prospective-corps-members-to-be-good-ambassadors-of-university-of-africa/ |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=The Will |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-19 |title=University of Africa: Return of the Ozidi spirit - Part 1 |url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/university-of-africa-return-of-the-ozidi-spirit-part-1/ |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=The Guardian Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> == Malamai == Jami'ar tana ba da digiri na farko, digiri na biyu, da shirye-shiryen digiri a fannoni da suka hada da [[Injinia.|Injiniya]], Kimiyya ta Jama'a, Kimiyya ta halitta, Humanities, da Gudanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-28 |title=UAT to expand digitisation for research, academic excellence, says deputy VC |url=https://editor.guardian.ng/news/uat-to-expand-digitisation-for-research-academic-excellence-says-deputy-vc/ |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Africa Toru Orua Rankings - AD Scientific Index 2023 |url=https://www.adscientificindex.com/university/University+of+Africa+Toru+Orua/ |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=www.adscientificindex.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lawal |first=Ebiowei |date=2023-08-28 |title=Varsity gives parents, guardians online access to students' academic progress |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/varsity-gives-parents-guardians-online-access-to-students-academic-progress/ |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Bincike == Jami'ar ta ɗauki baƙuncin cibiyoyin bincike da yawa, gami da Cibiyar Nazarin Makamashi mai Sabuntawa, Cibiyar Nazaren Nijar Delta, da Cibiyar Ci gaban Binciken Jama'a. Waɗannan cibiyoyin suna gudanar da bincike kan batutuwa na muhimmancin al'umma, suna inganta hadin gwiwa tsakanin bangaren ilimi, dalibai, da masana na waje.<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Africa, Toru-Orua – World Technology Universities Network |url=https://www.wtu-n.net/institutions/university-of-africa-toru-orua/ |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=www.wtu-n.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-21 |title=UAT's BAYELSA SUYA RESEARCH GROUP (BSRG) RECEIVES THE BAYELSA STATE EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT TRUST FUND (EDTF) MONITORING TEAM ON THE BAYELSA SUYA DOMESTICATION ENCLOSURE INAUGURATION - University of Africa, Toru-Orua |url=https://uat.edu.ng/uats-bayelsa-suya-research-group-bsrg-receives-the-bayelsa-state-education-development-trust-fund-edtf-monitoring-team-on-the-bayelsa-suya-domestication-enclosure-inauguration/ |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=University of Africa, Toru-Orua - |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == * [http://www.uat.edu.ng/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260411201808/https://uat.edu.ng/ |date=2026-04-11 }} [[Rukuni:Afrika ta kudu]] [[Rukuni:Afrika ta Tsakiya]] jh891q3sj3pxu76zeln3t60abz2al9d 0 150289 906037 833455 2026-08-22T07:31:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Julian Emanuelson''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Yuni 1977) tsohon ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne. Ya fito ne daga ƙungiyar Ajax Youth Academy, ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa yana buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar Haarlem ta ƙasar Holland. Ya kuma buga wa Holland Sport, FC Lisse, FC Türkiyemspor a ƙasar Netherlands, da kuma FC Lustenau 07 a ƙasar Austria. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Julian Emanuelson profiel |url=http://www.voetbal.com/speler_profiel/julian-emanuelson/ |access-date=16 December 2015 |publisher=Voetbal.com}}</ref> An haife shi a Suriname, ya wakilci ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Netherlands 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 a duniya. == Aikin kulob == An haife shi a [[Paramaribo]], Suriname, Emanuelson ya yi ƙaura zuwa Netherlands tare da iyalinsa inda ya ci gaba ta hanyar ƙungiyar Ajax Youth Academy . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onzekerheden bij terugkeer Ajax aan zaterdagtop |url=http://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/5009/Archief/article/detail/2621856/1995/05/22/Onzekerheden-bij-terugkeer-Ajax-aan-zaterdagtop.dhtml |access-date=16 December 2015 |publisher=Trouw}}</ref> Bayan ya buga wa ƙungiyar Ajax Zaterdag ta uku a shekarar 1995, bai sami damar shiga ƙungiyar farko ba, kuma ya koma kusa da HFC Haarlem a shekarar 1996, yana wasa a Eerste Divisie, ƙungiya ta biyu ta ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a Netherlands. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anno 1996: Haarlem |url=http://www.vi.nl/premium/anno-1996-haarlem.htm |access-date=16 December 2015 |publisher=[[Voetbal International]]}}</ref> A shekarar 1999 Emanuelson ya koma Holland Sport daga inda ya yi watanni shida a matsayin aro a Austria yana wasa a FC Lustenau 07. <ref>{{Cite web |title=FC Lustenau - Vereinsprofil |url=http://www.zweite-liga.de/fc-lustenau/startseite/verein/2231/saison_id/1999 |access-date=16 December 2015 |publisher=Zweite-liga.de |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222124624/http://www.zweite-liga.de/fc-lustenau/startseite/verein/2231/saison_id/1999 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Da ya dawo Netherlands, ya koma FC Lisse, yana wasa a Topklasse kafin ya koma FC Türkiyemspor a [[Amsterdam]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=FC Türkiyemspor Amsterdam » Trasferimenti 2004/2005 |url=http://www.calcio.com/squadre/fc-tuerkiyemspor-amsterdam/2005/6/6/ |access-date=16 December 2015 |publisher=Calcio.com}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Emanuelson ya buga wasanni huɗu a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Netherlands U18 . == Rayuwa ta sirri == Emanuelson ya fito ne daga dangin 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. Mahaifinsa Errol Emanuelson ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ya buga wa SV Robinhood a Suriname da Sint-Niklaas a Belgium. Ƙaninsa Urby Emanuelson, wanda kuma ɗan asalin Ajax Youth Academy ne, ya buga wa Ajax, Milan, Fulham, Roma da Atalanta da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Netherlands . [1] Yayin da ɗan uwansa Jean-Paul Boëtius ya buga wa Feyenoord da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Netherlands, ɗan uwansa Roché Emanuelson ya buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Suriname, bayan ya buga wa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a SVB Hoofdklasse . [ ana buƙatar ambato ] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] phhp0vcjbufz8jpqpktvfgsvee3pd7i 0 150496 906183 884309 2026-08-22T11:35:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Katrina-Lee Gorry''' ( {{IPA|en|ˈɡɒri|}} goh--REE ; <ref>{{Cite web |title=TikTok - Make Your Day |url=https://vt.tiktok.com/ZSDPRt2CY/}}</ref> an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Agusta 1992), kuma an san ta da laƙabin '''Mini''', <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2017 |title=Katrina Gorry &#124; Matildas |url=https://www.matildas.com.au/player/katrina-gorry |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007092109/https://www.matildas.com.au/player/katrina-gorry |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=26 August 2024}}</ref> ƙwararriyar 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Australiya wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|'yar wasan tsakiya]] a West Ham United a gasar Super League ta mata, wacce take kyaftin, kuma ta kasance kyaftin a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Australia . Gorry ita ce 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta shekara ta Asiya ta 2014. <ref name="afc">{{Cite web |date=3 June 2015 |title=Katrina Gorry named AFC Women's Player of the Year |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-06-03/katrina-gorry-named-afc-women27s-player-of-the-year/6516874 |access-date=7 July 2018 |website=ABC News |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> A watan Oktoba 2023, an zaɓe ta a matsayin "Hässleholmer of the Year" a gundumar Hässleholm ta Sweden inda take zaune da wasa, bayan rawar da ta taka a gasar cin kofin duniya. <ref name="award">{{Cite web |date=6 October 2023 |title=Katrina Gorry nominated for Swedish citizen of the year award after World Cup heroics |url=https://sport.optus.com.au/news/matildas/os64127/katrina-gorry-nominated-sweden-citizen-award-hassleholmare-world-cup |access-date=10 January 2024 |archive-date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008085209/https://sport.optus.com.au/news/matildas/os64127/katrina-gorry-nominated-sweden-citizen-award-hassleholmare-world-cup |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aikin kulob == Gorry ta buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta matasa a Mount Gravatt . Daga 2009 zuwa 2012, ta buga kakar wasa ɗaya a ƙungiyoyin farko na Australiya Melbourne Victory, Adelaide United, da kuma Melbourne Victory. A lokacin bazara na 2012, ta koma Ottawa Fury, 'yar wasan Kanada a gasar W League, wadda ta lashe gasar tare da ita. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2014 |title=United Soccer Leagues (USL) |url=http://www.wleaguesoccer.com/teams/2012/2466030.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911202919/http://www.wleaguesoccer.com/teams/2012/2466030.html |archive-date=11 September 2014 |access-date=6 February 2023}}</ref> Gorry ta shiga Brisbane Roar kafin kakar wasannin W-League ta 2012–13. A watan Oktoban 2017, Gorry ta zama memba na farko na Roar da ta sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru da yawa, yayin da ta sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu don ci gaba da zama a Brisbane. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2017 |title=Matildas star Katrina Gorry makes Roar history |url=https://www.brisbaneroar.com.au/news/signing-gorry-makes-roar-history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020135658/https://www.brisbaneroar.com.au/news/signing-gorry-makes-roar-history |archive-date=20 October 2017 |access-date=2 October 2018}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2014, an sanar da cewa Gorry za ta koma FC Kansas City a NWSL . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2014 |title=Gorry to join FC Kansas City |url=https://matildas.footballaustralia.com.au/news/gorry-join-fc-kansas-city |access-date=3 July 2018 |website=Westfield Matildas |publisher=Football Federation Australia |archive-date=4 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704063448/https://matildas.footballaustralia.com.au/news/gorry-join-fc-kansas-city |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta buga wasanni 10 a ƙungiyar yayin da suka lashe gasar NWSL ta 2014. <ref name="KG">{{Cite web |title=K. Gorry |url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/katrina-gorry/99343/ |access-date=1 October 2018}}</ref> A shekarar 2017, Gorry ya shafe kakar wasa tare da Vegalta Sendai a [[Japan]]. <ref name="roarprofile">{{Cite web |date=9 April 2017 |title=カトリーナ ゴリー選手 完全移籍加入のお知らせ |trans-title=Notification of full transfer joining Katrina Goli player |url=http://www.vegalta.co.jp/news/ladies_news/2017/04/post-4613.html |publisher=[[Vegalta Sendai Ladies|Vegalta Sendai]] |language=ja}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 2018, ta koma Utah Royals FC, inda ta koma NWSL . <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2018 |title=Australian WNT goal scorer and NWSL champion Katrina Gorry Joins Utah Royals FC |url=https://www.rsl.com/post/2018/02/14/australian-wnt-goal-scorer-and-nwsl-champion-katrina-gorry-joins-utah-royals-fc |publisher=RSL Communications}}</ref> Ta buga wasanni 16 ga Utah a shekarar 2018. Bayan kakar wasa ta bana, Utah ta ƙi amincewa da zaɓin kwangilarta kuma ƙungiyar ta yafe mata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2018 |title=UTAH ROYALS FC KEEPS CORE INTACT FOR 2019 SEASON |url=https://www.rsl.com/post/2018/10/01/utah-royals-fc-keep-core-intact-2019-season |access-date=2 October 2018}}</ref> On 29 January 2020, Gorry signed with Avaldsnes in the Toppserien for the 2020 season. She played her first game for Avaldsnes on 18 July 2020, playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–0 win over Arna-Bjørnar. Her first appearance for the side earned her a spot in the Toppserien team of the week.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2020 |title=Gorry and Polkinghorne sign for Avaldsnes IL |url=https://www.myfootball.com.au/news/polkinghorne-and-gorry-sign-norwegian-big-movers-avaldsnes |publisher=My Football}}</ref> A watan Disamba na 2020, Brisbane Roar ta sanar da cewa Gorry zai koma kulob din don kakar wasa ta 2020-21 ta W-League a matsayin aro daga Avaldsnes. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2020 |title=Katrina Gorry returns for ninth season at Brisbane Roar |url=https://www.brisbaneroar.com.au/news/katrina-gorry-returns-ninth-season-brisbane-roar |publisher=[[Brisbane Roar FC|Brisbane Roar]]}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 2023, Gorry ta sanar da cewa za ta bar ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cootes |first=Isobel |date=13 November 2023 |title=Katrina Gorry farewells Swedish club Vittsjo GIK for 'new adventure' |url=https://sport.optus.com.au/news/matildas/os65908/tillies-tracker-katrina-gorry-farewells-swedish-club-vittsjo |access-date=5 January 2024 |publisher=[[Optus Sport]] |archive-date=5 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105190736/https://sport.optus.com.au/news/matildas/os65908/tillies-tracker-katrina-gorry-farewells-swedish-club-vittsjo |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Janairu 2024, Gorry ta koma ƙungiyar Super League ta West Ham United . <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2024 |title=West Ham United sign Australia international Katrina Gorry |url=https://www.whufc.com/news/west-ham-united-sign-australia-international-katrina-gorry |access-date=5 January 2024 |publisher=West Ham United F.C.}}</ref> Ta fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a ranar 14 ga Janairu a wasan cin kofin FA da Chelsea, inda ta buga wasa na mintuna 75 a matsayin mai farawa. Kafin kakar wasa ta 2024–25, an naɗa Gorry kyaftin ɗin ƙungiyar . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2024 |title=Katrina Gorry appointed West Ham United women's team Club captain |url=https://www.whufc.com/news/katrina-gorry-appointed-west-ham-united-womens-team-club-captain |access-date=16 September 2024 |publisher=West Ham United F.C.}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Mayu 2025, an naɗa Gorry a matsayin Zakaran 'Yan wasa na kakar wasa ta 2024-25 a matsayin wani ɓangare na kyaututtukan Wasannin Ƙwararru na Mata na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Veevers |first=Nick |date=2025-05-11 |title=2024-25 Women's Professional Game Awards winners confirmed |url=https://womensleagues.thefa.com/2024-25-womens-professional-game-awards-winners-confirmed/ |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=Women's Leagues and Competitions |language=en-US}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Gorry ta fara buga wa Ostiraliya wasa a ranar 11 ga Yuli, 2012 a matsayin wacce za ta maye gurbinta da Japan . <ref name="matchreport-japan">{{Cite web |date=12 July 2012 |title=Westfield Matildas fall to Japan |url=http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/article/westfield-matildas-fall-to-japan/fr7lcqacf0gm1lgarpctvf1qv |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402183115/http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/article/westfield-matildas-fall-to-japan/fr7lcqacf0gm1lgarpctvf1qv |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=1 April 2015 |publisher=Football Federation Australia}}</ref> A watan Mayu na 2014, Ostiraliya ta buga gasar cin kofin Asiya ta mata ta AFC ta 2014. Ta buga dukkan wasanni biyar, ta zura kwallaye uku, sannan ta kai wasan karshe da Japan, inda Japan ta lashe 1-0. Gorry ta lashe kyautar 'yar wasan mata ta AFC ta shekarar da kuma kyautar 'yar wasan mata ta FFA ta shekarar a 2014. [[Fayil:Katrina_Gorry_P2080904.jpg|thumb|238x238px|Gorry tare da Brisbane Roar a shekarar 2014]] A watan Mayun 2015, an sanya Gorry cikin jerin 'yan wasa 23 na Australia a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2015. Ta fito a wasanni hudu cikin biyar na Australia. Matildas ta kare a matsayi na biyu a rukuninsu kuma ta kai matakin knockout. Sun doke [[Brazil]] a zagaye na 16 amma sun sha kashi a hannun Japan a zagaye na kusa da na karshe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2015 |title=Westfield Matildas name World Cup squad |url=https://www.myfootball.com.au/news/westfield-matildas-name-world-cup-squad |access-date=1 October 2018}}</ref> Ostiraliya ta doke Japan da ci 3-1 a wasan neman shiga gasar Olympics. Gorry ta halarci gasar Olympics ta farko a shekarar 2016. Ta fito a dukkan wasanni hudu da ta buga wa Ostiraliya a gasar Rio 2016. Wasansu na kwata-kwata da Brazil ya kasance 0-0 bayan karin lokaci kuma ya tafi bugun fenariti. Ita ce mutum ta hudu da ta buga PK ga Ostiraliya, ba ta zura kwallo a bugun fenariti ba kuma Brazil ta ci wasan da ci 7-6 a bugun fenariti. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BRAZIL VS. AUSTRALIA 0 – 0 |url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2016/08/13/world/olympics-women/brazil/australia/2167983/ |access-date=1 October 2018}}</ref> Gorry was part of the Matildas squad that won the 2017 Tournament of Nations and defeated the United States for the first time ever.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2017 |title=Australian women beat U.S. in Tournament of Nations |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2017/07/28/australian-women-beat-us-1-0-in-tournament-of-nations/104066646/ |access-date=1 October 2018 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> A gasar cin kofin Asiya ta mata ta AFC ta 2018, Gorry ta bayyana a wasanni hudu. Australia ta samu nasarar zuwa gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta hanyar doke [[Vietnam]] amma ta sha kashi a hannun Japan da ci 1-0 a wasan karshe. Australia ta cancanci shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=WOMEN'S ASIAN CUP |url=https://us.soccerway.com/international/asia/asian-cup--wc-qualifying/2018/s10031/final-stages/ |access-date=1 October 2018}}</ref> Raunin da ta samu a ƙarshen shekara ya hana ta shiga gasar cin Kofin Kasashe a ƙarshen Fabrairu / farkon Maris 2019. Ta dawo a matsayin mai maye gurbin minti na karshe a cikin asarar 5-3 ga Amurka a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 2019 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2019 |title=Ante Milicic confirms Westfield Matildas squad for France 2019 |url=https://www.matildas.com.au/news/ante-milicic-confirms-westfield-matildas-squad-france-2019 |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=Matildas |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2019 |title=Your Westfield Matildas 2019 World Cup squad guide: Midfielders |url=https://www.matildas.com.au/news/your-westfield-matildas-squad-guide-midfielders |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=Matildas |language=en}}</ref> An zabi ta ne don tawagar gasar cin kofin duniya a ranar 14 ga Mayu 2019. Ta zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin a minti na 69 lokacin da ci 1-1 a kan Italiya kuma ta ba da kwallo tare da tawagarta a minti na biyar na karin lokaci don sanya shi 2-1. Daga nan sai ta fito a wasan rukuni na karshe a nasarar 4-1 a kan Jamaica, inda ta ba da taimako ga ɗaya daga cikin burin Sam Kerr guda huɗu. A zagaye na 16, an rasa harbi na kisa a kan tsohon zakaran duniya Norway. A cikin nasarar kammala cancantar shiga gasar Olympics ta 2020, ta buga wasanni biyu cikin biyar. Bayan haka, da farko ba a sake tsayar da ita ba saboda ciki. Tun daga watan Afrilun 2022 ake sake tsayar da ita akai-akai. A gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2023, Gorry ya fi kowanne dan wasa yawan bugun takalmi inda yake da maki 59, kuma ya buga kwallo mafi yawa a cikin dukkan 'yan wasa inda yake da maki 57.68.&nbsp;km. Ta buga wasa na 100 ga Ostiraliya a wasan kusa da na karshe da Ingila . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2023 |title=Katrina Gorry set for 100th CommBank Matildas appearance at World Cup semi-final {{!}} Matildas |url=https://www.matildas.com.au/news/katrina-gorry-set-100th-commbank-matildas-appearance-against-england |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=www.matildas.com.au |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Yuni 2024, an sanya Gorry a cikin ƙungiyar Matildas wadda ta cancanci shiga gasar Olympics ta Paris 2024, wadda ita ce ta biyu a wasannin Olympics da ta zaɓa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2024 |title=History making Matildas team selected for Paris Olympics |url=https://www.matildas.com.au/news/history-making-matildas-team-selected-paris-olympics |website=[[Australia women's national soccer team|Matildas]] |publisher=[[Football Australia]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Gorry ta sami laƙabin "Mini" tun tana da shekaru 12 saboda gajeriyar tsayinta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Seven things you need to know about Katrina Gorry &#124; West Ham United F.C. |url=https://www.whufc.com/news/seven-things-you-need-know-about-katrina-gorry}}</ref> Ita ce 'yar wasa mafi gajarta da ke wakiltar Ostiraliya ko kuma tana bugawa West Ham wasa, namiji ko mace. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2023 |title=As Mary Fowler and Caitlin Foord become household names, here's your pocket guide to the Matildas |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-08-16/your-pocket-guide-to-the-matildas-players-womens-world-cup/102731086 |website=ABC News}}</ref> A shekarar 2025, Gorry ta yarda cewa ta taɓa fama da matsalar rashin cin abinci da baƙin ciki. Ta ce ciki da kuma uwa bayan haihuwa sun taimaka mata ta shawo kan wannan matsalar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2025 |title=Katrina Gorry opens up about her eating disorder and how motherhood helped her recovery |url=https://womensagenda.com.au/latest/katrina-gorry-opens-up-about-her-eating-disorder-and-how-motherhood-helped-her-recovery/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2025 |title=Katrina Gorry: West Ham captain on overcoming eating disorder |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/cx2p544ygyqo.amp}}</ref> === Iyali === Gorry ta haifi ɗanta na fari a shekarar 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2023 |title=How motherhood turned Matilda Katrina Gorry into a World Cup starter |url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/soccer/how-motherhood-turned-matilda-katrina-gorry-into-a-world-cup-starter-20230719-p5dpf3.html |access-date=6 December 2023 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> Tana da aure da ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Sweden Clara Markstedt ; ma'auratan sun fara soyayya a watan Mayu na 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2023 |title=Inside the love lives of the FIFA Women's World Cup stars |url=https://www.news.com.au/sport/football/world-cup/inside-the-love-lives-of-the-fifa-womens-world-cup-stars/news-story/e1e2f087ab19629cdb4394414a477f59 |website=news.com.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rae |first=Maisy |date=2025-06-14 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Inside Matildas star Katrina Gorry's wedding |url=https://www.newidea.com.au/celebrity/katrina-gorry-wedding/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=New Idea |language=en-AU}}</ref> Markstedt ta haifi ɗanta na fari tare a shekarar 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2023 |title=Matildas fan favourite Katrina Gorry and fiancée Clara Markstedt announce pregnancy |url=https://7news.com.au/sport/soccer/matildas-fan-favourite-katrina-gorry-announces-fiancee-clara-markstedt-is-pregnant-c-12651526 |website=7news.com.au}}</ref> <ref name="Reid">{{Cite web |last=Reid |first=Harrison |date=12 June 2024 |title=Matildas hero Katrina Gorry welcomes second child into the world with fiancée Clara Markstedt |url=https://7news.com.au/sport/soccer/matildas-hero-katrina-gorry-welcomes-second-child-into-the-world-with-fiance-clara-markstedt-c-14991652 |access-date=30 June 2024 |website=7NEWS}}</ref> Gorry yana da kare mai suna Rio. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2024 |title=QUIZ &#124; Happy #InternationalDogDay, put yourself to the test on our Tillies' four-legged friends! &#124; Matildas |url=https://www.matildas.com.au/news/happy-internationaldogday-put-yourself-test-our-tillies-four-legged-friends-0}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[Norwegian Women's Cup|Norwegian Cup]], [[Women's FA Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |League cup{{Efn|Includes [[Nadeshiko League Cup]], [[Women's League Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- |Melbourne Victory |2009–10 | rowspan="3" |W-League |9 |2 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |9 |2 |- |Adelaide United |2010–11 |9 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |9 |1 |- |Melbourne Victory |2011–12 |9 |3 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |9 |3 |- |Ottawa Fury |2012 |USL W League |12 |2 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |12 |2 |- | rowspan="9" |Brisbane Roar |2012–13 | rowspan="8" |W-League |11 |2 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |11 |2 |- |2013–14 |14 |5 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |14 |5 |- |2014–15 |12 |2 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |12 |2 |- |2015–16 |10 |2 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |10 |2 |- |2016–17 |12 |5 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |12 |5 |- |2017–18 |13 |2 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |13 |2 |- |2018–19 |5 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |5 |0 |- |2019–20 |11 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |11 |0 |- ! colspan="2" | !88 !18 !0 !0 !0 !0 !88 !18 |- |FC Kansas City |2014 |NWSL |10 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |10 |1 |- |Vegalta Sendai |2017 |Nadeshiko League |13 |0 |0 |0 |7 |0 |20 |0 |- |Utah Royals |2018 |NWSL |16 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |16 |0 |- |Avaldsnes |2020 |Toppserien |13 |3 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |14 |3 |- | rowspan="3" |Brisbane Roar (loan) |2020–21 | rowspan="2" |A-League |4 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |4 |1 |- |2021–22 |14 |4 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |14 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !18 !5 !0 !0 !0 !0 !18 !5 |- | rowspan="3" |Vittsjö GIK |2022 | rowspan="2" |Damallsvenskan |23 |3 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |23 |3 |- |2023 |19 |4 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |19 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !42 !7 !0 !0 !0 !0 !42 !7 |- |Brisbane Roar (loan) |2022–23 |A-League |10 |3 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |10 |3 |- | rowspan="4" |West Ham United |2023–24 | rowspan="3" |Women's Super League |7 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |8 |0 |- |2024–25 |22 |3 |0 |0 |2 |0 |24 |3 |- |2025–26 |16 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |17 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !45 !3 !2 !0 !2 !0 !49 !3 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !294 !48 !3 !0 !9 !0 !306 !48 |} {{Notelist}} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {{Updated|match played 21 March 2026}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta samu da kuma shekarar da ta gabata ! Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="15" | Ostiraliya | 2012 | 3 | 0 |- | 2013 | 7 | 3 |- | 2014 | 11 | 5 |- | 2015 | 16 | 3 |- | 2016 | 11 | 2 |- | 2017 | 10 | 1 |- | 2018 | 13 | 0 |- | 2019 | 4 | 0 |- | 2020 | 2 | 1 |- | 2021 | 0 | 0 |- | 2022 | 10 | 1 |- | 2023 | 15 | 1 |- | 2024 | 10 | 0 |- | 2025 | 6 | 1 |- | 2026 | 5 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 123 ! 18 |} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==manazarta== 0q5uxtyo5rmv3916qjqmhmxtwfqaril 0 151157 905982 860033 2026-08-22T05:34:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya}} {{Infobox football biography | name = John Noble | fullname = John Noble | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|7|3|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lagos]], Najeriya | position = [[Mai tsaron gida (ƙwallon ƙafa)|Mai tsaron gida]] | currentclub = [[Tabora United F.C.|Tabora United]] | clubnumber = 1 | youthyears1 = | youthclubs1 = | years1 = 2016–2020 | clubs1 = [[Heartland F.C.|Heartland]] | caps1 = | goals1 = 0 | years2 = 2020–2023 | clubs2 = [[Enyimba F.C.|Enyimba]] | caps2 = | goals2 = 0 | years3 = 2023– | clubs3 = [[Tabora United F.C.|Tabora United]] | caps3 = | goals3 = 0 | nationalyears1 = 2021– | nationalteam1 = [[Tawagar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Najeriya]] | nationalcaps1 = | nationalgoals1 = 0 }} '''John Noble''' (an haife shi ranar 3 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1993) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga ƙasar [[Najeriya]] wanda yake taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida. Ya shahara ne saboda ƙwarewarsa wajen hana ƙwallaye da kuma yadda yake jagorantar masu tsaron baya a filin wasa. Noble ya buga wa manyan kungiyoyi a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya kuma ya wakilci ƙasar sa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/john-noble/profil/spieler/650318 |title=John Noble – Player profile |website=Transfermarkt |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi John Noble a birnin [[Lagos]] na ƙasar Najeriya. Tun yana ƙarami yake nuna sha’awa sosai ga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, musamman a matsayin mai tsaron gida. Ya fara taka leda a ƙananan kungiyoyi da makarantu kafin daga baya ya samu damar shiga tsarin ƙwararrun ‘yan wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/john-noble/ |title=John Noble Profile |website=WorldFootball.net |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Aikin ƙwallon ƙafa == === Heartland === John Noble ya fara samun suna sosai ne lokacin da yake bugawa kungiyar [[Heartland F.C.|Heartland]] a gasar firimiya ta Najeriya. A lokacin da yake tare da kungiyar ya nuna ƙwarewa wajen tsare raga tare da yin ceto masu muhimmanci a wasanni da dama. Wannan bajinta tasa manyan kungiyoyi suka fara nuna sha’awar daukarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng |title=Heartland goalkeeper John Noble impresses in NPFL |website=Goal.com |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Enyimba === A shekarar 2020 John Noble ya koma [[Enyimba F.C.|Enyimba]], daya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa mafi nasara a Najeriya. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a kungiyar musamman a wasannin cikin gida da kuma na nahiyar Afirka. Noble ya taimaka wa kungiyar wajen samun sakamako mai kyau a gasar [[CAF Confederation Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/sports-and-everyday-life/sports/sports/john-noble |title=John Noble career details |website=Encyclopedia Sports |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A lokacin da yake tare da Enyimba, ya zama daya daga cikin fitattun masu tsaron gida a gasar Najeriya saboda kwarewarsa wajen tare bugun fenariti da kuma saurin mayar da martani yayin wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brila.net/ |title=John Noble shines for Enyimba |website=Brila FM |access-date=14 Mayu 2026 |archive-date=2019-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901224744/https://www.brila.net/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Tabora United === Bayan kammala zamansa a Enyimba, Noble ya koma kungiyar [[Tabora United F.C.|Tabora United]] ta ƙasar [[Tanzania]]. Komawarsa kasar Tanzania ta nuna yadda yake ci gaba da neman sabbin kalubale a rayuwarsa ta ƙwallon ƙafa. Ya ci gaba da zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan kungiyar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/john-noble/profil/spieler/650318 |title=John Noble transfer history |website=Transfermarkt |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == John Noble ya samu kira zuwa [[Tawagar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Najeriya]] wacce aka fi sani da Super Eagles. An gayyace shi domin shiga tawagar da za ta buga gasar [[Africa Cup of Nations]] ta shekarar 2021. Kasancewarsa cikin tawagar ya nuna yadda masu horarwa suka amince da kwarewarsa a matsayin mai tsaron gida.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cafonline.com/total-africa-cup-of-nations/ |title=Nigeria squad for AFCON |website=CAF Online |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Ko da yake bai samu damar buga wasanni da yawa ba a tawagar ƙasa, kasancewarsa cikin manyan ‘yan wasan Najeriya ya kara masa daraja a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenff.com |title=Super Eagles squad list |website=Nigeria Football Federation |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Salon wasa == John Noble ya shahara da tsayin jikinsa da kuma iya sarrafa yankin bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Yana da saurin fahimtar inda ƙwallo za ta dosa tare da iya dakile hare-haren abokan hamayya. Haka kuma yana da ƙwarewa wajen jagorantar masu tsaron baya da kuma tsara yadda kariya za ta kasance a filin wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng |title=Analysis of John Noble's goalkeeping style |website=Goal.com |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Enyimba === * '''Nigeria Professional Football League''' ** Zakara: 2022<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.npfl.ng/ |title=NPFL champions history |website=NPFL |access-date=14 Mayu 2026 |archive-date=2026-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260305231352/http://npfl.ng/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * {{Official website|}} * {{Soccerway|john_noble}} * {{Transfermarkt|john-noble}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Noble, John}} [[Category:1993 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya]] [[Category:Masu tsaron gida na ƙwallon ƙafa]] [[Category:Heartland F.C. players]] [[Category:Enyimba F.C. players]] [[Category:Nigeria international footballers]] [[Category:People from Lagos]] exu79zuirb466fhje7a57jq71ljvfar 0 151909 906025 838787 2026-08-22T06:19:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football referee | name = Joseph Odey Ogabor | image = | fullname = Joseph Odey Ogabor | birth_date = 1987 | birth_place = Najeriya | nationality = ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Alkalin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, malami | league1 = Nigerian Professional Football League | role1 = Alkalin wasa | fifa = 2017– }} '''Joseph Odey Ogabor''' ɗan Najeriya ne wanda ya shahara a matsayin alkalin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa da ƙasa mai lasisin FIFA. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin malami a Jami'ar Calabar da ke Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.footballinnigeria.com.ng/football-culture/ogabor-leads-nigerian-referees-for-world-cup-qualifier-in-morocco/ |title=Ogabor Leads Nigerian Referees for World Cup Qualifier in Morocco |publisher=Football In Nigeria |date=2024-06-07 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://jrtdd.com/index.php/journal/article/download/1572/1087/1753 |title=An Evaluation of Body Composition of Elites Football Referees in Nigeria |publisher=Journal for Re Attach Therapy and Developmental Diversities |date=2023 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> Ogabor ya kasance cikin jerin alkalan wasan FIFA daga Najeriya tun shekarar 2017. Ya jagoranci wasanni daban-daban na cikin gida da kuma na nahiyar Afirka, ciki har da wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a nahiyar Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_FIFA_international_referees |title=List of FIFA international referees |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.playmakerstats.com/referee/joseph-ogabor/12867 |title=Joseph Ogabor - Referee Profile |publisher=PlaymakerStats |access-date=2026-05-21 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Yunin 2024, FIFA ta naɗa Joseph Ogabor domin jagorantar wasan neman gurbin shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2026 tsakanin Gambiya da Seychelles wanda aka buga a Berkane, ƙasar Morocco. Ya yi aiki tare da wasu alkalan wasa daga Najeriya ciki har da Samuel Pwadutakam da Hope Igho.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sportsunlimited.ng/post/fifa-apooints-ogabor-3-other-nigeria-referees-for-gambia-vs-seychelles-qualifiers |title=FIFA appoints Ogabor, 3 other Nigeria referees for Gambia vs Seychelles qualifiers |publisher=Sports Unlimited |date=2024-06-06 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sports247.ng/ogabor-leads-nigerian-referees-for-world-cup-qualifier-in-morocco/ |title=Ogabor Leads Nigerian Referees For World Cup Qualifier in Morocco |publisher=Sports247 Nigeria |date=2024-06-06 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Afirka (CAF) ta dakatar da Ogabor na tsawon shekara guda bisa zargin yunƙurin yin tasiri a wani wasan CAF Confederation Cup tsakanin Plateau United da USM Alger. CAF ta bayyana cewa bincikenta ya samo hujjojin da suka kai ga ɗaukar matakin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/caf-suspends-nigerian-referee/ |title=CAF suspends Nigerian referee |publisher=The Guardian Nigeria |date=2018-04-30 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2018/04/29/caf-bans-nigerian-referee-joseph-ogabor-for-attempted-match-manipulation/ |title=CAF Bans Nigerian Referee, Joseph Ogabor For Attempted Match Manipulation |publisher=Channels Television |date=2018-04-29 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> Duk da ƙalubalen da ya fuskanta, Ogabor ya ci gaba da samun damar jagorantar manyan wasanni a Najeriya da ma nahiyar Afirka. A shekarar 2025, wasu rahotanni sun bayyana shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun alkalan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya masu farin jini da kwarewa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sportingtribune.com/nigerias-most-recognised-football-referees/ |title=Nigeria’s most recognised football referees |publisher=Sporting Tribune |date=2025-10-30 |access-date=2026-05-21}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} dvuwedp81ld6bmi17bo9f6jk80xeqs5 0 152367 906080 840652 2026-08-22T09:16:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Laberiya''' ('''LWSC''') shine kamfanin gwamnati na kasa wanda ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsabta a Laberiya. An kafa shi a cikin 1973 ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, kamfanin yana da alhakin ci gaba, aiki, da kuma kula da samar da ruwa na jama'a da tsarin shara, tare da babban yankin aiki a babban birnin, [[Monrovia]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the LWSC – The Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation |url=https://lwsc.gov.lr/about-the-lwsc/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=February 4, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260204004502/https://lwsc.gov.lr/about-the-lwsc/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta 1973 ta Laberiya ta kafa Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Laberiya a matsayin magaji ga hukumomin ruwa na jama'a da ke da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane. Halitta ta tsara alhakin gwamnati na tsakiya na ruwa da ayyukan shara, musamman a Monrovia da sauran manyan cibiyoyin jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resettlement Action plan (Section Two) |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/579431468299084972/pdf/RP15140v20REVI000PUBLIC00Box379871B.pdf |website=[[Worldbank]]}}</ref> A lokacin yakin basasar Liberia (1989-2003), yawancin kayan aikin ruwa na kasar sun lalace ko kuma sun zama marasa aiki. Bayan karshen rikici, LWSC ya zama babban ma'aikata a kokarin sake ginawa na kasa, gudanar da gyaran gaggawa da kuma farfado da tsire-tsire na dogon lokaci na tsire-tire na tsabtace ruwa, cibiyoyin rarrabawa, da tashoshin famfo tare da tallafi daga masu ba da gudummawa na duniya da hukumomin ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Supply and Sanitation in Liberia |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/469d440b-908c-5303-94d0-11e6de75170a/content |website=[[Worldbank]]}}</ref> == Gudanarwa da tsari == Baya ga aikin aiki na LWSC, an tsara bangaren ruwa na Laberiya ta hanyar kokarin majalisa don karfafa mulki, tsari, da ka'idojin sabis. A cikin 2017, Majalisar Dattijai da Majalisar Dokoki ta Liberia sun zartar da Dokar Bayar da Ruwa da Wuriyar da ke kafa tsarin tsarin mulki na kasa wanda aka nufa don kula da samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsabta, gami da tsarin farashi, lasisi, da ka'idojin sabis, kodayake cikakken aiwatar da hukumar kula da ruwa ya samo asali a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberian Senate passes Water Supply and Sanitation Act |url=https://stockholmwaterfoundation.org/latest/liberian-senate-passes-water-supply-sanitation-act/ |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref> A karkashin wannan tsarin, Hukumar Ruwa, Sanitation & Hygiene ta Laberiya daga baya ta kafa ta doka don ingantawa da tsara ruwa, tsabtace tsabtace tsabta da ci gaban bangaren tsabta da daidaitawa a fadin ma'aikatun gwamnati, LWSC, da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WASH Commission Act |url=https://www.undp.org/liberia/publications/wash-commission-act |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref> == Infrastructure da ayyuka == Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Laberiya (LWSC) yana aiki da tsarin kula da ruwa na tsakiya da farko don yankin Monrovia mafi girma, yayin da yawancin mazauna, musamman a cikin yankunan da ke fadada cikin birane, sun dogara da cibiyar sadarwa ta hanyoyin da ba a sani ba.<ref name="vuawater.com">{{Cite web |title=How a City Gets its Drinking Water - A Case Study - Capital City of Monrovia, Liberia |url=https://vuawater.com/Case-Study-Files/Urban_Groundwater_Based_WS/Liberia_Monrovia_Abstract_Final-2012.pdf |website=vuawater.com}}</ref> Babban tushen ruwa na Monrovia shine [[Saint Paul River (Liberia)|Kogin St. Paul]], wanda Dutsen Kofi ya rufe shi. Jirgin mai nisan kilomita 5, mai nisan mita ɗaya yana isar da ruwa daga tafkin madatsar ruwa zuwa White Plains Water Treatment Plant a Louisiana, Montserrado County . <ref name="LWSCPipeline">{{Cite web |title=LIBERIA: a 5 km pipeline supplies the White Plains drinking water plant |url=https://lwsc.gov.lr/wp-portfolio/liberia-a-5-km-pipeline-supplies-the-white-plains-drinking-water-plant/ |access-date=29 January 2026 |website=Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation (LWSC) |archive-date=17 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260117141152/https://lwsc.gov.lr/wp-portfolio/liberia-a-5-km-pipeline-supplies-the-white-plains-drinking-water-plant/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An sake gyara wannan bututun kuma an sake ba da izini a cikin 2019 tare da tallafin dala miliyan 18 daga Millennium Challenge Account (MCA), maye gurbin layin da aka gina a cikin 1990. Sabon abin sha yana jawo ruwa daga sama a cikin tafkin don kauce wa shigar saline wanda ya shafi tsohuwar abin sha.<ref name="LWSCPipeline" /> Kamfanin White Plains yana da ƙirar magani na mita cubic 68,100 a kowace rana (matakin da aka samu a cikin shekarun 1970s). <ref name="LWSCPipeline"/> Bayan magani, ana adana ruwa a cikin rijiyoyi masu tsabta a wurin tare da haɗin ƙarfin kusan lita miliyan 2.5 (lita miliyan 9.5) kafin a watsa shi zuwa birni ta hanyar bututun 36-inch da 16-inch. A watan Yulin 2023, Manajan Darakta na LWSC, Alphonso Gaye ya jagoranci babban tsaftacewa na kwana biyar, disinfection, da kuma aikin kulawa a masana'antar don inganta ingancin ruwa da daidaito na aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=FPA Staff |date=Jul 6, 2023 |title=Water Treatment Plant Gets Major Boost As MD Gaye Leads Major Endeavors |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/water-treatment-plant-gets-major-boost-as-md-gaye-leads-major-endeavors/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026}}</ref> === Ayyuka masu ci gaba da sabuntawa === A watan Yulin 2025, LWSC ta kaddamar da aikin haɗin ruwa na gaggawa na dala miliyan 1.48 da nufin samar da ruwa mai bututu ga gidaje 2,500 da ba a kula da su ba a Greater Monrovia, wanda Bankin Duniya ya ba da kuɗin a ƙarƙashin Laberiya Urban Resilience Project (LURP). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Boayue |first=Francis G. |date=Jul 3, 2025 |title=Liberia: LWSC, Public Works Launch $1.4M Emergency Water Connection Project in Montserrado |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-public-works-launch-1-4m-emergency-water-connection-project-in-montserrado/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026}}</ref> A watan Oktoban 2025, LWSC ta ƙaddamar da wani aikin samar da ruwa na dala miliyan 2 na Amurka don faɗaɗa ayyukanta zuwa yankin kudu maso gabashin Liberia, musamman a Pleebo, Gundumar Maryland da Zwedru, Gundumar Grand Gedeh . Bangaren Pleebo ya ƙunshi haƙa rijiyoyi uku da gina tsarin amfani da hasken rana, gami da {{Convert|350|m3}} hasumiyar ruwa da {{Convert|10|km}} na bututun mai, wanda ke da nufin fara amfanar mazauna 30,000. Bangaren Zwedru ya mayar da hankali kan gyara gidaje sama da {{Convert|10|km}} na layukan rarrabawa da suka lalace don sake haɗa gidaje kusan 600. An kuma sanar da wani ɓangare na uku na Greenville, gundumar Sinoe . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jr |first=Peter P. Toe |date=Oct 30, 2025 |title=Liberia: LWSC Launches US$2 Million Water Projects in Pleebo and Zwedru to Boost Access to Clean Water |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-launches-us2-million-water-projects-in-pleebo-and-zwedru-to-boost-access-to-clean-water/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == oqildngvbinkv9la3ujnte95fo70ui8 0 152603 905718 841188 2026-08-21T16:47:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905718 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Iriama Margaret''' yar siyasar kasar Uganda ce == Siyasa == Margaret ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na takwas da na tara na majalisar dokokin Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-07 |title=Members of 9th Parliament |url=https://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815091530/http://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/ |archive-date=2018-08-15 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Fortune Of Africa - Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=KAKAIRE |first=DAVID TASH LUMU & SULAIMAN |title=Why Janet, Karamoja MPs fell out |url=https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=18958:why-janet-karamoja-mps-fell-out |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006082735/https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=18958:why-janet-karamoja-mps-fell-out |archive-date=2022-10-06 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=The Observer - Uganda |language=en-gb}}</ref> Yayinda take a majalisar, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban kwamitin kiwon lafiya [[Sam Lyomoki]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=NRM names new committee chairpersons |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1302710 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2017, ta kasance daga cikin 'yan takarar zaben fidda gwani na NRM a Moroto da nufin zabar dan takara don kujerar mata ta gundumar wanda ya fadi a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu bayan mutuwar Annie Logiel wacce ta kasance 'yar majalisa ta gundumar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=NRM Supporters in Moroto Threaten to Leave Party : |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/nrm-supporters-in-moroto-threaten-to-leave-party |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Uganda Radionetwork |language=en}}</ref> Annie Logiel ta mutu a Denmark.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-15 |title=NRM's Atyang declared winner for Moroto Woman MP Seat |url=https://www.monitor.co.ughttps//www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/nrm-s-atyang-declared-winner-for-moroto-woman-mp-seat-1695836 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Monitor |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024}}</ref> wand faruwar haka ta haifar da rikice-rikice a cikin jam'iyyar NRM sakamakon zaben fidda gwani kuma wannan ya haifar da wasu mambobin jam'iyyar NRM da suka nuna takaici a bayyane game da yadda shugabannin gundumar suka yi da Iriama, wanda ta wakilci Gundumar Moroto a Majalisar tsakanin 2011 da 2016.<ref name=":0" /> Wannan ya faru ne saboda masu jefa kuri'a na Moroto suna buƙatar sabon shugabanci wanda ba na NRM ba a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa a cikin gundumar.<ref name=":0" /> Stella Atyang ce ta lashe zaben wacce ta ce ta fi fifiko ita ce ta sulhunta da Iriama da magoya bayanta don yin hidima ga al'ummar Moroto da kyau.<ref name=":1" /> Koyaya, Stella ita ma 'yar takarar jam'iyyar National Resistance Movement (NRM).<ref name=":1" /> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin mambobin majalisar dokokin Uganda ta tara * Jerin mambobin majalisar dokokin Uganda ta takwas * Iriama Rose == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/SP/CallApplications/HRC38/WG_TNCs_A/LOKAWUA%20Margaret%20Iriama%20form.doc * https://www.redpepper.co.ug/2015/09/kadaga-files-on-sleeping-mps-leak/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314191243/https://www.redpepper.co.ug/2015/09/kadaga-files-on-sleeping-mps-leak/ |date=2023-03-14 }} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] hzl7eevwlolm44ghjjh9uzeixxgo45g 0 153359 906027 886914 2026-08-22T06:33:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Joshua Uzoigwe | birth_date = {{birth date|1946|7|1}} | birth_place = Umuahia, Jihar Abia, Najeriya | death_date = {{death date and age|2005|10|15|1946|7|1}} | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Mawaki, masanin ilimin kiɗan al'adu (Ethnomusicologist), malamin jami'a | known_for = African Pianism, bincike kan kiɗan gargajiyar Igbo | alma_mater = University of Nigeria, Nsukka; Guildhall School of Music and Drama; Queen's University Belfast }} '''Joshua Uzoigwe''' (1 Yuli 1946 – 15 Oktoba 2005) fitaccen mawakin kiɗan gargajiya da na zamani ne na Najeriya, kuma ƙwararren masanin ilimin kiɗan al'adu (ethnomusicologist). Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu haɓaka tsarin ''African Pianism'', wata hanya ta haɗa salon kiɗan Afirka da na Turai cikin waƙoƙin piano da sauran kayan kiɗa. Yawancin ayyukansa sun samo asali ne daga kiɗan gargajiyar kabilar Igbo ta kudu maso gabashin Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nartmusic.studio/2023/07/01/remembering-joshua-uzoigwe/ |title=Remembering Joshua Uzoigwe |website=Nigeria Arts and Music Project |access-date=2026-05-30 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/03/encounter-prof-joshua-uzoigwe-exponent-african-pianism/ |title=Encounter with Prof Joshua Uzoigwe, exponent of African pianism |work=Vanguard News |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Joshua Uzoigwe a garin Umuahia da ke jihar Abia a ranar 1 Yuli 1946. Ya fara karatunsa a makarantar firamare ta Umuagu kafin ya shiga King's College da ke Lagos. Daga baya ya yi karatun gaba da sakandare a International School Ibadan, inda ya fara nuna ƙwarewa a fannin kiɗa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://africandiasporamusicproject.org/compser/joshua-uzoigwe |title=Joshua Uzoigwe |publisher=African Diaspora Music Project |access-date=2026-05-30 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Daga shekarar 1970 zuwa 1973 ya yi karatun kiɗa a Jami'ar Najeriya da ke Nsukka. Bayan haka ya tafi Birtaniya inda ya kammala digirin farko a Guildhall School of Music and Drama da ke London tsakanin 1973 da 1977. Daga nan ya ci gaba da karatun digiri na biyu da digirin digirgir (PhD) a fannin Ethnomusicology a Queen's University Belfast, inda ya kammala a shekarar 1981.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://transculturalvisions.com/singing-cultures-home/the-journey/the-composers/ |title=The Composers: Joshua Uzoigwe |publisher=Transcultural Visions |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aseatatthepiano.com/composers/joshua-uzoigwe |title=Joshua Uzoigwe |publisher=A Seat at the Piano |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Aikin koyarwa == Bayan kammala karatunsa a Turai, Uzoigwe ya dawo Najeriya inda ya koyar da kiɗa a jami'o'i da dama. Ya yi aiki a: * Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo (Ile-Ife) * Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka * Jami'ar Uyo A Jami'ar Uyo ya kai matsayin Mataimakin Farfesa kuma ya jagoranci Sashen Kiɗa na jami'ar na tsawon shekaru da dama.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://transculturalvisions.com/singing-cultures-home/the-journey/the-composers/ |title=The Composers: Joshua Uzoigwe |publisher=Transcultural Visions |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1946]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2005]] n0fj9m5jh28of0h6p15d2cqqisgm2ub 0 153999 905722 886656 2026-08-21T16:53:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Isa Ali Ibrahim Pantami | image = | caption = Isa Ali Ibrahim Pantami | birth_name = Isa Ali Ibrahim | birth_place = Jihar Gombe, Najeriya | nationality = Dan Najeriya | occupation = Malamin addinin Musulunci, Farfesa, Dan siyasa | known_for = Tsohon Ministan Sadarwa da Tattalin Arzikin Zamani na Najeriya | alma_mater = Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Robert Gordon University }} '''Isa Ali Ibrahim Pantami''' malamin addinin Musulunci ne, masani a fannin fasahar sadarwa da kuma ɗan siyasar Najeriya. Ya kasance Ministan Sadarwa da Tattalin Arzikin Zamani na Tarayyar Najeriya daga shekarar 2019 zuwa 2023. Kafin wannan lokaci, ya riƙe muƙamin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Bunƙasa Fasahar Sadarwa ta Kasa (NITDA) daga shekarar 2016 zuwa 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pantami commissions 4,366 projects, programmes |url=https://guardian.ng/technology/pantami-commissions-4366-projects-programmes/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=31 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Congratulations to Dr. Isa Ali Ibrahim Pantami |url=https://nira.org.ng/nira-media-news-update-495-congratulations-to-dr-isa-ali-ibrahim-pantami-the-minister-of-communications/ |publisher=NiRA |date=19 May 2022}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Isa Ali Ibrahim Pantami a garin Pantami da ke Jihar Gombe, Najeriya. Ya yi karatun digiri na farko (B.Tech) a fannin Kimiyyar Kwamfuta a Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa (ATBU), Bauchi. Daga baya ya samu digirgir na biyu (MSc) da MBA a wannan jami'a, sannan ya kammala digirin digirgir (PhD) a fannin Computer Information Systems daga Robert Gordon University da ke Aberdeen, Scotland.<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile • Prof. Isa Ali Pantami |url=https://isaalipantami.com/biography/ |publisher=Official Biography |access-date=2026-06-01 |archive-date=2026-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260117041634/https://isaalipantami.com/biography/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aikin koyarwa == Pantami ya yi aiki a matsayin malami kuma mai bincike a jami'o'i daban-daban. Ya koyar a Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa kafin ya shiga ayyukan gwamnati. Haka kuma ya yi aiki a Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina a Saudiyya a bangaren Computing and Information Systems.<ref>{{cite news |title=Isa Ali Pantami |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa_Ali_Pantami}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, an ɗaga matsayinsa zuwa Farfesa a fannin Tsaron Bayanai (Cybersecurity) a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya da ke Owerri (FUTO). Wannan naɗi ya jawo muhawara a cikin harkokin ilimi, amma daga baya kwamitin ASUU ya bayyana cewa an bi matakan da suka dace wajen naɗin.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pantami Becomes Professor of Cyber Security |url=https://www.nigeriacommunicationsweek.com.ng/pantami-becomes-professor-of-cyber-security/ |work=Nigerian Communications Week}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ASUU panel clears FUTO's appointment of Pantami as professor |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/local/asuu-panel-clears-futos-appointment-of-pantami-as-professor-2024081902544168693 |work=Pulse Nigeria |date=8 November 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Aikin gwamnati == A ranar 26 ga Satumba 2016, an naɗa Pantami a matsayin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Bunƙasa Fasahar Sadarwa ta Kasa (NITDA). A lokacin jagorancinsa, an ƙaddamar da manufofi da shirye-shirye da dama domin bunƙasa tattalin arzikin zamani da fasahar sadarwa a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Congratulations to Dr. Isa Ali Ibrahim Pantami |url=https://nira.org.ng/nira-media-news-update-495-congratulations-to-dr-isa-ali-ibrahim-pantami-the-minister-of-communications/ |publisher=NiRA}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya naɗa shi Ministan Sadarwa, sannan daga baya aka faɗaɗa sunan ma'aikatar zuwa ''Ma'aikatar Sadarwa da Tattalin Arzikin Zamani''. A lokacin mulkinsa, an aiwatar da dubban ayyuka da shirye-shiryen bunƙasa tattalin arzikin dijital a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pantami’s first 100-days critical to future of Communications sector |url=https://guardian.ng/technology/pantamis-first-100-days-critical-to-future-of-communications-sector/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=28 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pantami Commissions 4,366 Projects Implemented under His Supervision |url=https://techeconomy.ng/pantami-commissions-4366-projects-implemented-under-his-supervision/ |work=TechEconomy |date=26 May 2023}}</ref> == Gudummawa ga tattalin arzikin zamani == Pantami ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa manufofin tattalin arzikin dijital a Najeriya. A lokacin da yake minista, an ƙaddamar da shirye-shirye masu alaƙa da inganta fasahar sadarwa, bunƙasa amfani da intanet, tsaron yanar gizo da kuma ƙarfafa amfani da fasahar zamani a hukumomin gwamnati.<ref>{{cite news |title=Digital Economy: Biographer Unveils Book Chronicling Pantami’s Achievements |url=https://sciencenigeria.com/digital-economy-biographer-unveils-book-chronicling-pantamis-achievements/ |work=Science Nigeria |date=26 October 2022}}</ref> == Littattafai da karramawa == An wallafa littafi mai suna ''Isa Ali Ibrahim Pantami: Advancing Nigeria’s Drive Towards a Digital Economy'' wanda ya yi nazari kan gudummawar da ya bayar ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin zamani a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Biographer unveils book on Pantami at Digital Nigeria Conference in Abuja |url=https://www.okay.ng/biographer-unveils-book-on-pantami-at-digital-nigeria-conference-in-abuja/ |work=Okay.ng |date=27 October 2022}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * National Information Technology Development Agency (NITDA) * Tattalin Arzikin Zamani a Najeriya * Ma'aikatar Sadarwa ta Tarayya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pantami, Isa Ali Ibrahim}} [[Category:Malaman Musulunci na Najeriya]] [[Category:Yan siyasar Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutanen Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Masana fasahar sadarwa]] [[Category:Farfesoshi na Najeriya]] [[Category:Haihuwa a karni na 20]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] q849cyrsvf9axcyq0y3k80kt7euzm0m 0 154804 905617 890116 2026-08-21T13:58:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Darren Jason Watkins Jr.''' (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Janairu, 2005), wanda aka fi sani da '''IShowSpeed''' ko kuma kawai '''Speed''', ɗan [[Amurka]] ne mai tasiri, mawaƙi, ƙwararren ɗan kokawa kuma mai watsa shirye-shirye ta yanar gizo . An san shi da halayensa masu ban mamaki da kuzari da yake nunawa a lokacin watsa shirye-shiryensa kai tsaye, gami da watsa shirye -shiryen rayuwa ta gaske da ake gudanarwa a wurare daban-daban na duniya. An yi wa Watkins kallon jakadan al'adu yayin da yake ziyartar ƙasashe sau da yawa don nuna al'adunsu da ƙirƙira ga masu sauraro na cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-18 |title=IShowSpeed: YouTube star touches hearts in Africa during first tour |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y5le7yl7po |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> An haifi Watkins a Cincinnati, Ohio. Bayan ya yi rijistar tasharsa [[YouTube|ta YouTube]] a shekarar 2016, ya fara wallafa abubuwan da ke cikin wasanni. Watkins ya fara samun kulawa a shekarar 2021 saboda yadda yake nuna rashin jin daɗi a lokacin wasa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Winslow |first=Jeremy |date=April 7, 2022 |title=YouTube Streamer With 6.9M Followers Banned After Valorant Tirade Clip Surfaces |url=https://kotaku.com/youtuber-streamer-ishowspeed-ban-valorant-riot-keemstar-1848764368 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407222306/https://kotaku.com/youtuber-streamer-ishowspeed-ban-valorant-riot-keemstar-1848764368 |archive-date=April 7, 2022 |access-date=April 8, 2022 |website=[[Kotaku]] |publisher=[[G/O Media]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, ya fara mayar da hankali kan nishaɗin gabaɗaya, gami da abubuwan da suka shafi [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]], ya zama mai goyon bayan [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] sosai, wanda galibi yana juya abubuwan da ke cikinsa ne bisa goyon bayan da yake bai wa ɗan wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gil |first=Mario Blázquez |date=March 30, 2024 |title=IShowSpeed buys its first supercar featuring CR7 |url=https://www.marca.com/en/technology/gaming/2024/03/30/66086804268e3e40328b4573.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816041631/https://www.marca.com/en/technology/gaming/2024/03/30/66086804268e3e40328b4573.html |archive-date=August 16, 2024 |access-date=April 5, 2025 |website=MARCA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bayliss |first=Jake |date=June 15, 2024 |title=IShowSpeed's wild life – fireworks in house, e-dating scandal, Ronaldo obsession |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/ishowspeed-life-cristiano-ronaldo-youtube-32997828 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921134051/https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/ishowspeed-life-cristiano-ronaldo-youtube-32997828 |archive-date=September 21, 2024 |access-date=July 5, 2024 |website=The Mirror}}</ref> Watkins ya kuma ci gaba da yin wasan rap . Ya sanya hannu da Warner Records don fitar da waƙarsa ta " Kofin Duniya " ta 2022, wacce aka yi wa rijista a ƙasashe da dama. Daga baya ya biyo baya da waƙar " Champs " ta 2026, wacce aka nuna a cikin Kundin Waƙoƙin FIFA na Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2026. An naɗa shi a matsayin Breakout Streamer of the Year a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Streamy na 12 a 2022, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hale |first=James |date=December 5, 2022 |title=Here are your 2022 Streamy Award winners |url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2022/12/05/2022-streamy-award-winners/ |access-date=January 17, 2026 |website=Tubefilter |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Truder |first=Morgan |date=December 5, 2022 |title=Kai Cenat and IShowSpeed Take Home Major Awards at Youtube Streamys |url=https://www.videogamer.com/news/2022-streamys-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207194400/https://www.videogamer.com/news/2022-streamys-winners/ |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |access-date=March 7, 2023 |website=VideoGamer.com}}</ref> kuma ya lashe kyautar Streamer of the Year sau biyu a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Streamer na 2024 da kuma bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Streamer na 2025. <ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Brigstock |first=Jake |date=December 8, 2024 |title=Streamer Awards 2024: IShowSpeed named streamer of the year |url=https://www.indy100.com/viral/streamer-awards-2024-ishowspeed-kai-cenat |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120160845/https://www.indy100.com/viral/streamer-awards-2024-ishowspeed-kai-cenat |archive-date=January 20, 2025 |access-date=April 5, 2025 |website=[[Indy100]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Connellan |first=Shannon |date=December 8, 2025 |title=The Streamer Awards 2025 winners list: IShowSpeed wins Streamer of the Year |url=https://mashable.com/article/the-streamer-awards-2025-winners-list-streamer-of-year |access-date=January 17, 2026 |website=Mashable |language=en}}</ref> Ana ɗaukar Watkins a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun masu nishadantarwa da kuma mutane a Intanet a duniya. <ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Dmytro |first=Murko |date=September 20, 2024 |title=IShowSpeed has become Top 1 English-speaking streamer of all time |url=https://streamscharts.com/news/ishowspeed-most-popular-english-language-streamer |access-date=March 4, 2025 |website=Streams Charts}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 30, 2024 |title=Mobbed in Norway, A Guest on Club Shay Shay, How Is IShowSpeed, 19, One Of the World's Biggest Streaming Stars? |url=https://www.theroot.com/mobbed-in-norway-a-guest-on-club-shay-shay-19-year-ol-1851729868 |access-date=March 4, 2025 |website=The Root |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Darren Jason Watkins Jr. a ranar 21 ga Janairu, 2005, a Cincinnati, Ohio. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brigstock |first=Jake |date=June 3, 2024 |title=Who is IShowSpeed and how did he get so popular? |url=https://www.indy100.com/viral/who-is-ishowspeed-streamer-youtube |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115030720/https://www.indy100.com/viral/who-is-ishowspeed-streamer-youtube |archive-date=January 15, 2026 |access-date=June 27, 2024 |website=[[Indy100]] |publisher=[[The Independent]] |language=en |issn=1741-9743}}</ref> Mahaifinsa, Darren Watkins Sr., da kuma ƙannensa biyu, ciki har da ɗan'uwansa na uba mai suna Dian (wanda aka fi sani da Jamal), shi ma yana watsa shirye-shirye a YouTube. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-02 |title=IShowSpeed's Brother Says He's Taking a Break From Streams So He Can 'Just Be Myself' |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/ishowspeed-brother-says-taking-break-213824603.html |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=Yahoo Entertainment |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta hanyar zuriyarsa ta uba, shi ne jikan Harold Watkins, wanda ya zama shugaban kashe gobara na farko ɗan Afirka-Amurka a Sashen Kashe Gobara na Detroit a 1988. Mahaifiyarsa, Tiffany Elizabeth Graves, ita ce babbar mai kula da Watkins a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, bayan rabuwar ta da mahaifinsa lokacin da Watkins yake ƙarami. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-12 |title=Profile of IShowSpeed: The Unpredictable Streamer |url=https://thekenyatimes.com/culture/ishowspeed-profile-the-unpredictable-streamer-breaking-records-in-2026/ |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=The Kenya Times |language=en-US}}</ref> A cewar Watkins, mahaifiyarsa ' yar Ghana ce. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-28 |title=IShowSpeed in Africa: US YouTube star gets Ghanaian passport |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czx12q8qnweo |access-date= |website=BBC |language=en-GB |quote=While streaming in Ghana, the YouTuber told his audience that his mother was from the West African country.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 26, 2026 |title=‘I’m excited to be home; my mother is from Ghana’ — Renowned streamer IShowSpeed |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1466488/im-excited-to-be-home-my-mother-is-from-ghana.html |access-date= |website=[[ModernGhana]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-01-28 |title=IShowSpeed’s Mother, Whom He Says Is Ghanaian, Surfaces Online |url=https://yen.com.gh/entertainment/celebrities/298699-ishowspeeds-mother-ghanaian-surfaces-online/ |access-date= |website=[[Yen.com.gh]] |language=en}}</ref> An haifi Watkins a unguwar Bond Hill da ke Cincinnati. Ya halarci Kwalejin Shirye-shiryen Kwalejin Cincinnati don makarantar firamare sannan daga baya ya yi rajista a Makarantar Sakandare ta Purcell Marian . A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, Watkins ya sami laƙabin "Speedy" saboda son motsa jiki da kuma ɗabi'arsa ta gudu daga karnuka. A shekarar 2020, a lokacin [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|annobar COVID-19]], wani faifan bidiyo na Watkins yana mayar da martani mai zafi ga wani wasan bidiyo ya sake bugawa ta hanyar gidan talabijin na WorldStarHipHop ; kalaman da suka haifar da suka haifar da rikici tsakanin Watkins da mahaifiyarsa. <ref name="DazedCover" /> Sakamakon haka, Watkins ya koma [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]], don zama tare da mahaifinsa. <ref name="DazedCover" /> A can, ya zauna tare da kawunsa kuma ya fara watsa shirye-shiryen kai tsaye ta amfani da kyamarar PlayStation 4. <ref name="DazedCover" /> == Aikin Intanet == === 2016–2021: Asalin, abubuwan da aka fara wallafawa, da kuma haramcin amfani da dandamali === [[Fayil:IShowSpeed_November_2021_(52502829419).jpg|alt=A young Black man looking at the camera smirking in a public place.|left|thumb|241x241px|Watkins yana mu'amala da magoya baya a shekarar 2021]] Watkins ya yi rijistar tashar [[YouTube]] "IShowSpeed" a shekarar 2016, kodayake da farko ya loda shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo ne kawai lokaci-lokaci. <ref name="KotakuBan">{{Cite web |last=Winslow |first=Levi |date=April 7, 2022 |title=YouTube Streamer With 6.9M Followers Banned After Valorant Tirade Clip Surfaces |url=https://kotaku.com/youtuber-streamer-ishowspeed-ban-valorant-riot-keemstar-1848764368 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407222306/https://kotaku.com/youtuber-streamer-ishowspeed-ban-valorant-riot-keemstar-1848764368 |archive-date=April 7, 2022 |access-date=April 8, 2022 |website=[[Kotaku]] |publisher=[[G/O Media]]}}</ref> Ya fara watsa shirye-shiryen kai tsaye akai-akai a watan Disamba na 2017, yana watsa wasannin kamar ''NBA 2K'' da ''Fortnite'' . <ref name="DotEsports2022">{{Cite web |last=Tsiaoussidis |first=Alex |date=August 2, 2022 |title=No slowing down: IShowSpeed is fastest growing streamer on YouTube right now |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ishowspeed-fastest-growing-streamer-on-youtube-right-now |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818144818/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ishowspeed-fastest-growing-streamer-on-youtube-right-now |archive-date=August 18, 2022 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=[[Dot Esports]] |publisher=[[Gamurs]]}}</ref> Rikodinsa na farko sun sami matsakaicin ƙarancin masu kallo; zuwa 2020, ya sami matsakaicin masu kallo kusan goma a lokaci guda a kowane watsa shirye-shirye. <ref name="DotEsports2022" /> Yawan masu kallonsa ya ƙaru sosai a shekarar 2021; tasharsa ta karu daga masu biyan kuɗi 100,000 a watan Afrilun 2021 zuwa 1&nbsp;miliyan a watan Yunin 2021. <ref name="DotEsports2022"/> Wannan ci gaban ya samu goyon bayan bidiyon halayensa a lokacin watsa shirye-shiryen kai tsaye - galibi ana siffanta shi da tashin hankali da aka yi wa wasanni, 'yan wasa, da kyamararsa - wanda ke yawo a [[TikTok]] a matsayin memes . <ref name="KotakuBan"/> ''Kotaku'' ya bayyana Watkins a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu yaɗa shirye-shirye mafi sauri" a YouTube a wannan lokacin. <ref name="KotakuBan" /> Ayyukan Watkins sun haifar da dakatarwa daga dandamali da yawa. A watan Disamba na 2021, ya shiga wani shiri kai tsaye na Twitch " e-dating " wanda Adin Ross ya shirya. A lokacin watsa shirye-shiryen, Watkins ya yi tsokaci ga mahalarta Ash Kash cewa masu gabatar da shirye-shiryen Twitch sun fassara a matsayin barazanar cin zarafin jima'i. Ross ya katse Watkins daga kiran; duk da haka, Watkins ya sake haɗuwa kuma ya ba da ƙarin maganganu masu zafi ga Kash. Daga baya Twitch ta dakatar da Watkins daga dandamali saboda "tilasta jima'i ko tsoratarwa". <ref name="BusinessInsiderBan" /> Dandalin ya sake dawo da asusunsa kusan shekaru biyu bayan haka, a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gutelle |first=Sam |date=October 11, 2023 |title=Twitch reinstates the account of iShowSpeed, ending a ban that lasted nearly two years |url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2023/10/11/twitch-unban-i-show-speed-streamer-darren-watkins/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251104000647/https://www.tubefilter.com/2023/10/11/twitch-unban-i-show-speed-streamer-darren-watkins/ |archive-date=November 4, 2025 |access-date=June 28, 2024 |website=[[Tubefilter]]}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Disamba, 2021, a lokacin wani wasan kai tsaye na tsawon awanni huɗu da mintuna 23 mai taken "ZAGAYEN FARKO!", Watkins ya shiga wasan ''Fortnite'' wanda ya haifar da wani wasan kwaikwayo na intanet mai yaɗuwa. A lokacin wasan, wani abokin wasa mai suna "Acey Daddy" ya nemi Watkins ya taimaka masa ya yi nasara, yana cewa, "Don Allah, Speed, ina buƙatar wannan! Mahaifiyata ba ta da gida." <ref name="MashableReunion">{{Cite web |last=Mashable News Staff |date=October 27, 2025 |title=IShowSpeed's Reunion With 2021 'Kinda Homeless' Teens Leaves The Internet In Stitches |url=https://in.mashable.com/culture/101636/ishowspeeds-reunion-with-2021-kinda-homeless-teens-leaves-the-internet-in-stitches |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251103190027/https://in.mashable.com/culture/101636/ishowspeeds-reunion-with-2021-kinda-homeless-teens-leaves-the-internet-in-stitches |archive-date=November 3, 2025 |access-date=February 3, 2026 |website=[[Mashable]]}}</ref> Watkins ya amsa da ƙarfi yana danne dariya yayin da wani ɗan wasa na uku, "Pew baba ne", ya tsawata masa saboda martanin da ya mayar. <ref name="NME_IMDb" /> Bidiyon ya zama wasan kwaikwayo mai yaɗuwa a dandamali kamar TikTok da X. Sauran shirye-shiryen bidiyo da yawa a cikin wannan rafi za su ƙare da samun matsayi iri ɗaya a cikin shekaru da yawa masu zuwa. Rafin da kansa daga baya ya sami ƙimar 10/10 akan [[IMDb]], wanda ya wuce shirin ''Breaking Bad'' " Ozymandias " na ɗan lokaci a cikin ƙimar masu amfani. <ref name="News18_IMDb" /> <ref name="NME_IMDb" /> A ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 2025, Watkins ta shirya sake haɗuwa da 'yan wasan biyu. <ref name="MashableReunion"/> A lokacin watsa shirye-shiryen, "Acey Daddy" ya tabbatar da cewa yanayin gidan mahaifiyarsa ya inganta. <ref name="MashableReunion" /> Mahaifiyar ɗan wasan ta bayyana a shirye-shiryen kai tsaye kuma ta tsawata wa Watkins saboda dariya da halin da take ciki a shekarar 2021. <ref name="MashableReunion" /> === 2022–2023: Shahararriyar shahararriya === A watan Afrilun 2022, wani faifan bidiyo na Watkins yana wasa da ''Valorant'' a wani shiri kai tsaye ya bayyana a intanet. A cikin bidiyon, ya gaya wa wata 'yar wasa mace: "Ku fita daga wasan batsa ku yi abincin mijinki." Wannan ya sa ɗaya daga cikin masu shirya wasan, Sara Dadafshar, ta haramta Watkins daga ''Valorant'' da duk sauran wasannin Riot Games har abada. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shutler |first=Ali |date=April 8, 2022 |title=Streamer IShowSpeed banned from every Riot Games title after sexist tirade |url=https://www.nme.com/news/gaming-news/streamer-ishowspeed-banned-from-every-riot-games-title-after-sexist-tirade-3201237 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409055727/https://www.nme.com/news/gaming-news/streamer-ishowspeed-banned-from-every-riot-games-title-after-sexist-tirade-3201237 |archive-date=April 9, 2022 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=[[NME]]}}</ref> <ref name="DotEsportsValorant">{{Cite web |last=Harrison |first=Christian |date=April 7, 2022 |title=YouTuber IShowSpeed banned from VALORANT, all Riot games following viral sexist rant |url=https://dotesports.com/news/youtuber-ishowspeed-banned-from-valorant-all-riot-games-viral-rant |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409055726/https://dotesports.com/news/youtuber-ishowspeed-banned-from-valorant-all-riot-games-viral-rant |archive-date=April 9, 2022 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=[[Dot Esports]] |publisher=[[Gamurs]]}}</ref> Shugaban masu kirkirar wasannin bidiyo na duniya na YouTube, Lester Chen, ya amsa bidiyon, yana mai cewa yana "kan sa." <ref name="KotakuBan" /> Daga baya Watkins ya nemi afuwa game da halinsa, yana mai cewa "ba daidai ba ne", kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya sami kalaman wariyar launin fata daga wasu 'yan wasa a wannan ranar. <ref name="BusinessInsiderValorant" /> A ranar 4 ga Yuli, 2022, a lokacin Ranar 'Yanci, Watkins ya kunna wasan wuta na Pikachu a cikin ɗakin kwanansa, wanda ya cika ɗakin da hayaki kuma ya haifar da martani daga ma'aikatar kashe gobara. Ya kai masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 10 a YouTube daga baya a wannan watan. <ref name="DotEsportsStats">{{Cite web |last=Tsiaoussidis |first=Alex |date=August 2, 2022 |title=No slowing down: IShowSpeed is fastest growing streamer on YouTube right now |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ishowspeed-fastest-growing-streamer-on-youtube-right-now |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818144818/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ishowspeed-fastest-growing-streamer-on-youtube-right-now |archive-date=August 18, 2022 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=Dot Esports |publisher=Gamurs}}</ref> A ƙarshen Yuli 2022, Watkins ya sami yajin aikin al'umma da kuma dakatar da shi na tsawon mako guda akan YouTube bayan ya watsa wani wasan <nowiki><i id="mwAVw">Minecraft</i></nowiki> na jima'i mai suna "Jenny's Mod" kai tsaye ga masu kallo kai tsaye 96,000. Watsa shirye-shiryen ya nuna ayyukan jima'i a bayyane waɗanda suka shafi halinsa a cikin wasan. Da farko Watkins ya yi bincike a allon amma daga baya ya bayyana abubuwan da ke ciki ba da gangan ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Polhamus |first=Blaine |date=July 22, 2022 |title='I'm banned': IShowSpeed says goodbye after controversial YouTube stream |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/im-banned-ishowspeed-says-goodbye-after-controversial-youtube-stream |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324165607/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/im-banned-ishowspeed-says-goodbye-after-controversial-youtube-stream |archive-date=March 24, 2023 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=Dot Esports}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Agusta, 2022, an yi wa Watkins bulala yayin da yake watsa shirye-shiryen kai tsaye a YouTube. Jami'an tsaro sun yi masa daurin talala, kuma an tilasta wa mai daukar hotonsa ya dakatar da watsa shirye-shiryen. Daga baya ya yi ikirarin cewa an daure shi kuma Adin Ross ya bayar da belin sa, wanda hakan ya ba shi damar komawa watsa shirye-shiryen a ranar 11 ga Agusta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsiaoussidis |first=Alex |date=August 12, 2022 |title=IShowSpeed claims police put him in jail after YouTube swatting and Adin Ross had to bail him out |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ishowspeed-claims-police-jail-youtube-swatting-adin-ross-bail-out |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007084920/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ishowspeed-claims-police-jail-youtube-swatting-adin-ross-bail-out |archive-date=October 7, 2022 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=Dot Esports}}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2022, Watkins ya shiga gasar sada zumunta ta Sidemen . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gutelle |first=Sam |date=September 26, 2022 |title=The latest Sidemen soccer match raised over £1 million for charity and drew 2.6 million concurrent viewers |url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2022/09/26/sidemen-charity-soccer-football-match-ksi-miniminter-i-show-speed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250801071650/https://www.tubefilter.com/2022/09/26/sidemen-charity-soccer-football-match-ksi-miniminter-i-show-speed/ |archive-date=August 1, 2025 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=[[Tubefilter]]}}</ref> A lokacin wasan, ya fusata da alkalin wasa Mark Clattenburg saboda kin amincewa da kwallo da ya ci saboda offside ; Watkins ya yi wa Clattenburg da rigar da ya cire a lokacin bikinsa, inda ya samu katin rawaya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fletcher |first=Harry |date=September 26, 2022 |title=8 of best moments from the Sidemen Charity football match |url=https://www.indy100.com/sport/sidemen-charity-football-match-highlights |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251117103416/https://www.indy100.com/sport/sidemen-charity-football-match-highlights |archive-date=November 17, 2025 |access-date=June 27, 2024 |website=[[Indy100]] |publisher=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na 2022, Sky Sports ta sanar da cewa za su daina nuna Watkins a dandamalinsu bayan maganganun batanci da na wulakanci da suka sake bayyana. Mai watsa shirye-shiryen ya cire duk wani abun ciki da ke nuna shi daga shafukan sada zumunta da gidan yanar gizon su. A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, Watkins ya fuskanci suka kan zargin tallata wata [[Cryptocurrency da aikata laifuka|zamba ta cryptocurrency]] da aka sani da " tsarin famfo da zubar da kaya " a lokacin wani wasan kai tsaye na The Paradox Metaverse, wani wasan duniya na budewa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Polhamus |first=Blaine |date=November 17, 2022 |title=What is the iShowSpeed crypto controversy about? |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ishowspeed-paradox-metaverse-crypto-scam-controversy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110045937/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ishowspeed-paradox-metaverse-crypto-scam-controversy |archive-date=November 10, 2024 |access-date=October 1, 2024 |website=Dot Esports}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsiaoussidis |first=Alex |date=November 17, 2022 |title=iShowSpeed's fans are calling him out for promoting an alleged crypto 'scam' and he's not happy |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ishowspeeds-fans-calling-him-out-promoting-alleged-crypto-scam-not-happy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120012859/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ishowspeeds-fans-calling-him-out-promoting-alleged-crypto-scam-not-happy |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |access-date=October 1, 2024 |website=Dot Esports}}</ref> Washegari, ya nemi afuwa, yana mai cewa: "Na yi kuskure da na yi fatan ban taba yi ba amma ni ba mai zamba ba ne." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Geddes |first=George |date=November 17, 2022 |title='I made a mistake': iShowSpeed responds following crypto promotion drama |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/i-made-a-mistake-ishowspeed-responds-following-crypto-promotion-drama |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251109231316/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/i-made-a-mistake-ishowspeed-responds-following-crypto-promotion-drama |archive-date=November 9, 2025 |access-date=October 1, 2024 |website=Dot Esports}}</ref> A watan Disamba na 2022, Watkins ya lashe kyautar "Breakout Streamer" a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Streamy karo na 12. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grein |first=Paul |date=December 4, 2022 |title=Mark Rober, MrBeast Win Big at 2022 YouTube Streamy Awards (Full Winners List) |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2022-youtube-streamy-awards-full-winners-list-mark-rober-mrbeast-1235180954/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251224030409/https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2022-youtube-streamy-awards-full-winners-list-mark-rober-mrbeast-1235180954/ |archive-date=December 24, 2025 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> A wannan watan, a lokacin [[Kofin Duniya na FIFA 2022|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022]], ya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce game da halinsa ga wani mai kallo na kasar Sin a [[Qatar]] . A lokacin da yake watsa shirye-shiryen kai tsaye, ya tuntubi wani mutum sanye da rigar Argentina; lokacin da mutumin ya nuna cewa bai iya Turanci ba, Watkins ya maimaita cewa "Konnichiwa" kuma ya furta sautuka kamar na Cantonese da [[Mandarin Chinese]] . Bayan suka, ya saka bidiyon neman afuwa a Twitter. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsiaoussidis |first=Alex |date=December 7, 2022 |title=IShowSpeed responds to racism allegations after star's World Cup fan video goes viral |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ishowspeed-responds-to-racism-allegations-after-viral-world-cup-clip |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210180410/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ishowspeed-responds-to-racism-allegations-after-viral-world-cup-clip |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=[[Dot Esports]]}}</ref> Watkins ya faɗaɗa dandalinsa a watan Mayun 2023 ta hanyar sanar da yarjejeniyar watsa shirye-shirye ta musamman da dandamalin Rumble, tare da haɗin gwiwar Kai Cenat . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shuttleworth |first=Catherine |date=May 17, 2023 |title=What is Rumble? The alternative streaming site that has signed Kai Cenat and iShowSpeed |url=https://www.indy100.com/science-tech/what-is-rumble-kai-cenat |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260111232343/https://www.indy100.com/science-tech/what-is-rumble-kai-cenat |archive-date=January 11, 2026 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=[[Indy100]] |publisher=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Yuni, 2023, ya haɗu da ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Portugal, [[Cristiano Ronaldo]], a Lisbon bayan wasan Portugal da Bosnia da Herzegovina . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch: YouTuber IShowSpeed Goes Berserk After Meeting Cristiano Ronaldo |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/football/youtuber-ishowspeed-goes-berserk-after-meeting-cristiano-ronaldo-watch-4130741 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525164303/https://sports.ndtv.com/football/youtuber-ishowspeed-goes-berserk-after-meeting-cristiano-ronaldo-watch-4130741 |archive-date=May 25, 2024 |access-date=May 25, 2024 |website=[[NDTV Sports]]}}</ref> Zuwa watan Agusta na 2023, Watkins ya zarce masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 20 a YouTube. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fletcher |first=Harry |date=August 27, 2023 |title=IShowSpeed dives into camera and crashes stream to mark 20 million subscribers |url=https://www.indy100.com/tiktok/ishowspeed-dives-camera-subscribers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627041533/https://www.indy100.com/tiktok/ishowspeed-dives-camera-subscribers |archive-date=June 27, 2024 |access-date=June 27, 2024 |website=[[Indy100]]}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Agusta, ya [[Al'aurar Namiji|fallasa]] kansa ga masu kallo kai tsaye na masu kallo 25,000 yayin da yake wasan ''Five Nights a Freddy's: Security Breach'' bayan ya firgita da tsoro mai tsalle . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pathak |first=Trisha |date=August 17, 2023 |title=American YouTuber IShowSpeed accidently flashes his privates on live stream |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/american-youtuber-ishowspeed-accidently-flashes-himself-on-live-stream-626361 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817211039/https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/american-youtuber-ishowspeed-accidently-flashes-himself-on-live-stream-626361 |archive-date=August 17, 2023 |access-date=August 18, 2023 |website=[[WION]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pabriga |first=Cedric |date=August 17, 2023 |title=IShowSpeed accidentally flashes viewers during bizarre Five Nights at Freddy's freakout |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ishowspeed-accidentally-flashes-viewers-bizarre-five-nights-at-freddys-freakout |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220103129/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ishowspeed-accidentally-flashes-viewers-bizarre-five-nights-at-freddys-freakout |archive-date=December 20, 2025 |access-date=August 17, 2023 |website=Dot Esports}}</ref> Lamarin ya zama wani batu mai jan hankali a shafukan sada zumunta, wanda ya sa wasu mutane suka kira shi "IShowMeat". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ocho |first=Alex |date=August 17, 2023 |title=IShowSpeed Avoids YouTube Ban After Accidentally Exposing Himself During Stream |url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/alex-ocho/ishowspeed-avoids-youtube-ban-after-accidentally-exposing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817220023/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/alex-ocho/ishowspeed-avoids-youtube-ban-after-accidentally-exposing |archive-date=August 17, 2023 |access-date=August 17, 2023 |website=Complex}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Martinez |first=Jose |date=August 16, 2023 |title='IShowMeat' Trending After IShowSpeed Accidentally Exposes Himself on YouTube Stream |url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/jose-martinez/ishowspeed-exposes-himself-youtube-stream-ishowmeat-trending |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817000540/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/jose-martinez/ishowspeed-exposes-himself-youtube-stream-ishowmeat-trending |archive-date=August 17, 2023 |access-date=August 17, 2023 |website=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]}}</ref> bai hana Watkins shiga gasar dambe ta sadaka da KSI ba, inda ya tara kuɗi don gidauniyar Anthony Walker . === 2024–yanzu: Abubuwan da ke cikin tafiye-tafiye, mai watsa shirye-shiryen shekara da ci gaba da haɓaka === [[Fayil:IShowSpeed_in_Chinatown,_Singapore.webm|thumb|356x356px|Watkins yana yawo a titunan Chinatown, Singapore, yayin rangadinsa na Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya a watan Satumba na 2024]] A ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 2024, Watkins ya shiga gasar "Match for Hope 2024", wani wasan sada zumunta na ƙwallon ƙafa da aka shirya a filin wasa na Ahmad bin Ali, [[Qatar]], inda ya buga wa ƙungiyar Chunkz . <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 23, 2024 |title=VIDEO {{!}} Match For Hope 2024 Highlights: Team Chunx vs Team AboFlah |url=https://www.beinsports.com/en-us/soccer/articles-video/video-match-for-hope-2024-highlights-team-chunx-vs-team-aboflah-2024-02-23 |access-date=December 21, 2024 |website=[[BeIN Sports]]}}</ref> Wani faifan bidiyo nasa ya yaɗu inda ya yi wa tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Brazil Kaká zamba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 23, 2024 |title=Kaka obliterated by tackle from streamer in charity match |url=https://prosoccerwire.usatoday.com/2024/02/23/kaka-ishowspeed-tackle-match-for-hope-charity-game/ |access-date=December 21, 2024 |website=Pro Soccer Wire |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2024, Watkins ya halarci bikin Cooper's Hill Cheese-Rolling da Wake na shekara-shekara a Gloucestershire, Ingila, inda ya ji rauni a ƙafarsa, wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana buƙatar a kwantar da shi a asibiti. A watan Yuni da Yuli 2024, a lokacin gasar UEFA Euro 2024, Watkins ya yi rangadin [[Turai]], inda ya kai masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 25 a ranar 2 ga Yuni. A ranar 3 ga Yuli, Watkins ya ziyarci Norway, inda ya yi yawo a wani shagon kayan tarihi. Yayin da yake mu'amala da babban taron magoya baya daga tagar bene na biyu, ya ji rauni a idon sawunsa. Bayan da wani mai gadi ya raka shi, taron jama'a suka kai wa Watkins hari, <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2024 |title=IShowSpeed attacked by Norwegian crowd as he vows never to return |url=https://www.dexerto.com/youtube/ishowspeed-attacked-by-norwegian-crowd-as-he-vows-never-to-return-2807592/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703230849/https://www.dexerto.com/youtube/ishowspeed-attacked-by-norwegian-crowd-as-he-vows-never-to-return-2807592/ |archive-date=July 3, 2024 |access-date=July 4, 2024 |website=Dexerto}}</ref> kuma za a kwantar da shi a asibiti. Yawon shakatawa na Watkins a Turai ya sami masu kallo sama da biliyan 2.5 a dandamalin [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|sada zumunta]] da yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 23, 2024 |title=IShowSpeed concludes European stream tour with over 2.5 billion views |url=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/us/en/20240723/695767/ishowspeed-concludes-european-stream-tour-with-over-2-5-billion-views.html |access-date=November 28, 2024 |website=Mundo Deportivo USA}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Agusta, 2024, Watkins ya yi wani wasan kwaikwayo kai tsaye inda ya yi tsalle a kan manyan motoci biyu masu gudu a [[Miami]] . Daga nan aka goge bidiyon a ranar 5 ga Agusta saboda karya Sharuɗɗan Sabis na YouTube. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2024 |title=IShowSpeed stuns viewers by jumping over speeding Lamborghini and McLaren back-to-back |url=https://www.dexerto.com/youtube/ishowspeed-stuns-viewers-by-jumping-over-speeding-lamborghini-and-mclaren-back-to-back-2849722/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806043810/https://www.dexerto.com/youtube/ishowspeed-stuns-viewers-by-jumping-over-speeding-lamborghini-and-mclaren-back-to-back-2849722/ |archive-date=August 6, 2024 |access-date=August 6, 2024 |website=Dexerto}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2024 |title=IShowSpeed takes streaming to new heights with daring car jumps |url=https://rollingout.com/2024/08/05/ishowspeed-takes-streaming-to-new-height/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806043810/https://rollingout.com/2024/08/05/ishowspeed-takes-streaming-to-new-height/ |archive-date=August 6, 2024 |access-date=August 6, 2024 |website=rollingout.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2024 |title=US Youtuber IShowSpeed Leaps Over Two Speeding Luxury Cars In Viral Video— Is It Real? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/viral/us-youtuber-ishowspeed-leaps-over-two-speeding-luxury-cars-in-viral-video-is-it-real-article-112261635 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806043810/https://www.timesnownews.com/viral/us-youtuber-ishowspeed-leaps-over-two-speeding-luxury-cars-in-viral-video-is-it-real-article-112261635 |archive-date=August 6, 2024 |access-date=August 6, 2024 |website=Times Now}}</ref> Yayin da yake rangadin a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, ya zarce masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 30 kuma ya tara jimillar masu kallo miliyan 110 a tsawon tafiyar. Ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen Watkins kai tsaye, mai taken "IRL Stream in Indonesia", ya kasance karo na farko da wani mai watsa shirye-shirye mai jin Turanci ya sami masu kallo miliyan ɗaya a lokaci guda a cikin shirin kai tsaye. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 27, 2024 |title=IShowSpeed finishes Southeast Asia tour with absurd viewership stats |url=https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/ishowspeed-finishes-southeast-asia-tour-with-absurd-viewership-stats-2912706/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112234313/https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/ishowspeed-finishes-southeast-asia-tour-with-absurd-viewership-stats-2912706/ |archive-date=November 12, 2024 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=Dexerto}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gutelle |first=Sam |date=September 19, 2024 |title=iShowSpeed got one million concurrent viewers in one of Asia's most creator-obsessed countries |url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2024/09/19/i-show-speed-asia-tour-youtube-streaming-views-indonesia/ |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=Tubefilter}}</ref> <ref name=":16" /> A watan Nuwamba na 2024, Watkins ya sha kaye a gasar tseren mita 50 da ya yi da Noah Lyles, wanda ya lashe kyautar zinare ta mita 100 ta maza a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2024. [[Mr Beast|MrBeast]] ne ya jagoranci gasar kuma ya shirya ta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mendoza |first=Jordan |title=Gold medalist Noah Lyles beats popular streamer IShowSpeed in 50m race |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2024/11/07/noah-lyles-streamer-ishowspeed-50m-race-100k/76111569007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212210035/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2024/11/07/noah-lyles-streamer-ishowspeed-50m-race-100k/76111569007/ |archive-date=December 12, 2024 |access-date=November 8, 2024 |website=USA Today}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, Watkins ya fara rangadinsa a Australia da New Zealand. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Chloe |date=November 22, 2024 |title='Excuse me': Famous American Youtuber IShowSpeed brutally rejected by Bondi beauty in live-streamed moment |url=https://www.skynews.com.au/lifestyle/celebrity-life/excuse-me-famous-american-youtuber-ishowspeed-brutally-rejected-by-bondi-beauty-in-livestreamed-moment/news-story/e165011c0017f36cf088ac9672463872 |access-date=November 29, 2024 |website=SkyNews Australia}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, an sanar da cewa Watkins zai zama shugaban gasar Baller League ta Amurka, wacce take da kungiyoyi shida . <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 26, 2024 |title=Baller League: KSI, Gary Lineker, Luis Figo & John Terry among names involved in new football league |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/c3rx5ll9y3zo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130090338/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/c3rx5ll9y3zo |archive-date=November 30, 2024 |access-date=December 31, 2024 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan watan, Complex Networks ta sanya shi a matsayi na farko a jerin "Mafi Kyawun Masu Gudarwa 25 a Yanzu". <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 26, 2024 |title=The 25 Best Streamers on the Internet Right Now, Ranked |url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/levi-winslow/best-internet-streamers-kick-rumble-twitch-youtube |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250204180018/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/levi-winslow/best-internet-streamers-kick-rumble-twitch-youtube |archive-date=February 4, 2025 |access-date=November 29, 2024 |website=[[Complex Networks]]}}</ref> A watan Disamba na 2024, an zaɓe Watkins don kuma ya lashe kyautar "Get Off Your A** Award (Mafi kyawun IRL Streamer)", "Mafi kyawun mai watsa shirye-shirye na duniya", da kuma kyautar "mai watsa shirye-shirye na shekara" ta kyautar Streamer ta 2024. <ref name=":10"/> Daga baya a wannan watan ya lashe kyautar "Mafi Tasirin Ƙwallon Ƙafa" ta kyautar Goal Champions Awards . <ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Most Influential Soccer Creator |url=https://www.goal.com/goalchampions/most-influentia-soccer-creator |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221065604/https://www.goal.com/goalchampions/most-influentia-soccer-creator |archive-date=December 21, 2024 |access-date=December 21, 2024 |website=GOAL Champions |language=en-GB}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2025, Watkins ya sanar da cewa zai yi rangadin Kudancin Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahadevan |first=Tara |date=January 10, 2025 |title=IShowSpeed's South America IRL Tour |url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/cmplxtara-mahadevan/ishowspeed-announces-irl-streaming-tour-south-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250204180012/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/cmplxtara-mahadevan/ishowspeed-announces-irl-streaming-tour-south-america |archive-date=February 4, 2025 |access-date=January 12, 2025 |website=Complex |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Janairu, a lokacin rangadinsa a Peru, an ayyana shi a matsayin magajin garin Lima na tsawon awa daya ta hannun Rafael López Aliaga, magajin garin, wanda shi ma ya ayyana shi a matsayin " jakadan Lima ". Daga baya a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 2025, Watkins ya shiga gasar "Match for Hope 2025", wani taron agajin ƙwallon ƙafa da aka shirya a filin wasa na 974, Qatar, a matsayin kyaftin na ƙungiyar Chunkz da IShowSpeed, inda suka fafata da ƙungiyar AboFlah da KSI. Wasan ya ƙare da nasarar da ƙungiyar AboFlah da KSI suka samu a kan ƙungiyar Chunkz da IShowSpeed da ci 6-5. Taron ya sami nasarar tara sama da dala miliyan 10.7 don ayyukan agaji. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schneider |first=Jacob |date=February 14, 2025 |title=USMNT boss Mauricio Pochettino coaches team Chunkz x IShowSpeed to narrow 6-5 loss vs. team KSI x AboFlah at Match For Hope charity game |url=https://www.goal.com/en/lists/usmnt-boss-mauricio-pochettino-coaches-team-chunkz-x-ishowspeed-in-thrilling-6-5-loss-vs-team-ksi-x-aboflah-at-match-for-hope-charity-game/blt3fc2dbe393375935 |access-date=February 14, 2025 |website=GOAL |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:IShowSpeed's_first_goal_at_2025_Sidemen_Charity_Match.webm|thumb|300x300px|Watkins ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan sadaka a wasan sadaka na Sidemen a [[filin wasa na Wembley]] a watan Maris na 2025]] A ranar 5 ga Maris, 2025, Watkins ya fito a cikin shirin CBS Sports Golazo na [[UEFA Champions League|gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] . <ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Mcbride |first=Joseph |date=March 5, 2025 |title=iShowSpeed rips pants in crotch during sprint race with Jamie Carragher |url=https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/ishowspeed-rips-pants-crotch-during-235812095.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAACuDvJwa-uuXE7uTsCtzDu0Wz7L5-T4wilgMCbP33exVnnUDhOi8wSHtCzhZm3DQSE4GIHJbR3eXHtsGd-bYtmkpDcQ4TqCE0p8kHl1GiVKuRn0U2Yi3opqkgksEKHTw3VyDwl4eyX2cZ8t5m4jbzI7RcWYEFZUrnj1UoLLYa1Up |access-date=March 5, 2025 |website=Yahoo Sports }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Daga baya a ranar 8 ga Maris, 2025, Watkins ya shiga gasar sada zumunta ta Sidemen ta 2025, wacce aka gudanar a [[filin wasa na Wembley]] da ke Landan, United Kingdom. Ya kasance kyaftin kuma ɗan wasa a ƙungiyar YouTube Allstars, ya zura ƙwallo ta farko a jerin wasannin sada zumunta a minti na 56, bayan ya kasa zura ƙwallo a wasanni biyu da ya buga a baya. Daga baya Watkins ya sami nasara a kan YouTube Allstars ta hanyar yin bugun fenariti mai mahimmanci a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Alex |date=March 8, 2025 |title=Speed scores winning penalty as YouTube Allstars win Sidemen Charity Match |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/sidemen-charity-match-2025-speed-penalty-youtube-allstars-b1215504.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308233734/https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/sidemen-charity-match-2025-speed-penalty-youtube-allstars-b1215504.html |archive-date=March 8, 2025 |access-date=March 10, 2025 |website=The Standard |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Maris, 2025, Watkins ya sanar da cewa zai yi rangadin a babban yankin China da [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alston |first=Trey |date=March 19, 2025 |title=IShowSpeed Announces China Streaming Tour: 'Here I Come' |url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/treyalston/ishowspeed-china-streaming-tour |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401085802/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/treyalston/ishowspeed-china-streaming-tour |archive-date=April 1, 2025 |access-date=April 5, 2025 |website=Complex |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin rangadin nasa, kafofin watsa labarai na gwamnatin kasar Sin da masu amfani da intanet na kasar Sin sun yaba wa Watkins saboda "haɓaka kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin kasar Sin da Amurka". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Glaze |first=Virginia |date=March 28, 2025 |title=IShowSpeed praised by Chinese government as streams go viral |url=https://www.dexerto.com/youtube/ishowspeed-praised-by-chinese-government-as-streams-go-viral-3171467/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401082432/https://www.dexerto.com/youtube/ishowspeed-praised-by-chinese-government-as-streams-go-viral-3171467/ |archive-date=April 1, 2025 |access-date=April 5, 2025 |website=Dexerto |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Razdan |first=Khushboo |date=March 27, 2025 |title=China hails US YouTube star who gets 10 million views in Beijing, Shanghai |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3304034/china-hails-us-youtube-star-who-racks-10-million-views-beijing-shanghai-streams |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405052802/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3304034/china-hails-us-youtube-star-who-racks-10-million-views-beijing-shanghai-streams |archive-date=April 5, 2025 |access-date=April 5, 2025 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":14" /> Sabanin rafukansa a babban yankin China, rafukan Watkins a [[Hong Kong]] sun kasance cikin rudani saboda cunkoso da cin zarafi daga magoya bayan gida; hawansa a kan MTR ya haifar da lalacewar magoya baya a tashar Tin Hau . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wong |first=Wynna |last2=Kong |first2=Harvey |last3=Mycroft |first3=Connor |date=April 4, 2025 |title=YouTube superstar IShowSpeed attracts crowds and chaos with his Hong Kong debut |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/society/article/3305178/ishowspeed-hong-kong-youtube-star-meets-pandas-fans-flock-selfies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404043905/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/society/article/3305178/ishowspeed-hong-kong-youtube-star-meets-pandas-fans-flock-selfies |archive-date=April 4, 2025 |access-date=April 5, 2025 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Countries_visited_by_IShowSpeed.svg|thumb|300x300px|Taswirar da ke nuna ƙasashen da IShowSpeed ya ziyarta a shirye-shiryensa kai tsaye <ref>{{YouTube|title=IShowSpeed}}</ref> ----]] A ranar 5 ga Mayu, 2025, an yi wa Watkins fashi a wani shagon KFC yayin wani shirin talabijin na Cinco de Mayo IRL kai tsaye. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rossi |first=José V. |date=May 6, 2025 |title=IShowSpeed Swatted While IRL Streaming |url=https://gamerant.com/ishowspeed-swatted-while-irl-streaming-kfc/ |access-date=May 20, 2025 |website=Game Rant |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2025, Watkins ya sanar da yin rangadin karo na biyu zuwa Turai, ya kuma fara watsa shirye-shirye a shafin Twitch a karon farko cikin shekaru hudu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murko |first=Dmytro |date=July 7, 2025 |title=IShowSpeed will return to Twitch during the new Europe tour |url=https://streamscharts.com/news/ishowspeed-will-return-twitch-during-new-europe-tour |access-date=July 7, 2025 |website=Streams Charts |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Yuli, Watkins ya ziyarci Serbia <ref>{{Cite web |title=Najpoznatiji jutjuber na svetu stigao u Srbiju: Histerija u Beogradu VIDEO |url=https://www.b92.net/zivot/aktuelno/144739/ishowspeed-stigao-u-srbiju/vest |access-date=November 18, 2025 |website=B92.net |language=sr}}</ref> kuma a can ya haɗu da Baka Prase, wanda ya ba shi kyautar €30,000 <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2025 |title=Srpski influencer poklonio IShowSpeedu Rolex u vrijednosti 30.000 eura |url=https://net.hr/hot/zvijezde/nevjerojatno-srpski-influencer-poklonio-ishowspeedu-rolex-u-vrijednosti-30-000-eura-294081b1-5dba-11f0-be08-9600040c8f8e |access-date=November 18, 2025 |website=net.hr |language=hr}}</ref> Rolex a matsayin kyauta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nikolić |first=Anja |title=Baka Prase troši kao lud: IShowSpeed-u dao Roleks na poklon, mreže se usijale! (VIDEO) |url=https://24sedam.rs/showbiz/vesti/401828/baka-prase-poklonio-roleks-ishowspeedu/vest |access-date=November 18, 2025 |website=24sedam |language=sr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baka Prase poklonio IShowSpeedu Rolex |url=https://www.index.hr/clanak.aspx?id=2689074 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |website=www.index.hr |language=hr}}</ref> A Latvia, halayen Watkins a tushen Freedom Monument da kuma biyan Yuro 30,000 daga Hukumar Zuba Jari da Ci Gaba ta Latvia don biyan kuɗin tafiye-tafiye na Watkins sun jawo suka daga jama'ar Latvia. Daga baya a ranar 22 ga Yuli, Watkins ya shiga gasar MLS All-Star Skills Challenge, inda ya shiga tare da ɗan wasan USMNT da Orlando City Alex Freeman a ƙalubalen harbi da wucewa, kodayake ba a ƙidaya sakamakonsa ga jimillar sakamakon ba. Watkins ya kuma bai wa mai tsaron gida na Houston Dynamo 2 Pedro Cruz bel ɗin wanda ya yi nasara bayan nasarar da ya samu a gasar Goalie Wars. A ranar 28 ga Agusta, 2025, Watkins ya fara rangadin "Speed Dos America", wanda ya ɗauki tsawon kwanaki 35, ana watsa shi kai tsaye a ko'ina cikin Amurka, kuma yana watsa shi a YouTube da Twitch yayin da yake ziyartar jihohi 25. A wannan watan, ''Rolling Stone'' ya sanya masa suna "Mafi Tasirin Mahalicci na 2025". An kammala rangadin ne a filin wasa na Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, inda Watkins ya karbi bakuncin fara shirinsa na YouTube mai sassa biyar ''Speed Goes Pro'' . Wasu shahararrun mutane sun halarci taron, ciki har da Justin Bieber, [[Kim Kardashian]], Suni Lee, [[DDG (rapper)|DDG]], da Randy Orton . <ref name="vibe">{{Cite web |last=Inman |first=DeMicia |date=October 1, 2025 |title=IShowSpeed Launches 'Speed Goes Pro!' Series At Sports-Themed Premiere |url=https://www.vibe.com/gallery/ishowspeed-launches-speed-goes-pro-series-at-sports-themed-premiere-1235129377/ |access-date=October 8, 2025 |website=VIBE.com |language=en-US}}</ref> An shirya shi ta OBB Pictures kuma Dick's Sporting Goods ne suka dauki nauyinsa, kuma shirin ya kunshi Watkins yayin da yake kokarin cimma matakin kwarewa na kwararrun 'yan wasa a wasanni daban-daban ta hanyar horarwa da kwararrun 'yan wasa kamar Tom Brady, Suni Lee, Nastia Liukin, Joey Chestnut, da [[Kevin Durant]] . <ref name="SPG" /> <ref name="vibe" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 15, 2025 |title=IShowSpeed Announces New "Speed Goes Pro" YouTube Series |url=https://www.complex.com/sports/a/complex/ishowspeed-youtube-series-speed-goes-pro |access-date=November 12, 2025 |website=Complex |language=en}}</ref> An ƙara kayayyaki biyu da za a iya siya bisa ga kamannin Watkins zuwa ''Fortnite Battle Royale'' a ranar 25 ga Disamba, 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2025 |title=December 25th 2025 Item Shop |url=https://fnbr.co/shop/december-25-2025 |publisher=FNBR.co}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Disamba, 2025, Watkins ya fara rangadin "Speed Do Africa", inda ya yi ta yaɗa shirye-shiryensa kai tsaye a ƙasashen Afirka 20 cikin kwanaki 28. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 21, 2025 |title=IShowSpeed Announces Africa Livestream Tour With New Trailer |url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/alex-ocho/ishowspeed-announces-africa-livestream-tour-with-new-trailer |access-date=December 29, 2025 |website=Complex |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin rangadinsa a Masar, Watkins ya zama mai ƙirƙirar abun ciki na farko da ya yi yaɗa shirye-shiryensa a cikin Babban Dala na Giza . <ref>{{Cite web |title=IShowSpeed Makes History as the First Creator to Stream Inside the Pyramids |url=https://www.bet.com/article/n4jaf0/ishowspeed-makes-history-as-the-first-creator-to-stream-inside-the-pyramids |access-date=2026-01-30 |website=BET |language=en}}</ref> Yayin da yake rangadin aiki a [[Najeriya]], ya yi bikin cika shekaru 21 a ranar 21 ga Janairu, 2026, yayin da tashar sa ta YouTube ta zarce masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 50 a wannan rana, inda ya zama baƙar fata na farko da ya yi fice a fannin yaɗa shirye-shiryen. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2026 |title=IShowSpeed hits 50 million YouTube subscribers on his 21st birthday during Nigeria stream |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us-streamers/ishowspeed-hits-50-million-youtube-subscribers-on-his-21st-birthday-during-nigeria-stream/articleshow/127044997.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 22, 2026 |title=KWS wishes iShowSpeed happy birthday |url=https://the-star.co.ke/news/2026-01-21-kws-wishes-ishowspeed-happy-birthday |website=[[The Star (Kenya)|The Star]]}}</ref> Bayan ziyararsa zuwa [[Ghana]], an sanar da cewa an ba shi izinin zama ɗan ƙasar Ghana. A watan Fabrairun 2026, Doritos ya fitar da wani abun ciye-ciye mai ɗan gajeren bugu tare da haɗin gwiwar Watkins a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin "Swap na Dandano". Samfurin ya nuna ɗanɗanon "Cheddar & Sour Cream" na Ruffles a kan guntun Doritos na gargajiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PepsiCo's first creator-led product launch reimagines chips for Gen Z {{!}} Marketing Dive |url=https://www.marketingdive.com/news/pepsicos-first-creator-led-product-launch-reimagines-chips-for-gen-z/812502/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=www.marketingdive.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Maris, 2026, Watkins ya buga wasa a karon farko na Fanatics Flag Football Classic a Los Angeles da 'yan wasan NFL na yanzu da na baya. A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2026, Watkins ya fara rangadin Caribbean, inda ya yi ta yaɗa shirye-shiryensa kai tsaye a ƙasashen Caribbean 15. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 25, 2026 |title=IShowSpeed Releases Trailer for Caribbean Tour |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/music/articles/ishowspeed-releases-trailer-caribbean-tour-215059674.html |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=Yahoo Entertainment |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2026, Watkins ya isa [[Jamaika|Jamaica]], inda 'yan rawa na Junkanoo suka tarbe shi a filin jirgin saman Norman Manley . Kafin ya isa Jamaica, rangadin ya haɗa da tsayawa a [[Trinidad da Tobago]], [[Jamhuriyar Dominika|Jamhuriyar Dominican]], [[Puerto Rico]], da sauransu. A watan Yunin 2026, Watkins ya fara "Ziyarar Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2026", jerin shirye-shiryen kai tsaye da ke yawo a wurare daban-daban a [[2026 FIFA World Cup|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026.]] Ya kuma yi hadin gwiwa da [[FIFA]], Fox Sports, da YouTube don daukar nauyin wasannin kwaikwayo kai tsaye na zababbun wasanni ga masu kallo na Amurka, wadanda aka watsa ta hanyar tashar YouTube ta Fox One. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kleen |first=Brendon |date=2026-06-18 |title=Star content creator iShowSpeed strikes deal with FIFA, Fox, and YouTube to stream live World Cup games |url=https://awfulannouncing.com/fox/ishowspeed-deal-stream-live-fifa-world-cup-games.html |access-date=2026-06-24 |website=Awful Announcing |language=en-US}}</ref> Bugu da kari, Watkins ya zama mutum mai iya bugawa a cikin FIFA Heroes kuma ya bayyana a murfin wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-24 |title=iShowSpeed Joins FIFA Heroes |url=https://soccergaming.com/fifa-heroes-launches-with-ishowspeed-as-playable-character/ |access-date=2026-06-24 |website=Soccer Gaming |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Yuli, FIFA ta sanar da bincike bayan zargin [[Wariyar launin fata|cin zarafin wariyar launin fata]] da wani mai goyon bayan Argentina ya yi masa a zagaye na 32 na nasarar da Argentina ta samu da ci 3-2 a kan Cape Verde . Wata sanarwa daga baya ta ce, "FIFA ta yi Allah wadai da wariyar launin fata, ƙiyayya da wariya ta kowane fanni." <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-07 |title=World Cup 2026: Fifa launches investigation into alleged racist abuse of IShowSpeed |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/c1my1pr18jmo |access-date=2026-07-08 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-07 |title=FIFA is investigating an incident between a fan and streamer IShowSpeed at a World Cup match |url=https://apnews.com/article/ishowspeed-world-cup-fifa-e6a93908ed4f8c1b9dea5865142ed2fa |access-date=2026-07-08 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> == Aikin kiɗa == A watan Agusta na 2021, Watkins ya fitar da wakarsa ta farko, "Dooty Booty", a tashar sa ta YouTube. Bayan an ɗora ta, waƙar ta shahara cikin sauri a YouTube da sauran shafukan sada zumunta, kamar [[TikTok]] . <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Crates |first=Jake |date=August 26, 2021 |title=IShowSpeed - "Dooty Booty" |url=https://allhiphop.com/music/ishowspeed-dooty-booty/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313105341/https://allhiphop.com/music/ishowspeed-dooty-booty/ |archive-date=March 13, 2022 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=AllHipHop}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba, Watkins ya fitar da waƙar mai suna "Shake", wacce ta ɗauki samfurin " Ready or Not " na Fugees da kuma " Hit The Road Jack " na [[Ray Charles]] . Bidiyon waƙar da ke tare da ita ya sami masu kallo sama da miliyan 211 a YouTube. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=September 27, 2022 |title=Is IShowSpeed The New King Of Content? |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/ishowspeed-king-content-124500727.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007085555/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/ishowspeed-king-content-124500727.html |archive-date=October 7, 2022 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=Yahoo Entertainment}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2022, ya fitar da wata waka mai suna "Ronaldo (Sewey)", bayan sabuwar sha'awarsa ga [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] . <ref name=":6"/> <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=November 26, 2022 |title=Ronaldo (SEWY) - Single by IShowSpeed on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/ronaldo-sewy-single/1631399207 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126191408/https://music.apple.com/us/album/ronaldo-sewy-single/1631399207 |archive-date=November 26, 2022 |access-date=November 27, 2024}}</ref> A watan Nuwamban 2022, ya fitar da wata waka mai taken " Kofin Duniya " a karkashin Warner Records don girmama [[Kofin Duniya na FIFA 2022|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022.]] <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Bluetec |first=D. J. |date=November 10, 2022 |title=Cincinnati's IShowSpeed gears up for "World Cup" with new anthem |url=https://hiphopcanada.com/ishowspeed-world-cup-anthem-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218184518/https://hiphopcanada.com/ishowspeed-world-cup-anthem-video/ |archive-date=December 18, 2022 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=HipHopCanada.com |language=en-CA}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Yuli, 2023, Watkins ya kasance bako mai ban mamaki a bikin Rolling Loud na 2023 a Portugal kuma ya yi waka mai suna "Shake", "Kofin Duniya" da "Portuginies" tare da goyon bayan mawakin Amurka Ski Mask da kuma furodusa DJ Scheme . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 7, 2023 |title=IShowSpeed shocks crowd with performance at Rolling Loud |url=https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/ishowspeed-shocks-crowd-with-performance-at-rolling-loud-2204142/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715061242/https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/ishowspeed-shocks-crowd-with-performance-at-rolling-loud-2204142/ |archive-date=July 15, 2023 |access-date=July 7, 2023 |website=Dexerto}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2024, Watkins ya fitar da wasansa na farko mai tsawo ''Trip 2 Brazil.'' A watan Yunin 2026, waƙarsa " Kofin Duniya (Zakarun Turai) " ta shiga cikin ''Kundin Waƙoƙin FIFA na Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2026.'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-02 |title=FIFA unveils Official FIFA World Cup 2026™ Album squad for the biggest FIFA World Cup in history |url=https://inside.fifa.com/organisation/media-releases/unveils-official-album-biggest-world-cup-2026-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260603163326/https://inside.fifa.com/organisation/media-releases/unveils-official-album-biggest-world-cup-2026-history |archive-date=2026-06-03 |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=inside.fifa.com |language=en }}</ref> == Sauran kasuwanci == === Kokawa ta ƙwararru === [[Fayil:IShowSpeed_RR25.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Watkins zai fafata a gasar Royal Rumble ta maza ta 2025]] A watan Afrilun 2024, Watkins ya raka Logan Paul a lokacin kare gasar cin kofin Amurka a dare na biyu na gasar WrestleMania XL ta WWE . Da farko ya yi kama da Prime mascot, ya fallasa abin rufe fuska a lokacin wasan kafin Randy Orton ya sanya shi a daya daga cikin teburin watsa shirye-shirye tare da ''RKO'' . <ref name="WM40N2">{{Cite web |last=Powell |first=Jason |date=April 7, 2024 |title=WrestleMania XL results: Powell's live review of night two with Roman Reigns vs. Cody Rhodes for the WWE Universal Championship with Bloodline Rules, Seth Rollins vs. Drew McIntyre for the World Heavyweight Championship |url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2024/04/07/wrestlemania-xl-results-powells-live-review-of-night-two-with-roman-reigns-vs-cody-rhodes-for-the-wwe-universal-championship-with-bloodline-rules-seth-rollins-vs-drew-mcintyre-for-the-world-heav/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520212115/https://prowrestling.net/site/2024/04/07/wrestlemania-xl-results-powells-live-review-of-night-two-with-roman-reigns-vs-cody-rhodes-for-the-wwe-universal-championship-with-bloodline-rules-seth-rollins-vs-drew-mcintyre-for-the-world-heav/ |archive-date=May 20, 2024 |access-date=April 7, 2024 |website=Pro Wrestling Dot Net}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan watan, Watkins ya sanar da zaɓaɓɓun zagaye na biyu na kamfanin Raw a lokacin gasar WWE ta 2024 a ''ranar Litinin Night Raw'' . <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Quiles Jr. |first=Fernando |date=April 29, 2024 |title=WWE Monday Night Raw Results: Night 2 of WWE Draft 2024, Will Braun Strowman Return? |url=https://www.si.com/wrestling/wwe-monday-night-raw-results-wwe-draft-2024-night-2-braun-strowman |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=Sports Illustrated}}</ref> Ya shiga wasan Royal Rumble na maza na 2025, inda shi da Bron Breakker suka kawar da Otis, amma Breakker ya yi masa duka kuma aka cire shi jim kaɗan bayan haka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=WWE Royal Rumble 2025 Live Updates: Braun Strowman Eliminates Jacob Fatu, AJ Styles Returns |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/wwe-royal-rumble-2025-live-updates-road-to-wrestlemania-john-cena-cody-rhodes-lucas-oil-stadium-liveblog-9210956.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250202161415/https://www.news18.com/sports/wwe-royal-rumble-2025-live-updates-road-to-wrestlemania-john-cena-cody-rhodes-lucas-oil-stadium-liveblog-9210956.html |archive-date=February 2, 2025 |access-date=February 2, 2025 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> A cikin wani shiri na watan Nuwamba na shirinsa na yanar gizo ''Speed Goes Pro'', an rubuta Watkins yana horo tare da 'yan kokawa daban-daban na WWE a Cibiyar Aiki . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lambert |first=Jeremy |date=November 26, 2025 |title=IShowSpeed Competes In Full Match At WWE PC |url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/ishowspeed-competes-in-full-match-at-wwe-pc-randy-orton-thinks-speed-can-be-a-wwe-superstar?xv=20251126191315 |access-date=April 16, 2026 |website=Fightful |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Maris da Afrilun 2026, ya yi wasanni da dama a ''Raw'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Skylar |date=March 23, 2026 |title=IShowSpeed Struts With Penta, Gets Cursed By Danhausen |url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/ishowspeed-struts-with-penta-gets-cursed-by-danhausen-on-wwe-raw?xv=20260324015333 |access-date=April 16, 2026 |website=Fightful |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Skylar |date=March 30, 2026 |title=IShowSpeed Helps The Vision Win Tag Gold On WWE Raw |url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/wwe-raw-ishowspeed-the-vision-the-usos-296535?xv=20260331004444 |access-date=April 16, 2026 |website=Fightful |language=en-US}}</ref> inda ya shiga cikin wani labari a kan allo inda ya yi daidai da The Vision (Logan Paul da Austin Theory ) a kan The Usos da LA Knight, wanda ya kai ga wasan da aka yi tsakanin 'yan wasa shida a WrestleMania 42, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Skylar |date=April 6, 2026 |title=LA Knight & IShowSpeed Trios Match Set For WrestleMania 42 |url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/la-knight-the-usos-to-face-ishowspeed-logan-paul-austin-theory-at-wwe-wrestlemania-42?xv=20260407005429 |access-date=April 16, 2026 |website=Fightful |language=en-US}}</ref> inda ƙungiyarsa ta sha kashi. Bayan wasan, Paul ya kai hari kan Watkins, bayan haka Watkins ya yi bugun sama a kan Paul ta hanyar talabijin tare da taimakon Knight da The Usos. <ref name="WMania42">{{Cite web |last=Mahjouri |first=Shakiel |date=April 18, 2026 |title=WrestleMania 42: IShowSpeed wipes out Logan Paul with wild top rope dive onto commentary desk |url=https://www.cbssports.com/wwe/news/wrestlemania-42-results-ishowspeed-logan-paul/ |access-date=April 19, 2026 |website=CBS Sports |language=en}}</ref> == Imani na mutum == Watkins mai goyon bayan [[Ƙasar Falasɗinu|Falasdinu]] ne, ya nuna adawarsa ga Isra'ila, kuma yana yawan ihu " Falasdinu 'Yanci! " a shirye-shiryensa kai tsaye. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grant |first=Kitty |date=January 19, 2026 |title=Crowds roar for YouTuber IShowSpeed’s surprise appearance at AFCON |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/ishowspeed-wraps-africa-tour-afcon-final-appearance |access-date=May 16, 2026 |website=[[The New Arab]] |archive-date=May 18, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260518231751/https://www.newarab.com/news/ishowspeed-wraps-africa-tour-afcon-final-appearance |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Yunin 2024, ya bayar da gudummawar dala 50,000 ga Asusun Agajin Yara na Falasdinu . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmad |first=Sayima |date=2024-06-15 |title=IShowSpeed donates 50,000 USD to Palestine relief |url=https://www.siasat.com/ishowspeed-donates-50000-usd-to-palestine-relief-3045531/ |access-date=2026-07-09 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kapoor |first=Atharv |date=2024-06-12 |title=IShowSpeed donates $50,000 to Palestine Relief after winning MrBeast's Wipeout challenge |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/us/streamers/news-ishowspeed-donates-50-000-palestine-relief-winning-mrbeast-s-wipeout-challenge |access-date=2026-07-09 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}</ref> == Kundin Waƙoƙi == === Wasannin da aka faɗaɗa === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Jerin EPs, tare da zaɓaɓɓun bayanai ! scope="col" | Lakabi ! scope="col" | Cikakkun bayanai game da EP |- ! scope="row" | ''Tafiya ta 2 Brazil'' | * An Saki: Maris 24, 2024 <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 24, 2024 |title=Spotify – IShowSpeed – Trip 2 Brazil |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/48o3p2p88HTSaiH8lKpgZ3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121234506/https://open.spotify.com/album/48o3p2p88HTSaiH8lKpgZ3 |archive-date=November 21, 2024 |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref> * Lakabi: Warner Records * Tsarin: Saukewa ta dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" | ''Ƙungiyar Gudun Gudu'' | * An Saki: 1 ga Agusta, 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 1, 2024 |title=Spotify – IShowSpeed – Speed Gang |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/33YnFqfVXKRRXLVzsahwaP |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121234506/https://open.spotify.com/album/48o3p2p88HTSaiH8lKpgZ3 |archive-date=November 21, 2024 |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref> * Lakabi: Warner Records * Tsarin: Saukewa ta dijital, yawo |} === Marasa aure === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+List of singles, with selected chart positions ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:19em;" |Title ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Year ! colspan="5" |Peak chart positions ! rowspan="2" |Certifications ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |IRE<br /><br /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Discography ishowspeed |url=http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=ishowspeed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513072124/http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=ishowspeed |archive-date=May 13, 2023 |access-date=May 13, 2023 |website=irishcharts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |NLD<nowiki><br id="mwBDE"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>Tip<br /><br /> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |NZ<nowiki><br id="mwBDk"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>Hot<br /><br /><ref>{{Cite web |title=IShowSpeed Chart History {{!}} Singles |url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/artists/ishowspeed/zwdwksdzmdmw/singles |access-date=2026-06-11 |website=[[Official Aotearoa Music Charts]] |language=en}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |SWE<nowiki><br id="mwBEE"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>Heat.<br /><br /> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |UK<br /><br /><ref>{{Cite web |title=IShowSpeed {{!}} full Official Chart History |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/63711/ishowspeed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202200025/https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/63711/ishowspeed/ |archive-date=December 2, 2022 |access-date=November 25, 2022 |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Lying" | rowspan="10" |2021 |— |— |— |— |— | | rowspan="18" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" |"Dooty Booty"<ref name=":5"/> |— |— |— |— |— | |- ! scope="row" |"Bounce That A$$" |— |— |— |— |— | |- ! scope="row" |"One More Chance" |— |— |— |— |— | |- ! scope="row" |"NFL Freestyle" |— |— |— |— |— | |- ! scope="row" |"Shake"<ref name=":6"/> |— |— |— |— |— | |- ! scope="row" |"Love In These Streets" |— |— |— |— |— | |- ! scope="row" |"How I Feel" |— |— |— |— |— | |- ! scope="row" |"I Dont Like You" |— |— |— |— |— | |- ! scope="row" |"One Piece" |— |— |— |— |— | |- ! scope="row" |"Shake Pt.2" | rowspan="5" |2022 |— |— |— |— |— | |- ! scope="row" |"F.U.C." |— |— |— |— |— | |- ! scope="row" |"God Is Good"<ref name=":6" /> |— |— |— |— |— | |- ! scope="row" |"Ronaldo (Sewey)"<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7"/> |— |— |— |— |— | |- ! scope="row" |"World Cup"<ref name=":8"/> |37 |1 |29 |6 |52 | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA">{{Cite certification|title=|access-date=June 6, 2026}}</ref> * ZPAV: Gold<ref>{{Cite web |title="OLiS - oficjalna lista wyróżnień" |url=https://www.olis.pl/charts/oficjalna-lista-wyroznien |access-date=6 June 2026 |website=[[Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry]] |language=PL}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Dogs"<br /><br />{{Small|(with [[Kai Cenat]])}} | rowspan="3" |2023 |— |— |— |— |— | |- ! scope="row" |"Portuginies" |— |— |— |— |— | |- ! scope="row" |"Come My Way" |— |— |— |— |— | |- ! scope="row" |"Monkey" | rowspan="2" |2024 |— |— |— |— |— | | rowspan="2" |''Trip 2 Brazil'' |- ! scope="row" |"Get Down" |— |— |— |— |— | |- ! scope="row" |"Higher" | rowspan="6" |2025 |— |— |— |— |—[A] | | rowspan="6" |''Speed Gang'' |- ! scope="row" |"Fight to Win" |— |— |— |— |— | |- ! scope="row" |"Bailar" |— |— |— |— |— | |- ! scope="row" |"Big Girls" |— |— |— |— |— | |- ! scope="row" |"Headshot / Gas in the Truck" |— |— |— |— |— | |- ! scope="row" |"I Know" |— |— |— |— |— | |- ! scope="row" |"World Cup (Champions)"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turner-Williams |first=Jaelani |date=2026-06-01 |title=Listen to IShowSpeed’s 2026 FIFA World Cup Song “World Cup (Champions)” |url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/jaelaniturnerwilliams/ishowspeed-world-cup-champions-song |access-date=2026-06-02 |website=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]] |language=en}}</ref> |2026 |— |10 |33 |— |—[B] | |''FIFA World Cup 2026 Official Album'' |} ==== Bayanan kula ====   == Fim ɗin fim == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+Fim ! scope="col" | Shekara ! scope="col" | Lakabi ! scope="col" | Matsayin ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Bayanan kula ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2024 ! scope="row" | ''Labarin Sidemen'' | kansa | [[Documentary film|Takardar bayanai]] ; Cameo | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Sidemen Doc">{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Furvah |date=February 2, 2024 |title=Sidemen's Netflix documentary: Release date, trailer, cast and more |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/entertainment/a46623709/sidemen-netflix-documentary-release-date-trailer-cast/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206153343/https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/entertainment/a46623709/sidemen-netflix-documentary-release-date-trailer-cast/ |archive-date=February 6, 2024 |access-date=February 6, 2024 |website=Cosmopolitan}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''K-Pops!'' | kansa | Kameo | align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sirikul |first=Laura |date=January 14, 2026 |title=Anderson .Paak's Directorial Debut, 'K-Pops!,' Drops Its First Trailer |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurasirikul/2026/01/14/anderson-paaks-directorial-debut-k-pops-drops-its-first-trailer/ |access-date=May 19, 2026 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+Talabijin ! scope="col" | Shekara ! scope="col" | Lakabi ! scope="col" | Matsayin ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Bayanan kula ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" | 2024 | scope="row" | ''WrestleMania XL'' | rowspan="6" | kansa | An ɓoye shi kamar kwalbar Prime | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Jeremy |title=YouTuber IShowSpeed On How His WrestleMania 40 Appearance Happened |url=https://411mania.com/wrestling/ishowspeed-how-wrestlemania-40-appearance-happened/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230175121/https://411mania.com/wrestling/ishowspeed-how-wrestlemania-40-appearance-happened/ |archive-date=December 30, 2024 |access-date=December 30, 2024 |website=411mania}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | 2024–2026 | scope="row" | ''WWE Litinin Dare RAW'' | Shirye-shirye 5 | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name=":12"/> |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" | 2025 | scope="row" | ''Royal Rumble: Indianapolis'' | Mai shiga 8 | style="text-align:center;" | |- | scope="row" | ''Wasannin CBS Golazo'' | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name=":13"/> |- | scope="row" | ''Speed Goes Pro'' | Jerin shirye-shiryen YouTube guda biyar | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" | 2026 | scope="row" | ''WrestleMania 42'' | Ya fafata a wasan ƙungiyar 'yan wasa shida | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="WMania42"/> |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin-right: 0;" |+Jerin bayyanar bidiyon kiɗa ! scope="col" | Shekara ! scope="col" | Lakabi ! scope="col" | Mai zane(s) ! scope="col" | Matsayin ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2022 | "Mu tafi" | Tion Wayne ft. Aitch | rowspan="3" | kansa | align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 10, 2022 |title=Tion Wayne & Aitch Head To The Golf Course For "Let's Go"... |url=https://www.complex.com/music/a/ezra-olaoyo/tion-wayne-aitch-lets-go |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204150634/https://www.complex.com/music/a/ezra-olaoyo/tion-wayne-aitch-lets-go |archive-date=December 4, 2024 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=Complex}}</ref> |- | "Kada ka yi ƙarya" | A1 x J1 ft. Nemzzz | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 14, 2022 |title=A1 x J1 - Don't Lie (Official Video) ft. Nemzzz |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7T91yz8kMy8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317045900/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7T91yz8kMy8 |archive-date=March 17, 2024 |access-date=March 17, 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | 2024 | "Ina zan je" | Vikkstar, Nicky Romero, Alpharock da Oaks | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 8, 2024 |title=Vikkstar x Nicky Romero x Alpharock x Oaks - Where Do I Go [Music Video] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kvUrKWPMQYc |access-date=May 7, 2025 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable" |+Wasanin bidiyo ! Shekara ! Lakabi ! Matsayin ! Bayani |- | 2024 | ''Yaƙin Royale na Fortnite'' | kansa | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Challies |first=Josh |date=2025-12-23 |title=IShowSpeed Coming to Fortnite as Latest Icon Series |url=https://insider-gaming.com/ishowspeed-coming-to-fortnite-as-latest-icon-series/ |access-date=2026-06-25 |website=Insider Gaming |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | 2026 | ''Jaruman FIFA'' | kansa | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Botadkar |first=Tanish |date=2026-06-25 |title=FIFA Heroes kicks off on mobile with IShowSpeed, Central Cee and football stars |url=https://www.pocketgamer.com/fifa-heroes/official-launch-android-ios/ |access-date=2026-06-25 |website=www.pocketgamer.com |language=en}}</ref> |} == Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai don IShowSpeed ! Shekara ! Bikin ! Nau'i ! Sakamako ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2022 | rowspan="4" | Kyaututtukan Streamy | Mai watsa shirye-shirye na shekara| {{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=12th Annual Streamy Nominees |url=https://www.streamys.org/nominees-winners/12th-annual-nominees/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828055513/https://www.streamys.org/nominees-winners/12th-annual-nominees/ |archive-date=August 28, 2023 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |website=The Streamy Awards}}</ref> |- | Mai watsa shirye-shirye na Breakout| {{Won}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2023 | Mai watsa shirye-shirye na shekara| {{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=13th Annual Streamy Winners |url=https://www.streamys.org/nominees-winners/13th-annual-nominees/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901233930/https://www.streamys.org/nominees-winners/13th-annual-nominees/ |archive-date=September 1, 2023 |access-date=August 28, 2023 |website=The Streamy Awards}}</ref> |- | Na'urar Rarraba Iri-iri| {{Won}} |- ! rowspan="4" scope="row" | 2024 | rowspan="3" | Kyaututtukan Streamer | Ka samu kyautar A** (Mafi kyawun mai watsa shirye-shiryen IRL)| {{Won}} | rowspan="3" | |- | Mafi kyawun Watsa Labarai na Ƙasashen Duniya| {{Won}} |- | Mai watsa shirye-shirye na shekara| {{Won}} |- | Kyaututtukan Zakarun GOAL | Mafi Tasirin Ƙwallon Ƙafa| {{Won}} | <ref name=":11"/> |- ! rowspan="5" scope="row" | 2025 | Kyaututtukan Zaɓin Yara | Ɗan Wasan da Aka Fi So| {{Won}} | |- | rowspan="3" | Kyaututtukan Streamer | Mai watsa shirye-shirye na shekara|{{Won}} | rowspan="3" | |- | Mafi kyawun Mai Rarraba IRL|{{Won}} |- | Mafi kyawun Gudun Marathon - "Speed Does America"|{{Nom}} |- | Kyaututtukan Wasanni na Esports | Mai watsa shirye-shirye na shekara|{{Won}} | <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2025 |title=Esports Awards winners 2025 revealed: League of Legends, iShowSpeed, Doran, and more |url=https://esports.gg/news/esports-br/esports-awards-2025-winners/ |access-date=November 20, 2025 |website=esports.gg |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 20, 2025 |title=IShowSpeed Wins Streamer of the Year at Esports Awards 2025 |url=https://hypebeast.com/2025/11/ishowspeed-wins-streamer-of-the-year-at-esports-awards-2025 |access-date=November 20, 2025 |website=Hypebeast}}</ref> |} === Majiyoyi na biyu === {{psrs}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Commons category-inline}} * {{YouTube|title=IShowSpeed}} * IShowSpeed discography at Discogs [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 3szhffci1qya5x5vp0y3br1kb9lmdmv 0 155407 906084 887114 2026-08-22T09:42:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Kanu Agabi | honorific_suffix = CON, SAN | birth_name = Kanu Godwin Agabi | birth_date = 9 July 1946 | birth_place = Cross River State, Nigeria | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Lawyer, Politician | education = University of Lagos, Nigerian Law School | known_for = Former Attorney General of the Federation and Minister of Justice | office = Attorney General of the Federation | term_start = 1999 | term_end = 2000 | term_start2 = 2002 | term_end2 = 2003 | party = People's Democratic Party (PDP) }} '''Kanu Godwin Agabi''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 1946) lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasar Najeriya wanda ya yi fice a harkar shari'a da mulki. Ya kasance sau biyu '''Babban Lauyan Tarayya kuma Ministan Shari'a na Najeriya (Attorney General of the Federation and Minister of Justice)''' a zamanin mulkin shugaban ƙasa Olusegun Obasanjo. Haka kuma ya kasance Sanata, Kwamishinan Kuɗi na Jihar Cross River, da kuma Ministan Ma'adanai na Tarayyar Najeriya. Ana kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun lauyoyin Najeriya masu tasiri a fannin shari'a da mulkin dimokuraɗiyya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fjsc.gov.ng/portfolio-item/chief-kanu-godwin/ |title=Chief Kanu Godwin |publisher=Federal Judicial Service Commission |access-date=6 June 2026 |archive-date=5 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260305172747/https://fjsc.gov.ng/portfolio-item/chief-kanu-godwin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aun.edu.ng/index.php/news-events/news/chief-kanu-agabi-challenges-nigeria-to-reset-its-moral-compass-at-aun-school-of-law-lecture-series |title=Chief Kanu Agabi Challenges Nigeria to Reset Its Moral Compass |publisher=American University of Nigeria |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Agabi a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 1946. Ya fara karatunsa a '''St. John’s Primary School''' da ke Gboko, sannan ya ci gaba a '''St. Benedict’s Primary School''' a Ogoja. Bayan haka ya halarci '''Maryknoll Secondary School''' da ke Okuku kafin ya tafi '''Methodist College, Uzuakoli'''. Daga baya ya samu gurbin karatu a '''Jami'ar Legas (University of Lagos)''' sannan ya halarci '''Nigerian Law School''' inda ya samu horon aikin lauya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fjsc.gov.ng/portfolio-item/chief-kanu-godwin/ |title=Chief Kanu Godwin |publisher=Federal Judicial Service Commission |access-date=6 June 2026 |archive-date=5 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260305172747/https://fjsc.gov.ng/portfolio-item/chief-kanu-godwin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/agabi-hon-justice-kanu-godwin/ |title=AGABI, Hon. Kanu Godwin (SAN) |publisher=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> == Aikin lauya == Agabi ya shiga aikin lauya bayan kammala karatunsa, kuma ya gina suna a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan lauyoyin Najeriya. A shekarar 1997 aka ba shi lambar girmamawa ta '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)''', wadda ita ce mafi girman matsayi ga lauyoyin da suka yi fice a Najeriya. Ya kafa kamfanin lauyoyi na '''Kanu G. Agabi & Associates''', wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin shari'a a ƙasar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kgaandassociates.com/ |title=Kanu G. Agabi & Associates |publisher=Kanu G. Agabi & Associates |access-date=6 June 2026 |archive-date=16 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316030347/https://kgaandassociates.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/agabi-hon-justice-kanu-godwin/ |title=AGABI, Hon. Kanu Godwin (SAN) |publisher=BLERF |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa da gwamnati == Agabi ya rike mukamai daban-daban a gwamnatin Najeriya. Ya kasance '''Kwamishinan Kuɗi na Jihar Cross River''', sannan daga baya aka naɗa shi '''Ministan Shari'a kuma Babban Lauyan Tarayya''' a shekarar 1999. Bayan kammala wa'adinsa na farko, ya zama '''Ministan Ma'adanai (Minister of Solid Minerals Development)'''. A shekarar 2002 ya sake komawa matsayin Ministan Shari'a da Babban Lauyan Tarayya. Daga bisani ya yi aiki a matsayin '''Mai Ba Shugaban Ƙasa Shawara kan Kyakkyawan Mulki da Da'a'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fjsc.gov.ng/portfolio-item/chief-kanu-godwin/ |title=Chief Kanu Godwin |publisher=Federal Judicial Service Commission |access-date=6 June 2026 |archive-date=5 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260305172747/https://fjsc.gov.ng/portfolio-item/chief-kanu-godwin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/agabi-hon-justice-kanu-godwin/ |title=AGABI, Hon. Kanu Godwin (SAN) |publisher=BLERF |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> == Matsayinsa kan doka da adalci == A lokacin da yake Babban Lauyan Tarayya, Agabi ya yi fice wajen kare kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya. A shekarar 2002 ya bayyana cewa wasu tanade-tanaden dokokin Shari'a da ake aiwatarwa a wasu jihohi sun sabawa kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasa saboda yadda suke nuna bambanci ga wasu jama'a. Matsayinsa ya jawo muhawara mai yawa a faɗin ƙasar kuma ya sanya sunansa cikin manyan masu kare bin doka da oda a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nigerianeye.com/2016/03/former-attorney-general-chief-kanu.html |title=Twice Attorney General, Chief Kanu Agabi SAN, Fights Saraki's Case |publisher=NigerianEye |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> == Ayyukan baya-bayan nan == Bayan barinsa gwamnati, Agabi ya ci gaba da zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan lauyoyin Najeriya. Ya wakilci fitattun mutane da cibiyoyi a kotuna daban-daban. A shekarar 2025 ya zama jagoran tawagar lauyoyin da ke kare shugaban IPOB, Nnamdi Kanu, a shari'arsa da gwamnatin tarayya. Haka kuma yana ci gaba da gabatar da laccoci kan mulki nagari, adalci, da gyaran tsarin siyasa a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/03/kanu-accepts-former-attorney-general-agabi-as-new-lead-counsel/ |title=Nnamdi Kanu accepts former attorney general, Agabi as new lead counsel |publisher=Vanguard |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2026/04/only-free-fair-elections-ll-end-corruption-insecurity-in-nigeria-ex-agf-agabi/ |title=Only free, fair elections'll end corruption, insecurity in Nigeria – Ex-AGF Agabi |publisher=Vanguard |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> == Girmamawa da yabo == Ana ɗaukar Kanu Agabi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masana shari'a a Najeriya. Ya samu lambar girmamawa ta ƙasa '''Commander of the Order of the Niger (CON)''', tare da lambar '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)'''. Masu sharhi da dama sun yaba masa saboda gudummawar da ya bayar wajen bunƙasa tsarin shari'a, kare kundin tsarin mulki da kuma tabbatar da bin doka a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/07/10/agba-extols-kanu-agabis-virtues/ |title=Agba Extols Kanu Agabi’s Virtues |publisher=ThisDay |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aun.edu.ng/index.php/news-events/news/chief-kanu-agabi-challenges-nigeria-to-reset-its-moral-compass-at-aun-school-of-law-lecture-series |title=Chief Kanu Agabi Challenges Nigeria to Reset Its Moral Compass |publisher=American University of Nigeria |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Nigerian lawyers]] [[Category:Nigerian politicians]] [[Category:Senior Advocates of Nigeria]] [[Category:1946 births]] [[Category:People from Cross River State]] [[Category:University of Lagos alumni]] [[Category:Attorneys General of Nigeria]] bgcyohmhc6615xglk11t1t9hv0yrln8 0 158834 906079 861896 2026-08-22T09:07:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Mv-Danielle-Casanova-Bastia-fr-01.jpg|thumb|260x260px|MS <nowiki><i id="mwCQ">Danielle Casanova</i></nowiki> yana barin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Bastia]] Société nationale maritime Corse-Méditerranée ('''SNCM''') kamfani ne na jirgin ruwa na Faransa da ke aiki a Bahar Rum . Jirginsa ya tashi daga [[Marseille]], [[Toulon]], Nice a kan ƙasar Faransa, Calvi, Bastia, Ajaccio, Ile Rousse, Propriano, da Porto Vecchio a kan [[Korsika|Corsica]], Porto Torres a kan [[Sardiniya|Sardinia]], [[Aljir|Algiers]], [[Oran]], [[Skikda]] da [[Béjaïa|Bejaia]] a [[Aljeriya]] da [[Tunis]] a [[Tunisiya]] da [[Genoa]] a Italiya. Tun daga shekara ta 2016 rundunar SNCM ta tafi sabon kamfani, Corsica Linea. SNCM ta gano tarihinta tun daga 1850. == Tarihi == * A shekara ta 1855, an kirkiro Compagnie Générale Maritime . * A cikin 1861, Compagnie Générale Maritime ta canza sunanta zuwa Compagnie Generale Transatlantique . * A shekara ta 1969, an kirkiro Compagnie générale transméditerranéenne (CGTM) ta hanyar shiga ayyukan Bahar Rum na Compagnie Générale Transatlantique tare da Compagnie de Navigation Mixte . * A shekara ta 1976, CGTM ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon jihar kuma ta canza sunanta zuwa SNCM. Kamfanin Compagnie générale maritime (CGM) ne ke kula da mallakar jihar da kashi 75% da kuma SNCF, wanda ya shafi sabon sunan. == Kasuwanci na 2005 == A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2005, Firayim Ministan Faransa [[Dominique de Villepin]] ya gabatar da wani aikin mallakar kamfanin. Villepin ya ba da SNCM ga Butler Capital Partners na Yuro miliyan 35, bayan "recapitalisation" na Yuro miiliyo 113 (injection na sabon babban birnin ta jihar). Koyaya, wannan aikin ya haifar da kuka na jama'a, yayin da ya sanya tambaya game da daidaitawa da ka'idar sufuri na jama'ar (rashin ''daidaito''), ma'ana don tabbatar da ci gaba da yankin ƙasa da [[Daidaitawa|daidaito]] na kowa game da wannan muhimmiyar ci gaba ta yanki. A wasu kalmomi, SNCM mallakar jihar ta tabbatar da sufuri tsakanin nahiyar da Corsica duk tsawon shekara, duk da cewa a cikin sharuddan kasuwa na musamman bazai zama riba ba, don Corsians su iya samun damar ayyukan gudanarwa da kowane Faransanci. Bugu da ƙari, Walter Butler ya kasance abokin makaranta na Villepin kuma aboki daga l'ENA, makarantar ma'aikatan gwamnati. Bayan tattaunawa mai wuya da yajin aiki da kungiyar kwadago ta CGT da kungiyar kwadoro ta Corsican Workers' Trade Union (STC), an gabatar da sabon aikin. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2006, an mallaki kamfanin. Connex (wanda tun daga lokacin ya zama Veolia Transport, wani reshe na ƙungiyar Veolia Environment) ya ɗauki 28% na SNCM (a kan 38% na Butler a cikin tsari na baya); jihar ta riƙe 25% na hannun jari, kuma 9% an sayar wa ma'aikata. An shirya sallamawa 400; ban da Yuro miliyan 113 da jihar ta sake shigarwa kafin mallakar, za a ba da Yuro miliyo 35 don tallafawa sallamar. A shekara ta 2008, Butler ya sayar da hannun jarinsa ga Veolia, wanda ya zama babban mai hannun jari tare da kashi 66% na hannun jarin. A cikin 2011, an ba da hannun jari ga Veolia Transdev (yanzu kawai Transdev), bayan Veolia ta haɗu da Transdev (tarihi). Kamfanin ya shigar da kara don kariya ta fatarar kuɗi a cikin 2014 kuma daga baya aka sanya shi a cikin karɓar kotun Marseilles. == Tsohon Jirgin Ruwa == * ''Sidi Bel Abbes'' (1949-1963) An rushe shi a Alang, [[Indiya]] a shekarar 1988. * ''Kaiouran'' (1950-1974) An watsar da shi a [[Ispaniya|Spain]] a 1973. * ''Napoleon'' (1959-1974) An cire shi a Gadani Beach, [[Pakistan]] a 1987. * ''Fred Scamaroni'' (1965-1980) Sank a matsayin ''Salem Express'' yayin da yake kan hanyar zuwa [[Suez]] 15 Disamba 1991. Fasinjoji 450 sun mutu. * ''Comte De Nice'' (1966-1983) An cire shi a matsayin ''Express Naias'' a Aliağa, [[Turkiyya]] a shekara ta 2003. * ''Corse'' (1966-1981) Sank a matsayin ''Express Samina'' a Paros 2 nautical miles daga 26 Satumba 2000. Fasinjoji 80 sun mutu. * Avenir (1967-1976) Sank a matsayin ''Shahrazad'' a cikin [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]] bayan gobara a cikin jirgin a ranar 21 ga Satumba 1985. * ''Roussillon'' (1970-1980) An cire shi a matsayin ''Opi'' a Aliaga, [[Turkiyya]] a shekara ta 2002. * Travetal (1972-1973) An watsar da shi a [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] * Monte Rotondo (1973-2002) an soke shi a matsayin Tramola 1 a cikin 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tramola 1 venduta per la demolizione |url=https://www.pianetanavi.it/tramola-1-venduta-per-la-demolizione/ |website=Pianeta Navi |language=IT |access-date=2026-06-20 |archive-date=2024-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815052724/https://www.pianetanavi.it/tramola-1-venduta-per-la-demolizione/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Ile De Beaute (1973-1976) an cire shi a cikin [[Chittatong]] Roads [[Bangladesh]] a matsayin ''Sarauniyar'' a shekara ta 2004. * ''Provence'' (1974-1989) an cire shi a matsayin ''Bel Air'' a Aliağa, [[Turkiyya]] a cikin 1999. * ''Napoleon'' (1976-2002) an cire shi a matsayin ''Berkane'' a Aliaga, [[Turkiyya]] a cikin 2015. * L'''Isere'' (1976-1984) An soke shi a cikin 2010. * L'aude (1978-1997) a matsayin ''Meyra'' tun daga 2011 * ''Cyrnos'' (1979-1990) an cire shi a matsayin Beau a Aliağa, [[Turkiyya]] a cikin 2013. * Liberte (1980-2002) an cire shi a matsayin ''Biladi'' a Aliaga, [[Turkiyya]] a cikin 2013. * ''Esterel'' (1981-1997) an cire shi a matsayin ''Mistral Express'' a Aliaga, [[Turkiyya]] a cikin 2016. * ''Corse'' (1983-2016) a matsayin Grand Ferry tun 2018. * Monte Cinto (1984-2010) a matsayin Eden tun 2014. * ''Danielle Casanova'' (1989-2002) a matsayin Mediteranee na Corsica Linea tun daga 2016 * ''Monte D'Oro'' (1991-2016) a matsayin Monte D'Or don Corsica Linea tun 2016 * ''Paglia Orbia'' (1994-2016) a matsayin ''Paglia Orbia'' don Corscica Linea tun 2016 * ''NGV Asco'' (1996-2005) ya nutse a matsayin ''Panagia Parou'' a Algeciras a cikin 2017 kuma ya rushe a Aliaga, [[Turkiyya]] a cikin 2018. * ''NGV Aliso'' (21996-2004) a matsayin ''Kalli P'' don Lines na Idomeneas tun 2015 an kafa shi a Perama, [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] * ''Napoleon Bonaparte'' (1996-2014) a matsayin ''Rhapsody'' ga Grandi Navi Veloci tun 2014. * ''NGV Liamone'' (2000-2009) an soke shi a matsayin ''Tai Min Star'' a [[Taiwan]] a cikin 2020. * ''Danielle Casanova'' (2002-2016) a matsayin ''Danielle Casanova'' na Corsica Linea tun daga 2016. * ''Pascal Paoli'' (2003-2016) a matsayin ''Pascal Paoli'' na Corsica Linea tun daga 2016. * ''Jean Nicoli'' (2007-2016) a matsayin ''Jean Nicoli'' na Corscica Linea tun 2016. * ''NGV Liamone II'' (2010-2010) an kafa shi a Perama, [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] a matsayin ''Aelos Kenteris I'' tun 2011. * Excelsior (2013-2014) a matsayin Excelsior na Grandi Navi Veloci . * ''''Ya kasance a cikin '' ''Venizelos'''' (2013-2014) a matsayin El. Venizelos don Lines na ANEK == Manazarta == it4azy0b3bnk1emi0valjg7m6115b1n 0 159240 905908 863638 2026-08-22T04:22:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:By_ovedc_-_Khufu_ship_-_18.jpg|thumb|261x261px|Jirgin Khufu, wani jirgin ruwa mai cikakken girma wanda aka rufe shi a cikin rami a cikin [[Tsarin pyramid na Giza|ginin dala na Giza]] a ƙarƙashin Babban Dala na Giza a kusa da 2500 BC. Hoton yana nuna ainihin abin da aka nuna a gidan adana kayan tarihi na jirgin ruwan Giza Solar .]] An sami '''jiragen ruwan Masar na zamanin da''' da dama da kuma ramukan jiragen ruwa a wurare da yawa na Masar. Mafi shahara shine jirgin ruwan Khufu, wanda yanzu ake adana shi a Babban Gidan Tarihi na Masar . An binne manyan jiragen ruwa ko jiragen ruwa kusa da tsoffin dala ko haikali na Masar a wurare da yawa. Tarihi da aikin jiragen ba a san su sosai ba. An fi ƙirƙira su a matsayin " jirgin ruwan hasken rana ", jirgin ruwa na al'ada don ɗaukar sarkin da aka tashe tare da allahn rana Ra a sararin sama. Wannan jigo ne gama gari a cikin Rubutun Pyramid, kuma waɗannan jiragen ruwan da aka binne na iya zama daidai da ainihin jiragen ruwan hasken rana. Hakazalika, wani bayani a bayan waɗannan jiragen ruwa shine cewa an gina su ne don sarakunan da suka gabata don ɗaukar su zuwa lahira. Saboda alaƙar waɗannan jiragen da rana, galibi ana samun su a yanayin gabas-yamma don bin hanyar rana. ==== Jirgin ruwan hasken rana na biyu na Khufu ==== Tare da jirgin ruwan Khufu na farko mai amfani da hasken rana, an gano na biyu a kusa. Duk da haka, ba a yi ƙoƙari sosai ba don bincika shi sai a shekarar 1987. A shekarar 1987, masu bincike daga Hukumar Kayayyakin Tarihi da Ƙungiyar Nazarin Kasashe ta Amurka sun ƙirƙiri wani aiki da aka yi niyya don ɗaukar hoton cikin ramin jirgin ruwa na biyu ba tare da lalata abubuwan da ke cikinsa ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=早稲田大学エジプト学研究所 |url=http://www.egyptpro.sci.waseda.ac.jp/e-khufu.html |access-date=2018-02-24 |website=www.egyptpro.sci.waseda.ac.jp |language=ja}}</ref> Sun zaɓi ɗaukar Bob Morse, ƙwararren injiniyan haƙa, don tsara haƙa don hana abubuwa masu cutarwa, kamar danshi, shiga cikin ramin jirgin ruwa. An fara haƙa jirgin ruwan Khufu na biyu mai amfani da hasken rana a shekarar 1992 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙungiyar Masar da Japan. An kammala shi a shekarar 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-09 |title=First Phase of extracting, restoring Second Khufu Ship completed |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/90572/First-Phase-of-extracting-restoring-Second-Khufu-Ship-completed |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=EgyptToday}}</ref> Za a sake gina jirgin kuma a nuna shi a Babban Gidan Tarihi na Masar, wanda aka ƙirƙira don ɗaukar jirgin ruwan Khufu na farko mai amfani da hasken rana da kuma jirgin ruwan Khufu na biyu mai amfani da hasken rana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scholars will reassemble ancient Egyptian boat |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2008-07/21/content_6864195.htm |access-date=2018-02-24 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref> Sakuji Yoshimura, farfesa a Jami'ar Waseda wanda ke jagorantar aikin gyara tare da Majalisar Kayan Tarihi ta Masar, ya ce masana kimiyya sun gano cewa ɗaya daga cikin duwatsun rufin ramin jirgin ruwan an rubuta shi da sunan Khufu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yoshimura |first=Sakuji |last2=Kurokochi |first2=Hiromasa |date=2013 |title=Research Report: Brief Report of the Project of the Second Boat of King Khufu |url=https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/jaei/article/view/16498 |journal=Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections |volume=5-1 |pages=85–89}}</ref> === Jiragen ruwan Khafre Solar === Dala na Khafre yana da ramuka biyar waɗanda a da ke ɗauke da jiragen jana'iza, tare da wani babban tsagewa a cikin dutse wanda ke nuna yiwuwar jirgin ruwa na shida da ba a kammala ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Altenmuller |first=Hartwig |date=2002 |title=Funerary Boats and Boat Pits of the Old Kingdom |url=https://gizamedia.rc.fas.harvard.edu/images/MFA-images/Giza/GizaImage/full/library/altenmueller_archiv_or_2002.pdf |journal=Quarterly Journal of African and Asian Studies |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=270 |via=Oriental Institute |access-date=2026-06-22 |archive-date=2026-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260629224321/https://gizamedia.rc.fas.harvard.edu/images/MFA-images/Giza/GizaImage/full/library/altenmueller_archiv_or_2002.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Waɗannan jiragen ruwan duk an yi su ne da dutse. Akwai jiragen ruwa biyu a gefen arewa na dala da kuma jiragen ruwa biyu a gefen kudu. Layukan jiragen biyu suna fuskantar gabas zuwa yamma. Jirgin ruwan yamma na jiragen ruwa biyu a arewa an rufe shi da farin dutse mai daraja da ɗaki. Waɗannan halaye suna da alaƙa da jirgin ruwan yamma na jiragen ruwa biyu a kudu. Waɗannan halaye suna nuna cewa waɗannan jiragen ruwa biyu jiragen ruwa ne na dare na Ra, waɗanda su ne jiragen ruwa na tatsuniyoyi da Ra zai hau a lokacin dare. Sabanin haka, sauran jiragen ruwa biyu ba su da ɗaki, don haka ana rarraba su a matsayin jiragen ruwa na Ra. Jiragen ruwa biyu na rana, waɗanda aka sani da Jirgin Ruwa na Arewa da Jirgin Ruwa na Rana na Kudu, ba su da sandar da ta yi kaifi wadda ta shahara a cikin maimaita jiragen ruwa na rana da hotuna kamar Pyramid Texts da dutsen Palermo . Jirgin ruwa na biyar yana kudu da dala, amma yana daidai da dala maimakon layi ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Digital Giza {{!}} Khafre Boat Pits |url=http://giza.fas.harvard.edu/sites/1772/full/ |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=giza.fas.harvard.edu}}</ref> ==== Jirgin Ruwa na Dare na Kudu ==== Jirgin ruwan Southern-Night yana da kyau sosai. Yana ɗauke da babban ɗaki kuma dukkan rufin rufin suna nan lafiya lokacin da aka gano shi. Jirgin ruwan kuma yana ɗauke da wani ɓangare na dutse mai laushi, faranti biyu na redware, da kuma wani abin birgima mai launin kore wanda aka yi amfani da shi don motsa abubuwa masu nauyi. Tsawonsa ya kai mita 25, faɗinsa mita 3.7, da zurfinsa mita 7.5. == Manazarta == j4rpmnreffzcqciupyxqdhf67iyoaqw 0 160340 905910 872166 2026-08-22T04:59:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist|Name=John Alcorn|image=|caption=John Alcorn performing at Live@Courthouse, April 17, 2007 (photo by Greg King)|image_size=<!-- Only for images smaller than 220 pixels -->|Background=solo_singer|Birth_name=|Alias=|birth_date=|birth_place=Toronto, Ontario, Canada|death_date=|death_place=|Origin=|Instrument=[[Vocals]]<br />[[Piano]]|Genre=[[Jazz]]<br />[[Pop Standards]]|Occupation=Singer<br />Pianist<br />Songwriter|Years_active=1990–present|Label=|website=[http://www.johnalcorn.com JohnAlcorn.com]|Current_members=|Past_members=}}{{Reflist}}'''John Alcorn''' mawaƙi ne na jazz na Kanada wanda ke aiki a fagen jazz na Toronto . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife shi a [[Toronto|Toronto, Ontario]] kuma ya girma a [[Trinidad]], Nova Scotia, New Brunswick da [[New Hampshire]], Alcorn ya koma Toronto a matsayin babba kuma ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a kungiyoyin jazz. Ya fitar da kundi na farko a shekarar 1999, kuma an ba shi suna Male Vocalist of the Year ta Jazz Report Awards . Ya kuma sami lambar yabo ta Dora a shekarar 1997 a matsayin darektan kiɗa da mawaƙa don wasan Theresa Tova Still the Night . Alcorn ya kuma yi aiki a fina- finai da yawa na talabijin, ciki har da Must Be Santa da The Piano Man's Daughter . Alcorn ita ce gwagwalada abokin tarayya na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Ronnie Burkett . 'Yarsa, Coco Love Alcorn, ita ma sananniyar mawaƙa jazz da pop ce ta Kanada. == 2017 == A watan Janairun 2017 John Alcorn ya fara gabatarwar mako-mako na "Songbook Series" a 120 Diner a cikin garin Toronto.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jazz & Music Events {{!}} 120 Diner120 Diner |url=http://120diner.com/jazz-music-events/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904150046/http://120diner.com/jazz-music-events/ |archive-date=2015-09-04 |website=120diner.com}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka yi == * Haunted (1999) * ''Dare Mai natsuwa'' (2003) * ''Tafiya Ba tare da Fuka-fuki ba'' (2015) == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.johnalcorn.com/ Shafin yanar gizon John Alcorn] * [http://120diner.com/jazz-music-events/ Jerin abubuwan da suka faru na abinci 120] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904150046/http://120diner.com/jazz-music-events/ |date=2015-09-04 }} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] b70i1f7w6o5jgpcnf73c6gfbsva685z 0 161294 905893 880781 2026-08-22T00:40:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jenny B. Merrill''' (Satumba 4, 1854 - Fabrairu 19, 1934) ta kasance mai koyar da yara tun tana ƙarama kuma marubuciya daga [[New York (jiha)]] . Ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Normal a 1871 kuma daga baya ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin Pedagogy daga Jami'ar New York (NYU). Merrill ta riƙe mukamai da dama na shugabanci a fannin ilimin yara tun tana ƙarama, ciki har da Mai Kula da Yara Tun tana ƙarama ta [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], Shugabar Sashen Yara Tun tana ƙarama ta Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Ƙasa (NEA), da Shugabar Daraja ta Ƙungiyar Yara Tun tana ƙarama ta Makarantar Jama'a ta Birnin New York. Ita ce kuma ta rubuta labarai na farko da aka buga a Amurka game da ilimin Montessori . <ref name="TheAN-1934">{{Cite journal |date=April 1934 |title=Dr. Jenny B. Merrill |url=https://library.hunter.cuny.edu/old/sites/default/files/pdf/archive_articles/dr._jenny_b._merrill_by_estella_forchheimer_0.pdf |journal=The Alumnae News |location=New Rochelle, NY |volume=XXXIX |issue=4 |pages=1–2 |access-date=3 August 2022 |archive-date=3 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803181842/https://library.hunter.cuny.edu/old/sites/default/files/pdf/archive_articles/dr._jenny_b._merrill_by_estella_forchheimer_0.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Merrill ta yi rubutu sosai kan koyarwar addini da ilimin yara tun tana ƙarama, inda ta buga ayyuka da yawa tsakanin shekarun 1870 da 1890. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Jane Beggs Merrill a birnin New York, a ranar 4 ga Satumba, 1854. <ref name="FamilySearch">{{Cite web |title=Jane B Merrill 4 September 1854 – 19 February 1934 • LJKQ-HM3 |url=https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/LJKQ-HM3 |access-date=3 August 2022 |website=ident.familysearch.org}}</ref> Iyayenta su ne Benjamin B. da Jane Anne McBride Merrill. <ref name="TheAN-1934"/> A shekara ta 1871, ta kammala karatunta a Kwalejin Normal (wanda yanzu haka ita ce Kwalejin Hunter ), kuma a shekara ta 1892, ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin Pedagogy daga NYU. <ref name="TheAN-1934"/> Merrill ya yi aiki a matsayin Mai Kula da Yara na Jama'a na Birnin New York; Shugaban Sashen Yara na NEA; da kuma Shugaban Daraja na Ƙungiyar Yara na Makarantun Gwamnati na Birnin New York. Jenny B. Merrill ta mutu sakamakon [[ciwon huhu]] a birnin New York, a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 1934. <ref name="TheAN-1934"/> == Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka == * ''Waƙoƙi ga Ƙananan Mutane: Tarin da aka Daidaita don Da'irar Gida da Azuzuwan Firamare a Makarantun Lahadi da Rana'' (1875; tare da [[Sara Jane Ayyuka|Mrs. Wilbur F. Crafts]] ) * ''Hotuna da Labarai ga Masoyanmu'' (1879) * ''Hotunan Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ƙananan Mutane'' (1880) * ''Hotuna da Labarun Littafi Mai Tsarki ga Ƙananan Mutane'' (1881) * ''Garkuwa da Bakin Hakora'' (1886) * ''Sa'ar Littafi Mai Tsarki ta Yara'' (1888) * ''Magana game da Littafi Mai Tsarki game da Hotunan Littafi Mai Tsarki'' (1889) * ''Nazarin Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam: Daga Wasiƙa da Aka Rubuta a Amsa ga Tambayoyin Aboki Game da Ci gaban Tunanin Lambar Yaro na Farko'' (1891) * ''Darasin Bayani na Makarantun Hutu'' (1899) == Manazarta == 884jt3vv64d7yon01hp9ltz400oz1dl 0 162473 905663 889084 2026-08-21T15:23:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tattaunawa Ilimi''' wata hanyar ilimi ce da aka fi sani da ita ga ilimin manya wadda malamar makaranta kuma 'yar kasuwa Jane Vella ta fara bayyana a shekarun 1980. Wannan hanyar ilimi wani samfurin kasuwanci ne na mallakar kamfani mai suna Global Learning Partners <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Our Approach |url=https://www.globallearningpartners.com/our-approach/ |access-date=May 20, 2020 |publisher=Global Learning Partners |archive-date=August 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812232737/https://www.globallearningpartners.com/our-approach/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> wanda ke Vermont ya ba da lasisi wanda ya dogara da ka'idoji daban-daban na koyo na manya, ciki har da na Paulo Freire, Kurt Lewin, Malcolm Knowles da Benjamin Bloom (Global Learning Partners, 2006b; Vella, 2004). Haɗa waɗannan ka'idoji ne zuwa ƙa'idodi da ayyuka waɗanda za a iya amfani da su ta hanya ta musamman wajen koyo ƙira da sauƙaƙewa. Ilimi game da Tattaunawa wani nau'i ne na [[Constructivism (falsafar ilimi)|Tsarin Ginawa]] kuma yana iya zama hanya don ilmantarwa mai canzawa, (Vella, 2004). Tattaunawa Ilimi yana mayar da hankali kan ilimi daga abin da malami ya faɗa zuwa abin da ɗalibi yake yi, daga rashin son mai koyo zuwa ga masu koyo a matsayin masu shiga cikin tattaunawar da ke haifar da koyo (Global Learning Partners, 2006c). Tsarin tattaunawa kan ilimi yana ɗaukar ɗalibai a matsayin waɗanda ke cikin iliminsu kuma yana girmama manyan ƙa'idodi kamar girmama juna da sadarwa a buɗe (Vella, 2002). Ana gayyatar ɗalibai su shiga cikin abubuwan da ake koya maimakon dogaro da malami don koyo. Ana gabatar da ra'ayoyi ga ɗalibai a matsayin tambayoyi a buɗe don a yi tunani a kansu kuma a haɗa su cikin mahallin ɗalibin (Vella, 2004). Manufar ita ce wannan zai haifar da ƙarin koyo mai ma'ana wanda ke shafar ɗabi'a. A cikin tsarin Ilimi na Tattaunawa, ana amfani da ra'ayin tattaunawa sabanin tsarin tattaunawa na yau da kullun da ake gani a cikin ilimin manya na gargajiya, inda malamai ke gabatar da bayanai ga ɗaliban da suka sami bayanai ba tare da sun yi amfani da shi ba. An yi wa wannan lakabi da "tsarin banki" ga ilimi ta Paulo Freire a cikin littafinsa na 1970 mai suna Pedagogy of the Oppressed . A cewar Freire, hanyar da aka saba amfani da ita wajen koyar da manya tana ɗaukar ɗalibai a matsayin kwalaye marasa komai da malamai za su iya saka bayanai a ciki (Vella, 2004). Freire da sauransu sun fahimci buƙatar yin garambawul a cikin ayyukan ilimin manya, musamman dangane da daidaito a cikin dangantakar da ke tsakanin manyan ɗalibai da malamai (Vella, 2004). Saboda tasirin waɗannan masu ra'ayin ka'ida, Vella ta fara ƙirƙirar tsarin ƙa'idodi da ayyuka don fassara ka'idar zuwa aiki da sakamako. Ta fara amfani da dabarun Ilimin Tattaunawa a cikin koyarwarta a shekarun 1970 kuma an ƙara haɓaka waɗannan zuwa tsarin tsari yayin da take kammala digirin digirgir a Jami'ar Massachusetts Amherst . A wannan lokacin, ta sanya wa hanyarta ta ilimi mai farin jini suna bayan tsarin Freire (Global Learning Partners, 2006a,b; Vella, 2004). Tsarin Ilimin Tattaunawa ya ƙara ci gaba yayin da Vella ta ƙirƙiri kamfanin horarwa nata Jubilee Popular Education Centre, wanda yanzu ake kira [http://www.globalearning.com/ Global Learning Partners], a shekarar 1981. Ta hanyar wannan ƙungiya, sama da ɗalibai 3,500 daga ƙasashe 60 sun kammala tarurrukan bita kan hanyar tattaunawa don tsara koyo da kuma sauƙaƙewa. An kuma yi amfani da wannan hanyar don gudanar da kimantawar koyo, kimantawar koyo da tsara da kuma sauƙaƙe tarurruka ( [http://www.globalearning.com/ Global Learning Partners, 2006d] ). Manufofin Ilimi na Tattaunawa suna ci gaba da bunkasa yayin da Vella, abokan hulɗarta da kuma ɗaliban wannan hanyar ke samun ƙarin fahimtar yadda za a yi amfani da ka'idar koyo ta manya don samun sakamako mai tasiri. == Tsarin Ilimi na Tattaunawa == Ka'idoji da ayyukan Ilimi na Tattaunawa suna wakiltar wata hanya ta musamman ta haɗa ka'idar ilmantarwa ta manya cikin tsara da aiwatar da abubuwan ilmantarwa (Global Learning Partners 2006c). Duk da cewa an lura da fiye da hamsin daga cikin waɗannan (Vella 1995, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2004; Global Learning Partners, 2006c), an tsara babban tsarin a cikin littafinta na baya-bayan nan kuma an shimfida shi kuma an ɗan faɗaɗa shi kaɗan a ƙasa (Vella, 2007). === Manyan Ka'idoji === * '''Tattaunawa''' - Wannan babban ƙa'idar Tattaunawa Ilimi ya sanya tattaunawa a matsayin hanyar samun sakamakon koyo, maimakon a matsayin ƙarshen kansa. Ka'idar ta ɗauka cewa kowane babba yana da isasshen gogewa ta rayuwa don yin magana da kowane malami kan kowane fanni '''''kuma''''' ɗalibai za su fi koyo idan abun ciki ya shafi ƙwarewarsu. Saboda haka, tattaunawa ta hanyoyi biyu, a bude take ya kamata ta zama wani bangare na dukkan ayyukan ilmantarwa. * '''Masu Koyo a Matsayin Masu Zaɓe ko Masu Zaɓe''' - Dole ne a ɗauki ɗalibai a matsayin waɗanda ke aiki bisa ga abubuwan da aka rubuta maimakon abubuwan da za a yi musu ko kuma waɗanda za su karɓi abubuwan da aka rubuta. Ana iya nuna wannan ƙa'ida ta hanyar bin jagorar: : ''"Kada ka taɓa yin abin da mai koyo zai iya yi; kada ka taɓa yanke shawara kan abin da mai koyo zai iya yankewa."'' (Vella, 2002:16). * '''Manufofin da suka dogara da nasara''' - Manufofin da suka dogara da nasara, suna bayyana abin da ɗalibai za su yi da abubuwan da ke ciki ( ''Menene'' ) ta hanyar da za a iya gani. An bayyana manufofin ta amfani da fi'ilai na aiki bisa ga tsarin Bloom na manufofin ilimi . * '''Ayyukan Koyo''' - An tsara ayyukan koyo a matsayin tambayoyi a buɗe (watau tambayoyi ba tare da saitin amsa ba, "dama") da ake yi wa ɗalibai, ana gayyatarsu su yi mu'amala da abubuwan da ke ciki ta wata hanya kuma suna haifar da tattaunawa a buɗe tsakanin ɗalibi da malami da kuma tsakanin ɗalibai. Waɗannan ayyuka suna ƙayyade yadda ɗalibai za su cimma manufofin ( ''Menene'' ) waɗanda ke taimaka musu su koyi abubuwan da ake buƙata ( ''Menene'' ) domin cimma manufar da aka tsara ( ''Me yasa'' ). === Tsarin gine-gine === 1. ''Bukatun Koyo da Kimanta Albarkatu (LNRA)'' Don gano ilimin da ƙwarewar ɗalibai a yanzu da kuma taimakawa wajen haɓaka ƙarin manufofi. 2. ''Matakai Bakwai na Zane'' - A cikin tsara ayyukan ilmantarwa, masu ilimi suna neman amsa tambayoyin dalla-dalla gwargwadon iko: ## '''''Su wanene''''' - masu koyo, masu ilimi, da sauran mahalarta? ## '''''Me yasa''''' - yanayin da ke buƙatar ilmantarwa, musamman ma dangane da dalilin da yasa ɗalibai ke son kasancewa a wurin. ## '''''Yaushe''''' - za a fara koyon (lokacin da jimillar lokacin da ake da shi)? ## '''''A ina''''' - za a gudanar da koyo (wuri, tsari, da sauransu)? ## '''''Menene''''' takamaiman abun ciki (Ilimi, Kwarewa da Halaye) za a rufe don magance ''Me yasa'' ? ## '''''Me ake yi''''' - Yana Bayyana Manufofin da aka Tushen Nasara (ABOs) ga kowane ɓangare na Abubuwan da ke Ciki ## '''''Ta yaya''''' - Tsarin (ayyukan koyo) wanda ɗalibai ke hulɗa da ''Abin'' da za su haɗu da kowane ABO ( ''Me Yake Domin'' ). : Ta hanyar amsa waɗannan tambayoyin dalla-dalla da kuma tabbatar da daidaito a ko'ina, za a iya shirya tsari mai ƙarfi da alhaki. 3. ''Ayyukan Koyo (Ta yaya?)'' - yi aiki ta hanyar amfani da fi'ilai masu aiki don jawo hankalin mai koyo da kuma yin aiki a cikin ƙwarewa a cikin ilimi, ƙwarewa, da halaye (ɗaikun mutane da ƙungiyoyi). Wannan yana haifar da ci gaban nau'ikan '''I''' guda huɗu. * '''Jerin abubuwa huɗu na I''' - Jerin abubuwa guda ɗaya masu taimako musamman ga aikin koyo ya ƙunshi sassa huɗu: '''''Aikin''''' da ke ba wa ɗalibi damar yin tunani a kan abin da ya fuskanta a baya, '''''Shigarwa''''' wanda ke ba da wasu sabbin bayanai ga ɗalibi ya yi la'akari da su, '''''Aiwatarwa''''' wanda ke gayyatar ɗalibi ya yi amfani da wannan sabon bayanin kuma a ƙarshe, '''''Haɗin kai''''' don dawo da sabon fahimtar cikin mahallin ɗalibi. 4. ''Ka'idoji da ayyuka'' a kowane mataki: * '''Bukatun koyo da kimanta albarkatu''' - Masu koyo suna buƙatar shiga cikin tsara abin da za a koya. Gudanar da LNRA, yana bawa malami damar fara kwaikwayon tattaunawar da ɗalibai wanda zai ci gaba a lokacin taron ilimi. Bugu da ƙari, ƙirar za a iya inganta ta saboda an fahimci ta ta hanyar jigogi na ɗalibai da kuma fahimtar abin da ke da ma'ana a gare su. * '''Tsaro''' - Dole ne ɗalibai su ji daɗin aminci domin su yi mu'amala da sauran ɗalibai, malamai da abubuwan da ke ciki. Yanayin da tsarin ilmantarwa dole ne ya samar da yanayi mai aminci ga ɗalibai. Kalubale har yanzu yana da mahimmanci don koyo ya faru, amma tare da alƙawarin tallafi, ƙarfafawa da kuma samar da dukkan kayan aikin (ƙwarewa, ilimi da iyawa) da ake buƙata don yin aikin, ɗalibai za su iya jin shirye su ɗauki wannan ƙalubalen. * '''Dangantaka Mai Kyau''' - Wannan ya ƙunshi girmamawa da sha'awar ra'ayoyin duk waɗanda ke cikin tsarin ilmantarwa kuma an kafa shi ne bisa ga mutum ɗaya. Ya dogara ne akan lafiyar mutumin da ke cikin matsayin malami. * '''Jerin Ayyuka da Ƙarfafawa''' - Ayyukan jerin ayyuka suna taimakawa wajen tabbatar da aminci da nasara ga ɗalibi wajen kammala ayyuka ta hanyar ginawa daga ƙanana zuwa babba, mai sauƙi zuwa rikitarwa, mai zaman kansa ga mutane da yawa kuma wanda aka saba da shi zuwa wanda ba a saba ba. Idan ɗalibai suka ci gaba da mu'amala da abubuwan da ke ciki ta hanyoyi daban-daban da kuma jan hankali, ilmantarwa za ta ƙara ƙarfi. * '''Praxis''' - Dole ne ɗalibai su sami damar yin aiki a kan abubuwan da ke ciki sannan su yi tunani a kan ayyukansu domin su yanke shawara sannan su sami ƙarin damar yin aiki a sake. Ana iya cimma wannan ta hanyar amfani da bincike da kuma [[wiktionary:synthesis|hadawa]] . Bincike - raba bayanai ko yanayi da kuma haɗa su - sake haɗa su duka suna da mahimmanci don koyo ya faru. * '''Girmamawa''' - Ana ganinsa ta hanyar ƙoƙarin da dukkan mahalarta ke yi a cikin ƙoƙarin ilmantarwa. Malamin da ke cikin shiri da tsara tsarin ilmantarwa da kuma ɗaliban da ke cikin himma da ƙoƙarin sun nuna koma baya. * '''Ra'ayoyi, Ji, Ayyuka''' - Domin samun ingantaccen koyo, ra'ayoyi (fahimta), ji (ƙauna) da ayyuka (mai motsa jiki) duk suna buƙatar shiga cikin ayyukan ilmantarwa. * '''Dacewa da Gaggawa''' - Abubuwan da ke ciki suna buƙatar su zama masu amfani nan take, masu amfani kuma masu ma'ana (masu dacewa) ga mahallin mai koyo domin ilmantarwa ta faru. * '''Ayyukan da suka bayyana karara''' - Dole ne ɗalibai su ga daidaito tsakanin malami da ɗalibai da kuma tsakanin ɗalibai. Malamai za su iya tallafawa wannan ta hanyar nuna sauraro da kyau, nuna sha'awar ɗaliban da kuma nuna tawali'u. * '''Aiki tare da Ƙananan Ƙungiyoyi''' - Amfani da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi aiki ne mai mahimmanci a cikin ilimin tattaunawa domin yana ƙirƙirar yanayi mai aminci ga ɗalibai don samun muryarsu, yana nuna yanayin rayuwa na haɗin gwiwa kuma yana ba da damar jagoranci na takwarorinsu wanda zai iya haɓaka koyo. * '''Hulɗa''' - Ɗalibai suna da hannu wajen yin ka'ida kan kowane fanni kuma dole ne masu ilimi su yi amfani da ayyukan fahimta, motsin rai da kuma motsa jiki don jawo hankalin ɗalibai a cikin wannan tsari. Idan ɗalibai suka shiga harkar ilimi, suna dagewa kan tsarin ilmantarwa. * '''Hakkin mallaka''' - Hakkin mallaka yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ƙa'idodi a cikin ilimin manya. Dole ne malamai su kasance masu alhakin ga ɗalibai ta hanyar tsara koyo da kuma sauƙaƙe musu, kuma dole ne ɗalibai su kasance masu alhakin ga malami, junansu da kansu ta hanyar ayyukansu. 5. ''Manuniyar Kimantawa'' * '''Koyo''' - Shine "ƙarshen komai. Koyo shine abin da ke faruwa a lokacin taron, kuma an tsara manufofi bisa ga nasara don tabbatar da hakan" (Vella, 2007, 217). * '''Canja wurin''' - Amfani da sabon kayan da aka koya "a cikin sabon yanayi, bayan taron koyo. Alamomin canja wurin shaida ce ta halayya da ke nuna cewa an sami koyo ta hanyar fahimta, motsin rai, ko kuma ta hanyar motsa jiki" (219). * '''Tasiri''' - Shine "bambanci ko canjin da ke faruwa a cikin mutum ko ƙungiya a matsayin aikin taron ilmantarwa ko jerin abubuwan ilmantarwa" (216). Duk da cewa babu ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ra'ayoyin da ba su da sabon abu a cikin ka'idar koyon manya, gudunmawar da Ilimi na Tattaunawa ke bayarwa ita ce tsarin da aka tsara sosai wanda aka ƙirƙiro don aiwatar da sanannen ka'idar koyon manya ta hanya mai ma'ana (Global Learning Partners, 2006c). Ka'idar koyo ta manya an fahimce ta sosai, duk da haka, ana amfani da ita ba tare da yawan amfani da ita ba a aikace. Tsarin Ilimi na Tattaunawa, saboda yana bayar da ƙa'idodi da ayyuka na musamman da aka gina da kyau, yana buƙatar daidaito tsakanin ka'ida, ƙira da aiwatarwa. Irin wannan daidaito yana haifar da ingantaccen koyo da kuma canjin hali (Vella, 2004). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 11b4p7eph1frotcgu1kx9y465ixikxc 0 162655 905896 890211 2026-08-22T01:06:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Ratatouille.jpg|thumb|240x240px|Ratatouille abinci ne na gargajiya na Faransanci wanda aka dafa shi a Nice.]] Wannan '''jerin kayan lambu''' ne, gami da kayan lambu wanda babban sinadaran, ko ɗaya daga cikin sinadaran mahimmanci, kayan lambu ce. A cikin sharuddan abinci, [[Kayan Lambu|kayan lambu]] shuka ce mai cin abinci ko ɓangaren shuka da aka nufa don dafa abinci ko don amfani da shi.<ref name="iarc">{{Cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RiKjvAzzwFYC&pg=PA |title=Fruits And Vegetables |isbn=9283230086|publisher=IARC |author1=Vainio, Harri |author2=Bianchini, Franca |name-list-style=amp|year=2003 |page=2}}</ref> Ana samun kayan lambu da yawa a duk faɗin duniya. == Abincin kayan lambu ==    [[Fayil:Pasta_peperoni_cruschi.jpg|thumb|200x200px|[[peperoni cruschi]]">Pasta con da peperoni cruschi, abincin pasta na Italiyanci tare da busassun albasa da aka sani da peperoni crischi]] [[Fayil:Salad_platter02_crop.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Saladi na lambu tare da lettuce, tumatir da aka bushe da rana, tumatir cherry, beets, cucumber da cuku fetaCuku da aka yi]] [[Fayil:Goma-ae_salad.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Goma-ae abinci ne na Japan. An yi shi da kayan lambu da kayan ado na [[Riɗi|sesame]].]] [[Fayil:Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Tabbouleh.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Tabbouleh abinci ne na kayan lambu na Levantine (wani lokacin ana ɗaukar Saladi) wanda aka yi da bulgur, tumatir, parsley da aka yanka sosai, [[Na'a-Na'a|mint]], da albasa, kuma an dafa shi da [[Man zaitun]], ruwan lemun tsami, da gishiri.]] [[Fayil:Vichyssoise.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Vichyssoise babban [[Miya|sopo]] ne da aka yi da [[Albasa mai kara|leeks]], [[albasa]], [[Dankalin turawa|dankali]], cream, da Kayan kaza.]]   [[File:Pasta peperoni cruschi.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pasta con i peperoni cruschi]], an [[Italian cuisine|Italian]] pasta dish with dried peppers known as [[peperoni cruschi]]]] [[File:Salad platter02 crop.jpg|thumb|200px|A [[garden salad]] with [[lettuce]], [[sun-dried tomato]]es, [[cherry tomato]]es, [[beet]]s, [[cucumber]] and [[feta cheese]]]] [[File:Goma-ae salad.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Goma-ae]] is a [[Japanese cuisine|Japanese]] [[side dish]]. It is made with vegetables and [[sesame]] dressing.]] [[File:Flickr - cyclonebill - Tabbouleh.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Tabbouleh]] is a [[Levantine cuisine|Levantine]] [[Vegetarian cuisine|vegetarian]] dish (sometimes considered a [[salad]]) traditionally made of [[bulgur]], tomatoes, finely chopped [[parsley]], [[Mentha|mint]], and [[Scallion|onion]], and seasoned with [[olive oil]], [[lemon juice]], and salt.<ref>Sami Zubaida, "National, Communal and Global Dimensions in Middle Eastern Food Cultures" in [[Sami Zubaida]] and [[Richard Tapper]], ''A Taste of Thyme: Culinary Cultures of the Middle East'', London and New York, 1994 and 2000, {{ISBN|1-86064-603-4}}, p. 35, 37; [[Claudia Roden]], ''A Book of Middle Eastern Food'', p. 86; [[Anissa Helou]], ''[[Oxford Companion to Food]]'', ''s.v.'' Lebanon and Syria; Maan Z. Madina, ''Arabic-English Dictionary of the Modern Literary Language'', 1973, ''s.v.'' تبل</ref><ref>''[[Oxford Companion to Food]]'', ''s.v.'' tabbouleh</ref><ref>Julia Al Arab - [http://julienjulia.blogspot.com/2014/04/tabbouleh-endive-boats.html Tabbouleh in Endive Boats recipe]</ref>]] [[File:Vichyssoise.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Vichyssoise]] is a thick [[soup]] made of [[purée]]d [[leek (vegetable)|leeks]], [[onion]]s, [[potato]]es, [[cream]], and [[chicken stock]].]] {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * {{annotated link|Ants on a log}} * {{annotated link|Ciambotta}} * {{annotated link|Chile relleno}} * {{annotated link|Collard liquor}} * {{annotated link|Confit byaldi}} * {{annotated link|Crudités}} * {{annotated link|Ema datshi}} * {{annotated link|Főzelék}} * {{annotated link|Fried cauliflower}} * {{annotated link|Ghormeh sabzi}} * {{annotated link|Goma-ae}} * {{annotated link|Green bean casserole}} * {{annotated link|Guacamole}} * {{annotated link|Jalapeño popper}} * {{annotated link|Kimchi}} * {{annotated link|Kuluban}} * {{annotated link|Lecsó}} * {{annotated link|Lettuce sandwich}} * {{annotated link|Mashed pumpkin}} * {{annotated link|Mish-mash (food)|Mish-mash}} * {{annotated link|Onion ring}} * {{annotated link|Pao cai}} * {{annotated link|Pasta con i peperoni cruschi}} * {{annotated link|Pasta primavera}} * {{annotated link|Pickled cucumber}} * {{annotated link|Pico de gallo}} * {{annotated link|Piperade}} * {{annotated link|Plecing kangkung}} * {{annotated link|Ratatouille}} * {{annotated link|Sambar (dish)|Sambar}} * {{annotated link|Sauerkraut}} * {{annotated link|Stuffed peppers}} * {{annotated link|Stuffed zucchini}} * {{annotated link|Succotash}} * {{annotated link|Sweet potato pie}} * {{annotated link|Sweet sour and spicy vegetable gravy}} * {{annotated link|Turnip cake}} * {{annotated link|Vegetable chips}} * {{annotated link|Vegetable sandwich}} * {{annotated link|Vegetable soup}} * {{annotated link|Stew|Vegetable stew}} {{div col end}} == Ta hanyar babban sinadarin == === Kayan abinci na kwai === [[Fayil:Azerbaijani_Badımcan_dolması_1.JPG|thumb|200x200px|[[Shuka mai laushi]]]] * Baba ghanoush - Abincin Levantine na kwai da aka dafa * Caponata - Abincin kwai na Sicilian * Fried eggplant - Abincin kwai * Moussaka - Abincin kayan lambu, sauce da nama * Parmigiana - Abincin Italiyanci na kwai tare da cuku da sauce na tumatir * Stuffed eggplant - Abincin kwai === Abincin legume === * Baked beans - Beans da aka dafa a cikin sauce * Bean salad - Saladi mai sanyi na yau da kullun wanda ya ƙunshi wake daban-daban da aka dafa ko kuma mai laushi * Dal - Kashewa, rarraba pulses da aka yi amfani da shi don dafa abinci * Edamame - Yankin soya da ba a manyanta ba wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman abinci na musamman * Falafel - Abincin wake da aka dafa a Gabas ta Tsakiya * Green bean casserole - Abincin Amurka daga shekarun 1950 * Hummus - Abincin chickpea na Gabas ta Tsakiya * Pea soup - Soup da aka yi da busassun wake * Refried beans - Abincin Mexico na wake da aka dafa * Chilli mai cin ganyayyaki === Abincin dankali === * Baked potato - Abincin dankali * French fries - Yankin dankalin turawa da aka dafa sosai * Knödel - Babban zagaye da aka yi da dankali ko burodi, wanda aka yi ba tare da yisti ba * Mashed potato - Abincin dankali * Patatas bravas - Abincin dankali na Mutanen Espanya * Potato chip - Dankali da aka yanka, an dafa shi sosai ko kuma an dafa shiShafuka da ke nuna taƙaitaccen bayanin manufofi * Potato doughnut - Abincin da ke da ɗanɗano, wanda aka samo daga dankali * Potato pancake - Pancakes da aka dafa da ɗanɗano ko dankali * Potato salad - Salad da aka yi da dankali da aka dafa * Rösti - Abincin dankali na Switzerland * Samosa - Abincin da aka dafa da zurfi / juyawa * Spanish omelette - Abincin gargajiya na kwai da dankali == Ta hanyar nau'i == === Salad === * Caprese - Saladi na Italiya * Chef's salad - Saladi na Amurka * Coleslaw - Salad wanda ya kunshi da farko da aka raba da kyau * Greek salad - Salad na tumatir, cucumbers, da feta * Israeli salad - Saladi na kayan lambu da aka yi a Isra'ila * Pecel - Abincin kayan lambu na Indonesiya * Potato salad - Salad da aka yi da dankali da aka dafa * Salade niçoise - Saladi na Faransanci tare da anchovies ko tuna * Tabbouleh - Abincin Levantine na parsley da bulgur === Miya === * Borscht - Sopo mai zaki na Gabashin Turai * Corn chowder - Sopo na masara mai laushi daga Amurka * French onion soup - Soup na albasa da kaya * Gazpacho - Abincin sanyi na Mutanen Espanya * Kesäkeitto - Sopo na gargajiya na Finnish * Minestrone - Sopo mai zurfi na asalin Italiya * Spinach soup - Soup da aka shirya ta amfani da spinach * Tomato soup - Soup da aka yi da tumatir * Vichyssoise - Irin sopo == Ta hanyar ƙasa == === Abincin kayan lambu na Pakistan === [[Fayil:Eggplant-&-Tomato-(Bhurta)-optimized.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Shuka da tumatir bhurta]] [[Fayil:Gobi_manchurian.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Gobi Manchu wani abincin abinci ne na [[Indiya]] da aka dafa a kasar Sin wanda ake yawan cinyewa a Indiya.]] * Aloo gobi - Abincin curry tare da cauliflower da dankaliShafuka da ke nuna taƙaitaccen bayanin manufofi * Aavakaaya - Nau'o'in pickles da aka shirya ta amfani da mangoShafuka da ke nuna taƙaitaccen bayanin manufofi * Bharvan mirch - Abincin da ya haɗa da cika ramuka na belin da sauran abinci * Bhurta - Haɗin kayan lambu da aka dafa * Dal - Kashewa, rarraba pulses da aka yi amfani da shi don dafa abinci * Gobi manchurian - Abincin da aka dafa da kyau a cikin abincin Indo-ChineseShafuka da ke nuna taƙaitaccen bayanin manufofi * Kosambari - Saladi mai rabuwa da aka raba * Mattar paneer - Cuku da abincin wake na IndiyaShafuka da ke nuna taƙaitaccen bayanin manufofi * Pakora - Mai dafa abinci mai ɗanɗano wanda ya samo asali ne daga yankin Indiya * Poriyal - Farin Ciki na Tamil * Sambar (dish) - Saki na Lentil * Sarson da saag - Abincin Kudancin AsiyaShafuka da ke nuna taƙaitaccen bayanin manufofi * Tamate ka kut - Abincin tumatir na Indiya * Theeyal - Kudancin Indiya da aka gasa * Thoran - Abincin kayan lambu na Indiya * Undhiyu - Abincin kayan lambu na Gujarati<ref name="Parida2003">{{cite book|author = Laxmi Parida | title = Purba: Feasts from the East: Oriya Cuisine from Eastern India | year = 2003 | publisher=iUniverse | isbn=978-0-595-26749-1 | pages=191}}</ref> === Abincin kayan lambu na Pakistan === * Aloo gobi - Abincin curry tare da cauliflower da dankaliShafuka da ke nuna taƙaitaccen bayanin manufofi * Baingan - Nau'in shuke-shukeShafuka da ke nuna taƙaitaccen bayanin manufofi * Bhindi - Nau'ikan shuke-shuke masu cin abinciShafuka da ke nuna taƙaitaccen bayanin manufofi * Saag - Abincin kayan lambu mai laushi daga yankin Indiya == Duba kuma == * Jerin abinci * Jerin salatin * Jerin kayan abinci na squash da pumpkin * Jerin kayan lambu * Abincin kayan lambu * Burger na kayan lambu == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.pdfmx.com/the-complete-vegetarian-cookbook-pdf-free/ Cikakken Littafin Abinci na Abincin PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250905104633/https://www.pdfmx.com/the-complete-vegetarian-cookbook-pdf-free/ |date=2025-09-05 }} * {{Commons category-inline|Vegetable-based food}} gwj0ah4bcxmi0sxa3yexm46ggj3elwy 0 163086 906156 897334 2026-08-22T11:18:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kathrin Böhm''' (an haife ta a shekarar 1969) [[Masu kirkira|mai fasaha]] ce wacce ke aiki a ciki da wajen duniyar fasaha. Ana bayyana aikinta ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa da kuma haɗin gwiwar samar da al'adu da canje-canje a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun, kamar kasuwanci, ƙauyuka ko unguwannin birane. Fahimtar Böhm game da al'ada ta samo asali ne daga manufar 'Dimokuradiyya ta Al'adu', kuma tana yin fasaha a matsayin wani nau'i na musamman na samar da al'adu, wanda yake da mahimmanci amma ba na musamman ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Social (Re)Production of Architecture: Politics, Values and Actions in Contemporary Practice |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Social-ReProduction-of-Architecture-Politics-Values-and-Actions/Petrescu-Trogal/p/book/9781138859494 |access-date=2022-02-07 |website=Routledge & CRC Press |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun casa'in, Böhm ta faɗaɗa sharuɗɗan ayyukan zamantakewa, inda ta haɗu da samar da tsare-tsare masu rikitarwa na tsari, sarari, gani da tattalin arziki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mansions of the Future: A Public Programme |url=https://mansionsofthefuture.org/events/mansions-of-the-future-a-public-programme/ |access-date=2022-02-07 |website=Mansions of the Future |language=en-GB}}</ref> Böhm yana aiki a ƙasashen duniya, ciki har da koyarwa da wallafe-wallafe, kuma yana ba da gudummawa a matsayin mai bincike a kan batutuwa masu yawa na 'Sabuwar Tattalin Arziki', 'Usership of Art' da kuma 'Production of Public Space'. Nunin da ta yi mai suna 'Compost' <ref>{{Cite web |title=PARSE |url=https://parsejournal.com/ |access-date=2022-02-07 |website=parsejournal.com |language=en-US}}</ref> a The Showroom da ke Landan a shekarar 2021 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi. Böhm ta daina fara sabbin ayyuka, maimakon haka ta yi takin zamani a aikinta har zuwa yau, don yin takin zamani don ci gaban ababen more rayuwa na dogon lokaci <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Showroom {{!}} Kathrin Bohm: I am a shop |url=https://www.theshowroom.org/projects/kathrin-bohm-i-am-a-shop |access-date=2022-02-07 |website=www.theshowroom.org |archive-date=2022-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207192547/https://www.theshowroom.org/projects/kathrin-bohm-i-am-a-shop |url-status=dead }}</ref> kamar [[Company Drinks|Kamfanin Abin Sha]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=True Currency: About Feminist Economics – Alternative School of Economics |url=https://www.alternativeschoolofeconomics.org/true-currency-about-feminist-economics/ |access-date=2022-02-07 |website=www.alternativeschoolofeconomics.org}}</ref> Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki Mai Kyau, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Handbook of Diverse Economies |url=https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/the-handbook-of-diverse-economies-9781788119955.html |access-date=2022-02-07 |website=www.e-elgar.com |language=en}}</ref> da Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta Rural Myvillages . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rural School of Economics |url=https://ruralschoolofeconomics.info/ |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=Rural School of Economics |language=en}}</ref> Böhm yana da matsayin farfesa a fannin Fasaha a cikin Harkokin Kamfanoni a Jami'ar Alanus da ke Alfter tun daga shekarar 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE BOOK (2021) - Dissent Without Modification |url=https://www.dissentwithoutmodification.com/THE-BOOK-2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207192547/https://www.dissentwithoutmodification.com/THE-BOOK-2021 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-07 |website=www.dissentwithoutmodification.com}}</ref> Ita mamba ce a Cibiyar Tattalin Arzikin Al'umma da kuma Cibiyar Bincike kan Tattalin Arzikin Al'umma. == Horarwa == Böhm ya fara karatun Zane da Fasaha a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Nuremberg daga 1990 zuwa 1995, sannan daga baya ya yi karatun digiri na biyu a fannin Fasaha ta Fine a Kwalejin Goldsmiths da ke Landan tsakanin 1996 da 1997. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Böhm |first=Kathrin |title=andmillionsandmillions.net |url=http://www.andmillionsandmillions.net/ |access-date=25 July 2013}}</ref> == Masu haɗin gwiwa da ƙungiyoyi == Kathrin ita ce wadda ta kafa kuma ta haɗu da ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi da dama: * ƙungiyar masu fasaha ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ta yankin Myvillages (2002, mai ci gaba) * haɗin gwiwar ba da shawara kan kasuwanci na UNO INO da mata ke jagoranta (2021, yana ci gaba) * [http://www.companydrinks.info/ Kamfanin Sha] na Kamfanin Fasaha na London (2014, yana ci gaba) * Shirin Mawaki [http://www.keepitcomplex.eu/ A Ci gaba da Rikice-rikice - A Bayyana Shi A sarari] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217102729/https://keepitcomplex.eu/ |date=2025-02-17 }} (2016–21) * Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki Mai Kyau tare da Kuba Szreder (2018, yana ci gaba) * haɗin gwiwar fasaha da gine-gine Ayyukan Jama'a (2003 - 2012). == Haɗin gwiwa na farko == Ayyukan haɗin gwiwa a cikin yanayin jami'a sun haɗa da 'Galeria Quattro Stazione', da 'One Night Pub' tare da Lisa Cheung. Nunin da aka haɗa sun haɗa da 'Tsawon lokacin da ya fi kyau' (Jelängerjelieber) (1995) a Kunstbunker Nürnberg da kuma 'Nice to meet you' (1998) tare da Gavin Wade. An yi bincike kan aikin haɗin gwiwa a wurin a cikin mahallin baje kolin a lokacin 'Happy Hobby' a Tabot Gallery (1998) da kuma 'Pic Nics' a Camden Arts Centre (1999), duka tare da Stefan Saffer. == Ayyukan Jama'a da Ƙauyuka == Aikin Böhm na dogon lokaci a fannin fasaha da gine-gine ya fara ne a shekarar 1999 ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hukumar fasaha ta jama'a tare da Stefan Saffer da Andreas Lang . Ita ce ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Works |url=http://www.publicworksgroup.net |access-date=25 July 2013}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=public works: About: Founders: Böhm, Kathrin |url=https://www.publicworksgroup.net/about/founders/kathrin.bohm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418161850/https://www.publicworksgroup.net/about/founders/kathrin.bohm |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=2019-04-18 |website=www.publicworksgroup.net}}</ref> Ayyukan Jama'a wuri ne da aka haɗa don bincike, tattaunawa da aiwatar da fasaha dangane da sararin jama'a na yau da kullun. An kafa Ayyukan Jama'a a matsayin wani aiki na gaske tsakanin fannoni daban-daban, wanda a fannonin ƙwararru, fasaha da gine-gine, an ba su damar bincika ikon cin gashin kai da kuma amfani da su ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa. Babban abin da Ayyukan Jama'a suka mayar da hankali a kai shi ne fannin jama'a na birane da kuma ci gaban da suke bayarwa a fannin shirye-shiryen kai da shirye-shiryen sake fasalin al'ada. Muhimman ayyukan da Böhm ya gudanar a tsawon shekaru goma sha uku yana aiki sun haɗa da Mobile Porch, wani ƙaramin gini mai yawo a unguwannin birane, Park Products for the Serpentine Gallery da Kensington Gardens da kuma kwanan nan Colchester Inn, wani sabon fili na jama'a da aka rubuta da yawa don filin birni na farko. Böhm kuma memba ne na ƙungiyar masu fasaha ta Myvillages, tare da [[:nl:Wapke Feenstra/|Wapke Feenstra]] (NL) da [[Antje Schiffers]] (Ger). Myvillages.org ta fara ne a shekarar 2003 bayan tattaunawa mai zurfi tsakanin masu fasaha uku kan fifikon birane a fannin fasahar zamani da kuma rawar da yankunan karkara ke takawa a fannin samar da al'adu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=myvillages.org |url=http://www.myvillages.org |access-date=25 July 2013}}</ref> Ayyukan Myvillages sun ƙunshi ayyuka iri-iri, daga cikinsu akwai jerin ayyukan 'ƙauyukanmu' da ake gudanarwa, 'Makarantar Nomadic ta Eco', aikin 'Vorratskammer (Pantry)' da kuma 'Shagon Kauye na Duniya'. == Muhimman ayyuka == === da kuma miliyoyin da kuma miliyoyin === (2001-2021) Tarin fastoci da kwafi da ake amfani da su wajen shigar da manyan takardu na jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title=info : Kathrin Böhm |url=http://www.andmillionsandmillions.net/info/ |access-date=2022-02-07 |website=www.andmillionsandmillions.net |archive-date=2022-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207192548/http://www.andmillionsandmillions.net/info/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] phrdav7r7no7y63gzw9k4j8xlr55n58 0 163186 906038 897113 2026-08-22T07:37:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Juliane Herrmann''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1989) ƙwararriyar mai ɗaukar hoto ce kuma mai kula da harkokin hoto 'yar ƙasar Jamus da ke [[Köln|Cologne]], North Rhine-Westphalia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Juliane Herrmann. Female Photoclub |url=https://femalephotoclub.com/member/juliane-herrmann/ |website=Female Photoclub}}</ref> Aikin Herrmann ya shahara ne saboda binciken da ta yi kan [[Al'umma da aka rufe|Al'ummomin da aka rufe]] kamar Freemasonry, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Prager |first=Lutz |date=2014-09-20 |title=Juliane Herrmann aus Jena gewinnt Jugendfotopreis |url=https://www.otz.de/regionen/jena/juliane-herrmann-aus-jena-gewinnt-jugendfotopreis-id220405739.html |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=www.otz.de |language=de-DE}}</ref> Scouting, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Juliane Herrmann – Juliane Herrmann: Attitude – Internationale Photoszene |url=https://festival.photoszene.de/Festival/attitude/300.html |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=festival.photoszene.de}}</ref> da Studentenverbindung . <ref name="kwerfeldein, Ankündigung: OpenTable mit Juliane Herrmann">{{Cite web |date=August 14, 2018 |title=Ankündigung: OpenTable mit Juliane Herrmann – kwerfeldein – Magazin für Fotografie |url=https://kwerfeldein.de/2018/08/14/opentable-juliane-herrmann/}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, ta fara mujallar daukar hoto ''ta Beyond'' . <ref name="Beyond">{{Cite web |title=Beyond Magazin – Magazine for Photography in newspaper format › Beyond Magazin |url=https://beyond-magazin.de/ |website=beyond-magazin.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-05 |title=Magazin Beyond: Im Gespräch mit Juliane Herrmann – kwerfeldein – Magazin für Fotografie |url=https://kwerfeldein.de/2018/06/05/magazin-beyond/ |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=kwerfeldein |language=de-DE}}</ref> A cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan ta kasance tana shirya nunin hotuna a matsayin Facing Gender – f2 Fotofestival, a cikin [[:de:Depot Immermannstraße|Kulturort Depot]], [[Dortmund]], <ref name="Facing Gender">{{Cite web |date=16 June 2021 |title=16 Ausstellungen zum Thema "Identität": Von der Nordstadt aus erobert das "f²-Fotofestival" das Ruhrgebiet |url=https://www.nordstadtblogger.de/16-ausstellungen-zum-thema-identitaet-von-der-nordstadt-aus-erobert-das-f-fotofestival-das-ruhrgebiet/ |website=nordstadtblogger}}</ref> (2021) da Beyond III – [post]koloniale Gegenwart, a cikin Altes Pfandhaus, [[Köln]] (2021). <ref name="Beyond III">{{Cite web |title=BEYOND |url=http://www.africologne-festival.de/programm/beyond/ |publisher=}}</ref> == Aiki akan al'ummomin da aka rufe == Binciken gani na Herrmann ya mayar da hankali kan sirrin [[Al'umma da aka rufe|ƙungiyoyi]] . Tana aiki da hoton da ba a saba gani ba a waɗannan ƙungiyoyin don ƙirƙirar bincike mai zurfi ta hanyar ɗaukar hotunan shirye-shirye na ɗan adam. Ta fara aiki a kan ƙungiyoyin ɗaliban Jamus da aka fi sani da Studentenverbindung, misali a [[:de:Corps Saxonia Jena|Corps Saxonia Jena]], ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin ɗaliban Jamus da ke [[Jena]] . Aikinta da aka fi sani shine "Mutum a tsakanin Maza" <ref name="Man Among Men">{{Cite web |last=Rebecca |first=Fulleylove |title=Juliane Herrmann captures the day-to-day life of the Freemasons |url=https://www.itsnicethat.com/articles/juliane-herrmann-man-among-men-freemasons-photography-290917 |access-date=December 12, 2021 |website=It's Nice That}}</ref> wata hanya ce ta gani ta Freemasonry a cikin mahallin duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hendriks |first=Door Ton |date=2017-10-18 |title=Vrijmetselarij: filosofische bowlingclub • Pf |url=https://pf.nl/vrijmetselarij-filosofische-bowlingclub/ |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=Pf}}</ref> Yana nuna hotunan Freemasons, hotunan masaukinsu da al'adunsu, gami da hotunan rayuwar yau da kullun a cikin masaukin da ayyukan Freemasons na yau da kullun, waɗanda aka rubuta a cikin shekaru 5 na bincike. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Man among Men — Take a Peek Inside the World of Freemasonry |url=http://fotoroom.co/man-among-men-juliane-herrmann/ |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=FotoRoom |language=en-US}}</ref> An buga ayyukan Herrmann a matsayin littafi <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-14 |title=Ankündigung: OpenTable mit Juliane Herrmann – kwerfeldein – Magazin für Fotografie |url=https://kwerfeldein.de/2018/08/14/opentable-juliane-herrmann/ |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=kwerfeldein |language=de-DE}}</ref> a cikin 2017 don cika shekaru 300 na Freemasonry na zamani, wanda aka tattauna a cikin Freemasonry saboda wataƙila ya tona asirinta da yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zeitung |first=Westdeutsche |date=2018-09-20 |title=NRW-Forum zeigt Ausstellung zu Verschwörungstheorien |url=https://www.wz.de/nrw/duesseldorf/kultur/nrw-forum-zeigt-ausstellung-zu-verschwoerungstheorien_aid-33160531 |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=Westdeutsche Zeitung |language=de}}</ref> Duk da haka, yayin da mujallar jaridar Die Zeit ta ƙasar Jamus ta mako-mako <ref name="Freimauer Logen">{{Cite web |date=13 January 2016 |title=ZEIT ONLINE {{pipe}} Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder im PUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl |url=https://www.zeit.de/zeit-magazin/leben/2015-12/freimaurer-logen-fs}}</ref> ta buga ayyukan Herrmann a shekarar 2015, ''freimaurer-wiki.de'', wani gidan yanar gizo da ke da alaƙa da al'ummar Freemason, ta bayyana shi a matsayin "bayyana tsoffin wariya." <ref name="Freimauer Wiki">{{Cite web |title=Juliane Herrmann – Freimaurer-Wiki |url=https://freimaurer-wiki.de/index.php/Juliane_Herrmann |website=freimaurer-wiki.de}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2018 tana aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin Scout a [[Jamus]], tana bin su a sansanonin bazara, tarurruka, tafiye-tafiye da manyan taruka kamar 24th World Scout Jamboree . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Foto Galerien – Worldscoutjamboree RdP |url=https://usa.worldscoutjamboree.de/index.php/nggallery/test/Vorlage-Immenhausen/page/4?page_id=2510 |access-date=2026-08-11 |archive-date=2021-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122051557/https://usa.worldscoutjamboree.de/index.php/nggallery/test/Vorlage-Immenhausen/page/4?page_id=2510 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An baje kolin hotunan 'yan leƙen asiri daga ƙasashe daban-daban a cikin MOUNTAINVIEW Gallery na [[Kunstraum Fuhrwerkswaage]] da ke Cologne, a cikin 2021. <ref name="Award Winner">{{Cite web |title=AWARD – WINNERS 1 – Internationale Photoszene |url=https://festival.photoszene.de/Juliane-Herrmann-en/ |website=festival.photoszene.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 {{!}} Kunstraum Fuhrwerkswaage |url=https://www.fuhrwerkswaage.de/mountainview-gallery/2021/ |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=www.fuhrwerkswaage.de |language=en}}</ref> == Haƙƙoƙin mata masu ɗaukar hoto == Baya ga gudummawar da ta bayar wajen daukar hotunan al'ummomin da aka rufe, Herrmann mace ce mai fafutukar kare hakkin masu daukar hoto. <ref name="BÄM! Magazin: Fifty-five Photographers">{{Cite web |date=September 25, 2020 |title=BÄM! Magazin: Fifty-five Photographers |url=http://andshewaslikebam.de/bam-magazin-fifty-five-photographers/ |website=And She Was Like: BÄM! |access-date=August 11, 2026 |archive-date=December 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215165145/http://andshewaslikebam.de/bam-magazin-fifty-five-photographers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tare da masu ɗaukar hoto [[Laura Morgenstern]], [[Melina Mörsdorf]], [[Alexandra Lechner]], [[Claudia Gödke]] da [[Claudia Masur]] da [[Angelika Zinzow]], ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar mata masu ɗaukar hoto ta Jamus [[Female Photoclub]] a shekarar 2020. <ref name="Female Future Force Day">{{Cite web |date=August 11, 2021 |title=Der "Female Future Force Day", Neues vom "Female Photo Club", ein plastikfreier Online-Superarkt & mehr! |url=https://femtastics.com/journal/fempower-news-der-female-future-force-day-neues-vom-female-photo-club-ein-plastikfreier-online-supermarkt-mehr/}}</ref> [[Nora Tabel]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=#11 Nora Tabel // Female Photoclub // Frauen in der Fotografie |url=https://getpodcast.com/at/podcast/100-frauen-der-podcast-uber-modernen-feminismus/11-nora-tabel-female-photoclub-frauen-in-der-fotografie_4d25654f05 |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=GetPodcast |language=de-at }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> da [[Laura Morgenstern]] ne suka fara wannan ƙungiyar a [[Berlin]] a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fotografin |url=https://lauramorgenstern.de/fotografin/ |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=www.lauramorgenstern.de |language=de-DE}}</ref> Godiya ga ƙungiyar, a cewar Herrmann "mata sun ƙara ƙarfin hali da ƙarfin gwiwa, kuma suna musayar ra'ayoyi da juna." <ref name="wahrscheinlich keine Frau">{{Cite web |date=August 19, 2020 |title=Foto: wahrscheinlich keine Frau |url=https://uebermedien.de/52166/foto-wahrscheinlich-keine-frau/}}</ref> Ƙungiyar daukar hoto ta mata tana da manufa ta ƙara yawan ganin masu ɗaukar hoto mata da kuma jawo hankali ga koke-koke, tsara tattaunawar jama'a, da kuma sa a ga ra'ayoyin mata masu ɗaukar hoto. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-11 |title=Fempower News: Der "Female Future Force Day", Neues vom "Female Photo Club", ein plastikfreier Online-Supermarkt & mehr! |url=https://femtastics.com/journal/fempower-news-der-female-future-force-day-neues-vom-female-photo-club-ein-plastikfreier-online-supermarkt-mehr/ |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=Das Fempower-Magazin! |language=de-DE}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]] b2c4pr7ighugaau1ox06i96i25c5qf0 0 163215 905721 903286 2026-08-21T16:52:28Z Zahrah0 14848 905721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   <references /> '''Zakiya Dara Randall''' ((/zəˈkiːjə/; an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta alif 1991) yar wasan golf ce ta Amurka, mai magana da yawun jama'a, mai tallata kaya kuma mai shirya kiɗa, wacce aka sani da 'Z'. An haife ta a Arlington, Virginia, ta girma tun tana ƙarama a yankin babban birnin Washington, D.C. daga baya kuma tun tana ƙarama ta ƙaura zuwa Atlanta, Georgia. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Randall a Arlington, Virginia, ɗa ɗaya tilo ga Donnie Randall, injiniya, da Tanya Randall mai ba da shawara kan fasahar sadarwa. Mahaifin Randall ɗan Afirka ne kuma mahaifiyarta 'yar Afirka ce, 'yar asalin Amurka da Irish. An koyar da ita a gida. Sha'awar Randall ga wasanni da kiɗa ta fara tun tana ƙarama. An horar da ita a fannin piano na gargajiya. Tun tana da shekaru 9, Randall ta lashe gasar zakarun Atlanta Lawn Tennis Association (ALTA). Randall memba ne na ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa na yara.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=K.E.N.N.Y Kids Directory |url=http://www.kidentrepreneurs.org/kids.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922180027/http://www.kidentrepreneurs.org/kids.html |archive-date=2008-09-22 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=kidentrepreneurs.org}}</ref> Randall ta kammala makarantar sakandare a shekara ta 2009, kuma daga baya ta halarci Jami'ar Maryland, inda ta yi karatun kimiyyar kwamfuta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Zakiya Randall |url=https://www.golfchannel.com/about/bio/zakiya-randall |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422183503/https://www.golfchannel.com/about/bio/zakiya-randall |archive-date=April 22, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Golf Channel |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan wasanni == Sha'awarta ga golf ta fara ba zato ba tsammani bayan ta shiga abokiyar iyali a filin golf.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilkins |first=Tierra R. |date=2017-06-23 |title=Golfer Zakiya Randall has been productive in her time away from the sport |url=https://andscape.com/features/cultureplay-golfer-zakiya-randall/ |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Andscape |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta fara buga wasan golf a shekara ta 2001, tana da shekaru 10.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Shaw |first=Dorothy |date=10 April 2006 |title=14-Year-Old Female Golfer, Zakiya Randall, Wins 34 of 43 Tournaments |url=http://yubanet.com/artman/publish/article_34104.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171015/http://yubanet.com/artman/publish/article_34104.shtml |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=YubaNet.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2002, shekara ta farko ta buga wasan golf, ta lashe kowane gasa da ta shiga kuma ta lashe gasar zakarun Atlanta Junior Golf Association (AJGA), ta ci gaba da karɓar "Mai kunnawa na Shekara" a cikin rukunin 'yan mata 12 da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=SPORTS: Golf Sensation Zakiya Randall |url=http://www.denverweeklynews.net/sports.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929003415/http://www.denverweeklynews.net/sports.html |archive-date=2008-09-29 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Denver Weekly News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=AJGA -Awards 2002 |url=http://www.atlantajuniorgolf.org/awards/aw2002.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828021411/http://www.atlantajuniorgolf.org/awards/aw2002.htm |archive-date=2008-08-28 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Atlanta Junior Golf}}</ref> A shekara ta 14, Randall ya fara samun kulawa ta kasa da kasa don lashe 35 daga cikin 36 na kananan wasanni na golf. A shekara ta 2005 ta lashe lambar yabo ta gaba ɗaya da kuma kowane gasa da ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar ta a Georgia PGA Junior Tour . <ref name=":2"/> A shekara ta 2006, tana da shekaru 15, ta zama Atlantan kadai da ta lashe lambar yabo da matsayi na farko a gasar US Women's Open . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2006 |title=Randall, 15, qualifies for U.S. Women's Open sectional qualifier {{!}} World Golf News |url=http://www.worldgolf.com/newswire/browse/5881-Randall--15--qualifies-for-U-S--Women-s-Open-sectional-qualifier |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201155907/http://www.worldgolf.com/newswire/browse/5881-Randall--15--qualifies-for-U-S--Women-s-Open-sectional-qualifier |archive-date=2008-12-01 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=www.worldgolf.com}}</ref> Har ila yau, ita ce 'yar wasa mafi ƙanƙanta da aka zaba don Amateur Athlete of the Year a Atlanta Sports Awards a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Zakiya Randall is the youngest nominee in Atlanta Sports Awards |url=http://www.philasun.com/ltd08b.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430172333/http://www.philasun.com/ltd08b.html |archive-date=2007-04-30 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Philadelphia Sunday Sun}}</ref> Randall, tana da shekaru 17, ta zama 'yar wasan mata ta farko a Georgia da ta lashe gasar zakarun Turai a kan dukkan' yan wasan maza a kan Golf Channel Tour . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2009 |title=Zakiya Randall aspiring to become golf's next big LPGA star {{!}} World Golf News |url=http://www.worldgolf.com/newswire/browse/58576-Zakiya-Randall-aspiring-become-golfs-next-big-LPGA-star |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230040/http://www.worldgolf.com/newswire/browse/58576-Zakiya-Randall-aspiring-become-golfs-next-big-LPGA-star |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=World Golf News}}</ref> A cikin 2012, Randall ta kasance mai takara a kan Golf Channel's Big Break Atlantis . <ref name=":1"/> == Haɗin waje == * [https://zakiyarandall.com/home Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] * == Ƙarin karantarwa == * http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art51176.asp * <nowiki>https://superior-sports.blogspot.com/2007/06/superior-esports-network-chooses-zakiya.html</nowiki> An adana shi a ranar 4 ga Maris, 2016, a * http://www.blacksportsthemagazine.com/Magazines/Feb09.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816194606/http://www.blacksportsthemagazine.com/Magazines/Feb09.pdf |date=2010-08-16 }} An adana shi a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta, 2010, a * https://web.archive.org/web/20081007040219/http://www.blacknews.com/pr/zakiya_randall_201.html == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] o1c5myhqwuccfy16vgajufmg6jlu9pg 0 163623 905607 896857 2026-08-21T12:22:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905607 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Roswitha_Duerer.jpg|thumb|439x439px|Hrotsvitha ta Gandersheim ta gabatar da tsohuwar sarki Otto the Great tare da ''Gesta Oddonis'', a ƙarƙashin idanun Abbess Gerberga. 1501 katako na Albrecht Dürer.]] '''Hrotsvitha''' ({{Circa|935}}–973) was a secular canoness who wrote drama and Christian poetry under the Ottonian dynasty. She was born in Bad Gandersheim to Saxon nobles and entered Gandersheim Abbey as a canoness.<ref name=":08">{{Cite web |last=Sack |first=Harald |date=2019-02-06 |title=Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim – The Most Remarkable Women of her Time |url=http://scihi.org/hrotsvitha-gandersheim/ |access-date=2019-11-23 |website=SciHi Blog |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417174212/http://scihi.org/hrotsvitha-gandersheim/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> She is considered the first female writer from the Germanosphere, the first person since the Fall of the Roman Empire to write dramas in the Latin West, and the first German female poet.<ref name=":72">{{Cite journal |last=Bayerschmidt |first=Carl F. |date=1966-11-01 |title=Hroswitha of Gandersheim. Her Life, Times and Works, and a Comprehensive Bibliography. Edited by Anne Lyon Haight |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19306962.1966.11754646 |journal=The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=302–303 |doi=10.1080/19306962.1966.11754646 |issn=0016-8890 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ana ɗaukar gajerun wasan kwaikwayo guda shida na Hrotsvitha a matsayin ayyukanta mafi muhimmanci.<ref name=":72"/> Tana ɗaya daga cikin mata kalilan da suka rubuta game da rayuwarta a farkon [[Zamanin Tsakiya]], wanda ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mutane kawai da suka rubuta tarihin mata a wannan zamanin daga hangen nesa na mace.<ref name=":28">{{Cite journal |last=Frankforter |first=A. Daniel |date=February 1979 |title=Hroswitha of Gandersheim and the Destiny of Women |journal=The Historian |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=295–314 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-6563.1979.tb00548.x |issn=0018-2370}}</ref> An kira ta "mace mafi ban mamaki a lokacinta", kuma muhimmiyar adadi a tarihin mata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Emily McFarlan |date=2019-03-20 |title=Hrotsvitha vs. Gobnait |url=https://www.lentmadness.org/2019/03/hrotsvitha-vs-gobnait/ |access-date=2019-11-23 |website=Lent Madness |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":08"/> Ba a san komai game da rayuwar Hrotsvitha ba.<ref name=":08"/> Dukkanin rubuce-rubucenta suna cikin Latin na zamani.<ref name="name-doctor.com">{{Cite web |title=Hrotsvitha - Name's Meaning of Hrotsvitha |url=http://www.name-doctor.com/name-hrotsvitha-meaning-of-hrotsvitha-50282.html |access-date=2019-12-03 |website=Name-Doctor.com}}</ref> An sake gano ayyukanta a cikin 1501 ta hanyar ɗan adam Conrad Celts kuma an fassara su cikin Turanci a cikin 1600s.<ref name=":28"/> Sunan '''Hrotsvit''' ([[Harshen Latin|Latin]]: ''Hrotsvitha Gandeshemensis'') ya bayyana a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban ciki har da: Hrotsvit, '''Hrosvite''', '''H'''Roswit'''''', '''Hroswithe''', '''Rhotswitha''', Roswit, '''Roswindis''' da '''Roswitha''' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hrosvitha {{!}} German poet |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hrosvitha |access-date=2019-12-03 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Yana nufin "kiran mai ƙarfi", kuma yana magana ne game da yadda take so ta ɗaukaka jarumai da tatsuniyoyin Kirista, da kuma dabi'un da suke wakilta. Wasu sun yi sharhi game da yadda wannan ke wakiltar ko rikice-rikice tare da halin da aka gabatar a rubuce-rubucenta.<ref name=":84">{{Cite journal |last=Coulter |first=Cornelia C. |date=1929 |title=The "Terentian" Comedies of a Tenth-Century Nun |journal=The Classical Journal |volume=24 |issue=7 |pages=515–529 |issn=0009-8353 |jstor=3289343}}</ref> Duk da yake mutane da yawa sun yi tambaya game da sahihancin aikin Hrotsvitha, <ref name=":102">{{Cite journal |last=Hudson |first=William Henry |date=1888 |title=Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim |journal=[[The English Historical Review]] |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=431–457 |issn=0013-8266 |jstor=546611}}</ref> gwaje-gwaje da tarin ayyukanta, tare da ayyukan tarihi da na zamani da yawa da ke magana game da ita, sun nuna cewa aikin Hrots Virginia gaskiya ne. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Zeydel |first=Edwin |date=Jul 1947 |title=A Chronological Hrotsvitha Bibliography through 1700 with Annotations |journal=The Journal of English and Germanic Philology |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=290–294 |jstor=27712888}}</ref> Masanan [[Feminism|Mata]] sun yi jayayya cewa wannan tambaya game da sahihancin aikin Hrotsvitha yana nuna labarin [[Wariyar Jinsi|jima'i]] maimakon bayyana lahani a cikin aikinta ko kuma cewa ba ta wanzu ba, kamar yadda mutane ke shiga cikin aikinta na daruruwan shekaru, kuma tare da karuwar ƙarfi tun lokacin da aka sake gano ta a lokacin Renaissance na Jamus.<ref name=":3" /> == Manazarta == es4fk61r53l8v9lxgg0upbjc3ttxs1a 0 163714 906090 897934 2026-08-22T10:05:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Karin Friedrich''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 963, a [[München|Munich]]) masanin tarihin Jamus ne, farfesa a tarihi a Jami'ar Aberdeen King's College . Friedrich ya sami MA a tarihi da kimiyyar siyasa daga LMU Munich a 1989 da Ph.D. a tarihi daga Jami'ar Georgetown a shekara ta 1995. Daga shekara ta 1995 zuwa shekara ta 2004, ta yi aiki a matsayin malami da kuma babban malami a Makarantar Nazarin Slavonic da Gabashin Turai, Jami'ar London / Kwalejin Jami'ar Londres . Daga shekara ta 2001 zuwa shekara ta 2006, ta kasance co-edita na mujallar ilimi German History . [https://web.archive.org/web/20080513043741/http://gh.oxfordjournals.org/] A Aberdeen ita ce co-direkta na Cibiyar Nazarin zamani na Farko.[http://www.abdn.ac.uk/cems/] Har ila yau, ta kasance memba na allon edita da yawa (duba hanyoyin haɗi a ƙasa). Ta kware a tarihin Poland, Jamusanci da Prussian, ta rubuta The Other Prussia . ''Sauran Prussia. Royal Prussia, Poland da Liberty, na shekara ta 1569 zuwa shekara ta 1772'', suna haskaka tarihin Yammacin Prussia inda Furotesta masu magana da Jamusanci suka kasance ƙarƙashin zababben Sarkin Commonwealth na Poland-Lithuania. Ta kuma zauna a Jami'ar Free ta Berlin a shekara ta 2000, ta sami Leverhulme Research Fellowship, da kuma baƙi da yawa (Jami'ar Greifswald, a Herzog August Library, Wolfenbüttel), ƙungiyar AHRC (2011), kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin ba da shawara na Cibiyar Tarihin Jamus a Warsaw kuma a matsayin memba ne na Kungiyar Aiki a kan Baroque, Herzog August library, Wolfen büttel . [http://www.hab.de/forschung/arbeitskreise/barock.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514183741/http://www.hab.de/forschung/arbeitskreise/barock.htm |date=2011-05-14 }}An rubuta shi a ranar 14 An zabe shi kwanan nan a matsayin memba na Majalisar Royal Historical Society, London. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ix3vmmyugxf4on5laahgcloqgcs0vxr 0 163748 906173 898007 2026-08-22T11:27:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Katia Kuethe''' darakta ce ta kirkire-kirkire 'yar asalin Jamus wadda ke zaune kuma tana aiki a Amurka. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife ta a [[Stuttgart]], [[Jamus]] kuma ta kammala karatunta a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Jiha ta Stuttgart tare da digiri a fannin zane-zane da kuma zane-zane. <ref name="NYTSpade">{{Cite web |date=19 July 2012 |title=Q. & A. With Katia Kuethe, New Director of Creative at Kate Spade |url=https://runway.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/19/q-a-with-katia-kuthe-new-director-of-creative-at-kate-spade/?mtrref=www.google.com&login=facebook}}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekara ta 2002, Kuethe ya koma birnin New York kuma ya sami aiki a Lloyd & Co. a matsayin Babban Daraktan Zane-zane, yana aiki da kamfanoni kamar Gucci da Yves Saint Laurent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Putnam |first=Lindsay |date=June 18, 2015 |title=Justin Bieber is planning a men's fashion line |url=https://nypost.com/2015/06/18/justin-bieber-is-planning-a-mens-fashion-line/}}</ref> Bayan haka, sai aka naɗa Darakta a Fasaha a J. Crew da Ann Taylor, wanda hakan ya kai ga samun aiki a Teen Vogue a matsayin Daraktan Kirkire-kirkire.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 5, 2015 |title=Deskside: Katia Kuethe |url=https://coveteur.com/2015/02/05/deskside-katia-kuethe-lucky-magazine/ |website=Coveteur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2013 |title=Eva Chen Taps Stylist Carlyne Cerf de Dudzeele for Lucky |url=https://www.thecut.com/2013/10/eva-chen-carlyne-cerf-de-dudzeele-lucky.html |website=The Cut}}</ref> Kate Spade kasancewa a tsakiyar "farfadowa" a cikin 2012, ta hayar Kuethe a matsayin Babban Darakta na Creative, bayan ta bar aikinta a Teen Vogue.<ref name="NYTSpade" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2012 |title=Kate Spade New York Is All Set Without a Big-Name Star in Its Ads |url=https://www.thecut.com/2012/07/kate-spade-is-all-set-without-a-big-name-star.html |website=The Cut}}</ref> A cikin 2013, Katia ta bi lokacinta a Kate Spade a matsayin Darakta mai kirkiro na Lucky Magazine . <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2015 |title=Abercrombie & Fitch is getting cheaper |url=http://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/abercrombie-fitch-getting-cheaper-201102412.html |website=ca.finance.yahoo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Fashion Bomb News Breakdown: Terry Richardson is The Subject of A New Change.org Petition, Kim Kardashian on How She Dresses North West, and Lucky Magazine's New Hires – Fashion Bomb Daily Style Magazine: Celebrity Fashion, Fashion News, What To Wear, Runway Show Reviews |url=http://fashionbombdaily.com/fashion-bomb-news-breakdown-18/ |website=fashionbombdaily.com }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2014 |title=Eva Chen Talks Social Media Strategy and Lucky's New Hires |url=https://fashionista.com/2013/10/eva-chen-dishes-on-her-social-media-strategy-and-luckys-new-staffers}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fitzpatrick |first=Hayley |title=Abercrombie & Fitch just took a step to drastically improve its clothing |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/abercrombie-hires-new-designer-and-creative-director-2015-6 |website=Business Insider}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan Lucky ya fita daga bugawa a cikin 2015, Katia ta ɗauki matsayin Darakta mai kirkiro a Abercrombie &amp;amp; Fitch.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2015 |title=A&F Hires Former Lucky Mag Creative Director |url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/91460-abercrombie-fitch-snags-katia-kuethe-former-creative-director-of-lucky-and-shes-just-the-person}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chapin |first=Adele |date=June 18, 2015 |title=Former Lucky Magazine Creative Director Lands at Abercrombie |url=https://www.racked.com/2015/6/18/8803681/abercrombie-fitch-lucky-katia-kuethe |website=Racked}}</ref> A Abercrombie, Kuethe ya yi aiki a kamfen din hunturu na 2015 don A + F, da kuma 'yar'uwar Hollister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fraser |first=Kristopher |date=June 18, 2015 |title=Katia Kuethe hired as creative director of marketing at Abercrombie and Fitch |url=https://fashionunited.com/news/people/katia-kuethe-hired-as-creative-director-of-marketing-at-abercrombie-and-fitch/201506187310 |website=fashionunited.com}}</ref> A cikin 2018, ya fara aiki ga Bergdorf Goodman a matsayin Darakta mai ba da shawara, wannan ya haifar da bin aiki tare da kamfanin iyaye na Bergdorf Neiman Marcus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bergdorf Goodman - Accessories '18 |url=https://www.benjaminscot.com/bergdorf-goodman-accessories-18 |website=Benjamin Scot}}</ref> == Daraja da kyaututtuka == * An ba da kyautar girmamawa ta Graphis don bikin cika shekaru 20 na Kate Space <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kate Spade New York 20th Anniversary Identity - Graphis |url=https://www.graphis.com/entry/0312ad70-a3b3-11e2-995e-f23c91dffdec/}}</ref> * Kyautar FIFI Kyautar Mata Masu Zaman Kansu Ta Sirrin Victoria – So In Love * Graphis Gold “Kasidu 06” - Uniqlo Paper No. 1 <ref>{{Cite web |title=- Graphis |url=https://www.graphis.com/entry/38b58478-4b2c-11e2-a2c9-f23c91dffdec/ |website=www.graphis.com}}</ref> * Graphis Gold “Letterhead 07” - Blondie Identity (tambarin da aka yi wa rubutu na musamman, tsarin kan wasiƙa) <ref>{{Cite web |title=- Graphis |url=https://www.graphis.com/entry/659e5a5a-4b2c-11e2-a2c9-f23c91dffdec/ |website=www.graphis.com}}</ref> * Kyautar ONE Show Silver Pen, Babban Mujallar #55 Kyautar Darakta na Fasaha ta New York Merit Award, E&A – The Glossy Zine Fitowa ta 4 F/W 2006 <ref>{{Cite web |title=GRAFIK :: Katia Küthe |url=http://part-stuttgart.blogspot.com/2009/07/grafik-katia-kuthe.html}}</ref> * Ƙungiyar Masu Zane-zanen Buga Littattafai Ta Lashe Kyauta, Babban Mujalla #55 <ref>{{Cite web |title=SPD 55 Merit Winners |url=https://www.spd.org/spd-55-merit-winners |website=The Society of Publication Designers}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Kuethe tana zaune a birnin New York tare da ɗanta Paz. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Katia Kuethe |url=http://www.thecitiphile.com/blog/2015/1/katia-kuethe-chelsea/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129221101/http://www.thecitiphile.com/blog/2015/1/katia-kuethe-chelsea/ |archive-date=2020-01-29 |access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] q8s57dsspvw9wiyz1t4qyvii7qerkcv 0 163826 906089 898400 2026-08-22T10:05:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Karin Evers-Meyer''' (an haife ta a ranar 10 ga Satumba 1949) 'yar siyasa ce ta Jamus a Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party (SPD). == Aikin siyasa == Tsohon ɗan jarida kuma marubuci, Evers-Meyer an fara zaɓensa a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jamus ta Bundestag a zaɓen tarayya na 2002 . Tsakanin 2005 da 2009, Evers-Meyer - wacce ita ma uwa ce ga ɗa mai nakasa - ta yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Gwamnatin Tarayya kan Harkokin da suka shafi Nakasassu (a Ma'aikatar Aiki da Harkokin Jama'a ta Tarayya ) a [[Ma'aikatar Merkel ta biyu|majalisar ministoci ta biyu]] ta Shugabar Gwamnati [[Angela Merkel]].<ref>Malte Kirchner (13 September 2013), Karin Evers-Meyer (SPD): Einsatz für mehr Gerechtigkeit im Land {{Cite web |url=http://www.wzonline.de/nachrichten/lokal/artikel/karin-evers-meyer-spd-einsatz-fuer-mehr-gerechtigkeit-im-land.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=14 August 2026 |archive-date=13 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413162909/http://www.wzonline.de/nachrichten/lokal/artikel/karin-evers-meyer-spd-einsatz-fuer-mehr-gerechtigkeit-im-land.html |url-status=dead }} ''{{ill|Wilhelmshavener Zeitung|de}}''.</ref> Kafin [[2009 German federal election|zaɓen 2009]], Ministan harkokin wajen Jamus Frank-Walter Steinmeier ya haɗa ta a cikin majalisar ministocinsa mai mata 10 da maza takwas don kamfen ɗin jam'iyyar Social Democrats don kawar da Merkel daga kan mulki a matsayin shugabar gwamnati.<ref>Bertrand Benoit (30 July 2009), Lagging SPD starts campaign Financial Times.</ref><ref>Veit Medick and Markus Feldenkirchen (29 July 2009), Germany's Election Pre-Game: Social Democrats to Announce Campaign 'Team Steinmeier' Der Spiegel.</ref> Bayan [[2009 German federal election|zaɓen tarayya na 2009]], an naɗa Evers-Meyer a matsayin mataimakin kakakin ƙungiyar 'yan majalisar dokoki ta SPD kan manufofin tsaro. Ta kasance memba a Kwamitin Kasafin Kudi tun bayan [[Zaben tarayya na Jamus na 2013|zaben 2013]], kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto kan kasafin kudin Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya (BMVg). Bugu da ƙari, ta kasance memba na tawagar Jamus zuwa Majalisar Dokokin NATO, ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Karl A. Lamers]] . A tattaunawar kafa gwamnatin haɗin gwiwa bayan [[Zaben tarayya na Jamus na 2013|zaɓen tarayya na 2013]], Evers-Meyer yana cikin tawagar SPD a cikin ƙungiyar aiki kan harkokin waje, manufofin tsaro da haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Thomas de Maizière da Frank-Walter Steinmeier . A ƙarshen shekarar 2014, an ɗauki Evers-Meyer a matsayin magajin {{Interlanguage link|Hellmut Königshaus|de}} a matsayin [[Parliamentary Commissioner for the Armed Forces|Kwamishinan Sojoji na Majalisar Dokoki]] amma ta janye takararta lokacin da Hans-Peter Bartels ta fito a matsayin wanda za ta tsayar a matsayin dan takarar kungiyarta ta majalisar dokoki; da ita ce mace ta farko da za ta riƙe wannan muƙamin. A watan Yulin 2016, Evers-Meyer ta sanar da cewa ba za ta tsaya takarar shugabancin kasa a zaben 2017 ba, amma ta yi murabus daga harkokin siyasa kafin karshen wa'adin majalisar dokoki. == Matsayin siyasa == === Alaƙa da nahiyar Afirka === Evers-Meyer a baya ya kaɗa ƙuri'a don goyon bayan shigar Jamus cikin ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da kuma ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya na Tarayyar Turai da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ba wa ƙasashen Afirka, kamar a [[Somaliya]] - Operation Atalanta (2009, 2010, 2011, 2014 da 2015) da kuma EUTM Somalia (2014, 2015 da 2016) -, Darfur/Sudan (2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 da 2014), Sudan ta Kudu (2011, 2012, 2013 da 2014), [[Mali]] - EUTM Mali (2014 da 2015) da MINUSMA (2014 da 2015) -, [[Ayyukan Sojojin Tarayyar Turai a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]] (2014), da Liberia (2015). A shekarar 2013, ta kauracewa kuri'un da aka kada kan tsawaita wa'adin shiga cikin EUTM Somalia da EUTM Mali, kuma ta kaɗa ƙuri'ar kin amincewa da shiga cikin Operation Atalanta a shekarar 2012 da 2013. == Sauran ayyuka == * Ƙungiyar Sojojin Jamus (FKW), Memba na Shugabancin ƙasa * Kwalejin Tarayya don Manufofin Tsaro (BAKS), Memba na Hukumar Ba da Shawara (tun daga 2015) * EWE AG, Memba na Hukumar Kulawa (2002–2005) * EWE Stiftung, Memba na Hukumar (2002–2012) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] s9eleu7ak2zkanr4vlpcutq6wus40fo 0 163835 906034 898540 2026-08-22T07:13:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Julia Franck''' (an haife ta a shekarar 1970, a Gabashin Berlin ) marubuciya ce 'yar Jamus. Wadda tai fuce a kasar sannan wadda take yin aiki a masana'an tar Berlin. == Rayuwa == Julia Franck, tagwaye, <ref name="Clary 2011">{{Cite web |last=Clary |first=Elisalex |date=16 November 2011 |title=Auf den Spuren der Mütter |url=https://www.welt.de/welt_print/article1452825/Auf-den-Spuren-der-Muetter.html |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=[[Die Welt]] |language=de}}</ref> 'yar jarumar Anna Katharina Franck ce da kuma furodusan talabijin Jürgen Sehmisch. <ref name="Lieder 2021">{{Cite web |last=Lieder |first=Marianna |date=13 October 2021 |title=Julia Franck: Chronik einer Jugend zwischen Ost und West |url=https://www.welt.de/kultur/literarischewelt/article233942064/Julia-Franck-Chronik-einer-Jugend-zwischen-Ost-und-West.html |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=[[Die Welt]] |language=de}}</ref> A shekarar 1978, iyalan suka ƙaura zuwa Yammacin Berlin inda suka yi watanni tara a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira . <ref name="Exil Pen PEN Zentrum deutschsprachiger Autoren im Ausland 2021">{{Cite web |date=11 June 2021 |title=Julia Franck – PEN Zentrum deutschsprachiger Autoren im Ausland |url=https://exilpen.org/franck/ |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=Exil Pen, PEN Zentrum deutschsprachiger Autoren im Ausland |language=de}}</ref> Ta girma a Schleswig-Holstein . <ref name="Hajasch 2021">{{Cite web |last=Hajasch |first=Frank |date=28 October 2021 |title=Julia Franck bei "Der Norden liest" im Literaturhaus Kiel |url=https://www.ndr.de/kultur/buch/Julia-Franck-bei-Der-Norden-liest-im-Literaturhaus-Kiel,juliafranck112.html |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=NDR.de |language=de}}</ref> Franck ya yi karatun Adabin Jamus da Nazarin Amurka a Jami'ar Free University ta Berlin kuma ya yi wani lokaci a Amurka, Mexico da Guatemala. <ref name="The Modern Novel">{{Cite web |title=Julia Franck |url=https://www.themodernnovel.org/europe/w-europe/germany/franck/ |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=The Modern Novel}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin edita a Sender Freies Berlin kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga jaridu da mujallu daban-daban. <ref name="internationales literaturfestival berlin 2022">{{Cite web |date=13 May 2022 |title=Julia Franck |url=https://literaturfestival.com/authors/julia-franck/ |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=internationales literaturfestival berlin |language=de}}</ref> Tana zaune tare da 'ya'yanta a Berlin. <ref name="internationales literaturfestival berlin 2022" /> == Ayyukan adabi == Franck shine marubucin littattafai biyar da tarin gajerun labarai guda ɗaya, kuma editan tarin kasidu. Littattafanta uku na kwanan nan, ''{{Interlanguage link|Lagerfeuer (novel)|de|Lagerfeuer (Roman)}}'', <ref name="Deutschlandfunk 2003">{{Cite web |date=29 October 2003 |title=Kühle Lagerstimmung |url=https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/kuehle-lagerstimmung-100.html |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=[[Deutschlandfunk]] |language=de}}</ref> ''{{Interlanguage link|Die Mittagsfrau|de}}'', <ref name="Cicero Online 2009">{{Cite web |date=20 July 2009 |title=Kurz und Bündig – Julia Franck: Die Mittagsfrau |url=https://www.cicero.de/kultur/julia-franck-die-mittagsfrau/43868 |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=Cicero Online |language=de}}</ref> da ''Rücken an Rücken'', <ref name="Schwarz">{{Cite web |last=Schwarz |first=André |title=Wirres Sammelsurium |url=https://literaturkritik.de/id/16410 |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=Über Julia Francks Roman "Rücken an Rücken" : literaturkritik.de |language=de}}</ref> da kuma tarin ''Grenzübergänge'', sun haɗu da tarihin Jamus na ƙarni na ashirin. An kafa ''Lagerfeuer'' a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Berlin-Marienfelde a shekarun 1970 kuma tana bin manyan jarumai guda huɗu, ɗaya daga cikinsu, Nelly Senff, ta tsere daga Gabashin Berlin tare da ƙananan 'ya'yanta biyu. An kuma kafa ''Rücken an Rücken'' a lokacin shekarun raba Jamus, wanda ya ƙare a farkon shekarun 1960, kuma ''Die Mittagsfrau'' ya fara ne daga Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya zuwa raba Jamus na shekara ta 1950. Duk da cewa Franck ba ta bayyana kanta a matsayin marubuciyar mata ba, masana mata sun lura da yadda ta gabatar da gogewarta ga mata a tarihi, tsarin iko, jima'i, da dangantaka (kamar uwa). An fassara littattafan Franck zuwa harsuna sama da 35. <ref name="Badenweiler Literaturtage">{{Cite web |title=Julia Franck – Badenweiler Literaturtage |url=https://www.badenweiler-literaturtage.de/autoren/julia-franck/ |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=Badenweiler Literaturtage – Gastgeber Rüdiger Safranski |language=de |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202105653/https://www.badenweiler-literaturtage.de/autoren/julia-franck/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="RP ONLINE 2008">{{Cite web |date=1 July 2008 |title=Julia Franck: Die Mittagsfrau und ihre Übersetzer |url=https://rp-online.de/kultur/buch/die-mittagsfrau-und-ihre-uebersetzer_aid-8820915 |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=RP Online |language=de}}</ref> == Haɗin iyali == Franck jikanyar mai sassaka Ingeborg Hunzinger ce (daga shekara ta 1915 zuwa shekara ta 2009) kuma jikanyar babbar jikanyar mai zane kuma mai zane Philipp Franck (daga shekara ta 1860 zuwa shekara ta 1944). <ref name="GenealogyJF">{{Cite web |last=Julia Franck |date=23 July 2013 |title=On the Track of Family History |url=http://jewishquarterly.org/2010/07/on-the-track-of-family-history/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003175243/http://jewishquarterly.org/2010/07/on-the-track-of-family-history/ |archive-date=3 October 2017 |access-date=2 October 2016 |publisher=Jewish Quarterly}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] kzinxjm17wsxql06i3hpc804a8oiknu 0 163839 905858 898513 2026-08-21T23:00:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jamila Afghani''' (An haife ta a shekarar 1976) 'yar fafutukar kare hakkin mata ce ta Afghanistan. Ita ce wadda ta kafa kuma babbar darekta ta Noor Educational and Capacity Development Organization (NECDO). Ita kuma memba ce ta zartarwa ta kungiyar Afghan Women's Network (AWN). A shekarar 2022, an ba Jamila Afghani kyautar Aurora ta bakwai a shekara ta shekara don farkawa da bil'adama. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Jamila Afghani a shekara ta 1976 a Kabul, Afghanistan . Yayinda yake yaro, Afghani yana da cutar shan inna kuma saboda rikitarwa daga cutar dole ne ya dogara da takalmin tafiya.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Jamila Afghani |url=http://n-peace.net/candidate/candidate-107 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905144618/http://n-peace.net/candidate/candidate-107 |archive-date=5 September 2013 |access-date=8 September 2015 |website=N-Peace Awards |publisher=N-Peace Network}}</ref> Lokacin da take da shekaru goma sha huɗu, an harbe ta a kai a lokacin Yaƙin Soviet.<ref name=":7" /> Afghani ya tsere daga [[Kabul]] a cikin shekara ta 1990 a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Afghanistan, ya zauna a Peshawar . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Oates |first=Lauryn |date=2005 |title=Catalyst For Change: Jamila Afghani |url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=17277778&site=ehost-live |journal=Herizons |volume=18 |page=9 |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 September 2015}}</ref> Afghani ta sami digiri na farko da digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Peshawar . <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Mills |first=Margaret |last2=Kitch |first2=Sally |date=November 2005 |title=Afghan Women Leaders Speak |url=https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/30223/Afghan%20Women%20Leaders%20Speak%20conference%20website%2011-17-05.pdf?sequence=5 |publisher=Ohio State University |access-date=8 September 2015 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011338/https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/30223/Afghan%20Women%20Leaders%20Speak%20conference%20website%2011-17-05.pdf?sequence=5 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ayyukan farko na Afghani shine a matsayin Ma'aikacin zamantakewa na sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira na Afghanistan a [[Pakistan]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Jamila Afghani |url=https://tanenbaum.org/peacemakers-in-action-network/meet-the-peacemakers/jamila-afghani/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083407/https://tanenbaum.org/peacemakers-in-action-network/meet-the-peacemakers/jamila-afghani/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=7 September 2015 |website=Tanenbaum's Peacemakers in Action}}</ref> Ta kuma taimaka wa mata a sansanonin su zama masu karatu ta hanyar karatun Kur'ani.<ref name=":3" /> Afghani ya bayyana cewa daya daga cikin manyan shingen da mata ke samun ilimi shine rashin malamai mata. A shekara ta 2001, Afghani ta kafa NECDO, don sauƙaƙe ilimi ga mata da yara.<ref name=":5"/> NECDO kuma tana koyar da yaren kurame, kuma tana da azuzuwan game da warware rikice-rikice da [[Jinsi|Batutuwan jinsi]].<ref name=":7"/> An san NECDO da ƙirƙirar hanyoyi masu ƙirƙira don isa ga mata da 'yan mata. Misali, ta ƙirƙiri ɗakin karatu ga 'yan mata, amma sun ɗauki yara maza don kawo 'yan matan su ziyarci ɗakin karatu, suna ba wa yara maza kyaututtuka ga kowace 'yan mata biyar da suka kawo..<ref name=":4"/> Kungiyar ta tana hidimtawa kusan mata 50,000 a larduna 22. Ayyukan Afghani kai tsaye sun kalubalanci kuskuren cewa Islama na goyon bayan tashin hankali ga mata.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Meredith |date=11 June 2015 |title=How One Amazing Afghan Woman Is Making Huge Strides for Equality |url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2015/06/88771/afghanistan-feminism-womens-rights-jamila-afghani |access-date=2020-01-06 |website=Refinery 29}}</ref> Ta kirkiro na farko"koyarwa ta jima'i a Afghanistan don [[Liman|Imamai]]. "Ta fara aikin ta hanyar gano Imamai masu sha'awar duba bayanan da ita da sauransu suka shirya. Imamai sun fara wa'azin sabbin kayan, wadanda ke rufe haƙƙin mata daga ra'ayi na Islama, nan da nan. A shekara ta 2015, tana da kimanin Imamai 6,000 da ke aiki tare da shirin.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Weingarten |first=Elizabeth |date=3 June 2015 |title=How to Promote Women's Rights, in Afghanistan and Around the World |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/06/03/how-to-promote-womens-rights-in-afghanistan-and-around-the-world/ |access-date=8 September 2015 |work=Foreign Policy}}</ref> A Kabul, shirinta ya "samar da jerin khutbas (wa'azin Juma'a) a masallatai ashirin masu tasiri a birnin. Afghani ta gano ta hanyar aikinta cewa "bakin mata yana rufewa lokacin da ba su da hujjojin Musulunci" saboda al'adun Afghanistan suna da addini sosai kuma suna da ra'ayin mazan jiya. Horar da ta yi wa jinsi ya yi tasiri sosai ga maza waɗanda ba su san cewa Musulunci ya ba da izinin haƙƙin mata ba kuma ya taimaka wajen mayar da maza masu fafutukar kare mata. Afghani ta ce "shirin wani nau'in juyin juya hali ne nasa saboda shugabannin addini da aka san su da zaluntar mata yanzu suna amfani da kalmomin Alƙur'ani don haɓaka adalci a gare su..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamila Afghani |url=http://www.wisemuslimwomen.org/muslimwomen/bio/jamila_afghani/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928152017/http://www.wisemuslimwomen.org/muslimwomen/bio/jamila_afghani/ |archive-date=28 September 2015 |access-date=8 September 2015 |website=Women's Islamic Initiative in Spirituality and Equality}}</ref> " Ta kuma yi aiki don kalubalanci tsarin kabilanci na gwamnati a Afghanistan. <ref name=":0"/> Ta yi imanin cewa daya daga cikin matsalolin da ke tattare da Afghanistan shine cewa 'yan ƙasa ba su iya rarrabe bambance-bambance tsakanin "Islama, al'adu da siyasa" Ta bayyana cewa wasu 'yan Afghanistan da ke adawa da koyarwarta da kuma inganta fassarar zaman lafiya na Islama sun yi mata barazana. An ba Afghani lambar yabo ta Tanenbaum Peacemaker a cikin Action Award a shekara ta 2008. A shekara ta 2017, ta kasance daga cikin 'yan wasan karshe da aka zaba don Kyautar Aurora don farka da bil'adama. A cikin shekara ta 2021, an zabi Jamila Afghani don Kyautar Aurora a karo na biyu kuma ta ci gaba da zama Laureate na Kyautar Aurora ta shekarar 2022. == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * [https://necdo.org.af/ Ƙungiyar Ilimi da Capacity ta Noor (NECDO)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uGu19jMDlq4 Tanenbaum mai zaman lafiya a cikin Aiki Jamila Afghani a kan Addini da Zaman Lafiya] (bidiyo) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] tp16jf84itq1rpep8kivfs7pqkt5qtd 0 163976 906162 900028 2026-08-22T11:20:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kathrin Hoffmann-Curtius''' (19 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1937 - 25 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Traueranzeigen von Kathrin Hoffmann-Curtius in Tagesspiegel Trauer |url=https://trauer.tagesspiegel.de/traueranzeige/kathrin-hoffmann-curtiu |access-date=2024-04-09 |publisher=trauer.tagesspiegel.de |language=de }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Traueranzeige |url=https://forschungsforum.net/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002043753/https://forschungsforum.net/ |archive-date=2023-10-02 |access-date=2023-09-13 |publisher=Villigster Forschungsforum – zu Nationalsozialismus, Rassismus und Antisemitismus e.V. |language=de}}</ref> ta kasance 'yar asalin Jamus ce, Masanin tarihin fasaha mai zaman kanta, wacce ta koyar da wani lokaci a jami'o'in Tübingen, [[Hamburg]], [[Trier]] da Vienna. Hoffmann-Curtius memba ne na Ulmer Verein - Kungiyar Nazarin Fasaha da Al'adu kuma da alaƙa da Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte . [de] Ita memba ce ta Cibiyar Bincike ta Villigster kan Socialism na , Racism da Anti-Semitism [de] kuma memba ne na kwamitoci da yawa don gina abubuwan tunawa na zamani. Ta mai da hankali ne kan wakiltar kasashe, fasaha a Jamhuriyar Weimar da kuma karkashin National Socialism, almara na marubucin namiji da mata da kuma mai zane [[Hannah Höch]] . Ta auri masanin tarihin fasaha Konrad Hoffmann (1938-2007). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] 7f2838y1kvp8deybqzoh0zv0ff0gvd7 0 164147 905728 901570 2026-08-21T17:30:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ivan''' / Illich ( / ɪˈvɑːn ˈɪlɪtʃ / iv- AHN IL iv- itch ;{{IPA|de|ˈiːvan ˈɪlɪtʃ|lang}} ; 4 Satumba 1926 - 2 Disamba 2002) firist ne na Katolika na Austria, masanin ilimin tauhidi, masanin falsafa, kuma mai sukar zamantakewa. Littafinsa na 1971 mai suna ''[[Ƙungiyar Rashin Makaranta|Deschooling Society]]'' ya soki tsarin ilimi na al'umma ta zamani, wanda ya yi jayayya a kai yana rage wa mutane hankali da kuma nisantar da su daga tsarin koyo. Littafinsa na 1975 mai suna ''Medical Nemesis'', wanda ya shigo cikin ilimin zamantakewa na likitanci , inda ya yi jayayya cewa al'umma mai ci gaba ta fannin masana'antu tana lalata ingancin rayuwa ta hanyar hanyoyin kamar yawan shan magani, rashin lafiyar yanayi na yau da kullun, da kuma ƙara dogaro da cibiyoyin likitanci. Illich ya kira kansa "mahajjaci mai kuskure." == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwar farko === An haifi Ivan Dominic Illich a ranar 4 ga Satumba 1926 a [[Vienna]], Austria, ga Ivan Peter da Ellen Rose (née Regenstreif-Ortlieb) Illich. <ref name="inman">{{Cite web |last=Inman |first=Patricia |date=May 1999 |title=An intellectual biography of Ivan Illich |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED458393.pdf |access-date=19 March 2026 |publisher=Northern Illinois University |pages=21-22}}</ref> Mahaifinsa injiniyan gine-gine ne kuma jami'in diflomasiyya daga wani dangin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] na ƙasar Dalmatia, yana da gidaje a birnin [[Split]] da kuma wuraren giya da man zaitun a tsibirin Brač . Mahaifiyarsa ta fito ne daga dangin Yahudawa na Sephardic <ref name="inman" /> waɗanda suka koma Kiristanci daga [[Jamus]] da Austria-Hungary ( Czernowitz, Bukowina ). An yi wa Ellen Illich baftisma ta hanyar Lutheran amma ta koma Katolika bayan aure. Mahaifinta, Friedrich "Fritz" Regenstreif, ƙwararren masanin masana'antu ne wanda ya sami kuɗinsa a harkar sayar da katako a Bosnia, daga baya ya zauna a Vienna, inda ya gina wani [[:de:Villa Regenstreif|gidan fasaha na zamani]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmen als Selbstbehauptung {{!}} Zeithistorische Forschungen |url=https://zeithistorische-forschungen.de/1-2022/6029 |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=zeithistorische-forschungen.de |language=en}}</ref> Mahaifiyarsa ta yi tafiya zuwa Vienna domin likitoci mafi kyau su sami damar zuwa [[Jego|wurin haihuwa]] ; mahaifin Ivan ba ya zaune a Tsakiyar Turai a lokacin. Lokacin da Ivan ya kai watanni uku, an kai shi tare da ma'aikacin jinya zuwa Split, Dalmatia (wanda a lokacin yana cikin Masarautar Yugoslavia ), don a nuna shi ga kakansa na uba. A can aka yi masa baftisma a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1926. A shekara ta 1928 aka haifi tagwayen 'yan uwansa Alexander da Michael. A shekarar 1932 iyayensa suka sake shi, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta mayar da dukkan 'ya'yansa uku gidan mahaifinta da ke Vienna. === Ilimi a Italiya === A shekara ta 1942, bayan mutuwar kakansa, lokacin da Ivan yake ɗan shekara 16, mahaifiyarsa ta gudu tare da shi da 'yan'uwansa daga Vienna, Austria zuwa Florence, Italiya, don gujewa tsanantawar da Nazi ke yi wa Yahudawa. Illich ya kammala makarantar sakandare a Florence, sannan ya ci gaba da karatun histology da crystallography a Jami'ar Florence ta gida. Yana fatan komawa Austria bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ya yi rajista  a digirin digirgir a tarihin tsakiyar zamanai a [[Jami'ar Salzburg]] <ref name="Diplo">{{Cite journal |last=Paquot |first=Thierry |date=January 2003 |title=The Non-Conformist |url=http://mondediplo.com/2003/01/15illich |journal=[[Le Monde diplomatique]]}}</ref> da fatan samun takardar shaidar zama ɗan ƙasa bisa doka saboda ba shi da takardar shaidar zama ɗan ƙasa. <ref name=":0" /> Ya rubuta wani rubutu da ya mayar da hankali kan masanin tarihi Arnold J. Toynbee, wani batu da zai mayar da hankali a kai a shekarunsa na ƙarshe. A lokacin da yake aiki a kan digirin digirgir, ya dawo  zuwa Italiya inda ya yi karatun tauhidi da [[falsafa]] a Jami'ar Gregorian ta Paparoma da ke [[Rum|Rome]], domin yana son zama firist na Katolika. A shekarar 1951, an naɗa shi firist na Katolika a Roma kuma ya yi Ibadarsa ta farko a cikin katacombs inda Kiristocin Roma na farko suka ɓuya daga masu tsananta musu. === Sana'a === Illich, wanda ya yi amfani da harsuna da yawa, yana iya magana da Italiyanci, Sifaniyanci, Faransanci, da Jamusanci sosai. <ref name="Diplo"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2003 |title=La résistance selon Ivan Illich |url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2003/01/PAQUOT/9866}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Barton |first=Tim |title=BLUE: OBITUARY - Ivan Illich |url=http://www.europeansocialecologyinstitute.org/site/news/obit/illich.html |access-date=2026-08-16 |archive-date=2019-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424085351/http://www.europeansocialecologyinstitute.org/site/news/obit/illich.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga baya ya koyi harshen Croatia, harshen kakanninsa, sannan ya koyi Girkanci da Latin na zamanin da, ban da harsunan Portugal, Hindi, Turanci, da sauran harsuna. <ref name="Diplo" /> Bayan nadinsa a shekarar 1951, ya koma [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] domin ci gaba da karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Princeton . Duk da haka, ya kauce daga waɗannan tsare-tsaren domin ya zama firist na coci a Cocin Incarnation da ke Washington Heights, Manhattan, a wancan lokacin wani shinge na baƙi 'yan Puerto Rico da suka zo. A lokacin Incarnation, Illich ya yi wa'azi a ƙarƙashin sunan "John Illich", bisa ga shawarar faston cocin, wanda ya ce sunan Ivan "ya yi kama da gurguzu". A Incarnation, Illich ya zama sananne a matsayin abokin al'ummar Puerto Rica, yana shirya musu shagunan al'adu, kamar San Juan Fiesta, bikin Puerto Rico da waliyyinta wanda daga ƙarshe ya rikide zuwa faretin Ranar Puerto Rican da har yanzu yake nan. Nasarar Illich ta jawo hankalin Bishop na New York, Cardinal Spellman, kuma a shekarar 1956, yana da shekaru 30, an naɗa shi mataimakin shugaban Jami'ar Katolika ta Puerto Rico, "wani matsayi da ya riƙe tsawon shekaru da dama kafin a kore shi daga aiki - Illich ya ɗan yi ƙarfi sosai a cikin sukar da Vatican ta yi kan [[Kulawar haihuwa|dokar hana haihuwa]] da kuma rashin yin shiru game [[Makaman nukiliya|da bam ɗin nukiliya]] ." <ref name="Madar" /> A [[Puerto Rico]] ne Illich ya haɗu da [[Everett Reimer]], kuma su biyun suka fara nazarin ayyukansu a matsayin shugabannin "ilimi". A shekarar 1959, ya yi tafiya a ko'ina cikin Kudancin Amurka da ƙafa da kuma ta bas. <ref name="Diplo"/> Ƙarshen wa'adin Illich a jami'ar ya zo ne a shekarar 1960 sakamakon takaddamar da ta shafi bishop-bishop James Edward McManus da James Peter Davis, waɗanda suka yi Allah wadai da Gwamna Luis Muñoz Marín da Jam'iyyarsa ta Popular Democratic saboda matsayinsu na hana haihuwa da saki. Bishof ɗin sun kuma kafa jam'iyyar Katolika mai adawa da su. Daga baya Illich ya taƙaita adawarsa:<blockquote>A matsayina na masanin tarihi, na ga cewa hakan ya saɓa wa al'adar Amurka ta raba Coci da Gwamnati. A matsayina na ɗan siyasa, na yi hasashen cewa babu isasshen ƙarfi a cikin manyan mabiya Katolika da zai samar da wani dandamali mai ma'ana kuma gazawar jam'iyyar McManus zai zama bala'i ga martabar Cocin Puerto Rico da ta riga ta yi rauni. A matsayina na masanin ilimin tauhidi, ina ganin cewa Cocin dole ne koyaushe ta yi Allah wadai da rashin adalci a hasken Linjila, amma ba ta da ikon yin magana a madadin wata takamaiman jam'iyyar siyasa. </blockquote>Bayan Illich ya ƙi bin umarnin McManus kai tsaye na hana dukkan firistoci cin abinci tare da Gwamna Muñoz, McManus ya umarci Illich ya bar aikinsa a jami'ar, yana mai bayyana kasancewarsa a matsayin "mai haɗari ga Diocese of Ponce da cibiyoyinta." Duk da wannan nuna rashin biyayya da kuma umarni daga Paul Francis Tanner, babban sakataren taron jin daɗin Katolika na ƙasa a wancan lokacin, wanda ya hana Illich yin duk wani muƙami a ofishin ƙungiyar na Latin Amurka, Illich ya ci gaba da goyon bayan firist mai tasiri John J. Considine, wanda ya ci gaba da matsa lamba ga Illich da ya taka rawa wajen horar da masu wa'azin cocin, yana ba da kuɗaɗen tafiye-tafiye zuwa Mexico domin Illich ya nemi wurare. Bayan ya bar Puerto Rico, an sake shi.  Illich ya ƙaura zuwa Cuernavaca, Mexico, inda ya kafa Cibiyar Samar da Al'adu Tsakanin Al'adu (CIF) a shekarar 1961, wanda asali a matsayin cibiyar horar da masu wa'azi. Yayin da cibiyar ta ƙara yin tasiri, ta zama Cibiyar Nazarin Al'adu ta Centro (CIDOC, ko Cibiyar Takardun Al'adu), <ref name=":0" /> a bayyane yake cewa cibiyar bincike ce da ke ba da darussan harshe ga masu wa'azi daga Arewacin Amurka da kuma masu sa kai na shirin Alliance for Progress <ref name="Diplo"/> wanda [[John F. Kennedy]] ya fara. Illich ya bayyana cibiyar a matsayin wacce ke nuna rawar da Vatican ke takawa a shirye-shiryen ci gaba a cikin abin da ake kira Duniya ta Uku . Illich ya kalli yanayin ci gaban masana'antu a duniya da shakku, yana sukar zato da ke tattare da shirye-shiryen ci gaba. Ya bayyana irin waɗannan shirye-shirye a matsayin wani nau'i na ikon mallakar masana'antu da kuma wani aiki na "yaƙi da rayuwa". Ya nemi ya koyar da masu wa'azin bishara da Cocin ya tura kada su tilasta wa kansu al'adunsu. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|du Plessix Gray|1970}}</ref> "A ƙarshen shekarun 1960 da farkon shekarun 1970, CIDOC wani ɓangare ne na makarantar koyon harsuna kuma wani ɓangare kyauta ce ga masana daga ko'ina cikin Amurka." A taron CIDOC, "Illich ya sami damar haɓaka sukarsa mai ƙarfi da tasiri ga shirye-shiryen ci gaban Duniya ta Uku da wakilansu masu sabbin fuskoki: Ƙungiyar Kennedy don Ci gaba, Ƙungiyar Zaman Lafiya, da sauran ayyukan mishan marasa adadi waɗanda ƙasashe masu arziki, tushe, da ƙungiyoyin addini suka tsara kuma suka tsara." <ref name="Madar" /> Bayan shekaru goma, bincike mai zurfi daga CIDOC game da ayyukan da Cocin ke yi ya kawo ƙungiyar cikin rikici da Vatican saboda alaƙa da [[Ilimin tauhidin 'yanci|tauhidin 'yanci]] da kuma zargin Marxism. Ya fuskanci adawa daga membobin ƙungiyar Opus Dei ta yankin. An kira Illich zuwa Rome don yi masa tambayoyi, wani ɓangare na rahoton [[C.I.A|CIA]] . <ref name="Diplo"/> Duk da cewa Vatican ba ta same shi da laifi ko kuma ta hukunta shi ba, a lokacin ne ya yanke shawarar yin watsi da aikin firist. <ref name=":0" /> A shekarar 1976, an ruwaito cewa Illich ya damu da kwararar malaman jami'a da kuma illolin da ka iya biyo bayan "tsarin kafa hukuma", inda ya rufe cibiyar da izinin sauran membobin CIDOC. Da yawa daga cikin membobin sun ci gaba da makarantun koyon harsuna a Cuernavaca, wasu daga cikinsu har yanzu suna nan. Illich, wanda aka naɗa shi monsignor yana da shekaru 33, da kansa ya yi murabus daga aikin firist a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wright |first=Pearce |year=2003 |title=Ivan Illich |url=https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140673603122337.pdf |journal=The Lancet |volume=361 |issue=9352 |page=185 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12233-7 |s2cid=6678368}}</ref> amma ya ci gaba da bayyana kansa a matsayin firist kuma a wasu lokutan yana yin ibada ta sirri. A shekarun 1970, an tattauna ra'ayoyin Illich a tsakanin masana masu ra'ayin hagu a Faransa, musamman André Gorz ya tattauna rubutunsa. Duk da haka, tasirinsa ya ragu bayan zaɓen [[François Mitterrand]] a shekarar 1981, yayin da wasu masu sharhi suka ɗauki ra'ayoyinsa a matsayin marasa bege a lokacin da ' yan hagu na Faransa suka karɓi iko a kan gwamnati. <ref name="Diplo"/> A shekarun 1980 zuwa sama, Illich ya yi tafiye-tafiye sosai, galibi yana raba lokacinsa tsakanin Amurka, Mexico, da Jamus. Ya yi alƙawarin zama Farfesa mai ziyara na Falsafa, Kimiyya, Fasaha, da Al'umma a Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania . Ya kuma koyar a Jami'ar Bremen da Jami'ar Hagen . A cikin kwanakin ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, ya yarda cewa ɗaya daga cikin masana tattalin arziki na Indiya kuma mai ba da shawara ga M.&nbsp;K. Gandhi, J. C. Kumarappa, musamman littafinsa, ''[[Economy of Permanence|Tattalin Arzikin Dawwama]]'' . === Rayuwar mutum da mutuwa === Ivan Illich ya kira kansa "alhaji mai kuskure", "Bayahude mai yawo kuma alhaji Kirista", yayin da yake bayyana asalinsa na Dalmatian. Ya lura cewa tun bayan barin tsohon gidan kakanninsa a tsibirin Brač da ke Dalmatia, bai taɓa samun gida ba. Illich ya mutu a ranar 2 ga Disamba 2002 a [[Bremen]], Jamus. Bai cimma burinsa na ƙarshe ba: ya mutu a kusa da abokan hulɗarsa a Bologna yayin da aka tsara masa sabuwar cibiyar koyo. == Ra'ayoyin Falsafa == Illich ya bi al'adar tauhidin apophatic . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Cayley |first=David |date=January 16, 2019 |title=Ivan Illich as an esoteric writer |url=http://www.davidcayley.com/blog/2019/1/16/ivan-illich-as-an-esoteric-writer |access-date=May 31, 2020 |website=David Cayley}}</ref> Babban jigon da ke cikin aikin Illich shine hujjarsa cewa zamani na Yamma ya gurbata koyarwar ɗabi'a ta asali ta Kiristanci ta Yamma . Ya yi jayayya cewa ƙoƙarin daidaita ƙa'idodin Sabon Alkawari zuwa ƙa'idodin hukumomi a matsayin ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a, aiki, ko dokoki, da kuma kafa su, ba tare da iyaka ba, cin hanci ne da Illich ya yi cikakken bayani a cikin nazarinsa na cibiyoyin Yamma na zamani, ciki har da ilimi, agaji, da magani, da sauransu. Illich sau da yawa yana amfani da kalmar Latin ''Corruptio optimi quae est pessima'', a cikin Turanci. ''Cin hanci da rashawa na mafi kyau shine mafi muni'' . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2002]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1926]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kazqwnsze72fq6dp082pkfshrkevogr 0 164239 905615 901930 2026-08-21T13:37:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Humaira Bilkis''' (Bengali: হুমায়রা বিলকিস) ƙwararriyar mai shirya fina-finai ce a Bangladesh, kuma mai shirya fina-finai. Bilkis ta shahara da tsarin lura da abubuwan da ke faruwa, sau da yawa tana bincika jigogi na sirri da na zamantakewa, tare da mai da hankali kan tunawa, asalin al'adu, da kuma alaƙar da ke tsakanin tsararraki. An nuna ayyukanta a cikin manyan bukukuwan fina-finai a duk faɗin duniya, ciki har da Bikin Fina-finai na Duniya na Amsterdam (IDFA), Berlinale Talents, Bikin Fina-finai na Giffoni, Bikin Fina-finan Indiya na London da kuma Visions du Réel.<ref name="IDFA">{{Cite web |title=Humaira Bilkis Profile |url=https://www.idfa.nl/person/cb147974-19aa-4866-8a2c-ac5feffe9982/humaira-bilkis-zoo-films |access-date=24 November 2024 |publisher=IDFA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladeshi Film Makers at Berlinale Talents |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/showtime/165633/bangladeshi-film-makers-at-berlinale-talents |access-date=24 November 2024 |publisher=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref> Ta kuma kasance ma'aikaciyar Cibiyar Fim da Talabijin ta Bangladesh . <ref name="Berlinale">{{Cite web |title=Berlinale Talents: Things I Could Never Tell My Mother |url=https://www.berlinale-talents.de/bt/project/profile/213371 |access-date=24 November 2024 |publisher=Berlinale Talents}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Humaira Bilkis kuma ta girma a Dhaka, Bangladesh . Bayan samun digiri na biyu a fannin sadarwa da aikin jarida a Jami'ar Dhaka, ta bi sha'awar fim a cibiyoyi da yawa, gami da ''Cibiyar Fasaha da Sadarwa ta Sri Aurobindo'' da shirin Berlinale Talents . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Humaira Bilkis Profile |url=https://www.berlinale-talents.de/bt/talent/humaira-bilkis/profile |access-date=24 November 2024 |publisher=Berlinale Talents}}</ref> Ta kuma shiga cikin shirye-shirye irin su Bengal Cinema Development Forum, wanda ke tallafawa fina-finai na Bangladesh mai zaman kansa, da ''Dhaka DocLab'', dandamali da ke inganta samar da fina-fakkaatu a Kudancin Asiya.<ref name="Bengal">{{Cite web |title=Bengal Cinema Development Forum |url=https://bengalfoundation.org/bengal-cinema-development-forum/ |access-date=24 November 2024 |publisher=Bengal Foundation}}</ref><ref name="DhakaDoc">{{Cite web |title=Dhaka DocLab 2017 |url=https://www.dhakadoclab.org/dhaka-doclab-2017/ |access-date=24 November 2024 |publisher=Dhaka DocLab |archive-date=9 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109091456/https://www.dhakadoclab.org/dhaka-doclab-2017/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Humaira Bilkis Profile |url=https://khojstudios.org/person/humaira-bilkis/ |access-date=24 November 2024 |publisher=Khoj Studios}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Humaira Bilkis ta farko a matsayin darektan, gajeren shirin I Am Yet to See Delhi (2015), an nuna shi a bukukuwan fina-finai da yawa na kasa da kasa, gami da bikin fina-fakka na Dharamshala da kuma bikin fina-fukki na Yamagata . <ref name="Khoj">{{Cite web |title=Humaira Bilkis |url=https://khojstudios.org/person/humaira-bilkis/ |access-date=24 November 2024 |publisher=Khoj Studios}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2015 |title=I Am Yet to See Delhi |url=https://diff.co.in/i-am-yet-to-see-delhi/ |access-date=24 November 2024 |publisher=Dharamshala International Film Festival}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview with Humaira Bilkis |url=https://www.yidff.jp/interviews/2015/15i043-e.html |access-date=24 November 2024 |publisher=Yamagata International Documentary Film Festival}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Priyanka |date=17 February 2022 |title=Filmmaking for a global audience |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/recovering-covid-reinventing-our-future/entertaining-new-world/news/filmmaking-global-audience-2963856 |access-date=24 November 2024 |website=The Daily Star}}</ref> A cikin 2019, Bilkis ya ba da umarnin fim din Baganiya (Garden of Memories), wanda ke ba da labarin rayuwar ma'aikatan shayi a Bangladesh. An nuna fim din a bikin fina-finai na Indiya na London da sauran bukukuwan kasa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2021 |title=Baganiya (Garden of Memories) |url=https://londonindianfilmfestival.co.uk/baganiya-garden-of-memories/ |access-date=24 November 2024 |publisher=London Indian Film Festival}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Baganiya |url=https://theseventhart.info/tag/humaira-bilkis/ |access-date=24 November 2024 |publisher=The Seventh Art}}</ref> Shirin fim dinta na farko, Things I Could Never Tell My Mother, an fara shi ne a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Amsterdam (IDFA) a shekarar 2022. Daga baya aka nuna fim din a Visions du Réel da Giffoni Film Festival.<ref name="Visions">{{Cite web |title=Things I Could Never Tell My Mother |url=https://www.visionsdureel.ch/film/2022/things-i-could-never-tell-my-mother/ |access-date=24 November 2024 |publisher=Visions du Réel}}</ref><ref name="Giffoni">{{Cite web |title=Things I Could Never Tell My Mother |url=https://www.giffonifilmfestival.it/en/film-giffoni-2023/303-gex-doc/5283-things-i-could-never-tell-my-mother.html |access-date=24 November 2024 |publisher=Giffoni Film Festival}}</ref>Bilkis ya jagoranci Spiral of Silence tare da Shabnam Azim . An buga aikin a matsayin babi a cikin wani Routledge volume a cikin 2023. Ta kuma haɓaka aikin takardun shaida na Fair Home Fairy Tales ta hanyar shirin Film Independent's Sponsored Projects .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fair Home Fairy Tales |url=https://www.filmindependent.org/sponsored-projects/fair-home-fairy-tales/ |access-date=24 November 2024 |publisher=Film Independent}}</ref> Bilkis ta shiga cikin shirye-shirye, ta dauki bita na fina-finai da suka shafi yin fim mai zaman kansa a Bangladesh, gami da Bengal Cinema Development Forum da Dhaka DocLab . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmmakers demand environment for independent films, not projects |url=https://www.newagebd.net/post/film/244598/filmmakers-demand-environment-for-independent-films-not-project |access-date=24 November 2024 |publisher=New Age}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Humaira Bilkis' 'Things I Could Never Tell My Mother' |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/showtime/265254/humaira-bilkis%E2%80%99-%E2%80%98things-i-could-never-tell-my |access-date=24 November 2024 |publisher=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |2015 |''Har yanzu zan ga Delhi'' |Daraktan |Takaitaccen shirin <ref>{{Cite web |title=MUBI recommends Humaira Bilkis' ''I Am Yet to See Delhi'' |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/showtime/263397/mubi-recommends-humayra-bilkis%E2%80%99-%E2%80%98i-am-yet-to-see |access-date=24 November 2024 |publisher=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref> |- |2019 |''Baganiya (Gidan Tunawa) '' |Daraktan |Fim din fim <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baganiya |url=https://theseventhart.info/tag/humaira-bilkis/ |access-date=24 November 2024 |publisher=The Seventh Art}}</ref> |- |2022 |''Abubuwan da Ba zan Iya gaya wa Mahaifiyata ba'' |Daraktan |Bayani mai mahimmanci |- |2023 |''Hanyar Shiru'' |Mataimakin darektan |Ayyukan hadin gwiwa |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] imxyarar49zgepxlo07egplp7vih5oa 0 164276 905701 902102 2026-08-21T16:24:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ingeborg Meyer-Rey''' (kuma '''Ingeborg Meyer-Tschesno''' : 14 Disamba 1920 - 4 Afrilu 2001) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun masu zane-zanen littattafan yara a Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Jamus.<ref name="IMRlautUL">{{Cite web |date=28 February 2016 |title=Ingeborg Meyer-Rey |url=http://home.uni-leipzig.de/buchwissenschaft/ingeborg-mayer-rey/ |access-date=16 December 2017 |publisher=Universität Leipzig, Institut für Kommunikations- und Medienwissenschaft}}</ref><ref name="IMRlautFORMOST">{{Cite web |title=Ingeborg Meyer-Rey |url=https://www.formost.de/designer/d.51.ingeborg-meyer-rey/ |access-date=16 December 2017 |publisher=FORMOST GmbH, Schwerin}}</ref> == Rayuwa == An haifi '''Ingeborg Meyer-rey''' a Berlin. Lokacin da take da shekaru 20, ta fara karatun zane-zane da zane-zane a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Berlin da ke Berlin-Charlottenburg . A shekarar 1946 ta sami aikin jarida a ''[[Tägliche Rundschau]]'', wani taken jarida da ya daɗe yana wanzuwa wanda gwamnatin soja ta sake farfaɗo da shi, wanda tun daga watan Mayu na 1945 yake iko da babban yankin tsakiyar Jamus, gami da gabashin Berlin kanta. Shekara guda bayan haka ta sami aiki a sashen fasaha, tana aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane, a Fadar Fasaha ta Soviet ( ''"Haus der Kultur der UdSSR"'' ), inda ta zauna har zuwa 1950. <ref name="IMRlautUL"/> A shekarar 1950 ne aka haifi ɗanta, Grischa Meyer: <ref name="GMlautOKS">{{Cite web |title=Grischa Meyer |url=http://www.ostkreuzschule.de/index.php/oks_dozenten/grischa-meyer/?lang=en |access-date=16 December 2017 |publisher=Ostkreuzschule für Fotografie Mahler |archive-date=5 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205145114/http://www.ostkreuzschule.de/index.php/oks_dozenten/grischa-meyer/?lang=en |url-status=dead }}</ref> mahaifinsa, Grigorij Weiss, mai kula da al'adun Soviet ne. <ref name="GMlautCN">{{Cite web |last=Chaim Noll |title=Leseprobe .... 1965 bis 2015. Deutschland-Israel: Autoren aus Israel und Deutschland stellen ihre Bücher vor |url=http://www.leipziger-buchmesse.de/media/Programm/Israel/Reader-50-Jahre-DIB-1_2_2015.pdf |access-date=16 December 2017 |website=Messeschwerpunkt Leipziger Buchmesse 2015 (programme) |publisher=Leipziger Messe GmbH |page=74}}</ref> A wannan lokacin ne ta tsara fitowar farko ta mujallar [[:de:Roman-Zeitung|Roman-Zeitung]] ta wata-wata, wata mujalla da aka tsara don yaɗa adabin Soviet. Ta kuma samar da zane-zanen da ta buga na farko don littattafan yara, wanda hakan ya nuna wani muhimmin mataki a cikin aikinta. A halin yanzu, yanayin siyasa a yankin da aka mamaye Soviet ya ci gaba a watan Oktoban 1949 lokacin da aka sake ƙaddamar da yankin gaba ɗaya yayin da Soviet ke ɗaukar nauyin Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyya ta Jamus . A farkon shekarun 1950, Meyer-Rey ya fara aiki a matsayin mai zane mai zaman kansa, tare da alaƙa da gidajen wallafe-wallafe daban-daban, wanda wataƙila mafi mahimmanci daga cikinsu shine [[:de:Kinderbuchverlag Berlin|"Kinderbuchverlag Berlin"]] . <ref name="IMRlautUL" /> A shekarar 1957 ta ƙirƙiri " Bummi " teddy bear, babban hali a cikin mujallar wata-wata, wacce aka buga a mako-mako, wacce aka sake buga ta a mako-mako ga yaran da ba su kai shekara biyar ba. <ref name="BummilautMAZ">{{Cite web |title=Die Kinderzeitschrift "Bummi" besteht jetzt seit 60 Jahren. In den ersten Jahrzehnten war es ein kunterbuntes Kindermagazin mit Spiel, Spaß, Bastelbögen und Agitprop. Im Juli öffnet eine Sonderausstellung für "Bummi" im Reckahner Schloss (Potsdam-Mittelmark). Hier ein erster Blick hinein. |url=http://www.maz-online.de/Lokales/Potsdam-Mittelmark/Bummi-bekommt-eine-Ausstellung |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216201307/http://www.maz-online.de/Lokales/Potsdam-Mittelmark/Bummi-bekommt-eine-Ausstellung |archive-date=16 December 2017 |access-date=16 December 2017 |website=Bummi bekommt eine Ausstellung |publisher=Verlagsgesellschaft Madsack GmbH & Co. KG, Hannover (Märkische Allgemeine)}}</ref> Bummi ya kasance a tsakiyar wata ƙungiyar ƙwararru mai dogon lokaci tare da [[:de:Ursula Werner-Böhnke|Ursula Werner-Böhnke]] wadda ta gyara mujallar. Baya ga zane-zanen littattafai da mujallu, Bummi ta kuma bayyana a kan labulen siliki da ta yi wa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Berlin Puppet Theatre. <ref name="IMRlautUL" /> Meyer-Rey ta kasance memba ta [[:de:Verband Bildender Künstler der DDR|Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Ƙasa ( ''"Verband Bildender Künstler der DDR"'' )]] . Zane-zanenta sun yi amfani da hanyar tunani ta zahiri, wadda masu fasaha na Soviet na lokacin suka yi tasiri sosai a kanta. Mawakiya mai hazaka sosai, ana iya ganinta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun masu zane-zane na littattafan yara a Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Jamus, inda tsararraki da yawa na yara, musamman a farkon shekarun aikinsu na makaranta, suka yi amfani da littattafan karatu waɗanda suka haɗa da zane-zanenta. Yawancin littattafanta sun yi aiki ta hanyar bugu iri-iri, wasu kuma har yanzu (2017) suna nan a rubuce. Aikinta ya kuma samu nasara a wajen masu wallafa littattafai a ƙasashen waje, musamman a [[Sweden]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], [[Birtaniya]], [[Faransa]], Yugoslavia, [[Denmark]], [[Finland]], [[Norway]], [[Hungariya|Hungary]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Cuba]], Czechoslovakia, [[Sin|China]] har ma da [[Yammacin Jamus]], inda aka buga bugu a cikin harshen Sorbian . An yi bikin "Der gute Held. Märchen der Völker der Sowjetunion" ( ''"The Good Hero: Tatsuniyoyi Daga Mutanen Soviet"'' ), wanda Ingeborg Meyer-Rey ya zana, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin [[:de:Schönste Bücher der DDR|Littattafan Mafi Kyawun]] na Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Jamus a shekarar 1952. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2001]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] hl0gzwrk1zbpty10fcynmor2oo9i6h7 0 164362 905705 902564 2026-08-21T16:26:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ingrid Noll''' (sunan aure Ingrid Gullatz, an haife ta a ranar 29 ga Satumba, 1935 a Shanghai) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus mai ban dariya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schröder |first=Lothar |date=9 March 2020 |title=Interview mit Ingrid Noll: "Krimis haben etwas Heilsames" |url=https://rp-online.de/kultur/buch/interview-mit-ingrid-noll-krimis-haben-etwas-heilsames_aid-49449897 |access-date=28 March 2020 |website=RP ONLINE |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=KG |first=VRM GmbH & Co |date=3 March 2020 |title=Ingrid Noll – Gewalt ist ihr zuwider – Wiesbadener Kurier |url=https://www.wiesbadener-kurier.de/lokales/wiesbaden/nachrichten-wiesbaden/ingrid-noll-gewalt-ist-ihr-zuwider_21342979 |access-date=28 March 2020 |website=wiesbadener-kurier.de |language=de |archive-date=28 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328001701/https://www.wiesbadener-kurier.de/lokales/wiesbaden/nachrichten-wiesbaden/ingrid-noll-gewalt-ist-ihr-zuwider_21342979 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=SWR2 |last2=SWR2 |title="In Liebe Dein Karl" von Ingrid Noll |url=https://www.swr.de/swr2/literatur/in-liebe-dein-karl-von-ingrid-noll-102.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328001659/https://www.swr.de/swr2/literatur/in-liebe-dein-karl-von-ingrid-noll-102.html |archive-date=28 March 2020 |access-date=28 March 2020 |website=swr.online |language=de}}</ref> Ta rubuta litattafai da yawa, ciki har da ''Head Count'' ( ''Die Häupter meiner Lieben'' ), ''Hell Hath No Fury'' ( ''Der Hahn ist tot'' ) da ''The Pharmacist'' ( ''Die Apothekerin'' ), da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin guda ɗaya, ''Bommels Billigflüge'' . Daga baya an mayar da wasu daga cikin littattafanta zuwa fina-finai, ciki har da ''Die Apothekerin'', wanda aka fitar a Amurka a matsayin ''The Pharmacist'' kuma an zaɓe shi don kyautar Fim ta Jamus a fannin Zinare saboda fitaccen fim. Ta buga littafinta na farko, wanda ya zama babban nasara, tana da shekaru 55. A yau tana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun marubuta mata 'yan Jamus. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] 2dsokiojknow6mh6rk5gtcd4x4zurlb 0 164404 906165 902662 2026-08-22T11:21:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:KathrinSchmidt.JPG|thumb| Kathrin Schmidt a shekarar 2009]] '''Kathrin Schmidt''' (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 1958 a Gotha, Bezirk Erfurt ), marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. <ref name="modern">{{Cite web |date=21 March 2017 |title=Kathrin Schmidt |url=https://modernlanguages.sas.ac.uk/research-centres/centre-study-contemporary-womens-writing/languages/german/kathrin-schmidt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120135342/https://modernlanguages.sas.ac.uk/research-centres/centre-study-contemporary-womens-writing/languages/german/kathrin-schmidt |archive-date=2021-11-20 |access-date=2020-07-26 |website=The Institute of Modern Languages Research}}</ref> An san ta da wakokinta da kuma rubutunta. <ref name="modern" /> == Rayuwa da aiki == Kathrin Schmidt ta girma a Gotha kuma daga shekarar 1964 a Waltershausen . Bayan kammala karatunta na sakandare, ta yi karatun [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]] a Jami'ar Jena daga shekara ta 1976 zuwa shekara ta 1981. Bayan kammala karatunta ( difloma ), ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike a [[Jami'ar Leipzig]] daga shekara ta 1981 zuwa shekara ta 1982, sannan kuma a matsayin mai ilimin halayyar yara a Asibitin Gundumar Rüdersdorf da kuma Cibiyar Kare Lafiyar Yara da Matasa ta Berlin-Marzahn . A shekarar 1986 zuwa shekara ta 1987, ta kammala karatu na musamman a Cibiyar Adabi ta Johannes R. Becher da ke [[Leipzig]] . Bayan rugujewar katangar Berlin, ta yi aiki a teburin zagaye da ke Gabashin Berlin . A shekarar 1990 zuwa shekara ta 1991 ta kasance [[Editing|editan]] mujallar mata ta mata ta Ypsilon kuma ta yi aiki a matayin mataimakiyar bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Zamantakewa ta Berlin har zuwa shekara ta 1993. Ta kasance marubuciya mai zaman kanta tun daga shekarar 1994. Ita memba ce ta Cibiyar PEN ta Jamus . Kathrin Schmidt ta fara rubutu tun tana ƙarama kuma da farko ta buga [[Waƙa|waƙoƙi]] . Waƙoƙin suna da siffofi masu ƙarfi, harshe mai ƙarfi, mai jan hankali da kuma yawan amfani da kalmomin barkwanci . Littattafan, waɗanda wani lokacin ake sanya su a matsayin sihiri na gaske saboda cikar labaran baroque, sun kuma nuna Kathrin Schmidt a matsayin marubuciya mai ƙarfi mai tunani mai ban sha'awa, wanda masu suka suka kwatanta shi da farkon Günter Grass da Irmtraud Morgner. Ya zuwa yau, babbar nasararta ta adabi ita ce littafin tarihin tarihin tarihin ''Du stirbst nicht.''<ref name="modern"/> A cikin littafin, marubucin ya bayyana rashin lafiya da kuma murmurewa na marubuciya Helene, wacce ta fuskanci rashin iko a jikinta bayan [[bugun jini]] kuma dole ne ta sake koyon harshe. Littafin ya sayar da kwafi Wanda yakai kimanin 150,000 kuma an ba shi kyautar Littafin Jamus a shekarar 2009. Kathrin Schmidt ta reni yara biyar tare da mijinta kuma tana zaune a Berlin-Mahlsdorf. == Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka == === Tarin waƙoƙi === * ''Kathrin Schmidt.'' ''Kundin waƙoƙi (jerin waƙoƙi),'' Bugu na 179. Berlin a shekarar 1982. * ''Mala'ika yana tashi ta cikin masana'antar bangon waya.'' Neues Leben, Berlin 1987,{{ISBN|3-355-00382-4}} . * ''Hoton Kogi tare da Mala'ika.'' Suhkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1995, <nowiki>ISBN 3-518-11931-1</nowiki>; Lyrikedition 2000, Munich 2000,{{ISBN|3-935284-14-4}} . * ''Ku shiga cikin Belladonnas.'' Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 2000,{{ISBN|3-462-02933-9}} . * ''Rawar Matattu.'' Tare da Karl-Georg Hirsch. Leipzig a shekarar 2001. * ''Kudan zuma makafi.'' Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 2010,{{ISBN|978-3-462-04193-4}} . * ''wurin wanke abubuwa masu sanyi.'' Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 2018,{{ISBN|978-3-462-31812-8}} . * ''sommerschaums ernte.'' Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 2020,{{ISBN|978-3-462-05390-6}} . == Kyaututtuka == * 1988: Anna Seghers-Preis * 1993: Leonce-und-Lena-Preis * 1994: Kyautar Waƙoƙin Merano * 1994: Tallafin aiki na Asusun Adabi na Jamus * 1997: Marubucin garin Berlin-Hellersdorf * 1998: Kyautar Lardin Carinthia a Gasar Ingeborg Bachmann da aka yi a Klagenfurt * 1998: Tallafin aiki na Asusun Adabi na Jamus * 1998: Kyautar tallafi ga kyautar adabi ta Heimito von Doderer * 1998: Kyautar Tallafawa Adabi ta GEDOK * 2000: Tallafin aiki na Asusun Adabin Jamus * 2001: Kyautar al'adun Jamus * 2003: Kyautar Droste ta birnin Meersburg * 2005: Kyautar Fasaha don Adabin Ƙasa na Brandenburg Lotto <ref name="Kunstpreis Fotografie – Lotto Brandenburg vergibt den Kunstpreis Fotografie">{{Cite web |title=Preisträger 2005 – Kunstpreis Fotografie/Literatur |url=https://www.kunstpreis-fotografie.de/preistraeger/preistraeger-2005 |access-date=4 December 2021 |website=Kunstpreis Fotografie – Lotto Brandenburg vergibt den Kunstpreis Fotografie |language=de}}</ref> * 2009: Preis der SWR-Bestenliste * 2009: Kyautar Littafin Jamus don ''Du stirbst nicht'' <ref name="Online 2013">{{Cite web |date=13 November 2013 |title=Buchpreis-Shortlist als Gesamtkunstwerk |url=https://www.focus.de/kultur/diverses/buchpreis-shortlist-als-gesamtkunstwerk-literatur_id_2275089.html |access-date=4 December 2021 |website=FOCUS Online |language=de |archive-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204180443/https://www.focus.de/kultur/diverses/buchpreis-shortlist-als-gesamtkunstwerk-literatur_id_2275089.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2017: Thüringer Literaturpreis <ref name="Thüringer Allgemeine 2013">{{Cite web |date=26 September 2013 |title=Kathrin Schmidt mit Thüringer Literaturpreis 2013 geehrt |url=https://www.thueringer-allgemeine.de/web/zgt/kultur/detail/-/specific/Kathrin-Schmidt-mit-Thueringer-Literaturpreis-2013-geehrt-1883015654 |access-date=12 November 2018 |website=Thüringer Allgemeine |language=de }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]] {{Dead link|date=April 2025}} [[Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2025]] [[Category:Articles with permanently dead external links]]</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] f6mrt8epcy48yz1gzaefv8q6fkr25r6 0 164617 905690 903648 2026-08-21T16:01:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 905690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Immeke_Mitscherlich_by_Theodor_Steinkühler_1919.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Immedke Mitscherlich by Theodor Steinkühler (1919)]] '''Immeke Mitscherlich''' née '''Emma Catarina Caroline Schwollmann''' (1899-1985) <ref name="bc">{{Cite web |title=Mitscherlich, Immeke |url=https://bauhaus.community/gnd/121505517X |access-date=24 February 2023 |publisher=Bauhaus Community |language=de}}</ref> yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Jamus. Bayan kammala karatun saka a ƙarshen shekarun 1920 a [[Bauhaus Dessau|Bauhaus da ke Dessau]], ta auri mai zane Alexander Mitscherlich a watan Maris na 1929 kuma ta ƙaura tare da shi zuwa [[Krefeld]] a 1932. Lokacin da mijinta ya mutu a shekarar 1940, ta yi aiki a masana'antun masaku daban-daban kuma ta koyar a Makarantar Saka Saƙa ta Krefeld's Textillingenieurschule (Makarantar Saka Saƙa) inda ta ci gaba da zama har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1965.<ref name="ac">{{Cite web |title=Mitscherlich, Immeke |url=https://www.architekturguide-krefeld.de/immeke-mitscherlich/ |access-date=24 February 2023 |publisher=Architecktur guide Krefeld |language=de}}</ref> Aikinta mafi shahara shine babban zane mai ban sha'awa da ta ƙirƙira don Landtag na North Rhine-Westphalia.<ref name="li">{{Cite web |date=27 March 1984 |title=Kunst im Landtag — Immeke Mitscherlich 85 Jahre: Gobelin mit Roß, Rose und Rhein |url=https://www.landtag.nrw.de/portal/WWW/dokumentenarchiv8/Dokument?Id=ZLANIN846%7C20%7C20 |access-date=24 February 2023 |publisher=Landtag intern |language=de }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife ta a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 1899 a Schmiedenau (yanzu Kowalewo) kusa da Margonin a tsohuwar Lardin Posen ta Prussian, Caroline Schwollmann 'yar mai gidan ce kuma daga baya shugaban makaranta Otto Schwollmann da matarsa Gretchen née Rossell. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Schwenke, Otto |url=http://e-kartoteka.net/pl/search?signature=15155#show |access-date=24 February 2023 |publisher=Wyniki wyszukiwania |language=}}</ref> Babbar 'yar uwarta {{Interlanguage link|Ilse Molzahn|de}} (1895–1981) ya zama marubuci mai nasara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ilse Molahn |url=https://www.wallstein-verlag.de/autoren/ilse-molzahn.html |access-date=24 February 2023 |publisher=Wallstein Verlag |language=de}}</ref> Ta fara karatunta a shekarar 1917 a Makarantar Bauhaus da ke Weimar sannan ta ci gaba a Bauhous Dessau (1919–1927) inda ta yi karatun saka a ƙarƙashin Georg Muche . A watan Maris na shekarar 1929 ta auri mai zane Alexander Mitscherlich (1887–1940). <ref name="bc"/> A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai saƙa a Dessau, [[Magdeburg]] da Partenkirchen kafin ta koma Berlin inda ta auri Alexander Mitscherlich. A shekarar 1932, ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Krefeld inda Immeke ya shiga ƙungiyar siyasa ta yau da kullun da aka sani da "Die Kernianer". <ref name="ac"/> Lokacin da mijinta ya mutu a shekarar 1940, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane, da farko a Marva (wanda daga baya aka kira ta Marna) kuma daga 1950 a Weber & Co. A shekarar 1952, an naɗa ta babbar malamar koyarwa a fannin zane-zane da kuma azuzuwan zane-zane a Makarantar Saka Krefeld (Textilenieurschule) inda ta ci gaba da zama har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1940. Bayan haka ta zauna a Krefeld tare da 'yarta har zuwa shekarun 1970. <ref name="ac"/> Aikin Mitscherlich mafi shahara shine babban zane mai ban sha'awa da ta tsara wa Majalisar Dokokin Jiha a North Rhine Westphalia. An ƙirƙira shi a shekarar 1971 kuma yana nuna dokin North Rhine (Roß), Lippish Rose da Kogin Rhine, kuma an rataye shi a bangon baya na ɗakin muhawara na tsohon ginin Landtag da ke Düsseldorf. <ref name="li"/> Immeke Mitscherlich ya mutu a Diez an der Lahn a ranar 30 ga Mayu 1985. <ref name="bc"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1985]] 6aqsrtj8tdrm89dakh5lrh624yzr74n 0 164891 905734 904967 2026-08-21T18:20:09Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370018597|Fire whirl]]" 905734 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Guguwar wuta (fire whirl)''', '''shaidan wuta (fire devil)''' ko '''guguwar wuta mai kama da tornado (fire tornado)''' wata '''guguwar iska (whirlwind)''' ce da wuta ke haifarwa, kuma sau da yawa tana ƙunshe da '''harshen wuta''' da/ko '''toka'''. Tana farawa ne da juyawar iska, wadda hayaki kan sa a iya ganinta, kuma tana iya faruwa lokacin da tsananin zafin da ke tashi sama da yanayin iska mai rikicewa da wutar ta haifar suka haɗu suka samar da iska mai juyawa ('''eddies''') a cikin iska. Waɗannan juyawar iska na iya matsewa su zama '''vortex''' mai kama da na '''tornado''', wanda ke tsotsa tarkace da iskar gas mai ƙonewa. {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Wani lokaci ana kiran wannan al’amari da '''fire tornado''', '''firenado''', '''fire swirl''', ko '''fire twister''', amma waɗannan kalmomi yawanci suna nufin wani al’amari daban, inda wuta take da tsananin ƙarfi har ta haifar da '''tornado''' na gaske, wato '''vortex''' mai tsananin juyawa (ginshiƙin iska) wanda yake hulɗa da saman ƙasa tare da gajimaren '''cumuliform''' a sama. Ba kasafai ake rarraba '''fire whirls''' a matsayin tornadoes ba, saboda a mafi yawan lokuta vortex ɗin ba ya miƙewa daga saman ƙasa har zuwa '''tushen gajimare (cloud base)'''. Haka kuma, ko a irin waɗannan lokutan, waɗannan '''fire whirls''' ba kasafai suke zama tornadoes na ainihi ba, saboda '''vorticity''' ɗinsu tana samo asali ne daga iskar da ke kusa da saman ƙasa da kuma ɗagawa da zafi ke haifarwa, maimakon ta samo asali daga '''mesocyclone''' na tornado da ke sama.<ref name="McRae">{{Cite journal |last=McRae |first=Richard H. D. |last2=J. J. Sharples |last3=S. R. Wilkes |last4=A. Walker |date=2013 |title=An Australian pyro-tornadogenesis event |journal=Nat. Hazards |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=1801–1811 |bibcode=2013NatHa..65.1801M |doi=10.1007/s11069-012-0443-7 |s2cid=51933150}}</ref> Ko da yake an san tsawon shekaru da dama cewa '''flammagenitus clouds''' da kuma '''mesocyclones''' da ke cikin '''cumulonimbus flammagenitus''' da wuta ta haifar kai tsaye, a wasu lokuta suna iya samar da '''tornadic firewhirls''', wannan al’amari ya fi samun kulawa sosai bayan '''gobarar daji ta Canberra ta 2003''', sannan tare da '''Carr Fire''' ta shekarar 2018 a California, '''Loyalton Fire''' ta shekarar 2020 a California da Nevada, da kuma '''Deer Creek Fire''' ta shekarar 2025 a Utah.. == Kafawa == Wutar wuta ta ƙunshi ƙarancin wuta da aljihun iska mai juyawa. Wutar wuta na iya kaiwa har zuwa {{Convert|2000|F|C}} ° C (2,000 ° F). Wutar wuta ta zama ruwan dare a kai a kai lokacin da [[Wildfire|gobarar daji]], ko kuma musamman [[Firestorm|guguwar wuta]], ta haifar da iska ta kanta, wanda zai iya haifar da manyan vortices. Ko da wuta sau da yawa suna da juyawa a kan karamin sikelin kuma ƙananan wuta an samar da su ta hanyar ƙananan wuta a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chuah |first=Keng Hoo |last2=K. Kuwana |date=2009 |title=Modeling a fire whirl generated over a 5-cm-diameter methanol pool fire |journal=Combust. Flame |volume=156 |issue=9 |pages=1828–1833 |bibcode=2009CoFl..156.1828C |doi=10.1016/j.combustflame.2009.06.010}}</ref> Yawancin manyan wutar lantarki suna fitowa ne daga gobarar daji. Suna samuwa ne lokacin da zafin jiki da haɗuwa daga gobarar daji suke.<ref name="firewhirls">{{Cite journal |last=Umscheid |first=Michael E. |last2=Monteverdi |first2=J.P. |last3=Davies |first3=J.M. |year=2006 |title=Photographs and Analysis of an Unusually Large and Long-lived Firewhirl |journal=Electronic Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.55599/ejssm.v1i2.3 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yawanci suna da 10-50 tsawo, 'yan mita (ƙafafu da yawa), kuma suna da 'yan mintoci kaɗan. Wasu, duk da haka, na iya zama fiye da tsawo, suna dauke da saurin iska sama da {{Convert|200|km/h|mph}} km / h (120 , kuma suna ci gaba da fiye da minti 20.<ref name="significant tornadoes">{{Cite book|last3=Thomas P. Grazulis}}</ref>{{Convert|1|km|mi}} Wutar wuta na iya tumɓuke bishiyoyi {{Convert|15|m|ft|-1}} m (50 tsawo ko fiye. Wadannan kuma na iya taimakawa da ikon 'spotting' na gobarar daji don yadawa da fara sabbin gobara yayin da suke ɗaga kayan konewa kamar itacen itace. Wadannan gawayi masu cin wuta za a iya hura su daga wuta ta hanyar iska mai karfi a sama. Wutar wuta na iya zama ruwan dare a kusa da fuka-fuki a lokacin fashewar dutse.<ref name="Thorarinsson">{{Cite journal |last=Thorarinsson |first=Sigurdur |last2=B. Vonnegut |date=1964 |title=Whirlwinds Produced by the Eruption of Surtsey Volcano |journal=Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. |volume=45 |issue=8 |pages=440–444 |bibcode=1964BAMS...45..440T |doi=10.1175/1520-0477-45.8.440 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Antonescu |first=Bogdan |last2=D. M. Schultz |last3=F. Lomas |date=2016 |title=Tornadoes in Europe: Synthesis of the Observational Datasets |journal=Mon. Wea. Rev. |volume=144 |issue=7 |pages=2445–2480 |bibcode=2016MWRv..144.2445A |doi=10.1175/MWR-D-15-0298.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadannan suna fitowa daga karami zuwa babba kuma suna fitowa ne daga hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da wadanda ke da alaƙa da tsarin wuta na yau da kullun, amma suna iya haifar da Cumulonimbus flammagenitus (duba) da ke haifar da shimfidar wuri da ruwa ko ma don bunkasa juyawa mai kama da mesocyclone na fuka-fuki kanta da / ko kuma cumulonimbi, wanda zai iya haifar da guguwa kamar waɗanda ke cikin supercells. <ref name="Lareau">{{Cite journal |last=Lareau |first=N. P. |last2=N. J. Nauslar |last3=J. T. Abatzoglou |date=2018 |title=The Carr Fire Vortex: A Case of Pyrotornadogenesis? |journal=Geophys. Res. Lett. |volume=45 |issue=23 |pages=13107–13115 |bibcode=2018GeoRL..4513107L |doi=10.1029/2018GL080667 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Chakraborty">{{Cite journal |last=Chakraborty |first=Pinaki |last2=G. Gioia |last3=S. W. Kieffer |date=2009 |title=Volcanic mesocyclones |journal=Nature |volume=458 |issue=7237 |pages=497–500 |bibcode=2009Natur.458..497C |doi=10.1038/nature07866 |pmid=19325632 |s2cid=1129142}}</ref> Pyrocumulonimbi wanda manyan gobara suka haifar a lokuta masu wuya kuma suna tasowa ta irin wannan hanyar.<ref name="Cunningham">{{Cite journal |last=Cunningham |first=Phillip |last2=M. J. Reeder |date=2009 |title=Severe convective storms initiated by intense wildfires: Numerical simulations of pyro-convection and pyro-tornadogenesis |journal=Geophys. Res. Lett. |volume=36 |issue=12 |pages=L12812 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3612812C |doi=10.1029/2009GL039262 |s2cid=128775258}}</ref><ref name="McRae" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fromm |first=Michael |last2=A. Tupper |last3=D. Rosenfeld |last4=R. Servranckx |last5=R. McRae |date=2006 |title=Violent pyro-convective storm devastates Australia's capital and pollutes the stratosphere |journal=Geophys. Res. Lett. |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=L05815 |bibcode=2006GeoRL..33.5815F |doi=10.1029/2005GL025161 |s2cid=128709657 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rarraba == A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan wuta guda uku da aka sani da yawa: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams, Forman |date=22 May 2009 |title=The Occurrence and Mechanisms of Fire Whirls |url=http://www.seic09.eis.uva.es/Presentaciones/IL4.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513010536/http://www.seic09.eis.uva.es/Presentaciones/IL4.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2014 |publisher=MAE UCSD; Spanish Section of the Combustion Institute}}</ref> * Nau'in 1: Tsayawa kuma yana tsakiya a kan yankin konewa. * Nau'in 2: Mai ɗorewa ko mai ɗan lokaci, mai iska na yankin ƙonewa. * Nau'in 3: Mai tsayawa ko mai wucewa, wanda ke tsakiya a kan wani yanki mai budewa kusa da wani yanki mai cin wuta tare da iska. Akwai shaidar da ke nuna cewa wutar da ke gudana a yankin Hifukusho-ato, a lokacin girgizar kasa mai girma ta Kantō ta 1923, ta kasance nau'in 3.<ref name="Kuwana">{{Cite journal |last=Kuwana |first=Kazunori |last2=Sekimoto |first2=Kozo |last3=Saito |first3=Kozo |last4=Williams |first4=Forman A. |date=May 2008 |title=Scaling fire whirls |journal=Fire Safety Journal |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=252–7 |bibcode=2008FirSJ..43..252K |doi=10.1016/j.firesaf.2007.10.006}}</ref> Sauran hanyoyin da wutar wuta ta iya kasancewa.<ref name="Chuah">{{Cite journal |last=Chuah |first=Keng Hoo |last2=K. Kuwana |last3=K. Saito |last4=F. A. Williams |date=2011 |title=Inclined fire whirls |journal=Proc. Combust. Inst. |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=2417–2424 |bibcode=2011PComI..33.2417C |doi=10.1016/j.proci.2010.05.102}}</ref> Wani rarrabuwa mai zurfi na juyawa na wuta wanda Forman A. Williams ya ba da shawarar ya haɗa da nau'o'i daban-daban guda biyar: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Forman A. |date=2020 |title=Scaling considerations for fire whirls |journal=Progress in Scale Modeling |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.13023/psmij.2020.02}}</ref> * Whirls da aka samar ta hanyar rarraba man fetur a cikin iska * Whirls sama da man fetur a cikin tafkuna ko a kan ruwa * Wutar wuta * Motsa wuta * Whirls da aka gyara ta hanyar rushewar vortex Al'ummar da ke da yanayin yanayi suna kallon wasu abubuwan da suka haifar da wuta a matsayin abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi. Yin amfani da prefix ''pyro-'', girgije da wuta ke haifar ana kiransa pyrocumulus da pyrocumulonimbus. Ana kallon manyan wutar lantarki. Dangane da sikelin vortex, an gabatar da ka'idodin rarrabuwa na ''pyronado'', ''"pyrotornado"'', da ''"pyromesocyclone"''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Patrick |last2=Cormier |first2=Leanne |date=September 23, 2020 |title=Proposed Nomenclature for Fire-induced Vortices |url=https://bulletin.cmos.ca/nomenclature-for-fire-induced-vortices/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020193046/https://bulletin.cmos.ca/nomenclature-for-fire-induced-vortices/ |archive-date=20 October 2020 |access-date=18 October 2020 |website=CMOS BULLETIN SCMO |publisher=Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society}}</ref> == Shahararrun misalai == [[Fayil:Fire-whirl.jpg|right|thumb|Wutar da ke cike da wuta]] A lokacin gobarar Peshtigo ta 1871, wani wuta ya ƙone al'ummar Williamsonville, [[Wisconsin]]; yankin da Williamsonville ya taɓa tsayawa yanzu shine Tornado Memorial County Park.<ref>[http://images.library.wisc.edu/WI/EFacs/transactions/WT1990/reference/wi.wt1990.jmmoran.pdf Tornadoes of Fire at Williamsonville, Wisconsin, October 8, 1871] {{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://images.library.wisc.edu/WI/EFacs/transactions/WT1990/reference/wi.wt1990.jmmoran.pdf|date=9 October 2022}} by Joseph M. Moran and E. Lee Somerville, 1990, Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters, 31 pp.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Skiba |first1=Justin |date=September 2, 2016 |title=The Fire That Took Williamsonville |url=https://doorcountypulse.com/fire-took-williamsonville/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924211214/https://doorcountypulse.com/fire-took-williamsonville/ |archive-date=24 September 2020 |access-date=January 22, 2019 |publisher=Door County Living}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200113055040/http://map.co.door.wi.us/parks/kiosks/Tornado.pdf Tornado Memorial Park] kiosk historical notes, also see [http://archaeolab.anthro.uwm.edu/WIS_57_Project/WIS_57_Public_Interpretation/WIS_57_Documents/Summary_Handout_(Version_3).pdf p. 19] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200537/http://archaeolab.anthro.uwm.edu/WIS_57_Project/WIS_57_Public_Interpretation/WIS_57_Documents/Summary_Handout_(Version_3).pdf|date=24 June 2021}} of the County C Park and Ride lot panel draft pdf</ref> Wani misali mai tsanani na abin da ya faru ya faru ne bayan girgizar kasa mai girma ta Kantō ta 1923 a Japan, inda wata guguwa ta gari a [[Tokyo]] ta samar da yanayin da ake buƙata don babbar gobara da ta kashe mutane 38,000 a cikin minti goma sha biyar a Yankin Hifukusho-Ato na birnin.<ref name="fire behavior2">{{cite book|last=Quintiere|first=James G.|title=Principles of Fire Behavior|publisher=Thomson Delmar Learning|year=1998|isbn=0-8273-7732-0}}</ref> Yawancin manyan wuta (wasu tornadic) waɗanda suka samo asali bayan walƙiya ta bugi wani wurin ajiyar mai kusa da [[California]]" id="mwxw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="San Luis Obispo, California">San Luis Obispo, California, a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 1926, sun haifar da mummunar lalacewar tsari nesa da wuta, inda suka kashe biyu. An samar da guguwa da yawa ta hanyar guguwar wuta ta kwana huɗu daidai da yanayin da ya haifar da tsawa mai tsanani, wanda manyan guguwar gobara suka ɗauki tarkace {{Convert|5|km|0}} .<ref name="San Luis Obispo">{{Cite journal |last=Hissong |first=J. E. |date=1926 |title=Whirlwinds At Oil-Tank Fire, San Luis Obispo, Calif |journal=Mon. Wea. Rev. |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=161–3 |bibcode=1926MWRv...54..161H |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1926)54<161:WAOFSL>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An samar da wutar lantarki a cikin [[gobara]] da guguwar wuta da ta haifar da bama-bamai na Turai da Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da kuma bama-bomb na nukiliya na Hiroshima da Nagasaki. An yi nazarin abubuwan da suka shafi fashewar bam a Hamburg, musamman wadanda suka faru a ranar 27-28 ga Yuli 1943, . <ref name="Ebert">{{Cite journal |last=Ebert |first=Charles H. V. |date=1963 |title=The Meteorological Factor in the Hamburg Fire Storm |journal=Weatherwise |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=70–75 |bibcode=1963Weawi..16b..70E |doi=10.1080/00431672.1963.9941009}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, musamman a cikin 1978-1979, wuta mai juyawa daga ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma ƙarami sosai zuwa mai tsanani, mai tsayi mai kama da guguwa wanda zai iya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ya haifar da gobarar da aka samar daga 1,{{Val|1000}}-{{Interlanguage link|Météotron}} , jerin manyan rijiyoyin mai da ke cikin Filin Lannemezan na [[Faransa]] da aka yi amfani da su don gwada motsi na yanayi da thermodynamics.<ref name="Church">{{Cite journal |last=Church |first=Christopher R. |last2=Snow |first2=John T. |last3=Dessens |first3=Jean |date=1980 |title=Intense Atmospheric Vortices Associated with a 1000 MW Fire |journal=Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. |volume=61 |issue=7 |pages=682–694 |bibcode=1980BAMS...61..682C |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1980)061<0682:IAVAWA>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A lokacin gobarar daji ta [[Kanberra|Canberra]] a shekara ta 2003 a Canberra, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], an rubuta wani mummunan wuta. An lissafa shi don samun iskõki na kwance na {{Convert|160|mph}} km / h (160 da saurin iska na tsaye na {{Convert|93|mph}} km / h (93 , wanda ke haifar da haskakawa na hekta 120 (300 acres) a cikin 0.04 seconds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fire tornado video |url=http://esa.act.gov.au/emergency-management/fire-tornado-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128122637/http://esa.act.gov.au/emergency-management/fire-tornado-video/ |archive-date=28 November 2018 |access-date=28 November 2018 |publisher=ACT Emergency Services}}</ref> Ita ce sanannen wuta na farko a Ostiraliya don samun saurin iska na EF3 a kan sikelin Enhanced Fujita. A ranar 22 ga Mayu 2015, wani jirgin ruwa na Conair Group mai dauke da Air Tractor AT-802 yana fama da wuta a kusa da Cold Lake, Alberta ya gamu da wuta. Gasar ta haifar da asarar iko da haɗuwa da ƙasa, inda ta kashe matukin jirgi a cikin jirgin. [[Fayil:Carr_Fire_tornado_dashcam.webm|thumb|227x227px|Bidiyo na Dashcam na guguwar wuta ta 2018 Carr2018 Carr Guguwar wuta]] Wani wuta mai kama da wuta, wanda aka ruwaito yana da girman da ba a saba gani ba ga gobarar daji ta New Zealand, an kafa shi a rana ta uku na gobarar Port Hills ta 2017 a Christchurch. Matukan jirgi sun kiyasta ginshiƙan wuta ya zama {{Convert|100|m}} tsawo. A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin 2018, babbar guguwar Carr Fire ta 2018 za ta buge Redding, California. A ranar 15 ga watan Agustan 2020, a karo na farko a tarihinta, Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Amurka ta ba da gargadi game da guguwa don pyrocumulonimbus da gobarar daji ta haifar a kusa da Loyalton, California, wanda zai iya samar da guguwar wuta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A 'fire tornado' warning? Weather service issues what could be a first at California blaze |url=https://www.sacbee.com/news/weather-news/article244993335.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816050603/https://www.sacbee.com/news/weather-news/article244993335.html |archive-date=16 August 2020 |access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Herzmann |first=Daryl |title=IEM :: Valid Time Event Code (VTEC) App |url=https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/vtec/#2020-O-NEW-KREV-TO-W-0001/USCOMP-N0Q-202008152135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901234400/https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/vtec/#2020-O-NEW-KREV-TO-W-0001/USCOMP-N0Q-202008152135 |archive-date=1 September 2020 |access-date=14 September 2020 |website=mesonet.agron.iastate.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref name="cappucciWildfireSmokePlumes">{{Cite web |title=Matthew Cappucci (September 13, 2020) California's wildfire smoke plumes are unlike anything previously seen |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/weather/topstories/californias-wildfire-smoke-plumes-are-unlike-anything-previously-seen/ar-BB18Y54b?li=BBnb7Kz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914140119/https://www.msn.com/en-us/weather/topstories/californias-wildfire-smoke-plumes-are-unlike-anything-previously-seen/ar-BB18Y54b?li=BBnb7Kz |archive-date=14 September 2020 |access-date=14 September 2020 |website=[[MSN]]}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga watan Janairun 2025, an ga wani wuta a cikin gobarar daji ta Palisades . <ref>{{Cite web |title='Fire tornado' spotted in Los Angeles Pacific Palisades blaze |url=https://news.sky.com/video/fire-tornado-spotted-in-los-angeles-pacific-palisades-blaze-13287014 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Yulin 2025, wani guguwa mai karfi kuma kusan ya tsaya daga gobarar daji ta Deer Creek a San Juan County, Utah. Duk da cewa an kiyasta EF2 kuma ya lalata injin wuta na Ofishin Gudanar da Kasa, babu wani rauni ko mutuwar da za ta faru dangane da wannan guguwar wuta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Carter |date=2025-07-16 |title=13 structures damaged or destroyed by Deer Creek Fire; rare 'firenado' rated as EF-2 |url=https://www.ksl.com/article/51346742/13-structures-damaged-or-destroyed-by-deer-creek-fire-rare-firenado-rated-as-ef-2 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=KSL.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Akrherz@Iastate.Edu |first=Daryl Herzmann |date=2025-07-16 |title=IEM :: PNS from NWS GJT |url=https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/wx/afos/p.php?pil=PNSGJT&e=202507161727 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Iowa Environmental Mesonet}}</ref> == Blue whirl == A cikin gwaje-gwaje masu sarrafawa, ana samun jujjuyawar wuta don sauyawa zuwa yanayin konewa da ake kira blue whirls.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Xiao |first=Huahua |last2=Gollner |first2=Michael J. |last3=Oran |first3=Elaine S. |date=2016 |title=From fire whirls to blue whirls and combustion with reduced pollution |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=113 |issue=34 |pages=9457–9462 |arxiv=1605.01315 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113.9457X |doi=10.1073/pnas.1605860113 |pmc=5003231 |pmid=27493219 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An kirkiro sunan ''blue whirl'' ne saboda samar da soot ba shi da mahimmanci, wanda ke haifar da ɓacewar launin rawaya wanda ya dace da wuta. Blue whirls wani bangare ne na harshen wuta wanda ke zaune a cikin yankin sake zagayawa na kumfa-ƙetare.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coenen |first=Wilfried |last2=Kolb |first2=Erik J. |last3=Sánchez |first3=Antonio L. |last4=Williams |first4=Forman A. |date=July 2019 |title=Observed dependence of characteristics of liquid-pool fires on swirl magnitude |journal=Combustion and Flame |volume=285 |pages=1–6 |arxiv=2202.06567 |bibcode=2019CoFl..205....1C |doi=10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.03.032 |s2cid=132260032}}</ref> Tsawon harshen wuta da ƙonewa na blue whirl sun fi ƙanƙanta fiye da na wuta whirl.<ref name=":0" /> == Dubi kuma == * Shaidan ƙura * Shaidan tururi * Ruwa na ruwa == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 88jjhdpxlnimqupgthqii8zcr7vj49y 905735 905734 2026-08-21T18:22:30Z Saad Nuhu 43323 905735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Guguwar wuta (fire whirl)''', '''shaidan wuta (fire devil)''' ko '''guguwar wuta mai kama da tornado (fire tornado)''' wata '''guguwar iska (whirlwind)''' ce da wuta ke haifarwa, kuma sau da yawa tana ƙunshe da '''harshen wuta''' da/ko '''toka'''. Tana farawa ne da juyawar iska, wadda hayaki kan sa a iya ganinta, kuma tana iya faruwa lokacin da tsananin zafin da ke tashi sama da yanayin iska mai rikicewa da wutar ta haifar suka haɗu suka samar da iska mai juyawa ('''eddies''') a cikin iska. Waɗannan juyawar iska na iya matsewa su zama '''vortex''' mai kama da na '''tornado''', wanda ke tsotsa tarkace da iskar gas mai ƙonewa. Wani lokaci ana kiran wannan al’amari da '''fire tornado''', '''firenado''', '''fire swirl''', ko '''fire twister''', amma waɗannan kalmomi yawanci suna nufin wani al’amari daban, inda wuta take da tsananin ƙarfi har ta haifar da '''tornado''' na gaske, wato '''vortex''' mai tsananin juyawa (ginshiƙin iska) wanda yake hulɗa da saman ƙasa tare da gajimaren '''cumuliform''' a sama. Ba kasafai ake rarraba '''fire whirls''' a matsayin tornadoes ba, saboda a mafi yawan lokuta vortex ɗin ba ya miƙewa daga saman ƙasa har zuwa '''tushen gajimare (cloud base)'''. Haka kuma, ko a irin waɗannan lokutan, waɗannan '''fire whirls''' ba kasafai suke zama tornadoes na ainihi ba, saboda '''vorticity''' ɗinsu tana samo asali ne daga iskar da ke kusa da saman ƙasa da kuma ɗagawa da zafi ke haifarwa, maimakon ta samo asali daga '''mesocyclone''' na tornado da ke sama.<ref name="McRae">{{Cite journal |last=McRae |first=Richard H. D. |last2=J. J. Sharples |last3=S. R. Wilkes |last4=A. Walker |date=2013 |title=An Australian pyro-tornadogenesis event |journal=Nat. Hazards |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=1801–1811 |bibcode=2013NatHa..65.1801M |doi=10.1007/s11069-012-0443-7 |s2cid=51933150}}</ref> Ko da yake an san tsawon shekaru da dama cewa '''flammagenitus clouds''' da kuma '''mesocyclones''' da ke cikin '''cumulonimbus flammagenitus''' da wuta ta haifar kai tsaye, a wasu lokuta suna iya samar da '''tornadic firewhirls''', wannan al’amari ya fi samun kulawa sosai bayan '''gobarar daji ta Canberra ta 2003''', sannan tare da '''Carr Fire''' ta shekarar 2018 a California, '''Loyalton Fire''' ta shekarar 2020 a California da Nevada, da kuma '''Deer Creek Fire''' ta shekarar 2025 a Utah.. == Kafawa == Wutar wuta ta ƙunshi ƙarancin wuta da aljihun iska mai juyawa. Wutar wuta na iya kaiwa har zuwa {{Convert|2000|F|C}} ° C (2,000 ° F). Wutar wuta ta zama ruwan dare a kai a kai lokacin da [[Wildfire|gobarar daji]], ko kuma musamman [[Firestorm|guguwar wuta]], ta haifar da iska ta kanta, wanda zai iya haifar da manyan vortices. Ko da wuta sau da yawa suna da juyawa a kan karamin sikelin kuma ƙananan wuta an samar da su ta hanyar ƙananan wuta a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chuah |first=Keng Hoo |last2=K. Kuwana |date=2009 |title=Modeling a fire whirl generated over a 5-cm-diameter methanol pool fire |journal=Combust. Flame |volume=156 |issue=9 |pages=1828–1833 |bibcode=2009CoFl..156.1828C |doi=10.1016/j.combustflame.2009.06.010}}</ref> Yawancin manyan wutar lantarki suna fitowa ne daga gobarar daji. Suna samuwa ne lokacin da zafin jiki da haɗuwa daga gobarar daji suke.<ref name="firewhirls">{{Cite journal |last=Umscheid |first=Michael E. |last2=Monteverdi |first2=J.P. |last3=Davies |first3=J.M. |year=2006 |title=Photographs and Analysis of an Unusually Large and Long-lived Firewhirl |journal=Electronic Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.55599/ejssm.v1i2.3 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yawanci suna da 10-50 tsawo, 'yan mita (ƙafafu da yawa), kuma suna da 'yan mintoci kaɗan. Wasu, duk da haka, na iya zama fiye da tsawo, suna dauke da saurin iska sama da {{Convert|200|km/h|mph}} km / h (120 , kuma suna ci gaba da fiye da minti 20.<ref name="significant tornadoes">{{Cite book|last3=Thomas P. Grazulis}}</ref>{{Convert|1|km|mi}} Wutar wuta na iya tumɓuke bishiyoyi {{Convert|15|m|ft|-1}} m (50 tsawo ko fiye. Wadannan kuma na iya taimakawa da ikon 'spotting' na gobarar daji don yadawa da fara sabbin gobara yayin da suke ɗaga kayan konewa kamar itacen itace. Wadannan gawayi masu cin wuta za a iya hura su daga wuta ta hanyar iska mai karfi a sama. Wutar wuta na iya zama ruwan dare a kusa da fuka-fuki a lokacin fashewar dutse.<ref name="Thorarinsson">{{Cite journal |last=Thorarinsson |first=Sigurdur |last2=B. Vonnegut |date=1964 |title=Whirlwinds Produced by the Eruption of Surtsey Volcano |journal=Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. |volume=45 |issue=8 |pages=440–444 |bibcode=1964BAMS...45..440T |doi=10.1175/1520-0477-45.8.440 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Antonescu |first=Bogdan |last2=D. M. Schultz |last3=F. Lomas |date=2016 |title=Tornadoes in Europe: Synthesis of the Observational Datasets |journal=Mon. Wea. Rev. |volume=144 |issue=7 |pages=2445–2480 |bibcode=2016MWRv..144.2445A |doi=10.1175/MWR-D-15-0298.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadannan suna fitowa daga karami zuwa babba kuma suna fitowa ne daga hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da wadanda ke da alaƙa da tsarin wuta na yau da kullun, amma suna iya haifar da Cumulonimbus flammagenitus (duba) da ke haifar da shimfidar wuri da ruwa ko ma don bunkasa juyawa mai kama da mesocyclone na fuka-fuki kanta da / ko kuma cumulonimbi, wanda zai iya haifar da guguwa kamar waɗanda ke cikin supercells. <ref name="Lareau">{{Cite journal |last=Lareau |first=N. P. |last2=N. J. Nauslar |last3=J. T. Abatzoglou |date=2018 |title=The Carr Fire Vortex: A Case of Pyrotornadogenesis? |journal=Geophys. Res. Lett. |volume=45 |issue=23 |pages=13107–13115 |bibcode=2018GeoRL..4513107L |doi=10.1029/2018GL080667 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Chakraborty">{{Cite journal |last=Chakraborty |first=Pinaki |last2=G. Gioia |last3=S. W. Kieffer |date=2009 |title=Volcanic mesocyclones |journal=Nature |volume=458 |issue=7237 |pages=497–500 |bibcode=2009Natur.458..497C |doi=10.1038/nature07866 |pmid=19325632 |s2cid=1129142}}</ref> Pyrocumulonimbi wanda manyan gobara suka haifar a lokuta masu wuya kuma suna tasowa ta irin wannan hanyar.<ref name="Cunningham">{{Cite journal |last=Cunningham |first=Phillip |last2=M. J. Reeder |date=2009 |title=Severe convective storms initiated by intense wildfires: Numerical simulations of pyro-convection and pyro-tornadogenesis |journal=Geophys. Res. Lett. |volume=36 |issue=12 |pages=L12812 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3612812C |doi=10.1029/2009GL039262 |s2cid=128775258}}</ref><ref name="McRae" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fromm |first=Michael |last2=A. Tupper |last3=D. Rosenfeld |last4=R. Servranckx |last5=R. McRae |date=2006 |title=Violent pyro-convective storm devastates Australia's capital and pollutes the stratosphere |journal=Geophys. Res. Lett. |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=L05815 |bibcode=2006GeoRL..33.5815F |doi=10.1029/2005GL025161 |s2cid=128709657 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rarraba == A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan wuta guda uku da aka sani da yawa: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams, Forman |date=22 May 2009 |title=The Occurrence and Mechanisms of Fire Whirls |url=http://www.seic09.eis.uva.es/Presentaciones/IL4.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513010536/http://www.seic09.eis.uva.es/Presentaciones/IL4.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2014 |publisher=MAE UCSD; Spanish Section of the Combustion Institute}}</ref> * Nau'in 1: Tsayawa kuma yana tsakiya a kan yankin konewa. * Nau'in 2: Mai ɗorewa ko mai ɗan lokaci, mai iska na yankin ƙonewa. * Nau'in 3: Mai tsayawa ko mai wucewa, wanda ke tsakiya a kan wani yanki mai budewa kusa da wani yanki mai cin wuta tare da iska. Akwai shaidar da ke nuna cewa wutar da ke gudana a yankin Hifukusho-ato, a lokacin girgizar kasa mai girma ta Kantō ta 1923, ta kasance nau'in 3.<ref name="Kuwana">{{Cite journal |last=Kuwana |first=Kazunori |last2=Sekimoto |first2=Kozo |last3=Saito |first3=Kozo |last4=Williams |first4=Forman A. |date=May 2008 |title=Scaling fire whirls |journal=Fire Safety Journal |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=252–7 |bibcode=2008FirSJ..43..252K |doi=10.1016/j.firesaf.2007.10.006}}</ref> Sauran hanyoyin da wutar wuta ta iya kasancewa.<ref name="Chuah">{{Cite journal |last=Chuah |first=Keng Hoo |last2=K. Kuwana |last3=K. Saito |last4=F. A. Williams |date=2011 |title=Inclined fire whirls |journal=Proc. Combust. Inst. |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=2417–2424 |bibcode=2011PComI..33.2417C |doi=10.1016/j.proci.2010.05.102}}</ref> Wani rarrabuwa mai zurfi na juyawa na wuta wanda Forman A. Williams ya ba da shawarar ya haɗa da nau'o'i daban-daban guda biyar: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Forman A. |date=2020 |title=Scaling considerations for fire whirls |journal=Progress in Scale Modeling |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.13023/psmij.2020.02}}</ref> * Whirls da aka samar ta hanyar rarraba man fetur a cikin iska * Whirls sama da man fetur a cikin tafkuna ko a kan ruwa * Wutar wuta * Motsa wuta * Whirls da aka gyara ta hanyar rushewar vortex Al'ummar da ke da yanayin yanayi suna kallon wasu abubuwan da suka haifar da wuta a matsayin abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi. Yin amfani da prefix ''pyro-'', girgije da wuta ke haifar ana kiransa pyrocumulus da pyrocumulonimbus. Ana kallon manyan wutar lantarki. Dangane da sikelin vortex, an gabatar da ka'idodin rarrabuwa na ''pyronado'', ''"pyrotornado"'', da ''"pyromesocyclone"''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Patrick |last2=Cormier |first2=Leanne |date=September 23, 2020 |title=Proposed Nomenclature for Fire-induced Vortices |url=https://bulletin.cmos.ca/nomenclature-for-fire-induced-vortices/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020193046/https://bulletin.cmos.ca/nomenclature-for-fire-induced-vortices/ |archive-date=20 October 2020 |access-date=18 October 2020 |website=CMOS BULLETIN SCMO |publisher=Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society}}</ref> == Shahararrun misalai == [[Fayil:Fire-whirl.jpg|right|thumb|Wutar da ke cike da wuta]] A lokacin gobarar Peshtigo ta 1871, wani wuta ya ƙone al'ummar Williamsonville, [[Wisconsin]]; yankin da Williamsonville ya taɓa tsayawa yanzu shine Tornado Memorial County Park.<ref>[http://images.library.wisc.edu/WI/EFacs/transactions/WT1990/reference/wi.wt1990.jmmoran.pdf Tornadoes of Fire at Williamsonville, Wisconsin, October 8, 1871] {{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://images.library.wisc.edu/WI/EFacs/transactions/WT1990/reference/wi.wt1990.jmmoran.pdf|date=9 October 2022}} by Joseph M. Moran and E. Lee Somerville, 1990, Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters, 31 pp.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Skiba |first1=Justin |date=September 2, 2016 |title=The Fire That Took Williamsonville |url=https://doorcountypulse.com/fire-took-williamsonville/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924211214/https://doorcountypulse.com/fire-took-williamsonville/ |archive-date=24 September 2020 |access-date=January 22, 2019 |publisher=Door County Living}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200113055040/http://map.co.door.wi.us/parks/kiosks/Tornado.pdf Tornado Memorial Park] kiosk historical notes, also see [http://archaeolab.anthro.uwm.edu/WIS_57_Project/WIS_57_Public_Interpretation/WIS_57_Documents/Summary_Handout_(Version_3).pdf p. 19] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200537/http://archaeolab.anthro.uwm.edu/WIS_57_Project/WIS_57_Public_Interpretation/WIS_57_Documents/Summary_Handout_(Version_3).pdf|date=24 June 2021}} of the County C Park and Ride lot panel draft pdf</ref> Wani misali mai tsanani na abin da ya faru ya faru ne bayan girgizar kasa mai girma ta Kantō ta 1923 a Japan, inda wata guguwa ta gari a [[Tokyo]] ta samar da yanayin da ake buƙata don babbar gobara da ta kashe mutane 38,000 a cikin minti goma sha biyar a Yankin Hifukusho-Ato na birnin.<ref name="fire behavior2">{{cite book|last=Quintiere|first=James G.|title=Principles of Fire Behavior|publisher=Thomson Delmar Learning|year=1998|isbn=0-8273-7732-0}}</ref> Yawancin manyan wuta (wasu tornadic) waɗanda suka samo asali bayan walƙiya ta bugi wani wurin ajiyar mai kusa da [[California]]" id="mwxw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="San Luis Obispo, California">San Luis Obispo, California, a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 1926, sun haifar da mummunar lalacewar tsari nesa da wuta, inda suka kashe biyu. An samar da guguwa da yawa ta hanyar guguwar wuta ta kwana huɗu daidai da yanayin da ya haifar da tsawa mai tsanani, wanda manyan guguwar gobara suka ɗauki tarkace {{Convert|5|km|0}} .<ref name="San Luis Obispo">{{Cite journal |last=Hissong |first=J. E. |date=1926 |title=Whirlwinds At Oil-Tank Fire, San Luis Obispo, Calif |journal=Mon. Wea. Rev. |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=161–3 |bibcode=1926MWRv...54..161H |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1926)54<161:WAOFSL>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An samar da wutar lantarki a cikin [[gobara]] da guguwar wuta da ta haifar da bama-bamai na Turai da Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da kuma bama-bomb na nukiliya na Hiroshima da Nagasaki. An yi nazarin abubuwan da suka shafi fashewar bam a Hamburg, musamman wadanda suka faru a ranar 27-28 ga Yuli 1943, . <ref name="Ebert">{{Cite journal |last=Ebert |first=Charles H. V. |date=1963 |title=The Meteorological Factor in the Hamburg Fire Storm |journal=Weatherwise |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=70–75 |bibcode=1963Weawi..16b..70E |doi=10.1080/00431672.1963.9941009}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, musamman a cikin 1978-1979, wuta mai juyawa daga ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma ƙarami sosai zuwa mai tsanani, mai tsayi mai kama da guguwa wanda zai iya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ya haifar da gobarar da aka samar daga 1,{{Val|1000}}-{{Interlanguage link|Météotron}} , jerin manyan rijiyoyin mai da ke cikin Filin Lannemezan na [[Faransa]] da aka yi amfani da su don gwada motsi na yanayi da thermodynamics.<ref name="Church">{{Cite journal |last=Church |first=Christopher R. |last2=Snow |first2=John T. |last3=Dessens |first3=Jean |date=1980 |title=Intense Atmospheric Vortices Associated with a 1000 MW Fire |journal=Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. |volume=61 |issue=7 |pages=682–694 |bibcode=1980BAMS...61..682C |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1980)061<0682:IAVAWA>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A lokacin gobarar daji ta [[Kanberra|Canberra]] a shekara ta 2003 a Canberra, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], an rubuta wani mummunan wuta. An lissafa shi don samun iskõki na kwance na {{Convert|160|mph}} km / h (160 da saurin iska na tsaye na {{Convert|93|mph}} km / h (93 , wanda ke haifar da haskakawa na hekta 120 (300 acres) a cikin 0.04 seconds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fire tornado video |url=http://esa.act.gov.au/emergency-management/fire-tornado-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128122637/http://esa.act.gov.au/emergency-management/fire-tornado-video/ |archive-date=28 November 2018 |access-date=28 November 2018 |publisher=ACT Emergency Services}}</ref> Ita ce sanannen wuta na farko a Ostiraliya don samun saurin iska na EF3 a kan sikelin Enhanced Fujita. A ranar 22 ga Mayu 2015, wani jirgin ruwa na Conair Group mai dauke da Air Tractor AT-802 yana fama da wuta a kusa da Cold Lake, Alberta ya gamu da wuta. Gasar ta haifar da asarar iko da haɗuwa da ƙasa, inda ta kashe matukin jirgi a cikin jirgin. [[Fayil:Carr_Fire_tornado_dashcam.webm|thumb|227x227px|Bidiyo na Dashcam na guguwar wuta ta 2018 Carr2018 Carr Guguwar wuta]] Wani wuta mai kama da wuta, wanda aka ruwaito yana da girman da ba a saba gani ba ga gobarar daji ta New Zealand, an kafa shi a rana ta uku na gobarar Port Hills ta 2017 a Christchurch. Matukan jirgi sun kiyasta ginshiƙan wuta ya zama {{Convert|100|m}} tsawo. A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin 2018, babbar guguwar Carr Fire ta 2018 za ta buge Redding, California. A ranar 15 ga watan Agustan 2020, a karo na farko a tarihinta, Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Amurka ta ba da gargadi game da guguwa don pyrocumulonimbus da gobarar daji ta haifar a kusa da Loyalton, California, wanda zai iya samar da guguwar wuta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A 'fire tornado' warning? Weather service issues what could be a first at California blaze |url=https://www.sacbee.com/news/weather-news/article244993335.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816050603/https://www.sacbee.com/news/weather-news/article244993335.html |archive-date=16 August 2020 |access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Herzmann |first=Daryl |title=IEM :: Valid Time Event Code (VTEC) App |url=https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/vtec/#2020-O-NEW-KREV-TO-W-0001/USCOMP-N0Q-202008152135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901234400/https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/vtec/#2020-O-NEW-KREV-TO-W-0001/USCOMP-N0Q-202008152135 |archive-date=1 September 2020 |access-date=14 September 2020 |website=mesonet.agron.iastate.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref name="cappucciWildfireSmokePlumes">{{Cite web |title=Matthew Cappucci (September 13, 2020) California's wildfire smoke plumes are unlike anything previously seen |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/weather/topstories/californias-wildfire-smoke-plumes-are-unlike-anything-previously-seen/ar-BB18Y54b?li=BBnb7Kz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914140119/https://www.msn.com/en-us/weather/topstories/californias-wildfire-smoke-plumes-are-unlike-anything-previously-seen/ar-BB18Y54b?li=BBnb7Kz |archive-date=14 September 2020 |access-date=14 September 2020 |website=[[MSN]]}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga watan Janairun 2025, an ga wani wuta a cikin gobarar daji ta Palisades . <ref>{{Cite web |title='Fire tornado' spotted in Los Angeles Pacific Palisades blaze |url=https://news.sky.com/video/fire-tornado-spotted-in-los-angeles-pacific-palisades-blaze-13287014 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Yulin 2025, wani guguwa mai karfi kuma kusan ya tsaya daga gobarar daji ta Deer Creek a San Juan County, Utah. Duk da cewa an kiyasta EF2 kuma ya lalata injin wuta na Ofishin Gudanar da Kasa, babu wani rauni ko mutuwar da za ta faru dangane da wannan guguwar wuta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Carter |date=2025-07-16 |title=13 structures damaged or destroyed by Deer Creek Fire; rare 'firenado' rated as EF-2 |url=https://www.ksl.com/article/51346742/13-structures-damaged-or-destroyed-by-deer-creek-fire-rare-firenado-rated-as-ef-2 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=KSL.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Akrherz@Iastate.Edu |first=Daryl Herzmann |date=2025-07-16 |title=IEM :: PNS from NWS GJT |url=https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/wx/afos/p.php?pil=PNSGJT&e=202507161727 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Iowa Environmental Mesonet}}</ref> == Blue whirl == A cikin gwaje-gwaje masu sarrafawa, ana samun jujjuyawar wuta don sauyawa zuwa yanayin konewa da ake kira blue whirls.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Xiao |first=Huahua |last2=Gollner |first2=Michael J. |last3=Oran |first3=Elaine S. |date=2016 |title=From fire whirls to blue whirls and combustion with reduced pollution |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=113 |issue=34 |pages=9457–9462 |arxiv=1605.01315 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113.9457X |doi=10.1073/pnas.1605860113 |pmc=5003231 |pmid=27493219 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An kirkiro sunan ''blue whirl'' ne saboda samar da soot ba shi da mahimmanci, wanda ke haifar da ɓacewar launin rawaya wanda ya dace da wuta. Blue whirls wani bangare ne na harshen wuta wanda ke zaune a cikin yankin sake zagayawa na kumfa-ƙetare.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coenen |first=Wilfried |last2=Kolb |first2=Erik J. |last3=Sánchez |first3=Antonio L. |last4=Williams |first4=Forman A. |date=July 2019 |title=Observed dependence of characteristics of liquid-pool fires on swirl magnitude |journal=Combustion and Flame |volume=285 |pages=1–6 |arxiv=2202.06567 |bibcode=2019CoFl..205....1C |doi=10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.03.032 |s2cid=132260032}}</ref> Tsawon harshen wuta da ƙonewa na blue whirl sun fi ƙanƙanta fiye da na wuta whirl.<ref name=":0" /> == Dubi kuma == * Shaidan ƙura * Shaidan tururi * Ruwa na ruwa == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cw1py5rf7ivm1nhboavr3o6947e384o 0 164899 905732 904978 2026-08-21T18:16:40Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361956951|Deer Creek Fire]]" 905732 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Deer Creek Fire''' gobarar daji ce mai saurin yaɗuwa kuma mai matuƙar barna, wadda ta ƙone kimanin mil 1 (kilomita 1.6) a arewacin La Sal, Utah, a ƙasar Amurka. Gobarar da mutum ya haddasa ta tashi ne a ranar 10 ga Yuli, 2025, kuma cikin sauri ta faɗaɗa zuwa fiye da acres 4,000 (hekta 1,600) a wannan daren. A ranar 12 ga Yuli, gobarar ta haifar da wata guguwar wuta (fire whirl) wadda ba kasafai ake ganin irinta ba, kuma ta lalata motar kashe gobara guda ɗaya (fire engine). Gobarar ta tsallaka zuwa Montrose County, Colorado, a ranar 15 ga Yuli. Ƙaruwa da danshin iska (humidity) da raguwar ƙarfin iska sun rage saurin yaɗuwar gobarar tare da taimakawa ƙoƙarin shawo kanta daga baya a cikin watan Yuli. An ɗage umarnin kwashe mutane a Montrose County a ranar 8 ga Agusta. An samu cikakken shawo kan gobarar (100% containment) a ranar 11 ga Agusta, bayan ta ƙone fili mai girman acres 17,724 (hekta 7,173; kilomita murabba’i 71.73) tare da lalata gine-gine 13. == Tarihi == Iska mai ƙarfi sun taimaka wajen samuwar guguwar wuta (fire tornado) a kan Deer Creek Fire. Guguwar iska mai ƙarfi da ke saukowa daga La Sal Mountains tana gudana a kan tsaunukan kamar yadda kogi ke gudana a kan duwatsu. Tsaunukan sun rikitar da tafiyar iskar, suka haifar da wani yanki na iska mai juyawa, wanda ya sa harshen wuta ya fara juyawa ya zama '''guguwar wuta''' wadda galibi take tsaye a wuri ɗaya.<ref name="weather.gov">{{Cite web |title=Fire-Induced Tornado at Deer Creek Wildfire - July 12, 2025 |url=https://www.weather.gov/gjt/12July2025_FireInducedTornado |access-date=August 16, 2025 |website=www.weather.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohr |first=Kylie |date=August 29, 2025 |title=How a Utah wildfire created its own tornado |url=https://www.hcn.org/articles/how-a-utah-wildfire-created-its-own-tornado/ |access-date=October 28, 2025 |website=www.hcn.org |publisher=[[High Country News]]}}</ref> Yankin da ke da tsaunuka da iyakancewar hanyar da ke da rikitarwa sun yi kokarin kashe gobara. == Dalilin da ya sa == An fara bayar da rahoton gobarar Deer Creek a kusa da karfe 3 na yamma a ranar 10 ga Yuli, 2025 kusa da Hanyar Jiha ta 46. &nbsp;&nbsp;Bayan bincike, San Juan County Sherriff ya saki a cikin wata sanarwa a ranar 21 ga Yuli an kashe gobarar ta mutum, kuma an gano wanda ake zargi. &nbsp;An shigar da tuhume-tuhume kan Scott Carrier, mai shekaru 68 daga Salt Lake City, dangane da tashin gobarar. Carrier ya bayyana cewa ya kasance yana kona tarin itacen sagebrush a lokacin hunturu, amma ya ce bai yi irin wannan kona ba a kusa da lokacin da gobarar ta tashi. An gano cewa yiwuwar musabbabin Deer Creek Fire shi ne kona tarin tarkace ko kuma zubar da toka daga wutar dumama ko girki, inda aka gano wurare biyu da gobarar ta samo asali. (sjrnews.com). == Ci gaba == === Yuli === An bayar da rahoton gobarar Deer Creek a kusa da karfe 3 na yamma a ranar 10 ga Yuli, an kiyasta shi a kadada 50 (20 . &nbsp;&nbsp;An rufe Hanyar Jiha ta 46, an nemi wadanda ke cikin kilomita 5 (8.0) na gobarar su kwashe. Wutar ta bazu zuwa kimanin kadada 200-600 (81-243 a wannan maraice. Iska tana hurawa har zuwa mil 35 a kowace awa (56 km / h), tare da [[danshi]] kamar yadda yake ƙasa da 6% . Wutar ta bazu da sauri, ta kai kadada 4,000 (1,600 washegari. An yi tasiri ga gine-gine da yawa, kuma yanayin zafi, bushe, iska ne ya kori wutar. Ma'aikatan da aka ba da fifiko a cikin kariya ta tsari kusa da gefen kudu da yammacin kewayon.<ref name="KSL 1" /> A wannan rana, girman ya karu zuwa kadada 6,684 (2,705 , har yanzu a cikin 0% contention. Gidaje huɗu, gine-gine biyar, da kayan aikin wutar lantarki sun lalace. Gidaje ashirin sun kasance suna barazana, kuma an kwashe mazauna 250. A ranar 12 ga watan Yuli, wasu ma'aikata da yawa sun isa wuta a wannan rana, kuma girman ya karu zuwa kadada 8,300 (ha 3,400). Iska tana yada gobarar a cikin yankunan da ke da gandun daji. Yayinda iskõki masu tasowa suka kori wuta kusa da iyakar Utah / Colorado, suna sa wuta ta zama kadada 8,925 (3,612 a ranar 13 ga Yuli, harshen wuta ya koma cikin Hangdog Creek Fire burn scar na 2002, kuma wuta ta ragu. &nbsp;Yankin kudancin wuta ya kasance ba shi da aiki kuma bai yadu ba, yana riƙe da Hanyar Jiha ta 46. Wutar ta tsallake zuwa kadada 10,058 (ha 4,070), har yanzu a cikin 0% na hanawa duk da ma'aikata sama da 300 a kan wuta. An kammala Ayyukan harbi, cire ciyayi a hanyar wuta. Matsayin [[Gurbacewar Iska|Ingancin iska]] a Mowabi ya kai matakan da ba su da lafiya saboda hayakin wuta. Duk da haka, an ƙarfafa layin wuta a kusa da kewayon daga iska mai laushi da ƙarin albarkatun murkushewa da suka isa, galibi a gefen kudu maso yamma. Yayinda Deer Creek Fire ya karu zuwa kusan kadada 12,900 (ha 5,200) kuma ya layin jihar Colorado, an sami ƙuntatawa 7%. Yayinda aka sanya ma'aikata sama da 400 a cikin wuta, ƙuntatawa ya kasance a 7% kuma girman ya karu zuwa kadada 14,760 (ha 5,970) a ranar 16 ga Yuli. &nbsp;An ɗaga umarnin kwashewa a cikin San Juan County, kuma za a sami wurin dubawa a hanyar shiga. Girman ya tsallake zuwa kadada 15,655 (ha 6,335) washegari. Wutar tana ƙonewa ta hanyar rayuwa, matattu, da kuma aspen da aka rushe, kuma busassun man fetur a cikin matattu da itatuwan da aka russe sun ƙone wuta. Rufewar gaggawa ta wucin gadi ta shafi hanyoyi kusa da Paradox, Colorado . Tsayawa ya karu zuwa 11% Yuli 18 daga yanayin sanyi, girgije, da iska mai sauƙi, duk da gobarar da ta fadada zuwa kadada 15,819 (ha 6,402). &nbsp;Yayinda aka ɗaga wasu kwashewa a Utah, an ba da kwashewa ga mazauna Colorado. Ruwan sama a kudu maso gabashin gobarar, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga hanawa zuwa 17%. An ba da izinin ƙarin waɗanda aka kwashe su koma gida. Ayyukan harbi-harbe sun faru ne a gefen arewa a Colorado, yayin da aka ci gaba a yankin kudu maso gabas tare da hanawa zuwa 22%. Duk da , gobarar ta karu zuwa kadada 16,340 (ha 6,610). [[Fayil:7.25.25_DeerCreek_ProgressionMap.jpg|thumb|Taswirar ci gaba a ranar 25 ga Yuli&nbsp;]] While the Deer Creek Fire grew slightly to {{Convert|17,184|acre}}, weakened winds, lower temperatures, higher [[Danshi|humidity]], and cloud cover helped crews increase containment to 54% by the morning of July&nbsp;22. These weather conditions allowed some crews to move from suppression to restoring the landscape on the western edge. That evening, size and containment increased to {{Convert|17,304|acre}} and 77%, respectively, again due to decreasing temperatures. By the next day, size increased to {{Convert|17,724|acre}}. ==== Guguwar wuta ==== [[Fayil:Deer_Creek_fire_tornado_at_a_distance,_by_Jason_Kirks_from_the_Bureau_of_Land_Management,_July_12th,_2025.webp|left|thumb|Guguwar wuta kusa da tsananin ƙarfi]] A yammacin ranar 12 ga watan Yuli, wata guguwa mai ban sha'awa da mahimmanci ta sauka a kusa da La Sal, yayin da tsaunukan La Sal suka rushe iska mai karfi, suna haifar da yanki na juyawa, wanda daga nan ya fara juyawa cikin [[Fire whirl|guguwar wuta]] mafi yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohr |first=Kylie |date=August 29, 2025 |title=How a Utah wildfire created its own tornado |url=https://www.hcn.org/articles/how-a-utah-wildfire-created-its-own-tornado/ |access-date=October 28, 2025 |website=www.hcn.org |publisher=[[High Country News]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=US Department of Commerce |first=NOAA |title=Fire-Induced Tornado at Deer Creek Wildfire - July 12, 2025 |url=https://www.weather.gov/gjt/12July2025_FireInducedTornado |access-date=2026-05-17 |website=[[NOAA]] |language=EN-US}}</ref> Tare da gajeren waƙarsa, guguwar ta haifar da lalacewar EF2.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charges filed in Deer Creek Fire that burned nearly 18,000 acres, sparked firenado |url=https://www.sltrib.com/news/2025/10/04/charges-filed-deer-creek-fire-near/ |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=The Salt Lake Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cross |first=Greta |title=Watch: 'Firenado' caught on video in Utah during Deer Creek Fire |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2025/07/18/firenado-utah-deer-creek-fire-video/85274328007/ |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref> Guguwar ta fara sauka da 'yan mita zuwa gabashin Forest Road 201 a kusa da 1:03 na yamma MDT kuma ta koma arewa maso gabas a cikin saurin sauri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=US Department of Commerce |first=NOAA |title=Fire-Induced Tornado at Deer Creek Wildfire - July 12, 2025 |url=https://www.weather.gov/gjt/12July2025_FireInducedTornado#:~:text=The%20tornado%20was%20on%20the%20ground%20for%20approximately%C2%A012%20minutes%20from%201:03-1:15%20PM%20MDT%20and%20remained%20nearly%20stationary |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=www.weather.gov |language=EN-US}}</ref> Guguwar ta bugi gida a ƙarfin EF2 tare da ƙididdigar saurin iska na {{Convert|122|mph|km/h}} mph (196 km / h), ta fashe rufin yayin da ta haifar da haɗakar iska da lalacewar wuta ga gine-gine da mazauna da ke kusa.<ref name=":0" /> Guguwar ta ɓace a karfe 1:15 na yamma MDT, ta kai matsakaicin faɗin 100 yadudduka (91.44 mita) kuma tana bin diddigin 0.09 mil (0.14 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Damage Assessment Toolkit |url=https://apps.dat.noaa.gov/StormDamage/DamageViewer/ |access-date=2026-05-17 |website=[[NOAA]]}}</ref> === Agusta === Masu kashe gobara sun ci gaba a kan gobarar, kuma hanawa ya tsallake zuwa 93% a ranar 3 ga watan Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Petelo |first=Aiga |date=August 3, 2025 |title=Updated numbers on the wildfires burning in Colorado and Utah |url=https://www.kkco11news.com/2025/08/03/updated-numbers-wildfires-burning-colorado-utah/ |access-date=August 30, 2025 |website=[[KKCO]]}}</ref> &nbsp;Yayinda hanawa ta karu zuwa kashi 97% bayan kwana biyar, an ɗaga dukkan matakan kwashewa a cikin Montrose County. Koyaya, wasu ƙaura sun kasance a Utah kusa da Old La Sal. An sami cikas 100% a kan Deer Creek Fire a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta, kuma an ɗaga sauran kwashewar a San Juan County. &nbsp;Ma'aikata za su kasance a wurin don saka idanu kan gobarar. == Tasirin == [[Fayil:Deer_Creek_Fire_burn_scar.jpg|thumb|Itacen da aka ƙone daga Deer Creek Fire]] A total of thirteen structures were destroyed by the Deer Creek Fire, including eleven residential structures, a United States Department of Agriculture structure, and a communications site. Several structures received wind damage from the fire tornado, rating it EF2 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale.<ref name="weather.gov" /> An lalata hasumiyar watsawa wutar lantarki ta River Canyon, wanda shine tushen Intanet ga mazauna da suka dogara da Wi-Fi don kira. Mazauna dole ne su motsa na ɗan lokaci daga Old La Sal zuwa La Sal, Utah don wani hasumiyar watsawa ko dogaro da sadarwa ta fiber-optic ko Intanet ta tauraron dan adam. An dawo da wutar lantarki a ranar 23 ga Yuli.&nbsp; Kokarin murkushewa ya kai dan kadan sama da dala miliyan 24.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deer Creek - Wildfire and Smoke map |url=https://data.cincinnati.com/fires/deer-creek/80c3878f-40c7-427c-840d-cc294effbf14/ |access-date=August 30, 2025 |website=data.cincinnati.com}}</ref> Kudin da ake kashewa a kan kiwo ana sa ran zai kashe akalla dala miliyan 1, dangane da hay, shinge da gine-gine da aka lalata, da kuma lalata filayen makiyaya. An umarci mazauna su kwashe a Old La Sal, sassan Montrose County, Colorado, da kowa da kowa da ke cikin mil biyar na gobarar. An rufe Hanyar Jihar Utah 46 46 a lokacin gobarar. Rufewar gandun daji ya shafi sassan Gundumar Ranger ta Moab a cikin gandun daji na Manti-La Sal har zuwa 15 ga watan Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deer Creek Wildfire Closure 7.21.25 - Moab Ranger District |url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/r04/manti-lasal/alerts/deer-creek-wildfire-closure-7212025-moab-ranger-district |access-date=October 28, 2025 |website=www.fs.usda.gov}}</ref>&nbsp; Masu aiki da kayan aiki masu nauyi sun fara gyara lalacewar muhalli ga hanyoyin gandun daji da wuraren samun dama a ranar 24 ga Yuli, kuma gabaɗaya, jami'ai sun bayyana aikin gyarawa da zarar an gama zai ɗauki makonni ko watanni.&nbsp; == Tebur na girma da hanawa == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;" |+Yanayin hana wuta '''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:#808080">Gray</span>: ƙunshe; <span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:#FF0000">Red</span>: mai aiki; %: kashi ƙunshe. ''' !Ranar !Yankin da aka ƙone !Ma'aikata !Ƙarfafawa |- | style="text-align: left;" |Yuli 10 <ref name="Watch Duty">{{Cite web |title=Deer Creek Fire Map |url=https://app.watchduty.org/i/55308 |access-date=October 28, 2025 |website=[[Watch Duty]]}}</ref>&nbsp; |{{Convert|4,000|acre|ha sqmi}} |. . . | style="text-align: left;" |{{percentile|0|width=22.56|height=15|text-size=10|progress-done-colour=grey|progress-tbd-colour=red|text-colour=white}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Yuli 11 <ref name="Watch Duty" />&nbsp; |{{Convert|7,000|acre|ha sqmi}} |100 | style="text-align: left;" |{{percentile|0|width=142.16|height=15|text-size=10|progress-done-colour=grey|progress-tbd-colour=red|text-colour=white}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Yuli 12 <ref name="Watch Duty" />&nbsp; |{{Convert|8,300|acre|ha sqmi}} |. . . | style="text-align: left;" |{{percentile|0|width=168.55|height=15|text-size=10|progress-done-colour=grey|progress-tbd-colour=red|text-colour=white}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Yuli 13 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deer Creek Fire Daily Update 07-13-25 |url=https://inciweb-prod-media-bucket.s3.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2025-07/7.13.25_DeerCreekFire_AM-Update.pdf?VersionId=r5BZ21GMEkZDY9Nr_rLxnkrQdmhEvziO |access-date=October 28, 2025 |website=[[InciWeb]]}}</ref>&nbsp; |{{Convert|8,925|acre|ha sqmi}} | rowspan="2" |300 | style="text-align: left;" |{{percentile|0|width=181.26|height=15|text-size=10|progress-done-colour=grey|progress-tbd-colour=red|text-colour=white}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Yuli 14 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deer Creek Fire Daily Update 07-14-25 |url=https://inciweb-prod-media-bucket.s3.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2025-07/7.14.25_DeerCreekFire_AM-Update.pdf?VersionId=PIT_KCAPuwQk90rX5Ep3B69.QQKPoDyw |access-date=October 28, 2025 |website=[[InciWeb]]}}</ref>&nbsp; |{{Convert|10,058|acre|ha sqmi}} | style="text-align: left;" |{{percentile|0|width=204.26|height=15|text-size=10|progress-done-colour=grey|progress-tbd-colour=red|text-colour=white}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Yuli 15 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deer Creek Fire Daily Update 07-15-25 |url=https://inciweb-prod-media-bucket.s3.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2025-07/7.15.25_DeerCreekFire_AM-Update.pdf?VersionId=Dbm7hz_aWfjntHsS_rGqbiSD04dPw7J9 |access-date=October 28, 2025 |website=[[InciWeb]]}}</ref>&nbsp; |{{Convert|12,906|acre|ha sqmi}} |385 | style="text-align: left;" |{{percentile|7|width=262.11|height=15|text-size=10|progress-done-colour=grey|progress-tbd-colour=red|text-colour=white}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Yuli 16 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deer Creek Fire Daily Update 07-16-25 |url=https://inciweb-prod-media-bucket.s3.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2025-07/7.16.25_DeerCreekFire_AM-Update.pdf?VersionId=284g482M7idzzsRDcNgaVjPtPgqAlX3D |access-date=October 28, 2025 |website=[[InciWeb]]}}</ref>&nbsp; |{{Convert|14,760|acre|ha sqmi}} |415 | style="text-align: left;" |{{percentile|7|width=299.77|height=15|text-size=10|progress-done-colour=grey|progress-tbd-colour=red|text-colour=white}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Yuli 17 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deer Creek Fire Daily Update 07-17-25 |url=https://inciweb-prod-media-bucket.s3.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2025-07/7.17.25_DeerCreekFire_AM-Update.pdf?VersionId=XyaBe4.5hvCGGhfFnPAvRFmM3JtWX.Ng |access-date=October 28, 2025 |website=[[InciWeb]]}}</ref>&nbsp; |{{Convert|15,655|acre|ha sqmi}} |451 | style="text-align: left;" |{{percentile|7|width=317.95|height=15|text-size=10|progress-done-colour=grey|progress-tbd-colour=red|text-colour=white}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Yuli 18 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deer Creek Fire Daily Update 07-18-25 |url=https://inciweb-prod-media-bucket.s3.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2025-07/7.18.25_DeerCreekFire_AM-Update.pdf?VersionId=zBb3I9nwEF4RW3yvSNYM2XDxGQ854Dxr |access-date=October 28, 2025 |website=[[InciWeb]]}}</ref>&nbsp; |{{Convert|15,819|acre|ha sqmi}} |485 | style="text-align: left;" |{{percentile|11|width=321.3|height=15|text-size=10|progress-done-colour=grey|progress-tbd-colour=red|text-colour=white}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Yuli 19 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deer Creek Fire Daily Update 07-19-25 |url=https://inciweb-prod-media-bucket.s3.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2025-07/7.19.25_DeerCreekFire_Update.pdf?VersionId=Hny6fIE8APB77BR5nYyXnDuwFdkqviz7 |access-date=October 28, 2025 |website=[[InciWeb]]}}</ref>&nbsp; |{{Convert|15,892|acre|ha sqmi}} |524 | style="text-align: left;" |{{percentile|17|width=322.77|height=15|text-size=10|progress-done-colour=grey|progress-tbd-colour=red|text-colour=white}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Yuli 20 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deer Creek Fire Daily Update 07-20-25 |url=https://inciweb-prod-media-bucket.s3.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2025-07/7.20.25_DeerCreekFire_AM-Update.pdf?VersionId=BRiq3IWWUKPte8GHS_0iMbLKFF8xYmD_ |access-date=October 28, 2025 |website=[[InciWeb]]}}</ref>&nbsp; |{{Convert|16,340|acre|ha sqmi}} |552 | style="text-align: left;" |{{percentile|22|width=331.88|height=15|text-size=10|progress-done-colour=grey|progress-tbd-colour=red|text-colour=white}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |21 ga Yuli <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deer Creek Fire Daily Update 07-21-25 |url=https://inciweb-prod-media-bucket.s3.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2025-07/7.21.25_DeerCreekFire_AM-Update.pdf?VersionId=I5d5KJKZ7EwVcn_t34N5znhPOibT1qMH |access-date=October 28, 2025 |website=[[InciWeb]]}}</ref>&nbsp; |{{Convert|17,123|acre|ha sqmi}} |579 | style="text-align: left;" |{{percentile|30|width=347.76|height=15|text-size=10|progress-done-colour=grey|progress-tbd-colour=red|text-colour=white}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |22 ga Yuli <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deer Creek Fire Daily Update 07-22-25 |url=https://inciweb-prod-media-bucket.s3.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2025-07/7.22.25_DeerCreekFire_AM-Update.pdf?VersionId=8Sy9yf2pbsYc3dhnnX6udYLb0k1KSKk7 |access-date=October 28, 2025 |website=[[InciWeb]]}}</ref>&nbsp; |{{Convert|17,184|acre|ha sqmi}} |581 | style="text-align: left;" |{{percentile|54|width=349.02|height=15|text-size=10|progress-done-colour=grey|progress-tbd-colour=red|text-colour=white}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Yuli 23 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deer Creek Fire Daily Update 07-23-25 |url=https://inciweb-prod-media-bucket.s3.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2025-07/7.23.25_DeerCreekFire_AM-Update.pdf?VersionId=IsdgvVULcrCGvzEmS5ApVMAtbC1uJeBk |access-date=October 28, 2025 |website=[[InciWeb]]}}</ref>&nbsp; |{{Convert|17,648|acre|ha sqmi}} |524 | style="text-align: left;" |{{percentile|77|width=358.45|height=15|text-size=10|progress-done-colour=grey|progress-tbd-colour=red|text-colour=white}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Yuli 24 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deer Creek Fire Daily Update 07-24-25 |url=https://inciweb-prod-media-bucket.s3.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2025-07/7.24.25_DeerCreekFire_AM-Update.pdf?VersionId=VdCb.k3.Fh0l7IA2Jdn.reKgu35N51Yv |access-date=October 28, 2025 |website=[[InciWeb]]}}</ref>&nbsp; |{{Convert|17,724|acre|ha sqmi}} |470 | style="text-align: left;" |{{percentile|77|width=360|height=15|text-size=10|progress-done-colour=grey|progress-tbd-colour=red|text-colour=white}} |- | - |- | style="text-align: left;" |Agusta 11 &nbsp; |{{Convert|17,724|acre|ha sqmi}} |. . . | style="text-align: left;" |{{percentile|100|width=360|height=15|text-size=10|progress-done-colour=grey|progress-tbd-colour=red|text-colour=white}} |} == Dubi kuma == * 2025 Wutar daji ta Amurka * Forsyth Fire - An ƙone shi a kudu maso yammacin Utah a irin wannan lokacin * Elk Fire - An ƙone shi a arewacin Colorado a irin wannan lokacin * Lee Fire - An ƙone shi a arewacin Colorado a irin wannan lokacin * Monroe Canyon Fire - An ƙone shi a tsakiyar Utah a irin wannan lokacin * Wutar Kudancin Rim - An ƙone ta a arewacin Colorado a irin wannan lokacin * Wutar daji a cikin 2025 * Ingancin iska a Utah == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4rjfp9eu37jliblsa02kz1nlmmburkg 905733 905732 2026-08-21T18:17:47Z Saad Nuhu 43323 905733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Deer Creek Fire''' gobarar daji ce mai saurin yaɗuwa kuma mai matuƙar barna, wadda ta ƙone kimanin mil 1 (kilomita 1.6) a arewacin La Sal, Utah, a ƙasar Amurka. Gobarar da mutum ya haddasa ta tashi ne a ranar 10 ga Yuli, 2025, kuma cikin sauri ta faɗaɗa zuwa fiye da acres 4,000 (hekta 1,600) a wannan daren. A ranar 12 ga Yuli, gobarar ta haifar da wata guguwar wuta (fire whirl) wadda ba kasafai ake ganin irinta ba, kuma ta lalata motar kashe gobara guda ɗaya (fire engine). Gobarar ta tsallaka zuwa Montrose County, Colorado, a ranar 15 ga Yuli. Ƙaruwa da danshin iska (humidity) da raguwar ƙarfin iska sun rage saurin yaɗuwar gobarar tare da taimakawa ƙoƙarin shawo kanta daga baya a cikin watan Yuli. An ɗage umarnin kwashe mutane a Montrose County a ranar 8 ga Agusta. An samu cikakken shawo kan gobarar (100% containment) a ranar 11 ga Agusta, bayan ta ƙone fili mai girman acres 17,724 (hekta 7,173; kilomita murabba’i 71.73) tare da lalata gine-gine 13. == Tarihi == Iska mai ƙarfi sun taimaka wajen samuwar guguwar wuta (fire tornado) a kan Deer Creek Fire. Guguwar iska mai ƙarfi da ke saukowa daga La Sal Mountains tana gudana a kan tsaunukan kamar yadda kogi ke gudana a kan duwatsu. Tsaunukan sun rikitar da tafiyar iskar, suka haifar da wani yanki na iska mai juyawa, wanda ya sa harshen wuta ya fara juyawa ya zama '''guguwar wuta''' wadda galibi take tsaye a wuri ɗaya.<ref name="weather.gov">{{Cite web |title=Fire-Induced Tornado at Deer Creek Wildfire - July 12, 2025 |url=https://www.weather.gov/gjt/12July2025_FireInducedTornado |access-date=August 16, 2025 |website=www.weather.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohr |first=Kylie |date=August 29, 2025 |title=How a Utah wildfire created its own tornado |url=https://www.hcn.org/articles/how-a-utah-wildfire-created-its-own-tornado/ |access-date=October 28, 2025 |website=www.hcn.org |publisher=[[High Country News]]}}</ref> Yankin da ke da tsaunuka da iyakancewar hanyar da ke da rikitarwa sun yi kokarin kashe gobara. == Dalilin da ya sa == An fara bayar da rahoton gobarar Deer Creek a kusa da karfe 3 na yamma a ranar 10 ga Yuli, 2025 kusa da Hanyar Jiha ta 46. &nbsp;&nbsp;Bayan bincike, San Juan County Sherriff ya saki a cikin wata sanarwa a ranar 21 ga Yuli an kashe gobarar ta mutum, kuma an gano wanda ake zargi. &nbsp;An shigar da tuhume-tuhume kan Scott Carrier, mai shekaru 68 daga Salt Lake City, dangane da tashin gobarar. Carrier ya bayyana cewa ya kasance yana kona tarin itacen sagebrush a lokacin hunturu, amma ya ce bai yi irin wannan kona ba a kusa da lokacin da gobarar ta tashi. An gano cewa yiwuwar musabbabin Deer Creek Fire shi ne kona tarin tarkace ko kuma zubar da toka daga wutar dumama ko girki, inda aka gano wurare biyu da gobarar ta samo asali. (sjrnews.com). == Ci gaba == === Yuli === An bayar da rahoton gobarar Deer Creek a kusa da karfe 3 na yamma a ranar 10 ga Yuli, an kiyasta shi a kadada 50 (20 . &nbsp;&nbsp;An rufe Hanyar Jiha ta 46, an nemi wadanda ke cikin kilomita 5 (8.0) na gobarar su kwashe. Wutar ta bazu zuwa kimanin kadada 200-600 (81-243 a wannan maraice. Iska tana hurawa har zuwa mil 35 a kowace awa (56 km / h), tare da [[danshi]] kamar yadda yake ƙasa da 6% . Wutar ta bazu da sauri, ta kai kadada 4,000 (1,600 washegari. An yi tasiri ga gine-gine da yawa, kuma yanayin zafi, bushe, iska ne ya kori wutar. Ma'aikatan da aka ba da fifiko a cikin kariya ta tsari kusa da gefen kudu da yammacin kewayon.<ref name="KSL 1" /> A wannan rana, girman ya karu zuwa kadada 6,684 (2,705 , har yanzu a cikin 0% contention. Gidaje huɗu, gine-gine biyar, da kayan aikin wutar lantarki sun lalace. Gidaje ashirin sun kasance suna barazana, kuma an kwashe mazauna 250. A ranar 12 ga watan Yuli, wasu ma'aikata da yawa sun isa wuta a wannan rana, kuma girman ya karu zuwa kadada 8,300 (ha 3,400). Iska tana yada gobarar a cikin yankunan da ke da gandun daji. Yayinda iskõki masu tasowa suka kori wuta kusa da iyakar Utah / Colorado, suna sa wuta ta zama kadada 8,925 (3,612 a ranar 13 ga Yuli, harshen wuta ya koma cikin Hangdog Creek Fire burn scar na 2002, kuma wuta ta ragu. &nbsp;Yankin kudancin wuta ya kasance ba shi da aiki kuma bai yadu ba, yana riƙe da Hanyar Jiha ta 46. Wutar ta tsallake zuwa kadada 10,058 (ha 4,070), har yanzu a cikin 0% na hanawa duk da ma'aikata sama da 300 a kan wuta. An kammala Ayyukan harbi, cire ciyayi a hanyar wuta. Matsayin [[Gurbacewar Iska|Ingancin iska]] a Mowabi ya kai matakan da ba su da lafiya saboda hayakin wuta. Duk da haka, an ƙarfafa layin wuta a kusa da kewayon daga iska mai laushi da ƙarin albarkatun murkushewa da suka isa, galibi a gefen kudu maso yamma. Yayinda Deer Creek Fire ya karu zuwa kusan kadada 12,900 (ha 5,200) kuma ya layin jihar Colorado, an sami ƙuntatawa 7%. Yayinda aka sanya ma'aikata sama da 400 a cikin wuta, ƙuntatawa ya kasance a 7% kuma girman ya karu zuwa kadada 14,760 (ha 5,970) a ranar 16 ga Yuli. &nbsp;An ɗaga umarnin kwashewa a cikin San Juan County, kuma za a sami wurin dubawa a hanyar shiga. Girman ya tsallake zuwa kadada 15,655 (ha 6,335) washegari. Wutar tana ƙonewa ta hanyar rayuwa, matattu, da kuma aspen da aka rushe, kuma busassun man fetur a cikin matattu da itatuwan da aka russe sun ƙone wuta. Rufewar gaggawa ta wucin gadi ta shafi hanyoyi kusa da Paradox, Colorado . Tsayawa ya karu zuwa 11% Yuli 18 daga yanayin sanyi, girgije, da iska mai sauƙi, duk da gobarar da ta fadada zuwa kadada 15,819 (ha 6,402). &nbsp;Yayinda aka ɗaga wasu kwashewa a Utah, an ba da kwashewa ga mazauna Colorado. Ruwan sama a kudu maso gabashin gobarar, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga hanawa zuwa 17%. An ba da izinin ƙarin waɗanda aka kwashe su koma gida. Ayyukan harbi-harbe sun faru ne a gefen arewa a Colorado, yayin da aka ci gaba a yankin kudu maso gabas tare da hanawa zuwa 22%. Duk da , gobarar ta karu zuwa kadada 16,340 (ha 6,610). [[Fayil:7.25.25_DeerCreek_ProgressionMap.jpg|thumb|Taswirar ci gaba a ranar 25 ga Yuli&nbsp;]] While the Deer Creek Fire grew slightly to {{Convert|17,184|acre}}, weakened winds, lower temperatures, higher [[Danshi|humidity]], and cloud cover helped crews increase containment to 54% by the morning of July&nbsp;22. These weather conditions allowed some crews to move from suppression to restoring the landscape on the western edge. That evening, size and containment increased to {{Convert|17,304|acre}} and 77%, respectively, again due to decreasing temperatures. By the next day, size increased to {{Convert|17,724|acre}}. ==== Guguwar wuta ==== [[Fayil:Deer_Creek_fire_tornado_at_a_distance,_by_Jason_Kirks_from_the_Bureau_of_Land_Management,_July_12th,_2025.webp|left|thumb|Guguwar wuta kusa da tsananin ƙarfi]] A yammacin ranar 12 ga watan Yuli, wata guguwa mai ban sha'awa da mahimmanci ta sauka a kusa da La Sal, yayin da tsaunukan La Sal suka rushe iska mai karfi, suna haifar da yanki na juyawa, wanda daga nan ya fara juyawa cikin [[Fire whirl|guguwar wuta]] mafi yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohr |first=Kylie |date=August 29, 2025 |title=How a Utah wildfire created its own tornado |url=https://www.hcn.org/articles/how-a-utah-wildfire-created-its-own-tornado/ |access-date=October 28, 2025 |website=www.hcn.org |publisher=[[High Country News]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=US Department of Commerce |first=NOAA |title=Fire-Induced Tornado at Deer Creek Wildfire - July 12, 2025 |url=https://www.weather.gov/gjt/12July2025_FireInducedTornado |access-date=2026-05-17 |website=[[NOAA]] |language=EN-US}}</ref> Tare da gajeren waƙarsa, guguwar ta haifar da lalacewar EF2.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charges filed in Deer Creek Fire that burned nearly 18,000 acres, sparked firenado |url=https://www.sltrib.com/news/2025/10/04/charges-filed-deer-creek-fire-near/ |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=The Salt Lake Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cross |first=Greta |title=Watch: 'Firenado' caught on video in Utah during Deer Creek Fire |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2025/07/18/firenado-utah-deer-creek-fire-video/85274328007/ |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref> Guguwar ta fara sauka da 'yan mita zuwa gabashin Forest Road 201 a kusa da 1:03 na yamma MDT kuma ta koma arewa maso gabas a cikin saurin sauri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=US Department of Commerce |first=NOAA |title=Fire-Induced Tornado at Deer Creek Wildfire - July 12, 2025 |url=https://www.weather.gov/gjt/12July2025_FireInducedTornado#:~:text=The%20tornado%20was%20on%20the%20ground%20for%20approximately%C2%A012%20minutes%20from%201:03-1:15%20PM%20MDT%20and%20remained%20nearly%20stationary |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=www.weather.gov |language=EN-US}}</ref> Guguwar ta bugi gida a ƙarfin EF2 tare da ƙididdigar saurin iska na {{Convert|122|mph|km/h}} mph (196 km / h), ta fashe rufin yayin da ta haifar da haɗakar iska da lalacewar wuta ga gine-gine da mazauna da ke kusa.<ref name=":0" /> Guguwar ta ɓace a karfe 1:15 na yamma MDT, ta kai matsakaicin faɗin 100 yadudduka (91.44 mita) kuma tana bin diddigin 0.09 mil (0.14 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Damage Assessment Toolkit |url=https://apps.dat.noaa.gov/StormDamage/DamageViewer/ |access-date=2026-05-17 |website=[[NOAA]]}}</ref> === Agusta === Masu kashe gobara sun ci gaba a kan gobarar, kuma hanawa ya tsallake zuwa 93% a ranar 3 ga watan Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Petelo |first=Aiga |date=August 3, 2025 |title=Updated numbers on the wildfires burning in Colorado and Utah |url=https://www.kkco11news.com/2025/08/03/updated-numbers-wildfires-burning-colorado-utah/ |access-date=August 30, 2025 |website=[[KKCO]]}}</ref> &nbsp;Yayinda hanawa ta karu zuwa kashi 97% bayan kwana biyar, an ɗaga dukkan matakan kwashewa a cikin Montrose County. Koyaya, wasu ƙaura sun kasance a Utah kusa da Old La Sal. An sami cikas 100% a kan Deer Creek Fire a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta, kuma an ɗaga sauran kwashewar a San Juan County. &nbsp;Ma'aikata za su kasance a wurin don saka idanu kan gobarar. == Tasirin == [[Fayil:Deer_Creek_Fire_burn_scar.jpg|thumb|Itacen da aka ƙone daga Deer Creek Fire]] A total of thirteen structures were destroyed by the Deer Creek Fire, including eleven residential structures, a United States Department of Agriculture structure, and a communications site. Several structures received wind damage from the fire tornado, rating it EF2 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale.<ref name="weather.gov" /> An lalata hasumiyar watsawa wutar lantarki ta River Canyon, wanda shine tushen Intanet ga mazauna da suka dogara da Wi-Fi don kira. Mazauna dole ne su motsa na ɗan lokaci daga Old La Sal zuwa La Sal, Utah don wani hasumiyar watsawa ko dogaro da sadarwa ta fiber-optic ko Intanet ta tauraron dan adam. An dawo da wutar lantarki a ranar 23 ga Yuli.&nbsp; Kokarin murkushewa ya kai dan kadan sama da dala miliyan 24.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deer Creek - Wildfire and Smoke map |url=https://data.cincinnati.com/fires/deer-creek/80c3878f-40c7-427c-840d-cc294effbf14/ |access-date=August 30, 2025 |website=data.cincinnati.com}}</ref> Kudin da ake kashewa a kan kiwo ana sa ran zai kashe akalla dala miliyan 1, dangane da hay, shinge da gine-gine da aka lalata, da kuma lalata filayen makiyaya. An umarci mazauna su kwashe a Old La Sal, sassan Montrose County, Colorado, da kowa da kowa da ke cikin mil biyar na gobarar. An rufe Hanyar Jihar Utah 46 46 a lokacin gobarar. Rufewar gandun daji ya shafi sassan Gundumar Ranger ta Moab a cikin gandun daji na Manti-La Sal har zuwa 15 ga watan Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deer Creek Wildfire Closure 7.21.25 - Moab Ranger District |url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/r04/manti-lasal/alerts/deer-creek-wildfire-closure-7212025-moab-ranger-district |access-date=October 28, 2025 |website=www.fs.usda.gov}}</ref>&nbsp; Masu aiki da kayan aiki masu nauyi sun fara gyara lalacewar muhalli ga hanyoyin gandun daji da wuraren samun dama a ranar 24 ga Yuli, kuma gabaɗaya, jami'ai sun bayyana aikin gyarawa da zarar an gama zai ɗauki makonni ko watanni.&nbsp; == Tebur na girma da hanawa == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;" |+Yanayin hana wuta '''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:#808080">Gray</span>: ƙunshe; <span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:#FF0000">Red</span>: mai aiki; %: kashi ƙunshe. ''' !Ranar !Yankin da aka ƙone !Ma'aikata !Ƙarfafawa |- | style="text-align: left;" |Yuli 10 <ref name="Watch Duty">{{Cite web |title=Deer Creek Fire Map |url=https://app.watchduty.org/i/55308 |access-date=October 28, 2025 |website=[[Watch Duty]]}}</ref>&nbsp; |{{Convert|4,000|acre|ha sqmi}} |. . . | style="text-align: left;" |{{percentile|0|width=22.56|height=15|text-size=10|progress-done-colour=grey|progress-tbd-colour=red|text-colour=white}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Yuli 11 <ref name="Watch Duty" />&nbsp; |{{Convert|7,000|acre|ha sqmi}} |100 | style="text-align: left;" |{{percentile|0|width=142.16|height=15|text-size=10|progress-done-colour=grey|progress-tbd-colour=red|text-colour=white}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Yuli 12 <ref name="Watch Duty" />&nbsp; |{{Convert|8,300|acre|ha sqmi}} |. . . | style="text-align: left;" |{{percentile|0|width=168.55|height=15|text-size=10|progress-done-colour=grey|progress-tbd-colour=red|text-colour=white}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Yuli 13 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deer Creek Fire Daily Update 07-13-25 |url=https://inciweb-prod-media-bucket.s3.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2025-07/7.13.25_DeerCreekFire_AM-Update.pdf?VersionId=r5BZ21GMEkZDY9Nr_rLxnkrQdmhEvziO |access-date=October 28, 2025 |website=[[InciWeb]]}}</ref>&nbsp; |{{Convert|8,925|acre|ha sqmi}} | rowspan="2" |300 | style="text-align: left;" |{{percentile|0|width=181.26|height=15|text-size=10|progress-done-colour=grey|progress-tbd-colour=red|text-colour=white}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Yuli 14 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deer Creek Fire Daily Update 07-14-25 |url=https://inciweb-prod-media-bucket.s3.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2025-07/7.14.25_DeerCreekFire_AM-Update.pdf?VersionId=PIT_KCAPuwQk90rX5Ep3B69.QQKPoDyw |access-date=October 28, 2025 |website=[[InciWeb]]}}</ref>&nbsp; |{{Convert|10,058|acre|ha sqmi}} | style="text-align: left;" |{{percentile|0|width=204.26|height=15|text-size=10|progress-done-colour=grey|progress-tbd-colour=red|text-colour=white}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Yuli 15 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deer Creek Fire Daily Update 07-15-25 |url=https://inciweb-prod-media-bucket.s3.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2025-07/7.15.25_DeerCreekFire_AM-Update.pdf?VersionId=Dbm7hz_aWfjntHsS_rGqbiSD04dPw7J9 |access-date=October 28, 2025 |website=[[InciWeb]]}}</ref>&nbsp; |{{Convert|12,906|acre|ha sqmi}} |385 | style="text-align: left;" |{{percentile|7|width=262.11|height=15|text-size=10|progress-done-colour=grey|progress-tbd-colour=red|text-colour=white}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Yuli 16 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deer Creek Fire Daily Update 07-16-25 |url=https://inciweb-prod-media-bucket.s3.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2025-07/7.16.25_DeerCreekFire_AM-Update.pdf?VersionId=284g482M7idzzsRDcNgaVjPtPgqAlX3D |access-date=October 28, 2025 |website=[[InciWeb]]}}</ref>&nbsp; |{{Convert|14,760|acre|ha sqmi}} |415 | style="text-align: left;" |{{percentile|7|width=299.77|height=15|text-size=10|progress-done-colour=grey|progress-tbd-colour=red|text-colour=white}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Yuli 17 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deer Creek Fire Daily Update 07-17-25 |url=https://inciweb-prod-media-bucket.s3.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2025-07/7.17.25_DeerCreekFire_AM-Update.pdf?VersionId=XyaBe4.5hvCGGhfFnPAvRFmM3JtWX.Ng |access-date=October 28, 2025 |website=[[InciWeb]]}}</ref>&nbsp; |{{Convert|15,655|acre|ha sqmi}} |451 | style="text-align: left;" |{{percentile|7|width=317.95|height=15|text-size=10|progress-done-colour=grey|progress-tbd-colour=red|text-colour=white}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Yuli 18 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deer Creek Fire Daily Update 07-18-25 |url=https://inciweb-prod-media-bucket.s3.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2025-07/7.18.25_DeerCreekFire_AM-Update.pdf?VersionId=zBb3I9nwEF4RW3yvSNYM2XDxGQ854Dxr |access-date=October 28, 2025 |website=[[InciWeb]]}}</ref>&nbsp; |{{Convert|15,819|acre|ha sqmi}} |485 | style="text-align: left;" |{{percentile|11|width=321.3|height=15|text-size=10|progress-done-colour=grey|progress-tbd-colour=red|text-colour=white}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Yuli 19 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deer Creek Fire Daily Update 07-19-25 |url=https://inciweb-prod-media-bucket.s3.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2025-07/7.19.25_DeerCreekFire_Update.pdf?VersionId=Hny6fIE8APB77BR5nYyXnDuwFdkqviz7 |access-date=October 28, 2025 |website=[[InciWeb]]}}</ref>&nbsp; |{{Convert|15,892|acre|ha sqmi}} |524 | style="text-align: left;" |{{percentile|17|width=322.77|height=15|text-size=10|progress-done-colour=grey|progress-tbd-colour=red|text-colour=white}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Yuli 20 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deer Creek Fire Daily Update 07-20-25 |url=https://inciweb-prod-media-bucket.s3.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2025-07/7.20.25_DeerCreekFire_AM-Update.pdf?VersionId=BRiq3IWWUKPte8GHS_0iMbLKFF8xYmD_ |access-date=October 28, 2025 |website=[[InciWeb]]}}</ref>&nbsp; |{{Convert|16,340|acre|ha sqmi}} |552 | style="text-align: left;" |{{percentile|22|width=331.88|height=15|text-size=10|progress-done-colour=grey|progress-tbd-colour=red|text-colour=white}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |21 ga Yuli <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deer Creek Fire Daily Update 07-21-25 |url=https://inciweb-prod-media-bucket.s3.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2025-07/7.21.25_DeerCreekFire_AM-Update.pdf?VersionId=I5d5KJKZ7EwVcn_t34N5znhPOibT1qMH |access-date=October 28, 2025 |website=[[InciWeb]]}}</ref>&nbsp; |{{Convert|17,123|acre|ha sqmi}} |579 | style="text-align: left;" |{{percentile|30|width=347.76|height=15|text-size=10|progress-done-colour=grey|progress-tbd-colour=red|text-colour=white}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |22 ga Yuli <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deer Creek Fire Daily Update 07-22-25 |url=https://inciweb-prod-media-bucket.s3.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2025-07/7.22.25_DeerCreekFire_AM-Update.pdf?VersionId=8Sy9yf2pbsYc3dhnnX6udYLb0k1KSKk7 |access-date=October 28, 2025 |website=[[InciWeb]]}}</ref>&nbsp; |{{Convert|17,184|acre|ha sqmi}} |581 | style="text-align: left;" |{{percentile|54|width=349.02|height=15|text-size=10|progress-done-colour=grey|progress-tbd-colour=red|text-colour=white}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Yuli 23 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deer Creek Fire Daily Update 07-23-25 |url=https://inciweb-prod-media-bucket.s3.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2025-07/7.23.25_DeerCreekFire_AM-Update.pdf?VersionId=IsdgvVULcrCGvzEmS5ApVMAtbC1uJeBk |access-date=October 28, 2025 |website=[[InciWeb]]}}</ref>&nbsp; |{{Convert|17,648|acre|ha sqmi}} |524 | style="text-align: left;" |{{percentile|77|width=358.45|height=15|text-size=10|progress-done-colour=grey|progress-tbd-colour=red|text-colour=white}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Yuli 24 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deer Creek Fire Daily Update 07-24-25 |url=https://inciweb-prod-media-bucket.s3.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2025-07/7.24.25_DeerCreekFire_AM-Update.pdf?VersionId=VdCb.k3.Fh0l7IA2Jdn.reKgu35N51Yv |access-date=October 28, 2025 |website=[[InciWeb]]}}</ref>&nbsp; |{{Convert|17,724|acre|ha sqmi}} |470 | style="text-align: left;" |{{percentile|77|width=360|height=15|text-size=10|progress-done-colour=grey|progress-tbd-colour=red|text-colour=white}} |- | - |- | style="text-align: left;" |Agusta 11 &nbsp; |{{Convert|17,724|acre|ha sqmi}} |. . . | style="text-align: left;" |{{percentile|100|width=360|height=15|text-size=10|progress-done-colour=grey|progress-tbd-colour=red|text-colour=white}} |} == Dubi kuma == * 2025 Wutar daji ta Amurka * Forsyth Fire - An ƙone shi a kudu maso yammacin Utah a irin wannan lokacin * Elk Fire - An ƙone shi a arewacin Colorado a irin wannan lokacin * Lee Fire - An ƙone shi a arewacin Colorado a irin wannan lokacin * Monroe Canyon Fire - An ƙone shi a tsakiyar Utah a irin wannan lokacin * Wutar Kudancin Rim - An ƙone ta a arewacin Colorado a irin wannan lokacin * Wutar daji a cikin 2025 * Ingancin iska a Utah == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b4vawrhywwhmyyqequmrorwg2zj9oyk 0 164922 906182 905035 2026-08-22T11:34:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Katrin Askar''' (1966) [[Marubuci|marubuciya]] ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. An haife ta a Gabashin Jamus, amma a shekarar 1986, shekaru uku kafin canje-canjen da suka yi kama da kawo ƙarshen mulkin kama-karya na jam'iyya ɗaya, ta sami damar tserewa zuwa yamma . Wani sigar (ɗan ƙagagge) ta almara ta dogon tarihin da aka gina ga taron da kuma gudun da kanta, tare da ƙarfin sautin sahihanci, ita ce ginshiƙin littafinta na 2000 mai suna "Aus dem Schneider". <ref name="KAlautMA">{{Cite web |last=Michael Adrian |date=8 September 2000 |title="Aus dem Schneider": Vor der Flucht - Katrin Askan lässt Fragen offen |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/aus-dem-schneider-vor-der-flucht-katrin-askan-laesst-fragen-offen/164846.html |access-date=29 December 2019 |publisher=Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH, Berlin}}</ref> <ref name="KAlautHS">{{Cite web |last=Hajo Steinert |date=25 May 2000 |title=Katrin Askan: Aus dem Schneider Roman Berlin Verlag, Berlin 2000 298 S. (review) |url=https://www.zeit.de/2000/22/40367 |access-date=29 December 2019 |publisher=[[Die Zeit]] (online)}}</ref> <ref name="KAlautPerlentaucher">{{Cite web |title=Katrin Askan Aus dem Schneider |url=https://www.perlentaucher.de/buch/katrin-askan/aus-dem-schneider.html#reviews |access-date=29 December 2019 |website=reviews from Frankfurter Rundschau, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung & Süddeutsche Zeitung |publisher=Perlentaucher Medien GmbH, Berlin}}</ref> == Rayuwa da ayyukanta == An haifi Katrin Askan a Gabashin Berlin . Bayan ta wuce Abitur (jarabawar barin makaranta) , wanda a mafi yawan yanayi zai share hanyar zuwa ilimin jami'a, an shigar da ita a horo a [[asibiti]]. Daga baya ta sami aiki a shagon littattafai.<ref name="KAlautGlanz">{{Cite web |title=Katrin Askan, Autorin, Lesung "Mutterstadt" |url=http://www.glanz-der-provinz.de/24-august-2019/ |access-date=29 December 2019 |website=Regionale Künstler*innen |publisher=Glanz der Provinz, Groß Kreutz |archive-date=29 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229154420/http://www.glanz-der-provinz.de/24-august-2019/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 1986 ta yi nasarar shigo da kanta zuwa Berlin ta [[Yammacin Jamus|yamma]], a bayyane yake ta hanyar kai tsaye wacce ta haɗa da, a lokacin mafi mahimmancin mataki a cikin motsa jiki, sa'o'i uku a cikin takalmin mota daga yamma.<ref name="KAlautMA" /><ref name="KAlautHS" /> Wannan ya biyo bayan doguwar zama a [[Sweden]] inda daya daga cikin hanyoyin da ta tallafa wa kanta ita ce ta hanyar yin aikin fassara a kan shirye-shiryen tashoshin rediyo.<ref name="KAlautBorgrummet">{{Cite web |title=Katrin Askan |url=http://bogrummetwp.dk/boganmeldelser-forfatter/katrin-askan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229162422/http://bogrummetwp.dk/boganmeldelser-forfatter/katrin-askan/ |archive-date=29 December 2019 |access-date=29 December 2019 |website=Tysk forfatter, født i Østberlin. |publisher=Borgrummet}}</ref> Ta ci gaba da karatun Jamusanci da [[Falsafa]] a Jami'ar Free a wani bangare na birnin da aka sani kafin 1990 da West Berlin . Sa'an nan, a cikin 1998, Askan ta koma babban birnin kafofin watsa labarai na yammacin Jamus, [[Köln|Cologne]], inda ta goyi bayan kanta a matsayin marubuciya mai zaman kanta kuma mai fassara yaren Sweden.<ref name="KAlautWB" /> Littafin farko na Askan, "A-Dur", ya bayyana a cikin 1996.{{Efn|[[:de:A-Dur|"A-Dur"]] translates into [[English language|English]] as "[[A major]]"}} An kafa shi a Berlin, yana magana ne game da rayuwar Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Jamus ta haruffa daban-daban guda uku da kuma lalata mafarkai guda uku. Har ila yau, yana kula da halayen rikice-rikice na al'ummomin zamani. Masu sukar sun sake dubawa sosai. "Aus dem Schneider",{{Efn|"Aus dem Schneider" translates into [[English language|English]] literally as "from the tailor" or "tailor-made". However, in colloquial usage it also sometimes refers to what in [[English language|English]] approximates to "getting out of the soup".<ref name= KAlautBorgrummet/> In both languages, this colloquial usage is becoming old fashioned, however.}} wanda ya bayyana shekaru hudu bayan haka, ya ninka sau uku kuma ya kafa masu sauraro da yawa. Ya taɓa wasu jigogi iri ɗaya.<ref name="KAlautHS" /> Tun daga shekara ta 1988, Askan ya kuma buga waƙoƙi da rubuce-rubuce a cikin mujallu da litattafai daban-daban. Misali shine taƙaitaccen labarinta "Der Skorpion" wanda ya bayyana a Muschelhaufen . Ta kuma rubuta wasu shirye-shiryen rediyo ga Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg's [[Ohrenbär]], mai gabatar da shirye-shirye na rediyo ga yara masu shekaru tsakanin hudu zuwa takwas. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] mupl79h4puj8i8nchlizat6tfpv7v3x 0 165036 905808 905531 2026-08-21T20:37:09Z Em-mustapha 6594 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/Baffa ali|Baffa ali]] ([[User talk:Baffa ali|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Em-mustapha|Em-mustapha]] 905499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hamza Mohamed Abdelkarim Selim''' (Larabci; حمزة محمد عبد الكريم سليم; an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2008) ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Masar wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar La Liga [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] da [[La Liga|Ƙungiyar]] ƙasar Masar . == Fara wasan kulub == === Al Ahly === Abdelkarim ya yi makarantar koyar da ƙwallon ƙafa ta Al Ahly a shekarar 2020, bayan ya wuce gwajin kulob ɗin. An kira shi zuwa babbar tawagar kulub ɗin a karo na farko a watan Janairun 2025, a gaban wasan Firimiya na Masar da Pharco . <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2025 |title=بعد ظهوره للمرة الأولى في قائمة الأهلي.. من هو حمزة عبدالكريم؟ |trans-title=After his first appearance on Al-Ahly's roster... Who is Hamza Abdelkarim |url=https://www.egypttelegraph.com/article/112526/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%B8%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=egypttelegraph.com |language=ar}}</ref> Duk da cewa bai fara wasan ba, shawarar kiran shi tun yana ƙarami ya jawo yabo daga kocin tawagar matasa ta Masar Tamer Hassan, wanda ya ba Abdelkarim damar zama babban ɗan wasa ga Al Ahly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2025 |title=مدرب منتخب الشباب يشيد بقرار انضمام حمزة عبدالكريم لقائمة الأهلى أمام فاركو |trans-title=The youth team coach praises the decision to include Hamza Abdelkarim in Al-Ahly's squad against Pharco |url=https://elcaptain.dostor.org/216657 |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=elcaptain.dostor.org |language=ar}}</ref> A watan da ya biyo baya, a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 2025, Abdelkarim ya fara bugawa kulob ɗin wasa na farko, ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin Emam Ashour a nasarar 2-1 a kan Petrojet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2025 |title=دخل بديلًا لإمام عاشور.. من هو حمزة عبد الكريم ناشئ الأهلي الجديد؟ |trans-title=He replaced Emam Ashour.. Who is Hamza Abdelkarim, Al-Ahly's new junior |url=https://www.egypttelegraph.com/article/117461/%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%84-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8B%D8%A7-%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%87%D9%88-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A9 |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=egypttelegraph.com |language=ar}}</ref> Ta yin haka, ya zama ɗan wasa mafi ƙanƙanta da ya wakilci kulob ɗin a ƙarni na 21, ya wuce rikodin Ramadan Sobhi da kwanaki tara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2025 |title=حمزة عبدالكريم أصغر لاعب يشارك مع الأهلي |trans-title=Hamza Abdelkarim is the youngest player to play for Al-Ahly |url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/3371647 |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=almasryalyoum.com |language=ar}}</ref> A mako mai zuwa, an ruwaito cewa kulob ɗin Dutch Feyenoord na Eredivisie suna da sha'awar ɗaukar Abdelkarim a gwaji.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2025 |title=فاينورد الهولندي يطلب ضم حمزة عبدالكريم.. والأهلي يدرس القرار |trans-title=Dutch club Feyenoord requests to sign Hamza Abdelkarim, and Al-Ahly is studying the decision |url=https://sport.elfagr.org/5119168 |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=sport.elfagr.org |language=ar}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2026, ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da Al Ahly har zuwa 2028. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2026 |title=Hamza Abdel Karim Extends Contract with Al Ahly Before Moving to Barcelona |url=https://www.ysscores.com/en/news/13901093/Hamza-Abdel-Karim-Extends-Contract-with-Al-Ahly-Before-Moving-to-Barcelona |publisher=ysscores.com}}</ref> === Barcelona === A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2026, Abdelkarim ya koma ƙungiyar Segunda Federación ta Barcelona Atletic a matsayin aro har zuwa ƙarshen kakar 2025-26, tare da zaɓi don saya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2026 |title=Hamza Abdelkarim joins Barça Atlètic |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/barca-b/news/4442438/hamza-abdelkarim-joins-barca-atletic |publisher=FC Barcelona}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa Barcelona Juvenil wasa a ranar 8 ga watan Maris, inda ya zura kwallaye a wasan 2-2 tare da ƙungiyar matasa ta SD Huesca . <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2026 |title=Video: Hamza AbdelKarim scores first Barcelona youth goal on debut against Huesca |url=https://www.panafricafootball.com/article/video-hamza-abdelkarim-scores-first-barcelona-youth-goal-on-debut-against-huesca |publisher=Pan-Africa Football}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan shekarar, a cikin sha'awar Sporting CP da Bologna, a ranar 10 ga Yuni, Barcelona ta sanya musayar Abdelkarim daga Al Ahly na dindindin bayan sun yi amfani da zaɓin siye a cikin yarjejeniyar da ta kai Yuro miliyan 1.5, tare da kari masu alaƙa da aikin.<ref name="Monfort">{{Cite web |date=12 June 2026 |title=Los secretos del fichaje de Hamza Abdelkarim |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/secretos-fichaje-hamza-abdelkarim-convencio-131311671 |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga watan Yulin 2026, Abdelkarim ya fara buga wa Barcelona wasa na farko a wasan sada zumunta da ya yi da CE Europa, wanda Barcelona ta ci 4-1. Daga nan sai ya ci gaba da farawa a wasan sada zumunta na gaba da Birmingham City mako guda bayan haka, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan 2-2 kafin Barcelona ta rasa 3-2 a wasan kisa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=campaign |first=FC Barcelona showed plenty of positive signs but ultimately fell to Birmingham City in a penalty shootout after a 2-2 draw in regulation time in its second preseason match ahead of the new |title=Birmingham City Defeats FC Barcelona on Penalties After a Thrilling 2-2 Draw in an International Friendly |url=https://www.beinsports.com/en-us/soccer/friendlies/articles/birmingham-city-defeats-fc-barcelona-on-penalties-after-a-thrilling-2-2-draw-in-an-international-friendly-2026-07-31 |access-date=2026-08-01 |website=beIN SPORTS |language=en-us}}</ref> Abedlkarim ya ci gaba da taka leda a wasannin Barcelona da Nottingham Forest, [[Udinese Calcio|Udinese]], Basel da Al Ahly, inda ya ci kwallaye biyu na karshe kuma ya sami yabo ga wasan kwaikwayon da ya yi kafin kakar wasa ta bana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2026 |title=Ahead of the Al-Ahly match: a message from Barcelona regarding Hamza Abdelkarim |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/ahead-of-the-al-ahly-match-a-message-from-barcelona-regarding-hamza-abdelkarim/blt39ef55bc0cc10924 |access-date=20 August 2026 |publisher=Goal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2026 |title=A narrow win, Hamza's brilliance and the Raphinha surprise: How the Spanish press saw the Al Ahly and Barcelona match |url=https://www.goal.com/en/lists/a-narrow-win-hamza-s-brilliance-and-the-raphinha-surprise-how-the-spanish-press-saw-the-al-ahly-and-barcelona-match/blt83de6da771e678ca |access-date=20 August 2026 |publisher=Goal.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan ƙasa da ƙasa == Abdelkarim ya wakilci ƙasar Masar a gasar UNAF U17 ta 2024 da aka gudanar a Aljeriya da Maroko, inda ya zura ƙwallaye uku a wasannin biyu don taimakawa ƙasarsa ta lashe lambobin biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2025 |title=حمزه عبدالكريم يصعد ضمن صفوف نادي الأهلي بعد تلاقيه رجال المباراة مرتين متتاليتين في منتخب مصر للناشئين |trans-title=Hamza Abdelkarim is promoted to the Al Ahly squad after facing the men of the match twice in a row in the Egyptian youth national team |url=https://trend.elwatanplus.com/%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%b2%d9%87-%d8%b9%d8%a8%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%85/ |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=trend.elwatanplus.com |language=ar}}</ref> An sake kiransa don gasar cin kofin Afirka ta U17 ta 2025, amma bai iya taimaka wa Masar cigaba ba bayan matakin rukuni, duk da zira kwallaye sau biyu. Ayyukansa na Man of the Match a kan Angola, gami da zura kwallaye sau ɗaya a nasarar Masar ta 2-1, ya sami al'ummarsa wuri a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U17 ta 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2025 |title=حمزة عبدالكريم يحصد جائزة أفضل لاعب في مباراة مصر وأنجولا |trans-title=Hamza Abdelkarim wins the best player award in the Egypt-Angola match |url=https://sport.elwatannews.com/ar/1/1/1227065/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85-%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%AF-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%84-%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A8-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D9%88%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7 |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=sport.elwatannews.com |language=ar}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Mayu 2026, an ambaci sunan Abdelkarim a cikin tawagar ƙasar Masar don zuwa gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA na 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2026 |title=حسام حسن يعلن قائمة المنتخب الوطني المبدئية استعداداً لكأس العالم |trans-title=Hossam Hassan announces the preliminary squad for the national team in preparation for the World Cup |url=https://www.efa.com.eg/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86-%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A3%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85/ |access-date=May 20, 2026 |publisher=[[Egyptian Football Association]] |language=en}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasan farko na tawagar ƙasar Masar a ranar 28 ga Mayu, a matsayin mai maye gurbin minti na 86 a wasan sada zumunci na 1-0 da Rasha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rzouki |first=Mina |date=9 June 2026 |title=World Cup 2026: Five young Arab talents who could light up the tournament |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/football/2026/06/09/world-cup-2026-five-young-arab-talents-who-could-light-up-the-tournament/ |publisher=The National News}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga watan Yuni, ya fara gasar cin kofin duniya a matsayin mai maye gurbin a wasan 1-1 tare da Belgium, ya zama dan wasan Masar mafi ƙanƙanta da ya fito a gasar cin kofen duniya, yana da shekaru 18 da kwanaki 165.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2026 |title=FIFA World Cup 2026 stats: June 15 day of WC draws, Spain's 734, South America 0/4 |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/49077523/fifa-world-cup-2026-stats-june-15-day-wc-draws-spain-734-south-america-0-4 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> == Rayuwarsa == Abdelkarim ya halarci Makarantar Ƙasa da ƙasa ta Kuala Lumpur da Makarantar Ƙasa ta Amurka a Masar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2026 |title=No Little mistake - rise of youngster a big lesson for FAM |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/sport/football/2026/06/04/no-little-mistake---rise-of-youngster-a-big-lesson-for-fam}}</ref> Yana da ƙwarewa a cfannin Larabci da Ingilishi, kuma yana koyon [[Yaren Sifen|harshen Espanya]] tun daga shekara ta 2026.<ref name="Monfort" /> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kulub === {{Updated|match played 15 January 2026}}<ref>{{Soccerway|hamza-abdel-karim/1019710}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin kasa{{Efn|Includes [[Egypt Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Kofin League{{Efn|Includes [[Egyptian League Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="3" |Al Ahly |2024–25 |Gasar Firimiya ta Masar |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- |2025–26 |Gasar Firimiya ta Masar |0 |0 |1 |0 |6 |0 |1{{Efn|Appearance in [[CAF Champions League]]}} |0 |0 |0 |8 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !1 !0 !1 !0 !6 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 !9 !0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !1 !0 !1 !0 !6 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 !9 !0 |} {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * Hamza Abdelkarima LaPreferente.com (a cikin Mutanen Espanya) {{FC Barcelona Atlètic squad}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 8kiuyxagm1drruxjtmeaxhv93y4c00d 0 165045 905608 2026-08-21T13:09:22Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343616973|Mascha Kaléko]]" 905608 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mascha Kaléko''' ({{IPA|de|ˌmaʃa kaˈleːko|-|De-Mascha Kaléko.ogg}}{{IPA|de|ˌmaʃa kaˈleːko|-|De-Mascha Kaléko.ogg}}Magana ta Jamusanci: [ˌmaʃa kaˈleːko] i; an haife shi '''Golda Malka Aufen'''; 7 Yuni 1907 - 21 Janairu 1975) mawaki ne na Jamusanci.{{IPA|de|ˌmaʃa kaˈleːko|-|De-Mascha Kaléko.ogg}} == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Kaléko Golda Malka Aufen a Chrzanów, Galicia (yanzu [[Poland]]).<ref name="Frauen Kultur">{{Cite web |title=Mascha Kaléko |url=http://www.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/frauenarchiv/exil/kaleko/index.htm |access-date=16 September 2020 |website=[[University of Düsseldorf]] |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Horsley">{{Cite web |last=Horsley |first=Joey |title=Mascha Kaléko |url=http://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/biographie/mascha-kaleko/ |access-date=16 September 2020 |website=fembio.org |language=de}}</ref> Ita 'yar Fischel Engel ce, ɗan kasuwa, da Rozalia Chaja Reisel Aufen, duka biyu na zuriyar [[Yahudawa]].<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> Tare da farawar [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]], mahaifiyarta ta ƙaura tare da ita da 'yar'uwarta Lea zuwa Jamus; da farko zuwa [[Frankfurt]], sannan zuwa Marburg, kuma a 1918 zuwa Berlin inda iyayenta suka yi aure a 1922. <ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A shekara ta 1928, ta auri malamin Ibrananci Saul Aaron Kaléko . <ref name="Horsley" /> Daga 1929 zuwa gaba, ta wallafa waka da ke gabatar da rayuwar yau da kullun na talakawa a cikin jaridu kamar Vossische Zeitung da ''Berliner Tageblatt'' . <ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A cikin waƙarta, Kaléko ta kama yanayin Berlin a cikin shekarun 1930. Ta sami shahara kuma ta saba zuwa wurare kamar "Romanisches Café", inda duniyar adabi ta hadu, daga cikinsu Erich Kästner da Kurt Tucholsky.<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A watan Janairun 1933, Rowohlt ta buga littafinta na farko tare da shayari ''Lyrisches Stenogrammheft'', wanda ba da daɗewa ba aka sanya shi a ƙarƙashin tantancewar Nazi, kuma shekaru biyu bayan haka littafinta na biyu ''Das kleine Lesebuch für Große'' ya bayyana, kuma tare da mai bugawa Rowohlt . <ref name="Horsley" /> A cikin 1938, Kaléko ta yi hijira zuwa Amurka tare da mijinta na biyu, mawaƙi [[:de:Chemjo Vinaver|daga]]&#x5D;<nowiki>-linkid="98" -mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"ill","href":"./Template:Ill"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Chemjo Vinaver"},"2":{"wt":"de"}},"i":0}}]}' data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Chemjo Vinaver"]}}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" href="./Chemjo_Vinaver?action=edit&redlink=1" id="mwRg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Chemjo Vinaver" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:LocalizedAttrs">Chemjo Vinaver [de], da ɗansu mai shekara guda </nowiki>{{Interlanguage link|Steven Vinaver|de}}[de], <ref name="Horsley" /> wanda ya zama marubuci da kuma wasan kwaikwayo a rayuwar manya. Steven ya yi rashin lafiya tare da pancreatitis yayin da yake jagorantar wasan kwaikwayo a Massachusetts, kuma ya mutu a 1968 yana da shekaru 31.<ref name="Horsley" /> Yayinda yake a Amurka, Kaléko ya zauna a wurare da yawa (Birnin New York da 'yan watanni a California) har sai ya zauna a titin Minetta a ƙauyen Greenwich na Birnin New York a 1942. Gidan da take da shi a bene na biyar Minetta Street ya kasance mafaka mai aminci da take tunawa da shi da farin ciki. Kaléko ya zama mai ba da abinci ga iyalin tare da ayyuka marasa kyau, gami da wasu kwafin rubutu don tallace-tallace. <ref name="Horsley" /><ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> Fatan dangin na yiwuwar aiki ga Chemjo a masana'antar fina-finai ya rushe, kuma sun koma New York bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci a Hollywood.<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> The Schoenhof Verlag a Cambridge, Massachusetts ya buga littafin Kaléko na uku "Verse für Zeitgenossen" a 1945 (Jamusanci a 1958 ta Rowohlt Verlag). <ref name="Horsley" /> [1]<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A shekara ta 1956, Kaléko ya koma Berlin a karon farko. Shekaru uku bayan haka ya kamata ta karbi kyautar Fontane, wanda ta ƙi tun lokacin da tsohon Nazi kuma memba na Waffen-SS, Hans Egon Holthusen, ya kasance memba na juri.<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A shekara ta 1959, Kaléko ta koma Yammacin Urushalima, Isra'ila, tunda mijinta, wanda ke gudanar da bincike kan waƙoƙin Hassidic, yana da yanayin aiki mafi kyau a can. Ba ta da ilimin Ibrananci kuma saboda haka an ware ta.<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /><ref name="Horsley" /> Kaléko ta mutu a watan Janairun 1975 a Zürich, inda ta yi rashin lafiya a kan hanyar komawa Urushalima daga ziyarar karshe a Berlin. An binne ta a ''Isralitischer Friedhof Oberer Friesenberg'' . <ref name="judaica-obererfriesenberg">{{Cite web |title=Zürich: Jüdischer Friedhof – Oberer Friesenberg |url=http://www.alemannia-judaica.de/zuerich_friedhof_obfries.htm |access-date=18 December 2015 |publisher=alemannia-judaica.de |language=German}}</ref> == Kyauta == Wasu daga cikin waƙoƙin Kaléko an buga su bayan mutuwarsa, gami da "Sozusagen grundlos vergnügt", a cikin 1977 a cikin tarin In meinen Träumen läutet es Sturm (A cikin mafarkai, guguwa tana sha). <ref name="Isenmann">{{Cite web |last=Isenmann |first=Ingrid |title='Mascha Kaléko: Das lyrische Stenogrammheft' |url=http://www.literaturundkunst.net/mascha-kaleko-das-lyrische-stenogrammheft/ |access-date=28 October 2018 |website=literaturundkunst.net |language=German}}</ref> [[:de:Gisela Zoch-Westphal|daga]]&#x5D;<nowiki>-linkid="123" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"ill","href":"./Template:Ill"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Gisela Zoch-Westphal"},"2":{"wt":"de"}},"i":0}}]}' data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Gisela Zoch-Westphal"]}}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" href="./Gisela_Zoch-Westphal?action=edit&redlink=1" id="mwjg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Gisela Zoch-Westphal" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:LocalizedAttrs">Gisela Zoch-Westphal [de] ce ta shirya shi, wanda Kaléko ta danƙa masa rubuce-rubucen da ba a buga ba.</nowiki><ref name="Hoenig">{{Cite web |last=Hoenig |first=Verena |date=18 July 2007 |title=Mascha Kaléko – Sozusagen grundlos vergnügt |url=https://www.boersenverein.de/148561/ |access-date=28 October 2018 |website=Börsenverein des Deutschen Buchhandels |language=German}}</ref> An yi ƙoƙari daban-daban don fassara waƙoƙi zuwa Turanci. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2010, a karo na farko, wakilan waƙoƙin Kaléko sun bayyana a cikin fassarar Turanci a cikin littafin 'Babu inda na yi tafiya, na zo Nowhereland': Waƙoƙin Mascha Kaléko (Jami'ar Vermont, 2010, shafuka 112). Marubucin, Andreas Nolte, ya zaɓi waƙoƙi daga kowane bangare na rayuwar mawaki. Fassararsa suna bin asalin matani na Jamusanci yadda ya kamata don kula da abubuwan Kalékoesque, diction, rhythm, da rhyme. Takaitaccen gabatarwa yana ba da ƙarin bayani game da tarihin Kaléko mai ban mamaki. A Berlin, an sanya titin da wurin shakatawa bayan ta, kuma an sanya takardar tunawa a tsohon gidanta. A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2020, [[Google]] ta yi bikin ta da Google Doodle . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2020 |title=Celebrating Mascha Kaléko |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/celebrating-mascha-kaleko/ |website=Google}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1975]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1907]] tul1ynry2drjclz5rgh7cr1x6lrq0g6 905609 905608 2026-08-21T13:09:58Z Usman saadu 46863 905609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mascha Kaléko''' ({{IPA|de|ˌmaʃa kaˈleːko|-|De-Mascha Kaléko.ogg}}{{IPA|de|ˌmaʃa kaˈleːko|-|De-Mascha Kaléko.ogg}}Magana ta Jamusanci: [ˌmaʃa kaˈleːko] i; an haife shi '''Golda Malka Aufen'''; 7 Yuni 1907 - 21 Janairu 1975) mawaki ne na Jamusanci.{{IPA|de|ˌmaʃa kaˈleːko|-|De-Mascha Kaléko.ogg}} == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Kaléko Golda Malka Aufen a Chrzanów, Galicia (yanzu [[Poland]]).<ref name="Frauen Kultur">{{Cite web |title=Mascha Kaléko |url=http://www.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/frauenarchiv/exil/kaleko/index.htm |access-date=16 September 2020 |website=[[University of Düsseldorf]] |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Horsley">{{Cite web |last=Horsley |first=Joey |title=Mascha Kaléko |url=http://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/biographie/mascha-kaleko/ |access-date=16 September 2020 |website=fembio.org |language=de}}</ref> Ita 'yar Fischel Engel ce, ɗan kasuwa, da Rozalia Chaja Reisel Aufen, duka biyu na zuriyar [[Yahudawa]].<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> Tare da farawar [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]], mahaifiyarta ta ƙaura tare da ita da 'yar'uwarta Lea zuwa Jamus; da farko zuwa [[Frankfurt]], sannan zuwa Marburg, kuma a 1918 zuwa Berlin inda iyayenta suka yi aure a 1922. <ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A shekara ta 1928, ta auri malamin Ibrananci Saul Aaron Kaléko . <ref name="Horsley" /> Daga 1929 zuwa gaba, ta wallafa waka da ke gabatar da rayuwar yau da kullun na talakawa a cikin jaridu kamar Vossische Zeitung da ''Berliner Tageblatt'' . <ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A cikin waƙarta, Kaléko ta kama yanayin Berlin a cikin shekarun 1930. Ta sami shahara kuma ta saba zuwa wurare kamar "Romanisches Café", inda duniyar adabi ta hadu, daga cikinsu Erich Kästner da Kurt Tucholsky.<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A watan Janairun 1933, Rowohlt ta buga littafinta na farko tare da shayari ''Lyrisches Stenogrammheft'', wanda ba da daɗewa ba aka sanya shi a ƙarƙashin tantancewar Nazi, kuma shekaru biyu bayan haka littafinta na biyu ''Das kleine Lesebuch für Große'' ya bayyana, kuma tare da mai bugawa Rowohlt . <ref name="Horsley" /> A cikin 1938, Kaléko ta yi hijira zuwa Amurka tare da mijinta na biyu, mawaƙi [[:de:Chemjo Vinaver|daga]]&#x5D;<nowiki>-linkid="98" -mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"ill","href":"./Template:Ill"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Chemjo Vinaver"},"2":{"wt":"de"}},"i":0}}]}' data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Chemjo Vinaver"]}}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" href="./Chemjo_Vinaver?action=edit&redlink=1" id="mwRg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Chemjo Vinaver" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:LocalizedAttrs">Chemjo Vinaver [de], da ɗansu mai shekara guda </nowiki>{{Interlanguage link|Steven Vinaver|de}}[de], <ref name="Horsley" /> wanda ya zama marubuci da kuma wasan kwaikwayo a rayuwar manya. Steven ya yi rashin lafiya tare da pancreatitis yayin da yake jagorantar wasan kwaikwayo a Massachusetts, kuma ya mutu a 1968 yana da shekaru 31.<ref name="Horsley" /> Yayinda yake a Amurka, Kaléko ya zauna a wurare da yawa (Birnin New York da 'yan watanni a California) har sai ya zauna a titin Minetta a ƙauyen Greenwich na Birnin New York a 1942. Gidan da take da shi a bene na biyar Minetta Street ya kasance mafaka mai aminci da take tunawa da shi da farin ciki. Kaléko ya zama mai ba da abinci ga iyalin tare da ayyuka marasa kyau, gami da wasu kwafin rubutu don tallace-tallace. <ref name="Horsley" /><ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> Fatan dangin na yiwuwar aiki ga Chemjo a masana'antar fina-finai ya rushe, kuma sun koma New York bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci a Hollywood.<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> The Schoenhof Verlag a Cambridge, Massachusetts ya buga littafin Kaléko na uku "Verse für Zeitgenossen" a 1945 (Jamusanci a 1958 ta Rowohlt Verlag). <ref name="Horsley" /> [1]<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A shekara ta 1956, Kaléko ya koma Berlin a karon farko. Shekaru uku bayan haka ya kamata ta karbi kyautar Fontane, wanda ta ƙi tun lokacin da tsohon Nazi kuma memba na Waffen-SS, Hans Egon Holthusen, ya kasance memba na juri.<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A shekara ta 1959, Kaléko ta koma Yammacin Urushalima, Isra'ila, tunda mijinta, wanda ke gudanar da bincike kan waƙoƙin Hassidic, yana da yanayin aiki mafi kyau a can. Ba ta da ilimin Ibrananci kuma saboda haka an ware ta.<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /><ref name="Horsley" /> Kaléko ta mutu a watan Janairun 1975 a Zürich, inda ta yi rashin lafiya a kan hanyar komawa Urushalima daga ziyarar karshe a Berlin. An binne ta a ''Isralitischer Friedhof Oberer Friesenberg'' . <ref name="judaica-obererfriesenberg">{{Cite web |title=Zürich: Jüdischer Friedhof – Oberer Friesenberg |url=http://www.alemannia-judaica.de/zuerich_friedhof_obfries.htm |access-date=18 December 2015 |publisher=alemannia-judaica.de |language=German}}</ref> == Kyauta == Wasu daga cikin waƙoƙin Kaléko an buga su bayan mutuwarsa, gami da "Sozusagen grundlos vergnügt", a cikin 1977 a cikin tarin In meinen Träumen läutet es Sturm (A cikin mafarkai, guguwa tana sha). <ref name="Isenmann">{{Cite web |last=Isenmann |first=Ingrid |title='Mascha Kaléko: Das lyrische Stenogrammheft' |url=http://www.literaturundkunst.net/mascha-kaleko-das-lyrische-stenogrammheft/ |access-date=28 October 2018 |website=literaturundkunst.net |language=German}}</ref> [[:de:Gisela Zoch-Westphal|daga]]&#x5D;<nowiki>-linkid="123" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"ill","href":"./Template:Ill"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Gisela Zoch-Westphal"},"2":{"wt":"de"}},"i":0}}]}' data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Gisela Zoch-Westphal"]}}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" href="./Gisela_Zoch-Westphal?action=edit&redlink=1" id="mwjg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Gisela Zoch-Westphal" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:LocalizedAttrs">Gisela Zoch-Westphal [de] ce ta shirya shi, wanda Kaléko ta danƙa masa rubuce-rubucen da ba a buga ba.</nowiki><ref name="Hoenig">{{Cite web |last=Hoenig |first=Verena |date=18 July 2007 |title=Mascha Kaléko – Sozusagen grundlos vergnügt |url=https://www.boersenverein.de/148561/ |access-date=28 October 2018 |website=Börsenverein des Deutschen Buchhandels |language=German}}</ref> An yi ƙoƙari daban-daban don fassara waƙoƙi zuwa Turanci. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2010, a karo na farko, wakilan waƙoƙin Kaléko sun bayyana a cikin fassarar Turanci a cikin littafin 'Babu inda na yi tafiya, na zo Nowhereland': Waƙoƙin Mascha Kaléko (Jami'ar Vermont, 2010, shafuka 112). Marubucin, Andreas Nolte, ya zaɓi waƙoƙi daga kowane bangare na rayuwar mawaki. Fassararsa suna bin asalin matani na Jamusanci yadda ya kamata don kula da abubuwan Kalékoesque, diction, rhythm, da rhyme. Takaitaccen gabatarwa yana ba da ƙarin bayani game da tarihin Kaléko mai ban mamaki. A Berlin, an sanya titin da wurin shakatawa bayan ta, kuma an sanya takardar tunawa a tsohon gidanta. A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2020, [[Google]] ta yi bikin ta da Google Doodle . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2020 |title=Celebrating Mascha Kaléko |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/celebrating-mascha-kaleko/ |website=Google}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1975]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1907]] 24hkn3sor9imr9z45i13hhcobb8e7ke 905610 905609 2026-08-21T13:10:34Z Usman saadu 46863 905610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mascha Kaléko''' ({{IPA|de|ˌmaʃa kaˈleːko|-|De-Mascha Kaléko.ogg}}{{IPA|de|ˌmaʃa kaˈleːko|-|De-Mascha Kaléko.ogg}}Magana ta Jamusanci: [ˌmaʃa kaˈleːko] i; an haife shi '''Golda Malka Aufen'''; 7 Ga watan Yuni a shekara ta 1907 - 21 Janairu 1975) mawaki ne na Jamusanci.{{IPA|de|ˌmaʃa kaˈleːko|-|De-Mascha Kaléko.ogg}} == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Kaléko Golda Malka Aufen a Chrzanów, Galicia (yanzu [[Poland]]).<ref name="Frauen Kultur">{{Cite web |title=Mascha Kaléko |url=http://www.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/frauenarchiv/exil/kaleko/index.htm |access-date=16 September 2020 |website=[[University of Düsseldorf]] |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Horsley">{{Cite web |last=Horsley |first=Joey |title=Mascha Kaléko |url=http://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/biographie/mascha-kaleko/ |access-date=16 September 2020 |website=fembio.org |language=de}}</ref> Ita 'yar Fischel Engel ce, ɗan kasuwa, da Rozalia Chaja Reisel Aufen, duka biyu na zuriyar [[Yahudawa]].<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> Tare da farawar [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]], mahaifiyarta ta ƙaura tare da ita da 'yar'uwarta Lea zuwa Jamus; da farko zuwa [[Frankfurt]], sannan zuwa Marburg, kuma a 1918 zuwa Berlin inda iyayenta suka yi aure a 1922. <ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A shekara ta 1928, ta auri malamin Ibrananci Saul Aaron Kaléko . <ref name="Horsley" /> Daga 1929 zuwa gaba, ta wallafa waka da ke gabatar da rayuwar yau da kullun na talakawa a cikin jaridu kamar Vossische Zeitung da ''Berliner Tageblatt'' . <ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A cikin waƙarta, Kaléko ta kama yanayin Berlin a cikin shekarun 1930. Ta sami shahara kuma ta saba zuwa wurare kamar "Romanisches Café", inda duniyar adabi ta hadu, daga cikinsu Erich Kästner da Kurt Tucholsky.<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A watan Janairun 1933, Rowohlt ta buga littafinta na farko tare da shayari ''Lyrisches Stenogrammheft'', wanda ba da daɗewa ba aka sanya shi a ƙarƙashin tantancewar Nazi, kuma shekaru biyu bayan haka littafinta na biyu ''Das kleine Lesebuch für Große'' ya bayyana, kuma tare da mai bugawa Rowohlt . <ref name="Horsley" /> A cikin 1938, Kaléko ta yi hijira zuwa Amurka tare da mijinta na biyu, mawaƙi [[:de:Chemjo Vinaver|daga]]&#x5D;<nowiki>-linkid="98" -mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"ill","href":"./Template:Ill"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Chemjo Vinaver"},"2":{"wt":"de"}},"i":0}}]}' data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Chemjo Vinaver"]}}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" href="./Chemjo_Vinaver?action=edit&redlink=1" id="mwRg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Chemjo Vinaver" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:LocalizedAttrs">Chemjo Vinaver [de], da ɗansu mai shekara guda </nowiki>{{Interlanguage link|Steven Vinaver|de}}[de], <ref name="Horsley" /> wanda ya zama marubuci da kuma wasan kwaikwayo a rayuwar manya. Steven ya yi rashin lafiya tare da pancreatitis yayin da yake jagorantar wasan kwaikwayo a Massachusetts, kuma ya mutu a 1968 yana da shekaru 31.<ref name="Horsley" /> Yayinda yake a Amurka, Kaléko ya zauna a wurare da yawa (Birnin New York da 'yan watanni a California) har sai ya zauna a titin Minetta a ƙauyen Greenwich na Birnin New York a 1942. Gidan da take da shi a bene na biyar Minetta Street ya kasance mafaka mai aminci da take tunawa da shi da farin ciki. Kaléko ya zama mai ba da abinci ga iyalin tare da ayyuka marasa kyau, gami da wasu kwafin rubutu don tallace-tallace. <ref name="Horsley" /><ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> Fatan dangin na yiwuwar aiki ga Chemjo a masana'antar fina-finai ya rushe, kuma sun koma New York bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci a Hollywood.<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> The Schoenhof Verlag a Cambridge, Massachusetts ya buga littafin Kaléko na uku "Verse für Zeitgenossen" a 1945 (Jamusanci a 1958 ta Rowohlt Verlag). <ref name="Horsley" /> [1]<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A shekara ta 1956, Kaléko ya koma Berlin a karon farko. Shekaru uku bayan haka ya kamata ta karbi kyautar Fontane, wanda ta ƙi tun lokacin da tsohon Nazi kuma memba na Waffen-SS, Hans Egon Holthusen, ya kasance memba na juri.<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A shekara ta 1959, Kaléko ta koma Yammacin Urushalima, Isra'ila, tunda mijinta, wanda ke gudanar da bincike kan waƙoƙin Hassidic, yana da yanayin aiki mafi kyau a can. Ba ta da ilimin Ibrananci kuma saboda haka an ware ta.<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /><ref name="Horsley" /> Kaléko ta mutu a watan Janairun 1975 a Zürich, inda ta yi rashin lafiya a kan hanyar komawa Urushalima daga ziyarar karshe a Berlin. An binne ta a ''Isralitischer Friedhof Oberer Friesenberg'' . <ref name="judaica-obererfriesenberg">{{Cite web |title=Zürich: Jüdischer Friedhof – Oberer Friesenberg |url=http://www.alemannia-judaica.de/zuerich_friedhof_obfries.htm |access-date=18 December 2015 |publisher=alemannia-judaica.de |language=German}}</ref> == Kyauta == Wasu daga cikin waƙoƙin Kaléko an buga su bayan mutuwarsa, gami da "Sozusagen grundlos vergnügt", a cikin 1977 a cikin tarin In meinen Träumen läutet es Sturm (A cikin mafarkai, guguwa tana sha). <ref name="Isenmann">{{Cite web |last=Isenmann |first=Ingrid |title='Mascha Kaléko: Das lyrische Stenogrammheft' |url=http://www.literaturundkunst.net/mascha-kaleko-das-lyrische-stenogrammheft/ |access-date=28 October 2018 |website=literaturundkunst.net |language=German}}</ref> [[:de:Gisela Zoch-Westphal|daga]]&#x5D;<nowiki>-linkid="123" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"ill","href":"./Template:Ill"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Gisela Zoch-Westphal"},"2":{"wt":"de"}},"i":0}}]}' data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Gisela Zoch-Westphal"]}}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" href="./Gisela_Zoch-Westphal?action=edit&redlink=1" id="mwjg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Gisela Zoch-Westphal" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:LocalizedAttrs">Gisela Zoch-Westphal [de] ce ta shirya shi, wanda Kaléko ta danƙa masa rubuce-rubucen da ba a buga ba.</nowiki><ref name="Hoenig">{{Cite web |last=Hoenig |first=Verena |date=18 July 2007 |title=Mascha Kaléko – Sozusagen grundlos vergnügt |url=https://www.boersenverein.de/148561/ |access-date=28 October 2018 |website=Börsenverein des Deutschen Buchhandels |language=German}}</ref> An yi ƙoƙari daban-daban don fassara waƙoƙi zuwa Turanci. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2010, a karo na farko, wakilan waƙoƙin Kaléko sun bayyana a cikin fassarar Turanci a cikin littafin 'Babu inda na yi tafiya, na zo Nowhereland': Waƙoƙin Mascha Kaléko (Jami'ar Vermont, 2010, shafuka 112). Marubucin, Andreas Nolte, ya zaɓi waƙoƙi daga kowane bangare na rayuwar mawaki. Fassararsa suna bin asalin matani na Jamusanci yadda ya kamata don kula da abubuwan Kalékoesque, diction, rhythm, da rhyme. Takaitaccen gabatarwa yana ba da ƙarin bayani game da tarihin Kaléko mai ban mamaki. A Berlin, an sanya titin da wurin shakatawa bayan ta, kuma an sanya takardar tunawa a tsohon gidanta. A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2020, [[Google]] ta yi bikin ta da Google Doodle . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2020 |title=Celebrating Mascha Kaléko |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/celebrating-mascha-kaleko/ |website=Google}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1975]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1907]] jps7k11n1tpw9y8sm3jp2rilvrm9qo4 905611 905610 2026-08-21T13:11:04Z Usman saadu 46863 905611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mascha Kaléko''' ({{IPA|de|ˌmaʃa kaˈleːko|-|De-Mascha Kaléko.ogg}}{{IPA|de|ˌmaʃa kaˈleːko|-|De-Mascha Kaléko.ogg}}Magana ta Jamusanci: [ˌmaʃa kaˈleːko] i; an haife shi '''Golda Malka Aufen'''; 7 Ga watan Yuni a shekara ta 1907 - 21 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta 1975) mawaki ne na Jamusanci.{{IPA|de|ˌmaʃa kaˈleːko|-|De-Mascha Kaléko.ogg}} == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Kaléko Golda Malka Aufen a Chrzanów, Galicia (yanzu [[Poland]]).<ref name="Frauen Kultur">{{Cite web |title=Mascha Kaléko |url=http://www.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/frauenarchiv/exil/kaleko/index.htm |access-date=16 September 2020 |website=[[University of Düsseldorf]] |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Horsley">{{Cite web |last=Horsley |first=Joey |title=Mascha Kaléko |url=http://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/biographie/mascha-kaleko/ |access-date=16 September 2020 |website=fembio.org |language=de}}</ref> Ita 'yar Fischel Engel ce, ɗan kasuwa, da Rozalia Chaja Reisel Aufen, duka biyu na zuriyar [[Yahudawa]].<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> Tare da farawar [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]], mahaifiyarta ta ƙaura tare da ita da 'yar'uwarta Lea zuwa Jamus; da farko zuwa [[Frankfurt]], sannan zuwa Marburg, kuma a 1918 zuwa Berlin inda iyayenta suka yi aure a 1922. <ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A shekara ta 1928, ta auri malamin Ibrananci Saul Aaron Kaléko . <ref name="Horsley" /> Daga 1929 zuwa gaba, ta wallafa waka da ke gabatar da rayuwar yau da kullun na talakawa a cikin jaridu kamar Vossische Zeitung da ''Berliner Tageblatt'' . <ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A cikin waƙarta, Kaléko ta kama yanayin Berlin a cikin shekarun 1930. Ta sami shahara kuma ta saba zuwa wurare kamar "Romanisches Café", inda duniyar adabi ta hadu, daga cikinsu Erich Kästner da Kurt Tucholsky.<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A watan Janairun 1933, Rowohlt ta buga littafinta na farko tare da shayari ''Lyrisches Stenogrammheft'', wanda ba da daɗewa ba aka sanya shi a ƙarƙashin tantancewar Nazi, kuma shekaru biyu bayan haka littafinta na biyu ''Das kleine Lesebuch für Große'' ya bayyana, kuma tare da mai bugawa Rowohlt . <ref name="Horsley" /> A cikin 1938, Kaléko ta yi hijira zuwa Amurka tare da mijinta na biyu, mawaƙi [[:de:Chemjo Vinaver|daga]]&#x5D;<nowiki>-linkid="98" -mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"ill","href":"./Template:Ill"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Chemjo Vinaver"},"2":{"wt":"de"}},"i":0}}]}' data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Chemjo Vinaver"]}}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" href="./Chemjo_Vinaver?action=edit&redlink=1" id="mwRg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Chemjo Vinaver" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:LocalizedAttrs">Chemjo Vinaver [de], da ɗansu mai shekara guda </nowiki>{{Interlanguage link|Steven Vinaver|de}}[de], <ref name="Horsley" /> wanda ya zama marubuci da kuma wasan kwaikwayo a rayuwar manya. Steven ya yi rashin lafiya tare da pancreatitis yayin da yake jagorantar wasan kwaikwayo a Massachusetts, kuma ya mutu a 1968 yana da shekaru 31.<ref name="Horsley" /> Yayinda yake a Amurka, Kaléko ya zauna a wurare da yawa (Birnin New York da 'yan watanni a California) har sai ya zauna a titin Minetta a ƙauyen Greenwich na Birnin New York a 1942. Gidan da take da shi a bene na biyar Minetta Street ya kasance mafaka mai aminci da take tunawa da shi da farin ciki. Kaléko ya zama mai ba da abinci ga iyalin tare da ayyuka marasa kyau, gami da wasu kwafin rubutu don tallace-tallace. <ref name="Horsley" /><ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> Fatan dangin na yiwuwar aiki ga Chemjo a masana'antar fina-finai ya rushe, kuma sun koma New York bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci a Hollywood.<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> The Schoenhof Verlag a Cambridge, Massachusetts ya buga littafin Kaléko na uku "Verse für Zeitgenossen" a 1945 (Jamusanci a 1958 ta Rowohlt Verlag). <ref name="Horsley" /> [1]<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A shekara ta 1956, Kaléko ya koma Berlin a karon farko. Shekaru uku bayan haka ya kamata ta karbi kyautar Fontane, wanda ta ƙi tun lokacin da tsohon Nazi kuma memba na Waffen-SS, Hans Egon Holthusen, ya kasance memba na juri.<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A shekara ta 1959, Kaléko ta koma Yammacin Urushalima, Isra'ila, tunda mijinta, wanda ke gudanar da bincike kan waƙoƙin Hassidic, yana da yanayin aiki mafi kyau a can. Ba ta da ilimin Ibrananci kuma saboda haka an ware ta.<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /><ref name="Horsley" /> Kaléko ta mutu a watan Janairun 1975 a Zürich, inda ta yi rashin lafiya a kan hanyar komawa Urushalima daga ziyarar karshe a Berlin. An binne ta a ''Isralitischer Friedhof Oberer Friesenberg'' . <ref name="judaica-obererfriesenberg">{{Cite web |title=Zürich: Jüdischer Friedhof – Oberer Friesenberg |url=http://www.alemannia-judaica.de/zuerich_friedhof_obfries.htm |access-date=18 December 2015 |publisher=alemannia-judaica.de |language=German}}</ref> == Kyauta == Wasu daga cikin waƙoƙin Kaléko an buga su bayan mutuwarsa, gami da "Sozusagen grundlos vergnügt", a cikin 1977 a cikin tarin In meinen Träumen läutet es Sturm (A cikin mafarkai, guguwa tana sha). <ref name="Isenmann">{{Cite web |last=Isenmann |first=Ingrid |title='Mascha Kaléko: Das lyrische Stenogrammheft' |url=http://www.literaturundkunst.net/mascha-kaleko-das-lyrische-stenogrammheft/ |access-date=28 October 2018 |website=literaturundkunst.net |language=German}}</ref> [[:de:Gisela Zoch-Westphal|daga]]&#x5D;<nowiki>-linkid="123" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"ill","href":"./Template:Ill"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Gisela Zoch-Westphal"},"2":{"wt":"de"}},"i":0}}]}' data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Gisela Zoch-Westphal"]}}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" href="./Gisela_Zoch-Westphal?action=edit&redlink=1" id="mwjg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Gisela Zoch-Westphal" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:LocalizedAttrs">Gisela Zoch-Westphal [de] ce ta shirya shi, wanda Kaléko ta danƙa masa rubuce-rubucen da ba a buga ba.</nowiki><ref name="Hoenig">{{Cite web |last=Hoenig |first=Verena |date=18 July 2007 |title=Mascha Kaléko – Sozusagen grundlos vergnügt |url=https://www.boersenverein.de/148561/ |access-date=28 October 2018 |website=Börsenverein des Deutschen Buchhandels |language=German}}</ref> An yi ƙoƙari daban-daban don fassara waƙoƙi zuwa Turanci. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2010, a karo na farko, wakilan waƙoƙin Kaléko sun bayyana a cikin fassarar Turanci a cikin littafin 'Babu inda na yi tafiya, na zo Nowhereland': Waƙoƙin Mascha Kaléko (Jami'ar Vermont, 2010, shafuka 112). Marubucin, Andreas Nolte, ya zaɓi waƙoƙi daga kowane bangare na rayuwar mawaki. Fassararsa suna bin asalin matani na Jamusanci yadda ya kamata don kula da abubuwan Kalékoesque, diction, rhythm, da rhyme. Takaitaccen gabatarwa yana ba da ƙarin bayani game da tarihin Kaléko mai ban mamaki. A Berlin, an sanya titin da wurin shakatawa bayan ta, kuma an sanya takardar tunawa a tsohon gidanta. A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2020, [[Google]] ta yi bikin ta da Google Doodle . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2020 |title=Celebrating Mascha Kaléko |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/celebrating-mascha-kaleko/ |website=Google}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1975]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1907]] gl8u5cawyevankwigjvawrg9m7vapvm 905612 905611 2026-08-21T13:11:25Z Usman saadu 46863 905612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mascha Kaléko''' ({{IPA|de|ˌmaʃa kaˈleːko|-|De-Mascha Kaléko.ogg}}{{IPA|de|ˌmaʃa kaˈleːko|-|De-Mascha Kaléko.ogg}}Magana ta Jamusanci: [ˌmaʃa kaˈleːko] i; an haife shi '''Golda Malka Aufen'''; 7 Ga watan Yuni a shekara ta 1907 - 21 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta 1975) mawaki ne na Jamusanci.{{IPA|de|ˌmaʃa kaˈleːko|-|De-Mascha Kaléko.ogg}} == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Kaléko Golda Malka Aufen a Chrzanów, Galicia (yanzu [[Poland]]).<ref name="Frauen Kultur">{{Cite web |title=Mascha Kaléko |url=http://www.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/frauenarchiv/exil/kaleko/index.htm |access-date=16 September 2020 |website=[[University of Düsseldorf]] |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Horsley">{{Cite web |last=Horsley |first=Joey |title=Mascha Kaléko |url=http://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/biographie/mascha-kaleko/ |access-date=16 September 2020 |website=fembio.org |language=de}}</ref> Ita 'yar Fischel Engel ce, ɗan kasuwa, da Rozalia Chaja Reisel Aufen, duka biyu na zuriyar [[Yahudawa]].<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> Tare da farawar [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]], mahaifiyarta ta ƙaura tare da ita da 'yar'uwarta Lea zuwa Jamus; da farko zuwa [[Frankfurt]], sannan zuwa Marburg, kuma a 1918 zuwa Berlin inda iyayenta suka yi aure a 1922. <ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A shekara ta 1928, ta auri malamin Ibrananci Saul Aaron Kaléko . <ref name="Horsley" /> Daga 1929 zuwa gaba, ta wallafa waka da ke gabatar da rayuwar yau da kullun na talakawa a cikin jaridu kamar Vossische Zeitung da ''Berliner Tageblatt'' . <ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A cikin shekara ta waƙarta, Kaléko ta kama yanayin Berlin a cikin shekarun 1930. Ta sami shahara kuma ta saba zuwa wurare kamar "Romanisches Café", inda duniyar adabi ta hadu, daga cikinsu Erich Kästner da Kurt Tucholsky.<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A watan Janairun 1933, Rowohlt ta buga littafinta na farko tare da shayari ''Lyrisches Stenogrammheft'', wanda ba da daɗewa ba aka sanya shi a ƙarƙashin tantancewar Nazi, kuma shekaru biyu bayan haka littafinta na biyu ''Das kleine Lesebuch für Große'' ya bayyana, kuma tare da mai bugawa Rowohlt . <ref name="Horsley" /> A cikin 1938, Kaléko ta yi hijira zuwa Amurka tare da mijinta na biyu, mawaƙi [[:de:Chemjo Vinaver|daga]]&#x5D;<nowiki>-linkid="98" -mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"ill","href":"./Template:Ill"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Chemjo Vinaver"},"2":{"wt":"de"}},"i":0}}]}' data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Chemjo Vinaver"]}}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" href="./Chemjo_Vinaver?action=edit&redlink=1" id="mwRg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Chemjo Vinaver" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:LocalizedAttrs">Chemjo Vinaver [de], da ɗansu mai shekara guda </nowiki>{{Interlanguage link|Steven Vinaver|de}}[de], <ref name="Horsley" /> wanda ya zama marubuci da kuma wasan kwaikwayo a rayuwar manya. Steven ya yi rashin lafiya tare da pancreatitis yayin da yake jagorantar wasan kwaikwayo a Massachusetts, kuma ya mutu a 1968 yana da shekaru 31.<ref name="Horsley" /> Yayinda yake a Amurka, Kaléko ya zauna a wurare da yawa (Birnin New York da 'yan watanni a California) har sai ya zauna a titin Minetta a ƙauyen Greenwich na Birnin New York a 1942. Gidan da take da shi a bene na biyar Minetta Street ya kasance mafaka mai aminci da take tunawa da shi da farin ciki. Kaléko ya zama mai ba da abinci ga iyalin tare da ayyuka marasa kyau, gami da wasu kwafin rubutu don tallace-tallace. <ref name="Horsley" /><ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> Fatan dangin na yiwuwar aiki ga Chemjo a masana'antar fina-finai ya rushe, kuma sun koma New York bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci a Hollywood.<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> The Schoenhof Verlag a Cambridge, Massachusetts ya buga littafin Kaléko na uku "Verse für Zeitgenossen" a 1945 (Jamusanci a 1958 ta Rowohlt Verlag). <ref name="Horsley" /> [1]<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A shekara ta 1956, Kaléko ya koma Berlin a karon farko. Shekaru uku bayan haka ya kamata ta karbi kyautar Fontane, wanda ta ƙi tun lokacin da tsohon Nazi kuma memba na Waffen-SS, Hans Egon Holthusen, ya kasance memba na juri.<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A shekara ta 1959, Kaléko ta koma Yammacin Urushalima, Isra'ila, tunda mijinta, wanda ke gudanar da bincike kan waƙoƙin Hassidic, yana da yanayin aiki mafi kyau a can. Ba ta da ilimin Ibrananci kuma saboda haka an ware ta.<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /><ref name="Horsley" /> Kaléko ta mutu a watan Janairun 1975 a Zürich, inda ta yi rashin lafiya a kan hanyar komawa Urushalima daga ziyarar karshe a Berlin. An binne ta a ''Isralitischer Friedhof Oberer Friesenberg'' . <ref name="judaica-obererfriesenberg">{{Cite web |title=Zürich: Jüdischer Friedhof – Oberer Friesenberg |url=http://www.alemannia-judaica.de/zuerich_friedhof_obfries.htm |access-date=18 December 2015 |publisher=alemannia-judaica.de |language=German}}</ref> == Kyauta == Wasu daga cikin waƙoƙin Kaléko an buga su bayan mutuwarsa, gami da "Sozusagen grundlos vergnügt", a cikin 1977 a cikin tarin In meinen Träumen läutet es Sturm (A cikin mafarkai, guguwa tana sha). <ref name="Isenmann">{{Cite web |last=Isenmann |first=Ingrid |title='Mascha Kaléko: Das lyrische Stenogrammheft' |url=http://www.literaturundkunst.net/mascha-kaleko-das-lyrische-stenogrammheft/ |access-date=28 October 2018 |website=literaturundkunst.net |language=German}}</ref> [[:de:Gisela Zoch-Westphal|daga]]&#x5D;<nowiki>-linkid="123" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"ill","href":"./Template:Ill"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Gisela Zoch-Westphal"},"2":{"wt":"de"}},"i":0}}]}' data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Gisela Zoch-Westphal"]}}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" href="./Gisela_Zoch-Westphal?action=edit&redlink=1" id="mwjg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Gisela Zoch-Westphal" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:LocalizedAttrs">Gisela Zoch-Westphal [de] ce ta shirya shi, wanda Kaléko ta danƙa masa rubuce-rubucen da ba a buga ba.</nowiki><ref name="Hoenig">{{Cite web |last=Hoenig |first=Verena |date=18 July 2007 |title=Mascha Kaléko – Sozusagen grundlos vergnügt |url=https://www.boersenverein.de/148561/ |access-date=28 October 2018 |website=Börsenverein des Deutschen Buchhandels |language=German}}</ref> An yi ƙoƙari daban-daban don fassara waƙoƙi zuwa Turanci. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2010, a karo na farko, wakilan waƙoƙin Kaléko sun bayyana a cikin fassarar Turanci a cikin littafin 'Babu inda na yi tafiya, na zo Nowhereland': Waƙoƙin Mascha Kaléko (Jami'ar Vermont, 2010, shafuka 112). Marubucin, Andreas Nolte, ya zaɓi waƙoƙi daga kowane bangare na rayuwar mawaki. Fassararsa suna bin asalin matani na Jamusanci yadda ya kamata don kula da abubuwan Kalékoesque, diction, rhythm, da rhyme. Takaitaccen gabatarwa yana ba da ƙarin bayani game da tarihin Kaléko mai ban mamaki. A Berlin, an sanya titin da wurin shakatawa bayan ta, kuma an sanya takardar tunawa a tsohon gidanta. A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2020, [[Google]] ta yi bikin ta da Google Doodle . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2020 |title=Celebrating Mascha Kaléko |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/celebrating-mascha-kaleko/ |website=Google}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1975]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1907]] 62uqir8mfk3kjd6rzkvduvd9ff6kd77 905613 905612 2026-08-21T13:11:39Z Usman saadu 46863 905613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mascha Kaléko''' ({{IPA|de|ˌmaʃa kaˈleːko|-|De-Mascha Kaléko.ogg}}{{IPA|de|ˌmaʃa kaˈleːko|-|De-Mascha Kaléko.ogg}}Magana ta Jamusanci: [ˌmaʃa kaˈleːko] i; an haife shi '''Golda Malka Aufen'''; 7 Ga watan Yuni a shekara ta 1907 - 21 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta 1975) mawaki ne na Jamusanci.{{IPA|de|ˌmaʃa kaˈleːko|-|De-Mascha Kaléko.ogg}} == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Kaléko Golda Malka Aufen a Chrzanów, Galicia (yanzu [[Poland]]).<ref name="Frauen Kultur">{{Cite web |title=Mascha Kaléko |url=http://www.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/frauenarchiv/exil/kaleko/index.htm |access-date=16 September 2020 |website=[[University of Düsseldorf]] |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Horsley">{{Cite web |last=Horsley |first=Joey |title=Mascha Kaléko |url=http://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/biographie/mascha-kaleko/ |access-date=16 September 2020 |website=fembio.org |language=de}}</ref> Ita 'yar Fischel Engel ce, ɗan kasuwa, da Rozalia Chaja Reisel Aufen, duka biyu na zuriyar [[Yahudawa]].<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> Tare da farawar [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]], mahaifiyarta ta ƙaura tare da ita da 'yar'uwarta Lea zuwa Jamus; da farko zuwa [[Frankfurt]], sannan zuwa Marburg, kuma a 1918 zuwa Berlin inda iyayenta suka yi aure a 1922. <ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A shekara ta 1928, ta auri malamin Ibrananci Saul Aaron Kaléko . <ref name="Horsley" /> Daga 1929 zuwa gaba, ta wallafa waka da ke gabatar da rayuwar yau da kullun na talakawa a cikin jaridu kamar Vossische Zeitung da ''Berliner Tageblatt'' . <ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A cikin shekara ta waƙarta, Kaléko ta kama yanayin Berlin a cikin shekarun 1930. Ta sami shahara kuma ta saba zuwa wurare kamar "Romanisches Café", inda duniyar adabi ta hadu, daga cikinsu Erich Kästner da Kurt Tucholsky.<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A watan Janairun 1933, Rowohlt ta buga littafinta na farko tare da shayari ''Lyrisches Stenogrammheft'', wanda ba da daɗewa ba aka sanya shi a ƙarƙashin tantancewar Nazi, kuma shekaru biyu bayan haka littafinta na biyu ''Das kleine Lesebuch für Große'' ya bayyana, kuma tare da mai bugawa Rowohlt . <ref name="Horsley" /> A cikin shekara ta 1938, Kaléko ta yi hijira zuwa Amurka tare da mijinta na biyu, mawaƙi [[:de:Chemjo Vinaver|daga]]&#x5D;<nowiki>-linkid="98" -mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"ill","href":"./Template:Ill"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Chemjo Vinaver"},"2":{"wt":"de"}},"i":0}}]}' data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Chemjo Vinaver"]}}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" href="./Chemjo_Vinaver?action=edit&redlink=1" id="mwRg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Chemjo Vinaver" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:LocalizedAttrs">Chemjo Vinaver [de], da ɗansu mai shekara guda </nowiki>{{Interlanguage link|Steven Vinaver|de}}[de], <ref name="Horsley" /> wanda ya zama marubuci da kuma wasan kwaikwayo a rayuwar manya. Steven ya yi rashin lafiya tare da pancreatitis yayin da yake jagorantar wasan kwaikwayo a Massachusetts, kuma ya mutu a 1968 yana da shekaru 31.<ref name="Horsley" /> Yayinda yake a Amurka, Kaléko ya zauna a wurare da yawa (Birnin New York da 'yan watanni a California) har sai ya zauna a titin Minetta a ƙauyen Greenwich na Birnin New York a 1942. Gidan da take da shi a bene na biyar Minetta Street ya kasance mafaka mai aminci da take tunawa da shi da farin ciki. Kaléko ya zama mai ba da abinci ga iyalin tare da ayyuka marasa kyau, gami da wasu kwafin rubutu don tallace-tallace. <ref name="Horsley" /><ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> Fatan dangin na yiwuwar aiki ga Chemjo a masana'antar fina-finai ya rushe, kuma sun koma New York bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci a Hollywood.<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> The Schoenhof Verlag a Cambridge, Massachusetts ya buga littafin Kaléko na uku "Verse für Zeitgenossen" a 1945 (Jamusanci a 1958 ta Rowohlt Verlag). <ref name="Horsley" /> [1]<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A shekara ta 1956, Kaléko ya koma Berlin a karon farko. Shekaru uku bayan haka ya kamata ta karbi kyautar Fontane, wanda ta ƙi tun lokacin da tsohon Nazi kuma memba na Waffen-SS, Hans Egon Holthusen, ya kasance memba na juri.<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A shekara ta 1959, Kaléko ta koma Yammacin Urushalima, Isra'ila, tunda mijinta, wanda ke gudanar da bincike kan waƙoƙin Hassidic, yana da yanayin aiki mafi kyau a can. Ba ta da ilimin Ibrananci kuma saboda haka an ware ta.<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /><ref name="Horsley" /> Kaléko ta mutu a watan Janairun 1975 a Zürich, inda ta yi rashin lafiya a kan hanyar komawa Urushalima daga ziyarar karshe a Berlin. An binne ta a ''Isralitischer Friedhof Oberer Friesenberg'' . <ref name="judaica-obererfriesenberg">{{Cite web |title=Zürich: Jüdischer Friedhof – Oberer Friesenberg |url=http://www.alemannia-judaica.de/zuerich_friedhof_obfries.htm |access-date=18 December 2015 |publisher=alemannia-judaica.de |language=German}}</ref> == Kyauta == Wasu daga cikin waƙoƙin Kaléko an buga su bayan mutuwarsa, gami da "Sozusagen grundlos vergnügt", a cikin 1977 a cikin tarin In meinen Träumen läutet es Sturm (A cikin mafarkai, guguwa tana sha). <ref name="Isenmann">{{Cite web |last=Isenmann |first=Ingrid |title='Mascha Kaléko: Das lyrische Stenogrammheft' |url=http://www.literaturundkunst.net/mascha-kaleko-das-lyrische-stenogrammheft/ |access-date=28 October 2018 |website=literaturundkunst.net |language=German}}</ref> [[:de:Gisela Zoch-Westphal|daga]]&#x5D;<nowiki>-linkid="123" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"ill","href":"./Template:Ill"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Gisela Zoch-Westphal"},"2":{"wt":"de"}},"i":0}}]}' data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Gisela Zoch-Westphal"]}}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" href="./Gisela_Zoch-Westphal?action=edit&redlink=1" id="mwjg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Gisela Zoch-Westphal" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:LocalizedAttrs">Gisela Zoch-Westphal [de] ce ta shirya shi, wanda Kaléko ta danƙa masa rubuce-rubucen da ba a buga ba.</nowiki><ref name="Hoenig">{{Cite web |last=Hoenig |first=Verena |date=18 July 2007 |title=Mascha Kaléko – Sozusagen grundlos vergnügt |url=https://www.boersenverein.de/148561/ |access-date=28 October 2018 |website=Börsenverein des Deutschen Buchhandels |language=German}}</ref> An yi ƙoƙari daban-daban don fassara waƙoƙi zuwa Turanci. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2010, a karo na farko, wakilan waƙoƙin Kaléko sun bayyana a cikin fassarar Turanci a cikin littafin 'Babu inda na yi tafiya, na zo Nowhereland': Waƙoƙin Mascha Kaléko (Jami'ar Vermont, 2010, shafuka 112). Marubucin, Andreas Nolte, ya zaɓi waƙoƙi daga kowane bangare na rayuwar mawaki. Fassararsa suna bin asalin matani na Jamusanci yadda ya kamata don kula da abubuwan Kalékoesque, diction, rhythm, da rhyme. Takaitaccen gabatarwa yana ba da ƙarin bayani game da tarihin Kaléko mai ban mamaki. A Berlin, an sanya titin da wurin shakatawa bayan ta, kuma an sanya takardar tunawa a tsohon gidanta. A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2020, [[Google]] ta yi bikin ta da Google Doodle . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2020 |title=Celebrating Mascha Kaléko |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/celebrating-mascha-kaleko/ |website=Google}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1975]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1907]] sfrbmbqxtgw7l1324db83c8rosrmucy 905666 905613 2026-08-21T15:25:36Z Baffa ali 47435 905666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mascha Kaléko''' ({{IPA|de|ˌmaʃa kaˈleːko|-|De-Mascha Kaléko.ogg}}{{IPA|de|ˌmaʃa kaˈleːko|-|De-Mascha Kaléko.ogg}}Magana ta Jamusanci: [ˌmaʃa kaˈleːko] i; an haife shi '''Golda Malka Aufen'''; 7 Ga watan Yuni a shekara ta 1907 zuwa 21 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta 1975) mawaki ne na Jamusanci.{{IPA|de|ˌmaʃa kaˈleːko|-|De-Mascha Kaléko.ogg}} == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Kaléko Golda Malka Aufen a Chrzanów, Galicia (yanzu [[Poland]]).<ref name="Frauen Kultur">{{Cite web |title=Mascha Kaléko |url=http://www.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/frauenarchiv/exil/kaleko/index.htm |access-date=16 September 2020 |website=[[University of Düsseldorf]] |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Horsley">{{Cite web |last=Horsley |first=Joey |title=Mascha Kaléko |url=http://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/biographie/mascha-kaleko/ |access-date=16 September 2020 |website=fembio.org |language=de}}</ref> Ita 'yar Fischel Engel ce, ɗan kasuwa, da Rozalia Chaja Reisel Aufen, duka biyu na zuriyar [[Yahudawa]].<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> Tare da farawar [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]], mahaifiyarta ta ƙaura tare da ita da 'yar'uwarta Lea zuwa Jamus; da farko zuwa [[Frankfurt]], sannan zuwa Marburg, kuma a shekarar 1918 zuwa Berlin inda iyayenta suka yi aure a shekarar 1922. <ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A shekara ta 1928, ta auri malamin Ibrananci Saul Aaron Kaléko . <ref name="Horsley" /> Daga 1929 zuwa gaba, ta wallafa waka da ke gabatar da rayuwar yau da kullun na talakawa a cikin jaridu kamar Vossische Zeitung da ''Berliner Tageblatt'' . <ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A cikin shekara ta waƙarta, Kaléko ta kama yanayin Berlin a cikin shekarun 1930. Ta sami shahara kuma ta saba zuwa wurare kamar "Romanisches Café", inda duniyar adabi ta hadu, daga cikinsu Erich Kästner da Kurt Tucholsky.<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A watan Janairun a shekara ta 1933, Rowohlt ta buga littafinta na farko tare da shayari ''Lyrisches Stenogrammheft'', wanda ba da daɗewa ba aka sanya shi a ƙarƙashin tantancewar Nazi, kuma shekaru biyu bayan haka littafinta na biyu ''Das kleine Lesebuch für Große'' ya bayyana, kuma tare da mai bugawa Rowohlt . <ref name="Horsley" /> A cikin shekara ta 1938, Kaléko ta yi hijira zuwa Amurka tare da mijinta na biyu, mawaƙi [[:de:Chemjo Vinaver|daga]]&#x5D;<nowiki>-linkid="98" -mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"ill","href":"./Template:Ill"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Chemjo Vinaver"},"2":{"wt":"de"}},"i":0}}]}' data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Chemjo Vinaver"]}}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" href="./Chemjo_Vinaver?action=edit&redlink=1" id="mwRg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Chemjo Vinaver" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:LocalizedAttrs">Chemjo Vinaver [de], da ɗansu mai shekara guda </nowiki>{{Interlanguage link|Steven Vinaver|de}}[de], <ref name="Horsley" /> wanda ya zama marubuci da kuma wasan kwaikwayo a rayuwar manya. Steven ya yi rashin lafiya tare da pancreatitis yayin da yake jagorantar wasan kwaikwayo a Massachusetts, kuma ya mutu a 1968 yana da shekaru 31.<ref name="Horsley" /> Yayinda yake a Amurka, Kaléko ya zauna a wurare da yawa (Birnin New York da 'yan watanni a California) har sai ya zauna a titin Minetta a ƙauyen Greenwich na Birnin New York a 1942. Gidan da take da shi a bene na biyar Minetta Street ya kasance mafaka mai aminci da take tunawa da shi da farin ciki. Kaléko ya zama mai ba da abinci ga iyalin tare da ayyuka marasa kyau, gami da wasu kwafin rubutu don tallace-tallace. <ref name="Horsley" /><ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> Fatan dangin na yiwuwar aiki ga Chemjo a masana'antar fina-finai ya rushe, kuma sun koma New York bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci a Hollywood.<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> The Schoenhof Verlag a Cambridge, Massachusetts ya buga littafin Kaléko na uku "Verse für Zeitgenossen" a shekarar 1945 (Jamusanci a shekarar 1958 ta Rowohlt Verlag). <ref name="Horsley" /> [1]<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A shekara ta 1956, Kaléko ya koma Berlin a karon farko. Shekaru uku bayan haka ya kamata ta karbi kyautar Fontane, wanda ta ƙi tun lokacin da tsohon Nazi kuma memba na Waffen-SS, Hans Egon Holthusen, ya kasance memba na juri.<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /> A shekara ta 1959, Kaléko ta koma Yammacin Urushalima, Isra'ila, tunda mijinta, wanda ke gudanar da bincike kan waƙoƙin Hassidic, yana da yanayin aiki mafi kyau a can. Ba ta da ilimin Ibrananci kuma saboda haka an ware ta.<ref name="Frauen Kultur" /><ref name="Horsley" /> Kaléko ta mutu a watan Janairun shekara ta 1975 a Zürich, inda ta yi rashin lafiya a kan hanyar komawa Urushalima daga ziyarar karshe a Berlin. An binne ta a ''Isralitischer Friedhof Oberer Friesenberg'' . <ref name="judaica-obererfriesenberg">{{Cite web |title=Zürich: Jüdischer Friedhof – Oberer Friesenberg |url=http://www.alemannia-judaica.de/zuerich_friedhof_obfries.htm |access-date=18 December 2015 |publisher=alemannia-judaica.de |language=German}}</ref> == Kyauta == Wasu daga cikin waƙoƙin Kaléko an buga su bayan mutuwarsa, gami da "Sozusagen grundlos vergnügt", a cikin 1977 a cikin tarin In meinen Träumen läutet es Sturm (A cikin mafarkai, guguwa tana sha). <ref name="Isenmann">{{Cite web |last=Isenmann |first=Ingrid |title='Mascha Kaléko: Das lyrische Stenogrammheft' |url=http://www.literaturundkunst.net/mascha-kaleko-das-lyrische-stenogrammheft/ |access-date=28 October 2018 |website=literaturundkunst.net |language=German}}</ref> [[:de:Gisela Zoch-Westphal|daga]]&#x5D;<nowiki>-linkid="123" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"ill","href":"./Template:Ill"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Gisela Zoch-Westphal"},"2":{"wt":"de"}},"i":0}}]}' data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Gisela Zoch-Westphal"]}}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" href="./Gisela_Zoch-Westphal?action=edit&redlink=1" id="mwjg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Gisela Zoch-Westphal" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:LocalizedAttrs">Gisela Zoch-Westphal [de] ce ta shirya shi, wanda Kaléko ta danƙa masa rubuce-rubucen da ba a buga ba.</nowiki><ref name="Hoenig">{{Cite web |last=Hoenig |first=Verena |date=18 July 2007 |title=Mascha Kaléko – Sozusagen grundlos vergnügt |url=https://www.boersenverein.de/148561/ |access-date=28 October 2018 |website=Börsenverein des Deutschen Buchhandels |language=German}}</ref> An yi ƙoƙari daban-daban don fassara waƙoƙi zuwa Turanci. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2010, a karo na farko, wakilan waƙoƙin Kaléko sun bayyana a cikin fassarar Turanci a cikin littafin 'Babu inda na yi tafiya, na zo Nowhereland': Waƙoƙin Mascha Kaléko (Jami'ar Vermont, 2010, shafuka 112). Marubucin, Andreas Nolte, ya zaɓi waƙoƙi daga kowane bangare na rayuwar mawaki. Fassararsa suna bin asalin matani na Jamusanci yadda ya kamata don kula da abubuwan Kalékoesque, diction, rhythm, da rhyme. Takaitaccen gabatarwa yana ba da ƙarin bayani game da tarihin Kaléko mai ban mamaki. A Berlin, an sanya titin da wurin shakatawa bayan ta, kuma an sanya takardar tunawa a tsohon gidanta. A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2020, [[Google]] ta yi bikin ta da Google Doodle . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2020 |title=Celebrating Mascha Kaléko |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/celebrating-mascha-kaleko/ |website=Google}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1975]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1907]] tkh5m172kv7jjijc67481hrhfeynxfh 0 165046 905618 2026-08-21T13:59:31Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351628724|Marie Luise Kaschnitz]]" 905618 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marie Luise Kaschnitz''' (an haife ta Marie Luise von Holzing-Berslett; 31 ga Janairun 1901 - 10 ga Oktoba 1974) marubuciya ce ta ɗan gajeren labari ta Jamus, marubuciya, marubuciya kuma mawaƙi. An dauke ta daya daga cikin manyan mawaƙan Jamus bayan yakin. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife ta ne a Karlsruhe . Ta auri masanin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi Guido Freiherr Von Kaschnitz-Weinberg (marubucin The Mediterranean Foundations of Ancient Art) a 1925, kuma ta yi tafiya tare da shi a kan tafiye-tafiye na archaeological. Ta sami yabo mai yawa saboda gajerun labaranta, da yawa daga cikinsu sun yi wahayi zuwa gare ta abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwarta, tare da abubuwan da ta tuna. An tattara waɗannan labarun a cikin littattafai kamar ''Orte'' da ''Engelsbrücke'' . Ta ji daɗin tafiya sosai kuma labarun ta suna amfani da saituna daban-daban. Suna da tunani a cikin yanayi, maimakon abubuwan da suka faru, sau da yawa suna hulɗa da wasu matakai a rayuwar mace ko dangantaka. Babban tarin ta shine ''Lange Schatten'' ("Long Shadows"). Labarin da ta fi so shi ne "Das dicke Kind" na 1961. Tarin rubutun da ta yi bayan yaƙi a cikin Menschen und Dinge 1945 ya kafa sunanta a Jamus. Waƙoƙinta sun yi magana ne game da yaƙi da farkon lokacin bayan yaƙi, sau da yawa suna nuna marmarin zaman lafiya da ya gabata, amma kuma fatan nan gaba. A cikin kundin Dein Schweigen - meine Stimme ta yi magana game da mutuwar mijinta. Bayan 1960 [[Pablo Neruda]] ya rinjayi ta. Ta koyar da waka a takaice a Jami'ar Frankfurt . Ta kasance memba na PEN. Ta lashe kyaututtuka da yawa, ciki har da Kyautar Georg Büchner a 1955 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marie Luise Kaschnitz |url=https://www.deutscheakademie.de/en/awards/georg-buechner-preis/marie-luise-kaschnitz |access-date=12 November 2023 |website=Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung |language=en}}</ref> da Kyautar Roswitha a 1973. An zabi ta ne don Kyautar Nobel a cikin wallafe-wallafen a 1965 da 1967.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forteckning over forslag till 1967 ars Nobelpris i litteratur |url=http://www.svenskaakademien.se/sites/default/files/forslagslista_1967.pdf |access-date=13 January 2018 |website=Swedish Academy (Svenska akademien)}}</ref> Ta mutu, tana da shekaru 73, a [[Rum|Roma]]. An ba da lambar yabo ta Marie Luise Kaschnitz don girmama ta. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1901]] ct7xifb9vxm8u184isgd9y169lidwnh 905619 905618 2026-08-21T13:59:49Z Usman saadu 46863 905619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marie Luise Kaschnitz''' (an haife ta Marie Luise von Holzing-Berslett; 31 ga Janairun 1901 - 10 ga Oktoba 1974) marubuciya ce ta ɗan gajeren labari ta Jamus, marubuciya, marubuciya kuma mawaƙi. An dauke ta daya daga cikin manyan mawaƙan Jamus bayan yakin. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife ta ne a Karlsruhe . Ta auri masanin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi Guido Freiherr Von Kaschnitz-Weinberg (marubucin The Mediterranean Foundations of Ancient Art) a 1925, kuma ta yi tafiya tare da shi a kan tafiye-tafiye na archaeological. Ta sami yabo mai yawa saboda gajerun labaranta, da yawa daga cikinsu sun yi wahayi zuwa gare ta abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwarta, tare da abubuwan da ta tuna. An tattara waɗannan labarun a cikin littattafai kamar ''Orte'' da ''Engelsbrücke'' . Ta ji daɗin tafiya sosai kuma labarun ta suna amfani da saituna daban-daban. Suna da tunani a cikin yanayi, maimakon abubuwan da suka faru, sau da yawa suna hulɗa da wasu matakai a rayuwar mace ko dangantaka. Babban tarin ta shine ''Lange Schatten'' ("Long Shadows"). Labarin da ta fi so shi ne "Das dicke Kind" na 1961. Tarin rubutun da ta yi bayan yaƙi a cikin Menschen und Dinge 1945 ya kafa sunanta a Jamus. Waƙoƙinta sun yi magana ne game da yaƙi da farkon lokacin bayan yaƙi, sau da yawa suna nuna marmarin zaman lafiya da ya gabata, amma kuma fatan nan gaba. A cikin kundin Dein Schweigen - meine Stimme ta yi magana game da mutuwar mijinta. Bayan 1960 [[Pablo Neruda]] ya rinjayi ta. Ta koyar da waka a takaice a Jami'ar Frankfurt . Ta kasance memba na PEN. Ta lashe kyaututtuka da yawa, ciki har da Kyautar Georg Büchner a 1955 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marie Luise Kaschnitz |url=https://www.deutscheakademie.de/en/awards/georg-buechner-preis/marie-luise-kaschnitz |access-date=12 November 2023 |website=Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung |language=en}}</ref> da Kyautar Roswitha a 1973. An zabi ta ne don Kyautar Nobel a cikin wallafe-wallafen a 1965 da 1967.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forteckning over forslag till 1967 ars Nobelpris i litteratur |url=http://www.svenskaakademien.se/sites/default/files/forslagslista_1967.pdf |access-date=13 January 2018 |website=Swedish Academy (Svenska akademien)}}</ref> Ta mutu, tana da shekaru 73, a [[Rum|Roma]]. An ba da lambar yabo ta Marie Luise Kaschnitz don girmama ta. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1901]] ihwslzfqn4yulzdxz488d12pg2nctqd 905620 905619 2026-08-21T14:00:22Z Usman saadu 46863 905620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marie Luise Kaschnitz''' (an haife ta Marie Luise von Holzing-Berslett; 31 ga watan Janairun A shekara ta 1901 - 10 ga Oktoba 1974) marubuciya ce ta ɗan gajeren labari ta Jamus, marubuciya, marubuciya kuma mawaƙi. An dauke ta daya daga cikin manyan mawaƙan Jamus bayan yakin. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife ta ne a Karlsruhe . Ta auri masanin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi Guido Freiherr Von Kaschnitz-Weinberg (marubucin The Mediterranean Foundations of Ancient Art) a 1925, kuma ta yi tafiya tare da shi a kan tafiye-tafiye na archaeological. Ta sami yabo mai yawa saboda gajerun labaranta, da yawa daga cikinsu sun yi wahayi zuwa gare ta abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwarta, tare da abubuwan da ta tuna. An tattara waɗannan labarun a cikin littattafai kamar ''Orte'' da ''Engelsbrücke'' . Ta ji daɗin tafiya sosai kuma labarun ta suna amfani da saituna daban-daban. Suna da tunani a cikin yanayi, maimakon abubuwan da suka faru, sau da yawa suna hulɗa da wasu matakai a rayuwar mace ko dangantaka. Babban tarin ta shine ''Lange Schatten'' ("Long Shadows"). Labarin da ta fi so shi ne "Das dicke Kind" na 1961. Tarin rubutun da ta yi bayan yaƙi a cikin Menschen und Dinge 1945 ya kafa sunanta a Jamus. Waƙoƙinta sun yi magana ne game da yaƙi da farkon lokacin bayan yaƙi, sau da yawa suna nuna marmarin zaman lafiya da ya gabata, amma kuma fatan nan gaba. A cikin kundin Dein Schweigen - meine Stimme ta yi magana game da mutuwar mijinta. Bayan 1960 [[Pablo Neruda]] ya rinjayi ta. Ta koyar da waka a takaice a Jami'ar Frankfurt . Ta kasance memba na PEN. Ta lashe kyaututtuka da yawa, ciki har da Kyautar Georg Büchner a 1955 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marie Luise Kaschnitz |url=https://www.deutscheakademie.de/en/awards/georg-buechner-preis/marie-luise-kaschnitz |access-date=12 November 2023 |website=Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung |language=en}}</ref> da Kyautar Roswitha a 1973. An zabi ta ne don Kyautar Nobel a cikin wallafe-wallafen a 1965 da 1967.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forteckning over forslag till 1967 ars Nobelpris i litteratur |url=http://www.svenskaakademien.se/sites/default/files/forslagslista_1967.pdf |access-date=13 January 2018 |website=Swedish Academy (Svenska akademien)}}</ref> Ta mutu, tana da shekaru 73, a [[Rum|Roma]]. An ba da lambar yabo ta Marie Luise Kaschnitz don girmama ta. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1901]] nf61xfsnold0836mxbjum8cgtw4pmg1 905675 905620 2026-08-21T15:42:08Z Baffa ali 47435 905675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marie Luise Kaschnitz''' (an haife ta Marie Luise von Holzing-Berslett; 31 ga watan Janairun A shekara ta 1901 - zuwa 10 ga watan Oktoba a shekarar 1974) marubuciya ce ta ɗan gajeren labari ta Jamus, marubuciya, marubuciya kuma mawaƙi. An dauke ta daya daga cikin manyan mawaƙan Jamus bayan yakin. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife ta ne a Karlsruhe . Ta auri masanin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi Guido Freiherr Von Kaschnitz-Weinberg (marubucin The Mediterranean Foundations of Ancient Art) a shekarar 1925, kuma ta yi tafiya tare da shi a kan tafiye-tafiye na archaeological. Ta sami yabo mai yawa saboda gajerun labaranta, da yawa daga cikinsu sun yi wahayi zuwa gare ta abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwarta, tare da abubuwan da ta tuna. An tattara waɗannan labarun a cikin littattafai kamar ''Orte'' da ''Engelsbrücke'' . Ta ji daɗin tafiya sosai kuma labarun ta suna amfani da saituna daban-daban. Suna da tunani a cikin yanayi, maimakon abubuwan da suka faru, sau da yawa suna hulɗa da wasu matakai a rayuwar mace ko dangantaka. Babban tarin ta shine ''Lange Schatten'' ("Long Shadows"). Labarin da ta fi so shi ne "Das dicke Kind" na shekarar 1961. Tarin rubutun da ta yi bayan yaƙi a cikin Menschen und Dinge 1945 ya kafa sunanta a Jamus. Waƙoƙinta sun yi magana ne game da yaƙi da farkon lokacin bayan yaƙi, sau da yawa suna nuna marmarin zaman lafiya da ya gabata, amma kuma fatan nan gaba. A cikin kundin Dein Schweigen - meine Stimme ta yi magana game da mutuwar mijinta. Bayan shekara ta 1960 [[Pablo Neruda]] ya rinjayi ta. Ta koyar da waka a takaice a Jami'ar Frankfurt . Ta kasance memba na PEN. Ta lashe kyaututtuka da yawa, ciki har da Kyautar Georg Büchner a shekarar 1955 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marie Luise Kaschnitz |url=https://www.deutscheakademie.de/en/awards/georg-buechner-preis/marie-luise-kaschnitz |access-date=12 November 2023 |website=Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung |language=en}}</ref> da Kyautar Roswitha a shekarar 1973. An zabi ta ne don Kyautar Nobel a cikin wallafe-wallafen a shekarar 5 da a shekarar 1967.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forteckning over forslag till 1967 ars Nobelpris i litteratur |url=http://www.svenskaakademien.se/sites/default/files/forslagslista_1967.pdf |access-date=13 January 2018 |website=Swedish Academy (Svenska akademien)}}</ref> Ta mutu, tana da shekaru 73, a [[Rum|Roma]]. An ba da lambar yabo ta Marie Luise Kaschnitz don girmama ta. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1901]] s83prgg5lzc0czt5jzudq1fj1sscs21 0 165047 905621 2026-08-21T14:01:20Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351628787|Maria J. Pfannholz]]" 905621 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pia Mayer-Gampe''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1955), wacce aka fi sani da sunanta na alkalami '''Maria Johanna Pfannholz''' da '''Maria J. Pfannholz''', marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus a fannin labaran laifuka da kimiyya. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Pfannholz a [[München|Munich]], 'yar marubuci kuma mai fafutukar kare muhalli Carl Amery . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Steinleitner |first=Jörg |date=2015-03-29 |title="No risk, no fun" – Interview mit Maria Pfannholz |url=https://buchszene.de/no-risk-no-fun-interview/ |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=BUCHSZENE.DE |language=de-DE}}</ref> Bayan ta yi karatun gandun daji a Munich kuma ta sami takardar shaidar kammala karatunta, ta sadaukar da kanta ga rubutu. <ref name="Maria J. Pfannholz - Autorenportrait auf BUCHSZENE.DE">{{Cite web |title=Maria J. Pfannholz |url=https://buchszene.de/autor/maria-j-pfannholz/ |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=BUCHSZENE.DE |language=de-DE}}</ref> Ta fara buga labaran da ba na almara ba, sannan ta buga labaran kimiyya. A cikin 1989, littafinta ''Den Überlebenden - Die sieben Flaschenposten des Anton Gstettner'' (Masu tsira - Saƙonnin Bottled Bakwai na Anton Gstettner) an ba shi kyautar [[Deutscher Science Fiction Preis]] . Bugu da ƙari, a shekarar 1991 an kuma ba ta lambar yabo ta ƙarfafa gwiwa daga ƙungiyar labaran kimiyya ta Turai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=1990 – 1999 – European Science Fiction Society |url=https://www.esfs.info/esfs-awards/1990-1999/ |access-date=2023-01-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Pfannholz ya zauna a Bhutan na tsawon shekaru kaɗan. Bayan ta koma Jamus, ta buga littattafan bincike. A yau tana zaune tare da iyalinta a Upper Bavaria . <ref name="Gmeiner Verlag">{{Cite web |title=Heimatkrimi |url=http://www.gmeiner-verlag.de/programm/titel/799-heimatkrimi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311192458/http://www.gmeiner-verlag.de/programm/titel/799-heimatkrimi.html |archive-date=11 March 2016 |access-date=2017-03-31 |publisher=Gmeiner Verlag}}</ref> == Salo == A cikin ayyukanta, Pfannholz ta fi magana ne game da kisan kai da kisan kai a cikin tsaunukan Spessart, da kuma makaman da aka ba da shawarar a yi amfani da su wajen yawo a cikin daji. <ref name="Maria J. Pfannholz - Autorenportrait auf BUCHSZENE.DE" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] fh4phhp2txw8ue3qh9k2425r8lyzmfq 905622 905621 2026-08-21T14:01:44Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Pia Mayer-Gampe''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1955), wacce aka fi sani da sunanta na alkalami '''Maria Johanna Pfannholz''' da '''Maria J. Pfannholz''', marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus a fannin labaran laifuka da kimiyya. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Pfannholz a [[München|Munich]], 'yar marubuci kuma mai fafutukar kare muhalli Carl Amery . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Steinleitner |first=Jörg |date=2015-03-29 |title="No risk, no fun" – Interview mit Maria Pfannholz |url=https://buchszene.de/no-risk-no-fun-interview/ |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=BUCHSZENE.DE |language=de-DE}}</ref> Bayan ta yi karatun gandun daji a Munich kuma ta sami takardar shaidar kammala karatunta, ta sadaukar da kanta ga rubutu. <ref name="Maria J. Pfannholz - Autorenportrait auf BUCHSZENE.DE">{{Cite web |title=Maria J. Pfannholz |url=https://buchszene.de/autor/maria-j-pfannholz/ |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=BUCHSZENE.DE |language=de-DE}}</ref> Ta fara buga labaran da ba na almara ba, sannan ta buga labaran kimiyya. A cikin 1989, littafinta ''Den Überlebenden - Die sieben Flaschenposten des Anton Gstettner'' (Masu tsira - Saƙonnin Bottled Bakwai na Anton Gstettner) an ba shi kyautar [[Deutscher Science Fiction Preis]] . Bugu da ƙari, a shekarar 1991 an kuma ba ta lambar yabo ta ƙarfafa gwiwa daga ƙungiyar labaran kimiyya ta Turai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=1990 – 1999 – European Science Fiction Society |url=https://www.esfs.info/esfs-awards/1990-1999/ |access-date=2023-01-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Pfannholz ya zauna a Bhutan na tsawon shekaru kaɗan. Bayan ta koma Jamus, ta buga littattafan bincike. A yau tana zaune tare da iyalinta a Upper Bavaria . <ref name="Gmeiner Verlag">{{Cite web |title=Heimatkrimi |url=http://www.gmeiner-verlag.de/programm/titel/799-heimatkrimi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311192458/http://www.gmeiner-verlag.de/programm/titel/799-heimatkrimi.html |archive-date=11 March 2016 |access-date=2017-03-31 |publisher=Gmeiner Verlag}}</ref> == Salo == A cikin ayyukanta, Pfannholz ta fi magana ne game da kisan kai da kisan kai a cikin tsaunukan Spessart, da kuma makaman da aka ba da shawarar a yi amfani da su wajen yawo a cikin daji. <ref name="Maria J. Pfannholz - Autorenportrait auf BUCHSZENE.DE" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] fnsjhw5qrvup7bmf0ks7c1ds77geokl 0 165048 905623 2026-08-21T14:03:21Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351628450|Emily Bold]]" 905623 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Emily Bold''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Maris 1980) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus wadda ke zaune a Bavaria . Tana rubuta littattafan tarihi na soyayya da labarai ga matasa, waɗanda aka fassara wasu daga cikinsu zuwa Turanci. Ta zama marubuciya mafi sayarwa a shekarar 2011 tare da ''Gefährliche Intrigen'' (Dangerous Intrigue). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emily Bold |url=http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/5782137.Emily_Bold |access-date=9 February 2015 |publisher=Goodreads |language=}}</ref> Bold tana rubuta littattafai tun daga shekarar 2008. A cikin Mayu 2011, ta buga littafinta na farko, ''Gefährliche Intrigen'', akan Kindle . Sakamakon haka, nan da nan ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwa. Sauran ayyukanta kuma suna samuwa a matsayin littattafan eBooks da kuma takardu . Lokacin da take bugawa a Kindle, tana sarrafa duk tsarin da kuma zane na murfin kanta. Tana kuma amfani da [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] da sauran shafukan [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|sada zumunta]] don tallata ayyukanta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview: Emily Bold über ihre Vermarktungs-Erfahrungen als Self-Publishing-Autorin |url=http://leanderwattig.de/2012/07/09/interview-emily-bold-uber-ihre-vermarktungs-erfahrungen-als-self-publishing-autorin/ |access-date=9 February 2015 |publisher=Leader Wattig |language=German}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] qbhpk7oj5yjaiiow4yqixl1at97xu99 905624 905623 2026-08-21T14:03:43Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Emily Bold''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Maris 1980) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus wadda ke zaune a Bavaria . Tana rubuta littattafan tarihi na soyayya da labarai ga matasa, waɗanda aka fassara wasu daga cikinsu zuwa Turanci. Ta zama marubuciya mafi sayarwa a shekarar 2011 tare da ''Gefährliche Intrigen'' (Dangerous Intrigue). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emily Bold |url=http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/5782137.Emily_Bold |access-date=9 February 2015 |publisher=Goodreads |language=}}</ref> Bold tana rubuta littattafai tun daga shekarar 2008. A cikin Mayu 2011, ta buga littafinta na farko, ''Gefährliche Intrigen'', akan Kindle . Sakamakon haka, nan da nan ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwa. Sauran ayyukanta kuma suna samuwa a matsayin littattafan eBooks da kuma takardu . Lokacin da take bugawa a Kindle, tana sarrafa duk tsarin da kuma zane na murfin kanta. Tana kuma amfani da [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] da sauran shafukan [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|sada zumunta]] don tallata ayyukanta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview: Emily Bold über ihre Vermarktungs-Erfahrungen als Self-Publishing-Autorin |url=http://leanderwattig.de/2012/07/09/interview-emily-bold-uber-ihre-vermarktungs-erfahrungen-als-self-publishing-autorin/ |access-date=9 February 2015 |publisher=Leader Wattig |language=German}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] n6awgcco2swv7bbu36unw5nd8qc2g4r 905680 905624 2026-08-21T15:42:58Z Baffa ali 47435 905680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Emily Bold''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga watan Maris a shekarar 1980) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus wadda ke zaune a Bavaria . Tana rubuta littattafan tarihi na soyayya da labarai ga matasa, waɗanda aka fassara wasu daga cikinsu zuwa Turanci. Ta zama marubuciya mafi sayarwa a shekarar 2011 tare da ''Gefährliche Intrigen'' (Dangerous Intrigue). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emily Bold |url=http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/5782137.Emily_Bold |access-date=9 February 2015 |publisher=Goodreads |language=}}</ref> Bold tana rubuta littattafai tun daga shekarar 2008. A cikin Mayu 2011, ta buga littafinta na farko, ''Gefährliche Intrigen'', akan Kindle . Sakamakon haka, nan da nan ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwa. Sauran ayyukanta kuma suna samuwa a matsayin littattafan eBooks da kuma takardu . Lokacin da take bugawa a Kindle, tana sarrafa duk tsarin da kuma zane na murfin kanta. Tana kuma amfani da [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] da sauran shafukan [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|sada zumunta]] don tallata ayyukanta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview: Emily Bold über ihre Vermarktungs-Erfahrungen als Self-Publishing-Autorin |url=http://leanderwattig.de/2012/07/09/interview-emily-bold-uber-ihre-vermarktungs-erfahrungen-als-self-publishing-autorin/ |access-date=9 February 2015 |publisher=Leader Wattig |language=German}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] c7a35ff9xxt0io43t1eoqkq6upcubw7 0 165049 905625 2026-08-21T14:05:18Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351628506|Anja Kampmann]]" 905625 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Anja_Kampmann.jpg|thumb|270x270px| Kampmann a shekarar 2025]] '''Anja Kampmann''' (an haife shi 30 Oktoba 1983) mawaƙin Jamus ne kuma marubuci. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Kampmann a shekara ta 1983 a [[Hamburg]] . <ref name="Literarischer März Darmstadt">{{Cite web |title=2015 – Anja Kampmann – Literarischer März Darmstadt |url=https://www.literarischer-maerz.de/autoren/2015-anja-kampmann/ |access-date=22 August 2021 |website=Literarischer März Darmstadt |language=de}}</ref> Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Hamburg da kuma Cibiyar Adabi ta Jamus ( {{Lang|de|Deutsches Literaturinstitut}} ) a Leipzig. <ref name="edu">{{Cite web |title=Anja Kampmann &#124; Poetry @ Tech |url=https://poetry.gatech.edu/bio/anja-kampmann |access-date=22 August 2021 |website=poetry.gatech.edu}}</ref> Ta kuma halarci shahararren Shirin Rubuce-rubuce na Duniya a Jami'ar Iowa da tallafin karatu, sannan ta fara rubuta takardar digiri kan rubutun Samuel Beckett na baya (waƙa da shiru) da kuma aikin rediyo. <ref name="LiteraturPort 2016">{{Cite web |date=22 February 2016 |title=Anja Kampmann – Autorenlexikon |url=https://www.literaturport.de/Anja.Kampmann/ |access-date=22 August 2021 |website=LiteraturPort |language=de}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2011, tana aiki a Deutschlandfunk da NZZ, da sauransu. <ref name="Literarischer März Darmstadt" /> [[Fayil:Literarischer_März_2015_Anja_Kampmann_01_(cropped).jpg|thumb|180x180px| Kampmann a shekarar 2015]] An buga wakokinta a cikin wallafe-wallafen Jamus da yawa. <ref name="Words Without Borders 2019">{{Cite web |date=21 April 2019 |title=Anja Kampmann |url=https://www.wordswithoutborders.org/contributor/anja-kampmann |access-date=22 August 2021 |website=Words Without Borders}}</ref> Tarin farko na ''Proben von Stein und Licht'' ya bayyana a cikin 2016 a cikin Edition Lyrik. Littafinta na farko mai suna ''Wie hoch die Wasser steigen'' ( ''High As The Waters Rise'', wanda [[Anne Posten]] ta fassara) ya sami yabo sosai, kuma ya lashe kyaututtuka da yawa daga cikinsu akwai {{Interlanguage link|Mara Cassens Prize|de|Mara-Cassens-Preis}} <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anja Kampmann erhält Cassens-Preis 2018 |url=https://www.derstandard.de/story/2000093120685/anja-kampmann-erhaelt-cassens-preis-2018 |access-date=22 August 2021 |website=[[Der Standard]]}}</ref> <ref name="Zeitung 2018">{{Cite web |date=4 December 2018 |title=Anja Kampmann erhält den Mara-Cassens-Preis 2018 |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/literatur-hamburg-anja-kampmann-erhaelt-den-mara-cassens-preis-2018-dpa.urn-newsml-dpa-com-20090101-181204-99-82450 |access-date=22 August 2021 |website=[[Süddeutsche.de]]}}</ref> da Karancin Kyauta (Förderpreis). <ref name="Tourismus 2019">{{Cite web |date=5 September 2019 |title=Lessing-Preisträger Marcel Beyer und Lessing-Förderpreisträgerinnen Anja Kampmann und Bettina Wilpert heute in Kamenz geehrt |url=https://www.medienservice.sachsen.de/medien/news/223035 |access-date=22 August 2021 |website=Medienservice Sachsen |language=de}}</ref> An sanya shi cikin jerin waɗanda za su fafata a gasar bayar da lambar yabo ta ƙasa don adabin da aka fassara a shekarar 2020. <ref name="DW">{{Cite web |title=German writer Anja Kampmann finalist for National Book Award &#124; DW &#124; 16.11.2020 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/german-writer-anja-kampmann-finalist-for-national-book-award/a-55612934 |access-date=22 August 2021 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2021 ta buga kundin waƙoƙinta na biyu mai suna ''Der Hund ist immer hungrig'' (karen yana jin yunwa koyaushe) wanda aka yaba masa sosai.<ref name="swr.online 2021">{{Cite web |date=2 July 2021 |title=Anja Kampmann: Der Hund ist immer hungrig |url=https://www.swr.de/swr2/literatur/bestenliste/bestenliste-2021-07-08-05-100.html |access-date=22 August 2021 |website=swr.online |language=de}}</ref> Tana zaune a [[Leipzig]].<ref name="National Book Foundation 2020">{{Cite web |date=6 October 2020 |title=Anja Kampmann |url=https://www.nationalbook.org/people/anja-kampmann/ |access-date=22 August 2021 |website=National Book Foundation}}</ref> <ref name="edu" /> <ref name="DW" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] 9jjeuz22tzdt6k3y5crpmg6ath8rw5u 905626 905625 2026-08-21T14:05:39Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Anja_Kampmann.jpg|thumb|270x270px| Kampmann a shekarar 2025]] '''Anja Kampmann''' (an haife shi 30 Oktoba 1983) mawaƙin Jamus ne kuma marubuci. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Kampmann a shekara ta 1983 a [[Hamburg]] . <ref name="Literarischer März Darmstadt">{{Cite web |title=2015 – Anja Kampmann – Literarischer März Darmstadt |url=https://www.literarischer-maerz.de/autoren/2015-anja-kampmann/ |access-date=22 August 2021 |website=Literarischer März Darmstadt |language=de}}</ref> Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Hamburg da kuma Cibiyar Adabi ta Jamus ( {{Lang|de|Deutsches Literaturinstitut}} ) a Leipzig. <ref name="edu">{{Cite web |title=Anja Kampmann &#124; Poetry @ Tech |url=https://poetry.gatech.edu/bio/anja-kampmann |access-date=22 August 2021 |website=poetry.gatech.edu}}</ref> Ta kuma halarci shahararren Shirin Rubuce-rubuce na Duniya a Jami'ar Iowa da tallafin karatu, sannan ta fara rubuta takardar digiri kan rubutun Samuel Beckett na baya (waƙa da shiru) da kuma aikin rediyo. <ref name="LiteraturPort 2016">{{Cite web |date=22 February 2016 |title=Anja Kampmann – Autorenlexikon |url=https://www.literaturport.de/Anja.Kampmann/ |access-date=22 August 2021 |website=LiteraturPort |language=de}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2011, tana aiki a Deutschlandfunk da NZZ, da sauransu. <ref name="Literarischer März Darmstadt" /> [[Fayil:Literarischer_März_2015_Anja_Kampmann_01_(cropped).jpg|thumb|180x180px| Kampmann a shekarar 2015]] An buga wakokinta a cikin wallafe-wallafen Jamus da yawa. <ref name="Words Without Borders 2019">{{Cite web |date=21 April 2019 |title=Anja Kampmann |url=https://www.wordswithoutborders.org/contributor/anja-kampmann |access-date=22 August 2021 |website=Words Without Borders}}</ref> Tarin farko na ''Proben von Stein und Licht'' ya bayyana a cikin 2016 a cikin Edition Lyrik. Littafinta na farko mai suna ''Wie hoch die Wasser steigen'' ( ''High As The Waters Rise'', wanda [[Anne Posten]] ta fassara) ya sami yabo sosai, kuma ya lashe kyaututtuka da yawa daga cikinsu akwai {{Interlanguage link|Mara Cassens Prize|de|Mara-Cassens-Preis}} <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anja Kampmann erhält Cassens-Preis 2018 |url=https://www.derstandard.de/story/2000093120685/anja-kampmann-erhaelt-cassens-preis-2018 |access-date=22 August 2021 |website=[[Der Standard]]}}</ref> <ref name="Zeitung 2018">{{Cite web |date=4 December 2018 |title=Anja Kampmann erhält den Mara-Cassens-Preis 2018 |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/literatur-hamburg-anja-kampmann-erhaelt-den-mara-cassens-preis-2018-dpa.urn-newsml-dpa-com-20090101-181204-99-82450 |access-date=22 August 2021 |website=[[Süddeutsche.de]]}}</ref> da Karancin Kyauta (Förderpreis). <ref name="Tourismus 2019">{{Cite web |date=5 September 2019 |title=Lessing-Preisträger Marcel Beyer und Lessing-Förderpreisträgerinnen Anja Kampmann und Bettina Wilpert heute in Kamenz geehrt |url=https://www.medienservice.sachsen.de/medien/news/223035 |access-date=22 August 2021 |website=Medienservice Sachsen |language=de}}</ref> An sanya shi cikin jerin waɗanda za su fafata a gasar bayar da lambar yabo ta ƙasa don adabin da aka fassara a shekarar 2020. <ref name="DW">{{Cite web |title=German writer Anja Kampmann finalist for National Book Award &#124; DW &#124; 16.11.2020 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/german-writer-anja-kampmann-finalist-for-national-book-award/a-55612934 |access-date=22 August 2021 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2021 ta buga kundin waƙoƙinta na biyu mai suna ''Der Hund ist immer hungrig'' (karen yana jin yunwa koyaushe) wanda aka yaba masa sosai.<ref name="swr.online 2021">{{Cite web |date=2 July 2021 |title=Anja Kampmann: Der Hund ist immer hungrig |url=https://www.swr.de/swr2/literatur/bestenliste/bestenliste-2021-07-08-05-100.html |access-date=22 August 2021 |website=swr.online |language=de}}</ref> Tana zaune a [[Leipzig]].<ref name="National Book Foundation 2020">{{Cite web |date=6 October 2020 |title=Anja Kampmann |url=https://www.nationalbook.org/people/anja-kampmann/ |access-date=22 August 2021 |website=National Book Foundation}}</ref> <ref name="edu" /> <ref name="DW" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] 032tzgu849fksexz0h16p9g3ifs6urd 0 165050 905627 2026-08-21T14:07:17Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370286599|Tanja Kinkel]]" 905627 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tanja Kinkel''' (an haife ta a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1969) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus wadda aka san ta da ita a matsayin marubucin littattafan tarihi da dama. Tana zaune a [[München|Munich]]. == Rayuwa da aiki == Tanja Kinkel ta girma a [[Bamberg]] kuma ta fara rubuta labarai da waƙoƙi tun tana ɗan shekara takwas. A shekarar 1978, ta lashe kyautar adabi ta matasa, kuma a shekarar 1979 ta rubuta littafinta na farko. A shekarar 1987, ta sami kyautar farko a Gasar Adabin Matasa ta Franconian don mafi kyawun rubutu na mutum ɗaya. Bayan kammala karatunta a makarantar Kaiser-Heinrich-Gymnasium da ke Bamberg, ta fara karatun Jamusanci, wasan kwaikwayo da sadarwa a LMU Munich a shekarar 1988. A shekarar 1991, Kinkel ta sami tallafin karatu a Jami'ar Talabijin da Fim Munich, wanda ta yi amfani da shi wajen nazarin rubutun allo. Bayan haka, a shekarar 1992, an ba da kyautar tallafi daga Free State of Bavaria ga matasa marubuta. A wannan shekarar ce ta kafa ƙungiyar da aka yi wa rijista mai suna "Bread and Books", wadda ke haɓaka ilimin yara a Afirka, Jamus da Indiya. A shekarar 1995, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Jamus ta dauki nauyin karatunta a " Casa Baldi " da ke Olevano Romano kusa da Rome, kuma a shekarar 1996 ta sami tallafin karatu a Villa Aurora da ke [[Los Angeles]]. A shekarar 1997, ta sami digirin digirgir tare da takardar digirin digirgir kan aikin Lion Feuchtwanger . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jutta Duhm-Heitzmann |date=1997-01-10 |title=Das Wunderkind Tanja Kinkel: Mit 19 der erste Roman und heute Millionenauflagen |url=https://www.zeit.de/1997/03/kinkel.19970110.xml |access-date=2020-03-04 |website=zeit.de}}</ref> A shekara ta 2001 ta kasance memba a cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar International Feuchtwanger Society a Los Angeles. Tun daga shekarar 2001 take cikin kwamitin ba da shawara na ƙungiyar sayar da littattafai ta Bertelsmann har zuwa lokacin da aka rusa ta a ƙarshen shekarar 2002. [[Fayil:Tanja_Kinkel_und_Yirgalem_Fisseha_Mebrahtu_01.jpg|thumb| Kinkel with Yirgalem Fisseha Mebrahtu, 2023]] Kinkel memba ne na Cibiyar PEN ta Jamus da Ƙungiyar Marubuta Matasa ta Tarayya (BVjA). Ta kasance memba na Munich Tower Writers tun daga shekarar 2004. A shekara ta 2006, Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Al'adu, Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Bavaria ta naɗa ta a kwamitin amintattu na Gidan Masu Fasaha na Duniya da ke Villa Concordia, Bamberg. A wannan shekarar, an karrama Kinkel a matsayin wanda ya yi fice a fannin kirkire-kirkire a baje kolin 100 Minds of Tomorrow. A shekarar 2007, ta zama mai kula da Ƙungiyar Kula da Yara ta Tarayya. A ƙarshen shekarar 2002, ta shiga cikin wani gagarumin biki na girmamawa ga littafin Michael Ende mai suna ''The Neverending Story'' . Sakamakon mu'amalarta da duniyar tatsuniya ta Ende shine littafin ''The King of Fools'', wanda aka buga a shekarar 2003. A shekarar 2015, tare da ''Sleep of Reason'', ta sadaukar da kanta a karon farko ga wani batu daga baya-bayan nan, wato kaka ta Jamus ta 1977. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dirk Kruse |date=2015-09-08 |title=Tanja Kinkel: Schlaf der Vernunft |url=https://www.br.de/franken/inhalt/buchtipps/schlaf-der-vernunft-tanja-kinkel100.html |access-date=2020-03-05 |website=br.de}}</ref> A shekarar 2017, Kinkel ta kasance ma'aikaciyar hasumiya a ƙaramin garin Abenberg da ke tsakiyar Franconia, mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan muƙamin. Sakamakon aikinta a can, ta buga kundin gajerun labarai ''Muryoyi daga Abenberg'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tilla Schnickmann |date=2019-08-02 |title=Tanja Kinkel: Stimmen aus Abenberg |url=https://www.br.de/radio/br-heimat/sendungen/fraenkische-gschichten/tanja-kinkel-stimmen-aus-abenberg-100.html |access-date=2020-03-05 |website=br.de}}</ref> Haka kuma a shekarar 2017, an watsa fim ɗin littafinta na uku mai suna ''The Puppeteers'' a matsayin fim ɗin talabijin a sassa biyu a ARD . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sebastian Linstädt |date=2017-12-20 |title="Die Puppenspieler": Fackeltanz in der Fugger-Zeit |url=https://www.nordbayern.de/kultur/die-puppenspieler-fackeltanz-in-der-fugger-zeit-1.7011632?searched=true |access-date=2020-03-05 |website=nordbayern.de}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, kamfanin samar da littattafan sauti na Audible ne ya buga shirinta na farko, ''The Prison Doctor'', wanda aka tsara don sauraro. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Theresa Parstorfer |date=2020-03-01 |title="Ich dachte sehr banal: Das sieht man ihm nicht an" |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/tanja-kinkel-gefaengnisaerztin-1.4820182 |access-date=2020-03-05 |website=sueddeutsche.de}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2015 ta kasance malamar baƙo a Jami'ar Zurich ; tana koyarwa a cikin sashin "Tarihi da Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai: Yadda Tarihi Yake Zuwa ga Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai". Tun daga shekarar 2018, ta zama baƙon malami a Jami'ar Talabijin da Fim ta Munich ; aikin koyarwa "Bincike". Tun daga Disamba 2019, ita ce shugabar International Feuchtwanger Society, Los Angeles. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8q8j9qtpyw0l2pzc3osxzbz0wlxl2ut 905628 905627 2026-08-21T14:09:09Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tanja Kinkel''' (an haife ta a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1969) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus wadda aka san ta da ita a matsayin marubucin littattafan tarihi da dama. Tana zaune a [[München|Munich]]. == Rayuwa da aiki == Tanja Kinkel ta girma a [[Bamberg]] kuma ta fara rubuta labarai da waƙoƙi tun tana ɗan shekara takwas. A shekarar 1978, ta lashe kyautar adabi ta matasa, kuma a shekarar 1979 ta rubuta littafinta na farko. A shekarar 1987, ta sami kyautar farko a Gasar Adabin Matasa ta Franconian don mafi kyawun rubutu na mutum ɗaya. Bayan kammala karatunta a makarantar Kaiser-Heinrich-Gymnasium da ke Bamberg, ta fara karatun Jamusanci, wasan kwaikwayo da sadarwa a LMU Munich a shekarar 1988. A shekarar 1991, Kinkel ta sami tallafin karatu a Jami'ar Talabijin da Fim Munich, wanda ta yi amfani da shi wajen nazarin rubutun allo. Bayan haka, a shekarar 1992, an ba da kyautar tallafi daga Free State of Bavaria ga matasa marubuta. A wannan shekarar ce ta kafa ƙungiyar da aka yi wa rijista mai suna "Bread and Books", wadda ke haɓaka ilimin yara a Afirka, Jamus da Indiya. A shekarar 1995, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Jamus ta dauki nauyin karatunta a " Casa Baldi " da ke Olevano Romano kusa da Rome, kuma a shekarar 1996 ta sami tallafin karatu a Villa Aurora da ke [[Los Angeles]]. A shekarar 1997, ta sami digirin digirgir tare da takardar digirin digirgir kan aikin Lion Feuchtwanger . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jutta Duhm-Heitzmann |date=1997-01-10 |title=Das Wunderkind Tanja Kinkel: Mit 19 der erste Roman und heute Millionenauflagen |url=https://www.zeit.de/1997/03/kinkel.19970110.xml |access-date=2020-03-04 |website=zeit.de}}</ref> A shekara ta 2001 ta kasance memba a cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar International Feuchtwanger Society a Los Angeles. Tun daga shekarar 2001 take cikin kwamitin ba da shawara na ƙungiyar sayar da littattafai ta Bertelsmann har zuwa lokacin da aka rusa ta a ƙarshen shekarar 2002. [[Fayil:Tanja_Kinkel_und_Yirgalem_Fisseha_Mebrahtu_01.jpg|thumb| Kinkel with Yirgalem Fisseha Mebrahtu, 2023]] Kinkel memba ne na Cibiyar PEN ta Jamus da Ƙungiyar Marubuta Matasa ta Tarayya (BVjA). Ta kasance memba na Munich Tower Writers tun daga shekarar 2004. A shekara ta 2006, Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Al'adu, Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Bavaria ta naɗa ta a kwamitin amintattu na Gidan Masu Fasaha na Duniya da ke Villa Concordia, Bamberg. A wannan shekarar, an karrama Kinkel a matsayin wanda ya yi fice a fannin kirkire-kirkire a baje kolin 100 Minds of Tomorrow. A shekarar 2007, ta zama mai kula da Ƙungiyar Kula da Yara ta Tarayya. A ƙarshen shekarar 2002, ta shiga cikin wani gagarumin biki na girmamawa ga littafin Michael Ende mai suna ''The Neverending Story'' . Sakamakon mu'amalarta da duniyar tatsuniya ta Ende shine littafin ''The King of Fools'', wanda aka buga a shekarar 2003. A shekarar 2015, tare da ''Sleep of Reason'', ta sadaukar da kanta a karon farko ga wani batu daga baya-bayan nan, wato kaka ta Jamus ta 1977. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dirk Kruse |date=2015-09-08 |title=Tanja Kinkel: Schlaf der Vernunft |url=https://www.br.de/franken/inhalt/buchtipps/schlaf-der-vernunft-tanja-kinkel100.html |access-date=2020-03-05 |website=br.de}}</ref> A shekarar 2017, Kinkel ta kasance ma'aikaciyar hasumiya a ƙaramin garin Abenberg da ke tsakiyar Franconia, mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan muƙamin. Sakamakon aikinta a can, ta buga kundin gajerun labarai ''Muryoyi daga Abenberg'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tilla Schnickmann |date=2019-08-02 |title=Tanja Kinkel: Stimmen aus Abenberg |url=https://www.br.de/radio/br-heimat/sendungen/fraenkische-gschichten/tanja-kinkel-stimmen-aus-abenberg-100.html |access-date=2020-03-05 |website=br.de}}</ref> Haka kuma a shekarar 2017, an watsa fim ɗin littafinta na uku mai suna ''The Puppeteers'' a matsayin fim ɗin talabijin a sassa biyu a ARD . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sebastian Linstädt |date=2017-12-20 |title="Die Puppenspieler": Fackeltanz in der Fugger-Zeit |url=https://www.nordbayern.de/kultur/die-puppenspieler-fackeltanz-in-der-fugger-zeit-1.7011632?searched=true |access-date=2020-03-05 |website=nordbayern.de}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, kamfanin samar da littattafan sauti na Audible ne ya buga shirinta na farko, ''The Prison Doctor'', wanda aka tsara don sauraro. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Theresa Parstorfer |date=2020-03-01 |title="Ich dachte sehr banal: Das sieht man ihm nicht an" |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/tanja-kinkel-gefaengnisaerztin-1.4820182 |access-date=2020-03-05 |website=sueddeutsche.de}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2015 ta kasance malamar baƙo a Jami'ar Zurich ; tana koyarwa a cikin sashin "Tarihi da Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai: Yadda Tarihi Yake Zuwa ga Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai". Tun daga shekarar 2018, ta zama baƙon malami a Jami'ar Talabijin da Fim ta Munich ; aikin koyarwa "Bincike". Tun daga Disamba 2019, ita ce shugabar International Feuchtwanger Society, Los Angeles. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i3uy6323ece8todna260uhk6cdhh7rq 905684 905628 2026-08-21T15:44:55Z Baffa ali 47435 905684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tanja Kinkel''' (an haife ta a ranar 27 ga watan Satumba, a shekarar 1969) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus wadda aka san ta da ita a matsayin marubucin littattafan tarihi da dama. Tana zaune a [[München|Munich]]. == Rayuwa da aiki == Tanja Kinkel ta girma a [[Bamberg]] kuma ta fara rubuta labarai da waƙoƙi tun tana ɗan shekara takwas. A shekarar 1978, ta lashe kyautar adabi ta matasa, kuma a shekarar 1979 ta rubuta littafinta na farko. A shekarar 1987, ta sami kyautar farko a Gasar Adabin Matasa ta Franconian don mafi kyawun rubutu na mutum ɗaya. Bayan kammala karatunta a makarantar Kaiser-Heinrich-Gymnasium da ke Bamberg, ta fara karatun Jamusanci, wasan kwaikwayo da sadarwa a LMU Munich a shekarar 1988. A shekarar 1991, Kinkel ta sami tallafin karatu a Jami'ar Talabijin da Fim Munich, wanda ta yi amfani da shi wajen nazarin rubutun allo. Bayan haka, a shekarar 1992, an ba da kyautar tallafi daga Free State of Bavaria ga matasa marubuta. A wannan shekarar ce ta kafa ƙungiyar da aka yi wa rijista mai suna "Bread and Books", wadda ke haɓaka ilimin yara a Afirka, Jamus da Indiya. A shekarar 1995, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Jamus ta dauki nauyin karatunta a " Casa Baldi " da ke Olevano Romano kusa da Rome, kuma a shekarar 1996 ta sami tallafin karatu a Villa Aurora da ke [[Los Angeles]]. A shekarar 1997, ta sami digirin digirgir tare da takardar digirin digirgir kan aikin Lion Feuchtwanger . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jutta Duhm-Heitzmann |date=1997-01-10 |title=Das Wunderkind Tanja Kinkel: Mit 19 der erste Roman und heute Millionenauflagen |url=https://www.zeit.de/1997/03/kinkel.19970110.xml |access-date=2020-03-04 |website=zeit.de}}</ref> A shekara ta 2001 ta kasance memba a cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar International Feuchtwanger Society a Los Angeles. Tun daga shekarar 2001 take cikin kwamitin ba da shawara na ƙungiyar sayar da littattafai ta Bertelsmann har zuwa lokacin da aka rusa ta a ƙarshen shekarar 2002. [[Fayil:Tanja_Kinkel_und_Yirgalem_Fisseha_Mebrahtu_01.jpg|thumb| Kinkel with Yirgalem Fisseha Mebrahtu, 2023]] Kinkel memba ne na Cibiyar PEN ta Jamus da Ƙungiyar Marubuta Matasa ta Tarayya (BVjA). Ta kasance memba na Munich Tower Writers tun daga shekarar 2004. A shekara ta 2006, Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Al'adu, Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Bavaria ta naɗa ta a kwamitin amintattu na Gidan Masu Fasaha na Duniya da ke Villa Concordia, Bamberg. A wannan shekarar, an karrama Kinkel a matsayin wanda ya yi fice a fannin kirkire-kirkire a baje kolin 100 Minds of Tomorrow. A shekarar 2007, ta zama mai kula da Ƙungiyar Kula da Yara ta Tarayya. A ƙarshen shekarar 2002, ta shiga cikin wani gagarumin biki na girmamawa ga littafin Michael Ende mai suna ''The Neverending Story'' . Sakamakon mu'amalarta da duniyar tatsuniya ta Ende shine littafin ''The King of Fools'', wanda aka buga a shekarar 2003. A shekarar 2015, tare da ''Sleep of Reason'', ta sadaukar da kanta a karon farko ga wani batu daga baya-bayan nan, wato kaka ta Jamus ta 1977. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dirk Kruse |date=2015-09-08 |title=Tanja Kinkel: Schlaf der Vernunft |url=https://www.br.de/franken/inhalt/buchtipps/schlaf-der-vernunft-tanja-kinkel100.html |access-date=2020-03-05 |website=br.de}}</ref> A shekarar 2017, Kinkel ta kasance ma'aikaciyar hasumiya a ƙaramin garin Abenberg da ke tsakiyar Franconia, mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan muƙamin. Sakamakon aikinta a can, ta buga kundin gajerun labarai ''Muryoyi daga Abenberg'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tilla Schnickmann |date=2019-08-02 |title=Tanja Kinkel: Stimmen aus Abenberg |url=https://www.br.de/radio/br-heimat/sendungen/fraenkische-gschichten/tanja-kinkel-stimmen-aus-abenberg-100.html |access-date=2020-03-05 |website=br.de}}</ref> Haka kuma a shekarar 2017, an watsa fim ɗin littafinta na uku mai suna ''The Puppeteers'' a matsayin fim ɗin talabijin a sassa biyu a ARD . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sebastian Linstädt |date=2017-12-20 |title="Die Puppenspieler": Fackeltanz in der Fugger-Zeit |url=https://www.nordbayern.de/kultur/die-puppenspieler-fackeltanz-in-der-fugger-zeit-1.7011632?searched=true |access-date=2020-03-05 |website=nordbayern.de}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, kamfanin samar da littattafan sauti na Audible ne ya buga shirinta na farko, ''The Prison Doctor'', wanda aka tsara don sauraro. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Theresa Parstorfer |date=2020-03-01 |title="Ich dachte sehr banal: Das sieht man ihm nicht an" |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/tanja-kinkel-gefaengnisaerztin-1.4820182 |access-date=2020-03-05 |website=sueddeutsche.de}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2015 ta kasance malamar baƙo a Jami'ar Zurich ; tana koyarwa a cikin sashin "Tarihi da Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai: Yadda Tarihi Yake Zuwa ga Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai". Tun daga shekarar 2018, ta zama baƙon malami a Jami'ar Talabijin da Fim ta Munich ; aikin koyarwa "Bincike". Tun daga Disamba a shekarar 2019, ita ce shugabar International Feuchtwanger Society, Los Angeles. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 53gd0zzu1jtttiamvmfu1egnfn4zru1 0 165051 905629 2026-08-21T14:10:27Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357291137|Sabine Klewe]]" 905629 wikitext text/x-wiki Sunan '''Sabine Klewe''' : Sabine Martin (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1966 a Düsseldorf) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus, wadda ta buga littattafan laifuka galibi. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Sabine Klewe a shekarar 1966 a Düsseldorf, ta yi karatun adabi a [[Düsseldorf]] da Landan. Baya ga aikinta na marubuciya, ita ma mai fassara adabi ce mai zaman kanta kuma malamar jami'a a Jami'ar Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf . A cikin Nuwamba 2006 ta sami ɗan gajeren labarinta "Marilyn" Kyautar Carinthian Thriller (wuri na 3) kuma a cikin Disamba 2006 Förderpreis für Literatur der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf a Northrhine-Westphalia Tun daga shekarar 2004, ta wallafa littattafai biyar masu ban sha'awa game da mai binciken sha'awa Katrin Sandmann. Tare da marubucin Martin Conrath ta fitar da littattafai guda huɗu na tarihi game da laifuka. A cikin watan Afrilun 2013 ya bayyana mata labari na 12 zuwa yanzu: ''Die weißen Schatten der Nacht'' shine shari'a ta biyu ga masu binciken Duosseldorf Lydia Louis da Christopher Solomon. Sabine Klewe memba ce ta Köln-Düsseldorfer Kriminalkomitee . Ita ce uwar 'ya'ya maza uku kuma tana zaune a Bilk. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] dl2dciaztt1a7dzudw3ksznz76a91t8 905630 905629 2026-08-21T14:10:48Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Sunan '''Sabine Klewe''' : Sabine Martin (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1966 a Düsseldorf) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus, wadda ta buga littattafan laifuka galibi. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Sabine Klewe a shekarar 1966 a Düsseldorf, ta yi karatun adabi a [[Düsseldorf]] da Landan. Baya ga aikinta na marubuciya, ita ma mai fassara adabi ce mai zaman kanta kuma malamar jami'a a Jami'ar Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf . A cikin Nuwamba 2006 ta sami ɗan gajeren labarinta "Marilyn" Kyautar Carinthian Thriller (wuri na 3) kuma a cikin Disamba 2006 Förderpreis für Literatur der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf a Northrhine-Westphalia Tun daga shekarar 2004, ta wallafa littattafai biyar masu ban sha'awa game da mai binciken sha'awa Katrin Sandmann. Tare da marubucin Martin Conrath ta fitar da littattafai guda huɗu na tarihi game da laifuka. A cikin watan Afrilun 2013 ya bayyana mata labari na 12 zuwa yanzu: ''Die weißen Schatten der Nacht'' shine shari'a ta biyu ga masu binciken Duosseldorf Lydia Louis da Christopher Solomon. Sabine Klewe memba ce ta Köln-Düsseldorfer Kriminalkomitee . Ita ce uwar 'ya'ya maza uku kuma tana zaune a Bilk. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] ij8mi7aitu5rkay28wjs9aoomnn76vl 905685 905630 2026-08-21T15:47:46Z Baffa ali 47435 905685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Sunan '''Sabine Klewe''' : Sabine Martin (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu, a shekarar 1966 a Düsseldorf) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus, wadda ta buga littattafan laifuka galibi. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Sabine Klewe a shekarar 1966 a Düsseldorf, ta yi karatun adabi a [[Düsseldorf]] da Landan. Baya ga aikinta na marubuciya, ita ma mai fassara adabi ce mai zaman kanta kuma malamar jami'a a Jami'ar Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf . A cikin watan Nuwamba ashekarar 2006 ta sami ɗan gajeren labarinta "Marilyn" Kyautar Carinthian Thriller (wuri na 3) kuma a cikin Disamba 2006 Förderpreis für Literatur der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf a Northrhine-Westphalia Tun daga shekarar 2004, ta wallafa littattafai biyar masu ban sha'awa game da mai binciken sha'awa Katrin Sandmann. Tare da marubucin Martin Conrath ta fitar da littattafai guda huɗu na tarihi game da laifuka. A cikin watan Afrilun a shekarar 2013 ya bayyana mata labari na 12 zuwa yanzu: ''Die weißen Schatten der Nacht'' shine shari'a ta biyu ga masu binciken Duosseldorf Lydia Louis da Christopher Solomon. Sabine Klewe memba ce ta Köln-Düsseldorfer Kriminalkomitee . Ita ce uwar 'ya'ya maza uku kuma tana zaune a Bilk. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] elsxf73u0a1g2z88blpb7a5qnqff56n 0 165052 905631 2026-08-21T14:11:41Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342993862|Marguerite Andersen]]" 905631 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marguerite Andersen''' CM (15 ga Oktoba, 1924 - 1 ga Oktoba, 2022) [[marubuci]] ce mai magana da harshen Faransanci ta Kanada, wacce ke zaune a [[Toronto]], Ontario, inda ta kasance malama a Makarantar Toronto Linden == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Andersen a [[Jamus]] kuma ya sami Staatsexamen a Jami'ar Berlin kuma ya yi karatu a Sorbonne ta [[Faransa]]. Ta zo [[Kanada]] a shekara ta 1958 bayan ta zauna a kasashe daban-daban kamar [[Ingila]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Tunisiya]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Ph.D. a cikin Nazarin Faransanci ya fito ne daga Jami'ar Montreal . Andersen ya kuma koyar a Jami'ar Concordia, Jami'ar Mount St. Vincent da Jami'ar Guelph . A shekara ta 1996, Andersen ta samar da wasan kwaikwayo a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Factory a Toronto mai suna Stations in a Painter's Life game da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Kanada mai suna Christiane Pflug, bisa ga rayuwar mai zane har zuwa lokacin da ta kashe kanta a shekara ta 1972. Daga 1998, ta kasance edita ga mujallar wallafe-wallafen Faransa ta kwata-kwata Virages .{{ISSN|1203-8792}} Andersen ta lashe lambar yabo ta Trillium ta harshen Faransanci ta 2009, rukunin "Prix de poésie Trillium" don littafinta Le figuier sur le toit da 2014 a cikin rukunin "Price du livre d'enfant Trillium " don La mauvaise mère . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersen, twice |url=http://www.omdc.on.ca/book/trillium_book_award/trillium_book_award_winners.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029005007/http://www.omdc.on.ca/Book/Trillium_Book_Award/Trillium_Book_Award_Winners.htm |archive-date=2013-10-29 |access-date=2017-11-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2014 |title=Les finalistes du Prix Trillium 2014 dévoilés |url=https://refc.ca/prix-trillium-2014/ |access-date=2022-10-08}} {{In lang|fr}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2016, an nada Andersen a matsayin memba na Order of Canada . Andersen ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2022, yana da shekaru 97. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2022 |title=Décès de l'écrivaine franco-ontarienne Marguerite Andersen |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1922744/livres-marguerite-andersen-litterature-francophonie |access-date=2022-10-08}} {{In lang|fr}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1924]] can78nrw96k2sy56wu5g3x942ahyga2 905632 905631 2026-08-21T14:11:59Z Usman saadu 46863 905632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marguerite Andersen''' CM (15 ga Oktoba, 1924 - 1 ga Oktoba, 2022) [[marubuci]] ce mai magana da harshen Faransanci ta Kanada, wacce ke zaune a [[Toronto]], Ontario, inda ta kasance malama a Makarantar Toronto Linden == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Andersen a [[Jamus]] kuma ya sami Staatsexamen a Jami'ar Berlin kuma ya yi karatu a Sorbonne ta [[Faransa]]. Ta zo [[Kanada]] a shekara ta 1958 bayan ta zauna a kasashe daban-daban kamar [[Ingila]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Tunisiya]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Ph.D. a cikin Nazarin Faransanci ya fito ne daga Jami'ar Montreal . Andersen ya kuma koyar a Jami'ar Concordia, Jami'ar Mount St. Vincent da Jami'ar Guelph . A shekara ta 1996, Andersen ta samar da wasan kwaikwayo a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Factory a Toronto mai suna Stations in a Painter's Life game da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Kanada mai suna Christiane Pflug, bisa ga rayuwar mai zane har zuwa lokacin da ta kashe kanta a shekara ta 1972. Daga 1998, ta kasance edita ga mujallar wallafe-wallafen Faransa ta kwata-kwata Virages .{{ISSN|1203-8792}} Andersen ta lashe lambar yabo ta Trillium ta harshen Faransanci ta 2009, rukunin "Prix de poésie Trillium" don littafinta Le figuier sur le toit da 2014 a cikin rukunin "Price du livre d'enfant Trillium " don La mauvaise mère . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersen, twice |url=http://www.omdc.on.ca/book/trillium_book_award/trillium_book_award_winners.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029005007/http://www.omdc.on.ca/Book/Trillium_Book_Award/Trillium_Book_Award_Winners.htm |archive-date=2013-10-29 |access-date=2017-11-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2014 |title=Les finalistes du Prix Trillium 2014 dévoilés |url=https://refc.ca/prix-trillium-2014/ |access-date=2022-10-08}} {{In lang|fr}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2016, an nada Andersen a matsayin memba na Order of Canada . Andersen ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2022, yana da shekaru 97. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2022 |title=Décès de l'écrivaine franco-ontarienne Marguerite Andersen |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1922744/livres-marguerite-andersen-litterature-francophonie |access-date=2022-10-08}} {{In lang|fr}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1924]] szbkbngje4hx5ouhh0gkvbyyw30flir 905635 905632 2026-08-21T14:12:34Z Usman saadu 46863 905635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marguerite Andersen''' CM (15 ga Watan Oktoba, a shekara ta 1924 - 1 ga Oktoba, 2022) [[marubuci]] ce mai magana da harshen Faransanci ta Kanada, wacce ke zaune a [[Toronto]], Ontario, inda ta kasance malama a Makarantar Toronto Linden == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Andersen a [[Jamus]] kuma ya sami Staatsexamen a Jami'ar Berlin kuma ya yi karatu a Sorbonne ta [[Faransa]]. Ta zo [[Kanada]] a shekara ta 1958 bayan ta zauna a kasashe daban-daban kamar [[Ingila]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Tunisiya]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Ph.D. a cikin Nazarin Faransanci ya fito ne daga Jami'ar Montreal . Andersen ya kuma koyar a Jami'ar Concordia, Jami'ar Mount St. Vincent da Jami'ar Guelph . A shekara ta 1996, Andersen ta samar da wasan kwaikwayo a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Factory a Toronto mai suna Stations in a Painter's Life game da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Kanada mai suna Christiane Pflug, bisa ga rayuwar mai zane har zuwa lokacin da ta kashe kanta a shekara ta 1972. Daga 1998, ta kasance edita ga mujallar wallafe-wallafen Faransa ta kwata-kwata Virages .{{ISSN|1203-8792}} Andersen ta lashe lambar yabo ta Trillium ta harshen Faransanci ta 2009, rukunin "Prix de poésie Trillium" don littafinta Le figuier sur le toit da 2014 a cikin rukunin "Price du livre d'enfant Trillium " don La mauvaise mère . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersen, twice |url=http://www.omdc.on.ca/book/trillium_book_award/trillium_book_award_winners.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029005007/http://www.omdc.on.ca/Book/Trillium_Book_Award/Trillium_Book_Award_Winners.htm |archive-date=2013-10-29 |access-date=2017-11-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2014 |title=Les finalistes du Prix Trillium 2014 dévoilés |url=https://refc.ca/prix-trillium-2014/ |access-date=2022-10-08}} {{In lang|fr}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2016, an nada Andersen a matsayin memba na Order of Canada . Andersen ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2022, yana da shekaru 97. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2022 |title=Décès de l'écrivaine franco-ontarienne Marguerite Andersen |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1922744/livres-marguerite-andersen-litterature-francophonie |access-date=2022-10-08}} {{In lang|fr}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1924]] enbv4usbiojqp35zdm27092bissjpm2 0 165053 905633 2026-08-21T14:12:12Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351628525|Sudabeh Mohafez]]" 905633 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Sudabeh_Mohafez.jpg|thumb| Sudabeh Mohafez]] [[Fayil:Sudabeh_Mohafez-1090714.jpg|thumb| Sudabeh Mohafez at the ''Hausacher Leselenz'' 2015"]] '''Sudabeh Mohafez''' ( Persian An haife ta a shekarar 1963 a [[Tehran]], Daular Iran marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Sudabeh Mohafez ya yi karatun [[kiɗa]], [[Nazarin Ingilishi|nazarin Turanci]] da kuma koyarwa . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Poetikdozentur: junge Autoren – Sudabeh Mohafez |url=https://www.hs-rm.de/hochschule/ueber/poetikdozentur-junge-autoren/6-sudabeh-mohafez/index.html |access-date=7 December 2015 |publisher=Hochschule RheinMain University of Applied Sciences Wiesbaden Rüsselsheim}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a ƙungiyoyi daban-daban masu zaman kansu a fannin hana tashin hankali. <ref name="auto" /> Bayan shekaru da yawa a Berlin da kuma wasu 'yan kaɗan a [[Lisbon]], yanzu tana zaune a matsayin marubuciya mai zaman kanta a Baden-Württemberg . Sudabeh Mohafez marubuciya ce ta labarai, [[Ƙagaggen Labari|littattafai]], waƙoƙi, hotuna da wasannin kwaikwayo. Ta sami guraben karatu da dama a fannin adabi da kuma kyautar Adelbert von Chamisso . Ta kasance malamar Poetic a Jami'ar Kimiyyar Aiwatarwa ta Rhein . A watan Janairun 2008, an ba ta kyautar adabinta ta yanar gizo tare da kyautar adabin Isla-Volante, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Literaturpreis &#124; Isla Volante |url=https://www.isla-volante.ch/literaturpreis/}}</ref> yayin da a watan Mayu na wannan shekarar ta lashe MDR-Literaturpreis . <ref>{{Cite web |title=MDR KULTUR – Radio & Livestream &#124; MDR.DE |url=https://www.mdr.de/kultur/radio/mdr-kultur-radio-100.html |website=www.mdr.de}}</ref> == Ayyuka == * ''Wustenhimmel Sternenland'', Erzählungen. Arche Verlag Zürich/Hamburg 2004,{{ISBN|978-3-7160-2332-7}} * ''Gespräch in Meeresnähe'', Roman. Arche Verlag, Zürich/Hamburg 2005,{{ISBN|978-3-7160-2346-4}} * ''brennt'', Roman. DuMont Verlag, Köln 2010,{{ISBN|978-3-8321-9573-1}} * ''das zehn-zeilen-buch", 52 ultra kurzgeschichten.'' [[Edition AZUR|Bugun AZUR]], Dresden 2010,{{ISBN|978-3-9812804-6-3}} * ''Vorlesungen der Wiesbadener Poetikdozentur.'' A cikin: ''nehmen sie mich beim wort im kreuzverhör.'' Fischer Verlag, 2010.{{ISBN|978-3-596-18407-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-596-18407-1|<bdi>978-3-596-18407-1</bdi>]] * ''Das Eigenartige Haus'', (Misali: Rittiner und Gomez <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Das eigenartige Haus &#124; Rittiner Gomez Kunst |url=https://www.rittiner-gomez.ch/das-eigenartige-haus/}}</ref> ). edition taberna kritika, Bern 2012,{{ISBN|978-3-905846-19-5}} * "Kitsune. Ƙananan litattafai guda uku", (Mai kwatanta: Rittiner und Gomez <ref name="auto1" /> ). bugu na AZUR, Dresden 2016,{{ISBN|978-3-942375-22-1}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] 2x898gko77b6fr0ubulxm9gbi6xzmo8 905634 905633 2026-08-21T14:12:30Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Sudabeh_Mohafez.jpg|thumb| Sudabeh Mohafez]] [[Fayil:Sudabeh_Mohafez-1090714.jpg|thumb| Sudabeh Mohafez at the ''Hausacher Leselenz'' 2015"]] '''Sudabeh Mohafez''' ( Persian An haife ta a shekarar 1963 a [[Tehran]], Daular Iran marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Sudabeh Mohafez ya yi karatun [[kiɗa]], [[Nazarin Ingilishi|nazarin Turanci]] da kuma koyarwa . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Poetikdozentur: junge Autoren – Sudabeh Mohafez |url=https://www.hs-rm.de/hochschule/ueber/poetikdozentur-junge-autoren/6-sudabeh-mohafez/index.html |access-date=7 December 2015 |publisher=Hochschule RheinMain University of Applied Sciences Wiesbaden Rüsselsheim}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a ƙungiyoyi daban-daban masu zaman kansu a fannin hana tashin hankali. <ref name="auto" /> Bayan shekaru da yawa a Berlin da kuma wasu 'yan kaɗan a [[Lisbon]], yanzu tana zaune a matsayin marubuciya mai zaman kanta a Baden-Württemberg . Sudabeh Mohafez marubuciya ce ta labarai, [[Ƙagaggen Labari|littattafai]], waƙoƙi, hotuna da wasannin kwaikwayo. Ta sami guraben karatu da dama a fannin adabi da kuma kyautar Adelbert von Chamisso . Ta kasance malamar Poetic a Jami'ar Kimiyyar Aiwatarwa ta Rhein . A watan Janairun 2008, an ba ta kyautar adabinta ta yanar gizo tare da kyautar adabin Isla-Volante, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Literaturpreis &#124; Isla Volante |url=https://www.isla-volante.ch/literaturpreis/}}</ref> yayin da a watan Mayu na wannan shekarar ta lashe MDR-Literaturpreis . <ref>{{Cite web |title=MDR KULTUR – Radio & Livestream &#124; MDR.DE |url=https://www.mdr.de/kultur/radio/mdr-kultur-radio-100.html |website=www.mdr.de}}</ref> == Ayyuka == * ''Wustenhimmel Sternenland'', Erzählungen. Arche Verlag Zürich/Hamburg 2004,{{ISBN|978-3-7160-2332-7}} * ''Gespräch in Meeresnähe'', Roman. Arche Verlag, Zürich/Hamburg 2005,{{ISBN|978-3-7160-2346-4}} * ''brennt'', Roman. DuMont Verlag, Köln 2010,{{ISBN|978-3-8321-9573-1}} * ''das zehn-zeilen-buch", 52 ultra kurzgeschichten.'' [[Edition AZUR|Bugun AZUR]], Dresden 2010,{{ISBN|978-3-9812804-6-3}} * ''Vorlesungen der Wiesbadener Poetikdozentur.'' A cikin: ''nehmen sie mich beim wort im kreuzverhör.'' Fischer Verlag, 2010.{{ISBN|978-3-596-18407-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-596-18407-1|<bdi>978-3-596-18407-1</bdi>]] * ''Das Eigenartige Haus'', (Misali: Rittiner und Gomez <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Das eigenartige Haus &#124; Rittiner Gomez Kunst |url=https://www.rittiner-gomez.ch/das-eigenartige-haus/}}</ref> ). edition taberna kritika, Bern 2012,{{ISBN|978-3-905846-19-5}} * "Kitsune. Ƙananan litattafai guda uku", (Mai kwatanta: Rittiner und Gomez <ref name="auto1" /> ). bugu na AZUR, Dresden 2016,{{ISBN|978-3-942375-22-1}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] iubny1vgs6oaasp9y1uj3umsj2e3sn5 0 165054 905636 2026-08-21T14:13:54Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351628452|Nora Bossong]]" 905636 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nora Bossong''' (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga Janairu 1982) mawaƙiya ce kuma marubuciya 'yar ƙasar Jamus. Tana zaune a [[Berlin]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Litrix.de |url=https://www.litrix.de/de/index.cfm |website=www.litrix.de}}</ref> == Sana'a == Bossong ya yi karatun adabi a Cibiyar Adabi ta Jamus, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nora Bossong – Autoren – Hanser Literaturverlage |url=https://www.hanser-literaturverlage.de/autor/nora-bossong/ |website=www.hanser-literaturverlage.de}}</ref> da kuma nazarin al'adu, falsafa da adabi na kwatantawa a Jami'ar Humboldt ta Berlin, Jami'ar Potsdam, da Jami'ar Sapienza ta Rome . Ta kasance ɗalibi a shekarar 2001 a dakin gwaje-gwajen adabi na Wolfenbüttel na farko. An buga waƙoƙin Bossong da rubutunsa a jaridu daban-daban, littattafan tarihi da kuma mujallun adabi. A shekarar 2006, ta buga littafinta na farko. A cikin 2022, ta buga wani littafin almara game da tsararrakinta, ''Die Geschmeidigen: Meine Generation und der neue Ernst des Lebens'' (The Smooth Ones: My generation and new seriousness). Bossong, mai fafutukar kare dimokuradiyya, zaman lafiya da kare hakkin dan adam, ya kuma kasance memba na shugaban PEN Centre na Jamus na tsawon shekaru biyu. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] aen8oneic7brfr6osxeyyfctz768kgn 905637 905636 2026-08-21T14:14:16Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nora Bossong''' (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga Janairu 1982) mawaƙiya ce kuma marubuciya 'yar ƙasar Jamus. Tana zaune a [[Berlin]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Litrix.de |url=https://www.litrix.de/de/index.cfm |website=www.litrix.de}}</ref> == Sana'a == Bossong ya yi karatun adabi a Cibiyar Adabi ta Jamus, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nora Bossong – Autoren – Hanser Literaturverlage |url=https://www.hanser-literaturverlage.de/autor/nora-bossong/ |website=www.hanser-literaturverlage.de}}</ref> da kuma nazarin al'adu, falsafa da adabi na kwatantawa a Jami'ar Humboldt ta Berlin, Jami'ar Potsdam, da Jami'ar Sapienza ta Rome . Ta kasance ɗalibi a shekarar 2001 a dakin gwaje-gwajen adabi na Wolfenbüttel na farko. An buga waƙoƙin Bossong da rubutunsa a jaridu daban-daban, littattafan tarihi da kuma mujallun adabi. A shekarar 2006, ta buga littafinta na farko. A cikin 2022, ta buga wani littafin almara game da tsararrakinta, ''Die Geschmeidigen: Meine Generation und der neue Ernst des Lebens'' (The Smooth Ones: My generation and new seriousness). Bossong, mai fafutukar kare dimokuradiyya, zaman lafiya da kare hakkin dan adam, ya kuma kasance memba na shugaban PEN Centre na Jamus na tsawon shekaru biyu. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] hk23gxm7grq0u75rk7j6jlmhl8m2pvv 0 165055 905638 2026-08-21T14:15:45Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351628454|Irmgard Braun]]" 905638 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Irmgard Braun''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 1952 a [[München|Munich]] ) ɗan ƙasar Jamus ne mai hawan dutse wanda ya ƙware a fannin hawan dutse da kuma hawan wasanni, kuma marubucin littattafan ban dariya masu taken hawa dutse. == Rayuwa == Braun ya girma a Baden-Württemberg kuma ya zama malamin makarantar sakandare. Ta fara hawan dutse tana da shekaru talatin, kuma a shekarun 1980 an san ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu hawan dutse a Jamus. Ta yi hawan dutse kyauta sau da yawa a cikin Upper Danube Valley (misali ''Kater Garfield'' a VIII a 1984) da kuma hanyoyin hawan dutse masu tsayi kamar North Face of Les Droites da kuma Solleder Route a Monte Civetta. Bayan raunin da ta samu a gwiwa, ta fara mai da hankali kan gajerun hanyoyi kuma ta fafata a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar masu haɓɓaka gasar Jamus a gasannin ƙasa da ƙasa. A matsayinta na memba, ta lashe matsayi na farko a gasar cin kofin Stuttgart Sport Climbing Cup a shekarar 1991. Ta daina koyarwa don komawa Munich don zama edita na Alpin-Magazin. Daga baya, ta fara aiki a matsayin edita a wallafe-wallafe daban-daban na kamfanin watsa labarai Süddeutscher Verlag . A shekarar 2014, ta buga littafinta na farko mai taken laifukan hawa dutse, " ''Never Dead Again - Murder on Lake Garda."'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Irmgard Braun: Nie wieder tot |url=https://www.alpin.de/tests-produkte/medien/1445/artikel_irmgard_braun__nie_wieder_tot.html |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=ALPIN.de |language=de}}</ref> Braun ta ci gaba da hawa sama yayin da ta girma, kuma ta zama abin koyi ga tsofaffin masu hawa sama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-18 |title=Neuner mit 66 – zum Zweiten! |url=https://climbing.plus/blog/neuner-mit-66-zum-zweiten |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=CLIMBING.PLUS |language=de-de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nestler |first=Stefan |date=2021-12-17 |title=Paraclimber Michael Füchsle: "Immer wieder aufraffen" |url=https://abenteuer-berg.de/paraclimber-michael-fuechsle-immer-wieder-aufraffen/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Abenteuer Berg |language=de-DE}}</ref> Tana da shekaru 53, ta hau matakin farko na 7c+. <ref>{{Cite web |title=72-letnia Irmgard Braun poprowadziła 7c |url=https://wspinanie.pl/2024/06/irmgard-braun-le-string-a-fredo-7c/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=wspinanie.pl |language=pl-PL}}</ref> A shekarar 2017, ta samu mummunan karyewar wuyan hannu kuma tana fargabar ba za ta iya hawa ba. Ta warke ta fara wani sabon aiki, "Project 9" lokacin da take da shekaru 66 don ƙarfafa tsofaffin masu hawa dutse su ci gaba da hawa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=AlMa |date=2021-09-20 |title=Irmgard Braun klettert "Open box" (7c+/IX+) in der Gorges du Tarn |url=https://kletterblock.de/en_GB/2021/09/irmgard-braun-klettert-open-box-7c-ix-in-der-gorges-du-tarn/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Der Kletterblock |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-14 |title=Projekt Neuner klettern mit 66 |url=https://climbing.plus/blog/projekt-neuner-klettern-mit-66 |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=CLIMBING.PLUS |language=de-de}}</ref> Tana ƙarfafa tsofaffi masu hawan dutse su ci gaba da ƙalubalantar kansu kuma tana ba da shawara ga tsofaffi masu hawan dutse don hana rauni da kuma rashin jin tsoron faɗuwa, duk da shekarunsu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-16 |title=Irmgard Braun: 6 Tipps fürs Klettern 50+ |url=https://climbing.plus/blog/irmgard-braun-6-tipps-fuers-klettern-50 |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=CLIMBING.PLUS |language=de-de}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, Braun ya shahara saboda hawa hanyar hawan dutse ''ta Open Box'' da gudu 5.12d (7c) lokacin da take da shekaru 69. <ref name=":0" /> A shekarar 2024, tana da shekaru 72, ta hau ''Le String a Fredo'' da 5.12d (7c) a Gorges du Tarn . <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2024 |title=Irmgard Braun, 72, ticks Le string à Fredo (7c) |url=https://www.8a.nu/news/irmgard-braun-72-ticks-le-string-a-fredo-7c |website=8a.nu}}</ref> Wannan bajintar ta fi shahara saboda mota ta buge ta shekara guda da ta gabata kuma ta ɗauki watanni kafin ta murmure daga tiyatar gwiwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-12 |title=Irmgard Braun Climbs 5.12+ at 72 Years Old |url=https://gripped.com/news/irmgard-braun-climbs-5-12-at-72-years-old/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Gripped Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-14 |title=Mit 72 Jahren: Irmgard Braun klettert 7c |url=https://kletterszene.com/news/mit-72-jahren-irmgard-braun-klettert-7c/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Kletterszene |language=de-DE}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] 749keq5dmretsyln252s7ic40lh3t0x 905639 905638 2026-08-21T14:16:44Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Irmgard Braun''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 1952 a [[München|Munich]] ) ɗan ƙasar Jamus ne mai hawan dutse wanda ya ƙware a fannin hawan dutse da kuma hawan wasanni, kuma marubucin littattafan ban dariya masu taken hawa dutse. == Rayuwa == Braun ya girma a Baden-Württemberg kuma ya zama malamin makarantar sakandare. Ta fara hawan dutse tana da shekaru talatin, kuma a shekarun 1980 an san ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu hawan dutse a Jamus. Ta yi hawan dutse kyauta sau da yawa a cikin Upper Danube Valley (misali ''Kater Garfield'' a VIII a 1984) da kuma hanyoyin hawan dutse masu tsayi kamar North Face of Les Droites da kuma Solleder Route a Monte Civetta. Bayan raunin da ta samu a gwiwa, ta fara mai da hankali kan gajerun hanyoyi kuma ta fafata a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar masu haɓɓaka gasar Jamus a gasannin ƙasa da ƙasa. A matsayinta na memba, ta lashe matsayi na farko a gasar cin kofin Stuttgart Sport Climbing Cup a shekarar 1991. Ta daina koyarwa don komawa Munich don zama edita na Alpin-Magazin. Daga baya, ta fara aiki a matsayin edita a wallafe-wallafe daban-daban na kamfanin watsa labarai Süddeutscher Verlag . A shekarar 2014, ta buga littafinta na farko mai taken laifukan hawa dutse, " ''Never Dead Again - Murder on Lake Garda."'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Irmgard Braun: Nie wieder tot |url=https://www.alpin.de/tests-produkte/medien/1445/artikel_irmgard_braun__nie_wieder_tot.html |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=ALPIN.de |language=de}}</ref> Braun ta ci gaba da hawa sama yayin da ta girma, kuma ta zama abin koyi ga tsofaffin masu hawa sama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-18 |title=Neuner mit 66 – zum Zweiten! |url=https://climbing.plus/blog/neuner-mit-66-zum-zweiten |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=CLIMBING.PLUS |language=de-de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nestler |first=Stefan |date=2021-12-17 |title=Paraclimber Michael Füchsle: "Immer wieder aufraffen" |url=https://abenteuer-berg.de/paraclimber-michael-fuechsle-immer-wieder-aufraffen/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Abenteuer Berg |language=de-DE}}</ref> Tana da shekaru 53, ta hau matakin farko na 7c+. <ref>{{Cite web |title=72-letnia Irmgard Braun poprowadziła 7c |url=https://wspinanie.pl/2024/06/irmgard-braun-le-string-a-fredo-7c/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=wspinanie.pl |language=pl-PL}}</ref> A shekarar 2017, ta samu mummunan karyewar wuyan hannu kuma tana fargabar ba za ta iya hawa ba. Ta warke ta fara wani sabon aiki, "Project 9" lokacin da take da shekaru 66 don ƙarfafa tsofaffin masu hawa dutse su ci gaba da hawa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=AlMa |date=2021-09-20 |title=Irmgard Braun klettert "Open box" (7c+/IX+) in der Gorges du Tarn |url=https://kletterblock.de/en_GB/2021/09/irmgard-braun-klettert-open-box-7c-ix-in-der-gorges-du-tarn/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Der Kletterblock |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-14 |title=Projekt Neuner klettern mit 66 |url=https://climbing.plus/blog/projekt-neuner-klettern-mit-66 |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=CLIMBING.PLUS |language=de-de}}</ref> Tana ƙarfafa tsofaffi masu hawan dutse su ci gaba da ƙalubalantar kansu kuma tana ba da shawara ga tsofaffi masu hawan dutse don hana rauni da kuma rashin jin tsoron faɗuwa, duk da shekarunsu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-16 |title=Irmgard Braun: 6 Tipps fürs Klettern 50+ |url=https://climbing.plus/blog/irmgard-braun-6-tipps-fuers-klettern-50 |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=CLIMBING.PLUS |language=de-de}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, Braun ya shahara saboda hawa hanyar hawan dutse ''ta Open Box'' da gudu 5.12d (7c) lokacin da take da shekaru 69. <ref name=":0" /> A shekarar 2024, tana da shekaru 72, ta hau ''Le String a Fredo'' da 5.12d (7c) a Gorges du Tarn . <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2024 |title=Irmgard Braun, 72, ticks Le string à Fredo (7c) |url=https://www.8a.nu/news/irmgard-braun-72-ticks-le-string-a-fredo-7c |website=8a.nu}}</ref> Wannan bajintar ta fi shahara saboda mota ta buge ta shekara guda da ta gabata kuma ta ɗauki watanni kafin ta murmure daga tiyatar gwiwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-12 |title=Irmgard Braun Climbs 5.12+ at 72 Years Old |url=https://gripped.com/news/irmgard-braun-climbs-5-12-at-72-years-old/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Gripped Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-14 |title=Mit 72 Jahren: Irmgard Braun klettert 7c |url=https://kletterszene.com/news/mit-72-jahren-irmgard-braun-klettert-7c/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Kletterszene |language=de-DE}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] bpks74kzno0u8c3zpbs9k8122jxt7e7 0 165056 905640 2026-08-21T14:17:58Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351628754|Margareth Obexer]]" 905640 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Maxi_Obexer_2017.jpg|right|thumb| Obexer a shekarar 2017]] '''Margareth "Maxi" Obexer''' marubuciya ce ' [[Jamusanci|yar ƙasar Jamus]] - [[Italiyanci|Italiya]], asalinta daga Kudancin Tyrol a arewacin Italiya. Marubuciya ce mai zaman kanta, tana mai da hankali kan ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo, [[Ƙagaggen Labari|littattafai]], wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo, kasidu, da sauran labaran da suka shafi rayuwa . <ref name="MOlautLC">{{Cite web |title=Margareth Obexer |url=https://www.literaturport.de/Margareth.Obexer/ |access-date=20 January 2020 |website=Vita |publisher=Literarisches Colloquium Berlin e.V., Berlin}}</ref> <ref name="MOlautSP">{{Cite web |title=Maxi Obexer |url=http://www.schaefersphilippen.de/kuenstler_in/maxi-obexer/ |access-date=20 January 2020 |website=Theater, Hörspiel, Prosa |publisher="schaefersphilippen", Köln}}</ref> <ref name="MOlautSchlSoli">{{Cite web |title=Maxi Obexer |url=http://www.akademie-solitude.de/en/fellowship/jurors/maxi-obexer~pe3498/ |access-date=20 January 2020 |publisher=[[Castle Solitude|Akademie Schloss Solitude]], [[Stuttgart]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa == An haifi Margareth Obexer a Brixen, Kudancin Tyrol . An haife ta a cikin iyali masu jin Jamusanci. Ta yi makaranta a Bolzano, wani ɗan nesa da kudancin Brixen, inda ta kuma iya harshen [[Italiyanci]] . Daga baya ta koma [[Berlin]], kuma kwanan nan ta karɓi takardar shaidar zama ɗan ƙasar Jamus. Ta shahara sosai saboda yanayin siyasa na wasanninta, wasanninta na sauti, da kuma rubuce-rubucenta. <ref name="MOlautSchlSoli" /> Ta yi karatun adabi na gabaɗaya da na kwatantawa, [[falsafa]], da kuma karatun wasan kwaikwayo a [[Vienna]] da [[Berlin]] . <ref name="MOlautSP" /> <ref name="MOlautLR">{{Cite web |date=1 December 2006 |title=Wiepersdorf-Stipendiaten stellen sich vor |url=https://www.lr-online.de/lausitz/herzberg/wiepersdorf-stipendiaten-stellen-sich-vor-34379310.html |access-date=20 January 2020 |website=Wiepersdorf. Zum Abschluss der Staffel aus Lesungen, Performances, Konzerten, Gesprächen und einer Ausstellung der artists in residence des Jahres 2006 stellt das Künstlerhaus Schloss Wiepersdorf am Sonntag, 3. Dezember, die Arbeiten von Margareth Obexer und Yitzhak Laor vor. |publisher=[[Lausitzer Rundschau]], [[Cottbus]]}}</ref> A lokacin da take ɗaliba, ayyukanta na waƙar soyayya, wasannin kwaikwayo na kan layi, da kuma wasannin kwaikwayo na rediyo sun jawo yabo. <ref name="MOlautSP" /> Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon hakan shi ne [[:de:Stipendium|kuɗin]] da aka samu daga [[:de:Literarisches Colloquium Berlin|Kwalejin Adabi]] da ke [[Berlin]] da kuma [[Kwalejin Fasaha, Berlin|Kwalejin Fasaha]] ta birnin. Daga baya, a shekarar 2004, kuma a shekarar 2007, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da tallafin kuɗi a Makarantar Sakandare ta Akademie Schloss da ke [[Stuttgart]] . <ref name="MOlautSP" /> A shekarar 1994, ta zama memba a cikin [[:de:Literarisches Colloquium Berlin|Littattafan Karatu]] . <ref name="MOlautSchlSoli" /> A shekarar 2009, ta sami matsayin baƙo na farfesa a Kwalejin Dartmouth da ke New Hampshire, daga baya ta sami irin wannan matsayi a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Berlin daga 2009 zuwa 2011. <ref name="MOlautcv">{{Cite web |title=Maxi Obexer |url=http://www.m-obexer.de/pdf/M-Obexer_CV_2017.pdf |access-date=20 January 2020 |website=Curriculum vitae}}</ref> A shekarar 2014, Obexer ya haɗu da [[Marianna Salzmann]] don kafa "Sabuwar Cibiyar Rubutu a Mataki" ( ''"Neue Institut für Dramatisches Schreiben"'' ), da nufin dawo da mahimmancin zamantakewa na fasahar wasan kwaikwayo cikin wayewar jama'a, da kuma "ƙarfafa fasahar da ke akwai, a farkon misali, don haɓaka al'adar muhawara". <ref name="NUTS">{{Cite web |date=26 March 2015 |title=Nutshell |url=http://nids.eu/?p=87 |access-date=20 January 2020}}</ref> Rediyon 2015 da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo "Illegale Helfer" ta lashe [[:de:Robert-Geisendörfer-Preis|kyaututtukan "Eurodrama" da Robert Geisendörfer]] a cikin 2016. <ref name="MOlautRDPreis">{{Cite web |title=Maxi Obexer .... Preisträger 2016 Hörfunk |url=https://www.geisendoerferpreis.de/node/90 |access-date=20 January 2020 |website=Illegale Helfer |publisher=Robert Geisendörfer Preis, Der evangelische Medienpreis, [[Frankfurt am Main]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] jd0ywmqzbpd4nrrgtjxdu964xo2zyxp 905641 905640 2026-08-21T14:18:27Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Maxi_Obexer_2017.jpg|right|thumb| Obexer a shekarar 2017]] '''Margareth "Maxi" Obexer''' marubuciya ce ' [[Jamusanci|yar ƙasar Jamus]] - [[Italiyanci|Italiya]], asalinta daga Kudancin Tyrol a arewacin Italiya. Marubuciya ce mai zaman kanta, tana mai da hankali kan ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo, [[Ƙagaggen Labari|littattafai]], wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo, kasidu, da sauran labaran da suka shafi rayuwa . <ref name="MOlautLC">{{Cite web |title=Margareth Obexer |url=https://www.literaturport.de/Margareth.Obexer/ |access-date=20 January 2020 |website=Vita |publisher=Literarisches Colloquium Berlin e.V., Berlin}}</ref> <ref name="MOlautSP">{{Cite web |title=Maxi Obexer |url=http://www.schaefersphilippen.de/kuenstler_in/maxi-obexer/ |access-date=20 January 2020 |website=Theater, Hörspiel, Prosa |publisher="schaefersphilippen", Köln}}</ref> <ref name="MOlautSchlSoli">{{Cite web |title=Maxi Obexer |url=http://www.akademie-solitude.de/en/fellowship/jurors/maxi-obexer~pe3498/ |access-date=20 January 2020 |publisher=[[Castle Solitude|Akademie Schloss Solitude]], [[Stuttgart]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa == An haifi Margareth Obexer a Brixen, Kudancin Tyrol . An haife ta a cikin iyali masu jin Jamusanci. Ta yi makaranta a Bolzano, wani ɗan nesa da kudancin Brixen, inda ta kuma iya harshen [[Italiyanci]] . Daga baya ta koma [[Berlin]], kuma kwanan nan ta karɓi takardar shaidar zama ɗan ƙasar Jamus. Ta shahara sosai saboda yanayin siyasa na wasanninta, wasanninta na sauti, da kuma rubuce-rubucenta. <ref name="MOlautSchlSoli" /> Ta yi karatun adabi na gabaɗaya da na kwatantawa, [[falsafa]], da kuma karatun wasan kwaikwayo a [[Vienna]] da [[Berlin]] . <ref name="MOlautSP" /> <ref name="MOlautLR">{{Cite web |date=1 December 2006 |title=Wiepersdorf-Stipendiaten stellen sich vor |url=https://www.lr-online.de/lausitz/herzberg/wiepersdorf-stipendiaten-stellen-sich-vor-34379310.html |access-date=20 January 2020 |website=Wiepersdorf. Zum Abschluss der Staffel aus Lesungen, Performances, Konzerten, Gesprächen und einer Ausstellung der artists in residence des Jahres 2006 stellt das Künstlerhaus Schloss Wiepersdorf am Sonntag, 3. Dezember, die Arbeiten von Margareth Obexer und Yitzhak Laor vor. |publisher=[[Lausitzer Rundschau]], [[Cottbus]]}}</ref> A lokacin da take ɗaliba, ayyukanta na waƙar soyayya, wasannin kwaikwayo na kan layi, da kuma wasannin kwaikwayo na rediyo sun jawo yabo. <ref name="MOlautSP" /> Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon hakan shi ne [[:de:Stipendium|kuɗin]] da aka samu daga [[:de:Literarisches Colloquium Berlin|Kwalejin Adabi]] da ke [[Berlin]] da kuma [[Kwalejin Fasaha, Berlin|Kwalejin Fasaha]] ta birnin. Daga baya, a shekarar 2004, kuma a shekarar 2007, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da tallafin kuɗi a Makarantar Sakandare ta Akademie Schloss da ke [[Stuttgart]] . <ref name="MOlautSP" /> A shekarar 1994, ta zama memba a cikin [[:de:Literarisches Colloquium Berlin|Littattafan Karatu]] . <ref name="MOlautSchlSoli" /> A shekarar 2009, ta sami matsayin baƙo na farfesa a Kwalejin Dartmouth da ke New Hampshire, daga baya ta sami irin wannan matsayi a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Berlin daga 2009 zuwa 2011. <ref name="MOlautcv">{{Cite web |title=Maxi Obexer |url=http://www.m-obexer.de/pdf/M-Obexer_CV_2017.pdf |access-date=20 January 2020 |website=Curriculum vitae}}</ref> A shekarar 2014, Obexer ya haɗu da [[Marianna Salzmann]] don kafa "Sabuwar Cibiyar Rubutu a Mataki" ( ''"Neue Institut für Dramatisches Schreiben"'' ), da nufin dawo da mahimmancin zamantakewa na fasahar wasan kwaikwayo cikin wayewar jama'a, da kuma "ƙarfafa fasahar da ke akwai, a farkon misali, don haɓaka al'adar muhawara". <ref name="NUTS">{{Cite web |date=26 March 2015 |title=Nutshell |url=http://nids.eu/?p=87 |access-date=20 January 2020}}</ref> Rediyon 2015 da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo "Illegale Helfer" ta lashe [[:de:Robert-Geisendörfer-Preis|kyaututtukan "Eurodrama" da Robert Geisendörfer]] a cikin 2016. <ref name="MOlautRDPreis">{{Cite web |title=Maxi Obexer .... Preisträger 2016 Hörfunk |url=https://www.geisendoerferpreis.de/node/90 |access-date=20 January 2020 |website=Illegale Helfer |publisher=Robert Geisendörfer Preis, Der evangelische Medienpreis, [[Frankfurt am Main]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] fait0t8m6t93ukm2izgo8fy6ewm0tq5 0 165057 905642 2026-08-21T14:21:11Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353524681|Luci van Org]]" 905642 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ina Lucia Hildebrand''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Satumba 1971), wacce aka fi sani da '''Luci van Org''', mawakiya ce kuma marubuciya 'yar ƙasar Jamus. An fi saninta da mawaƙin ƙungiyar Lucilectric, wacce waƙarta " Mädchen " ta shahara a Jamus a shekarar 1994. Tun daga lokacin, ta rubuta waƙa ga sauran mawaka da kuma ayyukanta na Das Haus von Luci, Üebermutter, Meystersinger da Lucina Soteira, waɗanda suka shafi nau'ikan waƙoƙi daban-daban. Ta rubuta kuma ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin kuma ita ce marubucin littattafai da dama da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su daga tatsuniyoyin Jamusawa . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Ina Lucia Korch a gundumar Tempelhof da ke Berlin a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1971. <ref name="lautuebermutter">{{Cite web |title=Üebermutter |url=https://www.laut.de/Ueebermutter |access-date=14 February 2023 |publisher=[[Laut.de]] |language=de}}</ref> Iyayenta su ne mai sassaka da zane-zane {{Interlanguage link|Claus Korch|de}} da kuma mai zane Katharina Korch. Ta girma tana sauraron waƙoƙin punk, na masana'antu da na gothic kuma ta kafa ƙungiyar mawaka ta farko tun tana da shekaru 13. <ref name="metalde">{{Cite web |last=Florian |date=8 April 2008 |title=Üebermutter: Interview mit Sängerin Luci van Org |url=https://www.metal.de/interviews/ueebermutter-interview-mit-saengerin-luci-van-org-36761/ |access-date=14 February 2023 |publisher=[[Metal.de]] |language=de}}</ref> Tana da shekaru 15 ta buga sabuwar ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta wave punk. <ref name="metalde" /> == Aikin kiɗa == Hulɗar Korch da masana'antar kiɗa ta fara ne lokacin da take da shekara 15 kuma Anke Wendland, tsohuwar mawaƙiya mai goyon baya ga Falco, ta ji ta a wani wasan kwaikwayo na mic na buɗewa kuma ta ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin mawaƙiya mai goyon baya don kundin waƙoƙin Wendland na farko. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan cikarta shekaru 16, Korch ta sanya hannu kan kwangila da Hansa Musik Produktion kuma ta fara fitar da gidan disco a ƙarƙashin sunan wasan kwaikwayo Eena. <ref name="metalde" /> <ref name="fowler" /> A ƙarƙashin wannan sunan, ta fitar da waƙoƙin "18 - to me!" da "Gates of Eden". An yi amfani da na ƙarshen a cikin fim ɗin ''Go Trabi Go'' (1991). Idan ta waiwaya baya, ta yi nadamar rashin adawa da nau'in da kamfanin ya zaɓa mata. <ref name="metalde" /> A ƙarƙashin sunan Luci van Org, wanda ta ci gaba da amfani da shi a tsawon aikinta, ta ci gaba da kafa ƙungiyar Lucilectric tare da {{Interlanguage link|Ralf Goldkind|de}}, wanda ya fito daga milieu a kusa da band Einstürzende Neubauten . <ref name="metalde" /> Lucilectric ya yi fice sosai a waƙar " Mädchen " ( lit. "Mädchen"). ), wacce aka fitar a shekarar 1993 kuma ta kai matsayi na biyu a jadawalin Jamusawa guda ɗaya a shekarar 1994. Da jigon wasansa na 'yancin kai da kuma jima'i, ya zama waƙar 'yar wasan Jamus {{Lang|de|Girlie}} motsi, wanda aka kwatanta da ' [[Yarinya mai ban sha'awa|yar yarinya]], [[Ikon yarinya|ikon 'yan mata]] da kuma ra'ayoyin ' yan tawaye na duniyar masu magana da Ingilishi. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa abin da aka fi sani da Org. <ref name="fowler" /> Wata waƙar Lucilectric, "Hey Süßer" ( lit. ' ), wanda aka yi wa rijista a shekarar 1994, kuma a wannan shekarar ne ƙungiyar ta fitar da kundin waƙoƙinta na farko ''Mädchen'' . Lucilectric ya sake fitar da ƙarin kundi guda biyu- ''Süß und Gemein'' (1996, lit. ' ) da ''Tiefer'' (1997, lit. ' )—kafin ya wargaje a shekarar 1999. Org ta ce kundin farko ya bayyana yadda membobin suka so, amma kundin da ke ƙasa sun kasance "masifa" saboda sassauci, wanda hakan ya sa ta ɗauki 'yancin fasaha a matsayin wani abu mai tsarki ga ayyukanta na gaba. <ref name="metalde" /> Org ta ci gaba da yin wakokinta, inda ta fitar da wakar "Waterfalls" mai suna "Waterfalls" a shekarar 1999, kuma ta yi wa sauran mawaka rubutu ciki har da Nena, [[Nina Hagen]], Eisblume, Terrorgruppe da {{Interlanguage link|Panda (German band)|de|Panda (deutsche Band)}} . Ƙungiyar mawaka ta gaba, Das Haus von Luci, tana da tushe a cikin waƙoƙin pop amma ta koma tsakanin nau'ikan waƙoƙi, suna kiran kanta "Latin-disco-pop-country crossover". Ya fitar da albums guda biyu, ''Der verbotene Raum'' (2003, lit. ' ) da ''Der Tod wohnt nebenan'' (2006, lit. ' ). <ref name="fowler" /> [[Fayil:Übermutter_Wave-Gotik-Treffen_2017_11.jpg|thumb| Org tare da Üebermutter a Wave-Gotik-Treffen 2017]] A cikin 2006, Org ya kafa ƙungiyar Neue Deutsche Härte Üebermutter wacce ta fito da kundi na farko ''Unheil!'' ta hanyar Roadrunner Records a shekarar 2008. <ref name="lautuebermutter" /> Ana siffanta Üebermutter da amfani da salon wasan kwaikwayo na soja da kama-karya . <ref name="metalde" /> Jaridar ''Die Tageszeitung'' ta bayyana shi a matsayin "aikin ƙarfe mai son mata" tare da "kalmomin mata masu son [[Feminism|mata]] ". A shekarar 2010, Org ta ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar electropop biyu Meystersinger tare da {{Interlanguage link|Roman Shamov|de}} . Ya fitar da kundin wakoki guda uku: ''Trost'' (2012, lit. ' ), ''Haifischweide'' (2014, lit. ' ) da ''Frieden'' (2017, lit. ' ). A shekarar 2020 ta ƙaddamar da aikin Lucina Soteira kaɗai. An nuna Org akan {{Interlanguage link|Jennifer Weist|de}} 's 2022 guda ɗaya "Mädchen, Mädchen", wanda ke nuni da "Mädchen" na Lucilectric. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2022 |title=Yaenniver: 'Mädchen, Mädchen' feat. Luci Van Org |url=https://www.laut.de/News/Yaenniver-Maedchen,-Maedchen-feat.-Luci-Van-Org-28-01-2022-18547 |access-date=14 February 2023 |publisher=[[Laut.de]] |language=de}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Org ta auri mai shirya fina-finai {{Interlanguage link|Axel Hildebrand|de}} a cikin 2001. An yi bikin auren a wani gidan rawa . Suna zaune a Berlin kuma suna da ɗa ɗaya. Sunanta na shari'a Ina Lucia Hildebrand. <ref name="rnd">{{Cite web |date=5 February 2022 |title='Weil ich ein Mädchen bin': Das macht Lucilectric-Sängerin Luci van Org heute |url=https://www.rnd.de/promis/weil-ich-ein-maedchen-bin-das-macht-lucilectric-saengerin-luci-van-org-heute-ZMA72K6LO5HIVMI3MLU7ZU2HTM.html |access-date=14 February 2023 |publisher=[[RedaktionsNetzwerk Deutschland]] |language=de}}</ref> Ta bayyana kanta a matsayin mai son maza da mata kuma tana goyon bayan wani nau'in ra'ayin mata inda ya kamata a raba dukkan ayyuka daidai gwargwado tsakanin maza da mata. <ref name="metalde" /> <ref name="bild" /> Ta zama arna a shekara ta 2006 kuma ita ce ke da alhakin ɓangaren Kudu maso Yammacin Berlin na ƙungiyar al'adun Jamusawa ta Eldaring . <ref name="bild" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Herde und Stammtische |url=https://eldaring.de/herde/ |access-date=14 February 2023 |publisher=[[Eldaring]] |language=de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] 9x12hrxhikq478mif6jmzzgr3lm5s87 905643 905642 2026-08-21T14:22:04Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ina Lucia Hildebrand''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Satumba 1971), wacce aka fi sani da '''Luci van Org''', mawakiya ce kuma marubuciya 'yar ƙasar Jamus. An fi saninta da mawaƙin ƙungiyar Lucilectric, wacce waƙarta " Mädchen " ta shahara a Jamus a shekarar 1994. Tun daga lokacin, ta rubuta waƙa ga sauran mawaka da kuma ayyukanta na Das Haus von Luci, Üebermutter, Meystersinger da Lucina Soteira, waɗanda suka shafi nau'ikan waƙoƙi daban-daban. Ta rubuta kuma ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin kuma ita ce marubucin littattafai da dama da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su daga tatsuniyoyin Jamusawa . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Ina Lucia Korch a gundumar Tempelhof da ke Berlin a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1971. <ref name="lautuebermutter">{{Cite web |title=Üebermutter |url=https://www.laut.de/Ueebermutter |access-date=14 February 2023 |publisher=[[Laut.de]] |language=de}}</ref> Iyayenta su ne mai sassaka da zane-zane {{Interlanguage link|Claus Korch|de}} da kuma mai zane Katharina Korch. Ta girma tana sauraron waƙoƙin punk, na masana'antu da na gothic kuma ta kafa ƙungiyar mawaka ta farko tun tana da shekaru 13. <ref name="metalde">{{Cite web |last=Florian |date=8 April 2008 |title=Üebermutter: Interview mit Sängerin Luci van Org |url=https://www.metal.de/interviews/ueebermutter-interview-mit-saengerin-luci-van-org-36761/ |access-date=14 February 2023 |publisher=[[Metal.de]] |language=de}}</ref> Tana da shekaru 15 ta buga sabuwar ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta wave punk. <ref name="metalde" /> == Aikin kiɗa == Hulɗar Korch da masana'antar kiɗa ta fara ne lokacin da take da shekara 15 kuma Anke Wendland, tsohuwar mawaƙiya mai goyon baya ga Falco, ta ji ta a wani wasan kwaikwayo na mic na buɗewa kuma ta ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin mawaƙiya mai goyon baya don kundin waƙoƙin Wendland na farko. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan cikarta shekaru 16, Korch ta sanya hannu kan kwangila da Hansa Musik Produktion kuma ta fara fitar da gidan disco a ƙarƙashin sunan wasan kwaikwayo Eena. <ref name="metalde" /> <ref name="fowler" /> A ƙarƙashin wannan sunan, ta fitar da waƙoƙin "18 - to me!" da "Gates of Eden". An yi amfani da na ƙarshen a cikin fim ɗin ''Go Trabi Go'' (1991). Idan ta waiwaya baya, ta yi nadamar rashin adawa da nau'in da kamfanin ya zaɓa mata. <ref name="metalde" /> A ƙarƙashin sunan Luci van Org, wanda ta ci gaba da amfani da shi a tsawon aikinta, ta ci gaba da kafa ƙungiyar Lucilectric tare da {{Interlanguage link|Ralf Goldkind|de}}, wanda ya fito daga milieu a kusa da band Einstürzende Neubauten . <ref name="metalde" /> Lucilectric ya yi fice sosai a waƙar " Mädchen " ( lit. "Mädchen"). ), wacce aka fitar a shekarar 1993 kuma ta kai matsayi na biyu a jadawalin Jamusawa guda ɗaya a shekarar 1994. Da jigon wasansa na 'yancin kai da kuma jima'i, ya zama waƙar 'yar wasan Jamus {{Lang|de|Girlie}} motsi, wanda aka kwatanta da ' [[Yarinya mai ban sha'awa|yar yarinya]], [[Ikon yarinya|ikon 'yan mata]] da kuma ra'ayoyin ' yan tawaye na duniyar masu magana da Ingilishi. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa abin da aka fi sani da Org. <ref name="fowler" /> Wata waƙar Lucilectric, "Hey Süßer" ( lit. ' ), wanda aka yi wa rijista a shekarar 1994, kuma a wannan shekarar ne ƙungiyar ta fitar da kundin waƙoƙinta na farko ''Mädchen'' . Lucilectric ya sake fitar da ƙarin kundi guda biyu- ''Süß und Gemein'' (1996, lit. ' ) da ''Tiefer'' (1997, lit. ' )—kafin ya wargaje a shekarar 1999. Org ta ce kundin farko ya bayyana yadda membobin suka so, amma kundin da ke ƙasa sun kasance "masifa" saboda sassauci, wanda hakan ya sa ta ɗauki 'yancin fasaha a matsayin wani abu mai tsarki ga ayyukanta na gaba. <ref name="metalde" /> Org ta ci gaba da yin wakokinta, inda ta fitar da wakar "Waterfalls" mai suna "Waterfalls" a shekarar 1999, kuma ta yi wa sauran mawaka rubutu ciki har da Nena, [[Nina Hagen]], Eisblume, Terrorgruppe da {{Interlanguage link|Panda (German band)|de|Panda (deutsche Band)}} . Ƙungiyar mawaka ta gaba, Das Haus von Luci, tana da tushe a cikin waƙoƙin pop amma ta koma tsakanin nau'ikan waƙoƙi, suna kiran kanta "Latin-disco-pop-country crossover". Ya fitar da albums guda biyu, ''Der verbotene Raum'' (2003, lit. ' ) da ''Der Tod wohnt nebenan'' (2006, lit. ' ). <ref name="fowler" /> [[Fayil:Übermutter_Wave-Gotik-Treffen_2017_11.jpg|thumb| Org tare da Üebermutter a Wave-Gotik-Treffen 2017]] A cikin 2006, Org ya kafa ƙungiyar Neue Deutsche Härte Üebermutter wacce ta fito da kundi na farko ''Unheil!'' ta hanyar Roadrunner Records a shekarar 2008. <ref name="lautuebermutter" /> Ana siffanta Üebermutter da amfani da salon wasan kwaikwayo na soja da kama-karya . <ref name="metalde" /> Jaridar ''Die Tageszeitung'' ta bayyana shi a matsayin "aikin ƙarfe mai son mata" tare da "kalmomin mata masu son [[Feminism|mata]] ". A shekarar 2010, Org ta ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar electropop biyu Meystersinger tare da {{Interlanguage link|Roman Shamov|de}} . Ya fitar da kundin wakoki guda uku: ''Trost'' (2012, lit. ' ), ''Haifischweide'' (2014, lit. ' ) da ''Frieden'' (2017, lit. ' ). A shekarar 2020 ta ƙaddamar da aikin Lucina Soteira kaɗai. An nuna Org akan {{Interlanguage link|Jennifer Weist|de}} 's 2022 guda ɗaya "Mädchen, Mädchen", wanda ke nuni da "Mädchen" na Lucilectric. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2022 |title=Yaenniver: 'Mädchen, Mädchen' feat. Luci Van Org |url=https://www.laut.de/News/Yaenniver-Maedchen,-Maedchen-feat.-Luci-Van-Org-28-01-2022-18547 |access-date=14 February 2023 |publisher=[[Laut.de]] |language=de}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Org ta auri mai shirya fina-finai {{Interlanguage link|Axel Hildebrand|de}} a cikin 2001. An yi bikin auren a wani gidan rawa . Suna zaune a Berlin kuma suna da ɗa ɗaya. Sunanta na shari'a Ina Lucia Hildebrand. <ref name="rnd">{{Cite web |date=5 February 2022 |title='Weil ich ein Mädchen bin': Das macht Lucilectric-Sängerin Luci van Org heute |url=https://www.rnd.de/promis/weil-ich-ein-maedchen-bin-das-macht-lucilectric-saengerin-luci-van-org-heute-ZMA72K6LO5HIVMI3MLU7ZU2HTM.html |access-date=14 February 2023 |publisher=[[RedaktionsNetzwerk Deutschland]] |language=de}}</ref> Ta bayyana kanta a matsayin mai son maza da mata kuma tana goyon bayan wani nau'in ra'ayin mata inda ya kamata a raba dukkan ayyuka daidai gwargwado tsakanin maza da mata. <ref name="metalde" /> <ref name="bild" /> Ta zama arna a shekara ta 2006 kuma ita ce ke da alhakin ɓangaren Kudu maso Yammacin Berlin na ƙungiyar al'adun Jamusawa ta Eldaring . <ref name="bild" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Herde und Stammtische |url=https://eldaring.de/herde/ |access-date=14 February 2023 |publisher=[[Eldaring]] |language=de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] qyh79jknaj0568cc7p6lsm8853z2uo2 0 165058 905644 2026-08-21T14:25:32Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355939432|Zsuzsa Bánk]]" 905644 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zsuzsa Bánk''' (an haife ta a ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 1965 a [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]] ) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zsuzsa Bánk - Kritisches Lexikon der deutschsprachigen Gegenwartsliteratur (KLG) |url=https://www.nachschlage.net/search/klg/Zsuzsa+Bank/749.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008205849/http://www.nachschlage.net/search/klg/Zsuzsa+Bank/749.html |archive-date=2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=www.nachschlage.net}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Iyayenta sun ƙaura zuwa Jamus bayan juyin juya halin Hungary na 1956 kuma ta yi karatun aikin jarida, kimiyyar siyasa da adabi a Jami'ar Johannes Gutenberg Mainz da kuma a Washington, DC. == Sana'a da kyaututtuka == Ta sami kyaututtukan adabi da dama, ciki har da Aspekte-Literaturpreis na 2002 wanda aka bai wa mafi kyawun littafin farko da aka rubuta da Jamusanci <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mund |first=Heike |date=8 October 2018 |title=Zsuzsa Bánk: 'The Swimmer' |url=https://www.dw.com/en/zsuzsa-b%C3%A1nk-the-swimmer/a-45637762 |access-date=26 August 2022 |publisher=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> da kuma kyautar Adelbert von Chamisso ta 2004. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Tana zaune a Frankfurt am Main tare da mijinta da 'ya'yanta biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=feuilletonfrankfurt.de » Blog Archive » "Sterben im Sommer" – Zsuzsa Bánks langer Abschied vom Vater |url=https://www.feuilletonfrankfurt.de/2020/11/04/sterben-im-sommer-zsuzsa-bankslanger-abschied-vom-vater/ |access-date=2024-09-29 |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] mrf9docs9xgi2uz51cd6dlz8ulg8zmg 905646 905644 2026-08-21T14:26:29Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zsuzsa Bánk''' (an haife ta a ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 1965 a [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]] ) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zsuzsa Bánk - Kritisches Lexikon der deutschsprachigen Gegenwartsliteratur (KLG) |url=https://www.nachschlage.net/search/klg/Zsuzsa+Bank/749.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008205849/http://www.nachschlage.net/search/klg/Zsuzsa+Bank/749.html |archive-date=2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=www.nachschlage.net}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Iyayenta sun ƙaura zuwa Jamus bayan juyin juya halin Hungary na 1956 kuma ta yi karatun aikin jarida, kimiyyar siyasa da adabi a Jami'ar Johannes Gutenberg Mainz da kuma a Washington, DC. == Sana'a da kyaututtuka == Ta sami kyaututtukan adabi da dama, ciki har da Aspekte-Literaturpreis na 2002 wanda aka bai wa mafi kyawun littafin farko da aka rubuta da Jamusanci <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mund |first=Heike |date=8 October 2018 |title=Zsuzsa Bánk: 'The Swimmer' |url=https://www.dw.com/en/zsuzsa-b%C3%A1nk-the-swimmer/a-45637762 |access-date=26 August 2022 |publisher=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> da kuma kyautar Adelbert von Chamisso ta 2004. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Tana zaune a Frankfurt am Main tare da mijinta da 'ya'yanta biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=feuilletonfrankfurt.de » Blog Archive » "Sterben im Sommer" – Zsuzsa Bánks langer Abschied vom Vater |url=https://www.feuilletonfrankfurt.de/2020/11/04/sterben-im-sommer-zsuzsa-bankslanger-abschied-vom-vater/ |access-date=2024-09-29 |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] pmalmk53m1wxcatl64y5y8pbqv7ymhe 0 165059 905648 2026-08-21T14:31:59Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351628447|María Cecilia Barbetta]]" 905648 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Maria_Cecilia_Barbetta.jpg|thumb| Maria Cecilia Barbetta, Buenos Aires, Nuwamba 2023]] '''María Cecilia Barbetta''' (an haife ta 8 ga Yuli 1972 a Buenos Aires) marubuciya ce ta harshen Jamus. Tun daga shekarar 2011, ta kasance memba a Cibiyar PEN ta Jamus. A 2008, ta lashe Aspekte-Literaturpreis. == Rayuwa == Barbetta ta yi karatun Jamusanci a matsayin harshen waje a ƙasarta ta Argentina. Ta zo Berlin a shekarar 1996 da tallafin karatu [[Sabis ɗin Musayar Ilimi na Jamus|na DAAD]] . <ref name="daad">{{Cite web |last=Austauschdienst |first=DAAD – Deutscher Akademischer |title=Dr. María Cecilia Barbetta – DAAD – Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst |url=http://www.alumni-portal-deutschland.net/en/alumni/gallery/portrait/dr-mara-cecilia-barbetta/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084408/https://www.daad.de/der-daad/unsere-aufgaben/alumniarbeit/alumni-galerie/portraits/en/39667-dr-mar-a-cecilia-barbetta/ |archive-date=27 March 2018 |access-date=26 March 2018 |website=www.daad.de |language=en}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatun digirin digirgir a Jami'ar Free University of Berlin a shekarar 2000, ta kasance marubuciya mai zaman kanta (tun daga shekarar 2005). A shekara ta 2007, an ba ta kyautar [[Alfred Döblin Fellowship]] ta [[Kwalejin Fasaha, Berlin|Kwalejin Fasaha ta Berlin]], , kuma ta halarci taron bita na marubucin Prosa of the Literary Colloquium a Berlin. ''Shagon Tailor na Los Milagros'' shine littafinta na farko. Ta yi shekarar 2013 a Villa Massimo da ke Rome. <ref name="daad" /> A shekarar 2014 ta sami tallafin karatu daga Majalisar Dattawan Berlin da Asusun Adabin Jamus na Darmstadt. <ref name="stadtsprachen magazin">{{Cite web |title=María Cecilia Barbetta |url=https://stadtsprachen.de/author/maria-cecilia-barbetta/ |access-date=20 November 2020 |website=stadtsprachen magazin |language=de}}</ref> Tana rubutu da Jamusanci kuma tana zaune a Berlin tun daga shekarar 1996. == Kyaututtuka == * * 2008 Aspekte-Literaturpreis <ref name="Home">{{Cite web |title=María Cecilia Barbetta – Autorenlexikon |url=https://www.literaturport.de/María-Cecilia.Barbetta/ |access-date=20 November 2020 |website=literaturport.de |language=de}}</ref> * 2009 Adelbert von Chamisso-Förderpreis <ref name="stadtsprachen magazin" /> * 2017 Alfred Döblin Prize == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]] dkvzq0lfdhha4d1dg8pvg1npmmkifbl 905649 905648 2026-08-21T14:33:37Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Maria_Cecilia_Barbetta.jpg|thumb| Maria Cecilia Barbetta, Buenos Aires, Nuwamba 2023]] '''María Cecilia Barbetta''' (an haife ta 8 ga Yuli 1972 a Buenos Aires) marubuciya ce ta harshen Jamus. Tun daga shekarar 2011, ta kasance memba a Cibiyar PEN ta Jamus. A 2008, ta lashe Aspekte-Literaturpreis. == Rayuwa == Barbetta ta yi karatun Jamusanci a matsayin harshen waje a ƙasarta ta Argentina. Ta zo Berlin a shekarar 1996 da tallafin karatu [[Sabis ɗin Musayar Ilimi na Jamus|na DAAD]] . <ref name="daad">{{Cite web |last=Austauschdienst |first=DAAD – Deutscher Akademischer |title=Dr. María Cecilia Barbetta – DAAD – Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst |url=http://www.alumni-portal-deutschland.net/en/alumni/gallery/portrait/dr-mara-cecilia-barbetta/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084408/https://www.daad.de/der-daad/unsere-aufgaben/alumniarbeit/alumni-galerie/portraits/en/39667-dr-mar-a-cecilia-barbetta/ |archive-date=27 March 2018 |access-date=26 March 2018 |website=www.daad.de |language=en}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatun digirin digirgir a Jami'ar Free University of Berlin a shekarar 2000, ta kasance marubuciya mai zaman kanta (tun daga shekarar 2005). A shekara ta 2007, an ba ta kyautar [[Alfred Döblin Fellowship]] ta [[Kwalejin Fasaha, Berlin|Kwalejin Fasaha ta Berlin]], , kuma ta halarci taron bita na marubucin Prosa of the Literary Colloquium a Berlin. ''Shagon Tailor na Los Milagros'' shine littafinta na farko. Ta yi shekarar 2013 a Villa Massimo da ke Rome. <ref name="daad" /> A shekarar 2014 ta sami tallafin karatu daga Majalisar Dattawan Berlin da Asusun Adabin Jamus na Darmstadt. <ref name="stadtsprachen magazin">{{Cite web |title=María Cecilia Barbetta |url=https://stadtsprachen.de/author/maria-cecilia-barbetta/ |access-date=20 November 2020 |website=stadtsprachen magazin |language=de}}</ref> Tana rubutu da Jamusanci kuma tana zaune a Berlin tun daga shekarar 1996. == Kyaututtuka == * * 2008 Aspekte-Literaturpreis <ref name="Home">{{Cite web |title=María Cecilia Barbetta – Autorenlexikon |url=https://www.literaturport.de/María-Cecilia.Barbetta/ |access-date=20 November 2020 |website=literaturport.de |language=de}}</ref> * 2009 Adelbert von Chamisso-Förderpreis <ref name="stadtsprachen magazin" /> * 2017 Alfred Döblin Prize == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]] nukdjojbyb6xatnan9g7ocr6dx0hai7 0 165060 905650 2026-08-21T14:36:00Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366217475|Inger-Maria Mahlke]]" 905650 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Inger-Maria Mahlke''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1977 a [[Hamburg]], [[Yammacin Jamus]] ) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. A shekarar 2018 ta sami kyautar littattafai ta Jamus . == Rayuwa == Mahlke ya girma a [[Lübeck]], Schleswig-Holstein, arewacin Jamus. Ta yi karatun Shari'a a Jami'ar Free University of Berlin, inda ta yi aiki a sashen nazarin laifuka. Tana zaune a Berlin. == Aikin rubutu == A shekarar 2009 ta lashe kyautar [[Open Mike (German-language literary award)|Open Mike]], <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Open Mike Award |url=https://www.haus-fuer-poesie.org/de/open-mike/archiv/archiv-2010-2/die-gewinner |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=}}</ref> kyautar adabi ta duniya da aka kafa a shekarar 1993 ga sabbin marubuta. Littafinta na farko shine ''Silberfischchen'' (Silverfish) wanda aka buga a shekarar 2010, wanda aka ba ta kyautar Klaus-Michael Kühne ta farko ta bikin adabi na Hamburg Harbour Front, kyautar ga marubutan farko da aka kafa a wannan shekarar. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Mahlke, news report |url=http://www.aufbau-verlag.de/index.php/profile/news/read/id/15/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=}}</ref> A shekarar 2012 aka ba ta kyautar Ernst Willner ta bikin adabin Jamusanci . Sauran kyaututtukan sun biyo baya, ciki har da jerin sunayen waɗanda za a zaɓa don Kyautar Littattafan Jamus ta 2015 don littafinta mai suna ''Wie Ihr wollt.'' <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=German Book Prize shortlist 2015 |url=https://www.boersenblatt.net/artikel-deutscher_buchpreis_2015.1027760.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=}}</ref> A shekarar 2018 aka ba ta kyautar Littafin Jamusanci saboda littafinta mai suna ''Archipel.'' <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=German Book Prize nomination 2018 |url=https://www.deutscher-buchpreis.de/nominiert/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=}}</ref> Mahlke memba ne na Cibiyar PEN ta Jamus . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=PEN Centre Germany, Website |url=https://www.pen-deutschland.de/en/pen-zentrum-deutschland/mitglieder/mahlke-inger-maria/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] mvdl34ajdaq0zayib2f8mzskv5s5wab 905651 905650 2026-08-21T14:36:47Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905651 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Inger-Maria Mahlke''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1977 a [[Hamburg]], [[Yammacin Jamus]] ) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. A shekarar 2018 ta sami kyautar littattafai ta Jamus. == Rayuwa == Mahlke ya girma a [[Lübeck]], Schleswig-Holstein, arewacin Jamus. Ta yi karatun Shari'a a Jami'ar Free University of Berlin, inda ta yi aiki a sashen nazarin laifuka. Tana zaune a Berlin. == Aikin rubutu == A shekarar 2009 ta lashe kyautar [[Open Mike (German-language literary award)|Open Mike]], <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Open Mike Award |url=https://www.haus-fuer-poesie.org/de/open-mike/archiv/archiv-2010-2/die-gewinner |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=}}</ref> kyautar adabi ta duniya da aka kafa a shekarar 1993 ga sabbin marubuta. Littafinta na farko shine ''Silberfischchen'' (Silverfish) wanda aka buga a shekarar 2010, wanda aka ba ta kyautar Klaus-Michael Kühne ta farko ta bikin adabi na Hamburg Harbour Front, kyautar ga marubutan farko da aka kafa a wannan shekarar. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Mahlke, news report |url=http://www.aufbau-verlag.de/index.php/profile/news/read/id/15/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=}}</ref> A shekarar 2012 aka ba ta kyautar Ernst Willner ta bikin adabin Jamusanci . Sauran kyaututtukan sun biyo baya, ciki har da jerin sunayen waɗanda za a zaɓa don Kyautar Littattafan Jamus ta 2015 don littafinta mai suna ''Wie Ihr wollt.'' <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=German Book Prize shortlist 2015 |url=https://www.boersenblatt.net/artikel-deutscher_buchpreis_2015.1027760.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=}}</ref> A shekarar 2018 aka ba ta kyautar Littafin Jamusanci saboda littafinta mai suna ''Archipel.'' <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=German Book Prize nomination 2018 |url=https://www.deutscher-buchpreis.de/nominiert/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=}}</ref> Mahlke memba ne na Cibiyar PEN ta Jamus . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=PEN Centre Germany, Website |url=https://www.pen-deutschland.de/en/pen-zentrum-deutschland/mitglieder/mahlke-inger-maria/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] lr9bbn4tefpn3kv1mn2swzuifu4yt46 0 165061 905653 2026-08-21T14:39:21Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351628448|Dörthe Binkert]]" 905653 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dörthe Binkert''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1949) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus kuma marubuciya mai zaman kanta. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife Binkert a [[Hagen]] da ke Westphalia, ta girma a [[Frankfurt]] inda ta yi karatun adabin Jamusanci, tarihin fasaha da siyasa a Jami'ar Frankfurt . Tsawon shekaru 30 masu zuwa ta yi aiki a matsayin edita da babban edita ga manyan mawallafan Jamus. Tun daga shekarar 1975 take zaune a Zürich inda ta kammala littafinta na tarihi na farko, ''Weit übers Meer'' (wanda aka fassara shi da ''She Wore Only White'' ), a shekarar 2008. Labarin wata matashiya ce da ke ƙoƙarin tserewa daga tarihinta ta hanyar yin tafiya zuwa Amurka ta hanyar teku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dörthe Binkert |url=http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/731632.D_rthe_Binkert |access-date=9 February 2015 |publisher=Goodreads}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dörte Binkert |url=https://www.amazon.com/D%C3%B6rthe-Binkert/e/B0045AE88G |access-date=9 February 2015 |publisher=amazon}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] 2epcabetsx0x94bipbhb2oukznd18tv 905654 905653 2026-08-21T14:41:01Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dörthe Binkert''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1949) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus kuma marubuciya mai zaman kanta. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife Binkert a [[Hagen]] da ke Westphalia, ta girma a [[Frankfurt]] inda ta yi karatun adabin Jamusanci, tarihin fasaha da siyasa a Jami'ar Frankfurt . Tsawon shekaru 30 masu zuwa ta yi aiki a matsayin edita da babban edita ga manyan mawallafan Jamus. Tun daga shekarar 1975 take zaune a Zürich inda ta kammala littafinta na tarihi na farko, ''Weit übers Meer'' (wanda aka fassara shi da ''She Wore Only White'' ), a shekarar 2008. Labarin wata matashiya ce da ke ƙoƙarin tserewa daga tarihinta ta hanyar yin tafiya zuwa Amurka ta hanyar teku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dörthe Binkert |url=http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/731632.D_rthe_Binkert |access-date=9 February 2015 |publisher=Goodreads}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dörte Binkert |url=https://www.amazon.com/D%C3%B6rthe-Binkert/e/B0045AE88G |access-date=9 February 2015 |publisher=amazon}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] 0w6sww4cpg3n0ori63pa4lobdp8ra79 0 165062 905655 2026-08-21T14:42:25Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351628511|Karin Kalisa]]" 905655 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karin Kalisa''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1965) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. Ta zauna a Japan da Austria kafin ta sauka a [[Berlin]] . Ita ƙwararriyar masaniyar harshe ce kuma mai falsafa. An fassara littafinta na farko mai suna ''The Familiar Melody of Sung's Shop'' zuwa Faransanci. Sauran ayyukan sun hada da ''Sternstunde'', ''Ayyukan Rediyo'' da ''Bergsalz'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Karin Kalisa |url=http://www.editions-heloisedormesson.com/auteur/karin-kalisa/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305201840/http://www.editions-heloisedormesson.com/auteur/karin-kalisa/ |archive-date=2021-03-05 |website=Éditions Héloïse d'Ormesson |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Karin Kalisa |url=https://www.droemer-knaur.de/autor/karin-kalisa-3002759 |website=Droemer Knaur |language=de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] 92r4am7h2t3qooe6ixpkisb3ua7gxqc 905656 905655 2026-08-21T14:42:53Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Karin Kalisa''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1965) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. Ta zauna a Japan da Austria kafin ta sauka a [[Berlin]] . Ita ƙwararriyar masaniyar harshe ce kuma mai falsafa. An fassara littafinta na farko mai suna ''The Familiar Melody of Sung's Shop'' zuwa Faransanci. Sauran ayyukan sun hada da ''Sternstunde'', ''Ayyukan Rediyo'' da ''Bergsalz'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Karin Kalisa |url=http://www.editions-heloisedormesson.com/auteur/karin-kalisa/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305201840/http://www.editions-heloisedormesson.com/auteur/karin-kalisa/ |archive-date=2021-03-05 |website=Éditions Héloïse d'Ormesson |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Karin Kalisa |url=https://www.droemer-knaur.de/autor/karin-kalisa-3002759 |website=Droemer Knaur |language=de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] pqfza9myck07l6tvd5aidbfv8vx59kd 0 165063 905657 2026-08-21T14:45:48Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351628488|Anne Birk]]" 905657 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anne Birk''' (suna na gaske: ''Rosemarie Tietz'', sunan budurwa ''Schumacher'' ) (* Agusta 20, 1942 a Trossingen, Jamus; † Yuli 29, 2009 a Esslingen, Jamus) marubuciya Bajamushe ce. [[Fayil:Anne_Birk.png|thumb| Anne Birk tana gabatar da littafinta 'Exam 68' (2008)]] == Tarihin Rayuwa == Rosemarie Schumacher 'yar wata malamar makaranta ce. Ta girma a Tuttlingen, Jamus. Daga nan ta karanci harsunan Jamusanci da Ingilishi da adabi sannan ta zama malamar makarantar nahawu a Esslingen, inda ta zauna tun daga shekarar 1969 zuwa gaba. A kusan shekarar 1980 ta fara rubutu. Anne Birk ta yi amfani da sunan mahaifiyarta na farko a matsayin sunan ta na plume. Mijinta Gerold Tietz shi ma marubuci ne. Ma'auratan ba su da ɗa. Gerold Tietz ya mutu 'yan kwanaki kafin matarsa ta mutu. == Ayyuka == Anne Birk ta rubuta trilogy akan tarihin Jamus : ''Astern im Frost'' (1999), ''Weiße Flecken an der Wand'' (2000) da ''Scherbengericht'' (2002). Ta hanyar mayar da hankali kan littattafan da suka shafi rayuwar mahaifiyarta, Anne Birk tana ɗaya daga cikin marubutan Jamus kaɗan da suka yi tsokaci game da tarihin Jamus na ƙarni na 20 daga mahangar iyali da ƙauye, ba wai kawai daga mahangar duniya baki ɗaya ba. Anne Birk kuma ta rubuta labari ''Carlos oder Vorgesehene Verheerungen a cikin unseren blühenden Provinzen'' . Ba a sake buga littafin ''Kein Wunder'' ba kafin mutuwarta. Baya ga waɗannan littattafan, Anne Birk ta rubuta wasan kwaikwayo ''na Nestbeschmutzung'', kuma ta buga ''Zumutungen - Frauen und ein Paragraph'', wani littafi kan shawarar da aka wajabta kafin zubar da ciki da dokokin Jamus suka kafa a kusan 1990 (wanda ake kira "§218"). Anne Birk ta kara rubuta ruwayoyi da dama: ''Der Ministerpräsident'', ''Bernies Bergung'', ''Das nächste Mal bringe ich Rosen oder Warum Descartes sich weigert, seine Mutter zu baden'' da kuma ''Examen 68'' . Na ƙarshen ya yi magana game da rayuwar ɗaliban a sanannen garin jami'ar Jamus mai suna Tübingen a shekarun 1960. <ref name="DNB">works of Anne Birk listed at the [https://portal.d-nb.de/opac.htm?query=Woe%3D123606845&method=simpleSearch German National Library]{{Dead link|date=October 2016|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> == Tambayoyi Masu Muhimmanci == Idan aka yi la'akari da tsararraki 10, Anne Birk 'yar uwa ce ga [[Barack Obama]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=REGION ROTTWEIL Warum halb Tuttlingen mit Barack Obama verwandt ist NRWZ.de |url=http://www.nrwz.de/inhalt/region/Warum-halb-Tuttlingen-mit-Barack-Obama-verwandt-ist--00054831.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702103253/http://www.nrwz.de/inhalt/region/Warum-halb-Tuttlingen-mit-Barack-Obama-verwandt-ist--00054831.html |archive-date=2014-07-02 |access-date=2014-06-29}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] 8x5eft2jh97vwnehp4sj0owa22wfo6m 905658 905657 2026-08-21T14:50:21Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Anne Birk''' (suna na gaske: ''Rosemarie Tietz'', sunan budurwa ''Schumacher'' ) (* Agusta 20, 1942 a Trossingen, Jamus; † Yuli 29, 2009 a Esslingen, Jamus) marubuciya Bajamushe ce. [[Fayil:Anne_Birk.png|thumb| Anne Birk tana gabatar da littafinta 'Exam 68' (2008)]] == Tarihin Rayuwa == Rosemarie Schumacher 'yar wata malamar makaranta ce. Ta girma a Tuttlingen, Jamus. Daga nan ta karanci harsunan Jamusanci da Ingilishi da adabi sannan ta zama malamar makarantar nahawu a Esslingen, inda ta zauna tun daga shekarar 1969 zuwa gaba. A kusan shekarar 1980 ta fara rubutu. Anne Birk ta yi amfani da sunan mahaifiyarta na farko a matsayin sunan ta na plume. Mijinta Gerold Tietz shi ma marubuci ne. Ma'auratan ba su da ɗa. Gerold Tietz ya mutu 'yan kwanaki kafin matarsa ta mutu. == Ayyuka == Anne Birk ta rubuta trilogy akan tarihin Jamus : ''Astern im Frost'' (1999), ''Weiße Flecken an der Wand'' (2000) da ''Scherbengericht'' (2002). Ta hanyar mayar da hankali kan littattafan da suka shafi rayuwar mahaifiyarta, Anne Birk tana ɗaya daga cikin marubutan Jamus kaɗan da suka yi tsokaci game da tarihin Jamus na ƙarni na 20 daga mahangar iyali da ƙauye, ba wai kawai daga mahangar duniya baki ɗaya ba. Anne Birk kuma ta rubuta labari ''Carlos oder Vorgesehene Verheerungen a cikin unseren blühenden Provinzen'' . Ba a sake buga littafin ''Kein Wunder'' ba kafin mutuwarta. Baya ga waɗannan littattafan, Anne Birk ta rubuta wasan kwaikwayo ''na Nestbeschmutzung'', kuma ta buga ''Zumutungen - Frauen und ein Paragraph'', wani littafi kan shawarar da aka wajabta kafin zubar da ciki da dokokin Jamus suka kafa a kusan 1990 (wanda ake kira "§218"). Anne Birk ta kara rubuta ruwayoyi da dama: ''Der Ministerpräsident'', ''Bernies Bergung'', ''Das nächste Mal bringe ich Rosen oder Warum Descartes sich weigert, seine Mutter zu baden'' da kuma ''Examen 68'' . Na ƙarshen ya yi magana game da rayuwar ɗaliban a sanannen garin jami'ar Jamus mai suna Tübingen a shekarun 1960. <ref name="DNB">works of Anne Birk listed at the [https://portal.d-nb.de/opac.htm?query=Woe%3D123606845&method=simpleSearch German National Library]{{Dead link|date=October 2016|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> == Tambayoyi Masu Muhimmanci == Idan aka yi la'akari da tsararraki 10, Anne Birk 'yar uwa ce ga [[Barack Obama]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=REGION ROTTWEIL Warum halb Tuttlingen mit Barack Obama verwandt ist NRWZ.de |url=http://www.nrwz.de/inhalt/region/Warum-halb-Tuttlingen-mit-Barack-Obama-verwandt-ist--00054831.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702103253/http://www.nrwz.de/inhalt/region/Warum-halb-Tuttlingen-mit-Barack-Obama-verwandt-ist--00054831.html |archive-date=2014-07-02 |access-date=2014-06-29}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] qp3ogt3rkkctusx6n3pj0ds1lmavic6 0 165065 905665 2026-08-21T15:25:13Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356893285|Ann Catrin Apstein-Müller]]" 905665 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ann Catrin Apstein-Müller''' (kuma '''Ann Catrin Bolton'''; an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 1973, Gräfelfing, kusa da [[München|Munich]]) mawaki ce kuma mai fassara ta Jamus. Tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Augsburg . == Rayuwa da aiki == Ann ta girma ne a wani yanki na Munich, inda ta kammala makaranta tare da Abitur a shekarar 1992. Bayan haka ta yi karatun adabin Jamusanci da adabin Amurka da dokar watsa labarai a LMU Munich kuma ta horar da ita a matsayin Mai sayar da littattafai. Bayan shekaru goma na aiki na ɗan lokaci a cikin kantin sayar da littattafai, wanda ta yi amfani da shi don gina kasuwancin ta mai zaman kanta, yanzu tana aiki a matsayin mai fassara mai zaman kanta da edita don wallafe-wallafen da kuma rubutun na musamman. Ta fara rubuta waƙoƙi lokacin da take makarantar firamare; a cikin mafi yawan waƙoƙinta tsakanin 2000 da 2013 waƙoƙin ta sun dogara ne akan rayuwarta da abubuwan lura da suka haɗu da tasirin kiɗa, fim da adabi. Tun daga shekara ta 2005, ta yi aiki galibi a matsayin mai fassara daga yaren Slovenia da Ingilishi. Ta fassara ayyuka da wasan kwaikwayo da yawa daga marubutan Slovenia zuwa Jamusanci. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, ta wallafa littafin waka na farko mai taken ''Sonnenhonig'' (Sun honey) a cikin jerin ''100 Gedichte'' (100 Poems) ta mai wallafa Martin Werhand Verlag . Littafin waka na biyu, mai taken Degravitation, an buga shi shekara guda bayan haka ta wannan mai bugawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Ann Catrin Apstein-Müller.'' In: ''Martin Werhand Verlag.'', Publikationen 2015 + 2016 |url=http://www.martinwerhandverlag.de/publikationen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513143543/http://www.martinwerhandverlag.de/publikationen/ |archive-date=May 13, 2016 |access-date=September 6, 2016}}</ref> Baya ga waƙoƙi - an buga na farko a cikin 2002 a cikin jerin tarihin ''Junge Lyrik'' (Young Poetry) na Martin Werhand Verlag - ta kuma buga gajeren rubutu, misali a cikin mujallar wallafe-wallafen Jamus ''Dichtungsring'' . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] tp50gl6cejn2xmd8ff5o6oiupbsjt5d 905667 905665 2026-08-21T15:25:39Z Usman saadu 46863 905667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ann Catrin Apstein-Müller''' (kuma '''Ann Catrin Bolton'''; an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 1973, Gräfelfing, kusa da [[München|Munich]]) mawaki ce kuma mai fassara ta Jamus. Tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Augsburg . == Rayuwa da aiki == Ann ta girma ne a wani yanki na Munich, inda ta kammala makaranta tare da Abitur a shekarar 1992. Bayan haka ta yi karatun adabin Jamusanci da adabin Amurka da dokar watsa labarai a LMU Munich kuma ta horar da ita a matsayin Mai sayar da littattafai. Bayan shekaru goma na aiki na ɗan lokaci a cikin kantin sayar da littattafai, wanda ta yi amfani da shi don gina kasuwancin ta mai zaman kanta, yanzu tana aiki a matsayin mai fassara mai zaman kanta da edita don wallafe-wallafen da kuma rubutun na musamman. Ta fara rubuta waƙoƙi lokacin da take makarantar firamare; a cikin mafi yawan waƙoƙinta tsakanin 2000 da 2013 waƙoƙin ta sun dogara ne akan rayuwarta da abubuwan lura da suka haɗu da tasirin kiɗa, fim da adabi. Tun daga shekara ta 2005, ta yi aiki galibi a matsayin mai fassara daga yaren Slovenia da Ingilishi. Ta fassara ayyuka da wasan kwaikwayo da yawa daga marubutan Slovenia zuwa Jamusanci. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, ta wallafa littafin waka na farko mai taken ''Sonnenhonig'' (Sun honey) a cikin jerin ''100 Gedichte'' (100 Poems) ta mai wallafa Martin Werhand Verlag . Littafin waka na biyu, mai taken Degravitation, an buga shi shekara guda bayan haka ta wannan mai bugawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Ann Catrin Apstein-Müller.'' In: ''Martin Werhand Verlag.'', Publikationen 2015 + 2016 |url=http://www.martinwerhandverlag.de/publikationen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513143543/http://www.martinwerhandverlag.de/publikationen/ |archive-date=May 13, 2016 |access-date=September 6, 2016}}</ref> Baya ga waƙoƙi - an buga na farko a cikin 2002 a cikin jerin tarihin ''Junge Lyrik'' (Young Poetry) na Martin Werhand Verlag - ta kuma buga gajeren rubutu, misali a cikin mujallar wallafe-wallafen Jamus ''Dichtungsring'' . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] 05q41rq39nxuktp9o1mc3aqx321cqfm 905668 905667 2026-08-21T15:26:09Z Usman saadu 46863 905668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ann Catrin Apstein-Müller''' (kuma '''Ann Catrin Bolton'''; an haife ta a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu a Shekara ta 1973, Gräfelfing, kusa da [[München|Munich]]) mawaki ce kuma mai fassara ta Jamus. Tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Augsburg . == Rayuwa da aiki == Ann ta girma ne a wani yanki na Munich, inda ta kammala makaranta tare da Abitur a shekarar 1992. Bayan haka ta yi karatun adabin Jamusanci da adabin Amurka da dokar watsa labarai a LMU Munich kuma ta horar da ita a matsayin Mai sayar da littattafai. Bayan shekaru goma na aiki na ɗan lokaci a cikin kantin sayar da littattafai, wanda ta yi amfani da shi don gina kasuwancin ta mai zaman kanta, yanzu tana aiki a matsayin mai fassara mai zaman kanta da edita don wallafe-wallafen da kuma rubutun na musamman. Ta fara rubuta waƙoƙi lokacin da take makarantar firamare; a cikin mafi yawan waƙoƙinta tsakanin 2000 da 2013 waƙoƙin ta sun dogara ne akan rayuwarta da abubuwan lura da suka haɗu da tasirin kiɗa, fim da adabi. Tun daga shekara ta 2005, ta yi aiki galibi a matsayin mai fassara daga yaren Slovenia da Ingilishi. Ta fassara ayyuka da wasan kwaikwayo da yawa daga marubutan Slovenia zuwa Jamusanci. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, ta wallafa littafin waka na farko mai taken ''Sonnenhonig'' (Sun honey) a cikin jerin ''100 Gedichte'' (100 Poems) ta mai wallafa Martin Werhand Verlag . Littafin waka na biyu, mai taken Degravitation, an buga shi shekara guda bayan haka ta wannan mai bugawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Ann Catrin Apstein-Müller.'' In: ''Martin Werhand Verlag.'', Publikationen 2015 + 2016 |url=http://www.martinwerhandverlag.de/publikationen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513143543/http://www.martinwerhandverlag.de/publikationen/ |archive-date=May 13, 2016 |access-date=September 6, 2016}}</ref> Baya ga waƙoƙi - an buga na farko a cikin 2002 a cikin jerin tarihin ''Junge Lyrik'' (Young Poetry) na Martin Werhand Verlag - ta kuma buga gajeren rubutu, misali a cikin mujallar wallafe-wallafen Jamus ''Dichtungsring'' . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] 3j6tmm7qm4j8dly7cwd9zub2mmpquv0 0 165066 905669 2026-08-21T15:29:24Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343616964|Karin Kiwus]]" 905669 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karin Kiwus''' (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba 1942) mawaki ce ta Jamus daga [[Berlin]] . Bayan karatun [[Journalism|aikin jarida]], karatun Jamusanci da [[Kimiyyar siyasa|ilimin siyasa]] ta yi aiki a matsayin edita da kuma malamin jami'a a [[Austin|Austin, Texas]]. Ta kasance abokin tarayya na cikin gida na darektan fina-finai na Jamus Frank Beyer har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 2006. Ta kasance mai aiki a fagen waƙoƙin haɗin gwiwa, tana rubuta renshi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Makoto Ooka . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] q3q2g05l80a7g7lzg43t29nfuq0l5st 905670 905669 2026-08-21T15:29:54Z Usman saadu 46863 905670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Karin Kiwus''' (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba 1942) mawaki ce ta Jamus daga [[Berlin]] . Bayan karatun [[Journalism|aikin jarida]], karatun Jamusanci da [[Kimiyyar siyasa|ilimin siyasa]] ta yi aiki a matsayin edita da kuma malamin jami'a a [[Austin|Austin, Texas]]. Ta kasance abokin tarayya na cikin gida na darektan fina-finai na Jamus Frank Beyer har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 2006. Ta kasance mai aiki a fagen waƙoƙin haɗin gwiwa, tana rubuta renshi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Makoto Ooka . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] nlanxmu53qyzawe71gyi8rayc7zs76q 905671 905670 2026-08-21T15:30:20Z Usman saadu 46863 905671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Karin Kiwus''' (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 1942) mawaki ce ta Jamus daga [[Berlin]] . Bayan karatun [[Journalism|aikin jarida]], karatun Jamusanci da [[Kimiyyar siyasa|ilimin siyasa]] ta yi aiki a matsayin edita da kuma malamin jami'a a [[Austin|Austin, Texas]]. Ta kasance abokin tarayya na cikin gida na darektan fina-finai na Jamus Frank Beyer har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 2006. Ta kasance mai aiki a fagen waƙoƙin haɗin gwiwa, tana rubuta renshi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Makoto Ooka . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] dcd11x96oaibft76zdzrrzphw61holt 0 165067 905672 2026-08-21T15:34:41Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359504721|Mirjam Pressler]]" 905672 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Miriam_Pressler_2012.jpg|thumb| Pressler a shekarar 2012]] '''Mirjam Pressler''' (18 ga Yuni 1940 - 16 ga Janairu 2019), an haife ta Mirjam Gunkel, marubuciya ce kuma mai fassara daga Jamus. Kasancewarta marubuciyar littattafan yara da matasa sama da 30, ta kuma fassara littattafai sama da 300 na wasu marubuta daga [[Ibrananci]], Ingilishi, Dutch da [[Afrikaans|Afirkanci]] zuwa Jamusanci. <ref name="DW2019">{{Cite web |date=2019-01-16 |title=Mirjam Pressler, children's author, multilingual translator, dies |url=https://www.dw.com/en/mirjam-pressler-childrens-author-multilingual-translator-dies/a-47112878 |access-date=2019-01-17 |website=dw.com}}</ref> An kuma san ta da fassara wani gyara na littafin [[Anne Frank]] ''mai suna The Diary of a Young Girl'', a shekarar 1991, ta haka ta sabunta haƙƙin mallaka . An haifi Pressler a gidan renon yara. Mahaifiyarsa Bayahudiya ce, kuma an haife shi a gidan renon yara . Ta yi karatun zane a Städelschule da ke [[Frankfurt]] da kuma karatun adabi na Turanci da Faransanci a LMU Munich . Kafin ta zama marubuciya, ta kasance mai sayar da jeans tsawon shekaru takwas, wacce, a matsayinta na uwa daya tilo, ta renon 'ya'ya mata uku. Daga baya, ta zama memba na Cibiyar PEN ta Jamus . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2019 |title=Gestorben: Mirjam Pressler |url=https://www.buchmarkt.de/menschen/mirjam-pressler/ |access-date=17 January 2019 |publisher=buchmarkt.de |language=German}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == [[Fayil:Mirjam_Pressler_u._Amos_Oz_2015.jpg|thumb| Pressler da Amos Oz a shekarar 2015. Ta lashe kyautar Bikin Baje Kolin Littattafai na Leipzig saboda fassarar littafinsa mai ''suna Judas'' .]] * Lambar Carl Zuckmayer (2001) * Kyautar Adabin Corine (2009) * Lambar Buber-Rosenzweig (2013) * Kyautar Bikin Baje Kolin Littattafai ta Leipzig (2015) don fassarar ''Judas'' na Amos Oz * Kwamandojin Cross of the Order of Merit na Tarayyar Jamus (2018) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2019]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] rnt99dgwaz1evmz91wfmd7w4uhec868 905673 905672 2026-08-21T15:35:03Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Miriam_Pressler_2012.jpg|thumb| Pressler a shekarar 2012]] '''Mirjam Pressler''' (18 ga Yuni 1940 - 16 ga Janairu 2019), an haife ta Mirjam Gunkel, marubuciya ce kuma mai fassara daga Jamus. Kasancewarta marubuciyar littattafan yara da matasa sama da 30, ta kuma fassara littattafai sama da 300 na wasu marubuta daga [[Ibrananci]], Ingilishi, Dutch da [[Afrikaans|Afirkanci]] zuwa Jamusanci. <ref name="DW2019">{{Cite web |date=2019-01-16 |title=Mirjam Pressler, children's author, multilingual translator, dies |url=https://www.dw.com/en/mirjam-pressler-childrens-author-multilingual-translator-dies/a-47112878 |access-date=2019-01-17 |website=dw.com}}</ref> An kuma san ta da fassara wani gyara na littafin [[Anne Frank]] ''mai suna The Diary of a Young Girl'', a shekarar 1991, ta haka ta sabunta haƙƙin mallaka . An haifi Pressler a gidan renon yara. Mahaifiyarsa Bayahudiya ce, kuma an haife shi a gidan renon yara . Ta yi karatun zane a Städelschule da ke [[Frankfurt]] da kuma karatun adabi na Turanci da Faransanci a LMU Munich . Kafin ta zama marubuciya, ta kasance mai sayar da jeans tsawon shekaru takwas, wacce, a matsayinta na uwa daya tilo, ta renon 'ya'ya mata uku. Daga baya, ta zama memba na Cibiyar PEN ta Jamus . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2019 |title=Gestorben: Mirjam Pressler |url=https://www.buchmarkt.de/menschen/mirjam-pressler/ |access-date=17 January 2019 |publisher=buchmarkt.de |language=German}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == [[Fayil:Mirjam_Pressler_u._Amos_Oz_2015.jpg|thumb| Pressler da Amos Oz a shekarar 2015. Ta lashe kyautar Bikin Baje Kolin Littattafai na Leipzig saboda fassarar littafinsa mai ''suna Judas'' .]] * Lambar Carl Zuckmayer (2001) * Kyautar Adabin Corine (2009) * Lambar Buber-Rosenzweig (2013) * Kyautar Bikin Baje Kolin Littattafai ta Leipzig (2015) don fassarar ''Judas'' na Amos Oz * Kwamandojin Cross of the Order of Merit na Tarayyar Jamus (2018) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2019]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] 1g94qz1kotppac9n5pn2l3apf0l3ehl 0 165068 905674 2026-08-21T15:41:56Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343617230|Carola Matthiesen]]" 905674 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Carola Matthiesen''' (9 ga Nuwamba 1925 a Eslohe - 29 ga Afrilu 2015) [[malami]] Jamus ce, mai kula da ɗakin karatu, marubuciya kuma mawaki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Traueranzeigen von Carola Matthiesen {{!}} Trauer-in-NRW.de |url=https://trauer-in-nrw.de/traueranzeige/carola-matthiesen |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=trauer-in-nrw.de |language=de-DE}}</ref> == Rayuwa == Bayan halartar makaranta da horo a matsayin malami, Carola Matthiesen ta takaitaccen aikinta a matsayin malamar makarantar sakandare. Ƙarin horo da aka mayar da hankali kan wallafe-wallafen ya biyo baya. Ta yi aure a shekara ta 1954 kuma bayan shekaru uku an haifi ɗansu. Daga 1971 -1987, Mathiesen ya kasance mataimakin darektan farko sannan kuma shugaban ɗakin karatu na Meschede City. Ta mutu a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 2015, kuma an kwantar da ita a Kabari na Kudu a kan Steinstrasse a Meschede . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Matthiesen, Carola – Lexikon Westfälischer Autorinnen und Autoren |url=https://www.lexikon-westfaelischer-autorinnen-und-autoren.de/autoren/matthiesen-carola/ |access-date=2024-01-29 |language=de-DE}}</ref> Carola Matthiesen ta kasance memba na Jamusanci Haiku Society, Ofishin Littattafan Westphalian, Christian Lavant Society da Abokan Waƙoƙi a Innsbruck, da kuma memba na kafa Koch Christian Society . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1925]] iu6bd85u1t2i5r0f5enqpry2a3dla1h 905676 905674 2026-08-21T15:42:17Z Usman saadu 46863 905676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Carola Matthiesen''' (9 ga Nuwamba 1925 a Eslohe - 29 ga Afrilu 2015) [[malami]] Jamus ce, mai kula da ɗakin karatu, marubuciya kuma mawaki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Traueranzeigen von Carola Matthiesen {{!}} Trauer-in-NRW.de |url=https://trauer-in-nrw.de/traueranzeige/carola-matthiesen |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=trauer-in-nrw.de |language=de-DE}}</ref> == Rayuwa == Bayan halartar makaranta da horo a matsayin malami, Carola Matthiesen ta takaitaccen aikinta a matsayin malamar makarantar sakandare. Ƙarin horo da aka mayar da hankali kan wallafe-wallafen ya biyo baya. Ta yi aure a shekara ta 1954 kuma bayan shekaru uku an haifi ɗansu. Daga 1971 -1987, Mathiesen ya kasance mataimakin darektan farko sannan kuma shugaban ɗakin karatu na Meschede City. Ta mutu a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 2015, kuma an kwantar da ita a Kabari na Kudu a kan Steinstrasse a Meschede . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Matthiesen, Carola – Lexikon Westfälischer Autorinnen und Autoren |url=https://www.lexikon-westfaelischer-autorinnen-und-autoren.de/autoren/matthiesen-carola/ |access-date=2024-01-29 |language=de-DE}}</ref> Carola Matthiesen ta kasance memba na Jamusanci Haiku Society, Ofishin Littattafan Westphalian, Christian Lavant Society da Abokan Waƙoƙi a Innsbruck, da kuma memba na kafa Koch Christian Society . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1925]] 47uhajzwjt487gok2p01z82o25vtziy 905678 905676 2026-08-21T15:42:52Z Usman saadu 46863 905678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Carola Matthiesen''' (9 ga Nuwamba 1925 a Eslohe - 29 ga watan Afrilu A shekara ta 2015) [[malami]] Jamus ce, mai kula da ɗakin karatu, marubuciya kuma mawaki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Traueranzeigen von Carola Matthiesen {{!}} Trauer-in-NRW.de |url=https://trauer-in-nrw.de/traueranzeige/carola-matthiesen |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=trauer-in-nrw.de |language=de-DE}}</ref> == Rayuwa == Bayan halartar makaranta da horo a matsayin malami, Carola Matthiesen ta takaitaccen aikinta a matsayin malamar makarantar sakandare. Ƙarin horo da aka mayar da hankali kan wallafe-wallafen ya biyo baya. Ta yi aure a shekara ta 1954 kuma bayan shekaru uku an haifi ɗansu. Daga 1971 -1987, Mathiesen ya kasance mataimakin darektan farko sannan kuma shugaban ɗakin karatu na Meschede City. Ta mutu a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 2015, kuma an kwantar da ita a Kabari na Kudu a kan Steinstrasse a Meschede . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Matthiesen, Carola – Lexikon Westfälischer Autorinnen und Autoren |url=https://www.lexikon-westfaelischer-autorinnen-und-autoren.de/autoren/matthiesen-carola/ |access-date=2024-01-29 |language=de-DE}}</ref> Carola Matthiesen ta kasance memba na Jamusanci Haiku Society, Ofishin Littattafan Westphalian, Christian Lavant Society da Abokan Waƙoƙi a Innsbruck, da kuma memba na kafa Koch Christian Society . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1925]] 07rehzswfiuh0omms93iegcxb7j762r 905681 905678 2026-08-21T15:43:23Z Usman saadu 46863 905681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Carola Matthiesen''' (9 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 1925 a Eslohe - 29 ga watan Afrilu A shekara ta 2015) [[malami]] Jamus ce, mai kula da ɗakin karatu, marubuciya kuma mawaki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Traueranzeigen von Carola Matthiesen {{!}} Trauer-in-NRW.de |url=https://trauer-in-nrw.de/traueranzeige/carola-matthiesen |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=trauer-in-nrw.de |language=de-DE}}</ref> == Rayuwa == Bayan halartar makaranta da horo a matsayin malami, Carola Matthiesen ta takaitaccen aikinta a matsayin malamar makarantar sakandare. Ƙarin horo da aka mayar da hankali kan wallafe-wallafen ya biyo baya. Ta yi aure a shekara ta 1954 kuma bayan shekaru uku an haifi ɗansu. Daga 1971 -1987, Mathiesen ya kasance mataimakin darektan farko sannan kuma shugaban ɗakin karatu na Meschede City. Ta mutu a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 2015, kuma an kwantar da ita a Kabari na Kudu a kan Steinstrasse a Meschede . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Matthiesen, Carola – Lexikon Westfälischer Autorinnen und Autoren |url=https://www.lexikon-westfaelischer-autorinnen-und-autoren.de/autoren/matthiesen-carola/ |access-date=2024-01-29 |language=de-DE}}</ref> Carola Matthiesen ta kasance memba na Jamusanci Haiku Society, Ofishin Littattafan Westphalian, Christian Lavant Society da Abokan Waƙoƙi a Innsbruck, da kuma memba na kafa Koch Christian Society . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1925]] l5ifvz1sgbe3h01bydn2n3lg0wna2od 905682 905681 2026-08-21T15:43:43Z Usman saadu 46863 905682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Carola Matthiesen''' (9 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 1925 a Eslohe - 29 ga watan Afrilu A shekara ta 2015) [[malami]] Jamus ce, mai kula da ɗakin karatu, marubuciya kuma mawaki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Traueranzeigen von Carola Matthiesen {{!}} Trauer-in-NRW.de |url=https://trauer-in-nrw.de/traueranzeige/carola-matthiesen |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=trauer-in-nrw.de |language=de-DE}}</ref> == Rayuwa == Bayan halartar makaranta da horo a matsayin malami, Carola Matthiesen ta takaitaccen aikinta a matsayin malamar makarantar sakandare. Ƙarin horo da aka mayar da hankali kan wallafe-wallafen ya biyo baya. Ta yi aure a shekara ta 1954 kuma bayan shekaru uku an haifi ɗansu. Daga 1971 -1987, Mathiesen ya kasance mataimakin darektan farko sannan kuma shugaban ɗakin karatu na Meschede City. Ta mutu a ranar 29 ga watan Afrilu a Shekara ta 2015, kuma an kwantar da ita a Kabari na Kudu a kan Steinstrasse a Meschede . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Matthiesen, Carola – Lexikon Westfälischer Autorinnen und Autoren |url=https://www.lexikon-westfaelischer-autorinnen-und-autoren.de/autoren/matthiesen-carola/ |access-date=2024-01-29 |language=de-DE}}</ref> Carola Matthiesen ta kasance memba na Jamusanci Haiku Society, Ofishin Littattafan Westphalian, Christian Lavant Society da Abokan Waƙoƙi a Innsbruck, da kuma memba na kafa Koch Christian Society . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1925]] 250t7dzef1qt7zinyezspubml9x2ma5 905683 905682 2026-08-21T15:44:14Z Usman saadu 46863 905683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Carola Matthiesen''' (9 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 1925 a Eslohe - 29 ga watan Afrilu A shekara ta 2015) [[malami]] Jamus ce, mai kula da ɗakin karatu, marubuciya kuma mawaki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Traueranzeigen von Carola Matthiesen {{!}} Trauer-in-NRW.de |url=https://trauer-in-nrw.de/traueranzeige/carola-matthiesen |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=trauer-in-nrw.de |language=de-DE}}</ref> == Rayuwa == Bayan halartar makaranta da horo a matsayin malami, Carola Matthiesen ta takaitaccen aikinta a matsayin malamar makarantar sakandare. Ƙarin horo da aka mayar da hankali kan wallafe-wallafen ya biyo baya. Ta yi aure a shekara ta 1954 kuma bayan shekaru uku an haifi ɗansu. Daga shekarar 1971 zuwa 1987, Mathiesen ya kasance mataimakin darektan farko sannan kuma shugaban ɗakin karatu na Meschede City. Ta mutu a ranar 29 ga watan Afrilu a Shekara ta 2015, kuma an kwantar da ita a Kabari na Kudu a kan Steinstrasse a Meschede . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Matthiesen, Carola – Lexikon Westfälischer Autorinnen und Autoren |url=https://www.lexikon-westfaelischer-autorinnen-und-autoren.de/autoren/matthiesen-carola/ |access-date=2024-01-29 |language=de-DE}}</ref> Carola Matthiesen ta kasance memba na Jamusanci Haiku Society, Ofishin Littattafan Westphalian, Christian Lavant Society da Abokan Waƙoƙi a Innsbruck, da kuma memba na kafa Koch Christian Society . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1925]] n32ol6pknhmqfk0jdq6dflqugtmm9x1 0 165069 905677 2026-08-21T15:42:36Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351628706|Ruth Rehmann]]" 905677 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ruth Rehmann''' (1 ga Yuni, 1922 - 29 ga Janairu, 2016) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Traueranzeigen, Todesanzeigen, Trauerfall, Trauer - heimatzeitung.de |url=http://www.heimatzeitung.de/anzeigen/trauer/?p=0&a=8 |website=heimatzeitung.de}}</ref> == Rayuwa == An haifi Rehmann a Siegburg, 'yar wani fasto a yankin. Ta yi karatu a [[Hamburg]] da nufin zama mai fassara; sannan ta karanci tarihin fasaha, adabin Jamus da kuma kiɗa. A shekarun 1950, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai yin goge, malamar makaranta <ref name="niven">{{Cite book}}</ref> da kuma sakatariyar manema labarai a ofisoshin jakadancin Amurka da Indiya. <ref name="wilson" /> A shekarar 1983, Rehmann ya tsaya takarar neman kujera a majalisar dokoki ta Bundestag a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Green Party . A shekarar 1959, Rehmann ta buga littafinta na farko mai suna ''Illusions'' (Illusionen). Ta jawo hankali sosai lokacin da ta karanta wani babi daga cikin wannan littafin a taron ƙungiyar 47 a shekarar 1958. Littafinta na biyu mai suna ''The People in the Valley'' (Die Leute im Tal) ya lashe kyautar farko a gasar adabi. Littattafan da suka biyo baya sun haɗa da: * ''Mutumin da ke cikin Mimbari'' (Der Mann auf der Kanzel) (1979) * ''Farewell daga master class'' (Abschied von der Meisterklasse) (1985) * ''Matar daga Schwaig Farm'' (Die Schwaigerin) (1987) Ta kuma rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo na rediyo da dama da kuma wasu gajerun labarai. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2016]] lgpynlwrl38f3lpcy9ogby6ko90ohve 905679 905677 2026-08-21T15:42:57Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruth Rehmann''' (1 ga Yuni, 1922 - 29 ga Janairu, 2016) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Traueranzeigen, Todesanzeigen, Trauerfall, Trauer - heimatzeitung.de |url=http://www.heimatzeitung.de/anzeigen/trauer/?p=0&a=8 |website=heimatzeitung.de}}</ref> == Rayuwa == An haifi Rehmann a Siegburg, 'yar wani fasto a yankin. Ta yi karatu a [[Hamburg]] da nufin zama mai fassara; sannan ta karanci tarihin fasaha, adabin Jamus da kuma kiɗa. A shekarun 1950, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai yin goge, malamar makaranta <ref name="niven">{{Cite book}}</ref> da kuma sakatariyar manema labarai a ofisoshin jakadancin Amurka da Indiya. <ref name="wilson" /> A shekarar 1983, Rehmann ya tsaya takarar neman kujera a majalisar dokoki ta Bundestag a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Green Party . A shekarar 1959, Rehmann ta buga littafinta na farko mai suna ''Illusions'' (Illusionen). Ta jawo hankali sosai lokacin da ta karanta wani babi daga cikin wannan littafin a taron ƙungiyar 47 a shekarar 1958. Littafinta na biyu mai suna ''The People in the Valley'' (Die Leute im Tal) ya lashe kyautar farko a gasar adabi. Littattafan da suka biyo baya sun haɗa da: * ''Mutumin da ke cikin Mimbari'' (Der Mann auf der Kanzel) (1979) * ''Farewell daga master class'' (Abschied von der Meisterklasse) (1985) * ''Matar daga Schwaig Farm'' (Die Schwaigerin) (1987) Ta kuma rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo na rediyo da dama da kuma wasu gajerun labarai. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2016]] n7aks0kqu1ey72rjuqrryogoxsq2lu0 0 165070 905687 2026-08-21T15:54:35Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351628559|Silke Scheuermann]]" 905687 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Silke Scheuermann''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Yuni 1973 a Karlsruhe) mawaki ne kuma marubucin littafi na Jamus. Ta yi karatu a [[Frankfurt]], [[Leipzig]], da [[Faris|Paris]]. An fi saninta da littafinta na farko Die Stunde zwischen Hund und Wolf (The Hour Between Dog and Wolf), wanda aka fassara shi cikin harsuna goma ciki har da Turanci. Ta lashe kyaututtuka da yawa na wallafe-wallafen Jamusanci da Turai, gami da Georg-Christoph-Lichtenberg-Preis, Leonce-und-Lena-Preis Kyautar Hölty, Bertolt-Brecht-Literaturpreis, da kuma Villa Massimo. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] 7gk3an9lweg1pkf3t6zdjw8pbuymn3z 905688 905687 2026-08-21T15:55:09Z Usman saadu 46863 905688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Silke Scheuermann''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Yuni 1973 a Karlsruhe) mawaki ne kuma marubucin littafi na Jamus. Ta yi karatu a [[Frankfurt]], [[Leipzig]], da [[Faris|Paris]]. An fi saninta da littafinta na farko Die Stunde zwischen Hund und Wolf (The Hour Between Dog and Wolf), wanda aka fassara shi cikin harsuna goma ciki har da Turanci. Ta lashe kyaututtuka da yawa na wallafe-wallafen Jamusanci da Turai, gami da Georg-Christoph-Lichtenberg-Preis, Leonce-und-Lena-Preis Kyautar Hölty, Bertolt-Brecht-Literaturpreis, da kuma Villa Massimo. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] h21g7jj1xw1ohsm5rchaavrm0tspn4g 905689 905688 2026-08-21T15:55:40Z Usman saadu 46863 905689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Silke Scheuermann''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta 1973 a Karlsruhe) mawaki ne kuma marubucin littafi na Jamus. Ta yi karatu a [[Frankfurt]], [[Leipzig]], da [[Faris|Paris]]. An fi saninta da littafinta na farko Die Stunde zwischen Hund und Wolf (The Hour Between Dog and Wolf), wanda aka fassara shi cikin harsuna goma ciki har da Turanci. Ta lashe kyaututtuka da yawa na wallafe-wallafen Jamusanci da Turai, gami da Georg-Christoph-Lichtenberg-Preis, Leonce-und-Lena-Preis Kyautar Hölty, Bertolt-Brecht-Literaturpreis, da kuma Villa Massimo. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] dfcl29ps3tyl3o4d19ho41x31u08rtg 0 165071 905692 2026-08-21T16:14:24Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355707340|Brigitte Reimann]]" 905692 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brigitte Reimann''' (21 Yuli 1933 - 22 Fabrairu 1973) marubuciya ce 'yar Jamus wadda aka fi sani da littafinta ''Franziska Linkerhand'' wanda aka buga bayan mutuwarsa. == Rayuwa == Brigitte Reimann 'yar Willi Reimann (1904–1990) da Elisabeth (1905–1992) ce kuma ita ce 'yar fari a cikin 'ya'ya huɗu. Mahaifinta ma'aikacin banki ne daga dangin masu yawon bude ido na Cologne. Ta yanke shawarar zama marubuciya tana da shekaru 14, lokacin da take murmurewa daga cutar shan inna. Ta rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na farko na 'yan wasan kwaikwayo tun tana da shekaru 15. An buga littafinta na farko na wasan kwaikwayo lokacin tana da shekaru 17. <ref name="Biggs" /> A shekarar 1950, an ba ta kyautar farko a gasar wasan kwaikwayo ta 'yan koyo ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Berlin Volksbühne.<ref name="Ges">{{Cite web |title=Brigitte Reimann /Biographie/Burg |url=https://www.brigittereimann.de/biographie_burg.php |website=www.brigittereimann.de}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa da Abitur, Reimann ya yi aiki a matsayin malami, mai sayar da littattafai, da kuma ɗan jarida. Ta auri mai gyaran injina lokacin tana da shekaru 20. Bayan zubar da ciki a shekarar 1954 kuma sakamakon haka yana fama da baƙin ciki, Reimann ya yi ƙoƙarin kashe kansa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-03 |title=Leidenschaft schlägt Monotonie |url=https://www.fr.de/zukunft/storys/75-lektionen-mut/franziska-linkerhand-brigitte-reimann-ddr-literatur-schriftstellerin-90036455.html |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=www.fr.de |language=de}}</ref> A shekarar 1960, ta fara aiki a ma'adanin kwal mai launin ruwan kasa Schwarze Pumpe, inda ita da mijinta na biyu [[:de:Siegfried Pitschmann|Siegfried Pitschmann]] suka jagoranci da'irar ma'aikatan rubutu. <ref name="Reclam" /> A can, ta rubuta labarin ''Ankunft im Alltag'', wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin "Abin da ya fi muhimmanci a gare ni".  a matsayin babban aikin gurguzu na gaskiya . <ref name="Wiki">{{Cite web |title=Buecher Wiki - BuecherWiki - Brigitte Reimann: eine deutsche Autorin im Bücher-Wiki |url=https://www.buecher-wiki.de/index.php/BuecherWiki/ReimannBrigitte |website=www.buecher-wiki.de}}</ref> Ta sami kyautar Heinrich Mann a shekarar 1964. Reimann bai taɓa shiga Jam'iyyar Haɗin Kan Jama'a ta Jamus ba, kuma ya soki yadda Gwamnatin Gabashin Jamus ke shiga cikin harkokin adabi na ƙasar. A cikin littafin tarihin rayuwarta, ta rubuta cewa akwai 'Masu neman dama da kuma kwanyar kai a ko'ina. Da alama, batun da ya kamata a tattauna a cikin wani labari shi ne buƙatar ƙara yawan aiki ... Matsalolin ɗan adam ba sa shahara a yau'. <ref name="Biggs" /> Ta kasance wani ɓangare na " [[:de:Arbeitsgemeinschaft_Junger_Autoren|Arbeitsgemeinschaft Junger Autoren]] " (Kwamitin Marubuta Matasa) wanda ta yi aiki tare da wasu ƙwararrun matasa kamar su [[:de:Martin_Selber|Martin Selber]], Wolfgang Schreyer, [[:de:Helmut_Sakowski|Helmut Sakowski]], Reiner Kunze da [[:de:Wolf_D._Brennecke|Wolf Dieter Brennecke]] . Bayan haka, an ba ta kuɗi daga Kwamitin Marubuta Matasa da kuma kwangilolin littattafai daga gidajen buga littattafai na jihohi. Lokacin da sojojin ƙasashen Warsaw Pact suka mamaye ČSSR a ranar 20 ga Agusta 1968 a matsayin martani ga 'yantar da jama'a a lokacin bazara na Prague, Reimann ya ƙi sanya hannu kan sanarwar da ƙungiyar marubutan Jamus ta Gabas (DSV) ta amince da matakin. A ranar 22 ga Fabrairu 1973, Reimann ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani sakamakon cutar kansa yana da shekaru 39 a Robert-Rössle-Klinik da ke Berlin, Buch. Ganin cewa babu wani wasiyya da aka rubuta ta Reimann, an ba wa mijinta na ƙarshe, [[Rudolf Burgartz]], duk gadon haƙƙin mallaka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kraus |first=Mario |title=Ein Kreis schließt sich in Burg |url=https://www.volksstimme.de/lokal/burg/ein-kreis-schliesst-sich-in-burg-1987332 |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=www.volksstimme.de |language=de}}</ref> Ana girmama littattafan tarihin Reimann sosai a Jamus 'saboda labarin rayuwarsu a cikin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango .' A shekarar 2023, an sake buga littattafan tarihin rayuwarta a Jamus. <ref name="Biggs" /> An fara buga littafinta na 1963, ''Siblings'' ( ''Die Geschwister'' ), a cikin Italiyanci a 2013 (ta Monica Pesetti don Voland) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Michele Sisto |date=2013-11-03 |title=Brigitte Reimann, Fratelli |url=https://www.germanistica.net/2013/11/03/brigitte-reimann-fratelli/}}</ref> da Turanci a watan Fabrairun 2023 don Penguin. An san littafinta na 1956, Woman in Pillory, a matsayin littafin Penguin Modern Classic a shekarar 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Woman in the Pillory |url=https://bookcurl.com/products/woman-in-the-pillory-9780241718971 |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=Book Curl |language=en}}</ref> An gina wani zane a kan bangon Reimann a Burg, Jamus. Akwai kuma tambarin tunawa wanda ke amfani da kamanninta. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1973]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] gocnlurnbrklj8rj0w1wwv0es9c9ccn 905693 905692 2026-08-21T16:14:56Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Brigitte Reimann''' (21 Yuli 1933 - 22 Fabrairu 1973) marubuciya ce 'yar Jamus wadda aka fi sani da littafinta ''Franziska Linkerhand'' wanda aka buga bayan mutuwarsa. == Rayuwa == Brigitte Reimann 'yar Willi Reimann (1904–1990) da Elisabeth (1905–1992) ce kuma ita ce 'yar fari a cikin 'ya'ya huɗu. Mahaifinta ma'aikacin banki ne daga dangin masu yawon bude ido na Cologne. Ta yanke shawarar zama marubuciya tana da shekaru 14, lokacin da take murmurewa daga cutar shan inna. Ta rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na farko na 'yan wasan kwaikwayo tun tana da shekaru 15. An buga littafinta na farko na wasan kwaikwayo lokacin tana da shekaru 17. <ref name="Biggs" /> A shekarar 1950, an ba ta kyautar farko a gasar wasan kwaikwayo ta 'yan koyo ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Berlin Volksbühne.<ref name="Ges">{{Cite web |title=Brigitte Reimann /Biographie/Burg |url=https://www.brigittereimann.de/biographie_burg.php |website=www.brigittereimann.de}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa da Abitur, Reimann ya yi aiki a matsayin malami, mai sayar da littattafai, da kuma ɗan jarida. Ta auri mai gyaran injina lokacin tana da shekaru 20. Bayan zubar da ciki a shekarar 1954 kuma sakamakon haka yana fama da baƙin ciki, Reimann ya yi ƙoƙarin kashe kansa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-03 |title=Leidenschaft schlägt Monotonie |url=https://www.fr.de/zukunft/storys/75-lektionen-mut/franziska-linkerhand-brigitte-reimann-ddr-literatur-schriftstellerin-90036455.html |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=www.fr.de |language=de}}</ref> A shekarar 1960, ta fara aiki a ma'adanin kwal mai launin ruwan kasa Schwarze Pumpe, inda ita da mijinta na biyu [[:de:Siegfried Pitschmann|Siegfried Pitschmann]] suka jagoranci da'irar ma'aikatan rubutu. <ref name="Reclam" /> A can, ta rubuta labarin ''Ankunft im Alltag'', wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin "Abin da ya fi muhimmanci a gare ni".  a matsayin babban aikin gurguzu na gaskiya . <ref name="Wiki">{{Cite web |title=Buecher Wiki - BuecherWiki - Brigitte Reimann: eine deutsche Autorin im Bücher-Wiki |url=https://www.buecher-wiki.de/index.php/BuecherWiki/ReimannBrigitte |website=www.buecher-wiki.de}}</ref> Ta sami kyautar Heinrich Mann a shekarar 1964. Reimann bai taɓa shiga Jam'iyyar Haɗin Kan Jama'a ta Jamus ba, kuma ya soki yadda Gwamnatin Gabashin Jamus ke shiga cikin harkokin adabi na ƙasar. A cikin littafin tarihin rayuwarta, ta rubuta cewa akwai 'Masu neman dama da kuma kwanyar kai a ko'ina. Da alama, batun da ya kamata a tattauna a cikin wani labari shi ne buƙatar ƙara yawan aiki ... Matsalolin ɗan adam ba sa shahara a yau'. <ref name="Biggs" /> Ta kasance wani ɓangare na " [[:de:Arbeitsgemeinschaft_Junger_Autoren|Arbeitsgemeinschaft Junger Autoren]] " (Kwamitin Marubuta Matasa) wanda ta yi aiki tare da wasu ƙwararrun matasa kamar su [[:de:Martin_Selber|Martin Selber]], Wolfgang Schreyer, [[:de:Helmut_Sakowski|Helmut Sakowski]], Reiner Kunze da [[:de:Wolf_D._Brennecke|Wolf Dieter Brennecke]] . Bayan haka, an ba ta kuɗi daga Kwamitin Marubuta Matasa da kuma kwangilolin littattafai daga gidajen buga littattafai na jihohi. Lokacin da sojojin ƙasashen Warsaw Pact suka mamaye ČSSR a ranar 20 ga Agusta 1968 a matsayin martani ga 'yantar da jama'a a lokacin bazara na Prague, Reimann ya ƙi sanya hannu kan sanarwar da ƙungiyar marubutan Jamus ta Gabas (DSV) ta amince da matakin. A ranar 22 ga Fabrairu 1973, Reimann ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani sakamakon cutar kansa yana da shekaru 39 a Robert-Rössle-Klinik da ke Berlin, Buch. Ganin cewa babu wani wasiyya da aka rubuta ta Reimann, an ba wa mijinta na ƙarshe, [[Rudolf Burgartz]], duk gadon haƙƙin mallaka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kraus |first=Mario |title=Ein Kreis schließt sich in Burg |url=https://www.volksstimme.de/lokal/burg/ein-kreis-schliesst-sich-in-burg-1987332 |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=www.volksstimme.de |language=de}}</ref> Ana girmama littattafan tarihin Reimann sosai a Jamus 'saboda labarin rayuwarsu a cikin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango .' A shekarar 2023, an sake buga littattafan tarihin rayuwarta a Jamus. <ref name="Biggs" /> An fara buga littafinta na 1963, ''Siblings'' ( ''Die Geschwister'' ), a cikin Italiyanci a 2013 (ta Monica Pesetti don Voland) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Michele Sisto |date=2013-11-03 |title=Brigitte Reimann, Fratelli |url=https://www.germanistica.net/2013/11/03/brigitte-reimann-fratelli/}}</ref> da Turanci a watan Fabrairun 2023 don Penguin. An san littafinta na 1956, Woman in Pillory, a matsayin littafin Penguin Modern Classic a shekarar 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Woman in the Pillory |url=https://bookcurl.com/products/woman-in-the-pillory-9780241718971 |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=Book Curl |language=en}}</ref> An gina wani zane a kan bangon Reimann a Burg, Jamus. Akwai kuma tambarin tunawa wanda ke amfani da kamanninta. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1973]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] n0imoxrw99cpktgi1bypwzs8q30qol4 0 165072 905695 2026-08-21T16:18:16Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351628459|Françoise Cactus]]" 905695 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Françoise Cactus''' (5 ga Mayu 1964 - 17 ga Fabrairu 2021), an haife shi '''Françoise van Hove''', mawaki ne kuma marubuci ɗan ƙasar Faransa, mai aiki a Berlin, Jamus, wanda aka fi sani da wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar, mawaƙa, kuma mai kayan kida da yawa a cikin ƙungiyar Stereo Total . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pareles |first=Jon |date=14 May 2005 |title=Crossing National Boundaries and Genres |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/14/arts/music/crossing-national-boundaries-and-genres.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2001 |title=Moving in Stereo – November 7, 2001 |url=http://www.sfweekly.com/music/moving-in-stereo/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801074109/http://www.sfweekly.com/music/moving-in-stereo/ |archive-date=1 August 2017 |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=SF Weekly}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stereo Total: Do the Bambi |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/7491-do-the-bambi/ |website=Pitchfork}}</ref> Cactus ya rubuta littattafai da dama, sannan kuma ya bayar da gudummawa ga jaridun Jamus kamar ''Die Tageszeitung'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=tageszeitung |first=taz. die |title=Artikel von 'Francoise Cactus' |url=http://www.taz.de/Archiv/!s=&Autor=Francoise+Cactus/ |website=die Tageszeitung}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Françoise Cactus |url=https://www.rowohlt.de/autor/francoise-cactus.html |website=rowohlt}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == Asalinsa daga Faransa ne, Cactus ya koma Yammacin Berlin a shekarar 1985 <ref>{{Cite web |title=WE AREN'T MAINSTREAM, WE STILL HAVE AN AURA OF UNDERGROUND |url=https://kaput-mag.com/stories_en/stereo-total-we-arent-mainstream-we-still-have-an-aura-of-underground/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoh |first=Michael |date=14 April 2016 |title=Mafia pop: Stereo Total |url=http://www.exberliner.com/api/content/d9197bfa-0234-11e6-ba92-22000b078648/ |website=EXBERLINER.com}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Antoine |first=Prune |date=12 October 2007 |title=Françoise Cactus: 'society is a little too turned on by sex' |url=https://cafebabel.com/en/article/francoise-cactus-society-is-a-little-too-turned-on-by-sex-5ae004fbf723b35a145dc867/ |website=Cafébabel}}</ref> kuma ya buga a ƙungiyar mawakan West Berlin Les Lolitas tare da wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Marquis de Coco Nut. Sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin mawaka na Yamma kaɗan da suka yi wasannin kwaikwayo ba tare da izini ba a Gabashin Berlin a shekarun ƙarshe na mulkin kama-karya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bregman |first=Adam |date=2 June 2005 |title=Kitschy Cool |url=https://www.dallasobserver.com/music/kitschy-cool-6381618 |website=Dallas Observer}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Orlov |first=Peter |date=9 October 2006 |title=Cut 'n' paste culture |url=https://www.seattleweekly.com/music/cut-n-paste-culture/ |website=Seattle Weekly}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stereo Total – New Songs, Playlists & Latest News – BBC Music |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/475ae7a5-07de-46a8-a88d-4322259aafa9 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423061558/http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/475ae7a5-07de-46a8-a88d-4322259aafa9 |archive-date=23 April 2010 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Flanell |first=Gary |date=27 January 2015 |title=Renfield-Fanzine: Tres chic – an evening with Francoise Cactus |url=http://renfield-fanzine.blogspot.com/2015/01/tres-chic-evening-with-francoise-cactus.html}}</ref> Françoise Cactus ta mutu tana da shekaru 56 a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2021 a gidanta da ke Berlin bayan ta kamu da [[Sankaran Nono|cutar kansar mama]]. An binne ta a Berlin. [[Fayil:Francoise_Cactus_grave1.jpg|thumb| Kabarin mawaƙiya Francoise Cactus]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] ljcls8fqlbk51eakps9mbyps7tji25n 905696 905695 2026-08-21T16:19:25Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Françoise Cactus''' (5 ga Mayu 1964 - 17 ga Fabrairu 2021), an haife ta '''Françoise van Hove''', mawaƙiya ce kuma marubuciya 'yar ƙasar Faransa, mai aiki a Berlin, Jamus, wanda aka fi sani da wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar, mawaƙa, kuma mai kayan kida da yawa a cikin ƙungiyar Stereo Total . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pareles |first=Jon |date=14 May 2005 |title=Crossing National Boundaries and Genres |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/14/arts/music/crossing-national-boundaries-and-genres.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2001 |title=Moving in Stereo – November 7, 2001 |url=http://www.sfweekly.com/music/moving-in-stereo/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801074109/http://www.sfweekly.com/music/moving-in-stereo/ |archive-date=1 August 2017 |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=SF Weekly}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stereo Total: Do the Bambi |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/7491-do-the-bambi/ |website=Pitchfork}}</ref> Cactus ya rubuta littattafai da dama, sannan kuma ya bayar da gudummawa ga jaridun Jamus kamar ''Die Tageszeitung'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=tageszeitung |first=taz. die |title=Artikel von 'Francoise Cactus' |url=http://www.taz.de/Archiv/!s=&Autor=Francoise+Cactus/ |website=die Tageszeitung}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Françoise Cactus |url=https://www.rowohlt.de/autor/francoise-cactus.html |website=rowohlt}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == Asalinta daga Faransa ne, Cactus ta koma Yammacin Berlin a shekarar 1985 <ref>{{Cite web |title=WE AREN'T MAINSTREAM, WE STILL HAVE AN AURA OF UNDERGROUND |url=https://kaput-mag.com/stories_en/stereo-total-we-arent-mainstream-we-still-have-an-aura-of-underground/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoh |first=Michael |date=14 April 2016 |title=Mafia pop: Stereo Total |url=http://www.exberliner.com/api/content/d9197bfa-0234-11e6-ba92-22000b078648/ |website=EXBERLINER.com}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Antoine |first=Prune |date=12 October 2007 |title=Françoise Cactus: 'society is a little too turned on by sex' |url=https://cafebabel.com/en/article/francoise-cactus-society-is-a-little-too-turned-on-by-sex-5ae004fbf723b35a145dc867/ |website=Cafébabel}}</ref> kuma ya buga a ƙungiyar mawakan West Berlin Les Lolitas tare da wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Marquis de Coco Nut. Sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin mawaka na Yamma kaɗan da suka yi wasannin kwaikwayo ba tare da izini ba a Gabashin Berlin a shekarun ƙarshe na mulkin kama-karya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bregman |first=Adam |date=2 June 2005 |title=Kitschy Cool |url=https://www.dallasobserver.com/music/kitschy-cool-6381618 |website=Dallas Observer}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Orlov |first=Peter |date=9 October 2006 |title=Cut 'n' paste culture |url=https://www.seattleweekly.com/music/cut-n-paste-culture/ |website=Seattle Weekly}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stereo Total – New Songs, Playlists & Latest News – BBC Music |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/475ae7a5-07de-46a8-a88d-4322259aafa9 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423061558/http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/475ae7a5-07de-46a8-a88d-4322259aafa9 |archive-date=23 April 2010 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Flanell |first=Gary |date=27 January 2015 |title=Renfield-Fanzine: Tres chic – an evening with Francoise Cactus |url=http://renfield-fanzine.blogspot.com/2015/01/tres-chic-evening-with-francoise-cactus.html}}</ref> Françoise Cactus ta mutu tana da shekaru 56 a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2021 a gidanta da ke Berlin bayan ta kamu da [[Sankaran Nono|cutar kansar mama]]. An binne ta a Berlin. [[Fayil:Francoise_Cactus_grave1.jpg|thumb| Kabarin mawaƙiya Francoise Cactus]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] 1y1al9aw3uyech73jlmr0i632r1ak4u 0 165073 905697 2026-08-21T16:21:14Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367833395|Katja Oskamp]]" 905697 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Katja Oskamp''' (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 1970 a [[Leipzig]] ) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. Ta lashe kyautar adabi ta Dublin ta shekarar 2023. == Rayuwar kai da ilimi == An haifi Oskamp a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 1970 a [[Leipzig]], Jamus kuma ya girma a Berlin. <ref name="Munzinger Online/Personen - Internationales Biographisches Archiv">{{Cite web |date=2020-07-28 |title=Katja Oskamp – Munzinger Biographie |url=https://www.munzinger.de/search/go/document.jsp?id=00000032079 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726183247/https://www.munzinger.de/search/go/document.jsp?id=00000032079 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Internationales Biographisches Archive |language=German}}</ref> <ref name="Dublin Literary Award">{{Cite web |title=Katja Oskamp |url=https://dublinliteraryaward.ie/the-library/authors/katja-oskamp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606022627/https://dublinliteraryaward.ie/the-library/authors/katja-oskamp/ |archive-date=6 June 2023 |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=[[Dublin Literary Award]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Theaterhochschule Leipzig (1989–1991) da kuma adabi a Cibiyar Adabi ta Jamus (1999–2002). <ref name="Munzinger Online/Personen - Internationales Biographisches Archiv" /> Oskamp yana zaune a Berlin. <ref name="New Books in German">{{Cite web |title=The Pearl |url=https://www.new-books-in-german.com/recommendations/the-pearl/#abouttheauthor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603105344/https://www.new-books-in-german.com/recommendations/the-pearl/#abouttheauthor |archive-date=3 June 2023 |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=New Books in German |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Perlentaucher">{{Cite web |title=Katja Oskamp |url=https://www.perlentaucher.de/autor/katja-oskamp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202122849/https://www.perlentaucher.de/autor/katja-oskamp.html |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Perlentaucher}}</ref> == Sana'a == Oskamp ta fara aikinta a matsayin marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo a Volkstheater Rostock . <ref name="Munzinger Online/Personen - Internationales Biographisches Archiv" /> <ref name="Dublin Literary Award" /> A shekarar 2000, ta lashe kyautar adabi ta farko don wani ɗan gajeren labari mai suna ''Rolf und Mucki und so weiter'' . <ref name="Munzinger Online/Personen - Internationales Biographisches Archiv" /> Shekaru uku bayan haka, ta fara wani tarin gajerun labarai mai suna ''Halbschwimmer'' game da ƙuruciya da ƙuruciya a Gabashin Jamus, <ref name="Dublin Literary Award" /> wanda ya lashe kyautar adabi ta Rauris . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bestes Debüt: Katja Oskamp erhält Rauriser Literaturpreis |url=https://www.mz.de/kultur/bestes-debut-katja-oskamp-erhalt-rauriser-literaturpreis-2877566 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726183243/https://www.mz.de/kultur/bestes-debut-katja-oskamp-erhalt-rauriser-literaturpreis-2877566 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=[[Mitteldeutsche Zeitung]] |language=de}}</ref> A shekarar 2007, ta buga littafinta na farko, ''Die Staubfängerin'', wanda ya lashe kyautar Anna Seghers . <ref name="New Books in German" /> A shekarar 2019, Oskamp ta buga wani littafi mai suna ''Marzahn, Mon Amour,'' game da tsofaffin 'yan ƙasar Berlin, bisa ga lura da marubucin a matsayinta na mai aikin gyaran ƙafa a gundumar Marzahn, bayan ta yanke shawarar canza aikinta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Venner |first=Catherine |title=Marzahn, mon amour by Katja Oskamp |url=https://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/2020/autumn/marzahn-mon-amour-katja-oskamp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322025910/https://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/2020/autumn/marzahn-mon-amour-katja-oskamp |archive-date=22 March 2023 |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=World Literature Today |language=en}}</ref> Wannan shine aikinta na farko da aka fassara zuwa Turanci. <ref name="Dublin Literary Award" /> Fassarar [[Jo Heinrich]] ta lashe kyautar adabi ta Dublin ta duniya ta 2023. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bayley |first=Sian |date=2023-05-25 |title=Oskamp and Heinrich win Dublin Literary Award for 'warm and witty' Marzahn, Mon Amour |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/oskamp-and-heinrich-win-dublin-literary-award-for-warm-and-witty--marzahn-mon-amour |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526215418/https://www.thebookseller.com/news/oskamp-and-heinrich-win-dublin-literary-award-for-warm-and-witty--marzahn-mon-amour |archive-date=26 May 2023 |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=[[The Bookseller]] |language=En}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable" |+Kyauta ga rubuce-rubucen Oskamp ! Shekara ! Lakabi ! Kyauta ! Sakamako ! Ref. |- | 2004 | ''Halbschwimmer'' | Kyautar Adabi ta Rauris | '''Mai nasara''' | <ref name=":0" /> |- | 2007 | ''Die Staubfängerin'' | Kyautar Anna Seghers | '''Mai nasara''' | <ref name="New Books in German" /> |- | 2023 | ''Marzahn, Mon Amour'' | Kyautar Adabi ta Dublin | '''Mai nasara''' | <ref name=":1" /> |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] hhhf4a3h3ub6pstgmltr8u7jemlt9ob 905698 905697 2026-08-21T16:21:42Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Katja Oskamp''' (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 1970 a [[Leipzig]] ) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. Ta lashe kyautar adabi ta Dublin ta shekarar 2023. == Rayuwar kai da ilimi == An haifi Oskamp a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 1970 a [[Leipzig]], Jamus kuma ya girma a Berlin. <ref name="Munzinger Online/Personen - Internationales Biographisches Archiv">{{Cite web |date=2020-07-28 |title=Katja Oskamp – Munzinger Biographie |url=https://www.munzinger.de/search/go/document.jsp?id=00000032079 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726183247/https://www.munzinger.de/search/go/document.jsp?id=00000032079 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Internationales Biographisches Archive |language=German}}</ref> <ref name="Dublin Literary Award">{{Cite web |title=Katja Oskamp |url=https://dublinliteraryaward.ie/the-library/authors/katja-oskamp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606022627/https://dublinliteraryaward.ie/the-library/authors/katja-oskamp/ |archive-date=6 June 2023 |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=[[Dublin Literary Award]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Theaterhochschule Leipzig (1989–1991) da kuma adabi a Cibiyar Adabi ta Jamus (1999–2002). <ref name="Munzinger Online/Personen - Internationales Biographisches Archiv" /> Oskamp yana zaune a Berlin. <ref name="New Books in German">{{Cite web |title=The Pearl |url=https://www.new-books-in-german.com/recommendations/the-pearl/#abouttheauthor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603105344/https://www.new-books-in-german.com/recommendations/the-pearl/#abouttheauthor |archive-date=3 June 2023 |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=New Books in German |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Perlentaucher">{{Cite web |title=Katja Oskamp |url=https://www.perlentaucher.de/autor/katja-oskamp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202122849/https://www.perlentaucher.de/autor/katja-oskamp.html |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Perlentaucher}}</ref> == Sana'a == Oskamp ta fara aikinta a matsayin marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo a Volkstheater Rostock . <ref name="Munzinger Online/Personen - Internationales Biographisches Archiv" /> <ref name="Dublin Literary Award" /> A shekarar 2000, ta lashe kyautar adabi ta farko don wani ɗan gajeren labari mai suna ''Rolf und Mucki und so weiter'' . <ref name="Munzinger Online/Personen - Internationales Biographisches Archiv" /> Shekaru uku bayan haka, ta fara wani tarin gajerun labarai mai suna ''Halbschwimmer'' game da ƙuruciya da ƙuruciya a Gabashin Jamus, <ref name="Dublin Literary Award" /> wanda ya lashe kyautar adabi ta Rauris . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bestes Debüt: Katja Oskamp erhält Rauriser Literaturpreis |url=https://www.mz.de/kultur/bestes-debut-katja-oskamp-erhalt-rauriser-literaturpreis-2877566 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726183243/https://www.mz.de/kultur/bestes-debut-katja-oskamp-erhalt-rauriser-literaturpreis-2877566 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=[[Mitteldeutsche Zeitung]] |language=de}}</ref> A shekarar 2007, ta buga littafinta na farko, ''Die Staubfängerin'', wanda ya lashe kyautar Anna Seghers . <ref name="New Books in German" /> A shekarar 2019, Oskamp ta buga wani littafi mai suna ''Marzahn, Mon Amour,'' game da tsofaffin 'yan ƙasar Berlin, bisa ga lura da marubucin a matsayinta na mai aikin gyaran ƙafa a gundumar Marzahn, bayan ta yanke shawarar canza aikinta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Venner |first=Catherine |title=Marzahn, mon amour by Katja Oskamp |url=https://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/2020/autumn/marzahn-mon-amour-katja-oskamp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322025910/https://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/2020/autumn/marzahn-mon-amour-katja-oskamp |archive-date=22 March 2023 |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=World Literature Today |language=en}}</ref> Wannan shine aikinta na farko da aka fassara zuwa Turanci. <ref name="Dublin Literary Award" /> Fassarar [[Jo Heinrich]] ta lashe kyautar adabi ta Dublin ta duniya ta 2023. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bayley |first=Sian |date=2023-05-25 |title=Oskamp and Heinrich win Dublin Literary Award for 'warm and witty' Marzahn, Mon Amour |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/oskamp-and-heinrich-win-dublin-literary-award-for-warm-and-witty--marzahn-mon-amour |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526215418/https://www.thebookseller.com/news/oskamp-and-heinrich-win-dublin-literary-award-for-warm-and-witty--marzahn-mon-amour |archive-date=26 May 2023 |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=[[The Bookseller]] |language=En}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable" |+Kyauta ga rubuce-rubucen Oskamp ! Shekara ! Lakabi ! Kyauta ! Sakamako ! Ref. |- | 2004 | ''Halbschwimmer'' | Kyautar Adabi ta Rauris | '''Mai nasara''' | <ref name=":0" /> |- | 2007 | ''Die Staubfängerin'' | Kyautar Anna Seghers | '''Mai nasara''' | <ref name="New Books in German" /> |- | 2023 | ''Marzahn, Mon Amour'' | Kyautar Adabi ta Dublin | '''Mai nasara''' | <ref name=":1" /> |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] 1il9becomm5htu4vyvfbqqv6zzm9udb 0 165074 905699 2026-08-21T16:22:55Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351628539|Marion Poschmann]]" 905699 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Marion_Poschmann_auf_der_Frankfurter_Buchmesse_2017.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Marion Poschmann a shekarar 2017]] '''Marion Poschmann''' (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga Disamba, 1969 a [[Essen]] ) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus, marubuciya, kuma mawaƙiya. == Rayuwa == Marion Poschmann ya girma a Mülheim an der Ruhr da Essen. <ref name="LiteraturPort 2020">{{Cite web |date=17 February 2020 |title=Marion Poschmann – Autorenlexikon |url=https://www.literaturport.de/Marion.Poschmann/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |website=LiteraturPort |language=de}}</ref> Daga 1989 zuwa 1995, ta yi karatun Jamusanci, falsafa, da kuma na Slavic a Bonn da Berlin. <ref name="LiteraturPort 2020" /> Littafinta mai suna ''The Pine Islands'' ya shiga jerin sunayen waɗanda za su fafata a gasar Man Booker International Prize a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2019 shortlist announced- Man Booker International Prize |url=https://themanbookerprize.com/international/news/2019-shortlist-announced-man-booker-international-prize |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=The Man Booker Prize}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] g76y6sfk16r8qph3qfscffjtl4kdys1 905700 905699 2026-08-21T16:23:26Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Marion_Poschmann_auf_der_Frankfurter_Buchmesse_2017.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Marion Poschmann a shekarar 2017]] '''Marion Poschmann''' (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga Disamba, 1969 a [[Essen]] ) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus, marubuciya, kuma mawaƙiya. == Rayuwa == Marion Poschmann ya girma a Mülheim an der Ruhr da Essen. <ref name="LiteraturPort 2020">{{Cite web |date=17 February 2020 |title=Marion Poschmann – Autorenlexikon |url=https://www.literaturport.de/Marion.Poschmann/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |website=LiteraturPort |language=de}}</ref> Daga 1989 zuwa 1995, ta yi karatun Jamusanci, falsafa, da kuma na Slavic a Bonn da Berlin. <ref name="LiteraturPort 2020" /> Littafinta mai suna ''The Pine Islands'' ya shiga jerin sunayen waɗanda za su fafata a gasar Man Booker International Prize a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2019 shortlist announced- Man Booker International Prize |url=https://themanbookerprize.com/international/news/2019-shortlist-announced-man-booker-international-prize |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=The Man Booker Prize}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] fmkfitfwsn7j2juxleqqco43h2h3v5f 0 165075 905702 2026-08-21T16:25:02Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351628462|Sabine Deitmer]]" 905702 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sabine Deitmer''' (21 Oktoba 1947 - 11 Janairu 2020) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus wadda aka fi sani da halinta, Beate Stein. == Rayuwa == An haifi Sabine Deitmer a [[Jena]] da ke Jamus a shekarar 1947 kuma ta girma a [[Düsseldorf]] kafin ta karanci adabi da harsuna a Bonn. ''Bye, Bruno'' shine littafinta na farko da aka buga wanda ta rubuta bayan ta yi tafiya zuwa Brighton, Bristol, Berlin da Lake Constance. Tana zaune a Ruhr. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] 7y4eoyyccs4wjuuneuvl915sqcoqn2o 905703 905702 2026-08-21T16:25:29Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sabine Deitmer''' (21 Oktoba 1947 - 11 Janairu 2020) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus wadda aka fi sani da halinta, Beate Stein. == Rayuwa == An haifi Sabine Deitmer a [[Jena]] da ke Jamus a shekarar 1947 kuma ta girma a [[Düsseldorf]] kafin ta karanci adabi da harsuna a Bonn. ''Bye, Bruno'' shine littafinta na farko da aka buga wanda ta rubuta bayan ta yi tafiya zuwa Brighton, Bristol, Berlin da Lake Constance. Tana zaune a Ruhr. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] cou01l58z2dfynhqr1d3qnacz52xvns 905704 905703 2026-08-21T16:26:27Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sabine Deitmer''' (21 Oktoba 1947 - 11 Janairu 2020) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus wadda aka fi sani da halinta, Beate Stein.<ref>Sabine Deitmer, krimilexikon.de</ref> == Rayuwa == An haifi Sabine Deitmer a [[Jena]] da ke Jamus a shekarar 1947 kuma ta girma a [[Düsseldorf]] kafin ta karanci adabi da harsuna a Bonn. ''Bye, Bruno'' shine littafinta na farko da aka buga wanda ta rubuta bayan ta yi tafiya zuwa Brighton, Bristol, Berlin da Lake Constance. Tana zaune a Ruhr. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] t8j7d2c4eeg8ifovone2rbksen3m4h1 0 165076 905708 2026-08-21T16:30:38Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351627641|Melanie Raabe]]" 905708 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Melanie Raabe''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Agusta 1981 a [[Jena]] ) marubuciya ce kuma 'yar jarida 'yar ƙasar Jamus. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Melanie Raabe a [[Jena]], Jamus ta Gabas, kuma ta girma a Wiehl . Mahaifinta ɗalibi ne mai ziyara daga [[Benin]] . Ta yi karatun kimiyyar kafofin watsa labarai da adabi a Jami'ar Bochum . Daga nan ta fara aikin jarida. A shekarar 2011, ɗan gajeren labarinta mai suna ''The Tooth Fairy (dt. Die Zahnfee)'' ya lashe babbar kyautar lambar yabo ta ''Jamus Short Crime Awards'' a bikin Tatort Eifel saboda adabin laifuka. Ta buga littafin ''The Ugly Ones'' da kanta ''( [[Jamusanci|dt.]] Die Hässlichen'' ) a matsayin littafin lantarki. <ref name="benz">{{Cite web |last=Nina Rudolphi |date=27 September 2016 |title=The thriller read 'round the world |url=https://www.mercedes-benz.com/en/me/inspiration/she/lifestyle-she/interview-melanie-raabe/ |access-date=21 December 2017 |publisher=She's Mercedes}}</ref> An fitar da littafinta mai suna ''The Trap'' ''(dt. Die Falle)'' a bikin baje kolin littattafai na Leipzig a shekarar 2015. An sayar da haƙƙin fim ɗin ''The Trap'' a Berlinale ga TriStar Pictures . Littafin ya lashe ''kyautar Stuttgart Crime Fiction Prize'' a shekara mai zuwa. A shekarar 2016, an buga littafinta mai suna ''The Stranger'' ''(dt. Die Wahrheit)'' a matsayin littafin almara, wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo da kuma littafin sauti. A cikin 2018, Raabe ta fito da littafinta ''The Shadow (dt. Der Schatten)'' . A cikin 2019, an buga littafinta ''The Forests (dt. Die Wälder)'' a ƙarƙashin btb Verlag. An zaɓe ta a cikin jerin 'Yan takarar Leo-Perutz Awards a cikin rukunin ''Mafi kyawun sabon wallafe-wallafe (littafin laifuka)'' na The Shadow ''(dt. Der Schatten'' ), amma ta sha kashi a hannun Alex Beer (Daniela Larcher). == Ayyuka == === Almara === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Lakabi na asali ! Fassarar Turanci ! [[ISBN]] ! Edita ! Marubuci ! Ref. |- | rowspan="1" | 2011 | ''Die Zahnfee'' | ''"Aljanin Hakori"'' | rowspan="1" | — | — | rowspan="2" | Melanie Vega (sunan sirri) | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Das Morden am Hellweg geht weiter: Melanie Raabe schreibt Witten-Krimi |url=https://www.witten.de/kultur-tourismus-sport/news-einzelansicht/news/das-morden-am-hellweg-geht-weiter-melanie-raabe-schreibt-witten-krimi/?tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&cHash=6533833c7eb3c4c3ecbd17558e7e0e58 |access-date=2020-10-07 |website=www.witten.de |language=de}}</ref> |- | rowspan="1" | 2014 | ''Die Hässlichen'' | ''"Mugayen Mutane"'' | 978-3844-28019-7 | epubli GmbH | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Die Hässlichen von Melanie Vega bei LovelyBooks (Roman) |url=https://www.lovelybooks.de/autor/Melanie-Vega/Die-Hässlichen-1344403160-w/ |access-date=2020-10-07 |website=LovelyBooks}}</ref> |- | 2015 | ''Die Falle'' | ''"Tarkon"'' | rowspan="1" | 978-3442-75491-5 | rowspan="4" | btb Verlag | rowspan="4" | Melanie Raabe | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Die Falle |url=http://melanieraabe.de/buecher/die-falle/ |access-date=2020-10-07 |website=Melanie Raabe |language=de}}</ref> |- | 2016 | ''Die Wahrheit'' | ''"Baƙon"'' | rowspan="1" | 978-3442-71690-6 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Die Wahrheit |url=http://melanieraabe.de/buecher/die-wahrheit/ |access-date=2020-10-07 |website=Melanie Raabe |language=de}}</ref> |- | 2018 | ''Der Schatten'' | ''"Inuwar"'' | 978-3442-71903-7 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Der Schatten |url=http://melanieraabe.de/buecher/der-schatten/ |access-date=2020-10-07 |website=Melanie Raabe |language=de}}</ref> |- | 2019 | ''Die Wälder'' | ''"Dazuzzuka"'' | 978-3442-75753-4 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Die Wälder von Melanie Raabe bei LovelyBooks (Krimi und Thriller) |url=https://www.lovelybooks.de/autor/Melanie-Raabe/Die-Wälder-2152087620-w/ |access-date=2020-10-07 |website=LovelyBooks}}</ref> |} === Rediyo yana kunna === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Lakabi na asali ! Fassarar Turanci ! Marubuci ! Edita ! Ref. |- | rowspan="1" | 2017 | ''Die Wahrheit'' | ''"Baƙon"'' | rowspan="2" | Melanie Raabe | rowspan="2" | Der Hörverlag | |- | rowspan="1" | 2019 | ''Der Abgrund'' | ''"Abysm"'' | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alle Folgen |url=https://www.hoerverlag-serials.de/der-abgrund |access-date=2020-10-07 |website=Hörverlag Serials |language=de-DE}}</ref> |} === Littattafan sauti === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Lakabi na asali ! Sigar Turanci ! Marubuci ! Mai magana ! Ref. |- | rowspan="1" | 2015 | ''Die Falle'' | ''"Tarkon"'' | rowspan="4" | Melanie Raabe | rowspan="1" | Devid Striesow, Birgit Minichmayr | |- | rowspan="1" | 2016 | ''Die Wahrheit'' | ''"Baƙon"'' | Nina Kunzendorf, Andreas Pietschmann, Devid Striesow | <ref name="audible.com" /> |- | 2018 | ''Der Schatten'' | ''"Inuwar"'' | rowspan="1" | Katja Bürkle, Melanie Raabe | <ref name="audible.com" /> |- | 2019 | ''Die Wälder'' | ''"Dazuzzuka"'' | rowspan="1" | Melanie Raabe, Anna Schudt | <ref name="audible.com" /> |} == Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Kyauta ! Nau'i ! Aiki ! Sakamako ! Ref. |- | rowspan="1" | 2011 | Tatort Eifel (Jamus Short Crime Awards) | Laifi na Gajeren Laifuka na Jamus | rowspan="1" | ''Die Zahnfee''|rowspan=1 {{Won}} | |- | rowspan="1" | 2015 | Kulturförderpreis des Oberbergischen Kreises | Almara | rowspan="1" | Kanta | Wuri na biyu | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oberbergischer Kreis |date=2020-10-07 |title=Preisträger/innen des Kulturförderpreises |url=https://www.obk.de/cms200/kultur_tourismus/kfp/pt/ |access-date=2020-10-07 |website=Content Management System |language=de}}</ref> |- | 2016 | Stuttgart Crime Fiction Awards (farashin laifi na farko na Witwer) | Mafi kyawun littafin laifuka na farko da ke magana da Jamusanci | ''Die Falle''|rowspan=1 {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=DER STUTTGARTER KRIMIPREIS 2016 {{!}} Stuttgarter Kriminächte |url=https://stuttgarter-kriminaechte.de/node/140 |access-date=2020-10-07 |website=stuttgarter-kriminaechte.de}}</ref> |- | 2019 | Jerin 'Yan Takarar Kyautar Leo-Perutz | Mafi kyawun sabon wallafe-wallafe ( ''Labarin laifuka na'' nau'in) | ''Der Schatten''|rowspan=1 {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-01 |title=Leo-Perutz-Preis für Kriminalliteratur 2019: Fünf mal Hochspannung |url=https://www.buecher.at/leo-perutz-preis-fuer-kriminalliteratur-2019-fuenf-mal-hochspannung/ |access-date=2020-10-07 |website=Hauptverband des Österreichischen Buchhandels}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] bby59l08nbmahr29orrm4p823gk59ol 905709 905708 2026-08-21T16:31:04Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Melanie Raabe''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Agusta 1981 a [[Jena]] ) marubuciya ce kuma 'yar jarida 'yar ƙasar Jamus. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Melanie Raabe a [[Jena]], Jamus ta Gabas, kuma ta girma a Wiehl . Mahaifinta ɗalibi ne mai ziyara daga [[Benin]] . Ta yi karatun kimiyyar kafofin watsa labarai da adabi a Jami'ar Bochum . Daga nan ta fara aikin jarida. A shekarar 2011, ɗan gajeren labarinta mai suna ''The Tooth Fairy (dt. Die Zahnfee)'' ya lashe babbar kyautar lambar yabo ta ''Jamus Short Crime Awards'' a bikin Tatort Eifel saboda adabin laifuka. Ta buga littafin ''The Ugly Ones'' da kanta ''( [[Jamusanci|dt.]] Die Hässlichen'' ) a matsayin littafin lantarki. <ref name="benz">{{Cite web |last=Nina Rudolphi |date=27 September 2016 |title=The thriller read 'round the world |url=https://www.mercedes-benz.com/en/me/inspiration/she/lifestyle-she/interview-melanie-raabe/ |access-date=21 December 2017 |publisher=She's Mercedes}}</ref> An fitar da littafinta mai suna ''The Trap'' ''(dt. Die Falle)'' a bikin baje kolin littattafai na Leipzig a shekarar 2015. An sayar da haƙƙin fim ɗin ''The Trap'' a Berlinale ga TriStar Pictures . Littafin ya lashe ''kyautar Stuttgart Crime Fiction Prize'' a shekara mai zuwa. A shekarar 2016, an buga littafinta mai suna ''The Stranger'' ''(dt. Die Wahrheit)'' a matsayin littafin almara, wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo da kuma littafin sauti. A cikin 2018, Raabe ta fito da littafinta ''The Shadow (dt. Der Schatten)'' . A cikin 2019, an buga littafinta ''The Forests (dt. Die Wälder)'' a ƙarƙashin btb Verlag. An zaɓe ta a cikin jerin 'Yan takarar Leo-Perutz Awards a cikin rukunin ''Mafi kyawun sabon wallafe-wallafe (littafin laifuka)'' na The Shadow ''(dt. Der Schatten'' ), amma ta sha kashi a hannun Alex Beer (Daniela Larcher). == Ayyuka == === Almara === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Lakabi na asali ! Fassarar Turanci ! [[ISBN]] ! Edita ! Marubuci ! Ref. |- | rowspan="1" | 2011 | ''Die Zahnfee'' | ''"Aljanin Hakori"'' | rowspan="1" | — | — | rowspan="2" | Melanie Vega (sunan sirri) | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Das Morden am Hellweg geht weiter: Melanie Raabe schreibt Witten-Krimi |url=https://www.witten.de/kultur-tourismus-sport/news-einzelansicht/news/das-morden-am-hellweg-geht-weiter-melanie-raabe-schreibt-witten-krimi/?tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&cHash=6533833c7eb3c4c3ecbd17558e7e0e58 |access-date=2020-10-07 |website=www.witten.de |language=de}}</ref> |- | rowspan="1" | 2014 | ''Die Hässlichen'' | ''"Mugayen Mutane"'' | 978-3844-28019-7 | epubli GmbH | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Die Hässlichen von Melanie Vega bei LovelyBooks (Roman) |url=https://www.lovelybooks.de/autor/Melanie-Vega/Die-Hässlichen-1344403160-w/ |access-date=2020-10-07 |website=LovelyBooks}}</ref> |- | 2015 | ''Die Falle'' | ''"Tarkon"'' | rowspan="1" | 978-3442-75491-5 | rowspan="4" | btb Verlag | rowspan="4" | Melanie Raabe | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Die Falle |url=http://melanieraabe.de/buecher/die-falle/ |access-date=2020-10-07 |website=Melanie Raabe |language=de}}</ref> |- | 2016 | ''Die Wahrheit'' | ''"Baƙon"'' | rowspan="1" | 978-3442-71690-6 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Die Wahrheit |url=http://melanieraabe.de/buecher/die-wahrheit/ |access-date=2020-10-07 |website=Melanie Raabe |language=de}}</ref> |- | 2018 | ''Der Schatten'' | ''"Inuwar"'' | 978-3442-71903-7 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Der Schatten |url=http://melanieraabe.de/buecher/der-schatten/ |access-date=2020-10-07 |website=Melanie Raabe |language=de}}</ref> |- | 2019 | ''Die Wälder'' | ''"Dazuzzuka"'' | 978-3442-75753-4 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Die Wälder von Melanie Raabe bei LovelyBooks (Krimi und Thriller) |url=https://www.lovelybooks.de/autor/Melanie-Raabe/Die-Wälder-2152087620-w/ |access-date=2020-10-07 |website=LovelyBooks}}</ref> |} === Rediyo yana kunna === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Lakabi na asali ! Fassarar Turanci ! Marubuci ! Edita ! Ref. |- | rowspan="1" | 2017 | ''Die Wahrheit'' | ''"Baƙon"'' | rowspan="2" | Melanie Raabe | rowspan="2" | Der Hörverlag | |- | rowspan="1" | 2019 | ''Der Abgrund'' | ''"Abysm"'' | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alle Folgen |url=https://www.hoerverlag-serials.de/der-abgrund |access-date=2020-10-07 |website=Hörverlag Serials |language=de-DE}}</ref> |} === Littattafan sauti === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Lakabi na asali ! Sigar Turanci ! Marubuci ! Mai magana ! Ref. |- | rowspan="1" | 2015 | ''Die Falle'' | ''"Tarkon"'' | rowspan="4" | Melanie Raabe | rowspan="1" | Devid Striesow, Birgit Minichmayr | |- | rowspan="1" | 2016 | ''Die Wahrheit'' | ''"Baƙon"'' | Nina Kunzendorf, Andreas Pietschmann, Devid Striesow | <ref name="audible.com" /> |- | 2018 | ''Der Schatten'' | ''"Inuwar"'' | rowspan="1" | Katja Bürkle, Melanie Raabe | <ref name="audible.com" /> |- | 2019 | ''Die Wälder'' | ''"Dazuzzuka"'' | rowspan="1" | Melanie Raabe, Anna Schudt | <ref name="audible.com" /> |} == Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Kyauta ! Nau'i ! Aiki ! Sakamako ! Ref. |- | rowspan="1" | 2011 | Tatort Eifel (Jamus Short Crime Awards) | Laifi na Gajeren Laifuka na Jamus | rowspan="1" | ''Die Zahnfee''|rowspan=1 {{Won}} | |- | rowspan="1" | 2015 | Kulturförderpreis des Oberbergischen Kreises | Almara | rowspan="1" | Kanta | Wuri na biyu | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oberbergischer Kreis |date=2020-10-07 |title=Preisträger/innen des Kulturförderpreises |url=https://www.obk.de/cms200/kultur_tourismus/kfp/pt/ |access-date=2020-10-07 |website=Content Management System |language=de}}</ref> |- | 2016 | Stuttgart Crime Fiction Awards (farashin laifi na farko na Witwer) | Mafi kyawun littafin laifuka na farko da ke magana da Jamusanci | ''Die Falle''|rowspan=1 {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=DER STUTTGARTER KRIMIPREIS 2016 {{!}} Stuttgarter Kriminächte |url=https://stuttgarter-kriminaechte.de/node/140 |access-date=2020-10-07 |website=stuttgarter-kriminaechte.de}}</ref> |- | 2019 | Jerin 'Yan Takarar Kyautar Leo-Perutz | Mafi kyawun sabon wallafe-wallafe ( ''Labarin laifuka na'' nau'in) | ''Der Schatten''|rowspan=1 {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-01 |title=Leo-Perutz-Preis für Kriminalliteratur 2019: Fünf mal Hochspannung |url=https://www.buecher.at/leo-perutz-preis-fuer-kriminalliteratur-2019-fuenf-mal-hochspannung/ |access-date=2020-10-07 |website=Hauptverband des Österreichischen Buchhandels}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] pfw5e3x4xe7fc71ui5lvc6zw5l3oh66 0 165077 905711 2026-08-21T16:34:01Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370163164|Dorothea Dieckmann]]" 905711 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dorothea Dieckmann''' marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Dorothea Dieckmann aka haife shi a Freiburg a 1957. Ta zauna a [[Hamburg]], [[Köln|Cologne]], [[Rum|Rome]], Tübingen, da [[Stuttgart]] . Kafin ya zama cikakken marubuci, Diechmann ya yi aiki a matsayin malamar makarantar sakandare. Littafinta na ''[[Guantanamo (novel)|Guantanamo]]'' shi ne littafinta na farko da aka fassara zuwa Turanci. Lokacin da Tim Mohr ya fassara littafin zuwa Turanci, ya lashe kyautar Mafi Kyawun Littattafai Masu Fassara. == Lambobin yabo da girmamawa == Ta sami kyautar [[Literature Prize of the City of Hamburg|Adabi ta shekarar 1990 ta birnin Hamburg]] . A cikin 1997, ta sami Künstlerhaus Schloss Wiepersdorf malanta. A 1998, ta sami Marburger Literaturpreis . A shekarar 2004, ta sami tallafin karatu daga Ledig House . A shekarar 2009, an zaɓe ta a matsayin marubuciya a [[Dresden]] a gidanta. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] 58pmiy58vsvhffdaategluz5u5ba29m 905712 905711 2026-08-21T16:34:27Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dorothea Dieckmann''' marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Dorothea Dieckmann aka haife shi a Freiburg a 1957. Ta zauna a [[Hamburg]], [[Köln|Cologne]], [[Rum|Rome]], Tübingen, da [[Stuttgart]]. Kafin ya zama cikakken marubuci, Diechmann ya yi aiki a matsayin malamar makarantar sakandare. Littafinta na ''[[Guantanamo (novel)|Guantanamo]]'' shi ne littafinta na farko da aka fassara zuwa Turanci. Lokacin da Tim Mohr ya fassara littafin zuwa Turanci, ya lashe kyautar Mafi Kyawun Littattafai Masu Fassara. == Lambobin yabo da girmamawa == Ta sami kyautar [[Literature Prize of the City of Hamburg|Adabi ta shekarar 1990 ta birnin Hamburg]] . A cikin 1997, ta sami Künstlerhaus Schloss Wiepersdorf malanta. A 1998, ta sami Marburger Literaturpreis . A shekarar 2004, ta sami tallafin karatu daga Ledig House. A shekarar 2009, an zaɓe ta a matsayin marubuciya a [[Dresden]] a gidanta. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] 994tevtexwfors7g4bm9n0w6pqd4xka 0 165078 905713 2026-08-21T16:36:05Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351628460|Özlem Özgül Dündar]]" 905713 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Özlem Özgül Dündar''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1983 a Solingen, [[Jamus]] ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Landtag NRW: 2305_LesungSolingen |url=https://www.landtag.nrw.de/home/aktuelles/meldungen-und-berichte/meldungen-berichte-und-informati/meldungen-und-berichte/2023/05/2305lesungsolingen.html |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=www.landtag.nrw.de}}</ref> mawaƙin Jamus ne, mawallafi, mai fassara, kuma marubuci. == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Dündar a Solingen, Jamus. Ta halarci Jami'ar Wuppertal kuma ta yi karatun falsafa da adabi a can. Bayan ta yi tafiya zuwa Ireland, inda ta kammala zangon karatu na shekara ɗaya a ƙasashen waje, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Özlem Özgül Dündar {{!}} Poetenladen {{!}} Zur Person |url=https://www.poetenladen.de/oezlem-oezguel-duendar.php |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=www.poetenladen.de}}</ref> Turkiyya, da Paris, ta yi aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin mawaka da dama, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-21 |title=Özlem Özgül Dündar |url=https://www1.wdr.de/radio/hoerspiel/oezlem-oezguel-duendar-100.html |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=www1.wdr.de |language=de}}</ref> da sauran Kanack Attak Leipzig, Kaltssignal, GID, da kuma Ministry for Compassion. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Özlem Özgül Dündar |url=https://www.uni-due.de/literarikon/duendar.php |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=www.uni-due.de}}</ref> Ta koma [[Leipzig]] a shekarar 2015 don halartar Cibiyar Adabi ta Jamus, inda ta fuskanci hare-hare da dama da suka shafi launin fata a gidajen 'yan gudun hijira, wanda daga ƙarshe ya zaburar da ita ta rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na farko. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=deutschlandfunkkultur.de |title=Özlem Özgül Dündar über ihr Romanprojekt "türken, feuer" - Schreiben nach einem rassistischen Anschlag |url=https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/oezlem-oezguel-duendar-ueber-ihr-romanprojekt-tuerken-feuer-100.html |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=Deutschlandfunk Kultur |language=de}}</ref> == Sana'a == Dündar yana rubuta waƙoƙi, rubutun kalmomi, muƙaloli, kuma yana fassara daga harshen Turkanci. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Özlem Özgül Dündar {{!}} NRW KULTURsekretariat |url=https://www.nrw-kultur.de/programme/werkproben/projekte/oezlem-oezguel-duendar |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=NRWKultur Sekretariat |language=de-DE}}</ref> <ref name=":0" /> Labarin fim ɗinta mai suna [[Turks, Fire]], ya ba da labarin harin ƙona gidan wani ɗan ƙasar Turkiyya a shekarar 1993 a Solingen, inda mutane biyar suka mutu. Da farko ta rubuta shi a matsayin wani aiki a shekararta ta uku a jami'a. Dündar tana da shekaru goma lokacin da aka kai harin kuma da farko ta shirya rubuta wani fim ne domin tana son jaruman su kasance a wurin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=türken, feuer |url=https://www.rowohlt-theaterverlag.de/foreign-rights/play/tuerken-feuer-1095 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=Theaterverlage |language=de}}</ref> An daidaita rubutun fim ɗin zuwa wani labari da aka buga a shekarar 2021. <ref name=":2" /> Tarin wakokinta gedanken, zerren ELIF Verlag ne ya buga a cikin 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Özlem Özgül Dündar – Verbrecher Verlag |url=https://www.verbrecherverlag.de/autor_innen/oezlem-oezguel-duendar/ |access-date=2023-12-08 |language=de-DE}}</ref> kuma ta haɗa haɗin gwiwar anthology Flexen - Flâneusen * schreiben Städte, wanda Verbrecher Verlag ya buga a cikin 2019. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Villa Massimo {{!}} Özlem Özgül Dündar |url=https://villamassimo.de/de/stipendiaten/oezlem-oezguel-duendar |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=villamassimo.de}}</ref> == Kyauta, kyaututtuka, da kyaututtuka == * 2010: Düsseldorf Förderpreis <ref name=":1" /> * 2011: Merck Stipend a Darmstadt <ref name=":1" /> * 2014: Tallafin aikin fassara Jamusanci na Turkiyya na Cibiyar Goethe a [[Istanbul]] <ref name=":1" /> * 2015: Kyautar Wolfgang Weyrauch <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-02 |title=Literarischer März |url=http://www.literarischer-maerz.de/preistraeger_04.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402102221/http://www.literarischer-maerz.de/preistraeger_04.php |archive-date=2015-04-02 |access-date=2023-12-08}}</ref> * 2015: Kyautar Wasan Kwaikwayo ta Retzhof <ref>{{Cite web |title=derStandard.at |url=https://www.derstandard.at/consent/tcf/2000015494053/Retzhofer-Dramapreis-an-Oezlem-Oezguel-Duendar-und-Miroslava-Svolikova |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=www.derstandard.at}}</ref> * 2017: Kudin aikin yi na North Rhine-Westphalia <ref name=":1" /> * 2018: Kyautar Kelag-Preis a gasar Ingeborg-Bachmann a Klagenfurt don wani yanki na Turkawa, Wuta <ref name=":1" /> * 2018: Rolf Dieter Brinkmann ya karɓi kuɗin tallafin karatu daga birnin [[Köln|Cologne]] <ref name=":3" /> * 2019: Kyautar Alfred-Müller-Felsenburg <ref name=":1" /> * 2020: An karrama wasan kwaikwayo na sauti na shekara don daidaita wasan kwaikwayo na sauti na Turks, Fire <ref name=":3" /> * 2021: Layin Casa Baldi <ref name=":4" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] 8kjsnxc4sftlbnbrivs1ypoa5178d9n 905714 905713 2026-08-21T16:36:27Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Özlem Özgül Dündar''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1983 a Solingen, [[Jamus]] ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Landtag NRW: 2305_LesungSolingen |url=https://www.landtag.nrw.de/home/aktuelles/meldungen-und-berichte/meldungen-berichte-und-informati/meldungen-und-berichte/2023/05/2305lesungsolingen.html |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=www.landtag.nrw.de}}</ref> mawaƙin Jamus ne, mawallafi, mai fassara, kuma marubuci. == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Dündar a Solingen, Jamus. Ta halarci Jami'ar Wuppertal kuma ta yi karatun falsafa da adabi a can. Bayan ta yi tafiya zuwa Ireland, inda ta kammala zangon karatu na shekara ɗaya a ƙasashen waje, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Özlem Özgül Dündar {{!}} Poetenladen {{!}} Zur Person |url=https://www.poetenladen.de/oezlem-oezguel-duendar.php |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=www.poetenladen.de}}</ref> Turkiyya, da Paris, ta yi aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin mawaka da dama, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-21 |title=Özlem Özgül Dündar |url=https://www1.wdr.de/radio/hoerspiel/oezlem-oezguel-duendar-100.html |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=www1.wdr.de |language=de}}</ref> da sauran Kanack Attak Leipzig, Kaltssignal, GID, da kuma Ministry for Compassion. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Özlem Özgül Dündar |url=https://www.uni-due.de/literarikon/duendar.php |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=www.uni-due.de}}</ref> Ta koma [[Leipzig]] a shekarar 2015 don halartar Cibiyar Adabi ta Jamus, inda ta fuskanci hare-hare da dama da suka shafi launin fata a gidajen 'yan gudun hijira, wanda daga ƙarshe ya zaburar da ita ta rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na farko. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=deutschlandfunkkultur.de |title=Özlem Özgül Dündar über ihr Romanprojekt "türken, feuer" - Schreiben nach einem rassistischen Anschlag |url=https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/oezlem-oezguel-duendar-ueber-ihr-romanprojekt-tuerken-feuer-100.html |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=Deutschlandfunk Kultur |language=de}}</ref> == Sana'a == Dündar yana rubuta waƙoƙi, rubutun kalmomi, muƙaloli, kuma yana fassara daga harshen Turkanci. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Özlem Özgül Dündar {{!}} NRW KULTURsekretariat |url=https://www.nrw-kultur.de/programme/werkproben/projekte/oezlem-oezguel-duendar |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=NRWKultur Sekretariat |language=de-DE}}</ref> <ref name=":0" /> Labarin fim ɗinta mai suna [[Turks, Fire]], ya ba da labarin harin ƙona gidan wani ɗan ƙasar Turkiyya a shekarar 1993 a Solingen, inda mutane biyar suka mutu. Da farko ta rubuta shi a matsayin wani aiki a shekararta ta uku a jami'a. Dündar tana da shekaru goma lokacin da aka kai harin kuma da farko ta shirya rubuta wani fim ne domin tana son jaruman su kasance a wurin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=türken, feuer |url=https://www.rowohlt-theaterverlag.de/foreign-rights/play/tuerken-feuer-1095 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=Theaterverlage |language=de}}</ref> An daidaita rubutun fim ɗin zuwa wani labari da aka buga a shekarar 2021. <ref name=":2" /> Tarin wakokinta gedanken, zerren ELIF Verlag ne ya buga a cikin 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Özlem Özgül Dündar – Verbrecher Verlag |url=https://www.verbrecherverlag.de/autor_innen/oezlem-oezguel-duendar/ |access-date=2023-12-08 |language=de-DE}}</ref> kuma ta haɗa haɗin gwiwar anthology Flexen - Flâneusen * schreiben Städte, wanda Verbrecher Verlag ya buga a cikin 2019. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Villa Massimo {{!}} Özlem Özgül Dündar |url=https://villamassimo.de/de/stipendiaten/oezlem-oezguel-duendar |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=villamassimo.de}}</ref> == Kyauta, kyaututtuka, da kyaututtuka == * 2010: Düsseldorf Förderpreis <ref name=":1" /> * 2011: Merck Stipend a Darmstadt <ref name=":1" /> * 2014: Tallafin aikin fassara Jamusanci na Turkiyya na Cibiyar Goethe a [[Istanbul]] <ref name=":1" /> * 2015: Kyautar Wolfgang Weyrauch <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-02 |title=Literarischer März |url=http://www.literarischer-maerz.de/preistraeger_04.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402102221/http://www.literarischer-maerz.de/preistraeger_04.php |archive-date=2015-04-02 |access-date=2023-12-08}}</ref> * 2015: Kyautar Wasan Kwaikwayo ta Retzhof <ref>{{Cite web |title=derStandard.at |url=https://www.derstandard.at/consent/tcf/2000015494053/Retzhofer-Dramapreis-an-Oezlem-Oezguel-Duendar-und-Miroslava-Svolikova |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=www.derstandard.at}}</ref> * 2017: Kudin aikin yi na North Rhine-Westphalia <ref name=":1" /> * 2018: Kyautar Kelag-Preis a gasar Ingeborg-Bachmann a Klagenfurt don wani yanki na Turkawa, Wuta <ref name=":1" /> * 2018: Rolf Dieter Brinkmann ya karɓi kuɗin tallafin karatu daga birnin [[Köln|Cologne]] <ref name=":3" /> * 2019: Kyautar Alfred-Müller-Felsenburg <ref name=":1" /> * 2020: An karrama wasan kwaikwayo na sauti na shekara don daidaita wasan kwaikwayo na sauti na Turks, Fire <ref name=":3" /> * 2021: Layin Casa Baldi <ref name=":4" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] 2a102mjqijepay956v9829uknsykss2 0 165079 905715 2026-08-21T16:37:44Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356026840|Brigitte Riebe]]" 905715 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brigitte Riebe''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1953 a [[München|Munich]] ) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus a fannin labaran laifuka da [[Feminism|na mata]] . Tana rubuta labaran ban dariya a ƙarƙashin sunan Lara Stern. Tana zaune tare da mijinta a Munich. == Rayuwa == Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Brigitte Riebe ta yi karatu a LMU Munich . Ta sami digirin PhD bisa ga wani bincike da aka yi kan ci gaban tsarin mata na 'yan borgeois a farkon karni na 18 zuwa 19. Daga nan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai koyar da kayan tarihi sannan daga baya ta zama edita ga wasu mawallafan Jamusawa. A shekarar 1991, ta bar aikinta na babban edita a Bertelsmann don zama marubuciya. Tun daga lokacin, ta rubuta littattafai da yawa a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban. A shekarar 1992, Riebe ta buga littafinta na farko, littafin laifuka Nix Dolci, wanda ya gabatar da lauya Sina Teufel, wacce ta zama jigo a cikin ayyukanta na baya. An fito da ɗaya daga cikin litattafai na tushen Sina Teufel a matsayin fim: 'Inzest - Ein Fall für Sina Teufel' (Incest -A Case for Sina Teufel) a cikin 1996. Baya ga litattafanta na binciken laifuka Brigitte Riebe ta kuma buga littattafai da dama game da al'ummar zamani. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 50fsmt10uec6md40so1iiwfi0lbryns 905716 905715 2026-08-21T16:38:08Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Brigitte Riebe''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1953 a [[München|Munich]] ) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus a fannin labaran laifuka da [[Feminism|na mata]] . Tana rubuta labaran ban dariya a ƙarƙashin sunan Lara Stern. Tana zaune tare da mijinta a Munich. == Rayuwa == Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Brigitte Riebe ta yi karatu a LMU Munich . Ta sami digirin PhD bisa ga wani bincike da aka yi kan ci gaban tsarin mata na 'yan borgeois a farkon karni na 18 zuwa 19. Daga nan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai koyar da kayan tarihi sannan daga baya ta zama edita ga wasu mawallafan Jamusawa. A shekarar 1991, ta bar aikinta na babban edita a Bertelsmann don zama marubuciya. Tun daga lokacin, ta rubuta littattafai da yawa a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban. A shekarar 1992, Riebe ta buga littafinta na farko, littafin laifuka Nix Dolci, wanda ya gabatar da lauya Sina Teufel, wacce ta zama jigo a cikin ayyukanta na baya. An fito da ɗaya daga cikin litattafai na tushen Sina Teufel a matsayin fim: 'Inzest - Ein Fall für Sina Teufel' (Incest -A Case for Sina Teufel) a cikin 1996. Baya ga litattafanta na binciken laifuka Brigitte Riebe ta kuma buga littattafai da dama game da al'ummar zamani. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] pvlw2c6q0tmd6cef99ht3nk2a83b1x9 0 165080 905726 2026-08-21T17:23:38Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339121948|Alice Mabota]]" 905726 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Maria Alice Mabota''' (8 Afrilu 1949 - 12 Oktoba 2023) ta kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam ta Mozambique kuma shugabar kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Mozambique . == Rayuwa == === Matasa === An haifi Maria Alice Mabota a shekara ta 1949 a cikin aikin Missão José, ''Asibitin Janar José Macamo,'' na yanzu, a [[Maputo|Lourenço Marques]] . Yawanci, iyalai da ake kira "yan asalin" - kamar yadda dangin Mabota - ba su yi rajistar yara nan da nan ba a haife su. Saboda wannan dalili, an kiyasta shekarunta idan aka kwatanta da fuskarsa da sauran yara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Emildo Sambo |date=10 March 2015 |title="Temos de alcançar a independência em prol das futuras gerações", Alice Mabota |url=http://www.verdade.co.mz/tema-de-fundo/35-themadefundo/52196-temos-de-alcancar-a-independencia-em-prol-das-futuras-geracoes-alice-mabota |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903061421/http://www.verdade.co.mz/tema-de-fundo/35-themadefundo/52196-temos-de-alcancar-a-independencia-em-prol-das-futuras-geracoes-alice-mabota |archive-date=3 September 2016 |access-date=2 September 2016 |language=pt}}</ref> Mabota takan zauna tare da mahaifinta a Machava 15 a wani lokaci. Makarantar firamare ta farko da Mabota ta halarta a Ofishin Jakadancin Missão de São Roque da ke Matutuíne, kimanin kilomita 100 daga babban birnin. Duk da haka, kamar yadda aka saba ga 'yan Mozambique masu matsayin "'yan asalin ƙasar", suna iya kammala makarantar firamare a can ne kawai. A wasu lokutan, tana zaune tare da kawunta a gefen babban birnin, a Catembe. A can ne aka yi wa Mabota baftisma a shekarar 1966..<ref name=":0" /> === Ƙarin ilimi === A cikin 1967/68, mahaifiyar Mabota ta fito ne daga karkashin kasa na Afirka ta Kudu, inda aka ruwaito ta yi aiki ga Mozambican [[FRELIMO]] Liberation Front. Mahaifiyar Mabota ta nace cewa 'yarta ta ci gaba da karatun ta. Daga nan sai ta tafi makarantar sakandare da yamma kuma ta yi aiki da rana a matsayin mai tsabta a cibiyoyi daban-daban.<ref name=":0" /> [[Fayil:Alice_Mabota,_Machamba_de_Tecnologias,_Maputo_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Alice Mabota]] A shekara ta 1973 ta fara aiki a Cibiyar Binciken Agronómica ta Hukumar Aikin Gona ta Koloni (ma'aikatar Aikin Goma ta baya), amma ta bar wannan aikin a shekara ta 1980 saboda bambance-bambance na mutum. Ta ki amincewa da tayin aiki na sabis na sirri na Mozambican Serviços de Informação e Segurança do Estado (SISE). <ref name=":0" /> Mabota ta kammala aji na bakwai a makarantar sakandare ta Francisco Manyanga, aji na tara a makarantar sakandaren Josina Machel a tsakiyar Maputo . A sakamakon haka, ta sami damar samun ilimi mafi girma, amma ba ta iya kawo kanta don karatun likita ba - tunda ba ta son ganin gawawwakin ba, bisa ga sanarwa ta kanta - ko alaƙar kasa da kasa, - tunda ba za ta iya magana da Turanci ko Faransanci ba. Daga nan sai ta ba da darussan Portuguese a makarantar sakandare Francisco Manyanga a lokacin, lokacin da David Simango ya kasance shugaban makarantar. Daga baya, ta yi aiki a Patrocínio e Assistência Jurídica (IPAJ) da kuma gwamnatin jihar Administração do Parque Imobiliário do Estado (APIE). <ref name=":0" /> === Kafa Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam === Babban canji a rayuwar Mabota ya kasance a 1993 lokacin da ta halarci taron Vienna kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, inda ta zauna na kwanaki 45. Wannan ya motsa ta ta ta himmatu sosai ga haƙƙin ɗan adam a Mozambique. Komawa a Vienna a 1995, tare da sauran masu gwagwarmayar Mozambican da masu ilimi, ta kafa Liga dos Direitos Humanos de Moçambique, a Turanci "Human Rights League", bisa ga tsarin Guinea-Bissau.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Status of Human Rights Organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa Mozambique |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/africa/mozambiq.htm |access-date=2 September 2016}}</ref> [[Fayil:Alice_Mabota_and_Douglas_Griffiths,_Machamba_de_Tecnologias,_Maputo.jpg|left|thumb|Alice Mabota tana magana da Douglas Griffiths, jakadan Amurka a Mozambique daga 2012 zuwa 2016.]] Tun daga lokacin Alice Mabota ta jagoranci ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma ta kafa kanta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun muryoyin ƙungiyoyin farar hula na Mozambique. Musamman a shekarun 2010, ta soki yadda siyasa a Mozambique ke ƙara rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin FRELIMO da RENAMO. Ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, tare da sauran ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin farar hula na Mozambique, sun shirya zanga-zangar neman zaman lafiya, daidaito da kuma yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa a babban birnin Mozambique. A cikin wannan lamari, ta fuskanci barazanar kisa da dama da kuma cin mutuncin jama'a, waɗanda aka danganta da reshen FRELIMO mai tsattsauran ra'ayi..<ref>{{Cite web |title=QUEM É ARMANDO GUEBUZA |url=http://www.jornaldomingo.co.mz/index.php/opiniao/2129-quem-e-armando-guebuza, |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903061426/http://www.jornaldomingo.co.mz/index.php/opiniao/2129-quem-e-armando-guebuza, |archive-date=3 September 2016 |access-date=2 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alice Mabota diz que sofre ameaça para abortar marcha do próximo sábado |url=http://opais.sapo.mz/index.php/sociedade/45-sociedade/41105-alice-mabota-diz-que-sofre-ameaca-para-abortar-marcha-do-proximo-sabado-.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616172351/http://opais.sapo.mz/index.php/sociedade/45-sociedade/41105-alice-mabota-diz-que-sofre-ameaca-para-abortar-marcha-do-proximo-sabado-.html |archive-date=16 June 2016 |access-date=2 September 2016}}</ref> 'Yan sanda masu aikata laifuka na Mozambican sun kuma yi mata tambayoyi, yayin da aka zarge ta da cin zarafin shugaban kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polícia de Moçambique interroga ativista Alice Mabota |url=http://www.dw.com/pt/pol%25C3%25ADcia-de-mo%25C3%25A7ambique-interroga-ativista-alice-mabota/a-17367607 |access-date=2 September 2016}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, Mabota ta sami lambar yabo ta mata ta kasa da kasa ta Amurka. [Lokaci 1]<ref>{{Cite web |title=MOZAMBIQUE: Alice Mabota Wins 2010 International Women of Courage Award |url=http://www.peacewomen.org/content/mozambique-alice-mabota-wins-2010-international-women-courage-award |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524144353/https://www.peacewomen.org/content/mozambique-alice-mabota-wins-2010-international-women-courage-award |archive-date=24 May 2019 |access-date=2 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alice Mabota é a mulher mais corajosa de Moçambique |url=http://opais.sapo.mz/index.php/politica/45-sociedade/5844-alice-mabota-e-a-mulher-mais-corajosa-de-mocambique.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406134651/http://opais.sapo.mz/index.php/politica/45-sociedade/5844-alice-mabota-e-a-mulher-mais-corajosa-de-mocambique.html |archive-date=6 April 2019 |access-date=2 September 2016}}</ref> A shekara ta 2014, Mabota ya yi la'akari da yin takarar zaben shugaban kasa na ɗan lokaci, amma daga ƙarshe ya janye.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2014 |title=Alice Mabota admite candidatar-se à presidência de Moçambique {{!}} Portal de Angola |url=http://www.portaldeangola.com/2014/01/alice-mabota-admite-candidatar-se-a-presidencia-de-mocambique/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903061441/http://www.portaldeangola.com/2014/01/alice-mabota-admite-candidatar-se-a-presidencia-de-mocambique/ |archive-date=3 September 2016 |access-date=2 September 2016}}</ref> Daga bisani ta yanke shawarar tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa a Zaben 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Moçambique: Alice Mabota, primeira mulher candidata às presidenciais {{!}} DW {{!}} 15 July 2019 |url=https://www.dw.com/pt-002/mo%C3%A7ambique-alice-mabota-primeira-mulher-candidata-%C3%A0s-presidenciais/a-49600915 |access-date=2 August 2019 |website=DW.COM}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Alice Mabota ta mutu a wani asibiti a Afirka ta Kudu a ranar 12 ga Oktoba 2023, tana da shekaru 74. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Morreu a ativista moçambicana Alice Mabota – DW – 12/10/2023 |url=https://www.dw.com/pt-002/morreu-a-ativista-mo%C3%A7ambicana-alice-mabota/a-67080438 |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=dw.com |language=pt}}</ref> == Bayani == <references group="Note" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Pages with unreviewed translations]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p2r6jda5oi4m0cvbgptx8o0jj1jjeqi 905727 905726 2026-08-21T17:24:02Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 905727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Maria Alice Mabota''' (8 Afrilu 1949 - 12 Oktoba 2023) ta kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam ta Mozambique kuma shugabar kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Mozambique . == Rayuwa == === Matasa === An haifi Maria Alice Mabota a shekara ta 1949 a cikin aikin Missão José, ''Asibitin Janar José Macamo,'' na yanzu, a [[Maputo|Lourenço Marques]] . Yawanci, iyalai da ake kira "yan asalin" - kamar yadda dangin Mabota - ba su yi rajistar yara nan da nan ba a haife su. Saboda wannan dalili, an kiyasta shekarunta idan aka kwatanta da fuskarsa da sauran yara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Emildo Sambo |date=10 March 2015 |title="Temos de alcançar a independência em prol das futuras gerações", Alice Mabota |url=http://www.verdade.co.mz/tema-de-fundo/35-themadefundo/52196-temos-de-alcancar-a-independencia-em-prol-das-futuras-geracoes-alice-mabota |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903061421/http://www.verdade.co.mz/tema-de-fundo/35-themadefundo/52196-temos-de-alcancar-a-independencia-em-prol-das-futuras-geracoes-alice-mabota |archive-date=3 September 2016 |access-date=2 September 2016 |language=pt}}</ref> Mabota takan zauna tare da mahaifinta a Machava 15 a wani lokaci. Makarantar firamare ta farko da Mabota ta halarta a Ofishin Jakadancin Missão de São Roque da ke Matutuíne, kimanin kilomita 100 daga babban birnin. Duk da haka, kamar yadda aka saba ga 'yan Mozambique masu matsayin "'yan asalin ƙasar", suna iya kammala makarantar firamare a can ne kawai. A wasu lokutan, tana zaune tare da kawunta a gefen babban birnin, a Catembe. A can ne aka yi wa Mabota baftisma a shekarar 1966..<ref name=":0" /> === Ƙarin ilimi === A cikin 1967/68, mahaifiyar Mabota ta fito ne daga karkashin kasa na Afirka ta Kudu, inda aka ruwaito ta yi aiki ga Mozambican [[FRELIMO]] Liberation Front. Mahaifiyar Mabota ta nace cewa 'yarta ta ci gaba da karatun ta. Daga nan sai ta tafi makarantar sakandare da yamma kuma ta yi aiki da rana a matsayin mai tsabta a cibiyoyi daban-daban.<ref name=":0" /> [[Fayil:Alice_Mabota,_Machamba_de_Tecnologias,_Maputo_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Alice Mabota]] A shekara ta 1973 ta fara aiki a Cibiyar Binciken Agronómica ta Hukumar Aikin Gona ta Koloni (ma'aikatar Aikin Goma ta baya), amma ta bar wannan aikin a shekara ta 1980 saboda bambance-bambance na mutum. Ta ki amincewa da tayin aiki na sabis na sirri na Mozambican Serviços de Informação e Segurança do Estado (SISE). <ref name=":0" /> Mabota ta kammala aji na bakwai a makarantar sakandare ta Francisco Manyanga, aji na tara a makarantar sakandaren Josina Machel a tsakiyar Maputo . A sakamakon haka, ta sami damar samun ilimi mafi girma, amma ba ta iya kawo kanta don karatun likita ba - tunda ba ta son ganin gawawwakin ba, bisa ga sanarwa ta kanta - ko alaƙar kasa da kasa, - tunda ba za ta iya magana da Turanci ko Faransanci ba. Daga nan sai ta ba da darussan Portuguese a makarantar sakandare Francisco Manyanga a lokacin, lokacin da David Simango ya kasance shugaban makarantar. Daga baya, ta yi aiki a Patrocínio e Assistência Jurídica (IPAJ) da kuma gwamnatin jihar Administração do Parque Imobiliário do Estado (APIE). <ref name=":0" /> === Kafa Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam === Babban canji a rayuwar Mabota ya kasance a 1993 lokacin da ta halarci taron Vienna kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, inda ta zauna na kwanaki 45. Wannan ya motsa ta ta ta himmatu sosai ga haƙƙin ɗan adam a Mozambique. Komawa a Vienna a 1995, tare da sauran masu gwagwarmayar Mozambican da masu ilimi, ta kafa Liga dos Direitos Humanos de Moçambique, a Turanci "Human Rights League", bisa ga tsarin Guinea-Bissau.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Status of Human Rights Organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa Mozambique |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/africa/mozambiq.htm |access-date=2 September 2016}}</ref> [[Fayil:Alice_Mabota_and_Douglas_Griffiths,_Machamba_de_Tecnologias,_Maputo.jpg|left|thumb|Alice Mabota tana magana da Douglas Griffiths, jakadan Amurka a Mozambique daga 2012 zuwa 2016.]] Tun daga lokacin Alice Mabota ta jagoranci ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma ta kafa kanta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun muryoyin ƙungiyoyin farar hula na Mozambique. Musamman a shekarun 2010, ta soki yadda siyasa a Mozambique ke ƙara rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin FRELIMO da RENAMO. Ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, tare da sauran ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin farar hula na Mozambique, sun shirya zanga-zangar neman zaman lafiya, daidaito da kuma yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa a babban birnin Mozambique. A cikin wannan lamari, ta fuskanci barazanar kisa da dama da kuma cin mutuncin jama'a, waɗanda aka danganta da reshen FRELIMO mai tsattsauran ra'ayi..<ref>{{Cite web |title=QUEM É ARMANDO GUEBUZA |url=http://www.jornaldomingo.co.mz/index.php/opiniao/2129-quem-e-armando-guebuza, |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903061426/http://www.jornaldomingo.co.mz/index.php/opiniao/2129-quem-e-armando-guebuza, |archive-date=3 September 2016 |access-date=2 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alice Mabota diz que sofre ameaça para abortar marcha do próximo sábado |url=http://opais.sapo.mz/index.php/sociedade/45-sociedade/41105-alice-mabota-diz-que-sofre-ameaca-para-abortar-marcha-do-proximo-sabado-.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616172351/http://opais.sapo.mz/index.php/sociedade/45-sociedade/41105-alice-mabota-diz-que-sofre-ameaca-para-abortar-marcha-do-proximo-sabado-.html |archive-date=16 June 2016 |access-date=2 September 2016}}</ref> 'Yan sanda masu aikata laifuka na Mozambican sun kuma yi mata tambayoyi, yayin da aka zarge ta da cin zarafin shugaban kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polícia de Moçambique interroga ativista Alice Mabota |url=http://www.dw.com/pt/pol%25C3%25ADcia-de-mo%25C3%25A7ambique-interroga-ativista-alice-mabota/a-17367607 |access-date=2 September 2016}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, Mabota ta sami lambar yabo ta mata ta kasa da kasa ta Amurka. [Lokaci 1]<ref>{{Cite web |title=MOZAMBIQUE: Alice Mabota Wins 2010 International Women of Courage Award |url=http://www.peacewomen.org/content/mozambique-alice-mabota-wins-2010-international-women-courage-award |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524144353/https://www.peacewomen.org/content/mozambique-alice-mabota-wins-2010-international-women-courage-award |archive-date=24 May 2019 |access-date=2 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alice Mabota é a mulher mais corajosa de Moçambique |url=http://opais.sapo.mz/index.php/politica/45-sociedade/5844-alice-mabota-e-a-mulher-mais-corajosa-de-mocambique.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406134651/http://opais.sapo.mz/index.php/politica/45-sociedade/5844-alice-mabota-e-a-mulher-mais-corajosa-de-mocambique.html |archive-date=6 April 2019 |access-date=2 September 2016}}</ref> A shekara ta 2014, Mabota ya yi la'akari da yin takarar zaben shugaban kasa na ɗan lokaci, amma daga ƙarshe ya janye.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2014 |title=Alice Mabota admite candidatar-se à presidência de Moçambique {{!}} Portal de Angola |url=http://www.portaldeangola.com/2014/01/alice-mabota-admite-candidatar-se-a-presidencia-de-mocambique/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903061441/http://www.portaldeangola.com/2014/01/alice-mabota-admite-candidatar-se-a-presidencia-de-mocambique/ |archive-date=3 September 2016 |access-date=2 September 2016}}</ref> Daga bisani ta yanke shawarar tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa a Zaben 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Moçambique: Alice Mabota, primeira mulher candidata às presidenciais {{!}} DW {{!}} 15 July 2019 |url=https://www.dw.com/pt-002/mo%C3%A7ambique-alice-mabota-primeira-mulher-candidata-%C3%A0s-presidenciais/a-49600915 |access-date=2 August 2019 |website=DW.COM}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Alice Mabota ta mutu a wani asibiti a Afirka ta Kudu a ranar 12 ga Oktoba 2023, tana da shekaru 74. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Morreu a ativista moçambicana Alice Mabota – DW – 12/10/2023 |url=https://www.dw.com/pt-002/morreu-a-ativista-mo%C3%A7ambicana-alice-mabota/a-67080438 |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=dw.com |language=pt}}</ref> == Bayani == <references group="Note" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Pages with unreviewed translations]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 144e3sinhp0km0rrl4t115a94ka3o3y 0 165081 905730 2026-08-21T18:11:31Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355787845|Epicenter]]" 905730 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Fayil:Epicenter_Diagram.svg|right|thumb|Cibiyar tana kai tsaye sama da cibiyar girgizar ƙasa (wanda ake kira mayar da hankali).]] Epicenter (/ˈɛpɪˌsɛntər/), epicentre, ko epicentrum<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'': "The point over the centre: applied in Seismol. to the outbreaking point of earthquake shocks."</ref> a fannin ilimin nazarin girgizar ƙasa (seismology), shi ne wurin da ke saman Duniya kai tsaye a bisa hypocenter ko focus, wato wurin da girgizar ƙasa ko kuma fashewar wani abu a ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta samo asali. == Ƙaddamarwa == [[Fayil:1906_loma_prieta.png|right|thumb|Seismograms na zamani da na tarihi]] Babbar manufar '''seismometer''' ita ce gano wuraren da '''girgizar ƙasa''' ta samo asali, wato '''epicenter'''. Manufa ta biyu ita ce tantance '''“girman” ko ƙarfin girgizar ƙasa (magnitude)''', wanda dole ne a ƙididdige shi bayan an gano ainihin wurin da girgizar ƙasar ta faro. An ƙera seismographs na farko ne domin su ba da fahimtar alkiblar motsin farko da ke faruwa sakamakon girgizar ƙasa. Seismograph na kwaɗon Sinawa<ref>{{cite web |title=Chinese Seismograph |url=http://engagetolearn.com/ETL/quakeimages/ChineseSeismograph.jpg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916022456/http://engagetolearn.com/ETL/quakeimages/ChineseSeismograph.jpg |archive-date=2019-09-16 |access-date=2023-08-11 |format=jpg}}</ref>yana sauke ƙwallonsa zuwa kusan alkiblar da ke nuna inda girgizar ƙasar ta fito, idan aka yi la’akari da cewa an samu bugun farko mai ƙarfi zuwa waje (strong positive pulse). Yanzu mun san cewa motsin farko na iya kasancewa ta kusan kowace irin alkibla, gwargwadon nau’in tsagewar da ta fara haifar da girgizar ƙasar (focal mechanism).<ref>{{Cite web |title=USGS Earthquake Hazards Program |url=https://quake.wr.usgs.gov/recenteqs/beachball.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051222083702/http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/recenteqs/beachball.htm |archive-date=2005-12-22 |access-date=2023-09-06}}</ref> Gyaran farko da ya ba da damar gano wurin da girgizar ƙasa ta faro cikin ƙarin daidaito shi ne amfani da ma’aunin lokaci (time scale). Maimakon kawai lura ko yin rikodin motsin pendulum, an zana sauye-sauyen matsayi (displacements) a kan wani jadawali mai motsi, wanda wata na’urar agogo (clock mechanism) ke tafiyar da shi. Wannan shi ne seismogram na farko, wanda ya ba da damar tantance lokacin da motsin ƙasa na farko (ground motion) ya faru cikin cikakken daidaito, tare da yin cikakken zane na sauran motsin ƙasar da suka biyo baya. Daga seismogram na farko, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoton, an lura cewa zanen rikodin ya kasu zuwa manyan sassa biyu. Tsuntsuwar girgizar ƙasa ta farko da ta iso ita ce P wave, sannan S wave ta biyo bayanta ba da daɗewa ba. Da yake an san bambancin saurin yaɗuwar waɗannan raƙuman girgizar ƙasa, ya zama abu mai sauƙi a ƙididdige nisan da girgizar ƙasar take daga wurin da aka yi rikodin ta.<ref name="tril">{{Cite web |title=How Can I Locate the Earthquake Epicenter? |url=https://www.mtu.edu/geo/community/seismology/learn/earthquake-epicenter/ |quote=This technique is called "trilateration."}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin seismograph zai ba da nisa, amma ana iya tsara hakan a matsayin da'ira, tare da adadi mara iyaka na yiwuwar. Seismographs guda biyu za su ba da da'irori biyu masu haɗuwa, tare da wurare biyu masu yiwuwa. Sai kawai tare da seismograph na uku za a sami ainihin wuri.<ref name="tril" /> Yanayin girgizar ƙasa na zamani har yanzu yana buƙatar akalla seismometers uku. Wataƙila, akwai da yawa, suna samar da jerin girgizar ƙasa. An jaddada shi ne a kan daidaito tunda ana iya koya da yawa game da injin kuskure da Hadarin girgizar ƙasa, idan za'a iya ƙayyade wuraren da ke cikin kilomita ɗaya ko biyu, don ƙananan girgizar ƙasar. Don wannan, shirye-shiryen kwamfuta suna amfani da tsari na maimaitawa, wanda ya haɗa da 'tsinkaya da gyara' algorithm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=USGS Earthquake Hazards Program |url=https://quake.wr.usgs.gov/info/eqlocation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051218055744/http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/info/eqlocation/ |archive-date=2005-12-18 |access-date=2023-09-06}}</ref> Hakanan, ana buƙatar samfurin mai kyau na tsarin saurin ɓawon burodi na gida: saurin girgizar ƙasa ya bambanta da ilimin ƙasa na gida. Ga raƙuman ruwa na P, dangantakar da ke tsakanin saurin da yawa na matsakaici an ƙayyade shi a cikin Dangantakar Gardner. == Lalacewar ƙasa == Kafin lokacin kayan aiki na lura da girgizar ƙasa, an yi tunanin cibiyar ita ce wurin da mafi girman lalacewa ya faru, amma fashewar lalacewar ƙasa na iya zama mai tsawo kuma ya bazu lalacewar farfajiyar a duk yankin fashewa. A matsayin misali, a cikin girgizar ƙasa ta Denali ta 7.9 ta 2002 a [[Alaska]], cibiyar ta kasance a ƙarshen yammacin fashewar, amma mafi girman lalacewa ya kasance kusan kilomita {{Cvt|330|km|||}} (210 daga ƙarshen gabas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fuis |first=Gary |last2=Wald, Lisa |title=Rupture in South-Central Alaska – The Denali Fault Earthquake of 2002 |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/fs014-03/ |access-date=2008-04-20 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> Gudun zurfin girgizar ƙasa da ke faruwa a cikin ɓawon burodi mafi yawa daga kilomita 2 zuwa 20 (1.2 zuwa 12.4 . Girgizar ƙasa a ƙasa da {{Cvt|20|km|||}} km (12 ba ta da yawa yayin da girgizar ƙasa ta yankin subduction na iya samo asali a zurfin fiye da {{Cvt|600|km|||}} . <ref name="JordanGrotzinger2012" /> == Tsakanin tsakiya == A lokacin girgizar ƙasa, Raƙuman ruwa na girgizar ƙasa suna yaduwa a kowane bangare daga munafunci. Inuwa ta girgizar ƙasa tana faruwa a gefen duniya daga cibiyar girgizar kasa saboda ruwan da ke waje na duniya yana karkatar da tsayi ko matsin lamba (P raƙuman ruwa) yayin da yake shan raƙuman raƙuman ƙasa (S raƙuman). A waje da yankin inuwa na girgizar ƙasa, ana iya gano nau'ikan raƙuman ruwa guda biyu, amma saboda saurin su daban-daban da hanyoyin su ta Duniya, suna zuwa a lokuta daban-daban. Ta hanyar auna bambancin lokaci a kan kowane seismograph da nesa a kan jadawalin lokacin tafiya wanda raƙuman P da raƙuman S suna da rabuwa iri ɗaya, masu ilimin ƙasa na iya lissafin nesa zuwa cibiyar girgizar ƙasa. Wannan nisan ana kiransa nisan tsakiya, wanda aka auna a cikin [[Digiri (kwana)|°]] (matakan) kuma ana nuna shi a matsayin Δ (delta) a cikin seismology. Dokar Laska ta kwarewa tana ba da kusanci na nesa mai tsakiya a cikin kewayon 2,000-10,000 km.&nbsp; Da zarar an lissafa nisan daga cibiyar daga akalla tashoshin auna girgizar ƙasa guda uku, ana iya samun ma'anar, ta amfani da trilateration. Epicentral distance is also used in calculating seismic magnitudes as developed by Richter and Gutenberg.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tyler M. Schau |year=1991 |title=The Richter Scale (ML) |url=http://www.johnmartin.com/earthquakes/eqsafs/safs_693.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425121745/http://www.johnmartin.com/earthquakes/eqsafs/safs_693.htm |archive-date=2016-04-25 |access-date=2008-09-14 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=William L. Ellsworth |year=1991 |title=Surface-Wave Magnitude (M_s) and Body-Wave Magnitude (mb) |url=http://www.johnmartin.com/earthquakes/eqsafs/safs_694.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202043713/http://www.johnmartin.com/earthquakes/eqsafs/safs_694.htm |archive-date=2009-02-02 |access-date=2008-09-14 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> == Rashin kuskure == Ma'anar da lalacewar ta fara ana kiranta da mayar da hankali ga girgizar kasa. Rushewar kuskuren ya fara ne a mayar da hankali sannan ya fadada tare da kuskuren. Rushewar ta tsaya inda damuwa ta zama bai isa ba don ci gaba da karya kuskuren (saboda duwatsu sun fi karfi) ko kuma inda fashewar ta shiga kayan ductile.<ref name="JordanGrotzinger2012" /> Girman girgizar ƙasa yana da alaƙa da jimlar yankin fashewar ta.<ref name="JordanGrotzinger2012" /> Yawancin girgizar ƙasa ƙananan ne, tare da girman fashewa ƙasa da zurfin mai da hankali don haka fashewar ba ta karya farfajiyar ba, amma a cikin girma, girgizar kasa mai lalacewa, fashewar farfajiya sun zama ruwan dare.<ref name="JordanGrotzinger2012" /> Rashin fashewa a cikin manyan girgizar ƙasa na iya kaiwa sama da kilomita {{Cvt|100|km|||}} (62 . <ref name="JordanGrotzinger2012" /> Lokacin da kuskuren ya fashe a gefe ɗaya (tare da cibiyar a ko kusa da ƙarshen kuskuren) raƙuman ruwa sun fi karfi a gefe ɗaya tare da kuskurensa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Directivity? |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/data/rupture/directivity.php |access-date=2018-07-01 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> == Cibiyar Macroseismic == Cibiyar macroseismic ita ce mafi kyawun kimantawa game da wurin da aka samo ba tare da bayanan kayan aiki ba. Ana iya kimanta wannan ta amfani da bayanai masu ƙarfi, bayani game da foreshocks da aftershocks, ilimin tsarin kuskuren gida ko karin bayanai game da irin wannan girgizar ƙasa. Ga girgizar ƙasa ta tarihi waɗanda ba a rubuta su da kayan aiki ba, ana iya ba da cibiyar macroseismic kawai. == Magana == Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga sunan Neo-Latin ''epi'', <ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=epicenter |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/epicenter |access-date=2009-10-19 |publisher=Merriam-Webster Dictionary}}</ref> Latinization na tsohuwar kalmar Helenanci ἐπίκεντρος ({{Transl|grc|epikentros}}), "suna zama a wani wuri mai mahimmanci, wanda ke kan tsakiya", daga ἐπί (epi) "a, a kan, a" da κέντρον (''kentron'') "tsakiya". Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga Masanin ilimin girgizar ƙasa na Irish Robert Mallet . Hakanan ana amfani dashi don nufin "cibiyar aiki", kamar yadda a cikin "Tafiye-tafiye ya ƙuntata a lardin kasar Sin da ake zaton shine cibiyar barkewar SARS".Garner's Modern American Usage ya ba da misalai da yawa na amfani wanda ake amfani da "epicenter" don nufin "cibiyar". Garner kuma yana nufin wani labarin William Safire wanda Safire ya nakalto wani masanin ilimin ƙasa kamar yadda yake danganta amfani da kalmar ga "ƙwarewar ƙarya daga ɓangaren marubutan da aka haɗa da ilimin kimiyya daga ɓangaren masu gyara kwafin". Garner ya yi hasashen cewa waɗannan kuskuren na iya zama kawai "bayanan kwatanci na mahimman bayanai na yanayin da ba a daidaita ba kuma mai iya lalatawa". == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d9iydj5j7jcfxuxt0desw2uf2q3vegx 905731 905730 2026-08-21T18:12:50Z Saad Nuhu 43323 905731 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Fayil:Epicenter_Diagram.svg|right|thumb|Cibiyar tana kai tsaye sama da cibiyar girgizar ƙasa (wanda ake kira mayar da hankali).]] Epicenter (/ˈɛpɪˌsɛntər/), epicentre, ko epicentrum<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'': "The point over the centre: applied in Seismol. to the outbreaking point of earthquake shocks."</ref> a fannin ilimin nazarin girgizar ƙasa (seismology), shi ne wurin da ke saman Duniya kai tsaye a bisa hypocenter ko focus, wato wurin da girgizar ƙasa ko kuma fashewar wani abu a ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta samo asali. == Ƙaddamarwa == [[Fayil:1906_loma_prieta.png|right|thumb|Seismograms na zamani da na tarihi]] Babbar manufar '''seismometer''' ita ce gano wuraren da '''girgizar ƙasa''' ta samo asali, wato '''epicenter'''. Manufa ta biyu ita ce tantance '''“girman” ko ƙarfin girgizar ƙasa (magnitude)''', wanda dole ne a ƙididdige shi bayan an gano ainihin wurin da girgizar ƙasar ta faro. An ƙera seismographs na farko ne domin su ba da fahimtar alkiblar motsin farko da ke faruwa sakamakon girgizar ƙasa. Seismograph na kwaɗon Sinawa<ref>{{cite web |title=Chinese Seismograph |url=http://engagetolearn.com/ETL/quakeimages/ChineseSeismograph.jpg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916022456/http://engagetolearn.com/ETL/quakeimages/ChineseSeismograph.jpg |archive-date=2019-09-16 |access-date=2023-08-11 |format=jpg}}</ref>yana sauke ƙwallonsa zuwa kusan alkiblar da ke nuna inda girgizar ƙasar ta fito, idan aka yi la’akari da cewa an samu bugun farko mai ƙarfi zuwa waje (strong positive pulse). Yanzu mun san cewa motsin farko na iya kasancewa ta kusan kowace irin alkibla, gwargwadon nau’in tsagewar da ta fara haifar da girgizar ƙasar (focal mechanism).<ref>{{Cite web |title=USGS Earthquake Hazards Program |url=https://quake.wr.usgs.gov/recenteqs/beachball.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051222083702/http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/recenteqs/beachball.htm |archive-date=2005-12-22 |access-date=2023-09-06}}</ref> Gyaran farko da ya ba da damar gano wurin da girgizar ƙasa ta faro cikin ƙarin daidaito shi ne amfani da ma’aunin lokaci (time scale). Maimakon kawai lura ko yin rikodin motsin pendulum, an zana sauye-sauyen matsayi (displacements) a kan wani jadawali mai motsi, wanda wata na’urar agogo (clock mechanism) ke tafiyar da shi. Wannan shi ne seismogram na farko, wanda ya ba da damar tantance lokacin da motsin ƙasa na farko (ground motion) ya faru cikin cikakken daidaito, tare da yin cikakken zane na sauran motsin ƙasar da suka biyo baya. Daga seismogram na farko, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoton, an lura cewa zanen rikodin ya kasu zuwa manyan sassa biyu. Tsuntsuwar girgizar ƙasa ta farko da ta iso ita ce P wave, sannan S wave ta biyo bayanta ba da daɗewa ba. Da yake an san bambancin saurin yaɗuwar waɗannan raƙuman girgizar ƙasa, ya zama abu mai sauƙi a ƙididdige nisan da girgizar ƙasar take daga wurin da aka yi rikodin ta.<ref name="tril">{{Cite web |title=How Can I Locate the Earthquake Epicenter? |url=https://www.mtu.edu/geo/community/seismology/learn/earthquake-epicenter/ |quote=This technique is called "trilateration."}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin seismograph zai ba da nisa, amma ana iya tsara hakan a matsayin da'ira, tare da adadi mara iyaka na yiwuwar. Seismographs guda biyu za su ba da da'irori biyu masu haɗuwa, tare da wurare biyu masu yiwuwa. Sai kawai tare da seismograph na uku za a sami ainihin wuri.<ref name="tril" /> Yanayin girgizar ƙasa na zamani har yanzu yana buƙatar akalla seismometers uku. Wataƙila, akwai da yawa, suna samar da jerin girgizar ƙasa. An jaddada shi ne a kan daidaito tunda ana iya koya da yawa game da injin kuskure da Hadarin girgizar ƙasa, idan za'a iya ƙayyade wuraren da ke cikin kilomita ɗaya ko biyu, don ƙananan girgizar ƙasar. Don wannan, shirye-shiryen kwamfuta suna amfani da tsari na maimaitawa, wanda ya haɗa da 'tsinkaya da gyara' algorithm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=USGS Earthquake Hazards Program |url=https://quake.wr.usgs.gov/info/eqlocation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051218055744/http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/info/eqlocation/ |archive-date=2005-12-18 |access-date=2023-09-06}}</ref> Hakanan, ana buƙatar samfurin mai kyau na tsarin saurin ɓawon burodi na gida: saurin girgizar ƙasa ya bambanta da ilimin ƙasa na gida. Ga raƙuman ruwa na P, dangantakar da ke tsakanin saurin da yawa na matsakaici an ƙayyade shi a cikin Dangantakar Gardner. == Lalacewar ƙasa == Kafin lokacin kayan aiki na lura da girgizar ƙasa, an yi tunanin cibiyar ita ce wurin da mafi girman lalacewa ya faru, amma fashewar lalacewar ƙasa na iya zama mai tsawo kuma ya bazu lalacewar farfajiyar a duk yankin fashewa. A matsayin misali, a cikin girgizar ƙasa ta Denali ta 7.9 ta 2002 a [[Alaska]], cibiyar ta kasance a ƙarshen yammacin fashewar, amma mafi girman lalacewa ya kasance kusan kilomita {{Cvt|330|km|||}} (210 daga ƙarshen gabas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fuis |first=Gary |last2=Wald, Lisa |title=Rupture in South-Central Alaska – The Denali Fault Earthquake of 2002 |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/fs014-03/ |access-date=2008-04-20 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> Gudun zurfin girgizar ƙasa da ke faruwa a cikin ɓawon burodi mafi yawa daga kilomita 2 zuwa 20 (1.2 zuwa 12.4 . Girgizar ƙasa a ƙasa da {{Cvt|20|km|||}} km (12 ba ta da yawa yayin da girgizar ƙasa ta yankin subduction na iya samo asali a zurfin fiye da {{Cvt|600|km|||}} . <ref name="JordanGrotzinger2012" /> == Tsakanin tsakiya == A lokacin girgizar ƙasa, Raƙuman ruwa na girgizar ƙasa suna yaduwa a kowane bangare daga munafunci. Inuwa ta girgizar ƙasa tana faruwa a gefen duniya daga cibiyar girgizar kasa saboda ruwan da ke waje na duniya yana karkatar da tsayi ko matsin lamba (P raƙuman ruwa) yayin da yake shan raƙuman raƙuman ƙasa (S raƙuman). A waje da yankin inuwa na girgizar ƙasa, ana iya gano nau'ikan raƙuman ruwa guda biyu, amma saboda saurin su daban-daban da hanyoyin su ta Duniya, suna zuwa a lokuta daban-daban. Ta hanyar auna bambancin lokaci a kan kowane seismograph da nesa a kan jadawalin lokacin tafiya wanda raƙuman P da raƙuman S suna da rabuwa iri ɗaya, masu ilimin ƙasa na iya lissafin nesa zuwa cibiyar girgizar ƙasa. Wannan nisan ana kiransa nisan tsakiya, wanda aka auna a cikin [[Digiri (kwana)|°]] (matakan) kuma ana nuna shi a matsayin Δ (delta) a cikin seismology. Dokar Laska ta kwarewa tana ba da kusanci na nesa mai tsakiya a cikin kewayon 2,000-10,000 km.&nbsp; Da zarar an lissafa nisan daga cibiyar daga akalla tashoshin auna girgizar ƙasa guda uku, ana iya samun ma'anar, ta amfani da trilateration. Epicentral distance is also used in calculating seismic magnitudes as developed by Richter and Gutenberg.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tyler M. Schau |year=1991 |title=The Richter Scale (ML) |url=http://www.johnmartin.com/earthquakes/eqsafs/safs_693.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425121745/http://www.johnmartin.com/earthquakes/eqsafs/safs_693.htm |archive-date=2016-04-25 |access-date=2008-09-14 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=William L. Ellsworth |year=1991 |title=Surface-Wave Magnitude (M_s) and Body-Wave Magnitude (mb) |url=http://www.johnmartin.com/earthquakes/eqsafs/safs_694.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202043713/http://www.johnmartin.com/earthquakes/eqsafs/safs_694.htm |archive-date=2009-02-02 |access-date=2008-09-14 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> == Rashin kuskure == Ma'anar da lalacewar ta fara ana kiranta da mayar da hankali ga girgizar kasa. Rushewar kuskuren ya fara ne a mayar da hankali sannan ya fadada tare da kuskuren. Rushewar ta tsaya inda damuwa ta zama bai isa ba don ci gaba da karya kuskuren (saboda duwatsu sun fi karfi) ko kuma inda fashewar ta shiga kayan ductile.<ref name="JordanGrotzinger2012" /> Girman girgizar ƙasa yana da alaƙa da jimlar yankin fashewar ta.<ref name="JordanGrotzinger2012" /> Yawancin girgizar ƙasa ƙananan ne, tare da girman fashewa ƙasa da zurfin mai da hankali don haka fashewar ba ta karya farfajiyar ba, amma a cikin girma, girgizar kasa mai lalacewa, fashewar farfajiya sun zama ruwan dare.<ref name="JordanGrotzinger2012" /> Rashin fashewa a cikin manyan girgizar ƙasa na iya kaiwa sama da kilomita {{Cvt|100|km|||}} (62 . <ref name="JordanGrotzinger2012" /> Lokacin da kuskuren ya fashe a gefe ɗaya (tare da cibiyar a ko kusa da ƙarshen kuskuren) raƙuman ruwa sun fi karfi a gefe ɗaya tare da kuskurensa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Directivity? |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/data/rupture/directivity.php |access-date=2018-07-01 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> == Cibiyar Macroseismic == Cibiyar macroseismic ita ce mafi kyawun kimantawa game da wurin da aka samo ba tare da bayanan kayan aiki ba. Ana iya kimanta wannan ta amfani da bayanai masu ƙarfi, bayani game da foreshocks da aftershocks, ilimin tsarin kuskuren gida ko karin bayanai game da irin wannan girgizar ƙasa. Ga girgizar ƙasa ta tarihi waɗanda ba a rubuta su da kayan aiki ba, ana iya ba da cibiyar macroseismic kawai. == Magana == Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga sunan Neo-Latin ''epi'', <ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=epicenter |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/epicenter |access-date=2009-10-19 |publisher=Merriam-Webster Dictionary}}</ref> Latinization na tsohuwar kalmar Helenanci ἐπίκεντρος ({{Transl|grc|epikentros}}), "suna zama a wani wuri mai mahimmanci, wanda ke kan tsakiya", daga ἐπί (epi) "a, a kan, a" da κέντρον (''kentron'') "tsakiya". Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga Masanin ilimin girgizar ƙasa na Irish Robert Mallet . Hakanan ana amfani dashi don nufin "cibiyar aiki", kamar yadda a cikin "Tafiye-tafiye ya ƙuntata a lardin kasar Sin da ake zaton shine cibiyar barkewar SARS".Garner's Modern American Usage ya ba da misalai da yawa na amfani wanda ake amfani da "epicenter" don nufin "cibiyar". Garner kuma yana nufin wani labarin William Safire wanda Safire ya nakalto wani masanin ilimin ƙasa kamar yadda yake danganta amfani da kalmar ga "ƙwarewar ƙarya daga ɓangaren marubutan da aka haɗa da ilimin kimiyya daga ɓangaren masu gyara kwafin". Garner ya yi hasashen cewa waɗannan kuskuren na iya zama kawai "bayanan kwatanci na mahimman bayanai na yanayin da ba a daidaita ba kuma mai iya lalatawa". == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qwrlq6gjnxmvrxi8qavd2yxxwf8bi2j 905736 905731 2026-08-21T18:36:53Z Kamal JB 24987 905736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Fayil:Epicenter_Diagram.svg|right|thumb|Cibiyar tana kai tsaye sama da cibiyar girgizar ƙasa (wanda ake kira mayar da hankali).]] Epicenter (/ˈɛpɪˌsɛntər/), epicentre, ko epicentrum<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'': "The point over the centre: applied in Seismol. to the outbreaking point of earthquake shocks."</ref> a fannin ilimin nazarin girgizar ƙasa (seismology), shi ne wurin da ke saman Duniya kai tsaye a bisa hypocenter ko focus, wato wurin da girgizar ƙasa ko kuma fashewar wani abu a ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta samo asali. == Ƙaddamarwa == [[Fayil:1906_loma_prieta.png|right|thumb|Seismograms na zamani da na tarihi]] Babbar manufar '''seismometer''' ita ce gano wuraren da '''girgizar ƙasa''' ta samo asali, wato '''epicenter'''. Manufa ta biyu ita ce tantance '''“girman” ko ƙarfin girgizar ƙasa (magnitude)''', wanda dole ne a ƙididdige shi bayan an gano ainihin wurin da girgizar ƙasar ta faro. An ƙera seismographs na farko ne domin su ba da fahimtar alkiblar motsin farko da ke faruwa sakamakon girgizar ƙasa. Seismograph na kwaɗon Sinawa<ref>{{cite web |title=Chinese Seismograph |url=http://engagetolearn.com/ETL/quakeimages/ChineseSeismograph.jpg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916022456/http://engagetolearn.com/ETL/quakeimages/ChineseSeismograph.jpg |archive-date=2019-09-16 |access-date=2023-08-11 |format=jpg}}</ref>yana sauke ƙwallonsa zuwa kusan alkiblar da ke nuna inda girgizar ƙasar ta fito, idan aka yi la’akari da cewa an samu bugun farko mai ƙarfi zuwa waje (strong positive pulse). Yanzu mun san cewa motsin farko na iya kasancewa ta kusan kowace irin alkibla, gwargwadon nau’in tsagewar da ta fara haifar da girgizar ƙasar (focal mechanism).<ref>{{Cite web |title=USGS Earthquake Hazards Program |url=https://quake.wr.usgs.gov/recenteqs/beachball.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051222083702/http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/recenteqs/beachball.htm |archive-date=2005-12-22 |access-date=2023-09-06}}</ref> Gyaran farko da ya ba da damar gano wurin da girgizar ƙasa ta faro cikin ƙarin daidaito shi ne amfani da ma’aunin lokaci (time scale). Maimakon kawai lura ko yin rikodin motsin pendulum, an zana sauye-sauyen matsayi (displacements) a kan wani jadawali mai motsi, wanda wata na’urar agogo (clock mechanism) ke tafiyar da shi. Wannan shi ne seismogram na farko, wanda ya ba da damar tantance lokacin da motsin ƙasa na farko (ground motion) ya faru cikin cikakken daidaito, tare da yin cikakken zane na sauran motsin ƙasar da suka biyo baya. Daga seismogram na farko, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoton, an lura cewa zanen rikodin ya kasu zuwa manyan sassa biyu. Tsuntsuwar girgizar ƙasa ta farko da ta iso ita ce P wave, sannan S wave ta biyo bayanta ba da daɗewa ba. Da yake an san bambancin saurin yaɗuwar waɗannan raƙuman girgizar ƙasa, ya zama abu mai sauƙi a ƙididdige nisan da girgizar ƙasar take daga wurin da aka yi rikodin ta.<ref name="tril">{{Cite web |title=How Can I Locate the Earthquake Epicenter? |url=https://www.mtu.edu/geo/community/seismology/learn/earthquake-epicenter/ |quote=This technique is called "trilateration."}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin seismograph zai ba da nisa, amma ana iya tsara hakan a matsayin da'ira, tare da adadi mara iyaka na yiwuwar. Seismographs guda biyu za su ba da da'irori biyu masu haɗuwa, tare da wurare biyu masu yiwuwa. Sai kawai tare da seismograph na uku za a sami ainihin wuri.<ref name="tril" /> Yanayin girgizar ƙasa na zamani har yanzu yana buƙatar akalla seismometers uku. Wataƙila, akwai da yawa, suna samar da jerin girgizar ƙasa. An jaddada shi ne a kan daidaito tunda ana iya koya da yawa game da injin kuskure da Hadarin girgizar ƙasa, idan za'a iya ƙayyade wuraren da ke cikin kilomita ɗaya ko biyu, don ƙananan girgizar ƙasar. Don wannan, shirye-shiryen kwamfuta suna amfani da tsari na maimaitawa, wanda ya haɗa da 'tsinkaya da gyara' algorithm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=USGS Earthquake Hazards Program |url=https://quake.wr.usgs.gov/info/eqlocation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051218055744/http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/info/eqlocation/ |archive-date=2005-12-18 |access-date=2023-09-06}}</ref> Hakanan, ana buƙatar samfurin mai kyau na tsarin saurin ɓawon burodi na gida: saurin girgizar ƙasa ya bambanta da ilimin ƙasa na gida. Ga raƙuman ruwa na P, dangantakar da ke tsakanin saurin da yawa na matsakaici an ƙayyade shi a cikin Dangantakar Gardner. == Lalacewar ƙasa == Kafin lokacin kayan aiki na lura da girgizar ƙasa, an yi tunanin cibiyar ita ce wurin da mafi girman lalacewa ya faru, amma fashewar lalacewar ƙasa na iya zama mai tsawo kuma ya bazu lalacewar farfajiyar a duk yankin fashewa. A matsayin misali, a cikin girgizar ƙasa ta Denali ta 7.9 ta 2002 a [[Alaska]], cibiyar ta kasance a ƙarshen yammacin fashewar, amma mafi girman lalacewa ya kasance kusan kilomita {{Cvt|330|km|||}} (210 daga ƙarshen gabas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fuis |first=Gary |last2=Wald, Lisa |title=Rupture in South-Central Alaska – The Denali Fault Earthquake of 2002 |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/fs014-03/ |access-date=2008-04-20 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> Gudun zurfin girgizar ƙasa da ke faruwa a cikin ɓawon burodi mafi yawa daga kilomita 2 zuwa 20 (1.2 zuwa 12.4 . Girgizar ƙasa a ƙasa da {{Cvt|20|km|||}} km (12 ba ta da yawa yayin da girgizar ƙasa ta yankin subduction na iya samo asali a zurfin fiye da {{Cvt|600|km|||}} . <ref name="JordanGrotzinger2012" /> == Tsakanin tsakiya == A lokacin girgizar ƙasa, Raƙuman ruwa na girgizar ƙasa suna yaduwa a kowane bangare daga munafunci. Inuwa ta girgizar ƙasa tana faruwa a gefen duniya daga cibiyar girgizar kasa saboda ruwan da ke waje na duniya yana karkatar da tsayi ko matsin lamba (P raƙuman ruwa) yayin da yake shan raƙuman raƙuman ƙasa (S raƙuman). A waje da yankin inuwa na girgizar ƙasa, ana iya gano nau'ikan raƙuman ruwa guda biyu, amma saboda saurin su daban-daban da hanyoyin su ta Duniya, suna zuwa a lokuta daban-daban. Ta hanyar auna bambancin lokaci a kan kowane seismograph da nesa a kan jadawalin lokacin tafiya wanda raƙuman P da raƙuman S suna da rabuwa iri ɗaya, masu ilimin ƙasa na iya lissafin nesa zuwa cibiyar girgizar ƙasa. Wannan nisan ana kiransa nisan tsakiya, wanda aka auna a cikin [[Digiri (kwana)|°]] (matakan) kuma ana nuna shi a matsayin Δ (delta) a cikin seismology. Dokar Laska ta kwarewa tana ba da kusanci na nesa mai tsakiya a cikin kewayon 2,000-10,000 km.&nbsp; Da zarar an lissafa nisan daga cibiyar daga akalla tashoshin auna girgizar ƙasa guda uku, ana iya samun ma'anar, ta amfani da trilateration. Epicentral distance is also used in calculating seismic magnitudes as developed by Richter and Gutenberg.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tyler M. Schau |year=1991 |title=The Richter Scale (ML) |url=http://www.johnmartin.com/earthquakes/eqsafs/safs_693.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425121745/http://www.johnmartin.com/earthquakes/eqsafs/safs_693.htm |archive-date=2016-04-25 |access-date=2008-09-14 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=William L. Ellsworth |year=1991 |title=Surface-Wave Magnitude (M_s) and Body-Wave Magnitude (mb) |url=http://www.johnmartin.com/earthquakes/eqsafs/safs_694.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202043713/http://www.johnmartin.com/earthquakes/eqsafs/safs_694.htm |archive-date=2009-02-02 |access-date=2008-09-14 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> == Rashin kuskure == Ma'anar da lalacewar ta fara ana kiranta da mayar da hankali ga girgizar kasa. Rushewar kuskuren ya fara ne a mayar da hankali sannan ya fadada tare da kuskuren. Rushewar ta tsaya inda damuwa ta zama bai isa ba don ci gaba da karya kuskuren (saboda duwatsu sun fi karfi) ko kuma inda fashewar ta shiga kayan ductile.<ref name="JordanGrotzinger2012" /> Girman girgizar ƙasa yana da alaƙa da jimlar yankin fashewar ta.<ref name="JordanGrotzinger2012" /> Yawancin girgizar ƙasa ƙananan ne, tare da girman fashewa ƙasa da zurfin mai da hankali don haka fashewar ba ta karya farfajiyar ba, amma a cikin girma, girgizar kasa mai lalacewa, fashewar farfajiya sun zama ruwan dare.<ref name="JordanGrotzinger2012" /> Rashin fashewa a cikin manyan girgizar ƙasa na iya kaiwa sama da kilomita {{Cvt|100|km|||}} (62 . <ref name="JordanGrotzinger2012" /> Lokacin da kuskuren ya fashe a gefe ɗaya (tare da cibiyar a ko kusa da ƙarshen kuskuren) raƙuman ruwa sun fi karfi a gefe ɗaya tare da kuskurensa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Directivity? |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/data/rupture/directivity.php |access-date=2018-07-01 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> == Cibiyar Macroseismic == Cibiyar macroseismic ita ce mafi kyawun kimantawa game da wurin da aka samo ba tare da bayanan kayan aiki ba. Ana iya kimanta wannan ta amfani da bayanai masu ƙarfi, bayani game da foreshocks da aftershocks, ilimin tsarin kuskuren gida ko karin bayanai game da irin wannan girgizar ƙasa. Ga girgizar ƙasa ta tarihi waɗanda ba a rubuta su da kayan aiki ba, ana iya ba da cibiyar macroseismic kawai. == Magana == Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga sunan Neo-Latin ''epi'', <ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=epicenter |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/epicenter |access-date=2009-10-19 |publisher=Merriam-Webster Dictionary}}</ref> Latinization na tsohuwar kalmar Helenanci ἐπίκεντρος ({{Transl|grc|epikentros}}), "suna zama a wani wuri mai mahimmanci, wanda ke kan tsakiya", daga ἐπί (epi) "a, a kan, a" da κέντρον (''kentron'') "tsakiya". Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga Masanin ilimin girgizar ƙasa na Irish Robert Mallet . Hakanan ana amfani dashi don nufin "cibiyar aiki", kamar yadda a cikin "Tafiye-tafiye ya ƙuntata a lardin kasar Sin da ake zaton shine cibiyar barkewar SARS".Garner's Modern American Usage ya ba da misalai da yawa na amfani wanda ake amfani da "epicenter" don nufin "cibiyar". Garner kuma yana nufin wani labarin William Safire wanda Safire ya nakalto wani masanin ilimin ƙasa kamar yadda yake danganta amfani da kalmar ga "ƙwarewar ƙarya daga ɓangaren marubutan da aka haɗa da ilimin kimiyya daga ɓangaren masu gyara kwafin". Garner ya yi hasashen cewa waɗannan kuskuren na iya zama kawai "bayanan kwatanci na mahimman bayanai na yanayin da ba a daidaita ba kuma mai iya lalatawa". == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hjt66ukrztchd06rl3zc76u5wwm9013 0 165082 905737 2026-08-21T18:49:53Z Kamal JB 24987 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355530617|Sabine Breitwieser]]" 905737 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sabine Breitwieser''' (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1962, a [[Wels]], Austria) ita ce mai kula da kayan fasaha ta Austriya, manajan fasaha kuma mai tallatawa.<ref name="sn">{{Cite web |title=Sabine Breitwieser – Salzburgwiki |url=https://www.sn.at/wiki/Sabine_Breitwieser |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=sn.at}}</ref><ref name="walkerart">{{Cite web |title=Walker Art Center |url=https://walkerart.org/magazine/authors/sabine-breitwieser |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=walkerart.org}}</ref> == Rayuwa == Bayan karatun shari'a a [[Linz]], Breitwieser ta sami digirin digirin digirinta a fannin shari'aa a Jami'ar Vienna . Ta kasance mai tsarawa da kuma mai tsarawa a shekarar 1988 kuma daga 1991 zuwa 2007 darektan fasaha na farko a kwamitin Generali Foundation (darakta mai kafa). A cikin haɓaka shirye-shiryen farko don tarin siffofin Austrian, ta faɗaɗa tarin fasahar Generali Foundation tare da mai da hankali kan fasaha mai mahimmanci da mahimmanci. Wannan tarin, da kuma nune-nunen da ya nuna, sun sadu da yabo na duniya.<ref name="artdaily">{{Cite web |title=Museum der Moderne Salzburg enters into partnership with the renowned Generali Foundation |url=https://artdaily.cc/news/67594/Museum-der-Moderne-Salzburg-enters-into-partnership-with-the-renowned-Generali-Foundation |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=artdaily.cc}}</ref> A shekara ta 2003 da 2004 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu kula da bikin Liverpool Biennial na Duniya, kuma daga 2003 zuwa 2008 ta kasance memba na Majalisar Jami'ar Kwalejin Fine Arts Vienna . A shekara ta 2007, Breitwieser ya zama Sakatare da Ma'aji na CIMAM (Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Gidajen Tarihi da Tarin Fasaha na zamani). <ref name="diepresse">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2010 |title=Sabine Breitwieser wird Kuratorin im New Yorker MoMA |url=https://www.diepresse.com/569027/sabine-breitwieser-wird-kuratorin-im-new-yorker-moma |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=DiePresse.com}}</ref> An nada ta a matsayin babban mai kula da kafofin watsa labarai da zane-zane a MoMA a Manhattan a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010, tana riƙe da rawar har zuwa shekara ta 2013. <ref name="diepresse" /> A cikin wannan shekarar ta kammala sashi na biyu na aikinta na shekaru biyu na Utopia da Monument for the Styrian Autumn, wanda ta fara a shekarar da ta gabata. Daga 2013 zuwa 2018, ta kasance darakta na Museum der Moderne Salzburg (MdMS). <ref name="DerstandardIch">{{Cite web |title=Ich möchte nicht einzelne Rosinen herauspicken - Bildende Kunst |url=https://www.derstandard.at/story/1376535148932/ich-moechte-nicht-einzelne-rosinen-herauspicken |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=derstandard.at}}</ref> A cikin 2014, a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinta a matsayin darektan, ta amince da haɗin gwiwa tare da Generali da kuma sake dawo da tarin da ta gina daga Vienna zuwa MdMS. Breitwieser kuma yana aiki a matsayin mai kula da kansa, malami da marubuci a kan fasahar zamani. Ta shirya wani nune-nunen a kan masanin zane-zane na Jamus Isa Genzken a cikin 2013, na farko "cikakken nune-nun Genzken ne a gidan kayan gargajiya na Amurka". A cikin 2015, ta shirya "Carole Schneemann: Kinetic Painting" don Museum der Moderne Salzburg, wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa MoMA PS1 a cikin 2017 da 2018. A cikin 2019 da 2020, ta shirya wani wasan kwaikwayo a Muzeum Susch game da Carolee Schneeman . == Kyaututtuka == * 2012 Yoko Ono Lennon Courage Award for the Arts <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2012 |title=Yoko Ono Lennon Courage Awards for the Arts 2012 |url=http://imaginepeace.com/archives/16967}}</ref> == Nuni (zaɓin) == === MdMS - Gidan Tarihi na zamani na SalzburgGidan kayan gargajiya na zamani na Salzburg === * 2018 Anna Boghiguian * 2018 Marisa Merz - Der Himmel ist ein Raum weiter * 2018 30 Shekaru Gidauniyar * 2017 Neues Salzburg * Labaran gargajiya na 2017 * 2017 William Kentridge. Lokaci Mai Girma * 2017 Hoton Kinetik * 2016 Pichler. Radikal * 2016 Raymond Pettibon * 2016 Räume schaffen. A cikin Sammlungen * 2016 Anti:modern. Salzburg a cikin mitten von Europa zwischen Hadisi da Erneuerung * 2016 Kunst-Musik-Tanz. Shirye-shiryen Tarihin Dance na Derra de Moroda * 2015 Carolee Schneemann. Kinetische Malerei * 2015 E.A.T. Gwaje-gwaje a cikin Fasaha da Fasaha * 2015 Wirkliches Leben? Wani Bayani na Sammlungen * 2015 Andrea Fraser * 2014 Isa Genzken. Neue Werke * 2014 Da girman kai ga gabatarwar. Gidauniyar Sammlung * 2014 Simone Forti. Mit dem Körper ya ce * 2014 Kunst/Geschichten * 2014 Ana Mendieta. Alamomi === MoMA - Gidan Tarihi na zamani, New York === * 2013 Isaac Julien. Raƙuman Raƙuman Ruwa Dubu * 2013 [[Isa Genzken]]. Binciken baya * 2012 Christian Marclay. Tsaro * Tarihin Ayyuka na 2012 * 2012 MoMA Media Lounge mit Renée Green * 2012 Kalmomi a Duniya * 2012 9 Rubuce-rubuce daga Al'umma a Yaƙi * Kotun Binciken Yanayin Yaki na 2011 * 2011 [[Harun Farocki]]: Hotuna na Yaƙi (a nesa) * Babban Budewa na 2011 === Gidauniyar Janar === * 2007 Sammlung * 2007 Fitar da Imaginären * 2006 A cikin hular nan da haka Konzept noch nie Pferd * 2006 Edward Krasinski. Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo * 2006 Kino ya zama dare * 2005 Wie Gesellschaft und Politik ins Bild kommen * 2005 Gustav Metzger. Tarihi Tarihi * 2005 Das Sabon Turai * 2004 Ra'ayoyin da aka tattara daga gabas ko yamma * 2004 Theresa Hak Kyung Cha: Mafarki na Masu sauraro * 2004 Dass ya mutu Körper sprechen, auch das wissen wir seit langem * 2003 Sammlung * 2003 Allan Sekula * 2003 Geografie und die Politik der Mobilität * 2002 Designs für die wirkliche Welt * 2002 Adrian Piper. Seti 1965 * 2002 Die Gewalt ist der Rand aller Dinge * 2001 Hans Haacke. Mia san mia * Rayuwa biyu ta shekara ta 2001 * Rayuwa ta 2000 / Lebenserfahrung * 2000 Sake kunnawa. Anfänge internationaler Medienkunst a Österreich * 2000 Dinge, ya mutu ba tare da wata matsala ba === Sauran cibiyoyin === * 2020 Har zuwa da Ƙayyadaddun Ƙayyadadden: Bayan Carolee Schneemann, Muzeum Susch * 2017 Carolee Schneemann. Hoton motsa jiki, MoMA PS1, Long Island City * 2017 Carolee Schneemann. Kinetische Malerei, Gidan Tarihi na MMK für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt * 2015 Isa Genzken. Neue Werke, Gidan Tarihi na MMK für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt * 2014 Isa Genzken. Bayyanawa, Gidan Tarihi na Dallas * 2014 Isa Genzken. Bayyanawa, Gidan Tarihi na MCA na zamani, Chicago * 2010 Utopie da Monument II, steirischer herbst * 2010 Modernologies, MUZEUM karaa Museum of Modern Art a Warsaw * 2009 ''Modernologies - Masu zane-zane na zamani suna binciken zamani da zamani''; Gidan Tarihi na zamani, [[Barcelona]] * 2009 ''Wane rayuwa? '' ''Tsakanin Kira da Aiki''; Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien * 2009 Utopie da Monument I, steirischer herbst * 2007 Don wani wuri na musamman, Austrian Cultural Forum, New York * 2005 Kasuwanci na sararin samaniya, Haus der Kunst, München; Gidan Tarihi na zamani, Zagreb * 2003 Adrian Piper, MACBA Barcelona * 2003 Adrian Piper - Tun daga 1965, Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani / Frac Rhône-Alpes, Villeurbanne == Littattafai == * Marisa Merz Il cielo è grande spazio / Der Himmel ist ein weiter Raum. Dt. Ausgabe, Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg, 2018. {{ISBN|978-3-200-05660-2}} * William Kentridge. Lokaci mai yawa. ta hanyar Iwona Blazwick da Sabine Breitwieser . London: Whitechapel/Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg, 2016.  {{ISBN|978-0-85488-250-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-85488-250-2|<bdi>978-0-85488-250-2</bdi>]] * Tsohon zamani. Salzburg inmitten von Europa zwischen Tradition und Erneuerung . Dt./ Turanci., Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/München: Hirmer, 2016.  {{ISBN|978-3-7774-2696-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7774-2696-9|<bdi>978-3-7774-2696-9</bdi>]] * Carolee Schneemann Hoton motsa jiki. Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/München: Prestel, 2015.  {{ISBN|978-3-7913-5508-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-5508-5|<bdi>978-3-7913-5508-5</bdi>]] * E.A.T. - Gwaje-gwaje a cikin Fasaha da Fasaha. Dt./ Turanci., Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/Köln: Walther König, 2015.  {{ISBN|978-3-86335-783-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-86335-783-2|<bdi>978-3-86335-783-2</bdi>]] * Andrea Fraser Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/Ostfildern: Hatje-Cantz, 2015.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-4015-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-4015-9|<bdi>978-3-7757-4015-9</bdi>]] * Kunst/Geschichten / Art/Histories. Dt./ Turanci., Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/München: Hirmer, 2014.  {{ISBN|978-3-7774-2279-4}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7774-2279-4|<bdi>978-3-7774-2279-4</bdi>]] * Simone Forti Tunanin tare da Jiki. Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/München: Hirmer, 2014.  {{ISBN|978-3-7774-2278-7}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7774-2278-7|<bdi>978-3-7774-2278-7</bdi>]] * Ana Mendieta Alamomi. Dt. da kuma Turanci. Kawai. Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/Ostfildern: Hatje-Cantz, 2014.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-3764-7}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-3764-7|<bdi>978-3-7757-3764-7</bdi>]] * Isa Genzken Bayyana baya. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9], New York: Gidan Tarihi na zamani, 2013.  {{ISBN|978-0-87070-886-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-87070-886-2|<bdi>978-0-87070-886-2</bdi>]] * Utopia da Monument. Graz: steirischer herbst/Wien-New York: Springer Verlag, 2010.  {{ISBN|978-3-7091-0772-0}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7091-0772-0|<bdi>978-3-7091-0772-0</bdi>]] * Masana'antu na zamani. Masu zane-zane na zamani suna Binciken zamani da zamani. Barcelona: MACBA/Actar, 2009.  {{ISBN|978-84-92505-13-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-84-92505-13-5|<bdi>978-84-92505-13-5</bdi>]] * Aikin da ake kira Ausstellungen. Gidauniyar Generali. Nuni na 1989-2007. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2008.  {{ISBN|978-3-901107-54-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-901107-54-2|<bdi>978-3-901107-54-2</bdi>]] * Edward Krasinski. Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2006.  {{ISBN|3-901107-49-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-49-5|<bdi>3-901107-49-5</bdi>]] * Gustav Metzger Tarihi. Wien: Generali Foundation / Ostfildern: Hatje-Cantz, 2005.  {{ISBN|3-901107-47-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-47-9|<bdi>3-901107-47-9</bdi>]] * Kasancewa da sararin samaniya. Sammlung Generali Foundation Collection. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2003.  {{ISBN|3-901107-42-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-42-8|<bdi>3-901107-42-8</bdi>]] * Allan Sekula Ayyuka a ƙarƙashin Yanayin Aiki. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation / Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2003.  {{ISBN|3-901107-39-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-39-8|<bdi>3-901107-39-8</bdi>]] * Adrian Piper Sanya 1965. Metakunst da Kunstkritik. Dt., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2002.  {{ISBN|3-901107-36-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-36-3|<bdi>3-901107-36-3</bdi>]] * Mia san mia. Hans Haacke Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation / Dresden: Philo Verlag der Kunst, 2001.  {{ISBN|3-364-00392-0}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-364-00392-0|<bdi>3-364-00392-0</bdi>]] * rayuwa sau biyu. Identität und Transformation in der zeitgenössischen Kunst / Identity und Transformation a cikin Fasaha ta zamani. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2001.  {{ISBN|3-901107-28-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-28-2|<bdi>3-901107-28-2</bdi>]] * vivences / Lebenserfahrung / kwarewar rayuwa. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2000.  {{ISBN|3-901107-28-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-28-2|<bdi>3-901107-28-2</bdi>]] * Rubuce-rubuce. Anfänge internationaler Medienkunst a cikin Österreich / Farawar Fasahar Media ta Duniya a Austria. Dt./ Turanci., {{ISBN|3-901107-27-4}} * Martha Rosler Matsayi a cikin Lebenswelt. Dt., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 1999.  {{ISBN|3-901107-23-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-23-1|<bdi>3-901107-23-1</bdi>]] * Mary Kelly Bayan-Partum Dokument. Dt. Ausgabe, Wien: Generali Foundation / München: Verlag Silke Schreiber und Wien: General Foundation / Los Angeles: Jami'ar California Press, 1999. * Mary Kelly Sake karantawa bayan Partum. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Gidauniyar Generali, 1999.  {{ISBN|3-901107-25-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-25-8|<bdi>3-901107-25-8</bdi>]] * Mai satar kaya Prototypen 1966-69. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation / Salzburg: Residenz Verlag, 1998.  {{ISBN|3-7017-1146-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-7017-1146-1|<bdi>3-7017-1146-1</bdi>]] * Sake tsara Tsarin ta hanyar Zane Ta hanyar Shi. Zeichnung bei Gordon Matta-Clark. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 1997.  {{ISBN|3-901107-18-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-18-5|<bdi>3-901107-18-5</bdi>]] * White Cube / Black Box. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 1996.  {{ISBN|3-901107-14-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-14-2|<bdi>3-901107-14-2</bdi>]] * Andrea Fraser Rahoto: Gidauniyar EA-Generali, Wien: Gidaunin Generali, 1994.  {{ISBN|3-901107-12-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-12-6|<bdi>3-901107-12-6</bdi>]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] c7hx009ntdh8w8er0q9venukd1su8wc 905738 905737 2026-08-21T18:52:03Z Kamal JB 24987 905738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sabine Breitwieser''' (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1962, a [[Wels]], Austria) ita ce mai kula da kayan fasaha ta Austriya, manajan fasaha kuma mai tallatawa.<ref name="sn">{{Cite web |title=Sabine Breitwieser – Salzburgwiki |url=https://www.sn.at/wiki/Sabine_Breitwieser |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=sn.at}}</ref><ref name="walkerart">{{Cite web |title=Walker Art Center |url=https://walkerart.org/magazine/authors/sabine-breitwieser |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=walkerart.org}}</ref> == Rayuwa == Bayan karatun shari'a a [[Linz]], Breitwieser ta sami digirin digirin digirinta a fannin shari'aa a Jami'ar Vienna . Ta kasance mai tsarawa da kuma mai tsarawa a shekarar 1988 kuma daga 1991 zuwa 2007 darektan fasaha na farko a kwamitin Generali Foundation (darakta mai kafa). A cikin haɓaka shirye-shiryen farko don tarin siffofin Austrian, ta faɗaɗa tarin fasahar Generali Foundation tare da mai da hankali kan fasaha mai mahimmanci da mahimmanci. Wannan tarin, da kuma nune-nunen da ya nuna, sun sadu da yabo na duniya.<ref name="artdaily">{{Cite web |title=Museum der Moderne Salzburg enters into partnership with the renowned Generali Foundation |url=https://artdaily.cc/news/67594/Museum-der-Moderne-Salzburg-enters-into-partnership-with-the-renowned-Generali-Foundation |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=artdaily.cc}}</ref> A shekara ta 2003 da 2004 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu kula da bikin Liverpool Biennial na Duniya, kuma daga 2003 zuwa 2008 ta kasance memba na Majalisar Jami'ar Kwalejin Fine Arts Vienna . A shekara ta 2007, Breitwieser ya zama Sakatare da Ma'aji na CIMAM (Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Gidajen Tarihi da Tarin Fasaha na zamani). <ref name="diepresse">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2010 |title=Sabine Breitwieser wird Kuratorin im New Yorker MoMA |url=https://www.diepresse.com/569027/sabine-breitwieser-wird-kuratorin-im-new-yorker-moma |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=DiePresse.com}}</ref> An nada ta a matsayin babban mai kula da kafofin watsa labarai da zane-zane a MoMA a Manhattan a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010, tana riƙe da rawar har zuwa shekara ta 2013. <ref name="diepresse" /> A cikin wannan shekarar ta kammala sashi na biyu na aikinta na shekaru biyu na Utopia da Monument for the Styrian Autumn, wanda ta fara a shekarar da ta gabata. Daga 2013 zuwa 2018, ta kasance darakta na Museum der Moderne Salzburg (MdMS). <ref name="DerstandardIch">{{Cite web |title=Ich möchte nicht einzelne Rosinen herauspicken - Bildende Kunst |url=https://www.derstandard.at/story/1376535148932/ich-moechte-nicht-einzelne-rosinen-herauspicken |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=derstandard.at}}</ref> A cikin 2014, a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinta a matsayin darektan, ta amince da haɗin gwiwa tare da Generali da kuma sake dawo da tarin da ta gina daga Vienna zuwa MdMS. Breitwieser kuma yana aiki a matsayin mai kula da kansa, malami da marubuci a kan fasahar zamani. Ta shirya wani nune-nunen a kan masanin zane-zane na Jamus Isa Genzken a cikin 2013, na farko "cikakken nune-nun Genzken ne a gidan kayan gargajiya na Amurka". A cikin 2015, ta shirya "Carole Schneemann: Kinetic Painting" don Museum der Moderne Salzburg, wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa MoMA PS1 a cikin 2017 da 2018. A cikin 2019 da 2020, ta shirya wani wasan kwaikwayo a Muzeum Susch game da Carolee Schneeman . == Kyaututtuka == * 2012 Yoko Ono Lennon Courage Award for the Arts <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2012 |title=Yoko Ono Lennon Courage Awards for the Arts 2012 |url=http://imaginepeace.com/archives/16967}}</ref> == Nuni (zaɓin) == === MdMS - Gidan Tarihi na zamani na SalzburgGidan kayan gargajiya na zamani na Salzburg === * 2018 Anna Boghiguian * 2018 Marisa Merz - Der Himmel ist ein Raum weiter * 2018 30 Shekaru Gidauniyar * 2017 Neues Salzburg * Labaran gargajiya na 2017 * 2017 William Kentridge. Lokaci Mai Girma * 2017 Hoton Kinetik * 2016 Pichler. Radikal * 2016 Raymond Pettibon * 2016 Räume schaffen. A cikin Sammlungen * 2016 Anti:modern. Salzburg a cikin mitten von Europa zwischen Hadisi da Erneuerung * 2016 Kunst-Musik-Tanz. Shirye-shiryen Tarihin Dance na Derra de Moroda * 2015 Carolee Schneemann. Kinetische Malerei * 2015 E.A.T. Gwaje-gwaje a cikin Fasaha da Fasaha * 2015 Wirkliches Leben? Wani Bayani na Sammlungen * 2015 Andrea Fraser * 2014 Isa Genzken. Neue Werke * 2014 Da girman kai ga gabatarwar. Gidauniyar Sammlung * 2014 Simone Forti. Mit dem Körper ya ce * 2014 Kunst/Geschichten * 2014 Ana Mendieta. Alamomi === MoMA - Gidan Tarihi na zamani, New York === * 2013 Isaac Julien. Raƙuman Raƙuman Ruwa Dubu * 2013 [[Isa Genzken]]. Binciken baya * 2012 Christian Marclay. Tsaro * Tarihin Ayyuka na 2012 * 2012 MoMA Media Lounge mit Renée Green * 2012 Kalmomi a Duniya * 2012 9 Rubuce-rubuce daga Al'umma a Yaƙi * Kotun Binciken Yanayin Yaki na 2011 * 2011 [[Harun Farocki]]: Hotuna na Yaƙi (a nesa) * Babban Budewa na 2011 === Gidauniyar Janar === * 2007 Sammlung * 2007 Fitar da Imaginären * 2006 A cikin hular nan da haka Konzept noch nie Pferd * 2006 Edward Krasinski. Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo * 2006 Kino ya zama dare * 2005 Wie Gesellschaft und Politik ins Bild kommen * 2005 Gustav Metzger. Tarihi Tarihi * 2005 Das Sabon Turai * 2004 Ra'ayoyin da aka tattara daga gabas ko yamma * 2004 Theresa Hak Kyung Cha: Mafarki na Masu sauraro * 2004 Dass ya mutu Körper sprechen, auch das wissen wir seit langem * 2003 Sammlung * 2003 Allan Sekula * 2003 Geografie und die Politik der Mobilität * 2002 Designs für die wirkliche Welt * 2002 Adrian Piper. Seti 1965 * 2002 Die Gewalt ist der Rand aller Dinge * 2001 Hans Haacke. Mia san mia * Rayuwa biyu ta shekara ta 2001 * Rayuwa ta 2000 / Lebenserfahrung * 2000 Sake kunnawa. Anfänge internationaler Medienkunst a Österreich * 2000 Dinge, ya mutu ba tare da wata matsala ba === Sauran cibiyoyin === * 2020 Har zuwa da Ƙayyadaddun Ƙayyadadden: Bayan Carolee Schneemann, Muzeum Susch * 2017 Carolee Schneemann. Hoton motsa jiki, MoMA PS1, Long Island City * 2017 Carolee Schneemann. Kinetische Malerei, Gidan Tarihi na MMK für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt * 2015 Isa Genzken. Neue Werke, Gidan Tarihi na MMK für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt * 2014 Isa Genzken. Bayyanawa, Gidan Tarihi na Dallas * 2014 Isa Genzken. Bayyanawa, Gidan Tarihi na MCA na zamani, Chicago * 2010 Utopie da Monument II, steirischer herbst * 2010 Modernologies, MUZEUM karaa Museum of Modern Art a Warsaw * 2009 ''Modernologies - Masu zane-zane na zamani suna binciken zamani da zamani''; Gidan Tarihi na zamani, [[Barcelona]] * 2009 ''Wane rayuwa? '' ''Tsakanin Kira da Aiki''; Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien * 2009 Utopie da Monument I, steirischer herbst * 2007 Don wani wuri na musamman, Austrian Cultural Forum, New York * 2005 Kasuwanci na sararin samaniya, Haus der Kunst, München; Gidan Tarihi na zamani, Zagreb * 2003 Adrian Piper, MACBA Barcelona * 2003 Adrian Piper - Tun daga 1965, Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani / Frac Rhône-Alpes, Villeurbanne == Littattafai == * Marisa Merz Il cielo è grande spazio / Der Himmel ist ein weiter Raum. Dt. Ausgabe, Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg, 2018. {{ISBN|978-3-200-05660-2}} * William Kentridge. Lokaci mai yawa. ta hanyar Iwona Blazwick da Sabine Breitwieser . London: Whitechapel/Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg, 2016.  {{ISBN|978-0-85488-250-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-85488-250-2|<bdi>978-0-85488-250-2</bdi>]] * Tsohon zamani. Salzburg inmitten von Europa zwischen Tradition und Erneuerung . Dt./ Turanci., Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/München: Hirmer, 2016.  {{ISBN|978-3-7774-2696-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7774-2696-9|<bdi>978-3-7774-2696-9</bdi>]] * Carolee Schneemann Hoton motsa jiki. Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/München: Prestel, 2015.  {{ISBN|978-3-7913-5508-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-5508-5|<bdi>978-3-7913-5508-5</bdi>]] * E.A.T. - Gwaje-gwaje a cikin Fasaha da Fasaha. Dt./ Turanci., Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/Köln: Walther König, 2015.  {{ISBN|978-3-86335-783-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-86335-783-2|<bdi>978-3-86335-783-2</bdi>]] * Andrea Fraser Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/Ostfildern: Hatje-Cantz, 2015.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-4015-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-4015-9|<bdi>978-3-7757-4015-9</bdi>]] * Kunst/Geschichten / Art/Histories. Dt./ Turanci., Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/München: Hirmer, 2014.  {{ISBN|978-3-7774-2279-4}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7774-2279-4|<bdi>978-3-7774-2279-4</bdi>]] * Simone Forti Tunanin tare da Jiki. Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/München: Hirmer, 2014.  {{ISBN|978-3-7774-2278-7}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7774-2278-7|<bdi>978-3-7774-2278-7</bdi>]] * Ana Mendieta Alamomi. Dt. da kuma Turanci. Kawai. Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/Ostfildern: Hatje-Cantz, 2014.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-3764-7}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-3764-7|<bdi>978-3-7757-3764-7</bdi>]] * Isa Genzken Bayyana baya. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9], New York: Gidan Tarihi na zamani, 2013.  {{ISBN|978-0-87070-886-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-87070-886-2|<bdi>978-0-87070-886-2</bdi>]] * Utopia da Monument. Graz: steirischer herbst/Wien-New York: Springer Verlag, 2010.  {{ISBN|978-3-7091-0772-0}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7091-0772-0|<bdi>978-3-7091-0772-0</bdi>]] * Masana'antu na zamani. Masu zane-zane na zamani suna Binciken zamani da zamani. Barcelona: MACBA/Actar, 2009.  {{ISBN|978-84-92505-13-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-84-92505-13-5|<bdi>978-84-92505-13-5</bdi>]] * Aikin da ake kira Ausstellungen. Gidauniyar Generali. Nuni na 1989-2007. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2008.  {{ISBN|978-3-901107-54-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-901107-54-2|<bdi>978-3-901107-54-2</bdi>]] * Edward Krasinski. Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2006.  {{ISBN|3-901107-49-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-49-5|<bdi>3-901107-49-5</bdi>]] * Gustav Metzger Tarihi. Wien: Generali Foundation / Ostfildern: Hatje-Cantz, 2005.  {{ISBN|3-901107-47-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-47-9|<bdi>3-901107-47-9</bdi>]] * Kasancewa da sararin samaniya. Sammlung Generali Foundation Collection. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2003.  {{ISBN|3-901107-42-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-42-8|<bdi>3-901107-42-8</bdi>]] * Allan Sekula Ayyuka a ƙarƙashin Yanayin Aiki. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation / Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2003.  {{ISBN|3-901107-39-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-39-8|<bdi>3-901107-39-8</bdi>]] * Adrian Piper Sanya 1965. Metakunst da Kunstkritik. Dt., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2002.  {{ISBN|3-901107-36-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-36-3|<bdi>3-901107-36-3</bdi>]] * Mia san mia. Hans Haacke Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation / Dresden: Philo Verlag der Kunst, 2001.  {{ISBN|3-364-00392-0}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-364-00392-0|<bdi>3-364-00392-0</bdi>]] * rayuwa sau biyu. Identität und Transformation in der zeitgenössischen Kunst / Identity und Transformation a cikin Fasaha ta zamani. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2001.  {{ISBN|3-901107-28-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-28-2|<bdi>3-901107-28-2</bdi>]] * vivences / Lebenserfahrung / kwarewar rayuwa. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2000.  {{ISBN|3-901107-28-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-28-2|<bdi>3-901107-28-2</bdi>]] * Rubuce-rubuce. Anfänge internationaler Medienkunst a cikin Österreich / Farawar Fasahar Media ta Duniya a Austria. Dt./ Turanci., {{ISBN|3-901107-27-4}} * Martha Rosler Matsayi a cikin Lebenswelt. Dt., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 1999.  {{ISBN|3-901107-23-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-23-1|<bdi>3-901107-23-1</bdi>]] * Mary Kelly Bayan-Partum Dokument. Dt. Ausgabe, Wien: Generali Foundation / München: Verlag Silke Schreiber und Wien: General Foundation / Los Angeles: Jami'ar California Press, 1999. * Mary Kelly Sake karantawa bayan Partum. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Gidauniyar Generali, 1999.  {{ISBN|3-901107-25-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-25-8|<bdi>3-901107-25-8</bdi>]] * Mai satar kaya Prototypen 1966-69. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation / Salzburg: Residenz Verlag, 1998.  {{ISBN|3-7017-1146-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-7017-1146-1|<bdi>3-7017-1146-1</bdi>]] * Sake tsara Tsarin ta hanyar Zane Ta hanyar Shi. Zeichnung bei Gordon Matta-Clark. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 1997.  {{ISBN|3-901107-18-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-18-5|<bdi>3-901107-18-5</bdi>]] * White Cube / Black Box. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 1996.  {{ISBN|3-901107-14-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-14-2|<bdi>3-901107-14-2</bdi>]] * Andrea Fraser Rahoto: Gidauniyar EA-Generali, Wien: Gidaunin Generali, 1994.  {{ISBN|3-901107-12-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-12-6|<bdi>3-901107-12-6</bdi>]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] e40n5vopz3bo9mzof6lesnfhizys11l 905818 905738 2026-08-21T21:03:43Z Kamal JB 24987 905818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sabine Breitwieser''' (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu, 1962, a [[Wels]], Austria) ita ce mai kula da kayan fasaha ta Austriya, manajan fasaha kuma mai tallatawa.<ref name="sn">{{Cite web |title=Sabine Breitwieser – Salzburgwiki |url=https://www.sn.at/wiki/Sabine_Breitwieser |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=sn.at}}</ref><ref name="walkerart">{{Cite web |title=Walker Art Center |url=https://walkerart.org/magazine/authors/sabine-breitwieser |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=walkerart.org}}</ref> == Rayuwa == Bayan karatun shari'a a [[Linz]], Breitwieser ta sami digirinta a fannin shari'aa a Jami'ar Vienna . Ta kasance mai tsarawa da kuma mai tsarawa a shekarar 1988 kuma daga 1991 zuwa 2007 darektan fasaha na farko a kwamitin Generali Foundation (darakta mai kafa). A cikin haɓaka shirye-shiryen farko don tarin siffofin Austrian, ta faɗaɗa tarin fasahar Generali Foundation tare da mai da hankali kan fasaha mai mahimmanci da mahimmanci. Wannan tarin, da kuma nune-nunen da ya nuna, sun sadu da yabo na duniya.<ref name="artdaily">{{Cite web |title=Museum der Moderne Salzburg enters into partnership with the renowned Generali Foundation |url=https://artdaily.cc/news/67594/Museum-der-Moderne-Salzburg-enters-into-partnership-with-the-renowned-Generali-Foundation |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=artdaily.cc}}</ref> A shekara ta 2003 da 2004 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu kula da bikin Liverpool Biennial na Duniya, kuma daga 2003 zuwa 2008 ta kasance memba na Majalisar Jami'ar Kwalejin Fine Arts Vienna . A shekara ta 2007, Breitwieser ya zama Sakatare da Ma'aji na CIMAM (Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Gidajen Tarihi da Tarin Fasaha na zamani). <ref name="diepresse">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2010 |title=Sabine Breitwieser wird Kuratorin im New Yorker MoMA |url=https://www.diepresse.com/569027/sabine-breitwieser-wird-kuratorin-im-new-yorker-moma |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=DiePresse.com}}</ref> An nada ta a matsayin babban mai kula da kafofin watsa labarai da zane-zane a MoMA a Manhattan a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010, tana riƙe da rawar har zuwa shekara ta 2013. <ref name="diepresse" /> A cikin wannan shekarar ta kammala sashi na biyu na aikinta na shekaru biyu na Utopia da Monument for the Styrian Autumn, wanda ta fara a shekarar da ta gabata. Daga 2013 zuwa 2018, ta kasance darakta na Museum der Moderne Salzburg (MdMS). <ref name="DerstandardIch">{{Cite web |title=Ich möchte nicht einzelne Rosinen herauspicken - Bildende Kunst |url=https://www.derstandard.at/story/1376535148932/ich-moechte-nicht-einzelne-rosinen-herauspicken |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=derstandard.at}}</ref> A cikin 2014, a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinta a matsayin darektan, ta amince da haɗin gwiwa tare da Generali da kuma sake dawo da tarin da ta gina daga Vienna zuwa MdMS. Breitwieser kuma yana aiki a matsayin mai kula da kansa, malami da marubuci a kan fasahar zamani. Ta shirya wani nune-nunen a kan masanin zane-zane na Jamus Isa Genzken a cikin 2013, na farko "cikakken nune-nun Genzken ne a gidan kayan gargajiya na Amurka". A cikin 2015, ta shirya "Carole Schneemann: Kinetic Painting" don Museum der Moderne Salzburg, wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa MoMA PS1 a cikin 2017 da 2018. A cikin 2019 da 2020, ta shirya wani wasan kwaikwayo a Muzeum Susch game da Carolee Schneeman . == Kyaututtuka == * 2012 Yoko Ono Lennon Courage Award for the Arts <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2012 |title=Yoko Ono Lennon Courage Awards for the Arts 2012 |url=http://imaginepeace.com/archives/16967}}</ref> == Nuni (zaɓin) == === MdMS - Gidan Tarihi na zamani na SalzburgGidan kayan gargajiya na zamani na Salzburg === * 2018 Anna Boghiguian * 2018 Marisa Merz - Der Himmel ist ein Raum weiter * 2018 30 Shekaru Gidauniyar * 2017 Neues Salzburg * Labaran gargajiya na 2017 * 2017 William Kentridge. Lokaci Mai Girma * 2017 Hoton Kinetik * 2016 Pichler. Radikal * 2016 Raymond Pettibon * 2016 Räume schaffen. A cikin Sammlungen * 2016 Anti:modern. Salzburg a cikin mitten von Europa zwischen Hadisi da Erneuerung * 2016 Kunst-Musik-Tanz. Shirye-shiryen Tarihin Dance na Derra de Moroda * 2015 Carolee Schneemann. Kinetische Malerei * 2015 E.A.T. Gwaje-gwaje a cikin Fasaha da Fasaha * 2015 Wirkliches Leben? Wani Bayani na Sammlungen * 2015 Andrea Fraser * 2014 Isa Genzken. Neue Werke * 2014 Da girman kai ga gabatarwar. Gidauniyar Sammlung * 2014 Simone Forti. Mit dem Körper ya ce * 2014 Kunst/Geschichten * 2014 Ana Mendieta. Alamomi === MoMA - Gidan Tarihi na zamani, New York === * 2013 Isaac Julien. Raƙuman Raƙuman Ruwa Dubu * 2013 [[Isa Genzken]]. Binciken baya * 2012 Christian Marclay. Tsaro * Tarihin Ayyuka na 2012 * 2012 MoMA Media Lounge mit Renée Green * 2012 Kalmomi a Duniya * 2012 9 Rubuce-rubuce daga Al'umma a Yaƙi * Kotun Binciken Yanayin Yaki na 2011 * 2011 [[Harun Farocki]]: Hotuna na Yaƙi (a nesa) * Babban Budewa na 2011 === Gidauniyar Janar === * 2007 Sammlung * 2007 Fitar da Imaginären * 2006 A cikin hular nan da haka Konzept noch nie Pferd * 2006 Edward Krasinski. Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo * 2006 Kino ya zama dare * 2005 Wie Gesellschaft und Politik ins Bild kommen * 2005 Gustav Metzger. Tarihi Tarihi * 2005 Das Sabon Turai * 2004 Ra'ayoyin da aka tattara daga gabas ko yamma * 2004 Theresa Hak Kyung Cha: Mafarki na Masu sauraro * 2004 Dass ya mutu Körper sprechen, auch das wissen wir seit langem * 2003 Sammlung * 2003 Allan Sekula * 2003 Geografie und die Politik der Mobilität * 2002 Designs für die wirkliche Welt * 2002 Adrian Piper. Seti 1965 * 2002 Die Gewalt ist der Rand aller Dinge * 2001 Hans Haacke. Mia san mia * Rayuwa biyu ta shekara ta 2001 * Rayuwa ta 2000 / Lebenserfahrung * 2000 Sake kunnawa. Anfänge internationaler Medienkunst a Österreich * 2000 Dinge, ya mutu ba tare da wata matsala ba === Sauran cibiyoyin === * 2020 Har zuwa da Ƙayyadaddun Ƙayyadadden: Bayan Carolee Schneemann, Muzeum Susch * 2017 Carolee Schneemann. Hoton motsa jiki, MoMA PS1, Long Island City * 2017 Carolee Schneemann. Kinetische Malerei, Gidan Tarihi na MMK für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt * 2015 Isa Genzken. Neue Werke, Gidan Tarihi na MMK für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt * 2014 Isa Genzken. Bayyanawa, Gidan Tarihi na Dallas * 2014 Isa Genzken. Bayyanawa, Gidan Tarihi na MCA na zamani, Chicago * 2010 Utopie da Monument II, steirischer herbst * 2010 Modernologies, MUZEUM karaa Museum of Modern Art a Warsaw * 2009 ''Modernologies - Masu zane-zane na zamani suna binciken zamani da zamani''; Gidan Tarihi na zamani, [[Barcelona]] * 2009 ''Wane rayuwa? '' ''Tsakanin Kira da Aiki''; Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien * 2009 Utopie da Monument I, steirischer herbst * 2007 Don wani wuri na musamman, Austrian Cultural Forum, New York * 2005 Kasuwanci na sararin samaniya, Haus der Kunst, München; Gidan Tarihi na zamani, Zagreb * 2003 Adrian Piper, MACBA Barcelona * 2003 Adrian Piper - Tun daga 1965, Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani / Frac Rhône-Alpes, Villeurbanne == Littattafai == * Marisa Merz Il cielo è grande spazio / Der Himmel ist ein weiter Raum. Dt. Ausgabe, Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg, 2018. {{ISBN|978-3-200-05660-2}} * William Kentridge. Lokaci mai yawa. ta hanyar Iwona Blazwick da Sabine Breitwieser . London: Whitechapel/Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg, 2016.  {{ISBN|978-0-85488-250-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-85488-250-2|<bdi>978-0-85488-250-2</bdi>]] * Tsohon zamani. Salzburg inmitten von Europa zwischen Tradition und Erneuerung . Dt./ Turanci., Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/München: Hirmer, 2016.  {{ISBN|978-3-7774-2696-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7774-2696-9|<bdi>978-3-7774-2696-9</bdi>]] * Carolee Schneemann Hoton motsa jiki. Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/München: Prestel, 2015.  {{ISBN|978-3-7913-5508-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-5508-5|<bdi>978-3-7913-5508-5</bdi>]] * E.A.T. - Gwaje-gwaje a cikin Fasaha da Fasaha. Dt./ Turanci., Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/Köln: Walther König, 2015.  {{ISBN|978-3-86335-783-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-86335-783-2|<bdi>978-3-86335-783-2</bdi>]] * Andrea Fraser Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/Ostfildern: Hatje-Cantz, 2015.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-4015-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-4015-9|<bdi>978-3-7757-4015-9</bdi>]] * Kunst/Geschichten / Art/Histories. Dt./ Turanci., Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/München: Hirmer, 2014.  {{ISBN|978-3-7774-2279-4}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7774-2279-4|<bdi>978-3-7774-2279-4</bdi>]] * Simone Forti Tunanin tare da Jiki. Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/München: Hirmer, 2014.  {{ISBN|978-3-7774-2278-7}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7774-2278-7|<bdi>978-3-7774-2278-7</bdi>]] * Ana Mendieta Alamomi. Dt. da kuma Turanci. Kawai. Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/Ostfildern: Hatje-Cantz, 2014.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-3764-7}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-3764-7|<bdi>978-3-7757-3764-7</bdi>]] * Isa Genzken Bayyana baya. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9], New York: Gidan Tarihi na zamani, 2013.  {{ISBN|978-0-87070-886-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-87070-886-2|<bdi>978-0-87070-886-2</bdi>]] * Utopia da Monument. Graz: steirischer herbst/Wien-New York: Springer Verlag, 2010.  {{ISBN|978-3-7091-0772-0}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7091-0772-0|<bdi>978-3-7091-0772-0</bdi>]] * Masana'antu na zamani. Masu zane-zane na zamani suna Binciken zamani da zamani. Barcelona: MACBA/Actar, 2009.  {{ISBN|978-84-92505-13-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-84-92505-13-5|<bdi>978-84-92505-13-5</bdi>]] * Aikin da ake kira Ausstellungen. Gidauniyar Generali. Nuni na 1989-2007. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2008.  {{ISBN|978-3-901107-54-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-901107-54-2|<bdi>978-3-901107-54-2</bdi>]] * Edward Krasinski. Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2006.  {{ISBN|3-901107-49-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-49-5|<bdi>3-901107-49-5</bdi>]] * Gustav Metzger Tarihi. Wien: Generali Foundation / Ostfildern: Hatje-Cantz, 2005.  {{ISBN|3-901107-47-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-47-9|<bdi>3-901107-47-9</bdi>]] * Kasancewa da sararin samaniya. Sammlung Generali Foundation Collection. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2003.  {{ISBN|3-901107-42-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-42-8|<bdi>3-901107-42-8</bdi>]] * Allan Sekula Ayyuka a ƙarƙashin Yanayin Aiki. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation / Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2003.  {{ISBN|3-901107-39-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-39-8|<bdi>3-901107-39-8</bdi>]] * Adrian Piper Sanya 1965. Metakunst da Kunstkritik. Dt., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2002.  {{ISBN|3-901107-36-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-36-3|<bdi>3-901107-36-3</bdi>]] * Mia san mia. Hans Haacke Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation / Dresden: Philo Verlag der Kunst, 2001.  {{ISBN|3-364-00392-0}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-364-00392-0|<bdi>3-364-00392-0</bdi>]] * rayuwa sau biyu. Identität und Transformation in der zeitgenössischen Kunst / Identity und Transformation a cikin Fasaha ta zamani. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2001.  {{ISBN|3-901107-28-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-28-2|<bdi>3-901107-28-2</bdi>]] * vivences / Lebenserfahrung / kwarewar rayuwa. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2000.  {{ISBN|3-901107-28-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-28-2|<bdi>3-901107-28-2</bdi>]] * Rubuce-rubuce. Anfänge internationaler Medienkunst a cikin Österreich / Farawar Fasahar Media ta Duniya a Austria. Dt./ Turanci., {{ISBN|3-901107-27-4}} * Martha Rosler Matsayi a cikin Lebenswelt. Dt., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 1999.  {{ISBN|3-901107-23-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-23-1|<bdi>3-901107-23-1</bdi>]] * Mary Kelly Bayan-Partum Dokument. Dt. Ausgabe, Wien: Generali Foundation / München: Verlag Silke Schreiber und Wien: General Foundation / Los Angeles: Jami'ar California Press, 1999. * Mary Kelly Sake karantawa bayan Partum. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Gidauniyar Generali, 1999.  {{ISBN|3-901107-25-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-25-8|<bdi>3-901107-25-8</bdi>]] * Mai satar kaya Prototypen 1966-69. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation / Salzburg: Residenz Verlag, 1998.  {{ISBN|3-7017-1146-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-7017-1146-1|<bdi>3-7017-1146-1</bdi>]] * Sake tsara Tsarin ta hanyar Zane Ta hanyar Shi. Zeichnung bei Gordon Matta-Clark. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 1997.  {{ISBN|3-901107-18-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-18-5|<bdi>3-901107-18-5</bdi>]] * White Cube / Black Box. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 1996.  {{ISBN|3-901107-14-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-14-2|<bdi>3-901107-14-2</bdi>]] * Andrea Fraser Rahoto: Gidauniyar EA-Generali, Wien: Gidaunin Generali, 1994.  {{ISBN|3-901107-12-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-12-6|<bdi>3-901107-12-6</bdi>]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 6ttld3w1hqaxhx2o57hw5x7dnvele5q 905819 905818 2026-08-21T21:04:37Z Kamal JB 24987 /* Rayuwa */ 905819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sabine Breitwieser''' (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu, 1962, a [[Wels]], Austria) ita ce mai kula da kayan fasaha ta Austriya, manajan fasaha kuma mai tallatawa.<ref name="sn">{{Cite web |title=Sabine Breitwieser – Salzburgwiki |url=https://www.sn.at/wiki/Sabine_Breitwieser |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=sn.at}}</ref><ref name="walkerart">{{Cite web |title=Walker Art Center |url=https://walkerart.org/magazine/authors/sabine-breitwieser |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=walkerart.org}}</ref> == Rayuwa == Bayan karatun shari'a a [[Linz]], '''Breitwieser ta sami digirinta a fannin shari'aa a Jami'ar Vienna . Ta kasance mai tsarawa da kuma mai tsarawa a shekarar 1988 kuma daga 1991 zuwa 2007 darektan fasaha na farko a kwamitin Generali Foundation (darakta mai kafa). A cikin haɓaka shirye-shiryen farko don tarin siffofin Austrian, ta faɗaɗa tarin fasahar Generali Foundation tare da mai da hankali kan fasaha mai mahimmanci da mahimmanci. Wannan tarin, da kuma nune-nunen da ya nuna, sun sadu da yabo na duniya.<ref name="artdaily">{{Cite web |title=Museum der Moderne Salzburg enters into partnership with the renowned Generali Foundation |url=https://artdaily.cc/news/67594/Museum-der-Moderne-Salzburg-enters-into-partnership-with-the-renowned-Generali-Foundation |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=artdaily.cc}}</ref> A shekara ta 2003 da 2004 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu kula da bikin Liverpool Biennial na Duniya, kuma daga 2003 zuwa 2008 ta kasance memba na Majalisar Jami'ar Kwalejin Fine Arts Vienna . A shekara ta 2007, Breitwieser ya zama Sakatare da Ma'aji na CIMAM (Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Gidajen Tarihi da Tarin Fasaha na zamani). <ref name="diepresse">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2010 |title=Sabine Breitwieser wird Kuratorin im New Yorker MoMA |url=https://www.diepresse.com/569027/sabine-breitwieser-wird-kuratorin-im-new-yorker-moma |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=DiePresse.com}}</ref> An nada ta a matsayin babban mai kula da kafofin watsa labarai da zane-zane a MoMA a Manhattan a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010, tana riƙe da rawar har zuwa shekara ta 2013. <ref name="diepresse" /> A cikin wannan shekarar ta kammala sashi na biyu na aikinta na shekaru biyu na Utopia da Monument for the Styrian Autumn, wanda ta fara a shekarar da ta gabata. Daga 2013 zuwa 2018, ta kasance darakta na Museum der Moderne Salzburg (MdMS). <ref name="DerstandardIch">{{Cite web |title=Ich möchte nicht einzelne Rosinen herauspicken - Bildende Kunst |url=https://www.derstandard.at/story/1376535148932/ich-moechte-nicht-einzelne-rosinen-herauspicken |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=derstandard.at}}</ref> A cikin 2014, a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinta a matsayin darektan, ta amince da haɗin gwiwa tare da Generali da kuma sake dawo da tarin da ta gina daga Vienna zuwa MdMS. Breitwieser kuma yana aiki a matsayin mai kula da kansa, malami da marubuci a kan fasahar zamani. Ta shirya wani nune-nunen a kan masanin zane-zane na Jamus Isa Genzken a cikin 2013, na farko "cikakken nune-nun Genzken ne a gidan kayan gargajiya na Amurka". A cikin 2015, ta shirya "Carole Schneemann: Kinetic Painting" don Museum der Moderne Salzburg, wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa MoMA PS1 a cikin 2017 da 2018. A cikin 2019 da 2020, ta shirya wani wasan kwaikwayo a Muzeum Susch game da Carolee Schneeman . == Kyaututtuka == * 2012 Yoko Ono Lennon Courage Award for the Arts <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2012 |title=Yoko Ono Lennon Courage Awards for the Arts 2012 |url=http://imaginepeace.com/archives/16967}}</ref> == Nuni (zaɓin) == === MdMS - Gidan Tarihi na zamani na SalzburgGidan kayan gargajiya na zamani na Salzburg === * 2018 Anna Boghiguian * 2018 Marisa Merz - Der Himmel ist ein Raum weiter * 2018 30 Shekaru Gidauniyar * 2017 Neues Salzburg * Labaran gargajiya na 2017 * 2017 William Kentridge. Lokaci Mai Girma * 2017 Hoton Kinetik * 2016 Pichler. Radikal * 2016 Raymond Pettibon * 2016 Räume schaffen. A cikin Sammlungen * 2016 Anti:modern. Salzburg a cikin mitten von Europa zwischen Hadisi da Erneuerung * 2016 Kunst-Musik-Tanz. Shirye-shiryen Tarihin Dance na Derra de Moroda * 2015 Carolee Schneemann. Kinetische Malerei * 2015 E.A.T. Gwaje-gwaje a cikin Fasaha da Fasaha * 2015 Wirkliches Leben? Wani Bayani na Sammlungen * 2015 Andrea Fraser * 2014 Isa Genzken. Neue Werke * 2014 Da girman kai ga gabatarwar. Gidauniyar Sammlung * 2014 Simone Forti. Mit dem Körper ya ce * 2014 Kunst/Geschichten * 2014 Ana Mendieta. Alamomi === MoMA - Gidan Tarihi na zamani, New York === * 2013 Isaac Julien. Raƙuman Raƙuman Ruwa Dubu * 2013 [[Isa Genzken]]. Binciken baya * 2012 Christian Marclay. Tsaro * Tarihin Ayyuka na 2012 * 2012 MoMA Media Lounge mit Renée Green * 2012 Kalmomi a Duniya * 2012 9 Rubuce-rubuce daga Al'umma a Yaƙi * Kotun Binciken Yanayin Yaki na 2011 * 2011 [[Harun Farocki]]: Hotuna na Yaƙi (a nesa) * Babban Budewa na 2011 === Gidauniyar Janar === * 2007 Sammlung * 2007 Fitar da Imaginären * 2006 A cikin hular nan da haka Konzept noch nie Pferd * 2006 Edward Krasinski. Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo * 2006 Kino ya zama dare * 2005 Wie Gesellschaft und Politik ins Bild kommen * 2005 Gustav Metzger. Tarihi Tarihi * 2005 Das Sabon Turai * 2004 Ra'ayoyin da aka tattara daga gabas ko yamma * 2004 Theresa Hak Kyung Cha: Mafarki na Masu sauraro * 2004 Dass ya mutu Körper sprechen, auch das wissen wir seit langem * 2003 Sammlung * 2003 Allan Sekula * 2003 Geografie und die Politik der Mobilität * 2002 Designs für die wirkliche Welt * 2002 Adrian Piper. Seti 1965 * 2002 Die Gewalt ist der Rand aller Dinge * 2001 Hans Haacke. Mia san mia * Rayuwa biyu ta shekara ta 2001 * Rayuwa ta 2000 / Lebenserfahrung * 2000 Sake kunnawa. Anfänge internationaler Medienkunst a Österreich * 2000 Dinge, ya mutu ba tare da wata matsala ba === Sauran cibiyoyin === * 2020 Har zuwa da Ƙayyadaddun Ƙayyadadden: Bayan Carolee Schneemann, Muzeum Susch * 2017 Carolee Schneemann. Hoton motsa jiki, MoMA PS1, Long Island City * 2017 Carolee Schneemann. Kinetische Malerei, Gidan Tarihi na MMK für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt * 2015 Isa Genzken. Neue Werke, Gidan Tarihi na MMK für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt * 2014 Isa Genzken. Bayyanawa, Gidan Tarihi na Dallas * 2014 Isa Genzken. Bayyanawa, Gidan Tarihi na MCA na zamani, Chicago * 2010 Utopie da Monument II, steirischer herbst * 2010 Modernologies, MUZEUM karaa Museum of Modern Art a Warsaw * 2009 ''Modernologies - Masu zane-zane na zamani suna binciken zamani da zamani''; Gidan Tarihi na zamani, [[Barcelona]] * 2009 ''Wane rayuwa? '' ''Tsakanin Kira da Aiki''; Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien * 2009 Utopie da Monument I, steirischer herbst * 2007 Don wani wuri na musamman, Austrian Cultural Forum, New York * 2005 Kasuwanci na sararin samaniya, Haus der Kunst, München; Gidan Tarihi na zamani, Zagreb * 2003 Adrian Piper, MACBA Barcelona * 2003 Adrian Piper - Tun daga 1965, Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani / Frac Rhône-Alpes, Villeurbanne == Littattafai == * Marisa Merz Il cielo è grande spazio / Der Himmel ist ein weiter Raum. Dt. Ausgabe, Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg, 2018. {{ISBN|978-3-200-05660-2}} * William Kentridge. Lokaci mai yawa. ta hanyar Iwona Blazwick da Sabine Breitwieser . London: Whitechapel/Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg, 2016.  {{ISBN|978-0-85488-250-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-85488-250-2|<bdi>978-0-85488-250-2</bdi>]] * Tsohon zamani. Salzburg inmitten von Europa zwischen Tradition und Erneuerung . Dt./ Turanci., Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/München: Hirmer, 2016.  {{ISBN|978-3-7774-2696-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7774-2696-9|<bdi>978-3-7774-2696-9</bdi>]] * Carolee Schneemann Hoton motsa jiki. Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/München: Prestel, 2015.  {{ISBN|978-3-7913-5508-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-5508-5|<bdi>978-3-7913-5508-5</bdi>]] * E.A.T. - Gwaje-gwaje a cikin Fasaha da Fasaha. Dt./ Turanci., Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/Köln: Walther König, 2015.  {{ISBN|978-3-86335-783-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-86335-783-2|<bdi>978-3-86335-783-2</bdi>]] * Andrea Fraser Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/Ostfildern: Hatje-Cantz, 2015.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-4015-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-4015-9|<bdi>978-3-7757-4015-9</bdi>]] * Kunst/Geschichten / Art/Histories. Dt./ Turanci., Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/München: Hirmer, 2014.  {{ISBN|978-3-7774-2279-4}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7774-2279-4|<bdi>978-3-7774-2279-4</bdi>]] * Simone Forti Tunanin tare da Jiki. Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/München: Hirmer, 2014.  {{ISBN|978-3-7774-2278-7}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7774-2278-7|<bdi>978-3-7774-2278-7</bdi>]] * Ana Mendieta Alamomi. Dt. da kuma Turanci. Kawai. Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/Ostfildern: Hatje-Cantz, 2014.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-3764-7}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-3764-7|<bdi>978-3-7757-3764-7</bdi>]] * Isa Genzken Bayyana baya. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9], New York: Gidan Tarihi na zamani, 2013.  {{ISBN|978-0-87070-886-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-87070-886-2|<bdi>978-0-87070-886-2</bdi>]] * Utopia da Monument. Graz: steirischer herbst/Wien-New York: Springer Verlag, 2010.  {{ISBN|978-3-7091-0772-0}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7091-0772-0|<bdi>978-3-7091-0772-0</bdi>]] * Masana'antu na zamani. Masu zane-zane na zamani suna Binciken zamani da zamani. Barcelona: MACBA/Actar, 2009.  {{ISBN|978-84-92505-13-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-84-92505-13-5|<bdi>978-84-92505-13-5</bdi>]] * Aikin da ake kira Ausstellungen. Gidauniyar Generali. Nuni na 1989-2007. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2008.  {{ISBN|978-3-901107-54-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-901107-54-2|<bdi>978-3-901107-54-2</bdi>]] * Edward Krasinski. Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2006.  {{ISBN|3-901107-49-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-49-5|<bdi>3-901107-49-5</bdi>]] * Gustav Metzger Tarihi. Wien: Generali Foundation / Ostfildern: Hatje-Cantz, 2005.  {{ISBN|3-901107-47-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-47-9|<bdi>3-901107-47-9</bdi>]] * Kasancewa da sararin samaniya. Sammlung Generali Foundation Collection. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2003.  {{ISBN|3-901107-42-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-42-8|<bdi>3-901107-42-8</bdi>]] * Allan Sekula Ayyuka a ƙarƙashin Yanayin Aiki. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation / Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2003.  {{ISBN|3-901107-39-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-39-8|<bdi>3-901107-39-8</bdi>]] * Adrian Piper Sanya 1965. Metakunst da Kunstkritik. Dt., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2002.  {{ISBN|3-901107-36-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-36-3|<bdi>3-901107-36-3</bdi>]] * Mia san mia. Hans Haacke Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation / Dresden: Philo Verlag der Kunst, 2001.  {{ISBN|3-364-00392-0}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-364-00392-0|<bdi>3-364-00392-0</bdi>]] * rayuwa sau biyu. Identität und Transformation in der zeitgenössischen Kunst / Identity und Transformation a cikin Fasaha ta zamani. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2001.  {{ISBN|3-901107-28-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-28-2|<bdi>3-901107-28-2</bdi>]] * vivences / Lebenserfahrung / kwarewar rayuwa. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2000.  {{ISBN|3-901107-28-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-28-2|<bdi>3-901107-28-2</bdi>]] * Rubuce-rubuce. Anfänge internationaler Medienkunst a cikin Österreich / Farawar Fasahar Media ta Duniya a Austria. Dt./ Turanci., {{ISBN|3-901107-27-4}} * Martha Rosler Matsayi a cikin Lebenswelt. Dt., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 1999.  {{ISBN|3-901107-23-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-23-1|<bdi>3-901107-23-1</bdi>]] * Mary Kelly Bayan-Partum Dokument. Dt. Ausgabe, Wien: Generali Foundation / München: Verlag Silke Schreiber und Wien: General Foundation / Los Angeles: Jami'ar California Press, 1999. * Mary Kelly Sake karantawa bayan Partum. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Gidauniyar Generali, 1999.  {{ISBN|3-901107-25-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-25-8|<bdi>3-901107-25-8</bdi>]] * Mai satar kaya Prototypen 1966-69. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation / Salzburg: Residenz Verlag, 1998.  {{ISBN|3-7017-1146-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-7017-1146-1|<bdi>3-7017-1146-1</bdi>]] * Sake tsara Tsarin ta hanyar Zane Ta hanyar Shi. Zeichnung bei Gordon Matta-Clark. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 1997.  {{ISBN|3-901107-18-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-18-5|<bdi>3-901107-18-5</bdi>]] * White Cube / Black Box. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 1996.  {{ISBN|3-901107-14-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-14-2|<bdi>3-901107-14-2</bdi>]] * Andrea Fraser Rahoto: Gidauniyar EA-Generali, Wien: Gidaunin Generali, 1994.  {{ISBN|3-901107-12-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-12-6|<bdi>3-901107-12-6</bdi>]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] memjxpf656qbby4txv0qlfrk0ccw4z1 905820 905819 2026-08-21T21:04:56Z Kamal JB 24987 /* Rayuwa */ 905820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sabine Breitwieser''' (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu, 1962, a [[Wels]], Austria) ita ce mai kula da kayan fasaha ta Austriya, manajan fasaha kuma mai tallatawa.<ref name="sn">{{Cite web |title=Sabine Breitwieser – Salzburgwiki |url=https://www.sn.at/wiki/Sabine_Breitwieser |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=sn.at}}</ref><ref name="walkerart">{{Cite web |title=Walker Art Center |url=https://walkerart.org/magazine/authors/sabine-breitwieser |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=walkerart.org}}</ref> == Rayuwa == Bayan karatun shari'a a [[Linz]], '''Breitwieser''' ta sami digirinta a fannin shari'aa a Jami'ar Vienna . Ta kasance mai tsarawa da kuma mai tsarawa a shekarar 1988 kuma daga 1991 zuwa 2007 darektan fasaha na farko a kwamitin Generali Foundation (darakta mai kafa). A cikin haɓaka shirye-shiryen farko don tarin siffofin Austrian, ta faɗaɗa tarin fasahar Generali Foundation tare da mai da hankali kan fasaha mai mahimmanci da mahimmanci. Wannan tarin, da kuma nune-nunen da ya nuna, sun sadu da yabo na duniya.<ref name="artdaily">{{Cite web |title=Museum der Moderne Salzburg enters into partnership with the renowned Generali Foundation |url=https://artdaily.cc/news/67594/Museum-der-Moderne-Salzburg-enters-into-partnership-with-the-renowned-Generali-Foundation |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=artdaily.cc}}</ref> A shekara ta 2003 da 2004 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu kula da bikin Liverpool Biennial na Duniya, kuma daga 2003 zuwa 2008 ta kasance memba na Majalisar Jami'ar Kwalejin Fine Arts Vienna . A shekara ta 2007, Breitwieser ya zama Sakatare da Ma'aji na CIMAM (Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Gidajen Tarihi da Tarin Fasaha na zamani). <ref name="diepresse">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2010 |title=Sabine Breitwieser wird Kuratorin im New Yorker MoMA |url=https://www.diepresse.com/569027/sabine-breitwieser-wird-kuratorin-im-new-yorker-moma |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=DiePresse.com}}</ref> An nada ta a matsayin babban mai kula da kafofin watsa labarai da zane-zane a MoMA a Manhattan a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010, tana riƙe da rawar har zuwa shekara ta 2013. <ref name="diepresse" /> A cikin wannan shekarar ta kammala sashi na biyu na aikinta na shekaru biyu na Utopia da Monument for the Styrian Autumn, wanda ta fara a shekarar da ta gabata. Daga 2013 zuwa 2018, ta kasance darakta na Museum der Moderne Salzburg (MdMS). <ref name="DerstandardIch">{{Cite web |title=Ich möchte nicht einzelne Rosinen herauspicken - Bildende Kunst |url=https://www.derstandard.at/story/1376535148932/ich-moechte-nicht-einzelne-rosinen-herauspicken |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=derstandard.at}}</ref> A cikin 2014, a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinta a matsayin darektan, ta amince da haɗin gwiwa tare da Generali da kuma sake dawo da tarin da ta gina daga Vienna zuwa MdMS. Breitwieser kuma yana aiki a matsayin mai kula da kansa, malami da marubuci a kan fasahar zamani. Ta shirya wani nune-nunen a kan masanin zane-zane na Jamus Isa Genzken a cikin 2013, na farko "cikakken nune-nun Genzken ne a gidan kayan gargajiya na Amurka". A cikin 2015, ta shirya "Carole Schneemann: Kinetic Painting" don Museum der Moderne Salzburg, wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa MoMA PS1 a cikin 2017 da 2018. A cikin 2019 da 2020, ta shirya wani wasan kwaikwayo a Muzeum Susch game da Carolee Schneeman . == Kyaututtuka == * 2012 Yoko Ono Lennon Courage Award for the Arts <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2012 |title=Yoko Ono Lennon Courage Awards for the Arts 2012 |url=http://imaginepeace.com/archives/16967}}</ref> == Nuni (zaɓin) == === MdMS - Gidan Tarihi na zamani na SalzburgGidan kayan gargajiya na zamani na Salzburg === * 2018 Anna Boghiguian * 2018 Marisa Merz - Der Himmel ist ein Raum weiter * 2018 30 Shekaru Gidauniyar * 2017 Neues Salzburg * Labaran gargajiya na 2017 * 2017 William Kentridge. Lokaci Mai Girma * 2017 Hoton Kinetik * 2016 Pichler. Radikal * 2016 Raymond Pettibon * 2016 Räume schaffen. A cikin Sammlungen * 2016 Anti:modern. Salzburg a cikin mitten von Europa zwischen Hadisi da Erneuerung * 2016 Kunst-Musik-Tanz. Shirye-shiryen Tarihin Dance na Derra de Moroda * 2015 Carolee Schneemann. Kinetische Malerei * 2015 E.A.T. Gwaje-gwaje a cikin Fasaha da Fasaha * 2015 Wirkliches Leben? Wani Bayani na Sammlungen * 2015 Andrea Fraser * 2014 Isa Genzken. Neue Werke * 2014 Da girman kai ga gabatarwar. Gidauniyar Sammlung * 2014 Simone Forti. Mit dem Körper ya ce * 2014 Kunst/Geschichten * 2014 Ana Mendieta. Alamomi === MoMA - Gidan Tarihi na zamani, New York === * 2013 Isaac Julien. Raƙuman Raƙuman Ruwa Dubu * 2013 [[Isa Genzken]]. Binciken baya * 2012 Christian Marclay. Tsaro * Tarihin Ayyuka na 2012 * 2012 MoMA Media Lounge mit Renée Green * 2012 Kalmomi a Duniya * 2012 9 Rubuce-rubuce daga Al'umma a Yaƙi * Kotun Binciken Yanayin Yaki na 2011 * 2011 [[Harun Farocki]]: Hotuna na Yaƙi (a nesa) * Babban Budewa na 2011 === Gidauniyar Janar === * 2007 Sammlung * 2007 Fitar da Imaginären * 2006 A cikin hular nan da haka Konzept noch nie Pferd * 2006 Edward Krasinski. Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo * 2006 Kino ya zama dare * 2005 Wie Gesellschaft und Politik ins Bild kommen * 2005 Gustav Metzger. Tarihi Tarihi * 2005 Das Sabon Turai * 2004 Ra'ayoyin da aka tattara daga gabas ko yamma * 2004 Theresa Hak Kyung Cha: Mafarki na Masu sauraro * 2004 Dass ya mutu Körper sprechen, auch das wissen wir seit langem * 2003 Sammlung * 2003 Allan Sekula * 2003 Geografie und die Politik der Mobilität * 2002 Designs für die wirkliche Welt * 2002 Adrian Piper. Seti 1965 * 2002 Die Gewalt ist der Rand aller Dinge * 2001 Hans Haacke. Mia san mia * Rayuwa biyu ta shekara ta 2001 * Rayuwa ta 2000 / Lebenserfahrung * 2000 Sake kunnawa. Anfänge internationaler Medienkunst a Österreich * 2000 Dinge, ya mutu ba tare da wata matsala ba === Sauran cibiyoyin === * 2020 Har zuwa da Ƙayyadaddun Ƙayyadadden: Bayan Carolee Schneemann, Muzeum Susch * 2017 Carolee Schneemann. Hoton motsa jiki, MoMA PS1, Long Island City * 2017 Carolee Schneemann. Kinetische Malerei, Gidan Tarihi na MMK für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt * 2015 Isa Genzken. Neue Werke, Gidan Tarihi na MMK für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt * 2014 Isa Genzken. Bayyanawa, Gidan Tarihi na Dallas * 2014 Isa Genzken. Bayyanawa, Gidan Tarihi na MCA na zamani, Chicago * 2010 Utopie da Monument II, steirischer herbst * 2010 Modernologies, MUZEUM karaa Museum of Modern Art a Warsaw * 2009 ''Modernologies - Masu zane-zane na zamani suna binciken zamani da zamani''; Gidan Tarihi na zamani, [[Barcelona]] * 2009 ''Wane rayuwa? '' ''Tsakanin Kira da Aiki''; Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien * 2009 Utopie da Monument I, steirischer herbst * 2007 Don wani wuri na musamman, Austrian Cultural Forum, New York * 2005 Kasuwanci na sararin samaniya, Haus der Kunst, München; Gidan Tarihi na zamani, Zagreb * 2003 Adrian Piper, MACBA Barcelona * 2003 Adrian Piper - Tun daga 1965, Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani / Frac Rhône-Alpes, Villeurbanne == Littattafai == * Marisa Merz Il cielo è grande spazio / Der Himmel ist ein weiter Raum. Dt. Ausgabe, Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg, 2018. {{ISBN|978-3-200-05660-2}} * William Kentridge. Lokaci mai yawa. ta hanyar Iwona Blazwick da Sabine Breitwieser . London: Whitechapel/Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg, 2016.  {{ISBN|978-0-85488-250-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-85488-250-2|<bdi>978-0-85488-250-2</bdi>]] * Tsohon zamani. Salzburg inmitten von Europa zwischen Tradition und Erneuerung . Dt./ Turanci., Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/München: Hirmer, 2016.  {{ISBN|978-3-7774-2696-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7774-2696-9|<bdi>978-3-7774-2696-9</bdi>]] * Carolee Schneemann Hoton motsa jiki. Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/München: Prestel, 2015.  {{ISBN|978-3-7913-5508-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-5508-5|<bdi>978-3-7913-5508-5</bdi>]] * E.A.T. - Gwaje-gwaje a cikin Fasaha da Fasaha. Dt./ Turanci., Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/Köln: Walther König, 2015.  {{ISBN|978-3-86335-783-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-86335-783-2|<bdi>978-3-86335-783-2</bdi>]] * Andrea Fraser Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/Ostfildern: Hatje-Cantz, 2015.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-4015-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-4015-9|<bdi>978-3-7757-4015-9</bdi>]] * Kunst/Geschichten / Art/Histories. Dt./ Turanci., Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/München: Hirmer, 2014.  {{ISBN|978-3-7774-2279-4}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7774-2279-4|<bdi>978-3-7774-2279-4</bdi>]] * Simone Forti Tunanin tare da Jiki. Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/München: Hirmer, 2014.  {{ISBN|978-3-7774-2278-7}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7774-2278-7|<bdi>978-3-7774-2278-7</bdi>]] * Ana Mendieta Alamomi. Dt. da kuma Turanci. Kawai. Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/Ostfildern: Hatje-Cantz, 2014.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-3764-7}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-3764-7|<bdi>978-3-7757-3764-7</bdi>]] * Isa Genzken Bayyana baya. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9], New York: Gidan Tarihi na zamani, 2013.  {{ISBN|978-0-87070-886-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-87070-886-2|<bdi>978-0-87070-886-2</bdi>]] * Utopia da Monument. Graz: steirischer herbst/Wien-New York: Springer Verlag, 2010.  {{ISBN|978-3-7091-0772-0}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7091-0772-0|<bdi>978-3-7091-0772-0</bdi>]] * Masana'antu na zamani. Masu zane-zane na zamani suna Binciken zamani da zamani. Barcelona: MACBA/Actar, 2009.  {{ISBN|978-84-92505-13-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-84-92505-13-5|<bdi>978-84-92505-13-5</bdi>]] * Aikin da ake kira Ausstellungen. Gidauniyar Generali. Nuni na 1989-2007. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2008.  {{ISBN|978-3-901107-54-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-901107-54-2|<bdi>978-3-901107-54-2</bdi>]] * Edward Krasinski. Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2006.  {{ISBN|3-901107-49-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-49-5|<bdi>3-901107-49-5</bdi>]] * Gustav Metzger Tarihi. Wien: Generali Foundation / Ostfildern: Hatje-Cantz, 2005.  {{ISBN|3-901107-47-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-47-9|<bdi>3-901107-47-9</bdi>]] * Kasancewa da sararin samaniya. Sammlung Generali Foundation Collection. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2003.  {{ISBN|3-901107-42-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-42-8|<bdi>3-901107-42-8</bdi>]] * Allan Sekula Ayyuka a ƙarƙashin Yanayin Aiki. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation / Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2003.  {{ISBN|3-901107-39-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-39-8|<bdi>3-901107-39-8</bdi>]] * Adrian Piper Sanya 1965. Metakunst da Kunstkritik. Dt., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2002.  {{ISBN|3-901107-36-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-36-3|<bdi>3-901107-36-3</bdi>]] * Mia san mia. Hans Haacke Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation / Dresden: Philo Verlag der Kunst, 2001.  {{ISBN|3-364-00392-0}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-364-00392-0|<bdi>3-364-00392-0</bdi>]] * rayuwa sau biyu. Identität und Transformation in der zeitgenössischen Kunst / Identity und Transformation a cikin Fasaha ta zamani. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2001.  {{ISBN|3-901107-28-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-28-2|<bdi>3-901107-28-2</bdi>]] * vivences / Lebenserfahrung / kwarewar rayuwa. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2000.  {{ISBN|3-901107-28-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-28-2|<bdi>3-901107-28-2</bdi>]] * Rubuce-rubuce. Anfänge internationaler Medienkunst a cikin Österreich / Farawar Fasahar Media ta Duniya a Austria. Dt./ Turanci., {{ISBN|3-901107-27-4}} * Martha Rosler Matsayi a cikin Lebenswelt. Dt., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 1999.  {{ISBN|3-901107-23-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-23-1|<bdi>3-901107-23-1</bdi>]] * Mary Kelly Bayan-Partum Dokument. Dt. Ausgabe, Wien: Generali Foundation / München: Verlag Silke Schreiber und Wien: General Foundation / Los Angeles: Jami'ar California Press, 1999. * Mary Kelly Sake karantawa bayan Partum. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Gidauniyar Generali, 1999.  {{ISBN|3-901107-25-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-25-8|<bdi>3-901107-25-8</bdi>]] * Mai satar kaya Prototypen 1966-69. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation / Salzburg: Residenz Verlag, 1998.  {{ISBN|3-7017-1146-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-7017-1146-1|<bdi>3-7017-1146-1</bdi>]] * Sake tsara Tsarin ta hanyar Zane Ta hanyar Shi. Zeichnung bei Gordon Matta-Clark. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 1997.  {{ISBN|3-901107-18-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-18-5|<bdi>3-901107-18-5</bdi>]] * White Cube / Black Box. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 1996.  {{ISBN|3-901107-14-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-14-2|<bdi>3-901107-14-2</bdi>]] * Andrea Fraser Rahoto: Gidauniyar EA-Generali, Wien: Gidaunin Generali, 1994.  {{ISBN|3-901107-12-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-12-6|<bdi>3-901107-12-6</bdi>]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 1ijh77hf8xpfbnbsgo22su7mjhlgweh 905821 905820 2026-08-21T21:05:24Z Kamal JB 24987 /* Rayuwa */ 905821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sabine Breitwieser''' (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu, 1962, a [[Wels]], Austria) ita ce mai kula da kayan fasaha ta Austriya, manajan fasaha kuma mai tallatawa.<ref name="sn">{{Cite web |title=Sabine Breitwieser – Salzburgwiki |url=https://www.sn.at/wiki/Sabine_Breitwieser |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=sn.at}}</ref><ref name="walkerart">{{Cite web |title=Walker Art Center |url=https://walkerart.org/magazine/authors/sabine-breitwieser |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=walkerart.org}}</ref> == Rayuwa == Bayan karatun shari'a a [[Linz]], '''Breitwieser''' ta sami digirinta a fannin [[shari'a]] a Jami'ar Vienna . Ta kasance mai tsarawa da kuma mai tsarawa a shekarar 1988 kuma daga 1991 zuwa 2007 darektan fasaha na farko a kwamitin Generali Foundation (darakta mai kafa). A cikin haɓaka shirye-shiryen farko don tarin siffofin Austrian, ta faɗaɗa tarin fasahar Generali Foundation tare da mai da hankali kan fasaha mai mahimmanci da mahimmanci. Wannan tarin, da kuma nune-nunen da ya nuna, sun sadu da yabo na duniya.<ref name="artdaily">{{Cite web |title=Museum der Moderne Salzburg enters into partnership with the renowned Generali Foundation |url=https://artdaily.cc/news/67594/Museum-der-Moderne-Salzburg-enters-into-partnership-with-the-renowned-Generali-Foundation |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=artdaily.cc}}</ref> A shekara ta 2003 da 2004 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu kula da bikin Liverpool Biennial na Duniya, kuma daga 2003 zuwa 2008 ta kasance memba na Majalisar Jami'ar Kwalejin Fine Arts Vienna . A shekara ta 2007, Breitwieser ya zama Sakatare da Ma'aji na CIMAM (Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Gidajen Tarihi da Tarin Fasaha na zamani). <ref name="diepresse">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2010 |title=Sabine Breitwieser wird Kuratorin im New Yorker MoMA |url=https://www.diepresse.com/569027/sabine-breitwieser-wird-kuratorin-im-new-yorker-moma |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=DiePresse.com}}</ref> An nada ta a matsayin babban mai kula da kafofin watsa labarai da zane-zane a MoMA a Manhattan a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010, tana riƙe da rawar har zuwa shekara ta 2013. <ref name="diepresse" /> A cikin wannan shekarar ta kammala sashi na biyu na aikinta na shekaru biyu na Utopia da Monument for the Styrian Autumn, wanda ta fara a shekarar da ta gabata. Daga 2013 zuwa 2018, ta kasance darakta na Museum der Moderne Salzburg (MdMS). <ref name="DerstandardIch">{{Cite web |title=Ich möchte nicht einzelne Rosinen herauspicken - Bildende Kunst |url=https://www.derstandard.at/story/1376535148932/ich-moechte-nicht-einzelne-rosinen-herauspicken |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=derstandard.at}}</ref> A cikin 2014, a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinta a matsayin darektan, ta amince da haɗin gwiwa tare da Generali da kuma sake dawo da tarin da ta gina daga Vienna zuwa MdMS. Breitwieser kuma yana aiki a matsayin mai kula da kansa, malami da marubuci a kan fasahar zamani. Ta shirya wani nune-nunen a kan masanin zane-zane na Jamus Isa Genzken a cikin 2013, na farko "cikakken nune-nun Genzken ne a gidan kayan gargajiya na Amurka". A cikin 2015, ta shirya "Carole Schneemann: Kinetic Painting" don Museum der Moderne Salzburg, wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa MoMA PS1 a cikin 2017 da 2018. A cikin 2019 da 2020, ta shirya wani wasan kwaikwayo a Muzeum Susch game da Carolee Schneeman . == Kyaututtuka == * 2012 Yoko Ono Lennon Courage Award for the Arts <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2012 |title=Yoko Ono Lennon Courage Awards for the Arts 2012 |url=http://imaginepeace.com/archives/16967}}</ref> == Nuni (zaɓin) == === MdMS - Gidan Tarihi na zamani na SalzburgGidan kayan gargajiya na zamani na Salzburg === * 2018 Anna Boghiguian * 2018 Marisa Merz - Der Himmel ist ein Raum weiter * 2018 30 Shekaru Gidauniyar * 2017 Neues Salzburg * Labaran gargajiya na 2017 * 2017 William Kentridge. Lokaci Mai Girma * 2017 Hoton Kinetik * 2016 Pichler. Radikal * 2016 Raymond Pettibon * 2016 Räume schaffen. A cikin Sammlungen * 2016 Anti:modern. Salzburg a cikin mitten von Europa zwischen Hadisi da Erneuerung * 2016 Kunst-Musik-Tanz. Shirye-shiryen Tarihin Dance na Derra de Moroda * 2015 Carolee Schneemann. Kinetische Malerei * 2015 E.A.T. Gwaje-gwaje a cikin Fasaha da Fasaha * 2015 Wirkliches Leben? Wani Bayani na Sammlungen * 2015 Andrea Fraser * 2014 Isa Genzken. Neue Werke * 2014 Da girman kai ga gabatarwar. Gidauniyar Sammlung * 2014 Simone Forti. Mit dem Körper ya ce * 2014 Kunst/Geschichten * 2014 Ana Mendieta. Alamomi === MoMA - Gidan Tarihi na zamani, New York === * 2013 Isaac Julien. Raƙuman Raƙuman Ruwa Dubu * 2013 [[Isa Genzken]]. Binciken baya * 2012 Christian Marclay. Tsaro * Tarihin Ayyuka na 2012 * 2012 MoMA Media Lounge mit Renée Green * 2012 Kalmomi a Duniya * 2012 9 Rubuce-rubuce daga Al'umma a Yaƙi * Kotun Binciken Yanayin Yaki na 2011 * 2011 [[Harun Farocki]]: Hotuna na Yaƙi (a nesa) * Babban Budewa na 2011 === Gidauniyar Janar === * 2007 Sammlung * 2007 Fitar da Imaginären * 2006 A cikin hular nan da haka Konzept noch nie Pferd * 2006 Edward Krasinski. Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo * 2006 Kino ya zama dare * 2005 Wie Gesellschaft und Politik ins Bild kommen * 2005 Gustav Metzger. Tarihi Tarihi * 2005 Das Sabon Turai * 2004 Ra'ayoyin da aka tattara daga gabas ko yamma * 2004 Theresa Hak Kyung Cha: Mafarki na Masu sauraro * 2004 Dass ya mutu Körper sprechen, auch das wissen wir seit langem * 2003 Sammlung * 2003 Allan Sekula * 2003 Geografie und die Politik der Mobilität * 2002 Designs für die wirkliche Welt * 2002 Adrian Piper. Seti 1965 * 2002 Die Gewalt ist der Rand aller Dinge * 2001 Hans Haacke. Mia san mia * Rayuwa biyu ta shekara ta 2001 * Rayuwa ta 2000 / Lebenserfahrung * 2000 Sake kunnawa. Anfänge internationaler Medienkunst a Österreich * 2000 Dinge, ya mutu ba tare da wata matsala ba === Sauran cibiyoyin === * 2020 Har zuwa da Ƙayyadaddun Ƙayyadadden: Bayan Carolee Schneemann, Muzeum Susch * 2017 Carolee Schneemann. Hoton motsa jiki, MoMA PS1, Long Island City * 2017 Carolee Schneemann. Kinetische Malerei, Gidan Tarihi na MMK für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt * 2015 Isa Genzken. Neue Werke, Gidan Tarihi na MMK für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt * 2014 Isa Genzken. Bayyanawa, Gidan Tarihi na Dallas * 2014 Isa Genzken. Bayyanawa, Gidan Tarihi na MCA na zamani, Chicago * 2010 Utopie da Monument II, steirischer herbst * 2010 Modernologies, MUZEUM karaa Museum of Modern Art a Warsaw * 2009 ''Modernologies - Masu zane-zane na zamani suna binciken zamani da zamani''; Gidan Tarihi na zamani, [[Barcelona]] * 2009 ''Wane rayuwa? '' ''Tsakanin Kira da Aiki''; Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien * 2009 Utopie da Monument I, steirischer herbst * 2007 Don wani wuri na musamman, Austrian Cultural Forum, New York * 2005 Kasuwanci na sararin samaniya, Haus der Kunst, München; Gidan Tarihi na zamani, Zagreb * 2003 Adrian Piper, MACBA Barcelona * 2003 Adrian Piper - Tun daga 1965, Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani / Frac Rhône-Alpes, Villeurbanne == Littattafai == * Marisa Merz Il cielo è grande spazio / Der Himmel ist ein weiter Raum. Dt. Ausgabe, Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg, 2018. {{ISBN|978-3-200-05660-2}} * William Kentridge. Lokaci mai yawa. ta hanyar Iwona Blazwick da Sabine Breitwieser . London: Whitechapel/Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg, 2016.  {{ISBN|978-0-85488-250-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-85488-250-2|<bdi>978-0-85488-250-2</bdi>]] * Tsohon zamani. Salzburg inmitten von Europa zwischen Tradition und Erneuerung . Dt./ Turanci., Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/München: Hirmer, 2016.  {{ISBN|978-3-7774-2696-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7774-2696-9|<bdi>978-3-7774-2696-9</bdi>]] * Carolee Schneemann Hoton motsa jiki. Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/München: Prestel, 2015.  {{ISBN|978-3-7913-5508-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-5508-5|<bdi>978-3-7913-5508-5</bdi>]] * E.A.T. - Gwaje-gwaje a cikin Fasaha da Fasaha. Dt./ Turanci., Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/Köln: Walther König, 2015.  {{ISBN|978-3-86335-783-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-86335-783-2|<bdi>978-3-86335-783-2</bdi>]] * Andrea Fraser Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/Ostfildern: Hatje-Cantz, 2015.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-4015-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-4015-9|<bdi>978-3-7757-4015-9</bdi>]] * Kunst/Geschichten / Art/Histories. Dt./ Turanci., Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/München: Hirmer, 2014.  {{ISBN|978-3-7774-2279-4}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7774-2279-4|<bdi>978-3-7774-2279-4</bdi>]] * Simone Forti Tunanin tare da Jiki. Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/München: Hirmer, 2014.  {{ISBN|978-3-7774-2278-7}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7774-2278-7|<bdi>978-3-7774-2278-7</bdi>]] * Ana Mendieta Alamomi. Dt. da kuma Turanci. Kawai. Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/Ostfildern: Hatje-Cantz, 2014.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-3764-7}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-3764-7|<bdi>978-3-7757-3764-7</bdi>]] * Isa Genzken Bayyana baya. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9], New York: Gidan Tarihi na zamani, 2013.  {{ISBN|978-0-87070-886-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-87070-886-2|<bdi>978-0-87070-886-2</bdi>]] * Utopia da Monument. Graz: steirischer herbst/Wien-New York: Springer Verlag, 2010.  {{ISBN|978-3-7091-0772-0}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7091-0772-0|<bdi>978-3-7091-0772-0</bdi>]] * Masana'antu na zamani. Masu zane-zane na zamani suna Binciken zamani da zamani. Barcelona: MACBA/Actar, 2009.  {{ISBN|978-84-92505-13-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-84-92505-13-5|<bdi>978-84-92505-13-5</bdi>]] * Aikin da ake kira Ausstellungen. Gidauniyar Generali. Nuni na 1989-2007. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2008.  {{ISBN|978-3-901107-54-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-901107-54-2|<bdi>978-3-901107-54-2</bdi>]] * Edward Krasinski. Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2006.  {{ISBN|3-901107-49-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-49-5|<bdi>3-901107-49-5</bdi>]] * Gustav Metzger Tarihi. Wien: Generali Foundation / Ostfildern: Hatje-Cantz, 2005.  {{ISBN|3-901107-47-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-47-9|<bdi>3-901107-47-9</bdi>]] * Kasancewa da sararin samaniya. Sammlung Generali Foundation Collection. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2003.  {{ISBN|3-901107-42-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-42-8|<bdi>3-901107-42-8</bdi>]] * Allan Sekula Ayyuka a ƙarƙashin Yanayin Aiki. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation / Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2003.  {{ISBN|3-901107-39-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-39-8|<bdi>3-901107-39-8</bdi>]] * Adrian Piper Sanya 1965. Metakunst da Kunstkritik. Dt., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2002.  {{ISBN|3-901107-36-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-36-3|<bdi>3-901107-36-3</bdi>]] * Mia san mia. Hans Haacke Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation / Dresden: Philo Verlag der Kunst, 2001.  {{ISBN|3-364-00392-0}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-364-00392-0|<bdi>3-364-00392-0</bdi>]] * rayuwa sau biyu. Identität und Transformation in der zeitgenössischen Kunst / Identity und Transformation a cikin Fasaha ta zamani. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2001.  {{ISBN|3-901107-28-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-28-2|<bdi>3-901107-28-2</bdi>]] * vivences / Lebenserfahrung / kwarewar rayuwa. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2000.  {{ISBN|3-901107-28-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-28-2|<bdi>3-901107-28-2</bdi>]] * Rubuce-rubuce. Anfänge internationaler Medienkunst a cikin Österreich / Farawar Fasahar Media ta Duniya a Austria. Dt./ Turanci., {{ISBN|3-901107-27-4}} * Martha Rosler Matsayi a cikin Lebenswelt. Dt., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 1999.  {{ISBN|3-901107-23-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-23-1|<bdi>3-901107-23-1</bdi>]] * Mary Kelly Bayan-Partum Dokument. Dt. Ausgabe, Wien: Generali Foundation / München: Verlag Silke Schreiber und Wien: General Foundation / Los Angeles: Jami'ar California Press, 1999. * Mary Kelly Sake karantawa bayan Partum. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Gidauniyar Generali, 1999.  {{ISBN|3-901107-25-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-25-8|<bdi>3-901107-25-8</bdi>]] * Mai satar kaya Prototypen 1966-69. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation / Salzburg: Residenz Verlag, 1998.  {{ISBN|3-7017-1146-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-7017-1146-1|<bdi>3-7017-1146-1</bdi>]] * Sake tsara Tsarin ta hanyar Zane Ta hanyar Shi. Zeichnung bei Gordon Matta-Clark. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 1997.  {{ISBN|3-901107-18-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-18-5|<bdi>3-901107-18-5</bdi>]] * White Cube / Black Box. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 1996.  {{ISBN|3-901107-14-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-14-2|<bdi>3-901107-14-2</bdi>]] * Andrea Fraser Rahoto: Gidauniyar EA-Generali, Wien: Gidaunin Generali, 1994.  {{ISBN|3-901107-12-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-12-6|<bdi>3-901107-12-6</bdi>]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] slcuaa3jeglztuj14fdvg0l38raipsr 905822 905821 2026-08-21T21:06:01Z Kamal JB 24987 /* Rayuwa */ 905822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sabine Breitwieser''' (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu, 1962, a [[Wels]], Austria) ita ce mai kula da kayan fasaha ta Austriya, manajan fasaha kuma mai tallatawa.<ref name="sn">{{Cite web |title=Sabine Breitwieser – Salzburgwiki |url=https://www.sn.at/wiki/Sabine_Breitwieser |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=sn.at}}</ref><ref name="walkerart">{{Cite web |title=Walker Art Center |url=https://walkerart.org/magazine/authors/sabine-breitwieser |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=walkerart.org}}</ref> == Rayuwa == Bayan karatun shari'a a [[Linz]], '''Breitwieser''' ta sami digirinta a fannin [[shari'a]] a Jami'ar Vienna . Ta kasance mai tsarawa a shekarar 1988 kuma daga 1991 zuwa 2007 darektan fasaha na farko a kwamitin Generali Foundation (darakta mai kafa). A cikin haɓaka shirye-shiryen farko don tarin siffofin Austrian, ta faɗaɗa tarin fasahar Generali Foundation tare da mai da hankali kan fasaha mai mahimmanci da mahimmanci. Wannan tarin, da kuma nune-nunen da ya nuna, sun sadu da yabo na duniya.<ref name="artdaily">{{Cite web |title=Museum der Moderne Salzburg enters into partnership with the renowned Generali Foundation |url=https://artdaily.cc/news/67594/Museum-der-Moderne-Salzburg-enters-into-partnership-with-the-renowned-Generali-Foundation |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=artdaily.cc}}</ref> A shekara ta 2003 da 2004 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu kula da bikin Liverpool Biennial na Duniya, kuma daga 2003 zuwa 2008 ta kasance memba na Majalisar Jami'ar Kwalejin Fine Arts Vienna . A shekara ta 2007, Breitwieser ya zama Sakatare da Ma'aji na CIMAM (Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Gidajen Tarihi da Tarin Fasaha na zamani). <ref name="diepresse">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2010 |title=Sabine Breitwieser wird Kuratorin im New Yorker MoMA |url=https://www.diepresse.com/569027/sabine-breitwieser-wird-kuratorin-im-new-yorker-moma |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=DiePresse.com}}</ref> An nada ta a matsayin babban mai kula da kafofin watsa labarai da zane-zane a MoMA a Manhattan a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010, tana riƙe da rawar har zuwa shekara ta 2013. <ref name="diepresse" /> A cikin wannan shekarar ta kammala sashi na biyu na aikinta na shekaru biyu na Utopia da Monument for the Styrian Autumn, wanda ta fara a shekarar da ta gabata. Daga 2013 zuwa 2018, ta kasance darakta na Museum der Moderne Salzburg (MdMS). <ref name="DerstandardIch">{{Cite web |title=Ich möchte nicht einzelne Rosinen herauspicken - Bildende Kunst |url=https://www.derstandard.at/story/1376535148932/ich-moechte-nicht-einzelne-rosinen-herauspicken |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=derstandard.at}}</ref> A cikin 2014, a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinta a matsayin darektan, ta amince da haɗin gwiwa tare da Generali da kuma sake dawo da tarin da ta gina daga Vienna zuwa MdMS. Breitwieser kuma yana aiki a matsayin mai kula da kansa, malami da marubuci a kan fasahar zamani. Ta shirya wani nune-nunen a kan masanin zane-zane na Jamus Isa Genzken a cikin 2013, na farko "cikakken nune-nun Genzken ne a gidan kayan gargajiya na Amurka". A cikin 2015, ta shirya "Carole Schneemann: Kinetic Painting" don Museum der Moderne Salzburg, wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa MoMA PS1 a cikin 2017 da 2018. A cikin 2019 da 2020, ta shirya wani wasan kwaikwayo a Muzeum Susch game da Carolee Schneeman . == Kyaututtuka == * 2012 Yoko Ono Lennon Courage Award for the Arts <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2012 |title=Yoko Ono Lennon Courage Awards for the Arts 2012 |url=http://imaginepeace.com/archives/16967}}</ref> == Nuni (zaɓin) == === MdMS - Gidan Tarihi na zamani na SalzburgGidan kayan gargajiya na zamani na Salzburg === * 2018 Anna Boghiguian * 2018 Marisa Merz - Der Himmel ist ein Raum weiter * 2018 30 Shekaru Gidauniyar * 2017 Neues Salzburg * Labaran gargajiya na 2017 * 2017 William Kentridge. Lokaci Mai Girma * 2017 Hoton Kinetik * 2016 Pichler. Radikal * 2016 Raymond Pettibon * 2016 Räume schaffen. A cikin Sammlungen * 2016 Anti:modern. Salzburg a cikin mitten von Europa zwischen Hadisi da Erneuerung * 2016 Kunst-Musik-Tanz. Shirye-shiryen Tarihin Dance na Derra de Moroda * 2015 Carolee Schneemann. Kinetische Malerei * 2015 E.A.T. Gwaje-gwaje a cikin Fasaha da Fasaha * 2015 Wirkliches Leben? Wani Bayani na Sammlungen * 2015 Andrea Fraser * 2014 Isa Genzken. Neue Werke * 2014 Da girman kai ga gabatarwar. Gidauniyar Sammlung * 2014 Simone Forti. Mit dem Körper ya ce * 2014 Kunst/Geschichten * 2014 Ana Mendieta. Alamomi === MoMA - Gidan Tarihi na zamani, New York === * 2013 Isaac Julien. Raƙuman Raƙuman Ruwa Dubu * 2013 [[Isa Genzken]]. Binciken baya * 2012 Christian Marclay. Tsaro * Tarihin Ayyuka na 2012 * 2012 MoMA Media Lounge mit Renée Green * 2012 Kalmomi a Duniya * 2012 9 Rubuce-rubuce daga Al'umma a Yaƙi * Kotun Binciken Yanayin Yaki na 2011 * 2011 [[Harun Farocki]]: Hotuna na Yaƙi (a nesa) * Babban Budewa na 2011 === Gidauniyar Janar === * 2007 Sammlung * 2007 Fitar da Imaginären * 2006 A cikin hular nan da haka Konzept noch nie Pferd * 2006 Edward Krasinski. Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo * 2006 Kino ya zama dare * 2005 Wie Gesellschaft und Politik ins Bild kommen * 2005 Gustav Metzger. Tarihi Tarihi * 2005 Das Sabon Turai * 2004 Ra'ayoyin da aka tattara daga gabas ko yamma * 2004 Theresa Hak Kyung Cha: Mafarki na Masu sauraro * 2004 Dass ya mutu Körper sprechen, auch das wissen wir seit langem * 2003 Sammlung * 2003 Allan Sekula * 2003 Geografie und die Politik der Mobilität * 2002 Designs für die wirkliche Welt * 2002 Adrian Piper. Seti 1965 * 2002 Die Gewalt ist der Rand aller Dinge * 2001 Hans Haacke. Mia san mia * Rayuwa biyu ta shekara ta 2001 * Rayuwa ta 2000 / Lebenserfahrung * 2000 Sake kunnawa. Anfänge internationaler Medienkunst a Österreich * 2000 Dinge, ya mutu ba tare da wata matsala ba === Sauran cibiyoyin === * 2020 Har zuwa da Ƙayyadaddun Ƙayyadadden: Bayan Carolee Schneemann, Muzeum Susch * 2017 Carolee Schneemann. Hoton motsa jiki, MoMA PS1, Long Island City * 2017 Carolee Schneemann. Kinetische Malerei, Gidan Tarihi na MMK für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt * 2015 Isa Genzken. Neue Werke, Gidan Tarihi na MMK für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt * 2014 Isa Genzken. Bayyanawa, Gidan Tarihi na Dallas * 2014 Isa Genzken. Bayyanawa, Gidan Tarihi na MCA na zamani, Chicago * 2010 Utopie da Monument II, steirischer herbst * 2010 Modernologies, MUZEUM karaa Museum of Modern Art a Warsaw * 2009 ''Modernologies - Masu zane-zane na zamani suna binciken zamani da zamani''; Gidan Tarihi na zamani, [[Barcelona]] * 2009 ''Wane rayuwa? '' ''Tsakanin Kira da Aiki''; Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien * 2009 Utopie da Monument I, steirischer herbst * 2007 Don wani wuri na musamman, Austrian Cultural Forum, New York * 2005 Kasuwanci na sararin samaniya, Haus der Kunst, München; Gidan Tarihi na zamani, Zagreb * 2003 Adrian Piper, MACBA Barcelona * 2003 Adrian Piper - Tun daga 1965, Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani / Frac Rhône-Alpes, Villeurbanne == Littattafai == * Marisa Merz Il cielo è grande spazio / Der Himmel ist ein weiter Raum. Dt. Ausgabe, Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg, 2018. {{ISBN|978-3-200-05660-2}} * William Kentridge. Lokaci mai yawa. ta hanyar Iwona Blazwick da Sabine Breitwieser . London: Whitechapel/Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg, 2016.  {{ISBN|978-0-85488-250-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-85488-250-2|<bdi>978-0-85488-250-2</bdi>]] * Tsohon zamani. Salzburg inmitten von Europa zwischen Tradition und Erneuerung . Dt./ Turanci., Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/München: Hirmer, 2016.  {{ISBN|978-3-7774-2696-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7774-2696-9|<bdi>978-3-7774-2696-9</bdi>]] * Carolee Schneemann Hoton motsa jiki. Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/München: Prestel, 2015.  {{ISBN|978-3-7913-5508-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-5508-5|<bdi>978-3-7913-5508-5</bdi>]] * E.A.T. - Gwaje-gwaje a cikin Fasaha da Fasaha. Dt./ Turanci., Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/Köln: Walther König, 2015.  {{ISBN|978-3-86335-783-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-86335-783-2|<bdi>978-3-86335-783-2</bdi>]] * Andrea Fraser Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/Ostfildern: Hatje-Cantz, 2015.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-4015-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-4015-9|<bdi>978-3-7757-4015-9</bdi>]] * Kunst/Geschichten / Art/Histories. Dt./ Turanci., Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/München: Hirmer, 2014.  {{ISBN|978-3-7774-2279-4}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7774-2279-4|<bdi>978-3-7774-2279-4</bdi>]] * Simone Forti Tunanin tare da Jiki. Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/München: Hirmer, 2014.  {{ISBN|978-3-7774-2278-7}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7774-2278-7|<bdi>978-3-7774-2278-7</bdi>]] * Ana Mendieta Alamomi. Dt. da kuma Turanci. Kawai. Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/Ostfildern: Hatje-Cantz, 2014.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-3764-7}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-3764-7|<bdi>978-3-7757-3764-7</bdi>]] * Isa Genzken Bayyana baya. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9], New York: Gidan Tarihi na zamani, 2013.  {{ISBN|978-0-87070-886-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-87070-886-2|<bdi>978-0-87070-886-2</bdi>]] * Utopia da Monument. Graz: steirischer herbst/Wien-New York: Springer Verlag, 2010.  {{ISBN|978-3-7091-0772-0}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7091-0772-0|<bdi>978-3-7091-0772-0</bdi>]] * Masana'antu na zamani. Masu zane-zane na zamani suna Binciken zamani da zamani. Barcelona: MACBA/Actar, 2009.  {{ISBN|978-84-92505-13-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-84-92505-13-5|<bdi>978-84-92505-13-5</bdi>]] * Aikin da ake kira Ausstellungen. Gidauniyar Generali. Nuni na 1989-2007. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2008.  {{ISBN|978-3-901107-54-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-901107-54-2|<bdi>978-3-901107-54-2</bdi>]] * Edward Krasinski. Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2006.  {{ISBN|3-901107-49-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-49-5|<bdi>3-901107-49-5</bdi>]] * Gustav Metzger Tarihi. Wien: Generali Foundation / Ostfildern: Hatje-Cantz, 2005.  {{ISBN|3-901107-47-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-47-9|<bdi>3-901107-47-9</bdi>]] * Kasancewa da sararin samaniya. Sammlung Generali Foundation Collection. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2003.  {{ISBN|3-901107-42-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-42-8|<bdi>3-901107-42-8</bdi>]] * Allan Sekula Ayyuka a ƙarƙashin Yanayin Aiki. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation / Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2003.  {{ISBN|3-901107-39-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-39-8|<bdi>3-901107-39-8</bdi>]] * Adrian Piper Sanya 1965. Metakunst da Kunstkritik. Dt., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2002.  {{ISBN|3-901107-36-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-36-3|<bdi>3-901107-36-3</bdi>]] * Mia san mia. Hans Haacke Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation / Dresden: Philo Verlag der Kunst, 2001.  {{ISBN|3-364-00392-0}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-364-00392-0|<bdi>3-364-00392-0</bdi>]] * rayuwa sau biyu. Identität und Transformation in der zeitgenössischen Kunst / Identity und Transformation a cikin Fasaha ta zamani. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2001.  {{ISBN|3-901107-28-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-28-2|<bdi>3-901107-28-2</bdi>]] * vivences / Lebenserfahrung / kwarewar rayuwa. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2000.  {{ISBN|3-901107-28-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-28-2|<bdi>3-901107-28-2</bdi>]] * Rubuce-rubuce. Anfänge internationaler Medienkunst a cikin Österreich / Farawar Fasahar Media ta Duniya a Austria. Dt./ Turanci., {{ISBN|3-901107-27-4}} * Martha Rosler Matsayi a cikin Lebenswelt. Dt., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 1999.  {{ISBN|3-901107-23-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-23-1|<bdi>3-901107-23-1</bdi>]] * Mary Kelly Bayan-Partum Dokument. Dt. Ausgabe, Wien: Generali Foundation / München: Verlag Silke Schreiber und Wien: General Foundation / Los Angeles: Jami'ar California Press, 1999. * Mary Kelly Sake karantawa bayan Partum. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Gidauniyar Generali, 1999.  {{ISBN|3-901107-25-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-25-8|<bdi>3-901107-25-8</bdi>]] * Mai satar kaya Prototypen 1966-69. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation / Salzburg: Residenz Verlag, 1998.  {{ISBN|3-7017-1146-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-7017-1146-1|<bdi>3-7017-1146-1</bdi>]] * Sake tsara Tsarin ta hanyar Zane Ta hanyar Shi. Zeichnung bei Gordon Matta-Clark. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 1997.  {{ISBN|3-901107-18-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-18-5|<bdi>3-901107-18-5</bdi>]] * White Cube / Black Box. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 1996.  {{ISBN|3-901107-14-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-14-2|<bdi>3-901107-14-2</bdi>]] * Andrea Fraser Rahoto: Gidauniyar EA-Generali, Wien: Gidaunin Generali, 1994.  {{ISBN|3-901107-12-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-12-6|<bdi>3-901107-12-6</bdi>]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 1b1mbjrybu9f7iazp7yr91hfm1sqxgv 905823 905822 2026-08-21T21:06:30Z Kamal JB 24987 /* Rayuwa */ 905823 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sabine Breitwieser''' (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu, 1962, a [[Wels]], Austria) ita ce mai kula da kayan fasaha ta Austriya, manajan fasaha kuma mai tallatawa.<ref name="sn">{{Cite web |title=Sabine Breitwieser – Salzburgwiki |url=https://www.sn.at/wiki/Sabine_Breitwieser |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=sn.at}}</ref><ref name="walkerart">{{Cite web |title=Walker Art Center |url=https://walkerart.org/magazine/authors/sabine-breitwieser |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=walkerart.org}}</ref> == Rayuwa == Bayan karatun shari'a a [[Linz]], '''Breitwieser''' ta sami digirinta a fannin [[shari'a]] a Jami'ar Vienna . Ta kasance mai tsarawa a shekarar 1988 kuma daga 1991 zuwa 2007 darektan fasaha na farko a kwamitin Generali Foundation (darakta mai kafa). A cikin haɓaka shirye-shiryen farko don tarin siffofin Austrian, ta faɗaɗa tarin fasahar Generali Foundation tare da mai da hankali kan fasaha mai mahimmanci da mahimmanci. Wannan tarin, da kuma nune-nunen da ya nuna, sun sadu da yabo na duniya.<ref name="artdaily">{{Cite web |title=Museum der Moderne Salzburg enters into partnership with the renowned Generali Foundation |url=https://artdaily.cc/news/67594/Museum-der-Moderne-Salzburg-enters-into-partnership-with-the-renowned-Generali-Foundation |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=artdaily.cc}}</ref> A shekara ta 2003 da shekara 2004 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu kula da bikin Liverpool Biennial na Duniya, kuma daga 2003 zuwa 2008 ta kasance memba na Majalisar Jami'ar Kwalejin Fine Arts Vienna . A shekara ta 2007, Breitwieser ya zama Sakatare da Ma'aji na CIMAM (Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Gidajen Tarihi da Tarin Fasaha na zamani). <ref name="diepresse">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2010 |title=Sabine Breitwieser wird Kuratorin im New Yorker MoMA |url=https://www.diepresse.com/569027/sabine-breitwieser-wird-kuratorin-im-new-yorker-moma |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=DiePresse.com}}</ref> An nada ta a matsayin babban mai kula da kafofin watsa labarai da zane-zane a MoMA a Manhattan a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010, tana riƙe da rawar har zuwa shekara ta 2013. <ref name="diepresse" /> A cikin wannan shekarar ta kammala sashi na biyu na aikinta na shekaru biyu na Utopia da Monument for the Styrian Autumn, wanda ta fara a shekarar da ta gabata. Daga 2013 zuwa 2018, ta kasance darakta na Museum der Moderne Salzburg (MdMS). <ref name="DerstandardIch">{{Cite web |title=Ich möchte nicht einzelne Rosinen herauspicken - Bildende Kunst |url=https://www.derstandard.at/story/1376535148932/ich-moechte-nicht-einzelne-rosinen-herauspicken |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=derstandard.at}}</ref> A cikin 2014, a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinta a matsayin darektan, ta amince da haɗin gwiwa tare da Generali da kuma sake dawo da tarin da ta gina daga Vienna zuwa MdMS. Breitwieser kuma yana aiki a matsayin mai kula da kansa, malami da marubuci a kan fasahar zamani. Ta shirya wani nune-nunen a kan masanin zane-zane na Jamus Isa Genzken a cikin 2013, na farko "cikakken nune-nun Genzken ne a gidan kayan gargajiya na Amurka". A cikin 2015, ta shirya "Carole Schneemann: Kinetic Painting" don Museum der Moderne Salzburg, wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa MoMA PS1 a cikin 2017 da 2018. A cikin 2019 da 2020, ta shirya wani wasan kwaikwayo a Muzeum Susch game da Carolee Schneeman . == Kyaututtuka == * 2012 Yoko Ono Lennon Courage Award for the Arts <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2012 |title=Yoko Ono Lennon Courage Awards for the Arts 2012 |url=http://imaginepeace.com/archives/16967}}</ref> == Nuni (zaɓin) == === MdMS - Gidan Tarihi na zamani na SalzburgGidan kayan gargajiya na zamani na Salzburg === * 2018 Anna Boghiguian * 2018 Marisa Merz - Der Himmel ist ein Raum weiter * 2018 30 Shekaru Gidauniyar * 2017 Neues Salzburg * Labaran gargajiya na 2017 * 2017 William Kentridge. Lokaci Mai Girma * 2017 Hoton Kinetik * 2016 Pichler. Radikal * 2016 Raymond Pettibon * 2016 Räume schaffen. A cikin Sammlungen * 2016 Anti:modern. Salzburg a cikin mitten von Europa zwischen Hadisi da Erneuerung * 2016 Kunst-Musik-Tanz. Shirye-shiryen Tarihin Dance na Derra de Moroda * 2015 Carolee Schneemann. Kinetische Malerei * 2015 E.A.T. Gwaje-gwaje a cikin Fasaha da Fasaha * 2015 Wirkliches Leben? Wani Bayani na Sammlungen * 2015 Andrea Fraser * 2014 Isa Genzken. Neue Werke * 2014 Da girman kai ga gabatarwar. Gidauniyar Sammlung * 2014 Simone Forti. Mit dem Körper ya ce * 2014 Kunst/Geschichten * 2014 Ana Mendieta. Alamomi === MoMA - Gidan Tarihi na zamani, New York === * 2013 Isaac Julien. Raƙuman Raƙuman Ruwa Dubu * 2013 [[Isa Genzken]]. Binciken baya * 2012 Christian Marclay. Tsaro * Tarihin Ayyuka na 2012 * 2012 MoMA Media Lounge mit Renée Green * 2012 Kalmomi a Duniya * 2012 9 Rubuce-rubuce daga Al'umma a Yaƙi * Kotun Binciken Yanayin Yaki na 2011 * 2011 [[Harun Farocki]]: Hotuna na Yaƙi (a nesa) * Babban Budewa na 2011 === Gidauniyar Janar === * 2007 Sammlung * 2007 Fitar da Imaginären * 2006 A cikin hular nan da haka Konzept noch nie Pferd * 2006 Edward Krasinski. Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo * 2006 Kino ya zama dare * 2005 Wie Gesellschaft und Politik ins Bild kommen * 2005 Gustav Metzger. Tarihi Tarihi * 2005 Das Sabon Turai * 2004 Ra'ayoyin da aka tattara daga gabas ko yamma * 2004 Theresa Hak Kyung Cha: Mafarki na Masu sauraro * 2004 Dass ya mutu Körper sprechen, auch das wissen wir seit langem * 2003 Sammlung * 2003 Allan Sekula * 2003 Geografie und die Politik der Mobilität * 2002 Designs für die wirkliche Welt * 2002 Adrian Piper. Seti 1965 * 2002 Die Gewalt ist der Rand aller Dinge * 2001 Hans Haacke. Mia san mia * Rayuwa biyu ta shekara ta 2001 * Rayuwa ta 2000 / Lebenserfahrung * 2000 Sake kunnawa. Anfänge internationaler Medienkunst a Österreich * 2000 Dinge, ya mutu ba tare da wata matsala ba === Sauran cibiyoyin === * 2020 Har zuwa da Ƙayyadaddun Ƙayyadadden: Bayan Carolee Schneemann, Muzeum Susch * 2017 Carolee Schneemann. Hoton motsa jiki, MoMA PS1, Long Island City * 2017 Carolee Schneemann. Kinetische Malerei, Gidan Tarihi na MMK für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt * 2015 Isa Genzken. Neue Werke, Gidan Tarihi na MMK für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt * 2014 Isa Genzken. Bayyanawa, Gidan Tarihi na Dallas * 2014 Isa Genzken. Bayyanawa, Gidan Tarihi na MCA na zamani, Chicago * 2010 Utopie da Monument II, steirischer herbst * 2010 Modernologies, MUZEUM karaa Museum of Modern Art a Warsaw * 2009 ''Modernologies - Masu zane-zane na zamani suna binciken zamani da zamani''; Gidan Tarihi na zamani, [[Barcelona]] * 2009 ''Wane rayuwa? '' ''Tsakanin Kira da Aiki''; Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien * 2009 Utopie da Monument I, steirischer herbst * 2007 Don wani wuri na musamman, Austrian Cultural Forum, New York * 2005 Kasuwanci na sararin samaniya, Haus der Kunst, München; Gidan Tarihi na zamani, Zagreb * 2003 Adrian Piper, MACBA Barcelona * 2003 Adrian Piper - Tun daga 1965, Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani / Frac Rhône-Alpes, Villeurbanne == Littattafai == * Marisa Merz Il cielo è grande spazio / Der Himmel ist ein weiter Raum. Dt. Ausgabe, Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg, 2018. {{ISBN|978-3-200-05660-2}} * William Kentridge. Lokaci mai yawa. ta hanyar Iwona Blazwick da Sabine Breitwieser . London: Whitechapel/Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg, 2016.  {{ISBN|978-0-85488-250-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-85488-250-2|<bdi>978-0-85488-250-2</bdi>]] * Tsohon zamani. Salzburg inmitten von Europa zwischen Tradition und Erneuerung . Dt./ Turanci., Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/München: Hirmer, 2016.  {{ISBN|978-3-7774-2696-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7774-2696-9|<bdi>978-3-7774-2696-9</bdi>]] * Carolee Schneemann Hoton motsa jiki. Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/München: Prestel, 2015.  {{ISBN|978-3-7913-5508-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-5508-5|<bdi>978-3-7913-5508-5</bdi>]] * E.A.T. - Gwaje-gwaje a cikin Fasaha da Fasaha. Dt./ Turanci., Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/Köln: Walther König, 2015.  {{ISBN|978-3-86335-783-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-86335-783-2|<bdi>978-3-86335-783-2</bdi>]] * Andrea Fraser Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/Ostfildern: Hatje-Cantz, 2015.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-4015-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-4015-9|<bdi>978-3-7757-4015-9</bdi>]] * Kunst/Geschichten / Art/Histories. Dt./ Turanci., Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/München: Hirmer, 2014.  {{ISBN|978-3-7774-2279-4}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7774-2279-4|<bdi>978-3-7774-2279-4</bdi>]] * Simone Forti Tunanin tare da Jiki. Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/München: Hirmer, 2014.  {{ISBN|978-3-7774-2278-7}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7774-2278-7|<bdi>978-3-7774-2278-7</bdi>]] * Ana Mendieta Alamomi. Dt. da kuma Turanci. Kawai. Salzburg: Museum der Moderne Salzburg/Ostfildern: Hatje-Cantz, 2014.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-3764-7}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-3764-7|<bdi>978-3-7757-3764-7</bdi>]] * Isa Genzken Bayyana baya. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9], New York: Gidan Tarihi na zamani, 2013.  {{ISBN|978-0-87070-886-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-87070-886-2|<bdi>978-0-87070-886-2</bdi>]] * Utopia da Monument. Graz: steirischer herbst/Wien-New York: Springer Verlag, 2010.  {{ISBN|978-3-7091-0772-0}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7091-0772-0|<bdi>978-3-7091-0772-0</bdi>]] * Masana'antu na zamani. Masu zane-zane na zamani suna Binciken zamani da zamani. Barcelona: MACBA/Actar, 2009.  {{ISBN|978-84-92505-13-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-84-92505-13-5|<bdi>978-84-92505-13-5</bdi>]] * Aikin da ake kira Ausstellungen. Gidauniyar Generali. Nuni na 1989-2007. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2008.  {{ISBN|978-3-901107-54-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-901107-54-2|<bdi>978-3-901107-54-2</bdi>]] * Edward Krasinski. Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2006.  {{ISBN|3-901107-49-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-49-5|<bdi>3-901107-49-5</bdi>]] * Gustav Metzger Tarihi. Wien: Generali Foundation / Ostfildern: Hatje-Cantz, 2005.  {{ISBN|3-901107-47-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-47-9|<bdi>3-901107-47-9</bdi>]] * Kasancewa da sararin samaniya. Sammlung Generali Foundation Collection. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2003.  {{ISBN|3-901107-42-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-42-8|<bdi>3-901107-42-8</bdi>]] * Allan Sekula Ayyuka a ƙarƙashin Yanayin Aiki. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation / Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2003.  {{ISBN|3-901107-39-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-39-8|<bdi>3-901107-39-8</bdi>]] * Adrian Piper Sanya 1965. Metakunst da Kunstkritik. Dt., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2002.  {{ISBN|3-901107-36-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-36-3|<bdi>3-901107-36-3</bdi>]] * Mia san mia. Hans Haacke Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation / Dresden: Philo Verlag der Kunst, 2001.  {{ISBN|3-364-00392-0}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-364-00392-0|<bdi>3-364-00392-0</bdi>]] * rayuwa sau biyu. Identität und Transformation in der zeitgenössischen Kunst / Identity und Transformation a cikin Fasaha ta zamani. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2001.  {{ISBN|3-901107-28-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-28-2|<bdi>3-901107-28-2</bdi>]] * vivences / Lebenserfahrung / kwarewar rayuwa. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 2000.  {{ISBN|3-901107-28-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-28-2|<bdi>3-901107-28-2</bdi>]] * Rubuce-rubuce. Anfänge internationaler Medienkunst a cikin Österreich / Farawar Fasahar Media ta Duniya a Austria. Dt./ Turanci., {{ISBN|3-901107-27-4}} * Martha Rosler Matsayi a cikin Lebenswelt. Dt., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 1999.  {{ISBN|3-901107-23-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-23-1|<bdi>3-901107-23-1</bdi>]] * Mary Kelly Bayan-Partum Dokument. Dt. Ausgabe, Wien: Generali Foundation / München: Verlag Silke Schreiber und Wien: General Foundation / Los Angeles: Jami'ar California Press, 1999. * Mary Kelly Sake karantawa bayan Partum. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Gidauniyar Generali, 1999.  {{ISBN|3-901107-25-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-25-8|<bdi>3-901107-25-8</bdi>]] * Mai satar kaya Prototypen 1966-69. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation / Salzburg: Residenz Verlag, 1998.  {{ISBN|3-7017-1146-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-7017-1146-1|<bdi>3-7017-1146-1</bdi>]] * Sake tsara Tsarin ta hanyar Zane Ta hanyar Shi. Zeichnung bei Gordon Matta-Clark. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 1997.  {{ISBN|3-901107-18-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-18-5|<bdi>3-901107-18-5</bdi>]] * White Cube / Black Box. Dt./ Turanci., Wien: Generali Foundation/Köln: Walther König, 1996.  {{ISBN|3-901107-14-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-14-2|<bdi>3-901107-14-2</bdi>]] * Andrea Fraser Rahoto: Gidauniyar EA-Generali, Wien: Gidaunin Generali, 1994.  {{ISBN|3-901107-12-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-901107-12-6|<bdi>3-901107-12-6</bdi>]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] q82c3drnfsxexd4h5yjyfnlndi575hw 0 165083 905739 2026-08-21T19:03:08Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369793281|Lightning]]" 905739 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Port_and_lighthouse_overnight_storm_with_lightning_in_Port-la-Nouvelle.jpg|thumb|Hasken walƙiya daga girgije zuwa ƙasa ya buge Tekun Bahar Rum daga Port-la-Nouvelle a kudancin Faransa.]] Walkiya '''(Lightning)''' wani al’amari ne na halitta wanda ya ƙunshi fitarwar wutar lantarki ta tsaye (electrostatic discharge) da ke faruwa ta cikin yanayi (atmosphere) tsakanin yankuna biyu masu ɗauke da cajin lantarki. Ɗaya ko kuma duka biyun daga cikin waɗannan yankuna suna cikin yanayi, yayin da yanki na biyu a wasu lokuta yake kasancewa a ƙasa. Bayan faruwar walkiya, waɗannan yankuna sukan zama ba su da caji ko kuma cajin lantarkinsu ya ragu sosai, gaba ɗaya ko kuma wani ɓangare. Walkiya tana haifar da sakin makamashi kusan nan take, wanda yawanci yake tsakanin megajoules miliyan 200 da gigajoules 7.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maggio |first1=Christopher R. |last2=Marshall |first2=Thomas C. |last3=Stolzenburg |first3=Maribeth |date=2009 |title=Estimations of charge transferred and energy released by lightning flashes in short bursts |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=114 |issue=D14 |pages=D14203 |bibcode=2009JGRD..11414203M |doi=10.1029/2008JD011506 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="SEVERE WEATHER 101: Lightning Basics">{{cite web |title=Severe Weather 101: Lightning Basics |url=https://nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/lightning |access-date=23 October 2019 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] |department=[[National Severe Storms Laboratory]]}}</ref><ref name="FJFK: Lightning Facts">{{cite web |title=Lightning Facts |url=https://factsjustforkids.com/weather-facts/lightning-facts-for-kids.html |access-date=23 October 2019 |website=factsjustforkids.com |publisher=Facts Just for Kids}}</ref> Iskar da ke kewaye da hasken walkiya tana yin zafi cikin sauri har ta kai kusan 30,000°C (54,000°F).<ref name="DepCom2025">{{cite web |title=How Hot Is Lightning? |url=https://weather.gov/safety/lightning-temperature |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=weather.gov |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] |language=en-US |department=[[National Weather Service]]}}</ref> Haka kuma, ana fitar da hasken lantarki (electromagnetic radiation) mai yaɗuwa a kan nau’o’in tsawon igiyoyin haske daban-daban, kuma wasu daga cikinsu ana iya ganinsu a matsayin hasken walkiya mai tsananin haske. Walkiya kuma tana haifar da tsawa (thunder), wato sautin da ke samuwa daga guguwar matsin iska (shock wave) da ke tasowa yayin da iskar gas mai zafi da ke kusa da wurin fitarwar wutar lantarki ta samu ƙaruwa cikin sauri a matsin lamba. Mafi yawan faruwar walkiya tana kasancewa ne a cikin tsawa (thunderstorm), duk da cewa tana iya faruwa a wasu nau’o’in yanayin da ke ɗauke da kuzari mai yawa, kamar lokacin fashewar aman wuta (volcanic eruptions). Walkiya tana da tasiri a kan da’irar wutar lantarki ta duniya da ke cikin yanayi (global atmospheric electrical circuit) da kuma sinadaran da ke cikin yanayi (atmospheric chemistry). Haka kuma, walkiya wata halitta ce da ke iya haifar da kunna gobarar daji (wildfires). Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya (World Meteorological Organization) tana ɗaukar walkiya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Muhimman Sauye-sauyen Yanayi (Essential Climate Variables)<ref name="WMO2025">{{cite web |date=13 November 2024 |title=Essential Climate Variables |url=https://gcos.wmo.int/site/global-climate-observing-system-gcos/essential-climate-variables |access-date=3 February 2025 |website=World Meteorological Organization |language=en}}</ref>Ana kiran nazarin kimiyya na walkiya da suna ''fulminology''. == Hanyoyi == An rarrabe nau'ikan walƙiya guda uku ta hanyar inda suke faruwa: <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Severe Weather Safety Guide |url=https://www.weather.gov/media/pah/WeatherEducation/lightningsafety.pdf |publisher=National Weather Service}}</ref> * Intra-cloud (IC) ko in-cloud - A cikin girgije guda[[Cumulonimbus cloud|girgije mai tsawa]] * Cloud-to-cloud (CC) ko inter-cloud - Tsakanin [[Gajimare|girgije]] biyu * Cloud-to-ground (CG) - Tsakanin girgije da ƙasa, a wannan yanayin ana kiransa da [[Walƙiya mai haɗari|walƙiya]]. Ana kuma gane wasu nau’o’in walkiya da dama ta fuskar yadda ake lura da su, ciki har da: * Walkiyar aman wuta (volcanic lightning), wadda za ta iya faruwa a lokacin fashewar aman wuta (volcanic eruptions). * “Walkiyar zafi” (heat lightning), wadda za a iya ganin haskenta daga nesa sosai, amma ba a jin sautinta. * Walkiyar busasshiya (dry lightning), wadda za ta iya haifar da gobarar daji. * Walkiyar ƙwallo (ball lightning), wadda ba kasafai ake samun damar yin nazarin ta a kimiyyance ba. Mafi tasirin walkiya kai tsaye ga mutane yana faruwa ne sakamakon walkiyar da ke tsakanin gajimare da ƙasa (cloud-to-ground lightning), duk da cewa walkiyar da ke faruwa a cikin gajimare (intra-cloud) da kuma wadda ke faruwa tsakanin gajimare da gajimare (cloud-to-cloud) sun fi yawan faruwa. Walkiyar da ke faruwa a cikin gajimare da wadda ke faruwa tsakanin gajimare da gajimare suna yin tasiri ga mutane a kaikaice, ta hanyar tasirinsu ga sinadaran da ke cikin yanayi (atmospheric chemistry). Akwai bambance-bambance a cikin kowane nau’i, kamar “walkiyar CG mai kyau (positive)” da “walkiyar CG mara kyau (negative)”, waɗanda kowannensu yana da halayen zahiri daban-daban waɗanda za a iya auna su. === Girgije zuwa ƙasa (CG) === [[Fayil:Lightning_strikes_in_slow_motion_(240fps)_in_Muurame,_Finland.webm|thumb|Girgije zuwa ƙasa da aka gani a hankali]] Hasken girgije zuwa ƙasa (CG) walƙiya ne tsakanin girgije da ƙasa. An fara shi ne ta hanyar jagora mai tsalle-tsalle wanda ke motsawa daga girgije, wanda mai rafi ke motsawa sama daga ƙasa ya sadu da shi. CG shine mafi ƙarancin kowa, amma mafi kyawun fahimta daga kowane nau'in walƙiya. Yana da sauƙin nazarin kimiyya saboda ya ƙare a kan wani abu na zahiri, wato ƙasa, kuma yana ba da kansa ga auna shi ta kayan aiki a ƙasa. Daga cikin manyan nau'ikan walƙiya guda uku, yana haifar da babbar barazana ga rayuwa da dukiya, tunda ya ƙare a ƙasa ko "ya buge". Gabaɗaya fitarwa, wanda ake kira walƙiya, ya ƙunshi matakai da yawa kamar rushewar farko, shugabannin da suka hau, shugabannin da ke haɗa, bugun dawowa, shugabannin dart, da bugun dawowa na gaba. Gudanar da ƙasa ta lantarki, ko ƙasa ce, ruwa mai laushi, ko ruwan gishiri, na iya shafar yawan walƙiya kuma ta haka ne halaye masu ganuwa. ==== Hasken wuta mai kyau da mara kyau ==== Hasken girgije zuwa ƙasa (CG) ko dai yana da kyau ko mara kyau, kamar yadda aka bayyana ta hanyar jagorancin wutar lantarki na al'ada tsakanin girgije da ƙasa. Yawancin walƙiya na CG ba su da kyau, ma'ana cewa ana canja wurin cajin mara kyau (yankin lantarki suna gudana) ƙasa zuwa ƙasa tare da tashar walƙiya (yanayin yanzu na al'ada yana gudana daga ƙasa zuwa girgije). Sabanin haka yana faruwa a cikin haske mai kyau na CG, inda electrons ke tafiya sama tare da tashar walƙiya, yayin da kuma ana canja caji mai kyau zuwa ƙasa (a halin yanzu na al'ada yana tafiya daga girgije zuwa ƙasa). Hasken walƙiya mai kyau ba ya zama ruwan dare fiye da walƙiya mara kyau kuma a matsakaita ya zama ƙasa da 5% na duk walƙiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NWS JetStream – The Positive and Negative Side of Lightning |url=https://srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/positive.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705205815/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/positive.htm |archive-date=July 5, 2007 |access-date=September 25, 2007 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Anvil-to-ground_lightning.jpg|thumb|Wani bolt daga walƙiya mai launin shudi wanda ya bayyana ya fara daga sararin sama, amma sararin sama sama sama sama da girgije yana fitar da bolt na plasma ta cikin girgije kai tsaye zuwa ƙasa. Ana kiran su da haske mai kyau, duk da gaskiyar cewa yawanci ba su da kyau a cikin polarity.]] Akwai hanyoyi da yawa da aka tsara don haifar da samar da walƙiya mai kyau.<ref name="Amitabh">{{Cite journal |last=Nag |first=Amitabh |last2=Rakov |first2=Vladimir A. |year=2012 |title=Positive lightning: An overview, new observations, and inferences |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=117 |issue=D8 |bibcode=2012JGRD..117.8109N |doi=10.1029/2012JD017545 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadannan galibi sun dogara ne akan motsi ko karfafa cibiyoyin caji a cikin girgije. Irin waɗannan canje-canje a cikin cajin girgije na iya faruwa ne sakamakon bambance-bambance a cikin iska mai tsaye ko hazo, ko ɓacewar guguwar. Hasken haske mai kyau na iya haifar da wasu halaye na fitarwa a cikin girgije, misali fashewa ko reshe daga hasken da ke akwai. Hasken walƙiya mai kyau yana da ƙarfi sosai fiye da takwarorinsu marasa kyau. Matsakaicin walƙiya mara kyau yana haifar da wutar lantarki na 30,000 Amperes (30 kA), yana canja wurin jimlar 15 C (coulombs) na cajin lantarki da 1 Gigajoule na [[makamashi]]. &nbsp;&nbsp;Manyan ƙuƙwalwar walƙiya mai kyau na iya ƙirƙirar har zuwa 120 kA kuma canja wurin 350 C. Matsakaicin haske mai kyau na ƙasa yana da kusan ninki biyu na saman yanzu na hasken wuta mara kyau, kuma yana iya samar da saman lantarki har zuwa 400 kA da caji na daruruwan coulombs. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bugu da ƙari, hasken ƙasa mai kyau tare da manyan raƙuman ruwa ana bin sautin da ke ci gaba da dogon lokaci, haɗin da ba a gani a cikin hasken ƙasa mara kyau ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saba |first=Marcelo M. F. |last2=Schulz |first2=Wolfgang |last3=Warner |first3=Tom A. |last4=Campos |first4=Leandro Z. S. |last5=Schumann |first5=Carina |last6=Krider |first6=E. Philip |last7=Cummins |first7=Kenneth L. |last8=Orville |first8=Richard E. |date=27 December 2010 |title=High-speed video observations of positive lightning flashes to ground |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=115 |issue=D24 |bibcode=2010JGRD..11524201S |doi=10.1029/2010JD014330 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A sakamakon karfin da suka fi girma, walƙiya mai kyau sun fi haɗari fiye da mummunan.<ref name="Amitabh" /> Hasken walƙiya mai kyau yana samar da manyan raƙuman ruwa da kuma ci gaba da raƙuman wuta, yana sa su iya dumama wurare zuwa matakan da suka fi girma wanda ke ƙara yiwuwar wuta ta kunna. Hasken walƙiya mai tsawo zai iya yaduwa ta hanyar iska mai tsabta ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa aka san su da "bolts daga shuɗi", ba tare da gargadi ga masu kallo ba. An kuma nuna walƙiya mai kyau don haifar da faruwar walƙiya sama daga saman gine-gine masu tsawo kuma yana da alhakin farawar sprites da yawa na kilomita sama da matakin ƙasa. Hasken walƙiya mai kyau yana faruwa akai-akai a cikin hadari na hunturu, kamar yadda yake tare da tsawa, a lokacin [[guguwa]] mai tsanani <ref name="Tornadic lightning">{{Cite journal |last=Perez |first=Antony H. |last2=Wicker |first2=Louis J. |last3=Orville |first3=Richard E. |date=September 1997 |title=Characteristics of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Associated with Violent Tornadoes |journal=Weather and Forecasting |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=428–437 |bibcode=1997WtFor..12..428P |doi=10.1175/1520-0434(1997)012<0428:COCTGL>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da kuma a cikin matakin ɓacewar tsawa. <ref name="GHCC primer2">{{Cite web |last=Christian, Hugh J. |last2=McCook, Melanie A. |title=A Lightning Primer – Characteristics of a Storm |url=http://thunder.nsstc.nasa.gov/primer/primer2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305002214/http://thunder.nsstc.nasa.gov/primer/primer2.html |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |access-date=February 8, 2009 |website=NASA}}</ref> Hakanan ana samar da [[Kalaman rediyo|Raƙuman rediyo]] masu yawa na ƙananan mita (ELF) da ƙananan mita (VLF).<ref name="boccippio">{{Cite journal |last=Boccippio |first=Dennis J. |last2=Williams |first2=Earle R. |last3=Heckman |first3=Stan J. |last4=Lyons |first4=Walter A. |last5=Baker |first5=Ian T. |last6=Boldi |first6=Robert |date=25 August 1995 |title=Sprites, ELF Transients, and Positive Ground Strokes |journal=Science |volume=269 |issue=5227 |pages=1088–1091 |bibcode=1995Sci...269.1088B |doi=10.1126/science.269.5227.1088 |pmid=17755531}}</ref> Sabanin imanin da aka fi sani, walƙiya mai kyau ba lallai ba ne ya samo asali ne daga anvil ko yankin caji mai kyau kuma ya buge yankin da ba shi da ruwan sama a waje da tsawa. Wannan imani ya dogara ne akan tsohuwar ra'ayin cewa shugabannin walƙiya suna da daidaituwa kuma sun samo asali ne daga yankin cajin su.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}}Duk da kuskuren da aka fi sani da cewa hasken da ya samo asali daga ƙuƙwalwar yana da kyau, saboda suna da alama sun samo asali ne daga yankin caji mai kyau, abubuwan lura sun nuna cewa waɗannan a zahiri hasken da ba shi da kyau. Suna farawa ne yayin da IC ke haskakawa a cikin girgije, jagoran mara kyau sannan ya fita daga girgije daga yankin caji mai kyau kafin ya yada ta hanyar iska mai tsabta kuma ya buge ƙasa nesa.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Lu |first=Gaopeng |last2=Cummer |first2=Steven A. |author-link2=Steven Cummer |last3=Blakeslee |first3=Richard J. |last4=Weiss |first4=Stephanie |last5=Beasley |first5=William H. |date=27 February 2012 |title=Lightning morphology and impulse charge moment change of high peak current negative strokes |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=117 |issue=D4 |bibcode=2012JGRD..117.4212L |doi=10.1029/2011JD016890}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite journal |last=Krehbiel |first=Paul R. |last2=Riousset |first2=Jeremy A. |last3=Pasko |first3=Victor P. |last4=Thomas |first4=Ronald J. |last5=Rison |first5=William |last6=Stanley |first6=Mark A. |last7=Edens |first7=Harald E. |date=April 2008 |title=Upward electrical discharges from thunderstorms |journal=Nature Geoscience |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=233–237 |bibcode=2008NatGe...1..233K |doi=10.1038/ngeo162}}</ref> === Cloud zuwa girgije (CC) da intra-cloud (IC) === Hasken walƙiya na iya faruwa tsakanin wuraren girgije ba tare da tuntuɓar ƙasa ba. Lokacin da ya faru tsakanin girgije biyu daban-daban, an san shi da girgije-zuwa-girgije (CC) ko walƙiya tsakanin girgije; lokacin da ya faru ne tsakanin yankuna masu iyawar lantarki daban-daban a cikin girgije ɗaya, an saninsa da walƙiya ta cikin girgije (IC). IC walƙiya ita ce mafi yawan faruwa.<ref name="GHCC primer2" /> Hasken IC yafi faruwa tsakanin ɓangaren sama da ƙananan tsawa da aka ba da tsawa. Ana iya lura da wannan walƙiya a wasu lokuta a nesa da dare kamar yadda ake kira "walƙiya mai laushi". A irin waɗannan lokuta, mai kallo na iya ganin haske kawai ba tare da jin wani tsawa ba. Wani kalma da aka yi amfani da shi don girgije-girgije ko walƙiya-girgije-ƙasa ita ce "Anvil Crawler", saboda al'adar caji, yawanci yana samo asali ne a ƙasa ko a cikin anvil kuma yana shiga cikin saman girgije na tsawa, sau da yawa yana haifar da bugun reshe mai yawa. Wadannan galibi ana ganin su yayin da tsawa ta wuce mai kallo ko ta fara lalacewa. Halin da ya fi dacewa yana faruwa a cikin tsawa mai kyau wanda ke nuna tsawa mai yawa na baya.<gallery mode="packed"> Fayil:Ligtning_new_delhi_view_1.GIF|Branching of cloud to cloud lightning, [[New Delhi]], India. Fayil:Cloud_to_cloud_lightning_strike.jpg|Multiple paths of cloud-to-cloud lightning, Swifts Creek, Australia. Fayil:Baltic_thunder.jpg|Intra-clouds lightning over the [[Tekun Baltic|Baltic Sea]]. Fayil:CC_lightning,_Albury_NSW.JPG|Cloud-to-cloud lightning, Albury, Australia Fayil:Lightning_2012.jpg|Lightning over Slivnitsa, [[Bulgeriya|Bulgaria]]. </gallery> == Kafawa == Hanyoyin da ke tattare da samar da walƙiya sun fada cikin waɗannan rukunoni: # Abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanayi masu yawa waɗanda ke iya haifar da rabuwa da caji (misali guguwa) # Microscopic da macroscopic matakai wanda ke haifar da rabuwa da caji # Kafa filin lantarki # Fitarwa ta hanyar walƙiya === Abubuwan da ke faruwa a sararin samaniya inda walƙiya ke faruwa === Hasken wuta da farko yana faruwa ne lokacin da iska mai dumi ta haɗu da iska mai sanyi, wanda ke haifar da rikice-rikicen yanayi da ake buƙata don daidaita yanayin. Rikicin yana haifar da hadari, kuma lokacin da waɗannan hadari suna haifar da walƙiya da tsawa, ana kiransu tsawa. Hasken wuta na iya faruwa a lokacin [[guguwa]] ƙura, [[Wildfire|gobarar daji]], guguwa, fashewar dutse, har ma a cikin sanyi na hunturu, inda aka san walƙiya da tsawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 11, 1998 |title=Bench collapse sparks lightning, roiling clouds |url=https://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/1998/98_06_11.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114172155/http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/1998/98_06_11.html |archive-date=January 14, 2012 |access-date=October 7, 2012 |website=Volcano Watch |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]}}</ref> [[Tropical cyclone|Guguwa]] yawanci suna haifar da walƙiya, galibi a cikin ruwan sama har zuwa {{Convert|160|km|mi}} km (99 daga tsakiyar.<ref>Pardo-Rodriguez, Lumari (Summer 2009) [http://nldr.library.ucar.edu/repository/assets/soars/SOARS-000-000-000-193.pdf Lightning Activity in Atlantic Tropical Cyclones: Using the Long-Range Lightning Detection Network (LLDN)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309085405/http://nldr.library.ucar.edu/repository/assets/soars/SOARS-000-000-000-193.pdf|date=March 9, 2013}}. MA Climate and Society, Columbia University Significant Opportunities in Atmospheric Research and Science Program.</ref><ref>[https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2006/09jan_electrichurricanes/ Hurricane Lightning] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815013425/https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2006/09jan_electrichurricanes/|date=August 15, 2017}}, NASA, January 9, 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/committees/polcom/2009spring/statusreports/BusingerS09.pdf The Promise of Long-Range Lightning Detection in Better Understanding, Nowcasting, and Forecasting of Maritime Storms] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309085405/http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/committees/polcom/2009spring/statusreports/BusingerS09.pdf|date=March 9, 2013}}. Long Range Lightning Detection Network</ref> Wutar daji mai tsanani, kamar waɗanda aka gani a Lokacin gobarar daji na Australiya na 2019-20, na iya ƙirƙirar tsarin yanayi na kansu wanda zai iya samar da walƙiya (wanda ake kira walƙiya ta wuta) da sauran abubuwan da suka faru<ref name="ABC / Ceranic2">{{Cite news |author=Ceranic, Irena |date=November 28, 2020 |title=Fire tornadoes and dry lightning are just the start of the nightmare when a bushfire creates its own storm |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-11-28/bushfire-storms-can-spark-fire-tornadoes-dry-lightning-and-more/10561832 |work=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref>Rashin zafi mai tsanani daga wuta yana haifar da iska ta tashi cikin hanzari a cikin hayaki, wanda ke haifar da samar da girgije na pyrocumulonimbus. Wannan iska mai sanyi tana jawowa ta hanyar iska mai tasowa, mai tasowa. Ruwan da ke tashi yana ƙara sanyaya ta hanyar matsin yanayi a babban tsawo, yana ba da damar danshi a ciki ya taru a cikin girgije. Pyrocumulonimbus girgije ya samo asali ne a cikin yanayi mara daidaituwa. Wadannan tsarin yanayi na iya samar da walƙiya mai bushe, [[Fire whirl|guguwar wuta]], iska mai ƙarfi, da ƙanƙara mai datti.<ref name="ABC / Ceranic">{{Cite news |author=Ceranic, Irena |date=November 28, 2020 |title=Fire tornadoes and dry lightning are just the start of the nightmare when a bushfire creates its own storm |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-11-28/bushfire-storms-can-spark-fire-tornadoes-dry-lightning-and-more/10561832 |work=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> Kazalika da yanayin thermodynamic da yanayin yanayi, ana tunanin abun da ke cikin aerosol (misali ƙura ko hayaki) yana tasiri ga mitar walƙiya a cikin guguwa.<ref name="wang2018">{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Qianqian |last2=Li |first2=Zhanqing |last3=Guo |first3=Jianping |last4=Zhao |first4=Chuanfeng |last5=Cribb |first5=Maureen |date=6 September 2018 |title=The climate impact of aerosols on the lightning flash rate: is it detectable from long-term measurements? |journal=Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |volume=18 |issue=17 |pages=12797–12816 |bibcode=2018ACP....1812797W |doi=10.5194/acp-18-12797-2018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani takamaiman misali na wannan shi ne cewa ana ganin sautin walƙiya mai yawa a kan hanyoyin jirgin ruwa.<ref name="thornton2017">{{Cite journal |last=Thornton |first=Joel A. |last2=Virts |first2=Katrina S. |last3=Holzworth |first3=Robert H. |last4=Mitchell |first4=Todd P. |date=16 September 2017 |title=Lightning enhancement over major oceanic shipping lanes |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=44 |issue=17 |pages=9102–9111 |bibcode=2017GeoRL..44.9102T |doi=10.1002/2017GL074982 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An kuma lura da ƙarancin jirgin sama don rinjayar walƙiya zuwa ƙaramin mataki. Rashin ruwa mai yawa na jiragen sama na iya samar da ƙananan hanyar juriya ta hanyar yanayi yana da tasiri a kan kafa hanyar ionic don walƙiya ta bi.<ref>[[Lightning#Uman|Uman (1986)]] Ch. 4, pp. 26–34.</ref>Ruwan hayaki na Rocket ya ba da hanya ga walƙiya lokacin da aka ga ta buga rokar Apollo 12 jim kadan bayan tashi. An ga fashewar thermonuclear, ta hanyar samar da ƙarin kayan aiki don gudanar da wutar lantarki da kuma yanayin tashin hankali, wanda ke haifar da walƙiya a cikin girgije. Bugu da kari, radiation na gamma mai karfi daga manyan fashewar nukiliya na iya bunkasa yankuna masu caji sosai a cikin iska da ke kewaye da su ta hanyar watsawar Compton. Yankunan cajin sararin samaniya masu yawa suna haifar da walƙiya mai haske ba da daɗewa ba bayan na'urar ta fashe.<ref name="Nuclear Lightning">{{Cite journal |last=Colvin, J. D. |last2=Mitchell |first2=C. K. |last3=Greig |first3=J. R. |last4=Murphy |first4=D. P. |last5=Pechacek |first5=R. E. |last6=Raleigh |first6=M. |date=1987 |title=An empirical study of the nuclear explosion-induced lightning seen on IVY-MIKE |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=92 |issue=D5 |pages=5696–5712 |bibcode=1987JGR....92.5696C |doi=10.1029/JD092iD05p05696}}</ref> Wasu hasken sararin samaniya masu ƙarfi da supernovas suka samar da su da kuma ƙwayoyin hasken rana daga iskar hasken rana, sun shiga cikin yanayi kuma sun ba da wutar lantarki ga iska, wanda zai iya haifar da hanyoyi don tashoshin walƙiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 15, 2014 |title=High-speed solar winds increase lightning strikes on Earth |url=http://www.iop.org/news/14/may/page_63245.html |access-date=May 19, 2014 |publisher=Iop.org}}</ref> === Rarraba caji === ==== Rarraba caji a cikin tsawa ==== [[Fayil:Understanding_Lightning_-_Figure_1_-_Cloud_Charging_Area.gif|thumb| (Hoto 1) Babban yankin caji a cikin tsawa yana faruwa a tsakiyar ɓangaren guguwar inda iska ke motsawa sama da sauri (updraft) kuma yanayin zafi ya kasance daga -15 zuwa -25 ° C (5 zuwa -13 ° F).]] [[Fayil:Graupel_animation_3a.gif|thumb| (Hoto 2) Lokacin da lu'ulu'u masu tasowa suka yi karo da graupel, lu'ulu-lu'u masu kankara sun zama masu caji kuma graupel ya zama mummunan caji.]] [[Fayil:Charged_cloud_animation_4a.gif|thumb|Sashe na sama na girgije ya zama caji mai kyau yayin da tsakiya zuwa ƙananan ɓangaren girgije ya kasance caji mara kyau.]] Har yanzu masana kimiyya suna nazarin cikakkun bayanai game da tsarin caji, amma akwai yarjejeniya ta gaba ɗaya akan wasu mahimman ra'ayoyin rabuwa na cajin tsawa, wanda aka fi sani da wutar lantarki. Electrification na iya zama ta hanyar Tasirin triboelectric wanda ke haifar da canja wurin lantarki ko ion tsakanin jikin da ke haɗuwa. Babban yankin caji a cikin tsawa yana faruwa a tsakiyar ɓangaren guguwar inda iska ke motsawa sama da sauri (updraft) kuma yanayin zafi yana daga -15 zuwa -25 ° C (5 zuwa -13 ° F); duba Hoto 1. A wannan yanki, haɗuwa da zafin jiki da saurin motsi na iska yana samar da cakuda ruwan sama mai sanyaya (ƙananan ruwan da ke ƙasa da daskarewa), ƙananan lu'ulu'u na kankara, da graupel (ƙanƙara mai laushi). Updraft yana ɗauke da raƙuman girgije masu sanyaya da ƙananan ƙanƙara zuwa sama. A lokaci guda, graupel, wanda ya fi girma kuma ya fi yawa, yana faɗuwa ko kuma a dakatar da shi a cikin iska mai tasowa. Bambance-bambance a cikin motsi na barbashi na girgije yana haifar da haɗari. Lokacin da lu'ulu'u masu tasowa suka yi karo da graupel, lu'ulu-lu'u masu kankara sun zama masu caji kuma graupel ya zama marasa caji; duba Hoto 2. Updraft yana ɗauke da lu'ulu'u masu caji sosai zuwa sama zuwa saman girgije. Babban graupel mai yawa ko dai an dakatar da shi a tsakiyar girgije na tsawa ko ya faɗi zuwa ƙananan ɓangaren guguwar. Yawanci, ɓangaren sama na girgije na tsawa ya zama caji mai kyau yayin da tsakiya zuwa ƙananan ɓangaren girgije na ƙanƙanta ya zama cajin mara kyau.<ref name="NOAA" /><ref name="arizonaLecture11">{{Cite web |title=Lecture 11 – Thunderstorm electrification |url=http://www.atmo.arizona.edu/students/courselinks/spring13/atmo589/ATMO489_online/lecture_11/lect11_cloud_electrification.html |access-date=31 January 2025 |website=www.atmo.arizona.edu}}</ref> Tsarin da ke sama na rabuwa da caji sakamakon haɗuwa da ƙwayoyin girgije galibi ana kiransa da tsarin caji wanda ''ba mai haifar da shi ba''.<ref name="yair2008" /> Motsawa zuwa sama a cikin guguwa da iskõki a matakan da suka fi girma a cikin yanayi suna haifar da ƙananan lu'ulu'u na kankara (da caji mai kyau) a saman girgije don yadawa a kwance daga tushen girgije na tsawa. Wannan bangare na girgije ana kiransa anvil. Duk da yake wannan shine babban tsarin caji don girgije, wasu daga cikin waɗannan cajin za a iya sake rarraba su ta hanyar motsi na iska a cikin guguwar (updrafts da downdrafts). Bugu da kari, akwai karamin amma mai mahimmanci caji mai kyau a kusa da ƙasan girgije saboda hazo da yanayin zafi. Yankunan caji masu kyau-marasa kyau galibi suna faruwa a cikin tsawa masu girma, kuma ana kiransu tsarin caji na ''tripolar''.<ref name="yair2008">{{Cite journal |last=Yair |first=Y. |date=June 2008 |title=Charge Generation and Separation Processes |journal=Space Science Reviews |volume=137 |issue=1–4 |pages=119–131 |bibcode=2008SSRv..137..119Y |doi=10.1007/s11214-008-9348-x}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai wasu matakai na caji waɗanda zasu iya taka rawa a cikin tsawa, amma galibi ana zaton ba su da mahimmanci. An yi nazarin tsarin caji na ''inductive'', kuma zai taso ne daga polarization na ɗigon girgije a gaban filin lantarki mai kyau.<ref name="yair2008" /> An kuma bayyana cewa ba a caji ba, ruwan da ke haɗuwa zai iya caji saboda canja wurin caji tsakanin su (a matsayin ions na ruwa) a cikin filin lantarki kamar yadda zai kasance a cikin tsawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jennings |first=S. G. |last2=Latham |first2=J. |date=June 1972 |title=The charging of water drops falling and colliding in an electric field |journal=Archiv für Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie Serie A |volume=21 |issue=2–3 |pages=299–306 |bibcode=1972AMGBA..21..299J |doi=10.1007/bf02247978}}</ref> The induced separation of charge in pure liquid water has been known since the 1840s as has the electrification of pure liquid water by the triboelectric effect. William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) demonstrated that charge separation in water occurs in the usual electric fields at the Earth's surface and developed a continuous electric field measuring device using that knowledge.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aplin |first=K. L. |last2=Harrison |first2=R. G. |date=3 September 2013 |title=Lord Kelvin's atmospheric electricity measurements |journal=History of Geo- and Space Sciences |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=83–95 |arxiv=1305.5347 |bibcode=2013HGSS....4...83A |doi=10.5194/hgss-4-83-2013 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The physical separation of charge into different regions using liquid water was demonstrated by Kelvin with the Kelvin water dropper. The most likely charge-carrying species were considered to be the aqueous hydrogen ion and the aqueous hydroxide ion.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Desmet |first=S |last2=Orban |first2=F |last3=Grandjean |first3=F |date=April 1989 |title=On the Kelvin electrostatic generator |journal=European Journal of Physics |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=118–122 |bibcode=1989EJPh...10..118D |doi=10.1088/0143-0807/10/2/008}}</ref> An electron is not stable in liquid water concerning a hydroxide ion plus dissolved hydrogen for the time scales involved in thunderstorms. The electrical charging of solid water ice has also been considered. The charged species were again considered to be the hydrogen ion and the hydroxide ion.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dash |first=J G |last2=Wettlaufer |first2=J S |date=January 1, 2003 |title=The surface physics of ice in thunderstorms |journal=Canadian Journal of Physics |volume=81 |issue=1–2 |pages=201–207 |bibcode=2003CaJPh..81..201D |doi=10.1139/P03-011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dash |first=J. G. |last2=Mason |first2=B. L. |last3=Wettlaufer |first3=J. S. |date=September 16, 2001 |title=Theory of charge and mass transfer in ice-ice collisions |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=106 |issue=D17 |pages=20395–20402 |bibcode=2001JGR...10620395D |doi=10.1029/2001JD900109 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Shugabannin walƙiya ==== [[Fayil:Lightning_formation.gif|thumb|Jagora mai saukowa yana tafiya zuwa ƙasa, yana rarraba yayin da yake tafiya.]] [[Fayil:Leaderlightnig.gif|thumb|Hasken walƙiya wanda ya haifar da haɗin shugabannin biyu, mai kyau da aka nuna a cikin shuɗi da mara kyau a cikin ja]] A cikin wani tsari da ba a fahimta ba, ana fara tashar iska mai ma'ana, wanda ake kira "shugaba", tsakanin yankuna masu caji a cikin girgije. Shugabannin su ne tashoshin lantarki na iskar gas wanda ke yaduwa ta hanyar, ko kuma suna janyo hankalin yankuna tare da cajin da ya saba da na shugaban. Ƙarshen mummunan shugaban bi-directional ya cika yankin caji mai kyau, wanda ake kira rijiyar, a cikin girgije yayin da ƙarshen mai kyau ya cika caji mara kyau. Shugabannin sau da yawa suna rabuwa, suna samar da rassa a cikin tsari mai kama da itace. Bugu da kari, wasu shugabannin da ba su da kyau suna tafiya a cikin hanyar da ba ta da kyau, a cikin tsari da ake kira "mataki". Za'a iya lura da motsi mai saurin motsi na shugabannin a cikin bidiyon saurin motsin walƙiya. Yana yiwuwa ga wani ƙarshen jagora ya cika maɓallin da aka caji gaba ɗaya yayin da ɗayan ƙarshen yake aiki. Lokacin da wannan ya faru, ƙarshen jagora wanda ya cika rijiyar na iya yaduwa a waje da girgije kuma ya haifar da hasken girgije zuwa iska ko hasken girgizar ƙasa. A cikin walƙiya ta girgije zuwa ƙasa, jagora mai ma'ana biyu ya fara tsakanin manyan yankuna marasa kyau da ƙananan yankuna masu kyau a cikin girgije. Yankin da ya fi rauni yana cike da sauri ta hanyar jagoran da ba shi da kyau wanda ke yaduwa zuwa ƙasa mai caji. ==== Abokan hulɗa ==== Da zarar shugaba mai saukowa ya haɗu da shugaba mai hawa, tsari da ake kira haɗewa, an kafa hanyar da ba ta da ƙarfi kuma fitarwa na iya faruwa. An dauki hotuna inda ake iya ganin raƙuman da ba a haɗa su ba. Shugabannin da ba a haɗa su ba a bayyane suke a cikin walƙiya mai rassa, babu wani daga cikinsu da ke da alaƙa da ƙasa, kodayake yana iya bayyana su ne. Bidiyo masu saurin gudu na iya nuna tsarin haɗewa a ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saba |first=M. M. F. |last2=Paiva |first2=A. R. |last3=Schumann |first3=C. |last4=Ferro |first4=M. A. S. |last5=Naccarato |first5=K. P. |last6=Silva |first6=J. C. O. |last7=Siqueira |first7=F. V. C. |last8=Custódio |first8=D. M. |year=2017 |title=Lightning attachment process to common buildings |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=44 |issue=9 |pages=4368–4375 |bibcode=2017GeoRL..44.4368S |doi=10.1002/2017GL072796 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Fitar da wutar lantarki – bugun dawowar wuta. ==== [[File:Lightnings_sequence_2_animation-wcag.gif|thumb|Hotuna masu saurin gudu da ke nuna sassa daban-daban na walƙiya yayin tsarin fitarwa kamar yadda aka gani a [[Toulouse]], Faransa.]] Da zarar tashar mai gudanarwa ta mamaye gibin iska tsakanin cajin da ba shi da kyau a cikin girgije da cajin da ke ƙasa, akwai babban raguwa a juriya a fadin tashar walƙiya. Electrons suna hanzarta sauri a sakamakon wani yanki da ke farawa a wurin haɗewa, wanda ke fadada a duk hanyar sadarwar jagora har zuwa kashi ɗaya bisa uku na saurin haske. Wannan shi ne "ƙaddamarwa" kuma shine mafi haske da kuma sanannen ɓangaren walƙiya. A large electric charge flows along the plasma channel, from the cloud to the ground, neutralising the positive ground charge as electrons flow away from the strike point to the surrounding area. This huge surge of current creates large radial voltage differences along the surface of the ground. Called step potentials,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2020}} they are responsible for more injuries and deaths in groups of people or of other animals than the strike itself. Electricity takes every path available to it. Such step potentials will often cause current to flow through one leg and out another, electrocuting an unlucky human or animal standing near the point where the lightning strikes. Rashin wutar lantarki na dawowar bugun jini yana da matsakaicin kiloamperes 30 don hasken CG mara kyau, sau da yawa ana kiransa "marar CG" walƙiya. A wasu lokuta, walƙiya daga ƙasa zuwa girgije (GC) na iya samo asali ne daga yankin da ke da caji mai kyau a ƙasa a ƙarƙashin guguwa. Wadannan fitarwa yawanci sun samo asali ne daga saman tsaunuka masu tsayi, kamar antennas na sadarwa. An gano adadin da dawowar bugun jini na yanzu ke tafiya a kusa da 100,000 km / s (ɗaya bisa uku na saurin haske). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Idone |first=V. P. |last2=Orville |first2=R. E. |last3=Mach |first3=D. M. |last4=Rust |first4=W. D. |year=1987 |title=The propagation speed of a positive lightning return stroke |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1231386 |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=14 |issue=11 |page=1150 |bibcode=1987GeoRL..14.1150I |doi=10.1029/GL014i011p01150}}</ref> &nbsp;Hasken walƙiya na al'ada daga girgije zuwa ƙasa ya ƙare a cikin samar da tashar Plasma mai gudanar da lantarki ta iska sama da {{Convert|5|km|mi}} tsawo, daga cikin girgije zuwa farfajiyar ƙasa. Babban kwararar wutar lantarki da ke faruwa a lokacin dawowar bugun jini tare da adadin da ya faru (an auna shi a cikin microseconds) da sauri ya cika tashar jagorancin da aka kammala, yana samar da tashar plasma mai amfani da wutar lantarki sosai. Babban zafin jiki na plasma a lokacin dawowar bugun jini na iya wucewa {{Convert|50,000|F|C}} ° C (50,000 ° F), <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Department of Commerce |first=NOAA |title=Understanding Lightning: Thunder |url=https://www.weather.gov/safety/lightning-science-thunder#:~:text=The%20lightning%20discharge%20heats%20the,the%20surface%20of%20the%20sun |access-date=December 15, 2023 |website=www.weather.gov |language=EN-US}}</ref> wanda ke haifar da haskakawa tare da haske, launin shudi-farin. Da zarar wutar lantarki ta daina gudana, tashar ta yi sanyi kuma ta ɓace a kan dubban ko daruruwan milliseconds, sau da yawa ta ɓace azaman raguwar gas mai haske. Kusan zafi nan take a lokacin bugun jini yana haifar da iska ta fadada sosai, tana haifar da raƙuman ruwa masu ƙarfi waɗanda ake ji a matsayin tsawa. == Rarraba, mitar da kaddarorin == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Fayil:Global_Lightning_Frequency.png|thumb|Bayanan da aka samu daga Afrilu 1995 zuwa Fabrairu 2003 daga NASA's Optical Transient Detector wanda ke nuna na'urori masu auna sigina da ke nuna rarrabawar walƙiya a duniya]] [[File:Megaflash_of_477_miles.png|thumb|A {{Convert|768|km|mi}} km (477 megaflash daga Texas zuwa Louisiana, a Amurka.<ref name="BAMS">{{Cite journal |last=Peterson |first=Michael J. |last2=Lang |first2=Timothy J. |last3=Logan |first3=Timothy |last4=Wee Kiong |first4=Cheong |last5=Gijben |first5=Morne |last6=Holle |first6=Ron |last7=Kolmasova |first7=Ivana |last8=Marisaldi |first8=Martino |last9=Montanya |first9=Joan |last10=Pawar |first10=Sunil D. |last11=Zhang |first11=Daile |last12=Brunet |first12=Manola |last13=Cerveny |first13=Randall S. |date=April 2022 |title=New WMO Certified Megaflash Lightning Extremes for Flash Distance and Duration Recorded from Space |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=103 |issue=4 |pages=257–261 |bibcode=2022BAMS..103..257P |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0254.1 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref>]] Global monitoring indicates that lightning on [[Duniya|Earth]] occurs at an average frequency of approximately 44&nbsp;(±&nbsp;5) times per second, equating to nearly 1.4 billion flashes per year. Median duration is 0.52 seconds<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kákona |first=Jakub |year=2023 |title=In situ ground-based mobile measurement of lightning events above central Europe |journal=Atmospheric Measurement Techniques |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=547–561 |bibcode=2023AMT....16..547K |doi=10.5194/amt-16-547-2023 |doi-access=free}}</ref> made up from a number of much shorter flashes (strokes) of around 60 to 70 microseconds. Occurrences are distributed unevenly across the planet with about 70% being over land in the [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|tropics]] where atmospheric convection is the greatest. Abubuwa da yawa suna shafar mitar, rarraba, ƙarfi da kaddarorin jiki na walƙiya ta al'ada a wani yanki na duniya. Wadannan dalilai sun hada da tsawo na ƙasa, latitude, iskar iska, zafi mai dangi, da kusanci da ruwa mai dumi da sanyi.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ana samar da walƙiya ta girgije na cumulonimbus, wanda ke da tushe wanda yawanci ke da nisan kilomita 1-2 (0.62-1.24 sama da ƙasa kuma yana saman har zuwa kilomita {{Convert|15|km|mi}} (9.3 a tsawo. [[Fayil:LightningStrike240FPS.webm|thumb|An kama walƙiya a 240 FPS a lokacin wata babbar tsawa a Mango Hill, Australia.]] Gabaɗaya, walƙiya ta CG tana da kashi 25% kawai na duk walƙiya a duk duniya. Adadin intra-cloud, girgije-da-girgije, da walƙiya-girgije-ƙasa na iya bambanta ta hanyar yanayi a latitude.<ref name="price1993">{{Cite journal |last=Price |first=Colin |last2=Rind |first2=David |date=1993 |title=What determines the cloud-to-ground lightning fraction in thunderstorms? |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=463–466 |bibcode=1993GeoRL..20..463P |doi=10.1029/93GL00226}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bandholnopparat |first=K. |last2=Sato |first2=M. |last3=Adachi |first3=T. |last4=Ushio |first4=T. |last5=Takahashi |first5=Y. |date=2020 |title=Estimation of the IC to CG Ratio Using JEM-GLIMS and Ground-Based Lightning Network Data |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=125 |issue=23 |bibcode=2020JGRD..12532195B |doi=10.1029/2019JD032195}}</ref> A cikin wurare masu zafi, inda matakin daskarewa ya fi girma a cikin yanayi, kawai 10% na walƙiya sune CG. A latitude na Norway (kimanin 60 ° North latitude), inda tsawo mai daskarewa ya fi ƙasa, 50% na walƙiya shine CG. [[Fayil:Lighting_barrage.jpg|thumb|Rashin walƙiya da yawa a Poland a watan Agusta 2020]] The place on Earth where lightning occurs most often is over Lake Maracaibo, wherein the [[Hasken wuta na Catatumbo|Catatumbo lightning]] phenomenon produces 250 bolts of lightning a day.<ref name="TRMM">{{Cite web |last=R. I. Albrecht |last2=S. J. Goodman |last3=W. A. Petersen |last4=D. E. Buechler |last5=E. C. Bruning |last6=R. J. Blakeslee |last7=H. J. Christian |title=The 13 years of TRMM Lightning Imaging Sensor: From individual flash characteristics to decadal tendencies |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20110015779/downloads/20110015779.pdf |access-date=November 23, 2022 |website=NASA Technical Reports Server}}</ref> This activity occurs on average, 297 days a year. The second most lightning density is near the village of Kifuka in the mountains of the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, where the elevation is around {{Convert|975|m|ft|-2}}. On average, this region receives {{Convert|158|/km2/years|/sqmi/years|lightning strikes}}. Other lightning hotspots include Singapore and [[Rarraba walƙiya|Lightning Alley]] in Central Florida.<ref name="alley">{{Cite web |date=January 3, 2007 |title=Staying Safe in Lightning Alley |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/lightning_alley.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713041430/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/lightning_alley.html |archive-date=July 13, 2007 |access-date=September 24, 2007 |publisher=NASA}}</ref> Masu bincike a Jami'ar Florida sun gano cewa saurin karshe na da aka lura ya kasance tsakanin 1.0 da 1.4× m / s, tare da matsakaicin 4.4×105 m / s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomson |first=E. M. |last2=Uman |first2=M. A. |last3=Beasley |first3=W. H. |date=20 August 1985 |title=Speed and current for lightning stepped leaders near ground as determined from electric field records |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=90 |issue=D5 |pages=8136–8142 |bibcode=1985JGR....90.8136T |doi=10.1029/JD090iD05p08136}}</ref> == Dubi kuma ==   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mrc1itif7490zdtyknadfllj3117bzw 905740 905739 2026-08-21T19:04:34Z Saad Nuhu 43323 905740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Port_and_lighthouse_overnight_storm_with_lightning_in_Port-la-Nouvelle.jpg|thumb|Hasken walƙiya daga girgije zuwa ƙasa ya buge Tekun Bahar Rum daga Port-la-Nouvelle a kudancin Faransa.]] Walkiya '''(Lightning)''' wani al’amari ne na halitta wanda ya ƙunshi fitarwar wutar lantarki ta tsaye (electrostatic discharge) da ke faruwa ta cikin yanayi (atmosphere) tsakanin yankuna biyu masu ɗauke da cajin lantarki. Ɗaya ko kuma duka biyun daga cikin waɗannan yankuna suna cikin yanayi, yayin da yanki na biyu a wasu lokuta yake kasancewa a ƙasa. Bayan faruwar walkiya, waɗannan yankuna sukan zama ba su da caji ko kuma cajin lantarkinsu ya ragu sosai, gaba ɗaya ko kuma wani ɓangare. Walkiya tana haifar da sakin makamashi kusan nan take, wanda yawanci yake tsakanin megajoules miliyan 200 da gigajoules 7.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maggio |first1=Christopher R. |last2=Marshall |first2=Thomas C. |last3=Stolzenburg |first3=Maribeth |date=2009 |title=Estimations of charge transferred and energy released by lightning flashes in short bursts |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=114 |issue=D14 |pages=D14203 |bibcode=2009JGRD..11414203M |doi=10.1029/2008JD011506 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="SEVERE WEATHER 101: Lightning Basics">{{cite web |title=Severe Weather 101: Lightning Basics |url=https://nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/lightning |access-date=23 October 2019 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] |department=[[National Severe Storms Laboratory]]}}</ref><ref name="FJFK: Lightning Facts">{{cite web |title=Lightning Facts |url=https://factsjustforkids.com/weather-facts/lightning-facts-for-kids.html |access-date=23 October 2019 |website=factsjustforkids.com |publisher=Facts Just for Kids}}</ref> Iskar da ke kewaye da hasken walkiya tana yin zafi cikin sauri har ta kai kusan 30,000°C (54,000°F).<ref name="DepCom2025">{{cite web |title=How Hot Is Lightning? |url=https://weather.gov/safety/lightning-temperature |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=weather.gov |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] |language=en-US |department=[[National Weather Service]]}}</ref> Haka kuma, ana fitar da hasken lantarki (electromagnetic radiation) mai yaɗuwa a kan nau’o’in tsawon igiyoyin haske daban-daban, kuma wasu daga cikinsu ana iya ganinsu a matsayin hasken walkiya mai tsananin haske. Walkiya kuma tana haifar da tsawa (thunder), wato sautin da ke samuwa daga guguwar matsin iska (shock wave) da ke tasowa yayin da iskar gas mai zafi da ke kusa da wurin fitarwar wutar lantarki ta samu ƙaruwa cikin sauri a matsin lamba. Mafi yawan faruwar walkiya tana kasancewa ne a cikin tsawa (thunderstorm), duk da cewa tana iya faruwa a wasu nau’o’in yanayin da ke ɗauke da kuzari mai yawa, kamar lokacin fashewar aman wuta (volcanic eruptions). Walkiya tana da tasiri a kan da’irar wutar lantarki ta duniya da ke cikin yanayi (global atmospheric electrical circuit) da kuma sinadaran da ke cikin yanayi (atmospheric chemistry). Haka kuma, walkiya wata halitta ce da ke iya haifar da kunna gobarar daji (wildfires). Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya (World Meteorological Organization) tana ɗaukar walkiya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Muhimman Sauye-sauyen Yanayi (Essential Climate Variables)<ref name="WMO2025">{{cite web |date=13 November 2024 |title=Essential Climate Variables |url=https://gcos.wmo.int/site/global-climate-observing-system-gcos/essential-climate-variables |access-date=3 February 2025 |website=World Meteorological Organization |language=en}}</ref>Ana kiran nazarin kimiyya na walkiya da suna ''fulminology''. == Hanyoyi == An rarrabe nau'ikan walƙiya guda uku ta hanyar inda suke faruwa: <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Severe Weather Safety Guide |url=https://www.weather.gov/media/pah/WeatherEducation/lightningsafety.pdf |publisher=National Weather Service}}</ref> * Intra-cloud (IC) ko in-cloud - A cikin girgije guda[[Cumulonimbus cloud|girgije mai tsawa]] * Cloud-to-cloud (CC) ko inter-cloud - Tsakanin [[Gajimare|girgije]] biyu * Cloud-to-ground (CG) - Tsakanin girgije da ƙasa, a wannan yanayin ana kiransa da [[Walƙiya mai haɗari|walƙiya]]. Ana kuma gane wasu nau’o’in walkiya da dama ta fuskar yadda ake lura da su, ciki har da: * Walkiyar aman wuta (volcanic lightning), wadda za ta iya faruwa a lokacin fashewar aman wuta (volcanic eruptions). * “Walkiyar zafi” (heat lightning), wadda za a iya ganin haskenta daga nesa sosai, amma ba a jin sautinta. * Walkiyar busasshiya (dry lightning), wadda za ta iya haifar da gobarar daji. * Walkiyar ƙwallo (ball lightning), wadda ba kasafai ake samun damar yin nazarin ta a kimiyyance ba. Mafi tasirin walkiya kai tsaye ga mutane yana faruwa ne sakamakon walkiyar da ke tsakanin gajimare da ƙasa (cloud-to-ground lightning), duk da cewa walkiyar da ke faruwa a cikin gajimare (intra-cloud) da kuma wadda ke faruwa tsakanin gajimare da gajimare (cloud-to-cloud) sun fi yawan faruwa. Walkiyar da ke faruwa a cikin gajimare da wadda ke faruwa tsakanin gajimare da gajimare suna yin tasiri ga mutane a kaikaice, ta hanyar tasirinsu ga sinadaran da ke cikin yanayi (atmospheric chemistry). Akwai bambance-bambance a cikin kowane nau’i, kamar “walkiyar CG mai kyau (positive)” da “walkiyar CG mara kyau (negative)”, waɗanda kowannensu yana da halayen zahiri daban-daban waɗanda za a iya auna su. === Girgije zuwa ƙasa (CG) === [[Fayil:Lightning_strikes_in_slow_motion_(240fps)_in_Muurame,_Finland.webm|thumb|Girgije zuwa ƙasa da aka gani a hankali]] Hasken girgije zuwa ƙasa (CG) walƙiya ne tsakanin girgije da ƙasa. An fara shi ne ta hanyar jagora mai tsalle-tsalle wanda ke motsawa daga girgije, wanda mai rafi ke motsawa sama daga ƙasa ya sadu da shi. CG shine mafi ƙarancin kowa, amma mafi kyawun fahimta daga kowane nau'in walƙiya. Yana da sauƙin nazarin kimiyya saboda ya ƙare a kan wani abu na zahiri, wato ƙasa, kuma yana ba da kansa ga auna shi ta kayan aiki a ƙasa. Daga cikin manyan nau'ikan walƙiya guda uku, yana haifar da babbar barazana ga rayuwa da dukiya, tunda ya ƙare a ƙasa ko "ya buge". Gabaɗaya fitarwa, wanda ake kira walƙiya, ya ƙunshi matakai da yawa kamar rushewar farko, shugabannin da suka hau, shugabannin da ke haɗa, bugun dawowa, shugabannin dart, da bugun dawowa na gaba. Gudanar da ƙasa ta lantarki, ko ƙasa ce, ruwa mai laushi, ko ruwan gishiri, na iya shafar yawan walƙiya kuma ta haka ne halaye masu ganuwa. ==== Hasken wuta mai kyau da mara kyau ==== Hasken girgije zuwa ƙasa (CG) ko dai yana da kyau ko mara kyau, kamar yadda aka bayyana ta hanyar jagorancin wutar lantarki na al'ada tsakanin girgije da ƙasa. Yawancin walƙiya na CG ba su da kyau, ma'ana cewa ana canja wurin cajin mara kyau (yankin lantarki suna gudana) ƙasa zuwa ƙasa tare da tashar walƙiya (yanayin yanzu na al'ada yana gudana daga ƙasa zuwa girgije). Sabanin haka yana faruwa a cikin haske mai kyau na CG, inda electrons ke tafiya sama tare da tashar walƙiya, yayin da kuma ana canja caji mai kyau zuwa ƙasa (a halin yanzu na al'ada yana tafiya daga girgije zuwa ƙasa). Hasken walƙiya mai kyau ba ya zama ruwan dare fiye da walƙiya mara kyau kuma a matsakaita ya zama ƙasa da 5% na duk walƙiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NWS JetStream – The Positive and Negative Side of Lightning |url=https://srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/positive.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705205815/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/positive.htm |archive-date=July 5, 2007 |access-date=September 25, 2007 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Anvil-to-ground_lightning.jpg|thumb|Wani bolt daga walƙiya mai launin shudi wanda ya bayyana ya fara daga sararin sama, amma sararin sama sama sama sama da girgije yana fitar da bolt na plasma ta cikin girgije kai tsaye zuwa ƙasa. Ana kiran su da haske mai kyau, duk da gaskiyar cewa yawanci ba su da kyau a cikin polarity.]] Akwai hanyoyi da yawa da aka tsara don haifar da samar da walƙiya mai kyau.<ref name="Amitabh">{{Cite journal |last=Nag |first=Amitabh |last2=Rakov |first2=Vladimir A. |year=2012 |title=Positive lightning: An overview, new observations, and inferences |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=117 |issue=D8 |bibcode=2012JGRD..117.8109N |doi=10.1029/2012JD017545 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadannan galibi sun dogara ne akan motsi ko karfafa cibiyoyin caji a cikin girgije. Irin waɗannan canje-canje a cikin cajin girgije na iya faruwa ne sakamakon bambance-bambance a cikin iska mai tsaye ko hazo, ko ɓacewar guguwar. Hasken haske mai kyau na iya haifar da wasu halaye na fitarwa a cikin girgije, misali fashewa ko reshe daga hasken da ke akwai. Hasken walƙiya mai kyau yana da ƙarfi sosai fiye da takwarorinsu marasa kyau. Matsakaicin walƙiya mara kyau yana haifar da wutar lantarki na 30,000 Amperes (30 kA), yana canja wurin jimlar 15 C (coulombs) na cajin lantarki da 1 Gigajoule na [[makamashi]]. &nbsp;&nbsp;Manyan ƙuƙwalwar walƙiya mai kyau na iya ƙirƙirar har zuwa 120 kA kuma canja wurin 350 C. Matsakaicin haske mai kyau na ƙasa yana da kusan ninki biyu na saman yanzu na hasken wuta mara kyau, kuma yana iya samar da saman lantarki har zuwa 400 kA da caji na daruruwan coulombs. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bugu da ƙari, hasken ƙasa mai kyau tare da manyan raƙuman ruwa ana bin sautin da ke ci gaba da dogon lokaci, haɗin da ba a gani a cikin hasken ƙasa mara kyau ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saba |first=Marcelo M. F. |last2=Schulz |first2=Wolfgang |last3=Warner |first3=Tom A. |last4=Campos |first4=Leandro Z. S. |last5=Schumann |first5=Carina |last6=Krider |first6=E. Philip |last7=Cummins |first7=Kenneth L. |last8=Orville |first8=Richard E. |date=27 December 2010 |title=High-speed video observations of positive lightning flashes to ground |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=115 |issue=D24 |bibcode=2010JGRD..11524201S |doi=10.1029/2010JD014330 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A sakamakon karfin da suka fi girma, walƙiya mai kyau sun fi haɗari fiye da mummunan.<ref name="Amitabh" /> Hasken walƙiya mai kyau yana samar da manyan raƙuman ruwa da kuma ci gaba da raƙuman wuta, yana sa su iya dumama wurare zuwa matakan da suka fi girma wanda ke ƙara yiwuwar wuta ta kunna. Hasken walƙiya mai tsawo zai iya yaduwa ta hanyar iska mai tsabta ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa aka san su da "bolts daga shuɗi", ba tare da gargadi ga masu kallo ba. An kuma nuna walƙiya mai kyau don haifar da faruwar walƙiya sama daga saman gine-gine masu tsawo kuma yana da alhakin farawar sprites da yawa na kilomita sama da matakin ƙasa. Hasken walƙiya mai kyau yana faruwa akai-akai a cikin hadari na hunturu, kamar yadda yake tare da tsawa, a lokacin [[guguwa]] mai tsanani <ref name="Tornadic lightning">{{Cite journal |last=Perez |first=Antony H. |last2=Wicker |first2=Louis J. |last3=Orville |first3=Richard E. |date=September 1997 |title=Characteristics of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Associated with Violent Tornadoes |journal=Weather and Forecasting |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=428–437 |bibcode=1997WtFor..12..428P |doi=10.1175/1520-0434(1997)012<0428:COCTGL>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da kuma a cikin matakin ɓacewar tsawa. <ref name="GHCC primer2">{{Cite web |last=Christian, Hugh J. |last2=McCook, Melanie A. |title=A Lightning Primer – Characteristics of a Storm |url=http://thunder.nsstc.nasa.gov/primer/primer2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305002214/http://thunder.nsstc.nasa.gov/primer/primer2.html |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |access-date=February 8, 2009 |website=NASA}}</ref> Hakanan ana samar da [[Kalaman rediyo|Raƙuman rediyo]] masu yawa na ƙananan mita (ELF) da ƙananan mita (VLF).<ref name="boccippio">{{Cite journal |last=Boccippio |first=Dennis J. |last2=Williams |first2=Earle R. |last3=Heckman |first3=Stan J. |last4=Lyons |first4=Walter A. |last5=Baker |first5=Ian T. |last6=Boldi |first6=Robert |date=25 August 1995 |title=Sprites, ELF Transients, and Positive Ground Strokes |journal=Science |volume=269 |issue=5227 |pages=1088–1091 |bibcode=1995Sci...269.1088B |doi=10.1126/science.269.5227.1088 |pmid=17755531}}</ref> Sabanin imanin da aka fi sani, walƙiya mai kyau ba lallai ba ne ya samo asali ne daga anvil ko yankin caji mai kyau kuma ya buge yankin da ba shi da ruwan sama a waje da tsawa. Wannan imani ya dogara ne akan tsohuwar ra'ayin cewa shugabannin walƙiya suna da daidaituwa kuma sun samo asali ne daga yankin cajin su.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}}Duk da kuskuren da aka fi sani da cewa hasken da ya samo asali daga ƙuƙwalwar yana da kyau, saboda suna da alama sun samo asali ne daga yankin caji mai kyau, abubuwan lura sun nuna cewa waɗannan a zahiri hasken da ba shi da kyau. Suna farawa ne yayin da IC ke haskakawa a cikin girgije, jagoran mara kyau sannan ya fita daga girgije daga yankin caji mai kyau kafin ya yada ta hanyar iska mai tsabta kuma ya buge ƙasa nesa.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Lu |first=Gaopeng |last2=Cummer |first2=Steven A. |author-link2=Steven Cummer |last3=Blakeslee |first3=Richard J. |last4=Weiss |first4=Stephanie |last5=Beasley |first5=William H. |date=27 February 2012 |title=Lightning morphology and impulse charge moment change of high peak current negative strokes |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=117 |issue=D4 |bibcode=2012JGRD..117.4212L |doi=10.1029/2011JD016890}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite journal |last=Krehbiel |first=Paul R. |last2=Riousset |first2=Jeremy A. |last3=Pasko |first3=Victor P. |last4=Thomas |first4=Ronald J. |last5=Rison |first5=William |last6=Stanley |first6=Mark A. |last7=Edens |first7=Harald E. |date=April 2008 |title=Upward electrical discharges from thunderstorms |journal=Nature Geoscience |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=233–237 |bibcode=2008NatGe...1..233K |doi=10.1038/ngeo162}}</ref> === Cloud zuwa girgije (CC) da intra-cloud (IC) === Hasken walƙiya na iya faruwa tsakanin wuraren girgije ba tare da tuntuɓar ƙasa ba. Lokacin da ya faru tsakanin girgije biyu daban-daban, an san shi da girgije-zuwa-girgije (CC) ko walƙiya tsakanin girgije; lokacin da ya faru ne tsakanin yankuna masu iyawar lantarki daban-daban a cikin girgije ɗaya, an saninsa da walƙiya ta cikin girgije (IC). IC walƙiya ita ce mafi yawan faruwa.<ref name="GHCC primer2" /> Hasken IC yafi faruwa tsakanin ɓangaren sama da ƙananan tsawa da aka ba da tsawa. Ana iya lura da wannan walƙiya a wasu lokuta a nesa da dare kamar yadda ake kira "walƙiya mai laushi". A irin waɗannan lokuta, mai kallo na iya ganin haske kawai ba tare da jin wani tsawa ba. Wani kalma da aka yi amfani da shi don girgije-girgije ko walƙiya-girgije-ƙasa ita ce "Anvil Crawler", saboda al'adar caji, yawanci yana samo asali ne a ƙasa ko a cikin anvil kuma yana shiga cikin saman girgije na tsawa, sau da yawa yana haifar da bugun reshe mai yawa. Wadannan galibi ana ganin su yayin da tsawa ta wuce mai kallo ko ta fara lalacewa. Halin da ya fi dacewa yana faruwa a cikin tsawa mai kyau wanda ke nuna tsawa mai yawa na baya.<gallery mode="packed"> Fayil:Ligtning_new_delhi_view_1.GIF|Branching of cloud to cloud lightning, [[New Delhi]], India. Fayil:Cloud_to_cloud_lightning_strike.jpg|Multiple paths of cloud-to-cloud lightning, Swifts Creek, Australia. Fayil:Baltic_thunder.jpg|Intra-clouds lightning over the [[Tekun Baltic|Baltic Sea]]. Fayil:CC_lightning,_Albury_NSW.JPG|Cloud-to-cloud lightning, Albury, Australia Fayil:Lightning_2012.jpg|Lightning over Slivnitsa, [[Bulgeriya|Bulgaria]]. </gallery> == Kafawa == Hanyoyin da ke tattare da samar da walƙiya sun fada cikin waɗannan rukunoni: # Abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanayi masu yawa waɗanda ke iya haifar da rabuwa da caji (misali guguwa) # Microscopic da macroscopic matakai wanda ke haifar da rabuwa da caji # Kafa filin lantarki # Fitarwa ta hanyar walƙiya === Abubuwan da ke faruwa a sararin samaniya inda walƙiya ke faruwa === Hasken wuta da farko yana faruwa ne lokacin da iska mai dumi ta haɗu da iska mai sanyi, wanda ke haifar da rikice-rikicen yanayi da ake buƙata don daidaita yanayin. Rikicin yana haifar da hadari, kuma lokacin da waɗannan hadari suna haifar da walƙiya da tsawa, ana kiransu tsawa. Hasken wuta na iya faruwa a lokacin [[guguwa]] ƙura, [[Wildfire|gobarar daji]], guguwa, fashewar dutse, har ma a cikin sanyi na hunturu, inda aka san walƙiya da tsawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 11, 1998 |title=Bench collapse sparks lightning, roiling clouds |url=https://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/1998/98_06_11.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114172155/http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/1998/98_06_11.html |archive-date=January 14, 2012 |access-date=October 7, 2012 |website=Volcano Watch |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]}}</ref> [[Tropical cyclone|Guguwa]] yawanci suna haifar da walƙiya, galibi a cikin ruwan sama har zuwa {{Convert|160|km|mi}} km (99 daga tsakiyar.<ref>Pardo-Rodriguez, Lumari (Summer 2009) [http://nldr.library.ucar.edu/repository/assets/soars/SOARS-000-000-000-193.pdf Lightning Activity in Atlantic Tropical Cyclones: Using the Long-Range Lightning Detection Network (LLDN)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309085405/http://nldr.library.ucar.edu/repository/assets/soars/SOARS-000-000-000-193.pdf|date=March 9, 2013}}. MA Climate and Society, Columbia University Significant Opportunities in Atmospheric Research and Science Program.</ref><ref>[https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2006/09jan_electrichurricanes/ Hurricane Lightning] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815013425/https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2006/09jan_electrichurricanes/|date=August 15, 2017}}, NASA, January 9, 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/committees/polcom/2009spring/statusreports/BusingerS09.pdf The Promise of Long-Range Lightning Detection in Better Understanding, Nowcasting, and Forecasting of Maritime Storms] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309085405/http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/committees/polcom/2009spring/statusreports/BusingerS09.pdf|date=March 9, 2013}}. Long Range Lightning Detection Network</ref> Wutar daji mai tsanani, kamar waɗanda aka gani a Lokacin gobarar daji na Australiya na 2019-20, na iya ƙirƙirar tsarin yanayi na kansu wanda zai iya samar da walƙiya (wanda ake kira walƙiya ta wuta) da sauran abubuwan da suka faru<ref name="ABC / Ceranic2">{{Cite news |author=Ceranic, Irena |date=November 28, 2020 |title=Fire tornadoes and dry lightning are just the start of the nightmare when a bushfire creates its own storm |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-11-28/bushfire-storms-can-spark-fire-tornadoes-dry-lightning-and-more/10561832 |work=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref>Rashin zafi mai tsanani daga wuta yana haifar da iska ta tashi cikin hanzari a cikin hayaki, wanda ke haifar da samar da girgije na pyrocumulonimbus. Wannan iska mai sanyi tana jawowa ta hanyar iska mai tasowa, mai tasowa. Ruwan da ke tashi yana ƙara sanyaya ta hanyar matsin yanayi a babban tsawo, yana ba da damar danshi a ciki ya taru a cikin girgije. Pyrocumulonimbus girgije ya samo asali ne a cikin yanayi mara daidaituwa. Wadannan tsarin yanayi na iya samar da walƙiya mai bushe, [[Fire whirl|guguwar wuta]], iska mai ƙarfi, da ƙanƙara mai datti.<ref name="ABC / Ceranic">{{Cite news |author=Ceranic, Irena |date=November 28, 2020 |title=Fire tornadoes and dry lightning are just the start of the nightmare when a bushfire creates its own storm |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-11-28/bushfire-storms-can-spark-fire-tornadoes-dry-lightning-and-more/10561832 |work=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> Kazalika da yanayin thermodynamic da yanayin yanayi, ana tunanin abun da ke cikin aerosol (misali ƙura ko hayaki) yana tasiri ga mitar walƙiya a cikin guguwa.<ref name="wang2018">{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Qianqian |last2=Li |first2=Zhanqing |last3=Guo |first3=Jianping |last4=Zhao |first4=Chuanfeng |last5=Cribb |first5=Maureen |date=6 September 2018 |title=The climate impact of aerosols on the lightning flash rate: is it detectable from long-term measurements? |journal=Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |volume=18 |issue=17 |pages=12797–12816 |bibcode=2018ACP....1812797W |doi=10.5194/acp-18-12797-2018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani takamaiman misali na wannan shi ne cewa ana ganin sautin walƙiya mai yawa a kan hanyoyin jirgin ruwa.<ref name="thornton2017">{{Cite journal |last=Thornton |first=Joel A. |last2=Virts |first2=Katrina S. |last3=Holzworth |first3=Robert H. |last4=Mitchell |first4=Todd P. |date=16 September 2017 |title=Lightning enhancement over major oceanic shipping lanes |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=44 |issue=17 |pages=9102–9111 |bibcode=2017GeoRL..44.9102T |doi=10.1002/2017GL074982 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An kuma lura da ƙarancin jirgin sama don rinjayar walƙiya zuwa ƙaramin mataki. Rashin ruwa mai yawa na jiragen sama na iya samar da ƙananan hanyar juriya ta hanyar yanayi yana da tasiri a kan kafa hanyar ionic don walƙiya ta bi.<ref>[[Lightning#Uman|Uman (1986)]] Ch. 4, pp. 26–34.</ref>Ruwan hayaki na Rocket ya ba da hanya ga walƙiya lokacin da aka ga ta buga rokar Apollo 12 jim kadan bayan tashi. An ga fashewar thermonuclear, ta hanyar samar da ƙarin kayan aiki don gudanar da wutar lantarki da kuma yanayin tashin hankali, wanda ke haifar da walƙiya a cikin girgije. Bugu da kari, radiation na gamma mai karfi daga manyan fashewar nukiliya na iya bunkasa yankuna masu caji sosai a cikin iska da ke kewaye da su ta hanyar watsawar Compton. Yankunan cajin sararin samaniya masu yawa suna haifar da walƙiya mai haske ba da daɗewa ba bayan na'urar ta fashe.<ref name="Nuclear Lightning">{{Cite journal |last=Colvin, J. D. |last2=Mitchell |first2=C. K. |last3=Greig |first3=J. R. |last4=Murphy |first4=D. P. |last5=Pechacek |first5=R. E. |last6=Raleigh |first6=M. |date=1987 |title=An empirical study of the nuclear explosion-induced lightning seen on IVY-MIKE |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=92 |issue=D5 |pages=5696–5712 |bibcode=1987JGR....92.5696C |doi=10.1029/JD092iD05p05696}}</ref> Wasu hasken sararin samaniya masu ƙarfi da supernovas suka samar da su da kuma ƙwayoyin hasken rana daga iskar hasken rana, sun shiga cikin yanayi kuma sun ba da wutar lantarki ga iska, wanda zai iya haifar da hanyoyi don tashoshin walƙiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 15, 2014 |title=High-speed solar winds increase lightning strikes on Earth |url=http://www.iop.org/news/14/may/page_63245.html |access-date=May 19, 2014 |publisher=Iop.org}}</ref> === Rarraba caji === ==== Rarraba caji a cikin tsawa ==== [[Fayil:Understanding_Lightning_-_Figure_1_-_Cloud_Charging_Area.gif|thumb| (Hoto 1) Babban yankin caji a cikin tsawa yana faruwa a tsakiyar ɓangaren guguwar inda iska ke motsawa sama da sauri (updraft) kuma yanayin zafi ya kasance daga -15 zuwa -25 ° C (5 zuwa -13 ° F).]] [[Fayil:Graupel_animation_3a.gif|thumb| (Hoto 2) Lokacin da lu'ulu'u masu tasowa suka yi karo da graupel, lu'ulu-lu'u masu kankara sun zama masu caji kuma graupel ya zama mummunan caji.]] [[Fayil:Charged_cloud_animation_4a.gif|thumb|Sashe na sama na girgije ya zama caji mai kyau yayin da tsakiya zuwa ƙananan ɓangaren girgije ya kasance caji mara kyau.]] Har yanzu masana kimiyya suna nazarin cikakkun bayanai game da tsarin caji, amma akwai yarjejeniya ta gaba ɗaya akan wasu mahimman ra'ayoyin rabuwa na cajin tsawa, wanda aka fi sani da wutar lantarki. Electrification na iya zama ta hanyar Tasirin triboelectric wanda ke haifar da canja wurin lantarki ko ion tsakanin jikin da ke haɗuwa. Babban yankin caji a cikin tsawa yana faruwa a tsakiyar ɓangaren guguwar inda iska ke motsawa sama da sauri (updraft) kuma yanayin zafi yana daga -15 zuwa -25 ° C (5 zuwa -13 ° F); duba Hoto 1. A wannan yanki, haɗuwa da zafin jiki da saurin motsi na iska yana samar da cakuda ruwan sama mai sanyaya (ƙananan ruwan da ke ƙasa da daskarewa), ƙananan lu'ulu'u na kankara, da graupel (ƙanƙara mai laushi). Updraft yana ɗauke da raƙuman girgije masu sanyaya da ƙananan ƙanƙara zuwa sama. A lokaci guda, graupel, wanda ya fi girma kuma ya fi yawa, yana faɗuwa ko kuma a dakatar da shi a cikin iska mai tasowa. Bambance-bambance a cikin motsi na barbashi na girgije yana haifar da haɗari. Lokacin da lu'ulu'u masu tasowa suka yi karo da graupel, lu'ulu-lu'u masu kankara sun zama masu caji kuma graupel ya zama marasa caji; duba Hoto 2. Updraft yana ɗauke da lu'ulu'u masu caji sosai zuwa sama zuwa saman girgije. Babban graupel mai yawa ko dai an dakatar da shi a tsakiyar girgije na tsawa ko ya faɗi zuwa ƙananan ɓangaren guguwar. Yawanci, ɓangaren sama na girgije na tsawa ya zama caji mai kyau yayin da tsakiya zuwa ƙananan ɓangaren girgije na ƙanƙanta ya zama cajin mara kyau.<ref name="NOAA" /><ref name="arizonaLecture11">{{Cite web |title=Lecture 11 – Thunderstorm electrification |url=http://www.atmo.arizona.edu/students/courselinks/spring13/atmo589/ATMO489_online/lecture_11/lect11_cloud_electrification.html |access-date=31 January 2025 |website=www.atmo.arizona.edu}}</ref> Tsarin da ke sama na rabuwa da caji sakamakon haɗuwa da ƙwayoyin girgije galibi ana kiransa da tsarin caji wanda ''ba mai haifar da shi ba''.<ref name="yair2008" /> Motsawa zuwa sama a cikin guguwa da iskõki a matakan da suka fi girma a cikin yanayi suna haifar da ƙananan lu'ulu'u na kankara (da caji mai kyau) a saman girgije don yadawa a kwance daga tushen girgije na tsawa. Wannan bangare na girgije ana kiransa anvil. Duk da yake wannan shine babban tsarin caji don girgije, wasu daga cikin waɗannan cajin za a iya sake rarraba su ta hanyar motsi na iska a cikin guguwar (updrafts da downdrafts). Bugu da kari, akwai karamin amma mai mahimmanci caji mai kyau a kusa da ƙasan girgije saboda hazo da yanayin zafi. Yankunan caji masu kyau-marasa kyau galibi suna faruwa a cikin tsawa masu girma, kuma ana kiransu tsarin caji na ''tripolar''.<ref name="yair2008">{{Cite journal |last=Yair |first=Y. |date=June 2008 |title=Charge Generation and Separation Processes |journal=Space Science Reviews |volume=137 |issue=1–4 |pages=119–131 |bibcode=2008SSRv..137..119Y |doi=10.1007/s11214-008-9348-x}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai wasu matakai na caji waɗanda zasu iya taka rawa a cikin tsawa, amma galibi ana zaton ba su da mahimmanci. An yi nazarin tsarin caji na ''inductive'', kuma zai taso ne daga polarization na ɗigon girgije a gaban filin lantarki mai kyau.<ref name="yair2008" /> An kuma bayyana cewa ba a caji ba, ruwan da ke haɗuwa zai iya caji saboda canja wurin caji tsakanin su (a matsayin ions na ruwa) a cikin filin lantarki kamar yadda zai kasance a cikin tsawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jennings |first=S. G. |last2=Latham |first2=J. |date=June 1972 |title=The charging of water drops falling and colliding in an electric field |journal=Archiv für Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie Serie A |volume=21 |issue=2–3 |pages=299–306 |bibcode=1972AMGBA..21..299J |doi=10.1007/bf02247978}}</ref> The induced separation of charge in pure liquid water has been known since the 1840s as has the electrification of pure liquid water by the triboelectric effect. William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) demonstrated that charge separation in water occurs in the usual electric fields at the Earth's surface and developed a continuous electric field measuring device using that knowledge.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aplin |first=K. L. |last2=Harrison |first2=R. G. |date=3 September 2013 |title=Lord Kelvin's atmospheric electricity measurements |journal=History of Geo- and Space Sciences |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=83–95 |arxiv=1305.5347 |bibcode=2013HGSS....4...83A |doi=10.5194/hgss-4-83-2013 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The physical separation of charge into different regions using liquid water was demonstrated by Kelvin with the Kelvin water dropper. The most likely charge-carrying species were considered to be the aqueous hydrogen ion and the aqueous hydroxide ion.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Desmet |first=S |last2=Orban |first2=F |last3=Grandjean |first3=F |date=April 1989 |title=On the Kelvin electrostatic generator |journal=European Journal of Physics |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=118–122 |bibcode=1989EJPh...10..118D |doi=10.1088/0143-0807/10/2/008}}</ref> An electron is not stable in liquid water concerning a hydroxide ion plus dissolved hydrogen for the time scales involved in thunderstorms. The electrical charging of solid water ice has also been considered. The charged species were again considered to be the hydrogen ion and the hydroxide ion.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dash |first=J G |last2=Wettlaufer |first2=J S |date=January 1, 2003 |title=The surface physics of ice in thunderstorms |journal=Canadian Journal of Physics |volume=81 |issue=1–2 |pages=201–207 |bibcode=2003CaJPh..81..201D |doi=10.1139/P03-011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dash |first=J. G. |last2=Mason |first2=B. L. |last3=Wettlaufer |first3=J. S. |date=September 16, 2001 |title=Theory of charge and mass transfer in ice-ice collisions |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=106 |issue=D17 |pages=20395–20402 |bibcode=2001JGR...10620395D |doi=10.1029/2001JD900109 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Shugabannin walƙiya ==== [[Fayil:Lightning_formation.gif|thumb|Jagora mai saukowa yana tafiya zuwa ƙasa, yana rarraba yayin da yake tafiya.]] [[Fayil:Leaderlightnig.gif|thumb|Hasken walƙiya wanda ya haifar da haɗin shugabannin biyu, mai kyau da aka nuna a cikin shuɗi da mara kyau a cikin ja]] A cikin wani tsari da ba a fahimta ba, ana fara tashar iska mai ma'ana, wanda ake kira "shugaba", tsakanin yankuna masu caji a cikin girgije. Shugabannin su ne tashoshin lantarki na iskar gas wanda ke yaduwa ta hanyar, ko kuma suna janyo hankalin yankuna tare da cajin da ya saba da na shugaban. Ƙarshen mummunan shugaban bi-directional ya cika yankin caji mai kyau, wanda ake kira rijiyar, a cikin girgije yayin da ƙarshen mai kyau ya cika caji mara kyau. Shugabannin sau da yawa suna rabuwa, suna samar da rassa a cikin tsari mai kama da itace. Bugu da kari, wasu shugabannin da ba su da kyau suna tafiya a cikin hanyar da ba ta da kyau, a cikin tsari da ake kira "mataki". Za'a iya lura da motsi mai saurin motsi na shugabannin a cikin bidiyon saurin motsin walƙiya. Yana yiwuwa ga wani ƙarshen jagora ya cika maɓallin da aka caji gaba ɗaya yayin da ɗayan ƙarshen yake aiki. Lokacin da wannan ya faru, ƙarshen jagora wanda ya cika rijiyar na iya yaduwa a waje da girgije kuma ya haifar da hasken girgije zuwa iska ko hasken girgizar ƙasa. A cikin walƙiya ta girgije zuwa ƙasa, jagora mai ma'ana biyu ya fara tsakanin manyan yankuna marasa kyau da ƙananan yankuna masu kyau a cikin girgije. Yankin da ya fi rauni yana cike da sauri ta hanyar jagoran da ba shi da kyau wanda ke yaduwa zuwa ƙasa mai caji. ==== Abokan hulɗa ==== Da zarar shugaba mai saukowa ya haɗu da shugaba mai hawa, tsari da ake kira haɗewa, an kafa hanyar da ba ta da ƙarfi kuma fitarwa na iya faruwa. An dauki hotuna inda ake iya ganin raƙuman da ba a haɗa su ba. Shugabannin da ba a haɗa su ba a bayyane suke a cikin walƙiya mai rassa, babu wani daga cikinsu da ke da alaƙa da ƙasa, kodayake yana iya bayyana su ne. Bidiyo masu saurin gudu na iya nuna tsarin haɗewa a ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saba |first=M. M. F. |last2=Paiva |first2=A. R. |last3=Schumann |first3=C. |last4=Ferro |first4=M. A. S. |last5=Naccarato |first5=K. P. |last6=Silva |first6=J. C. O. |last7=Siqueira |first7=F. V. C. |last8=Custódio |first8=D. M. |year=2017 |title=Lightning attachment process to common buildings |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=44 |issue=9 |pages=4368–4375 |bibcode=2017GeoRL..44.4368S |doi=10.1002/2017GL072796 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Fitar da wutar lantarki – bugun dawowar wuta. ==== [[File:Lightnings_sequence_2_animation-wcag.gif|thumb|Hotuna masu saurin gudu da ke nuna sassa daban-daban na walƙiya yayin tsarin fitarwa kamar yadda aka gani a [[Toulouse]], Faransa.]] Da zarar tashar mai gudanarwa ta mamaye gibin iska tsakanin cajin da ba shi da kyau a cikin girgije da cajin da ke ƙasa, akwai babban raguwa a juriya a fadin tashar walƙiya. Electrons suna hanzarta sauri a sakamakon wani yanki da ke farawa a wurin haɗewa, wanda ke fadada a duk hanyar sadarwar jagora har zuwa kashi ɗaya bisa uku na saurin haske. Wannan shi ne "ƙaddamarwa" kuma shine mafi haske da kuma sanannen ɓangaren walƙiya. A large electric charge flows along the plasma channel, from the cloud to the ground, neutralising the positive ground charge as electrons flow away from the strike point to the surrounding area. This huge surge of current creates large radial voltage differences along the surface of the ground. Called step potentials,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2020}} they are responsible for more injuries and deaths in groups of people or of other animals than the strike itself. Electricity takes every path available to it. Such step potentials will often cause current to flow through one leg and out another, electrocuting an unlucky human or animal standing near the point where the lightning strikes. Rashin wutar lantarki na dawowar bugun jini yana da matsakaicin kiloamperes 30 don hasken CG mara kyau, sau da yawa ana kiransa "marar CG" walƙiya. A wasu lokuta, walƙiya daga ƙasa zuwa girgije (GC) na iya samo asali ne daga yankin da ke da caji mai kyau a ƙasa a ƙarƙashin guguwa. Wadannan fitarwa yawanci sun samo asali ne daga saman tsaunuka masu tsayi, kamar antennas na sadarwa. An gano adadin da dawowar bugun jini na yanzu ke tafiya a kusa da 100,000 km / s (ɗaya bisa uku na saurin haske). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Idone |first=V. P. |last2=Orville |first2=R. E. |last3=Mach |first3=D. M. |last4=Rust |first4=W. D. |year=1987 |title=The propagation speed of a positive lightning return stroke |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1231386 |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=14 |issue=11 |page=1150 |bibcode=1987GeoRL..14.1150I |doi=10.1029/GL014i011p01150}}</ref> &nbsp;Hasken walƙiya na al'ada daga girgije zuwa ƙasa ya ƙare a cikin samar da tashar Plasma mai gudanar da lantarki ta iska sama da {{Convert|5|km|mi}} tsawo, daga cikin girgije zuwa farfajiyar ƙasa. Babban kwararar wutar lantarki da ke faruwa a lokacin dawowar bugun jini tare da adadin da ya faru (an auna shi a cikin microseconds) da sauri ya cika tashar jagorancin da aka kammala, yana samar da tashar plasma mai amfani da wutar lantarki sosai. Babban zafin jiki na plasma a lokacin dawowar bugun jini na iya wucewa {{Convert|50,000|F|C}} ° C (50,000 ° F), <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Department of Commerce |first=NOAA |title=Understanding Lightning: Thunder |url=https://www.weather.gov/safety/lightning-science-thunder#:~:text=The%20lightning%20discharge%20heats%20the,the%20surface%20of%20the%20sun |access-date=December 15, 2023 |website=www.weather.gov |language=EN-US}}</ref> wanda ke haifar da haskakawa tare da haske, launin shudi-farin. Da zarar wutar lantarki ta daina gudana, tashar ta yi sanyi kuma ta ɓace a kan dubban ko daruruwan milliseconds, sau da yawa ta ɓace azaman raguwar gas mai haske. Kusan zafi nan take a lokacin bugun jini yana haifar da iska ta fadada sosai, tana haifar da raƙuman ruwa masu ƙarfi waɗanda ake ji a matsayin tsawa. == Rarraba, mitar da kaddarorin == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Fayil:Global_Lightning_Frequency.png|thumb|Bayanan da aka samu daga Afrilu 1995 zuwa Fabrairu 2003 daga NASA's Optical Transient Detector wanda ke nuna na'urori masu auna sigina da ke nuna rarrabawar walƙiya a duniya]] [[File:Megaflash_of_477_miles.png|thumb|A {{Convert|768|km|mi}} km (477 megaflash daga Texas zuwa Louisiana, a Amurka.<ref name="BAMS">{{Cite journal |last=Peterson |first=Michael J. |last2=Lang |first2=Timothy J. |last3=Logan |first3=Timothy |last4=Wee Kiong |first4=Cheong |last5=Gijben |first5=Morne |last6=Holle |first6=Ron |last7=Kolmasova |first7=Ivana |last8=Marisaldi |first8=Martino |last9=Montanya |first9=Joan |last10=Pawar |first10=Sunil D. |last11=Zhang |first11=Daile |last12=Brunet |first12=Manola |last13=Cerveny |first13=Randall S. |date=April 2022 |title=New WMO Certified Megaflash Lightning Extremes for Flash Distance and Duration Recorded from Space |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=103 |issue=4 |pages=257–261 |bibcode=2022BAMS..103..257P |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0254.1 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref>]] Global monitoring indicates that lightning on [[Duniya|Earth]] occurs at an average frequency of approximately 44&nbsp;(±&nbsp;5) times per second, equating to nearly 1.4 billion flashes per year. Median duration is 0.52 seconds<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kákona |first=Jakub |year=2023 |title=In situ ground-based mobile measurement of lightning events above central Europe |journal=Atmospheric Measurement Techniques |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=547–561 |bibcode=2023AMT....16..547K |doi=10.5194/amt-16-547-2023 |doi-access=free}}</ref> made up from a number of much shorter flashes (strokes) of around 60 to 70 microseconds. Occurrences are distributed unevenly across the planet with about 70% being over land in the [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|tropics]] where atmospheric convection is the greatest. Abubuwa da yawa suna shafar mitar, rarraba, ƙarfi da kaddarorin jiki na walƙiya ta al'ada a wani yanki na duniya. Wadannan dalilai sun hada da tsawo na ƙasa, latitude, iskar iska, zafi mai dangi, da kusanci da ruwa mai dumi da sanyi.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ana samar da walƙiya ta girgije na cumulonimbus, wanda ke da tushe wanda yawanci ke da nisan kilomita 1-2 (0.62-1.24 sama da ƙasa kuma yana saman har zuwa kilomita {{Convert|15|km|mi}} (9.3 a tsawo. [[Fayil:LightningStrike240FPS.webm|thumb|An kama walƙiya a 240 FPS a lokacin wata babbar tsawa a Mango Hill, Australia.]] Gabaɗaya, walƙiya ta CG tana da kashi 25% kawai na duk walƙiya a duk duniya. Adadin intra-cloud, girgije-da-girgije, da walƙiya-girgije-ƙasa na iya bambanta ta hanyar yanayi a latitude.<ref name="price1993">{{Cite journal |last=Price |first=Colin |last2=Rind |first2=David |date=1993 |title=What determines the cloud-to-ground lightning fraction in thunderstorms? |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=463–466 |bibcode=1993GeoRL..20..463P |doi=10.1029/93GL00226}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bandholnopparat |first=K. |last2=Sato |first2=M. |last3=Adachi |first3=T. |last4=Ushio |first4=T. |last5=Takahashi |first5=Y. |date=2020 |title=Estimation of the IC to CG Ratio Using JEM-GLIMS and Ground-Based Lightning Network Data |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=125 |issue=23 |bibcode=2020JGRD..12532195B |doi=10.1029/2019JD032195}}</ref> A cikin wurare masu zafi, inda matakin daskarewa ya fi girma a cikin yanayi, kawai 10% na walƙiya sune CG. A latitude na Norway (kimanin 60 ° North latitude), inda tsawo mai daskarewa ya fi ƙasa, 50% na walƙiya shine CG. [[Fayil:Lighting_barrage.jpg|thumb|Rashin walƙiya da yawa a Poland a watan Agusta 2020]] The place on Earth where lightning occurs most often is over Lake Maracaibo, wherein the [[Hasken wuta na Catatumbo|Catatumbo lightning]] phenomenon produces 250 bolts of lightning a day.<ref name="TRMM">{{Cite web |last=R. I. Albrecht |last2=S. J. Goodman |last3=W. A. Petersen |last4=D. E. Buechler |last5=E. C. Bruning |last6=R. J. Blakeslee |last7=H. J. Christian |title=The 13 years of TRMM Lightning Imaging Sensor: From individual flash characteristics to decadal tendencies |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20110015779/downloads/20110015779.pdf |access-date=November 23, 2022 |website=NASA Technical Reports Server}}</ref> This activity occurs on average, 297 days a year. The second most lightning density is near the village of Kifuka in the mountains of the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, where the elevation is around {{Convert|975|m|ft|-2}}. On average, this region receives {{Convert|158|/km2/years|/sqmi/years|lightning strikes}}. Other lightning hotspots include Singapore and [[Rarraba walƙiya|Lightning Alley]] in Central Florida.<ref name="alley">{{Cite web |date=January 3, 2007 |title=Staying Safe in Lightning Alley |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/lightning_alley.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713041430/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/lightning_alley.html |archive-date=July 13, 2007 |access-date=September 24, 2007 |publisher=NASA}}</ref> Masu bincike a Jami'ar Florida sun gano cewa saurin karshe na da aka lura ya kasance tsakanin 1.0 da 1.4× m / s, tare da matsakaicin 4.4×105 m / s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomson |first=E. M. |last2=Uman |first2=M. A. |last3=Beasley |first3=W. H. |date=20 August 1985 |title=Speed and current for lightning stepped leaders near ground as determined from electric field records |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=90 |issue=D5 |pages=8136–8142 |bibcode=1985JGR....90.8136T |doi=10.1029/JD090iD05p08136}}</ref> == Dubi kuma ==   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2rmn0x9cxm0vbkgupnpwntw2cgnlzs6 0 165084 905743 2026-08-21T19:41:26Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354307817|Doris Gercke]]" 905743 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Doris Gercke''' ({{IPA|de|ˈdoːʁɪs ˈgɛʁkə|lang}} ; 7 ga Fabrairu 1937 - 25 ga Yuli 2025) marubuci ne ɗan ƙasar Jamus na littattafai, musamman littattafan ban dariya amma kuma littattafai ga yara da matasa, da waƙoƙi. Ga wasu littattafai, ta yi amfani da sunan alkalami '''Mary-Jo Morell''' . An san ta da jerin fina-finai masu ban sha'awa da suka nuna wata mata mai binciken sirri, wacce ta zaburar da sufeto Bella Block a wani shirin talabijin mai farin jini na ZDF . == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Gercke a Greifswald a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 1937 a cikin iyali mai aiki. Sun ƙaura zuwa [[Hamburg]] a shekarar 1949. <ref name="Krimilexikon" /> Iyayenta ba za su iya biyan kuɗin karatunta na gaba ba, alhali har yanzu ana biyan kuɗin makarantun sakandare; <ref name="Krimilexikon" /> ta zama ma'aikaciyar gwamnati tana da shekaru 16. Ta yi aure tana da shekaru 20, ta haifi ɗanta na biyu tana da shekaru 22, kuma ta daina aiki don zama mai kula da gida da uwa. <ref name="Krimilexikon" /> Ta zama memba na DKP a cikin ƙungiyar adawa ta Außerparlamentarische ta 1968 kuma tana shiga cikin zanga-zanga akai-akai. Ta zama wakilin mata na jam'iyyar. <ref name="Krimi-Forum" /> A shekarar 1980 ta kammala karatun ''Abitur'' kuma ta karanci fannin shari'a, <ref name="Krimilexikon" /> wanda wani tallafin karatu ya dauki nauyinsa. Ba ta taɓa yin aiki a wannan sana'a ba, amma ta koma rubuta littafinta na farko a shekarar 1987. <ref name="NDR" /> Mai ban sha'awa, ''Weinschröter, du mußt hängen'', ya bayyana a cikin 1988, yana nuna mace a matsayin babban hali, Bella Block . Block tsohuwar 'yar sanda ce da ke gudanar da bincike na sirri. An bayyana ta a matsayin jikanyar wani marubuciya ɗan ƙasar Rasha, mai zaman kanta kuma sau da yawa mai rashin hankali, <ref name="NDR" /> a matsayin mai son vodka da adabi, wadda ba ta taɓa fita don yin nazari ba tare da littafi mai kyau ba. <ref name="Krimilexikon" /> Block ya nuna manufofin ƙungiyar mata waɗanda suka yi kama da sun ƙare a lokacin. Batutuwan littafin sune tashin hankali na yau da kullun da kuma nuna wariya ga mata, a cikin mawuyacin hali. Gercke ta ce ta samu kwarin gwiwa daga littattafan Raymond Chandler da kuma ƙungiyar marubutan Sweden Maj Sjöwall da Per Wahlöö . Littafinta ya kasance abin burgewa, kuma ya ƙarfafa ta ta rubuta ƙarin abubuwan ban sha'awa a cikin jeri, sau da yawa ciki har da "m, wani lokacin karya kwatancin milieu", <ref name="AZ" /> kamar su ''Moskau, meine Liebe'' (1989), ''Kinderkorn'' (1991), ''Schweigen oder Sterben'' (2007) da ''Zwischen Nacht und Tang'' (2007). <ref name="AZ" /> A shekarar 1994, an nuna wani fim na farko a talabijin ta ZDF tare da wani mai duba wanda ya dogara da littafin Bella Block na farko, inda Hannelore Hoger ta fito a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan Bella Block. Ya shahara sosai, ya gudana a cikin shirye-shirye 38 har zuwa 2018. Ya ƙirƙiro nasa ra'ayi. <ref name="Krimilexikon" /> Da farko, Gercke ya rubuta wakoki masu ban dariya game da wata jaruma mai suna Milena Prohaska, wacce aka bayyana a matsayin "wacce ake zargin ta 'yantar da kanta daga gwagwarmayar neman gano kanta". Ta rubuta littattafai ga yara da matasa da kuma waƙoƙi. <ref name="NDR" /> Gercke ya yi kama da ɗan siyasa na hagu kuma yana da alaƙa da zaman lafiya da gwagwarmayar yaƙi da mulkin kama karya na neo-fascism da [[Kwaminisanci|gurguzu]] . Ta ce a wata hira da aka yi da ita wajen cika shekaru 80 da haihuwa cewa tana tare da ƙananan ajin da ta fito, da kuma mata. Gercke ya mutu a Hamburg a ranar 25 ga Yuli, 2025, yana da shekaru 88. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] gmyt95pp0tsjhbe8xkivoqb9u501kov 905744 905743 2026-08-21T19:41:47Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Doris Gercke''' ({{IPA|de|ˈdoːʁɪs ˈgɛʁkə|lang}} ; 7 ga Fabrairu 1937 - 25 ga Yuli 2025) marubuci ne ɗan ƙasar Jamus na littattafai, musamman littattafan ban dariya amma kuma littattafai ga yara da matasa, da waƙoƙi. Ga wasu littattafai, ta yi amfani da sunan alkalami '''Mary-Jo Morell''' . An san ta da jerin fina-finai masu ban sha'awa da suka nuna wata mata mai binciken sirri, wacce ta zaburar da sufeto Bella Block a wani shirin talabijin mai farin jini na ZDF . == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Gercke a Greifswald a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 1937 a cikin iyali mai aiki. Sun ƙaura zuwa [[Hamburg]] a shekarar 1949. <ref name="Krimilexikon" /> Iyayenta ba za su iya biyan kuɗin karatunta na gaba ba, alhali har yanzu ana biyan kuɗin makarantun sakandare; <ref name="Krimilexikon" /> ta zama ma'aikaciyar gwamnati tana da shekaru 16. Ta yi aure tana da shekaru 20, ta haifi ɗanta na biyu tana da shekaru 22, kuma ta daina aiki don zama mai kula da gida da uwa. <ref name="Krimilexikon" /> Ta zama memba na DKP a cikin ƙungiyar adawa ta Außerparlamentarische ta 1968 kuma tana shiga cikin zanga-zanga akai-akai. Ta zama wakilin mata na jam'iyyar. <ref name="Krimi-Forum" /> A shekarar 1980 ta kammala karatun ''Abitur'' kuma ta karanci fannin shari'a, <ref name="Krimilexikon" /> wanda wani tallafin karatu ya dauki nauyinsa. Ba ta taɓa yin aiki a wannan sana'a ba, amma ta koma rubuta littafinta na farko a shekarar 1987. <ref name="NDR" /> Mai ban sha'awa, ''Weinschröter, du mußt hängen'', ya bayyana a cikin 1988, yana nuna mace a matsayin babban hali, Bella Block . Block tsohuwar 'yar sanda ce da ke gudanar da bincike na sirri. An bayyana ta a matsayin jikanyar wani marubuciya ɗan ƙasar Rasha, mai zaman kanta kuma sau da yawa mai rashin hankali, <ref name="NDR" /> a matsayin mai son vodka da adabi, wadda ba ta taɓa fita don yin nazari ba tare da littafi mai kyau ba. <ref name="Krimilexikon" /> Block ya nuna manufofin ƙungiyar mata waɗanda suka yi kama da sun ƙare a lokacin. Batutuwan littafin sune tashin hankali na yau da kullun da kuma nuna wariya ga mata, a cikin mawuyacin hali. Gercke ta ce ta samu kwarin gwiwa daga littattafan Raymond Chandler da kuma ƙungiyar marubutan Sweden Maj Sjöwall da Per Wahlöö . Littafinta ya kasance abin burgewa, kuma ya ƙarfafa ta ta rubuta ƙarin abubuwan ban sha'awa a cikin jeri, sau da yawa ciki har da "m, wani lokacin karya kwatancin milieu", <ref name="AZ" /> kamar su ''Moskau, meine Liebe'' (1989), ''Kinderkorn'' (1991), ''Schweigen oder Sterben'' (2007) da ''Zwischen Nacht und Tang'' (2007). <ref name="AZ" /> A shekarar 1994, an nuna wani fim na farko a talabijin ta ZDF tare da wani mai duba wanda ya dogara da littafin Bella Block na farko, inda Hannelore Hoger ta fito a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan Bella Block. Ya shahara sosai, ya gudana a cikin shirye-shirye 38 har zuwa 2018. Ya ƙirƙiro nasa ra'ayi. <ref name="Krimilexikon" /> Da farko, Gercke ya rubuta wakoki masu ban dariya game da wata jaruma mai suna Milena Prohaska, wacce aka bayyana a matsayin "wacce ake zargin ta 'yantar da kanta daga gwagwarmayar neman gano kanta". Ta rubuta littattafai ga yara da matasa da kuma waƙoƙi. <ref name="NDR" /> Gercke ya yi kama da ɗan siyasa na hagu kuma yana da alaƙa da zaman lafiya da gwagwarmayar yaƙi da mulkin kama karya na neo-fascism da [[Kwaminisanci|gurguzu]] . Ta ce a wata hira da aka yi da ita wajen cika shekaru 80 da haihuwa cewa tana tare da ƙananan ajin da ta fito, da kuma mata. Gercke ya mutu a Hamburg a ranar 25 ga Yuli, 2025, yana da shekaru 88. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] 4oz09ofo1i0hpfovr9der3t696impwm 0 165085 905745 2026-08-21T19:43:07Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354550503|Christiane Gohl]]" 905745 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christiane Gohl''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1958) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus wadda ta yi amfani da alkalami mai suna '''Ricarda Jordan''', '''Sarah Lark''' da '''Elisabeth Rotenberg''' . Baya ga rubuta littattafan yara da suka mayar da hankali kan dawakai, ita ma marubuciya ce. <ref name="rh">{{Cite web |title=Christiane Gohl |url=http://www.randomhouse.de/Autor/Christiane_Gohl/p49695.rhd |access-date=9 February 2015 |publisher=Verlagsgruppe Random House Bertelsmann |language=German}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarah Lark |url=http://www.librarything.com/author/larksarah |access-date=9 February 2015 |publisher=LibraryThing |language=}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife shi a Bochum, Gohl ya yi karatun tarihi da adabi. Tana aiki a matsayin jagorar tafiye-tafiye, ta gano New Zealand inda ta ji daɗin mutanen da kuma yanayin ƙasar. Ta amfani da sunan alkalami Sarah Lark, an rubuta littattafanta da dama a New Zealand yayin da take amfani da Ricarda Jordan a matsayin sunan alkalaminta don littattafan tarihinta. <ref name="lb">{{Cite web |title=Sarah Lark: Lebenslauf |url=http://www.lovelybooks.de/autor/Sarah-Lark/ |access-date=9 February 2015 |publisher=LovelyBooks |language=German}}</ref> Gohl ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin malamin makarantar firamare da kuma marubuciyar kasuwanci. <ref name="amazon">{{Cite web |title=Sarah Lark |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Sarah-Lark/e/B0029WRI1G/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1423481547&sr=1-2-ent |access-date=9 February 2015 |publisher=amazon |language=}}</ref> Ta fara sha'awar dawaki tun tana 'yar shekara 10 kuma yanzu ta nuna damuwa ta musamman ga fasahar hawa da kuma kulawa da kuma kula da dawaki. Da yawa daga cikin littattafanta da ayyukanta na almara kan dawakai sun zama mafi kyawun siyarwa. <ref name="rh" /> Christiane Gohl yanzu tana zaune a wata gona kusa da Almería a kudancin Spain inda ba wai kawai take rubutu ba har ma da kula da dawakan da suka yi ritaya. <ref name="lb" /> <ref name="amazon" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] 3rz81v3n63872fc0rbrrom2hxzylh8q 905746 905745 2026-08-21T19:43:36Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Christiane Gohl''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1958) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus wadda ta yi amfani da alkalami mai suna '''Ricarda Jordan''', '''Sarah Lark''' da '''Elisabeth Rotenberg''' . Baya ga rubuta littattafan yara da suka mayar da hankali kan dawakai, ita ma marubuciya ce. <ref name="rh">{{Cite web |title=Christiane Gohl |url=http://www.randomhouse.de/Autor/Christiane_Gohl/p49695.rhd |access-date=9 February 2015 |publisher=Verlagsgruppe Random House Bertelsmann |language=German}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarah Lark |url=http://www.librarything.com/author/larksarah |access-date=9 February 2015 |publisher=LibraryThing |language=}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife shi a Bochum, Gohl ya yi karatun tarihi da adabi. Tana aiki a matsayin jagorar tafiye-tafiye, ta gano New Zealand inda ta ji daɗin mutanen da kuma yanayin ƙasar. Ta amfani da sunan alkalami Sarah Lark, an rubuta littattafanta da dama a New Zealand yayin da take amfani da Ricarda Jordan a matsayin sunan alkalaminta don littattafan tarihinta. <ref name="lb">{{Cite web |title=Sarah Lark: Lebenslauf |url=http://www.lovelybooks.de/autor/Sarah-Lark/ |access-date=9 February 2015 |publisher=LovelyBooks |language=German}}</ref> Gohl ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin malamin makarantar firamare da kuma marubuciyar kasuwanci. <ref name="amazon">{{Cite web |title=Sarah Lark |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Sarah-Lark/e/B0029WRI1G/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1423481547&sr=1-2-ent |access-date=9 February 2015 |publisher=amazon |language=}}</ref> Ta fara sha'awar dawaki tun tana 'yar shekara 10 kuma yanzu ta nuna damuwa ta musamman ga fasahar hawa da kuma kulawa da kuma kula da dawaki. Da yawa daga cikin littattafanta da ayyukanta na almara kan dawakai sun zama mafi kyawun siyarwa. <ref name="rh" /> Christiane Gohl yanzu tana zaune a wata gona kusa da Almería a kudancin Spain inda ba wai kawai take rubutu ba har ma da kula da dawakan da suka yi ritaya. <ref name="lb" /> <ref name="amazon" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] 77n2qyfk806yad2renhr7dvgjjxtino 0 165086 905747 2026-08-21T19:46:13Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358271416|Katharina Hacker]]" 905747 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Katharina Hacker''' (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga Janairu 1967) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus wadda aka fi sani da littafinta mai suna ''Die Habenichtse'' ( ''The Have-Nots'' ) wanda ya lashe kyautar. Hacker ya yi karatun [[falsafa]], [[tarihi]] da kuma [[nazarin Yahudawa]] a Jami'ar Freiburg da [[Jami'ar Ibraniyawa ta Kudus|Jami'ar Kudus]] . An yi la'akari da karatunta a Isra'ila a matsayin wani yunƙuri na rama mummunan ra'ayin da kakarta Silesian ta nuna na kin Yahudawa. Ba ta kammala karatunta da digirin ilimi ba. Tun daga shekarar 1996, tana zaune a matsayin marubuciya mai zaman kanta a [[Berlin]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Author Katharina Hacker – Suhrkamp Insel |url=http://www.suhrkamp.de/autoren/rights_autor.cfm?id=1693 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818165038/http://suhrkamp.de/autoren/rights_autor.cfm?id=1693 |archive-date=18 August 2007 |access-date=30 July 2008}}</ref> A shekarar 2006, ita ce marubuciya ta biyu da aka ba ta kyautar Littafin Jamusanci don ''Die Habenichtse'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deutscher Buchpreis |url=http://www.deutscher-buchpreis.de/de/100014?valid=true&meldungs_id=120442 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718225623/http://www.deutscher-buchpreis.de/de/100014?valid=true&meldungs_id=120442 |archive-date=18 July 2011 |access-date=30 July 2008 |website=www.deutscher-buchpreis.de}}</ref> A cikin wannan da sauran ayyukan, Hacker ta yi nazari kan sakamakon duniya da kuma neoliberalism a kan rayuwar aiki, hulɗar zamantakewa, da kuma hulɗar iyali na jaruman Jamusawanta. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] hhglhjaxwufv0u9wdnwlppqsiqrt8sh 905749 905747 2026-08-21T19:46:40Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Katharina Hacker''' (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga Janairu 1967) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus wadda aka fi sani da littafinta mai suna ''Die Habenichtse'' ( ''The Have-Nots'' ) wanda ya lashe kyautar. Hacker ya yi karatun [[falsafa]], [[tarihi]] da kuma [[nazarin Yahudawa]] a Jami'ar Freiburg da [[Jami'ar Ibraniyawa ta Kudus|Jami'ar Kudus]] . An yi la'akari da karatunta a Isra'ila a matsayin wani yunƙuri na rama mummunan ra'ayin da kakarta Silesian ta nuna na kin Yahudawa. Ba ta kammala karatunta da digirin ilimi ba. Tun daga shekarar 1996, tana zaune a matsayin marubuciya mai zaman kanta a [[Berlin]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Author Katharina Hacker – Suhrkamp Insel |url=http://www.suhrkamp.de/autoren/rights_autor.cfm?id=1693 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818165038/http://suhrkamp.de/autoren/rights_autor.cfm?id=1693 |archive-date=18 August 2007 |access-date=30 July 2008}}</ref> A shekarar 2006, ita ce marubuciya ta biyu da aka ba ta kyautar Littafin Jamusanci don ''Die Habenichtse'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deutscher Buchpreis |url=http://www.deutscher-buchpreis.de/de/100014?valid=true&meldungs_id=120442 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718225623/http://www.deutscher-buchpreis.de/de/100014?valid=true&meldungs_id=120442 |archive-date=18 July 2011 |access-date=30 July 2008 |website=www.deutscher-buchpreis.de}}</ref> A cikin wannan da sauran ayyukan, Hacker ta yi nazari kan sakamakon duniya da kuma neoliberalism a kan rayuwar aiki, hulɗar zamantakewa, da kuma hulɗar iyali na jaruman Jamusawanta. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] fehbmk6wppg8crjq7869vymtdnkvtyj 0 165087 905750 2026-08-21T19:48:07Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366777259|Mithu Sanyal]]" 905750 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mithu Melanie Sanyal''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Mithu Melanie Sanyal |url=https://speakerinnen.org/de/profiles/dr-mithu-melanie-sanyal |access-date=24 February 2025 |website=Speakerinnen |language=de}}</ref> (an haife ta a shekara ta 1971), wacce aka fi sani da '''Mithu M. Sanyal''', ƙwararriyar masaniyar nazarin al'adu ce ta Jamus, 'yar jarida kuma marubuciya. Babban abin da ta fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne a kan [[Feminism|ra'ayin mata]], wariyar launin fata, [[Shahararrun al'adu|al'adun gargajiya]] da kuma bayan mulkin mallaka . == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Mithu Sanyal a [[Düsseldorf]] a shekarar 1971 ga uwa 'yar Poland kuma uba 'yar Indiya. Iyayen mahaifiyarta sun ƙaura zuwa Duisburg don yin aiki a matsayin masu hakar ma'adinai. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reichwein |first=Marc |date=13 September 2023 |title="In den 1980ern wurden Rassismus und Sexismus noch ungeniert ausgelebt" |url=https://www.welt.de/kultur/literarischewelt/article246711734/Mithu-Sanyal-In-den-80ern-wurden-Rassismus-und-Sexismus-ungeniert-ausgelebt.html |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=[[Welt (TV channel)|Welt]] |language=de}}</ref> Ta yi karatun adabi na Jamusanci da Ingilishi a Jami'ar Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, inda ta yi takardar digirin likita kan tarihin al'adun al'aurar mata . A shekarar 2009, ta buga wani littafi mai suna {{Lang|en|Vulva. The uncovering of the invisible sex}} {{Lang|en|Vulva. The uncovering of the invisible sex}} ( {{Lang|de|Vulva. Die Enthüllung des unsichtbaren Geschlechts}} ) bisa ga rubutunta na digiri. Tun daga shekarar 1996, Sanyal marubuci ne a shirye-shiryen rediyo da littattafan sauti ga gidan rediyon jama'a na Jamus WDR . Daga cikin wasu, ta kuma yi rubutu ga NDR, BR, <nowiki><i id="mwKw">Frankfurter Rundschau</i></nowiki>, <nowiki><i id="mwLQ">taz</i></nowiki>, <nowiki><i id="mwLw">junge Welt</i></nowiki> da kuma Hukumar Ilimi ta Tarayya . Tun bayan buga littafinta na biyu, ''Rape.'' ''Daga Lucretia zuwa #MeToo'', an gayyaci Sanyal don yin jawabi a bainar jama'a a kan faifan bidiyo, karatu da shirye-shiryen talabijin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zeitung |first=Badische |date=2019-03-12 |title=Mithu Sanyal spricht heute über die Tiefengrammatik von sexueller Gewalt |url=https://www.badische-zeitung.de/mithu-sanyal-spricht-heute-ueber-die-tiefengrammatik-von-sexueller-gewalt--168288590.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=Badische Zeitung |language=de}}</ref> <ref name="argento">{{Cite web |last=deutschlandfunkkultur.de |date=2018-08-23 |title=Vorwürfe gegen Asia Argento - "Eine Person kann nicht eine Bewegung diskreditieren" |url=https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/vorwuerfe-gegen-asia-argento-eine-person-kann-nicht-eine-100.html |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=Deutschlandfunk Kultur |language=de}}</ref> An fassara littattafan ''Rape'' da ''Vulva'' zuwa harsuna daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vergewaltigung |url=https://edition-nautilus.de/programm/vergewaltigung/ |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=EDITION NAUTILUS |language=de-DE}}</ref> Sanyal ya soki ƙungiyar MeToo, yana mai jayayya cewa zarge-zargen cin zarafin mata ko cin zarafi suna ɓata wa wanda ake tuhuma rai ba tare da wata matsala ba. <ref name="argento" /> Kafafen yada labarai na mata a Jamus sun yi Allah wadai da wannan furuci a matsayin abin da ya sa ake ɗaukar fyaɗe da cin zarafin mata a matsayin abin ƙyama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2017 |title=Offener Brief gegen die sprachliche Verharmlosung sexueller Gewalt |url=https://diestoerenfriedas.de/offener-brief-gegen-die-sprachliche-verharmlosung-sexueller-gewalt/ |access-date=2019-03-29 |website=Die Störenfriedas}} {{Cite web |date=21 February 2017 |title=Opfer sollen nicht mehr Opfer heißen |url=https://www.emma.de/artikel/opfer-sollen-nicht-mehr-opfer-heissen-334215 |access-date=2019-03-29 |website=EMMA}}</ref> Shafukan yanar gizo da shafukan yanar gizo na 'yan dama sun yi kuskuren fahimtar hujjar Sanyal sakamakon gadonta na Indiya, inda wasu suka yi ikirarin cewa fyade halal ne a Indiya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=22 February 2017 |title=Gutmenschin meint Vergewaltigungs-Opfer sollten mehr Erlebende sein |url=https://blog.halle-leaks.de/2017/02/gutmenschin-meint-vergewaltigungs-opfer-sollten-mehr-erlebende-sein/ |access-date=2019-03-29 |website=halle-leaks.de (Blog)}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=David Berger |date=23 February 2017 |title=Unglaublich: Opfer von Vergewaltigung sollen ab jetzt "Erlebende" heißen |url=https://philosophia-perennis.com/2017/02/23/mithu-sanyal/ |access-date=2019-03-29 |website=Philosophia Perennis}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2017, wani labarin Sanyal da 'yar jarida Marie Albrecht suka buga a jaridar ''Die Tageszeitung'' ta Jamus ya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce. Bayan sun yi hira da mutanen da suka fuskanci cin zarafin jima'i, sun ba da shawarar wata hanya ta daban, ƙarin kalma don gane kai na {{Lang|de|Opfer}} (wanda aka azabtar), wato {{Lang|de|Erlebende sexualisierter Gewalt}} (mutanen da ke fuskantar cin zarafin jima'i). Wani shafin yanar gizo na Jamus mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, ''mai suna Political Incorrect'', ya buga adireshin imel na sirri na Sanyal, inda aka yi mata barazanar fyade da kisa. An yi ta tattaunawa sosai a kan labarinta a manyan kafofin watsa labarai, har ma da ƙwararren masanin harsunan mata na Jamus Luise F. Pusch ta yi tsokaci a kai a shafinta na yanar gizo. Daruruwan mutane kuma sun rubuta wa Sanyal imel da ke nuna goyon bayanta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mascha Drost |date=3 March 2017 |title=Kulturwissenschaftlerin Mithu Sanyal – "Die Supermarkt-Verkäuferin fühlt sich vom Mainstream-Feminismus nicht repräsentiert" |url=https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/kulturwissenschaftlerin-mithu-sanyal-die-supermarkt.691.de.html?dram:article_id=380448 |access-date=2019-03-29 |website=Deutschlandfunk.de}}</ref> A cikin Yuli 2019, dakin binciken jarida na Correctiv ya buga wata sanarwa game da lamarin, mai taken ''A'a, Mithu Sanyal bai gaya wa wadanda abin ya shafa ba cewa fyade zai iya zama abin kwarewa'' ( {{Lang|de|Nein, Mithu Sanyal hat Opfern nicht geraten, eine Vergewaltigung könne "auch Erleben sein"}} ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alice Echtermann |date=18 July 2019 |title=Nein, Mithu Sanyal hat Opfern nicht geraten, eine Vergewaltigung könne "auch Erleben sein" |url=https://correctiv.org/faktencheck/gesellschaft/2019/07/18/nein-mithu-sanyal-hat-opfern-nicht-geraten-eine-vergewaltigung-koenne-auch-erleben-sein |access-date=2021-02-22 |publisher=Correctiv}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, Sanyal ta buga littafinta na farko, ''Identitti'', game da farfesa a ka'idar bayan mulkin mallaka wadda ta sanya wa kanta suna bayan allahiyar Hindu Saraswati kuma ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta fito daga zuriyar Indiya. Da ta bayyana cewa Bajamushe ce kuma ta yi duhu, sai aka faɗi abin da ya biyo baya daga mahangar ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibanta, Nivedita, wacce kamar Sanyal tana da uwa 'yar Poland da kuma uba 'yar Indiya. Ta hanyar amfani da sunan Identitti, Nivedita ita ce marubucin wani shafin yanar gizo da kuma wasu asusun sada zumunta da dama, inda take yin tsokaci kan batutuwa kamar wariyar launin fata, ƙaura, asalin jima'i da kuma yanayin siyasa da kuma asalin mutum. Wannan hali na Saraswati ya yi nuni ne ga lamarin [[Rahila Dolezal|Rachel Dolezal]] . Littafin ya sami ra'ayoyi masu kyau da yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kniebe |first=Tobias |date=17 February 2021 |title="Identitti", Roman von Mithu Sanyal: Chaos der Identitäten |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/mithu-sanyal-identitti-romandebuet-1.5209068 |access-date=29 April 2021 |website=[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]] |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kramatschek |first=Claudia |date=13 February 2021 |title=Mithu Sanyal: "Identitti" – Debatte im Schleudergang |url=https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/mithu-sanyal-identitti-debatte-im-schleudergang.950.de.html?dram:article_id=492428 |access-date=2021-04-29 |website=[[Deutschlandfunk Kultur]] |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Düker |first=Ronald |date=13 February 2021 |title="Identitti": "Literatur muss freundlich sein" |url=https://www.zeit.de/2021/07/identitti-mithu-sanyal-roman-identitaetspolitik-rassismus |access-date=2021-04-29 |website=[[Die Zeit]] |language=de}}</ref> A watan Oktoban 2021, an kwantar da Sanyal a Cibiyar PEN ta Jamus . <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2021 |title=PEN nimmt neue Mitglieder auf, darunter Mithu Sanyal, Sharon Dodua Otoo, Jo Lendle und Benedict Wells |url=https://www.pen-deutschland.de/de/2021/10/28/pen-nimmt-neue-mitglieder-auf-darunter-mithu-sanyal-sharon-dodua-otoo-jo-lendle-und-benedict-wells/ |access-date=2022-02-11 |website=PEN-Zentrum Deutschland}}</ref> Sanyal tana cikin membobin da suka bar ƙungiyar lokacin da ƙungiyar ta rabu saboda [[Mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine na 2022|mamayar da Rasha ta kai wa Ukraine]], kuma an zaɓe ta ta zama ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ƙungiyar PEN Berlin da aka kafa kwanan nan. Littafin Sanyal na shekarar 2024, ''Antichristie'', an daɗe ana saka shi a cikin jerin waɗanda za su fafata a kyautar littattafai ta Jamus . <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2024 |title=Die 20 nominierten Romane stehen fest |url=https://www.deutscher-buchpreis.de/news/eintrag/die-20-nominierten-romane-stehen-fest/ |website=[[Deutscher Buchpreis]] |language=de}}</ref> Sanyal da mijinta suna zaune a Düsseldorf-Oberbilk, Jamus. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=19 November 2016 |title=Mithu M. Sanyal: "Vergewaltigung ist kein Frauenthema" |url=https://rp-online.de/nrw/staedte/duesseldorf/vergewaltigung-ist-kein-frauenthema_aid-21499645 |access-date=2021-04-09 |website=[[Rheinische Post]] |language=de}}</ref> namiji da mace ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2018 |title=Der ewig postpubertäreTyp |url=https://www.ruprecht.de/2018/06/15/der-ewig-postpubertaeretyp/ |website=ruprecht |language=de}}</ref> Ta shaida wa mujallar ''Stern'' cewa ta yi zubar da ciki sau da yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2021 |title=Mithu Sanyal: "Zu meinem Leben gehören Kinder, aber auch Abtreibungen" |url=https://www.stern.de/gesellschaft/protokoll-einer-abtreibung---es-gibt-oft-nur-zwei-standpunkte--30551318.html |website=[[Stern (magazine)|Stern]] |language=de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] rgtn5nqvlwypkfie793qq5w2c5zyp2d 905751 905750 2026-08-21T19:48:46Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mithu Melanie Sanyal''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Mithu Melanie Sanyal |url=https://speakerinnen.org/de/profiles/dr-mithu-melanie-sanyal |access-date=24 February 2025 |website=Speakerinnen |language=de}}</ref> (an haife ta a shekara ta 1971), wacce aka fi sani da '''Mithu M. Sanyal''', ƙwararriyar masaniyar nazarin al'adu ce ta Jamus, 'yar jarida kuma marubuciya. Babban abin da ta fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne a kan [[Feminism|ra'ayin mata]], wariyar launin fata, [[Shahararrun al'adu|al'adun gargajiya]] da kuma bayan mulkin mallaka . == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Mithu Sanyal a [[Düsseldorf]] a shekarar 1971 ga uwa 'yar Poland kuma uba 'yar Indiya. Iyayen mahaifiyarta sun ƙaura zuwa Duisburg don yin aiki a matsayin masu hakar ma'adinai. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reichwein |first=Marc |date=13 September 2023 |title="In den 1980ern wurden Rassismus und Sexismus noch ungeniert ausgelebt" |url=https://www.welt.de/kultur/literarischewelt/article246711734/Mithu-Sanyal-In-den-80ern-wurden-Rassismus-und-Sexismus-ungeniert-ausgelebt.html |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=[[Welt (TV channel)|Welt]] |language=de}}</ref> Ta yi karatun adabi na Jamusanci da Ingilishi a Jami'ar Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, inda ta yi takardar digirin likita kan tarihin al'adun al'aurar mata . A shekarar 2009, ta buga wani littafi mai suna {{Lang|en|Vulva. The uncovering of the invisible sex}} {{Lang|en|Vulva. The uncovering of the invisible sex}} ( {{Lang|de|Vulva. Die Enthüllung des unsichtbaren Geschlechts}} ) bisa ga rubutunta na digiri. Tun daga shekarar 1996, Sanyal marubuci ne a shirye-shiryen rediyo da littattafan sauti ga gidan rediyon jama'a na Jamus WDR . Daga cikin wasu, ta kuma yi rubutu ga NDR, BR, <nowiki><i id="mwKw">Frankfurter Rundschau</i></nowiki>, <nowiki><i id="mwLQ">taz</i></nowiki>, <nowiki><i id="mwLw">junge Welt</i></nowiki> da kuma Hukumar Ilimi ta Tarayya . Tun bayan buga littafinta na biyu, ''Rape.'' ''Daga Lucretia zuwa #MeToo'', an gayyaci Sanyal don yin jawabi a bainar jama'a a kan faifan bidiyo, karatu da shirye-shiryen talabijin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zeitung |first=Badische |date=2019-03-12 |title=Mithu Sanyal spricht heute über die Tiefengrammatik von sexueller Gewalt |url=https://www.badische-zeitung.de/mithu-sanyal-spricht-heute-ueber-die-tiefengrammatik-von-sexueller-gewalt--168288590.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=Badische Zeitung |language=de}}</ref> <ref name="argento">{{Cite web |last=deutschlandfunkkultur.de |date=2018-08-23 |title=Vorwürfe gegen Asia Argento - "Eine Person kann nicht eine Bewegung diskreditieren" |url=https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/vorwuerfe-gegen-asia-argento-eine-person-kann-nicht-eine-100.html |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=Deutschlandfunk Kultur |language=de}}</ref> An fassara littattafan ''Rape'' da ''Vulva'' zuwa harsuna daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vergewaltigung |url=https://edition-nautilus.de/programm/vergewaltigung/ |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=EDITION NAUTILUS |language=de-DE}}</ref> Sanyal ya soki ƙungiyar MeToo, yana mai jayayya cewa zarge-zargen cin zarafin mata ko cin zarafi suna ɓata wa wanda ake tuhuma rai ba tare da wata matsala ba. <ref name="argento" /> Kafafen yada labarai na mata a Jamus sun yi Allah wadai da wannan furuci a matsayin abin da ya sa ake ɗaukar fyaɗe da cin zarafin mata a matsayin abin ƙyama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2017 |title=Offener Brief gegen die sprachliche Verharmlosung sexueller Gewalt |url=https://diestoerenfriedas.de/offener-brief-gegen-die-sprachliche-verharmlosung-sexueller-gewalt/ |access-date=2019-03-29 |website=Die Störenfriedas}} {{Cite web |date=21 February 2017 |title=Opfer sollen nicht mehr Opfer heißen |url=https://www.emma.de/artikel/opfer-sollen-nicht-mehr-opfer-heissen-334215 |access-date=2019-03-29 |website=EMMA}}</ref> Shafukan yanar gizo da shafukan yanar gizo na 'yan dama sun yi kuskuren fahimtar hujjar Sanyal sakamakon gadonta na Indiya, inda wasu suka yi ikirarin cewa fyade halal ne a Indiya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=22 February 2017 |title=Gutmenschin meint Vergewaltigungs-Opfer sollten mehr Erlebende sein |url=https://blog.halle-leaks.de/2017/02/gutmenschin-meint-vergewaltigungs-opfer-sollten-mehr-erlebende-sein/ |access-date=2019-03-29 |website=halle-leaks.de (Blog)}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=David Berger |date=23 February 2017 |title=Unglaublich: Opfer von Vergewaltigung sollen ab jetzt "Erlebende" heißen |url=https://philosophia-perennis.com/2017/02/23/mithu-sanyal/ |access-date=2019-03-29 |website=Philosophia Perennis}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2017, wani labarin Sanyal da 'yar jarida Marie Albrecht suka buga a jaridar ''Die Tageszeitung'' ta Jamus ya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce. Bayan sun yi hira da mutanen da suka fuskanci cin zarafin jima'i, sun ba da shawarar wata hanya ta daban, ƙarin kalma don gane kai na {{Lang|de|Opfer}} (wanda aka azabtar), wato {{Lang|de|Erlebende sexualisierter Gewalt}} (mutanen da ke fuskantar cin zarafin jima'i). Wani shafin yanar gizo na Jamus mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, ''mai suna Political Incorrect'', ya buga adireshin imel na sirri na Sanyal, inda aka yi mata barazanar fyade da kisa. An yi ta tattaunawa sosai a kan labarinta a manyan kafofin watsa labarai, har ma da ƙwararren masanin harsunan mata na Jamus Luise F. Pusch ta yi tsokaci a kai a shafinta na yanar gizo. Daruruwan mutane kuma sun rubuta wa Sanyal imel da ke nuna goyon bayanta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mascha Drost |date=3 March 2017 |title=Kulturwissenschaftlerin Mithu Sanyal – "Die Supermarkt-Verkäuferin fühlt sich vom Mainstream-Feminismus nicht repräsentiert" |url=https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/kulturwissenschaftlerin-mithu-sanyal-die-supermarkt.691.de.html?dram:article_id=380448 |access-date=2019-03-29 |website=Deutschlandfunk.de}}</ref> A cikin Yuli 2019, dakin binciken jarida na Correctiv ya buga wata sanarwa game da lamarin, mai taken ''A'a, Mithu Sanyal bai gaya wa wadanda abin ya shafa ba cewa fyade zai iya zama abin kwarewa'' ( {{Lang|de|Nein, Mithu Sanyal hat Opfern nicht geraten, eine Vergewaltigung könne "auch Erleben sein"}} ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alice Echtermann |date=18 July 2019 |title=Nein, Mithu Sanyal hat Opfern nicht geraten, eine Vergewaltigung könne "auch Erleben sein" |url=https://correctiv.org/faktencheck/gesellschaft/2019/07/18/nein-mithu-sanyal-hat-opfern-nicht-geraten-eine-vergewaltigung-koenne-auch-erleben-sein |access-date=2021-02-22 |publisher=Correctiv}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, Sanyal ta buga littafinta na farko, ''Identitti'', game da farfesa a ka'idar bayan mulkin mallaka wadda ta sanya wa kanta suna bayan allahiyar Hindu Saraswati kuma ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta fito daga zuriyar Indiya. Da ta bayyana cewa Bajamushe ce kuma ta yi duhu, sai aka faɗi abin da ya biyo baya daga mahangar ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibanta, Nivedita, wacce kamar Sanyal tana da uwa 'yar Poland da kuma uba 'yar Indiya. Ta hanyar amfani da sunan Identitti, Nivedita ita ce marubucin wani shafin yanar gizo da kuma wasu asusun sada zumunta da dama, inda take yin tsokaci kan batutuwa kamar wariyar launin fata, ƙaura, asalin jima'i da kuma yanayin siyasa da kuma asalin mutum. Wannan hali na Saraswati ya yi nuni ne ga lamarin [[Rahila Dolezal|Rachel Dolezal]] . Littafin ya sami ra'ayoyi masu kyau da yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kniebe |first=Tobias |date=17 February 2021 |title="Identitti", Roman von Mithu Sanyal: Chaos der Identitäten |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/mithu-sanyal-identitti-romandebuet-1.5209068 |access-date=29 April 2021 |website=[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]] |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kramatschek |first=Claudia |date=13 February 2021 |title=Mithu Sanyal: "Identitti" – Debatte im Schleudergang |url=https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/mithu-sanyal-identitti-debatte-im-schleudergang.950.de.html?dram:article_id=492428 |access-date=2021-04-29 |website=[[Deutschlandfunk Kultur]] |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Düker |first=Ronald |date=13 February 2021 |title="Identitti": "Literatur muss freundlich sein" |url=https://www.zeit.de/2021/07/identitti-mithu-sanyal-roman-identitaetspolitik-rassismus |access-date=2021-04-29 |website=[[Die Zeit]] |language=de}}</ref> A watan Oktoban 2021, an kwantar da Sanyal a Cibiyar PEN ta Jamus . <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2021 |title=PEN nimmt neue Mitglieder auf, darunter Mithu Sanyal, Sharon Dodua Otoo, Jo Lendle und Benedict Wells |url=https://www.pen-deutschland.de/de/2021/10/28/pen-nimmt-neue-mitglieder-auf-darunter-mithu-sanyal-sharon-dodua-otoo-jo-lendle-und-benedict-wells/ |access-date=2022-02-11 |website=PEN-Zentrum Deutschland}}</ref> Sanyal tana cikin membobin da suka bar ƙungiyar lokacin da ƙungiyar ta rabu saboda [[Mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine na 2022|mamayar da Rasha ta kai wa Ukraine]], kuma an zaɓe ta ta zama ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ƙungiyar PEN Berlin da aka kafa kwanan nan. Littafin Sanyal na shekarar 2024, ''Antichristie'', an daɗe ana saka shi a cikin jerin waɗanda za su fafata a kyautar littattafai ta Jamus . <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2024 |title=Die 20 nominierten Romane stehen fest |url=https://www.deutscher-buchpreis.de/news/eintrag/die-20-nominierten-romane-stehen-fest/ |website=[[Deutscher Buchpreis]] |language=de}}</ref> Sanyal da mijinta suna zaune a Düsseldorf-Oberbilk, Jamus. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=19 November 2016 |title=Mithu M. Sanyal: "Vergewaltigung ist kein Frauenthema" |url=https://rp-online.de/nrw/staedte/duesseldorf/vergewaltigung-ist-kein-frauenthema_aid-21499645 |access-date=2021-04-09 |website=[[Rheinische Post]] |language=de}}</ref> namiji da mace ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2018 |title=Der ewig postpubertäreTyp |url=https://www.ruprecht.de/2018/06/15/der-ewig-postpubertaeretyp/ |website=ruprecht |language=de}}</ref> Ta shaida wa mujallar ''Stern'' cewa ta yi zubar da ciki sau da yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2021 |title=Mithu Sanyal: "Zu meinem Leben gehören Kinder, aber auch Abtreibungen" |url=https://www.stern.de/gesellschaft/protokoll-einer-abtreibung---es-gibt-oft-nur-zwei-standpunkte--30551318.html |website=[[Stern (magazine)|Stern]] |language=de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] d8xy4xvq8naz9z8sn4aoqmbejbpml33 0 165088 905752 2026-08-21T19:51:38Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354997554|Jenny Erpenbeck]]" 905752 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jenny Erpenbeck''' ({{IPA|de|ˈdʒɛni ˈɛʁpm̩bɛk}} ; an haife ta a ranar 12 ga Maris 1967) <ref name="freiberger-nachrichten">{{Cite web |last=Erpenbeck |first=Jenny |date=18 April 2016 |title=Vom Ausgelieferstein |url=https://www.freiburger-nachrichten.ch/archiv/vom-ausgeliefertsein |access-date=5 February 2019 |language=de}}</ref> marubuciya ce kuma darektan wasan opera na Jamus. Ta lashe kyautar 2015 ta Almarar Ƙasashen Waje <nowiki><i id="mwEA">Mai Zaman Kanta</i></nowiki> don ''Ƙarshen Kwanaki'' da kuma kyautar Booker ta Duniya ta 2024 don ''Kairos'' . == Rayuwa == An haife ta a Gabashin Berlin, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jenny Erpenbeck |url=http://www.new-books-in-german.com/english/281/217/217/129002/design1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928051455/http://www.new-books-in-german.com/english/281/217/217/129002/design1.html |archive-date=28 September 2011 |access-date=17 April 2011 |publisher=New Books in German}}</ref> Erpenbeck 'yar masanin kimiyyar lissafi ce, masanin falsafa kuma marubuci {{Interlanguage link|John Erpenbeck|de}} da kuma mai fassarar Larabci Doris Kilias . <ref name="freiberger-nachrichten" /> Kakannin kakanninta, Fritz Erpenbeck da Hedda Zinner, dukkansu marubuta ne kuma membobin manyan masana al'adun Jamus ta Gabas. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2012 |title=Und immer wieder der Tod |url=https://www.zeit.de/2012/44/Jenny-Erpenbeck-Aller-Tage-Abend |access-date=5 February 2017 |publisher=Die Zeit}}</ref> A [[Berlin]] ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare Mai Ci Gaba, inda ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1985. Tun tana ƙarama, ta zauna a Italiya tsawon shekara ɗaya. Ta kammala aikin koyon aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu a matsayin mai haɗa littattafai kafin ta yi aiki a gidajen sinima da dama a matsayin mai kula da kayan ɗaki da kuma mai kula da tufafi. Daga shekarar 1988 zuwa 1990, Erpenbeck ta yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Humboldt ta Berlin . A shekarar 1990, ta canza karatunta zuwa Daraktan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Kiɗa (tana karatu tare da Ruth Berghaus, Heiner Müller da Peter Konwitschny ) a Hanns Eisler Music Conservatory . Bayan kammala karatunta cikin nasara a shekarar 1994, tare da shirya wasan opera na Béla Bartók ''Duke Bluebeard's Castle'' a cocin cocinta da kuma a Kunsthaus Tacheles, da farko ta shafe lokaci a matsayin mataimakiyar darakta a gidan opera da ke [[Graz]], inda a shekarar 1997 ta yi nata shirye-shiryen na [[Arnold Schoenberg|Schoenberg]] 's ''Erwartung'', da kuma ''Duke Bluebeard's Castle na'' Bartók da kuma wani shiri na farko na wasan kwaikwayo na ''Cats Have Seven Lives'' . A shekarar 1998, a matsayinta na darakta mai zaman kanta, ta jagoranci shirye-shirye a gidajen opera da dama a [[Jamus]] da [[Austriya|Austria]], ciki har da Monteverdi 's ''L'Orfeo'' in Aachen, ''Acis da Galatea'' in Berlin State Opera da kuma [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] 's ''Zaide'' in Nuremberg/Erlangen. A shekarun 1990, Erpenbeck ta fara aikin rubutu ban da daraktan ta. Daga baya ta ce, "ƙarshen tsarin da na sani, wanda na girma a ciki - wannan ya sa na rubuta." " Ita ce marubucin labaran da wasannin kwaikwayo : littafinta na farko a shekarar 1999, ''Geschichte vom alten Kind'' ( ''Tsohon Yaro'' ); a shekarar 2001, tarin labaranta ''Tand'' ( ''Trinkets'' ); a shekarar 2004, littafin ''Wörterbuch'' ( ''Littafin Kalmomi'' ); da kuma a shekarar 2008, littafin ''Heimsuchung'' ( ''Visitation'' ). A shekarar 2007, Erpenbeck ya karɓi wani rubutu da Nicole Krauss ke yi a kowane mako sau biyu a cikin jaridar ''Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung'' . A shekarar 2015, fassarar littafinta mai suna ''Aller Tage Abend'' ( [[The End of Days (book, 2015)|''The End of Days'']] ) na Susan Bernofsky ta Turanci ta lashe kyautar <nowiki><i id="mwbw">Independent</i></nowiki> Foreign Fiction Prize . A watan Satumba na 2023, an daɗe ana neman littafin ''Kairos'' na Turanci wanda Michael Hofmann ya rubuta don samun kyautar littattafai ta ƙasa don adabin da aka fassara A shekarar 2024, Erpenbeck ya zama marubuci na farko ɗan ƙasar Jamus da ya lashe kyautar Booker ta Duniya don ''Kairos'', wanda kuma shine littafin farko da aka rubuta da Jamusanci wanda ya lashe kyautar. "Shekaru talatin sun shude tun lokacin da ƙasar da aka haife ni ta ɓace, don haka zan iya yin ƙarfin halin duba baya in ɗauki lokaci na don yin bincike a hankali game da abin da na rayu ba tare da na san da hakan ba," in ji ta. An fassara ayyukan Erpenbeck zuwa harsunan Danish, Turanci, Faransanci, Girkanci, Ibrananci, Yaren mutanen Holland, Yaren mutanen Sweden, Slovene, Sifaniyanci, Hungarian, Jafananci, Koriyanci, Lithuania, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Larabci, Estonian, Turkish, Croatian da Finland. Erpenbeck tana zaune a [[Berlin]] tare da mijinta, jagoranta {{Interlanguage link|Wolfgang Bozic|de}}, da ɗanta. <ref name="freiberger-nachrichten" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] m1szwrawfce0xq8mtqofjac9by2juir 905753 905752 2026-08-21T19:52:03Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jenny Erpenbeck''' ({{IPA|de|ˈdʒɛni ˈɛʁpm̩bɛk}} ; an haife ta a ranar 12 ga Maris 1967) <ref name="freiberger-nachrichten">{{Cite web |last=Erpenbeck |first=Jenny |date=18 April 2016 |title=Vom Ausgelieferstein |url=https://www.freiburger-nachrichten.ch/archiv/vom-ausgeliefertsein |access-date=5 February 2019 |language=de}}</ref> marubuciya ce kuma darektan wasan opera na Jamus. Ta lashe kyautar 2015 ta Almarar Ƙasashen Waje <nowiki><i id="mwEA">Mai Zaman Kanta</i></nowiki> don ''Ƙarshen Kwanaki'' da kuma kyautar Booker ta Duniya ta 2024 don ''Kairos''. == Rayuwa == An haife ta a Gabashin Berlin, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jenny Erpenbeck |url=http://www.new-books-in-german.com/english/281/217/217/129002/design1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928051455/http://www.new-books-in-german.com/english/281/217/217/129002/design1.html |archive-date=28 September 2011 |access-date=17 April 2011 |publisher=New Books in German}}</ref> Erpenbeck 'yar masanin kimiyyar lissafi ce, masanin falsafa kuma marubuci {{Interlanguage link|John Erpenbeck|de}} da kuma mai fassarar Larabci Doris Kilias . <ref name="freiberger-nachrichten" /> Kakannin kakanninta, Fritz Erpenbeck da Hedda Zinner, dukkansu marubuta ne kuma membobin manyan masana al'adun Jamus ta Gabas. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2012 |title=Und immer wieder der Tod |url=https://www.zeit.de/2012/44/Jenny-Erpenbeck-Aller-Tage-Abend |access-date=5 February 2017 |publisher=Die Zeit}}</ref> A [[Berlin]] ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare Mai Ci Gaba, inda ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1985. Tun tana ƙarama, ta zauna a Italiya tsawon shekara ɗaya. Ta kammala aikin koyon aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu a matsayin mai haɗa littattafai kafin ta yi aiki a gidajen sinima da dama a matsayin mai kula da kayan ɗaki da kuma mai kula da tufafi. Daga shekarar 1988 zuwa 1990, Erpenbeck ta yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Humboldt ta Berlin . A shekarar 1990, ta canza karatunta zuwa Daraktan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Kiɗa (tana karatu tare da Ruth Berghaus, Heiner Müller da Peter Konwitschny ) a Hanns Eisler Music Conservatory . Bayan kammala karatunta cikin nasara a shekarar 1994, tare da shirya wasan opera na Béla Bartók ''Duke Bluebeard's Castle'' a cocin cocinta da kuma a Kunsthaus Tacheles, da farko ta shafe lokaci a matsayin mataimakiyar darakta a gidan opera da ke [[Graz]], inda a shekarar 1997 ta yi nata shirye-shiryen na [[Arnold Schoenberg|Schoenberg]] 's ''Erwartung'', da kuma ''Duke Bluebeard's Castle na'' Bartók da kuma wani shiri na farko na wasan kwaikwayo na ''Cats Have Seven Lives'' . A shekarar 1998, a matsayinta na darakta mai zaman kanta, ta jagoranci shirye-shirye a gidajen opera da dama a [[Jamus]] da [[Austriya|Austria]], ciki har da Monteverdi 's ''L'Orfeo'' in Aachen, ''Acis da Galatea'' in Berlin State Opera da kuma [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] 's ''Zaide'' in Nuremberg/Erlangen. A shekarun 1990, Erpenbeck ta fara aikin rubutu ban da daraktan ta. Daga baya ta ce, "ƙarshen tsarin da na sani, wanda na girma a ciki - wannan ya sa na rubuta." " Ita ce marubucin labaran da wasannin kwaikwayo : littafinta na farko a shekarar 1999, ''Geschichte vom alten Kind'' ( ''Tsohon Yaro'' ); a shekarar 2001, tarin labaranta ''Tand'' ( ''Trinkets'' ); a shekarar 2004, littafin ''Wörterbuch'' ( ''Littafin Kalmomi'' ); da kuma a shekarar 2008, littafin ''Heimsuchung'' ( ''Visitation'' ). A shekarar 2007, Erpenbeck ya karɓi wani rubutu da Nicole Krauss ke yi a kowane mako sau biyu a cikin jaridar ''Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung'' . A shekarar 2015, fassarar littafinta mai suna ''Aller Tage Abend'' ( [[The End of Days (book, 2015)|''The End of Days'']] ) na Susan Bernofsky ta Turanci ta lashe kyautar <nowiki><i id="mwbw">Independent</i></nowiki> Foreign Fiction Prize . A watan Satumba na 2023, an daɗe ana neman littafin ''Kairos'' na Turanci wanda Michael Hofmann ya rubuta don samun kyautar littattafai ta ƙasa don adabin da aka fassara A shekarar 2024, Erpenbeck ya zama marubuci na farko ɗan ƙasar Jamus da ya lashe kyautar Booker ta Duniya don ''Kairos'', wanda kuma shine littafin farko da aka rubuta da Jamusanci wanda ya lashe kyautar. "Shekaru talatin sun shude tun lokacin da ƙasar da aka haife ni ta ɓace, don haka zan iya yin ƙarfin halin duba baya in ɗauki lokaci na don yin bincike a hankali game da abin da na rayu ba tare da na san da hakan ba," in ji ta. An fassara ayyukan Erpenbeck zuwa harsunan Danish, Turanci, Faransanci, Girkanci, Ibrananci, Yaren mutanen Holland, Yaren mutanen Sweden, Slovene, Sifaniyanci, Hungarian, Jafananci, Koriyanci, Lithuania, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Larabci, Estonian, Turkish, Croatian da Finland. Erpenbeck tana zaune a [[Berlin]] tare da mijinta, jagoranta {{Interlanguage link|Wolfgang Bozic|de}}, da ɗanta. <ref name="freiberger-nachrichten" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] mmpv0re92e7b5osflgiwbtyxdaexks2 0 165089 905754 2026-08-21T19:53:43Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367487793|Rebecca Gablé]]" 905754 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rebecca Gablé''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Satumba 1964) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus a fannin almarar tarihi . An fi sanin Gablé da littattafanta na jarumtaka na zamanin da. Tana kuma aiki a matsayin mai fassara adabi daga Turanci. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da Settlers of Catan bisa ga wasan allo. == Rayuwa == An haifi Gable a Mönchengladbach. Bayan ta bar makaranta, a shekarar 1984 ta fara koyon aiki na shekara ɗaya a matsayin ma'aikacin banki mai koyon aiki. Aikin koyon aiki na shekara ɗaya ya zama shekaru huɗu a matsayin ma'aikacin banki. Tana zaune kusa da sansanin soja da rundunar sojin sama ta Birtaniya ke amfani da shi. Wannan ya haifar da sha'awar harshen Ingilishi da al'adunsa, wanda ake nunawa akai-akai a cikin rubuce-rubucenta na baya-bayan nan. <ref name="OFlautOFZue">{{Cite web |title=Rebecca Gablé |url=https://www.orellfuessli.ch/shop/rebecca-gable/show/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102131455/https://www.orellfuessli.ch/shop/rebecca-gable/show/ |archive-date=2 January 2022 |access-date=2 January 2022 |website=Bestseller-Autoren .... Die Autorin im Portrait |publisher=Orell Füssli Thalia AG (Der Orell-Füssli-Newsletter), Zürich (Der Orell-Füssli-Newsletter)}}</ref> <ref name="RGlautPetra">{{Cite web |last="Petra" |title=Rebecca Gablé |url=https://www.myfanbase.de/literatur/autoren/?peopleid=718 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102131455/https://www.myfanbase.de/literatur/autoren/?peopleid=718 |archive-date=2 January 2022 |access-date=2 January 2022 |publisher=myFanbase GmbH, Herne}}</ref> Ta yi karatu a Dusseldorf, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Adabin Turanci na Tsakiyar Zamani. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebecca Gable |url=https://atlantic-books.co.uk/contributor/rebecca-gable/ |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=Atlantic Books |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wannan ci gaban kasuwanci ya zo ne a shekarar 1997 da littafinta na farko mai suna "Das Lächeln der Fortuna" (Murmushin Fortuna), wanda a shekarar farko bayan wallafa shi aka sayar da kusan kwafi 200,000. Daga 1999 zuwa 2000, ta kasance malamar jami'a a Jami'ar Heinrich Heine Düsseldorf a fannin adabin Turanci na Tsoffin Turawa. A shekara ta 2000 ta buga "Das zweite Königreich" (The Second Kingdom), wani littafin tarihi. Tun daga lokacin, Gáblé ya koma ga rubuta littattafan tarihi, waɗanda duk suka shiga cikin jerin waɗanda suka fi sayarwa. Baya ga jerin littattafan da ke ci gaba da gudana game da tarihin dangin Waringham (na almara), wanda ke da alaƙa da gidajen sarauta na Ingila na Tsakiyar Zamani da farkon zamanin zamani, Gáblé ya rubuta wasu littattafai, waɗanda kuma suka taka rawa a Tsakiyar Zamani. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] pfps7db1kmhc2haj8ix0ttj7wzr9gxp 905755 905754 2026-08-21T19:54:05Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rebecca Gablé''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Satumba 1964) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus a fannin almarar tarihi . An fi sanin Gablé da littattafanta na jarumtaka na zamanin da. Tana kuma aiki a matsayin mai fassara adabi daga Turanci. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da Settlers of Catan bisa ga wasan allo. == Rayuwa == An haifi Gable a Mönchengladbach. Bayan ta bar makaranta, a shekarar 1984 ta fara koyon aiki na shekara ɗaya a matsayin ma'aikacin banki mai koyon aiki. Aikin koyon aiki na shekara ɗaya ya zama shekaru huɗu a matsayin ma'aikacin banki. Tana zaune kusa da sansanin soja da rundunar sojin sama ta Birtaniya ke amfani da shi. Wannan ya haifar da sha'awar harshen Ingilishi da al'adunsa, wanda ake nunawa akai-akai a cikin rubuce-rubucenta na baya-bayan nan. <ref name="OFlautOFZue">{{Cite web |title=Rebecca Gablé |url=https://www.orellfuessli.ch/shop/rebecca-gable/show/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102131455/https://www.orellfuessli.ch/shop/rebecca-gable/show/ |archive-date=2 January 2022 |access-date=2 January 2022 |website=Bestseller-Autoren .... Die Autorin im Portrait |publisher=Orell Füssli Thalia AG (Der Orell-Füssli-Newsletter), Zürich (Der Orell-Füssli-Newsletter)}}</ref> <ref name="RGlautPetra">{{Cite web |last="Petra" |title=Rebecca Gablé |url=https://www.myfanbase.de/literatur/autoren/?peopleid=718 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102131455/https://www.myfanbase.de/literatur/autoren/?peopleid=718 |archive-date=2 January 2022 |access-date=2 January 2022 |publisher=myFanbase GmbH, Herne}}</ref> Ta yi karatu a Dusseldorf, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Adabin Turanci na Tsakiyar Zamani. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebecca Gable |url=https://atlantic-books.co.uk/contributor/rebecca-gable/ |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=Atlantic Books |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wannan ci gaban kasuwanci ya zo ne a shekarar 1997 da littafinta na farko mai suna "Das Lächeln der Fortuna" (Murmushin Fortuna), wanda a shekarar farko bayan wallafa shi aka sayar da kusan kwafi 200,000. Daga 1999 zuwa 2000, ta kasance malamar jami'a a Jami'ar Heinrich Heine Düsseldorf a fannin adabin Turanci na Tsoffin Turawa. A shekara ta 2000 ta buga "Das zweite Königreich" (The Second Kingdom), wani littafin tarihi. Tun daga lokacin, Gáblé ya koma ga rubuta littattafan tarihi, waɗanda duk suka shiga cikin jerin waɗanda suka fi sayarwa. Baya ga jerin littattafan da ke ci gaba da gudana game da tarihin dangin Waringham (na almara), wanda ke da alaƙa da gidajen sarauta na Ingila na Tsakiyar Zamani da farkon zamanin zamani, Gáblé ya rubuta wasu littattafai, waɗanda kuma suka taka rawa a Tsakiyar Zamani. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 4wxsxnj3y8zynx321tnqn0arebnbd5t 0 165090 905756 2026-08-21T19:56:05Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351628567|Ilka Stitz]]" 905756 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Ilka_stitz.jpg|thumb| Ilka Stitz]] '''Ilka Stitz''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 1960) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus a fannin fina-finan tarihi. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Stitz a [[Hanover]], Jamus. Ta yi karatun tarihin zane-zane, nazarin Jamusanci da kuma ilmin kayan tarihi na gargajiya a [[Göttingen]] da [[Köln|Cologne]] . Sha'awarta ga tarihin Romawa da kuma ziyartar wuraren tarihi da yawa a Turkiyya ya zaburar da ita wajen rubuta littattafan tarihi. Yanzu haka tana zaune kuma tana aiki a [[Köln|Cologne]]. Tare da Karola Hagemann, ta kafa marubuta biyu na Hagemann & Stitz, waɗanda a ƙarƙashin sunan "Malachy Hyde" har yanzu sun rubuta littattafai shida da gajerun labarai biyar. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] 34cpjr2n5dywgelbcyz5lasvzjaxjks 905758 905756 2026-08-21T19:56:30Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351628567|Ilka Stitz]]" 905758 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Ilka_stitz.jpg|thumb| Ilka Stitz]] '''Ilka Stitz''' (an haife ta a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 1960) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus a fannin fina-finan tarihi. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Stitz a [[Hanover]], Jamus. Ta yi karatun tarihin zane-zane, nazarin Jamusanci da kuma ilmin kayan tarihi na gargajiya a [[Göttingen]] da [[Köln|Cologne]]. Sha'awarta ga tarihin Romawa da kuma ziyartar wuraren tarihi da yawa a Turkiyya ya zaburar da ita wajen rubuta littattafan tarihi. Yanzu haka tana zaune kuma tana aiki a [[Köln|Cologne]]. Tare da Karola Hagemann, ta kafa marubuta biyu na Hagemann & Stitz, waɗanda a ƙarƙashin sunan "Malachy Hyde" har yanzu sun rubuta littattafai shida da gajerun labarai biyar. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] s1i09t56qrjw6xfsy7ir2ebg43unxer 905759 905758 2026-08-21T19:56:49Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Ilka_stitz.jpg|thumb| Ilka Stitz]] '''Ilka Stitz''' (an haife ta a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 1960) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus a fannin fina-finan tarihi. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Stitz a [[Hanover]], Jamus. Ta yi karatun tarihin zane-zane, nazarin Jamusanci da kuma ilmin kayan tarihi na gargajiya a [[Göttingen]] da [[Köln|Cologne]]. Sha'awarta ga tarihin Romawa da kuma ziyartar wuraren tarihi da yawa a Turkiyya ya zaburar da ita wajen rubuta littattafan tarihi. Yanzu haka tana zaune kuma tana aiki a [[Köln|Cologne]]. Tare da Karola Hagemann, ta kafa marubuta biyu na Hagemann & Stitz, waɗanda a ƙarƙashin sunan "Malachy Hyde" har yanzu sun rubuta littattafai shida da gajerun labarai biyar. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] 7grpwo29mz9tc67cnru8cjyjqw8kzix 0 165091 905760 2026-08-21T19:58:03Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351628561|Elke Schmitter]]" 905760 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Elke_Schmitter.jpg|thumb| Elke Schmitter a Leipzig Book Fair 2012]] '''Elke Schmitter''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Janairu 1961, [[Krefeld]], [[Yammacin Jamus]] ) 'yar jarida ce ta Jamus, marubuciya kuma mawaƙiya. Bayan ta karanci falsafa a [[München|Munich]], Schmitter ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida har zuwa shekarar 1994, lokacin da ta zama marubuciya ta cikakken lokaci. Littafinta na farko da aka fassara zuwa Turanci shine ''Mrs Sartoris'', da aka buga a Jamusanci a shekara ta 2000 da kuma Turanci a shekara ta 2003,{{ISBN|978-0-375-72614-9}} . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] fbnk2dxu76bty5u5ju4bexn4ke2its4 905761 905760 2026-08-21T19:58:36Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Elke_Schmitter.jpg|thumb| Elke Schmitter a Leipzig Book Fair 2012]] '''Elke Schmitter''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Janairu 1961, [[Krefeld]], [[Yammacin Jamus]] ) 'yar jarida ce ta Jamus, marubuciya kuma mawaƙiya. Bayan ta karanci falsafa a [[München|Munich]], Schmitter ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida har zuwa shekarar 1994, lokacin da ta zama marubuciya ta cikakken lokaci. Littafinta na farko da aka fassara zuwa Turanci shine ''Mrs Sartoris'', da aka buga a Jamusanci a shekara ta 2000 da kuma Turanci a shekara ta 2003,{{ISBN|978-0-375-72614-9}} . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] dybzik7l004fs6z4eu9u8hagyjkcyd5 0 165092 905762 2026-08-21T19:59:39Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351628300|Ginka Steinwachs]]" 905762 wikitext text/x-wiki 'Yar Walter S. Steinwachs da Hildegard Feist, an haife ta '''Gisela Steinwachs''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ginka Steinwachs |url=http://www.munzinger.de/search/portrait/Ginka+Steinwachs/0/22653.html |publisher=Munzinger |language=de}}</ref> a [[Göttingen]] kuma ta yi karatu a [[München|Munich]], [[Berlin]] da [[Faris|Paris]] . <ref name="arche">{{Cite web |title=Ginka Steinwachs |url=http://www.arche-editeur.com/agence-catalogue.php?auteur=317#bio |publisher=L'Arche Editeur |language=fr}}</ref> Daga baya aka buga takardar digirin digirgir ɗinta kan André Breton a matsayin ''Mythologie des Surrealismus'' . Steinwachs ya yi lacca a jami'o'i da dama a Faransa da Jamus. Ta auri Tilbert Stegmann. Tun daga shekarar 2000, tana zaune a Berlin. <ref name="arche" /> * kyautar adabi ta birnin Erlangen * kyautar adabi ta birnin Munich * Prix Hubert Fichte na birnin Hamburg <ref name="arche" /> == Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka == Tushe: * ''Tränende Herzen'' (Zukaciya masu kuka), wasa (1977) ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UWYJdz6l0pc ) * ''Marylinparis'', labari (1978) * ''Berliner Trichter.'' ''Bilderbogen'' (Shafin Berlin Funnel/Hot) (1979) * ''George Sand'', wasan kwaikwayo (1980) * ''Ein Mund von Welt'' (Baki mai cike da duniya), prose (1989) * ''Vollmund'' (cikakkiyar baki), magana (1991) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] ge4lb0p2jv9zb2gglyu2aagkbrc852n 905763 905762 2026-08-21T19:59:57Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} 'Yar Walter S. Steinwachs da Hildegard Feist, an haife ta '''Gisela Steinwachs''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ginka Steinwachs |url=http://www.munzinger.de/search/portrait/Ginka+Steinwachs/0/22653.html |publisher=Munzinger |language=de}}</ref> a [[Göttingen]] kuma ta yi karatu a [[München|Munich]], [[Berlin]] da [[Faris|Paris]] . <ref name="arche">{{Cite web |title=Ginka Steinwachs |url=http://www.arche-editeur.com/agence-catalogue.php?auteur=317#bio |publisher=L'Arche Editeur |language=fr}}</ref> Daga baya aka buga takardar digirin digirgir ɗinta kan André Breton a matsayin ''Mythologie des Surrealismus'' . Steinwachs ya yi lacca a jami'o'i da dama a Faransa da Jamus. Ta auri Tilbert Stegmann. Tun daga shekarar 2000, tana zaune a Berlin. <ref name="arche" /> * kyautar adabi ta birnin Erlangen * kyautar adabi ta birnin Munich * Prix Hubert Fichte na birnin Hamburg <ref name="arche" /> == Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka == Tushe: * ''Tränende Herzen'' (Zukaciya masu kuka), wasa (1977) ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UWYJdz6l0pc ) * ''Marylinparis'', labari (1978) * ''Berliner Trichter.'' ''Bilderbogen'' (Shafin Berlin Funnel/Hot) (1979) * ''George Sand'', wasan kwaikwayo (1980) * ''Ein Mund von Welt'' (Baki mai cike da duniya), prose (1989) * ''Vollmund'' (cikakkiyar baki), magana (1991) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] na05p6cl7qc842sjh6ulrusl6jg881g 0 165093 905764 2026-08-21T20:01:27Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364771139|Gertrud von Puttkamer]]" 905764 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baroness Gertrud von Puttkamer''' ( ''Gertrud Freifrau von Puttkamer'' a cikin [[Jamusanci]] ; an haife shi '''Gertrud Günther''', 4 Afrilu 1881&nbsp;– 27 ko 30 Satumba 1944), wacce aka fi sani da sunanta na alkalami '''Marie-Madeleine''', marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus a fannin adabin [[Maɗigo|batsa]] da waƙoƙin 'yan madigo . Littafinta na farko, ''Auf Kypros'', ya sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan ɗaya a rayuwarta. == Rayuwa == An haifi Gertrud Günther a ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 1881 a Eydtkuhnen (yanzu yana gundumar Nesterovsky, [[Kaliningrad Oblast]], [[Rasha]] ), Gabashin Prussia a Masarautar Prussia ga iyayen Yahudawa. Mahaifinta Karl Günther ne, ɗan kasuwa, mahaifiyarta kuma Emmy Siemssen, matar gida. Ta girma a cikin al'ummar Yahudawa masu matsakaicin matsayi na Eydtkuhnen. A shekara ta 1900, tana da shekaru goma sha tara, ta auri Baron Heinrich Georg Ludwig von Puttkamer, wani memba na manyan mutanen Pomeranian wanda ya girme ta da shekaru 35. Bayan aurenta, Baroness von Puttkamer ta koma wani gida tare da mijinta a Grunewald, Berlin kuma ta kan yi tafiya zuwa [[Vienna]], [[Faris|Paris]], [[Nice]], da Monte Carlo inda ta yi mu'amala da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood, sarakunan Turai da manyan mutane, masu fasaha, da marubuta kuma ta fara amfani da morphine a matsayin nishaɗi. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Ferranti |first=Seth |date=3 September 2018 |title=The Morphine Queen Who Defied the Nazis |url=https://www.ozy.com/flashback/the-morphine-queen-who-defied-the-nazis/85816 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123131801/https://www.ozy.com/flashback/the-morphine-queen-who-defied-the-nazis/85816 |archive-date=23 November 2018 |access-date=4 June 2018}}</ref> A cikin littafinta mai suna ''Morphium'', von Puttkamer ta bayyana yadda shan morphine ya fara a shekarar 1914 lokacin da likita ya yi mata allurar maganin don kwantar da baƙin cikin da ba za a iya jurewa ba a lokacin da mijinta ke kan gadon mutuwa. == Rubutu == A shekarar 1900, von Puttkamer ta buga littafinta na farko na waƙoƙi a ƙarƙashin sunan alkalami ''Marie-Madeleine'', {{Sfn|Killy|Vierhaus|2011}} mai taken ''Auf Kypros'', wanda tarin waƙoƙin batsa ne masu jigogi na 'yan madigo. ''Auf Kypros'' ya zama fitaccen mai sayar da littattafai a duk faɗin Daular Jamus, musamman a cikin manyan al'umma. A lokacin, ana ganin aikinta ya saba wa ƙa'idodin zamantakewa game da ɗabi'a kuma har ma an ɗauke shi a matsayin batsa. <ref name="auto" /> A cikin shekaru goma sha huɗu masu zuwa, von Puttkamer ya buga ƙarin littattafai 28, waɗanda suka haɗa da waƙoƙi, gajerun labarai, wasan kwaikwayo da littattafai. Zuwa shekarar 1910, rubuce-rubucenta ba wai kawai sun mayar da hankali kan soyayyar 'yan madigo ba ne, har ma da amfani da morphine. <ref name="auto" /> A ƙarshen rayuwarta, von Puttkamer ta rubuta ayyuka sama da 46. <ref name="feralhouse.com">{{Cite web |title=Priestess Of Morphine |url=http://feralhouse.com/priestess-of-morphine/}}</ref> == Daga baya rayuwa da mutuwa == A lokacin mulkin mallaka na uku, 'yan Nazi sun gano asalin von Puttkamer. A shekarar 1932, an yi Allah wadai da rubuce-rubucenta a matsayin marasa kyau kuma aka ba da umarnin a ƙone su . <ref name="feralhouse.com" /> A shekarar 1943, an yi mata alƙawarin zuwa wani wurin kula da marasa lafiya a Katzenelnbogen a ƙarƙashin zargin cewa tana maganin jarabar morphine. <ref name="feralhouse.com" /> Ta mutu a ranar 27 ko 30 ga Satumba, 1944, a lokacin da take ƙarƙashin kulawar likitocin Nazi. <ref name="auto" /> == Gado == A shekarar 2016, an fassara ayyukan Baroness von Puttkamer da aka sake ganowa zuwa Turanci kuma aka tattara su zuwa littafin ''Priess of Morphine: The Lost Writings of Marie-Madeleine in the Time of Nazis'' na Ronald K. Siegel . <ref name="auto" /> Wani wasan kwaikwayo na opera game da rayuwar von Puttkamer, ''Firist na Morphine: Nazarin Forensic na Marie-Madeleine a Lokacin Nazi'', mawakiya Rosśa Crean da marubuci Aiden K. Feltkamp ne suka ƙirƙira kuma suka yi rikodin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Monaghan |first=Tracy |date=2021-04-22 |title=The Priestess of Morphine Explores Lesbian Erotic Poet Marie-Madeleine's Identity |url=https://icareifyoulisten.com/2021/04/the-priestess-of-morphine-explores-lesbian-erotic-poet-marie-madeleine-identity/ |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=I CARE IF YOU LISTEN |language=en-US}}</ref> An fara nuna sigar wasan kwaikwayo a shekarar 2019 a Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyyar Tiyata na Duniya da ke Chicago <ref>{{Cite web |last=Salazar |first=David |date=2019-06-06 |title=International Museum of Surgical Science To Present World Premiere of 'The Priestess of Morphine' |url=https://operawire.com/international-museum-of-surgical-science-to-present-world-premiere-of-the-priestess-of-morphine/ |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=OperaWire |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma an ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo a Perth, Ostiraliya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-02 |title=Review: The Priestess of Morphine at The Blue Room Theatre |url=https://xpressmag.com.au/review-the-priestess-of-morphine-at-the-blue-room-theatre/ |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=X-Press Magazine - Entertainment in Perth |language=en-AU}}</ref> == Manazarta == tfiu7h8xq3y0aa215or85m8gbebitrv 905765 905764 2026-08-21T20:01:47Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Baroness Gertrud von Puttkamer''' ( ''Gertrud Freifrau von Puttkamer'' a cikin [[Jamusanci]] ; an haife shi '''Gertrud Günther''', 4 Afrilu 1881&nbsp;– 27 ko 30 Satumba 1944), wacce aka fi sani da sunanta na alkalami '''Marie-Madeleine''', marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus a fannin adabin [[Maɗigo|batsa]] da waƙoƙin 'yan madigo . Littafinta na farko, ''Auf Kypros'', ya sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan ɗaya a rayuwarta. == Rayuwa == An haifi Gertrud Günther a ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 1881 a Eydtkuhnen (yanzu yana gundumar Nesterovsky, [[Kaliningrad Oblast]], [[Rasha]] ), Gabashin Prussia a Masarautar Prussia ga iyayen Yahudawa. Mahaifinta Karl Günther ne, ɗan kasuwa, mahaifiyarta kuma Emmy Siemssen, matar gida. Ta girma a cikin al'ummar Yahudawa masu matsakaicin matsayi na Eydtkuhnen. A shekara ta 1900, tana da shekaru goma sha tara, ta auri Baron Heinrich Georg Ludwig von Puttkamer, wani memba na manyan mutanen Pomeranian wanda ya girme ta da shekaru 35. Bayan aurenta, Baroness von Puttkamer ta koma wani gida tare da mijinta a Grunewald, Berlin kuma ta kan yi tafiya zuwa [[Vienna]], [[Faris|Paris]], [[Nice]], da Monte Carlo inda ta yi mu'amala da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood, sarakunan Turai da manyan mutane, masu fasaha, da marubuta kuma ta fara amfani da morphine a matsayin nishaɗi. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Ferranti |first=Seth |date=3 September 2018 |title=The Morphine Queen Who Defied the Nazis |url=https://www.ozy.com/flashback/the-morphine-queen-who-defied-the-nazis/85816 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123131801/https://www.ozy.com/flashback/the-morphine-queen-who-defied-the-nazis/85816 |archive-date=23 November 2018 |access-date=4 June 2018}}</ref> A cikin littafinta mai suna ''Morphium'', von Puttkamer ta bayyana yadda shan morphine ya fara a shekarar 1914 lokacin da likita ya yi mata allurar maganin don kwantar da baƙin cikin da ba za a iya jurewa ba a lokacin da mijinta ke kan gadon mutuwa. == Rubutu == A shekarar 1900, von Puttkamer ta buga littafinta na farko na waƙoƙi a ƙarƙashin sunan alkalami ''Marie-Madeleine'', {{Sfn|Killy|Vierhaus|2011}} mai taken ''Auf Kypros'', wanda tarin waƙoƙin batsa ne masu jigogi na 'yan madigo. ''Auf Kypros'' ya zama fitaccen mai sayar da littattafai a duk faɗin Daular Jamus, musamman a cikin manyan al'umma. A lokacin, ana ganin aikinta ya saba wa ƙa'idodin zamantakewa game da ɗabi'a kuma har ma an ɗauke shi a matsayin batsa. <ref name="auto" /> A cikin shekaru goma sha huɗu masu zuwa, von Puttkamer ya buga ƙarin littattafai 28, waɗanda suka haɗa da waƙoƙi, gajerun labarai, wasan kwaikwayo da littattafai. Zuwa shekarar 1910, rubuce-rubucenta ba wai kawai sun mayar da hankali kan soyayyar 'yan madigo ba ne, har ma da amfani da morphine. <ref name="auto" /> A ƙarshen rayuwarta, von Puttkamer ta rubuta ayyuka sama da 46. <ref name="feralhouse.com">{{Cite web |title=Priestess Of Morphine |url=http://feralhouse.com/priestess-of-morphine/}}</ref> == Daga baya rayuwa da mutuwa == A lokacin mulkin mallaka na uku, 'yan Nazi sun gano asalin von Puttkamer. A shekarar 1932, an yi Allah wadai da rubuce-rubucenta a matsayin marasa kyau kuma aka ba da umarnin a ƙone su . <ref name="feralhouse.com" /> A shekarar 1943, an yi mata alƙawarin zuwa wani wurin kula da marasa lafiya a Katzenelnbogen a ƙarƙashin zargin cewa tana maganin jarabar morphine. <ref name="feralhouse.com" /> Ta mutu a ranar 27 ko 30 ga Satumba, 1944, a lokacin da take ƙarƙashin kulawar likitocin Nazi. <ref name="auto" /> == Gado == A shekarar 2016, an fassara ayyukan Baroness von Puttkamer da aka sake ganowa zuwa Turanci kuma aka tattara su zuwa littafin ''Priess of Morphine: The Lost Writings of Marie-Madeleine in the Time of Nazis'' na Ronald K. Siegel . <ref name="auto" /> Wani wasan kwaikwayo na opera game da rayuwar von Puttkamer, ''Firist na Morphine: Nazarin Forensic na Marie-Madeleine a Lokacin Nazi'', mawakiya Rosśa Crean da marubuci Aiden K. Feltkamp ne suka ƙirƙira kuma suka yi rikodin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Monaghan |first=Tracy |date=2021-04-22 |title=The Priestess of Morphine Explores Lesbian Erotic Poet Marie-Madeleine's Identity |url=https://icareifyoulisten.com/2021/04/the-priestess-of-morphine-explores-lesbian-erotic-poet-marie-madeleine-identity/ |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=I CARE IF YOU LISTEN |language=en-US}}</ref> An fara nuna sigar wasan kwaikwayo a shekarar 2019 a Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyyar Tiyata na Duniya da ke Chicago <ref>{{Cite web |last=Salazar |first=David |date=2019-06-06 |title=International Museum of Surgical Science To Present World Premiere of 'The Priestess of Morphine' |url=https://operawire.com/international-museum-of-surgical-science-to-present-world-premiere-of-the-priestess-of-morphine/ |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=OperaWire |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma an ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo a Perth, Ostiraliya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-02 |title=Review: The Priestess of Morphine at The Blue Room Theatre |url=https://xpressmag.com.au/review-the-priestess-of-morphine-at-the-blue-room-theatre/ |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=X-Press Magazine - Entertainment in Perth |language=en-AU}}</ref> == Manazarta == 1682vi1k960856v80i4041yytuvhr1k 0 165094 905766 2026-08-21T20:02:46Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351628037|Brigitte Birnbaum]]" 905766 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brigitte Birnbaum''' (29 ga Mayu 1938 - 23 ga Fabrairu 2024 <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2024 |title=A double professional colleague of Theodor Fontane - EDITION digital mourns the loss of author Brigitte Birnbaum |url=https://www.lifepr.de/pressemitteilung/edition-digital-pekrul-sohn-gbr/eine-doppelte-berufskollegin-von-theodor-fontane-edition-digital-trauert-um-autorin-brigitte-birnbaum/boxid/978332 |access-date=31 March 2024 |language=de}}</ref> ) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus wadda ta rubuta littattafai, musamman ga yara da matasa. == Rayuwa == An haifi Brigitte Birnbaum (wanda kuma Birnbaum-Fiedler ne) a Elbing (kamar yadda aka san ta a wancan lokacin), wani gari mai masana'antu da cibiyar gudanarwa a Gabashin Prussia, kusa da bakin teku tsakanin Danzig da Königsberg . [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙi]] ya ɓarke jim kaɗan bayan cikarta ta farko. A shekarar 1945, iyalinta sun shiga cikin "tsarkakewar ƙabilanci" na lokacin, wanda ya ƙare a Mecklenburg, yankin arewacin abin da yanzu ya zama yankin mamayar Soviet (bayan Oktoba 1949 Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Jamus ). Ta ci jarrabawar kammala karatunta ( <nowiki><i id="mwHQ">Abitur</i></nowiki> ), wani cikas da ya zama dole a kan hanyarta ta zuwa matakin jami'a, kuma ta fara koyon aiki a matsayin mataimakin likitan magunguna . Ta kuma shafe shekaru uku tana nazarin adabi a Cibiyar Adabi ta Jamus da ke [[Leipzig]] . Da take riƙe da digirinta, ta zama dillalin littattafai na gargajiya. Littattafan ta na yara sun fara bayyana a farkon shekarun 1960. Ta zauna a Schwerin tsakanin 1960 da 2003, tana tallafa wa kanta a matsayin marubuciya mai zaman kanta, a hukumance, tun daga 1968. Ta zauna a [[Hamburg]] tsawon shekaru goma daga shekarar 2003, bayan haka ta koma Schwerin. == Lambobin yabo da girmamawa == * Kyautar Fasaha ta 1985 ta Ƙungiyar Abokantaka tsakanin Jamus da Soviet == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] 73os9qoqqr271wlpahu718vvlolfz88 905767 905766 2026-08-21T20:03:02Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Brigitte Birnbaum''' (29 ga Mayu 1938 - 23 ga Fabrairu 2024 <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2024 |title=A double professional colleague of Theodor Fontane - EDITION digital mourns the loss of author Brigitte Birnbaum |url=https://www.lifepr.de/pressemitteilung/edition-digital-pekrul-sohn-gbr/eine-doppelte-berufskollegin-von-theodor-fontane-edition-digital-trauert-um-autorin-brigitte-birnbaum/boxid/978332 |access-date=31 March 2024 |language=de}}</ref> ) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus wadda ta rubuta littattafai, musamman ga yara da matasa. == Rayuwa == An haifi Brigitte Birnbaum (wanda kuma Birnbaum-Fiedler ne) a Elbing (kamar yadda aka san ta a wancan lokacin), wani gari mai masana'antu da cibiyar gudanarwa a Gabashin Prussia, kusa da bakin teku tsakanin Danzig da Königsberg . [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙi]] ya ɓarke jim kaɗan bayan cikarta ta farko. A shekarar 1945, iyalinta sun shiga cikin "tsarkakewar ƙabilanci" na lokacin, wanda ya ƙare a Mecklenburg, yankin arewacin abin da yanzu ya zama yankin mamayar Soviet (bayan Oktoba 1949 Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Jamus ). Ta ci jarrabawar kammala karatunta ( <nowiki><i id="mwHQ">Abitur</i></nowiki> ), wani cikas da ya zama dole a kan hanyarta ta zuwa matakin jami'a, kuma ta fara koyon aiki a matsayin mataimakin likitan magunguna . Ta kuma shafe shekaru uku tana nazarin adabi a Cibiyar Adabi ta Jamus da ke [[Leipzig]] . Da take riƙe da digirinta, ta zama dillalin littattafai na gargajiya. Littattafan ta na yara sun fara bayyana a farkon shekarun 1960. Ta zauna a Schwerin tsakanin 1960 da 2003, tana tallafa wa kanta a matsayin marubuciya mai zaman kanta, a hukumance, tun daga 1968. Ta zauna a [[Hamburg]] tsawon shekaru goma daga shekarar 2003, bayan haka ta koma Schwerin. == Lambobin yabo da girmamawa == * Kyautar Fasaha ta 1985 ta Ƙungiyar Abokantaka tsakanin Jamus da Soviet == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] 9d0z1p8jenf1deu07hmnzt8v1fppv0z 0 165095 905768 2026-08-21T20:04:32Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352408654|Petra Morsbach]]" 905768 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Petra Morsbach''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1956) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Morsbach a Zurich, amma ya girma a Jamus. Ta yi karatu a LMU Munich da Leningrad Theater Academy . <ref name="mittelbayerische">{{Cite web |title=Jean-Paul-Preis für Petra Morsbach |url=https://www.mittelbayerische.de/kultur-nachrichten/jean-paul-preis-fuer-petra-morsbach-21853-art950523.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607151235/https://www.mittelbayerische.de/kultur-nachrichten/jean-paul-preis-fuer-petra-morsbach-21853-art950523.html |archive-date=7 June 2019 |access-date=7 June 2019 |website=Mittelbayerische Zeitung |language=de}}</ref> Littafin Morsbach na farko, ''Plötzlich ist es Abend'' ( ''Suddenly it's Evening'' ), an buga shi a shekarar 1995 kuma ya biyo bayan rayuwar wata mata 'yar Rasha wadda [[Joseph Stalin]] ya gurfanar da iyalinta a gaban kuliya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Plötzlich ist es Abend |url=https://www.randomhouse.de/Taschenbuch/Ploetzlich-ist-es-Abend/Petra-Morsbach/Penguin/e546569.rhd |access-date=7 June 2019 |website=Verlagsgruppe Random House |language=de}}</ref> An buga littafinta na biyu mai suna ''Opernroman'' a shekarar 1998 kuma an gina shi ne bisa gogewar Morsbach a fannin wasan kwaikwayo tsawon shekaru goma. An kafa shi a cikin garin almara na Neustadt am Rhein kuma yana mai da hankali kan kamfanin wasan opera na gida a tsawon lokaci. An buga littafinta mai suna ''Gottesdiener'' ( ''Bawan Allah'' ) a shekarar 2004 kuma ya bi rayuwar wani tsohon firist na Katolika. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gottesdiener |url=https://www.randomhouse.de/Taschenbuch/Gottesdiener/Petra-Morsbach/Penguin/e546548.rhd |access-date=8 June 2019 |website=Verlagsgruppe Random House |language=de}}</ref> Ta lashe kyautar Jean-Paul-Preis da littafinta na 2013, ''Dichterliebe'' wanda ya mayar da hankali kan wani mawaƙi wanda ke fuskantar rikicin rayuwa. <ref name="mittelbayerische" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2013 |title=Petra Morsbach: Dichterliebe |url=https://www.zeit.de/angebote/buchtipp/morsbach/index |access-date=8 June 2019 |website=[[Die Zeit]] |language=de-DE}}</ref> An buga littafinta mai suna ''Justizpalast'' ( ''Palast of Justice'' ) a shekarar 2017 kuma ta lashe kyautar adabi ta Wilhelm Raabe . Littafin tarihin rayuwar wani alkali mai suna Thirza Zorniger ne. Morsbach ya shafe shekaru tara yana bincike kan tsarin shari'a don littafin. Andreas Dorschel ya yaba da ainihin halin da harshen Morsbach yake da shi: "Ta sami bayyananniyar magana kai tsaye ga mafi wahalar abubuwa." == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 7q9uw4iravf7qpendx5wb930z8gsjjp 905769 905768 2026-08-21T20:04:57Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Petra Morsbach''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1956) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Morsbach a Zurich, amma ya girma a Jamus. Ta yi karatu a LMU Munich da Leningrad Theater Academy . <ref name="mittelbayerische">{{Cite web |title=Jean-Paul-Preis für Petra Morsbach |url=https://www.mittelbayerische.de/kultur-nachrichten/jean-paul-preis-fuer-petra-morsbach-21853-art950523.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607151235/https://www.mittelbayerische.de/kultur-nachrichten/jean-paul-preis-fuer-petra-morsbach-21853-art950523.html |archive-date=7 June 2019 |access-date=7 June 2019 |website=Mittelbayerische Zeitung |language=de}}</ref> Littafin Morsbach na farko, ''Plötzlich ist es Abend'' ( ''Suddenly it's Evening'' ), an buga shi a shekarar 1995 kuma ya biyo bayan rayuwar wata mata 'yar Rasha wadda [[Joseph Stalin]] ya gurfanar da iyalinta a gaban kuliya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Plötzlich ist es Abend |url=https://www.randomhouse.de/Taschenbuch/Ploetzlich-ist-es-Abend/Petra-Morsbach/Penguin/e546569.rhd |access-date=7 June 2019 |website=Verlagsgruppe Random House |language=de}}</ref> An buga littafinta na biyu mai suna ''Opernroman'' a shekarar 1998 kuma an gina shi ne bisa gogewar Morsbach a fannin wasan kwaikwayo tsawon shekaru goma. An kafa shi a cikin garin almara na Neustadt am Rhein kuma yana mai da hankali kan kamfanin wasan opera na gida a tsawon lokaci. An buga littafinta mai suna ''Gottesdiener'' ( ''Bawan Allah'' ) a shekarar 2004 kuma ya bi rayuwar wani tsohon firist na Katolika. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gottesdiener |url=https://www.randomhouse.de/Taschenbuch/Gottesdiener/Petra-Morsbach/Penguin/e546548.rhd |access-date=8 June 2019 |website=Verlagsgruppe Random House |language=de}}</ref> Ta lashe kyautar Jean-Paul-Preis da littafinta na 2013, ''Dichterliebe'' wanda ya mayar da hankali kan wani mawaƙi wanda ke fuskantar rikicin rayuwa. <ref name="mittelbayerische" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2013 |title=Petra Morsbach: Dichterliebe |url=https://www.zeit.de/angebote/buchtipp/morsbach/index |access-date=8 June 2019 |website=[[Die Zeit]] |language=de-DE}}</ref> An buga littafinta mai suna ''Justizpalast'' ( ''Palast of Justice'' ) a shekarar 2017 kuma ta lashe kyautar adabi ta Wilhelm Raabe . Littafin tarihin rayuwar wani alkali mai suna Thirza Zorniger ne. Morsbach ya shafe shekaru tara yana bincike kan tsarin shari'a don littafin. Andreas Dorschel ya yaba da ainihin halin da harshen Morsbach yake da shi: "Ta sami bayyananniyar magana kai tsaye ga mafi wahalar abubuwa." == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] hgsf9fyi284wxku2p2zyhj4k5supipe 0 165096 905770 2026-08-21T20:05:59Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351628727|Fanny Morweiser]]" 905770 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fanny Morweiser''' (11 Maris 1940 - 13 Agusta 2014) marubuciya ce 'yar Jamus. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autorin Fanny Morweiser starb in Mosbach - RNZ-Online |url=http://www.rnz.de/MosbachMosbach/00_20140822060000_110737014-Autorin-Fanny-Morweiser-starb-in-Mosbach-.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903072138/http://www.rnz.de/MosbachMosbach/00_20140822060000_110737014-Autorin-Fanny-Morweiser-starb-in-Mosbach-.html |archive-date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2014-09-07}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Morweiser a Ludwigshafen . Ta yi karatun fannonin sassaka, zane da zane a Freie Academy da ke Mannheim . Daga baya ta zauna a Mosbach, wani gari mai ban sha'awa kusa da Odenwald da kwarin Neckar a kudu maso yammacin Jamus. A cikin 1971, littafin farko na Morweiser <nowiki>''</nowiki>Lalu lalula, arme kleine Ophelia - Eine unheimliche Liebesgeschichte<nowiki>''</nowiki> Diogenes Verlag a Zürich (Switzerland) ya buga. Bayan haka, ta sake tattara gajerun labarai da labarai, kuma a ƙarshe ta rubuta littattafai goma sha uku. A shekarar 1980, an yi amfani da labaranta guda biyu a matsayin tushen fina-finai guda biyu masu kayatarwa, waɗanda aka nuna a talabijin na Jamus. A shekarar 2002, an karrama ta da ofishin "Turmschreiber" (Marubucin Hasumiyar) a Deidesheim. An fassara wasu gajerun labaran Morweiser zuwa Turanci kuma an buga su a cikin Mujallu daban-daban na Amurka. Misali: Mai Rawar Taxi, a cikin: The Antigonish Review 119 (1999), shafi.&nbsp;29-32, ko: Fervent Red, a cikin: New Orleans Review 27/1 (2001), shafi, 138-144. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] rivz0p5toi3d7ihmpy1hvfm0qi2gwsc 905771 905770 2026-08-21T20:06:24Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fanny Morweiser''' (11 Maris 1940 - 13 Agusta 2014) marubuciya ce 'yar Jamus. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autorin Fanny Morweiser starb in Mosbach - RNZ-Online |url=http://www.rnz.de/MosbachMosbach/00_20140822060000_110737014-Autorin-Fanny-Morweiser-starb-in-Mosbach-.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903072138/http://www.rnz.de/MosbachMosbach/00_20140822060000_110737014-Autorin-Fanny-Morweiser-starb-in-Mosbach-.html |archive-date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2014-09-07}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Morweiser a Ludwigshafen . Ta yi karatun fannonin sassaka, zane da zane a Freie Academy da ke Mannheim . Daga baya ta zauna a Mosbach, wani gari mai ban sha'awa kusa da Odenwald da kwarin Neckar a kudu maso yammacin Jamus. A cikin 1971, littafin farko na Morweiser <nowiki>''</nowiki>Lalu lalula, arme kleine Ophelia - Eine unheimliche Liebesgeschichte<nowiki>''</nowiki> Diogenes Verlag a Zürich (Switzerland) ya buga. Bayan haka, ta sake tattara gajerun labarai da labarai, kuma a ƙarshe ta rubuta littattafai goma sha uku. A shekarar 1980, an yi amfani da labaranta guda biyu a matsayin tushen fina-finai guda biyu masu kayatarwa, waɗanda aka nuna a talabijin na Jamus. A shekarar 2002, an karrama ta da ofishin "Turmschreiber" (Marubucin Hasumiyar) a Deidesheim. An fassara wasu gajerun labaran Morweiser zuwa Turanci kuma an buga su a cikin Mujallu daban-daban na Amurka. Misali: Mai Rawar Taxi, a cikin: The Antigonish Review 119 (1999), shafi.&nbsp;29-32, ko: Fervent Red, a cikin: New Orleans Review 27/1 (2001), shafi, 138-144. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] 7tv9r30rarrer78sduz53e1vfvu9boo 0 165097 905772 2026-08-21T20:07:34Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351628698|Annemarie von Nathusius]]" 905772 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Annemarie von Nathusius''', asalin ''Anna Maria Luise von Nathusius'' (28 ga Agusta 1874, a Ludom/ Poznań – 17 ga Oktoba 1926, a [[Berlin]] ), marubuciya ce 'yar Jamus wadda ta yi rubutu da ƙarfin hali game da batutuwan jima'i na mata kuma ta rayu rayuwa mai ban mamaki. A cikin littattafanta, ta soki jahilcin jima'i da auren cin zarafi da aka sanya wa matasan mata na ajinsu. Littafinta mafi nasara shine ''Das törichte Herz der Julie von Voß'' . Littafin ''Malmaison'' 1922 fim ɗin Paul Ludwig Stein ne ya daidaita shi don fim ɗin ''Es leuchtet meine Liebem'' == Rayuwa == 'Yar wani fitaccen ɗan kasuwa Prussian Junker, wanda galibi ba shi da kuɗi, editan jaridar Kreuzzeitung mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, Philipp von Nathusius, an bar ta ba tare da uwa ba tana da shekaru 9. Kakanninta su ne marubuciya Marie Nathusius da kuma mawallafi Philipp von Nathusius ; kakarta kuma mawaƙiya [[Philippine Engelhard|Philipp Engelhard]] . A shekara ta 1896 ta auri mai zane Thomas von Nathusius, wani ɗan uwanta na farko da aka taɓa cirewa daga gidanta. Ta zauna tare da shi galibi a Berlin, ta rabu da shi a shekarar 1900, kuma ta sake shi a shekarar 1904. Lokacin da ta fara aikinta na rubutu a kusan shekara ta 1901, jigoginta sun samo asali ne daga halin da mata ke ciki a cikin iyalan Junker, musamman biyayyarsu ga mazan da ke cin zarafi. A kusan shekarar 1902 ta haɗu da Paul Ilg, wani marubuci ɗan ƙasar Switzerland wanda ke da burin zama marubuci daga ƙanan aji. Ta hanyar amfani da haɗin kuɗinsu, suka bar Berlin tare. Sun yi tafiya a matsayin mata da miji, sun zauna a Riviera, a Arewacin Italiya, da kuma [[München|Munich]], yanayin kuɗinsu yana taɓarɓarewa a hankali kuma yana ƙara muni. A shekara ta 1905, Nathusius, wataƙila ba tare da Ilg ba, ya koma Berlin. Shekarar 1916 ta zama farkon wata muhimmiyar dangantaka, wannan dangantaka ce mai cike da sha'awa da wani matashin Bajamushe mara ilimi, Maximilian Kirsch, wanda aka tilasta masa shiga ƙungiyar sojojin ƙasashen waje ta Faransa a Afirka sannan ya yi nasarar ƙaura zuwa Jamus. Nathusius ya rubuta gajerun labarai da waƙoƙi. An buga ayyukan farko a shekarar 1901. A cikin 1906 an gabatar da Nathusius ga yarima [[Christian Kraft zu Hohenlohe-Öhringen]], wanda ya zama majiɓinta . A shekarar 1910, an buga littafin ''Der stolze Lumpenkram,'' wanda ya samu nasara sosai, kuma aka samu cece-kuce. Kamar sauran littattafanta da dama, ta kai hari kan salon rayuwar manyan 'yan Prussia da kuma yadda suke mu'amala da mata. A shekarar 1925, bayan ta yi tafiya zuwa [[Iran|Farisa]], ta tafi Baden-Baden don neman maganin [[ciwon suga]] da ke damunta. A ranar 15 ga Oktoba 1926 ta yi tafiya zuwa Berlin inda ta mutu bayan kwana biyu. == Manazarta == to9xkg0l0yirralu6lhzpzjwok8ou0e 905773 905772 2026-08-21T20:07:57Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Annemarie von Nathusius''', asalin ''Anna Maria Luise von Nathusius'' (28 ga Agusta 1874, a Ludom/ Poznań – 17 ga Oktoba 1926, a [[Berlin]] ), marubuciya ce 'yar Jamus wadda ta yi rubutu da ƙarfin hali game da batutuwan jima'i na mata kuma ta rayu rayuwa mai ban mamaki. A cikin littattafanta, ta soki jahilcin jima'i da auren cin zarafi da aka sanya wa matasan mata na ajinsu. Littafinta mafi nasara shine ''Das törichte Herz der Julie von Voß'' . Littafin ''Malmaison'' 1922 fim ɗin Paul Ludwig Stein ne ya daidaita shi don fim ɗin ''Es leuchtet meine Liebem'' == Rayuwa == 'Yar wani fitaccen ɗan kasuwa Prussian Junker, wanda galibi ba shi da kuɗi, editan jaridar Kreuzzeitung mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, Philipp von Nathusius, an bar ta ba tare da uwa ba tana da shekaru 9. Kakanninta su ne marubuciya Marie Nathusius da kuma mawallafi Philipp von Nathusius ; kakarta kuma mawaƙiya [[Philippine Engelhard|Philipp Engelhard]] . A shekara ta 1896 ta auri mai zane Thomas von Nathusius, wani ɗan uwanta na farko da aka taɓa cirewa daga gidanta. Ta zauna tare da shi galibi a Berlin, ta rabu da shi a shekarar 1900, kuma ta sake shi a shekarar 1904. Lokacin da ta fara aikinta na rubutu a kusan shekara ta 1901, jigoginta sun samo asali ne daga halin da mata ke ciki a cikin iyalan Junker, musamman biyayyarsu ga mazan da ke cin zarafi. A kusan shekarar 1902 ta haɗu da Paul Ilg, wani marubuci ɗan ƙasar Switzerland wanda ke da burin zama marubuci daga ƙanan aji. Ta hanyar amfani da haɗin kuɗinsu, suka bar Berlin tare. Sun yi tafiya a matsayin mata da miji, sun zauna a Riviera, a Arewacin Italiya, da kuma [[München|Munich]], yanayin kuɗinsu yana taɓarɓarewa a hankali kuma yana ƙara muni. A shekara ta 1905, Nathusius, wataƙila ba tare da Ilg ba, ya koma Berlin. Shekarar 1916 ta zama farkon wata muhimmiyar dangantaka, wannan dangantaka ce mai cike da sha'awa da wani matashin Bajamushe mara ilimi, Maximilian Kirsch, wanda aka tilasta masa shiga ƙungiyar sojojin ƙasashen waje ta Faransa a Afirka sannan ya yi nasarar ƙaura zuwa Jamus. Nathusius ya rubuta gajerun labarai da waƙoƙi. An buga ayyukan farko a shekarar 1901. A cikin 1906 an gabatar da Nathusius ga yarima [[Christian Kraft zu Hohenlohe-Öhringen]], wanda ya zama majiɓinta . A shekarar 1910, an buga littafin ''Der stolze Lumpenkram,'' wanda ya samu nasara sosai, kuma aka samu cece-kuce. Kamar sauran littattafanta da dama, ta kai hari kan salon rayuwar manyan 'yan Prussia da kuma yadda suke mu'amala da mata. A shekarar 1925, bayan ta yi tafiya zuwa [[Iran|Farisa]], ta tafi Baden-Baden don neman maganin [[ciwon suga]] da ke damunta. A ranar 15 ga Oktoba 1926 ta yi tafiya zuwa Berlin inda ta mutu bayan kwana biyu. == Manazarta == pjlsnpu50pyrw8zyyrtf8dc1rcg5wk4 0 165098 905775 2026-08-21T20:09:06Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351628101|Brigitte Blobel]]" 905775 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brigitte Blobel''' (21 Nuwamba 1942 - 7 Agusta 2024) marubuciya ce kuma marubuciyar fina-finai 'yar ƙasar Jamus daga [[Hamburg]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-10 |title=Brigitte Blobel |url=https://ava-international.de/en/author/brigitte-blobel |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=AVA international GmbH – The Literary Agency |language=en}}</ref> Marubuciya ce mai hazaka a fannin littattafan Jamus, an san ta da rubuta littattafan ''Neues vom Süderhof'', waɗanda aka gina shirin talabijin a kansu. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Interview mit Brigitte Blobel |url=https://die-blaue-seite.de/interview-mit-brigitte-blobel |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=Die Blaue Seite |language=de}}</ref> == Rayuwar mutum da mutuwa == Brigitte Blobel ta auri Wolfram Bickerich a shekarar 1990. Tun daga shekarar 1999 zuwa gaba, galibinsu suna zaune ne a ƙaramin gonarsu da ke [[Mayorka|Mallorca]] ko kuma a Hamburg. Blobel ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu manya daga aurenta na farko. <ref name="auto" /> Ta rasu a ranar 7 ga Agusta 2024, tana da shekaru 81. <ref>[https://trauer.sueddeutsche.de/traueranzeige/brigitte-blobel-van-waasen Brigitte Blobel-van Waasen] {{In lang|de}}</ref> == Zaɓaɓɓun littattafan karatu == === Littattafan yara da matasa === * ''Falsche Freundschaft: Gefahr aus dem Intanet'' (2006) * ''Eine Mutter zu viel: Adoptiert wider Wissen'' (2009) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigitte Blobel Official Website |url=http://www.blobel-lesen.de/taschenbuch.html}}</ref> * ''Rote Linien – Ritzen bis aufs Blut'' (2010) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sprockhövel |first=Redaktion |date=13 June 2018 |title=Brigitte Blobel liest in Gesamtschule Sprockhövel |url=https://www.waz.de/staedte/sprockhoevel/brigitte-blobel-liest-in-gesamtschule-sprockhoevel-id214560643.html |website=www.waz.de}}</ref> * ''Herzsprung: Wenn Liebe missbraucht wird'' (1996) * ''Die Clique: Wenn mutu Gruppe Druck macht'' (2010) * ''Alessas Schuld - Die Geschichte eines Amoklaufs'' (2007) * ''Liebe wie die Hölle – Bedroht von einem Stalker'' (2007) <ref name="auto" /> * ''Meine Schöne Schwester – Der Weg in die Magersucht'' (2007) === Labarai === * ''Bis ins Koma'' (2011) <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2011 |title=Bis ins Koma: Brigitte Blobel stellt ihren neuen Roman vor |url=https://www.hna.de/lokales/frankenberg/koma-brigitte-blobel-stellt-ihren-neuen-roman-1378676.html |website=www.hna.de}}</ref> * ''Yarinyar Biki ta'' 2009 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigitte Blobel Official Website |url=http://www.blobel-lesen.de/klappenbroschur.html}}</ref> * ''Ranar Makanta'' (2011) * ''Gimbiya Mai Drama'' (2008) === Jerin Littafin Tarihi === * ''Neues vom Süderhof'' (1991-1997) * ''Paulas Sommer'' (2007) == Fina-finai (an rubuta shirye-shiryen allo) == * ''Una ragazza speciale (A special girl)'' (2000) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Una ragazza speciale/ Le curiosità sul film con Johannes Brandrup (oggi, 9 agosto 2017) |url=http://www.ilsussidiario.net/News/Cinema-Televisione-e-Media/2017/8/9/UNA-RAGAZZA-SPECIALE-Su-Canale-5-il-film-con-Johannes-Brandrup-oggi-9-agosto-2017-/777250/}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] fxasi9ds0m5g64sfrewhllpa1zu0dqi 905776 905775 2026-08-21T20:09:44Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Brigitte Blobel''' (21 Nuwamba 1942 - 7 Agusta 2024) marubuciya ce kuma marubuciyar fina-finai 'yar ƙasar Jamus daga [[Hamburg]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-10 |title=Brigitte Blobel |url=https://ava-international.de/en/author/brigitte-blobel |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=AVA international GmbH – The Literary Agency |language=en}}</ref> Marubuciya ce mai hazaka a fannin littattafan Jamus, an san ta da rubuta littattafan ''Neues vom Süderhof'', waɗanda aka gina shirin talabijin a kansu. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Interview mit Brigitte Blobel |url=https://die-blaue-seite.de/interview-mit-brigitte-blobel |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=Die Blaue Seite |language=de}}</ref> == Rayuwar mutum da mutuwa == Brigitte Blobel ta auri Wolfram Bickerich a shekarar 1990. Tun daga shekarar 1999 zuwa gaba, galibinsu suna zaune ne a ƙaramin gonarsu da ke [[Mayorka|Mallorca]] ko kuma a Hamburg. Blobel ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu manya daga aurenta na farko. <ref name="auto" /> Ta rasu a ranar 7 ga Agusta 2024, tana da shekaru 81. <ref>[https://trauer.sueddeutsche.de/traueranzeige/brigitte-blobel-van-waasen Brigitte Blobel-van Waasen] {{In lang|de}}</ref> == Zaɓaɓɓun littattafan karatu == === Littattafan yara da matasa === * ''Falsche Freundschaft: Gefahr aus dem Intanet'' (2006) * ''Eine Mutter zu viel: Adoptiert wider Wissen'' (2009) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigitte Blobel Official Website |url=http://www.blobel-lesen.de/taschenbuch.html}}</ref> * ''Rote Linien – Ritzen bis aufs Blut'' (2010) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sprockhövel |first=Redaktion |date=13 June 2018 |title=Brigitte Blobel liest in Gesamtschule Sprockhövel |url=https://www.waz.de/staedte/sprockhoevel/brigitte-blobel-liest-in-gesamtschule-sprockhoevel-id214560643.html |website=www.waz.de}}</ref> * ''Herzsprung: Wenn Liebe missbraucht wird'' (1996) * ''Die Clique: Wenn mutu Gruppe Druck macht'' (2010) * ''Alessas Schuld - Die Geschichte eines Amoklaufs'' (2007) * ''Liebe wie die Hölle – Bedroht von einem Stalker'' (2007) <ref name="auto" /> * ''Meine Schöne Schwester – Der Weg in die Magersucht'' (2007) === Labarai === * ''Bis ins Koma'' (2011) <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2011 |title=Bis ins Koma: Brigitte Blobel stellt ihren neuen Roman vor |url=https://www.hna.de/lokales/frankenberg/koma-brigitte-blobel-stellt-ihren-neuen-roman-1378676.html |website=www.hna.de}}</ref> * ''Yarinyar Biki ta'' 2009 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigitte Blobel Official Website |url=http://www.blobel-lesen.de/klappenbroschur.html}}</ref> * ''Ranar Makanta'' (2011) * ''Gimbiya Mai Drama'' (2008) === Jerin Littafin Tarihi === * ''Neues vom Süderhof'' (1991-1997) * ''Paulas Sommer'' (2007) == Fina-finai (an rubuta shirye-shiryen allo) == * ''Una ragazza speciale (A special girl)'' (2000) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Una ragazza speciale/ Le curiosità sul film con Johannes Brandrup (oggi, 9 agosto 2017) |url=http://www.ilsussidiario.net/News/Cinema-Televisione-e-Media/2017/8/9/UNA-RAGAZZA-SPECIALE-Su-Canale-5-il-film-con-Johannes-Brandrup-oggi-9-agosto-2017-/777250/}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] j6hej2010v2y1bjjb5z5rday2z6tu65 0 165099 905779 2026-08-21T20:16:36Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355274998|Margarete Böhme]]" 905779 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Margarete Böhme''' (8 ga Mayu 1867 - 23 ga Mayu 1939), ana iya cewa, ɗaya ce daga cikin marubutan Jamus da aka fi karantawa a farkon ƙarni na 20. Böhme ya rubuta littattafai 40 - da kuma gajerun labarai, zane-zanen tarihin rayuwa, da kuma labarai. ''Littafinta mai suna The Diary of a Lost Girl'', wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1905 a matsayin ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'', shine littafinta mafi shahara kuma mafi sayarwa. A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, ta sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan ɗaya, wanda hakan ya sanya ta cikin littattafan da suka fi sayarwa a lokacinta. Wani masani na zamani ya kira shi "Wataƙila shine labarin tarihin rayuwa mafi shahara kuma tabbas mafi nasara a kasuwanci na farkon ƙarni na ashirin." == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Böhme Wilhelmina Margarete Susanna Feddersen a shekara ta 1867. Marubucin da zai rubuta nan gaba ya girma a Husum, wani ƙaramin gari a Arewacin Jamus . An yi wa Husum lakabi da "gari mai launin toka kusa da teku mai launin toka" daga sanannen mazaunin wurin, marubuci kuma mawaƙi Theodor Storm . Goggon mahaifiyarta ita ce Lena Wies, mai ba da labari kuma abokiyar Storm ta daɗe tana ba wa marubucin labari tatsuniyoyi da labarai don aikinsa na gaba. Böhme ta fara rubutu tun da wuri. Tana da shekaru 17, ta buga labarinta na farko, "Sirrin Faɗin Rose," a cikin wata [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Hamburg]]. Daga nan ta ci gaba da sanya aikinta a cikin mujallu na mako-mako, duka a ƙarƙashin sunanta da kuma a ƙarƙashin sunan da aka yi wa laƙabi da shi, Ormanos Sandor. Daga baya, yayin da yake zaune a Hamburg da [[Vienna]], Böhme ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin jaridun Jamus ta Arewa da Austria. A shekarar 1894, marubuciyar ta auri Friedrich Theodor Böhme, wani mawallafin jarida wanda ya girma da shekaru 20. Bayan shekaru shida, auren ya ƙare da [[saki]]. Daga nan Böhme ta koma [[Berlin]], inda ta yi ƙoƙarin biyan bukatunta a matsayin marubuciya. Böhme ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa. Ta rubuta labarai da muƙaloli da kuma gajerun labarai ga jaridu da mujallu na lokacin. Wasu daga cikin litattafanta na farko an tsara su ne a cikin mujallu na yau da kullun, wasu kuma an buga su a cikin nau'in littattafai ta hanyar masu buga littattafan Jamus. Da farko, Böhme ta rubuta abin da a yau ake kira almara mai farin jini - amma yayin da aikinta ya girma, sai ta koma ga jigogi masu mahimmanci. Tun daga shekarar 1903, Böhme ta rubuta littattafai shida a cikin shekaru biyu. Duk da haka, kaɗan daga cikinsu sun gamu da nasara sosai. Tare da buga ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' a cikin 1905, arzikin marubucin ya canza. Littafin ya yi nasara cikin dare ɗaya, kuma an tabbatar da sunar Böhme. An yi la'akari da littattafanta na baya sosai, an fassara su zuwa wasu harsuna, kuma an yi musu bita sosai. A lokacin, an kwatanta ayyukan Böhme da na marubucin Faransa Émile Zola . Wani sharhin adabi na Amurka, ''The Bookman'', ya bayyana Böhme a matsayin "Ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan marubuta na makarantar gaskiya ta matasa a Jamus." == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' ta kasance abin sha'awar wallafe-wallafe. Ana zargin cewa labarin gaskiya ne game da Thymian, wata matashiya da yanayi ya tilasta mata shiga rayuwar karuwanci. Lokacin da aka fara buga shi, an yi imanin cewa littafin tarihi ne na gaske, kuma Böhme ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne kawai editan sa. Buga littafin da kuma nasarar da ya samu daga baya ya haifar da hasashe game da marubucinsa. An fassara ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' zuwa harsuna 14. Akwai buƙatar littafin sosai har aka sami kwafi na ɗan fashi a ƙasashe biyu aƙalla. Littafin ba wai kawai ya kawo wani shahararren ci gaba ba, wasan kwaikwayo mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce da aka haramta a wasu biranen Jamus, wasan barkwanci, da fina-finai biyu marasa sauti (ɗaya a shekarar 1918, ɗayan kuma a shekarar 1929) - har ma da tarin masu kwaikwayonsu. An fara shari'o'i game da buga littafin, kuma littafin, wanda aka tattauna sosai, yana da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri ga gyaran zamantakewa a Jamus. Saboda wani ɓangare na batunsa mai ban sha'awa, da kuma yanayin da ake jayayya a kai, littafin ya shahara sosai. An sayar da fiye da kwafi 30,000 a cikin watanni huɗu na farko na bugawa. Kasa da shekaru biyu bayan haka, a shekarar 1907, aka fitar da wani bugu mai kayatarwa wanda ke nuna fiye da kwafi 100,000 da aka buga. Zuwa shekarar 1929, an buga fiye da kwafi 1,200,000. Littafin ya ci gaba da yaɗuwa fiye da shekaru 25, har sai da aka kore shi daga bugawa da gangan a farkon zamanin Nazi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1867]] dazcrkq4epa0fgh9tvlfkcqs28loi19 905780 905779 2026-08-21T20:16:55Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Margarete Böhme''' (8 ga Mayu 1867 - 23 ga Mayu 1939), ana iya cewa, ɗaya ce daga cikin marubutan Jamus da aka fi karantawa a farkon ƙarni na 20. Böhme ya rubuta littattafai 40 - da kuma gajerun labarai, zane-zanen tarihin rayuwa, da kuma labarai. ''Littafinta mai suna The Diary of a Lost Girl'', wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1905 a matsayin ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'', shine littafinta mafi shahara kuma mafi sayarwa. A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, ta sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan ɗaya, wanda hakan ya sanya ta cikin littattafan da suka fi sayarwa a lokacinta. Wani masani na zamani ya kira shi "Wataƙila shine labarin tarihin rayuwa mafi shahara kuma tabbas mafi nasara a kasuwanci na farkon ƙarni na ashirin." == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Böhme Wilhelmina Margarete Susanna Feddersen a shekara ta 1867. Marubucin da zai rubuta nan gaba ya girma a Husum, wani ƙaramin gari a Arewacin Jamus . An yi wa Husum lakabi da "gari mai launin toka kusa da teku mai launin toka" daga sanannen mazaunin wurin, marubuci kuma mawaƙi Theodor Storm . Goggon mahaifiyarta ita ce Lena Wies, mai ba da labari kuma abokiyar Storm ta daɗe tana ba wa marubucin labari tatsuniyoyi da labarai don aikinsa na gaba. Böhme ta fara rubutu tun da wuri. Tana da shekaru 17, ta buga labarinta na farko, "Sirrin Faɗin Rose," a cikin wata [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Hamburg]]. Daga nan ta ci gaba da sanya aikinta a cikin mujallu na mako-mako, duka a ƙarƙashin sunanta da kuma a ƙarƙashin sunan da aka yi wa laƙabi da shi, Ormanos Sandor. Daga baya, yayin da yake zaune a Hamburg da [[Vienna]], Böhme ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin jaridun Jamus ta Arewa da Austria. A shekarar 1894, marubuciyar ta auri Friedrich Theodor Böhme, wani mawallafin jarida wanda ya girma da shekaru 20. Bayan shekaru shida, auren ya ƙare da [[saki]]. Daga nan Böhme ta koma [[Berlin]], inda ta yi ƙoƙarin biyan bukatunta a matsayin marubuciya. Böhme ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa. Ta rubuta labarai da muƙaloli da kuma gajerun labarai ga jaridu da mujallu na lokacin. Wasu daga cikin litattafanta na farko an tsara su ne a cikin mujallu na yau da kullun, wasu kuma an buga su a cikin nau'in littattafai ta hanyar masu buga littattafan Jamus. Da farko, Böhme ta rubuta abin da a yau ake kira almara mai farin jini - amma yayin da aikinta ya girma, sai ta koma ga jigogi masu mahimmanci. Tun daga shekarar 1903, Böhme ta rubuta littattafai shida a cikin shekaru biyu. Duk da haka, kaɗan daga cikinsu sun gamu da nasara sosai. Tare da buga ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' a cikin 1905, arzikin marubucin ya canza. Littafin ya yi nasara cikin dare ɗaya, kuma an tabbatar da sunar Böhme. An yi la'akari da littattafanta na baya sosai, an fassara su zuwa wasu harsuna, kuma an yi musu bita sosai. A lokacin, an kwatanta ayyukan Böhme da na marubucin Faransa Émile Zola . Wani sharhin adabi na Amurka, ''The Bookman'', ya bayyana Böhme a matsayin "Ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan marubuta na makarantar gaskiya ta matasa a Jamus." == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' ta kasance abin sha'awar wallafe-wallafe. Ana zargin cewa labarin gaskiya ne game da Thymian, wata matashiya da yanayi ya tilasta mata shiga rayuwar karuwanci. Lokacin da aka fara buga shi, an yi imanin cewa littafin tarihi ne na gaske, kuma Böhme ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne kawai editan sa. Buga littafin da kuma nasarar da ya samu daga baya ya haifar da hasashe game da marubucinsa. An fassara ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' zuwa harsuna 14. Akwai buƙatar littafin sosai har aka sami kwafi na ɗan fashi a ƙasashe biyu aƙalla. Littafin ba wai kawai ya kawo wani shahararren ci gaba ba, wasan kwaikwayo mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce da aka haramta a wasu biranen Jamus, wasan barkwanci, da fina-finai biyu marasa sauti (ɗaya a shekarar 1918, ɗayan kuma a shekarar 1929) - har ma da tarin masu kwaikwayonsu. An fara shari'o'i game da buga littafin, kuma littafin, wanda aka tattauna sosai, yana da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri ga gyaran zamantakewa a Jamus. Saboda wani ɓangare na batunsa mai ban sha'awa, da kuma yanayin da ake jayayya a kai, littafin ya shahara sosai. An sayar da fiye da kwafi 30,000 a cikin watanni huɗu na farko na bugawa. Kasa da shekaru biyu bayan haka, a shekarar 1907, aka fitar da wani bugu mai kayatarwa wanda ke nuna fiye da kwafi 100,000 da aka buga. Zuwa shekarar 1929, an buga fiye da kwafi 1,200,000. Littafin ya ci gaba da yaɗuwa fiye da shekaru 25, har sai da aka kore shi daga bugawa da gangan a farkon zamanin Nazi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1867]] izagfiyvd8j9w71qv7psbrgwbzao3gx 905785 905780 2026-08-21T20:29:51Z IB Muazzam 15405 905785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Margarete Böhme''' (8 ga Mayu 1867 - 23 ga Mayu 1939), ana iya cewa, ɗaya ce daga cikin marubutan Jamus da aka fi karantawa a farkon ƙarni na 20. Böhme ya rubuta littattafai 40 - da kuma gajerun labarai, zane-zanen tarihin rayuwa, da kuma labarai. ''Littafinta mai suna The Diary of a Lost Girl'', wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1905 a matsayin ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'', shine littafinta mafi shahara kuma mafi sayarwa. A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, ta sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan ɗaya, wanda hakan ya sanya ta cikin littattafan da suka fi sayarwa a lokacinta. Wani masani na zamani ya kira shi "Wataƙila shine labarin tarihin rayuwa mafi shahara kuma tabbas mafi nasara a kasuwanci na farkon ƙarni na ashirin." <ref>Donald Ray Richards. ''The German Bestseller in the 20th Century: A Complete Bibliography and Analysis 1915-1940'', Herbert Lang, 1968.</ref> One contemporary scholar has called it “Perhaps the most notorious and certainly the commercially most successful autobiographical narrative of the early twentieth century.”<ref>Katharina Gerstenberger. ''Truth to Tell: German Women's Autobiographies and Turn-of-the-Century Culture'', University of Michigan Press, 2000.</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Böhme Wilhelmina Margarete Susanna Feddersen a shekara ta 1867. Marubucin da zai rubuta nan gaba ya girma a Husum, wani ƙaramin gari a Arewacin Jamus . An yi wa Husum lakabi da "gari mai launin toka kusa da teku mai launin toka" daga sanannen mazaunin wurin, marubuci kuma mawaƙi Theodor Storm . Goggon mahaifiyarta ita ce Lena Wies, mai ba da labari kuma abokiyar Storm ta daɗe tana ba wa marubucin labari tatsuniyoyi da labarai don aikinsa na gaba. Böhme ta fara rubutu tun da wuri. Tana da shekaru 17, ta buga labarinta na farko, "Sirrin Faɗin Rose," a cikin wata [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Hamburg]]. Daga nan ta ci gaba da sanya aikinta a cikin mujallu na mako-mako, duka a ƙarƙashin sunanta da kuma a ƙarƙashin sunan da aka yi wa laƙabi da shi, Ormanos Sandor. Daga baya, yayin da yake zaune a Hamburg da [[Vienna]], Böhme ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin jaridun Jamus ta Arewa da Austria. A shekarar 1894, marubuciyar ta auri Friedrich Theodor Böhme, wani mawallafin jarida wanda ya girma da shekaru 20. Bayan shekaru shida, auren ya ƙare da [[saki]]. Daga nan Böhme ta koma [[Berlin]], inda ta yi ƙoƙarin biyan bukatunta a matsayin marubuciya. Böhme ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa. Ta rubuta labarai da muƙaloli da kuma gajerun labarai ga jaridu da mujallu na lokacin. Wasu daga cikin litattafanta na farko an tsara su ne a cikin mujallu na yau da kullun, wasu kuma an buga su a cikin nau'in littattafai ta hanyar masu buga littattafan Jamus. Da farko, Böhme ta rubuta abin da a yau ake kira almara mai farin jini - amma yayin da aikinta ya girma, sai ta koma ga jigogi masu mahimmanci. Tun daga shekarar 1903, Böhme ta rubuta littattafai shida a cikin shekaru biyu. Duk da haka, kaɗan daga cikinsu sun gamu da nasara sosai. Tare da buga ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' a cikin 1905, arzikin marubucin ya canza. Littafin ya yi nasara cikin dare ɗaya, kuma an tabbatar da sunar Böhme. An yi la'akari da littattafanta na baya sosai, an fassara su zuwa wasu harsuna, kuma an yi musu bita sosai. A lokacin, an kwatanta ayyukan Böhme da na marubucin Faransa Émile Zola . Wani sharhin adabi na Amurka, ''The Bookman'', ya bayyana Böhme a matsayin "Ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan marubuta na makarantar gaskiya ta matasa a Jamus." == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' ta kasance abin sha'awar wallafe-wallafe. Ana zargin cewa labarin gaskiya ne game da Thymian, wata matashiya da yanayi ya tilasta mata shiga rayuwar karuwanci. Lokacin da aka fara buga shi, an yi imanin cewa littafin tarihi ne na gaske, kuma Böhme ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne kawai editan sa. Buga littafin da kuma nasarar da ya samu daga baya ya haifar da hasashe game da marubucinsa. An fassara ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' zuwa harsuna 14. Akwai buƙatar littafin sosai har aka sami kwafi na ɗan fashi a ƙasashe biyu aƙalla. Littafin ba wai kawai ya kawo wani shahararren ci gaba ba, wasan kwaikwayo mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce da aka haramta a wasu biranen Jamus, wasan barkwanci, da fina-finai biyu marasa sauti (ɗaya a shekarar 1918, ɗayan kuma a shekarar 1929) - har ma da tarin masu kwaikwayonsu. An fara shari'o'i game da buga littafin, kuma littafin, wanda aka tattauna sosai, yana da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri ga gyaran zamantakewa a Jamus. Saboda wani ɓangare na batunsa mai ban sha'awa, da kuma yanayin da ake jayayya a kai, littafin ya shahara sosai. An sayar da fiye da kwafi 30,000 a cikin watanni huɗu na farko na bugawa. Kasa da shekaru biyu bayan haka, a shekarar 1907, aka fitar da wani bugu mai kayatarwa wanda ke nuna fiye da kwafi 100,000 da aka buga. Zuwa shekarar 1929, an buga fiye da kwafi 1,200,000. Littafin ya ci gaba da yaɗuwa fiye da shekaru 25, har sai da aka kore shi daga bugawa da gangan a farkon zamanin Nazi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1867]] qwbp71q87i4fjz3iy13ka9c55la6269 905788 905785 2026-08-21T20:30:07Z IB Muazzam 15405 905788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Margarete Böhme''' (an haifeta 8 ga Mayu 1867 - 23 ga Mayu 1939), ana iya cewa, ɗaya ce daga cikin marubutan Jamus da aka fi karantawa a farkon ƙarni na 20. Böhme ya rubuta littattafai 40 - da kuma gajerun labarai, zane-zanen tarihin rayuwa, da kuma labarai. ''Littafinta mai suna The Diary of a Lost Girl'', wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1905 a matsayin ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'', shine littafinta mafi shahara kuma mafi sayarwa. A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, ta sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan ɗaya, wanda hakan ya sanya ta cikin littattafan da suka fi sayarwa a lokacinta. Wani masani na zamani ya kira shi "Wataƙila shine labarin tarihin rayuwa mafi shahara kuma tabbas mafi nasara a kasuwanci na farkon ƙarni na ashirin." <ref>Donald Ray Richards. ''The German Bestseller in the 20th Century: A Complete Bibliography and Analysis 1915-1940'', Herbert Lang, 1968.</ref> One contemporary scholar has called it “Perhaps the most notorious and certainly the commercially most successful autobiographical narrative of the early twentieth century.”<ref>Katharina Gerstenberger. ''Truth to Tell: German Women's Autobiographies and Turn-of-the-Century Culture'', University of Michigan Press, 2000.</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Böhme Wilhelmina Margarete Susanna Feddersen a shekara ta 1867. Marubucin da zai rubuta nan gaba ya girma a Husum, wani ƙaramin gari a Arewacin Jamus . An yi wa Husum lakabi da "gari mai launin toka kusa da teku mai launin toka" daga sanannen mazaunin wurin, marubuci kuma mawaƙi Theodor Storm . Goggon mahaifiyarta ita ce Lena Wies, mai ba da labari kuma abokiyar Storm ta daɗe tana ba wa marubucin labari tatsuniyoyi da labarai don aikinsa na gaba. Böhme ta fara rubutu tun da wuri. Tana da shekaru 17, ta buga labarinta na farko, "Sirrin Faɗin Rose," a cikin wata [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Hamburg]]. Daga nan ta ci gaba da sanya aikinta a cikin mujallu na mako-mako, duka a ƙarƙashin sunanta da kuma a ƙarƙashin sunan da aka yi wa laƙabi da shi, Ormanos Sandor. Daga baya, yayin da yake zaune a Hamburg da [[Vienna]], Böhme ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin jaridun Jamus ta Arewa da Austria. A shekarar 1894, marubuciyar ta auri Friedrich Theodor Böhme, wani mawallafin jarida wanda ya girma da shekaru 20. Bayan shekaru shida, auren ya ƙare da [[saki]]. Daga nan Böhme ta koma [[Berlin]], inda ta yi ƙoƙarin biyan bukatunta a matsayin marubuciya. Böhme ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa. Ta rubuta labarai da muƙaloli da kuma gajerun labarai ga jaridu da mujallu na lokacin. Wasu daga cikin litattafanta na farko an tsara su ne a cikin mujallu na yau da kullun, wasu kuma an buga su a cikin nau'in littattafai ta hanyar masu buga littattafan Jamus. Da farko, Böhme ta rubuta abin da a yau ake kira almara mai farin jini - amma yayin da aikinta ya girma, sai ta koma ga jigogi masu mahimmanci. Tun daga shekarar 1903, Böhme ta rubuta littattafai shida a cikin shekaru biyu. Duk da haka, kaɗan daga cikinsu sun gamu da nasara sosai. Tare da buga ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' a cikin 1905, arzikin marubucin ya canza. Littafin ya yi nasara cikin dare ɗaya, kuma an tabbatar da sunar Böhme. An yi la'akari da littattafanta na baya sosai, an fassara su zuwa wasu harsuna, kuma an yi musu bita sosai. A lokacin, an kwatanta ayyukan Böhme da na marubucin Faransa Émile Zola . Wani sharhin adabi na Amurka, ''The Bookman'', ya bayyana Böhme a matsayin "Ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan marubuta na makarantar gaskiya ta matasa a Jamus." == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' ta kasance abin sha'awar wallafe-wallafe. Ana zargin cewa labarin gaskiya ne game da Thymian, wata matashiya da yanayi ya tilasta mata shiga rayuwar karuwanci. Lokacin da aka fara buga shi, an yi imanin cewa littafin tarihi ne na gaske, kuma Böhme ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne kawai editan sa. Buga littafin da kuma nasarar da ya samu daga baya ya haifar da hasashe game da marubucinsa. An fassara ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' zuwa harsuna 14. Akwai buƙatar littafin sosai har aka sami kwafi na ɗan fashi a ƙasashe biyu aƙalla. Littafin ba wai kawai ya kawo wani shahararren ci gaba ba, wasan kwaikwayo mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce da aka haramta a wasu biranen Jamus, wasan barkwanci, da fina-finai biyu marasa sauti (ɗaya a shekarar 1918, ɗayan kuma a shekarar 1929) - har ma da tarin masu kwaikwayonsu. An fara shari'o'i game da buga littafin, kuma littafin, wanda aka tattauna sosai, yana da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri ga gyaran zamantakewa a Jamus. Saboda wani ɓangare na batunsa mai ban sha'awa, da kuma yanayin da ake jayayya a kai, littafin ya shahara sosai. An sayar da fiye da kwafi 30,000 a cikin watanni huɗu na farko na bugawa. Kasa da shekaru biyu bayan haka, a shekarar 1907, aka fitar da wani bugu mai kayatarwa wanda ke nuna fiye da kwafi 100,000 da aka buga. Zuwa shekarar 1929, an buga fiye da kwafi 1,200,000. Littafin ya ci gaba da yaɗuwa fiye da shekaru 25, har sai da aka kore shi daga bugawa da gangan a farkon zamanin Nazi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1867]] rhb5oec6dfyhwxlf5dkoun1e9zvt7m0 905789 905788 2026-08-21T20:30:17Z IB Muazzam 15405 905789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Margarete Böhme''' (an haife ta 8 ga Mayu 1867 - 23 ga Mayu 1939), ana iya cewa, ɗaya ce daga cikin marubutan Jamus da aka fi karantawa a farkon ƙarni na 20. Böhme ya rubuta littattafai 40 - da kuma gajerun labarai, zane-zanen tarihin rayuwa, da kuma labarai. ''Littafinta mai suna The Diary of a Lost Girl'', wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1905 a matsayin ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'', shine littafinta mafi shahara kuma mafi sayarwa. A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, ta sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan ɗaya, wanda hakan ya sanya ta cikin littattafan da suka fi sayarwa a lokacinta. Wani masani na zamani ya kira shi "Wataƙila shine labarin tarihin rayuwa mafi shahara kuma tabbas mafi nasara a kasuwanci na farkon ƙarni na ashirin." <ref>Donald Ray Richards. ''The German Bestseller in the 20th Century: A Complete Bibliography and Analysis 1915-1940'', Herbert Lang, 1968.</ref> One contemporary scholar has called it “Perhaps the most notorious and certainly the commercially most successful autobiographical narrative of the early twentieth century.”<ref>Katharina Gerstenberger. ''Truth to Tell: German Women's Autobiographies and Turn-of-the-Century Culture'', University of Michigan Press, 2000.</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Böhme Wilhelmina Margarete Susanna Feddersen a shekara ta 1867. Marubucin da zai rubuta nan gaba ya girma a Husum, wani ƙaramin gari a Arewacin Jamus . An yi wa Husum lakabi da "gari mai launin toka kusa da teku mai launin toka" daga sanannen mazaunin wurin, marubuci kuma mawaƙi Theodor Storm . Goggon mahaifiyarta ita ce Lena Wies, mai ba da labari kuma abokiyar Storm ta daɗe tana ba wa marubucin labari tatsuniyoyi da labarai don aikinsa na gaba. Böhme ta fara rubutu tun da wuri. Tana da shekaru 17, ta buga labarinta na farko, "Sirrin Faɗin Rose," a cikin wata [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Hamburg]]. Daga nan ta ci gaba da sanya aikinta a cikin mujallu na mako-mako, duka a ƙarƙashin sunanta da kuma a ƙarƙashin sunan da aka yi wa laƙabi da shi, Ormanos Sandor. Daga baya, yayin da yake zaune a Hamburg da [[Vienna]], Böhme ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin jaridun Jamus ta Arewa da Austria. A shekarar 1894, marubuciyar ta auri Friedrich Theodor Böhme, wani mawallafin jarida wanda ya girma da shekaru 20. Bayan shekaru shida, auren ya ƙare da [[saki]]. Daga nan Böhme ta koma [[Berlin]], inda ta yi ƙoƙarin biyan bukatunta a matsayin marubuciya. Böhme ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa. Ta rubuta labarai da muƙaloli da kuma gajerun labarai ga jaridu da mujallu na lokacin. Wasu daga cikin litattafanta na farko an tsara su ne a cikin mujallu na yau da kullun, wasu kuma an buga su a cikin nau'in littattafai ta hanyar masu buga littattafan Jamus. Da farko, Böhme ta rubuta abin da a yau ake kira almara mai farin jini - amma yayin da aikinta ya girma, sai ta koma ga jigogi masu mahimmanci. Tun daga shekarar 1903, Böhme ta rubuta littattafai shida a cikin shekaru biyu. Duk da haka, kaɗan daga cikinsu sun gamu da nasara sosai. Tare da buga ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' a cikin 1905, arzikin marubucin ya canza. Littafin ya yi nasara cikin dare ɗaya, kuma an tabbatar da sunar Böhme. An yi la'akari da littattafanta na baya sosai, an fassara su zuwa wasu harsuna, kuma an yi musu bita sosai. A lokacin, an kwatanta ayyukan Böhme da na marubucin Faransa Émile Zola . Wani sharhin adabi na Amurka, ''The Bookman'', ya bayyana Böhme a matsayin "Ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan marubuta na makarantar gaskiya ta matasa a Jamus." == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' ta kasance abin sha'awar wallafe-wallafe. Ana zargin cewa labarin gaskiya ne game da Thymian, wata matashiya da yanayi ya tilasta mata shiga rayuwar karuwanci. Lokacin da aka fara buga shi, an yi imanin cewa littafin tarihi ne na gaske, kuma Böhme ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne kawai editan sa. Buga littafin da kuma nasarar da ya samu daga baya ya haifar da hasashe game da marubucinsa. An fassara ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' zuwa harsuna 14. Akwai buƙatar littafin sosai har aka sami kwafi na ɗan fashi a ƙasashe biyu aƙalla. Littafin ba wai kawai ya kawo wani shahararren ci gaba ba, wasan kwaikwayo mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce da aka haramta a wasu biranen Jamus, wasan barkwanci, da fina-finai biyu marasa sauti (ɗaya a shekarar 1918, ɗayan kuma a shekarar 1929) - har ma da tarin masu kwaikwayonsu. An fara shari'o'i game da buga littafin, kuma littafin, wanda aka tattauna sosai, yana da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri ga gyaran zamantakewa a Jamus. Saboda wani ɓangare na batunsa mai ban sha'awa, da kuma yanayin da ake jayayya a kai, littafin ya shahara sosai. An sayar da fiye da kwafi 30,000 a cikin watanni huɗu na farko na bugawa. Kasa da shekaru biyu bayan haka, a shekarar 1907, aka fitar da wani bugu mai kayatarwa wanda ke nuna fiye da kwafi 100,000 da aka buga. Zuwa shekarar 1929, an buga fiye da kwafi 1,200,000. Littafin ya ci gaba da yaɗuwa fiye da shekaru 25, har sai da aka kore shi daga bugawa da gangan a farkon zamanin Nazi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1867]] 6vk1aod87b4ijt46gpf57b2vu327m6n 905790 905789 2026-08-21T20:31:12Z IB Muazzam 15405 905790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Margarete Böhme''' (an haife ta a ranar8 ga Mayu 1867 - 23 ga Mayu 1939), ana iya cewa, ɗaya ce daga cikin marubutan Jamus da aka fi karantawa a farkon ƙarni na 20. Böhme ya rubuta littattafai 40 - da kuma gajerun labarai, zane-zanen tarihin rayuwa, da kuma labarai. ''Littafinta mai suna The Diary of a Lost Girl'', wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1905 a matsayin ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'', shine littafinta mafi shahara kuma mafi sayarwa. A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, ta sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan ɗaya, wanda hakan ya sanya ta cikin littattafan da suka fi sayarwa a lokacinta. Wani masani na zamani ya kira shi "Wataƙila shine labarin tarihin rayuwa mafi shahara kuma tabbas mafi nasara a kasuwanci na farkon ƙarni na ashirin." <ref>Donald Ray Richards. ''The German Bestseller in the 20th Century: A Complete Bibliography and Analysis 1915-1940'', Herbert Lang, 1968.</ref> One contemporary scholar has called it “Perhaps the most notorious and certainly the commercially most successful autobiographical narrative of the early twentieth century.”<ref>Katharina Gerstenberger. ''Truth to Tell: German Women's Autobiographies and Turn-of-the-Century Culture'', University of Michigan Press, 2000.</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Böhme Wilhelmina Margarete Susanna Feddersen a shekara ta 1867. Marubucin da zai rubuta nan gaba ya girma a Husum, wani ƙaramin gari a Arewacin Jamus . An yi wa Husum lakabi da "gari mai launin toka kusa da teku mai launin toka" daga sanannen mazaunin wurin, marubuci kuma mawaƙi Theodor Storm . Goggon mahaifiyarta ita ce Lena Wies, mai ba da labari kuma abokiyar Storm ta daɗe tana ba wa marubucin labari tatsuniyoyi da labarai don aikinsa na gaba. Böhme ta fara rubutu tun da wuri. Tana da shekaru 17, ta buga labarinta na farko, "Sirrin Faɗin Rose," a cikin wata [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Hamburg]]. Daga nan ta ci gaba da sanya aikinta a cikin mujallu na mako-mako, duka a ƙarƙashin sunanta da kuma a ƙarƙashin sunan da aka yi wa laƙabi da shi, Ormanos Sandor. Daga baya, yayin da yake zaune a Hamburg da [[Vienna]], Böhme ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin jaridun Jamus ta Arewa da Austria. A shekarar 1894, marubuciyar ta auri Friedrich Theodor Böhme, wani mawallafin jarida wanda ya girma da shekaru 20. Bayan shekaru shida, auren ya ƙare da [[saki]]. Daga nan Böhme ta koma [[Berlin]], inda ta yi ƙoƙarin biyan bukatunta a matsayin marubuciya. Böhme ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa. Ta rubuta labarai da muƙaloli da kuma gajerun labarai ga jaridu da mujallu na lokacin. Wasu daga cikin litattafanta na farko an tsara su ne a cikin mujallu na yau da kullun, wasu kuma an buga su a cikin nau'in littattafai ta hanyar masu buga littattafan Jamus. Da farko, Böhme ta rubuta abin da a yau ake kira almara mai farin jini - amma yayin da aikinta ya girma, sai ta koma ga jigogi masu mahimmanci. Tun daga shekarar 1903, Böhme ta rubuta littattafai shida a cikin shekaru biyu. Duk da haka, kaɗan daga cikinsu sun gamu da nasara sosai. Tare da buga ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' a cikin 1905, arzikin marubucin ya canza. Littafin ya yi nasara cikin dare ɗaya, kuma an tabbatar da sunar Böhme. An yi la'akari da littattafanta na baya sosai, an fassara su zuwa wasu harsuna, kuma an yi musu bita sosai. A lokacin, an kwatanta ayyukan Böhme da na marubucin Faransa Émile Zola . Wani sharhin adabi na Amurka, ''The Bookman'', ya bayyana Böhme a matsayin "Ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan marubuta na makarantar gaskiya ta matasa a Jamus." == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' ta kasance abin sha'awar wallafe-wallafe. Ana zargin cewa labarin gaskiya ne game da Thymian, wata matashiya da yanayi ya tilasta mata shiga rayuwar karuwanci. Lokacin da aka fara buga shi, an yi imanin cewa littafin tarihi ne na gaske, kuma Böhme ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne kawai editan sa. Buga littafin da kuma nasarar da ya samu daga baya ya haifar da hasashe game da marubucinsa. An fassara ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' zuwa harsuna 14. Akwai buƙatar littafin sosai har aka sami kwafi na ɗan fashi a ƙasashe biyu aƙalla. Littafin ba wai kawai ya kawo wani shahararren ci gaba ba, wasan kwaikwayo mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce da aka haramta a wasu biranen Jamus, wasan barkwanci, da fina-finai biyu marasa sauti (ɗaya a shekarar 1918, ɗayan kuma a shekarar 1929) - har ma da tarin masu kwaikwayonsu. An fara shari'o'i game da buga littafin, kuma littafin, wanda aka tattauna sosai, yana da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri ga gyaran zamantakewa a Jamus. Saboda wani ɓangare na batunsa mai ban sha'awa, da kuma yanayin da ake jayayya a kai, littafin ya shahara sosai. An sayar da fiye da kwafi 30,000 a cikin watanni huɗu na farko na bugawa. Kasa da shekaru biyu bayan haka, a shekarar 1907, aka fitar da wani bugu mai kayatarwa wanda ke nuna fiye da kwafi 100,000 da aka buga. Zuwa shekarar 1929, an buga fiye da kwafi 1,200,000. Littafin ya ci gaba da yaɗuwa fiye da shekaru 25, har sai da aka kore shi daga bugawa da gangan a farkon zamanin Nazi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1867]] qag8rlgzjq8hva88qfuvkgshx4qgqzj 905791 905790 2026-08-21T20:31:27Z IB Muazzam 15405 905791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Margarete Böhme''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1867 - 23 ga Mayu 1939), ana iya cewa, ɗaya ce daga cikin marubutan Jamus da aka fi karantawa a farkon ƙarni na 20. Böhme ya rubuta littattafai 40 - da kuma gajerun labarai, zane-zanen tarihin rayuwa, da kuma labarai. ''Littafinta mai suna The Diary of a Lost Girl'', wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1905 a matsayin ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'', shine littafinta mafi shahara kuma mafi sayarwa. A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, ta sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan ɗaya, wanda hakan ya sanya ta cikin littattafan da suka fi sayarwa a lokacinta. Wani masani na zamani ya kira shi "Wataƙila shine labarin tarihin rayuwa mafi shahara kuma tabbas mafi nasara a kasuwanci na farkon ƙarni na ashirin." <ref>Donald Ray Richards. ''The German Bestseller in the 20th Century: A Complete Bibliography and Analysis 1915-1940'', Herbert Lang, 1968.</ref> One contemporary scholar has called it “Perhaps the most notorious and certainly the commercially most successful autobiographical narrative of the early twentieth century.”<ref>Katharina Gerstenberger. ''Truth to Tell: German Women's Autobiographies and Turn-of-the-Century Culture'', University of Michigan Press, 2000.</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Böhme Wilhelmina Margarete Susanna Feddersen a shekara ta 1867. Marubucin da zai rubuta nan gaba ya girma a Husum, wani ƙaramin gari a Arewacin Jamus . An yi wa Husum lakabi da "gari mai launin toka kusa da teku mai launin toka" daga sanannen mazaunin wurin, marubuci kuma mawaƙi Theodor Storm . Goggon mahaifiyarta ita ce Lena Wies, mai ba da labari kuma abokiyar Storm ta daɗe tana ba wa marubucin labari tatsuniyoyi da labarai don aikinsa na gaba. Böhme ta fara rubutu tun da wuri. Tana da shekaru 17, ta buga labarinta na farko, "Sirrin Faɗin Rose," a cikin wata [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Hamburg]]. Daga nan ta ci gaba da sanya aikinta a cikin mujallu na mako-mako, duka a ƙarƙashin sunanta da kuma a ƙarƙashin sunan da aka yi wa laƙabi da shi, Ormanos Sandor. Daga baya, yayin da yake zaune a Hamburg da [[Vienna]], Böhme ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin jaridun Jamus ta Arewa da Austria. A shekarar 1894, marubuciyar ta auri Friedrich Theodor Böhme, wani mawallafin jarida wanda ya girma da shekaru 20. Bayan shekaru shida, auren ya ƙare da [[saki]]. Daga nan Böhme ta koma [[Berlin]], inda ta yi ƙoƙarin biyan bukatunta a matsayin marubuciya. Böhme ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa. Ta rubuta labarai da muƙaloli da kuma gajerun labarai ga jaridu da mujallu na lokacin. Wasu daga cikin litattafanta na farko an tsara su ne a cikin mujallu na yau da kullun, wasu kuma an buga su a cikin nau'in littattafai ta hanyar masu buga littattafan Jamus. Da farko, Böhme ta rubuta abin da a yau ake kira almara mai farin jini - amma yayin da aikinta ya girma, sai ta koma ga jigogi masu mahimmanci. Tun daga shekarar 1903, Böhme ta rubuta littattafai shida a cikin shekaru biyu. Duk da haka, kaɗan daga cikinsu sun gamu da nasara sosai. Tare da buga ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' a cikin 1905, arzikin marubucin ya canza. Littafin ya yi nasara cikin dare ɗaya, kuma an tabbatar da sunar Böhme. An yi la'akari da littattafanta na baya sosai, an fassara su zuwa wasu harsuna, kuma an yi musu bita sosai. A lokacin, an kwatanta ayyukan Böhme da na marubucin Faransa Émile Zola . Wani sharhin adabi na Amurka, ''The Bookman'', ya bayyana Böhme a matsayin "Ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan marubuta na makarantar gaskiya ta matasa a Jamus." == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' ta kasance abin sha'awar wallafe-wallafe. Ana zargin cewa labarin gaskiya ne game da Thymian, wata matashiya da yanayi ya tilasta mata shiga rayuwar karuwanci. Lokacin da aka fara buga shi, an yi imanin cewa littafin tarihi ne na gaske, kuma Böhme ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne kawai editan sa. Buga littafin da kuma nasarar da ya samu daga baya ya haifar da hasashe game da marubucinsa. An fassara ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' zuwa harsuna 14. Akwai buƙatar littafin sosai har aka sami kwafi na ɗan fashi a ƙasashe biyu aƙalla. Littafin ba wai kawai ya kawo wani shahararren ci gaba ba, wasan kwaikwayo mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce da aka haramta a wasu biranen Jamus, wasan barkwanci, da fina-finai biyu marasa sauti (ɗaya a shekarar 1918, ɗayan kuma a shekarar 1929) - har ma da tarin masu kwaikwayonsu. An fara shari'o'i game da buga littafin, kuma littafin, wanda aka tattauna sosai, yana da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri ga gyaran zamantakewa a Jamus. Saboda wani ɓangare na batunsa mai ban sha'awa, da kuma yanayin da ake jayayya a kai, littafin ya shahara sosai. An sayar da fiye da kwafi 30,000 a cikin watanni huɗu na farko na bugawa. Kasa da shekaru biyu bayan haka, a shekarar 1907, aka fitar da wani bugu mai kayatarwa wanda ke nuna fiye da kwafi 100,000 da aka buga. Zuwa shekarar 1929, an buga fiye da kwafi 1,200,000. Littafin ya ci gaba da yaɗuwa fiye da shekaru 25, har sai da aka kore shi daga bugawa da gangan a farkon zamanin Nazi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1867]] 3edhknf296lra1rlea62opjqhovoany 905793 905791 2026-08-21T20:31:39Z IB Muazzam 15405 905793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Margarete Böhme''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Mayu 1867 - 23 ga Mayu 1939), ana iya cewa, ɗaya ce daga cikin marubutan Jamus da aka fi karantawa a farkon ƙarni na 20. Böhme ya rubuta littattafai 40 - da kuma gajerun labarai, zane-zanen tarihin rayuwa, da kuma labarai. ''Littafinta mai suna The Diary of a Lost Girl'', wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1905 a matsayin ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'', shine littafinta mafi shahara kuma mafi sayarwa. A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, ta sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan ɗaya, wanda hakan ya sanya ta cikin littattafan da suka fi sayarwa a lokacinta. Wani masani na zamani ya kira shi "Wataƙila shine labarin tarihin rayuwa mafi shahara kuma tabbas mafi nasara a kasuwanci na farkon ƙarni na ashirin." <ref>Donald Ray Richards. ''The German Bestseller in the 20th Century: A Complete Bibliography and Analysis 1915-1940'', Herbert Lang, 1968.</ref> One contemporary scholar has called it “Perhaps the most notorious and certainly the commercially most successful autobiographical narrative of the early twentieth century.”<ref>Katharina Gerstenberger. ''Truth to Tell: German Women's Autobiographies and Turn-of-the-Century Culture'', University of Michigan Press, 2000.</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Böhme Wilhelmina Margarete Susanna Feddersen a shekara ta 1867. Marubucin da zai rubuta nan gaba ya girma a Husum, wani ƙaramin gari a Arewacin Jamus . An yi wa Husum lakabi da "gari mai launin toka kusa da teku mai launin toka" daga sanannen mazaunin wurin, marubuci kuma mawaƙi Theodor Storm . Goggon mahaifiyarta ita ce Lena Wies, mai ba da labari kuma abokiyar Storm ta daɗe tana ba wa marubucin labari tatsuniyoyi da labarai don aikinsa na gaba. Böhme ta fara rubutu tun da wuri. Tana da shekaru 17, ta buga labarinta na farko, "Sirrin Faɗin Rose," a cikin wata [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Hamburg]]. Daga nan ta ci gaba da sanya aikinta a cikin mujallu na mako-mako, duka a ƙarƙashin sunanta da kuma a ƙarƙashin sunan da aka yi wa laƙabi da shi, Ormanos Sandor. Daga baya, yayin da yake zaune a Hamburg da [[Vienna]], Böhme ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin jaridun Jamus ta Arewa da Austria. A shekarar 1894, marubuciyar ta auri Friedrich Theodor Böhme, wani mawallafin jarida wanda ya girma da shekaru 20. Bayan shekaru shida, auren ya ƙare da [[saki]]. Daga nan Böhme ta koma [[Berlin]], inda ta yi ƙoƙarin biyan bukatunta a matsayin marubuciya. Böhme ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa. Ta rubuta labarai da muƙaloli da kuma gajerun labarai ga jaridu da mujallu na lokacin. Wasu daga cikin litattafanta na farko an tsara su ne a cikin mujallu na yau da kullun, wasu kuma an buga su a cikin nau'in littattafai ta hanyar masu buga littattafan Jamus. Da farko, Böhme ta rubuta abin da a yau ake kira almara mai farin jini - amma yayin da aikinta ya girma, sai ta koma ga jigogi masu mahimmanci. Tun daga shekarar 1903, Böhme ta rubuta littattafai shida a cikin shekaru biyu. Duk da haka, kaɗan daga cikinsu sun gamu da nasara sosai. Tare da buga ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' a cikin 1905, arzikin marubucin ya canza. Littafin ya yi nasara cikin dare ɗaya, kuma an tabbatar da sunar Böhme. An yi la'akari da littattafanta na baya sosai, an fassara su zuwa wasu harsuna, kuma an yi musu bita sosai. A lokacin, an kwatanta ayyukan Böhme da na marubucin Faransa Émile Zola . Wani sharhin adabi na Amurka, ''The Bookman'', ya bayyana Böhme a matsayin "Ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan marubuta na makarantar gaskiya ta matasa a Jamus." == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' ta kasance abin sha'awar wallafe-wallafe. Ana zargin cewa labarin gaskiya ne game da Thymian, wata matashiya da yanayi ya tilasta mata shiga rayuwar karuwanci. Lokacin da aka fara buga shi, an yi imanin cewa littafin tarihi ne na gaske, kuma Böhme ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne kawai editan sa. Buga littafin da kuma nasarar da ya samu daga baya ya haifar da hasashe game da marubucinsa. An fassara ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' zuwa harsuna 14. Akwai buƙatar littafin sosai har aka sami kwafi na ɗan fashi a ƙasashe biyu aƙalla. Littafin ba wai kawai ya kawo wani shahararren ci gaba ba, wasan kwaikwayo mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce da aka haramta a wasu biranen Jamus, wasan barkwanci, da fina-finai biyu marasa sauti (ɗaya a shekarar 1918, ɗayan kuma a shekarar 1929) - har ma da tarin masu kwaikwayonsu. An fara shari'o'i game da buga littafin, kuma littafin, wanda aka tattauna sosai, yana da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri ga gyaran zamantakewa a Jamus. Saboda wani ɓangare na batunsa mai ban sha'awa, da kuma yanayin da ake jayayya a kai, littafin ya shahara sosai. An sayar da fiye da kwafi 30,000 a cikin watanni huɗu na farko na bugawa. Kasa da shekaru biyu bayan haka, a shekarar 1907, aka fitar da wani bugu mai kayatarwa wanda ke nuna fiye da kwafi 100,000 da aka buga. Zuwa shekarar 1929, an buga fiye da kwafi 1,200,000. Littafin ya ci gaba da yaɗuwa fiye da shekaru 25, har sai da aka kore shi daga bugawa da gangan a farkon zamanin Nazi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1867]] ts78xgph5jhtv3elzovrff4nn4zi63i 905794 905793 2026-08-21T20:32:04Z IB Muazzam 15405 905794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Margarete Böhme''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Mayuna shekarar 1867 - 23 ga Mayu 1939), ana iya cewa, ɗaya ce daga cikin marubutan Jamus da aka fi karantawa a farkon ƙarni na 20. Böhme ya rubuta littattafai 40 - da kuma gajerun labarai, zane-zanen tarihin rayuwa, da kuma labarai. ''Littafinta mai suna The Diary of a Lost Girl'', wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1905 a matsayin ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'', shine littafinta mafi shahara kuma mafi sayarwa. A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, ta sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan ɗaya, wanda hakan ya sanya ta cikin littattafan da suka fi sayarwa a lokacinta. Wani masani na zamani ya kira shi "Wataƙila shine labarin tarihin rayuwa mafi shahara kuma tabbas mafi nasara a kasuwanci na farkon ƙarni na ashirin." <ref>Donald Ray Richards. ''The German Bestseller in the 20th Century: A Complete Bibliography and Analysis 1915-1940'', Herbert Lang, 1968.</ref> One contemporary scholar has called it “Perhaps the most notorious and certainly the commercially most successful autobiographical narrative of the early twentieth century.”<ref>Katharina Gerstenberger. ''Truth to Tell: German Women's Autobiographies and Turn-of-the-Century Culture'', University of Michigan Press, 2000.</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Böhme Wilhelmina Margarete Susanna Feddersen a shekara ta 1867. Marubucin da zai rubuta nan gaba ya girma a Husum, wani ƙaramin gari a Arewacin Jamus . An yi wa Husum lakabi da "gari mai launin toka kusa da teku mai launin toka" daga sanannen mazaunin wurin, marubuci kuma mawaƙi Theodor Storm . Goggon mahaifiyarta ita ce Lena Wies, mai ba da labari kuma abokiyar Storm ta daɗe tana ba wa marubucin labari tatsuniyoyi da labarai don aikinsa na gaba. Böhme ta fara rubutu tun da wuri. Tana da shekaru 17, ta buga labarinta na farko, "Sirrin Faɗin Rose," a cikin wata [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Hamburg]]. Daga nan ta ci gaba da sanya aikinta a cikin mujallu na mako-mako, duka a ƙarƙashin sunanta da kuma a ƙarƙashin sunan da aka yi wa laƙabi da shi, Ormanos Sandor. Daga baya, yayin da yake zaune a Hamburg da [[Vienna]], Böhme ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin jaridun Jamus ta Arewa da Austria. A shekarar 1894, marubuciyar ta auri Friedrich Theodor Böhme, wani mawallafin jarida wanda ya girma da shekaru 20. Bayan shekaru shida, auren ya ƙare da [[saki]]. Daga nan Böhme ta koma [[Berlin]], inda ta yi ƙoƙarin biyan bukatunta a matsayin marubuciya. Böhme ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa. Ta rubuta labarai da muƙaloli da kuma gajerun labarai ga jaridu da mujallu na lokacin. Wasu daga cikin litattafanta na farko an tsara su ne a cikin mujallu na yau da kullun, wasu kuma an buga su a cikin nau'in littattafai ta hanyar masu buga littattafan Jamus. Da farko, Böhme ta rubuta abin da a yau ake kira almara mai farin jini - amma yayin da aikinta ya girma, sai ta koma ga jigogi masu mahimmanci. Tun daga shekarar 1903, Böhme ta rubuta littattafai shida a cikin shekaru biyu. Duk da haka, kaɗan daga cikinsu sun gamu da nasara sosai. Tare da buga ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' a cikin 1905, arzikin marubucin ya canza. Littafin ya yi nasara cikin dare ɗaya, kuma an tabbatar da sunar Böhme. An yi la'akari da littattafanta na baya sosai, an fassara su zuwa wasu harsuna, kuma an yi musu bita sosai. A lokacin, an kwatanta ayyukan Böhme da na marubucin Faransa Émile Zola . Wani sharhin adabi na Amurka, ''The Bookman'', ya bayyana Böhme a matsayin "Ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan marubuta na makarantar gaskiya ta matasa a Jamus." == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' ta kasance abin sha'awar wallafe-wallafe. Ana zargin cewa labarin gaskiya ne game da Thymian, wata matashiya da yanayi ya tilasta mata shiga rayuwar karuwanci. Lokacin da aka fara buga shi, an yi imanin cewa littafin tarihi ne na gaske, kuma Böhme ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne kawai editan sa. Buga littafin da kuma nasarar da ya samu daga baya ya haifar da hasashe game da marubucinsa. An fassara ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' zuwa harsuna 14. Akwai buƙatar littafin sosai har aka sami kwafi na ɗan fashi a ƙasashe biyu aƙalla. Littafin ba wai kawai ya kawo wani shahararren ci gaba ba, wasan kwaikwayo mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce da aka haramta a wasu biranen Jamus, wasan barkwanci, da fina-finai biyu marasa sauti (ɗaya a shekarar 1918, ɗayan kuma a shekarar 1929) - har ma da tarin masu kwaikwayonsu. An fara shari'o'i game da buga littafin, kuma littafin, wanda aka tattauna sosai, yana da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri ga gyaran zamantakewa a Jamus. Saboda wani ɓangare na batunsa mai ban sha'awa, da kuma yanayin da ake jayayya a kai, littafin ya shahara sosai. An sayar da fiye da kwafi 30,000 a cikin watanni huɗu na farko na bugawa. Kasa da shekaru biyu bayan haka, a shekarar 1907, aka fitar da wani bugu mai kayatarwa wanda ke nuna fiye da kwafi 100,000 da aka buga. Zuwa shekarar 1929, an buga fiye da kwafi 1,200,000. Littafin ya ci gaba da yaɗuwa fiye da shekaru 25, har sai da aka kore shi daga bugawa da gangan a farkon zamanin Nazi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1867]] dmefn13fbortfaf08qxdvsodx61nfuu 905795 905794 2026-08-21T20:32:25Z IB Muazzam 15405 905795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Margarete Böhme''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Mayuna shekarar 1867 ta mutu 23 ga Mayu 1939), ana iya cewa, ɗaya ce daga cikin marubutan Jamus da aka fi karantawa a farkon ƙarni na 20. Böhme ya rubuta littattafai 40 - da kuma gajerun labarai, zane-zanen tarihin rayuwa, da kuma labarai. ''Littafinta mai suna The Diary of a Lost Girl'', wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1905 a matsayin ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'', shine littafinta mafi shahara kuma mafi sayarwa. A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, ta sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan ɗaya, wanda hakan ya sanya ta cikin littattafan da suka fi sayarwa a lokacinta. Wani masani na zamani ya kira shi "Wataƙila shine labarin tarihin rayuwa mafi shahara kuma tabbas mafi nasara a kasuwanci na farkon ƙarni na ashirin." <ref>Donald Ray Richards. ''The German Bestseller in the 20th Century: A Complete Bibliography and Analysis 1915-1940'', Herbert Lang, 1968.</ref> One contemporary scholar has called it “Perhaps the most notorious and certainly the commercially most successful autobiographical narrative of the early twentieth century.”<ref>Katharina Gerstenberger. ''Truth to Tell: German Women's Autobiographies and Turn-of-the-Century Culture'', University of Michigan Press, 2000.</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Böhme Wilhelmina Margarete Susanna Feddersen a shekara ta 1867. Marubucin da zai rubuta nan gaba ya girma a Husum, wani ƙaramin gari a Arewacin Jamus . An yi wa Husum lakabi da "gari mai launin toka kusa da teku mai launin toka" daga sanannen mazaunin wurin, marubuci kuma mawaƙi Theodor Storm . Goggon mahaifiyarta ita ce Lena Wies, mai ba da labari kuma abokiyar Storm ta daɗe tana ba wa marubucin labari tatsuniyoyi da labarai don aikinsa na gaba. Böhme ta fara rubutu tun da wuri. Tana da shekaru 17, ta buga labarinta na farko, "Sirrin Faɗin Rose," a cikin wata [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Hamburg]]. Daga nan ta ci gaba da sanya aikinta a cikin mujallu na mako-mako, duka a ƙarƙashin sunanta da kuma a ƙarƙashin sunan da aka yi wa laƙabi da shi, Ormanos Sandor. Daga baya, yayin da yake zaune a Hamburg da [[Vienna]], Böhme ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin jaridun Jamus ta Arewa da Austria. A shekarar 1894, marubuciyar ta auri Friedrich Theodor Böhme, wani mawallafin jarida wanda ya girma da shekaru 20. Bayan shekaru shida, auren ya ƙare da [[saki]]. Daga nan Böhme ta koma [[Berlin]], inda ta yi ƙoƙarin biyan bukatunta a matsayin marubuciya. Böhme ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa. Ta rubuta labarai da muƙaloli da kuma gajerun labarai ga jaridu da mujallu na lokacin. Wasu daga cikin litattafanta na farko an tsara su ne a cikin mujallu na yau da kullun, wasu kuma an buga su a cikin nau'in littattafai ta hanyar masu buga littattafan Jamus. Da farko, Böhme ta rubuta abin da a yau ake kira almara mai farin jini - amma yayin da aikinta ya girma, sai ta koma ga jigogi masu mahimmanci. Tun daga shekarar 1903, Böhme ta rubuta littattafai shida a cikin shekaru biyu. Duk da haka, kaɗan daga cikinsu sun gamu da nasara sosai. Tare da buga ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' a cikin 1905, arzikin marubucin ya canza. Littafin ya yi nasara cikin dare ɗaya, kuma an tabbatar da sunar Böhme. An yi la'akari da littattafanta na baya sosai, an fassara su zuwa wasu harsuna, kuma an yi musu bita sosai. A lokacin, an kwatanta ayyukan Böhme da na marubucin Faransa Émile Zola . Wani sharhin adabi na Amurka, ''The Bookman'', ya bayyana Böhme a matsayin "Ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan marubuta na makarantar gaskiya ta matasa a Jamus." == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' ta kasance abin sha'awar wallafe-wallafe. Ana zargin cewa labarin gaskiya ne game da Thymian, wata matashiya da yanayi ya tilasta mata shiga rayuwar karuwanci. Lokacin da aka fara buga shi, an yi imanin cewa littafin tarihi ne na gaske, kuma Böhme ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne kawai editan sa. Buga littafin da kuma nasarar da ya samu daga baya ya haifar da hasashe game da marubucinsa. An fassara ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' zuwa harsuna 14. Akwai buƙatar littafin sosai har aka sami kwafi na ɗan fashi a ƙasashe biyu aƙalla. Littafin ba wai kawai ya kawo wani shahararren ci gaba ba, wasan kwaikwayo mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce da aka haramta a wasu biranen Jamus, wasan barkwanci, da fina-finai biyu marasa sauti (ɗaya a shekarar 1918, ɗayan kuma a shekarar 1929) - har ma da tarin masu kwaikwayonsu. An fara shari'o'i game da buga littafin, kuma littafin, wanda aka tattauna sosai, yana da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri ga gyaran zamantakewa a Jamus. Saboda wani ɓangare na batunsa mai ban sha'awa, da kuma yanayin da ake jayayya a kai, littafin ya shahara sosai. An sayar da fiye da kwafi 30,000 a cikin watanni huɗu na farko na bugawa. Kasa da shekaru biyu bayan haka, a shekarar 1907, aka fitar da wani bugu mai kayatarwa wanda ke nuna fiye da kwafi 100,000 da aka buga. Zuwa shekarar 1929, an buga fiye da kwafi 1,200,000. Littafin ya ci gaba da yaɗuwa fiye da shekaru 25, har sai da aka kore shi daga bugawa da gangan a farkon zamanin Nazi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1867]] avco5gcksb5g5i97ol1rvp5tsx0dpcy 905796 905795 2026-08-21T20:32:43Z IB Muazzam 15405 905796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Margarete Böhme''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Mayuna shekarar 1867 ta mutu a ranar 23 ga Mayu 1939), ana iya cewa, ɗaya ce daga cikin marubutan Jamus da aka fi karantawa a farkon ƙarni na 20. Böhme ya rubuta littattafai 40 - da kuma gajerun labarai, zane-zanen tarihin rayuwa, da kuma labarai. ''Littafinta mai suna The Diary of a Lost Girl'', wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1905 a matsayin ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'', shine littafinta mafi shahara kuma mafi sayarwa. A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, ta sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan ɗaya, wanda hakan ya sanya ta cikin littattafan da suka fi sayarwa a lokacinta. Wani masani na zamani ya kira shi "Wataƙila shine labarin tarihin rayuwa mafi shahara kuma tabbas mafi nasara a kasuwanci na farkon ƙarni na ashirin." <ref>Donald Ray Richards. ''The German Bestseller in the 20th Century: A Complete Bibliography and Analysis 1915-1940'', Herbert Lang, 1968.</ref> One contemporary scholar has called it “Perhaps the most notorious and certainly the commercially most successful autobiographical narrative of the early twentieth century.”<ref>Katharina Gerstenberger. ''Truth to Tell: German Women's Autobiographies and Turn-of-the-Century Culture'', University of Michigan Press, 2000.</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Böhme Wilhelmina Margarete Susanna Feddersen a shekara ta 1867. Marubucin da zai rubuta nan gaba ya girma a Husum, wani ƙaramin gari a Arewacin Jamus . An yi wa Husum lakabi da "gari mai launin toka kusa da teku mai launin toka" daga sanannen mazaunin wurin, marubuci kuma mawaƙi Theodor Storm . Goggon mahaifiyarta ita ce Lena Wies, mai ba da labari kuma abokiyar Storm ta daɗe tana ba wa marubucin labari tatsuniyoyi da labarai don aikinsa na gaba. Böhme ta fara rubutu tun da wuri. Tana da shekaru 17, ta buga labarinta na farko, "Sirrin Faɗin Rose," a cikin wata [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Hamburg]]. Daga nan ta ci gaba da sanya aikinta a cikin mujallu na mako-mako, duka a ƙarƙashin sunanta da kuma a ƙarƙashin sunan da aka yi wa laƙabi da shi, Ormanos Sandor. Daga baya, yayin da yake zaune a Hamburg da [[Vienna]], Böhme ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin jaridun Jamus ta Arewa da Austria. A shekarar 1894, marubuciyar ta auri Friedrich Theodor Böhme, wani mawallafin jarida wanda ya girma da shekaru 20. Bayan shekaru shida, auren ya ƙare da [[saki]]. Daga nan Böhme ta koma [[Berlin]], inda ta yi ƙoƙarin biyan bukatunta a matsayin marubuciya. Böhme ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa. Ta rubuta labarai da muƙaloli da kuma gajerun labarai ga jaridu da mujallu na lokacin. Wasu daga cikin litattafanta na farko an tsara su ne a cikin mujallu na yau da kullun, wasu kuma an buga su a cikin nau'in littattafai ta hanyar masu buga littattafan Jamus. Da farko, Böhme ta rubuta abin da a yau ake kira almara mai farin jini - amma yayin da aikinta ya girma, sai ta koma ga jigogi masu mahimmanci. Tun daga shekarar 1903, Böhme ta rubuta littattafai shida a cikin shekaru biyu. Duk da haka, kaɗan daga cikinsu sun gamu da nasara sosai. Tare da buga ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' a cikin 1905, arzikin marubucin ya canza. Littafin ya yi nasara cikin dare ɗaya, kuma an tabbatar da sunar Böhme. An yi la'akari da littattafanta na baya sosai, an fassara su zuwa wasu harsuna, kuma an yi musu bita sosai. A lokacin, an kwatanta ayyukan Böhme da na marubucin Faransa Émile Zola . Wani sharhin adabi na Amurka, ''The Bookman'', ya bayyana Böhme a matsayin "Ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan marubuta na makarantar gaskiya ta matasa a Jamus." == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' ta kasance abin sha'awar wallafe-wallafe. Ana zargin cewa labarin gaskiya ne game da Thymian, wata matashiya da yanayi ya tilasta mata shiga rayuwar karuwanci. Lokacin da aka fara buga shi, an yi imanin cewa littafin tarihi ne na gaske, kuma Böhme ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne kawai editan sa. Buga littafin da kuma nasarar da ya samu daga baya ya haifar da hasashe game da marubucinsa. An fassara ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' zuwa harsuna 14. Akwai buƙatar littafin sosai har aka sami kwafi na ɗan fashi a ƙasashe biyu aƙalla. Littafin ba wai kawai ya kawo wani shahararren ci gaba ba, wasan kwaikwayo mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce da aka haramta a wasu biranen Jamus, wasan barkwanci, da fina-finai biyu marasa sauti (ɗaya a shekarar 1918, ɗayan kuma a shekarar 1929) - har ma da tarin masu kwaikwayonsu. An fara shari'o'i game da buga littafin, kuma littafin, wanda aka tattauna sosai, yana da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri ga gyaran zamantakewa a Jamus. Saboda wani ɓangare na batunsa mai ban sha'awa, da kuma yanayin da ake jayayya a kai, littafin ya shahara sosai. An sayar da fiye da kwafi 30,000 a cikin watanni huɗu na farko na bugawa. Kasa da shekaru biyu bayan haka, a shekarar 1907, aka fitar da wani bugu mai kayatarwa wanda ke nuna fiye da kwafi 100,000 da aka buga. Zuwa shekarar 1929, an buga fiye da kwafi 1,200,000. Littafin ya ci gaba da yaɗuwa fiye da shekaru 25, har sai da aka kore shi daga bugawa da gangan a farkon zamanin Nazi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1867]] k00w1b34mn92dodmv3yxmwj9l13hpnr 905797 905796 2026-08-21T20:33:01Z IB Muazzam 15405 905797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Margarete Böhme''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Mayuna shekarar 1867 ta mutu a ranar 23 ga watan Mayu 1939), ana iya cewa, ɗaya ce daga cikin marubutan Jamus da aka fi karantawa a farkon ƙarni na 20. Böhme ya rubuta littattafai 40 - da kuma gajerun labarai, zane-zanen tarihin rayuwa, da kuma labarai. ''Littafinta mai suna The Diary of a Lost Girl'', wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1905 a matsayin ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'', shine littafinta mafi shahara kuma mafi sayarwa. A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, ta sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan ɗaya, wanda hakan ya sanya ta cikin littattafan da suka fi sayarwa a lokacinta. Wani masani na zamani ya kira shi "Wataƙila shine labarin tarihin rayuwa mafi shahara kuma tabbas mafi nasara a kasuwanci na farkon ƙarni na ashirin." <ref>Donald Ray Richards. ''The German Bestseller in the 20th Century: A Complete Bibliography and Analysis 1915-1940'', Herbert Lang, 1968.</ref> One contemporary scholar has called it “Perhaps the most notorious and certainly the commercially most successful autobiographical narrative of the early twentieth century.”<ref>Katharina Gerstenberger. ''Truth to Tell: German Women's Autobiographies and Turn-of-the-Century Culture'', University of Michigan Press, 2000.</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Böhme Wilhelmina Margarete Susanna Feddersen a shekara ta 1867. Marubucin da zai rubuta nan gaba ya girma a Husum, wani ƙaramin gari a Arewacin Jamus . An yi wa Husum lakabi da "gari mai launin toka kusa da teku mai launin toka" daga sanannen mazaunin wurin, marubuci kuma mawaƙi Theodor Storm . Goggon mahaifiyarta ita ce Lena Wies, mai ba da labari kuma abokiyar Storm ta daɗe tana ba wa marubucin labari tatsuniyoyi da labarai don aikinsa na gaba. Böhme ta fara rubutu tun da wuri. Tana da shekaru 17, ta buga labarinta na farko, "Sirrin Faɗin Rose," a cikin wata [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Hamburg]]. Daga nan ta ci gaba da sanya aikinta a cikin mujallu na mako-mako, duka a ƙarƙashin sunanta da kuma a ƙarƙashin sunan da aka yi wa laƙabi da shi, Ormanos Sandor. Daga baya, yayin da yake zaune a Hamburg da [[Vienna]], Böhme ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin jaridun Jamus ta Arewa da Austria. A shekarar 1894, marubuciyar ta auri Friedrich Theodor Böhme, wani mawallafin jarida wanda ya girma da shekaru 20. Bayan shekaru shida, auren ya ƙare da [[saki]]. Daga nan Böhme ta koma [[Berlin]], inda ta yi ƙoƙarin biyan bukatunta a matsayin marubuciya. Böhme ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa. Ta rubuta labarai da muƙaloli da kuma gajerun labarai ga jaridu da mujallu na lokacin. Wasu daga cikin litattafanta na farko an tsara su ne a cikin mujallu na yau da kullun, wasu kuma an buga su a cikin nau'in littattafai ta hanyar masu buga littattafan Jamus. Da farko, Böhme ta rubuta abin da a yau ake kira almara mai farin jini - amma yayin da aikinta ya girma, sai ta koma ga jigogi masu mahimmanci. Tun daga shekarar 1903, Böhme ta rubuta littattafai shida a cikin shekaru biyu. Duk da haka, kaɗan daga cikinsu sun gamu da nasara sosai. Tare da buga ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' a cikin 1905, arzikin marubucin ya canza. Littafin ya yi nasara cikin dare ɗaya, kuma an tabbatar da sunar Böhme. An yi la'akari da littattafanta na baya sosai, an fassara su zuwa wasu harsuna, kuma an yi musu bita sosai. A lokacin, an kwatanta ayyukan Böhme da na marubucin Faransa Émile Zola . Wani sharhin adabi na Amurka, ''The Bookman'', ya bayyana Böhme a matsayin "Ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan marubuta na makarantar gaskiya ta matasa a Jamus." == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' ta kasance abin sha'awar wallafe-wallafe. Ana zargin cewa labarin gaskiya ne game da Thymian, wata matashiya da yanayi ya tilasta mata shiga rayuwar karuwanci. Lokacin da aka fara buga shi, an yi imanin cewa littafin tarihi ne na gaske, kuma Böhme ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne kawai editan sa. Buga littafin da kuma nasarar da ya samu daga baya ya haifar da hasashe game da marubucinsa. An fassara ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' zuwa harsuna 14. Akwai buƙatar littafin sosai har aka sami kwafi na ɗan fashi a ƙasashe biyu aƙalla. Littafin ba wai kawai ya kawo wani shahararren ci gaba ba, wasan kwaikwayo mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce da aka haramta a wasu biranen Jamus, wasan barkwanci, da fina-finai biyu marasa sauti (ɗaya a shekarar 1918, ɗayan kuma a shekarar 1929) - har ma da tarin masu kwaikwayonsu. An fara shari'o'i game da buga littafin, kuma littafin, wanda aka tattauna sosai, yana da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri ga gyaran zamantakewa a Jamus. Saboda wani ɓangare na batunsa mai ban sha'awa, da kuma yanayin da ake jayayya a kai, littafin ya shahara sosai. An sayar da fiye da kwafi 30,000 a cikin watanni huɗu na farko na bugawa. Kasa da shekaru biyu bayan haka, a shekarar 1907, aka fitar da wani bugu mai kayatarwa wanda ke nuna fiye da kwafi 100,000 da aka buga. Zuwa shekarar 1929, an buga fiye da kwafi 1,200,000. Littafin ya ci gaba da yaɗuwa fiye da shekaru 25, har sai da aka kore shi daga bugawa da gangan a farkon zamanin Nazi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1867]] 1k2aa58h5f1wnpngbnfg3c3bk7s0e5t 905798 905797 2026-08-21T20:33:27Z IB Muazzam 15405 905798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Margarete Böhme''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Mayuna shekarar 1867 ta mutu a ranar 23 ga watan Mayu a shekara 1939), ana iya cewa, ɗaya ce daga cikin marubutan Jamus da aka fi karantawa a farkon ƙarni na 20. Böhme ya rubuta littattafai 40 - da kuma gajerun labarai, zane-zanen tarihin rayuwa, da kuma labarai. ''Littafinta mai suna The Diary of a Lost Girl'', wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1905 a matsayin ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'', shine littafinta mafi shahara kuma mafi sayarwa. A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, ta sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan ɗaya, wanda hakan ya sanya ta cikin littattafan da suka fi sayarwa a lokacinta. Wani masani na zamani ya kira shi "Wataƙila shine labarin tarihin rayuwa mafi shahara kuma tabbas mafi nasara a kasuwanci na farkon ƙarni na ashirin." <ref>Donald Ray Richards. ''The German Bestseller in the 20th Century: A Complete Bibliography and Analysis 1915-1940'', Herbert Lang, 1968.</ref> One contemporary scholar has called it “Perhaps the most notorious and certainly the commercially most successful autobiographical narrative of the early twentieth century.”<ref>Katharina Gerstenberger. ''Truth to Tell: German Women's Autobiographies and Turn-of-the-Century Culture'', University of Michigan Press, 2000.</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Böhme Wilhelmina Margarete Susanna Feddersen a shekara ta 1867. Marubucin da zai rubuta nan gaba ya girma a Husum, wani ƙaramin gari a Arewacin Jamus . An yi wa Husum lakabi da "gari mai launin toka kusa da teku mai launin toka" daga sanannen mazaunin wurin, marubuci kuma mawaƙi Theodor Storm . Goggon mahaifiyarta ita ce Lena Wies, mai ba da labari kuma abokiyar Storm ta daɗe tana ba wa marubucin labari tatsuniyoyi da labarai don aikinsa na gaba. Böhme ta fara rubutu tun da wuri. Tana da shekaru 17, ta buga labarinta na farko, "Sirrin Faɗin Rose," a cikin wata [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Hamburg]]. Daga nan ta ci gaba da sanya aikinta a cikin mujallu na mako-mako, duka a ƙarƙashin sunanta da kuma a ƙarƙashin sunan da aka yi wa laƙabi da shi, Ormanos Sandor. Daga baya, yayin da yake zaune a Hamburg da [[Vienna]], Böhme ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin jaridun Jamus ta Arewa da Austria. A shekarar 1894, marubuciyar ta auri Friedrich Theodor Böhme, wani mawallafin jarida wanda ya girma da shekaru 20. Bayan shekaru shida, auren ya ƙare da [[saki]]. Daga nan Böhme ta koma [[Berlin]], inda ta yi ƙoƙarin biyan bukatunta a matsayin marubuciya. Böhme ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa. Ta rubuta labarai da muƙaloli da kuma gajerun labarai ga jaridu da mujallu na lokacin. Wasu daga cikin litattafanta na farko an tsara su ne a cikin mujallu na yau da kullun, wasu kuma an buga su a cikin nau'in littattafai ta hanyar masu buga littattafan Jamus. Da farko, Böhme ta rubuta abin da a yau ake kira almara mai farin jini - amma yayin da aikinta ya girma, sai ta koma ga jigogi masu mahimmanci. Tun daga shekarar 1903, Böhme ta rubuta littattafai shida a cikin shekaru biyu. Duk da haka, kaɗan daga cikinsu sun gamu da nasara sosai. Tare da buga ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' a cikin 1905, arzikin marubucin ya canza. Littafin ya yi nasara cikin dare ɗaya, kuma an tabbatar da sunar Böhme. An yi la'akari da littattafanta na baya sosai, an fassara su zuwa wasu harsuna, kuma an yi musu bita sosai. A lokacin, an kwatanta ayyukan Böhme da na marubucin Faransa Émile Zola . Wani sharhin adabi na Amurka, ''The Bookman'', ya bayyana Böhme a matsayin "Ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan marubuta na makarantar gaskiya ta matasa a Jamus." == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' ta kasance abin sha'awar wallafe-wallafe. Ana zargin cewa labarin gaskiya ne game da Thymian, wata matashiya da yanayi ya tilasta mata shiga rayuwar karuwanci. Lokacin da aka fara buga shi, an yi imanin cewa littafin tarihi ne na gaske, kuma Böhme ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne kawai editan sa. Buga littafin da kuma nasarar da ya samu daga baya ya haifar da hasashe game da marubucinsa. An fassara ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' zuwa harsuna 14. Akwai buƙatar littafin sosai har aka sami kwafi na ɗan fashi a ƙasashe biyu aƙalla. Littafin ba wai kawai ya kawo wani shahararren ci gaba ba, wasan kwaikwayo mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce da aka haramta a wasu biranen Jamus, wasan barkwanci, da fina-finai biyu marasa sauti (ɗaya a shekarar 1918, ɗayan kuma a shekarar 1929) - har ma da tarin masu kwaikwayonsu. An fara shari'o'i game da buga littafin, kuma littafin, wanda aka tattauna sosai, yana da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri ga gyaran zamantakewa a Jamus. Saboda wani ɓangare na batunsa mai ban sha'awa, da kuma yanayin da ake jayayya a kai, littafin ya shahara sosai. An sayar da fiye da kwafi 30,000 a cikin watanni huɗu na farko na bugawa. Kasa da shekaru biyu bayan haka, a shekarar 1907, aka fitar da wani bugu mai kayatarwa wanda ke nuna fiye da kwafi 100,000 da aka buga. Zuwa shekarar 1929, an buga fiye da kwafi 1,200,000. Littafin ya ci gaba da yaɗuwa fiye da shekaru 25, har sai da aka kore shi daga bugawa da gangan a farkon zamanin Nazi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1867]] cooiyz8w7y2gq6jskaf9bs9vnbc2djq 905799 905798 2026-08-21T20:33:42Z IB Muazzam 15405 905799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Margarete Böhme''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Mayuna shekarar 1867 ta mutu a ranar 23 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 1939), ana iya cewa, ɗaya ce daga cikin marubutan Jamus da aka fi karantawa a farkon ƙarni na 20. Böhme ya rubuta littattafai 40 - da kuma gajerun labarai, zane-zanen tarihin rayuwa, da kuma labarai. ''Littafinta mai suna The Diary of a Lost Girl'', wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1905 a matsayin ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'', shine littafinta mafi shahara kuma mafi sayarwa. A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, ta sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan ɗaya, wanda hakan ya sanya ta cikin littattafan da suka fi sayarwa a lokacinta. Wani masani na zamani ya kira shi "Wataƙila shine labarin tarihin rayuwa mafi shahara kuma tabbas mafi nasara a kasuwanci na farkon ƙarni na ashirin." <ref>Donald Ray Richards. ''The German Bestseller in the 20th Century: A Complete Bibliography and Analysis 1915-1940'', Herbert Lang, 1968.</ref> One contemporary scholar has called it “Perhaps the most notorious and certainly the commercially most successful autobiographical narrative of the early twentieth century.”<ref>Katharina Gerstenberger. ''Truth to Tell: German Women's Autobiographies and Turn-of-the-Century Culture'', University of Michigan Press, 2000.</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Böhme Wilhelmina Margarete Susanna Feddersen a shekara ta 1867. Marubucin da zai rubuta nan gaba ya girma a Husum, wani ƙaramin gari a Arewacin Jamus . An yi wa Husum lakabi da "gari mai launin toka kusa da teku mai launin toka" daga sanannen mazaunin wurin, marubuci kuma mawaƙi Theodor Storm . Goggon mahaifiyarta ita ce Lena Wies, mai ba da labari kuma abokiyar Storm ta daɗe tana ba wa marubucin labari tatsuniyoyi da labarai don aikinsa na gaba. Böhme ta fara rubutu tun da wuri. Tana da shekaru 17, ta buga labarinta na farko, "Sirrin Faɗin Rose," a cikin wata [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Hamburg]]. Daga nan ta ci gaba da sanya aikinta a cikin mujallu na mako-mako, duka a ƙarƙashin sunanta da kuma a ƙarƙashin sunan da aka yi wa laƙabi da shi, Ormanos Sandor. Daga baya, yayin da yake zaune a Hamburg da [[Vienna]], Böhme ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin jaridun Jamus ta Arewa da Austria. A shekarar 1894, marubuciyar ta auri Friedrich Theodor Böhme, wani mawallafin jarida wanda ya girma da shekaru 20. Bayan shekaru shida, auren ya ƙare da [[saki]]. Daga nan Böhme ta koma [[Berlin]], inda ta yi ƙoƙarin biyan bukatunta a matsayin marubuciya. Böhme ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa. Ta rubuta labarai da muƙaloli da kuma gajerun labarai ga jaridu da mujallu na lokacin. Wasu daga cikin litattafanta na farko an tsara su ne a cikin mujallu na yau da kullun, wasu kuma an buga su a cikin nau'in littattafai ta hanyar masu buga littattafan Jamus. Da farko, Böhme ta rubuta abin da a yau ake kira almara mai farin jini - amma yayin da aikinta ya girma, sai ta koma ga jigogi masu mahimmanci. Tun daga shekarar 1903, Böhme ta rubuta littattafai shida a cikin shekaru biyu. Duk da haka, kaɗan daga cikinsu sun gamu da nasara sosai. Tare da buga ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' a cikin 1905, arzikin marubucin ya canza. Littafin ya yi nasara cikin dare ɗaya, kuma an tabbatar da sunar Böhme. An yi la'akari da littattafanta na baya sosai, an fassara su zuwa wasu harsuna, kuma an yi musu bita sosai. A lokacin, an kwatanta ayyukan Böhme da na marubucin Faransa Émile Zola . Wani sharhin adabi na Amurka, ''The Bookman'', ya bayyana Böhme a matsayin "Ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan marubuta na makarantar gaskiya ta matasa a Jamus." == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' ta kasance abin sha'awar wallafe-wallafe. Ana zargin cewa labarin gaskiya ne game da Thymian, wata matashiya da yanayi ya tilasta mata shiga rayuwar karuwanci. Lokacin da aka fara buga shi, an yi imanin cewa littafin tarihi ne na gaske, kuma Böhme ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne kawai editan sa. Buga littafin da kuma nasarar da ya samu daga baya ya haifar da hasashe game da marubucinsa. An fassara ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' zuwa harsuna 14. Akwai buƙatar littafin sosai har aka sami kwafi na ɗan fashi a ƙasashe biyu aƙalla. Littafin ba wai kawai ya kawo wani shahararren ci gaba ba, wasan kwaikwayo mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce da aka haramta a wasu biranen Jamus, wasan barkwanci, da fina-finai biyu marasa sauti (ɗaya a shekarar 1918, ɗayan kuma a shekarar 1929) - har ma da tarin masu kwaikwayonsu. An fara shari'o'i game da buga littafin, kuma littafin, wanda aka tattauna sosai, yana da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri ga gyaran zamantakewa a Jamus. Saboda wani ɓangare na batunsa mai ban sha'awa, da kuma yanayin da ake jayayya a kai, littafin ya shahara sosai. An sayar da fiye da kwafi 30,000 a cikin watanni huɗu na farko na bugawa. Kasa da shekaru biyu bayan haka, a shekarar 1907, aka fitar da wani bugu mai kayatarwa wanda ke nuna fiye da kwafi 100,000 da aka buga. Zuwa shekarar 1929, an buga fiye da kwafi 1,200,000. Littafin ya ci gaba da yaɗuwa fiye da shekaru 25, har sai da aka kore shi daga bugawa da gangan a farkon zamanin Nazi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1867]] 3m5kzmdrat965ppgem4n22ge18n66zg 905801 905799 2026-08-21T20:34:09Z IB Muazzam 15405 905801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Margarete Böhme''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Mayuna shekarar 1867 ta mutu a ranar 23 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 1939), ana iya cewa, ɗaya ce daga cikin marubutan [[Jamus]] da aka fi karantawa a farkon ƙarni na 20. Böhme ya rubuta littattafai 40 - da kuma gajerun labarai, zane-zanen tarihin rayuwa, da kuma labarai. ''Littafinta mai suna The Diary of a Lost Girl'', wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1905 a matsayin ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'', shine littafinta mafi shahara kuma mafi sayarwa. A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, ta sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan ɗaya, wanda hakan ya sanya ta cikin littattafan da suka fi sayarwa a lokacinta. Wani masani na zamani ya kira shi "Wataƙila shine labarin tarihin rayuwa mafi shahara kuma tabbas mafi nasara a kasuwanci na farkon ƙarni na ashirin." <ref>Donald Ray Richards. ''The German Bestseller in the 20th Century: A Complete Bibliography and Analysis 1915-1940'', Herbert Lang, 1968.</ref> One contemporary scholar has called it “Perhaps the most notorious and certainly the commercially most successful autobiographical narrative of the early twentieth century.”<ref>Katharina Gerstenberger. ''Truth to Tell: German Women's Autobiographies and Turn-of-the-Century Culture'', University of Michigan Press, 2000.</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Böhme Wilhelmina Margarete Susanna Feddersen a shekara ta 1867. Marubucin da zai rubuta nan gaba ya girma a Husum, wani ƙaramin gari a Arewacin Jamus . An yi wa Husum lakabi da "gari mai launin toka kusa da teku mai launin toka" daga sanannen mazaunin wurin, marubuci kuma mawaƙi Theodor Storm . Goggon mahaifiyarta ita ce Lena Wies, mai ba da labari kuma abokiyar Storm ta daɗe tana ba wa marubucin labari tatsuniyoyi da labarai don aikinsa na gaba. Böhme ta fara rubutu tun da wuri. Tana da shekaru 17, ta buga labarinta na farko, "Sirrin Faɗin Rose," a cikin wata [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Hamburg]]. Daga nan ta ci gaba da sanya aikinta a cikin mujallu na mako-mako, duka a ƙarƙashin sunanta da kuma a ƙarƙashin sunan da aka yi wa laƙabi da shi, Ormanos Sandor. Daga baya, yayin da yake zaune a Hamburg da [[Vienna]], Böhme ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin jaridun Jamus ta Arewa da Austria. A shekarar 1894, marubuciyar ta auri Friedrich Theodor Böhme, wani mawallafin jarida wanda ya girma da shekaru 20. Bayan shekaru shida, auren ya ƙare da [[saki]]. Daga nan Böhme ta koma [[Berlin]], inda ta yi ƙoƙarin biyan bukatunta a matsayin marubuciya. Böhme ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa. Ta rubuta labarai da muƙaloli da kuma gajerun labarai ga jaridu da mujallu na lokacin. Wasu daga cikin litattafanta na farko an tsara su ne a cikin mujallu na yau da kullun, wasu kuma an buga su a cikin nau'in littattafai ta hanyar masu buga littattafan Jamus. Da farko, Böhme ta rubuta abin da a yau ake kira almara mai farin jini - amma yayin da aikinta ya girma, sai ta koma ga jigogi masu mahimmanci. Tun daga shekarar 1903, Böhme ta rubuta littattafai shida a cikin shekaru biyu. Duk da haka, kaɗan daga cikinsu sun gamu da nasara sosai. Tare da buga ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' a cikin 1905, arzikin marubucin ya canza. Littafin ya yi nasara cikin dare ɗaya, kuma an tabbatar da sunar Böhme. An yi la'akari da littattafanta na baya sosai, an fassara su zuwa wasu harsuna, kuma an yi musu bita sosai. A lokacin, an kwatanta ayyukan Böhme da na marubucin Faransa Émile Zola . Wani sharhin adabi na Amurka, ''The Bookman'', ya bayyana Böhme a matsayin "Ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan marubuta na makarantar gaskiya ta matasa a Jamus." == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' ta kasance abin sha'awar wallafe-wallafe. Ana zargin cewa labarin gaskiya ne game da Thymian, wata matashiya da yanayi ya tilasta mata shiga rayuwar karuwanci. Lokacin da aka fara buga shi, an yi imanin cewa littafin tarihi ne na gaske, kuma Böhme ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne kawai editan sa. Buga littafin da kuma nasarar da ya samu daga baya ya haifar da hasashe game da marubucinsa. An fassara ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' zuwa harsuna 14. Akwai buƙatar littafin sosai har aka sami kwafi na ɗan fashi a ƙasashe biyu aƙalla. Littafin ba wai kawai ya kawo wani shahararren ci gaba ba, wasan kwaikwayo mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce da aka haramta a wasu biranen Jamus, wasan barkwanci, da fina-finai biyu marasa sauti (ɗaya a shekarar 1918, ɗayan kuma a shekarar 1929) - har ma da tarin masu kwaikwayonsu. An fara shari'o'i game da buga littafin, kuma littafin, wanda aka tattauna sosai, yana da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri ga gyaran zamantakewa a Jamus. Saboda wani ɓangare na batunsa mai ban sha'awa, da kuma yanayin da ake jayayya a kai, littafin ya shahara sosai. An sayar da fiye da kwafi 30,000 a cikin watanni huɗu na farko na bugawa. Kasa da shekaru biyu bayan haka, a shekarar 1907, aka fitar da wani bugu mai kayatarwa wanda ke nuna fiye da kwafi 100,000 da aka buga. Zuwa shekarar 1929, an buga fiye da kwafi 1,200,000. Littafin ya ci gaba da yaɗuwa fiye da shekaru 25, har sai da aka kore shi daga bugawa da gangan a farkon zamanin Nazi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1867]] r7bed82mhdn38030s3n2brwb17s8x0k 905802 905801 2026-08-21T20:34:46Z IB Muazzam 15405 905802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Margarete Böhme''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Mayuna shekarar 1867 ta mutu a ranar 23 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 1939), ana iya cewa, ɗaya ce daga cikin marubutan [[Jamus]] da aka fi karantawa a farkon ƙarni na 20. Böhme ta rubuta littattafai wadanda 40 - da kuma gajerun labarai, zane-zanen tarihin rayuwa, da kuma labarai. ''Littafinta mai suna The Diary of a Lost Girl'', wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1905 a matsayin ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'', shine littafinta mafi shahara kuma mafi sayarwa. A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, ta sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan ɗaya, wanda hakan ya sanya ta cikin littattafan da suka fi sayarwa a lokacinta. Wani masani na zamani ya kira shi "Wataƙila shine labarin tarihin rayuwa mafi shahara kuma tabbas mafi nasara a kasuwanci na farkon ƙarni na ashirin." <ref>Donald Ray Richards. ''The German Bestseller in the 20th Century: A Complete Bibliography and Analysis 1915-1940'', Herbert Lang, 1968.</ref> One contemporary scholar has called it “Perhaps the most notorious and certainly the commercially most successful autobiographical narrative of the early twentieth century.”<ref>Katharina Gerstenberger. ''Truth to Tell: German Women's Autobiographies and Turn-of-the-Century Culture'', University of Michigan Press, 2000.</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Böhme Wilhelmina Margarete Susanna Feddersen a shekara ta 1867. Marubucin da zai rubuta nan gaba ya girma a Husum, wani ƙaramin gari a Arewacin Jamus . An yi wa Husum lakabi da "gari mai launin toka kusa da teku mai launin toka" daga sanannen mazaunin wurin, marubuci kuma mawaƙi Theodor Storm . Goggon mahaifiyarta ita ce Lena Wies, mai ba da labari kuma abokiyar Storm ta daɗe tana ba wa marubucin labari tatsuniyoyi da labarai don aikinsa na gaba. Böhme ta fara rubutu tun da wuri. Tana da shekaru 17, ta buga labarinta na farko, "Sirrin Faɗin Rose," a cikin wata [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Hamburg]]. Daga nan ta ci gaba da sanya aikinta a cikin mujallu na mako-mako, duka a ƙarƙashin sunanta da kuma a ƙarƙashin sunan da aka yi wa laƙabi da shi, Ormanos Sandor. Daga baya, yayin da yake zaune a Hamburg da [[Vienna]], Böhme ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin jaridun Jamus ta Arewa da Austria. A shekarar 1894, marubuciyar ta auri Friedrich Theodor Böhme, wani mawallafin jarida wanda ya girma da shekaru 20. Bayan shekaru shida, auren ya ƙare da [[saki]]. Daga nan Böhme ta koma [[Berlin]], inda ta yi ƙoƙarin biyan bukatunta a matsayin marubuciya. Böhme ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa. Ta rubuta labarai da muƙaloli da kuma gajerun labarai ga jaridu da mujallu na lokacin. Wasu daga cikin litattafanta na farko an tsara su ne a cikin mujallu na yau da kullun, wasu kuma an buga su a cikin nau'in littattafai ta hanyar masu buga littattafan Jamus. Da farko, Böhme ta rubuta abin da a yau ake kira almara mai farin jini - amma yayin da aikinta ya girma, sai ta koma ga jigogi masu mahimmanci. Tun daga shekarar 1903, Böhme ta rubuta littattafai shida a cikin shekaru biyu. Duk da haka, kaɗan daga cikinsu sun gamu da nasara sosai. Tare da buga ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' a cikin 1905, arzikin marubucin ya canza. Littafin ya yi nasara cikin dare ɗaya, kuma an tabbatar da sunar Böhme. An yi la'akari da littattafanta na baya sosai, an fassara su zuwa wasu harsuna, kuma an yi musu bita sosai. A lokacin, an kwatanta ayyukan Böhme da na marubucin Faransa Émile Zola . Wani sharhin adabi na Amurka, ''The Bookman'', ya bayyana Böhme a matsayin "Ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan marubuta na makarantar gaskiya ta matasa a Jamus." == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' ta kasance abin sha'awar wallafe-wallafe. Ana zargin cewa labarin gaskiya ne game da Thymian, wata matashiya da yanayi ya tilasta mata shiga rayuwar karuwanci. Lokacin da aka fara buga shi, an yi imanin cewa littafin tarihi ne na gaske, kuma Böhme ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne kawai editan sa. Buga littafin da kuma nasarar da ya samu daga baya ya haifar da hasashe game da marubucinsa. An fassara ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' zuwa harsuna 14. Akwai buƙatar littafin sosai har aka sami kwafi na ɗan fashi a ƙasashe biyu aƙalla. Littafin ba wai kawai ya kawo wani shahararren ci gaba ba, wasan kwaikwayo mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce da aka haramta a wasu biranen Jamus, wasan barkwanci, da fina-finai biyu marasa sauti (ɗaya a shekarar 1918, ɗayan kuma a shekarar 1929) - har ma da tarin masu kwaikwayonsu. An fara shari'o'i game da buga littafin, kuma littafin, wanda aka tattauna sosai, yana da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri ga gyaran zamantakewa a Jamus. Saboda wani ɓangare na batunsa mai ban sha'awa, da kuma yanayin da ake jayayya a kai, littafin ya shahara sosai. An sayar da fiye da kwafi 30,000 a cikin watanni huɗu na farko na bugawa. Kasa da shekaru biyu bayan haka, a shekarar 1907, aka fitar da wani bugu mai kayatarwa wanda ke nuna fiye da kwafi 100,000 da aka buga. Zuwa shekarar 1929, an buga fiye da kwafi 1,200,000. Littafin ya ci gaba da yaɗuwa fiye da shekaru 25, har sai da aka kore shi daga bugawa da gangan a farkon zamanin Nazi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1867]] da5wg77vdgoh0ljxjffchums93u2l4g 905803 905802 2026-08-21T20:35:02Z IB Muazzam 15405 905803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Margarete Böhme''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Mayuna shekarar 1867 ta mutu a ranar 23 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 1939), ana iya cewa, ɗaya ce daga cikin marubutan [[Jamus]] da aka fi karantawa a farkon ƙarni na 20. Böhme ta rubuta littattafai wadanda suka kai 40 - da kuma gajerun labarai, zane-zanen tarihin rayuwa, da kuma labarai. ''Littafinta mai suna The Diary of a Lost Girl'', wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1905 a matsayin ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'', shine littafinta mafi shahara kuma mafi sayarwa. A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, ta sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan ɗaya, wanda hakan ya sanya ta cikin littattafan da suka fi sayarwa a lokacinta. Wani masani na zamani ya kira shi "Wataƙila shine labarin tarihin rayuwa mafi shahara kuma tabbas mafi nasara a kasuwanci na farkon ƙarni na ashirin." <ref>Donald Ray Richards. ''The German Bestseller in the 20th Century: A Complete Bibliography and Analysis 1915-1940'', Herbert Lang, 1968.</ref> One contemporary scholar has called it “Perhaps the most notorious and certainly the commercially most successful autobiographical narrative of the early twentieth century.”<ref>Katharina Gerstenberger. ''Truth to Tell: German Women's Autobiographies and Turn-of-the-Century Culture'', University of Michigan Press, 2000.</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Böhme Wilhelmina Margarete Susanna Feddersen a shekara ta 1867. Marubucin da zai rubuta nan gaba ya girma a Husum, wani ƙaramin gari a Arewacin Jamus . An yi wa Husum lakabi da "gari mai launin toka kusa da teku mai launin toka" daga sanannen mazaunin wurin, marubuci kuma mawaƙi Theodor Storm . Goggon mahaifiyarta ita ce Lena Wies, mai ba da labari kuma abokiyar Storm ta daɗe tana ba wa marubucin labari tatsuniyoyi da labarai don aikinsa na gaba. Böhme ta fara rubutu tun da wuri. Tana da shekaru 17, ta buga labarinta na farko, "Sirrin Faɗin Rose," a cikin wata [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Hamburg]]. Daga nan ta ci gaba da sanya aikinta a cikin mujallu na mako-mako, duka a ƙarƙashin sunanta da kuma a ƙarƙashin sunan da aka yi wa laƙabi da shi, Ormanos Sandor. Daga baya, yayin da yake zaune a Hamburg da [[Vienna]], Böhme ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin jaridun Jamus ta Arewa da Austria. A shekarar 1894, marubuciyar ta auri Friedrich Theodor Böhme, wani mawallafin jarida wanda ya girma da shekaru 20. Bayan shekaru shida, auren ya ƙare da [[saki]]. Daga nan Böhme ta koma [[Berlin]], inda ta yi ƙoƙarin biyan bukatunta a matsayin marubuciya. Böhme ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa. Ta rubuta labarai da muƙaloli da kuma gajerun labarai ga jaridu da mujallu na lokacin. Wasu daga cikin litattafanta na farko an tsara su ne a cikin mujallu na yau da kullun, wasu kuma an buga su a cikin nau'in littattafai ta hanyar masu buga littattafan Jamus. Da farko, Böhme ta rubuta abin da a yau ake kira almara mai farin jini - amma yayin da aikinta ya girma, sai ta koma ga jigogi masu mahimmanci. Tun daga shekarar 1903, Böhme ta rubuta littattafai shida a cikin shekaru biyu. Duk da haka, kaɗan daga cikinsu sun gamu da nasara sosai. Tare da buga ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' a cikin 1905, arzikin marubucin ya canza. Littafin ya yi nasara cikin dare ɗaya, kuma an tabbatar da sunar Böhme. An yi la'akari da littattafanta na baya sosai, an fassara su zuwa wasu harsuna, kuma an yi musu bita sosai. A lokacin, an kwatanta ayyukan Böhme da na marubucin Faransa Émile Zola . Wani sharhin adabi na Amurka, ''The Bookman'', ya bayyana Böhme a matsayin "Ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan marubuta na makarantar gaskiya ta matasa a Jamus." == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' ta kasance abin sha'awar wallafe-wallafe. Ana zargin cewa labarin gaskiya ne game da Thymian, wata matashiya da yanayi ya tilasta mata shiga rayuwar karuwanci. Lokacin da aka fara buga shi, an yi imanin cewa littafin tarihi ne na gaske, kuma Böhme ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne kawai editan sa. Buga littafin da kuma nasarar da ya samu daga baya ya haifar da hasashe game da marubucinsa. An fassara ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' zuwa harsuna 14. Akwai buƙatar littafin sosai har aka sami kwafi na ɗan fashi a ƙasashe biyu aƙalla. Littafin ba wai kawai ya kawo wani shahararren ci gaba ba, wasan kwaikwayo mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce da aka haramta a wasu biranen Jamus, wasan barkwanci, da fina-finai biyu marasa sauti (ɗaya a shekarar 1918, ɗayan kuma a shekarar 1929) - har ma da tarin masu kwaikwayonsu. An fara shari'o'i game da buga littafin, kuma littafin, wanda aka tattauna sosai, yana da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri ga gyaran zamantakewa a Jamus. Saboda wani ɓangare na batunsa mai ban sha'awa, da kuma yanayin da ake jayayya a kai, littafin ya shahara sosai. An sayar da fiye da kwafi 30,000 a cikin watanni huɗu na farko na bugawa. Kasa da shekaru biyu bayan haka, a shekarar 1907, aka fitar da wani bugu mai kayatarwa wanda ke nuna fiye da kwafi 100,000 da aka buga. Zuwa shekarar 1929, an buga fiye da kwafi 1,200,000. Littafin ya ci gaba da yaɗuwa fiye da shekaru 25, har sai da aka kore shi daga bugawa da gangan a farkon zamanin Nazi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1867]] t2hnk5kbal5b2rcnzw2eylpir629yd0 905804 905803 2026-08-21T20:35:23Z IB Muazzam 15405 905804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Margarete Böhme''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Mayuna shekarar 1867 ta mutu a ranar 23 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 1939), ana iya cewa, ɗaya ce daga cikin marubutan [[Jamus]] da aka fi karantawa a farkon ƙarni na 20. Böhme ta rubuta littattafai wadanda suka kai kimanun 40 - da kuma gajerun labarai, zane-zanen tarihin rayuwa, da kuma labarai. ''Littafinta mai suna The Diary of a Lost Girl'', wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1905 a matsayin ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'', shine littafinta mafi shahara kuma mafi sayarwa. A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, ta sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan ɗaya, wanda hakan ya sanya ta cikin littattafan da suka fi sayarwa a lokacinta. Wani masani na zamani ya kira shi "Wataƙila shine labarin tarihin rayuwa mafi shahara kuma tabbas mafi nasara a kasuwanci na farkon ƙarni na ashirin." <ref>Donald Ray Richards. ''The German Bestseller in the 20th Century: A Complete Bibliography and Analysis 1915-1940'', Herbert Lang, 1968.</ref> One contemporary scholar has called it “Perhaps the most notorious and certainly the commercially most successful autobiographical narrative of the early twentieth century.”<ref>Katharina Gerstenberger. ''Truth to Tell: German Women's Autobiographies and Turn-of-the-Century Culture'', University of Michigan Press, 2000.</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Böhme Wilhelmina Margarete Susanna Feddersen a shekara ta 1867. Marubucin da zai rubuta nan gaba ya girma a Husum, wani ƙaramin gari a Arewacin Jamus . An yi wa Husum lakabi da "gari mai launin toka kusa da teku mai launin toka" daga sanannen mazaunin wurin, marubuci kuma mawaƙi Theodor Storm . Goggon mahaifiyarta ita ce Lena Wies, mai ba da labari kuma abokiyar Storm ta daɗe tana ba wa marubucin labari tatsuniyoyi da labarai don aikinsa na gaba. Böhme ta fara rubutu tun da wuri. Tana da shekaru 17, ta buga labarinta na farko, "Sirrin Faɗin Rose," a cikin wata [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Hamburg]]. Daga nan ta ci gaba da sanya aikinta a cikin mujallu na mako-mako, duka a ƙarƙashin sunanta da kuma a ƙarƙashin sunan da aka yi wa laƙabi da shi, Ormanos Sandor. Daga baya, yayin da yake zaune a Hamburg da [[Vienna]], Böhme ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin jaridun Jamus ta Arewa da Austria. A shekarar 1894, marubuciyar ta auri Friedrich Theodor Böhme, wani mawallafin jarida wanda ya girma da shekaru 20. Bayan shekaru shida, auren ya ƙare da [[saki]]. Daga nan Böhme ta koma [[Berlin]], inda ta yi ƙoƙarin biyan bukatunta a matsayin marubuciya. Böhme ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa. Ta rubuta labarai da muƙaloli da kuma gajerun labarai ga jaridu da mujallu na lokacin. Wasu daga cikin litattafanta na farko an tsara su ne a cikin mujallu na yau da kullun, wasu kuma an buga su a cikin nau'in littattafai ta hanyar masu buga littattafan Jamus. Da farko, Böhme ta rubuta abin da a yau ake kira almara mai farin jini - amma yayin da aikinta ya girma, sai ta koma ga jigogi masu mahimmanci. Tun daga shekarar 1903, Böhme ta rubuta littattafai shida a cikin shekaru biyu. Duk da haka, kaɗan daga cikinsu sun gamu da nasara sosai. Tare da buga ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' a cikin 1905, arzikin marubucin ya canza. Littafin ya yi nasara cikin dare ɗaya, kuma an tabbatar da sunar Böhme. An yi la'akari da littattafanta na baya sosai, an fassara su zuwa wasu harsuna, kuma an yi musu bita sosai. A lokacin, an kwatanta ayyukan Böhme da na marubucin Faransa Émile Zola . Wani sharhin adabi na Amurka, ''The Bookman'', ya bayyana Böhme a matsayin "Ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan marubuta na makarantar gaskiya ta matasa a Jamus." == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' ta kasance abin sha'awar wallafe-wallafe. Ana zargin cewa labarin gaskiya ne game da Thymian, wata matashiya da yanayi ya tilasta mata shiga rayuwar karuwanci. Lokacin da aka fara buga shi, an yi imanin cewa littafin tarihi ne na gaske, kuma Böhme ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne kawai editan sa. Buga littafin da kuma nasarar da ya samu daga baya ya haifar da hasashe game da marubucinsa. An fassara ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' zuwa harsuna 14. Akwai buƙatar littafin sosai har aka sami kwafi na ɗan fashi a ƙasashe biyu aƙalla. Littafin ba wai kawai ya kawo wani shahararren ci gaba ba, wasan kwaikwayo mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce da aka haramta a wasu biranen Jamus, wasan barkwanci, da fina-finai biyu marasa sauti (ɗaya a shekarar 1918, ɗayan kuma a shekarar 1929) - har ma da tarin masu kwaikwayonsu. An fara shari'o'i game da buga littafin, kuma littafin, wanda aka tattauna sosai, yana da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri ga gyaran zamantakewa a Jamus. Saboda wani ɓangare na batunsa mai ban sha'awa, da kuma yanayin da ake jayayya a kai, littafin ya shahara sosai. An sayar da fiye da kwafi 30,000 a cikin watanni huɗu na farko na bugawa. Kasa da shekaru biyu bayan haka, a shekarar 1907, aka fitar da wani bugu mai kayatarwa wanda ke nuna fiye da kwafi 100,000 da aka buga. Zuwa shekarar 1929, an buga fiye da kwafi 1,200,000. Littafin ya ci gaba da yaɗuwa fiye da shekaru 25, har sai da aka kore shi daga bugawa da gangan a farkon zamanin Nazi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1867]] bib86ow9i4hay95u7pb7kqb2rsur9lb 905807 905804 2026-08-21T20:35:56Z IB Muazzam 15405 905807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Margarete Böhme''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Mayuna shekarar 1867 ta mutu a ranar 23 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 1939), ana iya cewa, ɗaya ce daga cikin marubutan [[Jamus]] da aka fi karantawa a farkon ƙarni na 20. Böhme ta rubuta littattafai wadanda suka kai kimanin guda 40 - da kuma gajerun labarai, zane-zanen tarihin rayuwa, da kuma labarai. ''Littafinta mai suna The Diary of a Lost Girl'', wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1905 a matsayin ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'', shine littafinta mafi shahara kuma mafi sayarwa. A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, ta sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan ɗaya, wanda hakan ya sanya ta cikin littattafan da suka fi sayarwa a lokacinta. Wani masani na zamani ya kira shi "Wataƙila shine labarin tarihin rayuwa mafi shahara kuma tabbas mafi nasara a kasuwanci na farkon ƙarni na ashirin." <ref>Donald Ray Richards. ''The German Bestseller in the 20th Century: A Complete Bibliography and Analysis 1915-1940'', Herbert Lang, 1968.</ref> One contemporary scholar has called it “Perhaps the most notorious and certainly the commercially most successful autobiographical narrative of the early twentieth century.”<ref>Katharina Gerstenberger. ''Truth to Tell: German Women's Autobiographies and Turn-of-the-Century Culture'', University of Michigan Press, 2000.</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Böhme Wilhelmina Margarete Susanna Feddersen a shekara ta 1867. Marubucin da zai rubuta nan gaba ya girma a Husum, wani ƙaramin gari a Arewacin Jamus . An yi wa Husum lakabi da "gari mai launin toka kusa da teku mai launin toka" daga sanannen mazaunin wurin, marubuci kuma mawaƙi Theodor Storm . Goggon mahaifiyarta ita ce Lena Wies, mai ba da labari kuma abokiyar Storm ta daɗe tana ba wa marubucin labari tatsuniyoyi da labarai don aikinsa na gaba. Böhme ta fara rubutu tun da wuri. Tana da shekaru 17, ta buga labarinta na farko, "Sirrin Faɗin Rose," a cikin wata [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Hamburg]]. Daga nan ta ci gaba da sanya aikinta a cikin mujallu na mako-mako, duka a ƙarƙashin sunanta da kuma a ƙarƙashin sunan da aka yi wa laƙabi da shi, Ormanos Sandor. Daga baya, yayin da yake zaune a Hamburg da [[Vienna]], Böhme ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin jaridun Jamus ta Arewa da Austria. A shekarar 1894, marubuciyar ta auri Friedrich Theodor Böhme, wani mawallafin jarida wanda ya girma da shekaru 20. Bayan shekaru shida, auren ya ƙare da [[saki]]. Daga nan Böhme ta koma [[Berlin]], inda ta yi ƙoƙarin biyan bukatunta a matsayin marubuciya. Böhme ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa. Ta rubuta labarai da muƙaloli da kuma gajerun labarai ga jaridu da mujallu na lokacin. Wasu daga cikin litattafanta na farko an tsara su ne a cikin mujallu na yau da kullun, wasu kuma an buga su a cikin nau'in littattafai ta hanyar masu buga littattafan Jamus. Da farko, Böhme ta rubuta abin da a yau ake kira almara mai farin jini - amma yayin da aikinta ya girma, sai ta koma ga jigogi masu mahimmanci. Tun daga shekarar 1903, Böhme ta rubuta littattafai shida a cikin shekaru biyu. Duk da haka, kaɗan daga cikinsu sun gamu da nasara sosai. Tare da buga ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' a cikin 1905, arzikin marubucin ya canza. Littafin ya yi nasara cikin dare ɗaya, kuma an tabbatar da sunar Böhme. An yi la'akari da littattafanta na baya sosai, an fassara su zuwa wasu harsuna, kuma an yi musu bita sosai. A lokacin, an kwatanta ayyukan Böhme da na marubucin Faransa Émile Zola . Wani sharhin adabi na Amurka, ''The Bookman'', ya bayyana Böhme a matsayin "Ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan marubuta na makarantar gaskiya ta matasa a Jamus." == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' ta kasance abin sha'awar wallafe-wallafe. Ana zargin cewa labarin gaskiya ne game da Thymian, wata matashiya da yanayi ya tilasta mata shiga rayuwar karuwanci. Lokacin da aka fara buga shi, an yi imanin cewa littafin tarihi ne na gaske, kuma Böhme ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne kawai editan sa. Buga littafin da kuma nasarar da ya samu daga baya ya haifar da hasashe game da marubucinsa. An fassara ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' zuwa harsuna 14. Akwai buƙatar littafin sosai har aka sami kwafi na ɗan fashi a ƙasashe biyu aƙalla. Littafin ba wai kawai ya kawo wani shahararren ci gaba ba, wasan kwaikwayo mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce da aka haramta a wasu biranen Jamus, wasan barkwanci, da fina-finai biyu marasa sauti (ɗaya a shekarar 1918, ɗayan kuma a shekarar 1929) - har ma da tarin masu kwaikwayonsu. An fara shari'o'i game da buga littafin, kuma littafin, wanda aka tattauna sosai, yana da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri ga gyaran zamantakewa a Jamus. Saboda wani ɓangare na batunsa mai ban sha'awa, da kuma yanayin da ake jayayya a kai, littafin ya shahara sosai. An sayar da fiye da kwafi 30,000 a cikin watanni huɗu na farko na bugawa. Kasa da shekaru biyu bayan haka, a shekarar 1907, aka fitar da wani bugu mai kayatarwa wanda ke nuna fiye da kwafi 100,000 da aka buga. Zuwa shekarar 1929, an buga fiye da kwafi 1,200,000. Littafin ya ci gaba da yaɗuwa fiye da shekaru 25, har sai da aka kore shi daga bugawa da gangan a farkon zamanin Nazi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1867]] 3n5m0prhms5aea44at8yqhq070qcr91 905809 905807 2026-08-21T20:38:29Z IB Muazzam 15405 /* Rayuwar farko da aiki */ 905809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Margarete Böhme''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Mayuna shekarar 1867 ta mutu a ranar 23 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 1939), ana iya cewa, ɗaya ce daga cikin marubutan [[Jamus]] da aka fi karantawa a farkon ƙarni na 20. Böhme ta rubuta littattafai wadanda suka kai kimanin guda 40 - da kuma gajerun labarai, zane-zanen tarihin rayuwa, da kuma labarai. ''Littafinta mai suna The Diary of a Lost Girl'', wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1905 a matsayin ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'', shine littafinta mafi shahara kuma mafi sayarwa. A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, ta sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan ɗaya, wanda hakan ya sanya ta cikin littattafan da suka fi sayarwa a lokacinta. Wani masani na zamani ya kira shi "Wataƙila shine labarin tarihin rayuwa mafi shahara kuma tabbas mafi nasara a kasuwanci na farkon ƙarni na ashirin." <ref>Donald Ray Richards. ''The German Bestseller in the 20th Century: A Complete Bibliography and Analysis 1915-1940'', Herbert Lang, 1968.</ref> One contemporary scholar has called it “Perhaps the most notorious and certainly the commercially most successful autobiographical narrative of the early twentieth century.”<ref>Katharina Gerstenberger. ''Truth to Tell: German Women's Autobiographies and Turn-of-the-Century Culture'', University of Michigan Press, 2000.</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Böhme Wilhelmina Margarete Susanna Feddersen a shekara ta 1867. Marubucin da zai rubuta nan gaba ya girma a Husum, wani ƙaramin gari a Arewacin [[Jamus]]. An yi wa Husum lakabi da "gari mai launin toka kusa da teku mai launin toka" daga sanannen mazaunin wurin, marubuci kuma mawaƙi Theodor Storm . Goggon mahaifiyarta ita ce Lena Wies, mai ba da labari kuma abokiyar Storm ta daɗe tana ba wa marubucin labari tatsuniyoyi da labarai don aikinsa na gaba. Böhme ta fara rubutu tun da wuri. Tana da shekaru 17, ta buga labarinta na farko, "Sirrin Faɗin Rose," a cikin wata [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Hamburg]]. Daga nan ta ci gaba da sanya aikinta a cikin mujallu na mako-mako, duka a ƙarƙashin sunanta da kuma a ƙarƙashin sunan da aka yi wa laƙabi da shi, Ormanos Sandor. Daga baya, yayin da yake zaune a Hamburg da [[Vienna]], Böhme ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin jaridun Jamus ta Arewa da Austria. A shekarar 1894, marubuciyar ta auri Friedrich Theodor Böhme, wani mawallafin jarida wanda ya girma da shekaru 20. Bayan shekaru shida, auren ya ƙare da [[saki]]. Daga nan Böhme ta koma [[Berlin]], inda ta yi ƙoƙarin biyan bukatunta a matsayin marubuciya. Böhme ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa. Ta rubuta labarai da muƙaloli da kuma gajerun labarai ga jaridu da mujallu na lokacin. Wasu daga cikin litattafanta na farko an tsara su ne a cikin mujallu na yau da kullun, wasu kuma an buga su a cikin nau'in littattafai ta hanyar masu buga littattafan Jamus. Da farko, Böhme ta rubuta abin da a yau ake kira almara mai farin jini - amma yayin da aikinta ya girma, sai ta koma ga jigogi masu mahimmanci. Tun daga shekarar 1903, Böhme ta rubuta littattafai shida a cikin shekaru biyu. Duk da haka, kaɗan daga cikinsu sun gamu da nasara sosai. Tare da buga ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' a cikin 1905, arzikin marubucin ya canza. Littafin ya yi nasara cikin dare ɗaya, kuma an tabbatar da sunar Böhme. An yi la'akari da littattafanta na baya sosai, an fassara su zuwa wasu harsuna, kuma an yi musu bita sosai. A lokacin, an kwatanta ayyukan Böhme da na marubucin Faransa Émile Zola . Wani sharhin adabi na Amurka, ''The Bookman'', ya bayyana Böhme a matsayin "Ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan marubuta na makarantar gaskiya ta matasa a Jamus." == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' ta kasance abin sha'awar wallafe-wallafe. Ana zargin cewa labarin gaskiya ne game da Thymian, wata matashiya da yanayi ya tilasta mata shiga rayuwar karuwanci. Lokacin da aka fara buga shi, an yi imanin cewa littafin tarihi ne na gaske, kuma Böhme ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne kawai editan sa. Buga littafin da kuma nasarar da ya samu daga baya ya haifar da hasashe game da marubucinsa. An fassara ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' zuwa harsuna 14. Akwai buƙatar littafin sosai har aka sami kwafi na ɗan fashi a ƙasashe biyu aƙalla. Littafin ba wai kawai ya kawo wani shahararren ci gaba ba, wasan kwaikwayo mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce da aka haramta a wasu biranen Jamus, wasan barkwanci, da fina-finai biyu marasa sauti (ɗaya a shekarar 1918, ɗayan kuma a shekarar 1929) - har ma da tarin masu kwaikwayonsu. An fara shari'o'i game da buga littafin, kuma littafin, wanda aka tattauna sosai, yana da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri ga gyaran zamantakewa a Jamus. Saboda wani ɓangare na batunsa mai ban sha'awa, da kuma yanayin da ake jayayya a kai, littafin ya shahara sosai. An sayar da fiye da kwafi 30,000 a cikin watanni huɗu na farko na bugawa. Kasa da shekaru biyu bayan haka, a shekarar 1907, aka fitar da wani bugu mai kayatarwa wanda ke nuna fiye da kwafi 100,000 da aka buga. Zuwa shekarar 1929, an buga fiye da kwafi 1,200,000. Littafin ya ci gaba da yaɗuwa fiye da shekaru 25, har sai da aka kore shi daga bugawa da gangan a farkon zamanin Nazi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1867]] lhqhd6a0rroqkrq57jq8dbdzqwtq69a 905811 905809 2026-08-21T20:44:07Z IB Muazzam 15405 /* Tagebuch einer Verlorenen */ 905811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Margarete Böhme''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Mayuna shekarar 1867 ta mutu a ranar 23 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 1939), ana iya cewa, ɗaya ce daga cikin marubutan [[Jamus]] da aka fi karantawa a farkon ƙarni na 20. Böhme ta rubuta littattafai wadanda suka kai kimanin guda 40 - da kuma gajerun labarai, zane-zanen tarihin rayuwa, da kuma labarai. ''Littafinta mai suna The Diary of a Lost Girl'', wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1905 a matsayin ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'', shine littafinta mafi shahara kuma mafi sayarwa. A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, ta sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan ɗaya, wanda hakan ya sanya ta cikin littattafan da suka fi sayarwa a lokacinta. Wani masani na zamani ya kira shi "Wataƙila shine labarin tarihin rayuwa mafi shahara kuma tabbas mafi nasara a kasuwanci na farkon ƙarni na ashirin." <ref>Donald Ray Richards. ''The German Bestseller in the 20th Century: A Complete Bibliography and Analysis 1915-1940'', Herbert Lang, 1968.</ref> One contemporary scholar has called it “Perhaps the most notorious and certainly the commercially most successful autobiographical narrative of the early twentieth century.”<ref>Katharina Gerstenberger. ''Truth to Tell: German Women's Autobiographies and Turn-of-the-Century Culture'', University of Michigan Press, 2000.</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Böhme Wilhelmina Margarete Susanna Feddersen a shekara ta 1867. Marubucin da zai rubuta nan gaba ya girma a Husum, wani ƙaramin gari a Arewacin [[Jamus]]. An yi wa Husum lakabi da "gari mai launin toka kusa da teku mai launin toka" daga sanannen mazaunin wurin, marubuci kuma mawaƙi Theodor Storm . Goggon mahaifiyarta ita ce Lena Wies, mai ba da labari kuma abokiyar Storm ta daɗe tana ba wa marubucin labari tatsuniyoyi da labarai don aikinsa na gaba. Böhme ta fara rubutu tun da wuri. Tana da shekaru 17, ta buga labarinta na farko, "Sirrin Faɗin Rose," a cikin wata [[Jarida|jaridar]] [[Hamburg]]. Daga nan ta ci gaba da sanya aikinta a cikin mujallu na mako-mako, duka a ƙarƙashin sunanta da kuma a ƙarƙashin sunan da aka yi wa laƙabi da shi, Ormanos Sandor. Daga baya, yayin da yake zaune a Hamburg da [[Vienna]], Böhme ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin jaridun Jamus ta Arewa da Austria. A shekarar 1894, marubuciyar ta auri Friedrich Theodor Böhme, wani mawallafin jarida wanda ya girma da shekaru 20. Bayan shekaru shida, auren ya ƙare da [[saki]]. Daga nan Böhme ta koma [[Berlin]], inda ta yi ƙoƙarin biyan bukatunta a matsayin marubuciya. Böhme ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa. Ta rubuta labarai da muƙaloli da kuma gajerun labarai ga jaridu da mujallu na lokacin. Wasu daga cikin litattafanta na farko an tsara su ne a cikin mujallu na yau da kullun, wasu kuma an buga su a cikin nau'in littattafai ta hanyar masu buga littattafan Jamus. Da farko, Böhme ta rubuta abin da a yau ake kira almara mai farin jini - amma yayin da aikinta ya girma, sai ta koma ga jigogi masu mahimmanci. Tun daga shekarar 1903, Böhme ta rubuta littattafai shida a cikin shekaru biyu. Duk da haka, kaɗan daga cikinsu sun gamu da nasara sosai. Tare da buga ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' a cikin 1905, arzikin marubucin ya canza. Littafin ya yi nasara cikin dare ɗaya, kuma an tabbatar da sunar Böhme. An yi la'akari da littattafanta na baya sosai, an fassara su zuwa wasu harsuna, kuma an yi musu bita sosai. A lokacin, an kwatanta ayyukan Böhme da na marubucin Faransa Émile Zola . Wani sharhin adabi na Amurka, ''The Bookman'', ya bayyana Böhme a matsayin "Ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan marubuta na makarantar gaskiya ta matasa a Jamus." == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' == ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' ta kasance abin sha'awar wallafe-wallafe. Ana zargin cewa labarin gaskiya ne game da Thymian, wata matashiya da yanayi ya tilasta mata shiga rayuwar karuwanci. Lokacin da aka fara buga shi, an yi imanin cewa littafin tarihi ne na gaske, kuma Böhme ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne kawai editan sa. Buga littafin da kuma nasarar da ya samu daga baya ya haifar da hasashe game da marubucinsa. An fassara ''Tagebuch einer Verlorenen'' zuwa harsuna 14. Akwai buƙatar littafin sosai har aka sami kwafi na ɗan fashi a ƙasashe biyu aƙalla. Littafin ba wai kawai ya kawo wani shahararren ci gaba ba, wasan kwaikwayo mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce da aka haramta a wasu biranen Jamus, wasan barkwanci, da fina-finai biyu marasa sauti (ɗaya a shekarar 1918, ɗayan kuma a shekarar 1929) - har ma da tarin masu kwaikwayonsu. An fara shari'o'i game da buga littafin, kuma littafin, wanda aka tattauna sosai, yana da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri ga gyaran zamantakewa a Jamus. Saboda wani ɓangare na batunsa mai ban sha'awa, da kuma yanayin da ake jayayya a kai, littafin ya shahara sosai. An sayar da fiye da kwafi 30,000 a cikin watanni huɗu na farko na bugawa. Kasa da shekaru biyu bayan haka, a shekarar 1907, aka fitar da wani bugu mai kayatarwa wanda ke nuna fiye da kwafi 100,000 da aka buga. Zuwa shekarar 1929, an buga fiye da kwafi 1,200,000. Littafin ya ci gaba da yaɗuwa fiye da shekaru 25, har sai da aka kore shi daga bugawa da gangan a farkon zamanin Nazi.publication, and the book, widely discussed, had some small influence on social reform in Germany.<ref>Thomas Gladysz. Introduction to ''The Diary of a Lost Girl'' (Louise Brooks edition), PandorasBox Press, 2010.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1867]] mvpa5679s88poz44goslcg5fujkuig2 0 165100 905781 2026-08-21T20:18:02Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362413383|Silvia Bovenschen]]" 905781 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Silvia_Bovenschen_(9).jpg|thumb|250x250px| Bovenschen a watan Nuwamba 2011]] '''Silvia Bovenschen''' (5 Maris 1946 a Point bei Waakirchen, Upper Bavaria — 25 Oktoba 2017 a [[Berlin]]) ta kasance mai sukar mata a fannin adabi, marubuciya kuma mai rubutun makala. == Tarihi == Bovenschen 'yar wani daraktan kamfanin gwamnati ce. Ta girma a [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]], inda daga baya ta karanci adabi, zamantakewa da falsafa. A lokacin zanga-zangar shekarar 1968, ta haɗu da kafa majalisar mata ta ƙungiyar ɗaliban Jamus ta gurguzu . A shekarar 1979, ta sami digirin digirgir daga Jami'ar Goethe Frankfurt tare da aikinta ''Die imaginierte Weiblichkeit'' ("Mace da aka yi tunaninta"). <ref name="sz-3726872">{{Cite web |last=Müller |first=Lothar |date=October 27, 2017 |title=Talent zur Freundschaft (Titel in der Printausgabe: ''Träumt die stumme Nachtigall, sie singe. Selbstironie und Unsentimentalität – die Erzählerin und Essayisting Silvia Bovenschen ist gestorben.'') |url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/nachruf-talent-zur-freundschaft-1.3726872 |access-date=October 29, 2017 |website=[[Süddeutsche Zeitung|sueddeutsche.de]] |language=de}}</ref> Ana ɗaukar wannan rubutun a matsayin aikin da aka saba yi na nuna fifiko ga mata. Tana tsakiyar shekarunta na ashirin, ta gano tana da [[Sclerosis da yawa|cutar sclerosis mai yawa]] . Duk da haka, ta koyar a Jami'ar Goethe Frankfurt tsawon shekaru ashirin kafin ta daina saboda rashin lafiyarta. A shekarar 2003, ta ƙaura zuwa Berlin ta fara rubuta littattafai. Mai siyar da ita ''Älter werden.'' ''Sanarwa.'' an sake shi a shekarar 2006. A shekarar 2011, an zaɓi Bovenschen a matsayin memba na [[Kwalejin Fasaha, Berlin|Kwalejin Fasaha]] ta Berlin. Ta zama memba na Kwalejin Harshe da Adabi ta Jamus a shekarar 2013. Bovenschen ta zauna a Charlottenburg, Berlin tare da abokin aikinta [[Sarah Schumann]] (1933–2019). Bovenschen ta mutu sakamakon rashin lafiyarta a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2017. An fitar da littafinta mai suna ''Lug & Trug & Rat & Streben'' bayan mutuwarsa a shekarar 2018. A wata hira da aka yi da ita jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarta, Bovenschen ta bayyana kanta a matsayin mai ilimi da kuma mai rajin kare hakkin mata wadda ta jaddada "salo" da "kyakkyawa". == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] 7g41dwwmufiumx5u0xj0vg3x9lifqea 905782 905781 2026-08-21T20:18:19Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Silvia_Bovenschen_(9).jpg|thumb|250x250px| Bovenschen a watan Nuwamba 2011]] '''Silvia Bovenschen''' (5 Maris 1946 a Point bei Waakirchen, Upper Bavaria — 25 Oktoba 2017 a [[Berlin]]) ta kasance mai sukar mata a fannin adabi, marubuciya kuma mai rubutun makala. == Tarihi == Bovenschen 'yar wani daraktan kamfanin gwamnati ce. Ta girma a [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]], inda daga baya ta karanci adabi, zamantakewa da falsafa. A lokacin zanga-zangar shekarar 1968, ta haɗu da kafa majalisar mata ta ƙungiyar ɗaliban Jamus ta gurguzu . A shekarar 1979, ta sami digirin digirgir daga Jami'ar Goethe Frankfurt tare da aikinta ''Die imaginierte Weiblichkeit'' ("Mace da aka yi tunaninta"). <ref name="sz-3726872">{{Cite web |last=Müller |first=Lothar |date=October 27, 2017 |title=Talent zur Freundschaft (Titel in der Printausgabe: ''Träumt die stumme Nachtigall, sie singe. Selbstironie und Unsentimentalität – die Erzählerin und Essayisting Silvia Bovenschen ist gestorben.'') |url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/nachruf-talent-zur-freundschaft-1.3726872 |access-date=October 29, 2017 |website=[[Süddeutsche Zeitung|sueddeutsche.de]] |language=de}}</ref> Ana ɗaukar wannan rubutun a matsayin aikin da aka saba yi na nuna fifiko ga mata. Tana tsakiyar shekarunta na ashirin, ta gano tana da [[Sclerosis da yawa|cutar sclerosis mai yawa]] . Duk da haka, ta koyar a Jami'ar Goethe Frankfurt tsawon shekaru ashirin kafin ta daina saboda rashin lafiyarta. A shekarar 2003, ta ƙaura zuwa Berlin ta fara rubuta littattafai. Mai siyar da ita ''Älter werden.'' ''Sanarwa.'' an sake shi a shekarar 2006. A shekarar 2011, an zaɓi Bovenschen a matsayin memba na [[Kwalejin Fasaha, Berlin|Kwalejin Fasaha]] ta Berlin. Ta zama memba na Kwalejin Harshe da Adabi ta Jamus a shekarar 2013. Bovenschen ta zauna a Charlottenburg, Berlin tare da abokin aikinta [[Sarah Schumann]] (1933–2019). Bovenschen ta mutu sakamakon rashin lafiyarta a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2017. An fitar da littafinta mai suna ''Lug & Trug & Rat & Streben'' bayan mutuwarsa a shekarar 2018. A wata hira da aka yi da ita jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarta, Bovenschen ta bayyana kanta a matsayin mai ilimi da kuma mai rajin kare hakkin mata wadda ta jaddada "salo" da "kyakkyawa". == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] ljb04nn41482a3ziyn356hto2hokhjy 0 165101 905786 2026-08-21T20:29:52Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358745380|Else Lasker-Schüler]]" 905786 wikitext text/x-wiki Else Lasker-Schüler (an haife ta '''Elisabeth Schüler''') ({{IPA|de|ˈɛl.zə ˈlas.kɐ ˈʃyː.lɐ|lang|De-Else Lasker-Schüler.ogg}}{{IPA|de|ˈɛl.zə ˈlas.kɐ ˈʃyː.lɐ|lang|De-Else Lasker-Schüler.ogg}} [ˈɛl.zə ˈlas.kɐ ˈʃyː.lɐ] i; 11 Fabrairu 1869 - 22 Janairu 1945) ya kasance mawaki da marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Jamusanci. {{IPA|de|ˈɛl.zə ˈlas.kɐ ˈʃyː.lɐ|lang|De-Else Lasker-Schüler.ogg}}Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata kalilan da ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Expressionist . Lasker-Schüler, wacce Bayahude ce, ta tsere daga Nazi Jamus kuma ta zauna har tsawon rayuwarta a [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]]. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Schüler a Elberfeld, yanzu gundumar Wuppertal . Mahaifiyarta, Jeannette Schüler (née Kissing) ta kasance muhimmiyar mutum a cikin waƙarta; babban halin wasan kwaikwayon Die Wupper ya samo asali ne daga mahaifinta, Aaron Schüler, wani banki na Yahudawa daga Wuppertal . Ɗan'uwanta Paul ya mutu lokacin da take da shekaru 13. An dauki Else a matsayin yarinya mai ban mamaki saboda tana iya karatu da rubutu tun tana 'yar shekara huɗu. Daga 1880 ta halarci Lyceum West an der Aue . Bayan ta bar makaranta, ta sami darussan sirri a gidan iyayenta. A shekara ta 1894, Else ta auri likita kuma masanin wasan chess Berthold Lasker (babban ɗan'uwan Emanuel Lasker, Gwarzon Chess na Duniya) kuma ta koma tare da shi zuwa [[Berlin]], inda ta horar da ita a matsayin mai zane. A ranar 27 ga Yulin 1890 mahaifiyarta ta mutu, mahaifinta ya biyo baya shekaru 7 bayan haka. A ranar 24 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1899, an haifi ɗanta Paul kuma an buga waƙoƙinta na farko. Ta wallafa cikakken littafin waka na farko, ''Styx'', shekaru uku bayan haka, a cikin 1902. A ranar 11 ga Afrilu 1903, ita da Berthold Lasker sun sake aure kuma a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, ta auri Georg Lewin, mai zane, kuma wanda ya kafa mujallar Expressionist Der Sturm . Sunansa, Herwarth Walden, shine abin da ta kirkira. [[Fayil:Else_Lasker-Schüler00.jpg|thumb|{{Center|L to R: Berthold Lasker, Else Lasker-Schüler, Anna Lindwurm-Lindner, and Franz Lindwurm-Lindner; around 1900}}]] An buga aikin farko na Lasker-Schüler, ''Das Peter-Hille-Buch'', a cikin 1906, bayan mutuwar Hille, ɗaya daga cikin abokansa mafi kusa. A cikin 1907, ta buga tarin littattafai ''Die Nächte der Tino von Baghdad'', sannan kuma wasan Die Wupper a cikin 1909, wanda ba a yi shi ba sai daga baya. Wani kundin waka da ake kira ''Meine Wunder'', wanda aka buga a 1911, ya kafa Lasker-Schüler a matsayin babban wakilin mata na Jamusanci. Bayan ta rabu da Herwarth Walden a 1910 kuma ta sake shi a 1912, ta sami kanta ba tare da kudi ba kuma ta dogara da tallafin kudi na abokanta, musamman Karl Kraus . A shekara ta 1912, ta sadu da Gottfried Benn . Abokantaka mai zurfi ta taso tsakanin su wanda ya sami hanyar wallafe-wallafen a cikin yawancin waƙoƙin soyayya da aka keɓe masa. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1922 ta halarci taron kasa da kasa na masu zane-zane masu ci gaba kuma ta sanya hannu kan "Sanarwar Kafawar Union of Progressive International Artists".<ref name="Review">{{Cite web |last=van Doesburg |first=Theo |title=De Stijl, "A Short Review of the Proceedings [of the Congress of International Progressive Artists], Followed by the Statements Made by the Artists' Groups" (1922) |url=https://modernistarchitecture.wordpress.com/2010/10/22/de-stijl-%E2%80%9Ca-short-review-of-the-proceedings-of-the-congress-of-international-progressive-artists-followed-by-the-statements-made-by-the-artists%E2%80%99-groups%E2%80%9D-1922/ |access-date=30 November 2018 |website=modernistarchitecture.wordpress.com |publisher=Ross Lawrence Wolfe}}</ref> A shekara ta 1927, mutuwar ɗanta ta jefa ta cikin matsanancin damuwa. Duk da lashe Kyautar Kleist a 1932, a matsayin Bayahude 'yan Nazi sun tsananta mata da barazana. Ta yi hijira zuwa Zürich amma a can ma, ba ta iya aiki ba kuma daga baya ta tafi Falasdinu da ke karkashin mulkin Burtaniya a 1934, kuma a ƙarshe ta zauna a [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]] a 1937. A shekara ta 1938 an kwace ta daga 'yancin Jamus kuma barkewar yakin duniya na biyu ya hana duk wani koma Turai. A cewar mai fassara Ibrananci na farko, Yehuda Amichai, ta rayu cikin talauci kuma yara a unguwar sun yi mata ba'a saboda tufafinta da halayenta. Ta kafa wani salon wallafe-wallafen da ake kira "Kraal," wanda masanin falsafa Martin Buber ya buɗe a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1942 a Cibiyar Al'adu ta Faransa. Wasu manyan marubutan Yahudawa da mawaƙa masu alƙawari sun halarci shirye-shiryen adabi, amma daga ƙarshe an dakatar da Lasker-Schüler daga ba da karatu da laccoci saboda an gudanar da su a Jamusanci. Ta roki shugaban majami'ar Jamus a Urushalima ya bar ta ta yi amfani da ''Gotteshaus'' ('gidan ibada, lit. 'gidan Allah') sau ɗaya: "Duk inda na kasance, ba a yarda a yi magana da Jamusanci ba. Ina so in shirya maraice na karshe na Kraal ga mawaki wanda ya riga ya karye, don karantawa daga fassarorin [zuwa Jamusanci] na babban Ibrananci" (Letter to Rabbi Kurt Wilhelm, Else Lasker-Schüler Archive, Jerusalem, da aka ambata a Bauschinger, shafi na 270). A shekarunta na ƙarshe, Lasker-Schüler ta yi aiki a kan wasan kwaikwayo na ''IchundIch (IandI) '', wanda ya kasance raguwa. Ta gama kundin waƙoƙinta, Mein Blaues Klavier (1943, "My Blue Piano"), wanda aka buga a cikin iyakantaccen bugu na 330 kofe. "[H]er literary farewell ya zama yunkurinsa na ƙarshe na shawo kan kaɗaici. Abin sha'awa, ta sadaukar da aikin ga "abokan da ba za a iya mantawa da su ba a cikin biranen Jamus da waɗanda, kamar ni, suka yi gudun hijira kuma suka warwatse a duk faɗin duniya, da aminci."A daya daga cikin ayyukanta na ƙarshe, ta nemi a kare garinsu na Wuppertal da kewayenta daga bama-bamai na Allied. " Tana yawan kashe duk kuɗin da take da shi a lokaci guda wanda ya sa ta tafi kwanaki ba tare da abinci ko mafaka ba. Heinz Gerling, sakataren ''Hitachdut Olei Germania'' (Kungiyar Baƙi Jamus, daga baya aka sake masa suna don rufe duk Turai ta Tsakiya ) kuma mawaki {{Interlanguage link|Manfred Sturmann|de|Manfred Sturmann}} [de] ya zo mata. Gerling ta bude asusun banki a gare ta kuma ta shirya biyan kuɗi na yau da kullun don rufe kuɗin da ta kashe yayin da Sturmann ta gyara aikinta kuma ta taimaka tare da hulɗarta da masu bugawa. Bayan mutuwarta, Sturmann ta zama mai kula da gadonta kuma a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960 ta yi hulɗa sosai da masu bugawa a Gabas da [[Yammacin Jamus]], Switzerland da Austria waɗanda suke so su buga ayyukanta. A shekara ta 1944, lafiyar Lasker-Schüler ta kara tabarbarewa. Ta kamu da ciwon zuciya a ranar 16 ga watan Janairun, kuma ta mutu a [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]] a ranar 22 ga watan Janairu 1945. An binne ta a Kabarin Yahudawa na Dutsen Zaitun . == Manazarta == [[Fayil:Wuppertal_Elberfeld_-_Herzogstraße_08_ies.jpg|thumb|Abin tunawa da Lasker-Schüler na Stephan Huber a Elberfeld, Wuppertal]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1869]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gkpb3vyds166gh0x1b60in6l71p5hev 905792 905786 2026-08-21T20:31:35Z Usman saadu 46863 905792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}''' Else Lasker-Schüler (an haife ta '''Elisabeth Schüler''') ({{IPA|de|ˈɛl.zə ˈlas.kɐ ˈʃyː.lɐ|lang|De-Else Lasker-Schüler.ogg}}{{IPA|de|ˈɛl.zə ˈlas.kɐ ˈʃyː.lɐ|lang|De-Else Lasker-Schüler.ogg}} [ˈɛl.zə ˈlas.kɐ ˈʃyː.lɐ] i; 11 Fabrairu 1869 - 22 Janairu 1945) ya kasance mawaki da marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Jamusanci. {{IPA|de|ˈɛl.zə ˈlas.kɐ ˈʃyː.lɐ|lang|De-Else Lasker-Schüler.ogg}}Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata kalilan da ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Expressionist . Lasker-Schüler, wacce Bayahude ce, ta tsere daga Nazi Jamus kuma ta zauna har tsawon rayuwarta a [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]]. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Schüler a Elberfeld, yanzu gundumar Wuppertal . Mahaifiyarta, Jeannette Schüler (née Kissing) ta kasance muhimmiyar mutum a cikin waƙarta; babban halin wasan kwaikwayon Die Wupper ya samo asali ne daga mahaifinta, Aaron Schüler, wani banki na Yahudawa daga Wuppertal . Ɗan'uwanta Paul ya mutu lokacin da take da shekaru 13. An dauki Else a matsayin yarinya mai ban mamaki saboda tana iya karatu da rubutu tun tana 'yar shekara huɗu. Daga 1880 ta halarci Lyceum West an der Aue . Bayan ta bar makaranta, ta sami darussan sirri a gidan iyayenta. A shekara ta 1894, Else ta auri likita kuma masanin wasan chess Berthold Lasker (babban ɗan'uwan Emanuel Lasker, Gwarzon Chess na Duniya) kuma ta koma tare da shi zuwa [[Berlin]], inda ta horar da ita a matsayin mai zane. A ranar 27 ga Yulin 1890 mahaifiyarta ta mutu, mahaifinta ya biyo baya shekaru 7 bayan haka. A ranar 24 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1899, an haifi ɗanta Paul kuma an buga waƙoƙinta na farko. Ta wallafa cikakken littafin waka na farko, ''Styx'', shekaru uku bayan haka, a cikin 1902. A ranar 11 ga Afrilu 1903, ita da Berthold Lasker sun sake aure kuma a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, ta auri Georg Lewin, mai zane, kuma wanda ya kafa mujallar Expressionist Der Sturm . Sunansa, Herwarth Walden, shine abin da ta kirkira. [[Fayil:Else_Lasker-Schüler00.jpg|thumb|{{Center|L to R: Berthold Lasker, Else Lasker-Schüler, Anna Lindwurm-Lindner, and Franz Lindwurm-Lindner; around 1900}}]] An buga aikin farko na Lasker-Schüler, ''Das Peter-Hille-Buch'', a cikin 1906, bayan mutuwar Hille, ɗaya daga cikin abokansa mafi kusa. A cikin 1907, ta buga tarin littattafai ''Die Nächte der Tino von Baghdad'', sannan kuma wasan Die Wupper a cikin 1909, wanda ba a yi shi ba sai daga baya. Wani kundin waka da ake kira ''Meine Wunder'', wanda aka buga a 1911, ya kafa Lasker-Schüler a matsayin babban wakilin mata na Jamusanci. Bayan ta rabu da Herwarth Walden a 1910 kuma ta sake shi a 1912, ta sami kanta ba tare da kudi ba kuma ta dogara da tallafin kudi na abokanta, musamman Karl Kraus . A shekara ta 1912, ta sadu da Gottfried Benn . Abokantaka mai zurfi ta taso tsakanin su wanda ya sami hanyar wallafe-wallafen a cikin yawancin waƙoƙin soyayya da aka keɓe masa. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1922 ta halarci taron kasa da kasa na masu zane-zane masu ci gaba kuma ta sanya hannu kan "Sanarwar Kafawar Union of Progressive International Artists".<ref name="Review">{{Cite web |last=van Doesburg |first=Theo |title=De Stijl, "A Short Review of the Proceedings [of the Congress of International Progressive Artists], Followed by the Statements Made by the Artists' Groups" (1922) |url=https://modernistarchitecture.wordpress.com/2010/10/22/de-stijl-%E2%80%9Ca-short-review-of-the-proceedings-of-the-congress-of-international-progressive-artists-followed-by-the-statements-made-by-the-artists%E2%80%99-groups%E2%80%9D-1922/ |access-date=30 November 2018 |website=modernistarchitecture.wordpress.com |publisher=Ross Lawrence Wolfe}}</ref> A shekara ta 1927, mutuwar ɗanta ta jefa ta cikin matsanancin damuwa. Duk da lashe Kyautar Kleist a 1932, a matsayin Bayahude 'yan Nazi sun tsananta mata da barazana. Ta yi hijira zuwa Zürich amma a can ma, ba ta iya aiki ba kuma daga baya ta tafi Falasdinu da ke karkashin mulkin Burtaniya a 1934, kuma a ƙarshe ta zauna a [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]] a 1937. A shekara ta 1938 an kwace ta daga 'yancin Jamus kuma barkewar yakin duniya na biyu ya hana duk wani koma Turai. A cewar mai fassara Ibrananci na farko, Yehuda Amichai, ta rayu cikin talauci kuma yara a unguwar sun yi mata ba'a saboda tufafinta da halayenta. Ta kafa wani salon wallafe-wallafen da ake kira "Kraal," wanda masanin falsafa Martin Buber ya buɗe a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1942 a Cibiyar Al'adu ta Faransa. Wasu manyan marubutan Yahudawa da mawaƙa masu alƙawari sun halarci shirye-shiryen adabi, amma daga ƙarshe an dakatar da Lasker-Schüler daga ba da karatu da laccoci saboda an gudanar da su a Jamusanci. Ta roki shugaban majami'ar Jamus a Urushalima ya bar ta ta yi amfani da ''Gotteshaus'' ('gidan ibada, lit. 'gidan Allah') sau ɗaya: "Duk inda na kasance, ba a yarda a yi magana da Jamusanci ba. Ina so in shirya maraice na karshe na Kraal ga mawaki wanda ya riga ya karye, don karantawa daga fassarorin [zuwa Jamusanci] na babban Ibrananci" (Letter to Rabbi Kurt Wilhelm, Else Lasker-Schüler Archive, Jerusalem, da aka ambata a Bauschinger, shafi na 270). A shekarunta na ƙarshe, Lasker-Schüler ta yi aiki a kan wasan kwaikwayo na ''IchundIch (IandI) '', wanda ya kasance raguwa. Ta gama kundin waƙoƙinta, Mein Blaues Klavier (1943, "My Blue Piano"), wanda aka buga a cikin iyakantaccen bugu na 330 kofe. "[H]er literary farewell ya zama yunkurinsa na ƙarshe na shawo kan kaɗaici. Abin sha'awa, ta sadaukar da aikin ga "abokan da ba za a iya mantawa da su ba a cikin biranen Jamus da waɗanda, kamar ni, suka yi gudun hijira kuma suka warwatse a duk faɗin duniya, da aminci."A daya daga cikin ayyukanta na ƙarshe, ta nemi a kare garinsu na Wuppertal da kewayenta daga bama-bamai na Allied. " Tana yawan kashe duk kuɗin da take da shi a lokaci guda wanda ya sa ta tafi kwanaki ba tare da abinci ko mafaka ba. Heinz Gerling, sakataren ''Hitachdut Olei Germania'' (Kungiyar Baƙi Jamus, daga baya aka sake masa suna don rufe duk Turai ta Tsakiya ) kuma mawaki {{Interlanguage link|Manfred Sturmann|de|Manfred Sturmann}} [de] ya zo mata. Gerling ta bude asusun banki a gare ta kuma ta shirya biyan kuɗi na yau da kullun don rufe kuɗin da ta kashe yayin da Sturmann ta gyara aikinta kuma ta taimaka tare da hulɗarta da masu bugawa. Bayan mutuwarta, Sturmann ta zama mai kula da gadonta kuma a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960 ta yi hulɗa sosai da masu bugawa a Gabas da [[Yammacin Jamus]], Switzerland da Austria waɗanda suke so su buga ayyukanta. A shekara ta 1944, lafiyar Lasker-Schüler ta kara tabarbarewa. Ta kamu da ciwon zuciya a ranar 16 ga watan Janairun, kuma ta mutu a [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]] a ranar 22 ga watan Janairu 1945. An binne ta a Kabarin Yahudawa na Dutsen Zaitun . == Manazarta == [[Fayil:Wuppertal_Elberfeld_-_Herzogstraße_08_ies.jpg|thumb|Abin tunawa da Lasker-Schüler na Stephan Huber a Elberfeld, Wuppertal]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1869]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 25xy1we3w2e14ekeszbo5tzomnvg1aw 0 165102 905805 2026-08-21T20:35:31Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351628557|Emine Sevgi Özdamar]]" 905805 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Emine Sevgi Özdamar''' (an haife ta a ranar 10 ga Agusta 1946) marubuciya ce, darakta, kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo 'yar asalin Turkiyya wacce ta zauna kuma ta yi aiki a Jamus tun 1976. Fasahar Özdamar ta bambanta domin tana da tasiri daga abubuwan da ta fuskanta a rayuwa, waɗanda suka mamaye ƙasashen Jamus da Turkiyya a duk lokacin rikici a duka biyun. Ɗaya daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu mafi shahara shine lashe kyautar Ingeborg Bachmann ta 1991. Ayyukan adabin Özdamar sun sami karɓuwa sosai da kuma kulawar ilimi. Masoyiyar wakoki ce, ta sami kwarin gwiwa sosai a ayyukan Heinrich Heine da Bertolt Brecht, musamman daga kundin waƙoƙin nata waɗanda ta saya a shekarun 1960 a [[Berlin]] . Daga baya ta yanke shawarar yin karatu tare da almajirin Brecht Benno Besson a Berlin, inda take zaune. <ref name="Akademie der Künste, Berlin_2">{{Cite web |title=Özdamar |url=https://www.adk.de/de/akademie/sektionen/literatur/mitglieder.htm?we_objectID=57177 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=Akademie der Künste, Berlin |language=de}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Emine Sevgi Özdamar a ranar 10 ga Agusta 1946 a Malatya, Turkiyya. Ta girma tare da kakanninta kuma ta zauna a biranen Turkiyya na [[Istanbul]] da [[Bursa]] . A shekarar 1965, ta yi tafiya zuwa [[Berlin]] a karon farko kuma ta sami aiki a wata masana'anta a can. Da farko ta zo Jamus ne don ta kasance kusa da babban ɗan'uwanta, Ali, wanda ya yi karatu a Switzerland a lokacin; ƙaura zuwa Jamus ya fi sauƙi fiye da zuwa Switzerland. Özdamar ta yi wasan kwaikwayo kuma ta yi shi tun tana ɗan shekara goma sha biyu kuma da farko tana son yin duka biyun lokacin da ta zo Turai: yin wasan kwaikwayo da kuma ganin ɗan'uwanta. Iyayen Özdamar sun ƙi shirin 'yarsu mai shekaru 18, amma daga ƙarshe suka yarda. Özdamar ya zauna a wani gida a Yammacin Berlin tare da wasu mata 'yan Turkiyya 120. Da farko ba ta yi magana da Jamusanci ko da kalma ɗaya ba, don haka ta fuskanci ƙalubalen koyon yaren tun tana babba. Özdamar ya fara ne da haddace sunayen tituna da kanun labarai na jaridu ba tare da sanin ainihin ma'anar da ke bayansu ba. <ref name="signandsight.com">{{Cite web |title=Harald Jähner: Language without a childhood (22/01/2012) – signandsight |url=http://www.signandsight.com/service/2213.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127043627/http://www.signandsight.com/service/2213.html |archive-date=27 November 2015 |access-date=14 October 2015 |website=www.signandsight.com}}</ref> Bayan watanni bakwai, mahaifinta ya biya mata kuɗin karatun darussan harshe a Cibiyar Goethe domin ta koyi harshen yadda ya kamata. <ref name="Tagess" /> Özdamar har yanzu tana son zama jaruma, don haka ta koma Istanbul bayan shekaru biyu, inda ta fara ɗaukar darussan wasan kwaikwayo kuma ta sami manyan rawar da ta taka a shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo. A shekarar 1971, juyin mulkin soja a Istanbul ya haifar da tsananta wa 'yan ƙasa kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga 'yancin faɗin albarkacin baki na 'yan ƙasa. Saboda wannan juyin mulki, a shekarar 1976 Özdamar ya koma Jamus ya kuma ƙaunaci harshen Jamus da marubuta kamar Bertolt Brecht. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar darakta a Volksbühne da ke Gabashin Berlin, yayin da take zaune a Yammacin Berlin. <ref name="signandsight.com" /> A lokacin da take yawon shakatawa da wani wasan kwaikwayo, ta kuma zauna a Faransa na tsawon shekaru biyu, kafin ta dawo Jamus ta yi aiki a wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo da ke Bochum a shekarar 1979. A halin yanzu tana zaune a Kreuzberg, Berlin tare da mijinta Karl Kneidl. === Manyan ayyuka === A shekarar 1990, Özdamar ta buga kundin gajerun labaranta na farko, '''''Mutterzunge''''' ( ''Motherlangue'' ). <ref name="@GI_weltweit 2021">{{Cite web |date=13 December 2021 |title=Emine Sevgi Özdamar |url=https://www.goethe.de/ins/in/de/cul/sup/ews/aut/21024670.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317110810/https://www.goethe.de/ins/in/de/cul/sup/ews/aut/21024670.html |archive-date=17 March 2022 |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=@GI_weltweit |language=de}}</ref> An sanya masa suna "Littafin Duniya na Shekara" ta Jaridar Times Literary Supplement. Gajerun labaran sun yi nazari kan asalin wata mace 'yar Turkiyya da ke zaune a Jamus da kuma yadda wannan asalin yake da alaƙa da yare. Mai ba da labarin ta rasa harshenta na asali, wato harshen Turkanci, kuma tana iya magana da Jamusanci sosai, amma tana da lahani. Mai ba da labarin ya tuna da wani lokaci da ita da mahaifiyarta suke magana da Turkawa, "Meine Mutter sagte mir: 'Weißt du, du sprichst so, du denkst, daß du alles erzählst, aber plötzlich springst du über nichtgesagte Wörter'" (Mahaifiyata ta ce da ni: 'Ka sani, duk abin da kake fada, amma ka yi tsalle ka yi tsalle. kalmomi'). <ref name=":0" /> Özdamar ta nuna cewa da "harshe", ba ta nufin harshe ba, amma harshen jiki a bakin mahaifiyarta, "ein warmes Körperteil, die Liebesquelle meiner Sprache, meiner Gefühle, meiner Kindheit, meiner Jugend." ("Sashen jiki mai dumi, tushen soyayya ta harshe na, yadda nake ji, yarinta ta, samartaka ta.") Emine Sevgi Özdamar na farko novel, '''''Das Leben ist eine Karawanserei hat zwei Türen aus einer kam ich rein aus der anderen ging ich raus''''' ( ''Rayuwa Caravanserai ce : Has Two Doors I Went in One I Fito Out the Other'' ), wanda aka buga a shekarar 1992, ya sami kyautar Ingeborg Bachmann mai daraja (1991) don babi guda ɗaya daga cikin littafin. Wannan ya sa ta zama marubuciya ta farko 'yar asalin Turkiyya da ta lashe kyautar kuma ta sami karramawa a duniya a matsayin marubuciya. <ref name="goethe.de">{{Cite web |title=Deutsche Gegenwartsliteratur auf Spanisch – Autoren O–Z – Özdamar, Emine Sevgi – Goethe-Institut |url=http://www.goethe.de/ins/es/bar/prj/lit/aoz/oez/deindex.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210233604/http://www.goethe.de/ins/es/bar/prj/lit/aoz/oez/deindex.htm |archive-date=10 December 2015 |access-date=14 October 2015 |website=www.goethe.de}}</ref> A cikin littafin, mai ba da labarin farko da ba a ambaci sunansa ba ya binciko rayuwa tun daga ƙuruciya da ƙuruciya a Turkiyya, zuwa ƙaura daga wani wuri a Turkiyya zuwa wani yayin da uban ke neman aiki, kuma a ƙarshe ya bar mai ba da labarin ƙarshe daga iyalinta zuwa Jamus don fara sabuwar rayuwa. Rubutun yana da ban sha'awa, cike da labarin nan take da kuma na sha'awa, amma bai yi ƙoƙarin haɗa waɗannan shirye-shiryen ba. <ref name=":0" /> Littafin farko ya ƙare a nan, inda na biyu, '''''Die Brücke vom Goldenen Horn''''' ( ''Gadar Ƙarfin Zinare'' ), wanda aka buga a 1998, ya fara: ɗan shekara 19 yana tafiya zuwa Jamus. Tana tafiya ta jirgin ƙasa zuwa Berlin kuma tana zama a can a matsayin ma'aikaciyar baƙi. A shekarun 1960 ne, lokacin soyayya da zanga-zangar ɗalibai. Daga ƙarshe ta yi tafiya zuwa Turkiyya, inda ta fahimci cewa rashin zuwanta ya canza komai. <ref name="goethe.de" /> Bayan haka, a shekara ta 2001, Özdamar ya buga wani tarin gajerun labarai, '''''Der Hof im Spiegel''''' ( ''The Courtyard in the Mirror'' ). Mai ba da labari tana kallo ta taga ɗakinta. Akwai birane: Berlin, Amsterdam, Istanbul. Ko kuma gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Jirgin ƙasa cike da ma'aikatan baƙi. Dakin zama na wani dattijo. Mai ba da labarin tana tsaye a kicin, tana waya, tana kallon yadda rayuwa ke faruwa a tsakar gida a madubinta. Madubi kuma yana riƙe da duk matattu. Tana magana game da "Berlin ɗinta", Berlin ta farko da ta biyu (wanda aka raba ta da shekaru 9 na nisa, ta farko ita ce West-Berlin, ta biyu ta Gabas-Berlin), ra'ayoyin Istanbul; tana magana game da mutuwa, soyayya, baƙin ciki, jin daɗi, kuma tana yin hakan yayin da take tafiya cikin sarari da lokaci. <ref name="tagesspiegel.de" /> Littafinta, 2003, '''''Seltsame Sterne starren zur Erde''''' ( ''Strange Stars Stare at the Earth'' ), ya bayyana lokacin Özdamar yana aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Volksbühne a Gabas-Berlin. Tana zaune a cikin bikin Wedding kuma ta tsinci kanta a cikin No Man's Land tsakanin Gabas da Yammacin Berlin. A lokacin (shekarun 1970), Istanbul cike take da tashin hankali. Ba a yarda a faɗi wasu abubuwa ba; Özdamar ya sami wurin da za a faɗi waɗannan kalmomin a kan dandamali a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Berlin. Littafinta na 2007 ''Kendi Kendinin Terzisi Bir Kambur, '''Ece''' Ayhan'lı anılar, '''1974 Zürih günlüğü''' ''',''''' ''Ece Ayhan'ın mektupları ( The Hunchback as his own tela, Memories of Ece Ayhan: The Zurich Diary of 1974 and Lett'' be Turkish) Ya dogara ne akan rubuce-rubucen da suka shafi abotarta da darakta Vasif Öngören. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] 01rvknzagayom70zc68nqf4ga30gs1u 905806 905805 2026-08-21T20:35:54Z Mustapha Isah Namadee 46931 905806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Emine Sevgi Özdamar''' (an haife ta a ranar 10 ga Agusta 1946) marubuciya ce, darakta, kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo 'yar asalin Turkiyya wacce ta zauna kuma ta yi aiki a Jamus tun 1976. Fasahar Özdamar ta bambanta domin tana da tasiri daga abubuwan da ta fuskanta a rayuwa, waɗanda suka mamaye ƙasashen Jamus da Turkiyya a duk lokacin rikici a duka biyun. Ɗaya daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu mafi shahara shine lashe kyautar Ingeborg Bachmann ta 1991. Ayyukan adabin Özdamar sun sami karɓuwa sosai da kuma kulawar ilimi. Masoyiyar wakoki ce, ta sami kwarin gwiwa sosai a ayyukan Heinrich Heine da Bertolt Brecht, musamman daga kundin waƙoƙin nata waɗanda ta saya a shekarun 1960 a [[Berlin]] . Daga baya ta yanke shawarar yin karatu tare da almajirin Brecht Benno Besson a Berlin, inda take zaune. <ref name="Akademie der Künste, Berlin_2">{{Cite web |title=Özdamar |url=https://www.adk.de/de/akademie/sektionen/literatur/mitglieder.htm?we_objectID=57177 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=Akademie der Künste, Berlin |language=de}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Emine Sevgi Özdamar a ranar 10 ga Agusta 1946 a Malatya, Turkiyya. Ta girma tare da kakanninta kuma ta zauna a biranen Turkiyya na [[Istanbul]] da [[Bursa]] . A shekarar 1965, ta yi tafiya zuwa [[Berlin]] a karon farko kuma ta sami aiki a wata masana'anta a can. Da farko ta zo Jamus ne don ta kasance kusa da babban ɗan'uwanta, Ali, wanda ya yi karatu a Switzerland a lokacin; ƙaura zuwa Jamus ya fi sauƙi fiye da zuwa Switzerland. Özdamar ta yi wasan kwaikwayo kuma ta yi shi tun tana ɗan shekara goma sha biyu kuma da farko tana son yin duka biyun lokacin da ta zo Turai: yin wasan kwaikwayo da kuma ganin ɗan'uwanta. Iyayen Özdamar sun ƙi shirin 'yarsu mai shekaru 18, amma daga ƙarshe suka yarda. Özdamar ya zauna a wani gida a Yammacin Berlin tare da wasu mata 'yan Turkiyya 120. Da farko ba ta yi magana da Jamusanci ko da kalma ɗaya ba, don haka ta fuskanci ƙalubalen koyon yaren tun tana babba. Özdamar ya fara ne da haddace sunayen tituna da kanun labarai na jaridu ba tare da sanin ainihin ma'anar da ke bayansu ba. <ref name="signandsight.com">{{Cite web |title=Harald Jähner: Language without a childhood (22/01/2012) – signandsight |url=http://www.signandsight.com/service/2213.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127043627/http://www.signandsight.com/service/2213.html |archive-date=27 November 2015 |access-date=14 October 2015 |website=www.signandsight.com}}</ref> Bayan watanni bakwai, mahaifinta ya biya mata kuɗin karatun darussan harshe a Cibiyar Goethe domin ta koyi harshen yadda ya kamata. <ref name="Tagess" /> Özdamar har yanzu tana son zama jaruma, don haka ta koma Istanbul bayan shekaru biyu, inda ta fara ɗaukar darussan wasan kwaikwayo kuma ta sami manyan rawar da ta taka a shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo. A shekarar 1971, juyin mulkin soja a Istanbul ya haifar da tsananta wa 'yan ƙasa kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga 'yancin faɗin albarkacin baki na 'yan ƙasa. Saboda wannan juyin mulki, a shekarar 1976 Özdamar ya koma Jamus ya kuma ƙaunaci harshen Jamus da marubuta kamar Bertolt Brecht. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar darakta a Volksbühne da ke Gabashin Berlin, yayin da take zaune a Yammacin Berlin. <ref name="signandsight.com" /> A lokacin da take yawon shakatawa da wani wasan kwaikwayo, ta kuma zauna a Faransa na tsawon shekaru biyu, kafin ta dawo Jamus ta yi aiki a wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo da ke Bochum a shekarar 1979. A halin yanzu tana zaune a Kreuzberg, Berlin tare da mijinta Karl Kneidl. === Manyan ayyuka === A shekarar 1990, Özdamar ta buga kundin gajerun labaranta na farko, '''''Mutterzunge''''' ( ''Motherlangue'' ). <ref name="@GI_weltweit 2021">{{Cite web |date=13 December 2021 |title=Emine Sevgi Özdamar |url=https://www.goethe.de/ins/in/de/cul/sup/ews/aut/21024670.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317110810/https://www.goethe.de/ins/in/de/cul/sup/ews/aut/21024670.html |archive-date=17 March 2022 |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=@GI_weltweit |language=de}}</ref> An sanya masa suna "Littafin Duniya na Shekara" ta Jaridar Times Literary Supplement. Gajerun labaran sun yi nazari kan asalin wata mace 'yar Turkiyya da ke zaune a Jamus da kuma yadda wannan asalin yake da alaƙa da yare. Mai ba da labarin ta rasa harshenta na asali, wato harshen Turkanci, kuma tana iya magana da Jamusanci sosai, amma tana da lahani. Mai ba da labarin ya tuna da wani lokaci da ita da mahaifiyarta suke magana da Turkawa, "Meine Mutter sagte mir: 'Weißt du, du sprichst so, du denkst, daß du alles erzählst, aber plötzlich springst du über nichtgesagte Wörter'" (Mahaifiyata ta ce da ni: 'Ka sani, duk abin da kake fada, amma ka yi tsalle ka yi tsalle. kalmomi'). <ref name=":0" /> Özdamar ta nuna cewa da "harshe", ba ta nufin harshe ba, amma harshen jiki a bakin mahaifiyarta, "ein warmes Körperteil, die Liebesquelle meiner Sprache, meiner Gefühle, meiner Kindheit, meiner Jugend." ("Sashen jiki mai dumi, tushen soyayya ta harshe na, yadda nake ji, yarinta ta, samartaka ta.") Emine Sevgi Özdamar na farko novel, '''''Das Leben ist eine Karawanserei hat zwei Türen aus einer kam ich rein aus der anderen ging ich raus''''' ( ''Rayuwa Caravanserai ce : Has Two Doors I Went in One I Fito Out the Other'' ), wanda aka buga a shekarar 1992, ya sami kyautar Ingeborg Bachmann mai daraja (1991) don babi guda ɗaya daga cikin littafin. Wannan ya sa ta zama marubuciya ta farko 'yar asalin Turkiyya da ta lashe kyautar kuma ta sami karramawa a duniya a matsayin marubuciya. <ref name="goethe.de">{{Cite web |title=Deutsche Gegenwartsliteratur auf Spanisch – Autoren O–Z – Özdamar, Emine Sevgi – Goethe-Institut |url=http://www.goethe.de/ins/es/bar/prj/lit/aoz/oez/deindex.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210233604/http://www.goethe.de/ins/es/bar/prj/lit/aoz/oez/deindex.htm |archive-date=10 December 2015 |access-date=14 October 2015 |website=www.goethe.de}}</ref> A cikin littafin, mai ba da labarin farko da ba a ambaci sunansa ba ya binciko rayuwa tun daga ƙuruciya da ƙuruciya a Turkiyya, zuwa ƙaura daga wani wuri a Turkiyya zuwa wani yayin da uban ke neman aiki, kuma a ƙarshe ya bar mai ba da labarin ƙarshe daga iyalinta zuwa Jamus don fara sabuwar rayuwa. Rubutun yana da ban sha'awa, cike da labarin nan take da kuma na sha'awa, amma bai yi ƙoƙarin haɗa waɗannan shirye-shiryen ba. <ref name=":0" /> Littafin farko ya ƙare a nan, inda na biyu, '''''Die Brücke vom Goldenen Horn''''' ( ''Gadar Ƙarfin Zinare'' ), wanda aka buga a 1998, ya fara: ɗan shekara 19 yana tafiya zuwa Jamus. Tana tafiya ta jirgin ƙasa zuwa Berlin kuma tana zama a can a matsayin ma'aikaciyar baƙi. A shekarun 1960 ne, lokacin soyayya da zanga-zangar ɗalibai. Daga ƙarshe ta yi tafiya zuwa Turkiyya, inda ta fahimci cewa rashin zuwanta ya canza komai. <ref name="goethe.de" /> Bayan haka, a shekara ta 2001, Özdamar ya buga wani tarin gajerun labarai, '''''Der Hof im Spiegel''''' ( ''The Courtyard in the Mirror'' ). Mai ba da labari tana kallo ta taga ɗakinta. Akwai birane: Berlin, Amsterdam, Istanbul. Ko kuma gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Jirgin ƙasa cike da ma'aikatan baƙi. Dakin zama na wani dattijo. Mai ba da labarin tana tsaye a kicin, tana waya, tana kallon yadda rayuwa ke faruwa a tsakar gida a madubinta. Madubi kuma yana riƙe da duk matattu. Tana magana game da "Berlin ɗinta", Berlin ta farko da ta biyu (wanda aka raba ta da shekaru 9 na nisa, ta farko ita ce West-Berlin, ta biyu ta Gabas-Berlin), ra'ayoyin Istanbul; tana magana game da mutuwa, soyayya, baƙin ciki, jin daɗi, kuma tana yin hakan yayin da take tafiya cikin sarari da lokaci. <ref name="tagesspiegel.de" /> Littafinta, 2003, '''''Seltsame Sterne starren zur Erde''''' ( ''Strange Stars Stare at the Earth'' ), ya bayyana lokacin Özdamar yana aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Volksbühne a Gabas-Berlin. Tana zaune a cikin bikin Wedding kuma ta tsinci kanta a cikin No Man's Land tsakanin Gabas da Yammacin Berlin. A lokacin (shekarun 1970), Istanbul cike take da tashin hankali. Ba a yarda a faɗi wasu abubuwa ba; Özdamar ya sami wurin da za a faɗi waɗannan kalmomin a kan dandamali a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Berlin. Littafinta na 2007 ''Kendi Kendinin Terzisi Bir Kambur, '''Ece''' Ayhan'lı anılar, '''1974 Zürih günlüğü''' ''',''''' ''Ece Ayhan'ın mektupları ( The Hunchback as his own tela, Memories of Ece Ayhan: The Zurich Diary of 1974 and Lett'' be Turkish) Ya dogara ne akan rubuce-rubucen da suka shafi abotarta da darakta Vasif Öngören. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] 57h36947kvkr5f02njsfo5ar940059u 0 165103 905812 2026-08-21T20:45:16Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364591906|Etenesh Diro]]" 905812 wikitext text/x-wiki  {| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}} |- !colspan="6"|Representing {{ETH}} |- |2012 |[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |[[London]], [[United Kingdom]] |6th |3000 m st. |[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's 3000 metres steeplechase|9:19.89]] |- |2013 |[[2013 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Moscow]], [[Russia]] |5th |3000 m st. |[[2013 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 3000 metres steeplechase|9:16.97]] |- |2015 |[[2015 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Beijing]], [[China]] |17th (h) |3000 m st. |[[2015 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 3000 metres steeplechase|9:31.97]] |- |rowspan=2|2016 |[[2016 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]] |[[Durban, South Africa]] | – |3000 m s'chase |[[2016 African Championships in Athletics – Women's 3000 metres steeplechase|DNF]] |- |[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |[[Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]] |15th |3000 m s'chase |[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 3000 metres steeplechase|9:38.77]] |- |2017 |[[2017 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[London, United Kingdom]] |7th |3000 m s'chase |[[2017 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 3000 metres steeplechase|9:22.46]] |}'''Etenesh Diro Neda''' (an haife shi 10 ga Mayu 1991) ɗan wasan Habasha ne . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Etenesh Diro |url=http://www.london2012.com/athlete/diro-etenesh-1090940/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502200512/http://www.london2012.com/athlete/diro-etenesh-1090940/ |archive-date=2 May 2013 |access-date=29 August 2012 |publisher=London 2012}}</ref> Ta yi gasa a tseren mita 3000 a Wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2016 da kuma wasannin Olympics nke bazara na 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=DIRO Etenesh |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/etenesh-diro |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806031104/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/etenesh-diro |archive-date=6 August 2016 |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Rio 2016}}</ref> A shekara ta 2012, ta cancanci wasan karshe ta hanyar sanya ta biyu a cikin zafinta tare da lokaci na 9:25.31, sannan ta sanya ta shida a wasan karshe tare da lokaci ya 9:19.89, mafi kyawun kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Etenesh Diro - Events and results |url=http://www.london2012.com/athlete/diro-etenesh-1090940/events/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804141940/http://www.london2012.com/athlete/diro-etenesh-1090940/events |archive-date=4 August 2012 |access-date=28 August 2012 |publisher=London 2012}}</ref> A gasar Olympics ta 2016, an same ta da laifin yin karo kuma ta rasa takalma ɗaya. Ba tare da ta iya mayar da shi ba ba tare da ɓata lokaci mai yawa ba, ta kammala gasar neman cancantar shiga matsayi na 7 da takalma ɗaya kawai. Saboda haka, an sanya mata suna Cinderella ta Rio2016 cikin ƙauna. == Nasarorin da aka samu == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] 7eg5hrhtrwpvg053c1bba8jsbemgj37 905813 905812 2026-08-21T20:46:40Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 Gyara 905813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ETH}} |- |2'''Etenesh Diro Neda''' (an haife shi 10 ga Mayu 1991) ɗan wasan Habasha ne . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Etenesh Diro |url=http://www.london2012.com/athlete/diro-etenesh-1090940/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502200512/http://www.london2012.com/athlete/diro-etenesh-1090940/ |archive-date=2 May 2013 |access-date=29 August 2012 |publisher=London 2012}}</ref> Ta yi gasa a tseren mita 3000 a Wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2016 da kuma wasannin Olympics nke bazara na 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=DIRO Etenesh |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/etenesh-diro |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806031104/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/etenesh-diro |archive-date=6 August 2016 |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Rio 2016}}</ref> A shekara ta 2012, ta cancanci wasan karshe ta hanyar sanya ta biyu a cikin zafinta tare da lokaci na 9:25.31, sannan ta sanya ta shida a wasan karshe tare da lokaci ya 9:19.89, mafi kyawun kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Etenesh Diro - Events and results |url=http://www.london2012.com/athlete/diro-etenesh-1090940/events/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804141940/http://www.london2012.com/athlete/diro-etenesh-1090940/events |archive-date=4 August 2012 |access-date=28 August 2012 |publisher=London 2012}}</ref> A gasar Olympics ta 2016, an same ta da laifin yin karo kuma ta rasa takalma ɗaya. Ba tare da ta iya mayar da shi ba ba tare da ɓata lokaci mai yawa ba, ta kammala gasar neman cancantar shiga matsayi na 7 da takalma ɗaya kawai. Saboda haka, an sanya mata suna Cinderella ta Rio2016 cikin ƙauna. == Nasarorin da aka samu == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] 8qroldsa5vhcsah3huzdifehw87me04 905814 905813 2026-08-21T20:47:17Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 905814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} |- |2'''Etenesh Diro Neda''' (an haife shi 10 ga Mayu 1991) ɗan wasan Habasha ne . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Etenesh Diro |url=http://www.london2012.com/athlete/diro-etenesh-1090940/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502200512/http://www.london2012.com/athlete/diro-etenesh-1090940/ |archive-date=2 May 2013 |access-date=29 August 2012 |publisher=London 2012}}</ref> Ta yi gasa a tseren mita 3000 a Wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2016 da kuma wasannin Olympics nke bazara na 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=DIRO Etenesh |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/etenesh-diro |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806031104/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/etenesh-diro |archive-date=6 August 2016 |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Rio 2016}}</ref> A shekara ta 2012, ta cancanci wasan karshe ta hanyar sanya ta biyu a cikin zafinta tare da lokaci na 9:25.31, sannan ta sanya ta shida a wasan karshe tare da lokaci ya 9:19.89, mafi kyawun kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Etenesh Diro - Events and results |url=http://www.london2012.com/athlete/diro-etenesh-1090940/events/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804141940/http://www.london2012.com/athlete/diro-etenesh-1090940/events |archive-date=4 August 2012 |access-date=28 August 2012 |publisher=London 2012}}</ref> A gasar Olympics ta 2016, an same ta da laifin yin karo kuma ta rasa takalma ɗaya. Ba tare da ta iya mayar da shi ba ba tare da ɓata lokaci mai yawa ba, ta kammala gasar neman cancantar shiga matsayi na 7 da takalma ɗaya kawai. Saboda haka, an sanya mata suna Cinderella ta Rio2016 cikin ƙauna. == Nasarorin da aka samu == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] epjlp8sx4styqeoa0k4z4ph87s84kxe 905815 905814 2026-08-21T20:48:11Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 905815 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} |- |2'''Etenesh Diro Neda''' (an haife ta 10 ga Mayu 1991) yar wasan Habasha ne . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Etenesh Diro |url=http://www.london2012.com/athlete/diro-etenesh-1090940/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502200512/http://www.london2012.com/athlete/diro-etenesh-1090940/ |archive-date=2 May 2013 |access-date=29 August 2012 |publisher=London 2012}}</ref> Ta yi gasa a tseren mita 3000 a Wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2016 da kuma wasannin Olympics nke bazara na 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=DIRO Etenesh |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/etenesh-diro |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806031104/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/etenesh-diro |archive-date=6 August 2016 |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Rio 2016}}</ref> A shekara ta 2012, ta cancanci wasan karshe ta hanyar sanya ta biyu a cikin zafinta tare da lokaci na 9:25.31, sannan ta sanya ta shida a wasan karshe tare da lokaci ya 9:19.89, mafi kyawun kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Etenesh Diro - Events and results |url=http://www.london2012.com/athlete/diro-etenesh-1090940/events/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804141940/http://www.london2012.com/athlete/diro-etenesh-1090940/events |archive-date=4 August 2012 |access-date=28 August 2012 |publisher=London 2012}}</ref> A gasar Olympics ta 2016, an same ta da laifin yin karo kuma ta rasa takalma ɗaya. Ba tare da ta iya mayar da shi ba ba tare da ɓata lokaci mai yawa ba, ta kammala gasar neman cancantar shiga matsayi na 7 da takalma ɗaya kawai. Saboda haka, an sanya mata suna Cinderella ta Rio2016 cikin ƙauna. == Nasarorin da aka samu == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] emqzwfz0k3laf53mvz8geo8sb3eui54 0 165104 905816 2026-08-21T21:00:31Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343617444|Margarete Neumann]]" 905816 wikitext text/x-wiki == Rayuwa == An haifi Margarete Neumann a Pyritz, Pomerania, Daular Jamus . Ta yi karatu a taron zamantakewar al'umma a Königsberg kuma ta yi aiki har zuwa 1945 a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jin dadin jama'a a Heilsberg . Bayan an kore ta daga Poland zuwa Jamus a 1945, ta kasance manomi a Mecklenburg kuma mai walda a Halle (Saale) . Tun daga shekara ta 1952 ta zauna a matsayin marubuciya mai zaman kanta a Hohen Neuendorf sannan a Neubrandenburg bayan 1961. An ba ta izinin zama marubuciya kuma mai ba da shawara game da gaskiyar zamantakewar al'umma a Gabashin Jamus. Bayan ''Wende'', Neumann ya zauna a [[Sousse]], [[Tunisiya]] daga 1991 zuwa 2001. Ta mutu daga ciwon daji a ranar 4 ga Maris 2002 a Rostock . An sami kabarin marubucin a Mallin. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2002]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1917]] a7ax54473igz6ywmfha5q4g5r07ke6v 905817 905816 2026-08-21T21:01:12Z Usman saadu 46863 905817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} == Rayuwa == An haifi Margarete Neumann a Pyritz, Pomerania, Daular Jamus . Ta yi karatu a taron zamantakewar al'umma a Königsberg kuma ta yi aiki har zuwa 1945 a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jin dadin jama'a a Heilsberg . Bayan an kore ta daga Poland zuwa Jamus a 1945, ta kasance manomi a Mecklenburg kuma mai walda a Halle (Saale) . Tun daga shekara ta 1952 ta zauna a matsayin marubuciya mai zaman kanta a Hohen Neuendorf sannan a Neubrandenburg bayan 1961. An ba ta izinin zama marubuciya kuma mai ba da shawara game da gaskiyar zamantakewar al'umma a Gabashin Jamus. Bayan ''Wende'', Neumann ya zauna a [[Sousse]], [[Tunisiya]] daga 1991 zuwa 2001. Ta mutu daga ciwon daji a ranar 4 ga Maris 2002 a Rostock . An sami kabarin marubucin a Mallin. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2002]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1917]] ijfk8hqn83vz7nyey6rfu8q74rtas2r 3 165105 905827 2026-08-21T21:23:18Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 905827 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ismail Abdullahi Eel Minister! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ismail Abdullahi Eel Minister|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 21 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) pai2p1k80a9tckawfn35apil3prpf96 3 165106 905828 2026-08-21T21:23:28Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 905828 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Diioannid! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Diioannid|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 21 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) hhoxux4c4x307ifzv97ocdjflhjkpg5 3 165107 905829 2026-08-21T21:23:38Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 905829 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Dragonmost! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Dragonmost|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 21 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 4g56dsgt6ek4bpurdlzm30t5418dsiv 3 165108 905830 2026-08-21T21:23:48Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 905830 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Magajimamman24! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Magajimamman24|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 21 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) ejzzw2q3y40bj90ffqd8ccs8h8dcsc3 3 165109 905831 2026-08-21T21:23:58Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 905831 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Tino Munemo! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Tino Munemo|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 21 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) p9bebo1vd3nb2l889viv3bd4inot5e8 3 165110 905832 2026-08-21T21:24:08Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 905832 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sashok Smitt! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sashok Smitt|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 21 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 0hzff295j0p6i6qx9uwl34k02ah3bbl 3 165111 905833 2026-08-21T21:24:18Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 905833 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mrb-Wind! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mrb-Wind|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 21 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 66w8pl3h57clfuyi12d8yxv14frrbd5 3 165112 905834 2026-08-21T21:24:28Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 905834 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Penguin112358! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Penguin112358|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 21 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) oq722b1yrqaid6fkb6xa7y5gffxheuf 3 165113 905835 2026-08-21T21:24:38Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 905835 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Maiyare! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Maiyare|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 21 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) d21y7h5bu3bp7wdpi3vvv8onp1bl6l1 0 165114 905836 2026-08-21T21:24:45Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357041389|Michelle Ogundehin]]" 905836 wikitext text/x-wiki Michelle Ogundehin editan mujallu ne na Birtaniya, mai ba da shawara kan kirkire-kirkire, mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin, kuma marubuciya da aka sani da rubutu da gabatarwa kan ƙirar cikin gida . [1] == Tarihin Rayuwa == [[Fayil:Michelle_Ogundehin.jpg|thumb| Michelle_Ogundehin]] An haifi Ogundehin a [[Manchester]] kuma ya girma a [[Landan]], United Kingdom. Ta yi karatun gine-gine a Makarantar Koyon Gine-gine ta Bartlett inda ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin gine-gine a shekarar 1989, sannan ta sake samun takardar shaidar digiri na biyu a fannin gine-gine a shekarar 1993. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramsden |first=Sam |title='Interior Design Masters' Head Judge Michelle Ogundehin Has A Srsly Impressive CV |url=https://www.bustle.com/p/who-is-michelle-ogundehin-the-interior-design-masters-judge-has-a-very-impressive-cv-18740249 |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=Bustle |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Michelle Ogundehin |url=https://uk.linkedin.com/in/michelleogundehin |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=LinkedIn}}</ref> Michelle ta koma Brighton, bayan ta ziyarci hutun karshen mako, <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2007 |title=Ocean's heaven |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/property/interiors/oceans-heaven-763143.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220514/https://www.independent.co.uk/property/interiors/oceans-heaven-763143.html |archive-date=14 May 2022 |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> kuma an san ta da tasirinta ta hanyar sanya ta cikin ''jerin'' sunayen 'yan Birtaniya 'yan Afirka ko Afirka na Caribbean masu tasiri a lokuta da dama, ciki har da cikin manyan 10 a 2007 da 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=David |date=4 October 2008 |title=The 100 powerful black Britons who are changing the world |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/oct/05/britishidentity.race |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=The Observer}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Eboda |first=Michael |date=26 August 2007 |title=The real black power list of 100 leading role models |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/aug/26/pressandpublishing.raceintheuk |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=The Observer}}</ref> A shekarar 1997, Ogundehin ya fara aiki a ''ELLE Decoration UK'', wani littafi da aka keɓe don ƙirar ciki, kuma an naɗa shi Babban Edita a shekarar 2004, <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2007 |title=Young, gifted and black: Business and media choices |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/young-gifted-and-black-business-and-media-choices-398548.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220514/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/young-gifted-and-black-business-and-media-choices-398548.html |archive-date=14 May 2022 |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> wanda a kyaututtukan PPAA na 2011, aka ba shi lambar yabo ta ELLE Decoration ta Musamman ta Mujallar Masu Amfani ta Shekara kuma an yaba wa Michelle sosai a matsayin Editan Shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria & Albert Museum reappointmentsPaul Ruddock reappointed as Chair and Michelle Ogundehin & RobertStefanowski reappointed as Trustees of the Victoria & Albert Museum |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/77876/VA_announcement.pdf |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=Department for Culture, Media and Sport |publisher=UK Government}}</ref> A shekarar 2002, Ogundehin ta kafa nata kamfanin ba da shawara kan kirkire-kirkire, MO:Studio. Daga 2008 zuwa 2015 ta zama Amintacce na Gidan Tarihi na Victoria &amp;amp; Albert <ref>{{Cite web |title=Michelle Ogundehin: Executive Profile & Biography |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private_person.asp/personIdD_25229659826 |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=Bloomberg}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Michelle Ogundehin {{!}} Presenters {{!}} The Soho Agency |url=https://www.thesohoagency.co.uk/presenters/michelle-ogundehin |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=www.thesohoagency.co.uk}}</ref> kuma Ofishin Daidaito na Gwamnati ya naɗa ta Jakadiya kan Bambancin Ra'ayi a Ayyukan Jama'a a shekara mai zuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria & Albert Museum reappointmentsPaul Ruddock reappointed as Chair and Michelle Ogundehin & RobertStefanowski reappointed as Trustees of the Victoria & Albert Museum |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/77876/VA_announcement.pdf |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=Department for Culture, Media and Sport |publisher=UK Government}}</ref> Ogundehin ta kuma yi rubuce-rubuce akai-akai ga wallafe-wallafe kamar ''Financial Times'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Michelle Ogundehin {{!}} How To Spend It |url=https://howtospendit.ft.com/michelle-ogundehin |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=howtospendit.ft.com}}</ref> da ''The Observer'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Your colour |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2004/oct/17/shopping.homes2 |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=The Observer / The Guardian}}</ref> kuma a shekarar 2017 ta sauka daga matsayinta na ''ELLE Decorations'' bayan shekaru 13. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Michelle Ogundehin steps down as ELLE Decoration's Editor-in-Chief |url=https://www.responsesource.com/bulletin/news/michelle-ogundehin-steps-elle-decorations-editor-chief/ |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=ResponseSource |language=en}}</ref> Baya ga rubuce-rubucenta, Ogundehin ta yi aiki a shirye-shiryen talabijin da dama, ciki har da gabatar da gabatarwa tare da Kevin McCloud a kan ''Grand Designs: House of the Year,'' inda ta ba da kyaututtuka ga gidaje a faɗin Burtaniya saboda ƙwarewar gine-ginensu, <ref>{{Cite web |title=EDIDA - ELLE DECO INTERNATIONAL DESIGN AWARDS |url=https://www.edida-awards.com/news/riba-house-of-the-year |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=www.edida-awards.com}}</ref> ta kasance baƙon alkali a kan ''The Great Interior Design Challenge'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bullock |first=Andrew |date=3 August 2016 |title=The Great Interior Design Challenge given primetime slot as Kelly Hoppen joins as judge |url=https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/696412/The-Great-Interior-Design-Challenge-primetime-Kelly-Hoppen-BBC-Two |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=Express.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> kuma a cikin 2019 ta fara gabatar da matsayin Babban Alkali kan ''Tsarin Cikin Gida'' inda masu zane-zanen cikin gida masu son shiga gasa don lashe kwangilar kasuwanci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nelson |first=Tim |title=BBC's Interior Design Masters Reality Show Is Now on Netflix |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/bbcs-interior-design-masters-reality-show-is-now-on-netflix |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=Architectural Digest |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Two - Interior Design Masters, Series 1, Episode 1 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0007mmt |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=BBC}}</ref> An buga littafin Ogundehin na farko, ''Happy Inside: How to Harness the Power of Home for Health and Happiness'', a shekarar 2020. == Fim ɗin fim == === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;" !Shekara ! Lakabi ! Matsayin ! Cibiyar sadarwa ! class="unsortable" | Bayanan kula |- | 2015, 2017 - yanzu | ''Manyan Zane-zane : Gidan Shekara'' | Kanta | Tashar 4 | Mai Gabatarwa (Series 1, 3–5) |- | 2019 - yanzu | ''Masters na Zane-zanen Cikin Gida'' | Kanta | BBC Biyu / BBC Daya / [[Netflix]] | Babban Alkali |- | 2017 | ''Babban Kalubalen Tsarin Cikin Gida'' | Kanta | BBC ta Biyu | Alkalin Baƙo |- | 2016 | ''Gidaje na Cikin Gida'' | Kanta | Tashar 4 | Mai ba da gudummawa |- | 2016 | ''Nunin Furen RHS Chelsea'' | Kanta | BBC ta Biyu | Mai gabatarwa tare |- | 2011 | ''Jam'iyyar Gwanjo'' | Kanta | ITV | Mai gabatarwa tare |- | 2011 | ''Labarai na dare'' | Kanta | BBC ta Biyu | Mai ba da gudummawa |- | 2011 | ''Wannan Safiya Ta Zama Babban Abu Na Gaba'' | Kanta | ITV | Alkalin Baƙo |} <ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC - Newsnight: From the web team |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/newsnight/fromthewebteam/2011/06 |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Michelle Ogundehin {{!}} Presenters {{!}} The Soho Agency |url=https://thesohoagency.co.uk/presenters/michelle-ogundehin |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=thesohoagency.co.uk}}</ref> == Littattafan tarihi == === Ba almara ba === * ''Farin Ciki Cikin'' : London: Ebury Press: 2020:{{ISBN|9781473573062}} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Michelle Ogundehin at IMDb [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] dn1uivlsl1pvqjzpglk1pmxsa6ztmsz 905842 905836 2026-08-21T21:26:44Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 905842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Michelle Ogundehin editan mujallu ne na Birtaniya, mai ba da shawara kan kirkire-kirkire, mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin, kuma marubuciya da aka sani da rubutu da gabatarwa kan ƙirar cikin gida . [1] == Tarihin Rayuwa == [[Fayil:Michelle_Ogundehin.jpg|thumb| Michelle_Ogundehin]] An haifi Ogundehin a [[Manchester]] kuma ya girma a [[Landan]], United Kingdom. Ta yi karatun gine-gine a Makarantar Koyon Gine-gine ta Bartlett inda ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin gine-gine a shekarar 1989, sannan ta sake samun takardar shaidar digiri na biyu a fannin gine-gine a shekarar 1993. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramsden |first=Sam |title='Interior Design Masters' Head Judge Michelle Ogundehin Has A Srsly Impressive CV |url=https://www.bustle.com/p/who-is-michelle-ogundehin-the-interior-design-masters-judge-has-a-very-impressive-cv-18740249 |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=Bustle |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Michelle Ogundehin |url=https://uk.linkedin.com/in/michelleogundehin |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=LinkedIn}}</ref> Michelle ta koma Brighton, bayan ta ziyarci hutun karshen mako, <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2007 |title=Ocean's heaven |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/property/interiors/oceans-heaven-763143.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220514/https://www.independent.co.uk/property/interiors/oceans-heaven-763143.html |archive-date=14 May 2022 |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> kuma an san ta da tasirinta ta hanyar sanya ta cikin ''jerin'' sunayen 'yan Birtaniya 'yan Afirka ko Afirka na Caribbean masu tasiri a lokuta da dama, ciki har da cikin manyan 10 a 2007 da 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=David |date=4 October 2008 |title=The 100 powerful black Britons who are changing the world |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/oct/05/britishidentity.race |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=The Observer}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Eboda |first=Michael |date=26 August 2007 |title=The real black power list of 100 leading role models |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/aug/26/pressandpublishing.raceintheuk |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=The Observer}}</ref> A shekarar 1997, Ogundehin ya fara aiki a ''ELLE Decoration UK'', wani littafi da aka keɓe don ƙirar ciki, kuma an naɗa shi Babban Edita a shekarar 2004, <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2007 |title=Young, gifted and black: Business and media choices |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/young-gifted-and-black-business-and-media-choices-398548.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220514/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/young-gifted-and-black-business-and-media-choices-398548.html |archive-date=14 May 2022 |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> wanda a kyaututtukan PPAA na 2011, aka ba shi lambar yabo ta ELLE Decoration ta Musamman ta Mujallar Masu Amfani ta Shekara kuma an yaba wa Michelle sosai a matsayin Editan Shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria & Albert Museum reappointmentsPaul Ruddock reappointed as Chair and Michelle Ogundehin & RobertStefanowski reappointed as Trustees of the Victoria & Albert Museum |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/77876/VA_announcement.pdf |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=Department for Culture, Media and Sport |publisher=UK Government}}</ref> A shekarar 2002, Ogundehin ta kafa nata kamfanin ba da shawara kan kirkire-kirkire, MO:Studio. Daga 2008 zuwa 2015 ta zama Amintacce na Gidan Tarihi na Victoria &amp;amp; Albert <ref>{{Cite web |title=Michelle Ogundehin: Executive Profile & Biography |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private_person.asp/personIdD_25229659826 |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=Bloomberg}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Michelle Ogundehin {{!}} Presenters {{!}} The Soho Agency |url=https://www.thesohoagency.co.uk/presenters/michelle-ogundehin |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=www.thesohoagency.co.uk}}</ref> kuma Ofishin Daidaito na Gwamnati ya naɗa ta Jakadiya kan Bambancin Ra'ayi a Ayyukan Jama'a a shekara mai zuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria & Albert Museum reappointmentsPaul Ruddock reappointed as Chair and Michelle Ogundehin & RobertStefanowski reappointed as Trustees of the Victoria & Albert Museum |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/77876/VA_announcement.pdf |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=Department for Culture, Media and Sport |publisher=UK Government}}</ref> Ogundehin ta kuma yi rubuce-rubuce akai-akai ga wallafe-wallafe kamar ''Financial Times'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Michelle Ogundehin {{!}} How To Spend It |url=https://howtospendit.ft.com/michelle-ogundehin |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=howtospendit.ft.com}}</ref> da ''The Observer'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Your colour |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2004/oct/17/shopping.homes2 |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=The Observer / The Guardian}}</ref> kuma a shekarar 2017 ta sauka daga matsayinta na ''ELLE Decorations'' bayan shekaru 13. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Michelle Ogundehin steps down as ELLE Decoration's Editor-in-Chief |url=https://www.responsesource.com/bulletin/news/michelle-ogundehin-steps-elle-decorations-editor-chief/ |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=ResponseSource |language=en}}</ref> Baya ga rubuce-rubucenta, Ogundehin ta yi aiki a shirye-shiryen talabijin da dama, ciki har da gabatar da gabatarwa tare da Kevin McCloud a kan ''Grand Designs: House of the Year,'' inda ta ba da kyaututtuka ga gidaje a faɗin Burtaniya saboda ƙwarewar gine-ginensu, <ref>{{Cite web |title=EDIDA - ELLE DECO INTERNATIONAL DESIGN AWARDS |url=https://www.edida-awards.com/news/riba-house-of-the-year |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=www.edida-awards.com}}</ref> ta kasance baƙon alkali a kan ''The Great Interior Design Challenge'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bullock |first=Andrew |date=3 August 2016 |title=The Great Interior Design Challenge given primetime slot as Kelly Hoppen joins as judge |url=https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/696412/The-Great-Interior-Design-Challenge-primetime-Kelly-Hoppen-BBC-Two |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=Express.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> kuma a cikin 2019 ta fara gabatar da matsayin Babban Alkali kan ''Tsarin Cikin Gida'' inda masu zane-zanen cikin gida masu son shiga gasa don lashe kwangilar kasuwanci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nelson |first=Tim |title=BBC's Interior Design Masters Reality Show Is Now on Netflix |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/bbcs-interior-design-masters-reality-show-is-now-on-netflix |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=Architectural Digest |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Two - Interior Design Masters, Series 1, Episode 1 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0007mmt |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=BBC}}</ref> An buga littafin Ogundehin na farko, ''Happy Inside: How to Harness the Power of Home for Health and Happiness'', a shekarar 2020. == Fim ɗin fim == === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;" !Shekara ! Lakabi ! Matsayin ! Cibiyar sadarwa ! class="unsortable" | Bayanan kula |- | 2015, 2017 - yanzu | ''Manyan Zane-zane : Gidan Shekara'' | Kanta | Tashar 4 | Mai Gabatarwa (Series 1, 3–5) |- | 2019 - yanzu | ''Masters na Zane-zanen Cikin Gida'' | Kanta | BBC Biyu / BBC Daya / [[Netflix]] | Babban Alkali |- | 2017 | ''Babban Kalubalen Tsarin Cikin Gida'' | Kanta | BBC ta Biyu | Alkalin Baƙo |- | 2016 | ''Gidaje na Cikin Gida'' | Kanta | Tashar 4 | Mai ba da gudummawa |- | 2016 | ''Nunin Furen RHS Chelsea'' | Kanta | BBC ta Biyu | Mai gabatarwa tare |- | 2011 | ''Jam'iyyar Gwanjo'' | Kanta | ITV | Mai gabatarwa tare |- | 2011 | ''Labarai na dare'' | Kanta | BBC ta Biyu | Mai ba da gudummawa |- | 2011 | ''Wannan Safiya Ta Zama Babban Abu Na Gaba'' | Kanta | ITV | Alkalin Baƙo |} <ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC - Newsnight: From the web team |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/newsnight/fromthewebteam/2011/06 |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Michelle Ogundehin {{!}} Presenters {{!}} The Soho Agency |url=https://thesohoagency.co.uk/presenters/michelle-ogundehin |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=thesohoagency.co.uk}}</ref> == Littattafan tarihi == === Ba almara ba === * ''Farin Ciki Cikin'' : London: Ebury Press: 2020:{{ISBN|9781473573062}} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Michelle Ogundehin at IMDb [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] d29hhzl0ahtfn7rv1eg8xihxwycb4qn 3 165115 905837 2026-08-21T21:24:48Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 905837 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Seenu ma! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Seenu ma|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 21 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) kr5slha3v60dp99n2gwu4hj8yc1atsf 3 165116 905838 2026-08-21T21:24:58Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 905838 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mustleib! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mustleib|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 21 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 7y8jaq6mdj9v8w9ls6atuwnw29pmlr8 3 165117 905839 2026-08-21T21:25:08Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 905839 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, DugXi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/DugXi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 21 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 16ibyxnb77t4mopi0wc56jdf335mzsz 3 165118 905840 2026-08-21T21:25:18Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 905840 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, TarangoTheGreatest! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/TarangoTheGreatest|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 21 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 49x17xr7utdoqbaie4btj45c84m6ayh 0 165119 905843 2026-08-21T21:29:20Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345982942|Suad al-Attar]]" 905843 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Suad al-Attar''' (Arabic, سعاد العطار; an haife ta shekara ta 1942) yar [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] ne mai zane wanda aikinta yana cikin tarin masu zaman kansu da na jama'a a duk duniya, gami da Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya da Gidan Gulbenkian . Ta gudanar da nune-nunen solo sama da ashirin, ciki har da daya a [[Bagdaza|Bagadaza]] wanda ya zama nune-nun solo na farko a tarihin kasar ga mace mai zane. Kyaututtuka da yawa sun haɗa da lambar yabo ta farko a [[wiktionary:biennale|Biennale]] na Duniya a [[Kairo|Alkahira]] a 1984 da kuma lambar yabo ta banbanci a Biennala da aka gudanar a [[Malta]] a 1995. == Rayuwa da aiki == Suad al-Attar ta yi zane tun tana ƙarama. Mai zane mai tasiri a ƙasar Iraqi, Jawad Saleem, ya "gano" ta bayan ta yi baje kolin a wani taron makarantar sakandare. Ya ƙarfafa ta ta yi baje kolin a cikin tarurrukan da ƙungiyar zane-zane ta zamani ta Baghdad ta shirya, kuma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata kaɗan da suka halarci tarurrukan da irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin fasaha suka shirya.. Suad ta sami digiri daga Jami'ar Baghdad da Jami'ar Jihar California. Ta kuma gudanar da aikin digiri na biyu a Makarantar Fasaha ta Wimbledon da Makarantar Fasahar Fasaha da Zane ta Tsakiya a London, inda ta yi karatun buga takardu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suad al-Attar |url=http://www.encyclopedia.mathaf.org.qa/en/bios/Pages/Suad-al-Attar.aspx |access-date=2018-03-29 |website=www.encyclopedia.mathaf.org.qa |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara nunawa a Baghdad. [[Fayil:Suad_and_Layla_al-Attar.jpg|thumb|Suad (hagu) tare da 'yar'uwarta, Layla, c.1956]] Suad ta bar Baghdad tare da mijinta da 'ya'yanta a shekara ta 1976, kuma ta zauna a [[Landan]]. A gare ta, ma'anar sha'awar "gida" koyaushe ana daidaita ta hanyar sanin 'yancin da ke zuwa tare da nesa. Wannan 'yanci - yanayin da ya sami ƙarin mahimmanci bayan hauhawar mulkin a ƙarƙashin [[Saddam Hussein]] a ƙarshen 1970s - ya ba ta damar bincika dangantakarta da ƙasarsu da haɓaka harshen gani na sirri wanda za ta bayyana shi. Za a iya samun abubuwa na wannan harshe a cikin al'adun Fasahar Gabas ta Tsakiya. Halittun da ke da fuka-fuki na siffofin [[Assuriya]], siffofin [[Sumer|Sumerian]], da rubuce-rubucen da aka haskaka na Makarantar Baghdadi sun kasance kayan aiki. Koyaya, wannan wayar da kan jama'a game da al'adun [[Larabawa]] ba ta haifar da kwaikwayon bautar ba, amma an ƙirƙira ta da tunanin soyayya da kuma godiya ga al'adun gargajiya na yamma don ƙirƙirar hotuna masu ban mamaki waɗanda ba a haɗa labarin da alama. An buga wani babban littafi da ke nuna aikinta a Landan a shekarar 2004. Yawancin zanen Suad an siffanta shi da wani irin mafarki da kuma waka mai kama da mafarki wanda ya samo asali daga al'adun zane-zane na Gabas ta Tsakiya. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, waɗannan zane-zane masu launuka masu yawa na aljanna da biranen barci da aka cika da shuɗi mai launin shuɗi sun ɓace daga aikinta yayin da take ƙara damuwa da mawuyacin halin da Iraki ke ciki. 'Yar'uwarta, Layla al-Attar (1944-1993), ita ma mai zane-zane, tare da mijinta da mai kula da gidansu, an kashe su ne ta hanyar harin makami mai linzami na Amurka a kan babban ginin leken asiri na Iraqi wanda ke bayan gidanta, wanda Shugaban Amurka [[Bill Clinton]] ya ba da umarni a ranar 27 ga Yuni 1993. == Ayyuka == [[Fayil:Suad_al-Attar_with_her_painting_Housewife,_Baghdad,_1965.png|thumb|Suad al-Attar tare da zanen ta Housewife, Baghdad, 1965]] An bayyana aikinta a matsayin gabatar da "wani bangare na introspective ga binciken al'adun gargajiya na gani" ...Hotuna suna wakiltar kira na Mesopotamiya da Islama, wanda aka bayyana a cikin salon mutum. Lokacin da ta koma London, yawancin ayyukanta an bar su a gidan ta Bagadaza kuma sun ɓace saboda fashi da lalata bayan mamayar 2003. == Dubi kuma == * Fasahar Mesopotamiya * Fasahar Iraqi * Fasahar Musulunci * Jerin masu zane-zane na Iraqi == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] 1o7udvearwfmjpwp0cwm2cdje26vl77 905844 905843 2026-08-21T21:29:43Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 905844 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Suad al-Attar''' (Arabic, سعاد العطار; an haife ta shekara ta 1942) yar [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] ne mai zane wanda aikinta yana cikin tarin masu zaman kansu da na jama'a a duk duniya, gami da Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya da Gidan Gulbenkian . Ta gudanar da nune-nunen solo sama da ashirin, ciki har da daya a [[Bagdaza|Bagadaza]] wanda ya zama nune-nun solo na farko a tarihin kasar ga mace mai zane. Kyaututtuka da yawa sun haɗa da lambar yabo ta farko a [[wiktionary:biennale|Biennale]] na Duniya a [[Kairo|Alkahira]] a 1984 da kuma lambar yabo ta banbanci a Biennala da aka gudanar a [[Malta]] a 1995. == Rayuwa da aiki == Suad al-Attar ta yi zane tun tana ƙarama. Mai zane mai tasiri a ƙasar Iraqi, Jawad Saleem, ya "gano" ta bayan ta yi baje kolin a wani taron makarantar sakandare. Ya ƙarfafa ta ta yi baje kolin a cikin tarurrukan da ƙungiyar zane-zane ta zamani ta Baghdad ta shirya, kuma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata kaɗan da suka halarci tarurrukan da irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin fasaha suka shirya.. Suad ta sami digiri daga Jami'ar Baghdad da Jami'ar Jihar California. Ta kuma gudanar da aikin digiri na biyu a Makarantar Fasaha ta Wimbledon da Makarantar Fasahar Fasaha da Zane ta Tsakiya a London, inda ta yi karatun buga takardu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suad al-Attar |url=http://www.encyclopedia.mathaf.org.qa/en/bios/Pages/Suad-al-Attar.aspx |access-date=2018-03-29 |website=www.encyclopedia.mathaf.org.qa |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara nunawa a Baghdad. [[Fayil:Suad_and_Layla_al-Attar.jpg|thumb|Suad (hagu) tare da 'yar'uwarta, Layla, c.1956]] Suad ta bar Baghdad tare da mijinta da 'ya'yanta a shekara ta 1976, kuma ta zauna a [[Landan]]. A gare ta, ma'anar sha'awar "gida" koyaushe ana daidaita ta hanyar sanin 'yancin da ke zuwa tare da nesa. Wannan 'yanci - yanayin da ya sami ƙarin mahimmanci bayan hauhawar mulkin a ƙarƙashin [[Saddam Hussein]] a ƙarshen 1970s - ya ba ta damar bincika dangantakarta da ƙasarsu da haɓaka harshen gani na sirri wanda za ta bayyana shi. Za a iya samun abubuwa na wannan harshe a cikin al'adun Fasahar Gabas ta Tsakiya. Halittun da ke da fuka-fuki na siffofin [[Assuriya]], siffofin [[Sumer|Sumerian]], da rubuce-rubucen da aka haskaka na Makarantar Baghdadi sun kasance kayan aiki. Koyaya, wannan wayar da kan jama'a game da al'adun [[Larabawa]] ba ta haifar da kwaikwayon bautar ba, amma an ƙirƙira ta da tunanin soyayya da kuma godiya ga al'adun gargajiya na yamma don ƙirƙirar hotuna masu ban mamaki waɗanda ba a haɗa labarin da alama. An buga wani babban littafi da ke nuna aikinta a Landan a shekarar 2004. Yawancin zanen Suad an siffanta shi da wani irin mafarki da kuma waka mai kama da mafarki wanda ya samo asali daga al'adun zane-zane na Gabas ta Tsakiya. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, waɗannan zane-zane masu launuka masu yawa na aljanna da biranen barci da aka cika da shuɗi mai launin shuɗi sun ɓace daga aikinta yayin da take ƙara damuwa da mawuyacin halin da Iraki ke ciki. 'Yar'uwarta, Layla al-Attar (1944-1993), ita ma mai zane-zane, tare da mijinta da mai kula da gidansu, an kashe su ne ta hanyar harin makami mai linzami na Amurka a kan babban ginin leken asiri na Iraqi wanda ke bayan gidanta, wanda Shugaban Amurka [[Bill Clinton]] ya ba da umarni a ranar 27 ga Yuni 1993. == Ayyuka == [[Fayil:Suad_al-Attar_with_her_painting_Housewife,_Baghdad,_1965.png|thumb|Suad al-Attar tare da zanen ta Housewife, Baghdad, 1965]] An bayyana aikinta a matsayin gabatar da "wani bangare na introspective ga binciken al'adun gargajiya na gani" ...Hotuna suna wakiltar kira na Mesopotamiya da Islama, wanda aka bayyana a cikin salon mutum. Lokacin da ta koma London, yawancin ayyukanta an bar su a gidan ta Bagadaza kuma sun ɓace saboda fashi da lalata bayan mamayar 2003. == Dubi kuma == * Fasahar Mesopotamiya * Fasahar Iraqi * Fasahar Musulunci * Jerin masu zane-zane na Iraqi == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] 9vpd97pzfk588gn2bayf7r9wljf1pey 0 165120 905845 2026-08-21T21:39:31Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328285417|Adama Paris]]" 905845 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Adama Amanda Ndiaye''' 'yar kasar Senegal ce Mai tsara kayan ado. Har ila yau, tana da sunan '''Adama Paris''', wanda kuma shine sunan lakabi da take da shi kuma tana aiki. Ana iya samun sassanta, waɗanda aka ƙera a [[Moroko|Maroko]], a duniya, gami da [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], [[Tokyo]], [[Landan]] da [[Faris|Paris]]. An yaba mata da fara Black Fashion Week . == Rayuwa == Ndiaye an haife ta ne a [[Kinshasa]], Zaire kuma ta fito ne daga asalin Senegal, <ref name="webbio">{{Cite web |title=BIOGRAPHIE "adama paris" |url=http://www.adama-paris.com/ |access-date=June 28, 2012}}</ref> sannan ta girma a Turai, inda iyayenta suka kasance diflomasiyya. Ta bar aikin banki a Turai don neman ƙirar kayan kwalliya a ƙasarta ta asali. Afirka tana da dogon tarihi na ƙira amma tana fama da rashin karɓuwa ga jama'a, kuma tara jari ga kasuwancinta abu ne mai wahala. Domin faɗaɗa hangen nesa na ƙirar Afirka, Ndiaye ta ƙirƙiri Dakar Fashion Week.<ref name="vogueit">{{Cite web |last=Sulmers, Claire |date=5 September 2011 |title=Adama Paris: Fashion Without Borders |url=http://www.vogue.it/en/vogue-black/the-black-blog/2011/05/adama-paris |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009123702/https://www.vogue.it/en/vogue-black/the-black-blog/2011/05/adama-paris |archive-date=9 October 2021 |access-date=June 28, 2012 |website=Vogue Italia}}</ref> A shekara ta 2012, shekara ta goma ta wasan kwaikwayon, ya ja hankalin masu zanen kaya talatin daga kasashe tara a Afirka da Asiya, tare da masu sauraro da ke fitowa daga ko'ina cikin duniya, kuma yana da kasafin kudin aiki sama da CFA miliyan 80 (kimanin US $ 150,000). <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2012 |title=Dakar Fashion Week: Adama Paris étale ses ambitions |url=http://www.leral.net/Dakar-Fashion-Week-Adama-Paris-etale-ses-ambitions_a42772.html |access-date=June 28, 2012 |publisher=Leral.net}}</ref> Ta kuma shirya abubuwan Black Fashion Week a [[Prag|Prague]], Jamhuriyar Czech, da Bahia, Brazil.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gleye, Fatou |date=February 2012 |title=Africa Prague |journal=Afroglam |pages=36}}</ref><ref name="bbc">{{Cite web |date=13 June 2012 |title=Dakar capitale de la mode |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/region/2012/06/120613_dakar_fashion |access-date=June 28, 2012 |publisher=BBC Afrique}}</ref> Zane-zanenta sun samo asali ne daga birane da kuma tsarin duniya baki ɗaya. A wata hira da ta yi da Vogue Italia, ta ce, "Yawancin abin da na kwadaitar da shi ya fito ne daga manyan birane... Manufara ita ce kuma har yanzu ina raba wa dukkan mata na zamani salon zamani ba tare da iyaka ba."<ref name="vogueit" /> Ndaiye ya lura cewa a tsakanin kasashe da yawa na Afirka, rashin amincewa da addini ya sa masu zanen kaya ba su iya yin aikin su ba. Ta yaba wa al'adun haƙuri na Senegal don samar da yanayin tallafi.<ref name="bbc" /> Ta kuma yi magana, tare da wasu masu zanen Afirka, don kara kudade da samun damar samun bashi daga gwamnatoci don inganta kirkire-kirkire da samar da aiki a masana'antar kayan ado.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2012 |title=INDUSTRIALISATION DE LA MODE EN AFRIQUE : Alphadi exhorte le financement des gouvernants africains |url=http://www.popxibaar.com/INDUSTRIALISATION-DE-LA-MODE-EN-AFRIQUE-Alphadi-exhorte-le-financement-des-gouvernants-africains_a12979.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309100220/http://popxibaar.com/INDUSTRIALISATION-DE-LA-MODE-EN-AFRIQUE-Alphadi-exhorte-le-financement-des-gouvernants-africains_a12979.html |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=June 28, 2012 |website=Le Populaire |publisher=popxibaar.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 4pcctjd6lhm99evkfk5lc6n3h4k69d1 905846 905845 2026-08-21T21:39:50Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 905846 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Adama Amanda Ndiaye''' 'yar kasar Senegal ce Mai tsara kayan ado. Har ila yau, tana da sunan '''Adama Paris''', wanda kuma shine sunan lakabi da take da shi kuma tana aiki. Ana iya samun sassanta, waɗanda aka ƙera a [[Moroko|Maroko]], a duniya, gami da [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], [[Tokyo]], [[Landan]] da [[Faris|Paris]]. An yaba mata da fara Black Fashion Week . == Rayuwa == Ndiaye an haife ta ne a [[Kinshasa]], Zaire kuma ta fito ne daga asalin Senegal, <ref name="webbio">{{Cite web |title=BIOGRAPHIE "adama paris" |url=http://www.adama-paris.com/ |access-date=June 28, 2012}}</ref> sannan ta girma a Turai, inda iyayenta suka kasance diflomasiyya. Ta bar aikin banki a Turai don neman ƙirar kayan kwalliya a ƙasarta ta asali. Afirka tana da dogon tarihi na ƙira amma tana fama da rashin karɓuwa ga jama'a, kuma tara jari ga kasuwancinta abu ne mai wahala. Domin faɗaɗa hangen nesa na ƙirar Afirka, Ndiaye ta ƙirƙiri Dakar Fashion Week.<ref name="vogueit">{{Cite web |last=Sulmers, Claire |date=5 September 2011 |title=Adama Paris: Fashion Without Borders |url=http://www.vogue.it/en/vogue-black/the-black-blog/2011/05/adama-paris |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009123702/https://www.vogue.it/en/vogue-black/the-black-blog/2011/05/adama-paris |archive-date=9 October 2021 |access-date=June 28, 2012 |website=Vogue Italia}}</ref> A shekara ta 2012, shekara ta goma ta wasan kwaikwayon, ya ja hankalin masu zanen kaya talatin daga kasashe tara a Afirka da Asiya, tare da masu sauraro da ke fitowa daga ko'ina cikin duniya, kuma yana da kasafin kudin aiki sama da CFA miliyan 80 (kimanin US $ 150,000). <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2012 |title=Dakar Fashion Week: Adama Paris étale ses ambitions |url=http://www.leral.net/Dakar-Fashion-Week-Adama-Paris-etale-ses-ambitions_a42772.html |access-date=June 28, 2012 |publisher=Leral.net}}</ref> Ta kuma shirya abubuwan Black Fashion Week a [[Prag|Prague]], Jamhuriyar Czech, da Bahia, Brazil.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gleye, Fatou |date=February 2012 |title=Africa Prague |journal=Afroglam |pages=36}}</ref><ref name="bbc">{{Cite web |date=13 June 2012 |title=Dakar capitale de la mode |url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/region/2012/06/120613_dakar_fashion |access-date=June 28, 2012 |publisher=BBC Afrique}}</ref> Zane-zanenta sun samo asali ne daga birane da kuma tsarin duniya baki ɗaya. A wata hira da ta yi da Vogue Italia, ta ce, "Yawancin abin da na kwadaitar da shi ya fito ne daga manyan birane... Manufara ita ce kuma har yanzu ina raba wa dukkan mata na zamani salon zamani ba tare da iyaka ba."<ref name="vogueit" /> Ndaiye ya lura cewa a tsakanin kasashe da yawa na Afirka, rashin amincewa da addini ya sa masu zanen kaya ba su iya yin aikin su ba. Ta yaba wa al'adun haƙuri na Senegal don samar da yanayin tallafi.<ref name="bbc" /> Ta kuma yi magana, tare da wasu masu zanen Afirka, don kara kudade da samun damar samun bashi daga gwamnatoci don inganta kirkire-kirkire da samar da aiki a masana'antar kayan ado.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2012 |title=INDUSTRIALISATION DE LA MODE EN AFRIQUE : Alphadi exhorte le financement des gouvernants africains |url=http://www.popxibaar.com/INDUSTRIALISATION-DE-LA-MODE-EN-AFRIQUE-Alphadi-exhorte-le-financement-des-gouvernants-africains_a12979.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309100220/http://popxibaar.com/INDUSTRIALISATION-DE-LA-MODE-EN-AFRIQUE-Alphadi-exhorte-le-financement-des-gouvernants-africains_a12979.html |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=June 28, 2012 |website=Le Populaire |publisher=popxibaar.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 73q0tuyn5oc64v2yaj54uy1ju7j8mmf 0 165121 905847 2026-08-21T21:52:33Z Qassamy 47996 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352370300|Spent (video game)]]" 905847 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-video-game hproduct" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" |An yi amfani da shi |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Spent_video_game_logo.png|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Video game developer|Mai haɓaka]] | class="infobox-data" |[[McKinney (advertising agency)|McKinney]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Video game publisher|Mai bugawa]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * McKinney&nbsp;<span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show">[[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7392529?uselang=en#P123|text-top|frameless|10x10px|Edit this on Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Dandalin | class="infobox-data" |Mai bincike |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Saki | class="infobox-data" |Fabrairu 2011 |} Spent (mai suna SPENT) wasa ne na kan yanar gizo game da [[talauci]] da Rashin gida. Kamfanin talla na McKinney ne ya kirkireshi don abokin ciniki na pro bono Urban Ministries of Durham (UMD), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta a Durham, North Carolina wacce ke ba da sabis ga waɗanda ke cikin talauci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mission, Values, History |url=http://www.umdurham.org/who-we-are/misson-values-history.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123222144/http://www.umdurham.org/who-we-are/misson-values-history.html |archive-date=January 23, 2012 |access-date=January 11, 2012 |publisher=Urban Ministries of Durham}}</ref> Dole ne 'yan wasa su yanke shawara mai wuya don rayuwa na wata daya a kan $ 1,000, sau da yawa ana tilasta musu zaɓar tsakanin zaɓuɓɓuka biyu masu ɗaci iri ɗaya, kamar samun abinci mai gina jiki da samun wutar lantarki, ko biyan mafi ƙarancin kuɗin katin bashi da kuma biyan kuɗin haya. An saki Spent don burauza da wayar hannu a watan Fabrairun 2011. Izuwa shekara ta 2014, an buga shi fiye da sau miliyan 4.<ref>{{Cite web |title=McKinney launches mobile version of SPENT |url=http://umdurham.org/assets/files/PR_UMD_SPENT%20tablet_final.pdf |access-date=31 July 2014 |website=Urban Ministries of Durham |publisher=Urban Ministries of Durham}}</ref>[needs update] == Tsarin Wasa == Mai wasan, wanda yake iyaye guda ne da ke fama da talauci, ana ba shi dala 1,000 domin ya rayu na tsawon wata guda; sannan dole ne ya zaɓi aikin yi, wanda kowannensu ake biyan mafi ƙarancin albashi. Manufar wasan ita ce a ƙarshen watan ya kasance akwai wani kuɗi da ya rage. A tsawon watan da wasan ya ƙunsa, dole ne mai wasan ya yanke shawara masu wahala da suka shafi gidaje, abubuwan amfani na yau da kullum, kayan abinci, da salon rayuwa, da sauransu, domin tabbatar da rayuwarsa na aƙalla wannan watan; da dama daga cikin waɗannan shawarwarin na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako na dogon lokaci. Misali, zaɓin rashin sabunta rajistar abin hawa (wadda ke kashe kuɗi mai yawa) na iya sa a tsayar da mai wasan yayin tuƙi, inda zai zaɓi ko dai ya biya tara ko kuma ya shafe ranar aiki yana zuwa kotu. Hakan yana ƙara masa wani gargadin aiki (inda ake korar mai wasan daga aikinsa bayan gargadi na uku), ƙarin kuɗin da zai ci gaba da fuskanta na dogon lokaci, da kuma raguwar kuɗin da zai karɓa a matsayin albashi.'Yan wasan suna da zaɓi don amfani da haɗin kafofin sada zumunta na ainihi a kan dandamali kamar [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] da [[Twitter]] don neman taimako ga aboki, ta hanyar zama tallan kwayoyin halitta (organic advertising) ga shafin yanar gizon tare da keɓance ƙwarewar mai amfani. Wasu daga cikin shawarwarin suna ɗauke da gajerun saƙonni masu ba da bayanai game da ƙididdiga na zahiri da kuma matsalolin da suka shafi talauci. Alal misali, bayan yanke shawarar ko za a zauna kusa da wurin aiki (inda kuɗin haya ya yi tsada, amma kuɗin sufuri ya yi ƙasa) ko kuma a zauna nesa da wurin aiki (inda kuɗin haya ya fi araha, amma kuɗin sufuri ya fi yawa sosai), ana nuna wa mai wasan saƙon: "Rashin Gidaje masu araha shine dalilin farko na rashin gida". Wasan yana ƙarewa ne idan mai wasan ya rasa duk kuɗinsa kafin ƙarshen watan, ko ya kai ƙarshen watan da wasu kuɗi suka rage, ko kuma ya zaɓi kawo ƙarshen wasan da kansa. A allon ƙarshen wasan, an bayyana cewa har yanzu akwai kuɗin haya da za a biya, sannan a gayyaci mai wasan da ya “taimaka wa wani da ke rayuwa ''Spent'' a yau” ta hanyar ƙarin koyo game da UMD da kuma ba da gudummawa ga ƙungiyar. == Ƙirƙira == Ƙungiyar McKinney mai mambobi 11 ta lura cewa dubban miliyoyin mutane a kowane wata suna buga wasannin zamantakewar yanar gizo kamar ''FarmVille'' da ''Mafia Wars''. Sun yi zargin cewa za a iya amfani da siffofin waɗannan wasanni wajen ilmantar da mutane game da ainihin yanayin talauci da rashin matsuguni. Ƙungiyar ta gudanar da tarukan tattaunawa tare da ma’aikatan shari’ar UMD da kuma mutanen da suke taimakawa, domin bincika abubuwan da suka dace wajen tsara yanayin da ke cikin ''Spent''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flandez, Raymund |date=February 14, 2011 |title=Online Game Draws Attention—and Money—for the Needy |url=http://philanthropy.com/blogs/prospecting/online-game-draws-attention%E2%80%94and-money%E2%80%94for-the-needy/28750 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215105323/https://www.philanthropy.com/blogs/prospecting/online-game-draws-attention%E2%80%94and-money%E2%80%94for-the-needy/28750 |archive-date=February 15, 2011 |access-date=January 11, 2012 |website=Prospecting |publisher=The Chronicle of Philanthropy}}</ref> ''Spent'' yana amfani da ƙididdiga na zahiri daga rayuwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na wasan, kamar ƙimar haya ta kasuwar Durham da aka yi la’akari da ita wajen ƙayyade farashin gidaje a wasan. Masu ba da gudummawa sun ce kungiyar ta jimre da shekaru masu wahala don isar da wasan. == Saki da yabo == An fitar da ''Spent'' a watan Fabrairun 2011.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=McKinney launches mobile version of SPENT |url=http://mckinney.com/news/mckinney-launches-mobile-version-of-spent |access-date=31 July 2014 |website=mckinney.com |publisher=McKinney}}</ref> Wasan ya tara dala 45,000 daga sabbin masu ba da gudummawa 25,000 ga UMD cikin sama da watanni 10 kaɗan,<ref>{{cite video|people=Hampton, Angela|year=2012|title=Urban Ministries of Durham|url=http://abclocal.go.com/wtvd/video?id=8466939|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418074419/http://abclocal.go.com/wtvd/video?id=8466939|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 18, 2012|format=video|medium=Television production|publisher=ABC 11 Eyewitness News|access-date=January 11, 2012|time=10:48|quote=We have had donations from about 5,000 new donors totalling about $25,000 year to date.}}</ref>sannan ya samu yabo daga [[CNN]], ABC, and ''Fast Company''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coren, Michael J. |date=October 5, 2011 |title=Live Life Below the Poverty Line by Playing Spent |url=http://www.fastcoexist.com/1678607/live-life-below-the-poverty-line-by-playing-spent |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103013204/http://www.fastcoexist.com/1678607/live-life-below-the-poverty-line-by-playing-spent |archive-date=January 3, 2012 |access-date=January 11, 2012 |website=Co.Exist |publisher=Fast Company}}</ref> saboda yadda yake iya ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da talauci a cikin yanayin kafofin sada zumunta mai jan hankali. A watan Satumbar 2011, McKinney da UMD sun kaddamar da takarda ga mambobin Majalisa ta Amurka <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2011 |title=Challenge Your Congresspeople to Play SPENT |url=http://www.petition2congress.com/5008/challenge-your-congresspeople-to-play-spent/?m=1988681 |access-date=January 11, 2012 |publisher=Petition2Congress}}</ref> don ɗaukar minti goma suna buga wasan don "gane ƙalubalen da Amurkawa sama da miliyan 14 ke fuskanta".&nbsp; zuwa watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, wasan ya ci gaba da samun sabbin wasanni 5,000 a kowace rana. An saki sigar HTML a watan Yulin 2014. Kusan mutane miliyan 2 sun kashe matsakaicin 11:46 a shafin.<ref name=":0" />&nbsp; An yi amfani da kwaikwayon SPENT a manyan makarantun ilimi wajen koyar da ɗaliban ilimin iyali da consumer sciences game da talauci. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1yptifmjlasbeuuozjoqyfrzudkt0h2 905848 905847 2026-08-21T21:54:51Z Qassamy 47996 905848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {| class="infobox ib-video-game hproduct" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" |An yi amfani da shi |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Spent_video_game_logo.png|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Video game developer|Mai haɓaka]] | class="infobox-data" |[[McKinney (advertising agency)|McKinney]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Video game publisher|Mai bugawa]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * McKinney&nbsp;<span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show">[[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7392529?uselang=en#P123|text-top|frameless|10x10px|Edit this on Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Dandalin | class="infobox-data" |Mai bincike |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Saki | class="infobox-data" |Fabrairu 2011 |} Spent (mai suna SPENT) wasa ne na kan yanar gizo game da [[talauci]] da Rashin gida. Kamfanin talla na McKinney ne ya kirkireshi don abokin ciniki na pro bono Urban Ministries of Durham (UMD), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta a Durham, North Carolina wacce ke ba da sabis ga waɗanda ke cikin talauci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mission, Values, History |url=http://www.umdurham.org/who-we-are/misson-values-history.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123222144/http://www.umdurham.org/who-we-are/misson-values-history.html |archive-date=January 23, 2012 |access-date=January 11, 2012 |publisher=Urban Ministries of Durham}}</ref> Dole ne 'yan wasa su yanke shawara mai wuya don rayuwa na wata daya a kan $ 1,000, sau da yawa ana tilasta musu zaɓar tsakanin zaɓuɓɓuka biyu masu ɗaci iri ɗaya, kamar samun abinci mai gina jiki da samun wutar lantarki, ko biyan mafi ƙarancin kuɗin katin bashi da kuma biyan kuɗin haya. An saki Spent don burauza da wayar hannu a watan Fabrairun 2011. Izuwa shekara ta 2014, an buga shi fiye da sau miliyan 4.<ref>{{Cite web |title=McKinney launches mobile version of SPENT |url=http://umdurham.org/assets/files/PR_UMD_SPENT%20tablet_final.pdf |access-date=31 July 2014 |website=Urban Ministries of Durham |publisher=Urban Ministries of Durham}}</ref>[needs update] == Tsarin Wasa == Mai wasan, wanda yake iyaye guda ne da ke fama da talauci, ana ba shi dala 1,000 domin ya rayu na tsawon wata guda; sannan dole ne ya zaɓi aikin yi, wanda kowannensu ake biyan mafi ƙarancin albashi. Manufar wasan ita ce a ƙarshen watan ya kasance akwai wani kuɗi da ya rage. A tsawon watan da wasan ya ƙunsa, dole ne mai wasan ya yanke shawara masu wahala da suka shafi gidaje, abubuwan amfani na yau da kullum, kayan abinci, da salon rayuwa, da sauransu, domin tabbatar da rayuwarsa na aƙalla wannan watan; da dama daga cikin waɗannan shawarwarin na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako na dogon lokaci. Misali, zaɓin rashin sabunta rajistar abin hawa (wadda ke kashe kuɗi mai yawa) na iya sa a tsayar da mai wasan yayin tuƙi, inda zai zaɓi ko dai ya biya tara ko kuma ya shafe ranar aiki yana zuwa kotu. Hakan yana ƙara masa wani gargadin aiki (inda ake korar mai wasan daga aikinsa bayan gargadi na uku), ƙarin kuɗin da zai ci gaba da fuskanta na dogon lokaci, da kuma raguwar kuɗin da zai karɓa a matsayin albashi.'Yan wasan suna da zaɓi don amfani da haɗin kafofin sada zumunta na ainihi a kan dandamali kamar [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] da [[Twitter]] don neman taimako ga aboki, ta hanyar zama tallan kwayoyin halitta (organic advertising) ga shafin yanar gizon tare da keɓance ƙwarewar mai amfani. Wasu daga cikin shawarwarin suna ɗauke da gajerun saƙonni masu ba da bayanai game da ƙididdiga na zahiri da kuma matsalolin da suka shafi talauci. Alal misali, bayan yanke shawarar ko za a zauna kusa da wurin aiki (inda kuɗin haya ya yi tsada, amma kuɗin sufuri ya yi ƙasa) ko kuma a zauna nesa da wurin aiki (inda kuɗin haya ya fi araha, amma kuɗin sufuri ya fi yawa sosai), ana nuna wa mai wasan saƙon: "Rashin Gidaje masu araha shine dalilin farko na rashin gida". Wasan yana ƙarewa ne idan mai wasan ya rasa duk kuɗinsa kafin ƙarshen watan, ko ya kai ƙarshen watan da wasu kuɗi suka rage, ko kuma ya zaɓi kawo ƙarshen wasan da kansa. A allon ƙarshen wasan, an bayyana cewa har yanzu akwai kuɗin haya da za a biya, sannan a gayyaci mai wasan da ya “taimaka wa wani da ke rayuwa ''Spent'' a yau” ta hanyar ƙarin koyo game da UMD da kuma ba da gudummawa ga ƙungiyar. == Ƙirƙira == Ƙungiyar McKinney mai mambobi 11 ta lura cewa dubban miliyoyin mutane a kowane wata suna buga wasannin zamantakewar yanar gizo kamar ''FarmVille'' da ''Mafia Wars''. Sun yi zargin cewa za a iya amfani da siffofin waɗannan wasanni wajen ilmantar da mutane game da ainihin yanayin talauci da rashin matsuguni. Ƙungiyar ta gudanar da tarukan tattaunawa tare da ma’aikatan shari’ar UMD da kuma mutanen da suke taimakawa, domin bincika abubuwan da suka dace wajen tsara yanayin da ke cikin ''Spent''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flandez, Raymund |date=February 14, 2011 |title=Online Game Draws Attention—and Money—for the Needy |url=http://philanthropy.com/blogs/prospecting/online-game-draws-attention%E2%80%94and-money%E2%80%94for-the-needy/28750 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215105323/https://www.philanthropy.com/blogs/prospecting/online-game-draws-attention%E2%80%94and-money%E2%80%94for-the-needy/28750 |archive-date=February 15, 2011 |access-date=January 11, 2012 |website=Prospecting |publisher=The Chronicle of Philanthropy}}</ref> ''Spent'' yana amfani da ƙididdiga na zahiri daga rayuwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na wasan, kamar ƙimar haya ta kasuwar Durham da aka yi la’akari da ita wajen ƙayyade farashin gidaje a wasan. Masu ba da gudummawa sun ce kungiyar ta jimre da shekaru masu wahala don isar da wasan. == Saki da yabo == An fitar da ''Spent'' a watan Fabrairun 2011.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=McKinney launches mobile version of SPENT |url=http://mckinney.com/news/mckinney-launches-mobile-version-of-spent |access-date=31 July 2014 |website=mckinney.com |publisher=McKinney}}</ref> Wasan ya tara dala 45,000 daga sabbin masu ba da gudummawa 25,000 ga UMD cikin sama da watanni 10 kaɗan,<ref>{{cite video|people=Hampton, Angela|year=2012|title=Urban Ministries of Durham|url=http://abclocal.go.com/wtvd/video?id=8466939|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418074419/http://abclocal.go.com/wtvd/video?id=8466939|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 18, 2012|format=video|medium=Television production|publisher=ABC 11 Eyewitness News|access-date=January 11, 2012|time=10:48|quote=We have had donations from about 5,000 new donors totalling about $25,000 year to date.}}</ref>sannan ya samu yabo daga [[CNN]], ABC, and ''Fast Company''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coren, Michael J. |date=October 5, 2011 |title=Live Life Below the Poverty Line by Playing Spent |url=http://www.fastcoexist.com/1678607/live-life-below-the-poverty-line-by-playing-spent |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103013204/http://www.fastcoexist.com/1678607/live-life-below-the-poverty-line-by-playing-spent |archive-date=January 3, 2012 |access-date=January 11, 2012 |website=Co.Exist |publisher=Fast Company}}</ref> saboda yadda yake iya ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da talauci a cikin yanayin kafofin sada zumunta mai jan hankali. A watan Satumbar 2011, McKinney da UMD sun kaddamar da takarda ga mambobin Majalisa ta Amurka <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2011 |title=Challenge Your Congresspeople to Play SPENT |url=http://www.petition2congress.com/5008/challenge-your-congresspeople-to-play-spent/?m=1988681 |access-date=January 11, 2012 |publisher=Petition2Congress}}</ref> don ɗaukar minti goma suna buga wasan don "gane ƙalubalen da Amurkawa sama da miliyan 14 ke fuskanta".&nbsp; zuwa watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, wasan ya ci gaba da samun sabbin wasanni 5,000 a kowace rana. An saki sigar HTML a watan Yulin 2014. Kusan mutane miliyan 2 sun kashe matsakaicin 11:46 a shafin.<ref name=":0" />&nbsp; An yi amfani da kwaikwayon SPENT a manyan makarantun ilimi wajen koyar da ɗaliban ilimin iyali da consumer sciences game da talauci. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ttn2e4fs1i9nrf6que55n6onpyp2dn8 0 165122 905849 2026-08-21T22:00:15Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367741593|AJ Odudu]]" 905849 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  " AJ " Odudu (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu 1988) ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce na talabijin na Burtaniya. Tana gabatar da shirin gaskiya na ITV2 mai suna Big Brother (tun daga 2023) da Celebrity Big Brother (tun daga 2024) tare da Will Best, da kuma shirin da aka yi a baya mai suna Big Brother's Bit on the Side (2013). A shekarar 2021, ta gabatar da shirin gaskiya na Channel 4, wanda aka yi wa lakabi da Married at First Sight: Afters . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Onatejiro Odudu a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 1988 a Blackburn, Lancashire, Ingila. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AJ Odudu facts: Presenter's age, height, real name and boyfriend revealed |url=https://www.heart.co.uk/showbiz/explained/aj-odudu-age-real-name-boyfriend-net-worth-height/ |access-date=2 June 2026 |website=Heart |language=en}}</ref> Mahaifiyarta, Florence, da mahaifinta, James, ' [[Ɗan Nijeriya|yan Najeriya]] ne kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin yara takwas (maza biyar da mata uku). Iyayenta sun yi auren da aka shirya musu, wanda mahaifiyarta ta yi ƙaura zuwa Burtaniya daga Najeriya a shekarun 1970. Mahaifinta yana aiki a matsayin madugun bas, mahaifiyarta kuma tana aiki a matsayin mai dinki, mai wanke-wanke, da kuma mai cin abincin dare a wata makaranta mai zaman kanta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=You Magazine |date=5 December 2021 |title=AJ Odudu interview: I know now that anything is possible |url=https://www.you.co.uk/aj-odudu-interview-2021/ |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=YOU Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Odudu ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St Bede's RC da Kwalejin St Mary's da ke Blackburn. <ref name="TIL">{{Cite web |date=15 July 2013 |title=Blackburn's Big Brother presenter AJ Odudu is our bit on the side |url=http://www.thisislancashire.co.uk/leisure/tv/10548238.Blackburn_s_Big_Brother_presenter_AJ_Odudu_is_our_bit_on_the_side/ |website=This Is Lancashire |publisher=Newsquest (North West)}}</ref> A shekarar 2009 ta kammala karatun digiri a fannin Turanci da siyasa daga Jami'ar Keele . <ref>{{Cite web |title=AJ Odudu |url=https://www.keele.ac.uk/study/inspiring-alumni/ajodudu/}}</ref> == Sana'a == [[Fayil:Aj_odudu_2015_2.jpg|thumb| Odudu a watan Janairun 2015]] Odudu ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai ba da rahoto ga BBC Blast da ke Radio Lancashire . Matsayinta na farko na gabatarwa ya fara ne a shekarar 2009 a cikin shirin BBC Two ''The Almost Perfect Guide to Life'' <ref name="TIL" /> da kuma shirin ''The 5:19 Show'', wani shiri na kan layi a gidan yanar gizon BBC, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 5:19 Show |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00rp378 |website=BBC Switch}}</ref> wanda a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin 'ɗan jarida mai ban sha'awa' na ƙarshen. A shekara ta 2010, ta kasance bako a shirin ''100 Greatest Toys'', wani shiri na musamman da aka watsa a tashar 4. <ref>{{Cite web |title=A.J. Odudu |url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/aj-odudu/credits/3060367155/ |access-date=30 May 2026 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref> Ta fito a matsayinta a cikin ''Comedy Lab'' a shekarar 2011 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-09 |title=Big Brother is back: who is its new presenter from Lancashire, AJ Odudu? |url=https://www.lep.co.uk/whats-on/big-brother-uk-who-is-aj-odudu-the-new-presenter-from-lancashire-4364952 |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=Lancashire Evening Post |language=en}}</ref> kuma ta gabatar da shirin Sky Arts na bikin Isle of Wight na 2012 tare. <ref name="TIL" /> A watan Yunin 2013, Odudu ya fara gabatar da ''Big Brother's Bit on the Side'' tare da Rylan Clark da Emma Willis, sannan kuma ''Celebrity Big Brother's Bit on the Psych'' daga watan Agustan 2013. An tabbatar da ficewarta daga shirin a watan Nuwamba na 2013, inda aka maye gurbinta da mai shiga gasar ''Celebrity Big Brother 12'' kuma tsohuwar mai gabatar da shirin ''Loose Women'', Carol McGiffin . A watan Agusta na 2013, Odudu ta ƙaddamar da shafinta na yanar gizo a gidan yanar gizon mujallar ''Hello'' ta Burtaniya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2013 |title=Welcome to my blog! |url=http://blog.hellomagazine.com/ajodudu/2013/08/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103214519/http://blog.hellomagazine.com/ajodudu/2013/08/ |archive-date=3 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014}}</ref> Daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2019, Odudu ta dauki nauyin shirin 4Music ''mai suna Trending Live!'' , tare da Jimmy Hill da Vick Hope . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2017 |title=My TV Show |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=km4t92ZjtHE |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218163359/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=km4t92ZjtHE&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=18 December 2021 |access-date=12 June 2019 |publisher=YouTube}}</ref> Tana gabatar da wasan tambayoyi na Facebook na kan layi "Confetti" a watan Maris da Afrilu 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kendall |first=Ellie |date=2022-05-14 |title=Real life of Eurovison's AJ Odudu - Strictly heartbreak and gruelling SAS test |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/showbiz-news/eurovision-2022-real-life-spokesperson-23950314 |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=Manchester Evening News |language=en}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2021, ta lashe kashin farko na ''Celebrity Karaoke Club'' a ITV2 . Haka kuma a cikin wannan watan, an tabbatar da Odudu a matsayin mai masaukin baki na wani sabon shiri na ''The Big Breakfast'', wanda aka gabatar tare da Mo Gilligan da aka riga aka sanar, a Channel 4 a watan Satumba na 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=The Big Breakfast is making a comeback- and a Blackburn celeb is presenting it |url=https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/19474276.blackburns-aj-odudu-present-big-breakfast-reboot/ |website=Lancashire Telegraph}}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2021, Odudu ya fara ɗaukar nauyin shirin gaskiya na Channel 4, wanda aka yi wa laƙabi da Married at First Sight: Afters (wanda daga baya aka sake masa suna Married at First Sight: Unveiled) <ref>{{Cite web |title=AJ ODUDU |url=https://www.johnnoel.com/clients/aj-odudu/#Highlights |access-date=30 May 2026 |website=John Noel Management}}</ref> . A shekara mai zuwa, ta karbi bakuncin shiri na biyu na gasar gaskiya shirin The Bridge: Race to a Fortune for Channel 4 da HBO Max. <ref name="JNMBiography">{{Cite web |title=AJ ODUDU |url=https://www.johnnoel.com/clients/aj-odudu/#Highlights |access-date=30 May 2026 |website=John Noel Management}}</ref> . A shekara mai zuwa, ta karbi bakuncin shiri na biyu na gasar gaskiya shirin The Bridge: Race to a Fortune for Channel 4 da HBO Max. <ref name="JNMBiography" /> A watan Maris na 2022, ta haɗu da wani mai shirya ''gasar The Great Comic Relief Prize'' tare da Vernon Kay . Odudu ya gabatar da maki ga alkalan Burtaniya a Gasar Waƙoƙin Eurovision ta 2022. <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=bbceurovision|title=Ciao Italia, this is SALFORD calling! @AJOdudu will be the first #Eurovision spokesperson to present the UK jury's douze points from the North West}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Granger |first=Anthony |date=29 April 2022 |title=United Kingdom: AJ Odudu Spokesperson for Eurovision 2022 |url=https://eurovoix.com/2022/04/29/aj-odudu-spokesperson-eurovision-2022/ |access-date=29 April 2022 |website=Eurovoix |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2022, ta kasance mai gabatar da shirin BBC na Platinum Jubilee Pageant . <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2022 |title=AJ Odudu wears 'matching green outfit' with the Queen at Platinum Jubilee party |url=https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/20189243.blackburn-aj-odudu-wears-matching-outfit-queen-platinum-jubilee/ |website=Lancashire Telegraph}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Janairu 2023, an sanar da cewa Odudu zai jagoranci taron raba kyaututtuka da kuma raba kyaututtuka na kusa da na karshe na Gasar Waƙoƙin Eurovision ta 2023 wanda za a watsa kai tsaye a BBC Two. A ƙarshen shekarar 2022 da 2023, Odudu ta faɗaɗa fayil ɗin ɗaukar nauyin karatunta ta hanyar amfani da wasu tsare-tsare na musamman da suka shafi gasa da kuma gaskiya. Ta jagoranci gasar gyaran gashi ta E4 The Big Blow Out (2022), ta gabatar da shirin gyaran gidaje mai suna The Big Interiors Battle (2023) a tashar Channel 4, sannan ta dauki nauyin shirin nishaɗi mai suna The Greatest Auction (2023) don wannan cibiyar sadarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=A.J. Odudu |url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/aj-odudu/credits/3060367155/ |access-date=30 May 2026 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2023, an sanar da cewa Odudu zai karbi bakuncin farfaɗo da ''Big Brother'' a ITV, tare da Will Best . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2023 |title=Big Brother confirms new hosts AJ Odudu and Will Best for 2023 return |url=https://www.itv.com/thismorning/articles/big-brother-confirms-new-hosts-aj-odudu-and-will-best-for-2023-return |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=ITVX}}</ref> <ref name="bigbrother">{{Cite web |last=Percival |first=Ash |date=25 April 2023 |title=Big Brother Presenters Confirmed As AJ Odudu And Will Best |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/big-brother-itv2-announces-new-hosts_uk_643fb8aae4b03c1b88c3c960 |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=HuffPost}}</ref> Odudu da Best sun kuma gabatar da wani sabon fim mai suna ''Celebrity Big Brother'' tun lokacin da aka farfado da shi a shekarar 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hibbs |first=James |date=25 April 2023 |title=Big Brother officially confirms AJ Odudu and Will Best to host reboot |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/entertainment/reality-tv/big-brother-aj-odudu-will-best-newsupdate/ |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=Radio Times}}</ref> . Sun ci gaba da jagorantar ƙungiyar ta hanyar maimaitawa a shekarar 2025, ciki har da jerin fina-finai na biyu na Celebrity Big Brother a watan Afrilun 2025 da kuma jerin fina-finai na uku a watan Satumban 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2025 |title=AJ Odudu and Will Best: "We Don’t Stop Pinching Ourselves" on hosting Big Brother |url=https://bigblagger.co.uk/big-brother-22/aj-odudu-and-will-best-we-dont-stop-pinching-ourselves-on-hosting-big-brother/ |access-date=30 May 2026 |website=Big Blagger UK}}</ref> . A watan Maris na 2025, ta haɗu da shirya babban shirin talabijin kai tsaye na Comic Relief a BBC One tare da Vernon Kay da Paddy McGuinness <ref>{{Cite web |title=AJ wears bespoke Suzanne Neville to present 2025 Comic Relief |url=https://www.suzanneneville.com/news/aj-wears-bespoke-suzanne-neville-to-present-2025-comic-relief/ |access-date=30 May 2026 |website=Suzanne Neville |language=en}}</ref> . Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ta sake yin aiki tare da Kay don gabatar da shirin gasar zane-zane ta ITV M&S: Dress the Nation <ref name="JNMBiography" /> === ''Strictly Come Dancing'' === Daga watan Satumba na 2021, ta kasance mai fafatawa a jerin shirye-shiryen ''Strictly Come Dancing'' na 19, tare da haɗin gwiwa da ƙwararren ɗan rawa Kai Widdrington . <ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC One – Strictly Come Dancing – Kai Widdrington |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/51LPjd18tT30WK7fc6qlPfh/kai-widdrington |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Sun jagoranci teburin gasar a makon farko da maki 34, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Horton |first=Tom |date=26 September 2021 |title=Strictly Come Dancing: AJ Odudu wows judges in first week of competition |url=https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/television/tv-news/aj-odudu-wows-strictly-come-dancing-judges-in-first-week-of-competition-40889380.html |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=independent}}</ref> kuma a mako na 7, lokacin da suka ci 39 ga Charleston dinsu don " Kada Ku Zo Da Lulu ". <ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC One – Strictly Come Dancing, Series 19, Week 7 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0011g4y |publisher=BBC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sigodo |first=Melissa |date=6 November 2021 |title=Strictly Come Dancing fans fuming as star gets 39 despite perfect comments |url=https://www.mylondon.news/whats-on/film-news/bbc-strictly-come-dancing-fans-22092112 |website=MyLondon}}</ref> Ma'auratan sun kuma jagoranci ƙungiyar a zagayen kusa da na ƙarshe, amma an tilasta musu janyewa daga gasar a ranar 17 ga Disamba, kwana ɗaya kafin wasan ƙarshe, bayan da Odudu ya "yaji" a idon sawun ta na dama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2021 |title=AJ Odudu and Kai Widdrington are unable to compete in the final |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/webarchive/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fblogs%2Fstrictlycomedancing%2Fentries%2Fddacd847-3dff-433d-9776-0b0857bfbdd5 |access-date=17 December 2021 |website=BBC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2021 |title=Strictly Come Dancing: AJ Odudu ruled out of final with ankle injury |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-59696209 |access-date=17 December 2021 |website=BBC News}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == {{As of|2021}} Odudu tana zaune a [[Landan]] . Kwararren [[Personal trainer|mai horarwa]] ne kuma mai kula da abinci mai gina jiki a wasanni, kuma tana gudu a lokacin hutunta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-05 |title=AJ Odudu interview: I know now that anything is possible |url=https://www.you.co.uk/aj-odudu-interview-2021/ |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=YOU Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sellers |first=Kate |date=2021-11-13 |title="I've always got my running trainers with me!" {{!}} Interview with AJ Odudu |url=https://www.womensrunning.co.uk/beginners/beginner-interviews/aj-odudu/ |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=Women's Running |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2025, ta sanar da aurenta a shafin Instagram. == Fim ɗin fim == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Title ! scope="col" |Role ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |2009 |''The Almost Perfect Guide to Life'' |Co-presenter | |- |''The 5:19 Show'' |Co-presenter | |- ! scope="row" |2010 |''Teensville: Teen Witches'' |Presenter | |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |2011 |''Dirty Digest'' |Panellist | |- |''Comedy Lab'' |Herself | |- ! scope="row" |2012 |Isle of Wight Festival 2012 |Co-presenter | |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |2013 |''Big Brother's Bit on the Side'' |Co-presenter | |- |''Celebrity Big Brother's Bit on the Side'' |Co-presenter | |- ! scope="row" |2015–2016 |''The Hot Desk'' |Presenter | |- ! scope="row" |2018 |''Manhunting with My Mum'' |Presenter | |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |2019 |''The Voice UK'' |Backstage presenter | |- |''The Voice Kids'' |Backstage presenter | |- |''Celebrity SAS: Who Dares Wins'' |Contestant | |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |2020 |''The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice'' |Series 4; Episode 1 – Herself | |- |''Richard Osman's House of Games'' |Series 4; Episodes 16–20 – Herself | |- |''Don't Rock the Boat'' |Co-presenter | |- ! rowspan="10" scope="row" |2021 |''Would I Lie To You?'' |Herself | |- |''Celebrity Karaoke Club'' |Winner | |- |''The Wheel'' |Expert | |- |''Cooking with the Stars'' |Contestant | |- |''Rolling In It'' |Contestant | |- |''Apocalypse Wow'' |Presenter | |- |''The Big Breakfast'' |Co-presenter | |- |''Strictly Come Dancing'' |Series 19; Finalist | |- |''Married at First Sight UK: Afters'' |Presenter | |- |''Emma and AJ Get to Work'' |Co-presenter; alongside Emma Willis | |- ! rowspan="11" scope="row" |2022 |<nowiki><i id="mwAb0">The Great Comic Relief Prizeathon</i></nowiki> |Co-presenter; alongside Vernon Kay | |- |''Eurovision Song Contest 2022'' |Spokesperson for the UK's votes | |- |''The Bridge: Race to a Fortune'' |Presenter |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bridge: Race to a Fortune |url=https://www.channel4.com/programmes/the-bridge-race-to-a-fortune |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=channel4.com}}</ref> |- |'' Platinum Jubilee Pageant'' |Presenter | |- |''Rosie Jones' Trip Hazard'' |Herself |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rosie Jones' Trip Hazard |url=https://www.channel4.com/programmes/rosie-jones-trip-hazard/on-demand/73754-001 |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=channel4.com}}</ref> |- |''Red Bull Soapbox Race: London 2022'' |Co-presenter; alongside Will Best |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Red Bull Soapbox Race: London 2022 |url=https://uktvplay.co.uk/shows/red-bull-soapbox-race-london-2022/watch-online |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=uktvplay.co.uk}}</ref> |- |''The Hit List'' |Contestant |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hit List |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001c9ml |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=bbc.co.uk}}</ref> |- |''RuPaul's Drag Race UK'' |Special guest; Series 4 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2022 |title=AJ Odudu is revealed to take part in Snatch Game for ''RuPaul's Drag Race UK'' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2022/ru-pauls-drag-race-uk-celebrity-guest-judges-and-guests-revealed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831181038/https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2022/ru-pauls-drag-race-uk-celebrity-guest-judges-and-guests-revealed |archive-date=31 August 2022 |access-date=31 August 2022 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref> |- |''The Last Leg: Christmas Bash'' |Special guest |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Series 26 – Christmas Special |url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/the_last_leg/episodes/26/6/ |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=comedy.co.uk}}</ref> |- |''The Weakest Link'' |Contestant |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Weakest Link |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/m001gpwd/the-weakest-link-series-2-episode-8 |access-date=1 January 2023 |publisher=BBC |ref=27}}</ref> |- |''The Big Blow Out'' |Host |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Big Blow Out |url=https://www.channel4.com/press/news/aj-odudu-host-jaw-dropping-hairstyling-competition-big-blow-out-e4 |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=www.channel4.com}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="8" scope="row" |2023 |''The Big Interiors Battle'' |Presenter |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Big Interiors Battle |url=https://www.channel4.com/press/news/aj-odudu-announced-host-channel-4s-big-interiors-battle-dara-huang-judge |access-date=26 November 2022 |website=www.channel4.com}}</ref> |- |''Time For A Check In'' |Presenter |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Benenden Health teams up with Channel 4 to encourage Brits to check-in on their health {{!}} Channel 4 |url=https://www.channel4.com/press/news/benenden-health-teams-channel-4-encourage-brits-check-their-health-1 |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=www.channel4.com}}</ref> |- |''Eurovision Song Contest 2023: Handover and Allocation Draw'' |Co-host; alongside Rylan Clark |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eurovision 2023 Handover and Allocation Draw – What to expect and how to watch on BBC Two and iPlayer |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/articles/2023/eurovision-handover-and-allocation-draw |access-date=29 January 2023 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> |- |''Pointless Celebrities'' |Contestant |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pointless Celebrities |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001m09q |access-date=21 December 2023 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> |- |''The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake Off'' |Herself |<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2023 |title=The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake Off |url=https://thegreatbritishbakeoff.co.uk/the-great-stand-up-to-cancer-bake-off-2023/ |access-date=9 February 2023 |website=The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake Off}}</ref> |- |''The Greatest Auction'' |Host |<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2023 |title=The Greatest Auction |url=https://www.channel4.com/press/press-pack/greatest-auction |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=channel4.com/press}}</ref> |- |''Shopping with Keith Lemon'' |Herself; one episode |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shopping with Keith Lemon |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Season-4/dp/B0C9FMC5MX |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=amazon.co.uk}}</ref> |- |''Mary Makes It Easy'' |Guest |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Makes It Easy |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episodes/m001s1qz/mary-makes-it-easy |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=bbc.co.uk/iplayer}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |2023–present |''Big Brother'' | rowspan="2" |Co-presenter; alongside Will Best | rowspan="2" |<ref name="bigbrother" /> |- |''Big Brother: Late &amp;amp; Live'' |- ! scope="row" |2024 |''RuPaul's Drag Race UK'' |Guest judge; Series 6, Episode 8:<br /><br />"All in the Drag Family" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=RuPaul's Drag Race UK is back! A fierce new cast and a dazzling array of celebrities are coming to BBC Three and BBC iPlayer soon |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2024/drag-race-uk-celebrities |access-date=27 August 2024 |website=[[BBC Media Centre]] |language=en}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2024-2025 |''M&S: Dress the Nation'' |Co-presenter; alongside Vernon Kay |<ref>{{Cite web |title=M&S: Dress the Nation |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-e7dnu5/ms-dress-the-nation-season-1/?episode=b-ma6lbx |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=radiotimes.com}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |2024–present |''Celebrity Big Brother'' | rowspan="2" |Co-presenter; alongside Will Best | rowspan="2" |<ref name="bigbrother" /> |- |''Celebrity Big Brother: Late &amp;amp; Live'' |- ! scope="row" |2025 |''The Celebrity Apprentice: Christmas Specials'' |Herself / Contestant |<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2025 |title=The Celebrity Apprentice Christmas Specials line-up announced |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2025/the-celebrity-apprentice-christmas-specials-line-up |access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2026 |''Gladiators: Celebrity Special'' |Herself / Contestant |<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2026 |title=Four new famous faces are taking on the might of the Gladiators on BBC iPlayer and BBC One |url=https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/2026/gladiators-celebrity-special |access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref> |- |} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|4180655}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Odudu, Aj}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] a26d8139zmen2ymmr36lkto3hxisj0d 905850 905849 2026-08-21T22:01:01Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 905850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  " AJ " Odudu (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu 1988) ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce na talabijin na Burtaniya. Tana gabatar da shirin gaskiya na ITV2 mai suna Big Brother (tun daga 2023) da Celebrity Big Brother (tun daga 2024) tare da Will Best, da kuma shirin da aka yi a baya mai suna Big Brother's Bit on the Side (2013). A shekarar 2021, ta gabatar da shirin gaskiya na Channel 4, wanda aka yi wa lakabi da Married at First Sight: Afters . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Onatejiro Odudu a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 1988 a Blackburn, Lancashire, Ingila. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AJ Odudu facts: Presenter's age, height, real name and boyfriend revealed |url=https://www.heart.co.uk/showbiz/explained/aj-odudu-age-real-name-boyfriend-net-worth-height/ |access-date=2 June 2026 |website=Heart |language=en}}</ref> Mahaifiyarta, Florence, da mahaifinta, James, ' [[Ɗan Nijeriya|yan Najeriya]] ne kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin yara takwas (maza biyar da mata uku). Iyayenta sun yi auren da aka shirya musu, wanda mahaifiyarta ta yi ƙaura zuwa Burtaniya daga Najeriya a shekarun 1970. Mahaifinta yana aiki a matsayin madugun bas, mahaifiyarta kuma tana aiki a matsayin mai dinki, mai wanke-wanke, da kuma mai cin abincin dare a wata makaranta mai zaman kanta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=You Magazine |date=5 December 2021 |title=AJ Odudu interview: I know now that anything is possible |url=https://www.you.co.uk/aj-odudu-interview-2021/ |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=YOU Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Odudu ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St Bede's RC da Kwalejin St Mary's da ke Blackburn. <ref name="TIL">{{Cite web |date=15 July 2013 |title=Blackburn's Big Brother presenter AJ Odudu is our bit on the side |url=http://www.thisislancashire.co.uk/leisure/tv/10548238.Blackburn_s_Big_Brother_presenter_AJ_Odudu_is_our_bit_on_the_side/ |website=This Is Lancashire |publisher=Newsquest (North West)}}</ref> A shekarar 2009 ta kammala karatun digiri a fannin Turanci da siyasa daga Jami'ar Keele . <ref>{{Cite web |title=AJ Odudu |url=https://www.keele.ac.uk/study/inspiring-alumni/ajodudu/}}</ref> == Sana'a == [[Fayil:Aj_odudu_2015_2.jpg|thumb| Odudu a watan Janairun 2015]] Odudu ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai ba da rahoto ga BBC Blast da ke Radio Lancashire . Matsayinta na farko na gabatarwa ya fara ne a shekarar 2009 a cikin shirin BBC Two ''The Almost Perfect Guide to Life'' <ref name="TIL" /> da kuma shirin ''The 5:19 Show'', wani shiri na kan layi a gidan yanar gizon BBC, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 5:19 Show |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00rp378 |website=BBC Switch}}</ref> wanda a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin 'ɗan jarida mai ban sha'awa' na ƙarshen. A shekara ta 2010, ta kasance bako a shirin ''100 Greatest Toys'', wani shiri na musamman da aka watsa a tashar 4. <ref>{{Cite web |title=A.J. Odudu |url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/aj-odudu/credits/3060367155/ |access-date=30 May 2026 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref> Ta fito a matsayinta a cikin ''Comedy Lab'' a shekarar 2011 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-09 |title=Big Brother is back: who is its new presenter from Lancashire, AJ Odudu? |url=https://www.lep.co.uk/whats-on/big-brother-uk-who-is-aj-odudu-the-new-presenter-from-lancashire-4364952 |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=Lancashire Evening Post |language=en}}</ref> kuma ta gabatar da shirin Sky Arts na bikin Isle of Wight na 2012 tare. <ref name="TIL" /> A watan Yunin 2013, Odudu ya fara gabatar da ''Big Brother's Bit on the Side'' tare da Rylan Clark da Emma Willis, sannan kuma ''Celebrity Big Brother's Bit on the Psych'' daga watan Agustan 2013. An tabbatar da ficewarta daga shirin a watan Nuwamba na 2013, inda aka maye gurbinta da mai shiga gasar ''Celebrity Big Brother 12'' kuma tsohuwar mai gabatar da shirin ''Loose Women'', Carol McGiffin . A watan Agusta na 2013, Odudu ta ƙaddamar da shafinta na yanar gizo a gidan yanar gizon mujallar ''Hello'' ta Burtaniya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2013 |title=Welcome to my blog! |url=http://blog.hellomagazine.com/ajodudu/2013/08/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103214519/http://blog.hellomagazine.com/ajodudu/2013/08/ |archive-date=3 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014}}</ref> Daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2019, Odudu ta dauki nauyin shirin 4Music ''mai suna Trending Live!'' , tare da Jimmy Hill da Vick Hope . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2017 |title=My TV Show |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=km4t92ZjtHE |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218163359/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=km4t92ZjtHE&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=18 December 2021 |access-date=12 June 2019 |publisher=YouTube}}</ref> Tana gabatar da wasan tambayoyi na Facebook na kan layi "Confetti" a watan Maris da Afrilu 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kendall |first=Ellie |date=2022-05-14 |title=Real life of Eurovison's AJ Odudu - Strictly heartbreak and gruelling SAS test |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/showbiz-news/eurovision-2022-real-life-spokesperson-23950314 |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=Manchester Evening News |language=en}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2021, ta lashe kashin farko na ''Celebrity Karaoke Club'' a ITV2 . Haka kuma a cikin wannan watan, an tabbatar da Odudu a matsayin mai masaukin baki na wani sabon shiri na ''The Big Breakfast'', wanda aka gabatar tare da Mo Gilligan da aka riga aka sanar, a Channel 4 a watan Satumba na 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=The Big Breakfast is making a comeback- and a Blackburn celeb is presenting it |url=https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/19474276.blackburns-aj-odudu-present-big-breakfast-reboot/ |website=Lancashire Telegraph}}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2021, Odudu ya fara ɗaukar nauyin shirin gaskiya na Channel 4, wanda aka yi wa laƙabi da Married at First Sight: Afters (wanda daga baya aka sake masa suna Married at First Sight: Unveiled) <ref>{{Cite web |title=AJ ODUDU |url=https://www.johnnoel.com/clients/aj-odudu/#Highlights |access-date=30 May 2026 |website=John Noel Management}}</ref> . A shekara mai zuwa, ta karbi bakuncin shiri na biyu na gasar gaskiya shirin The Bridge: Race to a Fortune for Channel 4 da HBO Max. <ref name="JNMBiography">{{Cite web |title=AJ ODUDU |url=https://www.johnnoel.com/clients/aj-odudu/#Highlights |access-date=30 May 2026 |website=John Noel Management}}</ref> . A shekara mai zuwa, ta karbi bakuncin shiri na biyu na gasar gaskiya shirin The Bridge: Race to a Fortune for Channel 4 da HBO Max. <ref name="JNMBiography" /> A watan Maris na 2022, ta haɗu da wani mai shirya ''gasar The Great Comic Relief Prize'' tare da Vernon Kay . Odudu ya gabatar da maki ga alkalan Burtaniya a Gasar Waƙoƙin Eurovision ta 2022. <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=bbceurovision|title=Ciao Italia, this is SALFORD calling! @AJOdudu will be the first #Eurovision spokesperson to present the UK jury's douze points from the North West}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Granger |first=Anthony |date=29 April 2022 |title=United Kingdom: AJ Odudu Spokesperson for Eurovision 2022 |url=https://eurovoix.com/2022/04/29/aj-odudu-spokesperson-eurovision-2022/ |access-date=29 April 2022 |website=Eurovoix |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2022, ta kasance mai gabatar da shirin BBC na Platinum Jubilee Pageant . <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2022 |title=AJ Odudu wears 'matching green outfit' with the Queen at Platinum Jubilee party |url=https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/20189243.blackburn-aj-odudu-wears-matching-outfit-queen-platinum-jubilee/ |website=Lancashire Telegraph}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Janairu 2023, an sanar da cewa Odudu zai jagoranci taron raba kyaututtuka da kuma raba kyaututtuka na kusa da na karshe na Gasar Waƙoƙin Eurovision ta 2023 wanda za a watsa kai tsaye a BBC Two. A ƙarshen shekarar 2022 da 2023, Odudu ta faɗaɗa fayil ɗin ɗaukar nauyin karatunta ta hanyar amfani da wasu tsare-tsare na musamman da suka shafi gasa da kuma gaskiya. Ta jagoranci gasar gyaran gashi ta E4 The Big Blow Out (2022), ta gabatar da shirin gyaran gidaje mai suna The Big Interiors Battle (2023) a tashar Channel 4, sannan ta dauki nauyin shirin nishaɗi mai suna The Greatest Auction (2023) don wannan cibiyar sadarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=A.J. Odudu |url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/aj-odudu/credits/3060367155/ |access-date=30 May 2026 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2023, an sanar da cewa Odudu zai karbi bakuncin farfaɗo da ''Big Brother'' a ITV, tare da Will Best . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2023 |title=Big Brother confirms new hosts AJ Odudu and Will Best for 2023 return |url=https://www.itv.com/thismorning/articles/big-brother-confirms-new-hosts-aj-odudu-and-will-best-for-2023-return |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=ITVX}}</ref> <ref name="bigbrother">{{Cite web |last=Percival |first=Ash |date=25 April 2023 |title=Big Brother Presenters Confirmed As AJ Odudu And Will Best |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/big-brother-itv2-announces-new-hosts_uk_643fb8aae4b03c1b88c3c960 |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=HuffPost}}</ref> Odudu da Best sun kuma gabatar da wani sabon fim mai suna ''Celebrity Big Brother'' tun lokacin da aka farfado da shi a shekarar 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hibbs |first=James |date=25 April 2023 |title=Big Brother officially confirms AJ Odudu and Will Best to host reboot |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/entertainment/reality-tv/big-brother-aj-odudu-will-best-newsupdate/ |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=Radio Times}}</ref> . Sun ci gaba da jagorantar ƙungiyar ta hanyar maimaitawa a shekarar 2025, ciki har da jerin fina-finai na biyu na Celebrity Big Brother a watan Afrilun 2025 da kuma jerin fina-finai na uku a watan Satumban 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2025 |title=AJ Odudu and Will Best: "We Don’t Stop Pinching Ourselves" on hosting Big Brother |url=https://bigblagger.co.uk/big-brother-22/aj-odudu-and-will-best-we-dont-stop-pinching-ourselves-on-hosting-big-brother/ |access-date=30 May 2026 |website=Big Blagger UK}}</ref> . A watan Maris na 2025, ta haɗu da shirya babban shirin talabijin kai tsaye na Comic Relief a BBC One tare da Vernon Kay da Paddy McGuinness <ref>{{Cite web |title=AJ wears bespoke Suzanne Neville to present 2025 Comic Relief |url=https://www.suzanneneville.com/news/aj-wears-bespoke-suzanne-neville-to-present-2025-comic-relief/ |access-date=30 May 2026 |website=Suzanne Neville |language=en}}</ref> . Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ta sake yin aiki tare da Kay don gabatar da shirin gasar zane-zane ta ITV M&S: Dress the Nation <ref name="JNMBiography" /> === ''Strictly Come Dancing'' === Daga watan Satumba na 2021, ta kasance mai fafatawa a jerin shirye-shiryen ''Strictly Come Dancing'' na 19, tare da haɗin gwiwa da ƙwararren ɗan rawa Kai Widdrington . <ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC One – Strictly Come Dancing – Kai Widdrington |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/51LPjd18tT30WK7fc6qlPfh/kai-widdrington |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Sun jagoranci teburin gasar a makon farko da maki 34, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Horton |first=Tom |date=26 September 2021 |title=Strictly Come Dancing: AJ Odudu wows judges in first week of competition |url=https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/television/tv-news/aj-odudu-wows-strictly-come-dancing-judges-in-first-week-of-competition-40889380.html |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=independent}}</ref> kuma a mako na 7, lokacin da suka ci 39 ga Charleston dinsu don " Kada Ku Zo Da Lulu ". <ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC One – Strictly Come Dancing, Series 19, Week 7 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0011g4y |publisher=BBC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sigodo |first=Melissa |date=6 November 2021 |title=Strictly Come Dancing fans fuming as star gets 39 despite perfect comments |url=https://www.mylondon.news/whats-on/film-news/bbc-strictly-come-dancing-fans-22092112 |website=MyLondon}}</ref> Ma'auratan sun kuma jagoranci ƙungiyar a zagayen kusa da na ƙarshe, amma an tilasta musu janyewa daga gasar a ranar 17 ga Disamba, kwana ɗaya kafin wasan ƙarshe, bayan da Odudu ya "yaji" a idon sawun ta na dama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2021 |title=AJ Odudu and Kai Widdrington are unable to compete in the final |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/webarchive/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fblogs%2Fstrictlycomedancing%2Fentries%2Fddacd847-3dff-433d-9776-0b0857bfbdd5 |access-date=17 December 2021 |website=BBC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2021 |title=Strictly Come Dancing: AJ Odudu ruled out of final with ankle injury |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-59696209 |access-date=17 December 2021 |website=BBC News}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == {{As of|2021}} Odudu tana zaune a [[Landan]] . Kwararren [[Personal trainer|mai horarwa]] ne kuma mai kula da abinci mai gina jiki a wasanni, kuma tana gudu a lokacin hutunta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-05 |title=AJ Odudu interview: I know now that anything is possible |url=https://www.you.co.uk/aj-odudu-interview-2021/ |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=YOU Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sellers |first=Kate |date=2021-11-13 |title="I've always got my running trainers with me!" {{!}} Interview with AJ Odudu |url=https://www.womensrunning.co.uk/beginners/beginner-interviews/aj-odudu/ |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=Women's Running |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2025, ta sanar da aurenta a shafin Instagram. == Fim ɗin fim == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Title ! scope="col" |Role ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |2009 |''The Almost Perfect Guide to Life'' |Co-presenter | |- |''The 5:19 Show'' |Co-presenter | |- ! scope="row" |2010 |''Teensville: Teen Witches'' |Presenter | |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |2011 |''Dirty Digest'' |Panellist | |- |''Comedy Lab'' |Herself | |- ! scope="row" |2012 |Isle of Wight Festival 2012 |Co-presenter | |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |2013 |''Big Brother's Bit on the Side'' |Co-presenter | |- |''Celebrity Big Brother's Bit on the Side'' |Co-presenter | |- ! scope="row" |2015–2016 |''The Hot Desk'' |Presenter | |- ! scope="row" |2018 |''Manhunting with My Mum'' |Presenter | |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |2019 |''The Voice UK'' |Backstage presenter | |- |''The Voice Kids'' |Backstage presenter | |- |''Celebrity SAS: Who Dares Wins'' |Contestant | |- ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |2020 |''The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice'' |Series 4; Episode 1 – Herself | |- |''Richard Osman's House of Games'' |Series 4; Episodes 16–20 – Herself | |- |''Don't Rock the Boat'' |Co-presenter | |- ! rowspan="10" scope="row" |2021 |''Would I Lie To You?'' |Herself | |- |''Celebrity Karaoke Club'' |Winner | |- |''The Wheel'' |Expert | |- |''Cooking with the Stars'' |Contestant | |- |''Rolling In It'' |Contestant | |- |''Apocalypse Wow'' |Presenter | |- |''The Big Breakfast'' |Co-presenter | |- |''Strictly Come Dancing'' |Series 19; Finalist | |- |''Married at First Sight UK: Afters'' |Presenter | |- |''Emma and AJ Get to Work'' |Co-presenter; alongside Emma Willis | |- ! rowspan="11" scope="row" |2022 |<nowiki><i id="mwAb0">The Great Comic Relief Prizeathon</i></nowiki> |Co-presenter; alongside Vernon Kay | |- |''Eurovision Song Contest 2022'' |Spokesperson for the UK's votes | |- |''The Bridge: Race to a Fortune'' |Presenter |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bridge: Race to a Fortune |url=https://www.channel4.com/programmes/the-bridge-race-to-a-fortune |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=channel4.com}}</ref> |- |'' Platinum Jubilee Pageant'' |Presenter | |- |''Rosie Jones' Trip Hazard'' |Herself |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rosie Jones' Trip Hazard |url=https://www.channel4.com/programmes/rosie-jones-trip-hazard/on-demand/73754-001 |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=channel4.com}}</ref> |- |''Red Bull Soapbox Race: London 2022'' |Co-presenter; alongside Will Best |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Red Bull Soapbox Race: London 2022 |url=https://uktvplay.co.uk/shows/red-bull-soapbox-race-london-2022/watch-online |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=uktvplay.co.uk}}</ref> |- |''The Hit List'' |Contestant |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hit List |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001c9ml |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=bbc.co.uk}}</ref> |- |''RuPaul's Drag Race UK'' |Special guest; Series 4 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2022 |title=AJ Odudu is revealed to take part in Snatch Game for ''RuPaul's Drag Race UK'' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2022/ru-pauls-drag-race-uk-celebrity-guest-judges-and-guests-revealed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831181038/https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2022/ru-pauls-drag-race-uk-celebrity-guest-judges-and-guests-revealed |archive-date=31 August 2022 |access-date=31 August 2022 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref> |- |''The Last Leg: Christmas Bash'' |Special guest |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Series 26 – Christmas Special |url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/the_last_leg/episodes/26/6/ |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=comedy.co.uk}}</ref> |- |''The Weakest Link'' |Contestant |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Weakest Link |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/m001gpwd/the-weakest-link-series-2-episode-8 |access-date=1 January 2023 |publisher=BBC |ref=27}}</ref> |- |''The Big Blow Out'' |Host |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Big Blow Out |url=https://www.channel4.com/press/news/aj-odudu-host-jaw-dropping-hairstyling-competition-big-blow-out-e4 |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=www.channel4.com}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="8" scope="row" |2023 |''The Big Interiors Battle'' |Presenter |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Big Interiors Battle |url=https://www.channel4.com/press/news/aj-odudu-announced-host-channel-4s-big-interiors-battle-dara-huang-judge |access-date=26 November 2022 |website=www.channel4.com}}</ref> |- |''Time For A Check In'' |Presenter |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Benenden Health teams up with Channel 4 to encourage Brits to check-in on their health {{!}} Channel 4 |url=https://www.channel4.com/press/news/benenden-health-teams-channel-4-encourage-brits-check-their-health-1 |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=www.channel4.com}}</ref> |- |''Eurovision Song Contest 2023: Handover and Allocation Draw'' |Co-host; alongside Rylan Clark |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eurovision 2023 Handover and Allocation Draw – What to expect and how to watch on BBC Two and iPlayer |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/articles/2023/eurovision-handover-and-allocation-draw |access-date=29 January 2023 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> |- |''Pointless Celebrities'' |Contestant |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pointless Celebrities |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001m09q |access-date=21 December 2023 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> |- |''The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake Off'' |Herself |<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2023 |title=The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake Off |url=https://thegreatbritishbakeoff.co.uk/the-great-stand-up-to-cancer-bake-off-2023/ |access-date=9 February 2023 |website=The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake Off}}</ref> |- |''The Greatest Auction'' |Host |<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2023 |title=The Greatest Auction |url=https://www.channel4.com/press/press-pack/greatest-auction |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=channel4.com/press}}</ref> |- |''Shopping with Keith Lemon'' |Herself; one episode |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shopping with Keith Lemon |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Season-4/dp/B0C9FMC5MX |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=amazon.co.uk}}</ref> |- |''Mary Makes It Easy'' |Guest |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Makes It Easy |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episodes/m001s1qz/mary-makes-it-easy |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=bbc.co.uk/iplayer}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |2023–present |''Big Brother'' | rowspan="2" |Co-presenter; alongside Will Best | rowspan="2" |<ref name="bigbrother" /> |- |''Big Brother: Late &amp;amp; Live'' |- ! scope="row" |2024 |''RuPaul's Drag Race UK'' |Guest judge; Series 6, Episode 8:<br /><br />"All in the Drag Family" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=RuPaul's Drag Race UK is back! A fierce new cast and a dazzling array of celebrities are coming to BBC Three and BBC iPlayer soon |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2024/drag-race-uk-celebrities |access-date=27 August 2024 |website=[[BBC Media Centre]] |language=en}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2024-2025 |''M&S: Dress the Nation'' |Co-presenter; alongside Vernon Kay |<ref>{{Cite web |title=M&S: Dress the Nation |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-e7dnu5/ms-dress-the-nation-season-1/?episode=b-ma6lbx |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=radiotimes.com}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |2024–present |''Celebrity Big Brother'' | rowspan="2" |Co-presenter; alongside Will Best | rowspan="2" |<ref name="bigbrother" /> |- |''Celebrity Big Brother: Late &amp;amp; Live'' |- ! scope="row" |2025 |''The Celebrity Apprentice: Christmas Specials'' |Herself / Contestant |<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2025 |title=The Celebrity Apprentice Christmas Specials line-up announced |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2025/the-celebrity-apprentice-christmas-specials-line-up |access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2026 |''Gladiators: Celebrity Special'' |Herself / Contestant |<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2026 |title=Four new famous faces are taking on the might of the Gladiators on BBC iPlayer and BBC One |url=https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/2026/gladiators-celebrity-special |access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref> |- |} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|4180655}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Odudu, Aj}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] epu8rp48oxz00eapovln5r6gl5pex1l 0 165123 905852 2026-08-21T22:15:30Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369787207|Esther Odekunle]]" 905852 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Esther A. Odekunle Listen ⓘ ƙwararriyar masaniyar cututtukan jijiyoyi ce ta ƙasar Birtaniya kuma Injiniyan rigakafin cututtuka . Tana aiki a matsayin injiniyan rigakafi ga kamfanin harhada magunguna na GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), inda bincikenta ya mayar da hankali kan gano da kuma kawar da haɗarin jiki da sinadarai daga ƙwayoyin rigakafi na magani don inganta rayuwarsu a matsayin magunguna. Tana kuma haɓaka ganin ƙwararru daban-daban a fannin STEM . [1] [1] == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Odekunle a matsayin ƙarami a cikin 'yan uwanta kuma iyayenta ' [[Ɗan Nijeriya|yan Najeriya]] ne suka yi ƙaura zuwa [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] suka rene ta a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] . {{R|"Stride"}} Malamanta sun yi mata wahayi daga littattafan da suka shafi dabbobi da jikin ɗan adam, waɗanda suka ƙarfafa mata sha'awar kimiyya tun tana ƙarama. Bayan da ta fara tunanin yin aiki a fannin likitanci, ta sami digiri na farko a fannin [[biochemistry]] da kuma digiri na uku a fannin ilimin jijiyoyi daga Jami'ar Queen Mary ta Landan . {{R|"VSA"}} {{R|"Stride"}} {{R|"Independent"}} Aikin digirin digirgir nata a Queen Mary ya mayar da hankali kan tsarin neuropeptide a cikin kifin starfish {{R|"UNC"}}, wanda ya ƙare a cikin takardar digirin digirgir ta 2018. Ganowa da Halayen Siginar Vasopressin/Oxytocin a cikin Echinoderm da Xenacoelomorph <ref name="ThesisRecord">{{Cite journal |last=Odekunle |first=Esther A. |last2=Semmens |first2=Dean C. |last3=Martynyuk |first3=Nataly |last4=Tinoco |first4=Ana B. |last5=Garewal |first5=Abdullah K. |last6=Patel |first6=Radhika R. |last7=Blowes |first7=Liisa M. |last8=Zandawala |first8=Meet |last9=Delroisse |first9=Jérôme |last10=Slade |first10=Susan E. |last11=Scrivens |first11=James H. |last12=Egertová |first12=Michaela |last13=Elphick |first13=Maurice R. |date=31 July 2019 |title=Ancient role of vasopressin/oxytocin-type neuropeptides as regulators of feeding revealed in an echinoderm |journal=BMC Biology |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=60 |doi=10.1186/s12915-019-0680-2 |issn=1741-7007 |pmc=6668147 |pmid=31362737 |doi-access=free}}</ref> . Ta zaɓi yin aiki a kan kifin starfish saboda ƙwarewar da ba a fahimta ba kamar sake farfaɗowa {{R|"Stride"}} . Bayan ta yi aiki da beraye da beraye a matsayin dalibar jami'a, ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga gaskiyar cewa kifin starfish ba ya cizo. {{R|"Sidenote"}} Ta ɗauki hutun shekara guda tsakanin shirye-shiryen digiri kuma ta sami cikakken kuɗi don aikinta na digiri na uku daga Society for Experimental Biology . {{R|"Stride"}} == Sana'a == Manufar Odekunle a fannin ilimi ba wai ta ci gaba da zama farfesa a can ba ne, a'a, ta "bincika wani fanni na kimiyya mai zurfi da kuma ba da gudummawa ga fannin kimiyya" sannan daga ƙarshe ta yi amfani da ƙwarewarta ta kimiyya a fannin warkewa. {{R|"Mentor"}} , ta lura cewa sha'awarta ta ta'allaka ne a kan binciken hulɗar masu karɓa da ligand a matakin amino acid don haɓaka gano magunguna <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2019 |title=The obvious path vs. the right path: Experts discuss the PhD career conundrum |url=http://cellmentor.com/blog/the-obvious-path-vs.-right-path |access-date=30 May 2026 |website=Cell Mentor |publisher=Cell Press}}</ref> . A matsayinta na injiniyar rigakafi a GSK, tana aiki don ƙirƙirar ƙwayoyin rigakafi daga ƙwayoyin B {{R|"Pawdcast"}} da kuma inganta su a matsayin hanyoyin magance takamaiman cututtuka kamar su ciwon daji, kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta, da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta . Saboda ƙuntatawa da aka sanya wa abin da masana kimiyya a matsayinta a masana'antar harhada magunguna za su iya faɗa game da aikinsu, Odekunle dole ta samar da murya a cikin al'ummar kimiyya baya ga yin magana game da abubuwan da ke ɓoye sirri. Wannan ya sa ta yi magana game da wariyar launin fata a fannin ilimi da kimiyya, sannan ta taimaka wajen ƙarfafawa da kuma bayyana waɗanda ba su da wakilci sosai a fannin kimiyya. Tana yin hakan a shafukan sada zumunta daban-daban. {{R|"Stride"}} An raba wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ta kunsa, kamar shirinta na Henrietta Lacks a tashar [[YouTube]] ga ɗalibai tun daga farko har zuwa matakin ilimi mai zurfi. {{R|"Sidenote"}}<templatestyles src="Rquote/styles.css" />  A shekarar 2021, an zaɓi Odekunle a matsayin wanda ya lashe gasar ƙarshe ta Rising Star a cikin rukunin STEM na kyaututtukan kasuwanci na [[Melanie Eusebe|Black British Business Awards]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Finalists |url=https://www.thebbbawards.com/2021-finalists |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728182815/https://www.thebbbawards.com/2021-finalists |archive-date=28 July 2021 |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=Black British Business Awards}}</ref> == Littattafai == == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.youtube.com/DrEsther An Gano Tushen Jiki Tare da Dr. Esther] {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] csad7hk67z25ykw91na6qyl250pqhhc 905853 905852 2026-08-21T22:16:01Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 905853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Esther A. Odekunle Listen ⓘ ƙwararriyar masaniyar cututtukan jijiyoyi ce ta ƙasar Birtaniya kuma Injiniyan rigakafin cututtuka . Tana aiki a matsayin injiniyan rigakafi ga kamfanin harhada magunguna na GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), inda bincikenta ya mayar da hankali kan gano da kuma kawar da haɗarin jiki da sinadarai daga ƙwayoyin rigakafi na magani don inganta rayuwarsu a matsayin magunguna. Tana kuma haɓaka ganin ƙwararru daban-daban a fannin STEM . [1] [1] == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Odekunle a matsayin ƙarami a cikin 'yan uwanta kuma iyayenta ' [[Ɗan Nijeriya|yan Najeriya]] ne suka yi ƙaura zuwa [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] suka rene ta a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] . {{R|"Stride"}} Malamanta sun yi mata wahayi daga littattafan da suka shafi dabbobi da jikin ɗan adam, waɗanda suka ƙarfafa mata sha'awar kimiyya tun tana ƙarama. Bayan da ta fara tunanin yin aiki a fannin likitanci, ta sami digiri na farko a fannin [[biochemistry]] da kuma digiri na uku a fannin ilimin jijiyoyi daga Jami'ar Queen Mary ta Landan . {{R|"VSA"}} {{R|"Stride"}} {{R|"Independent"}} Aikin digirin digirgir nata a Queen Mary ya mayar da hankali kan tsarin neuropeptide a cikin kifin starfish {{R|"UNC"}}, wanda ya ƙare a cikin takardar digirin digirgir ta 2018. Ganowa da Halayen Siginar Vasopressin/Oxytocin a cikin Echinoderm da Xenacoelomorph <ref name="ThesisRecord">{{Cite journal |last=Odekunle |first=Esther A. |last2=Semmens |first2=Dean C. |last3=Martynyuk |first3=Nataly |last4=Tinoco |first4=Ana B. |last5=Garewal |first5=Abdullah K. |last6=Patel |first6=Radhika R. |last7=Blowes |first7=Liisa M. |last8=Zandawala |first8=Meet |last9=Delroisse |first9=Jérôme |last10=Slade |first10=Susan E. |last11=Scrivens |first11=James H. |last12=Egertová |first12=Michaela |last13=Elphick |first13=Maurice R. |date=31 July 2019 |title=Ancient role of vasopressin/oxytocin-type neuropeptides as regulators of feeding revealed in an echinoderm |journal=BMC Biology |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=60 |doi=10.1186/s12915-019-0680-2 |issn=1741-7007 |pmc=6668147 |pmid=31362737 |doi-access=free}}</ref> . Ta zaɓi yin aiki a kan kifin starfish saboda ƙwarewar da ba a fahimta ba kamar sake farfaɗowa {{R|"Stride"}} . Bayan ta yi aiki da beraye da beraye a matsayin dalibar jami'a, ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga gaskiyar cewa kifin starfish ba ya cizo. {{R|"Sidenote"}} Ta ɗauki hutun shekara guda tsakanin shirye-shiryen digiri kuma ta sami cikakken kuɗi don aikinta na digiri na uku daga Society for Experimental Biology . {{R|"Stride"}} == Sana'a == Manufar Odekunle a fannin ilimi ba wai ta ci gaba da zama farfesa a can ba ne, a'a, ta "bincika wani fanni na kimiyya mai zurfi da kuma ba da gudummawa ga fannin kimiyya" sannan daga ƙarshe ta yi amfani da ƙwarewarta ta kimiyya a fannin warkewa. {{R|"Mentor"}} , ta lura cewa sha'awarta ta ta'allaka ne a kan binciken hulɗar masu karɓa da ligand a matakin amino acid don haɓaka gano magunguna <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2019 |title=The obvious path vs. the right path: Experts discuss the PhD career conundrum |url=http://cellmentor.com/blog/the-obvious-path-vs.-right-path |access-date=30 May 2026 |website=Cell Mentor |publisher=Cell Press}}</ref> . A matsayinta na injiniyar rigakafi a GSK, tana aiki don ƙirƙirar ƙwayoyin rigakafi daga ƙwayoyin B {{R|"Pawdcast"}} da kuma inganta su a matsayin hanyoyin magance takamaiman cututtuka kamar su ciwon daji, kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta, da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta . Saboda ƙuntatawa da aka sanya wa abin da masana kimiyya a matsayinta a masana'antar harhada magunguna za su iya faɗa game da aikinsu, Odekunle dole ta samar da murya a cikin al'ummar kimiyya baya ga yin magana game da abubuwan da ke ɓoye sirri. Wannan ya sa ta yi magana game da wariyar launin fata a fannin ilimi da kimiyya, sannan ta taimaka wajen ƙarfafawa da kuma bayyana waɗanda ba su da wakilci sosai a fannin kimiyya. Tana yin hakan a shafukan sada zumunta daban-daban. {{R|"Stride"}} An raba wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ta kunsa, kamar shirinta na Henrietta Lacks a tashar [[YouTube]] ga ɗalibai tun daga farko har zuwa matakin ilimi mai zurfi. {{R|"Sidenote"}}<templatestyles src="Rquote/styles.css" />  A shekarar 2021, an zaɓi Odekunle a matsayin wanda ya lashe gasar ƙarshe ta Rising Star a cikin rukunin STEM na kyaututtukan kasuwanci na [[Melanie Eusebe|Black British Business Awards]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Finalists |url=https://www.thebbbawards.com/2021-finalists |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728182815/https://www.thebbbawards.com/2021-finalists |archive-date=28 July 2021 |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=Black British Business Awards}}</ref> == Littattafai == == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.youtube.com/DrEsther An Gano Tushen Jiki Tare da Dr. Esther] {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 5jlhqwyr3xsuki53coiimcvexixblsw 0 165124 905867 2026-08-21T23:57:34Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:de:Special:Redirect/revision/253096659|Brigitte Oleschinski]]" 905867 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brigitte Oleschinski''' (* 10 ga Agusta 1955 a [[Köln|Cologne]] ) ƙwararriyar [[Kimiyyar siyasa|masaniyar siyasa]] ce kuma mawaƙiya ' yar ƙasar Jamus . == Rayuwa == Brigitte Oleschinski ta yi karatun [[kimiyyar siyasa]] a Jami'ar Free ta Berlin . A shekarar 1993, ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin falsafa tare da takardar digiri kan tarihin cocin fursunoni a Jamhuriyar Weimar da kuma Reich na Uku . A shekarar 1990, ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Tunawa da Juyin Juya Halin Jamus da ke Berlin. A shekarar 1992, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Cibiyar Takardu da Bayanai ta Torgau, wadda ta yi gyare-gyare da kuma buga muƙaloli da dama na tarihi. Tana zaune a Berlin a yau. Baya ga aikinta a matsayin masanin tarihi na zamani, Oleschinski tana wallafa waƙoƙi da kasidu tun daga shekarar 1990. [[Angelika Overath]] ta bayyana ta a cikin littafin ''Neue Zürcher Zeitung'' a matsayin wacce ta kasance cikin "ɗaya daga cikin sabbin muryoyi masu mahimmanci a cikin waƙoƙin Jamusanci". Oleschinski ya ɗauki ra'ayin cewa ma'anoni da tasirin waƙoƙi ba su taso daga manufar marubucin ba, sai dai sun fito ne daban-daban a cikin kowane mai karɓa. Tana ganin cewa waƙoƙi kuzari ne na ɓoye da ake fitarwa ta hanyar hulɗa da su. <ref name="Overath" /> Oleschinski ya kasance memba na PEN Center Jamus tun daga shekarar 1998. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] t25zczfsvo8bxufrj8y9vcmt0ppbjfd 905868 905867 2026-08-21T23:58:13Z Usman saadu 46863 905868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Brigitte Oleschinski''' (* 10 ga Agusta 1955 a [[Köln|Cologne]] ) ƙwararriyar [[Kimiyyar siyasa|masaniyar siyasa]] ce kuma mawaƙiya ' yar ƙasar Jamus . == Rayuwa == Brigitte Oleschinski ta yi karatun [[kimiyyar siyasa]] a Jami'ar Free ta Berlin . A shekarar 1993, ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin falsafa tare da takardar digiri kan tarihin cocin fursunoni a Jamhuriyar Weimar da kuma Reich na Uku . A shekarar 1990, ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Tunawa da Juyin Juya Halin Jamus da ke Berlin. A shekarar 1992, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Cibiyar Takardu da Bayanai ta Torgau, wadda ta yi gyare-gyare da kuma buga muƙaloli da dama na tarihi. Tana zaune a Berlin a yau. Baya ga aikinta a matsayin masanin tarihi na zamani, Oleschinski tana wallafa waƙoƙi da kasidu tun daga shekarar 1990. [[Angelika Overath]] ta bayyana ta a cikin littafin ''Neue Zürcher Zeitung'' a matsayin wacce ta kasance cikin "ɗaya daga cikin sabbin muryoyi masu mahimmanci a cikin waƙoƙin Jamusanci". Oleschinski ya ɗauki ra'ayin cewa ma'anoni da tasirin waƙoƙi ba su taso daga manufar marubucin ba, sai dai sun fito ne daban-daban a cikin kowane mai karɓa. Tana ganin cewa waƙoƙi kuzari ne na ɓoye da ake fitarwa ta hanyar hulɗa da su. <ref name="Overath" /> Oleschinski ya kasance memba na PEN Center Jamus tun daga shekarar 1998. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] 9ci8d1pqz28rbq4qkoplcjcjpp47quc 0 165125 905869 2026-08-22T00:06:32Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369067225|Christa Reinig]]" 905869 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christa Reinig''' (6 ga watan Agustan 1926, a [[Berlin]] - 30 ga watan Satumbar 2008, a [[München|Munich]]) mawaki ne na Jamus, marubucin almara da marubucin da ba na almara ba, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ta fara aikinta a yankin Soviet wanda ya zama Gabashin Berlin, an dakatar da ita a can, bayan bugawa a [[Yammacin Jamus]], kuma ta koma Yamma a 1964, ta zauna a Munich. Ta kasance a bayyane [[Maɗigo|lesbian]]. Ayyukanta suna da alamar baƙar fata, da ba'a. == Rayuwa da aiki == Reinig ta girma ne a gabashin Berlin ta mahaifiyarta, [[Wilhelmine Reinig]], wacce mace ce mai tsaftacewa. Bayan karshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], Reinig ya kasance ''Trümmerfrau'', kuma ya yi aiki a masana'anta.<ref name="Fembio" /> Ta kuma sayar da furanni a kan ''Alexanderplatz'' a cikin shekarun 1940. A cikin shekarun 1950, ta sami Abitur a makarantar dare, kuma ta ci gaba da karatun tarihin fasaha a Jami'ar Humboldt, bayan haka ta ɗauki aiki a Gidan Tarihi na Märkisches, [[Museum of the history of Berlin|gidan kayan gargajiya na tarihin Berlin]], da Mark Brandenburg, inda ta yi aiki, har sai da ta bar Berlin zuwa Yamma.<ref name="radio" /><ref name="Fembio" /> Ta fara rubuce-rubucen rubuce-buce a ƙarshen shekarun 1940 a cikin mujallar satirical ''Ulenspiegel'', <ref name="Tagesspiegel">Katrin Hillgruber, [http://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/nachruf-christa-reinig-ich-traeume-von-meiner-verkommenheit/1340552.html "Nachruf: Christa Reinig&#x2014;Ich träume von meiner Verkommenheit"], ''[[Der Tagesspiegel]]'', 7 October 2008 {{In lang|de}}</ref> a kan shawarar Bertolt Brecht; tana aiki a can a matsayin edita. <ref name="Spiegel">[http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/literatur/0,1518,582452,00.html "Lakonische Lyrikerin: Christa Reinig ist tot"], ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' 6 October 2008 {{In lang|de}}</ref> A shekara ta 1956, an haɗa ta da "Ballade vom blutigen Bomme" ("Ballad of Bloody Bomme", wanda aka fara bugawa a shekara ta 1952) a cikin littafin waka na Walter Höllerer Transit, wanda ya kawo ta ga masu karatu a Yamma; wani marubuci a 1963 ya yi magana game da "haɗin ban mamaki na rashin tausayi da baƙin ciki mara tushe. "<ref>[http://www.zeit.de/1963/23/mein-tiefstes-herz-heisst-tod/komplettansicht "Mein tiefstes Herz heißt Tod"], ''[[Die Zeit]]'', 7 June 1963 {{In lang|de}}: "[D]ieses eine Gedicht in seiner unheimlichen Mischung aus freundlichem Zynismus und bodenloser Traurigkeit ließ einen großen Teil der über dreihundert von Höllerer zusammengetragenen Gedichte junger deutscher Autoren als gegenstandsloses Kunstgewerbe hinter sich." - "[T]his single poem, in its strange mix of benevolent cynicism and bottomless sadness, outclassed a large part of the more than three hundred poems by young German writers assembled by Höllerer, [revealing them] as artifice lacking all substance."</ref> Koyaya, an hana ta bugawa a Gabas, tun daga 1951, <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> yayin da take ɗaliba. <ref name="Spiegel" /> Ta riga ta shiga cikin West Berlin ''Gruppe Zukunftsachlicher Dichter'' (rukunin marubutan tunani na gaba), kuma ta ci gaba da buga waƙoƙi da labaru tare da masu wallafa Jamus ta Yamma.<ref name="Fembiode">Madeleine Marti, [http://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/biographie/christa-reinig/ Christa Reinig], Biographien, FemBio {{In lang|de}}</ref> A shekara ta 1964, bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarta, <ref name="Fembiode" /> Reinig ta yi tafiya zuwa Jamus ta Yamma don karɓar Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Bremen kuma ta zauna a can, ta zauna a [[München|Munich]]. <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> Tana da ankylosing spondylitis; ta bar teburinta a gidan kayan gargajiya babu komai, sai dai X-ray na kashinta. A shekara ta 1971, ta karya wuyanta a faduwa a kan matakala mai juzu'i; rashin isasshen kulawa ta kiwon lafiya ya bar ta da nakasa sosai, <ref name="Paradepferd">Ricarda Schmidt, "Sockelfigur am 'gußeisernen Paradepferd der Weltgeschichte': Christa Reinigs autobiographischer Roman ''Die himmlische und die irdische Geometrie'' als 'Weibsgeschichte' aus der Zeit des kalten Krieges", ''[[The German Quarterly]]'' 72.4 (Fall 1999) 362&#x2013;76, [https://www.jstor.org/pss/408475 p. 362] {{In lang|de}}</ref> kuma tana rayuwa a kan fansho na gwamnati. <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> Ba za ta iya sake amfani da na'urar buga takardu ba, har sai an haɗa ta da abubuwan da aka yi da musamman a cikin 1973, bayan haka ta rubuta littafinta na farko, tarihin rayuwa Die himmlische und die irdische Geometrie (The Heavenly and the Earthly Geometry), wanda ta kammala a cikin 1974.<ref name="Spiegel" /> <ref name="Paradepferd" /> Reinig ta mutu a ranar 30 ga Satumba 2008 a gidan kula da Katolika, inda ta koma a farkon wannan shekarar.<ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> Ta bar takardunta zuwa Gidan Tarihin Littattafan Jamusanci a Marbach ne Neckar . == Jigogi da nau'ikan rubuce-rubuce == Reinig ta fara ne a matsayin mawaki, kuma muryarta sau da yawa tana da alamomi da kuma metaphysical, da kuma halin baƙar fata, <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> irony, brash, rayuwa- tabbatar da sarcasm, <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> da kuma "mai sauƙin gaske". An san ta da 'yar tawaye, wacce ta tafi da kanta.<ref name="AquariumSZ">[http://archiv.sueddeutsche.apa.at/sueddz/index.php?id=A27559998_EGTPOGWPPAPHPSGWCSSTTTH "Die Freischwimmerin"]{{Dead link|date=November 2016|fix-attempted=yes}}, ''[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]'', 5 August 2006 {{In lang|de}}</ref> Ta ji kamar baƙo a Gabashin Jamus, duk da asalinta, da kuma a cikin ƙungiyar mata.<ref name="radio" /> Labarin ta na farko da aka buga ya zo ne a 1946, "Ein Fischerdorf"; <ref name="Spiegel" /> kuma tsakanin 1949 da 1951, ta rubuta labaru game da mata da ke rayuwa ba tare da maza ba; duk da haka, shekaru 25 bayan haka, har sai tarihin rayuwa Die himmlische und die irdische Geometrie, aikin "pre-feminist" a cikin muryar mata, <ref name="Paradepferd" /> maza sun kasance a tsakiyar aikinta. Shekaru goma da suka fara a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, ta kasance marubuciya mai tsattsauran ra'ayi. Littafinsa na satirical na 1976, ''Entmannung'', ya bayyana shugabanci a cikin tunanin maza da mata, <ref name="Spiegel" /> kuma ya kai ta ga fitowa; [1] a cikin zagaye na waƙoƙi na 1979, ''Müßiggang ist aller Liebe Anfang'' (daga baya aka buga shi a fassarar Turanci kamar yadda ''Rashin aiki shine Tushen Duk Ƙauna''), ta bayyana lesbianism a cikin aikinta a karon farko.<ref name="Fembio" /><ref>Kathleen L. Komar, "The Late-1970s Klytemnestra&#x2014;Brutality on All Fronts: Christa Reinig's ''Entmannung''", in ''Reclaiming Klytemnestra: Revenge or Reconciliation'', Urbana: University of Illinois, 2003, {{ISBN|978-0-252-02811-3}}, pp. 67&#x2013;74, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UIa85-uIUQ4C&pg=PA67&q=describes%20finding%20her%20feminist%20and%20lesbian%20voice%20after%20writing%20Entmannung p. 68].</ref> Reinig ta ce game da kanta a cikin wata hira da take da shekaru sittin, "Ni marubuciya ce ta lesbian kamar yadda ni marubuciya ce a matsayin marubuciya ta mata, kuma 'yar luwaɗi; ''Entmannung'', wanda ke nufin "masculation", wani masanin tarihin Jamus mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ya bayyana shi, a matsayin "mafi girman kai na mata".<ref name="Fembio" /><ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> A ƙarshen shekarun 1980s, ta bar ƙungiyar mata; a cikin ''Müßiggang ist aller Liebe Anfang'', ta rubuta: "Wani lokaci rigar gay tana kusa da ni fiye da rigar mata". <ref name="Fembio" /><ref>''Manchmal / ist mir das schwule hemd / näher / als der feministische rock'', "Februar 24 Freitag", quoted in translation in Cathrin Winkelmann, "Christa Reinig's Lesbian Warriors: ''One Sunday During the War'' of the Genders", in ''Queering the Canon: Defying Sights in German Literature and Culture'', ed. Christoph Lorey and John L. Plews, Studies in German literature, linguistics, and culture, Columbia, South Carolina: Camden House, 1998, {{ISBN|978-1-57113-178-2}}, pp. 234&#x2013;47, [https://books.google.com/books?id=iigWhyU_yjMC&pg=PA234&q=Sometimes%20the%20gay%20shirt%20is%20closer%20to%20me%20than%20the%20feminist%20skirt p. 234].</ref>Ta kuma fassara wallafe-wallafen Rasha, kuma ta rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na sauti. Littafinta na ƙarshe, a shekara ta 2006, wani nau'i ne na tunanin falsafa mai taken, ''Das Gelbe vom Himmel'' (The Yellow from Heaven). <ref name="Spiegel" /> [1]<ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1926]] 2si0r7a6zfenfekcn1i0zda3qut7t09 905870 905869 2026-08-22T00:07:14Z Usman saadu 46863 905870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Christa Reinig''' (6 ga watan Agustan 1926, a [[Berlin]] - 30 ga watan Satumbar 2008, a [[München|Munich]]) mawaki ne na Jamus, marubucin almara da marubucin da ba na almara ba, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ta fara aikinta a yankin Soviet wanda ya zama Gabashin Berlin, an dakatar da ita a can, bayan bugawa a [[Yammacin Jamus]], kuma ta koma Yamma a 1964, ta zauna a Munich. Ta kasance a bayyane [[Maɗigo|lesbian]]. Ayyukanta suna da alamar baƙar fata, da ba'a. == Rayuwa da aiki == Reinig ta girma ne a gabashin Berlin ta mahaifiyarta, [[Wilhelmine Reinig]], wacce mace ce mai tsaftacewa. Bayan karshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], Reinig ya kasance ''Trümmerfrau'', kuma ya yi aiki a masana'anta.<ref name="Fembio" /> Ta kuma sayar da furanni a kan ''Alexanderplatz'' a cikin shekarun 1940. A cikin shekarun 1950, ta sami Abitur a makarantar dare, kuma ta ci gaba da karatun tarihin fasaha a Jami'ar Humboldt, bayan haka ta ɗauki aiki a Gidan Tarihi na Märkisches, [[Museum of the history of Berlin|gidan kayan gargajiya na tarihin Berlin]], da Mark Brandenburg, inda ta yi aiki, har sai da ta bar Berlin zuwa Yamma.<ref name="radio" /><ref name="Fembio" /> Ta fara rubuce-rubucen rubuce-buce a ƙarshen shekarun 1940 a cikin mujallar satirical ''Ulenspiegel'', <ref name="Tagesspiegel">Katrin Hillgruber, [http://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/nachruf-christa-reinig-ich-traeume-von-meiner-verkommenheit/1340552.html "Nachruf: Christa Reinig&#x2014;Ich träume von meiner Verkommenheit"], ''[[Der Tagesspiegel]]'', 7 October 2008 {{In lang|de}}</ref> a kan shawarar Bertolt Brecht; tana aiki a can a matsayin edita. <ref name="Spiegel">[http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/literatur/0,1518,582452,00.html "Lakonische Lyrikerin: Christa Reinig ist tot"], ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' 6 October 2008 {{In lang|de}}</ref> A shekara ta 1956, an haɗa ta da "Ballade vom blutigen Bomme" ("Ballad of Bloody Bomme", wanda aka fara bugawa a shekara ta 1952) a cikin littafin waka na Walter Höllerer Transit, wanda ya kawo ta ga masu karatu a Yamma; wani marubuci a 1963 ya yi magana game da "haɗin ban mamaki na rashin tausayi da baƙin ciki mara tushe. "<ref>[http://www.zeit.de/1963/23/mein-tiefstes-herz-heisst-tod/komplettansicht "Mein tiefstes Herz heißt Tod"], ''[[Die Zeit]]'', 7 June 1963 {{In lang|de}}: "[D]ieses eine Gedicht in seiner unheimlichen Mischung aus freundlichem Zynismus und bodenloser Traurigkeit ließ einen großen Teil der über dreihundert von Höllerer zusammengetragenen Gedichte junger deutscher Autoren als gegenstandsloses Kunstgewerbe hinter sich." - "[T]his single poem, in its strange mix of benevolent cynicism and bottomless sadness, outclassed a large part of the more than three hundred poems by young German writers assembled by Höllerer, [revealing them] as artifice lacking all substance."</ref> Koyaya, an hana ta bugawa a Gabas, tun daga 1951, <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> yayin da take ɗaliba. <ref name="Spiegel" /> Ta riga ta shiga cikin West Berlin ''Gruppe Zukunftsachlicher Dichter'' (rukunin marubutan tunani na gaba), kuma ta ci gaba da buga waƙoƙi da labaru tare da masu wallafa Jamus ta Yamma.<ref name="Fembiode">Madeleine Marti, [http://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/biographie/christa-reinig/ Christa Reinig], Biographien, FemBio {{In lang|de}}</ref> A shekara ta 1964, bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarta, <ref name="Fembiode" /> Reinig ta yi tafiya zuwa Jamus ta Yamma don karɓar Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Bremen kuma ta zauna a can, ta zauna a [[München|Munich]]. <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> Tana da ankylosing spondylitis; ta bar teburinta a gidan kayan gargajiya babu komai, sai dai X-ray na kashinta. A shekara ta 1971, ta karya wuyanta a faduwa a kan matakala mai juzu'i; rashin isasshen kulawa ta kiwon lafiya ya bar ta da nakasa sosai, <ref name="Paradepferd">Ricarda Schmidt, "Sockelfigur am 'gußeisernen Paradepferd der Weltgeschichte': Christa Reinigs autobiographischer Roman ''Die himmlische und die irdische Geometrie'' als 'Weibsgeschichte' aus der Zeit des kalten Krieges", ''[[The German Quarterly]]'' 72.4 (Fall 1999) 362&#x2013;76, [https://www.jstor.org/pss/408475 p. 362] {{In lang|de}}</ref> kuma tana rayuwa a kan fansho na gwamnati. <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> Ba za ta iya sake amfani da na'urar buga takardu ba, har sai an haɗa ta da abubuwan da aka yi da musamman a cikin 1973, bayan haka ta rubuta littafinta na farko, tarihin rayuwa Die himmlische und die irdische Geometrie (The Heavenly and the Earthly Geometry), wanda ta kammala a cikin 1974.<ref name="Spiegel" /> <ref name="Paradepferd" /> Reinig ta mutu a ranar 30 ga Satumba 2008 a gidan kula da Katolika, inda ta koma a farkon wannan shekarar.<ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> Ta bar takardunta zuwa Gidan Tarihin Littattafan Jamusanci a Marbach ne Neckar . == Jigogi da nau'ikan rubuce-rubuce == Reinig ta fara ne a matsayin mawaki, kuma muryarta sau da yawa tana da alamomi da kuma metaphysical, da kuma halin baƙar fata, <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> irony, brash, rayuwa- tabbatar da sarcasm, <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> da kuma "mai sauƙin gaske". An san ta da 'yar tawaye, wacce ta tafi da kanta.<ref name="AquariumSZ">[http://archiv.sueddeutsche.apa.at/sueddz/index.php?id=A27559998_EGTPOGWPPAPHPSGWCSSTTTH "Die Freischwimmerin"]{{Dead link|date=November 2016|fix-attempted=yes}}, ''[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]'', 5 August 2006 {{In lang|de}}</ref> Ta ji kamar baƙo a Gabashin Jamus, duk da asalinta, da kuma a cikin ƙungiyar mata.<ref name="radio" /> Labarin ta na farko da aka buga ya zo ne a 1946, "Ein Fischerdorf"; <ref name="Spiegel" /> kuma tsakanin 1949 da 1951, ta rubuta labaru game da mata da ke rayuwa ba tare da maza ba; duk da haka, shekaru 25 bayan haka, har sai tarihin rayuwa Die himmlische und die irdische Geometrie, aikin "pre-feminist" a cikin muryar mata, <ref name="Paradepferd" /> maza sun kasance a tsakiyar aikinta. Shekaru goma da suka fara a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, ta kasance marubuciya mai tsattsauran ra'ayi. Littafinsa na satirical na 1976, ''Entmannung'', ya bayyana shugabanci a cikin tunanin maza da mata, <ref name="Spiegel" /> kuma ya kai ta ga fitowa; [1] a cikin zagaye na waƙoƙi na 1979, ''Müßiggang ist aller Liebe Anfang'' (daga baya aka buga shi a fassarar Turanci kamar yadda ''Rashin aiki shine Tushen Duk Ƙauna''), ta bayyana lesbianism a cikin aikinta a karon farko.<ref name="Fembio" /><ref>Kathleen L. Komar, "The Late-1970s Klytemnestra&#x2014;Brutality on All Fronts: Christa Reinig's ''Entmannung''", in ''Reclaiming Klytemnestra: Revenge or Reconciliation'', Urbana: University of Illinois, 2003, {{ISBN|978-0-252-02811-3}}, pp. 67&#x2013;74, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UIa85-uIUQ4C&pg=PA67&q=describes%20finding%20her%20feminist%20and%20lesbian%20voice%20after%20writing%20Entmannung p. 68].</ref> Reinig ta ce game da kanta a cikin wata hira da take da shekaru sittin, "Ni marubuciya ce ta lesbian kamar yadda ni marubuciya ce a matsayin marubuciya ta mata, kuma 'yar luwaɗi; ''Entmannung'', wanda ke nufin "masculation", wani masanin tarihin Jamus mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ya bayyana shi, a matsayin "mafi girman kai na mata".<ref name="Fembio" /><ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> A ƙarshen shekarun 1980s, ta bar ƙungiyar mata; a cikin ''Müßiggang ist aller Liebe Anfang'', ta rubuta: "Wani lokaci rigar gay tana kusa da ni fiye da rigar mata". <ref name="Fembio" /><ref>''Manchmal / ist mir das schwule hemd / näher / als der feministische rock'', "Februar 24 Freitag", quoted in translation in Cathrin Winkelmann, "Christa Reinig's Lesbian Warriors: ''One Sunday During the War'' of the Genders", in ''Queering the Canon: Defying Sights in German Literature and Culture'', ed. Christoph Lorey and John L. Plews, Studies in German literature, linguistics, and culture, Columbia, South Carolina: Camden House, 1998, {{ISBN|978-1-57113-178-2}}, pp. 234&#x2013;47, [https://books.google.com/books?id=iigWhyU_yjMC&pg=PA234&q=Sometimes%20the%20gay%20shirt%20is%20closer%20to%20me%20than%20the%20feminist%20skirt p. 234].</ref>Ta kuma fassara wallafe-wallafen Rasha, kuma ta rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na sauti. Littafinta na ƙarshe, a shekara ta 2006, wani nau'i ne na tunanin falsafa mai taken, ''Das Gelbe vom Himmel'' (The Yellow from Heaven). <ref name="Spiegel" /> [1]<ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1926]] 12pxj51xzbyj7h20biius1yiq23w91w 905871 905870 2026-08-22T00:07:42Z Usman saadu 46863 905871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Christa Reinig''' (6 ga watan Agustan 1926, a [[Berlin]] - 30 ga watan Satumbar a shekara ta 2008, a [[München|Munich]]) mawaki ne na Jamus, marubucin almara da marubucin da ba na almara ba, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ta fara aikinta a yankin Soviet wanda ya zama Gabashin Berlin, an dakatar da ita a can, bayan bugawa a [[Yammacin Jamus]], kuma ta koma Yamma a 1964, ta zauna a Munich. Ta kasance a bayyane [[Maɗigo|lesbian]]. Ayyukanta suna da alamar baƙar fata, da ba'a. == Rayuwa da aiki == Reinig ta girma ne a gabashin Berlin ta mahaifiyarta, [[Wilhelmine Reinig]], wacce mace ce mai tsaftacewa. Bayan karshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], Reinig ya kasance ''Trümmerfrau'', kuma ya yi aiki a masana'anta.<ref name="Fembio" /> Ta kuma sayar da furanni a kan ''Alexanderplatz'' a cikin shekarun 1940. A cikin shekarun 1950, ta sami Abitur a makarantar dare, kuma ta ci gaba da karatun tarihin fasaha a Jami'ar Humboldt, bayan haka ta ɗauki aiki a Gidan Tarihi na Märkisches, [[Museum of the history of Berlin|gidan kayan gargajiya na tarihin Berlin]], da Mark Brandenburg, inda ta yi aiki, har sai da ta bar Berlin zuwa Yamma.<ref name="radio" /><ref name="Fembio" /> Ta fara rubuce-rubucen rubuce-buce a ƙarshen shekarun 1940 a cikin mujallar satirical ''Ulenspiegel'', <ref name="Tagesspiegel">Katrin Hillgruber, [http://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/nachruf-christa-reinig-ich-traeume-von-meiner-verkommenheit/1340552.html "Nachruf: Christa Reinig&#x2014;Ich träume von meiner Verkommenheit"], ''[[Der Tagesspiegel]]'', 7 October 2008 {{In lang|de}}</ref> a kan shawarar Bertolt Brecht; tana aiki a can a matsayin edita. <ref name="Spiegel">[http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/literatur/0,1518,582452,00.html "Lakonische Lyrikerin: Christa Reinig ist tot"], ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' 6 October 2008 {{In lang|de}}</ref> A shekara ta 1956, an haɗa ta da "Ballade vom blutigen Bomme" ("Ballad of Bloody Bomme", wanda aka fara bugawa a shekara ta 1952) a cikin littafin waka na Walter Höllerer Transit, wanda ya kawo ta ga masu karatu a Yamma; wani marubuci a 1963 ya yi magana game da "haɗin ban mamaki na rashin tausayi da baƙin ciki mara tushe. "<ref>[http://www.zeit.de/1963/23/mein-tiefstes-herz-heisst-tod/komplettansicht "Mein tiefstes Herz heißt Tod"], ''[[Die Zeit]]'', 7 June 1963 {{In lang|de}}: "[D]ieses eine Gedicht in seiner unheimlichen Mischung aus freundlichem Zynismus und bodenloser Traurigkeit ließ einen großen Teil der über dreihundert von Höllerer zusammengetragenen Gedichte junger deutscher Autoren als gegenstandsloses Kunstgewerbe hinter sich." - "[T]his single poem, in its strange mix of benevolent cynicism and bottomless sadness, outclassed a large part of the more than three hundred poems by young German writers assembled by Höllerer, [revealing them] as artifice lacking all substance."</ref> Koyaya, an hana ta bugawa a Gabas, tun daga 1951, <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> yayin da take ɗaliba. <ref name="Spiegel" /> Ta riga ta shiga cikin West Berlin ''Gruppe Zukunftsachlicher Dichter'' (rukunin marubutan tunani na gaba), kuma ta ci gaba da buga waƙoƙi da labaru tare da masu wallafa Jamus ta Yamma.<ref name="Fembiode">Madeleine Marti, [http://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/biographie/christa-reinig/ Christa Reinig], Biographien, FemBio {{In lang|de}}</ref> A shekara ta 1964, bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarta, <ref name="Fembiode" /> Reinig ta yi tafiya zuwa Jamus ta Yamma don karɓar Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Bremen kuma ta zauna a can, ta zauna a [[München|Munich]]. <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> Tana da ankylosing spondylitis; ta bar teburinta a gidan kayan gargajiya babu komai, sai dai X-ray na kashinta. A shekara ta 1971, ta karya wuyanta a faduwa a kan matakala mai juzu'i; rashin isasshen kulawa ta kiwon lafiya ya bar ta da nakasa sosai, <ref name="Paradepferd">Ricarda Schmidt, "Sockelfigur am 'gußeisernen Paradepferd der Weltgeschichte': Christa Reinigs autobiographischer Roman ''Die himmlische und die irdische Geometrie'' als 'Weibsgeschichte' aus der Zeit des kalten Krieges", ''[[The German Quarterly]]'' 72.4 (Fall 1999) 362&#x2013;76, [https://www.jstor.org/pss/408475 p. 362] {{In lang|de}}</ref> kuma tana rayuwa a kan fansho na gwamnati. <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> Ba za ta iya sake amfani da na'urar buga takardu ba, har sai an haɗa ta da abubuwan da aka yi da musamman a cikin 1973, bayan haka ta rubuta littafinta na farko, tarihin rayuwa Die himmlische und die irdische Geometrie (The Heavenly and the Earthly Geometry), wanda ta kammala a cikin 1974.<ref name="Spiegel" /> <ref name="Paradepferd" /> Reinig ta mutu a ranar 30 ga Satumba 2008 a gidan kula da Katolika, inda ta koma a farkon wannan shekarar.<ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> Ta bar takardunta zuwa Gidan Tarihin Littattafan Jamusanci a Marbach ne Neckar . == Jigogi da nau'ikan rubuce-rubuce == Reinig ta fara ne a matsayin mawaki, kuma muryarta sau da yawa tana da alamomi da kuma metaphysical, da kuma halin baƙar fata, <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> irony, brash, rayuwa- tabbatar da sarcasm, <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> da kuma "mai sauƙin gaske". An san ta da 'yar tawaye, wacce ta tafi da kanta.<ref name="AquariumSZ">[http://archiv.sueddeutsche.apa.at/sueddz/index.php?id=A27559998_EGTPOGWPPAPHPSGWCSSTTTH "Die Freischwimmerin"]{{Dead link|date=November 2016|fix-attempted=yes}}, ''[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]'', 5 August 2006 {{In lang|de}}</ref> Ta ji kamar baƙo a Gabashin Jamus, duk da asalinta, da kuma a cikin ƙungiyar mata.<ref name="radio" /> Labarin ta na farko da aka buga ya zo ne a 1946, "Ein Fischerdorf"; <ref name="Spiegel" /> kuma tsakanin 1949 da 1951, ta rubuta labaru game da mata da ke rayuwa ba tare da maza ba; duk da haka, shekaru 25 bayan haka, har sai tarihin rayuwa Die himmlische und die irdische Geometrie, aikin "pre-feminist" a cikin muryar mata, <ref name="Paradepferd" /> maza sun kasance a tsakiyar aikinta. Shekaru goma da suka fara a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, ta kasance marubuciya mai tsattsauran ra'ayi. Littafinsa na satirical na 1976, ''Entmannung'', ya bayyana shugabanci a cikin tunanin maza da mata, <ref name="Spiegel" /> kuma ya kai ta ga fitowa; [1] a cikin zagaye na waƙoƙi na 1979, ''Müßiggang ist aller Liebe Anfang'' (daga baya aka buga shi a fassarar Turanci kamar yadda ''Rashin aiki shine Tushen Duk Ƙauna''), ta bayyana lesbianism a cikin aikinta a karon farko.<ref name="Fembio" /><ref>Kathleen L. Komar, "The Late-1970s Klytemnestra&#x2014;Brutality on All Fronts: Christa Reinig's ''Entmannung''", in ''Reclaiming Klytemnestra: Revenge or Reconciliation'', Urbana: University of Illinois, 2003, {{ISBN|978-0-252-02811-3}}, pp. 67&#x2013;74, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UIa85-uIUQ4C&pg=PA67&q=describes%20finding%20her%20feminist%20and%20lesbian%20voice%20after%20writing%20Entmannung p. 68].</ref> Reinig ta ce game da kanta a cikin wata hira da take da shekaru sittin, "Ni marubuciya ce ta lesbian kamar yadda ni marubuciya ce a matsayin marubuciya ta mata, kuma 'yar luwaɗi; ''Entmannung'', wanda ke nufin "masculation", wani masanin tarihin Jamus mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ya bayyana shi, a matsayin "mafi girman kai na mata".<ref name="Fembio" /><ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> A ƙarshen shekarun 1980s, ta bar ƙungiyar mata; a cikin ''Müßiggang ist aller Liebe Anfang'', ta rubuta: "Wani lokaci rigar gay tana kusa da ni fiye da rigar mata". <ref name="Fembio" /><ref>''Manchmal / ist mir das schwule hemd / näher / als der feministische rock'', "Februar 24 Freitag", quoted in translation in Cathrin Winkelmann, "Christa Reinig's Lesbian Warriors: ''One Sunday During the War'' of the Genders", in ''Queering the Canon: Defying Sights in German Literature and Culture'', ed. Christoph Lorey and John L. Plews, Studies in German literature, linguistics, and culture, Columbia, South Carolina: Camden House, 1998, {{ISBN|978-1-57113-178-2}}, pp. 234&#x2013;47, [https://books.google.com/books?id=iigWhyU_yjMC&pg=PA234&q=Sometimes%20the%20gay%20shirt%20is%20closer%20to%20me%20than%20the%20feminist%20skirt p. 234].</ref>Ta kuma fassara wallafe-wallafen Rasha, kuma ta rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na sauti. Littafinta na ƙarshe, a shekara ta 2006, wani nau'i ne na tunanin falsafa mai taken, ''Das Gelbe vom Himmel'' (The Yellow from Heaven). <ref name="Spiegel" /> [1]<ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1926]] sby5ks4e6zy6m9bknh150luhwnc1o1t 905872 905871 2026-08-22T00:08:04Z Usman saadu 46863 905872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Christa Reinig''' (6 ga watan Agustan a shekara ta 1926, a [[Berlin]] - 30 ga watan Satumbar a shekara ta 2008, a [[München|Munich]]) mawaki ne na Jamus, marubucin almara da marubucin da ba na almara ba, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ta fara aikinta a yankin Soviet wanda ya zama Gabashin Berlin, an dakatar da ita a can, bayan bugawa a [[Yammacin Jamus]], kuma ta koma Yamma a 1964, ta zauna a Munich. Ta kasance a bayyane [[Maɗigo|lesbian]]. Ayyukanta suna da alamar baƙar fata, da ba'a. == Rayuwa da aiki == Reinig ta girma ne a gabashin Berlin ta mahaifiyarta, [[Wilhelmine Reinig]], wacce mace ce mai tsaftacewa. Bayan karshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], Reinig ya kasance ''Trümmerfrau'', kuma ya yi aiki a masana'anta.<ref name="Fembio" /> Ta kuma sayar da furanni a kan ''Alexanderplatz'' a cikin shekarun 1940. A cikin shekarun 1950, ta sami Abitur a makarantar dare, kuma ta ci gaba da karatun tarihin fasaha a Jami'ar Humboldt, bayan haka ta ɗauki aiki a Gidan Tarihi na Märkisches, [[Museum of the history of Berlin|gidan kayan gargajiya na tarihin Berlin]], da Mark Brandenburg, inda ta yi aiki, har sai da ta bar Berlin zuwa Yamma.<ref name="radio" /><ref name="Fembio" /> Ta fara rubuce-rubucen rubuce-buce a ƙarshen shekarun 1940 a cikin mujallar satirical ''Ulenspiegel'', <ref name="Tagesspiegel">Katrin Hillgruber, [http://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/nachruf-christa-reinig-ich-traeume-von-meiner-verkommenheit/1340552.html "Nachruf: Christa Reinig&#x2014;Ich träume von meiner Verkommenheit"], ''[[Der Tagesspiegel]]'', 7 October 2008 {{In lang|de}}</ref> a kan shawarar Bertolt Brecht; tana aiki a can a matsayin edita. <ref name="Spiegel">[http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/literatur/0,1518,582452,00.html "Lakonische Lyrikerin: Christa Reinig ist tot"], ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' 6 October 2008 {{In lang|de}}</ref> A shekara ta 1956, an haɗa ta da "Ballade vom blutigen Bomme" ("Ballad of Bloody Bomme", wanda aka fara bugawa a shekara ta 1952) a cikin littafin waka na Walter Höllerer Transit, wanda ya kawo ta ga masu karatu a Yamma; wani marubuci a 1963 ya yi magana game da "haɗin ban mamaki na rashin tausayi da baƙin ciki mara tushe. "<ref>[http://www.zeit.de/1963/23/mein-tiefstes-herz-heisst-tod/komplettansicht "Mein tiefstes Herz heißt Tod"], ''[[Die Zeit]]'', 7 June 1963 {{In lang|de}}: "[D]ieses eine Gedicht in seiner unheimlichen Mischung aus freundlichem Zynismus und bodenloser Traurigkeit ließ einen großen Teil der über dreihundert von Höllerer zusammengetragenen Gedichte junger deutscher Autoren als gegenstandsloses Kunstgewerbe hinter sich." - "[T]his single poem, in its strange mix of benevolent cynicism and bottomless sadness, outclassed a large part of the more than three hundred poems by young German writers assembled by Höllerer, [revealing them] as artifice lacking all substance."</ref> Koyaya, an hana ta bugawa a Gabas, tun daga 1951, <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> yayin da take ɗaliba. <ref name="Spiegel" /> Ta riga ta shiga cikin West Berlin ''Gruppe Zukunftsachlicher Dichter'' (rukunin marubutan tunani na gaba), kuma ta ci gaba da buga waƙoƙi da labaru tare da masu wallafa Jamus ta Yamma.<ref name="Fembiode">Madeleine Marti, [http://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/biographie/christa-reinig/ Christa Reinig], Biographien, FemBio {{In lang|de}}</ref> A shekara ta 1964, bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarta, <ref name="Fembiode" /> Reinig ta yi tafiya zuwa Jamus ta Yamma don karɓar Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Bremen kuma ta zauna a can, ta zauna a [[München|Munich]]. <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> Tana da ankylosing spondylitis; ta bar teburinta a gidan kayan gargajiya babu komai, sai dai X-ray na kashinta. A shekara ta 1971, ta karya wuyanta a faduwa a kan matakala mai juzu'i; rashin isasshen kulawa ta kiwon lafiya ya bar ta da nakasa sosai, <ref name="Paradepferd">Ricarda Schmidt, "Sockelfigur am 'gußeisernen Paradepferd der Weltgeschichte': Christa Reinigs autobiographischer Roman ''Die himmlische und die irdische Geometrie'' als 'Weibsgeschichte' aus der Zeit des kalten Krieges", ''[[The German Quarterly]]'' 72.4 (Fall 1999) 362&#x2013;76, [https://www.jstor.org/pss/408475 p. 362] {{In lang|de}}</ref> kuma tana rayuwa a kan fansho na gwamnati. <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> Ba za ta iya sake amfani da na'urar buga takardu ba, har sai an haɗa ta da abubuwan da aka yi da musamman a cikin 1973, bayan haka ta rubuta littafinta na farko, tarihin rayuwa Die himmlische und die irdische Geometrie (The Heavenly and the Earthly Geometry), wanda ta kammala a cikin 1974.<ref name="Spiegel" /> <ref name="Paradepferd" /> Reinig ta mutu a ranar 30 ga Satumba 2008 a gidan kula da Katolika, inda ta koma a farkon wannan shekarar.<ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> Ta bar takardunta zuwa Gidan Tarihin Littattafan Jamusanci a Marbach ne Neckar . == Jigogi da nau'ikan rubuce-rubuce == Reinig ta fara ne a matsayin mawaki, kuma muryarta sau da yawa tana da alamomi da kuma metaphysical, da kuma halin baƙar fata, <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> irony, brash, rayuwa- tabbatar da sarcasm, <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> da kuma "mai sauƙin gaske". An san ta da 'yar tawaye, wacce ta tafi da kanta.<ref name="AquariumSZ">[http://archiv.sueddeutsche.apa.at/sueddz/index.php?id=A27559998_EGTPOGWPPAPHPSGWCSSTTTH "Die Freischwimmerin"]{{Dead link|date=November 2016|fix-attempted=yes}}, ''[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]'', 5 August 2006 {{In lang|de}}</ref> Ta ji kamar baƙo a Gabashin Jamus, duk da asalinta, da kuma a cikin ƙungiyar mata.<ref name="radio" /> Labarin ta na farko da aka buga ya zo ne a 1946, "Ein Fischerdorf"; <ref name="Spiegel" /> kuma tsakanin 1949 da 1951, ta rubuta labaru game da mata da ke rayuwa ba tare da maza ba; duk da haka, shekaru 25 bayan haka, har sai tarihin rayuwa Die himmlische und die irdische Geometrie, aikin "pre-feminist" a cikin muryar mata, <ref name="Paradepferd" /> maza sun kasance a tsakiyar aikinta. Shekaru goma da suka fara a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, ta kasance marubuciya mai tsattsauran ra'ayi. Littafinsa na satirical na 1976, ''Entmannung'', ya bayyana shugabanci a cikin tunanin maza da mata, <ref name="Spiegel" /> kuma ya kai ta ga fitowa; [1] a cikin zagaye na waƙoƙi na 1979, ''Müßiggang ist aller Liebe Anfang'' (daga baya aka buga shi a fassarar Turanci kamar yadda ''Rashin aiki shine Tushen Duk Ƙauna''), ta bayyana lesbianism a cikin aikinta a karon farko.<ref name="Fembio" /><ref>Kathleen L. Komar, "The Late-1970s Klytemnestra&#x2014;Brutality on All Fronts: Christa Reinig's ''Entmannung''", in ''Reclaiming Klytemnestra: Revenge or Reconciliation'', Urbana: University of Illinois, 2003, {{ISBN|978-0-252-02811-3}}, pp. 67&#x2013;74, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UIa85-uIUQ4C&pg=PA67&q=describes%20finding%20her%20feminist%20and%20lesbian%20voice%20after%20writing%20Entmannung p. 68].</ref> Reinig ta ce game da kanta a cikin wata hira da take da shekaru sittin, "Ni marubuciya ce ta lesbian kamar yadda ni marubuciya ce a matsayin marubuciya ta mata, kuma 'yar luwaɗi; ''Entmannung'', wanda ke nufin "masculation", wani masanin tarihin Jamus mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ya bayyana shi, a matsayin "mafi girman kai na mata".<ref name="Fembio" /><ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> A ƙarshen shekarun 1980s, ta bar ƙungiyar mata; a cikin ''Müßiggang ist aller Liebe Anfang'', ta rubuta: "Wani lokaci rigar gay tana kusa da ni fiye da rigar mata". <ref name="Fembio" /><ref>''Manchmal / ist mir das schwule hemd / näher / als der feministische rock'', "Februar 24 Freitag", quoted in translation in Cathrin Winkelmann, "Christa Reinig's Lesbian Warriors: ''One Sunday During the War'' of the Genders", in ''Queering the Canon: Defying Sights in German Literature and Culture'', ed. Christoph Lorey and John L. Plews, Studies in German literature, linguistics, and culture, Columbia, South Carolina: Camden House, 1998, {{ISBN|978-1-57113-178-2}}, pp. 234&#x2013;47, [https://books.google.com/books?id=iigWhyU_yjMC&pg=PA234&q=Sometimes%20the%20gay%20shirt%20is%20closer%20to%20me%20than%20the%20feminist%20skirt p. 234].</ref>Ta kuma fassara wallafe-wallafen Rasha, kuma ta rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na sauti. Littafinta na ƙarshe, a shekara ta 2006, wani nau'i ne na tunanin falsafa mai taken, ''Das Gelbe vom Himmel'' (The Yellow from Heaven). <ref name="Spiegel" /> [1]<ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1926]] 9c052mnqpfz6su0ih44paqc3k0xfgz8 905873 905872 2026-08-22T00:08:23Z Usman saadu 46863 905873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Christa Reinig''' (6 ga watan Agustan a shekara ta 1926, a [[Berlin]] - 30 ga watan Satumbar a shekara ta 2008, a [[München|Munich]]) mawaki ne na Jamus, marubucin almara da marubucin da ba na almara ba, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ta fara aikinta a yankin Soviet wanda ya zama Gabashin Berlin, an dakatar da ita a can, bayan bugawa a [[Yammacin Jamus]], kuma ta koma Yamma a shekarar 1964, ta zauna a Munich. Ta kasance a bayyane [[Maɗigo|lesbian]]. Ayyukanta suna da alamar baƙar fata, da ba'a. == Rayuwa da aiki == Reinig ta girma ne a gabashin Berlin ta mahaifiyarta, [[Wilhelmine Reinig]], wacce mace ce mai tsaftacewa. Bayan karshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], Reinig ya kasance ''Trümmerfrau'', kuma ya yi aiki a masana'anta.<ref name="Fembio" /> Ta kuma sayar da furanni a kan ''Alexanderplatz'' a cikin shekarun 1940. A cikin shekarun 1950, ta sami Abitur a makarantar dare, kuma ta ci gaba da karatun tarihin fasaha a Jami'ar Humboldt, bayan haka ta ɗauki aiki a Gidan Tarihi na Märkisches, [[Museum of the history of Berlin|gidan kayan gargajiya na tarihin Berlin]], da Mark Brandenburg, inda ta yi aiki, har sai da ta bar Berlin zuwa Yamma.<ref name="radio" /><ref name="Fembio" /> Ta fara rubuce-rubucen rubuce-buce a ƙarshen shekarun 1940 a cikin mujallar satirical ''Ulenspiegel'', <ref name="Tagesspiegel">Katrin Hillgruber, [http://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/nachruf-christa-reinig-ich-traeume-von-meiner-verkommenheit/1340552.html "Nachruf: Christa Reinig&#x2014;Ich träume von meiner Verkommenheit"], ''[[Der Tagesspiegel]]'', 7 October 2008 {{In lang|de}}</ref> a kan shawarar Bertolt Brecht; tana aiki a can a matsayin edita. <ref name="Spiegel">[http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/literatur/0,1518,582452,00.html "Lakonische Lyrikerin: Christa Reinig ist tot"], ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' 6 October 2008 {{In lang|de}}</ref> A shekara ta 1956, an haɗa ta da "Ballade vom blutigen Bomme" ("Ballad of Bloody Bomme", wanda aka fara bugawa a shekara ta 1952) a cikin littafin waka na Walter Höllerer Transit, wanda ya kawo ta ga masu karatu a Yamma; wani marubuci a 1963 ya yi magana game da "haɗin ban mamaki na rashin tausayi da baƙin ciki mara tushe. "<ref>[http://www.zeit.de/1963/23/mein-tiefstes-herz-heisst-tod/komplettansicht "Mein tiefstes Herz heißt Tod"], ''[[Die Zeit]]'', 7 June 1963 {{In lang|de}}: "[D]ieses eine Gedicht in seiner unheimlichen Mischung aus freundlichem Zynismus und bodenloser Traurigkeit ließ einen großen Teil der über dreihundert von Höllerer zusammengetragenen Gedichte junger deutscher Autoren als gegenstandsloses Kunstgewerbe hinter sich." - "[T]his single poem, in its strange mix of benevolent cynicism and bottomless sadness, outclassed a large part of the more than three hundred poems by young German writers assembled by Höllerer, [revealing them] as artifice lacking all substance."</ref> Koyaya, an hana ta bugawa a Gabas, tun daga 1951, <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> yayin da take ɗaliba. <ref name="Spiegel" /> Ta riga ta shiga cikin West Berlin ''Gruppe Zukunftsachlicher Dichter'' (rukunin marubutan tunani na gaba), kuma ta ci gaba da buga waƙoƙi da labaru tare da masu wallafa Jamus ta Yamma.<ref name="Fembiode">Madeleine Marti, [http://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/biographie/christa-reinig/ Christa Reinig], Biographien, FemBio {{In lang|de}}</ref> A shekara ta 1964, bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarta, <ref name="Fembiode" /> Reinig ta yi tafiya zuwa Jamus ta Yamma don karɓar Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Bremen kuma ta zauna a can, ta zauna a [[München|Munich]]. <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> Tana da ankylosing spondylitis; ta bar teburinta a gidan kayan gargajiya babu komai, sai dai X-ray na kashinta. A shekara ta 1971, ta karya wuyanta a faduwa a kan matakala mai juzu'i; rashin isasshen kulawa ta kiwon lafiya ya bar ta da nakasa sosai, <ref name="Paradepferd">Ricarda Schmidt, "Sockelfigur am 'gußeisernen Paradepferd der Weltgeschichte': Christa Reinigs autobiographischer Roman ''Die himmlische und die irdische Geometrie'' als 'Weibsgeschichte' aus der Zeit des kalten Krieges", ''[[The German Quarterly]]'' 72.4 (Fall 1999) 362&#x2013;76, [https://www.jstor.org/pss/408475 p. 362] {{In lang|de}}</ref> kuma tana rayuwa a kan fansho na gwamnati. <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> Ba za ta iya sake amfani da na'urar buga takardu ba, har sai an haɗa ta da abubuwan da aka yi da musamman a cikin 1973, bayan haka ta rubuta littafinta na farko, tarihin rayuwa Die himmlische und die irdische Geometrie (The Heavenly and the Earthly Geometry), wanda ta kammala a cikin 1974.<ref name="Spiegel" /> <ref name="Paradepferd" /> Reinig ta mutu a ranar 30 ga Satumba 2008 a gidan kula da Katolika, inda ta koma a farkon wannan shekarar.<ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> Ta bar takardunta zuwa Gidan Tarihin Littattafan Jamusanci a Marbach ne Neckar . == Jigogi da nau'ikan rubuce-rubuce == Reinig ta fara ne a matsayin mawaki, kuma muryarta sau da yawa tana da alamomi da kuma metaphysical, da kuma halin baƙar fata, <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> irony, brash, rayuwa- tabbatar da sarcasm, <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> da kuma "mai sauƙin gaske". An san ta da 'yar tawaye, wacce ta tafi da kanta.<ref name="AquariumSZ">[http://archiv.sueddeutsche.apa.at/sueddz/index.php?id=A27559998_EGTPOGWPPAPHPSGWCSSTTTH "Die Freischwimmerin"]{{Dead link|date=November 2016|fix-attempted=yes}}, ''[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]'', 5 August 2006 {{In lang|de}}</ref> Ta ji kamar baƙo a Gabashin Jamus, duk da asalinta, da kuma a cikin ƙungiyar mata.<ref name="radio" /> Labarin ta na farko da aka buga ya zo ne a 1946, "Ein Fischerdorf"; <ref name="Spiegel" /> kuma tsakanin 1949 da 1951, ta rubuta labaru game da mata da ke rayuwa ba tare da maza ba; duk da haka, shekaru 25 bayan haka, har sai tarihin rayuwa Die himmlische und die irdische Geometrie, aikin "pre-feminist" a cikin muryar mata, <ref name="Paradepferd" /> maza sun kasance a tsakiyar aikinta. Shekaru goma da suka fara a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, ta kasance marubuciya mai tsattsauran ra'ayi. Littafinsa na satirical na 1976, ''Entmannung'', ya bayyana shugabanci a cikin tunanin maza da mata, <ref name="Spiegel" /> kuma ya kai ta ga fitowa; [1] a cikin zagaye na waƙoƙi na 1979, ''Müßiggang ist aller Liebe Anfang'' (daga baya aka buga shi a fassarar Turanci kamar yadda ''Rashin aiki shine Tushen Duk Ƙauna''), ta bayyana lesbianism a cikin aikinta a karon farko.<ref name="Fembio" /><ref>Kathleen L. Komar, "The Late-1970s Klytemnestra&#x2014;Brutality on All Fronts: Christa Reinig's ''Entmannung''", in ''Reclaiming Klytemnestra: Revenge or Reconciliation'', Urbana: University of Illinois, 2003, {{ISBN|978-0-252-02811-3}}, pp. 67&#x2013;74, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UIa85-uIUQ4C&pg=PA67&q=describes%20finding%20her%20feminist%20and%20lesbian%20voice%20after%20writing%20Entmannung p. 68].</ref> Reinig ta ce game da kanta a cikin wata hira da take da shekaru sittin, "Ni marubuciya ce ta lesbian kamar yadda ni marubuciya ce a matsayin marubuciya ta mata, kuma 'yar luwaɗi; ''Entmannung'', wanda ke nufin "masculation", wani masanin tarihin Jamus mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ya bayyana shi, a matsayin "mafi girman kai na mata".<ref name="Fembio" /><ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> A ƙarshen shekarun 1980s, ta bar ƙungiyar mata; a cikin ''Müßiggang ist aller Liebe Anfang'', ta rubuta: "Wani lokaci rigar gay tana kusa da ni fiye da rigar mata". <ref name="Fembio" /><ref>''Manchmal / ist mir das schwule hemd / näher / als der feministische rock'', "Februar 24 Freitag", quoted in translation in Cathrin Winkelmann, "Christa Reinig's Lesbian Warriors: ''One Sunday During the War'' of the Genders", in ''Queering the Canon: Defying Sights in German Literature and Culture'', ed. Christoph Lorey and John L. Plews, Studies in German literature, linguistics, and culture, Columbia, South Carolina: Camden House, 1998, {{ISBN|978-1-57113-178-2}}, pp. 234&#x2013;47, [https://books.google.com/books?id=iigWhyU_yjMC&pg=PA234&q=Sometimes%20the%20gay%20shirt%20is%20closer%20to%20me%20than%20the%20feminist%20skirt p. 234].</ref>Ta kuma fassara wallafe-wallafen Rasha, kuma ta rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na sauti. Littafinta na ƙarshe, a shekara ta 2006, wani nau'i ne na tunanin falsafa mai taken, ''Das Gelbe vom Himmel'' (The Yellow from Heaven). <ref name="Spiegel" /> [1]<ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1926]] 69qyaek153dhqsznyrjyxvyc6wzbqk8 905874 905873 2026-08-22T00:08:45Z Usman saadu 46863 905874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Christa Reinig''' (6 ga watan Agustan a shekara ta 1926, a [[Berlin]] - 30 ga watan Satumbar a shekara ta 2008, a [[München|Munich]]) mawaki ne na Jamus, marubucin almara da marubucin da ba na almara ba, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ta fara aikinta a yankin Soviet wanda ya zama Gabashin Berlin, an dakatar da ita a can, bayan bugawa a [[Yammacin Jamus]], kuma ta koma Yamma a shekarar 1964, ta zauna a Munich. Ta kasance a bayyane [[Maɗigo|lesbian]]. Ayyukanta suna da alamar baƙar fata, da ba'a. == Rayuwa da aiki == Reinig ta girma ne a gabashin Berlin ta mahaifiyarta, [[Wilhelmine Reinig]], wacce mace ce mai tsaftacewa. Bayan karshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], Reinig ya kasance ''Trümmerfrau'', kuma ya yi aiki a masana'anta.<ref name="Fembio" /> Ta kuma sayar da furanni a kan ''Alexanderplatz'' a cikin shekarun 1940. A cikin shekarun 1950, ta sami Abitur a makarantar dare, kuma ta ci gaba da karatun tarihin fasaha a Jami'ar Humboldt, bayan haka ta ɗauki aiki a Gidan Tarihi na Märkisches, [[Museum of the history of Berlin|gidan kayan gargajiya na tarihin Berlin]], da Mark Brandenburg, inda ta yi aiki, har sai da ta bar Berlin zuwa Yamma.<ref name="radio" /><ref name="Fembio" /> Ta fara rubuce-rubucen rubuce-buce a ƙarshen shekarun 1940 a cikin mujallar satirical ''Ulenspiegel'', <ref name="Tagesspiegel">Katrin Hillgruber, [http://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/nachruf-christa-reinig-ich-traeume-von-meiner-verkommenheit/1340552.html "Nachruf: Christa Reinig&#x2014;Ich träume von meiner Verkommenheit"], ''[[Der Tagesspiegel]]'', 7 October 2008 {{In lang|de}}</ref> a kan shawarar Bertolt Brecht; tana aiki a can a matsayin edita. <ref name="Spiegel">[http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/literatur/0,1518,582452,00.html "Lakonische Lyrikerin: Christa Reinig ist tot"], ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' 6 October 2008 {{In lang|de}}</ref> A shekara ta 1956, an haɗa ta da "Ballade vom blutigen Bomme" ("Ballad of Bloody Bomme", wanda aka fara bugawa a shekara ta 1952) a cikin littafin waka na Walter Höllerer Transit, wanda ya kawo ta ga masu karatu a Yamma; wani marubuci a 1963 ya yi magana game da "haɗin ban mamaki na rashin tausayi da baƙin ciki mara tushe. "<ref>[http://www.zeit.de/1963/23/mein-tiefstes-herz-heisst-tod/komplettansicht "Mein tiefstes Herz heißt Tod"], ''[[Die Zeit]]'', 7 June 1963 {{In lang|de}}: "[D]ieses eine Gedicht in seiner unheimlichen Mischung aus freundlichem Zynismus und bodenloser Traurigkeit ließ einen großen Teil der über dreihundert von Höllerer zusammengetragenen Gedichte junger deutscher Autoren als gegenstandsloses Kunstgewerbe hinter sich." - "[T]his single poem, in its strange mix of benevolent cynicism and bottomless sadness, outclassed a large part of the more than three hundred poems by young German writers assembled by Höllerer, [revealing them] as artifice lacking all substance."</ref> Koyaya, an hana ta bugawa a Gabas, tun daga 1951, <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> yayin da take ɗaliba. <ref name="Spiegel" /> Ta riga ta shiga cikin West Berlin ''Gruppe Zukunftsachlicher Dichter'' (rukunin marubutan tunani na gaba), kuma ta ci gaba da buga waƙoƙi da labaru tare da masu wallafa Jamus ta Yamma.<ref name="Fembiode">Madeleine Marti, [http://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/biographie/christa-reinig/ Christa Reinig], Biographien, FemBio {{In lang|de}}</ref> A shekara ta 1964, bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarta, <ref name="Fembiode" /> Reinig ta yi tafiya zuwa Jamus ta Yamma don karɓar Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Bremen kuma ta zauna a can, ta zauna a [[München|Munich]]. <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> Tana da ankylosing spondylitis; ta bar teburinta a gidan kayan gargajiya babu komai, sai dai X-ray na kashinta. A shekara ta 1971, ta karya wuyanta a faduwa a kan matakala mai juzu'i; rashin isasshen kulawa ta kiwon lafiya ya bar ta da nakasa sosai, <ref name="Paradepferd">Ricarda Schmidt, "Sockelfigur am 'gußeisernen Paradepferd der Weltgeschichte': Christa Reinigs autobiographischer Roman ''Die himmlische und die irdische Geometrie'' als 'Weibsgeschichte' aus der Zeit des kalten Krieges", ''[[The German Quarterly]]'' 72.4 (Fall 1999) 362&#x2013;76, [https://www.jstor.org/pss/408475 p. 362] {{In lang|de}}</ref> kuma tana rayuwa a kan fansho na gwamnati. <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> Ba za ta iya sake amfani da na'urar buga takardu ba, har sai an haɗa ta da abubuwan da aka yi da musamman a cikin shekara ta 1973, bayan haka ta rubuta littafinta na farko, tarihin rayuwa Die himmlische und die irdische Geometrie (The Heavenly and the Earthly Geometry), wanda ta kammala a cikin 1974.<ref name="Spiegel" /> <ref name="Paradepferd" /> Reinig ta mutu a ranar 30 ga Satumba 2008 a gidan kula da Katolika, inda ta koma a farkon wannan shekarar.<ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> Ta bar takardunta zuwa Gidan Tarihin Littattafan Jamusanci a Marbach ne Neckar . == Jigogi da nau'ikan rubuce-rubuce == Reinig ta fara ne a matsayin mawaki, kuma muryarta sau da yawa tana da alamomi da kuma metaphysical, da kuma halin baƙar fata, <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> irony, brash, rayuwa- tabbatar da sarcasm, <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> da kuma "mai sauƙin gaske". An san ta da 'yar tawaye, wacce ta tafi da kanta.<ref name="AquariumSZ">[http://archiv.sueddeutsche.apa.at/sueddz/index.php?id=A27559998_EGTPOGWPPAPHPSGWCSSTTTH "Die Freischwimmerin"]{{Dead link|date=November 2016|fix-attempted=yes}}, ''[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]'', 5 August 2006 {{In lang|de}}</ref> Ta ji kamar baƙo a Gabashin Jamus, duk da asalinta, da kuma a cikin ƙungiyar mata.<ref name="radio" /> Labarin ta na farko da aka buga ya zo ne a 1946, "Ein Fischerdorf"; <ref name="Spiegel" /> kuma tsakanin 1949 da 1951, ta rubuta labaru game da mata da ke rayuwa ba tare da maza ba; duk da haka, shekaru 25 bayan haka, har sai tarihin rayuwa Die himmlische und die irdische Geometrie, aikin "pre-feminist" a cikin muryar mata, <ref name="Paradepferd" /> maza sun kasance a tsakiyar aikinta. Shekaru goma da suka fara a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, ta kasance marubuciya mai tsattsauran ra'ayi. Littafinsa na satirical na 1976, ''Entmannung'', ya bayyana shugabanci a cikin tunanin maza da mata, <ref name="Spiegel" /> kuma ya kai ta ga fitowa; [1] a cikin zagaye na waƙoƙi na 1979, ''Müßiggang ist aller Liebe Anfang'' (daga baya aka buga shi a fassarar Turanci kamar yadda ''Rashin aiki shine Tushen Duk Ƙauna''), ta bayyana lesbianism a cikin aikinta a karon farko.<ref name="Fembio" /><ref>Kathleen L. Komar, "The Late-1970s Klytemnestra&#x2014;Brutality on All Fronts: Christa Reinig's ''Entmannung''", in ''Reclaiming Klytemnestra: Revenge or Reconciliation'', Urbana: University of Illinois, 2003, {{ISBN|978-0-252-02811-3}}, pp. 67&#x2013;74, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UIa85-uIUQ4C&pg=PA67&q=describes%20finding%20her%20feminist%20and%20lesbian%20voice%20after%20writing%20Entmannung p. 68].</ref> Reinig ta ce game da kanta a cikin wata hira da take da shekaru sittin, "Ni marubuciya ce ta lesbian kamar yadda ni marubuciya ce a matsayin marubuciya ta mata, kuma 'yar luwaɗi; ''Entmannung'', wanda ke nufin "masculation", wani masanin tarihin Jamus mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ya bayyana shi, a matsayin "mafi girman kai na mata".<ref name="Fembio" /><ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> A ƙarshen shekarun 1980s, ta bar ƙungiyar mata; a cikin ''Müßiggang ist aller Liebe Anfang'', ta rubuta: "Wani lokaci rigar gay tana kusa da ni fiye da rigar mata". <ref name="Fembio" /><ref>''Manchmal / ist mir das schwule hemd / näher / als der feministische rock'', "Februar 24 Freitag", quoted in translation in Cathrin Winkelmann, "Christa Reinig's Lesbian Warriors: ''One Sunday During the War'' of the Genders", in ''Queering the Canon: Defying Sights in German Literature and Culture'', ed. Christoph Lorey and John L. Plews, Studies in German literature, linguistics, and culture, Columbia, South Carolina: Camden House, 1998, {{ISBN|978-1-57113-178-2}}, pp. 234&#x2013;47, [https://books.google.com/books?id=iigWhyU_yjMC&pg=PA234&q=Sometimes%20the%20gay%20shirt%20is%20closer%20to%20me%20than%20the%20feminist%20skirt p. 234].</ref>Ta kuma fassara wallafe-wallafen Rasha, kuma ta rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na sauti. Littafinta na ƙarshe, a shekara ta 2006, wani nau'i ne na tunanin falsafa mai taken, ''Das Gelbe vom Himmel'' (The Yellow from Heaven). <ref name="Spiegel" /> [1]<ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1926]] rz7us9c8lmxqcv2uyyxnlbm7f03bx6r 905875 905874 2026-08-22T00:09:02Z Usman saadu 46863 905875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Christa Reinig''' (6 ga watan Agustan a shekara ta 1926, a [[Berlin]] - 30 ga watan Satumbar a shekara ta 2008, a [[München|Munich]]) mawaki ne na Jamus, marubucin almara da marubucin da ba na almara ba, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ta fara aikinta a yankin Soviet wanda ya zama Gabashin Berlin, an dakatar da ita a can, bayan bugawa a [[Yammacin Jamus]], kuma ta koma Yamma a shekarar 1964, ta zauna a Munich. Ta kasance a bayyane [[Maɗigo|lesbian]]. Ayyukanta suna da alamar baƙar fata, da ba'a. == Rayuwa da aiki == Reinig ta girma ne a gabashin Berlin ta mahaifiyarta, [[Wilhelmine Reinig]], wacce mace ce mai tsaftacewa. Bayan karshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], Reinig ya kasance ''Trümmerfrau'', kuma ya yi aiki a masana'anta.<ref name="Fembio" /> Ta kuma sayar da furanni a kan ''Alexanderplatz'' a cikin shekarun 1940. A cikin shekarun 1950, ta sami Abitur a makarantar dare, kuma ta ci gaba da karatun tarihin fasaha a Jami'ar Humboldt, bayan haka ta ɗauki aiki a Gidan Tarihi na Märkisches, [[Museum of the history of Berlin|gidan kayan gargajiya na tarihin Berlin]], da Mark Brandenburg, inda ta yi aiki, har sai da ta bar Berlin zuwa Yamma.<ref name="radio" /><ref name="Fembio" /> Ta fara rubuce-rubucen rubuce-buce a ƙarshen shekarun 1940 a cikin mujallar satirical ''Ulenspiegel'', <ref name="Tagesspiegel">Katrin Hillgruber, [http://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/nachruf-christa-reinig-ich-traeume-von-meiner-verkommenheit/1340552.html "Nachruf: Christa Reinig&#x2014;Ich träume von meiner Verkommenheit"], ''[[Der Tagesspiegel]]'', 7 October 2008 {{In lang|de}}</ref> a kan shawarar Bertolt Brecht; tana aiki a can a matsayin edita. <ref name="Spiegel">[http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/literatur/0,1518,582452,00.html "Lakonische Lyrikerin: Christa Reinig ist tot"], ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' 6 October 2008 {{In lang|de}}</ref> A shekara ta 1956, an haɗa ta da "Ballade vom blutigen Bomme" ("Ballad of Bloody Bomme", wanda aka fara bugawa a shekara ta 1952) a cikin littafin waka na Walter Höllerer Transit, wanda ya kawo ta ga masu karatu a Yamma; wani marubuci a shekara ta 1963 ya yi magana game da "haɗin ban mamaki na rashin tausayi da baƙin ciki mara tushe. "<ref>[http://www.zeit.de/1963/23/mein-tiefstes-herz-heisst-tod/komplettansicht "Mein tiefstes Herz heißt Tod"], ''[[Die Zeit]]'', 7 June 1963 {{In lang|de}}: "[D]ieses eine Gedicht in seiner unheimlichen Mischung aus freundlichem Zynismus und bodenloser Traurigkeit ließ einen großen Teil der über dreihundert von Höllerer zusammengetragenen Gedichte junger deutscher Autoren als gegenstandsloses Kunstgewerbe hinter sich." - "[T]his single poem, in its strange mix of benevolent cynicism and bottomless sadness, outclassed a large part of the more than three hundred poems by young German writers assembled by Höllerer, [revealing them] as artifice lacking all substance."</ref> Koyaya, an hana ta bugawa a Gabas, tun daga 1951, <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> yayin da take ɗaliba. <ref name="Spiegel" /> Ta riga ta shiga cikin West Berlin ''Gruppe Zukunftsachlicher Dichter'' (rukunin marubutan tunani na gaba), kuma ta ci gaba da buga waƙoƙi da labaru tare da masu wallafa Jamus ta Yamma.<ref name="Fembiode">Madeleine Marti, [http://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/biographie/christa-reinig/ Christa Reinig], Biographien, FemBio {{In lang|de}}</ref> A shekara ta 1964, bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarta, <ref name="Fembiode" /> Reinig ta yi tafiya zuwa Jamus ta Yamma don karɓar Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Bremen kuma ta zauna a can, ta zauna a [[München|Munich]]. <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> Tana da ankylosing spondylitis; ta bar teburinta a gidan kayan gargajiya babu komai, sai dai X-ray na kashinta. A shekara ta 1971, ta karya wuyanta a faduwa a kan matakala mai juzu'i; rashin isasshen kulawa ta kiwon lafiya ya bar ta da nakasa sosai, <ref name="Paradepferd">Ricarda Schmidt, "Sockelfigur am 'gußeisernen Paradepferd der Weltgeschichte': Christa Reinigs autobiographischer Roman ''Die himmlische und die irdische Geometrie'' als 'Weibsgeschichte' aus der Zeit des kalten Krieges", ''[[The German Quarterly]]'' 72.4 (Fall 1999) 362&#x2013;76, [https://www.jstor.org/pss/408475 p. 362] {{In lang|de}}</ref> kuma tana rayuwa a kan fansho na gwamnati. <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> Ba za ta iya sake amfani da na'urar buga takardu ba, har sai an haɗa ta da abubuwan da aka yi da musamman a cikin shekara ta 1973, bayan haka ta rubuta littafinta na farko, tarihin rayuwa Die himmlische und die irdische Geometrie (The Heavenly and the Earthly Geometry), wanda ta kammala a cikin 1974.<ref name="Spiegel" /> <ref name="Paradepferd" /> Reinig ta mutu a ranar 30 ga Satumba 2008 a gidan kula da Katolika, inda ta koma a farkon wannan shekarar.<ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> Ta bar takardunta zuwa Gidan Tarihin Littattafan Jamusanci a Marbach ne Neckar . == Jigogi da nau'ikan rubuce-rubuce == Reinig ta fara ne a matsayin mawaki, kuma muryarta sau da yawa tana da alamomi da kuma metaphysical, da kuma halin baƙar fata, <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> irony, brash, rayuwa- tabbatar da sarcasm, <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> da kuma "mai sauƙin gaske". An san ta da 'yar tawaye, wacce ta tafi da kanta.<ref name="AquariumSZ">[http://archiv.sueddeutsche.apa.at/sueddz/index.php?id=A27559998_EGTPOGWPPAPHPSGWCSSTTTH "Die Freischwimmerin"]{{Dead link|date=November 2016|fix-attempted=yes}}, ''[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]'', 5 August 2006 {{In lang|de}}</ref> Ta ji kamar baƙo a Gabashin Jamus, duk da asalinta, da kuma a cikin ƙungiyar mata.<ref name="radio" /> Labarin ta na farko da aka buga ya zo ne a 1946, "Ein Fischerdorf"; <ref name="Spiegel" /> kuma tsakanin 1949 da 1951, ta rubuta labaru game da mata da ke rayuwa ba tare da maza ba; duk da haka, shekaru 25 bayan haka, har sai tarihin rayuwa Die himmlische und die irdische Geometrie, aikin "pre-feminist" a cikin muryar mata, <ref name="Paradepferd" /> maza sun kasance a tsakiyar aikinta. Shekaru goma da suka fara a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, ta kasance marubuciya mai tsattsauran ra'ayi. Littafinsa na satirical na 1976, ''Entmannung'', ya bayyana shugabanci a cikin tunanin maza da mata, <ref name="Spiegel" /> kuma ya kai ta ga fitowa; [1] a cikin zagaye na waƙoƙi na 1979, ''Müßiggang ist aller Liebe Anfang'' (daga baya aka buga shi a fassarar Turanci kamar yadda ''Rashin aiki shine Tushen Duk Ƙauna''), ta bayyana lesbianism a cikin aikinta a karon farko.<ref name="Fembio" /><ref>Kathleen L. Komar, "The Late-1970s Klytemnestra&#x2014;Brutality on All Fronts: Christa Reinig's ''Entmannung''", in ''Reclaiming Klytemnestra: Revenge or Reconciliation'', Urbana: University of Illinois, 2003, {{ISBN|978-0-252-02811-3}}, pp. 67&#x2013;74, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UIa85-uIUQ4C&pg=PA67&q=describes%20finding%20her%20feminist%20and%20lesbian%20voice%20after%20writing%20Entmannung p. 68].</ref> Reinig ta ce game da kanta a cikin wata hira da take da shekaru sittin, "Ni marubuciya ce ta lesbian kamar yadda ni marubuciya ce a matsayin marubuciya ta mata, kuma 'yar luwaɗi; ''Entmannung'', wanda ke nufin "masculation", wani masanin tarihin Jamus mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ya bayyana shi, a matsayin "mafi girman kai na mata".<ref name="Fembio" /><ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> A ƙarshen shekarun 1980s, ta bar ƙungiyar mata; a cikin ''Müßiggang ist aller Liebe Anfang'', ta rubuta: "Wani lokaci rigar gay tana kusa da ni fiye da rigar mata". <ref name="Fembio" /><ref>''Manchmal / ist mir das schwule hemd / näher / als der feministische rock'', "Februar 24 Freitag", quoted in translation in Cathrin Winkelmann, "Christa Reinig's Lesbian Warriors: ''One Sunday During the War'' of the Genders", in ''Queering the Canon: Defying Sights in German Literature and Culture'', ed. Christoph Lorey and John L. Plews, Studies in German literature, linguistics, and culture, Columbia, South Carolina: Camden House, 1998, {{ISBN|978-1-57113-178-2}}, pp. 234&#x2013;47, [https://books.google.com/books?id=iigWhyU_yjMC&pg=PA234&q=Sometimes%20the%20gay%20shirt%20is%20closer%20to%20me%20than%20the%20feminist%20skirt p. 234].</ref>Ta kuma fassara wallafe-wallafen Rasha, kuma ta rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na sauti. Littafinta na ƙarshe, a shekara ta 2006, wani nau'i ne na tunanin falsafa mai taken, ''Das Gelbe vom Himmel'' (The Yellow from Heaven). <ref name="Spiegel" /> [1]<ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1926]] 50uby6vwd33jiw3z1a24qorqtlac62h 905876 905875 2026-08-22T00:09:40Z Usman saadu 46863 905876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Christa Reinig''' (6 ga watan Agustan a shekara ta 1926, a [[Berlin]] - 30 ga watan Satumbar a shekara ta 2008, a [[München|Munich]]) mawaki ne na Jamus, marubucin almara da marubucin da ba na almara ba, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ta fara aikinta a yankin Soviet wanda ya zama Gabashin Berlin, an dakatar da ita a can, bayan bugawa a [[Yammacin Jamus]], kuma ta koma Yamma a shekarar 1964, ta zauna a Munich. Ta kasance a bayyane [[Maɗigo|lesbian]]. Ayyukanta suna da alamar baƙar fata, da ba'a. == Rayuwa da aiki == Reinig ta girma ne a gabashin Berlin ta mahaifiyarta, [[Wilhelmine Reinig]], wacce mace ce mai tsaftacewa. Bayan karshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], Reinig ya kasance ''Trümmerfrau'', kuma ya yi aiki a masana'anta.<ref name="Fembio" /> Ta kuma sayar da furanni a kan ''Alexanderplatz'' a cikin shekarun 1940. A cikin shekarun 1950, ta sami Abitur a makarantar dare, kuma ta ci gaba da karatun tarihin fasaha a Jami'ar Humboldt, bayan haka ta ɗauki aiki a Gidan Tarihi na Märkisches, [[Museum of the history of Berlin|gidan kayan gargajiya na tarihin Berlin]], da Mark Brandenburg, inda ta yi aiki, har sai da ta bar Berlin zuwa Yamma.<ref name="radio" /><ref name="Fembio" /> Ta fara rubuce-rubucen rubuce-buce a ƙarshen shekarun 1940 a cikin mujallar satirical ''Ulenspiegel'', <ref name="Tagesspiegel">Katrin Hillgruber, [http://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/nachruf-christa-reinig-ich-traeume-von-meiner-verkommenheit/1340552.html "Nachruf: Christa Reinig&#x2014;Ich träume von meiner Verkommenheit"], ''[[Der Tagesspiegel]]'', 7 October 2008 {{In lang|de}}</ref> a kan shawarar Bertolt Brecht; tana aiki a can a matsayin edita. <ref name="Spiegel">[http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/literatur/0,1518,582452,00.html "Lakonische Lyrikerin: Christa Reinig ist tot"], ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' 6 October 2008 {{In lang|de}}</ref> A shekara ta 1956, an haɗa ta da "Ballade vom blutigen Bomme" ("Ballad of Bloody Bomme", wanda aka fara bugawa a shekara ta 1952) a cikin littafin waka na Walter Höllerer Transit, wanda ya kawo ta ga masu karatu a Yamma; wani marubuci a shekara ta 1963 ya yi magana game da "haɗin ban mamaki na rashin tausayi da baƙin ciki mara tushe. "<ref>[http://www.zeit.de/1963/23/mein-tiefstes-herz-heisst-tod/komplettansicht "Mein tiefstes Herz heißt Tod"], ''[[Die Zeit]]'', 7 June 1963 {{In lang|de}}: "[D]ieses eine Gedicht in seiner unheimlichen Mischung aus freundlichem Zynismus und bodenloser Traurigkeit ließ einen großen Teil der über dreihundert von Höllerer zusammengetragenen Gedichte junger deutscher Autoren als gegenstandsloses Kunstgewerbe hinter sich." - "[T]his single poem, in its strange mix of benevolent cynicism and bottomless sadness, outclassed a large part of the more than three hundred poems by young German writers assembled by Höllerer, [revealing them] as artifice lacking all substance."</ref> Koyaya, an hana ta bugawa a Gabas, tun daga 1951, <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> yayin da take ɗaliba. <ref name="Spiegel" /> Ta riga ta shiga cikin West Berlin ''Gruppe Zukunftsachlicher Dichter'' (rukunin marubutan tunani na gaba), kuma ta ci gaba da buga waƙoƙi da labaru tare da masu wallafa Jamus ta Yamma.<ref name="Fembiode">Madeleine Marti, [http://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/biographie/christa-reinig/ Christa Reinig], Biographien, FemBio {{In lang|de}}</ref> A shekara ta 1964, bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarta, <ref name="Fembiode" /> Reinig ta yi tafiya zuwa Jamus ta Yamma don karɓar Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Bremen kuma ta zauna a can, ta zauna a [[München|Munich]]. <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> Tana da ankylosing spondylitis; ta bar teburinta a gidan kayan gargajiya babu komai, sai dai X-ray na kashinta. A shekara ta 1971, ta karya wuyanta a faduwa a kan matakala mai juzu'i; rashin isasshen kulawa ta kiwon lafiya ya bar ta da nakasa sosai, <ref name="Paradepferd">Ricarda Schmidt, "Sockelfigur am 'gußeisernen Paradepferd der Weltgeschichte': Christa Reinigs autobiographischer Roman ''Die himmlische und die irdische Geometrie'' als 'Weibsgeschichte' aus der Zeit des kalten Krieges", ''[[The German Quarterly]]'' 72.4 (Fall 1999) 362&#x2013;76, [https://www.jstor.org/pss/408475 p. 362] {{In lang|de}}</ref> kuma tana rayuwa a kan fansho na gwamnati. <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> Ba za ta iya sake amfani da na'urar buga takardu ba, har sai an haɗa ta da abubuwan da aka yi da musamman a cikin shekara ta 1973, bayan haka ta rubuta littafinta na farko, tarihin rayuwa Die himmlische und die irdische Geometrie (The Heavenly and the Earthly Geometry), wanda ta kammala a cikin 1974.<ref name="Spiegel" /> <ref name="Paradepferd" /> Reinig ta mutu a ranar 30 ga Satumba 2008 a gidan kula da Katolika, inda ta koma a farkon wannan shekarar.<ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> Ta bar takardunta zuwa Gidan Tarihin Littattafan Jamusanci a Marbach ne Neckar . == Jigogi da nau'ikan rubuce-rubuce == Reinig ta fara ne a matsayin mawaki, kuma muryarta sau da yawa tana da alamomi da kuma metaphysical, da kuma halin baƙar fata, <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> irony, brash, rayuwa- tabbatar da sarcasm, <ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> da kuma "mai sauƙin gaske". An san ta da 'yar tawaye, wacce ta tafi da kanta.<ref name="AquariumSZ">[http://archiv.sueddeutsche.apa.at/sueddz/index.php?id=A27559998_EGTPOGWPPAPHPSGWCSSTTTH "Die Freischwimmerin"]{{Dead link|date=November 2016|fix-attempted=yes}}, ''[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]'', 5 August 2006 {{In lang|de}}</ref> Ta ji kamar baƙo a Gabashin Jamus, duk da asalinta, da kuma a cikin ƙungiyar mata.<ref name="radio" /> Labarin ta na farko da aka buga ya zo ne a shekarar 1946, "Ein Fischerdorf"; <ref name="Spiegel" /> kuma tsakanin 1949 da 1951, ta rubuta labaru game da mata da ke rayuwa ba tare da maza ba; duk da haka, shekaru 25 bayan haka, har sai tarihin rayuwa Die himmlische und die irdische Geometrie, aikin "pre-feminist" a cikin muryar mata, <ref name="Paradepferd" /> maza sun kasance a tsakiyar aikinta. Shekaru goma da suka fara a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, ta kasance marubuciya mai tsattsauran ra'ayi. Littafinsa na satirical na 1976, ''Entmannung'', ya bayyana shugabanci a cikin tunanin maza da mata, <ref name="Spiegel" /> kuma ya kai ta ga fitowa; [1] a cikin zagaye na waƙoƙi na 1979, ''Müßiggang ist aller Liebe Anfang'' (daga baya aka buga shi a fassarar Turanci kamar yadda ''Rashin aiki shine Tushen Duk Ƙauna''), ta bayyana lesbianism a cikin aikinta a karon farko.<ref name="Fembio" /><ref>Kathleen L. Komar, "The Late-1970s Klytemnestra&#x2014;Brutality on All Fronts: Christa Reinig's ''Entmannung''", in ''Reclaiming Klytemnestra: Revenge or Reconciliation'', Urbana: University of Illinois, 2003, {{ISBN|978-0-252-02811-3}}, pp. 67&#x2013;74, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UIa85-uIUQ4C&pg=PA67&q=describes%20finding%20her%20feminist%20and%20lesbian%20voice%20after%20writing%20Entmannung p. 68].</ref> Reinig ta ce game da kanta a cikin wata hira da take da shekaru sittin, "Ni marubuciya ce ta lesbian kamar yadda ni marubuciya ce a matsayin marubuciya ta mata, kuma 'yar luwaɗi; ''Entmannung'', wanda ke nufin "masculation", wani masanin tarihin Jamus mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ya bayyana shi, a matsayin "mafi girman kai na mata".<ref name="Fembio" /><ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> A ƙarshen shekarun 1980s, ta bar ƙungiyar mata; a cikin ''Müßiggang ist aller Liebe Anfang'', ta rubuta: "Wani lokaci rigar gay tana kusa da ni fiye da rigar mata". <ref name="Fembio" /><ref>''Manchmal / ist mir das schwule hemd / näher / als der feministische rock'', "Februar 24 Freitag", quoted in translation in Cathrin Winkelmann, "Christa Reinig's Lesbian Warriors: ''One Sunday During the War'' of the Genders", in ''Queering the Canon: Defying Sights in German Literature and Culture'', ed. Christoph Lorey and John L. Plews, Studies in German literature, linguistics, and culture, Columbia, South Carolina: Camden House, 1998, {{ISBN|978-1-57113-178-2}}, pp. 234&#x2013;47, [https://books.google.com/books?id=iigWhyU_yjMC&pg=PA234&q=Sometimes%20the%20gay%20shirt%20is%20closer%20to%20me%20than%20the%20feminist%20skirt p. 234].</ref>Ta kuma fassara wallafe-wallafen Rasha, kuma ta rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na sauti. Littafinta na ƙarshe, a shekara ta 2006, wani nau'i ne na tunanin falsafa mai taken, ''Das Gelbe vom Himmel'' (The Yellow from Heaven). <ref name="Spiegel" /> [1]<ref name="Tagesspiegel" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1926]] 78yiruxg4yzefo9bj26jjo8h8xqx14d 0 165126 905884 2026-08-22T00:30:52Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343617530|Oda Schaefer]]" 905884 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Oda Schaefer''' (a zahiri '''Oda Lange''', an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Disamba, 1900, a Berlin-Wilmersdorf a matsayin '''Oda Krus'''; ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Satumba, 1988, a [[München|Munich]]) marubuci ne kuma ɗan jarida na Jamus. == Rayuwa == Oda Schaefer 'yar Eberhard Kraus ce, ɗaya daga cikin marubutan Baltic da ɗan jarida na farko, da matarsa Alice Baertels, wacce ta fito ne daga dangin 'yan kasuwa a [[Istoniya|Estonia]]. Oda Schaefer ya halarci makarantar sakandare a [[Berlin]] sannan ya tafi makarantar zane-zane mai zaman kanta don horo a zane-zane. Daga nan sai ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane. A shekara ta 1923, ta auri mai zane [[Albert Schaefer-Ast]], tare da wanda ta haifi ɗa a 1924. Aure ya ƙare bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin saki. A cikin 1926, Schaefer ya koma Liegnitz saboda dalilai na iyali. A can ta sadu da marubucin Horst Lange, tare da wanda ta koma Berlin a 1931 kuma ta yi aure a 1933. Daga 1928, Schaefer ya rubuta labaran mujallu, waƙoƙi, da wasan kwaikwayo. A lokacin Reich na Uku ta kasance tare da Lange da Günter Eich a cikin da'irar da ke kewaye da mujallar wallafe-wallafen The Column, wanda ke da alaƙa da Inner Immigration, ƙungiyar marubuta da masu zane-zane waɗanda suka yi adawa da National Socialism amma ba su bar Jamus ba. Peter Huchel da Elisabeth Langgässer sun kasance abokai na kusa da ita a wannan lokacin. Ayyukanta sun bayyana a cikin mujallar The Interior Kingdom, da Frankfurter Newspaper . Schaefer memba ne na Majalisar Reich . Kodayake Shaefer da mijinta sun kasance masu adawa da mulkin Nazi, kuma sun taimaka wa Yahudawa ta hanyar ɓoye su na ɗan lokaci, a lokaci guda sun rubuta don wallafe-wallafen da aka ba da izini. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, dan Oda ya ɓace kuma mijinta ya ji rauni sosai. Sun zauna na ɗan lokaci a tsakiyar gandun daji sannan a [[Switzerland]], kafin su tafi Munich a 1950, inda ta yi aiki mai zaman kanta don jaridu da watsa shirye-shirye daban-daban. Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen Schaefer sun ƙunshi da farko na shayari a cikin al'adun gargajiya waɗanda mawaki mai suna Wilhelm Lehmann da [[George von Vring]] suka yi wahayi zuwa gare su. Tare da Horst Lange ta rubuta Trümmerliteratur na lokacin bayan yakin tare da marubutan rukuni na 47. Schaefer, memba na Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung a Darmstadt da [[PEN Center of the Federal Republic of Germany|Cibiyar PEN ta Tarayyar Jamus]], ta sami lambar yabo a 1951 daga Kwalejin Kimiyya da Littattafai; a 1952, Kyautar girmamawa ta Kwalejin Fine Arts ta Bavaria; a 1955, Kyautar Littattafai daga Society for the Promotion of German Literature; a 1959, Kyautar Littatafai daga Birnin Munich; a 1964, Kyautar Tarayyar Tarayya ta Merit, Kyautar Farko; a 1975, Kyautar Al'adu ta Schwabing. Tarihin Schaefer ya yi wa jikan dan uwanta Chris Kraus wahayi zuwa ga fim dinsa mai suna The Poll Diaries, tare da Paula Beer a matsayin jagora. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1900]] q3cy43ccb5cxl1ju7hix8n2cbabtmg5 905885 905884 2026-08-22T00:31:16Z Usman saadu 46863 905885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Oda Schaefer''' (a zahiri '''Oda Lange''', an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Disamba, 1900, a Berlin-Wilmersdorf a matsayin '''Oda Krus'''; ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Satumba, 1988, a [[München|Munich]]) marubuci ne kuma ɗan jarida na Jamus. == Rayuwa == Oda Schaefer 'yar Eberhard Kraus ce, ɗaya daga cikin marubutan Baltic da ɗan jarida na farko, da matarsa Alice Baertels, wacce ta fito ne daga dangin 'yan kasuwa a [[Istoniya|Estonia]]. Oda Schaefer ya halarci makarantar sakandare a [[Berlin]] sannan ya tafi makarantar zane-zane mai zaman kanta don horo a zane-zane. Daga nan sai ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane. A shekara ta 1923, ta auri mai zane [[Albert Schaefer-Ast]], tare da wanda ta haifi ɗa a 1924. Aure ya ƙare bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin saki. A cikin 1926, Schaefer ya koma Liegnitz saboda dalilai na iyali. A can ta sadu da marubucin Horst Lange, tare da wanda ta koma Berlin a 1931 kuma ta yi aure a 1933. Daga 1928, Schaefer ya rubuta labaran mujallu, waƙoƙi, da wasan kwaikwayo. A lokacin Reich na Uku ta kasance tare da Lange da Günter Eich a cikin da'irar da ke kewaye da mujallar wallafe-wallafen The Column, wanda ke da alaƙa da Inner Immigration, ƙungiyar marubuta da masu zane-zane waɗanda suka yi adawa da National Socialism amma ba su bar Jamus ba. Peter Huchel da Elisabeth Langgässer sun kasance abokai na kusa da ita a wannan lokacin. Ayyukanta sun bayyana a cikin mujallar The Interior Kingdom, da Frankfurter Newspaper . Schaefer memba ne na Majalisar Reich . Kodayake Shaefer da mijinta sun kasance masu adawa da mulkin Nazi, kuma sun taimaka wa Yahudawa ta hanyar ɓoye su na ɗan lokaci, a lokaci guda sun rubuta don wallafe-wallafen da aka ba da izini. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, dan Oda ya ɓace kuma mijinta ya ji rauni sosai. Sun zauna na ɗan lokaci a tsakiyar gandun daji sannan a [[Switzerland]], kafin su tafi Munich a 1950, inda ta yi aiki mai zaman kanta don jaridu da watsa shirye-shirye daban-daban. Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen Schaefer sun ƙunshi da farko na shayari a cikin al'adun gargajiya waɗanda mawaki mai suna Wilhelm Lehmann da [[George von Vring]] suka yi wahayi zuwa gare su. Tare da Horst Lange ta rubuta Trümmerliteratur na lokacin bayan yakin tare da marubutan rukuni na 47. Schaefer, memba na Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung a Darmstadt da [[PEN Center of the Federal Republic of Germany|Cibiyar PEN ta Tarayyar Jamus]], ta sami lambar yabo a 1951 daga Kwalejin Kimiyya da Littattafai; a 1952, Kyautar girmamawa ta Kwalejin Fine Arts ta Bavaria; a 1955, Kyautar Littattafai daga Society for the Promotion of German Literature; a 1959, Kyautar Littatafai daga Birnin Munich; a 1964, Kyautar Tarayyar Tarayya ta Merit, Kyautar Farko; a 1975, Kyautar Al'adu ta Schwabing. Tarihin Schaefer ya yi wa jikan dan uwanta Chris Kraus wahayi zuwa ga fim dinsa mai suna The Poll Diaries, tare da Paula Beer a matsayin jagora. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1900]] nlv2v165tlj6g7ly176r4cbb91f205e 905886 905885 2026-08-22T00:32:11Z Usman saadu 46863 905886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Oda Schaefer''' (a zahiri '''Oda Lange''', an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Disamba, a shekara ta 1900, a Berlin-Wilmersdorf a matsayin '''Oda Krus'''; ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Satumba, 1988, a [[München|Munich]]) marubuci ne kuma ɗan jarida na Jamus. == Rayuwa == Oda Schaefer 'yar Eberhard Kraus ce, ɗaya daga cikin marubutan Baltic da ɗan jarida na farko, da matarsa Alice Baertels, wacce ta fito ne daga dangin 'yan kasuwa a [[Istoniya|Estonia]]. Oda Schaefer ya halarci makarantar sakandare a [[Berlin]] sannan ya tafi makarantar zane-zane mai zaman kanta don horo a zane-zane. Daga nan sai ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane. A shekara ta 1923, ta auri mai zane [[Albert Schaefer-Ast]], tare da wanda ta haifi ɗa a 1924. Aure ya ƙare bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin saki. A cikin 1926, Schaefer ya koma Liegnitz saboda dalilai na iyali. A can ta sadu da marubucin Horst Lange, tare da wanda ta koma Berlin a 1931 kuma ta yi aure a 1933. Daga 1928, Schaefer ya rubuta labaran mujallu, waƙoƙi, da wasan kwaikwayo. A lokacin Reich na Uku ta kasance tare da Lange da Günter Eich a cikin da'irar da ke kewaye da mujallar wallafe-wallafen The Column, wanda ke da alaƙa da Inner Immigration, ƙungiyar marubuta da masu zane-zane waɗanda suka yi adawa da National Socialism amma ba su bar Jamus ba. Peter Huchel da Elisabeth Langgässer sun kasance abokai na kusa da ita a wannan lokacin. Ayyukanta sun bayyana a cikin mujallar The Interior Kingdom, da Frankfurter Newspaper . Schaefer memba ne na Majalisar Reich . Kodayake Shaefer da mijinta sun kasance masu adawa da mulkin Nazi, kuma sun taimaka wa Yahudawa ta hanyar ɓoye su na ɗan lokaci, a lokaci guda sun rubuta don wallafe-wallafen da aka ba da izini. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, dan Oda ya ɓace kuma mijinta ya ji rauni sosai. Sun zauna na ɗan lokaci a tsakiyar gandun daji sannan a [[Switzerland]], kafin su tafi Munich a 1950, inda ta yi aiki mai zaman kanta don jaridu da watsa shirye-shirye daban-daban. Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen Schaefer sun ƙunshi da farko na shayari a cikin al'adun gargajiya waɗanda mawaki mai suna Wilhelm Lehmann da [[George von Vring]] suka yi wahayi zuwa gare su. Tare da Horst Lange ta rubuta Trümmerliteratur na lokacin bayan yakin tare da marubutan rukuni na 47. Schaefer, memba na Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung a Darmstadt da [[PEN Center of the Federal Republic of Germany|Cibiyar PEN ta Tarayyar Jamus]], ta sami lambar yabo a 1951 daga Kwalejin Kimiyya da Littattafai; a 1952, Kyautar girmamawa ta Kwalejin Fine Arts ta Bavaria; a 1955, Kyautar Littattafai daga Society for the Promotion of German Literature; a 1959, Kyautar Littatafai daga Birnin Munich; a 1964, Kyautar Tarayyar Tarayya ta Merit, Kyautar Farko; a 1975, Kyautar Al'adu ta Schwabing. Tarihin Schaefer ya yi wa jikan dan uwanta Chris Kraus wahayi zuwa ga fim dinsa mai suna The Poll Diaries, tare da Paula Beer a matsayin jagora. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1900]] tkv391tve4yrv6vg7wymhph7he9hzay 905887 905886 2026-08-22T00:32:47Z Usman saadu 46863 905887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Oda Schaefer''' (a zahiri '''Oda Lange''', an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Disamba, a shekara ta 1900, a Berlin-Wilmersdorf a matsayin '''Oda Krus'''; ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Satumba, 1988, a [[München|Munich]]) marubuci ne kuma ɗan jarida na Jamus. == Rayuwa == Oda Schaefer 'yar Eberhard Kraus ce, ɗaya daga cikin marubutan Baltic da ɗan jarida na farko, da matarsa Alice Baertels, wacce ta fito ne daga dangin 'yan kasuwa a [[Istoniya|Estonia]]. Oda Schaefer ya halarci makarantar sakandare a [[Berlin]] sannan ya tafi makarantar zane-zane mai zaman kanta don horo a zane-zane. Daga nan sai ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane. A shekara ta 1923, ta auri mai zane [[Albert Schaefer-Ast]], tare da wanda ta haifi ɗa a shekara ta 1924. Aure ya ƙare bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin saki. A cikin 1926, Schaefer ya koma Liegnitz saboda dalilai na iyali. A can ta sadu da marubucin Horst Lange, tare da wanda ta koma Berlin a 1931 kuma ta yi aure a 1933. Daga 1928, Schaefer ya rubuta labaran mujallu, waƙoƙi, da wasan kwaikwayo. A lokacin Reich na Uku ta kasance tare da Lange da Günter Eich a cikin da'irar da ke kewaye da mujallar wallafe-wallafen The Column, wanda ke da alaƙa da Inner Immigration, ƙungiyar marubuta da masu zane-zane waɗanda suka yi adawa da National Socialism amma ba su bar Jamus ba. Peter Huchel da Elisabeth Langgässer sun kasance abokai na kusa da ita a wannan lokacin. Ayyukanta sun bayyana a cikin mujallar The Interior Kingdom, da Frankfurter Newspaper . Schaefer memba ne na Majalisar Reich . Kodayake Shaefer da mijinta sun kasance masu adawa da mulkin Nazi, kuma sun taimaka wa Yahudawa ta hanyar ɓoye su na ɗan lokaci, a lokaci guda sun rubuta don wallafe-wallafen da aka ba da izini. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, dan Oda ya ɓace kuma mijinta ya ji rauni sosai. Sun zauna na ɗan lokaci a tsakiyar gandun daji sannan a [[Switzerland]], kafin su tafi Munich a 1950, inda ta yi aiki mai zaman kanta don jaridu da watsa shirye-shirye daban-daban. Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen Schaefer sun ƙunshi da farko na shayari a cikin al'adun gargajiya waɗanda mawaki mai suna Wilhelm Lehmann da [[George von Vring]] suka yi wahayi zuwa gare su. Tare da Horst Lange ta rubuta Trümmerliteratur na lokacin bayan yakin tare da marubutan rukuni na 47. Schaefer, memba na Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung a Darmstadt da [[PEN Center of the Federal Republic of Germany|Cibiyar PEN ta Tarayyar Jamus]], ta sami lambar yabo a 1951 daga Kwalejin Kimiyya da Littattafai; a 1952, Kyautar girmamawa ta Kwalejin Fine Arts ta Bavaria; a 1955, Kyautar Littattafai daga Society for the Promotion of German Literature; a 1959, Kyautar Littatafai daga Birnin Munich; a 1964, Kyautar Tarayyar Tarayya ta Merit, Kyautar Farko; a 1975, Kyautar Al'adu ta Schwabing. Tarihin Schaefer ya yi wa jikan dan uwanta Chris Kraus wahayi zuwa ga fim dinsa mai suna The Poll Diaries, tare da Paula Beer a matsayin jagora. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1900]] cgmnuxn1eyu5ikpdtyciaxyb4kkvcv9 905888 905887 2026-08-22T00:33:03Z Usman saadu 46863 905888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Oda Schaefer''' (a zahiri '''Oda Lange''', an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Disamba, a shekara ta 1900, a Berlin-Wilmersdorf a matsayin '''Oda Krus'''; ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Satumba, 1988, a [[München|Munich]]) marubuci ne kuma ɗan jarida na Jamus. == Rayuwa == Oda Schaefer 'yar Eberhard Kraus ce, ɗaya daga cikin marubutan Baltic da ɗan jarida na farko, da matarsa Alice Baertels, wacce ta fito ne daga dangin 'yan kasuwa a [[Istoniya|Estonia]]. Oda Schaefer ya halarci makarantar sakandare a [[Berlin]] sannan ya tafi makarantar zane-zane mai zaman kanta don horo a zane-zane. Daga nan sai ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane. A shekara ta 1923, ta auri mai zane [[Albert Schaefer-Ast]], tare da wanda ta haifi ɗa a shekara ta 1924. Aure ya ƙare bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin saki. A cikin 1926, Schaefer ya koma Liegnitz saboda dalilai na iyali. A can ta sadu da marubucin Horst Lange, tare da wanda ta koma Berlin a shekara ta 1931 kuma ta yi aure a 1933. Daga 1928, Schaefer ya rubuta labaran mujallu, waƙoƙi, da wasan kwaikwayo. A lokacin Reich na Uku ta kasance tare da Lange da Günter Eich a cikin da'irar da ke kewaye da mujallar wallafe-wallafen The Column, wanda ke da alaƙa da Inner Immigration, ƙungiyar marubuta da masu zane-zane waɗanda suka yi adawa da National Socialism amma ba su bar Jamus ba. Peter Huchel da Elisabeth Langgässer sun kasance abokai na kusa da ita a wannan lokacin. Ayyukanta sun bayyana a cikin mujallar The Interior Kingdom, da Frankfurter Newspaper . Schaefer memba ne na Majalisar Reich . Kodayake Shaefer da mijinta sun kasance masu adawa da mulkin Nazi, kuma sun taimaka wa Yahudawa ta hanyar ɓoye su na ɗan lokaci, a lokaci guda sun rubuta don wallafe-wallafen da aka ba da izini. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, dan Oda ya ɓace kuma mijinta ya ji rauni sosai. Sun zauna na ɗan lokaci a tsakiyar gandun daji sannan a [[Switzerland]], kafin su tafi Munich a 1950, inda ta yi aiki mai zaman kanta don jaridu da watsa shirye-shirye daban-daban. Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen Schaefer sun ƙunshi da farko na shayari a cikin al'adun gargajiya waɗanda mawaki mai suna Wilhelm Lehmann da [[George von Vring]] suka yi wahayi zuwa gare su. Tare da Horst Lange ta rubuta Trümmerliteratur na lokacin bayan yakin tare da marubutan rukuni na 47. Schaefer, memba na Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung a Darmstadt da [[PEN Center of the Federal Republic of Germany|Cibiyar PEN ta Tarayyar Jamus]], ta sami lambar yabo a 1951 daga Kwalejin Kimiyya da Littattafai; a 1952, Kyautar girmamawa ta Kwalejin Fine Arts ta Bavaria; a 1955, Kyautar Littattafai daga Society for the Promotion of German Literature; a 1959, Kyautar Littatafai daga Birnin Munich; a 1964, Kyautar Tarayyar Tarayya ta Merit, Kyautar Farko; a 1975, Kyautar Al'adu ta Schwabing. Tarihin Schaefer ya yi wa jikan dan uwanta Chris Kraus wahayi zuwa ga fim dinsa mai suna The Poll Diaries, tare da Paula Beer a matsayin jagora. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1900]] dky05oht64ck64b0jh8gizcd9x54w71 905889 905888 2026-08-22T00:34:19Z Usman saadu 46863 905889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Oda Schaefer''' (a zahiri '''Oda Lange''', an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Disamba, a shekara ta 1900, a Berlin-Wilmersdorf a matsayin '''Oda Krus'''; ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Satumba, 1988, a [[München|Munich]]) marubuci ne kuma ɗan jarida na Jamus. == Rayuwa == Oda Schaefer 'yar Eberhard Kraus ce, ɗaya daga cikin marubutan Baltic da ɗan jarida na farko, da matarsa Alice Baertels, wacce ta fito ne daga dangin 'yan kasuwa a [[Istoniya|Estonia]]. Oda Schaefer ya halarci makarantar sakandare a [[Berlin]] sannan ya tafi makarantar zane-zane mai zaman kanta don horo a zane-zane. Daga nan sai ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane. A shekara ta 1923, ta auri mai zane [[Albert Schaefer-Ast]], tare da wanda ta haifi ɗa a shekara ta 1924. Aure ya ƙare bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin saki. A cikin 1926, Schaefer ya koma Liegnitz saboda dalilai na iyali. A can ta sadu da marubucin Horst Lange, tare da wanda ta koma Berlin a shekara ta 1931 kuma ta yi aure a 1933. Daga 1928, Schaefer ya rubuta labaran mujallu, waƙoƙi, da wasan kwaikwayo. A lokacin Reich na Uku ta kasance tare da Lange da Günter Eich a cikin da'irar da ke kewaye da mujallar wallafe-wallafen The Column, wanda ke da alaƙa da Inner Immigration, ƙungiyar marubuta da masu zane-zane waɗanda suka yi adawa da National Socialism amma ba su bar Jamus ba. Peter Huchel da Elisabeth Langgässer sun kasance abokai na kusa da ita a wannan lokacin. Ayyukanta sun bayyana a cikin mujallar The Interior Kingdom, da Frankfurter Newspaper . Schaefer memba ne na Majalisar Reich . Kodayake Shaefer da mijinta sun kasance masu adawa da mulkin Nazi, kuma sun taimaka wa Yahudawa ta hanyar ɓoye su na ɗan lokaci, a lokaci guda sun rubuta don wallafe-wallafen da aka ba da izini. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, dan Oda ya ɓace kuma mijinta ya ji rauni sosai. Sun zauna na ɗan lokaci a tsakiyar gandun daji sannan a [[Switzerland]], kafin su tafi Munich a 1950, inda ta yi aiki mai zaman kanta don jaridu da watsa shirye-shirye daban-daban. Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen Schaefer sun ƙunshi da farko na shayari a cikin al'adun gargajiya waɗanda mawaki mai suna Wilhelm Lehmann da [[George von Vring]] suka yi wahayi zuwa gare su. Tare da Horst Lange ta rubuta Trümmerliteratur na lokacin bayan yakin tare da marubutan rukuni na 47. Schaefer, memba na Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung a Darmstadt da [[PEN Center of the Federal Republic of Germany|Cibiyar PEN ta Tarayyar Jamus]], ta sami lambar yabo a Shekara ta 1951 daga Kwalejin Kimiyya da Littattafai; a 1952, Kyautar girmamawa ta Kwalejin Fine Arts ta Bavaria; a 1955, Kyautar Littattafai daga Society for the Promotion of German Literature; a 1959, Kyautar Littatafai daga Birnin Munich; a 1964, Kyautar Tarayyar Tarayya ta Merit, Kyautar Farko; a 1975, Kyautar Al'adu ta Schwabing. Tarihin Schaefer ya yi wa jikan dan uwanta Chris Kraus wahayi zuwa ga fim dinsa mai suna The Poll Diaries, tare da Paula Beer a matsayin jagora. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1900]] 8sy2lvvcby5gz3cvv7ra9kr5ji9lp9u 905890 905889 2026-08-22T00:34:39Z Usman saadu 46863 905890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Oda Schaefer''' (a zahiri '''Oda Lange''', an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Disamba, a shekara ta 1900, a Berlin-Wilmersdorf a matsayin '''Oda Krus'''; ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Satumba, 1988, a [[München|Munich]]) marubuci ne kuma ɗan jarida na Jamus. == Rayuwa == Oda Schaefer 'yar Eberhard Kraus ce, ɗaya daga cikin marubutan Baltic da ɗan jarida na farko, da matarsa Alice Baertels, wacce ta fito ne daga dangin 'yan kasuwa a [[Istoniya|Estonia]]. Oda Schaefer ya halarci makarantar sakandare a [[Berlin]] sannan ya tafi makarantar zane-zane mai zaman kanta don horo a zane-zane. Daga nan sai ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane. A shekara ta 1923, ta auri mai zane [[Albert Schaefer-Ast]], tare da wanda ta haifi ɗa a shekara ta 1924. Aure ya ƙare bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin saki. A cikin 1926, Schaefer ya koma Liegnitz saboda dalilai na iyali. A can ta sadu da marubucin Horst Lange, tare da wanda ta koma Berlin a shekara ta 1931 kuma ta yi aure a shekara ta 1933. Daga 1928, Schaefer ya rubuta labaran mujallu, waƙoƙi, da wasan kwaikwayo. A lokacin Reich na Uku ta kasance tare da Lange da Günter Eich a cikin da'irar da ke kewaye da mujallar wallafe-wallafen The Column, wanda ke da alaƙa da Inner Immigration, ƙungiyar marubuta da masu zane-zane waɗanda suka yi adawa da National Socialism amma ba su bar Jamus ba. Peter Huchel da Elisabeth Langgässer sun kasance abokai na kusa da ita a wannan lokacin. Ayyukanta sun bayyana a cikin mujallar The Interior Kingdom, da Frankfurter Newspaper . Schaefer memba ne na Majalisar Reich . Kodayake Shaefer da mijinta sun kasance masu adawa da mulkin Nazi, kuma sun taimaka wa Yahudawa ta hanyar ɓoye su na ɗan lokaci, a lokaci guda sun rubuta don wallafe-wallafen da aka ba da izini. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, dan Oda ya ɓace kuma mijinta ya ji rauni sosai. Sun zauna na ɗan lokaci a tsakiyar gandun daji sannan a [[Switzerland]], kafin su tafi Munich a 1950, inda ta yi aiki mai zaman kanta don jaridu da watsa shirye-shirye daban-daban. Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen Schaefer sun ƙunshi da farko na shayari a cikin al'adun gargajiya waɗanda mawaki mai suna Wilhelm Lehmann da [[George von Vring]] suka yi wahayi zuwa gare su. Tare da Horst Lange ta rubuta Trümmerliteratur na lokacin bayan yakin tare da marubutan rukuni na 47. Schaefer, memba na Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung a Darmstadt da [[PEN Center of the Federal Republic of Germany|Cibiyar PEN ta Tarayyar Jamus]], ta sami lambar yabo a Shekara ta 1951 daga Kwalejin Kimiyya da Littattafai; a 1952, Kyautar girmamawa ta Kwalejin Fine Arts ta Bavaria; a 1955, Kyautar Littattafai daga Society for the Promotion of German Literature; a 1959, Kyautar Littatafai daga Birnin Munich; a 1964, Kyautar Tarayyar Tarayya ta Merit, Kyautar Farko; a 1975, Kyautar Al'adu ta Schwabing. Tarihin Schaefer ya yi wa jikan dan uwanta Chris Kraus wahayi zuwa ga fim dinsa mai suna The Poll Diaries, tare da Paula Beer a matsayin jagora. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1900]] ka7dh18jp2bpz7y61s83myj38dqp0ft 905891 905890 2026-08-22T00:34:59Z Usman saadu 46863 905891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Oda Schaefer''' (a zahiri '''Oda Lange''', an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Disamba, a shekara ta 1900, a Berlin-Wilmersdorf a matsayin '''Oda Krus'''; ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Satumba, 1988, a [[München|Munich]]) marubuci ne kuma ɗan jarida na Jamus. == Rayuwa == Oda Schaefer 'yar Eberhard Kraus ce, ɗaya daga cikin marubutan Baltic da ɗan jarida na farko, da matarsa Alice Baertels, wacce ta fito ne daga dangin 'yan kasuwa a [[Istoniya|Estonia]]. Oda Schaefer ya halarci makarantar sakandare a [[Berlin]] sannan ya tafi makarantar zane-zane mai zaman kanta don horo a zane-zane. Daga nan sai ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane. A shekara ta 1923, ta auri mai zane [[Albert Schaefer-Ast]], tare da wanda ta haifi ɗa a shekara ta 1924. Aure ya ƙare bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin saki. A cikin shekarar 1926, Schaefer ya koma Liegnitz saboda dalilai na iyali. A can ta sadu da marubucin Horst Lange, tare da wanda ta koma Berlin a shekara ta 1931 kuma ta yi aure a shekara ta 1933. Daga 1928, Schaefer ya rubuta labaran mujallu, waƙoƙi, da wasan kwaikwayo. A lokacin Reich na Uku ta kasance tare da Lange da Günter Eich a cikin da'irar da ke kewaye da mujallar wallafe-wallafen The Column, wanda ke da alaƙa da Inner Immigration, ƙungiyar marubuta da masu zane-zane waɗanda suka yi adawa da National Socialism amma ba su bar Jamus ba. Peter Huchel da Elisabeth Langgässer sun kasance abokai na kusa da ita a wannan lokacin. Ayyukanta sun bayyana a cikin mujallar The Interior Kingdom, da Frankfurter Newspaper . Schaefer memba ne na Majalisar Reich . Kodayake Shaefer da mijinta sun kasance masu adawa da mulkin Nazi, kuma sun taimaka wa Yahudawa ta hanyar ɓoye su na ɗan lokaci, a lokaci guda sun rubuta don wallafe-wallafen da aka ba da izini. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, dan Oda ya ɓace kuma mijinta ya ji rauni sosai. Sun zauna na ɗan lokaci a tsakiyar gandun daji sannan a [[Switzerland]], kafin su tafi Munich a 1950, inda ta yi aiki mai zaman kanta don jaridu da watsa shirye-shirye daban-daban. Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen Schaefer sun ƙunshi da farko na shayari a cikin al'adun gargajiya waɗanda mawaki mai suna Wilhelm Lehmann da [[George von Vring]] suka yi wahayi zuwa gare su. Tare da Horst Lange ta rubuta Trümmerliteratur na lokacin bayan yakin tare da marubutan rukuni na 47. Schaefer, memba na Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung a Darmstadt da [[PEN Center of the Federal Republic of Germany|Cibiyar PEN ta Tarayyar Jamus]], ta sami lambar yabo a Shekara ta 1951 daga Kwalejin Kimiyya da Littattafai; a 1952, Kyautar girmamawa ta Kwalejin Fine Arts ta Bavaria; a 1955, Kyautar Littattafai daga Society for the Promotion of German Literature; a 1959, Kyautar Littatafai daga Birnin Munich; a 1964, Kyautar Tarayyar Tarayya ta Merit, Kyautar Farko; a 1975, Kyautar Al'adu ta Schwabing. Tarihin Schaefer ya yi wa jikan dan uwanta Chris Kraus wahayi zuwa ga fim dinsa mai suna The Poll Diaries, tare da Paula Beer a matsayin jagora. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1900]] 9ilvurzyoxnxx2alqkw8acrhcxs9rek 905892 905891 2026-08-22T00:35:14Z Usman saadu 46863 905892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Oda Schaefer''' (a zahiri '''Oda Lange''', an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Disamba, a shekara ta 1900, a Berlin-Wilmersdorf a matsayin '''Oda Krus'''; ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Satumba, 1988, a [[München|Munich]]) marubuci ne kuma ɗan jarida na Jamus. == Rayuwa == Oda Schaefer 'yar Eberhard Kraus ce, ɗaya daga cikin marubutan Baltic da ɗan jarida na farko, da matarsa Alice Baertels, wacce ta fito ne daga dangin 'yan kasuwa a [[Istoniya|Estonia]]. Oda Schaefer ya halarci makarantar sakandare a [[Berlin]] sannan ya tafi makarantar zane-zane mai zaman kanta don horo a zane-zane. Daga nan sai ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane. A shekara ta 1923, ta auri mai zane [[Albert Schaefer-Ast]], tare da wanda ta haifi ɗa a shekara ta 1924. Aure ya ƙare bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin saki. A cikin shekarar 1926, Schaefer ya koma Liegnitz saboda dalilai na iyali. A can ta sadu da marubucin Horst Lange, tare da wanda ta koma Berlin a shekara ta 1931 kuma ta yi aure a shekara ta 1933. Daga 1928, Schaefer ya rubuta labaran mujallu, waƙoƙi, da wasan kwaikwayo. A lokacin Reich na Uku ta kasance tare da Lange da Günter Eich a cikin da'irar da ke kewaye da mujallar wallafe-wallafen The Column, wanda ke da alaƙa da Inner Immigration, ƙungiyar marubuta da masu zane-zane waɗanda suka yi adawa da National Socialism amma ba su bar Jamus ba. Peter Huchel da Elisabeth Langgässer sun kasance abokai na kusa da ita a wannan lokacin. Ayyukanta sun bayyana a cikin mujallar The Interior Kingdom, da Frankfurter Newspaper . Schaefer memba ne na Majalisar Reich . Kodayake Shaefer da mijinta sun kasance masu adawa da mulkin Nazi, kuma sun taimaka wa Yahudawa ta hanyar ɓoye su na ɗan lokaci, a lokaci guda sun rubuta don wallafe-wallafen da aka ba da izini. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, dan Oda ya ɓace kuma mijinta ya ji rauni sosai. Sun zauna na ɗan lokaci a tsakiyar gandun daji sannan a [[Switzerland]], kafin su tafi Munich a 1950, inda ta yi aiki mai zaman kanta don jaridu da watsa shirye-shirye daban-daban. Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen Schaefer sun ƙunshi da farko na shayari a cikin al'adun gargajiya waɗanda mawaki mai suna Wilhelm Lehmann da [[George von Vring]] suka yi wahayi zuwa gare su. Tare da Horst Lange ta rubuta Trümmerliteratur na lokacin bayan yakin tare da marubutan rukuni na 47. Schaefer, memba na Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung a Darmstadt da [[PEN Center of the Federal Republic of Germany|Cibiyar PEN ta Tarayyar Jamus]], ta sami lambar yabo a Shekara ta 1951 daga Kwalejin Kimiyya da Littattafai; a 1952, Kyautar girmamawa ta Kwalejin Fine Arts ta Bavaria; a 1955, Kyautar Littattafai daga Society for the Promotion of German Literature; a 1959, Kyautar Littatafai daga Birnin Munich; a 1964, Kyautar Tarayyar Tarayya ta Merit, Kyautar Farko; a shekarar 1975, Kyautar Al'adu ta Schwabing. Tarihin Schaefer ya yi wa jikan dan uwanta Chris Kraus wahayi zuwa ga fim dinsa mai suna The Poll Diaries, tare da Paula Beer a matsayin jagora. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1900]] cpg1w7i4wir3sweqfqpsseeh9jrcej2 1 165127 905895 2026-08-22T00:49:11Z Usman saadu 46863 /* Assalamualaikum */ sabon sashe 905895 wikitext text/x-wiki == Assalamualaikum == Dafaten kowa da kowa nacikin wannan gidauniya nacikin kushin lafiya Allah ya tabbatar inamai matikar Mika sabon godiya ta gama yan wannan gida gameda yadda akekarama matasa da mata gwuiwa domin sutashi su taimaki al,umma inaso in dakata daganan badan waina gajiba sai Dan intakai ta magana ta bissalam nabarku lfy daga naku karkullin Usman saadu [[User:Usman saadu|Usman saadu]] ([[User talk:Usman saadu|talk]]) 00:49, 22 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 0zg03khbai2oocbv9fl0qwu482eja8v 1 165128 905898 2026-08-22T01:16:11Z Usman saadu 46863 Sabon shafi: Assalamualaikum dafaten kuna lfy ma aikatan wikipedia munasune akaramana bayani gameda wiki hausa tayadda zamu taimaki mutane 905898 wikitext text/x-wiki Assalamualaikum dafaten kuna lfy ma aikatan wikipedia munasune akaramana bayani gameda wiki hausa tayadda zamu taimaki mutane 23txnjkgo9slq6ao9q0av3nnajj43us 905899 905898 2026-08-22T01:20:34Z Usman saadu 46863 /* Assalamualaikum */ sabon sashe 905899 wikitext text/x-wiki Assalamualaikum dafaten kuna lfy ma aikatan wikipedia munasune akaramana bayani gameda wiki hausa tayadda zamu taimaki mutane == Assalamualaikum == Munasune akaramana bayani dangane da wikipedia yayarda zamu ba al,umma abinda zasu gamsudashi ta hanyar waste labarai tahanyar magana da al,umma duk acikin wiki [[User:Usman saadu|Usman saadu]] ([[User talk:Usman saadu|talk]]) 01:20, 22 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) slg7uzxaunucbfl2fn7xv8w5sbczbl7 0 165130 906036 2026-08-22T07:15:21Z Kaddi123 38060 Sabon shafi: Kanwuri sokoto wannan unguwa ce da ke cikin karmar hukumar Mulki sokoto north Dake cikin birni sokoto, wannan unguwa ne,da nane sarki muslimi yake Zaune, wannan unguwa ta hada manya sarkuna gargajiya da Yan kasuwa da Yan Boko da manoma,ama fi yawan jama'a wannan unguwa Yan kasuwa ne .nane masalaci bello yake,ita ce asalin birni sokoto. 906036 wikitext text/x-wiki Kanwuri sokoto wannan unguwa ce da ke cikin karmar hukumar Mulki sokoto north Dake cikin birni sokoto, wannan unguwa ne,da nane sarki muslimi yake Zaune, wannan unguwa ta hada manya sarkuna gargajiya da Yan kasuwa da Yan Boko da manoma,ama fi yawan jama'a wannan unguwa Yan kasuwa ne .nane masalaci bello yake,ita ce asalin birni sokoto. kt17cfvxmittnr66vh3wax19qx88ibw 0 165131 906045 2026-08-22T08:32:39Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1304604975|Barbara Westermann]]" 906045 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Barbara Westermann''' (an haife ta a Swiezinski, a Werdohl, Jamus a 1958) ƙwararren mai sassaka ce, mai zane kuma malamar da ke zaune a Red Hook, New York . Ta zauna kuma ta yi aiki a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] tsawon shekaru da yawa kuma tana ci gaba da aiki a kan ayyuka a can da kuma a [[Berlin]]. == Ilimi == Ta sami digirin BA a fannin Gine-gine da Tsarin Birane daga Jami'ar Kassel, [[Jamus]], 1982-77 da kuma digirin MFA a fannin Zane-zane daga Fachhochschule Koln, [[Jamus]], 1985-82. Ta yi karatu tare da Daniel Spoerri <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel Spoerri &#124; MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/artists/5569/}}</ref> da Eduardo Paolozzi . Bayan ta koma [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]], ta yi karatu a Shirin Nazarin Zane-zane Mai Zaman Kanta na Whitney Museum kuma ta kammala takardar shaidar ilimi a Makarantar Fasaha ta Kayayyaki. == Zane-zane == Westermann ƙwararren mai sassaka ne kuma mai zane-zanen shigarwa. Zane-zanenta, kwafi, da zane-zanenta ba su da wani tsari kuma suna da ma'ana, tare da mai da hankali kan sassaka zamantakewa, tsara birane, lissafi, taswirar yanayin ƙasa, da kiɗa. Westerman yana amfani da aikin da ya shafi sassaka, zane-zane, gine-gine, da injiniyanci. Tana amfani da sassaka don nuna abubuwan amfani. Westermann shine babban editan Kunstforum International mai lamba 51 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Der Elfenbeinturm – ein Reiseführer – Band 51-1982 |url=https://www.kunstforum.de/band/1982-51-der-elfenbeinturm-ein-reisefuehrer/}}</ref> tare da Brigitte Caster. Ta nuna ayyukanta sosai, ciki har da wasannin kwaikwayo na musamman a Kunstverein Malkasten da ke [[Düsseldorf]], da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani na La Jolla, da Gidan Tarihi na Neue Kunst da ke Freiburg, Jamus. Ta gabatar da lacca mai suna 'documenta urbana' a Documenta 13 tare da Critical Art Ensemble a Kassel, Jamus kuma ta nuna bidiyo a lokacin 'undocumenta' na 2021. Ta kammala karatun digiri a Raketenstation Stiftung Hombroich a kaka ta 2012 kuma ta kasance ma'aikaciya a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Fasaha ta Virginia da ke [[Virginia]] . Tana buga littattafai tare da [https://artinamericaguide.com/listings/clay-street-press/ Clay Street Press] a Cincinnati. == Nunin Nunin == An nuna fasaharta a Tate <ref>{{Cite web |title=Project Space: A Chronicle of Interventions |url=https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/project-space-chronicle-interventions}}</ref> da ke Landan, Whitney Biennial, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Whitney Biennial 1985 |url=https://whitney.org/exhibitions/biennial-1985}}</ref> MoMA PS1, Gidauniyar Dia Art, Momenta Art, Paula Cooper Gallery, Ronald Feldman Gallery, E|AB Fair, Clay Street Press a Cincinnati, Proteus Gowanus, Gidan Tarihi na Laburare na Ƙasa na Spain, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Page &#124; BNE &#124; Biblioteca Nacional de España |url=https://www.bne.es/en}}</ref> da sauran wurare da dama a Amurka da Turai. Ayyukan da aka yi kwanan nan sun haɗa da ayyukan da aka yi a Turley Gallery, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Garden 2023 |url=https://www.turley.gallery/the-garden/}}</ref> Lexington Arts & Science, Neon Kunst <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2017 |title=NEON Kunst |url=https://bpigs.com/spaces/project-spaces/neon-kunst}}</ref> da kuma Taron Horar da Mata a Ɗakin Aiki, Majalisar Queens on the Arts <ref>{{Cite web |title=Queens Council on the Arts &#124; Organizations |url=https://www.nyc-arts.org/organizations/queens-council-on-the-arts/}}</ref> da kuma koyarwa ta Cibiyar Koyon Rayuwa ta Kwalejin Bard a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Hessel. An haɗa ta a cikin Flugblätter a Cross Lane Projects, Kendal, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Flugblätter at Cross Lane Projects, Kendal |url=https://www.thefourdrinier.com/flugbltter-at-cross-lane-projects-kendal/}}</ref> Art for the Future <ref>{{Cite web |title=Art for the Future: Artists Call and Central American Solidarities |url=https://artgalleries.tufts.edu/exhibitions/6-art-for-the-future-artists-call-and-central-american-solidarities/}}</ref> a Jami'ar Tufts da kuma Super Dakota gallery <ref>{{Cite web |title=Super Dakota |url=https://www.superdakota.com/exhibitions/dys-tropism/}}</ref> a Brussels . Ta nuna ayyukanta tare da [https://artinamericaguide.com/listings/clay-street-press/ Clay Street Press Gallery] da ke Cincinnati, OH da kuma Cade Tompkins Gallery da ke Providence, RI. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] 1g6v2vmw5dy1g6mm8cpebyllpruejc5 906046 906045 2026-08-22T08:33:06Z Nnamadee 31123 906046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Barbara Westermann''' (an haife ta a Swiezinski, a Werdohl, Jamus a 1958) ƙwararren mai sassaka ce, mai zane kuma malamar da ke zaune a Red Hook, New York . Ta zauna kuma ta yi aiki a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] tsawon shekaru da yawa kuma tana ci gaba da aiki a kan ayyuka a can da kuma a [[Berlin]]. == Ilimi == Ta sami digirin BA a fannin Gine-gine da Tsarin Birane daga Jami'ar Kassel, [[Jamus]], 1982-77 da kuma digirin MFA a fannin Zane-zane daga Fachhochschule Koln, [[Jamus]], 1985-82. Ta yi karatu tare da Daniel Spoerri <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel Spoerri &#124; MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/artists/5569/}}</ref> da Eduardo Paolozzi . Bayan ta koma [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]], ta yi karatu a Shirin Nazarin Zane-zane Mai Zaman Kanta na Whitney Museum kuma ta kammala takardar shaidar ilimi a Makarantar Fasaha ta Kayayyaki. == Zane-zane == Westermann ƙwararren mai sassaka ne kuma mai zane-zanen shigarwa. Zane-zanenta, kwafi, da zane-zanenta ba su da wani tsari kuma suna da ma'ana, tare da mai da hankali kan sassaka zamantakewa, tsara birane, lissafi, taswirar yanayin ƙasa, da kiɗa. Westerman yana amfani da aikin da ya shafi sassaka, zane-zane, gine-gine, da injiniyanci. Tana amfani da sassaka don nuna abubuwan amfani. Westermann shine babban editan Kunstforum International mai lamba 51 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Der Elfenbeinturm – ein Reiseführer – Band 51-1982 |url=https://www.kunstforum.de/band/1982-51-der-elfenbeinturm-ein-reisefuehrer/}}</ref> tare da Brigitte Caster. Ta nuna ayyukanta sosai, ciki har da wasannin kwaikwayo na musamman a Kunstverein Malkasten da ke [[Düsseldorf]], da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani na La Jolla, da Gidan Tarihi na Neue Kunst da ke Freiburg, Jamus. Ta gabatar da lacca mai suna 'documenta urbana' a Documenta 13 tare da Critical Art Ensemble a Kassel, Jamus kuma ta nuna bidiyo a lokacin 'undocumenta' na 2021. Ta kammala karatun digiri a Raketenstation Stiftung Hombroich a kaka ta 2012 kuma ta kasance ma'aikaciya a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Fasaha ta Virginia da ke [[Virginia]] . Tana buga littattafai tare da [https://artinamericaguide.com/listings/clay-street-press/ Clay Street Press] a Cincinnati. == Nunin Nunin == An nuna fasaharta a Tate <ref>{{Cite web |title=Project Space: A Chronicle of Interventions |url=https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/project-space-chronicle-interventions}}</ref> da ke Landan, Whitney Biennial, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Whitney Biennial 1985 |url=https://whitney.org/exhibitions/biennial-1985}}</ref> MoMA PS1, Gidauniyar Dia Art, Momenta Art, Paula Cooper Gallery, Ronald Feldman Gallery, E|AB Fair, Clay Street Press a Cincinnati, Proteus Gowanus, Gidan Tarihi na Laburare na Ƙasa na Spain, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Page &#124; BNE &#124; Biblioteca Nacional de España |url=https://www.bne.es/en}}</ref> da sauran wurare da dama a Amurka da Turai. Ayyukan da aka yi kwanan nan sun haɗa da ayyukan da aka yi a Turley Gallery, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Garden 2023 |url=https://www.turley.gallery/the-garden/}}</ref> Lexington Arts & Science, Neon Kunst <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2017 |title=NEON Kunst |url=https://bpigs.com/spaces/project-spaces/neon-kunst}}</ref> da kuma Taron Horar da Mata a Ɗakin Aiki, Majalisar Queens on the Arts <ref>{{Cite web |title=Queens Council on the Arts &#124; Organizations |url=https://www.nyc-arts.org/organizations/queens-council-on-the-arts/}}</ref> da kuma koyarwa ta Cibiyar Koyon Rayuwa ta Kwalejin Bard a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Hessel. An haɗa ta a cikin Flugblätter a Cross Lane Projects, Kendal, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Flugblätter at Cross Lane Projects, Kendal |url=https://www.thefourdrinier.com/flugbltter-at-cross-lane-projects-kendal/}}</ref> Art for the Future <ref>{{Cite web |title=Art for the Future: Artists Call and Central American Solidarities |url=https://artgalleries.tufts.edu/exhibitions/6-art-for-the-future-artists-call-and-central-american-solidarities/}}</ref> a Jami'ar Tufts da kuma Super Dakota gallery <ref>{{Cite web |title=Super Dakota |url=https://www.superdakota.com/exhibitions/dys-tropism/}}</ref> a Brussels . Ta nuna ayyukanta tare da [https://artinamericaguide.com/listings/clay-street-press/ Clay Street Press Gallery] da ke Cincinnati, OH da kuma Cade Tompkins Gallery da ke Providence, RI. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] fadkw0y3rffygoifc7l9e40niuthitl 0 165132 906047 2026-08-22T08:34:18Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344040049|Julie Wolfthorn]]" 906047 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Philipp_Kester,_Julie_Wolfthorn,_1906.jpg|right|thumb| Julie Wolfthorn, 1906]] '''Julie Wolfthorn''' (8 Janairu 1864 <ref name="JWT">{{Cite web |title=Julie Wolfthorn biography |url=http://www.juliewolfthorn.de/julie-wolfthorn.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215003901/http://juliewolfthorn.de/julie-wolfthorn.html |archive-date=15 February 2015 |access-date=7 March 2015 |website=JulieWolfthorn.de}}</ref> &#x2013; 26 Disamba 1944 <ref name="RoG">{{Cite web |title=Julie Wolfthorn biography |url=http://rogallery.com/Wolfthorn/Wolfthorn-bio.htm |access-date=7 March 2015 |website=Ro Gallery}}</ref> ) yar ƙasar Jamus ce [[Painting|mai zane]] . An haife ta a matsayin Julie Wolf (f) daga dangin [[Yahudawa]] masu matsakaicin matsayi, daga baya ta sanya kanta a matsayin Julie Wolfthorn bayan Thorn (Toruń), birnin da aka haife ta. == Rayuwa == [[Fayil:Académie_Colarossi_(Paris)_-_Adele_von_Finck,_Dora_Hitz,_Ida_Gerhardi,_Jelka_Rosen,_Julie_Wolfthorn.jpg|thumb| [[Ida Gerhardi]] (tsaye, na 1 daga dama), Julie Wolfthorn (zaune, na 2 daga dama), Jelka Rosen (tsaye, na 3 daga dama), Adele von Finck (tsakiya a ƙasa), [[Dora Hitz]] (tsaye, na 1 daga hagu) a matsayin ɗaliban fasaha a Académie Colarossi, Montparnasse, Paris (kimanin 1892)]] [[Fayil:HE_Porträt_Wolfthorn_300.png|left|thumb| Hoton Hedda Eulenberg (1901)]] An haifi Wolfthorn a Thorn (Toruń) a lardin Prussia na Prussia . A shekarar 1883, ta ƙaura zuwa [[Berlin]] don zama tare da danginta bayan mutuwar iyayenta. A shekarar 1890, ta yi karatu a Makarantar Zane da Zane ta Mata ta Curt Herrmann . Tunda makarantun fasaha na Jamus ba su yarda mata su yi karatu ba, ta yi tafiya zuwa Paris don yin karatu a Académie Colarossi da Académie Julian, inda ta sami yawancin ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don samun nasara. Bayan ta kammala karatunta a Paris, Wolfthorn ta koma Berlin. A 1898, ta zama co-kafa Berlin Secession da kuma "Verein der Künstlerinnen und Kunstfreunde Berlin" (Association of Artists da Art Lovers Berlin). A shekarar 1905, Julie Wolfthorn da mata masu fasaha sama da 200 sun sanya hannu kan wata takarda da ke neman a ba su izinin shiga Kwalejin Fasaha ta Prussian, wadda daraktan kwalejin Anton von Werner ya ƙi amincewa da ita. Tare da [[Käthe Kollwitz]], ta kafa haɗin gwiwar nunin "Verbindung Bildender Künstlerinnen". An zaɓi mata biyu a matsayin daraktocin "Rabuwa" a shekarar 1912, amma ita da [[Fanny Remak]] an cire su daga muƙaminsu a shekarar 1933. Julie Wolfthorn ta zauna a Berlin, tana aiki tare da "Kulturbund Deutscher Juden" (ƙungiyar Al'adu ta Yahudawan Jamus) a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga Nazi, waɗanda suka ayyana ta a matsayin haramtacciyar hanya a shekarar 1941, inda suka kama membobin tare da kwace kadarorin. A ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1942, an kai Julie Wolfthorn mai shekaru 78 da 'yar uwarta Luise Wolf waɗanda, kamar sauran 'yan uwa, ban da mai zane mai suna Wolff ko Wolf, zuwa sansanin tsare mutane na Theresienstadt . An ce Wolfthorn ta ci gaba da yin zane, gwargwadon iyawarta a ƙarƙashin yanayin, har zuwa mutuwarta a ranar 26 ga Disamba 1944. <ref name="RoG" /> == Aiki == [[Fayil:Julie_Wolfthorn_-_Portrait_of_a_Sculptor.jpg|right|thumb| Hoton mai sassaka na Jamus Georg Wolf (1905)]] [[Fayil:Julie_Wolfthorn_-_Portrait_Marlene_Dietrich,_um_1930.jpg|right|thumb| Hoton Marlene Dietrich, kimanin 1930]] An fi sanin Wolfthorn da hotunanta, tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu fasaha mata a farkon ƙarni na 20, tare da [[Käthe Kollwitz]] da [[Dora Hitz]] . Ta ƙirƙiri hotunan ɗaruruwan shahararrun mutane daga lokacinta daga Berlin, ciki har da mata masu fafutuka da yawa. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun abubuwan da ta zana sun haɗa da: <ref name="JWT" /> <ref name="RoG" /> * Ida da Richard Dehmel * Marlene Dietrich * Hedda Eulenberg * [[Hedwig Lachmann]] * Gustav Landauer * iyalan masu gine-ginen Hermann Muthesius da Peter Behrens * Dagny Juel-Przybyszewska * [[Gabriele Reuter|Gabriele Reuters]] * Grete da Conrad Ansorge * Tilla Durieux * Maria Orska * Carola Neher * Bjørn Bjørnson * Margarethe da Gerhart Hauptmann * Emilie da Rudolf Mosse * Kirista Rohlfs == Manazarta == h9yeqwzc7aojnfervykqfmzn6batg49 906048 906047 2026-08-22T08:34:39Z Nnamadee 31123 906048 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Philipp_Kester,_Julie_Wolfthorn,_1906.jpg|right|thumb| Julie Wolfthorn, 1906]] '''Julie Wolfthorn''' (8 Janairu 1864 <ref name="JWT">{{Cite web |title=Julie Wolfthorn biography |url=http://www.juliewolfthorn.de/julie-wolfthorn.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215003901/http://juliewolfthorn.de/julie-wolfthorn.html |archive-date=15 February 2015 |access-date=7 March 2015 |website=JulieWolfthorn.de}}</ref> &#x2013; 26 Disamba 1944 <ref name="RoG">{{Cite web |title=Julie Wolfthorn biography |url=http://rogallery.com/Wolfthorn/Wolfthorn-bio.htm |access-date=7 March 2015 |website=Ro Gallery}}</ref> ) yar ƙasar Jamus ce [[Painting|mai zane]] . An haife ta a matsayin Julie Wolf (f) daga dangin [[Yahudawa]] masu matsakaicin matsayi, daga baya ta sanya kanta a matsayin Julie Wolfthorn bayan Thorn (Toruń), birnin da aka haife ta. == Rayuwa == [[Fayil:Académie_Colarossi_(Paris)_-_Adele_von_Finck,_Dora_Hitz,_Ida_Gerhardi,_Jelka_Rosen,_Julie_Wolfthorn.jpg|thumb| [[Ida Gerhardi]] (tsaye, na 1 daga dama), Julie Wolfthorn (zaune, na 2 daga dama), Jelka Rosen (tsaye, na 3 daga dama), Adele von Finck (tsakiya a ƙasa), [[Dora Hitz]] (tsaye, na 1 daga hagu) a matsayin ɗaliban fasaha a Académie Colarossi, Montparnasse, Paris (kimanin 1892)]] [[Fayil:HE_Porträt_Wolfthorn_300.png|left|thumb| Hoton Hedda Eulenberg (1901)]] An haifi Wolfthorn a Thorn (Toruń) a lardin Prussia na Prussia . A shekarar 1883, ta ƙaura zuwa [[Berlin]] don zama tare da danginta bayan mutuwar iyayenta. A shekarar 1890, ta yi karatu a Makarantar Zane da Zane ta Mata ta Curt Herrmann . Tunda makarantun fasaha na Jamus ba su yarda mata su yi karatu ba, ta yi tafiya zuwa Paris don yin karatu a Académie Colarossi da Académie Julian, inda ta sami yawancin ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don samun nasara. Bayan ta kammala karatunta a Paris, Wolfthorn ta koma Berlin. A 1898, ta zama co-kafa Berlin Secession da kuma "Verein der Künstlerinnen und Kunstfreunde Berlin" (Association of Artists da Art Lovers Berlin). A shekarar 1905, Julie Wolfthorn da mata masu fasaha sama da 200 sun sanya hannu kan wata takarda da ke neman a ba su izinin shiga Kwalejin Fasaha ta Prussian, wadda daraktan kwalejin Anton von Werner ya ƙi amincewa da ita. Tare da [[Käthe Kollwitz]], ta kafa haɗin gwiwar nunin "Verbindung Bildender Künstlerinnen". An zaɓi mata biyu a matsayin daraktocin "Rabuwa" a shekarar 1912, amma ita da [[Fanny Remak]] an cire su daga muƙaminsu a shekarar 1933. Julie Wolfthorn ta zauna a Berlin, tana aiki tare da "Kulturbund Deutscher Juden" (ƙungiyar Al'adu ta Yahudawan Jamus) a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga Nazi, waɗanda suka ayyana ta a matsayin haramtacciyar hanya a shekarar 1941, inda suka kama membobin tare da kwace kadarorin. A ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1942, an kai Julie Wolfthorn mai shekaru 78 da 'yar uwarta Luise Wolf waɗanda, kamar sauran 'yan uwa, ban da mai zane mai suna Wolff ko Wolf, zuwa sansanin tsare mutane na Theresienstadt . An ce Wolfthorn ta ci gaba da yin zane, gwargwadon iyawarta a ƙarƙashin yanayin, har zuwa mutuwarta a ranar 26 ga Disamba 1944. <ref name="RoG" /> == Aiki == [[Fayil:Julie_Wolfthorn_-_Portrait_of_a_Sculptor.jpg|right|thumb| Hoton mai sassaka na Jamus Georg Wolf (1905)]] [[Fayil:Julie_Wolfthorn_-_Portrait_Marlene_Dietrich,_um_1930.jpg|right|thumb| Hoton Marlene Dietrich, kimanin 1930]] An fi sanin Wolfthorn da hotunanta, tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu fasaha mata a farkon ƙarni na 20, tare da [[Käthe Kollwitz]] da [[Dora Hitz]] . Ta ƙirƙiri hotunan ɗaruruwan shahararrun mutane daga lokacinta daga Berlin, ciki har da mata masu fafutuka da yawa. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun abubuwan da ta zana sun haɗa da: <ref name="JWT" /> <ref name="RoG" /> * Ida da Richard Dehmel * Marlene Dietrich * Hedda Eulenberg * [[Hedwig Lachmann]] * Gustav Landauer * iyalan masu gine-ginen Hermann Muthesius da Peter Behrens * Dagny Juel-Przybyszewska * [[Gabriele Reuter|Gabriele Reuters]] * Grete da Conrad Ansorge * Tilla Durieux * Maria Orska * Carola Neher * Bjørn Bjørnson * Margarethe da Gerhart Hauptmann * Emilie da Rudolf Mosse * Kirista Rohlfs == Manazarta == iewqkjk5x0f0jupj8458hxgmqxi4fbs 0 165133 906049 2026-08-22T08:36:38Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341071230|Elisabeth von Esseö]]" 906049 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elisabeth von Esseö''' (28 ga Yuni 1883 zuwa 17 ga Satumba 1954) ƙwararriyar mai sassaka ce ta Jamus. Ayyukanta sun kasance wani ɓangare na taron sassaka a gasar fasaha a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 1928. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elisabeth von Esseö |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/920741 |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=Olympedia}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1883]] rss3ffxs4kwz5wa0emaq264awwxcc98 906050 906049 2026-08-22T08:36:57Z Nnamadee 31123 906050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{datai}} '''Elisabeth von Esseö''' (28 ga Yuni 1883 zuwa 17 ga Satumba 1954) ƙwararriyar mai sassaka ce ta Jamus. Ayyukanta sun kasance wani ɓangare na taron sassaka a gasar fasaha a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 1928. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elisabeth von Esseö |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/920741 |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=Olympedia}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1883]] ikg8uc0e3r75r95nmr7nbihwu8q3hyc 0 165134 906051 2026-08-22T08:38:04Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343416504|Mary Louisa Kirschner]]" 906051 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mary Louisa Kirschner''' (7 Janairu 1852 - 30 Yuni 1931) mai zane ce kuma mai zane-zanen gilashi. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Kirschner a [[Prag|Prague]] kuma an fara horar da ita a Vienna tare da Anton Hansch sannan daga baya tare da Adolf Heinrich Lier, wanda a ƙarƙashinsa ta nuna ayyukanta na farko a Munich a 1871. A shekara ta 1873 ta fara yin kwafi bayan Jules Dupré kuma a wannan lokacin hunturu iyalinta suka ƙaura zuwa Paris, inda ta haɗu da shi da kansa. <ref name="Clayton" /> Da ya ga kwafin ta, ya ce "Jamais je n'ai été kwafi comme cela. J'aurais pu m'y trompera moi-même." <ref name="Clayton" /> An karɓe ta a matsayin ɗalibarsa tilo. Ta koma gidan iyalinta a ƙauyen Czech inda ta zana shanun Poland waɗanda aka karɓe su da kyau a Landan a cikin Aquarium, Westminster a 1876. <ref name="Clayton" /> Daga shekarar 1887, Marie Kirschner ta zauna tare da ƙanwarta Aloisia Kirschner a Berlin, amma ta yi lokacin bazara a Bohemia. Ta kasance memba na Berlin Lyceum Club. A Prague, ta kuma kasance cikin ƙungiyar American Progressive League. Abokan ta sun hada da Zdenka Braunerová. A rayuwarta ta baya ta zama mai zane-zanen gilashi, tana aiki galibi a salon Jugendstil . Kirschner ta kasance ba ta yi aure ba kamar 'yar uwarta Aloisia. Ta mutu a Košátky . An binne ta a kabarin iyali a makabartar Malvazinky da ke Prague. == Manazarta == jw5trbdgaoo1y8lzhch9b2ynh68wf4y 906052 906051 2026-08-22T08:38:35Z Nnamadee 31123 906052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mary Louisa Kirschner''' (7 Janairu 1852 - 30 Yuni 1931) mai zane ce kuma mai zane-zanen gilashi. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Kirschner a [[Prag|Prague]] kuma an fara horar da ita a Vienna tare da Anton Hansch sannan daga baya tare da Adolf Heinrich Lier, wanda a ƙarƙashinsa ta nuna ayyukanta na farko a Munich a 1871. A shekara ta 1873 ta fara yin kwafi bayan Jules Dupré kuma a wannan lokacin hunturu iyalinta suka ƙaura zuwa Paris, inda ta haɗu da shi da kansa. <ref name="Clayton" /> Da ya ga kwafin ta, ya ce "Jamais je n'ai été kwafi comme cela. J'aurais pu m'y trompera moi-même." <ref name="Clayton" /> An karɓe ta a matsayin ɗalibarsa tilo. Ta koma gidan iyalinta a ƙauyen Czech inda ta zana shanun Poland waɗanda aka karɓe su da kyau a Landan a cikin Aquarium, Westminster a 1876. <ref name="Clayton" /> Daga shekarar 1887, Marie Kirschner ta zauna tare da ƙanwarta Aloisia Kirschner a Berlin, amma ta yi lokacin bazara a Bohemia. Ta kasance memba na Berlin Lyceum Club. A Prague, ta kuma kasance cikin ƙungiyar American Progressive League. Abokan ta sun hada da Zdenka Braunerová. A rayuwarta ta baya ta zama mai zane-zanen gilashi, tana aiki galibi a salon Jugendstil . Kirschner ta kasance ba ta yi aure ba kamar 'yar uwarta Aloisia. Ta mutu a Košátky . An binne ta a kabarin iyali a makabartar Malvazinky da ke Prague. == Manazarta == ep922p1fg95rj06o387i3raknofco1y 906054 906052 2026-08-22T08:40:08Z Nnamadee 31123 906054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mary Louisa Kirschner''' (7 Janairu 1852 - 30 Yuni 1931) mai zane ce kuma mai zane-zanen gilashi. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Kirschner a [[Prag|Prague]] kuma an fara horar da ita a Vienna tare da Anton Hansch sannan daga baya tare da Adolf Heinrich Lier, wanda a ƙarƙashinsa ta nuna ayyukanta na farko a Munich a 1871. A shekara ta 1873 ta fara yin kwafi bayan Jules Dupré kuma a wannan lokacin hunturu iyalinta suka ƙaura zuwa Paris, inda ta haɗu da shi da kansa.<ref>Mary Louisa Kirschner in English Female Artists by Ellen Creathorne Clayton, 1876</ref> Da ya ga kwafin ta, ya ce "Jamais je n'ai été kwafi comme cela. J'aurais pu m'y trompera moi-même."<ref name=":0">Mary Louisa Kirschner in English Female Artists by Ellen Creathorne Clayton, 1876</ref> An karɓe ta a matsayin ɗalibarsa tilo. Ta koma gidan iyalinta a ƙauyen Czech inda ta zana shanun Poland waɗanda aka karɓe su da kyau a Landan a cikin Aquarium, Westminster a 1876.<ref name=":0" /> Daga shekarar 1887, Marie Kirschner ta zauna tare da ƙanwarta Aloisia Kirschner a Berlin, amma ta yi lokacin bazara a Bohemia. Ta kasance memba na Berlin Lyceum Club. A Prague, ta kuma kasance cikin ƙungiyar American Progressive League. Abokan ta sun hada da Zdenka Braunerová. A rayuwarta ta baya ta zama mai zane-zanen gilashi, tana aiki galibi a salon Jugendstil . Kirschner ta kasance ba ta yi aure ba kamar 'yar uwarta Aloisia. Ta mutu a Košátky . An binne ta a kabarin iyali a makabartar Malvazinky da ke Prague. == Manazarta == i0p9eof0zqjhz40puqlkek1f92tvx16 0 165135 906055 2026-08-22T08:41:28Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342266953|Margaretha Ziesenis]]" 906055 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Margaretha Ziesenis''' 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane-zane da kuma ƙaramar 'yat kasuwa. Ita 'yar mai zane Johann Georg Ziesenis ce kuma 'yar'uwar mai zane [[Maria Elisabeth Ziesenis]]. Baya ga hotunan da aka ɗauka, ta kuma samar da kwafi a cikin ƙaramin aikin wasu masu zane. == Manazarta == 973tita2i97b5m1hks22tysqojuzag0 906056 906055 2026-08-22T08:41:47Z Nnamadee 31123 906056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Margaretha Ziesenis''' 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane-zane da kuma ƙaramar 'yat kasuwa. Ita 'yar mai zane Johann Georg Ziesenis ce kuma 'yar'uwar mai zane [[Maria Elisabeth Ziesenis]]. Baya ga hotunan da aka ɗauka, ta kuma samar da kwafi a cikin ƙaramin aikin wasu masu zane. == Manazarta == jlzc4qsucxzzgteye9ykj2qida61pnf 906057 906056 2026-08-22T08:42:27Z Nnamadee 31123 906057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Margaretha Ziesenis''' 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane-zane da kuma ƙaramar 'yat kasuwa. Ita 'yar mai zane Johann Georg Ziesenis ce kuma 'yar'uwar mai zane [[Maria Elisabeth Ziesenis]]. Baya ga hotunan da aka ɗauka, ta kuma samar da kwafi a cikin ƙaramin aikin wasu masu zane.<ref>Ernst Karl Guhl (1858). Die Frauen in der Kunstgeschichte. Guttentag. pp. 181–.</ref> == Manazarta == h9lt1dk4af81dg36q8h21jga31vzx9g 906058 906057 2026-08-22T08:43:13Z Nnamadee 31123 906058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Margaretha Ziesenis''' 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane-zane da kuma ƙaramar 'yat kasuwa. Ita 'yar mai zane Johann Georg Ziesenis ce kuma 'yar'uwar mai zane [[Maria Elisabeth Ziesenis]].<ref>Mauritshuis (Hague, Netherlands) (1895). Catalogue raisonné des tableaux et des sculptures. Martinus Nijhoff. pp. 497–.</ref> Baya ga hotunan da aka ɗauka, ta kuma samar da kwafi a cikin ƙaramin aikin wasu masu zane.<ref>Ernst Karl Guhl (1858). Die Frauen in der Kunstgeschichte. Guttentag. pp. 181–.</ref> == Manazarta == 2k9ehqqf6on4brbb0kdch3b93yksac8 0 165136 906059 2026-08-22T08:46:30Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1325834505|Anna Klein (painter)]]" 906059 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Klein-Home.png|thumb|312x312px| A Hanyar Gida]] [[Fayil:Klein-Musicians.png|thumb|350x350px| Mawaka a Oldtown, [[Bamberg]]]] '''Anna Klein''' (16 ga Fabrairu 1883 a [[Nuremberg]] - 25 ga Nuwamba 1941 a Kaunas ) ƙwararriyar mai zane ce a fannin shimfidar wuri, dabbobi da nau'ikan nau'ikan zane . Ta ƙware a fannin zane-zane daga Upper Bavaria da Tyrol kuma ta tsara kayayyaki da yawa masu amfani kamar lakabi, faranti da katunan gaisuwa baya ga zane-zanenta. Ana iya samun adadi mai yawa na zane-zanenta a {{Interlanguage link|Gemäldegalerie Dachau|de}}, inda aka yi wani nazari a shekarar 2008. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife ta ne ga wani Bayahude mai sayar da giya da hops wanda ya tuba zuwa addinin Furotesta. Anna da kanta ta zama mai bin addinin Katolika tun tana ƙarama. A shekarar 1900, ta je yankin masu fasaha da ke Dachau, inda ta zama ɗalibi a makarantar Hans von Hayek mai zaman kanta. Bayan haka, ta yi karatu a wata makaranta mai zaman kanta a Karlsruhe kuma ta kammala karatunta na asali a Damenakademie da ke Munich, wanda {{Interlanguage link|Münchner Künstlerinnenverein|de}} ke gudanarwa., ƙungiyar mata masu fasaha, inda malamanta su ne Max Feldbauer da Julius Diez . A shekara ta 1906, ta tafi Netherlands don yin aiki kaɗan tare da Hayek. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, ta halarci wani kwas na ilimin halittar jiki wanda Franz Marc ya koyar. An ɗauki ɗaya daga cikin hotunanta kaɗan a wancan lokacin, tare da Marc da matarsa ta gaba Bertha Marie Franck . A 1910, ta sauke karatu daga [[Kunstgewerbeschule|Königliche Kunstgewerbeschule München]] . Ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar zane mai zaman kanta a Munich, sannan tare da kawarta, Elisabeth Troll, suka kafa makarantarta ta kansu. A cikin 1919, 1920 da 1922, ta halarci nune-nunen a Glaspalast . An gudanar da wani babban baje kolin kai kaɗai a Berlin a shekarar 1927. A shekarar 1933, bayan kwace mulki daga hannun Nazi, an tilasta mata rufe makarantar. Duk da cewa ta sha fama da cutar rheumatism tsawon shekaru da yawa, an tura ta aiki a wani masana'antar katifa. A matsayinta na Bayahudiya, ba a ba ta izinin amfani da motocin sufuri na jama'a ba, don haka dole ne ta yi tafiya daga gidanta da ke yammacin birnin zuwa Haidhausen sannan ta dawo kowace rana. An kai ta Kaunas aka kashe ta a kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa sansanin soja na Tara a watan Nuwamban 1941. Wasu majiyoyi sun yi kuskuren ba ta wurin mutuwarta a matsayin Theresienstadt . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1883]] ct0qg8ihmxwtyen6ewlc8j981v09kq3 906060 906059 2026-08-22T08:46:50Z Nnamadee 31123 906060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Klein-Home.png|thumb|312x312px| A Hanyar Gida]] [[Fayil:Klein-Musicians.png|thumb|350x350px| Mawaka a Oldtown, [[Bamberg]]]] '''Anna Klein''' (16 ga Fabrairu 1883 a [[Nuremberg]] - 25 ga Nuwamba 1941 a Kaunas ) ƙwararriyar mai zane ce a fannin shimfidar wuri, dabbobi da nau'ikan nau'ikan zane . Ta ƙware a fannin zane-zane daga Upper Bavaria da Tyrol kuma ta tsara kayayyaki da yawa masu amfani kamar lakabi, faranti da katunan gaisuwa baya ga zane-zanenta. Ana iya samun adadi mai yawa na zane-zanenta a {{Interlanguage link|Gemäldegalerie Dachau|de}}, inda aka yi wani nazari a shekarar 2008. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife ta ne ga wani Bayahude mai sayar da giya da hops wanda ya tuba zuwa addinin Furotesta. Anna da kanta ta zama mai bin addinin Katolika tun tana ƙarama. A shekarar 1900, ta je yankin masu fasaha da ke Dachau, inda ta zama ɗalibi a makarantar Hans von Hayek mai zaman kanta. Bayan haka, ta yi karatu a wata makaranta mai zaman kanta a Karlsruhe kuma ta kammala karatunta na asali a Damenakademie da ke Munich, wanda {{Interlanguage link|Münchner Künstlerinnenverein|de}} ke gudanarwa., ƙungiyar mata masu fasaha, inda malamanta su ne Max Feldbauer da Julius Diez . A shekara ta 1906, ta tafi Netherlands don yin aiki kaɗan tare da Hayek. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, ta halarci wani kwas na ilimin halittar jiki wanda Franz Marc ya koyar. An ɗauki ɗaya daga cikin hotunanta kaɗan a wancan lokacin, tare da Marc da matarsa ta gaba Bertha Marie Franck . A 1910, ta sauke karatu daga [[Kunstgewerbeschule|Königliche Kunstgewerbeschule München]] . Ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar zane mai zaman kanta a Munich, sannan tare da kawarta, Elisabeth Troll, suka kafa makarantarta ta kansu. A cikin 1919, 1920 da 1922, ta halarci nune-nunen a Glaspalast . An gudanar da wani babban baje kolin kai kaɗai a Berlin a shekarar 1927. A shekarar 1933, bayan kwace mulki daga hannun Nazi, an tilasta mata rufe makarantar. Duk da cewa ta sha fama da cutar rheumatism tsawon shekaru da yawa, an tura ta aiki a wani masana'antar katifa. A matsayinta na Bayahudiya, ba a ba ta izinin amfani da motocin sufuri na jama'a ba, don haka dole ne ta yi tafiya daga gidanta da ke yammacin birnin zuwa Haidhausen sannan ta dawo kowace rana. An kai ta Kaunas aka kashe ta a kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa sansanin soja na Tara a watan Nuwamban 1941. Wasu majiyoyi sun yi kuskuren ba ta wurin mutuwarta a matsayin Theresienstadt . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1883]] axc9mtk0og6vcchzuyssx627r5dp0xb 906061 906060 2026-08-22T08:48:29Z Nnamadee 31123 906061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Klein-Home.png|thumb|312x312px| A Hanyar Gida]] [[Fayil:Klein-Musicians.png|thumb|350x350px| Mawaka a Oldtown, [[Bamberg]]]] '''Anna Klein''' (16 ga Fabrairu 1883 a [[Nuremberg]] - 25 ga Nuwamba 1941 a Kaunas ) ƙwararriyar mai zane ce a fannin shimfidar wuri, dabbobi da nau'ikan nau'ikan zane . Ta ƙware a fannin zane-zane daga Upper Bavaria da Tyrol kuma ta tsara kayayyaki da yawa masu amfani kamar lakabi, faranti da katunan gaisuwa baya ga zane-zanenta. Ana iya samun adadi mai yawa na zane-zanenta a {{Interlanguage link|Gemäldegalerie Dachau|de}}, inda aka yi wani nazari a shekarar 2008. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife ta ne ga wani Bayahude mai sayar da giya da hops wanda ya tuba zuwa addinin Furotesta. Anna da kanta ta zama mai bin addinin Katolika tun tana ƙarama. A shekarar 1900, ta je yankin masu fasaha da ke Dachau, inda ta zama ɗalibi a makarantar Hans von Hayek mai zaman kanta. Bayan haka, ta yi karatu a wata makaranta mai zaman kanta a Karlsruhe kuma ta kammala karatunta na asali a Damenakademie da ke Munich, wanda {{Interlanguage link|Münchner Künstlerinnenverein|de}} ke gudanarwa., ƙungiyar mata masu fasaha, inda malamanta su ne Max Feldbauer da Julius Diez . A shekara ta 1906, ta tafi Netherlands don yin aiki kaɗan tare da Hayek. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, ta halarci wani kwas na ilimin halittar jiki wanda Franz Marc ya koyar. An ɗauki ɗaya daga cikin hotunanta kaɗan a wancan lokacin, tare da Marc da matarsa ta gaba Bertha Marie Franck . A 1910, ta sauke karatu daga [[Kunstgewerbeschule|Königliche Kunstgewerbeschule München]] . Ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar zane mai zaman kanta a Munich, sannan tare da kawarta, Elisabeth Troll, suka kafa makarantarta ta kansu. A cikin 1919, 1920 da 1922, ta halarci nune-nunen a Glaspalast . An gudanar da wani babban baje kolin kai kaɗai a Berlin a shekarar 1927. A shekarar 1933, bayan kwace mulki daga hannun Nazi, an tilasta mata rufe makarantar. Duk da cewa ta sha fama da cutar rheumatism tsawon shekaru da yawa, an tura ta aiki a wani masana'antar katifa. A matsayinta na Bayahudiya, ba a ba ta izinin amfani da motocin sufuri na jama'a ba, don haka dole ne ta yi tafiya daga gidanta da ke yammacin birnin zuwa Haidhausen sannan ta dawo kowace rana. An kai ta Kaunas aka kashe ta a kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa sansanin soja na Tara a watan Nuwamban 1941.<ref>Entry for Anna Klein from the Memorial Book @ Das Bundesarchiv.</ref> Wasu majiyoyi sun yi kuskuren ba ta wurin mutuwarta a matsayin Theresienstadt . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1883]] m74wpdzco5zhstlp1v0dpswg7a696xw 0 165137 906062 2026-08-22T08:52:11Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343617541|Herma Studeny]]" 906062 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Herma Studeny''' (4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1886 - 28 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1973) ta kasance mai ƙwarewar violin ta Jamus, mawaƙa, kuma marubuciya wacce aka fi tunawa da ita a yau don rubuta ''Littafin Violin''. An haifi Studeny a [[München|Munich]] ga Hermine Niemeczek da likitan likita Alfred S. Studeny . Ta auri mai zane Julius Nitsche a shekarar 1921. Studeny ta fara bugawa a matsayin mai kunna violin a cikin 1903. Ta halarci Conservatory na Prague, inda ta yi karatu tare da Antonin Dvorak da Otakar Sevcik, kuma daga baya tare da Richard Schrammel . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Herma Studeny |url=https://www.kotte-autographs.com/en/autograph/studeny-herma/,%20last%20accessed%2030%20May%202017 |access-date=2021-10-19 |website=www.kotte-autographs.com}}</ref> Daliban Studeny sun hada da Joseph "Nipso" Brantner, Juan Wolfgang Granat, <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2005 |title=Nipso Brantner |url=https://www.djangobooks.com/forum/discussion/823/nipso-brantner |access-date=2021-10-19 |website=DjangoBooks Forum |language=en}}</ref> Herbert Hirschmann, Michael Mann, da Gerhard Seitz. Studeny ta ce "credo" nata sanduna uku ne na Chaconne daga ''Bach's Partita No. 2'' . Ta yi aiki a matsayin soloist, kuma ta kafa Studeny String Quartet a Munich tare da Alf Beckmann, Lotte Harburger, da Karl List. Guenter Henle wani lokacin yana tare da ita a kan piano. Ayyukanta na wasan kwaikwayo sun ragu bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II lokacin da aka zarge ta da kasancewa cikin Kamfanin Kiɗa na Reich na Uku, amma daga ƙarshe ta ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Gustav Bosse ne ya buga littafin violin na Studeny. Littattafanta sun hada da: == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1973]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1886]] cde86i0fn4i463gfr8c1aggksruwzpf 906064 906062 2026-08-22T08:52:42Z Usman saadu 46863 906064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Herma Studeny''' (4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1886 - 28 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1973) ta kasance mai ƙwarewar violin ta Jamus, mawaƙa, kuma marubuciya wacce aka fi tunawa da ita a yau don rubuta ''Littafin Violin''. An haifi Studeny a [[München|Munich]] ga Hermine Niemeczek da likitan likita Alfred S. Studeny . Ta auri mai zane Julius Nitsche a shekarar 1921. Studeny ta fara bugawa a matsayin mai kunna violin a cikin 1903. Ta halarci Conservatory na Prague, inda ta yi karatu tare da Antonin Dvorak da Otakar Sevcik, kuma daga baya tare da Richard Schrammel . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Herma Studeny |url=https://www.kotte-autographs.com/en/autograph/studeny-herma/,%20last%20accessed%2030%20May%202017 |access-date=2021-10-19 |website=www.kotte-autographs.com}}</ref> Daliban Studeny sun hada da Joseph "Nipso" Brantner, Juan Wolfgang Granat, <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2005 |title=Nipso Brantner |url=https://www.djangobooks.com/forum/discussion/823/nipso-brantner |access-date=2021-10-19 |website=DjangoBooks Forum |language=en}}</ref> Herbert Hirschmann, Michael Mann, da Gerhard Seitz. Studeny ta ce "credo" nata sanduna uku ne na Chaconne daga ''Bach's Partita No. 2'' . Ta yi aiki a matsayin soloist, kuma ta kafa Studeny String Quartet a Munich tare da Alf Beckmann, Lotte Harburger, da Karl List. Guenter Henle wani lokacin yana tare da ita a kan piano. Ayyukanta na wasan kwaikwayo sun ragu bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II lokacin da aka zarge ta da kasancewa cikin Kamfanin Kiɗa na Reich na Uku, amma daga ƙarshe ta ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Gustav Bosse ne ya buga littafin violin na Studeny. Littattafanta sun hada da: == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1973]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1886]] bvxnbocxjmtwuqgy4ppaicglududjrg 906066 906064 2026-08-22T08:53:32Z Usman saadu 46863 906066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Herma Studeny''' (4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1886 - 28 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1973) ta kasance mai ƙwarewar violin ta Jamus, mawaƙa, kuma marubuciya wacce aka fi tunawa da ita a yau don rubuta ''Littafin Violin''. An haifi Studeny a [[München|Munich]] ga Hermine Niemeczek da likitan likita Alfred S. Studeny . Ta auri mai zane Julius Nitsche a shekarar 1921. Studeny ta fara bugawa a matsayin mai kunna violin a cikin shekara ta 1903. Ta halarci Conservatory na Prague, inda ta yi karatu tare da Antonin Dvorak da Otakar Sevcik, kuma daga baya tare da Richard Schrammel . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Herma Studeny |url=https://www.kotte-autographs.com/en/autograph/studeny-herma/,%20last%20accessed%2030%20May%202017 |access-date=2021-10-19 |website=www.kotte-autographs.com}}</ref> Daliban Studeny sun hada da Joseph "Nipso" Brantner, Juan Wolfgang Granat, <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2005 |title=Nipso Brantner |url=https://www.djangobooks.com/forum/discussion/823/nipso-brantner |access-date=2021-10-19 |website=DjangoBooks Forum |language=en}}</ref> HerHerma Studeny (4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1886 - 28 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1973) ta kasance mai ƙwarewar violin ta Jamus, [1] mawaƙa, [2] kuma marubuciya wacce aka fi tunawa da ita a yau don rubuta Littafin Violin. [3]bert Hirschmann, Michael Mann, da Gerhard Seitz. Studeny ta ce "credo" nata sanduna uku ne na Chaconne daga ''Bach's Partita No. 2'' . Ta yi aiki a matsayin soloist, kuma ta kafa Studeny String Quartet a Munich tare da Alf Beckmann, Lotte Harburger, da Karl List. Guenter Henle wani lokacin yana tare da ita a kan piano. Ayyukanta na wasan kwaikwayo sun ragu bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II lokacin da aka zarge ta da kasancewa cikin Kamfanin Kiɗa na Reich na Uku, amma daga ƙarshe ta ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Gustav Bosse ne ya buga littafin violin na Studeny. Littattafanta sun hada da: == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1973]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1886]] 56vejs3ewpvg0dp7eae7hpm0y8i3mz1 0 165138 906063 2026-08-22T08:52:22Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1324160535|Andrea Lehmann]]" 906063 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Andrea Lehmann''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1975) mawaƙiya ce da ke zaune a [[Jamus]].<ref name="RKD">{{Cite web |title=Andrea Lehmann |url=https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/339027 |access-date=24 October 2021 |website=RKD |language=en}}</ref> An haifi Andrea Lehmann a [[Düsseldorf]] . Ta halarci Kunstakademie a Düsseldorf a 1995<ref name="RKD" /> kuma ta sami MA a 2000. Ta nuna aiki a cikin nune-nunen da suka hada da Anna Klinkhammer a Düsseldorf, da kuma Kulturministerium, [[Prag|Prague]] . Ta kuma nuna a Gidan Tarihi na Rubell, Jack Tilton (New York), Michael + Susan Hort Collection (New York). <ref name="Anna Klinkhammer">{{Cite web |title=Andrea Lehmann |url=http://www.anna-klinkhammer.de/andrea-lehmann.html |access-date=24 October 2021 |website=Anna Klinkhammer Galerie - Düsseldorf}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]] b9u0iw4zdrwbbgx0ks5j20f8h9p668b 906065 906063 2026-08-22T08:52:52Z Nnamadee 31123 906065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Andrea Lehmann''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1975) mawaƙiya ce da ke zaune a [[Jamus]].<ref name="RKD">{{Cite web |title=Andrea Lehmann |url=https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/339027 |access-date=24 October 2021 |website=RKD |language=en}}</ref> An haifi Andrea Lehmann a [[Düsseldorf]]. Ta halarci Kunstakademie a Düsseldorf a 1995<ref name="RKD" /> kuma ta sami MA a 2000. Ta nuna aiki a cikin nune-nunen da suka hada da Anna Klinkhammer a Düsseldorf, da kuma Kulturministerium, [[Prag|Prague]] . Ta kuma nuna a Gidan Tarihi na Rubell, Jack Tilton (New York), Michael + Susan Hort Collection (New York). <ref name="Anna Klinkhammer">{{Cite web |title=Andrea Lehmann |url=http://www.anna-klinkhammer.de/andrea-lehmann.html |access-date=24 October 2021 |website=Anna Klinkhammer Galerie - Düsseldorf}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]] dd5inmy93ogyx37ov3i05wgnkfco8fo 0 165139 906067 2026-08-22T08:55:00Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358403436|Gertrud von Kunowski]]" 906067 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gertrud von Kunowski''', (24 Afrilu 1877 - 17 Yuni 1960) 'yar Jamus ce mai zane. == Rayuwa == An haife ta a Bydgoszcz, Eberstein ya fara halartar ɗan gajeren lokaci Staatliche Akademie für Kunst und Kunstgewerbe Breslau, sannan daga 1895 malamai sun koyar da ta a Damenakademien München und Berlin und Malerinnenschule Karlsruhe . Ɗaya daga cikin malaman shine Friedrich Fehr da mijinta na baya Lothar von Kunowski (1866-1936). A shekarar 1901, ta kafa makarantar zane-zane a Munich da sunan farko "Gertrud Eberstein"; bayan sun auri Lothar von Kunowski a shekarar 1902, sun ci gaba da makarantar zane-zane tare da sunan "Kunowski". A shekara ta 1904, sun ƙaura zuwa Rome kuma a shekara ta 1905 zuwa Berlin, kowannensu yana kula da makarantar zane mai zaman kansa. Lokacin da aka naɗa mijinta farfesa kuma darektan Kunstgewerbeschule Düsseldorf a shekarar 1909, ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa can. Gertrud von Kunowski ta kasance "mai himma a matsayin mai zane" a Düsseldorf har zuwa 1936, ta kasance shugabar taron karawa juna sani na farko da kuma taron karawa juna sani na zanen hoto a Kunstgewerbeschule kuma ta shiga cikin akalla littattafan littattafai guda biyu na mijinta. Bayan mutuwar mijinta, ta mayar da gidanta da wurin aikinta zuwa Schönau am Königssee, wanda ta riga ta ziyarta sau ɗaya a baya tare da shi a matsayin {{Interlanguage link|Sommerfrische|de}} kuma sau da yawa tare da ɗalibai. Shaidun zamani sun ruwaito cewa Kunowski ba wai kawai ta gabatar da zane-zanenta ba, har ma da kanta - sanye da tufafi da huluna da ta tsara kanta, ta yi shawagi a kusa da Berchtesgaden kamar "tsuntsu mai launi na aljanna". <ref name="BAZdm" /> Kunowski ya mutu yana da shekaru 80 a Schönau am Königssee kuma an binne shi a cikin wannan al'umma a [[Bergfriedhof (Schönau am Königssee)|Bergfriedhof]] . A halin yanzu, gudanar da ayyukanta na gado yana hannun ɗan uwanta Reinhardt Rudershausen, wanda ke zaune a Schondorf am Ammersee, wanda shi ma ya naɗa mai zane da mai gidan adana kayan tarihi Peter Karger da ke Berchtesgaden a matsayin mai kula da dukkan kadarorin a shekarar 1992. == Aiki == Tun daga shekarar 1901, ta shiga wani baje kolin ƙungiyar masu fasaha ta Munich Secession, wanda ya biyo bayansa da nune-nunen da yawa na mutum ɗaya a cikin shahararrun gidajen tarihi kamar na Alfred Flechtheim a Düsseldorf da Fritz Gurlitt a Berlin. Tun daga shekarar 1912, wasu daga cikin ayyukanta (gami da launukan ruwa da zane-zane) sun kasance wani ɓangare na mallakar Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Leipzig da ke Leipzig. Babban zanen da aka yi wa lakabi da ''"School of Painting"'' wanda aka yi a shekarar 1912, wanda ke nuna ɗakin studio ɗinta a Düsseldorf, an same shi ne daga [[Tarihin Bauhaus|Bauhaus Archive]] bayan rasuwarta. In the decades of her activity, many of her works received very positive reviews, and two years after her death, the Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus in Munich honoured her with a solo exhibition. In a 1988 article published in ''Die Zeit'', she was praised alongside [[Käthe Kollwitz]] and [[Sabine Lepsius]] as one of those female artists who had attracted attention at the end of the 19th century and whose paintings "stood out more clearly from the series of often mediocre or simply marginal works". Bayan abin da ake kyautata zaton shi ne na ƙarshe da ta shiga cikin wani baje koli a matsayin wani ɓangare na baje kolin ''Berchtesgadener Künstlerbund'' na shekara-shekara a 1955 da kuma baje kolin bayan mutuwarta na 1962 a Lenbachhaus, mai gudanar da gidanta Peter Karger ya fara kuma ya shirya, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, wani babban ''baje kolin'' ayyukanta a 2005 a {{Interlanguage link|Schloss Adelsheim|de}} . "Ta sami damar gani a ƙarƙashin fata", kamar yadda wasu suka ce {{Interlanguage link|Walter Andreas Angerer|de}} ya yaba wa mai zane a lokacin buɗe baje kolin kuma ya yi sha'awar "game da ikon Kunowski na zana hotunanta, har ma da zane-zane da zane-zane, da rai". == Littattafai == * ''Licht da Helligkeit'' . Tare da Lothar von Kunowski . Shafuka 390. Faranti 8. Diederichs, Jena 1906. [[DNB-IDN (identifier)|DNB-IDN]]&nbsp;[https://d-nb.info/99835936X 99835936X] * ''Unsere Kunstschule'' . Tare da Lothar von Kunowski da faranti na hoto 87 a cikin nau'ikan ayyukan asali na Gertrud von Kunowski. Shafuka 218. Dokta Albrecht von Kunowski, Verlag für Nationalstenographie, 1910. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1877]] idir4u0m2uts8aytcdoeu7e3ithre8h 906068 906067 2026-08-22T08:55:29Z Nnamadee 31123 906068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gertrud von Kunowski''', (24 Afrilu 1877 - 17 Yuni 1960) 'yar Jamus ce mai zane. == Rayuwa == An haife ta a Bydgoszcz, Eberstein ya fara halartar ɗan gajeren lokaci Staatliche Akademie für Kunst und Kunstgewerbe Breslau, sannan daga 1895 malamai sun koyar da ta a Damenakademien München und Berlin und Malerinnenschule Karlsruhe . Ɗaya daga cikin malaman shine Friedrich Fehr da mijinta na baya Lothar von Kunowski (1866-1936). A shekarar 1901, ta kafa makarantar zane-zane a Munich da sunan farko "Gertrud Eberstein"; bayan sun auri Lothar von Kunowski a shekarar 1902, sun ci gaba da makarantar zane-zane tare da sunan "Kunowski". A shekara ta 1904, sun ƙaura zuwa Rome kuma a shekara ta 1905 zuwa Berlin, kowannensu yana kula da makarantar zane mai zaman kansa. Lokacin da aka naɗa mijinta farfesa kuma darektan Kunstgewerbeschule Düsseldorf a shekarar 1909, ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa can. Gertrud von Kunowski ta kasance "mai himma a matsayin mai zane" a Düsseldorf har zuwa 1936, ta kasance shugabar taron karawa juna sani na farko da kuma taron karawa juna sani na zanen hoto a Kunstgewerbeschule kuma ta shiga cikin akalla littattafan littattafai guda biyu na mijinta. Bayan mutuwar mijinta, ta mayar da gidanta da wurin aikinta zuwa Schönau am Königssee, wanda ta riga ta ziyarta sau ɗaya a baya tare da shi a matsayin {{Interlanguage link|Sommerfrische|de}} kuma sau da yawa tare da ɗalibai. Shaidun zamani sun ruwaito cewa Kunowski ba wai kawai ta gabatar da zane-zanenta ba, har ma da kanta - sanye da tufafi da huluna da ta tsara kanta, ta yi shawagi a kusa da Berchtesgaden kamar "tsuntsu mai launi na aljanna". <ref name="BAZdm" /> Kunowski ya mutu yana da shekaru 80 a Schönau am Königssee kuma an binne shi a cikin wannan al'umma a [[Bergfriedhof (Schönau am Königssee)|Bergfriedhof]] . A halin yanzu, gudanar da ayyukanta na gado yana hannun ɗan uwanta Reinhardt Rudershausen, wanda ke zaune a Schondorf am Ammersee, wanda shi ma ya naɗa mai zane da mai gidan adana kayan tarihi Peter Karger da ke Berchtesgaden a matsayin mai kula da dukkan kadarorin a shekarar 1992. == Aiki == Tun daga shekarar 1901, ta shiga wani baje kolin ƙungiyar masu fasaha ta Munich Secession, wanda ya biyo bayansa da nune-nunen da yawa na mutum ɗaya a cikin shahararrun gidajen tarihi kamar na Alfred Flechtheim a Düsseldorf da Fritz Gurlitt a Berlin. Tun daga shekarar 1912, wasu daga cikin ayyukanta (gami da launukan ruwa da zane-zane) sun kasance wani ɓangare na mallakar Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Leipzig da ke Leipzig. Babban zanen da aka yi wa lakabi da ''"School of Painting"'' wanda aka yi a shekarar 1912, wanda ke nuna ɗakin studio ɗinta a Düsseldorf, an same shi ne daga [[Tarihin Bauhaus|Bauhaus Archive]] bayan rasuwarta. In the decades of her activity, many of her works received very positive reviews, and two years after her death, the Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus in Munich honoured her with a solo exhibition. In a 1988 article published in ''Die Zeit'', she was praised alongside [[Käthe Kollwitz]] and [[Sabine Lepsius]] as one of those female artists who had attracted attention at the end of the 19th century and whose paintings "stood out more clearly from the series of often mediocre or simply marginal works". Bayan abin da ake kyautata zaton shi ne na ƙarshe da ta shiga cikin wani baje koli a matsayin wani ɓangare na baje kolin ''Berchtesgadener Künstlerbund'' na shekara-shekara a 1955 da kuma baje kolin bayan mutuwarta na 1962 a Lenbachhaus, mai gudanar da gidanta Peter Karger ya fara kuma ya shirya, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, wani babban ''baje kolin'' ayyukanta a 2005 a {{Interlanguage link|Schloss Adelsheim|de}} . "Ta sami damar gani a ƙarƙashin fata", kamar yadda wasu suka ce {{Interlanguage link|Walter Andreas Angerer|de}} ya yaba wa mai zane a lokacin buɗe baje kolin kuma ya yi sha'awar "game da ikon Kunowski na zana hotunanta, har ma da zane-zane da zane-zane, da rai". == Littattafai == * ''Licht da Helligkeit'' . Tare da Lothar von Kunowski . Shafuka 390. Faranti 8. Diederichs, Jena 1906. [[DNB-IDN (identifier)|DNB-IDN]]&nbsp;[https://d-nb.info/99835936X 99835936X] * ''Unsere Kunstschule'' . Tare da Lothar von Kunowski da faranti na hoto 87 a cikin nau'ikan ayyukan asali na Gertrud von Kunowski. Shafuka 218. Dokta Albrecht von Kunowski, Verlag für Nationalstenographie, 1910. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1877]] o4opbry7osx5a6pjjdvql1asaezx99p 906069 906068 2026-08-22T08:55:54Z Nnamadee 31123 906069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gertrud von Kunowski''', (24 Afrilu 1877 - 17 Yuni 1960) 'yar Jamus ce mai zane.<ref>salz-der-heimat.eu Kurzvita zu Gertrud von Kunowski</ref> == Rayuwa == An haife ta a Bydgoszcz, Eberstein ya fara halartar ɗan gajeren lokaci Staatliche Akademie für Kunst und Kunstgewerbe Breslau, sannan daga 1895 malamai sun koyar da ta a Damenakademien München und Berlin und Malerinnenschule Karlsruhe . Ɗaya daga cikin malaman shine Friedrich Fehr da mijinta na baya Lothar von Kunowski (1866-1936). A shekarar 1901, ta kafa makarantar zane-zane a Munich da sunan farko "Gertrud Eberstein"; bayan sun auri Lothar von Kunowski a shekarar 1902, sun ci gaba da makarantar zane-zane tare da sunan "Kunowski". A shekara ta 1904, sun ƙaura zuwa Rome kuma a shekara ta 1905 zuwa Berlin, kowannensu yana kula da makarantar zane mai zaman kansa. Lokacin da aka naɗa mijinta farfesa kuma darektan Kunstgewerbeschule Düsseldorf a shekarar 1909, ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa can. Gertrud von Kunowski ta kasance "mai himma a matsayin mai zane" a Düsseldorf har zuwa 1936, ta kasance shugabar taron karawa juna sani na farko da kuma taron karawa juna sani na zanen hoto a Kunstgewerbeschule kuma ta shiga cikin akalla littattafan littattafai guda biyu na mijinta. Bayan mutuwar mijinta, ta mayar da gidanta da wurin aikinta zuwa Schönau am Königssee, wanda ta riga ta ziyarta sau ɗaya a baya tare da shi a matsayin {{Interlanguage link|Sommerfrische|de}} kuma sau da yawa tare da ɗalibai. Shaidun zamani sun ruwaito cewa Kunowski ba wai kawai ta gabatar da zane-zanenta ba, har ma da kanta - sanye da tufafi da huluna da ta tsara kanta, ta yi shawagi a kusa da Berchtesgaden kamar "tsuntsu mai launi na aljanna". <ref name="BAZdm" /> Kunowski ya mutu yana da shekaru 80 a Schönau am Königssee kuma an binne shi a cikin wannan al'umma a [[Bergfriedhof (Schönau am Königssee)|Bergfriedhof]] . A halin yanzu, gudanar da ayyukanta na gado yana hannun ɗan uwanta Reinhardt Rudershausen, wanda ke zaune a Schondorf am Ammersee, wanda shi ma ya naɗa mai zane da mai gidan adana kayan tarihi Peter Karger da ke Berchtesgaden a matsayin mai kula da dukkan kadarorin a shekarar 1992. == Aiki == Tun daga shekarar 1901, ta shiga wani baje kolin ƙungiyar masu fasaha ta Munich Secession, wanda ya biyo bayansa da nune-nunen da yawa na mutum ɗaya a cikin shahararrun gidajen tarihi kamar na Alfred Flechtheim a Düsseldorf da Fritz Gurlitt a Berlin. Tun daga shekarar 1912, wasu daga cikin ayyukanta (gami da launukan ruwa da zane-zane) sun kasance wani ɓangare na mallakar Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Leipzig da ke Leipzig. Babban zanen da aka yi wa lakabi da ''"School of Painting"'' wanda aka yi a shekarar 1912, wanda ke nuna ɗakin studio ɗinta a Düsseldorf, an same shi ne daga [[Tarihin Bauhaus|Bauhaus Archive]] bayan rasuwarta. In the decades of her activity, many of her works received very positive reviews, and two years after her death, the Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus in Munich honoured her with a solo exhibition. In a 1988 article published in ''Die Zeit'', she was praised alongside [[Käthe Kollwitz]] and [[Sabine Lepsius]] as one of those female artists who had attracted attention at the end of the 19th century and whose paintings "stood out more clearly from the series of often mediocre or simply marginal works". Bayan abin da ake kyautata zaton shi ne na ƙarshe da ta shiga cikin wani baje koli a matsayin wani ɓangare na baje kolin ''Berchtesgadener Künstlerbund'' na shekara-shekara a 1955 da kuma baje kolin bayan mutuwarta na 1962 a Lenbachhaus, mai gudanar da gidanta Peter Karger ya fara kuma ya shirya, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, wani babban ''baje kolin'' ayyukanta a 2005 a {{Interlanguage link|Schloss Adelsheim|de}} . "Ta sami damar gani a ƙarƙashin fata", kamar yadda wasu suka ce {{Interlanguage link|Walter Andreas Angerer|de}} ya yaba wa mai zane a lokacin buɗe baje kolin kuma ya yi sha'awar "game da ikon Kunowski na zana hotunanta, har ma da zane-zane da zane-zane, da rai". == Littattafai == * ''Licht da Helligkeit'' . Tare da Lothar von Kunowski . Shafuka 390. Faranti 8. Diederichs, Jena 1906. [[DNB-IDN (identifier)|DNB-IDN]]&nbsp;[https://d-nb.info/99835936X 99835936X] * ''Unsere Kunstschule'' . Tare da Lothar von Kunowski da faranti na hoto 87 a cikin nau'ikan ayyukan asali na Gertrud von Kunowski. Shafuka 218. Dokta Albrecht von Kunowski, Verlag für Nationalstenographie, 1910. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1877]] nlchofg0rdlewkle9oq6tipysukbyg6 906070 906069 2026-08-22T08:56:32Z Nnamadee 31123 906070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gertrud von Kunowski''', (24 Afrilu 1877 - 17 Yuni 1960) 'yar Jamus ce mai zane.<ref>salz-der-heimat.eu Kurzvita zu Gertrud von Kunowski</ref> == Rayuwa == An haife ta a Bydgoszcz, Eberstein ya fara halartar ɗan gajeren lokaci Staatliche Akademie für Kunst und Kunstgewerbe Breslau, sannan daga 1895 malamai sun koyar da ta a Damenakademien München und Berlin und Malerinnenschule Karlsruhe . Ɗaya daga cikin malaman shine Friedrich Fehr da mijinta na baya Lothar von Kunowski (1866-1936). A shekarar 1901, ta kafa makarantar zane-zane a Munich da sunan farko "Gertrud Eberstein"; bayan sun auri Lothar von Kunowski a shekarar 1902, sun ci gaba da makarantar zane-zane tare da sunan "Kunowski". A shekara ta 1904, sun ƙaura zuwa Rome kuma a shekara ta 1905 zuwa Berlin, kowannensu yana kula da makarantar zane mai zaman kansa. Lokacin da aka naɗa mijinta farfesa kuma darektan Kunstgewerbeschule Düsseldorf a shekarar 1909, ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa can. Gertrud von Kunowski ta kasance "mai himma a matsayin mai zane" a Düsseldorf har zuwa 1936, ta kasance shugabar taron karawa juna sani na farko da kuma taron karawa juna sani na zanen hoto a Kunstgewerbeschule kuma ta shiga cikin akalla littattafan littattafai guda biyu na mijinta. Bayan mutuwar mijinta, ta mayar da gidanta da wurin aikinta zuwa Schönau am Königssee, wanda ta riga ta ziyarta sau ɗaya a baya tare da shi a matsayin {{Interlanguage link|Sommerfrische|de}} kuma sau da yawa tare da ɗalibai. Shaidun zamani sun ruwaito cewa Kunowski ba wai kawai ta gabatar da zane-zanenta ba, har ma da kanta - sanye da tufafi da huluna da ta tsara kanta, ta yi shawagi a kusa da Berchtesgaden kamar "tsuntsu mai launi na aljanna".<ref>Dieter Meister: Eine übersehene große Meisterin in the Berchtesgadener Anzeiger [de], released 4 August 2005</ref> Kunowski ya mutu yana da shekaru 80 a Schönau am Königssee kuma an binne shi a cikin wannan al'umma a [[Bergfriedhof (Schönau am Königssee)|Bergfriedhof]] . A halin yanzu, gudanar da ayyukanta na gado yana hannun ɗan uwanta Reinhardt Rudershausen, wanda ke zaune a Schondorf am Ammersee, wanda shi ma ya naɗa mai zane da mai gidan adana kayan tarihi Peter Karger da ke Berchtesgaden a matsayin mai kula da dukkan kadarorin a shekarar 1992. == Aiki == Tun daga shekarar 1901, ta shiga wani baje kolin ƙungiyar masu fasaha ta Munich Secession, wanda ya biyo bayansa da nune-nunen da yawa na mutum ɗaya a cikin shahararrun gidajen tarihi kamar na Alfred Flechtheim a Düsseldorf da Fritz Gurlitt a Berlin. Tun daga shekarar 1912, wasu daga cikin ayyukanta (gami da launukan ruwa da zane-zane) sun kasance wani ɓangare na mallakar Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Leipzig da ke Leipzig. Babban zanen da aka yi wa lakabi da ''"School of Painting"'' wanda aka yi a shekarar 1912, wanda ke nuna ɗakin studio ɗinta a Düsseldorf, an same shi ne daga [[Tarihin Bauhaus|Bauhaus Archive]] bayan rasuwarta. In the decades of her activity, many of her works received very positive reviews, and two years after her death, the Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus in Munich honoured her with a solo exhibition. In a 1988 article published in ''Die Zeit'', she was praised alongside [[Käthe Kollwitz]] and [[Sabine Lepsius]] as one of those female artists who had attracted attention at the end of the 19th century and whose paintings "stood out more clearly from the series of often mediocre or simply marginal works". Bayan abin da ake kyautata zaton shi ne na ƙarshe da ta shiga cikin wani baje koli a matsayin wani ɓangare na baje kolin ''Berchtesgadener Künstlerbund'' na shekara-shekara a 1955 da kuma baje kolin bayan mutuwarta na 1962 a Lenbachhaus, mai gudanar da gidanta Peter Karger ya fara kuma ya shirya, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, wani babban ''baje kolin'' ayyukanta a 2005 a {{Interlanguage link|Schloss Adelsheim|de}} . "Ta sami damar gani a ƙarƙashin fata", kamar yadda wasu suka ce {{Interlanguage link|Walter Andreas Angerer|de}} ya yaba wa mai zane a lokacin buɗe baje kolin kuma ya yi sha'awar "game da ikon Kunowski na zana hotunanta, har ma da zane-zane da zane-zane, da rai". == Littattafai == * ''Licht da Helligkeit'' . Tare da Lothar von Kunowski . Shafuka 390. Faranti 8. Diederichs, Jena 1906. [[DNB-IDN (identifier)|DNB-IDN]]&nbsp;[https://d-nb.info/99835936X 99835936X] * ''Unsere Kunstschule'' . Tare da Lothar von Kunowski da faranti na hoto 87 a cikin nau'ikan ayyukan asali na Gertrud von Kunowski. Shafuka 218. Dokta Albrecht von Kunowski, Verlag für Nationalstenographie, 1910. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1877]] dqxawz4rrybzvf61k3eqrn38pf3vxyu 906071 906070 2026-08-22T08:57:05Z Nnamadee 31123 906071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gertrud von Kunowski''', (24 Afrilu 1877 - 17 Yuni 1960) 'yar Jamus ce mai zane.<ref>salz-der-heimat.eu Kurzvita zu Gertrud von Kunowski</ref> == Rayuwa == An haife ta a Bydgoszcz, Eberstein ya fara halartar ɗan gajeren lokaci Staatliche Akademie für Kunst und Kunstgewerbe Breslau, sannan daga 1895 malamai sun koyar da ta a Damenakademien München und Berlin und Malerinnenschule Karlsruhe . Ɗaya daga cikin malaman shine Friedrich Fehr da mijinta na baya Lothar von Kunowski (1866-1936). A shekarar 1901, ta kafa makarantar zane-zane a Munich da sunan farko "Gertrud Eberstein"; bayan sun auri Lothar von Kunowski a shekarar 1902, sun ci gaba da makarantar zane-zane tare da sunan "Kunowski". A shekara ta 1904, sun ƙaura zuwa Rome kuma a shekara ta 1905 zuwa Berlin, kowannensu yana kula da makarantar zane mai zaman kansa. Lokacin da aka naɗa mijinta farfesa kuma darektan Kunstgewerbeschule Düsseldorf a shekarar 1909, ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa can. Gertrud von Kunowski ta kasance "mai himma a matsayin mai zane" a Düsseldorf har zuwa 1936, ta kasance shugabar taron karawa juna sani na farko da kuma taron karawa juna sani na zanen hoto a Kunstgewerbeschule kuma ta shiga cikin akalla littattafan littattafai guda biyu na mijinta. Bayan mutuwar mijinta, ta mayar da gidanta da wurin aikinta zuwa Schönau am Königssee, wanda ta riga ta ziyarta sau ɗaya a baya tare da shi a matsayin {{Interlanguage link|Sommerfrische|de}} kuma sau da yawa tare da ɗalibai. Shaidun zamani sun ruwaito cewa Kunowski ba wai kawai ta gabatar da zane-zanenta ba, har ma da kanta - sanye da tufafi da huluna da ta tsara kanta, ta yi shawagi a kusa da Berchtesgaden kamar "tsuntsu mai launi na aljanna".<ref>Dieter Meister: Eine übersehene große Meisterin in the Berchtesgadener Anzeiger [de], released 4 August 2005</ref> Kunowski ya mutu yana da shekaru 80 a Schönau am Königssee kuma an binne shi a cikin wannan al'umma a [[Bergfriedhof (Schönau am Königssee)|Bergfriedhof]] . A halin yanzu, gudanar da ayyukanta na gado yana hannun ɗan uwanta Reinhardt Rudershausen, wanda ke zaune a Schondorf am Ammersee, wanda shi ma ya naɗa mai zane da mai gidan adana kayan tarihi Peter Karger da ke Berchtesgaden a matsayin mai kula da dukkan kadarorin a shekarar 1992. == Aiki == Tun daga shekarar 1901, ta shiga wani baje kolin ƙungiyar masu fasaha ta Munich Secession, wanda ya biyo bayansa da nune-nunen da yawa na mutum ɗaya a cikin shahararrun gidajen tarihi kamar na Alfred Flechtheim a Düsseldorf da Fritz Gurlitt a Berlin. Tun daga shekarar 1912, wasu daga cikin ayyukanta (gami da launukan ruwa da zane-zane) sun kasance wani ɓangare na mallakar Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Leipzig da ke Leipzig. Babban zanen da aka yi wa lakabi da ''"School of Painting"'' wanda aka yi a shekarar 1912, wanda ke nuna ɗakin studio ɗinta a Düsseldorf, an same shi ne daga [[Tarihin Bauhaus|Bauhaus Archive]] bayan rasuwarta.<ref>[<nowiki>https://fabian.sub.uni-goettingen.de/fabian?Museum_Fuer_Kunsthandwerk_(Leipzig)</nowiki> Leaflet with samples of paintings, tabular curriculum vitae and essay: A forgotten Düsseldorf painter as JPG image file for the exhibition at the Düsseldorf-Eller station from 21 April to 26 May 2013.</ref> In the decades of her activity, many of her works received very positive reviews, and two years after her death, the Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus in Munich honoured her with a solo exhibition. In a 1988 article published in ''Die Zeit'', she was praised alongside [[Käthe Kollwitz]] and [[Sabine Lepsius]] as one of those female artists who had attracted attention at the end of the 19th century and whose paintings "stood out more clearly from the series of often mediocre or simply marginal works". Bayan abin da ake kyautata zaton shi ne na ƙarshe da ta shiga cikin wani baje koli a matsayin wani ɓangare na baje kolin ''Berchtesgadener Künstlerbund'' na shekara-shekara a 1955 da kuma baje kolin bayan mutuwarta na 1962 a Lenbachhaus, mai gudanar da gidanta Peter Karger ya fara kuma ya shirya, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, wani babban ''baje kolin'' ayyukanta a 2005 a {{Interlanguage link|Schloss Adelsheim|de}} . "Ta sami damar gani a ƙarƙashin fata", kamar yadda wasu suka ce {{Interlanguage link|Walter Andreas Angerer|de}} ya yaba wa mai zane a lokacin buɗe baje kolin kuma ya yi sha'awar "game da ikon Kunowski na zana hotunanta, har ma da zane-zane da zane-zane, da rai". == Littattafai == * ''Licht da Helligkeit'' . Tare da Lothar von Kunowski . Shafuka 390. Faranti 8. Diederichs, Jena 1906. [[DNB-IDN (identifier)|DNB-IDN]]&nbsp;[https://d-nb.info/99835936X 99835936X] * ''Unsere Kunstschule'' . Tare da Lothar von Kunowski da faranti na hoto 87 a cikin nau'ikan ayyukan asali na Gertrud von Kunowski. Shafuka 218. Dokta Albrecht von Kunowski, Verlag für Nationalstenographie, 1910. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1877]] ro2c2dzjm60fdoy27ak18plyufk8749 0 165140 906072 2026-08-22T08:58:14Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369613385|Hanna Klose-Greger]]" 906072 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hanna Klose-Greger''' (an Haife shi 9 ga Mayu 1892 a Hochweitzschen - 14 Janairu 1974 a [[Chemnitz|Karl-Marx-Stadt]] ) yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane, mai zane da marubuci. == Rayuwa da aiki == Klose-Greger ya yi karatun zane da zane-zane a [[Kunstgewerbeschule Dresden]] daga 1908 zuwa 1911. Daga nan ta yi tafiya a gida da waje. Saboda aikinta na fasaha, ta yi karatu a gundumar haƙar ma'adinai ta [[Zwickauer Steinkohlenrevier|Zwickauer]]. Ta zauna tsawon shekaru da yawa a Chemnitz (Karl-Marx-Stadt) a Kassbergstrasse 40, gidan da bama-bamai suka lalata a shekarar 1945. Hanna Klose-Greger ta rubuta littattafai da dama na tarihi bisa ga iliminta na abubuwan da suka faru a tarihi, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu ta zana kuma ta yi wa ado da murfin littattafai da jaket ɗin ƙura. Ta kuma ƙirƙiri ayyukan zane-zane na kasuwanci kamar fosta da katunan gaisuwa, gami da taswirar bikin da ta lashe lambar yabo don bikin buɗe zauren garin Chemnitz a shekarar 1911. Ta kuma ƙirƙiro zane-zane don kayan adon ciki. Mujallar "Innendekoration" ta buga ƙirarta ta kusurwar wasan yara a cikin gidan "Spielwinkel" a shekarar 1916. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Innendekoration: mein Heim, mein Stolz; die gesamte Wohnungskunst in Bild und Wort (27.1916) |url=https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/innendekoration1916/0324 |access-date=2021-10-27 |language=de}}</ref> Klose-Greger memba ne na Deutschen Werkbund (DWB), da ''Chemnitzer Künstlerkreis'' da [[Reichsverband bildender Künstler Deutschlands]] . Tana ɗaya daga cikin masu fasaha da 'yan Nazi suka kora a matsayin waɗanda suka lalace. A shekarar 1937, an kwace littafinta mai suna "The Scholar" daga [[Kunsthütte Chemnitz]] kuma aka lalata shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen ɗin " Degenerate Art ". == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1974]] ehbszhinaz7d35g7uylqhop7ebnw9uj 906073 906072 2026-08-22T08:58:31Z Nnamadee 31123 906073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hanna Klose-Greger''' (an Haife shi 9 ga Mayu 1892 a Hochweitzschen - 14 Janairu 1974 a [[Chemnitz|Karl-Marx-Stadt]] ) yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane, mai zane da marubuci. == Rayuwa da aiki == Klose-Greger ya yi karatun zane da zane-zane a [[Kunstgewerbeschule Dresden]] daga 1908 zuwa 1911. Daga nan ta yi tafiya a gida da waje. Saboda aikinta na fasaha, ta yi karatu a gundumar haƙar ma'adinai ta [[Zwickauer Steinkohlenrevier|Zwickauer]]. Ta zauna tsawon shekaru da yawa a Chemnitz (Karl-Marx-Stadt) a Kassbergstrasse 40, gidan da bama-bamai suka lalata a shekarar 1945. Hanna Klose-Greger ta rubuta littattafai da dama na tarihi bisa ga iliminta na abubuwan da suka faru a tarihi, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu ta zana kuma ta yi wa ado da murfin littattafai da jaket ɗin ƙura. Ta kuma ƙirƙiri ayyukan zane-zane na kasuwanci kamar fosta da katunan gaisuwa, gami da taswirar bikin da ta lashe lambar yabo don bikin buɗe zauren garin Chemnitz a shekarar 1911. Ta kuma ƙirƙiro zane-zane don kayan adon ciki. Mujallar "Innendekoration" ta buga ƙirarta ta kusurwar wasan yara a cikin gidan "Spielwinkel" a shekarar 1916. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Innendekoration: mein Heim, mein Stolz; die gesamte Wohnungskunst in Bild und Wort (27.1916) |url=https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/innendekoration1916/0324 |access-date=2021-10-27 |language=de}}</ref> Klose-Greger memba ne na Deutschen Werkbund (DWB), da ''Chemnitzer Künstlerkreis'' da [[Reichsverband bildender Künstler Deutschlands]] . Tana ɗaya daga cikin masu fasaha da 'yan Nazi suka kora a matsayin waɗanda suka lalace. A shekarar 1937, an kwace littafinta mai suna "The Scholar" daga [[Kunsthütte Chemnitz]] kuma aka lalata shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen ɗin " Degenerate Art ". == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1974]] 90qvc7ig3yw632391z3frq7h3q6a7zs 0 165141 906074 2026-08-22T08:59:37Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358404193|Henriette Manigk]]" 906074 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Henriette Manigk''' (wanda kuma ake kira ''Jette'' ) (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 1968 a Usedom ) yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane. == Rayuwa == Manigk 'yar mai zane ce <ref>{{Cite web |title=Oskar Manigk |url=https://galerie-born.com/oskar-manigk/ |access-date=2021-03-26 |website=GALERIE BORN |language=en-US}}</ref> Oskar Manigk kuma jikanyar mai zane Otto Manigk. Ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1986 a Wolgast . Daga 1986 zuwa 1987, ta yi aiki a ɗakin zane-zane na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Greifswald . A shekarar 1990, ta yi tafiyar karatu zuwa [[Kenya]] tare da tsayawa a Nani Groze-Grieshaber. Daga shekarar 1996 zuwa 1997, ta yi aiki a ɗakin studio na Blue Meier da ke Bremen. Daga shekarar 1994 zuwa 1998, ta karanci fannin fasaha, ilimin fasaha da kuma ilimin fasaha a Jami'ar Jihar Ottersberg, ta kuma sami takardar shaidarta a shekarar 1998. Tana zaune kuma tana aiki a [[Bremen]] tun daga shekarar 1998. Manigk yana da ɗa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] dt2d5ldi9nzj61dc66554ixtzi961z5 906075 906074 2026-08-22T09:00:00Z Nnamadee 31123 906075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Henriette Manigk''' (wanda kuma ake kira ''Jette'' ) (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 1968 a Usedom ) yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane. == Rayuwa == Manigk 'yar mai zane ce <ref>{{Cite web |title=Oskar Manigk |url=https://galerie-born.com/oskar-manigk/ |access-date=2021-03-26 |website=GALERIE BORN |language=en-US}}</ref> Oskar Manigk kuma jikanyar mai zane Otto Manigk. Ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1986 a Wolgast . Daga 1986 zuwa 1987, ta yi aiki a ɗakin zane-zane na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Greifswald . A shekarar 1990, ta yi tafiyar karatu zuwa [[Kenya]] tare da tsayawa a Nani Groze-Grieshaber. Daga shekarar 1996 zuwa 1997, ta yi aiki a ɗakin studio na Blue Meier da ke Bremen. Daga shekarar 1994 zuwa 1998, ta karanci fannin fasaha, ilimin fasaha da kuma ilimin fasaha a Jami'ar Jihar Ottersberg, ta kuma sami takardar shaidarta a shekarar 1998. Tana zaune kuma tana aiki a [[Bremen]] tun daga shekarar 1998. Manigk yana da ɗa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] 6xw0gw3pval94v7u5o0zuhuv05zdmh7 0 165142 906076 2026-08-22T09:01:44Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1262007025|Monika Baer]]" 906076 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Monika Baer''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1964) yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane. An haife ta a Freiburg kuma ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Düsseldorf.<ref name="KMBonn">{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Monika Baer - Award of the Dieter Krieg Foundation 2019 |url=https://www.kunstmuseum-bonn.de/nocache/en/exhibitions/current/info/monika-baer-3719/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707234548/https://www.kunstmuseum-bonn.de/nocache/en/exhibitions/current/info/monika-baer-3719/ |archive-date=7 July 2019 |access-date=7 July 2019 |website=[[Kunstmuseum Bonn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eggerer |first=Thomas |date=April 2016 |title=Painting: Monika Baer |url=https://www.artforum.com/columns/monika-baer-228313/ |url-status=live |journal=[[Artforum]] |volume=50 |issue=8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707235646/https://www.artforum.com/print/201604/monika-baer-58700 |archive-date=7 July 2019 |access-date=7 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bruce |first=Laura |date=1 October 2010 |title=Artists on Artists: Monika Baer |url=https://bombmagazine.org/articles/monika-baer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717041457/https://bombmagazine.org/articles/2010/10/01/monika-baer/ |archive-date=17 July 2024 |access-date=16 July 2024 |website=[[Bomb (magazine)|BOMB]] |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2014 Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago ta gudanar da baje kolin binciken aikinta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Armstrong |first=Patrick |date=24 April 2014 |title=Monika Baer |url=https://frieze.com/article/monika-baer-0-de |url-status=live |journal=[[Frieze (magazine)|Frieze]] |issue=14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605203613/https://www.frieze.com/article/monika-baer-0-de |archive-date=5 June 2023 |access-date=16 July 2024}}</ref> An haɗa aikinta a cikin tarin Kunstmuseum Bonn,<ref name="KMBonn" /> Gidan Tarihi na Brandhorst,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Monika Baer - In Pieces |url=https://www.museum-brandhorst.de/en/collection/in-pieces/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707234849/https://www.museum-brandhorst.de/en/collection/in-pieces/ |archive-date=7 July 2019 |access-date=7 July 2019 |website=[[Museum Brandhorst]]}}</ref> Gidan Tarihin zamani na Barcelona,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artist: Monika Baer |url=https://www.macba.cat/en/monika-baer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708003405/https://www.macba.cat/en/monika-baer |archive-date=8 July 2019 |access-date=8 July 2019 |website=[[Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art|Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona]]}}</ref> Gidan Tarih na Kwalejin Williams,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monika Baer |url=https://wcma.williams.edu/collection/featured-acquisitions/monika-baer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708002718/https://wcma.williams.edu/collection/featured-acquisitions/monika-baer/ |archive-date=8 July 2019 |access-date=8 July 2019 |website=[[Williams College Museum of Art]] |publisher=[[Williams College]]}}</ref> da Gidan Tariha na zamani, New York.<ref name="MoMA">{{Cite web |title=Artist: Monika Baer |url=https://www.moma.org/artists/28552 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707234541/https://www.moma.org/artists/28552 |archive-date=7 July 2019 |access-date=7 July 2019 |website=[[Museum of Modern Art]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] jm8hrl6h9c5w88xe8o0fc1pqrbmm9hv 906077 906076 2026-08-22T09:02:05Z Nnamadee 31123 906077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Monika Baer''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1964) yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane. An haife ta a Freiburg kuma ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Düsseldorf.<ref name="KMBonn">{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Monika Baer - Award of the Dieter Krieg Foundation 2019 |url=https://www.kunstmuseum-bonn.de/nocache/en/exhibitions/current/info/monika-baer-3719/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707234548/https://www.kunstmuseum-bonn.de/nocache/en/exhibitions/current/info/monika-baer-3719/ |archive-date=7 July 2019 |access-date=7 July 2019 |website=[[Kunstmuseum Bonn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eggerer |first=Thomas |date=April 2016 |title=Painting: Monika Baer |url=https://www.artforum.com/columns/monika-baer-228313/ |url-status=live |journal=[[Artforum]] |volume=50 |issue=8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707235646/https://www.artforum.com/print/201604/monika-baer-58700 |archive-date=7 July 2019 |access-date=7 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bruce |first=Laura |date=1 October 2010 |title=Artists on Artists: Monika Baer |url=https://bombmagazine.org/articles/monika-baer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717041457/https://bombmagazine.org/articles/2010/10/01/monika-baer/ |archive-date=17 July 2024 |access-date=16 July 2024 |website=[[Bomb (magazine)|BOMB]] |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2014 Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago ta gudanar da baje kolin binciken aikinta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Armstrong |first=Patrick |date=24 April 2014 |title=Monika Baer |url=https://frieze.com/article/monika-baer-0-de |url-status=live |journal=[[Frieze (magazine)|Frieze]] |issue=14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605203613/https://www.frieze.com/article/monika-baer-0-de |archive-date=5 June 2023 |access-date=16 July 2024}}</ref> An haɗa aikinta a cikin tarin Kunstmuseum Bonn,<ref name="KMBonn" /> Gidan Tarihi na Brandhorst,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Monika Baer - In Pieces |url=https://www.museum-brandhorst.de/en/collection/in-pieces/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707234849/https://www.museum-brandhorst.de/en/collection/in-pieces/ |archive-date=7 July 2019 |access-date=7 July 2019 |website=[[Museum Brandhorst]]}}</ref> Gidan Tarihin zamani na Barcelona,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artist: Monika Baer |url=https://www.macba.cat/en/monika-baer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708003405/https://www.macba.cat/en/monika-baer |archive-date=8 July 2019 |access-date=8 July 2019 |website=[[Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art|Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona]]}}</ref> Gidan Tarih na Kwalejin Williams,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monika Baer |url=https://wcma.williams.edu/collection/featured-acquisitions/monika-baer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708002718/https://wcma.williams.edu/collection/featured-acquisitions/monika-baer/ |archive-date=8 July 2019 |access-date=8 July 2019 |website=[[Williams College Museum of Art]] |publisher=[[Williams College]]}}</ref> da Gidan Tariha na zamani, New York.<ref name="MoMA">{{Cite web |title=Artist: Monika Baer |url=https://www.moma.org/artists/28552 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707234541/https://www.moma.org/artists/28552 |archive-date=7 July 2019 |access-date=7 July 2019 |website=[[Museum of Modern Art]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] g87tamjdn5v4oa41jv7vwfxopes3unx 10 165143 906078 2026-08-22T09:02:13Z Usman saadu 46863 Sabon shafi: wiki pundaetion wata hanyace dake taimaka wa al,umma dumin susan halinda duniya keciki allah ya kara daga wiki 906078 wikitext text/x-wiki wiki pundaetion wata hanyace dake taimaka wa al,umma dumin susan halinda duniya keciki allah ya kara daga wiki 5gw2q0242739njmkswpco2pe6id0i32 0 165144 906085 2026-08-22T09:56:44Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359060073|Annette Volfing]]" 906085 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Annette Marianne Volfing''' FBA (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1965) masanin Danish-British ne na adabin Jamusanci na zamani da kuma mawaki. Tun daga shekara ta 2008, ta kasance Farfesa a fannin wallafe-wallafen Jamusanci na zamani a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] . == Ayyukan ilimi == Volfing ta kammala karatun digiri a St Edmund Hall, Oxford, ta kammala a shekarar 1985; ta koma can don gudanar da karatun digirin digirin ta; an ba ta lambar yabo ta DPhil a 1993 don rubutunta "A commentary on Der meide kranz by Heinrich von Mügeln". Nigel F. Palmer ne ya kula da rubutun ta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Volfing |first=Annette |last2=Mossman |first2=Stephen |last3=Lähnemann |first3=Henrike |date=21 March 2024 |title=Nigel Palmer |url=https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/5293/Memoirs-21-20-Palmer.pdf |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the British Academy |volume=21 |page=530}}</ref> An zabe ta zuwa zumunci a Kwalejin Oriel, Oxford, a shekara mai zuwa, tare da lacca a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] (inda aka inganta ta zuwa mai karatu a 2006 kuma Farfesa na Littattafan Jamusanci na Tsakiya shekaru biyu bayan haka). A shekara ta 2014, an zabi Volfing a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Kwalejin Oriel, mace ta farko da ta rike wannan mukamin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Floreat |url=https://www.alumni.oriel.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/Oriel-Floreat-Magazine-2024-v5-003-ACCESSIBLE.pdf |access-date=12 June 2026 |website=Oriel College, Oxford |page=32}}</ref> A cewar bayanan jami'arta, Volfing "mai tsakiya ne tare da sha'awar addini na zamani, almara, falsafa ko rubuce-rubuce na almara"; Kwalejin Burtaniya ta kara da cewa bincikenta yana mai da hankali kan "mysticism; almara da aka koya; jawabi (karɓar fasaha); koyarwa; soyayya ta kotu; gabas; jawabai na jinsi da tashin hankali" a cikin wallafe-wallafen Jamus na zamani. === Ayyukan kafofin watsa labarai === Volfing ya ba da gudummawa ga sake dubawa na littattafan da ke nazarin wallafe-wallafen zamani da al'adu ga Times Literary Supplement . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Annette Volfing |url=https://www.the-tls.com/authors/annette-volfing |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=Times Literary Supplement}}</ref> === Daraja da kyaututtuka === A shekara ta 2015, an zabi Volfing a matsayin Fellow na Kwalejin Burtaniya, makarantar kimiyya ta Burtaniya don ilimin ɗan adam da zamantakewa. == Waƙoƙi == Tare da aikinta na ilimi, Volfing ta wallafa litattafai biyu na shayari: Ecliptic tare da Black Light Engine Room a cikin 2016 da Learning Finnish tare da Paekakariki Press a cikin 2021. Waƙoƙinta sun kuma bayyana a cikin mujallu kamar Magma Poetry . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Poetry Spring 2023 |url=https://thehighwindowpress.com/2023/02/18/poetry-spring-2003/ |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=The High Window}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Asalinsa daga [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]], Volfing ya zauna a Ƙasar Ingila tun 1982 kuma ya sami 'yancin zama na Burtaniya a cikin 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annette Volfing – Decluttering |url=https://thestaresnest.wordpress.com/2019/08/05/annette-volfing-decluttering/ |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=The Stare's Nest}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 59855pwd3zz6zfjyul049hm7k780o2u 906086 906085 2026-08-22T09:57:23Z Usman saadu 46863 906086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Annette Marianne Volfing''' FBA (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1965) masanin Danish-British ne na adabin Jamusanci na zamani da kuma mawaki. Tun daga shekara ta 2008, ta kasance Farfesa a fannin wallafe-wallafen Jamusanci na zamani a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] . == Ayyukan ilimi == Volfing ta kammala karatun digiri a St Edmund Hall, Oxford, ta kammala a shekarar 1985; ta koma can don gudanar da karatun digirin digirin ta; an ba ta lambar yabo ta DPhil a 1993 don rubutunta "A commentary on Der meide kranz by Heinrich von Mügeln". Nigel F. Palmer ne ya kula da rubutun ta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Volfing |first=Annette |last2=Mossman |first2=Stephen |last3=Lähnemann |first3=Henrike |date=21 March 2024 |title=Nigel Palmer |url=https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/5293/Memoirs-21-20-Palmer.pdf |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the British Academy |volume=21 |page=530}}</ref> An zabe ta zuwa zumunci a Kwalejin Oriel, Oxford, a shekara mai zuwa, tare da lacca a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] (inda aka inganta ta zuwa mai karatu a 2006 kuma Farfesa na Littattafan Jamusanci na Tsakiya shekaru biyu bayan haka). A shekara ta 2014, an zabi Volfing a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Kwalejin Oriel, mace ta farko da ta rike wannan mukamin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Floreat |url=https://www.alumni.oriel.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/Oriel-Floreat-Magazine-2024-v5-003-ACCESSIBLE.pdf |access-date=12 June 2026 |website=Oriel College, Oxford |page=32}}</ref> A cewar bayanan jami'arta, Volfing "mai tsakiya ne tare da sha'awar addini na zamani, almara, falsafa ko rubuce-rubuce na almara"; Kwalejin Burtaniya ta kara da cewa bincikenta yana mai da hankali kan "mysticism; almara da aka koya; jawabi (karɓar fasaha); koyarwa; soyayya ta kotu; gabas; jawabai na jinsi da tashin hankali" a cikin wallafe-wallafen Jamus na zamani. === Ayyukan kafofin watsa labarai === Volfing ya ba da gudummawa ga sake dubawa na littattafan da ke nazarin wallafe-wallafen zamani da al'adu ga Times Literary Supplement . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Annette Volfing |url=https://www.the-tls.com/authors/annette-volfing |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=Times Literary Supplement}}</ref> === Daraja da kyaututtuka === A shekara ta 2015, an zabi Volfing a matsayin Fellow na Kwalejin Burtaniya, makarantar kimiyya ta Burtaniya don ilimin ɗan adam da zamantakewa. == Waƙoƙi == Tare da aikinta na ilimi, Volfing ta wallafa litattafai biyu na shayari: Ecliptic tare da Black Light Engine Room a cikin 2016 da Learning Finnish tare da Paekakariki Press a cikin 2021. Waƙoƙinta sun kuma bayyana a cikin mujallu kamar Magma Poetry . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Poetry Spring 2023 |url=https://thehighwindowpress.com/2023/02/18/poetry-spring-2003/ |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=The High Window}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Asalinsa daga [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]], Volfing ya zauna a Ƙasar Ingila tun 1982 kuma ya sami 'yancin zama na Burtaniya a cikin 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annette Volfing – Decluttering |url=https://thestaresnest.wordpress.com/2019/08/05/annette-volfing-decluttering/ |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=The Stare's Nest}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] agnhhir4jdn7movm5yw1isjwnv05wat 906087 906086 2026-08-22T09:58:02Z Usman saadu 46863 906087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Annette Marianne Volfing''' FBA (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1965) masanin Danish-British ne na adabin Jamusanci na zamani da kuma mawaki. Tun daga shekara ta 2008, ta kasance Farfesa a fannin wallafe-wallafen Jamusanci na zamani a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] . == Ayyukan ilimi == Volfing ta kammala karatun digiri a St Edmund Hall, Oxford, ta kammala a shekarar 1985; ta koma can don gudanar da karatun digirin digirin ta; an ba ta lambar yabo ta DPhil a shekara ta 1993 don rubutunta "A commentary on Der meide kranz by Heinrich von Mügeln". Nigel F. Palmer ne ya kula da rubutun ta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Volfing |first=Annette |last2=Mossman |first2=Stephen |last3=Lähnemann |first3=Henrike |date=21 March 2024 |title=Nigel Palmer |url=https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/5293/Memoirs-21-20-Palmer.pdf |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the British Academy |volume=21 |page=530}}</ref> An zabe ta zuwa zumunci a Kwalejin Oriel, Oxford, a shekara mai zuwa, tare da lacca a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] (inda aka inganta ta zuwa mai karatu a 2006 kuma Farfesa na Littattafan Jamusanci na Tsakiya shekaru biyu bayan haka). A shekara ta 2014, an zabi Volfing a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Kwalejin Oriel, mace ta farko da ta rike wannan mukamin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Floreat |url=https://www.alumni.oriel.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/Oriel-Floreat-Magazine-2024-v5-003-ACCESSIBLE.pdf |access-date=12 June 2026 |website=Oriel College, Oxford |page=32}}</ref> A cewar bayanan jami'arta, Volfing "mai tsakiya ne tare da sha'awar addini na zamani, almara, falsafa ko rubuce-rubuce na almara"; Kwalejin Burtaniya ta kara da cewa bincikenta yana mai da hankali kan "mysticism; almara da aka koya; jawabi (karɓar fasaha); koyarwa; soyayya ta kotu; gabas; jawabai na jinsi da tashin hankali" a cikin wallafe-wallafen Jamus na zamani. === Ayyukan kafofin watsa labarai === Volfing ya ba da gudummawa ga sake dubawa na littattafan da ke nazarin wallafe-wallafen zamani da al'adu ga Times Literary Supplement . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Annette Volfing |url=https://www.the-tls.com/authors/annette-volfing |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=Times Literary Supplement}}</ref> === Daraja da kyaututtuka === A shekara ta 2015, an zabi Volfing a matsayin Fellow na Kwalejin Burtaniya, makarantar kimiyya ta Burtaniya don ilimin ɗan adam da zamantakewa. == Waƙoƙi == Tare da aikinta na ilimi, Volfing ta wallafa litattafai biyu na shayari: Ecliptic tare da Black Light Engine Room a cikin 2016 da Learning Finnish tare da Paekakariki Press a cikin 2021. Waƙoƙinta sun kuma bayyana a cikin mujallu kamar Magma Poetry . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Poetry Spring 2023 |url=https://thehighwindowpress.com/2023/02/18/poetry-spring-2003/ |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=The High Window}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Asalinsa daga [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]], Volfing ya zauna a Ƙasar Ingila tun 1982 kuma ya sami 'yancin zama na Burtaniya a cikin 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annette Volfing – Decluttering |url=https://thestaresnest.wordpress.com/2019/08/05/annette-volfing-decluttering/ |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=The Stare's Nest}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 6hv3namnus5yc8fgddot9gbpeufp44f 906088 906087 2026-08-22T09:58:23Z Usman saadu 46863 906088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Annette Marianne Volfing''' FBA (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1965) masanin Danish-British ne na adabin Jamusanci na zamani da kuma mawaki. Tun daga shekara ta 2008, ta kasance Farfesa a fannin wallafe-wallafen Jamusanci na zamani a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] . == Ayyukan ilimi == Volfing ta kammala karatun digiri a St Edmund Hall, Oxford, ta kammala a shekarar 1985; ta koma can don gudanar da karatun digirin digirin ta; an ba ta lambar yabo ta DPhil a shekara ta 1993 don rubutunta "A commentary on Der meide kranz by Heinrich von Mügeln". Nigel F. Palmer ne ya kula da rubutun ta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Volfing |first=Annette |last2=Mossman |first2=Stephen |last3=Lähnemann |first3=Henrike |date=21 March 2024 |title=Nigel Palmer |url=https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/5293/Memoirs-21-20-Palmer.pdf |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the British Academy |volume=21 |page=530}}</ref> An zabe ta zuwa zumunci a Kwalejin Oriel, Oxford, a shekara mai zuwa, tare da lacca a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] (inda aka inganta ta zuwa mai karatu a shekarar 2006 kuma Farfesa na Littattafan Jamusanci na Tsakiya shekaru biyu bayan haka). A shekara ta 2014, an zabi Volfing a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Kwalejin Oriel, mace ta farko da ta rike wannan mukamin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Floreat |url=https://www.alumni.oriel.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/Oriel-Floreat-Magazine-2024-v5-003-ACCESSIBLE.pdf |access-date=12 June 2026 |website=Oriel College, Oxford |page=32}}</ref> A cewar bayanan jami'arta, Volfing "mai tsakiya ne tare da sha'awar addini na zamani, almara, falsafa ko rubuce-rubuce na almara"; Kwalejin Burtaniya ta kara da cewa bincikenta yana mai da hankali kan "mysticism; almara da aka koya; jawabi (karɓar fasaha); koyarwa; soyayya ta kotu; gabas; jawabai na jinsi da tashin hankali" a cikin wallafe-wallafen Jamus na zamani. === Ayyukan kafofin watsa labarai === Volfing ya ba da gudummawa ga sake dubawa na littattafan da ke nazarin wallafe-wallafen zamani da al'adu ga Times Literary Supplement . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Annette Volfing |url=https://www.the-tls.com/authors/annette-volfing |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=Times Literary Supplement}}</ref> === Daraja da kyaututtuka === A shekara ta 2015, an zabi Volfing a matsayin Fellow na Kwalejin Burtaniya, makarantar kimiyya ta Burtaniya don ilimin ɗan adam da zamantakewa. == Waƙoƙi == Tare da aikinta na ilimi, Volfing ta wallafa litattafai biyu na shayari: Ecliptic tare da Black Light Engine Room a cikin 2016 da Learning Finnish tare da Paekakariki Press a cikin 2021. Waƙoƙinta sun kuma bayyana a cikin mujallu kamar Magma Poetry . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Poetry Spring 2023 |url=https://thehighwindowpress.com/2023/02/18/poetry-spring-2003/ |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=The High Window}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Asalinsa daga [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]], Volfing ya zauna a Ƙasar Ingila tun 1982 kuma ya sami 'yancin zama na Burtaniya a cikin 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annette Volfing – Decluttering |url=https://thestaresnest.wordpress.com/2019/08/05/annette-volfing-decluttering/ |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=The Stare's Nest}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] r80yznjg0cctxlc0c14yxmuqd6ovoq1 0 165145 906091 2026-08-22T10:08:22Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351628742|Eva Zeller]]" 906091 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eva Zeller''' (25 ga watan Janairun 1923 - 5 ga watan Satumbar 2022) mawaki ce kuma marubuciya a Jamus. An haifi Zeller a Eberswalde, Lardin Brandenburg a ranar 25 ga Janairun 1923. Ta zauna a tsohuwar Gabashin Jamus har zuwa 1956, sannan ta zauna shekaru shida a [[Namibiya|Namibia]], kafin ta koma Jamus. An kuma yaba wa Zeller a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin marubutan rubutun a kan kundin kiɗa na gwaji na 1970, ''Klopfzeichen'', ta Ƙungiya Kluster ta [[Berlin]]. Ta mutu a ranar 5 ga Satumba 2022, tana da shekaru 99. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1923]] fo4wxbis5rl0x03pp7d6c1h1sqktizh 906092 906091 2026-08-22T10:08:56Z Usman saadu 46863 906092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Eva Zeller''' (25 ga watan Janairun 1923 - 5 ga watan Satumbar 2022) mawaki ce kuma marubuciya a Jamus. An haifi Zeller a Eberswalde, Lardin Brandenburg a ranar 25 ga Janairun 1923. Ta zauna a tsohuwar Gabashin Jamus har zuwa 1956, sannan ta zauna shekaru shida a [[Namibiya|Namibia]], kafin ta koma Jamus. An kuma yaba wa Zeller a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin marubutan rubutun a kan kundin kiɗa na gwaji na 1970, ''Klopfzeichen'', ta Ƙungiya Kluster ta [[Berlin]]. Ta mutu a ranar 5 ga Satumba 2022, tana da shekaru 99. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1923]] o2auo4dxb8mvfhof3exlykr9xj06led 906093 906092 2026-08-22T10:09:25Z Usman saadu 46863 906093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Eva Zeller''' (25 ga watan Janairun a shekarar 1923 - 5 ga watan Satumbar 2022) mawaki ce kuma marubuciya a Jamus. An haifi Zeller a Eberswalde, Lardin Brandenburg a ranar 25 ga Janairun 1923. Ta zauna a tsohuwar Gabashin Jamus har zuwa 1956, sannan ta zauna shekaru shida a [[Namibiya|Namibia]], kafin ta koma Jamus. An kuma yaba wa Zeller a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin marubutan rubutun a kan kundin kiɗa na gwaji na 1970, ''Klopfzeichen'', ta Ƙungiya Kluster ta [[Berlin]]. Ta mutu a ranar 5 ga Satumba 2022, tana da shekaru 99. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1923]] 3pjoch727db0v8flw6hsjcj756gilrb 906094 906093 2026-08-22T10:10:00Z Usman saadu 46863 906094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Eva Zeller''' (25 ga watan Janairun a shekarar 1923 - 5 ga watan Satumbar a shekarar 2022) mawaki ce kuma marubuciya a Jamus. An haifi Zeller a Eberswalde, Lardin Brandenburg a ranar 25 ga Janairun 1923. Ta zauna a tsohuwar Gabashin Jamus har zuwa 1956, sannan ta zauna shekaru shida a [[Namibiya|Namibia]], kafin ta koma Jamus. An kuma yaba wa Zeller a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin marubutan rubutun a kan kundin kiɗa na gwaji na 1970, ''Klopfzeichen'', ta Ƙungiya Kluster ta [[Berlin]]. Ta mutu a ranar 5 ga Satumba 2022, tana da shekaru 99. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1923]] c5p7917km7z1qsliqbd1r7jjt6a0lbv 906095 906094 2026-08-22T10:10:29Z Usman saadu 46863 906095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Eva Zeller''' (25 ga watan Janairun a shekarar 1923 - 5 ga watan Satumbar a shekarar 2022) mawaki ce kuma marubuciya a Jamus. An haifi Zeller a Eberswalde, Lardin Brandenburg a ranar 25 ga Janairun 1923. Ta zauna a tsohuwar Gabashin Jamus har zuwa 1956, sannan ta zauna shekaru shida a [[Namibiya|Namibia]], kafin ta koma Jamus. An kuma yaba wa Zeller a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin marubutan rubutun a kan kundin kiɗa na gwaji na 1970, ''Klopfzeichen'', ta Ƙungiya Kluster ta [[Berlin]]. Ta mutu a ranar 5 ga Satumba shekarar 2022, tana da shekaru 99. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1923]] 4mgmx07hrq8cfr2mh4nehjcnzlrkgew 0 165146 906097 2026-08-22T10:17:29Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351430181|Karin Baumeister-Rehm]]" 906097 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karin Baumeister-Rehm''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1971 a Bavaria, Jamus ta Yamma) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Jamus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Galerie NordHof |url=http://www.galerie-nordhof.de/183603/291173.html?*session*id*key*=*session*id*val* |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051222090210/http://www.galerie-nordhof.de/183603/291173.html?*session*id*key*=*session*id*val* |archive-date=2005-12-22 |website=galerie-nordhof.de}}</ref> Ayyukanta sun ɗauki shekaru da yawa, sun fara ne a matsayin mai zane-zane, kuma sun bunkasa cikin babban ƙarfin kirkira. A yau an san ta da fentin furanni da zane-zane. Ta fi son launuka masu haske, tana jin daɗin zane-zane, da haɗuwa da acrylics. == Tarihin rayuwa == Da yake ya zauna a Tokyo shekaru da dama kafin ya zo Amurka, ayyukan Baumeister-Rehm za a iya danganta su da zane-zanen salon Ikebana .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2020}} Baumeister-Rehm ta zauna a Apex, North Carolina tare da mijinta Norbert, da 'ya'ya biyu, Tim da Jannik. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Artist – New ART Expression |url=http://www.freewebs.com/kabare/abouttheartist.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023040849/http://www.freewebs.com/kabare/abouttheartist.htm |archive-date=23 October 2012 |access-date=14 March 2010}}</ref> Baumeister-Rehm yana da ɗakin zane a Apex, North Carolina, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Apex Gallery |url=http://www.theapexgallery.com/events.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502004017/http://www.theapexgallery.com/events.html |archive-date=2 May 2010 |access-date=14 March 2010}}</ref> kuma ya yi aikin ƙarfe da walda a cikin ɗakin karatu a Siler City, North Carolina. Ta fara jerin tare da al'adun gargajiya da windows na tarihi / kayan aikin ƙarfe. Baumeister-Rehm shine wanda ya kirkiro aikin fasaha na duniya na Nesting for Peace . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.nestingforpeace.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302045040/http://www.nestingforpeace.com/ |archive-date=2 March 2010 |access-date=14 March 2010}}</ref> Ta koma Bavaria, Jamus a cikin bazara na shekara ta 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.nestingforpeace.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302045040/http://www.nestingforpeace.com/ |archive-date=2 March 2010 |access-date=14 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Home – the Rehm Family in Germany |url=http://norkarnew.webs.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823093423/http://norkarnew.webs.com/ |archive-date=23 August 2011 |access-date=14 March 2010}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] t5jwfs39lxixpp8pjjdvckgf4unnpna 906098 906097 2026-08-22T10:17:54Z Nnamadee 31123 906098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Karin Baumeister-Rehm''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1971 a Bavaria, Jamus ta Yamma) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Jamus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Galerie NordHof |url=http://www.galerie-nordhof.de/183603/291173.html?*session*id*key*=*session*id*val* |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051222090210/http://www.galerie-nordhof.de/183603/291173.html?*session*id*key*=*session*id*val* |archive-date=2005-12-22 |website=galerie-nordhof.de}}</ref> Ayyukanta sun ɗauki shekaru da yawa, sun fara ne a matsayin mai zane-zane, kuma sun bunkasa cikin babban ƙarfin kirkira. A yau an san ta da fentin furanni da zane-zane. Ta fi son launuka masu haske, tana jin daɗin zane-zane, da haɗuwa da acrylics. == Tarihin rayuwa == Da yake ya zauna a Tokyo shekaru da dama kafin ya zo Amurka, ayyukan Baumeister-Rehm za a iya danganta su da zane-zanen salon Ikebana .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2020}} Baumeister-Rehm ta zauna a Apex, North Carolina tare da mijinta Norbert, da 'ya'ya biyu, Tim da Jannik. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Artist – New ART Expression |url=http://www.freewebs.com/kabare/abouttheartist.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023040849/http://www.freewebs.com/kabare/abouttheartist.htm |archive-date=23 October 2012 |access-date=14 March 2010}}</ref> Baumeister-Rehm yana da ɗakin zane a Apex, North Carolina, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Apex Gallery |url=http://www.theapexgallery.com/events.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502004017/http://www.theapexgallery.com/events.html |archive-date=2 May 2010 |access-date=14 March 2010}}</ref> kuma ya yi aikin ƙarfe da walda a cikin ɗakin karatu a Siler City, North Carolina. Ta fara jerin tare da al'adun gargajiya da windows na tarihi / kayan aikin ƙarfe. Baumeister-Rehm shine wanda ya kirkiro aikin fasaha na duniya na Nesting for Peace . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.nestingforpeace.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302045040/http://www.nestingforpeace.com/ |archive-date=2 March 2010 |access-date=14 March 2010}}</ref> Ta koma Bavaria, Jamus a cikin bazara na shekara ta 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.nestingforpeace.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302045040/http://www.nestingforpeace.com/ |archive-date=2 March 2010 |access-date=14 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Home – the Rehm Family in Germany |url=http://norkarnew.webs.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823093423/http://norkarnew.webs.com/ |archive-date=23 August 2011 |access-date=14 March 2010}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] ik69zwr8n1n679r5l58mt0yrys2ggof 0 165147 906099 2026-08-22T10:18:40Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322666045|Mona El-Saghir]]" 906099 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Saghir.jpg|thumb|Mona El Saghir]] '''Mona El Saghir''' (Larabci: منى الصغير) itace tsohowar shugaban Sashen Nazarta Rubutun Talabijan na Masarautar da Sashen Rarraba Material, wanda a baya aka sani da Sashen Tace Tace Talabijin na Masar, (رقابة التليفزيون المصرى). Sashen shine babban sashen da ke da alhakin sake nazarin rubutun da kayan bidiyo da ke watsawa a gidan Talabijin na Masar: na ƙasa, tauraron dan adam, da kuma kan ''Cibiyar Talabijin ta Nilu''. Ma'aikatar tana da ma'aikata sama da 257 kuma an raba ta zuwa sassan Larabci da Ingilishi don sake nazarin rubutun da kayan bidiyo ciki har da: fina-finai, shirye-shirye da shirye-shiryen talabijin, jerin da tallace-tallace.<ref name="almasry-alyoum.com">{{Cite web |title=المصرى اليوم |url=http://www.almasry-alyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=226659 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926170627/http://www.almasry-alyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=226659 |archive-date=2009-09-26 |access-date=2009-10-19}}</ref> == Masu Binciken Ilimi na Jiha == Tun daga shekara ta 2005, korafin masu yin wasan kwaikwayo game da jahilci na masu tantancewa wajen magance fasahar wasan kwaikwayo ya ragu sosai.<ref name="almasry-alyoum.com1">{{Cite web |title=المصرى اليوم |url=http://www.almasry-alyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=226655&IssueID=1536 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925142125/http://www.almasry-alyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=226655&IssueID=1536 |archive-date=2009-09-25 |access-date=2009-10-19}}</ref> A cikin watanni 20 kawai, masu tantance Talabijin na Masar sun sami darussan 66 a fannoni daban-daban na rubutun rubutun, ƙamus, ƙwarewar kyamara da fasaha. Wannan ya faru ne bayan dogon gwagwarmaya, ya sami nasarar dawo da sadarwa tsakanin talabijin na jihar da masu zane-zane, waɗanda suka daɗe suna fama da makanta da sabuntawa. <ref name="almasry-alyoum.com1" /> <ref name="almasry-alyoum.com" /> A cikin shekara ta 2008, El Saghir ya gabatar da ƙididdigar talabijin, lokacin da aka gabatar da abubuwan da suka faru na wasan kwaikwayon mai rikitarwa The Bold and the Beautiful ba tare da yankewa ba tare da gargadi iyaye cewa wasan kwaikwayon ya dace da "Manya Kawai". An soki watsa shirye-shiryen abubuwan da suka faru saboda yanayin jima'i na duk wasan kwaikwayon. Ƙarin nau'ikan ƙididdigar TV sun kasance a cikin 2010 inda za a kimanta wasan kwaikwayo da shirye-shiryen TV daga Jagoran Iyaye (PG) zuwa ''Manya Kawai''.<ref name="almasry-alyoum.com" /> Ma'aikatar Censorship ta Masar ta shiga cikin ''Taron shekara-shekara na Yuro - Mediterraneo a Italiya'' wanda ke da niyyar "ci gaba da ayyukan da suka dace da juna waɗanda suka shafi sabbin masu hulɗa na jama'a da masu zaman kansu a cikin Jihohin Larabawa na Tekun Farisa, a cikin mahallin bangarorin fifiko don ci gaban yankin Bahar Rum wanda ya haɗa da ababen more rayuwa da hanyoyin sadarwar makamashi, dabaru, sababbin fasahar fasaha, bayanai da kafofin watsa labarai. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.milanomediterraneo.org/ImagePub.aspx?id=40727 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727084353/http://www.milanomediterraneo.org/ImagePub.aspx?id=40727 |archive-date=27 July 2011 |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=www.milanomediterraneo.org}}</ref>ERTU kuma ta shiga a matsayin memba mai aiki a taron Eurovision TV, wanda Tarayyar watsa shirye-shiryen Turai (EBU) ta gudanar a Switzerland, inda Saghir memba ne na kwamitin fiction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.eurovisiontvsummit.com/pdf/ets2009participants.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521025558/http://www.eurovisiontvsummit.com/pdf/ets2009participants.pdf |archive-date=2009-05-21 |access-date=2009-10-19}}</ref> Saghir ta kasance co-kafa kungiyar watsa labarai ta duniya, Misira . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nord Vision Television |url=http://www.nordvision.org/fileadmin/webmasterfiles/Files_til_nyheder/BrochureETS2008_EN.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602020955/http://www.nordvision.org/fileadmin/webmasterfiles/Files_til_nyheder/BrochureETS2008_EN.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-02 |access-date=2009-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eurovision TV Summit 2012 |url=http://www.eurovisiontvsummit.com/fr/speakers.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807162650/http://www.eurovisiontvsummit.com/fr/speakers.php |archive-date=2008-08-07 |access-date=2009-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Mediterraneo allargato: la nuove frontiere per uno sviluppo economico e sociale |url=http://www.radioradicale.it/scheda/257108/mediterraneo-allargato-la-nuove-frontiere-per-uno-sviluppo-economico-e-sociale |website=Radio Radicale}}</ref> == "Lokacin sulhu" == A lokacin watan Ramadan mai tsarki na 2009, lokacin da shirye-shiryen talabijin da masu kallo suka kai kololuwarsu, juriyar masu tace fina-finai ta fara abin da jaridun gida kamar Almasry Alyoum suka yi iƙirarin cewa shine "lokacin sulhu" tsakanin wasan kwaikwayo da talabijin na gida. Ra'ayin masu tace fina-finai na gwamnati ya canza zuwa masu yin wasan kwaikwayo, yayin da tattaunawa tsakanin masu tace fina-finai da marubuta/daraktoci ta bar tsoffin haramtattun abubuwa kamar jima'i, miyagun ƙwayoyi da siyasa da kuma matsalolin zamantakewa da yawa a cikin duhu, a buɗe don tattaunawa mai adalci kafin a yi musu takunkumi. Mutane da yawa sun yarda cewa matakin buɗe ido ya inganta sosai kuma yawancin masu fasaha da masu yin wasan kwaikwayo suna ganin sabuwar sashen tana da ƙarfi da sassaucin ra'ayi tun lokacin da Saghir ya hau mulki..<ref>{{Cite web |title=نهضة مصر |url=http://www.gn4me.com/nahda/artDetails.jsp?edition_id=2583&artID=3494817 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711103125/http://www.gn4me.com/nahda/artDetails.jsp?edition_id=2583&artID=3494817 |archive-date=2011-07-11 |access-date=2009-10-19 |publisher=}}</ref> == Taron == Mona kuma memba ce ta kwamitin taron duniya don kafofin watsa labarai da ci gaba, GFMD Egypt . <ref>{{Cite web |title=GFMD |url=http://www.gfmdegypt.com/}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 31vfwbzefc1m3mo8bzbngg38znhw6tg 906100 906099 2026-08-22T10:18:59Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 906100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Saghir.jpg|thumb|Mona El Saghir]] '''Mona El Saghir''' (Larabci: منى الصغير) itace tsohowar shugaban Sashen Nazarta Rubutun Talabijan na Masarautar da Sashen Rarraba Material, wanda a baya aka sani da Sashen Tace Tace Talabijin na Masar, (رقابة التليفزيون المصرى). Sashen shine babban sashen da ke da alhakin sake nazarin rubutun da kayan bidiyo da ke watsawa a gidan Talabijin na Masar: na ƙasa, tauraron dan adam, da kuma kan ''Cibiyar Talabijin ta Nilu''. Ma'aikatar tana da ma'aikata sama da 257 kuma an raba ta zuwa sassan Larabci da Ingilishi don sake nazarin rubutun da kayan bidiyo ciki har da: fina-finai, shirye-shirye da shirye-shiryen talabijin, jerin da tallace-tallace.<ref name="almasry-alyoum.com">{{Cite web |title=المصرى اليوم |url=http://www.almasry-alyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=226659 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926170627/http://www.almasry-alyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=226659 |archive-date=2009-09-26 |access-date=2009-10-19}}</ref> == Masu Binciken Ilimi na Jiha == Tun daga shekara ta 2005, korafin masu yin wasan kwaikwayo game da jahilci na masu tantancewa wajen magance fasahar wasan kwaikwayo ya ragu sosai.<ref name="almasry-alyoum.com1">{{Cite web |title=المصرى اليوم |url=http://www.almasry-alyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=226655&IssueID=1536 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925142125/http://www.almasry-alyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=226655&IssueID=1536 |archive-date=2009-09-25 |access-date=2009-10-19}}</ref> A cikin watanni 20 kawai, masu tantance Talabijin na Masar sun sami darussan 66 a fannoni daban-daban na rubutun rubutun, ƙamus, ƙwarewar kyamara da fasaha. Wannan ya faru ne bayan dogon gwagwarmaya, ya sami nasarar dawo da sadarwa tsakanin talabijin na jihar da masu zane-zane, waɗanda suka daɗe suna fama da makanta da sabuntawa. <ref name="almasry-alyoum.com1" /> <ref name="almasry-alyoum.com" /> A cikin shekara ta 2008, El Saghir ya gabatar da ƙididdigar talabijin, lokacin da aka gabatar da abubuwan da suka faru na wasan kwaikwayon mai rikitarwa The Bold and the Beautiful ba tare da yankewa ba tare da gargadi iyaye cewa wasan kwaikwayon ya dace da "Manya Kawai". An soki watsa shirye-shiryen abubuwan da suka faru saboda yanayin jima'i na duk wasan kwaikwayon. Ƙarin nau'ikan ƙididdigar TV sun kasance a cikin 2010 inda za a kimanta wasan kwaikwayo da shirye-shiryen TV daga Jagoran Iyaye (PG) zuwa ''Manya Kawai''.<ref name="almasry-alyoum.com" /> Ma'aikatar Censorship ta Masar ta shiga cikin ''Taron shekara-shekara na Yuro - Mediterraneo a Italiya'' wanda ke da niyyar "ci gaba da ayyukan da suka dace da juna waɗanda suka shafi sabbin masu hulɗa na jama'a da masu zaman kansu a cikin Jihohin Larabawa na Tekun Farisa, a cikin mahallin bangarorin fifiko don ci gaban yankin Bahar Rum wanda ya haɗa da ababen more rayuwa da hanyoyin sadarwar makamashi, dabaru, sababbin fasahar fasaha, bayanai da kafofin watsa labarai. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.milanomediterraneo.org/ImagePub.aspx?id=40727 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727084353/http://www.milanomediterraneo.org/ImagePub.aspx?id=40727 |archive-date=27 July 2011 |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=www.milanomediterraneo.org}}</ref>ERTU kuma ta shiga a matsayin memba mai aiki a taron Eurovision TV, wanda Tarayyar watsa shirye-shiryen Turai (EBU) ta gudanar a Switzerland, inda Saghir memba ne na kwamitin fiction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.eurovisiontvsummit.com/pdf/ets2009participants.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521025558/http://www.eurovisiontvsummit.com/pdf/ets2009participants.pdf |archive-date=2009-05-21 |access-date=2009-10-19}}</ref> Saghir ta kasance co-kafa kungiyar watsa labarai ta duniya, Misira . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nord Vision Television |url=http://www.nordvision.org/fileadmin/webmasterfiles/Files_til_nyheder/BrochureETS2008_EN.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602020955/http://www.nordvision.org/fileadmin/webmasterfiles/Files_til_nyheder/BrochureETS2008_EN.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-02 |access-date=2009-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eurovision TV Summit 2012 |url=http://www.eurovisiontvsummit.com/fr/speakers.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807162650/http://www.eurovisiontvsummit.com/fr/speakers.php |archive-date=2008-08-07 |access-date=2009-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Mediterraneo allargato: la nuove frontiere per uno sviluppo economico e sociale |url=http://www.radioradicale.it/scheda/257108/mediterraneo-allargato-la-nuove-frontiere-per-uno-sviluppo-economico-e-sociale |website=Radio Radicale}}</ref> == "Lokacin sulhu" == A lokacin watan Ramadan mai tsarki na 2009, lokacin da shirye-shiryen talabijin da masu kallo suka kai kololuwarsu, juriyar masu tace fina-finai ta fara abin da jaridun gida kamar Almasry Alyoum suka yi iƙirarin cewa shine "lokacin sulhu" tsakanin wasan kwaikwayo da talabijin na gida. Ra'ayin masu tace fina-finai na gwamnati ya canza zuwa masu yin wasan kwaikwayo, yayin da tattaunawa tsakanin masu tace fina-finai da marubuta/daraktoci ta bar tsoffin haramtattun abubuwa kamar jima'i, miyagun ƙwayoyi da siyasa da kuma matsalolin zamantakewa da yawa a cikin duhu, a buɗe don tattaunawa mai adalci kafin a yi musu takunkumi. Mutane da yawa sun yarda cewa matakin buɗe ido ya inganta sosai kuma yawancin masu fasaha da masu yin wasan kwaikwayo suna ganin sabuwar sashen tana da ƙarfi da sassaucin ra'ayi tun lokacin da Saghir ya hau mulki..<ref>{{Cite web |title=نهضة مصر |url=http://www.gn4me.com/nahda/artDetails.jsp?edition_id=2583&artID=3494817 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711103125/http://www.gn4me.com/nahda/artDetails.jsp?edition_id=2583&artID=3494817 |archive-date=2011-07-11 |access-date=2009-10-19 |publisher=}}</ref> == Taron == Mona kuma memba ce ta kwamitin taron duniya don kafofin watsa labarai da ci gaba, GFMD Egypt . <ref>{{Cite web |title=GFMD |url=http://www.gfmdegypt.com/}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] o9i6ge06abcpebdd8dzid8dl24r01be 0 165148 906101 2026-08-22T10:19:42Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1299487791|Elisabeth Andrae]]" 906101 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Elisabeth_Andrae.jpg|thumb|185x185px|Elisabeth Andrae (1930s) ]] '''Louise Elisabeth Andrae''' (3 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1876, [[Leipzig]] - 1945, [[Dresden]]) ta kasance mai zane-zane na Post-Impressionist kuma mai zane-zanen ruwa. == Tarihin rayuwa == Ta yi karatu tare da masu zane-zanen shimfidar wuri guda biyu; {{Interlanguage link|Gustav Adolf Thamm|de}} a Dresden da Hans von Volkmann a cikin Karlsruhe . <ref name="P">{{Cite web |date=16 September 2011 |title=Elisabeth Andrae |url=https://galerie-der-panther.de/elisabeth-andrae/ |website=Galerie & Kunsthandel "DER PANTHER" |language=de-DE}}</ref> Ta zauna a Dresden, amma ta shafe lokaci mai tsawo a tsibirin Hiddensee. A can, ta taimaka wajen shirya wata ƙungiya da aka sani da " {{Interlanguage link|Hiddensoer Künstlerinnenbund|de}} ", ƙungiyar mata masu fasaha waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Clara Arnheim]], Elisabeth Büchsel, Käthe Loewenthal da {{Interlanguage link|Katharina Bamberg|de}} . [[Fayil:Elisabeth_Andrae_-_Dorfstraße.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Hanyar ƙauyen]] Sun kasance masu baje kolin yau da kullun a wani wurin zane-zane da aka sani da Blaue Scheune (Blue Barn), wanda [[Henni Lehmann]] ya kafa a shekarar 1920. Ta kuma nuna akai-akai tare da ƙungiyar da aka sani da "Kunstkaten" a cikin Ahrenshoop.<ref name="P" /> Ɗan'uwanta shi ne masanin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi Walter Andrae, mai kula da kuma Darakta na Gidan Tarihi na Vorderasiatisches a Berlin. Bayan 1930, ta taimaka masa ta hanyar zanen manyan murals na wuraren tonowa da yawa a Babila, Assur, Uruk da Yazılıkaya; biyu daga cikinsu har yanzu ana iya gani a gidan kayan gargajiya.<ref name="P" /> Ayyukanta sun kasance sanannun gaske a lokacin shekarun Nazi. Ta mutu a ranar da ba a sani ba a 1945, mai yiwuwa ne sakamakon fashewar bam a Dresden ko sakamakonsa. == Manazarta == fgxg0pm38wmnpowhgjfvta2g8sovkzl 906102 906101 2026-08-22T10:20:23Z Nnamadee 31123 906102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Elisabeth_Andrae.jpg|thumb|185x185px|Elisabeth Andrae (1930s) ]] '''Louise Elisabeth Andrae''' (3 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1876, [[Leipzig]] - 1945, [[Dresden]]) ta kasance mai zane-zane na Post-Impressionist kuma mai zane-zanen ruwa. == Tarihin rayuwa == Ta yi karatu tare da masu zane-zanen shimfidar wuri guda biyu; {{Interlanguage link|Gustav Adolf Thamm|de}} a Dresden da Hans von Volkmann a cikin Karlsruhe . <ref name="P">{{Cite web |date=16 September 2011 |title=Elisabeth Andrae |url=https://galerie-der-panther.de/elisabeth-andrae/ |website=Galerie & Kunsthandel "DER PANTHER" |language=de-DE}}</ref> Ta zauna a Dresden, amma ta shafe lokaci mai tsawo a tsibirin Hiddensee. A can, ta taimaka wajen shirya wata ƙungiya da aka sani da " {{Interlanguage link|Hiddensoer Künstlerinnenbund|de}} ", ƙungiyar mata masu fasaha waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Clara Arnheim]], Elisabeth Büchsel, Käthe Loewenthal da {{Interlanguage link|Katharina Bamberg|de}} . [[Fayil:Elisabeth_Andrae_-_Dorfstraße.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Hanyar ƙauyen]] Sun kasance masu baje kolin yau da kullun a wani wurin zane-zane da aka sani da Blaue Scheune (Blue Barn), wanda [[Henni Lehmann]] ya kafa a shekarar 1920. Ta kuma nuna akai-akai tare da ƙungiyar da aka sani da "Kunstkaten" a cikin Ahrenshoop.<ref name="P" /> Ɗan'uwanta shi ne masanin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi Walter Andrae, mai kula da kuma Darakta na Gidan Tarihi na Vorderasiatisches a Berlin. Bayan 1930, ta taimaka masa ta hanyar zanen manyan murals na wuraren tonowa da yawa a Babila, Assur, Uruk da Yazılıkaya; biyu daga cikinsu har yanzu ana iya gani a gidan kayan gargajiya.<ref name="P" /> Ayyukanta sun kasance sanannun gaske a lokacin shekarun Nazi. Ta mutu a ranar da ba a sani ba a 1945, mai yiwuwa ne sakamakon fashewar bam a Dresden ko sakamakonsa. == Manazarta == htdr31p9eg2dfiv8ig3vay62srkh9zl 0 165149 906103 2026-08-22T10:21:39Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356097328|Bele Bachem]]" 906103 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bele Bachem''' (née Renate Gabriele Bachem) (17 ga Mayu 1916 - 5 ga Yuni 2005) ta kasance mai zane-zane na Jamus, mai zane-zanen littafi, mai tsara mataki da marubuci. A shekara ta 1997, an ba Bachem lambar yabo ta Order of Merit na Tarayyar Jamus . == Rayuwa da aiki == [[Fayil:Bele_Bachem_Rosenthal_Plate.jpg|thumb|Rosenthal (kamfani) farantin yumbu tare da kayan ado wanda Bele Bachem ya tsara.]] Bele Bachem 'yar mai zane Gottfried Maria Bachem ce da matarsa Hedwig . An haife ta, kuma ta yi yarinta, a [[Düsseldorf]] . Ta tafi Jami'ar Fasaha ta Berlin a ƙarshen shekarun 1920, inda Ludwig Bartning da Max Kraus suka koya mata. Ayyukanta da sauri sun ja hankalin mutane kuma ta sami damar bin salon kanta ba tare da damuwa ba. Ba da daɗewa ba ta sami aikinta na farko kuma Otto Falckenberg ya kai ta Munich don ƙirƙirar matakan mataki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo. A shekara ta 1940 ta auri masanin tarihin fasaha Günther Böhmer, (ya mutu a shekara ta 1992), kuma daga baya a wannan shekarar an haifi 'yarsu. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, 'yan Socialist na kasa sun yi tir da ayyukansu, kuma, a cikin shekara guda, an dakatar da nune-nunen jama'a na aikinta. Bayan yakin, Bachem ya buga zane-zane a cikin mujallar satirical Der Simpl kuma daga ƙarshe ya ci gaba da aiki a kan zane-zane don gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Ta zana hotuna kuma ta rubuta littattafai kuma ta tsara don fina-finai. Daga 1954 zuwa 1956 ta kasance malama a Sashen Illustration a Werkkunstschule a [[Offenbach|Offenbach da Main]] . Bachem ya samar da kayayyaki da yawa ga masana'antar porcelain Rosenthal da kuma masana'antar takarda ta Brascha Rasch. An dauki Bachem a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu zane-zane na Jamus bayan yakin kuma, ban da Unica Zürn, daya daga cikin 'yan surrealists na zane-zane. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]] 9uce5drv3mi3cfdo2k0fiedft1zhhay 906104 906103 2026-08-22T10:22:00Z Nnamadee 31123 906104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bele Bachem''' (née Renate Gabriele Bachem) (17 ga Mayu 1916 - 5 ga Yuni 2005) ta kasance mai zane-zane na Jamus, mai zane-zanen littafi, mai tsara mataki da marubuci. A shekara ta 1997, an ba Bachem lambar yabo ta Order of Merit na Tarayyar Jamus . == Rayuwa da aiki == [[Fayil:Bele_Bachem_Rosenthal_Plate.jpg|thumb|Rosenthal (kamfani) farantin yumbu tare da kayan ado wanda Bele Bachem ya tsara.]] Bele Bachem 'yar mai zane Gottfried Maria Bachem ce da matarsa Hedwig . An haife ta, kuma ta yi yarinta, a [[Düsseldorf]] . Ta tafi Jami'ar Fasaha ta Berlin a ƙarshen shekarun 1920, inda Ludwig Bartning da Max Kraus suka koya mata. Ayyukanta da sauri sun ja hankalin mutane kuma ta sami damar bin salon kanta ba tare da damuwa ba. Ba da daɗewa ba ta sami aikinta na farko kuma Otto Falckenberg ya kai ta Munich don ƙirƙirar matakan mataki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo. A shekara ta 1940 ta auri masanin tarihin fasaha Günther Böhmer, (ya mutu a shekara ta 1992), kuma daga baya a wannan shekarar an haifi 'yarsu. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, 'yan Socialist na kasa sun yi tir da ayyukansu, kuma, a cikin shekara guda, an dakatar da nune-nunen jama'a na aikinta. Bayan yakin, Bachem ya buga zane-zane a cikin mujallar satirical Der Simpl kuma daga ƙarshe ya ci gaba da aiki a kan zane-zane don gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Ta zana hotuna kuma ta rubuta littattafai kuma ta tsara don fina-finai. Daga 1954 zuwa 1956 ta kasance malama a Sashen Illustration a Werkkunstschule a [[Offenbach|Offenbach da Main]] . Bachem ya samar da kayayyaki da yawa ga masana'antar porcelain Rosenthal da kuma masana'antar takarda ta Brascha Rasch. An dauki Bachem a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu zane-zane na Jamus bayan yakin kuma, ban da Unica Zürn, daya daga cikin 'yan surrealists na zane-zane. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]] cgdg9m32iaxq4k6rkaf0sdxb6mnx6zo 906105 906104 2026-08-22T10:22:57Z Nnamadee 31123 906105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bele Bachem''' (née Renate Gabriele Bachem) (17 ga Mayu 1916 - 5 ga Yuni 2005) ta kasance mai zane-zane na Jamus, mai zane-zanen littafi, mai tsara mataki da marubuci. A shekara ta 1997, an ba Bachem lambar yabo ta Order of Merit na Tarayyar Jamus.<ref>Waltraud Schwab: Die Surrealistin und ihre Tochter</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == [[Fayil:Bele_Bachem_Rosenthal_Plate.jpg|thumb|Rosenthal (kamfani) farantin yumbu tare da kayan ado wanda Bele Bachem ya tsara.]] Bele Bachem 'yar mai zane Gottfried Maria Bachem ce da matarsa Hedwig . An haife ta, kuma ta yi yarinta, a [[Düsseldorf]] . Ta tafi Jami'ar Fasaha ta Berlin a ƙarshen shekarun 1920, inda Ludwig Bartning da Max Kraus suka koya mata. Ayyukanta da sauri sun ja hankalin mutane kuma ta sami damar bin salon kanta ba tare da damuwa ba. Ba da daɗewa ba ta sami aikinta na farko kuma Otto Falckenberg ya kai ta Munich don ƙirƙirar matakan mataki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo. A shekara ta 1940 ta auri masanin tarihin fasaha Günther Böhmer, (ya mutu a shekara ta 1992), kuma daga baya a wannan shekarar an haifi 'yarsu. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, 'yan Socialist na kasa sun yi tir da ayyukansu, kuma, a cikin shekara guda, an dakatar da nune-nunen jama'a na aikinta. Bayan yakin, Bachem ya buga zane-zane a cikin mujallar satirical Der Simpl kuma daga ƙarshe ya ci gaba da aiki a kan zane-zane don gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Ta zana hotuna kuma ta rubuta littattafai kuma ta tsara don fina-finai. Daga 1954 zuwa 1956 ta kasance malama a Sashen Illustration a Werkkunstschule a [[Offenbach|Offenbach da Main]] . Bachem ya samar da kayayyaki da yawa ga masana'antar porcelain Rosenthal da kuma masana'antar takarda ta Brascha Rasch. An dauki Bachem a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu zane-zane na Jamus bayan yakin kuma, ban da Unica Zürn, daya daga cikin 'yan surrealists na zane-zane. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]] lfjxvu0yjskq660rhohed7q7kw94st1 906106 906105 2026-08-22T10:23:37Z Nnamadee 31123 906106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bele Bachem''' (née Renate Gabriele Bachem) (17 ga Mayu 1916 - 5 ga Yuni 2005) ta kasance mai zane-zane na Jamus, mai zane-zanen littafi, mai tsara mataki da marubuci. A shekara ta 1997, an ba Bachem lambar yabo ta Order of Merit na Tarayyar Jamus.<ref>Waltraud Schwab: Die Surrealistin und ihre Tochter</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == [[Fayil:Bele_Bachem_Rosenthal_Plate.jpg|thumb|Rosenthal (kamfani) farantin yumbu tare da kayan ado wanda Bele Bachem ya tsara.]] Bele Bachem 'yar mai zane Gottfried Maria Bachem ce da matarsa Hedwig . An haife ta, kuma ta yi yarinta, a [[Düsseldorf]] . Ta tafi Jami'ar Fasaha ta Berlin a ƙarshen shekarun 1920, inda Ludwig Bartning da Max Kraus suka koya mata. Ayyukanta da sauri sun ja hankalin mutane kuma ta sami damar bin salon kanta ba tare da damuwa ba. Ba da daɗewa ba ta sami aikinta na farko kuma Otto Falckenberg ya kai ta Munich don ƙirƙirar matakan mataki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo. A shekara ta 1940 ta auri masanin tarihin fasaha Günther Böhmer, (ya mutu a shekara ta 1992), kuma daga baya a wannan shekarar an haifi 'yarsu. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, 'yan Socialist na kasa sun yi tir da ayyukansu, kuma, a cikin shekara guda, an dakatar da nune-nunen jama'a na aikinta. Bayan yakin, Bachem ya buga zane-zane a cikin mujallar satirical Der Simpl kuma daga ƙarshe ya ci gaba da aiki a kan zane-zane don gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Ta zana hotuna kuma ta rubuta littattafai kuma ta tsara don fina-finai. Daga 1954 zuwa 1956 ta kasance malama a Sashen Illustration a Werkkunstschule a [[Offenbach|Offenbach da Main]] . Bachem ya samar da kayayyaki da yawa ga masana'antar porcelain Rosenthal da kuma masana'antar takarda ta Brascha Rasch. An dauki Bachem a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu zane-zane na Jamus bayan yakin kuma, ban da Unica Zürn, daya daga cikin 'yan surrealists na zane-zane.<ref>Waltraud Schwab: Die Surrealistin und ihre Tochter.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]] tv06g2pkx3afpi9v1g9eqhcrk2hdbnq 0 165150 906107 2026-08-22T10:25:04Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328656639|Gabriela Dauerer]]" 906107 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Gabriela_Dauerer_Portrait.JPG|thumb|Gabriela Dauerer]] '''Gabriela Dauerer''' (12 ga Yulin 1958 - 22 ga Janairun 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Funeral notices for Gabriela Dauerer |url=https://trauer.nn.de/traueranzeige/gabriela-dauerer |access-date=2 April 2024 |publisher=trauer.nn.de |language=de}}</ref>) ƴar Jamus ce [[Painting|mai zane]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2023 |title=Her world was hard to grasp: mourning for the Nuremberg artist Gabriela Dauerer |url=https://www.nn.de/kultur/ihre-welt-war-kaum-zu-fassen-trauer-um-die-nurnberger-kunstlerin-gabriela-dauerer-1.12987785 |access-date=2 April 2024 |language=de}}</ref> Ta kasance wakilin zane-zane na minimalistic. == Rayuwa == Daga 1979 zuwa 1986, Dauerer ta yi karatun zane-zane da zane-zane a ''Akademie der Bildenden Künste Nürnberg'' (Academy of Fine Arts, Nuremberg) tare da Farfesa Ernst Weil da Christine Colditz . A wannan lokacin, ta lashe [[Nice|Kyau]] Kwalejin da kuma tallafin karatu na ''Deutsch-Französisches Jugendwerk'' (German-Faransa Youth Promotion) don zama na shekaru uku a Villa Arson a Nice (Faransa). Daga 1984 zuwa 1986 ta wuce karatun difloma a Nice a Ecole Pilote Internationale d'Art et de Recherche tare da Farfesa Ben Vautier, da sauransu.<ref>Time Capsule : A Concise Encyclopedia by Women Artists, Robert Kahn, {{ISBN|1-881616-33-9}}</ref> A shekara ta 1986 Dauerer ya lashe lambar yabo ta Bavarian na bayyanar farko ga matasa masu rubuce-rubuce da masu zane-zane. Shekara guda a Florence ya biyo baya a cikin 1988 a yayin kyautar Villa Romana. A shekara ta 1992 Dauerer ya shafe shekara guda a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] da Tucson a Amurka saboda tallafin karatu na Ma'aikatar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Bavarian. Ta wakilci [[Monaco]] tare da [[Barbara Sillari]] a 50th Venice Biennale, a cikin 2003, tare da aikin su Il sogno que risorge dalla vita (The Dream that Rises from Life). == Kyaututtuka == * Kyautar Villa Romana ta 1988 <ref>{{Cite web |title=www.villaromana.org |url=http://www.villaromana.org/front_content.php?idart=23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306212158/http://www.villaromana.org/front_content.php?idart=23 |archive-date=6 March 2012 |access-date=12 July 2010}}</ref> * 1989 Bayerischer Kulturförderpreis (Lambar Inganta Al'adu) * 1991 Kyautar ingantawa ta Stadtwerke Mönchengladbach * 2003 Wolfram-von-Eschenbach-Förderpreis (lambar ci gaba) * 2004 Kyautar Arts ta biyu ta Nürnberger Nachrichten == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] mf5t09c02gdmha2fhkftrnx8tsb8rct 906109 906107 2026-08-22T10:25:25Z Nnamadee 31123 906109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Gabriela_Dauerer_Portrait.JPG|thumb|Gabriela Dauerer]] '''Gabriela Dauerer''' (12 ga Yulin 1958 - 22 ga Janairun 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Funeral notices for Gabriela Dauerer |url=https://trauer.nn.de/traueranzeige/gabriela-dauerer |access-date=2 April 2024 |publisher=trauer.nn.de |language=de}}</ref>) ƴar Jamus ce [[Painting|mai zane]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2023 |title=Her world was hard to grasp: mourning for the Nuremberg artist Gabriela Dauerer |url=https://www.nn.de/kultur/ihre-welt-war-kaum-zu-fassen-trauer-um-die-nurnberger-kunstlerin-gabriela-dauerer-1.12987785 |access-date=2 April 2024 |language=de}}</ref> Ta kasance wakilin zane-zane na minimalistic. == Rayuwa == Daga 1979 zuwa 1986, Dauerer ta yi karatun zane-zane da zane-zane a ''Akademie der Bildenden Künste Nürnberg'' (Academy of Fine Arts, Nuremberg) tare da Farfesa Ernst Weil da Christine Colditz . A wannan lokacin, ta lashe [[Nice|Kyau]] Kwalejin da kuma tallafin karatu na ''Deutsch-Französisches Jugendwerk'' (German-Faransa Youth Promotion) don zama na shekaru uku a Villa Arson a Nice (Faransa). Daga 1984 zuwa 1986 ta wuce karatun difloma a Nice a Ecole Pilote Internationale d'Art et de Recherche tare da Farfesa Ben Vautier, da sauransu.<ref>Time Capsule : A Concise Encyclopedia by Women Artists, Robert Kahn, {{ISBN|1-881616-33-9}}</ref> A shekara ta 1986 Dauerer ya lashe lambar yabo ta Bavarian na bayyanar farko ga matasa masu rubuce-rubuce da masu zane-zane. Shekara guda a Florence ya biyo baya a cikin 1988 a yayin kyautar Villa Romana. A shekara ta 1992 Dauerer ya shafe shekara guda a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] da Tucson a Amurka saboda tallafin karatu na Ma'aikatar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Bavarian. Ta wakilci [[Monaco]] tare da [[Barbara Sillari]] a 50th Venice Biennale, a cikin 2003, tare da aikin su Il sogno que risorge dalla vita (The Dream that Rises from Life). == Kyaututtuka == * Kyautar Villa Romana ta 1988 <ref>{{Cite web |title=www.villaromana.org |url=http://www.villaromana.org/front_content.php?idart=23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306212158/http://www.villaromana.org/front_content.php?idart=23 |archive-date=6 March 2012 |access-date=12 July 2010}}</ref> * 1989 Bayerischer Kulturförderpreis (Lambar Inganta Al'adu) * 1991 Kyautar ingantawa ta Stadtwerke Mönchengladbach * 2003 Wolfram-von-Eschenbach-Förderpreis (lambar ci gaba) * 2004 Kyautar Arts ta biyu ta Nürnberger Nachrichten == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] mtpeaikefcn7pb0v5ohvm9ev53mw5c6 0 165151 906110 2026-08-22T10:27:07Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361179113|Mathilde Battenberg]]" 906110 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mathilde Battenberg''' (4 ga Afrilu, 1878 - 13 ga Agusta, 1936) ƴar Jamus ce. An haifi Battenberg a ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 1878 <ref name="RKD Research">{{Cite web |title=Mathilde Luise Battenberg |url=https://rkd.nl/artists/216174 |access-date=6 May 2026 |website=RKD Research}}</ref> a Alzey. Ta yi karatu tare da mai zane [[Ottilie Roederstein]] (1859-1937) sannan kuma a Académie Colarossi . Ta nuna a kai a kai a Frankfurter Kunstverein (Frankfurt Art Association). <ref name="Frankfurter Frauenzimmer">{{Cite web |last=Kern |first=Ursula |title=Mathilde Battenberg (1878-1936) |url=https://www.frankfurterfrauenzimmer.de/cp10-detail.html?bio=bm |access-date=6 May 2026 |website=Frankfurter Frauenzimmer}}</ref> Battenberg ya mutu a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta, 1936 <ref name="Deutsche Biographie">{{Cite web |title=Battenberg, Mathilde |url=https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/133286819.html |access-date=6 May 2026 |website=Deutsche Biographie |language=de}}</ref> a [[Frankfurt]]. <ref name="Städel Museum">{{Cite web |title=Mathilde Battenberg |url=https://sammlung.staedelmuseum.de/en/person/battenberg-mathilde |access-date=6 May 2026 |website=Städel Museum |language=en}}</ref> Ayyukanta suna cikin tarin gidan kayan gargajiya na Städel . <ref name="Städel Museum" /> == Hotuna == <gallery> Fayil:Mathilde_Battenberg,_Ottilie_W._Roederstein_and_Ida_Gerhardi_in_Roederstein’s_studio_at_108_Boulevard_du_Montparnasse,_Paris.jpg|Mathilde Battenberg, Ottilie Roederstein and [[Ida Gerhardi]] in Roederstein’s studio at 108 Boulevard du Montparnasse, Paris Fayil:Mathilde_Battenberg_Portrait_Christian_Demuth_1921.jpg|Portrait Christian Demuth, 1921 Fayil:MB_Afrikaner1915.jpg|Portrait of an African Man, 1915 </gallery> == Manazarta == smzruyn0a1hgzqhbf5klwi3vlbv5301 906111 906110 2026-08-22T10:27:36Z Nnamadee 31123 906111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mathilde Battenberg''' (4 ga Afrilu, 1878 - 13 ga Agusta, 1936) ƴar Jamus ce. An haifi Battenberg a ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 1878 <ref name="RKD Research">{{Cite web |title=Mathilde Luise Battenberg |url=https://rkd.nl/artists/216174 |access-date=6 May 2026 |website=RKD Research}}</ref> a Alzey. Ta yi karatu tare da mai zane [[Ottilie Roederstein]] (1859-1937) sannan kuma a Académie Colarossi . Ta nuna a kai a kai a Frankfurter Kunstverein (Frankfurt Art Association). <ref name="Frankfurter Frauenzimmer">{{Cite web |last=Kern |first=Ursula |title=Mathilde Battenberg (1878-1936) |url=https://www.frankfurterfrauenzimmer.de/cp10-detail.html?bio=bm |access-date=6 May 2026 |website=Frankfurter Frauenzimmer}}</ref> Battenberg ya mutu a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta, 1936 <ref name="Deutsche Biographie">{{Cite web |title=Battenberg, Mathilde |url=https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/133286819.html |access-date=6 May 2026 |website=Deutsche Biographie |language=de}}</ref> a [[Frankfurt]]. <ref name="Städel Museum">{{Cite web |title=Mathilde Battenberg |url=https://sammlung.staedelmuseum.de/en/person/battenberg-mathilde |access-date=6 May 2026 |website=Städel Museum |language=en}}</ref> Ayyukanta suna cikin tarin gidan kayan gargajiya na Städel . <ref name="Städel Museum" /> == Hotuna == <gallery> Fayil:Mathilde_Battenberg,_Ottilie_W._Roederstein_and_Ida_Gerhardi_in_Roederstein’s_studio_at_108_Boulevard_du_Montparnasse,_Paris.jpg|Mathilde Battenberg, Ottilie Roederstein and [[Ida Gerhardi]] in Roederstein’s studio at 108 Boulevard du Montparnasse, Paris Fayil:Mathilde_Battenberg_Portrait_Christian_Demuth_1921.jpg|Portrait Christian Demuth, 1921 Fayil:MB_Afrikaner1915.jpg|Portrait of an African Man, 1915 </gallery> == Manazarta == m0ptevf2rxclu9l7s4diuyvqm34z5v8 0 165152 906112 2026-08-22T10:28:49Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353783371|Margarete Palz]]" 906112 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Margarete Palz''' (28 Satumba 1937 - 30 Disamba 2025) ta kasance Mai zane-zane na Jamus. Bayan ta yi karatun sana'a da tarihin fasaha a Saarbrücken, ta koyar da fasaha a makarantar sakandare a Zweibrücken har zuwa shekara ta 2000. Thereter ta yi amfani da basirarta ta kirkira, musamman don tsara tufafi masu ban sha'awa waɗanda aka nuna a Jamus da waje. Don waɗannan ta sami jerin kyaututtuka, kwanan nan a matsayin wanda ya lashe Gasar Fasaha ta 2021 a Mandurah, Ostiraliya. <ref name="iak">{{Cite web |title=Pal, Margarete |url=https://institut-aktuelle-kunst.de/kuenstlerlexikon/palz-margarete |access-date=25 February 2023 |publisher=Institut für aktuelle Kunst im Saarland |language=de}}</ref> <ref name="sz">{{Cite web |last=Gündüz, Bülent |date=19 March 2019 |title=Margarete Palz in der städtischen Galerie Neunkirchen: Noch Kostüm – oder schon Skulptur? |url=https://www.saarbruecker-zeitung.de/nachrichten/kultur/werke-von-margarete-palz-in-der-staedtischen-galerie-neunkirchen_aid-37541439 |access-date=25 February 2023 |publisher=Saarbrücker Zeitung |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kirby, Aaron |date=16 November 2021 |title=Wearable Art Mandurah garments in full bloom on Showcase weekend |url=https://www.perthnow.com.au/community-news/mandurah-coastal-times/wearable-art-mandurah-garments-in-full-bloom-on-showcase-weekend-c-4580091 |access-date=25 February 2023 |publisher=Coastal Times |language=}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife ta a 1937 a Moravská Ostrava, Czechoslovakia, an kori Margarete Palz da iyalinta bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II <ref>{{Cite web |last=Horel, Catherine |title=The expulsion of the Germans of Czechoslovakia after the Second World War |url=https://ehne.fr/en/encyclopedia/themes/wars-and-memories/judging-atoning-reconciling/expulsion-germans-czechoslovakia-after-second-world-war |access-date=25 February 2023 |publisher=EHNE Sorbonne}}</ref> kuma sun zauna a Zweibrücken lokacin da take da shekaru 11. <ref name="iak" /> Kamar yadda kusan babu wani abu a cikin shaguna, kawunta ta mahaifiyarta ta nuna mata yadda za ta yi tufafinta, ta gabatar da ita ga zane, launi, da ulu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Horel, Catherine |title=The expulsion of the Germans of Czechoslovakia after the Second World War |url=https://ehne.fr/en/encyclopedia/themes/wars-and-memories/judging-atoning-reconciling/expulsion-germans-czechoslovakia-after-second-world-war |access-date=25 February 2023 |publisher=EHNE Sorbonne}}</ref><ref name="vp">{{Cite web |date=19 June 2021 |title=Pfalz persönlich – vom Clown bis zur Textilkünstlerin |url=https://www.vielpfalz.de/artikel/pfalz-persoenlich-vom-clown-bis-zur-textilkuenstlerin |access-date=25 February 2023 |publisher=VielPfalz |language=de}}</ref> Daga shekara ta 1957, ta yi karatu a Saar Collage of Art and Design . Ta ci gaba da karatun [[Tarihin Fasaha|tarihin fasaha]] a Jami'ar Saarland da kuma Jami'ar Free ta Berlin har zuwa 1961.<ref name="iak" /> == Ayyuka == A shekarar 1966, an naɗa Palz malamar fasaha ta makarantar sakandare a Hofenfels-Gymnasium da ke Zweibrücken inda ta ci gaba da zama har zuwa shekarar 2000. <ref name="iak" /> Aikinta na farko ya dogara ne akan zane-zane masu ban mamaki da zane-zane, wanda malaminta Oskar Hohlwech ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi. Ta kasance memba na {{Interlanguage link|Neue Gruppe Saar|de}} wanda ya haɓaka shiga cikin fasaha da sana'o'i. <ref name="sz" /> Godiya ga ɗan'uwanta, mai ɗaukar hoto Gerhard Heisler, ta gano yuwuwar yin fim da takarda mai ɗaukar hoto, kayan da ta fara amfani da su wajen ƙirƙirar riguna na musamman. A wannan fannin, tun daga shekarar 1990 ta shiga cikin shirin "Unikater Kunstkleider" na gabatar da kayan wasan kwaikwayo na rawa masu hangen nesa. <ref name="vp" /> A shekara ta 2006, Palz ya gudanar da aikin koyarwa a Makarantar Design a Zürich. Baya ga nune-nunen solo da yawa a cikin Saarland, Palz ya nuna a Los Angeles (2017), Berlin (2014), da Mainz (2008). <ref name="iak" /> == Mutuwa == Margarete Palz ta mutu a ranar 30 ga Disamba 2025, tana da shekaru 88. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rheinpfalz Checkout |url=https://abo.rheinpfalz.de/checkout/index/onestepcheckout?product_id=201 |access-date=31 December 2025 |website=abo.rheinpfalz.de}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Palz ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da kyautar Creative Excellence, Gen-I, New Zealand (2013) <ref name="iak" /> da kuma Artist of the Year Award don Oscillating Curves a Wearable Art Competition, a Mandurah, Australia (2021). <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2021 |title=Winners announced for 2021 Wearable Art Mandurah competition |url=https://www.mandurah.wa.gov.au/explore/whats-on/news/2021/11/winners-announced-for-2021-wearable-art-mandurah-competition |access-date=26 February 2023 |publisher=City of Mandurah |language=}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] kbpm62acw68ke8uin9sffzvhqahmy71 906113 906112 2026-08-22T10:29:19Z Nnamadee 31123 906113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Margarete Palz''' (28 Satumba 1937 - 30 Disamba 2025) ta kasance Mai zane-zane na Jamus. Bayan ta yi karatun sana'a da tarihin fasaha a Saarbrücken, ta koyar da fasaha a makarantar sakandare a Zweibrücken har zuwa shekara ta 2000. Thereter ta yi amfani da basirarta ta kirkira, musamman don tsara tufafi masu ban sha'awa waɗanda aka nuna a Jamus da waje. Don waɗannan ta sami jerin kyaututtuka, kwanan nan a matsayin wanda ya lashe Gasar Fasaha ta 2021 a Mandurah, Ostiraliya. <ref name="iak">{{Cite web |title=Pal, Margarete |url=https://institut-aktuelle-kunst.de/kuenstlerlexikon/palz-margarete |access-date=25 February 2023 |publisher=Institut für aktuelle Kunst im Saarland |language=de}}</ref> <ref name="sz">{{Cite web |last=Gündüz, Bülent |date=19 March 2019 |title=Margarete Palz in der städtischen Galerie Neunkirchen: Noch Kostüm – oder schon Skulptur? |url=https://www.saarbruecker-zeitung.de/nachrichten/kultur/werke-von-margarete-palz-in-der-staedtischen-galerie-neunkirchen_aid-37541439 |access-date=25 February 2023 |publisher=Saarbrücker Zeitung |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kirby, Aaron |date=16 November 2021 |title=Wearable Art Mandurah garments in full bloom on Showcase weekend |url=https://www.perthnow.com.au/community-news/mandurah-coastal-times/wearable-art-mandurah-garments-in-full-bloom-on-showcase-weekend-c-4580091 |access-date=25 February 2023 |publisher=Coastal Times |language=}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife ta a 1937 a Moravská Ostrava, Czechoslovakia, an kori Margarete Palz da iyalinta bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II <ref>{{Cite web |last=Horel, Catherine |title=The expulsion of the Germans of Czechoslovakia after the Second World War |url=https://ehne.fr/en/encyclopedia/themes/wars-and-memories/judging-atoning-reconciling/expulsion-germans-czechoslovakia-after-second-world-war |access-date=25 February 2023 |publisher=EHNE Sorbonne}}</ref> kuma sun zauna a Zweibrücken lokacin da take da shekaru 11. <ref name="iak" /> Kamar yadda kusan babu wani abu a cikin shaguna, kawunta ta mahaifiyarta ta nuna mata yadda za ta yi tufafinta, ta gabatar da ita ga zane, launi, da ulu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Horel, Catherine |title=The expulsion of the Germans of Czechoslovakia after the Second World War |url=https://ehne.fr/en/encyclopedia/themes/wars-and-memories/judging-atoning-reconciling/expulsion-germans-czechoslovakia-after-second-world-war |access-date=25 February 2023 |publisher=EHNE Sorbonne}}</ref><ref name="vp">{{Cite web |date=19 June 2021 |title=Pfalz persönlich – vom Clown bis zur Textilkünstlerin |url=https://www.vielpfalz.de/artikel/pfalz-persoenlich-vom-clown-bis-zur-textilkuenstlerin |access-date=25 February 2023 |publisher=VielPfalz |language=de}}</ref> Daga shekara ta 1957, ta yi karatu a Saar Collage of Art and Design . Ta ci gaba da karatun [[Tarihin Fasaha|tarihin fasaha]] a Jami'ar Saarland da kuma Jami'ar Free ta Berlin har zuwa 1961.<ref name="iak" /> == Ayyuka == A shekarar 1966, an naɗa Palz malamar fasaha ta makarantar sakandare a Hofenfels-Gymnasium da ke Zweibrücken inda ta ci gaba da zama har zuwa shekarar 2000. <ref name="iak" /> Aikinta na farko ya dogara ne akan zane-zane masu ban mamaki da zane-zane, wanda malaminta Oskar Hohlwech ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi. Ta kasance memba na {{Interlanguage link|Neue Gruppe Saar|de}} wanda ya haɓaka shiga cikin fasaha da sana'o'i. <ref name="sz" /> Godiya ga ɗan'uwanta, mai ɗaukar hoto Gerhard Heisler, ta gano yuwuwar yin fim da takarda mai ɗaukar hoto, kayan da ta fara amfani da su wajen ƙirƙirar riguna na musamman. A wannan fannin, tun daga shekarar 1990 ta shiga cikin shirin "Unikater Kunstkleider" na gabatar da kayan wasan kwaikwayo na rawa masu hangen nesa. <ref name="vp" /> A shekara ta 2006, Palz ya gudanar da aikin koyarwa a Makarantar Design a Zürich. Baya ga nune-nunen solo da yawa a cikin Saarland, Palz ya nuna a Los Angeles (2017), Berlin (2014), da Mainz (2008). <ref name="iak" /> == Mutuwa == Margarete Palz ta mutu a ranar 30 ga Disamba 2025, tana da shekaru 88. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rheinpfalz Checkout |url=https://abo.rheinpfalz.de/checkout/index/onestepcheckout?product_id=201 |access-date=31 December 2025 |website=abo.rheinpfalz.de}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Palz ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da kyautar Creative Excellence, Gen-I, New Zealand (2013) <ref name="iak" /> da kuma Artist of the Year Award don Oscillating Curves a Wearable Art Competition, a Mandurah, Australia (2021). <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2021 |title=Winners announced for 2021 Wearable Art Mandurah competition |url=https://www.mandurah.wa.gov.au/explore/whats-on/news/2021/11/winners-announced-for-2021-wearable-art-mandurah-competition |access-date=26 February 2023 |publisher=City of Mandurah |language=}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] ts0ukab1s7a37e3vw18j7002pn4hhbo 0 165153 906114 2026-08-22T10:31:53Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354035053|Paulina of Thuringia]]" 906114 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Paulina ta Thuringia''' ko '''Pauline von Arnstadt''' (ta mutu a ranar 13 ga Maris 1107) mace ce mai ibada kuma mai arziki a [[Daular Roma Mai Tsarki|Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki]] wadda ta kafa gidan ibada na {{Interlanguage link|Paulinzella Monastery|de|Kloster Paulinzella}} mai suna.{{Sfn|Watkins|2016}} An san ta a matsayin waliyya a cikin Shahadar Roman na Cocin Katolika. Ranar bikinta ita ce 14 ga Maris.{{Sfn|Watkins|2016}}<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Holböck|2017}}, gives her date of death and feast as 13 March.</ref> [[File:Weimar,_Herzogin_Anna_Amalia_Bibliothek,_Q_49,_f._90v.png|thumb| Ƙarshen gabatarwa da farkon babban rubutun (wanda aka nuna ta hanyar rubutun ja) na tarihin rayuwar Paulina ta Sigeboto ta Sigeboto, wacce sunansa ya bayyana da ja a saman shafin, a cikin wani rubutun ƙarni na 15.]] An haifi Paulina a shekara ta 1050 a Calw ga wani mutum mai suna Moricho, wanda shi kansa ya zama ɗan'uwan Hirsau Abbey . Ta yi aure sau biyu kuma ta yi bazawara sau biyu. Bayan mutuwar mijinta na biyu, Ulrich von Scharplan, ta yi ritaya don kafa gidan ibada a cikin dajin da aka naɗa Paulinzella. 'Yarta da ɗanta Werner suka haɗu da ita. {{Sfn|Holböck|2017}} Paulina ta shahara da aikin allurarta . {{Sfn|Schulenburg|2009}} "Ba ta da wani matsayi mafi girma kuma da kyar take da irinsa a lardin Thuringia inda take zaune, wajen yin iyakokin zinare da sata." {{Sfn|Dodwell|1993}} Matan cocin mata suma suna yin aikin allura da saƙa don tallafawa harsashin ginin. {{Sfn|Holböck|2017}} Paulina ta yi aikin hajji zuwa Santiago de Compostela da kuma Roma. A lokacin tafiyar ta ƙarshe ta sami amincewar Paparoma kan Paulinzella. {{Sfn|Holböck|2017}} A tafiyarta ta dawowa, ta faɗi daga kan dokinta ta karye hannunta. {{Sfn|Holböck|2017}} Bai taɓa warkewa gaba ɗaya ba kuma ta mutu a Münsterschwarzach Abbey yayin da take kan hanyarta ta zuwa Hirsau don raka malaman addininta zuwa sabbin majami'unsu da aka gina. {{Sfn|Watkins|2016}} {{Sfn|Holböck|2017}} Nan da nan mutane suka yi mata yabo a matsayin waliyya. {{Sfn|Dodwell|1993}} An binne ta a cikin majami'arta da ke Paulinzella a shekara ta 1122. {{Sfn|Holböck|2017}} Babban tushen rayuwarta shine tarihin rayuwarta [[Harshen Latin|ta Latin]], {{Lang|la|Vita Paulinae}}, wanda mai shaidanta, Sigeboto, ya rubuta, a kusan shekara ta 1150. {{Sfn|Holböck|2017}} == Manazarta == kvi4viu4wfbziddqrz95phcdvf3lad7 906115 906114 2026-08-22T10:32:24Z Nnamadee 31123 906115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Paulina ta Thuringia''' ko '''Pauline von Arnstadt''' (ta mutu a ranar 13 ga Maris 1107) mace ce mai ibada kuma mai arziki a [[Daular Roma Mai Tsarki|Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki]] wadda ta kafa gidan ibada na {{Interlanguage link|Paulinzella Monastery|de|Kloster Paulinzella}} mai suna.{{Sfn|Watkins|2016}} An san ta a matsayin waliyya a cikin Shahadar Roman na Cocin Katolika. Ranar bikinta ita ce 14 ga Maris.{{Sfn|Watkins|2016}}<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Holböck|2017}}, gives her date of death and feast as 13 March.</ref> [[File:Weimar,_Herzogin_Anna_Amalia_Bibliothek,_Q_49,_f._90v.png|thumb| Ƙarshen gabatarwa da farkon babban rubutun (wanda aka nuna ta hanyar rubutun ja) na tarihin rayuwar Paulina ta Sigeboto ta Sigeboto, wacce sunansa ya bayyana da ja a saman shafin, a cikin wani rubutun ƙarni na 15.]] An haifi Paulina a shekara ta 1050 a Calw ga wani mutum mai suna Moricho, wanda shi kansa ya zama ɗan'uwan Hirsau Abbey . Ta yi aure sau biyu kuma ta yi bazawara sau biyu. Bayan mutuwar mijinta na biyu, Ulrich von Scharplan, ta yi ritaya don kafa gidan ibada a cikin dajin da aka naɗa Paulinzella. 'Yarta da ɗanta Werner suka haɗu da ita. {{Sfn|Holböck|2017}} Paulina ta shahara da aikin allurarta . {{Sfn|Schulenburg|2009}} "Ba ta da wani matsayi mafi girma kuma da kyar take da irinsa a lardin Thuringia inda take zaune, wajen yin iyakokin zinare da sata." {{Sfn|Dodwell|1993}} Matan cocin mata suma suna yin aikin allura da saƙa don tallafawa harsashin ginin. {{Sfn|Holböck|2017}} Paulina ta yi aikin hajji zuwa Santiago de Compostela da kuma Roma. A lokacin tafiyar ta ƙarshe ta sami amincewar Paparoma kan Paulinzella. {{Sfn|Holböck|2017}} A tafiyarta ta dawowa, ta faɗi daga kan dokinta ta karye hannunta. {{Sfn|Holböck|2017}} Bai taɓa warkewa gaba ɗaya ba kuma ta mutu a Münsterschwarzach Abbey yayin da take kan hanyarta ta zuwa Hirsau don raka malaman addininta zuwa sabbin majami'unsu da aka gina. {{Sfn|Watkins|2016}} {{Sfn|Holböck|2017}} Nan da nan mutane suka yi mata yabo a matsayin waliyya. {{Sfn|Dodwell|1993}} An binne ta a cikin majami'arta da ke Paulinzella a shekara ta 1122. {{Sfn|Holböck|2017}} Babban tushen rayuwarta shine tarihin rayuwarta [[Harshen Latin|ta Latin]], {{Lang|la|Vita Paulinae}}, wanda mai shaidanta, Sigeboto, ya rubuta, a kusan shekara ta 1150. {{Sfn|Holböck|2017}} == Manazarta == n4nse48dthaoow8d3kqsa2rt4xxwr5l 0 165154 906116 2026-08-22T10:33:36Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1324160538|Anna Kerstin Otto]]" 906116 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anna Kerstin Otto''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1972 a [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]] ) yar ƙasar Jamus ce [[Painting|mai zane]]. == Tarihin Rayuwa == A cikin 1997 &#x2013; 1999, Otto yayi karatu a Hochschule für Gestaltung, Offenbach, da Academy of [[Reykjavik|Reykjavík]], [[Ayislan|Iceland]]. A tsakanin 1999 &#x2013; 2005, ta yi karatu a Städelschule, a [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]], inda ta yi karatu tare da [[Ayse Erkmen]] da Michael Krebber.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2015 |title=Anna Kerstin Otto |url=http://www.villaromana.org/front_content.php?&idcat=37&changelang=2&idart=31 |access-date=27 March 2018 |website=Villa Romana |publisher=}}</ref> Otto ya yi baje kolin kayan tarihi a gidan adana kayan tarihi na Jacky Strenz. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Armory Show 2010: Jacky Strenz |url=http://www.thearmoryshow.com/cgi-local/exhibitor_info.cgi?e%3D7957 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308074636/http://www.thearmoryshow.com/cgi-local/exhibitor_info.cgi?e=7957 |archive-date=2010-03-08 |access-date=2010-06-18}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Galerie Jacky Strenz - Anna Kerstin Otto Works 1 |url=http://jackystrenz.com/content/view/217/38/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306015848/http://jackystrenz.com/content/view/217/38/ |archive-date=2010-03-06 |access-date=2010-06-18}}</ref> Ta shiga cikin Open Studios. A shekarar 2006, Otto ya lashe kyautar Villa Romana. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]] teidqrza9otewcwqsqmzzi4am6k8fcx 906117 906116 2026-08-22T10:34:02Z Nnamadee 31123 906117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Anna Kerstin Otto''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1972 a [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]] ) yar ƙasar Jamus ce [[Painting|mai zane]]. == Tarihin Rayuwa == A cikin 1997 &#x2013; 1999, Otto yayi karatu a Hochschule für Gestaltung, Offenbach, da Academy of [[Reykjavik|Reykjavík]], [[Ayislan|Iceland]]. A tsakanin 1999 &#x2013; 2005, ta yi karatu a Städelschule, a [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]], inda ta yi karatu tare da [[Ayse Erkmen]] da Michael Krebber.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2015 |title=Anna Kerstin Otto |url=http://www.villaromana.org/front_content.php?&idcat=37&changelang=2&idart=31 |access-date=27 March 2018 |website=Villa Romana |publisher=}}</ref> Otto ya yi baje kolin kayan tarihi a gidan adana kayan tarihi na Jacky Strenz. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Armory Show 2010: Jacky Strenz |url=http://www.thearmoryshow.com/cgi-local/exhibitor_info.cgi?e%3D7957 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308074636/http://www.thearmoryshow.com/cgi-local/exhibitor_info.cgi?e=7957 |archive-date=2010-03-08 |access-date=2010-06-18}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Galerie Jacky Strenz - Anna Kerstin Otto Works 1 |url=http://jackystrenz.com/content/view/217/38/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306015848/http://jackystrenz.com/content/view/217/38/ |archive-date=2010-03-06 |access-date=2010-06-18}}</ref> Ta shiga cikin Open Studios. A shekarar 2006, Otto ya lashe kyautar Villa Romana. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]] duvru9zsqarp6zd4wq5ibxgl89beik4 0 165155 906118 2026-08-22T10:35:51Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364855321|Minna Beckmann-Tube]]" 906118 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Max_Beckmann_-_Portrait_of_Mink_with_violet_shawl_(1910).jpg|right|thumb|317x317px| Minna Beckmann-Tube a cikin hoton Max Beckmann, ''Hoton Mink tare da Violet Shawl'' (1910), Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Saint Louis]] '''Minna Beckmann-Tube''' (5 ga Yuli 1881 – 30 ga Yuli 1964) mawaƙiyar mai zane da opera ce ta Jamus. An fi saninta da matar farko ta mai zane kuma mai zane Max Beckmann. == Life == An haifi Minna Tube, 'yar wani limamin soja na Furotesta a ranar 5 ga Yuni, 1881 a [[Metz]] sannan kuma birni ne na Jamus. Daga baya iyalinta suka ƙaura zuwa Posen, Danzig da Altenburg. Tun tana ƙarama, tana son zama mai zane. Ta haɗu da mai zane-zane kuma mai zane Max Beckmann a shekarar 1903 a Makarantar Fasaha ta Grand-Ducal Saxon da ke Weimar . A shekarar 1906, ta auri Beckmann kuma a shekara mai zuwa suka ƙaura zuwa Berlin-Hermsdorf . <ref name="lex" /> Minna ce ta kula da kayan ado na cikin gidansu da kanta. Sun haifi ɗa, Peter, a shekarar 1907. <ref name="lex" /> Bayan ta daina zane, ta ɗauki darussan waƙa. A matsayinta na mai son soprano ko mezzo-soprano, ta hau kan dandamali a shekarar 1912, sannan ta yi wasa a Elberfeld, Dessau da Chemnitz. Daga 1918 zuwa 1925, ta yi aiki a Graz Opera a Ostiriya, inda ta taka rawar Brünnhilde, Freya, da kuma Venus da Isolde a cikin wasannin opera na [[Richard Wagner]] . <ref name="iso" /> A wancan lokacin, ma'auratan suna zaune ne tsakanin Berlin, Frankfurt da Graz. Max Beckmann ya bar Minna a shekarar 1925 don ya auri Mathilde Kaulbach, 'yar mai zane Friedrich August von Kaulbach. Bayan rabuwarta, Minna ta ci gaba da aikinta na waƙa, amma ta ci gaba da kasancewa da Max Beckmann har tsawon rayuwarta. A shekarar 1945, a gaban rundunar sojojin Amurka da na Soviet, ta nemi mafaka a Gauting, a Bavaria. A can, a shekarar 1951, ta kafa ƙungiyar Max Beckmann, don girmama mijinta na farko. Beckmann-Tube ya mutu a Gauting a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 1964. Duk da cewa yawancin zane-zanen Max Beckmann suna wakiltar ta, Minna Tube ba ta bar wani rikodin sauti ba. == Manazarta == 8lwicrxz01iqiym9rus585h1qxsiupu 906119 906118 2026-08-22T10:36:26Z Nnamadee 31123 906119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Max_Beckmann_-_Portrait_of_Mink_with_violet_shawl_(1910).jpg|right|thumb|317x317px| Minna Beckmann-Tube a cikin hoton Max Beckmann, ''Hoton Mink tare da Violet Shawl'' (1910), Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Saint Louis]] '''Minna Beckmann-Tube''' (5 ga Yuli 1881 – 30 ga Yuli 1964) mawaƙiyar mai zane da opera ce ta Jamus. An fi saninta da matar farko ta mai zane kuma mai zane Max Beckmann. == Life == An haifi Minna Tube, 'yar wani limamin soja na Furotesta a ranar 5 ga Yuni, 1881 a [[Metz]] sannan kuma birni ne na Jamus. Daga baya iyalinta suka ƙaura zuwa Posen, Danzig da Altenburg. Tun tana ƙarama, tana son zama mai zane. Ta haɗu da mai zane-zane kuma mai zane Max Beckmann a shekarar 1903 a Makarantar Fasaha ta Grand-Ducal Saxon da ke Weimar . A shekarar 1906, ta auri Beckmann kuma a shekara mai zuwa suka ƙaura zuwa Berlin-Hermsdorf . <ref name="lex" /> Minna ce ta kula da kayan ado na cikin gidansu da kanta. Sun haifi ɗa, Peter, a shekarar 1907. <ref name="lex" /> Bayan ta daina zane, ta ɗauki darussan waƙa. A matsayinta na mai son soprano ko mezzo-soprano, ta hau kan dandamali a shekarar 1912, sannan ta yi wasa a Elberfeld, Dessau da Chemnitz. Daga 1918 zuwa 1925, ta yi aiki a Graz Opera a Ostiriya, inda ta taka rawar Brünnhilde, Freya, da kuma Venus da Isolde a cikin wasannin opera na [[Richard Wagner]] . <ref name="iso" /> A wancan lokacin, ma'auratan suna zaune ne tsakanin Berlin, Frankfurt da Graz. Max Beckmann ya bar Minna a shekarar 1925 don ya auri Mathilde Kaulbach, 'yar mai zane Friedrich August von Kaulbach. Bayan rabuwarta, Minna ta ci gaba da aikinta na waƙa, amma ta ci gaba da kasancewa da Max Beckmann har tsawon rayuwarta. A shekarar 1945, a gaban rundunar sojojin Amurka da na Soviet, ta nemi mafaka a Gauting, a Bavaria. A can, a shekarar 1951, ta kafa ƙungiyar Max Beckmann, don girmama mijinta na farko. Beckmann-Tube ya mutu a Gauting a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 1964. Duk da cewa yawancin zane-zanen Max Beckmann suna wakiltar ta, Minna Tube ba ta bar wani rikodin sauti ba. == Manazarta == jcx79pfsfn4w3af9cb9lu43qv6o48td 906120 906119 2026-08-22T10:37:20Z Nnamadee 31123 906120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Max_Beckmann_-_Portrait_of_Mink_with_violet_shawl_(1910).jpg|right|thumb|317x317px| Minna Beckmann-Tube a cikin hoton Max Beckmann, ''Hoton Mink tare da Violet Shawl'' (1910), Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Saint Louis]] '''Minna Beckmann-Tube''' (5 ga Yuli 1881 – 30 ga Yuli 1964) mawaƙiyar mai zane da opera ce ta Jamus.<ref>Notice on dnb.de.</ref> An fi saninta da matar farko ta mai zane kuma mai zane Max Beckmann. == Life == An haifi Minna Tube, 'yar wani limamin soja na Furotesta a ranar 5 ga Yuni, 1881 a [[Metz]] sannan kuma birni ne na Jamus. Daga baya iyalinta suka ƙaura zuwa Posen, Danzig da Altenburg. Tun tana ƙarama, tana son zama mai zane. Ta haɗu da mai zane-zane kuma mai zane Max Beckmann a shekarar 1903 a Makarantar Fasaha ta Grand-Ducal Saxon da ke Weimar . A shekarar 1906, ta auri Beckmann kuma a shekara mai zuwa suka ƙaura zuwa Berlin-Hermsdorf . <ref name="lex" /> Minna ce ta kula da kayan ado na cikin gidansu da kanta. Sun haifi ɗa, Peter, a shekarar 1907. <ref name="lex" /> Bayan ta daina zane, ta ɗauki darussan waƙa. A matsayinta na mai son soprano ko mezzo-soprano, ta hau kan dandamali a shekarar 1912, sannan ta yi wasa a Elberfeld, Dessau da Chemnitz. Daga 1918 zuwa 1925, ta yi aiki a Graz Opera a Ostiriya, inda ta taka rawar Brünnhilde, Freya, da kuma Venus da Isolde a cikin wasannin opera na [[Richard Wagner]] . <ref name="iso" /> A wancan lokacin, ma'auratan suna zaune ne tsakanin Berlin, Frankfurt da Graz. Max Beckmann ya bar Minna a shekarar 1925 don ya auri Mathilde Kaulbach, 'yar mai zane Friedrich August von Kaulbach. Bayan rabuwarta, Minna ta ci gaba da aikinta na waƙa, amma ta ci gaba da kasancewa da Max Beckmann har tsawon rayuwarta. A shekarar 1945, a gaban rundunar sojojin Amurka da na Soviet, ta nemi mafaka a Gauting, a Bavaria. A can, a shekarar 1951, ta kafa ƙungiyar Max Beckmann, don girmama mijinta na farko. Beckmann-Tube ya mutu a Gauting a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 1964. Duk da cewa yawancin zane-zanen Max Beckmann suna wakiltar ta, Minna Tube ba ta bar wani rikodin sauti ba. == Manazarta == lbldgg61lxxqpd9ivp6yvveft6efd0j 906121 906120 2026-08-22T10:37:59Z Nnamadee 31123 906121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Max_Beckmann_-_Portrait_of_Mink_with_violet_shawl_(1910).jpg|right|thumb|317x317px| Minna Beckmann-Tube a cikin hoton Max Beckmann, ''Hoton Mink tare da Violet Shawl'' (1910), Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Saint Louis]] '''Minna Beckmann-Tube''' (5 ga Yuli 1881 – 30 ga Yuli 1964) mawaƙiyar mai zane da opera ce ta Jamus.<ref>Notice on dnb.de.</ref> An fi saninta da matar farko ta mai zane kuma mai zane Max Beckmann. == Life == An haifi Minna Tube, 'yar wani limamin soja na Furotesta a ranar 5 ga Yuni, 1881 a [[Metz]] sannan kuma birni ne na Jamus. Daga baya iyalinta suka ƙaura zuwa Posen, Danzig da Altenburg. Tun tana ƙarama, tana son zama mai zane. Ta haɗu da mai zane-zane kuma mai zane Max Beckmann a shekarar 1903 a Makarantar Fasaha ta Grand-Ducal Saxon da ke Weimar . A shekarar 1906, ta auri Beckmann kuma a shekara mai zuwa suka ƙaura zuwa Berlin-Hermsdorf.<ref>Gudrun Wedel: Autobiographien von Frauen: Ein Lexikon, Böhlau, Cologne, 2010 (p.70).</ref> Minna ce ta kula da kayan ado na cikin gidansu da kanta. Sun haifi ɗa, Peter, a shekarar 1907. Bayan ta daina zane, ta ɗauki darussan waƙa. A matsayinta na mai son soprano ko mezzo-soprano, ta hau kan dandamali a shekarar 1912, sannan ta yi wasa a Elberfeld, Dessau da Chemnitz. Daga 1918 zuwa 1925, ta yi aiki a Graz Opera a Ostiriya, inda ta taka rawar Brünnhilde, Freya, da kuma Venus da Isolde a cikin wasannin opera na [[Richard Wagner]] . <ref name="iso" /> A wancan lokacin, ma'auratan suna zaune ne tsakanin Berlin, Frankfurt da Graz. Max Beckmann ya bar Minna a shekarar 1925 don ya auri Mathilde Kaulbach, 'yar mai zane Friedrich August von Kaulbach. Bayan rabuwarta, Minna ta ci gaba da aikinta na waƙa, amma ta ci gaba da kasancewa da Max Beckmann har tsawon rayuwarta. A shekarar 1945, a gaban rundunar sojojin Amurka da na Soviet, ta nemi mafaka a Gauting, a Bavaria. A can, a shekarar 1951, ta kafa ƙungiyar Max Beckmann, don girmama mijinta na farko. Beckmann-Tube ya mutu a Gauting a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 1964. Duk da cewa yawancin zane-zanen Max Beckmann suna wakiltar ta, Minna Tube ba ta bar wani rikodin sauti ba. == Manazarta == g6xy01zrcd71gw5h1j77dhacj62l5pn 906122 906121 2026-08-22T10:38:53Z Nnamadee 31123 906122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Max_Beckmann_-_Portrait_of_Mink_with_violet_shawl_(1910).jpg|right|thumb|317x317px| Minna Beckmann-Tube a cikin hoton Max Beckmann, ''Hoton Mink tare da Violet Shawl'' (1910), Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Saint Louis]] '''Minna Beckmann-Tube''' (5 ga Yuli 1881 – 30 ga Yuli 1964) mawaƙiyar mai zane da opera ce ta Jamus.<ref>Notice on dnb.de.</ref> An fi saninta da matar farko ta mai zane kuma mai zane Max Beckmann. == Life == An haifi Minna Tube, 'yar wani limamin soja na Furotesta a ranar 5 ga Yuni, 1881 a [[Metz]] sannan kuma birni ne na Jamus. Daga baya iyalinta suka ƙaura zuwa Posen, Danzig da Altenburg. Tun tana ƙarama, tana son zama mai zane. Ta haɗu da mai zane-zane kuma mai zane Max Beckmann a shekarar 1903 a Makarantar Fasaha ta Grand-Ducal Saxon da ke Weimar . A shekarar 1906, ta auri Beckmann kuma a shekara mai zuwa suka ƙaura zuwa Berlin-Hermsdorf.<ref>Gudrun Wedel: Autobiographien von Frauen: Ein Lexikon, Böhlau, Cologne, 2010 (p.70).</ref> Minna ce ta kula da kayan ado na cikin gidansu da kanta. Sun haifi ɗa, Peter, a shekarar 1907. Bayan ta daina zane, ta ɗauki darussan waƙa. A matsayinta na mai son soprano ko mezzo-soprano, ta hau kan dandamali a shekarar 1912, sannan ta yi wasa a Elberfeld, Dessau da Chemnitz. Daga 1918 zuwa 1925, ta yi aiki a Graz Opera a Ostiriya, inda ta taka rawar Brünnhilde, Freya, da kuma Venus da Isolde a cikin wasannin opera na [[Richard Wagner]]. A wancan lokacin, ma'auratan suna zaune ne tsakanin Berlin, Frankfurt da Graz. Max Beckmann ya bar Minna a shekarar 1925 don ya auri Mathilde Kaulbach, 'yar mai zane Friedrich August von Kaulbach. Bayan rabuwarta, Minna ta ci gaba da aikinta na waƙa, amma ta ci gaba da kasancewa da Max Beckmann har tsawon rayuwarta. A shekarar 1945, a gaban rundunar sojojin Amurka da na Soviet, ta nemi mafaka a Gauting, a Bavaria. A can, a shekarar 1951, ta kafa ƙungiyar Max Beckmann, don girmama mijinta na farko.<ref>Minna Tube on isoldes-liebestod.net</ref> Beckmann-Tube ya mutu a Gauting a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 1964. Duk da cewa yawancin zane-zanen Max Beckmann suna wakiltar ta, Minna Tube ba ta bar wani rikodin sauti ba. == Manazarta == gfozphqoegdqoaciwf1ndpl5ewhupbf 0 165156 906123 2026-08-22T10:40:57Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358403583|Lotte Laserstein]]" 906123 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lotte Laserstein''' (28 Nuwamba 1898 - 21 Janairu 1993) mai zane ne na Jamus da Sweden. Ta kasance mai zane-zanen zane-zane na alama a Jamhuriyar Weimar ta Jamus. Gwamnatin gurguzu ta ƙasa da kuma ƙiyayyar Yahudawa sun tilasta mata barin Jamus a shekarar 1937 ta yi ƙaura zuwa Sweden. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-20 |title=Lotte Laserstein |url=https://www.apollo-magazine.com/lotte-laserstein/ |access-date=2020-03-27 |website=Apollo Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> A ƙasar Sweden, ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane da kuma mai zane-zanen shimfidar wurare har zuwa rasuwarta. Zane-zanen da ta ƙirƙira a shekarun 1920 da 1930 sun dace da motsin New Objectivity a Jamus. {{Rp|11}} == Rayuwa == An haifi Laserstein a Preussisch Holland, Daular Jamus a shekarar 1898. Mahaifinta, Hugo, masanin magunguna ne, mahaifiyarta, Meta, mai buga piano ce, malamin piano, kuma mai zane-zanen porcelain. An yi mata baftisma tun tana ƙarama, ta girma a cikin gidan Yahudawa da Jamusawa da suka haɗa kai . Ta sami horon fasaha a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Prussian ( ''Preußische Akademie der Künste'' ), wanda ta shiga jim kaɗan bayan an ba ta izinin ɗalibai mata. A nan, Laserstein ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin [[:de:Erich Wolfsfeld|Erich Wolfsfeld]] . {{Rp|49–53}} A cikin shekaru biyu na ƙarshe a makarantar, ta sami ci gaba har ta zama ɗaya daga cikin 'Atelier Meisterschüler' ko 'ɗalibin tauraro'. Wannan ya ba ta damar shiga ɗakin studio ɗinta, da kuma samun damar yin amfani da kayan ƙira kyauta. Zane-zanen da ta shirya tsakanin kammala karatunta a shekarar 1927 da 1933 a Berlin ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin mafi kyawun ayyukanta, kuma an nuna su a cikin nunin kayan tarihi guda 20 a cikin gidajen tarihi da gidajen tarihi na birnin. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Schroeder |first=Kristin |date=2019 |title=An Ambivalent Elegy: Lotte Laserstein's Evening Over Potsdam (1930) |journal=Art History |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=808–826 |doi=10.1111/1467-8365.12461 |issn=0141-6790 |s2cid=202533531}}</ref> Laserstein ya fi son samfuran mata kuma wakilcin rayuwar mata ya haɗa "wakiltar zamantakewa da kasancewar masu zane". Duk da cewa aikinta ya ƙunshi kusan ayyuka 10,000, zane-zane 300 da zane-zane 100 ne kawai aka tabbatar a shekarunta na Berlin. Bayan ta yi ƙaura zuwa Sweden, ta ɗauki nauyin ayyukan zane-zane da aka ba ta umarni. Yunkurin da ta yi na ceto rayuwar mahaifiyarta da 'yar uwarta, Käte, daga zaluncin Nazi ta hanyar kawo su Sweden ya gaza. An kashe mahaifiyarta a shekarar 1943 a sansanin tsare mutane na Ravensbrück, kuma Käte ta shafe shekaru uku tana ɓoye (ta mutu a Berlin a shekarar 1965). Berlin a shekarun 1920 ta kasance cibiyar samar da al'adu da kuma gwagwarmayar siyasa da tattalin arziki. <ref>Comini, Alessandra. ''Woman's Art Journal'', vol. 15, no. 2, Old City Publishing, Inc., 1994, pp. 56–57, {{Doi|10.2307/1358610}}.</ref> An yi wa gawarwakin Laserstein fenti don nuna littattafan rubutu don samun kuɗi a lokacin hauhawar farashin kaya . A wannan lokacin, mata suna ƙara samun 'yancin kai kuma suna ƙara samun damar shiga wurin aiki. Laserstein ya nuna mata na zamani masu salo iri-iri, ciki har da nau'ikan Sabuwar Mace, waɗanda suka ɗauki siffar maza, da kuma tsirara mata. A matsayinta na mace mai ƙwararriya, Laserstein da kanta ta nuna Sabuwar Mace, kuma kamanninta na androgyn ya bayyana a cikin hotunanta da yawa, misali, ''Hoton Kai da A Cat'' (1928) a Gidan Tarihi da Zane-zane na Leicester . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lydia Figes |date=22 September 2020 |title=Ten women artists of Jewish heritage represented in UK collections |url=https://artuk.org/discover/stories/ten-women-artists-of-jewish-heritage-represented-in-uk-collections |access-date=27 September 2020 |website=Art UK}}</ref> A lokacin mulkin Nazi a Jamus, Laserstein ta yi ƙaura zuwa Sweden, inda ta zauna a Stockholm da birnin Kalmar . An yi hasashen cewa wannan matakin ya taimaka wajen faɗawa cikin duhu a Jamus. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-28 |title=Berlin museum that championed forgotten women artists for almost 40 years closes due to lack of funds |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/01/28/berlin-museum-that-championed-forgotten-women-artists-closes-due-to-lack-of-funds |access-date=2022-01-28 |website=The Art Newspaper - International art news and events}}</ref> Laserstein ya yi tafiye-tafiye da kuma yin zane a wurare da dama a duniya bayan [[The Holocaust|kisan kiyashin Holocaust]] . Abin lura shi ne, ta ziyarci Berlin bayan yaƙin kuma ta yi tafiya zuwa Isra'ila tare da abokinta Dr. Walter Lindenthal. Ta rasu a Kalmar a ranar 21 ga Janairu, 1993. == Ayyuka == Shahararrun zane-zanenta, ciki har da ''Die Tennisspielerin'' ( ''The Tennis Player'', 1929), sun ba da gudummawa ga tsarin New Objectivity, amma kuma sun nuna ci gaba da tsarin German Naturalism . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stroude |first=Caroline |last2=Stroude |first2=Adrian |date=1988 |title=Lotte Laserstein and the German Naturalist Tradition |journal=Woman's Art Journal |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=35–38 |doi=10.2307/1358361 |jstor=1358361}}</ref> Babban zane na Laserstein shine babban zane (kimanin ƙafa 7-8) ''na Abend über Potsdam'' ( ''Yamma a kan Potsdam'' ), wani zane na abokai da ke cin abinci a kan barandarsu, tare da layin saman [[Postdam|Potsdam]] a nesa. Zanen ya yi girma sosai har ya buƙaci haɗin gwiwa daga abokai da yawa don ɗaukarsa. Wannan yanayi mai kyau ya yi nuni da ''Last Supper'' na Leonardo da Vinci da kuma ''Milkmaid'' na Jan Vermeer von Delft domin nuna halin da ake ciki da kuma rikicin siyasa na shekarar 1930. <ref name=":2" /> A shekarar 2023, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Boston ya sayi hoton kansa na Lotte Laserstein mai taken "Self Portrait". An zana shi a kusan shekarar 1932 kuma yana nuna mai zane yana kallon mai kallo da murmushi mai ɗanɗano da kuma goga a leɓenta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Self-Portrait |url=https://collections.mfa.org/objects/704533/selfportrait;jsessionid=7F7312801BD8E0ECCD68505AE008B919?ctx=94a90d76-2772-497d-ac4d-4e73772055f5&idx=4}}</ref> == Gado == An sake gano Laserstein a Jamus a shekarar 1987, lokacin da Thomas Agnew &amp;amp; Sons da Belgrave Gallery suka shirya wani baje kolin kayan tarihi tare da sayar da ayyuka daga tarin kayanta na kashin kanta, ciki har da ''Abend über Potsdam'', wanda yanzu yake a [[Sabon Gidan Tarihi na Kasa|Neue Nationalgalerie]], Berlin. Laserstein ta halarci baje kolin tare da ƙawarta ta kud da kud kuma abin koyi na shekaru da yawa, Traute (Gertrud) Rose. Zanenta ''na Traute Washing'' shine sayayyar farko da Gidan Tarihi na Mata a Fannin Fasaha na Ƙasa ya yi da kuɗaɗen sa. A shekarar 1993, an fara yin bitar ayyukan Laserstein a Kalmar, Sweden, inda ta bayar da gudummawar wasu daga cikin zane-zanenta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=⁨LOTTE LASERSTEIN⁩ {{!}} ⁨Judisk Krönika⁩ {{!}} 1 December 1983 {{!}} Newspapers {{!}} The National Library of Israel |url=https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/jdskrn/1983/12/01/01/article/32 |access-date=2022-02-23 |website=www.nli.org.il |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2003, an gudanar da cikakken bincike na farko game da ayyukan Laserstein a Berlin a Gidan Tarihi na Verborgene. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LASERSTEIN, LOTTE - Das Verborgene Museum |url=https://www.dasverborgenemuseum.de/artists/laserstein-lotte-en |access-date=2022-01-28 |website=www.dasverborgenemuseum.de}}</ref> Anna-Carola Krausse ta gudanar da bincike mai zurfi wanda aka haɗa a cikin kundin baje kolin, ''Lotte Laserstein: Gaskiyata Kawai'' . A shekarar 2009, [[Gidan baje kolin Berlin|Berlinische Galerie]] ta sayi kadarar shirin fim ɗin a matsayin gudummawar sirri. Baya ga hotunan aikinta, kayan sun haɗa da littattafan zane-zane, wasiƙun sirri da na ƙwararru, takardu kan halartarta a baje kolin, da littattafai daga ɗakin karatu na Laserstein. Babban ɓangaren kadarorin ya shafi lokacin Laserstein a Sweden; kusan babu wasu takardu da suka tsira daga lokacin Berlin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Estate of Lotte Laserstein |url=https://berlinischegalerie.de/en/collection/specialised-fields/estate-of-lotte-laserstein/ |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=berlinischegalerie.de |language=en}}</ref> Takardun bayar da gudummawa daga abokan Laserstein don girmama ta daga Asusun Kasa na Yahudawa da Magen David Adom sun nuna alaƙarta da [[Isra'ila]] da al'ummar Yahudawa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1993]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1898]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lh6rgi6zhqfj7c327a224wpbz6ayr4s 906124 906123 2026-08-22T10:41:33Z Nnamadee 31123 906124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lotte Laserstein''' (28 Nuwamba 1898 - 21 Janairu 1993) mai zane ne na Jamus da Sweden. Ta kasance mai zane-zanen zane-zane na alama a Jamhuriyar Weimar ta Jamus. Gwamnatin gurguzu ta ƙasa da kuma ƙiyayyar Yahudawa sun tilasta mata barin Jamus a shekarar 1937 ta yi ƙaura zuwa Sweden. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-20 |title=Lotte Laserstein |url=https://www.apollo-magazine.com/lotte-laserstein/ |access-date=2020-03-27 |website=Apollo Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> A ƙasar Sweden, ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane da kuma mai zane-zanen shimfidar wurare har zuwa rasuwarta. Zane-zanen da ta ƙirƙira a shekarun 1920 da 1930 sun dace da motsin New Objectivity a Jamus. {{Rp|11}} == Rayuwa == An haifi Laserstein a Preussisch Holland, Daular Jamus a shekarar 1898. Mahaifinta, Hugo, masanin magunguna ne, mahaifiyarta, Meta, mai buga piano ce, malamin piano, kuma mai zane-zanen porcelain. An yi mata baftisma tun tana ƙarama, ta girma a cikin gidan Yahudawa da Jamusawa da suka haɗa kai . Ta sami horon fasaha a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Prussian ( ''Preußische Akademie der Künste'' ), wanda ta shiga jim kaɗan bayan an ba ta izinin ɗalibai mata. A nan, Laserstein ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin [[:de:Erich Wolfsfeld|Erich Wolfsfeld]] . {{Rp|49–53}} A cikin shekaru biyu na ƙarshe a makarantar, ta sami ci gaba har ta zama ɗaya daga cikin 'Atelier Meisterschüler' ko 'ɗalibin tauraro'. Wannan ya ba ta damar shiga ɗakin studio ɗinta, da kuma samun damar yin amfani da kayan ƙira kyauta. Zane-zanen da ta shirya tsakanin kammala karatunta a shekarar 1927 da 1933 a Berlin ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin mafi kyawun ayyukanta, kuma an nuna su a cikin nunin kayan tarihi guda 20 a cikin gidajen tarihi da gidajen tarihi na birnin. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Schroeder |first=Kristin |date=2019 |title=An Ambivalent Elegy: Lotte Laserstein's Evening Over Potsdam (1930) |journal=Art History |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=808–826 |doi=10.1111/1467-8365.12461 |issn=0141-6790 |s2cid=202533531}}</ref> Laserstein ya fi son samfuran mata kuma wakilcin rayuwar mata ya haɗa "wakiltar zamantakewa da kasancewar masu zane". Duk da cewa aikinta ya ƙunshi kusan ayyuka 10,000, zane-zane 300 da zane-zane 100 ne kawai aka tabbatar a shekarunta na Berlin. Bayan ta yi ƙaura zuwa Sweden, ta ɗauki nauyin ayyukan zane-zane da aka ba ta umarni. Yunkurin da ta yi na ceto rayuwar mahaifiyarta da 'yar uwarta, Käte, daga zaluncin Nazi ta hanyar kawo su Sweden ya gaza. An kashe mahaifiyarta a shekarar 1943 a sansanin tsare mutane na Ravensbrück, kuma Käte ta shafe shekaru uku tana ɓoye (ta mutu a Berlin a shekarar 1965). Berlin a shekarun 1920 ta kasance cibiyar samar da al'adu da kuma gwagwarmayar siyasa da tattalin arziki. <ref>Comini, Alessandra. ''Woman's Art Journal'', vol. 15, no. 2, Old City Publishing, Inc., 1994, pp. 56–57, {{Doi|10.2307/1358610}}.</ref> An yi wa gawarwakin Laserstein fenti don nuna littattafan rubutu don samun kuɗi a lokacin hauhawar farashin kaya . A wannan lokacin, mata suna ƙara samun 'yancin kai kuma suna ƙara samun damar shiga wurin aiki. Laserstein ya nuna mata na zamani masu salo iri-iri, ciki har da nau'ikan Sabuwar Mace, waɗanda suka ɗauki siffar maza, da kuma tsirara mata. A matsayinta na mace mai ƙwararriya, Laserstein da kanta ta nuna Sabuwar Mace, kuma kamanninta na androgyn ya bayyana a cikin hotunanta da yawa, misali, ''Hoton Kai da A Cat'' (1928) a Gidan Tarihi da Zane-zane na Leicester . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lydia Figes |date=22 September 2020 |title=Ten women artists of Jewish heritage represented in UK collections |url=https://artuk.org/discover/stories/ten-women-artists-of-jewish-heritage-represented-in-uk-collections |access-date=27 September 2020 |website=Art UK}}</ref> A lokacin mulkin Nazi a Jamus, Laserstein ta yi ƙaura zuwa Sweden, inda ta zauna a Stockholm da birnin Kalmar . An yi hasashen cewa wannan matakin ya taimaka wajen faɗawa cikin duhu a Jamus. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-28 |title=Berlin museum that championed forgotten women artists for almost 40 years closes due to lack of funds |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/01/28/berlin-museum-that-championed-forgotten-women-artists-closes-due-to-lack-of-funds |access-date=2022-01-28 |website=The Art Newspaper - International art news and events}}</ref> Laserstein ya yi tafiye-tafiye da kuma yin zane a wurare da dama a duniya bayan [[The Holocaust|kisan kiyashin Holocaust]] . Abin lura shi ne, ta ziyarci Berlin bayan yaƙin kuma ta yi tafiya zuwa Isra'ila tare da abokinta Dr. Walter Lindenthal. Ta rasu a Kalmar a ranar 21 ga Janairu, 1993. == Ayyuka == Shahararrun zane-zanenta, ciki har da ''Die Tennisspielerin'' ( ''The Tennis Player'', 1929), sun ba da gudummawa ga tsarin New Objectivity, amma kuma sun nuna ci gaba da tsarin German Naturalism . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stroude |first=Caroline |last2=Stroude |first2=Adrian |date=1988 |title=Lotte Laserstein and the German Naturalist Tradition |journal=Woman's Art Journal |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=35–38 |doi=10.2307/1358361 |jstor=1358361}}</ref> Babban zane na Laserstein shine babban zane (kimanin ƙafa 7-8) ''na Abend über Potsdam'' ( ''Yamma a kan Potsdam'' ), wani zane na abokai da ke cin abinci a kan barandarsu, tare da layin saman [[Postdam|Potsdam]] a nesa. Zanen ya yi girma sosai har ya buƙaci haɗin gwiwa daga abokai da yawa don ɗaukarsa. Wannan yanayi mai kyau ya yi nuni da ''Last Supper'' na Leonardo da Vinci da kuma ''Milkmaid'' na Jan Vermeer von Delft domin nuna halin da ake ciki da kuma rikicin siyasa na shekarar 1930. <ref name=":2" /> A shekarar 2023, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Boston ya sayi hoton kansa na Lotte Laserstein mai taken "Self Portrait". An zana shi a kusan shekarar 1932 kuma yana nuna mai zane yana kallon mai kallo da murmushi mai ɗanɗano da kuma goga a leɓenta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Self-Portrait |url=https://collections.mfa.org/objects/704533/selfportrait;jsessionid=7F7312801BD8E0ECCD68505AE008B919?ctx=94a90d76-2772-497d-ac4d-4e73772055f5&idx=4}}</ref> == Gado == An sake gano Laserstein a Jamus a shekarar 1987, lokacin da Thomas Agnew &amp;amp; Sons da Belgrave Gallery suka shirya wani baje kolin kayan tarihi tare da sayar da ayyuka daga tarin kayanta na kashin kanta, ciki har da ''Abend über Potsdam'', wanda yanzu yake a [[Sabon Gidan Tarihi na Kasa|Neue Nationalgalerie]], Berlin. Laserstein ta halarci baje kolin tare da ƙawarta ta kud da kud kuma abin koyi na shekaru da yawa, Traute (Gertrud) Rose. Zanenta ''na Traute Washing'' shine sayayyar farko da Gidan Tarihi na Mata a Fannin Fasaha na Ƙasa ya yi da kuɗaɗen sa. A shekarar 1993, an fara yin bitar ayyukan Laserstein a Kalmar, Sweden, inda ta bayar da gudummawar wasu daga cikin zane-zanenta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=⁨LOTTE LASERSTEIN⁩ {{!}} ⁨Judisk Krönika⁩ {{!}} 1 December 1983 {{!}} Newspapers {{!}} The National Library of Israel |url=https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/jdskrn/1983/12/01/01/article/32 |access-date=2022-02-23 |website=www.nli.org.il |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2003, an gudanar da cikakken bincike na farko game da ayyukan Laserstein a Berlin a Gidan Tarihi na Verborgene. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LASERSTEIN, LOTTE - Das Verborgene Museum |url=https://www.dasverborgenemuseum.de/artists/laserstein-lotte-en |access-date=2022-01-28 |website=www.dasverborgenemuseum.de}}</ref> Anna-Carola Krausse ta gudanar da bincike mai zurfi wanda aka haɗa a cikin kundin baje kolin, ''Lotte Laserstein: Gaskiyata Kawai'' . A shekarar 2009, [[Gidan baje kolin Berlin|Berlinische Galerie]] ta sayi kadarar shirin fim ɗin a matsayin gudummawar sirri. Baya ga hotunan aikinta, kayan sun haɗa da littattafan zane-zane, wasiƙun sirri da na ƙwararru, takardu kan halartarta a baje kolin, da littattafai daga ɗakin karatu na Laserstein. Babban ɓangaren kadarorin ya shafi lokacin Laserstein a Sweden; kusan babu wasu takardu da suka tsira daga lokacin Berlin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Estate of Lotte Laserstein |url=https://berlinischegalerie.de/en/collection/specialised-fields/estate-of-lotte-laserstein/ |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=berlinischegalerie.de |language=en}}</ref> Takardun bayar da gudummawa daga abokan Laserstein don girmama ta daga Asusun Kasa na Yahudawa da Magen David Adom sun nuna alaƙarta da [[Isra'ila]] da al'ummar Yahudawa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1993]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1898]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] g4bxzg1vcg0bq2fyj9ficfwgapp9mqg 0 165157 906125 2026-08-22T10:45:49Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1319300913|Varney Sherman]]" 906125 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Harry Varney Gboto-Nambi Sherman''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1953) ɗan siyasan Liberia ne kuma tsohon shugaban Jam'iyyar Unity Party . A halin yanzu yana ƙarƙashin takunkumin OFAC daga Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanctions List Search |url=https://sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov/Details.aspx?id=30342 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1953-02-16 |title=Harry Varney Gboto-Nambi Sherman |url=https://www.opensanctions.org/entities/Q16185584/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=OpenSanctions.org |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Sherman a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 1953, a Robertsport, Grand Cape Mount County, kuma ta kammala karatu daga St. John's Episcopal High School a shekara ta 1971. <ref name="tlc">{{Cite web |title=Candidates for President in Election 2005 |url=http://www.tlcafrica.com/election_2005.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040402022913/http://www.tlcafrica.com/Election_2005.htm |archive-date=April 2, 2004 |access-date=2008-09-02 |publisher=TLC Africa}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar Cuttington inda ya sami digiri a shekara ta 1975. <ref name="tlc" /> A shekara ta 1979, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Bachelor of Laws a makarantar Louis Arthur Grimes School of Law a Jami'ar Liberia da ke [[Monrovia]] . <ref name="tlc" /> Sherman ya kammala karatunsa a 1982 a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] inda ya sami digiri na biyu a Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard. <ref name="tlc" /> A shekara ta 2003, Jami'ar Cuttington ta Laberiya ta ba shi digiri na LLD na girmamawa don nuna godiya ga aikinsa na jin kai, musamman ma tallafin kudi da kayan aiki don ilimi mafi girma a Laberiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cuttington University {{!}} Suakoko, Bong County {{!}} Liberia |url=http://cuttingtonuniversity.edu.lr/about-cuttington-university.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711111542/http://cuttingtonuniversity.edu.lr/about-cuttington-university.html |archive-date=2017-07-11 |access-date=2017-07-14 |website=cuttingtonuniversity.edu.lr |language=en}}</ref> == Farkon aiki == A shekarar 1980, Sherman ya shiga kamfanin lauyoyi na Maxwell & Maxwell a matsayin mataimaki, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya mai ba da shawara da kuma lauya mai shari'a a lokacin tashin hankali da ya biyo bayan juyin mulkin Liberia na 1980. Duk da cewa Sherman ya kammala karatunsa kwanan nan daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard, an ba shi amanar kula da harkokin shari'a na abokan cinikin kamfanin, ciki har da Citibank, Chase Manhattan Bank, Tradevco Bank, da BCCI, tare da kamfanonin injiniya da gine-gine Vianini, Leminkainen OY, Societa Lavori Porto Della Torre da Buccimazza Industrial Works. == Siyasa == A shekarar 1997, bayan Yaƙin Basasa na Farko na Liberiya, Sherman ya fara yin magana a fili kan al'amuran siyasa. Shahararren lauya a Monrovia kuma abokin hulɗa a kamfanin lauyoyi na Sherman da Sherman, ya sami labarai a jaridu a shafin farko na jawabin da ya yi wa Ƙungiyar 'Yan Kasuwa ta Liberiya yana sukar gwamnati kan abin da ya gani a matsayin rashin aiwatar da manufar ɗaukar ma'aikata da nufin fifita 'yan ƙasar Liberiya da 'yan kasuwa. A matsayinsa na wanda ya tsaya takarar shugabancin jam'iyyu huɗu, Coalition for the Transformation of Liberia (COTOL) a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2005, Sherman ya zo na biyar cikin 'yan takara 22 da suka sami kashi 7.8% na ƙuri'un. Daga nan sai ya goyi bayan [[Gorge weah|George Weah]] don zaben na biyu. Bayan hadewar jam'iyyarsa ta Liberian Action Party a cikin jam'iyyar Unity Party a shekara ta 2009, an zabi Sherman ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar na kasa. A lokacin zaben majalisar dattijai na tsakiyar shekara ta 2014, an zabi Sherman a matsayin sanata na Grand Cape Mount County. Ya lashe kashi 61.7% na kuri'un, inda ya doke Abel Massaley da wasu tara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NEC Liberia :: Results 2014 |url=http://www.necliberia.org/senate2014/county_12_2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230034524/http://www.necliberia.org/senate2014/county_12_2.html |archive-date=2014-12-30 |website=www.necliberia.org}} </ref> Duk da wannan sakamakon, korafin zabe da 'yan takarar adawa suka gabatar ya jinkirta shigar da Sherman zuwa Majalisar Dattijai lokacin da aka tabbatar da wadanda suka lashe zaben 2014 a ranar 5 ga Janairu, 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Elections Commission - Republic of Liberia |url=http://www.necliberia.org/others.php?&7d5f44532cbfc489b8db9e12e44eb820=NjQ3}}</ref> Koyaya, Sherman da wani sanata mai jinkiri, Morris Saytumah na Bomi County an tabbatar da su a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 2017, <ref>{{Cite web |title=クラビットの効果と入手方法 &#124; |url=http://monroviainquirer.com/2015/02/17/nec-certificates-sherman-saytumah/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306202940/http://monroviainquirer.com/2015/02/17/nec-certificates-sherman-saytumah/ |archive-date=2018-03-06 |access-date=2018-03-06}}</ref> biyo bayan yanke shawara ta Kotun Koli. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Dan Sherman, M. J. Sherman, ɗan wasan kwallon kafa ne na Amurka. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] r2x74pz0w5iihkt3ntx38rru2e20gws 906128 906125 2026-08-22T10:46:49Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 Gyara 906128 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Harry Varney Gboto-Nambi Sherman''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1953) yar siyasan Liberia ne kuma tsohowar shugaban Jam'iyyar Unity Party . A halin yanzu yltana ƙarƙashin takunkumin OFAC daga Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanctions List Search |url=https://sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov/Details.aspx?id=30342 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1953-02-16 |title=Harry Varney Gboto-Nambi Sherman |url=https://www.opensanctions.org/entities/Q16185584/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=OpenSanctions.org |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Sherman a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 1953, a Robertsport, Grand Cape Mount County, kuma ta kammala karatu daga St. John's Episcopal High School a shekara ta 1971. <ref name="tlc">{{Cite web |title=Candidates for President in Election 2005 |url=http://www.tlcafrica.com/election_2005.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040402022913/http://www.tlcafrica.com/Election_2005.htm |archive-date=April 2, 2004 |access-date=2008-09-02 |publisher=TLC Africa}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar Cuttington inda ya sami digiri a shekara ta 1975. <ref name="tlc" /> A shekara ta 1979, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Bachelor of Laws a makarantar Louis Arthur Grimes School of Law a Jami'ar Liberia da ke [[Monrovia]] . <ref name="tlc" /> Sherman ya kammala karatunsa a 1982 a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] inda ya sami digiri na biyu a Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard. <ref name="tlc" /> A shekara ta 2003, Jami'ar Cuttington ta Laberiya ta ba shi digiri na LLD na girmamawa don nuna godiya ga aikinsa na jin kai, musamman ma tallafin kudi da kayan aiki don ilimi mafi girma a Laberiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cuttington University {{!}} Suakoko, Bong County {{!}} Liberia |url=http://cuttingtonuniversity.edu.lr/about-cuttington-university.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711111542/http://cuttingtonuniversity.edu.lr/about-cuttington-university.html |archive-date=2017-07-11 |access-date=2017-07-14 |website=cuttingtonuniversity.edu.lr |language=en}}</ref> == Farkon aiki == A shekarar 1980, Sherman ya shiga kamfanin lauyoyi na Maxwell & Maxwell a matsayin mataimaki, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya mai ba da shawara da kuma lauya mai shari'a a lokacin tashin hankali da ya biyo bayan juyin mulkin Liberia na 1980. Duk da cewa Sherman ya kammala karatunsa kwanan nan daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard, an ba shi amanar kula da harkokin shari'a na abokan cinikin kamfanin, ciki har da Citibank, Chase Manhattan Bank, Tradevco Bank, da BCCI, tare da kamfanonin injiniya da gine-gine Vianini, Leminkainen OY, Societa Lavori Porto Della Torre da Buccimazza Industrial Works. == Siyasa == A shekarar 1997, bayan Yaƙin Basasa na Farko na Liberiya, Sherman ya fara yin magana a fili kan al'amuran siyasa. Shahararren lauya a Monrovia kuma abokin hulɗa a kamfanin lauyoyi na Sherman da Sherman, ya sami labarai a jaridu a shafin farko na jawabin da ya yi wa Ƙungiyar 'Yan Kasuwa ta Liberiya yana sukar gwamnati kan abin da ya gani a matsayin rashin aiwatar da manufar ɗaukar ma'aikata da nufin fifita 'yan ƙasar Liberiya da 'yan kasuwa. A matsayinsa na wanda ya tsaya takarar shugabancin jam'iyyu huɗu, Coalition for the Transformation of Liberia (COTOL) a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2005, Sherman ya zo na biyar cikin 'yan takara 22 da suka sami kashi 7.8% na ƙuri'un. Daga nan sai ya goyi bayan [[Gorge weah|George Weah]] don zaben na biyu. Bayan hadewar jam'iyyarsa ta Liberian Action Party a cikin jam'iyyar Unity Party a shekara ta 2009, an zabi Sherman ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar na kasa. A lokacin zaben majalisar dattijai na tsakiyar shekara ta 2014, an zabi Sherman a matsayin sanata na Grand Cape Mount County. Ya lashe kashi 61.7% na kuri'un, inda ya doke Abel Massaley da wasu tara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NEC Liberia :: Results 2014 |url=http://www.necliberia.org/senate2014/county_12_2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230034524/http://www.necliberia.org/senate2014/county_12_2.html |archive-date=2014-12-30 |website=www.necliberia.org}} </ref> Duk da wannan sakamakon, korafin zabe da 'yan takarar adawa suka gabatar ya jinkirta shigar da Sherman zuwa Majalisar Dattijai lokacin da aka tabbatar da wadanda suka lashe zaben 2014 a ranar 5 ga Janairu, 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Elections Commission - Republic of Liberia |url=http://www.necliberia.org/others.php?&7d5f44532cbfc489b8db9e12e44eb820=NjQ3}}</ref> Koyaya, Sherman da wani sanata mai jinkiri, Morris Saytumah na Bomi County an tabbatar da su a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 2017, <ref>{{Cite web |title=クラビットの効果と入手方法 &#124; |url=http://monroviainquirer.com/2015/02/17/nec-certificates-sherman-saytumah/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306202940/http://monroviainquirer.com/2015/02/17/nec-certificates-sherman-saytumah/ |archive-date=2018-03-06 |access-date=2018-03-06}}</ref> biyo bayan yanke shawara ta Kotun Koli. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Dan Sherman, M. J. Sherman, ɗan wasan kwallon kafa ne na Amurka. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] r2zeqwkbuqsnfm1uolxs9i43bieugdp 906130 906128 2026-08-22T10:47:20Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 906130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{Databox}} '''Harry Varney Gboto-Nambi Sherman''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1953) yar siyasan Liberia ne kuma tsohowar shugaban Jam'iyyar Unity Party . A halin yanzu yltana ƙarƙashin takunkumin OFAC daga Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanctions List Search |url=https://sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov/Details.aspx?id=30342 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1953-02-16 |title=Harry Varney Gboto-Nambi Sherman |url=https://www.opensanctions.org/entities/Q16185584/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=OpenSanctions.org |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Sherman a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 1953, a Robertsport, Grand Cape Mount County, kuma ta kammala karatu daga St. John's Episcopal High School a shekara ta 1971. <ref name="tlc">{{Cite web |title=Candidates for President in Election 2005 |url=http://www.tlcafrica.com/election_2005.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040402022913/http://www.tlcafrica.com/Election_2005.htm |archive-date=April 2, 2004 |access-date=2008-09-02 |publisher=TLC Africa}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar Cuttington inda ya sami digiri a shekara ta 1975. <ref name="tlc" /> A shekara ta 1979, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Bachelor of Laws a makarantar Louis Arthur Grimes School of Law a Jami'ar Liberia da ke [[Monrovia]] . <ref name="tlc" /> Sherman ya kammala karatunsa a 1982 a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] inda ya sami digiri na biyu a Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard. <ref name="tlc" /> A shekara ta 2003, Jami'ar Cuttington ta Laberiya ta ba shi digiri na LLD na girmamawa don nuna godiya ga aikinsa na jin kai, musamman ma tallafin kudi da kayan aiki don ilimi mafi girma a Laberiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cuttington University {{!}} Suakoko, Bong County {{!}} Liberia |url=http://cuttingtonuniversity.edu.lr/about-cuttington-university.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711111542/http://cuttingtonuniversity.edu.lr/about-cuttington-university.html |archive-date=2017-07-11 |access-date=2017-07-14 |website=cuttingtonuniversity.edu.lr |language=en}}</ref> == Farkon aiki == A shekarar 1980, Sherman ya shiga kamfanin lauyoyi na Maxwell & Maxwell a matsayin mataimaki, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya mai ba da shawara da kuma lauya mai shari'a a lokacin tashin hankali da ya biyo bayan juyin mulkin Liberia na 1980. Duk da cewa Sherman ya kammala karatunsa kwanan nan daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard, an ba shi amanar kula da harkokin shari'a na abokan cinikin kamfanin, ciki har da Citibank, Chase Manhattan Bank, Tradevco Bank, da BCCI, tare da kamfanonin injiniya da gine-gine Vianini, Leminkainen OY, Societa Lavori Porto Della Torre da Buccimazza Industrial Works. == Siyasa == A shekarar 1997, bayan Yaƙin Basasa na Farko na Liberiya, Sherman ya fara yin magana a fili kan al'amuran siyasa. Shahararren lauya a Monrovia kuma abokin hulɗa a kamfanin lauyoyi na Sherman da Sherman, ya sami labarai a jaridu a shafin farko na jawabin da ya yi wa Ƙungiyar 'Yan Kasuwa ta Liberiya yana sukar gwamnati kan abin da ya gani a matsayin rashin aiwatar da manufar ɗaukar ma'aikata da nufin fifita 'yan ƙasar Liberiya da 'yan kasuwa. A matsayinsa na wanda ya tsaya takarar shugabancin jam'iyyu huɗu, Coalition for the Transformation of Liberia (COTOL) a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2005, Sherman ya zo na biyar cikin 'yan takara 22 da suka sami kashi 7.8% na ƙuri'un. Daga nan sai ya goyi bayan [[Gorge weah|George Weah]] don zaben na biyu. Bayan hadewar jam'iyyarsa ta Liberian Action Party a cikin jam'iyyar Unity Party a shekara ta 2009, an zabi Sherman ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar na kasa. A lokacin zaben majalisar dattijai na tsakiyar shekara ta 2014, an zabi Sherman a matsayin sanata na Grand Cape Mount County. Ya lashe kashi 61.7% na kuri'un, inda ya doke Abel Massaley da wasu tara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NEC Liberia :: Results 2014 |url=http://www.necliberia.org/senate2014/county_12_2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230034524/http://www.necliberia.org/senate2014/county_12_2.html |archive-date=2014-12-30 |website=www.necliberia.org}} </ref> Duk da wannan sakamakon, korafin zabe da 'yan takarar adawa suka gabatar ya jinkirta shigar da Sherman zuwa Majalisar Dattijai lokacin da aka tabbatar da wadanda suka lashe zaben 2014 a ranar 5 ga Janairu, 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Elections Commission - Republic of Liberia |url=http://www.necliberia.org/others.php?&7d5f44532cbfc489b8db9e12e44eb820=NjQ3}}</ref> Koyaya, Sherman da wani sanata mai jinkiri, Morris Saytumah na Bomi County an tabbatar da su a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 2017, <ref>{{Cite web |title=クラビットの効果と入手方法 &#124; |url=http://monroviainquirer.com/2015/02/17/nec-certificates-sherman-saytumah/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306202940/http://monroviainquirer.com/2015/02/17/nec-certificates-sherman-saytumah/ |archive-date=2018-03-06 |access-date=2018-03-06}}</ref> biyo bayan yanke shawara ta Kotun Koli. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Dan Sherman, M. J. Sherman, ɗan wasan kwallon kafa ne na Amurka. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] bwvb3fj8nhmwvsg4f7xo34gwp6gmnev 0 165158 906126 2026-08-22T10:46:22Z Abusule dankofa 24259 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366457100|Lou Kolls]]" 906126 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Louis Charles Kolls''' (Disamba 15, 1892 - Fabrairu 23, 1941) ƙwararren alkalin wasan baseball ne na Amurka kuma ɗan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka]] . Kolls ya buga wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa daga 1920 zuwa 1927 kafin ya yi alkalanci a gasar American League daga 1933 zuwa 1940. Ya yi alkalanci a wasan All-Star guda ɗaya da kuma World Series guda ɗaya. Ƙungiyar ƙwallon Amurka ta saki Kolls watanni kaɗan kafin mutuwarsa. == Rayuwa ta farko == Kafin ya shiga aikin alkalanci, Kolls ya yi takarar sheriff a Rock Island, Illinois ba tare da nasara ba. Ya kuma buga wasan ƙwallon baseball na semi-pro da kuma ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon baseball. Ya yi karatun kwaleji a Jami'ar St. Ambrose == Aikin ƙwallon ƙafa == Kolls ya buga wasanni bakwai na ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru, jimilla wasanni 40), ga Chicago Cardinals na 1920, Hammond Pros na 1920, Rock Island Independents na 1922–1926 da kuma New York Yankees na 1927. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LOUIE KOLLS |url=http://www.profootballarchives.com/koll00400.html |access-date=September 24, 2015 |publisher=profootballarchives.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Louie Kolls Stats |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/K/KollLo20.htm |website=[[Pro-Football-Reference.com]]}}</ref> == Aikin alkalanci == Kolls ya yi alkalanci a gasar Mississippi Valley League, Western League da International League kafin ya shiga gasar American League a shekarar 1933. Kolls ya buga wasanni 1195 a cikin aikinsa na babban gasar. An naɗa shi cikin ma'aikatan Wasan All-Star na 1936 . A shekarar 1938, Kolls ya samu rauni a hancinsa a lokacin atisayen bazara, amma ya yi alkalancin wasanni 161 kuma ya yi alkalancin gasar World Series ta 1938. Bayan kakar wasa ta 1940, shugaban ƙungiyar American League Will Harridge ya fitar da sanarwar sakin Kolls kai tsaye. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Kolls ya auri tsohuwar Irene Tanghe, wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatare ga Wakilin Amurka Chester C. Thompson . == Mutuwa == An kashe Kolls a wani hatsarin mota biyu kusa da Hooppole, Illinois, a shekarar 1941. [1] Mutane huɗu da ke cikin ɗayan motar sun mutu a hatsarin da ya faru a kan hanyar. Mutane biyu sun ji rauni, ciki har da fasinja ɗaya tilo da ke cikin motar alkali. fwoa19dhoxa66866uj4k8spm40hh997 906127 906126 2026-08-22T10:46:48Z Abusule dankofa 24259 906127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Louis Charles Kolls''' (Disamba 15, 1892 - Fabrairu 23, 1941) ƙwararren alkalin wasan baseball ne na Amurka kuma ɗan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka]] . Kolls ya buga wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa daga 1920 zuwa 1927 kafin ya yi alkalanci a gasar American League daga 1933 zuwa 1940. Ya yi alkalanci a wasan All-Star guda ɗaya da kuma World Series guda ɗaya. Ƙungiyar ƙwallon Amurka ta saki Kolls watanni kaɗan kafin mutuwarsa. == Rayuwa ta farko == Kafin ya shiga aikin alkalanci, Kolls ya yi takarar sheriff a Rock Island, Illinois ba tare da nasara ba. Ya kuma buga wasan ƙwallon baseball na semi-pro da kuma ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon baseball. Ya yi karatun kwaleji a Jami'ar St. Ambrose == Aikin ƙwallon ƙafa == Kolls ya buga wasanni bakwai na ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru, jimilla wasanni 40), ga Chicago Cardinals na 1920, Hammond Pros na 1920, Rock Island Independents na 1922–1926 da kuma New York Yankees na 1927. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LOUIE KOLLS |url=http://www.profootballarchives.com/koll00400.html |access-date=September 24, 2015 |publisher=profootballarchives.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Louie Kolls Stats |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/K/KollLo20.htm |website=[[Pro-Football-Reference.com]]}}</ref> == Aikin alkalanci == Kolls ya yi alkalanci a gasar Mississippi Valley League, Western League da International League kafin ya shiga gasar American League a shekarar 1933. Kolls ya buga wasanni 1195 a cikin aikinsa na babban gasar. An naɗa shi cikin ma'aikatan Wasan All-Star na 1936 . A shekarar 1938, Kolls ya samu rauni a hancinsa a lokacin atisayen bazara, amma ya yi alkalancin wasanni 161 kuma ya yi alkalancin gasar World Series ta 1938. Bayan kakar wasa ta 1940, shugaban ƙungiyar American League Will Harridge ya fitar da sanarwar sakin Kolls kai tsaye. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Kolls ya auri tsohuwar Irene Tanghe, wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatare ga Wakilin Amurka Chester C. Thompson . == Mutuwa == An kashe Kolls a wani hatsarin mota biyu kusa da Hooppole, Illinois, a shekarar 1941. [1] Mutane huɗu da ke cikin ɗayan motar sun mutu a hatsarin da ya faru a kan hanyar. Mutane biyu sun ji rauni, ciki har da fasinja ɗaya tilo da ke cikin motar alkali. em7q4bx3jkkb134dhf6cs773uymikka 906129 906127 2026-08-22T10:47:11Z Abusule dankofa 24259 906129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Louis Charles Kolls''' (Disamba 15, 1892 - Fabrairu 23, 1941) ƙwararren alkalin wasan baseball ne na Amurka kuma ɗan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka]] . Kolls ya buga wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa daga 1920 zuwa 1927 kafin ya yi alkalanci a gasar American League daga 1933 zuwa 1940. Ya yi alkalanci a wasan All-Star guda ɗaya da kuma World Series guda ɗaya. Ƙungiyar ƙwallon Amurka ta saki Kolls watanni kaɗan kafin mutuwarsa. == Rayuwa ta farko == Kafin ya shiga aikin alkalanci, Kolls ya yi takarar sheriff a Rock Island, Illinois ba tare da nasara ba. Ya kuma buga wasan ƙwallon baseball na semi-pro da kuma ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon baseball. Ya yi karatun kwaleji a Jami'ar St. Ambrose == Aikin ƙwallon ƙafa == Kolls ya buga wasanni bakwai na ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru, jimilla wasanni 40), ga Chicago Cardinals na 1920, Hammond Pros na 1920, Rock Island Independents na 1922–1926 da kuma New York Yankees na 1927. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LOUIE KOLLS |url=http://www.profootballarchives.com/koll00400.html |access-date=September 24, 2015 |publisher=profootballarchives.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Louie Kolls Stats |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/K/KollLo20.htm |website=[[Pro-Football-Reference.com]]}}</ref> == Aikin alkalanci == Kolls ya yi alkalanci a gasar Mississippi Valley League, Western League da International League kafin ya shiga gasar American League a shekarar 1933. Kolls ya buga wasanni 1195 a cikin aikinsa na babban gasar. An naɗa shi cikin ma'aikatan Wasan All-Star na 1936 . A shekarar 1938, Kolls ya samu rauni a hancinsa a lokacin atisayen bazara, amma ya yi alkalancin wasanni 161 kuma ya yi alkalancin gasar World Series ta 1938. Bayan kakar wasa ta 1940, shugaban ƙungiyar American League Will Harridge ya fitar da sanarwar sakin Kolls kai tsaye. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Kolls ya auri tsohuwar Irene Tanghe, wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatare ga Wakilin Amurka Chester C. Thompson . == Mutuwa == An kashe Kolls a wani hatsarin mota biyu kusa da Hooppole, Illinois, a shekarar 1941. [1] Mutane huɗu da ke cikin ɗayan motar sun mutu a hatsarin da ya faru a kan hanyar. Mutane biyu sun ji rauni, ciki har da fasinja ɗaya tilo da ke cikin motar alkali. ===manazarta=== a1lbt4usoxkpodivqapb5uvmahg7bqz 0 165159 906132 2026-08-22T10:57:31Z Abusule dankofa 24259 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370625952|2026 WTA Tour]]" 906132 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Gasar WTA ta 2026''' (wanda aka yiwa lakabi da '''Gasar WTA ta 2026 wadda [[Mercedes-Benz]] ke jagoranta''' saboda dalilai na daukar nauyinta) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Livaudais |first=Stephanie |date=11 December 2025 |title=Billie Jean King applauds historic WTA, Mercedes-Benz partnership: "Far beyond tennis" |url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/wta-partnership-deal-mercedes-benz-most-signigifanct-billie-jean-king |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221100105/https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/wta-partnership-deal-mercedes-benz-most-signigifanct-billie-jean-king |archive-date=21 December 2025 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=[[Tennis (magazine)|Tennis]]}}</ref> ita ce gasar kwararrun mata ta duniya da Kungiyar Mata ta Tennis [[Tennis|(]] WTA) ta shirya don kakar wasan tennis ta 2026. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=6 October 2025 |title=WTA Calendar 2026 |url=https://wtafiles.wtatennis.com/pdf/calendar/calendar.pdf |access-date=14 October 2025 |publisher=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> Kalanda ta ƙunshi gasar Grand Slam (wanda gasar Tennis ta Duniya ke kula da shi), gasar WTA 1000, gasar WTA 500, gasar WTA 250, gasar Billie Jean King Cup (wanda gasar Tennis ta Duniya ta shirya), gasar cin kofin ƙarshen shekara ( WTA Finals ), da kuma gasar United Cup (wasan da aka haɗa da ATP ). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tennis Tournaments {{!}} Official WTA Tournaments – WTA Official |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/tournaments |access-date=9 October 2025 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2025 |title=WTA announces 2026 Tour calendar |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4377748/wta-announces-2026-tour-calendar |access-date=9 October 2025 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref>   == Jadawalin Jadawalin == Wannan shine cikakken jadawalin abubuwan da suka faru a kalandar 2026. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":0" /> ; Maɓalli {| class="wikitable nowrap" style="font-size:95%;" |- style="background:#F3E6D7;" |Babban Gasar Slam |- style="background:#ffc;" | Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta WTA |- style="background:#e9e9e9;" | WTA 1000 |- style="background:#D4F1C5;" | WTA 500 |- style="background:#fff;" | WTA 250 |- style="background:#ECF2FF;" | Taro tsakanin ƙungiya |} {{Clear}} === Janairu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:48px;" |Week ! style="width:250px;" |Tournament ! style="width:200px;" |Champions ! style="width:200px;" |Runners-up ! style="width:190px;" |Semifinalists ! style="width:190px;" |Quarterfinalists |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="5" |Dec 29<br /><br />Jan 5 | style="background:#ecf2ff;" |United Cup<br /><br />[[Perth]]/[[Sydney]], Australia<br /><br />United Cup<br /><br />Hard – $5,903,345 – 18 teams |{{Flagicon|POL}} Poland <br /><br /> 2–1 |{{Flagicon|SUI}} Switzerland |{{Flagicon|USA}} United States <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|BEL}} Belgium |{{Flagicon|GRE}} Greece <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|AUS}} Australia <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|ARG}} Argentina <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} Czech Republic |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Brisbane International<br /><br />[[Brisbane]], Australia<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Hard – $1,691,602 – 48S/24Q/16D<br /><br /> Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|}} [[Sabalenka|Aryna Sabalenka]] <br /><br /> 6–4, 6–3 |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Marta Kostyuk]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Karolína Muchová]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Madison Keys]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Elena Rybakina]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Liudmila Samsonova]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} [[Mirra Andreeva]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsieh Su-wei]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|LAT}} [[Jeļena Ostapenko]] <br /><br /> 6–2, 6–1 |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Cristina Bucșa]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Ellen Perez]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Auckland Open<br /><br />[[Auckland]], New Zealand<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard – $283,347 – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 7–6^(8–6) |{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Xinyu]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Iva Jovic]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|PHI}} [[Alexandra Eala]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Sonay Kartal]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|BEL}} [[Sofia Costoulas]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Magda Linette]]<br /><br /> {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Francesca Jones (tennis)|Francesca Jones]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Guo Hanyu]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Kristina Mladenovic]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(9–7), 6–1 |{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Xu Yifan]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Yang Zhaoxuan]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Jan 12 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Adelaide International<br /><br />[[Adelaide]], Australia<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Hard – $1,206,446 – 30S/24Q/16D<br /><br /> Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|}} [[Mirra Andreeva]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 6–1 |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Victoria Mboko]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Diana Shnaider]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Kimberly Birrell]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Maya Joint]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Emma Navarro]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Jaqueline Cristian]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Madison Keys]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Kateřina Siniaková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Shuai]] <br /><br /> 6–1, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Lyudmyla Kichenok]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Desirae Krawczyk]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Hobart International<br /><br />Hobart, Australia<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard – $283,347 – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br /> Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Elisabetta Cocciaretto]] <br /><br /> 6–4, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Iva Jovic]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Taylah Preston]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CRO}} [[Antonia Ružić]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Emma Raducanu]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|POL}} [[Magda Linette]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Anna Bondár]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|SRB}} [[Olga Danilović]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Katarzyna Piter]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|INA}} [[Janice Tjen]] <br /><br /> 6–2, 6–2 |{{Flagicon|BEL}} [[Magali Kempen]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Anna Sisková]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="3" |Jan 19<br /><br />Jan 26 | rowspan="3" style="background:#f3e6d7;" |Australian Open<br /><br />[[Melbourne]], Australia<br /><br />Grand Slam<br /><br />Hard – $43,608,375 – 128S/128Q/64D/32X<br /><br /> Singles – Doubles – Mixed |{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Elena Rybakina]] <br /><br /> 6–4, 4–6, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|}} [[Sabalenka|Aryna Sabalenka]] | rowspan="3" |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula]] | rowspan="3" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Iva Jovic]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Coco Gauff]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Amanda Anisimova]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Iga Świątek]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|BEL}} [[Elise Mertens]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Shuai]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(7–4), 6–4 |{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Anna Danilina]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|SRB}} [[Aleksandra Krunić]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Olivia Gadecki]]<br /><br /> {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[John Peers]]<br /><br />4–6, 6–3, [10–8] |{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Kristina Mladenovic]]<br /><br /> {{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Manuel Guinard]] |} === Fabrairu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:48px;" |Week ! style="width:250px;" |Tournament ! style="width:200px;" |Champions ! style="width:200px;" |Runners-up ! style="width:190px;" |Semifinalists ! style="width:190px;" |Quarterfinalists |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="6" |Feb 2 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Abu Dhabi Open<br /><br />[[Abu Dhabi (birni)|Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Hard – $1,206,446 – 28S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Sára Bejlek]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(7–5), 6–1 |{{Flagicon|}} [[Ekaterina Alexandrova]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|DEN}} [[Clara Tauson]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Hailey Baptiste]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Sonay Kartal]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[McCartney Kessler]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Liudmila Samsonova]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|PHI}} [[Alexandra Eala]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Ekaterina Alexandrova]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Maya Joint]] <br /><br /> 3–6, 7–6^(7–5), [10–8] |{{Flagicon|SVK}} [[Tereza Mihalíková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Olivia Nicholls]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Ostrava Open<br /><br />Ostrava, Czech Republic<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard (i) – $283,347 – 30S/16Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Katie Boulter]] <br /><br /> 5–7, 6–2, 6–1 |{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Tamara Korpatsch]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Katie Volynets]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Diane Parry]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Alycia Parks]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Fruhvirtová]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Nikola Bartůňková]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Caty McNally]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Anastasia Dețiuc]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Sabrina Santamaria]] <br /><br /> 6–4, 7–6^(7–4) |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Lucie Havlíčková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Dominika Šalková]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Transylvania Open<br /><br />Cluj-Napoca, Romania<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard (i) – $283,347 – 32S/16Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Sorana Cîrstea]] <br /><br /> 6–0, 6–2 |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Emma Raducanu]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Oleksandra Oliynykova]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Daria Snigur]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Maja Chwalińska]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Xinyu]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|AUT}} [[Anastasia Potapova]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Yuan Yue]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|UZB}} [[Kamilla Rakhimova]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Sara Sorribes Tormo]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(9–7), 6–3 |{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Xinyu]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Zheng Saisai]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" |Feb 9 | rowspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;" |Qatar Open<br /><br />[[Doha]], Qatar<br /><br />WTA 1000<br /><br />Hard – $4,088,211 – 56S/32Q/28D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Karolína Muchová]] <br /><br /> 6–4, 7–5 |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Victoria Mboko]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|GRE}} [[Maria Sakkari]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|LAT}} [[Jeļena Ostapenko]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Iga Świątek]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} [[Anna Kalinskaya]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Elisabetta Cocciaretto]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Elena Rybakina]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Anna Danilina]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|SRB}} [[Aleksandra Krunić]] <br /><br /> 0–6, 7–6^(7–3), [10–8] |{{Flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsieh Su-wei]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|LAT}} [[Jeļena Ostapenko]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" |Feb 16 | rowspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;" |Dubai Tennis Championships<br /><br />[[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]], UAE<br /><br />WTA 1000<br /><br />Hard – $4,088,211 – 56S/32Q/28D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula]] <br /><br /> 6–2, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Coco Gauff]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Amanda Anisimova]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CRO}} [[Antonia Ružić]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|PHI}} [[Alexandra Eala]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|DEN}} [[Clara Tauson]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} [[Mirra Andreeva]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Gabriela Dabrowski]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Luisa Stefani]] <br /><br /> 6–1, 6–3 |{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Laura Siegemund]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Vera Zvonareva]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Feb 23 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Mérida Open<br /><br />Mérida, Mexico<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Hard – $1,206,446 – 28S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Cristina Bucșa]] <br /><br /> 6–1, 4–6, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Magdalena Fręch]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Jasmine Paolini]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Shuai]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Katie Boulter]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|TUR}} [[Zeynep Sönmez]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Marie Bouzková]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|AND}} [[Victoria Jiménez Kasintseva]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Cristina Bucșa]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Jiang Xinyu]] <br /><br /> 6–4, 6–1 |{{Flagicon|NED}} [[Isabelle Haverlag]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Maia Lumsden]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |ATX Open<br /><br />[[Austin]], United States<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard – $283,347 – 32S/16Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Peyton Stearns]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(10–8), 7–5 |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Taylor Townsend]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Ashlyn Krueger]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Kimberly Birrell]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Yuan Yue]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|SUI}} [[Rebeka Masarova]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} [[Oksana Selekhmeteva]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Ajla Tomljanović]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Storm Hunter]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Taylor Townsend]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|HKG}} [[Eudice Chong]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|TPE}} [[Liang En-shuo]] |} === Maris === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:48px;" |Week ! style="width:250px;" |Tournament ! style="width:200px;" |Champions ! style="width:200px;" |Runners-up ! style="width:190px;" |Semifinalists ! style="width:190px;" |Quarterfinalists |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="3" |Mar 2<br /><br />Mar 9 | rowspan="3" style="background:#e9e9e9;" |Indian Wells Open<br /><br />Indian Wells, United States<br /><br />WTA 1000<br /><br />Hard – $9,415,725 – 96S/48Q/32D/16X<br /><br />Singles – Doubles – Mixed |{{Flagicon|}} [[Sabalenka|Aryna Sabalenka]] <br /><br /> 3–6, 6–3, 7–6^(8–6) |{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Elena Rybakina]] | rowspan="3" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Nosková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]] | rowspan="3" |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Victoria Mboko]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Talia Gibson]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Iga Świątek]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Kateřina Siniaková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Taylor Townsend]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(7–4), 6–4 |{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Anna Danilina]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|SRB}} [[Aleksandra Krunić]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|SUI}} [[Belinda Bencic]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Flavio Cobolli]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 2–6, [10–7] |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Gabriela Dabrowski]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Lloyd Glasspool]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" |Mar 16<br /><br />Mar 23 | rowspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;" |Miami Open<br /><br />Miami Gardens, United States<br /><br />WTA 1000<br /><br />Hard – $9,415,725 – 96S/48Q/32D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|}} [[Sabalenka|Aryna Sabalenka]]<br /><br />6–2, 4–6, 6–3 |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Coco Gauff]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Elena Rybakina]]<br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Karolína Muchová]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Hailey Baptiste]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|SUI}} [[Belinda Bencic]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Victoria Mboko]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Kateřina Siniaková]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Taylor Townsend]]<br /><br />7–6^(7–0), 6–1 |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Sara Errani]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Jasmine Paolini]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Mar 30 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Charleston Open<br /><br />Charleston, United States<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Clay (green) – $2,300,000 – 48S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula]]<br /><br /> 6–2, 6–2 |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Yuliia Starodubtseva]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Iva Jovic]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Madison Keys]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Diana Shnaider]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} [[Anna Kalinskaya]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|SUI}} [[Belinda Bencic]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[McCartney Kessler]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Desirae Krawczyk]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Caty McNally]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 6–2 |{{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Anna Bondár]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|POL}} [[Magdalena Fręch]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Copa Colsanitas<br /><br />[[Bogotá]], Colombia<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Clay – $283,347 – 32S/16Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Marie Bouzková]]<br /><br /> 6–7^(7–9), 6–2, 6–2 |{{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Panna Udvardy]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|ARG}} [[Jazmín Ortenzi]]<br /><br /> {{Flagicon|COL}} [[Emiliana Arango]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|LAT}} [[Darja Semeņistaja]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|ARG}} [[Julia Riera]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Katarzyna Kawa]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Varvara Lepchenko]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Caroline Dolehide]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}}[[Irina Khromacheva]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(7–5), 6–4 |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Valeriya Strakhova]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Anastasia Tikhonova]] |} === Afrilu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:48px;" |Week ! style="width:250px;" |Tournament ! style="width:200px;" |Champions ! style="width:200px;" |Runners-up ! style="width:190px;" |Semifinalists ! style="width:190px;" |Quarterfinalists |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="3" |Apr 6 | style="background:#ECF2FF;" |Billie Jean King Cup qualifying round | align="left" |Qualifying-round winners<br /><br /> Italy<br /><br /> Belgium<br /><br />  Great Britain<br /><br /> Kazakhstan<br /><br /> Spain<br /><br /> Czechia<br /><br /> Ukraine<br /><br /> | align="left" |Qualifying-round losers<br /><br /> Japan<br /><br /> United States<br /><br /> Australia<br /><br /> Canada<br /><br /> Slovenia<br /><br />  Switzerland<br /><br /> Poland | | |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Linz Open<br /><br />[[Linz]], Austria<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Clay (i) – €1,049,083 – 28S/16Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|}} [[Mirra Andreeva]] <br /><br /> 1–6, 6–4, 6–3 |{{Flagicon|AUT}} [[Anastasia Potapova]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Elena-Gabriela Ruse]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CRO}} [[Donna Vekić]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Sorana Cîrstea]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|LAT}} [[Jeļena Ostapenko]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|AUT}} [[Lilli Tagger]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Karolína Plíšková]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Sorana Cîrstea]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Shuai]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 6–2 |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Jesika Malečková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Miriam Škoch]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Apr 13 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Stuttgart Open<br /><br />[[Stuttgart]], Germany<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Clay (i) – €1,049,083 – 28S/16Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Elena Rybakina]]<br /><br />7–5, 6–1 |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Karolína Muchová]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Mirra Andreeva]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Leylah Fernandez]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|POL}} [[Iga Świątek]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Nosková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Coco Gauff]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Nicole Melichar-Martinez]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} [[Liudmila Samsonova]]<br /><br />6–1, 6–1 |{{Flagicon|LAT}} [[Jeļena Ostapenko]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Shuai]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Open de Rouen<br /><br />[[Rouen]], France<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Clay (i) – €246,388 – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Marta Kostyuk]]<br /><br />6–3, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Veronika Podrez]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Tatjana Maria]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Sorana Cîrstea]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Ann Li (tennis)|Ann Li]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} [[Iryna Shymanovich]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Katie Boulter]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Anna Bondár]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Jesika Malečková]]<br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Miriam Škoch]]<br /><br />6–2, 7–5 |{{Flagicon|TPE}} [[Liang En-shuo]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Tang Qianhui]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" |Apr 20<br /><br />Apr 27 | rowspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;" |Madrid Open<br /><br />[[Madrid]], Spain<br /><br />WTA 1000<br /><br />Clay – €8,235,540 – 96S/48Q/32D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Marta Kostyuk]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 7–5 |{{Flagicon|}} [[Mirra Andreeva]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Hailey Baptiste]]<br /><br /> {{Flagicon|AUT}} [[Anastasia Potapova]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Sabalenka|Aryna Sabalenka]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Leylah Fernandez]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Nosková]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Karolína Plíšková|Karolina Plíšková]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Kateřina Siniaková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Taylor Townsend]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(7–2), 6–2 |{{Flagicon|}} [[Mirra Andreeva]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Diana Shnaider]] |} === Mayu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:48px;" |Week ! style="width:248px;" |Tournament ! style="width:200px;" |Champions ! style="width:200px;" |Runners-up ! style="width:190px;" |Semifinalists ! style="width:190px;" |Quarterfinalists |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" |May 4<br /><br />May 11 | rowspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;" |Italian Open<br /><br />[[Rum|Rome]], Italy<br /><br />WTA 1000<br /><br />Clay – €7,228,080 – 96S/48Q/32D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]]<br /><br /> 6–4, 6–7^(3–7), 6–2 |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Coco Gauff]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Sorana Cîrstea]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|POL}} [[Iga Świątek]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|LAT}} [[Jeļena Ostapenko]]<br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Mirra Andreeva]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Elena Rybakina]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Mirra Andreeva]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Diana Shnaider]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 6–3 |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Cristina Bucșa]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Nicole Melichar-Martinez]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |May 18 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Internationaux de Strasbourg<br /><br />[[Strasbourg]], France<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Clay – €1,049,083 – 28S/16Q/16D<br /><br /> Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Emma Navarro]]<br /><br />6–0, 5–7, 6–2 |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Victoria Mboko]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Jaqueline Cristian]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Ann Li (tennis)|Ann Li]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Leylah Fernandez]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Daria Kasatkina]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Shuai]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Marie Bouzková]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Gabriela Dabrowski]]<br /><br /> {{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Luisa Stefani]] <br /><br /> 7–5, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|NOR}} [[Ulrikke Eikeri]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Quinn Gleason]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Morocco Open<br /><br />[[Rabat]], Morocco<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Clay – $283,347 – 32S/16Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|CRO}} [[Petra Marčinko]]<br /><br /> 6–2, 3–0 ret. |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Anhelina Kalinina]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Panna Udvardy]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|SUI}} [[Jil Teichmann]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|COL}} [[Camila Osorio]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Anna Bondár]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|MAR}} [[Yasmine Kabbaj]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Jéssica Bouzas Maneiro]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|HKG}} [[Eudice Chong]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|BEL}} [[Magali Kempen]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 2–6, [10–6] |{{Flagicon|INA}} [[Aldila Sutjiadi]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Vera Zvonareva]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="3" |May 25<br /><br />Jun 1 | rowspan="3" style="background:#F3E6D7;" |French Open<br /><br />[[Faris|Paris]], France<br /><br />Grand Slam<br /><br />Clay – €29,137,500 – 128S/64D/32X<br /><br />Singles – Doubles – Mixed |{{Flagicon|}} [[Mirra Andreeva]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 6–2 |{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Maja Chwalińska]] | rowspan="3" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Diana Shnaider]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Marta Kostyuk]] | rowspan="3" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Sabalenka|Aryna Sabalenka]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} [[Anna Kalinskaya]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Sorana Cîrstea]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Kateřina Siniaková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Taylor Townsend]] <br /><br /> 6–2, 7–5 |{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Anna Danilina]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|SRB}} [[Aleksandra Krunić]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Sara Errani]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Andrea Vavassori]] <br /><br /> 4–6, 6–3, [10–4] |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Gabriela Dabrowski]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Evan King]] |} === Yuni === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:48px;" |Week ! style="width:248px;" |Tournament ! style="width:200px;" |Champions ! style="width:200px;" |Runners-up ! style="width:190px;" |Semifinalists ! style="width:190px;" |Quarterfinalists |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Jun 8 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Queen's Club Championships<br /><br />[[Landan|London]], United Kingdom<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Grass – $1,915,000 – 28S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|CRO}} [[Donna Vekić]] <br /><br /> 6–0, 7–6^(8–6) |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Emma Raducanu]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Katie Boulter]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Iva Jovic]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Elena Rybakina]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Karolína Plíšková]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|UZB}} [[Kamilla Rakhimova]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Amanda Anisimova]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|SVK}} [[Tereza Mihalíková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Olivia Nicholls]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 6–7^(4–7), [10–5] |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Leylah Fernandez]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|GER}} [[Laura Siegemund]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Rosmalen Championships<br /><br />Rosmalen, Netherlands<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Grass – €246,388 – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Robin Montgomery]] <br /><br /> Walkover |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Barbora Krejčíková]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Ajla Tomljanović]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|POL}} [[Magda Linette]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Daria Snigur]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Caty McNally]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Elena-Gabriela Ruse]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|TUR}} [[Zeynep Sönmez]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|JPN}} [[Shuko Aoyama]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|TPE}} [[Liang En-shuo]] <br /><br /> 6–2, 2–6, [10–7] |{{Flagicon|EST}} [[Ingrid Neel]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|MEX}} [[Giuliana Olmos]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Jun 15 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |German Open<br /><br />[[Berlin]], Germany<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Grass – €1,206,446 – 28S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Nosková]] <br /><br /> 6–4, 4–6, 6–3 |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Sabalenka|Aryna Sabalenka]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|PHI}} [[Alexandra Eala]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Nikola Bartůňková]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Madison Keys]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Paula Badosa]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Ekaterina Alexandrova]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Nosková]] <br /><br /> 6–2, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Sara Errani]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Nicole Melichar-Martinez]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Nottingham Open<br /><br />[[Nottingham]], United Kingdom<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Grass – $283,347 – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Marie Bouzková]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(7–5), 4–6, 6–2 |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Emma Navarro]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Karolína Plíšková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|SUI}} [[Viktorija Golubic]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Talia Gibson]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Tatjana Maria]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Jéssica Bouzas Maneiro]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Ann Li (tennis)|Ann Li]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Harriet Dart]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Maia Lumsden]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|JPN}} [[Shuko Aoyama]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|TPE}} [[Chan Hao-ching]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Jun 21 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Bad Homburg Open<br /><br />Bad Homburg, Germany<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Grass – €1,049,083 – 28S/16Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Karolína Muchová]] <br /><br /> 6–1, 1–0 ret. |{{Flagicon|JPN}} [[Naomi Osaka]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Elena-Gabriela Ruse]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Xinyu]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Emma Navarro]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|DEN}} [[Clara Tauson]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Ekaterina Alexandrova]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|INA}} [[Aldila Sutjiadi]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Vera Zvonareva]] <br /><br /> 6–1, 4–6, [10–5] |{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Ellen Perez]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|NED}} [[Rabin Schuurs|Demi Schuurs]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Eastbourne Open<br /><br />Eastbourne, United Kingdom<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Grass – $499,000 – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Madison Keys]] <br /><br /> 7–5, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Tatjana Maria]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|LAT}} [[Jeļena Ostapenko]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CRO}} [[Petra Marčinko]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Tereza Valentová]]<br /><br /> {{Flagicon|TUR}} [[Zeynep Sönmez]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Caty McNally]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[McCartney Kessler]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Gabriela Dabrowski]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Luisa Stefani]] <br /><br /> 6–1, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Jesika Malečková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Miriam Škoch]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="3" |Jun 29<br /><br />Jul 6 | rowspan="3" style="background:#F3E6D7;" |Wimbledon<br /><br />[[Landan|London]], United Kingdom<br /><br />Grand Slam<br /><br />Grass – €64,200,000 – 128S/64D/32X<br /><br />[[Gasar Wimbledon ta 2026 - Mata|Singles]] – Doubles – Mixed |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Nosková]] <br /><br /> 6–2, 5–7, 6–3 |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Karolína Muchová]] | rowspan="3" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Coco Gauff]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Marta Kostyuk]] | rowspan="3" |{{Flagicon|JPN}} [[Naomi Osaka]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Jasmine Paolini]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|BEL}} [[Elise Mertens]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Guo Hanyu]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Kristina Mladenovic]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 7–5 |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Gabriela Dabrowski]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Luisa Stefani]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|LAT}} [[Jeļena Ostapenko]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|ESA}} [[Marcelo Arévalo]] <br /><br /> 4–6, 7–5, 6–2 |{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Storm Hunter]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Marc Polmans]] |} === Yuli === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:48px;" |Week ! style="width:248px;" |Tournament ! style="width:200px;" |Champions ! style="width:200px;" |Runners-up ! style="width:190px;" |Semifinalists ! style="width:190px;" |Quarterfinalists |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Jul 13 | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Iași Open<br /><br />Iași, Romania<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Clay – €246,388 – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|EGY}} [[Mayar Sherif]] <br /><br /> 6–4, 4–0 ret. |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Paula Badosa]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Oleksandra Oliynykova]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|SLO}} [[Tamara Zidanšek]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Yulia Putintseva]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Clara Burel]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Panna Udvardy]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|CRO}} [[Petra Marčinko]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Anastasia Dețiuc]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Irina Khromacheva]] <br /><br /> 4–6, 6–2, [10–5] |{{Flagicon|ARM}} [[Alina Charaeva]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Zhibek Kulambayeva]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Athens Open<br /><br />[[Athens]], Greece<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard – €246,388 – 32S/21Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Barbora Krejčíková]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(7–5), 6–3 |{{Flagicon|GRE}} [[Maria Sakkari]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|DEN}} [[Clara Tauson]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Alina Korneeva]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Sára Bejlek]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Zheng Qinwen]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Alycia Parks]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Tereza Valentová]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|TPE}} [[Chan Hao-ching]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|JPN}} [[Miyu Kato (tennis)|Miyu Kato]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(7–3), 4–6, [10–7] |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Maia Lumsden]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Tang Qianhui]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Jul 20 | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Hamburg Open<br /><br />[[Hamburg]], Germany<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Clay – €246,388 – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Tamara Korpatsch]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 6–3 |{{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Anna Bondár]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|ARM}} [[Elina Avanesyan]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|EGY}} [[Mayar Sherif]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Oleksandra Oliynykova]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|ARM}} [[Alina Charaeva]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Paula Badosa]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Anhelina Kalinina]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|SLO}} [[Dalila Jakupović]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|SLO}} [[Nika Radišić]] <br /><br /> 5–7, 6–3, [10–5] |{{Flagicon|BEL}} [[Magali Kempen]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Alexandra Panova]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Prague Open<br /><br />[[Prag|Prague]], Czech Republic<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard – $283,347 – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|AUT}} [[Lilli Tagger]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(7–3), 6–2 |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Daria Snigur]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Tereza Valentová]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Barbora Krejčíková]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Marie Bouzková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|THA}} [[Lanlana Tararudee]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Sára Bejlek]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Dominika Šalková]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Harriet Dart]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Maia Lumsden]] <br /><br /> 6–4, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Lucie Havlíčková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Laura Samson]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Jul 27 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Washington Open<br /><br />[[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]], United States<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Hard – $1,637,982 – 28S/16Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|PHI}} [[Alexandra Eala]] <br /><br /> 4–6, 6–4, 6–0 |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Diana Shnaider]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|JPN}} [[Naomi Osaka]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Anna Kalinskaya]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Liudmila Samsonova]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Elisabetta Cocciaretto]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|NZL}} [[Erin Routliffe]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|INA}} [[Aldila Sutjiadi]] <br /><br /> 6–4, 6–1 |{{Flagicon|SLO}} [[Andreja Klepač]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|JPN}} [[Makoto Ninomiya]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Memphis Classic<br /><br />[[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], United States<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard – $283,347 – 32S/19Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|}} [[Kristina Liutova]] <br /><br /> 1–6, 6–1, 6–3 |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Darja Vidmanova]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Elvina Kalieva]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|MEX}} [[Renata Zarazúa]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Caty McNally]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Peyton Stearns]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Katie Volynets]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} [[Anastasia Zakharova]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Maria Kozyreva]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Maia Lumsden]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(8–6), 6–3 |{{Flagicon|TPE}} [[Chan Hao-ching]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Maya Joint]] |} === Agusta === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:48px;" |Week ! style="width:248px;" |Tournament ! style="width:200px;" |Champions ! style="width:200px;" |Runners-up ! style="width:190px;" |Semifinalists ! style="width:190px;" |Quarterfinalists |- style="vertical-align:top" |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" |Aug 3<br /><br />Aug 10 | rowspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;" |Canadian Open<br /><br />[[Toronto]], Canada<br /><br />WTA 1000<br /><br />Hard – $7,433,076 – 96S/32Q/32D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Iga Świątek]] <br /><br /> 6–2, 6–3 |{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Elena Rybakina]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Coco Gauff]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Ekaterina Alexandrova]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} [[Diana Shnaider]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|SUI}} [[Belinda Bencic]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|JPN}} [[Naomi Osaka]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Kateřina Siniaková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Shuai]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Sara Errani]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Nicole Melichar-Martinez]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" |Aug 10<br /><br />Aug 17 | rowspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;" |Cincinnati Open<br /><br />Mason, United States<br /><br />WTA 1000<br /><br />Hard – $7,433,076 – 96S/48Q/32D<br /><br /> Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Sára Bejlek|S Bejlek]] vs {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Coco Gauff|C Gauff]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula|J Pegula]] vs {{Flagicon|POL}} [[Iga Świątek|I Świątek]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Madison Keys]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Marta Kostyuk]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Amanda Anisimova]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Elena Rybakina]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Marie Bouzková]] / {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Nosková]] <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|BEL}} [[Magali Kempen]] / {{Flagicon|}} [[Alexandra Panova]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" |Aug 24 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Monterrey Open<br /><br />Monterrey, Mexico<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Hard – $ – 28S/16Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="3" |Aug 31<br /><br />Sep 7 | rowspan="3" style="background:#F3E6D7;" |US Open<br /><br />[[New York (birni)|New York]], United States<br /><br />Grand Slam<br /><br />Hard – $ – 128S/64D/16X<br /><br />Singles – Doubles – Mixed | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="3" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="3" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |} === Satumba === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:48px;" |Week ! style="width:248px;" |Tournament ! style="width:200px;" |Champions ! style="width:200px;" |Runners-up ! style="width:190px;" |Semifinalists ! style="width:190px;" |Quarterfinalists |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Sep 14 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Guadalajara Open<br /><br />[[Guadalalajara|Guadalajara]], Mexico<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Hard – $ – 28S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |[[SP Open]]<br /><br />[[São Paulo]], Brazil<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard– $ – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="5" |Sep 21 | style="background:#ecf2ff;" |[[2026 Billie Jean King Cup finals|Billie Jean King Cup Finals]]<br /><br />[[Shenzhen]], China<br /><br />Hard (i) – 8 teams | colspan="2" align="center" |<br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> | |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Singapore Open<br /><br />[[Singafora|Singapore]], Singapore<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Hard – $ – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Korea Open<br /><br />[[Seoul]], South Korea<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard – $ – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" |Sep 28<br /><br />Oct 5 | rowspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;" |China Open<br /><br />[[Beijing]], China<br /><br />WTA 1000<br /><br />Hard – $ – 96S/48Q/32D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |} === Oktoba === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:48px;" |Week ! style="width:248px;" |Tournament ! style="width:200px;" |Champions ! style="width:200px;" |Runners-up ! style="width:190px;" |Semifinalists ! style="width:190px;" |Quarterfinalists |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" |Oct 12 | rowspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;" |Wuhan Open<br /><br />[[Wuhan]], China<br /><br />WTA 1000<br /><br />Hard – $ – 56S/24Q/28D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Oct 19 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Ningbo Open<br /><br />Ningbo, China<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Hard – $ – 28S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Japan Open<br /><br />[[Osaka]], Japan<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard – $ – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Oct 26 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Pan Pacific Open<br /><br />[[Tokyo]], Japan<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Hard – $ – 28S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Guangzhou Open<br /><br />[[Guangzhou]], China<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard – $ – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |} === Nuwamba === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:48px;" |Week ! style="width:248px;" |Tournament ! style="width:200px;" |Champions ! style="width:200px;" |Runners-up ! style="width:190px;" |Semifinalists ! style="width:190px;" |Quarterfinalists |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Nov 2 | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Hong Kong Open<br /><br />[[Hong Kong]], China<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard – $ – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Chennai Open{{Efn|Date isn't confirmed yet.}}<br /><br />[[Chennai]], India<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard – $ – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" |Nov 9 | rowspan="2" style="background:#ffc;" |WTA Finals<br /><br />Indian Wells, United States<br /><br />Year-end championships<br /><br />Hard – $ – 8S/8D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" |Nov 16 | style="background:#ECF2FF;" |[[2026 Billie Jean King Cup playoffs|Billie Jean King Cup playoffs]] |Playoff winners |Playoff losers | | |} == Bayanan kididdiga == Waɗannan tebura suna nuna adadin gasar mutum ɗaya (S), ta biyu (D), da kuma gasar ninka biyu (X) da kowane ɗan wasa da kowace ƙasa suka lashe a kakar wasa, a cikin dukkan rukunonin gasar WTA Tour ta 2025: gasar Grand Slam, gasar cin kofin ƙarshen shekara ( WTA Finals ), gasar WTA Premier (WTA 1000 da WTA 500), da kuma WTA 250 . An rarraba 'yan wasa/ƙasashe ta hanyar: # jimillar adadin kofuna (lashe biyu da 'yan wasa biyu suka lashe da suka wakilci ƙasa ɗaya ya zama nasara ɗaya kawai ga ƙasar); # Jimlar darajar waɗannan lambobin yabo (nasarar gasar Grand Slam guda ɗaya daidai da nasara biyu ta WTA 1000, nasarar gasar cin kofin shekara ɗaya daidai da nasara ɗaya da rabi ta WTA 1000, nasara ɗaya ta WTA 1000 daidai da nasara biyu ta WTA 500, nasara ɗaya ta WTA 500 daidai da nasara biyu ta WTA 250); # guda ɗaya > ninki biyu > tsarin gauraye biyu; # tsarin haruffa (ta hanyar sunayen iyali ga 'yan wasa). otatnws6wdrecn2f8qp5nk8lea9zqwf 906133 906132 2026-08-22T10:58:38Z Abusule dankofa 24259 906133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Gasar WTA ta 2026''' (wanda aka yiwa lakabi da '''Gasar WTA ta 2026 wadda [[Mercedes-Benz]] ke jagoranta''' saboda dalilai na daukar nauyinta) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Livaudais |first=Stephanie |date=11 December 2025 |title=Billie Jean King applauds historic WTA, Mercedes-Benz partnership: "Far beyond tennis" |url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/wta-partnership-deal-mercedes-benz-most-signigifanct-billie-jean-king |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221100105/https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/wta-partnership-deal-mercedes-benz-most-signigifanct-billie-jean-king |archive-date=21 December 2025 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=[[Tennis (magazine)|Tennis]]}}</ref> ita ce gasar kwararrun mata ta duniya da Kungiyar Mata ta Tennis [[Tennis|(]] WTA) ta shirya don kakar wasan tennis ta 2026. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=6 October 2025 |title=WTA Calendar 2026 |url=https://wtafiles.wtatennis.com/pdf/calendar/calendar.pdf |access-date=14 October 2025 |publisher=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> Kalanda ta ƙunshi gasar Grand Slam (wanda gasar Tennis ta Duniya ke kula da shi), gasar WTA 1000, gasar WTA 500, gasar WTA 250, gasar Billie Jean King Cup (wanda gasar Tennis ta Duniya ta shirya), gasar cin kofin ƙarshen shekara ( WTA Finals ), da kuma gasar United Cup (wasan da aka haɗa da ATP ). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tennis Tournaments {{!}} Official WTA Tournaments – WTA Official |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/tournaments |access-date=9 October 2025 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2025 |title=WTA announces 2026 Tour calendar |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4377748/wta-announces-2026-tour-calendar |access-date=9 October 2025 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref>   == Jadawalin Jadawalin == Wannan shine cikakken jadawalin abubuwan da suka faru a kalandar 2026. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":0" /> ; Maɓalli {| class="wikitable nowrap" style="font-size:95%;" |- style="background:#F3E6D7;" |Babban Gasar Slam |- style="background:#ffc;" | Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta WTA |- style="background:#e9e9e9;" | WTA 1000 |- style="background:#D4F1C5;" | WTA 500 |- style="background:#fff;" | WTA 250 |- style="background:#ECF2FF;" | Taro tsakanin ƙungiya |} {{Clear}} === Janairu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:48px;" |Week ! style="width:250px;" |Tournament ! style="width:200px;" |Champions ! style="width:200px;" |Runners-up ! style="width:190px;" |Semifinalists ! style="width:190px;" |Quarterfinalists |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="5" |Dec 29<br /><br />Jan 5 | style="background:#ecf2ff;" |United Cup<br /><br />[[Perth]]/[[Sydney]], Australia<br /><br />United Cup<br /><br />Hard – $5,903,345 – 18 teams |{{Flagicon|POL}} Poland <br /><br /> 2–1 |{{Flagicon|SUI}} Switzerland |{{Flagicon|USA}} United States <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|BEL}} Belgium |{{Flagicon|GRE}} Greece <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|AUS}} Australia <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|ARG}} Argentina <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} Czech Republic |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Brisbane International<br /><br />[[Brisbane]], Australia<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Hard – $1,691,602 – 48S/24Q/16D<br /><br /> Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|}} [[Sabalenka|Aryna Sabalenka]] <br /><br /> 6–4, 6–3 |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Marta Kostyuk]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Karolína Muchová]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Madison Keys]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Elena Rybakina]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Liudmila Samsonova]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} [[Mirra Andreeva]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsieh Su-wei]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|LAT}} [[Jeļena Ostapenko]] <br /><br /> 6–2, 6–1 |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Cristina Bucșa]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Ellen Perez]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Auckland Open<br /><br />[[Auckland]], New Zealand<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard – $283,347 – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 7–6^(8–6) |{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Xinyu]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Iva Jovic]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|PHI}} [[Alexandra Eala]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Sonay Kartal]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|BEL}} [[Sofia Costoulas]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Magda Linette]]<br /><br /> {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Francesca Jones (tennis)|Francesca Jones]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Guo Hanyu]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Kristina Mladenovic]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(9–7), 6–1 |{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Xu Yifan]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Yang Zhaoxuan]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Jan 12 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Adelaide International<br /><br />[[Adelaide]], Australia<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Hard – $1,206,446 – 30S/24Q/16D<br /><br /> Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|}} [[Mirra Andreeva]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 6–1 |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Victoria Mboko]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Diana Shnaider]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Kimberly Birrell]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Maya Joint]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Emma Navarro]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Jaqueline Cristian]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Madison Keys]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Kateřina Siniaková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Shuai]] <br /><br /> 6–1, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Lyudmyla Kichenok]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Desirae Krawczyk]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Hobart International<br /><br />Hobart, Australia<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard – $283,347 – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br /> Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Elisabetta Cocciaretto]] <br /><br /> 6–4, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Iva Jovic]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Taylah Preston]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CRO}} [[Antonia Ružić]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Emma Raducanu]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|POL}} [[Magda Linette]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Anna Bondár]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|SRB}} [[Olga Danilović]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Katarzyna Piter]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|INA}} [[Janice Tjen]] <br /><br /> 6–2, 6–2 |{{Flagicon|BEL}} [[Magali Kempen]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Anna Sisková]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="3" |Jan 19<br /><br />Jan 26 | rowspan="3" style="background:#f3e6d7;" |Australian Open<br /><br />[[Melbourne]], Australia<br /><br />Grand Slam<br /><br />Hard – $43,608,375 – 128S/128Q/64D/32X<br /><br /> Singles – Doubles – Mixed |{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Elena Rybakina]] <br /><br /> 6–4, 4–6, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|}} [[Sabalenka|Aryna Sabalenka]] | rowspan="3" |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula]] | rowspan="3" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Iva Jovic]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Coco Gauff]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Amanda Anisimova]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Iga Świątek]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|BEL}} [[Elise Mertens]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Shuai]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(7–4), 6–4 |{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Anna Danilina]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|SRB}} [[Aleksandra Krunić]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Olivia Gadecki]]<br /><br /> {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[John Peers]]<br /><br />4–6, 6–3, [10–8] |{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Kristina Mladenovic]]<br /><br /> {{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Manuel Guinard]] |} === Fabrairu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:48px;" |Week ! style="width:250px;" |Tournament ! style="width:200px;" |Champions ! style="width:200px;" |Runners-up ! style="width:190px;" |Semifinalists ! style="width:190px;" |Quarterfinalists |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="6" |Feb 2 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Abu Dhabi Open<br /><br />[[Abu Dhabi (birni)|Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Hard – $1,206,446 – 28S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Sára Bejlek]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(7–5), 6–1 |{{Flagicon|}} [[Ekaterina Alexandrova]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|DEN}} [[Clara Tauson]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Hailey Baptiste]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Sonay Kartal]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[McCartney Kessler]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Liudmila Samsonova]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|PHI}} [[Alexandra Eala]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Ekaterina Alexandrova]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Maya Joint]] <br /><br /> 3–6, 7–6^(7–5), [10–8] |{{Flagicon|SVK}} [[Tereza Mihalíková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Olivia Nicholls]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Ostrava Open<br /><br />Ostrava, Czech Republic<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard (i) – $283,347 – 30S/16Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Katie Boulter]] <br /><br /> 5–7, 6–2, 6–1 |{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Tamara Korpatsch]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Katie Volynets]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Diane Parry]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Alycia Parks]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Fruhvirtová]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Nikola Bartůňková]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Caty McNally]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Anastasia Dețiuc]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Sabrina Santamaria]] <br /><br /> 6–4, 7–6^(7–4) |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Lucie Havlíčková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Dominika Šalková]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Transylvania Open<br /><br />Cluj-Napoca, Romania<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard (i) – $283,347 – 32S/16Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Sorana Cîrstea]] <br /><br /> 6–0, 6–2 |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Emma Raducanu]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Oleksandra Oliynykova]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Daria Snigur]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Maja Chwalińska]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Xinyu]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|AUT}} [[Anastasia Potapova]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Yuan Yue]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|UZB}} [[Kamilla Rakhimova]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Sara Sorribes Tormo]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(9–7), 6–3 |{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Xinyu]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Zheng Saisai]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" |Feb 9 | rowspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;" |Qatar Open<br /><br />[[Doha]], Qatar<br /><br />WTA 1000<br /><br />Hard – $4,088,211 – 56S/32Q/28D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Karolína Muchová]] <br /><br /> 6–4, 7–5 |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Victoria Mboko]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|GRE}} [[Maria Sakkari]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|LAT}} [[Jeļena Ostapenko]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Iga Świątek]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} [[Anna Kalinskaya]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Elisabetta Cocciaretto]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Elena Rybakina]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Anna Danilina]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|SRB}} [[Aleksandra Krunić]] <br /><br /> 0–6, 7–6^(7–3), [10–8] |{{Flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsieh Su-wei]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|LAT}} [[Jeļena Ostapenko]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" |Feb 16 | rowspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;" |Dubai Tennis Championships<br /><br />[[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]], UAE<br /><br />WTA 1000<br /><br />Hard – $4,088,211 – 56S/32Q/28D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula]] <br /><br /> 6–2, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Coco Gauff]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Amanda Anisimova]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CRO}} [[Antonia Ružić]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|PHI}} [[Alexandra Eala]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|DEN}} [[Clara Tauson]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} [[Mirra Andreeva]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Gabriela Dabrowski]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Luisa Stefani]] <br /><br /> 6–1, 6–3 |{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Laura Siegemund]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Vera Zvonareva]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Feb 23 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Mérida Open<br /><br />Mérida, Mexico<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Hard – $1,206,446 – 28S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Cristina Bucșa]] <br /><br /> 6–1, 4–6, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Magdalena Fręch]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Jasmine Paolini]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Shuai]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Katie Boulter]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|TUR}} [[Zeynep Sönmez]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Marie Bouzková]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|AND}} [[Victoria Jiménez Kasintseva]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Cristina Bucșa]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Jiang Xinyu]] <br /><br /> 6–4, 6–1 |{{Flagicon|NED}} [[Isabelle Haverlag]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Maia Lumsden]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |ATX Open<br /><br />[[Austin]], United States<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard – $283,347 – 32S/16Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Peyton Stearns]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(10–8), 7–5 |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Taylor Townsend]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Ashlyn Krueger]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Kimberly Birrell]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Yuan Yue]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|SUI}} [[Rebeka Masarova]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} [[Oksana Selekhmeteva]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Ajla Tomljanović]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Storm Hunter]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Taylor Townsend]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|HKG}} [[Eudice Chong]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|TPE}} [[Liang En-shuo]] |} === Maris === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:48px;" |Week ! style="width:250px;" |Tournament ! style="width:200px;" |Champions ! style="width:200px;" |Runners-up ! style="width:190px;" |Semifinalists ! style="width:190px;" |Quarterfinalists |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="3" |Mar 2<br /><br />Mar 9 | rowspan="3" style="background:#e9e9e9;" |Indian Wells Open<br /><br />Indian Wells, United States<br /><br />WTA 1000<br /><br />Hard – $9,415,725 – 96S/48Q/32D/16X<br /><br />Singles – Doubles – Mixed |{{Flagicon|}} [[Sabalenka|Aryna Sabalenka]] <br /><br /> 3–6, 6–3, 7–6^(8–6) |{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Elena Rybakina]] | rowspan="3" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Nosková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]] | rowspan="3" |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Victoria Mboko]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Talia Gibson]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Iga Świątek]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Kateřina Siniaková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Taylor Townsend]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(7–4), 6–4 |{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Anna Danilina]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|SRB}} [[Aleksandra Krunić]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|SUI}} [[Belinda Bencic]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Flavio Cobolli]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 2–6, [10–7] |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Gabriela Dabrowski]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Lloyd Glasspool]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" |Mar 16<br /><br />Mar 23 | rowspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;" |Miami Open<br /><br />Miami Gardens, United States<br /><br />WTA 1000<br /><br />Hard – $9,415,725 – 96S/48Q/32D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|}} [[Sabalenka|Aryna Sabalenka]]<br /><br />6–2, 4–6, 6–3 |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Coco Gauff]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Elena Rybakina]]<br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Karolína Muchová]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Hailey Baptiste]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|SUI}} [[Belinda Bencic]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Victoria Mboko]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Kateřina Siniaková]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Taylor Townsend]]<br /><br />7–6^(7–0), 6–1 |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Sara Errani]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Jasmine Paolini]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Mar 30 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Charleston Open<br /><br />Charleston, United States<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Clay (green) – $2,300,000 – 48S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula]]<br /><br /> 6–2, 6–2 |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Yuliia Starodubtseva]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Iva Jovic]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Madison Keys]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Diana Shnaider]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} [[Anna Kalinskaya]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|SUI}} [[Belinda Bencic]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[McCartney Kessler]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Desirae Krawczyk]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Caty McNally]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 6–2 |{{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Anna Bondár]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|POL}} [[Magdalena Fręch]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Copa Colsanitas<br /><br />[[Bogotá]], Colombia<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Clay – $283,347 – 32S/16Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Marie Bouzková]]<br /><br /> 6–7^(7–9), 6–2, 6–2 |{{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Panna Udvardy]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|ARG}} [[Jazmín Ortenzi]]<br /><br /> {{Flagicon|COL}} [[Emiliana Arango]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|LAT}} [[Darja Semeņistaja]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|ARG}} [[Julia Riera]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Katarzyna Kawa]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Varvara Lepchenko]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Caroline Dolehide]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}}[[Irina Khromacheva]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(7–5), 6–4 |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Valeriya Strakhova]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Anastasia Tikhonova]] |} === Afrilu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:48px;" |Week ! style="width:250px;" |Tournament ! style="width:200px;" |Champions ! style="width:200px;" |Runners-up ! style="width:190px;" |Semifinalists ! style="width:190px;" |Quarterfinalists |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="3" |Apr 6 | style="background:#ECF2FF;" |Billie Jean King Cup qualifying round | align="left" |Qualifying-round winners<br /><br /> Italy<br /><br /> Belgium<br /><br />  Great Britain<br /><br /> Kazakhstan<br /><br /> Spain<br /><br /> Czechia<br /><br /> Ukraine<br /><br /> | align="left" |Qualifying-round losers<br /><br /> Japan<br /><br /> United States<br /><br /> Australia<br /><br /> Canada<br /><br /> Slovenia<br /><br />  Switzerland<br /><br /> Poland | | |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Linz Open<br /><br />[[Linz]], Austria<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Clay (i) – €1,049,083 – 28S/16Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|}} [[Mirra Andreeva]] <br /><br /> 1–6, 6–4, 6–3 |{{Flagicon|AUT}} [[Anastasia Potapova]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Elena-Gabriela Ruse]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CRO}} [[Donna Vekić]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Sorana Cîrstea]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|LAT}} [[Jeļena Ostapenko]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|AUT}} [[Lilli Tagger]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Karolína Plíšková]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Sorana Cîrstea]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Shuai]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 6–2 |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Jesika Malečková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Miriam Škoch]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Apr 13 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Stuttgart Open<br /><br />[[Stuttgart]], Germany<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Clay (i) – €1,049,083 – 28S/16Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Elena Rybakina]]<br /><br />7–5, 6–1 |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Karolína Muchová]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Mirra Andreeva]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Leylah Fernandez]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|POL}} [[Iga Świątek]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Nosková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Coco Gauff]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Nicole Melichar-Martinez]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} [[Liudmila Samsonova]]<br /><br />6–1, 6–1 |{{Flagicon|LAT}} [[Jeļena Ostapenko]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Shuai]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Open de Rouen<br /><br />[[Rouen]], France<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Clay (i) – €246,388 – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Marta Kostyuk]]<br /><br />6–3, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Veronika Podrez]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Tatjana Maria]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Sorana Cîrstea]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Ann Li (tennis)|Ann Li]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} [[Iryna Shymanovich]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Katie Boulter]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Anna Bondár]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Jesika Malečková]]<br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Miriam Škoch]]<br /><br />6–2, 7–5 |{{Flagicon|TPE}} [[Liang En-shuo]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Tang Qianhui]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" |Apr 20<br /><br />Apr 27 | rowspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;" |Madrid Open<br /><br />[[Madrid]], Spain<br /><br />WTA 1000<br /><br />Clay – €8,235,540 – 96S/48Q/32D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Marta Kostyuk]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 7–5 |{{Flagicon|}} [[Mirra Andreeva]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Hailey Baptiste]]<br /><br /> {{Flagicon|AUT}} [[Anastasia Potapova]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Sabalenka|Aryna Sabalenka]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Leylah Fernandez]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Nosková]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Karolína Plíšková|Karolina Plíšková]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Kateřina Siniaková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Taylor Townsend]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(7–2), 6–2 |{{Flagicon|}} [[Mirra Andreeva]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Diana Shnaider]] |} === Mayu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:48px;" |Week ! style="width:248px;" |Tournament ! style="width:200px;" |Champions ! style="width:200px;" |Runners-up ! style="width:190px;" |Semifinalists ! style="width:190px;" |Quarterfinalists |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" |May 4<br /><br />May 11 | rowspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;" |Italian Open<br /><br />[[Rum|Rome]], Italy<br /><br />WTA 1000<br /><br />Clay – €7,228,080 – 96S/48Q/32D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]]<br /><br /> 6–4, 6–7^(3–7), 6–2 |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Coco Gauff]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Sorana Cîrstea]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|POL}} [[Iga Świątek]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|LAT}} [[Jeļena Ostapenko]]<br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Mirra Andreeva]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Elena Rybakina]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Mirra Andreeva]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Diana Shnaider]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 6–3 |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Cristina Bucșa]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Nicole Melichar-Martinez]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |May 18 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Internationaux de Strasbourg<br /><br />[[Strasbourg]], France<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Clay – €1,049,083 – 28S/16Q/16D<br /><br /> Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Emma Navarro]]<br /><br />6–0, 5–7, 6–2 |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Victoria Mboko]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Jaqueline Cristian]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Ann Li (tennis)|Ann Li]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Leylah Fernandez]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Daria Kasatkina]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Shuai]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Marie Bouzková]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Gabriela Dabrowski]]<br /><br /> {{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Luisa Stefani]] <br /><br /> 7–5, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|NOR}} [[Ulrikke Eikeri]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Quinn Gleason]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Morocco Open<br /><br />[[Rabat]], Morocco<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Clay – $283,347 – 32S/16Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|CRO}} [[Petra Marčinko]]<br /><br /> 6–2, 3–0 ret. |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Anhelina Kalinina]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Panna Udvardy]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|SUI}} [[Jil Teichmann]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|COL}} [[Camila Osorio]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Anna Bondár]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|MAR}} [[Yasmine Kabbaj]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Jéssica Bouzas Maneiro]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|HKG}} [[Eudice Chong]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|BEL}} [[Magali Kempen]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 2–6, [10–6] |{{Flagicon|INA}} [[Aldila Sutjiadi]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Vera Zvonareva]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="3" |May 25<br /><br />Jun 1 | rowspan="3" style="background:#F3E6D7;" |French Open<br /><br />[[Faris|Paris]], France<br /><br />Grand Slam<br /><br />Clay – €29,137,500 – 128S/64D/32X<br /><br />Singles – Doubles – Mixed |{{Flagicon|}} [[Mirra Andreeva]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 6–2 |{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Maja Chwalińska]] | rowspan="3" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Diana Shnaider]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Marta Kostyuk]] | rowspan="3" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Sabalenka|Aryna Sabalenka]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} [[Anna Kalinskaya]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Sorana Cîrstea]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Kateřina Siniaková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Taylor Townsend]] <br /><br /> 6–2, 7–5 |{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Anna Danilina]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|SRB}} [[Aleksandra Krunić]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Sara Errani]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Andrea Vavassori]] <br /><br /> 4–6, 6–3, [10–4] |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Gabriela Dabrowski]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Evan King]] |} === Yuni === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:48px;" |Week ! style="width:248px;" |Tournament ! style="width:200px;" |Champions ! style="width:200px;" |Runners-up ! style="width:190px;" |Semifinalists ! style="width:190px;" |Quarterfinalists |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Jun 8 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Queen's Club Championships<br /><br />[[Landan|London]], United Kingdom<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Grass – $1,915,000 – 28S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|CRO}} [[Donna Vekić]] <br /><br /> 6–0, 7–6^(8–6) |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Emma Raducanu]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Katie Boulter]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Iva Jovic]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Elena Rybakina]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Karolína Plíšková]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|UZB}} [[Kamilla Rakhimova]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Amanda Anisimova]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|SVK}} [[Tereza Mihalíková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Olivia Nicholls]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 6–7^(4–7), [10–5] |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Leylah Fernandez]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|GER}} [[Laura Siegemund]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Rosmalen Championships<br /><br />Rosmalen, Netherlands<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Grass – €246,388 – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Robin Montgomery]] <br /><br /> Walkover |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Barbora Krejčíková]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Ajla Tomljanović]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|POL}} [[Magda Linette]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Daria Snigur]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Caty McNally]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Elena-Gabriela Ruse]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|TUR}} [[Zeynep Sönmez]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|JPN}} [[Shuko Aoyama]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|TPE}} [[Liang En-shuo]] <br /><br /> 6–2, 2–6, [10–7] |{{Flagicon|EST}} [[Ingrid Neel]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|MEX}} [[Giuliana Olmos]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Jun 15 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |German Open<br /><br />[[Berlin]], Germany<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Grass – €1,206,446 – 28S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Nosková]] <br /><br /> 6–4, 4–6, 6–3 |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Sabalenka|Aryna Sabalenka]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|PHI}} [[Alexandra Eala]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Nikola Bartůňková]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Madison Keys]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Paula Badosa]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Ekaterina Alexandrova]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Nosková]] <br /><br /> 6–2, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Sara Errani]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Nicole Melichar-Martinez]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Nottingham Open<br /><br />[[Nottingham]], United Kingdom<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Grass – $283,347 – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Marie Bouzková]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(7–5), 4–6, 6–2 |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Emma Navarro]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Karolína Plíšková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|SUI}} [[Viktorija Golubic]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Talia Gibson]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Tatjana Maria]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Jéssica Bouzas Maneiro]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Ann Li (tennis)|Ann Li]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Harriet Dart]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Maia Lumsden]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|JPN}} [[Shuko Aoyama]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|TPE}} [[Chan Hao-ching]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Jun 21 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Bad Homburg Open<br /><br />Bad Homburg, Germany<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Grass – €1,049,083 – 28S/16Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Karolína Muchová]] <br /><br /> 6–1, 1–0 ret. |{{Flagicon|JPN}} [[Naomi Osaka]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Elena-Gabriela Ruse]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Xinyu]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Emma Navarro]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|DEN}} [[Clara Tauson]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Ekaterina Alexandrova]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|INA}} [[Aldila Sutjiadi]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Vera Zvonareva]] <br /><br /> 6–1, 4–6, [10–5] |{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Ellen Perez]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|NED}} [[Rabin Schuurs|Demi Schuurs]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Eastbourne Open<br /><br />Eastbourne, United Kingdom<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Grass – $499,000 – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Madison Keys]] <br /><br /> 7–5, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Tatjana Maria]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|LAT}} [[Jeļena Ostapenko]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CRO}} [[Petra Marčinko]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Tereza Valentová]]<br /><br /> {{Flagicon|TUR}} [[Zeynep Sönmez]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Caty McNally]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[McCartney Kessler]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Gabriela Dabrowski]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Luisa Stefani]] <br /><br /> 6–1, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Jesika Malečková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Miriam Škoch]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="3" |Jun 29<br /><br />Jul 6 | rowspan="3" style="background:#F3E6D7;" |Wimbledon<br /><br />[[Landan|London]], United Kingdom<br /><br />Grand Slam<br /><br />Grass – €64,200,000 – 128S/64D/32X<br /><br />[[Gasar Wimbledon ta 2026 - Mata|Singles]] – Doubles – Mixed |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Nosková]] <br /><br /> 6–2, 5–7, 6–3 |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Karolína Muchová]] | rowspan="3" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Coco Gauff]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Marta Kostyuk]] | rowspan="3" |{{Flagicon|JPN}} [[Naomi Osaka]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Jasmine Paolini]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|BEL}} [[Elise Mertens]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Guo Hanyu]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Kristina Mladenovic]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 7–5 |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Gabriela Dabrowski]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Luisa Stefani]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|LAT}} [[Jeļena Ostapenko]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|ESA}} [[Marcelo Arévalo]] <br /><br /> 4–6, 7–5, 6–2 |{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Storm Hunter]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Marc Polmans]] |} === Yuli === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:48px;" |Week ! style="width:248px;" |Tournament ! style="width:200px;" |Champions ! style="width:200px;" |Runners-up ! style="width:190px;" |Semifinalists ! style="width:190px;" |Quarterfinalists |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Jul 13 | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Iași Open<br /><br />Iași, Romania<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Clay – €246,388 – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|EGY}} [[Mayar Sherif]] <br /><br /> 6–4, 4–0 ret. |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Paula Badosa]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Oleksandra Oliynykova]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|SLO}} [[Tamara Zidanšek]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Yulia Putintseva]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Clara Burel]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Panna Udvardy]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|CRO}} [[Petra Marčinko]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Anastasia Dețiuc]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Irina Khromacheva]] <br /><br /> 4–6, 6–2, [10–5] |{{Flagicon|ARM}} [[Alina Charaeva]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Zhibek Kulambayeva]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Athens Open<br /><br />[[Athens]], Greece<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard – €246,388 – 32S/21Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Barbora Krejčíková]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(7–5), 6–3 |{{Flagicon|GRE}} [[Maria Sakkari]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|DEN}} [[Clara Tauson]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Alina Korneeva]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Sára Bejlek]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Zheng Qinwen]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Alycia Parks]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Tereza Valentová]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|TPE}} [[Chan Hao-ching]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|JPN}} [[Miyu Kato (tennis)|Miyu Kato]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(7–3), 4–6, [10–7] |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Maia Lumsden]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Tang Qianhui]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Jul 20 | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Hamburg Open<br /><br />[[Hamburg]], Germany<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Clay – €246,388 – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Tamara Korpatsch]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 6–3 |{{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Anna Bondár]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|ARM}} [[Elina Avanesyan]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|EGY}} [[Mayar Sherif]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Oleksandra Oliynykova]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|ARM}} [[Alina Charaeva]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Paula Badosa]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Anhelina Kalinina]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|SLO}} [[Dalila Jakupović]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|SLO}} [[Nika Radišić]] <br /><br /> 5–7, 6–3, [10–5] |{{Flagicon|BEL}} [[Magali Kempen]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Alexandra Panova]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Prague Open<br /><br />[[Prag|Prague]], Czech Republic<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard – $283,347 – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|AUT}} [[Lilli Tagger]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(7–3), 6–2 |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Daria Snigur]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Tereza Valentová]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Barbora Krejčíková]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Marie Bouzková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|THA}} [[Lanlana Tararudee]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Sára Bejlek]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Dominika Šalková]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Harriet Dart]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Maia Lumsden]] <br /><br /> 6–4, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Lucie Havlíčková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Laura Samson]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Jul 27 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Washington Open<br /><br />[[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]], United States<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Hard – $1,637,982 – 28S/16Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|PHI}} [[Alexandra Eala]] <br /><br /> 4–6, 6–4, 6–0 |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Diana Shnaider]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|JPN}} [[Naomi Osaka]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Anna Kalinskaya]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Liudmila Samsonova]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Elisabetta Cocciaretto]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|NZL}} [[Erin Routliffe]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|INA}} [[Aldila Sutjiadi]] <br /><br /> 6–4, 6–1 |{{Flagicon|SLO}} [[Andreja Klepač]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|JPN}} [[Makoto Ninomiya]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Memphis Classic<br /><br />[[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], United States<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard – $283,347 – 32S/19Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|}} [[Kristina Liutova]] <br /><br /> 1–6, 6–1, 6–3 |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Darja Vidmanova]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Elvina Kalieva]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|MEX}} [[Renata Zarazúa]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Caty McNally]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Peyton Stearns]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Katie Volynets]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} [[Anastasia Zakharova]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Maria Kozyreva]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Maia Lumsden]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(8–6), 6–3 |{{Flagicon|TPE}} [[Chan Hao-ching]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Maya Joint]] |} === Agusta === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:48px;" |Week ! style="width:248px;" |Tournament ! style="width:200px;" |Champions ! style="width:200px;" |Runners-up ! style="width:190px;" |Semifinalists ! style="width:190px;" |Quarterfinalists |- style="vertical-align:top" |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" |Aug 3<br /><br />Aug 10 | rowspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;" |Canadian Open<br /><br />[[Toronto]], Canada<br /><br />WTA 1000<br /><br />Hard – $7,433,076 – 96S/32Q/32D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Iga Świątek]] <br /><br /> 6–2, 6–3 |{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Elena Rybakina]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Coco Gauff]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Ekaterina Alexandrova]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} [[Diana Shnaider]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|SUI}} [[Belinda Bencic]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|JPN}} [[Naomi Osaka]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Kateřina Siniaková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Shuai]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Sara Errani]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Nicole Melichar-Martinez]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" |Aug 10<br /><br />Aug 17 | rowspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;" |Cincinnati Open<br /><br />Mason, United States<br /><br />WTA 1000<br /><br />Hard – $7,433,076 – 96S/48Q/32D<br /><br /> Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Sára Bejlek|S Bejlek]] vs {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Coco Gauff|C Gauff]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula|J Pegula]] vs {{Flagicon|POL}} [[Iga Świątek|I Świątek]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Madison Keys]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Marta Kostyuk]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Amanda Anisimova]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Elena Rybakina]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Marie Bouzková]] / {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Nosková]] <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|BEL}} [[Magali Kempen]] / {{Flagicon|}} [[Alexandra Panova]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" |Aug 24 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Monterrey Open<br /><br />Monterrey, Mexico<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Hard – $ – 28S/16Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="3" |Aug 31<br /><br />Sep 7 | rowspan="3" style="background:#F3E6D7;" |US Open<br /><br />[[New York (birni)|New York]], United States<br /><br />Grand Slam<br /><br />Hard – $ – 128S/64D/16X<br /><br />Singles – Doubles – Mixed | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="3" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="3" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |} === Satumba === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:48px;" |Week ! style="width:248px;" |Tournament ! style="width:200px;" |Champions ! style="width:200px;" |Runners-up ! style="width:190px;" |Semifinalists ! style="width:190px;" |Quarterfinalists |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Sep 14 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Guadalajara Open<br /><br />[[Guadalalajara|Guadalajara]], Mexico<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Hard – $ – 28S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |[[SP Open]]<br /><br />[[São Paulo]], Brazil<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard– $ – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="5" |Sep 21 | style="background:#ecf2ff;" |[[2026 Billie Jean King Cup finals|Billie Jean King Cup Finals]]<br /><br />[[Shenzhen]], China<br /><br />Hard (i) – 8 teams | colspan="2" align="center" |<br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> | |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Singapore Open<br /><br />[[Singafora|Singapore]], Singapore<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Hard – $ – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Korea Open<br /><br />[[Seoul]], South Korea<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard – $ – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" |Sep 28<br /><br />Oct 5 | rowspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;" |China Open<br /><br />[[Beijing]], China<br /><br />WTA 1000<br /><br />Hard – $ – 96S/48Q/32D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |} === Oktoba === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:48px;" |Week ! style="width:248px;" |Tournament ! style="width:200px;" |Champions ! style="width:200px;" |Runners-up ! style="width:190px;" |Semifinalists ! style="width:190px;" |Quarterfinalists |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" |Oct 12 | rowspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;" |Wuhan Open<br /><br />[[Wuhan]], China<br /><br />WTA 1000<br /><br />Hard – $ – 56S/24Q/28D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Oct 19 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Ningbo Open<br /><br />Ningbo, China<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Hard – $ – 28S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Japan Open<br /><br />[[Osaka]], Japan<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard – $ – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Oct 26 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Pan Pacific Open<br /><br />[[Tokyo]], Japan<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Hard – $ – 28S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Guangzhou Open<br /><br />[[Guangzhou]], China<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard – $ – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |} === Nuwamba === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:48px;" |Week ! style="width:248px;" |Tournament ! style="width:200px;" |Champions ! style="width:200px;" |Runners-up ! style="width:190px;" |Semifinalists ! style="width:190px;" |Quarterfinalists |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Nov 2 | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Hong Kong Open<br /><br />[[Hong Kong]], China<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard – $ – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Chennai Open{{Efn|Date isn't confirmed yet.}}<br /><br />[[Chennai]], India<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard – $ – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" |Nov 9 | rowspan="2" style="background:#ffc;" |WTA Finals<br /><br />Indian Wells, United States<br /><br />Year-end championships<br /><br />Hard – $ – 8S/8D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" |Nov 16 | style="background:#ECF2FF;" |[[2026 Billie Jean King Cup playoffs|Billie Jean King Cup playoffs]] |Playoff winners |Playoff losers | | |} == Bayanan kididdiga == Waɗannan tebura suna nuna adadin gasar mutum ɗaya (S), ta biyu (D), da kuma gasar ninka biyu (X) da kowane ɗan wasa da kowace ƙasa suka lashe a kakar wasa, a cikin dukkan rukunonin gasar WTA Tour ta 2025: gasar Grand Slam, gasar cin kofin ƙarshen shekara ( WTA Finals ), gasar WTA Premier (WTA 1000 da WTA 500), da kuma WTA 250 . An rarraba 'yan wasa/ƙasashe ta hanyar: # jimillar adadin kofuna (lashe biyu da 'yan wasa biyu suka lashe da suka wakilci ƙasa ɗaya ya zama nasara ɗaya kawai ga ƙasar); # Jimlar darajar waɗannan lambobin yabo (nasarar gasar Grand Slam guda ɗaya daidai da nasara biyu ta WTA 1000, nasarar gasar cin kofin shekara ɗaya daidai da nasara ɗaya da rabi ta WTA 1000, nasara ɗaya ta WTA 1000 daidai da nasara biyu ta WTA 500, nasara ɗaya ta WTA 500 daidai da nasara biyu ta WTA 250); # guda ɗaya > ninki biyu > tsarin gauraye biyu; # tsarin haruffa (ta hanyar sunayen iyali ga 'yan wasa). cbrxnu3e5qe6wqrzny2lqltvl3oc7nc 906134 906133 2026-08-22T10:59:46Z Abusule dankofa 24259 906134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Gasar WTA ta 2026''' (wanda aka yiwa lakabi da '''Gasar WTA ta 2026 wadda [[Mercedes-Benz]] ke jagoranta''' saboda dalilai na daukar nauyinta) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Livaudais |first=Stephanie |date=11 December 2025 |title=Billie Jean King applauds historic WTA, Mercedes-Benz partnership: "Far beyond tennis" |url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/wta-partnership-deal-mercedes-benz-most-signigifanct-billie-jean-king |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221100105/https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/wta-partnership-deal-mercedes-benz-most-signigifanct-billie-jean-king |archive-date=21 December 2025 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=[[Tennis (magazine)|Tennis]]}}</ref> ita ce gasar kwararrun mata ta duniya da Kungiyar Mata ta Tennis [[Tennis|(]] WTA) ta shirya don kakar wasan tennis ta 2026. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=6 October 2025 |title=WTA Calendar 2026 |url=https://wtafiles.wtatennis.com/pdf/calendar/calendar.pdf |access-date=14 October 2025 |publisher=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> Kalanda ta ƙunshi gasar Grand Slam (wanda gasar Tennis ta Duniya ke kula da shi), gasar WTA 1000, gasar WTA 500, gasar WTA 250, gasar Billie Jean King Cup (wanda gasar Tennis ta Duniya ta shirya), gasar cin kofin ƙarshen shekara ( WTA Finals ), da kuma gasar United Cup (wasan da aka haɗa da ATP ). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tennis Tournaments {{!}} Official WTA Tournaments – WTA Official |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/tournaments |access-date=9 October 2025 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2025 |title=WTA announces 2026 Tour calendar |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4377748/wta-announces-2026-tour-calendar |access-date=9 October 2025 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref>   == Jadawalin Jadawalin == Wannan shine cikakken jadawalin abubuwan da suka faru a kalandar 2026. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":0" /> ; Maɓalli {| class="wikitable nowrap" style="font-size:95%;" |- style="background:#F3E6D7;" |Babban Gasar Slam |- style="background:#ffc;" | Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta WTA |- style="background:#e9e9e9;" | WTA 1000 |- style="background:#D4F1C5;" | WTA 500 |- style="background:#fff;" | WTA 250 |- style="background:#ECF2FF;" | Taro tsakanin ƙungiya |} {{Clear}} === Janairu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:48px;" |Week ! style="width:250px;" |Tournament ! style="width:200px;" |Champions ! style="width:200px;" |Runners-up ! style="width:190px;" |Semifinalists ! style="width:190px;" |Quarterfinalists |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="5" |Dec 29<br /><br />Jan 5 | style="background:#ecf2ff;" |United Cup<br /><br />[[Perth]]/[[Sydney]], Australia<br /><br />United Cup<br /><br />Hard – $5,903,345 – 18 teams |{{Flagicon|POL}} Poland <br /><br /> 2–1 |{{Flagicon|SUI}} Switzerland |{{Flagicon|USA}} United States <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|BEL}} Belgium |{{Flagicon|GRE}} Greece <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|AUS}} Australia <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|ARG}} Argentina <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} Czech Republic |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Brisbane International<br /><br />[[Brisbane]], Australia<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Hard – $1,691,602 – 48S/24Q/16D<br /><br /> Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|}} [[Sabalenka|Aryna Sabalenka]] <br /><br /> 6–4, 6–3 |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Marta Kostyuk]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Karolína Muchová]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Madison Keys]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Elena Rybakina]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Liudmila Samsonova]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} [[Mirra Andreeva]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsieh Su-wei]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|LAT}} [[Jeļena Ostapenko]] <br /><br /> 6–2, 6–1 |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Cristina Bucșa]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Ellen Perez]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Auckland Open<br /><br />[[Auckland]], New Zealand<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard – $283,347 – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 7–6^(8–6) |{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Xinyu]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Iva Jovic]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|PHI}} [[Alexandra Eala]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Sonay Kartal]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|BEL}} [[Sofia Costoulas]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Magda Linette]]<br /><br /> {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Francesca Jones (tennis)|Francesca Jones]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Guo Hanyu]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Kristina Mladenovic]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(9–7), 6–1 |{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Xu Yifan]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Yang Zhaoxuan]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Jan 12 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Adelaide International<br /><br />[[Adelaide]], Australia<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Hard – $1,206,446 – 30S/24Q/16D<br /><br /> Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|}} [[Mirra Andreeva]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 6–1 |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Victoria Mboko]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Diana Shnaider]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Kimberly Birrell]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Maya Joint]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Emma Navarro]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Jaqueline Cristian]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Madison Keys]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Kateřina Siniaková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Shuai]] <br /><br /> 6–1, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Lyudmyla Kichenok]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Desirae Krawczyk]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Hobart International<br /><br />Hobart, Australia<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard – $283,347 – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br /> Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Elisabetta Cocciaretto]] <br /><br /> 6–4, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Iva Jovic]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Taylah Preston]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CRO}} [[Antonia Ružić]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Emma Raducanu]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|POL}} [[Magda Linette]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Anna Bondár]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|SRB}} [[Olga Danilović]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Katarzyna Piter]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|INA}} [[Janice Tjen]] <br /><br /> 6–2, 6–2 |{{Flagicon|BEL}} [[Magali Kempen]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Anna Sisková]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="3" |Jan 19<br /><br />Jan 26 | rowspan="3" style="background:#f3e6d7;" |Australian Open<br /><br />[[Melbourne]], Australia<br /><br />Grand Slam<br /><br />Hard – $43,608,375 – 128S/128Q/64D/32X<br /><br /> Singles – Doubles – Mixed |{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Elena Rybakina]] <br /><br /> 6–4, 4–6, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|}} [[Sabalenka|Aryna Sabalenka]] | rowspan="3" |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula]] | rowspan="3" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Iva Jovic]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Coco Gauff]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Amanda Anisimova]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Iga Świątek]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|BEL}} [[Elise Mertens]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Shuai]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(7–4), 6–4 |{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Anna Danilina]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|SRB}} [[Aleksandra Krunić]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Olivia Gadecki]]<br /><br /> {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[John Peers]]<br /><br />4–6, 6–3, [10–8] |{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Kristina Mladenovic]]<br /><br /> {{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Manuel Guinard]] |} === Fabrairu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:48px;" |Week ! style="width:250px;" |Tournament ! style="width:200px;" |Champions ! style="width:200px;" |Runners-up ! style="width:190px;" |Semifinalists ! style="width:190px;" |Quarterfinalists |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="6" |Feb 2 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Abu Dhabi Open<br /><br />[[Abu Dhabi (birni)|Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Hard – $1,206,446 – 28S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Sára Bejlek]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(7–5), 6–1 |{{Flagicon|}} [[Ekaterina Alexandrova]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|DEN}} [[Clara Tauson]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Hailey Baptiste]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Sonay Kartal]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[McCartney Kessler]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Liudmila Samsonova]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|PHI}} [[Alexandra Eala]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Ekaterina Alexandrova]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Maya Joint]] <br /><br /> 3–6, 7–6^(7–5), [10–8] |{{Flagicon|SVK}} [[Tereza Mihalíková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Olivia Nicholls]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Ostrava Open<br /><br />Ostrava, Czech Republic<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard (i) – $283,347 – 30S/16Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Katie Boulter]] <br /><br /> 5–7, 6–2, 6–1 |{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Tamara Korpatsch]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Katie Volynets]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Diane Parry]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Alycia Parks]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Fruhvirtová]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Nikola Bartůňková]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Caty McNally]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Anastasia Dețiuc]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Sabrina Santamaria]] <br /><br /> 6–4, 7–6^(7–4) |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Lucie Havlíčková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Dominika Šalková]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Transylvania Open<br /><br />Cluj-Napoca, Romania<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard (i) – $283,347 – 32S/16Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Sorana Cîrstea]] <br /><br /> 6–0, 6–2 |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Emma Raducanu]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Oleksandra Oliynykova]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Daria Snigur]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Maja Chwalińska]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Xinyu]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|AUT}} [[Anastasia Potapova]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Yuan Yue]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|UZB}} [[Kamilla Rakhimova]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Sara Sorribes Tormo]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(9–7), 6–3 |{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Xinyu]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Zheng Saisai]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" |Feb 9 | rowspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;" |Qatar Open<br /><br />[[Doha]], Qatar<br /><br />WTA 1000<br /><br />Hard – $4,088,211 – 56S/32Q/28D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Karolína Muchová]] <br /><br /> 6–4, 7–5 |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Victoria Mboko]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|GRE}} [[Maria Sakkari]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|LAT}} [[Jeļena Ostapenko]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Iga Świątek]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} [[Anna Kalinskaya]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Elisabetta Cocciaretto]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Elena Rybakina]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Anna Danilina]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|SRB}} [[Aleksandra Krunić]] <br /><br /> 0–6, 7–6^(7–3), [10–8] |{{Flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsieh Su-wei]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|LAT}} [[Jeļena Ostapenko]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" |Feb 16 | rowspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;" |Dubai Tennis Championships<br /><br />[[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]], UAE<br /><br />WTA 1000<br /><br />Hard – $4,088,211 – 56S/32Q/28D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula]] <br /><br /> 6–2, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Coco Gauff]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Amanda Anisimova]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CRO}} [[Antonia Ružić]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|PHI}} [[Alexandra Eala]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|DEN}} [[Clara Tauson]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} [[Mirra Andreeva]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Gabriela Dabrowski]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Luisa Stefani]] <br /><br /> 6–1, 6–3 |{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Laura Siegemund]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Vera Zvonareva]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Feb 23 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Mérida Open<br /><br />Mérida, Mexico<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Hard – $1,206,446 – 28S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Cristina Bucșa]] <br /><br /> 6–1, 4–6, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Magdalena Fręch]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Jasmine Paolini]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Shuai]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Katie Boulter]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|TUR}} [[Zeynep Sönmez]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Marie Bouzková]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|AND}} [[Victoria Jiménez Kasintseva]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Cristina Bucșa]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Jiang Xinyu]] <br /><br /> 6–4, 6–1 |{{Flagicon|NED}} [[Isabelle Haverlag]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Maia Lumsden]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |ATX Open<br /><br />[[Austin]], United States<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard – $283,347 – 32S/16Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Peyton Stearns]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(10–8), 7–5 |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Taylor Townsend]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Ashlyn Krueger]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Kimberly Birrell]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Yuan Yue]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|SUI}} [[Rebeka Masarova]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} [[Oksana Selekhmeteva]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Ajla Tomljanović]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Storm Hunter]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Taylor Townsend]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|HKG}} [[Eudice Chong]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|TPE}} [[Liang En-shuo]] |} === Maris === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:48px;" |Week ! style="width:250px;" |Tournament ! style="width:200px;" |Champions ! style="width:200px;" |Runners-up ! style="width:190px;" |Semifinalists ! style="width:190px;" |Quarterfinalists |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="3" |Mar 2<br /><br />Mar 9 | rowspan="3" style="background:#e9e9e9;" |Indian Wells Open<br /><br />Indian Wells, United States<br /><br />WTA 1000<br /><br />Hard – $9,415,725 – 96S/48Q/32D/16X<br /><br />Singles – Doubles – Mixed |{{Flagicon|}} [[Sabalenka|Aryna Sabalenka]] <br /><br /> 3–6, 6–3, 7–6^(8–6) |{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Elena Rybakina]] | rowspan="3" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Nosková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]] | rowspan="3" |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Victoria Mboko]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Talia Gibson]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Iga Świątek]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Kateřina Siniaková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Taylor Townsend]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(7–4), 6–4 |{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Anna Danilina]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|SRB}} [[Aleksandra Krunić]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|SUI}} [[Belinda Bencic]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Flavio Cobolli]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 2–6, [10–7] |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Gabriela Dabrowski]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Lloyd Glasspool]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" |Mar 16<br /><br />Mar 23 | rowspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;" |Miami Open<br /><br />Miami Gardens, United States<br /><br />WTA 1000<br /><br />Hard – $9,415,725 – 96S/48Q/32D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|}} [[Sabalenka|Aryna Sabalenka]]<br /><br />6–2, 4–6, 6–3 |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Coco Gauff]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Elena Rybakina]]<br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Karolína Muchová]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Hailey Baptiste]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|SUI}} [[Belinda Bencic]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Victoria Mboko]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Kateřina Siniaková]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Taylor Townsend]]<br /><br />7–6^(7–0), 6–1 |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Sara Errani]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Jasmine Paolini]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Mar 30 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Charleston Open<br /><br />Charleston, United States<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Clay (green) – $2,300,000 – 48S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula]]<br /><br /> 6–2, 6–2 |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Yuliia Starodubtseva]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Iva Jovic]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Madison Keys]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Diana Shnaider]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} [[Anna Kalinskaya]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|SUI}} [[Belinda Bencic]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[McCartney Kessler]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Desirae Krawczyk]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Caty McNally]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 6–2 |{{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Anna Bondár]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|POL}} [[Magdalena Fręch]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Copa Colsanitas<br /><br />[[Bogotá]], Colombia<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Clay – $283,347 – 32S/16Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Marie Bouzková]]<br /><br /> 6–7^(7–9), 6–2, 6–2 |{{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Panna Udvardy]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|ARG}} [[Jazmín Ortenzi]]<br /><br /> {{Flagicon|COL}} [[Emiliana Arango]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|LAT}} [[Darja Semeņistaja]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|ARG}} [[Julia Riera]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Katarzyna Kawa]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Varvara Lepchenko]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Caroline Dolehide]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}}[[Irina Khromacheva]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(7–5), 6–4 |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Valeriya Strakhova]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Anastasia Tikhonova]] |} === Afrilu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:48px;" |Week ! style="width:250px;" |Tournament ! style="width:200px;" |Champions ! style="width:200px;" |Runners-up ! style="width:190px;" |Semifinalists ! style="width:190px;" |Quarterfinalists |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="3" |Apr 6 | style="background:#ECF2FF;" |Billie Jean King Cup qualifying round | align="left" |Qualifying-round winners<br /><br /> Italy<br /><br /> Belgium<br /><br />  Great Britain<br /><br /> Kazakhstan<br /><br /> Spain<br /><br /> Czechia<br /><br /> Ukraine<br /><br /> | align="left" |Qualifying-round losers<br /><br /> Japan<br /><br /> United States<br /><br /> Australia<br /><br /> Canada<br /><br /> Slovenia<br /><br />  Switzerland<br /><br /> Poland | | |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Linz Open<br /><br />[[Linz]], Austria<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Clay (i) – €1,049,083 – 28S/16Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|}} [[Mirra Andreeva]] <br /><br /> 1–6, 6–4, 6–3 |{{Flagicon|AUT}} [[Anastasia Potapova]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Elena-Gabriela Ruse]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CRO}} [[Donna Vekić]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Sorana Cîrstea]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|LAT}} [[Jeļena Ostapenko]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|AUT}} [[Lilli Tagger]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Karolína Plíšková]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Sorana Cîrstea]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Shuai]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 6–2 |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Jesika Malečková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Miriam Škoch]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Apr 13 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Stuttgart Open<br /><br />[[Stuttgart]], Germany<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Clay (i) – €1,049,083 – 28S/16Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Elena Rybakina]]<br /><br />7–5, 6–1 |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Karolína Muchová]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Mirra Andreeva]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Leylah Fernandez]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|POL}} [[Iga Świątek]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Nosková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Coco Gauff]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Nicole Melichar-Martinez]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} [[Liudmila Samsonova]]<br /><br />6–1, 6–1 |{{Flagicon|LAT}} [[Jeļena Ostapenko]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Shuai]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Open de Rouen<br /><br />[[Rouen]], France<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Clay (i) – €246,388 – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Marta Kostyuk]]<br /><br />6–3, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Veronika Podrez]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Tatjana Maria]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Sorana Cîrstea]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Ann Li (tennis)|Ann Li]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} [[Iryna Shymanovich]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Katie Boulter]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Anna Bondár]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Jesika Malečková]]<br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Miriam Škoch]]<br /><br />6–2, 7–5 |{{Flagicon|TPE}} [[Liang En-shuo]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Tang Qianhui]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" |Apr 20<br /><br />Apr 27 | rowspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;" |Madrid Open<br /><br />[[Madrid]], Spain<br /><br />WTA 1000<br /><br />Clay – €8,235,540 – 96S/48Q/32D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Marta Kostyuk]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 7–5 |{{Flagicon|}} [[Mirra Andreeva]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Hailey Baptiste]]<br /><br /> {{Flagicon|AUT}} [[Anastasia Potapova]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Sabalenka|Aryna Sabalenka]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Leylah Fernandez]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Nosková]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Karolína Plíšková|Karolina Plíšková]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Kateřina Siniaková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Taylor Townsend]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(7–2), 6–2 |{{Flagicon|}} [[Mirra Andreeva]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Diana Shnaider]] |} === Mayu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:48px;" |Week ! style="width:248px;" |Tournament ! style="width:200px;" |Champions ! style="width:200px;" |Runners-up ! style="width:190px;" |Semifinalists ! style="width:190px;" |Quarterfinalists |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" |May 4<br /><br />May 11 | rowspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;" |Italian Open<br /><br />[[Rum|Rome]], Italy<br /><br />WTA 1000<br /><br />Clay – €7,228,080 – 96S/48Q/32D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]]<br /><br /> 6–4, 6–7^(3–7), 6–2 |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Coco Gauff]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Sorana Cîrstea]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|POL}} [[Iga Świątek]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|LAT}} [[Jeļena Ostapenko]]<br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Mirra Andreeva]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Elena Rybakina]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Mirra Andreeva]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Diana Shnaider]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 6–3 |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Cristina Bucșa]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Nicole Melichar-Martinez]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |May 18 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Internationaux de Strasbourg<br /><br />[[Strasbourg]], France<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Clay – €1,049,083 – 28S/16Q/16D<br /><br /> Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Emma Navarro]]<br /><br />6–0, 5–7, 6–2 |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Victoria Mboko]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Jaqueline Cristian]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Ann Li (tennis)|Ann Li]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Leylah Fernandez]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Daria Kasatkina]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Shuai]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Marie Bouzková]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Gabriela Dabrowski]]<br /><br /> {{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Luisa Stefani]] <br /><br /> 7–5, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|NOR}} [[Ulrikke Eikeri]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Quinn Gleason]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Morocco Open<br /><br />[[Rabat]], Morocco<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Clay – $283,347 – 32S/16Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|CRO}} [[Petra Marčinko]]<br /><br /> 6–2, 3–0 ret. |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Anhelina Kalinina]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Panna Udvardy]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|SUI}} [[Jil Teichmann]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|COL}} [[Camila Osorio]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Anna Bondár]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|MAR}} [[Yasmine Kabbaj]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Jéssica Bouzas Maneiro]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|HKG}} [[Eudice Chong]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|BEL}} [[Magali Kempen]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 2–6, [10–6] |{{Flagicon|INA}} [[Aldila Sutjiadi]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Vera Zvonareva]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="3" |May 25<br /><br />Jun 1 | rowspan="3" style="background:#F3E6D7;" |French Open<br /><br />[[Faris|Paris]], France<br /><br />Grand Slam<br /><br />Clay – €29,137,500 – 128S/64D/32X<br /><br />Singles – Doubles – Mixed |{{Flagicon|}} [[Mirra Andreeva]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 6–2 |{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Maja Chwalińska]] | rowspan="3" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Diana Shnaider]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Marta Kostyuk]] | rowspan="3" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Sabalenka|Aryna Sabalenka]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} [[Anna Kalinskaya]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Sorana Cîrstea]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Kateřina Siniaková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Taylor Townsend]] <br /><br /> 6–2, 7–5 |{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Anna Danilina]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|SRB}} [[Aleksandra Krunić]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Sara Errani]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Andrea Vavassori]] <br /><br /> 4–6, 6–3, [10–4] |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Gabriela Dabrowski]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Evan King]] |} === Yuni === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:48px;" |Week ! style="width:248px;" |Tournament ! style="width:200px;" |Champions ! style="width:200px;" |Runners-up ! style="width:190px;" |Semifinalists ! style="width:190px;" |Quarterfinalists |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Jun 8 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Queen's Club Championships<br /><br />[[Landan|London]], United Kingdom<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Grass – $1,915,000 – 28S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|CRO}} [[Donna Vekić]] <br /><br /> 6–0, 7–6^(8–6) |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Emma Raducanu]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Katie Boulter]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Iva Jovic]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Elena Rybakina]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Karolína Plíšková]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|UZB}} [[Kamilla Rakhimova]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Amanda Anisimova]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|SVK}} [[Tereza Mihalíková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Olivia Nicholls]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 6–7^(4–7), [10–5] |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Leylah Fernandez]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|GER}} [[Laura Siegemund]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Rosmalen Championships<br /><br />Rosmalen, Netherlands<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Grass – €246,388 – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Robin Montgomery]] <br /><br /> Walkover |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Barbora Krejčíková]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Ajla Tomljanović]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|POL}} [[Magda Linette]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Daria Snigur]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Caty McNally]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Elena-Gabriela Ruse]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|TUR}} [[Zeynep Sönmez]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|JPN}} [[Shuko Aoyama]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|TPE}} [[Liang En-shuo]] <br /><br /> 6–2, 2–6, [10–7] |{{Flagicon|EST}} [[Ingrid Neel]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|MEX}} [[Giuliana Olmos]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Jun 15 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |German Open<br /><br />[[Berlin]], Germany<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Grass – €1,206,446 – 28S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Nosková]] <br /><br /> 6–4, 4–6, 6–3 |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Sabalenka|Aryna Sabalenka]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|PHI}} [[Alexandra Eala]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Nikola Bartůňková]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Madison Keys]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Paula Badosa]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Ekaterina Alexandrova]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Nosková]] <br /><br /> 6–2, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Sara Errani]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Nicole Melichar-Martinez]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Nottingham Open<br /><br />[[Nottingham]], United Kingdom<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Grass – $283,347 – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Marie Bouzková]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(7–5), 4–6, 6–2 |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Emma Navarro]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Karolína Plíšková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|SUI}} [[Viktorija Golubic]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Talia Gibson]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Tatjana Maria]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Jéssica Bouzas Maneiro]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Ann Li (tennis)|Ann Li]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Harriet Dart]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Maia Lumsden]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|JPN}} [[Shuko Aoyama]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|TPE}} [[Chan Hao-ching]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Jun 21 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Bad Homburg Open<br /><br />Bad Homburg, Germany<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Grass – €1,049,083 – 28S/16Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Karolína Muchová]] <br /><br /> 6–1, 1–0 ret. |{{Flagicon|JPN}} [[Naomi Osaka]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|ROU}} [[Elena-Gabriela Ruse]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Xinyu]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Emma Navarro]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|DEN}} [[Clara Tauson]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Ekaterina Alexandrova]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|INA}} [[Aldila Sutjiadi]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Vera Zvonareva]] <br /><br /> 6–1, 4–6, [10–5] |{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Ellen Perez]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|NED}} [[Rabin Schuurs|Demi Schuurs]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Eastbourne Open<br /><br />Eastbourne, United Kingdom<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Grass – $499,000 – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Madison Keys]] <br /><br /> 7–5, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Tatjana Maria]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|LAT}} [[Jeļena Ostapenko]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CRO}} [[Petra Marčinko]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Tereza Valentová]]<br /><br /> {{Flagicon|TUR}} [[Zeynep Sönmez]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Caty McNally]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[McCartney Kessler]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Gabriela Dabrowski]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Luisa Stefani]] <br /><br /> 6–1, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Jesika Malečková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Miriam Škoch]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="3" |Jun 29<br /><br />Jul 6 | rowspan="3" style="background:#F3E6D7;" |Wimbledon<br /><br />[[Landan|London]], United Kingdom<br /><br />Grand Slam<br /><br />Grass – €64,200,000 – 128S/64D/32X<br /><br />[[Gasar Wimbledon ta 2026 - Mata|Singles]] – Doubles – Mixed |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Nosková]] <br /><br /> 6–2, 5–7, 6–3 |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Karolína Muchová]] | rowspan="3" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Coco Gauff]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Marta Kostyuk]] | rowspan="3" |{{Flagicon|JPN}} [[Naomi Osaka]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Jasmine Paolini]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|BEL}} [[Elise Mertens]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Guo Hanyu]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Kristina Mladenovic]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 7–5 |{{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Gabriela Dabrowski]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Luisa Stefani]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|LAT}} [[Jeļena Ostapenko]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|ESA}} [[Marcelo Arévalo]] <br /><br /> 4–6, 7–5, 6–2 |{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Storm Hunter]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Marc Polmans]] |} === Yuli === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:48px;" |Week ! style="width:248px;" |Tournament ! style="width:200px;" |Champions ! style="width:200px;" |Runners-up ! style="width:190px;" |Semifinalists ! style="width:190px;" |Quarterfinalists |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Jul 13 | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Iași Open<br /><br />Iași, Romania<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Clay – €246,388 – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|EGY}} [[Mayar Sherif]] <br /><br /> 6–4, 4–0 ret. |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Paula Badosa]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Oleksandra Oliynykova]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|SLO}} [[Tamara Zidanšek]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Yulia Putintseva]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Clara Burel]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Panna Udvardy]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|CRO}} [[Petra Marčinko]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Anastasia Dețiuc]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Irina Khromacheva]] <br /><br /> 4–6, 6–2, [10–5] |{{Flagicon|ARM}} [[Alina Charaeva]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Zhibek Kulambayeva]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Athens Open<br /><br />[[Athens]], Greece<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard – €246,388 – 32S/21Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Barbora Krejčíková]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(7–5), 6–3 |{{Flagicon|GRE}} [[Maria Sakkari]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|DEN}} [[Clara Tauson]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Alina Korneeva]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Sára Bejlek]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Zheng Qinwen]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Alycia Parks]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Tereza Valentová]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|TPE}} [[Chan Hao-ching]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|JPN}} [[Miyu Kato (tennis)|Miyu Kato]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(7–3), 4–6, [10–7] |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Maia Lumsden]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Tang Qianhui]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Jul 20 | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Hamburg Open<br /><br />[[Hamburg]], Germany<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Clay – €246,388 – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Tamara Korpatsch]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 6–3 |{{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Anna Bondár]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|ARM}} [[Elina Avanesyan]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|EGY}} [[Mayar Sherif]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Oleksandra Oliynykova]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|ARM}} [[Alina Charaeva]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Paula Badosa]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Anhelina Kalinina]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|SLO}} [[Dalila Jakupović]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|SLO}} [[Nika Radišić]] <br /><br /> 5–7, 6–3, [10–5] |{{Flagicon|BEL}} [[Magali Kempen]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Alexandra Panova]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Prague Open<br /><br />[[Prag|Prague]], Czech Republic<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard – $283,347 – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|AUT}} [[Lilli Tagger]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(7–3), 6–2 |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Daria Snigur]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Tereza Valentová]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Barbora Krejčíková]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Marie Bouzková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|THA}} [[Lanlana Tararudee]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Sára Bejlek]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Dominika Šalková]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Harriet Dart]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Maia Lumsden]] <br /><br /> 6–4, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Lucie Havlíčková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Laura Samson]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Jul 27 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Washington Open<br /><br />[[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]], United States<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Hard – $1,637,982 – 28S/16Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|PHI}} [[Alexandra Eala]] <br /><br /> 4–6, 6–4, 6–0 |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Diana Shnaider]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|JPN}} [[Naomi Osaka]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Anna Kalinskaya]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} [[Liudmila Samsonova]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Elisabetta Cocciaretto]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|NZL}} [[Erin Routliffe]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|INA}} [[Aldila Sutjiadi]] <br /><br /> 6–4, 6–1 |{{Flagicon|SLO}} [[Andreja Klepač]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|JPN}} [[Makoto Ninomiya]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Memphis Classic<br /><br />[[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], United States<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard – $283,347 – 32S/19Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|}} [[Kristina Liutova]] <br /><br /> 1–6, 6–1, 6–3 |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Darja Vidmanova]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Elvina Kalieva]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|MEX}} [[Renata Zarazúa]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Caty McNally]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Peyton Stearns]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Katie Volynets]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} [[Anastasia Zakharova]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Maria Kozyreva]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Maia Lumsden]] <br /><br /> 7–6^(8–6), 6–3 |{{Flagicon|TPE}} [[Chan Hao-ching]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Maya Joint]] |} === Agusta === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:48px;" |Week ! style="width:248px;" |Tournament ! style="width:200px;" |Champions ! style="width:200px;" |Runners-up ! style="width:190px;" |Semifinalists ! style="width:190px;" |Quarterfinalists |- style="vertical-align:top" |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" |Aug 3<br /><br />Aug 10 | rowspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;" |Canadian Open<br /><br />[[Toronto]], Canada<br /><br />WTA 1000<br /><br />Hard – $7,433,076 – 96S/32Q/32D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles |{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Iga Świątek]] <br /><br /> 6–2, 6–3 |{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Elena Rybakina]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Coco Gauff]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} [[Ekaterina Alexandrova]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} [[Diana Shnaider]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|SUI}} [[Belinda Bencic]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|JPN}} [[Naomi Osaka]] |- style="vertical-align:top" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Kateřina Siniaková]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Shuai]] <br /><br /> 6–3, 6–4 |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Sara Errani]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Nicole Melichar-Martinez]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" |Aug 10<br /><br />Aug 17 | rowspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;" |Cincinnati Open<br /><br />Mason, United States<br /><br />WTA 1000<br /><br />Hard – $7,433,076 – 96S/48Q/32D<br /><br /> Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Sára Bejlek|S Bejlek]] vs {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Coco Gauff|C Gauff]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Jessica Pegula|J Pegula]] vs {{Flagicon|POL}} [[Iga Świątek|I Świątek]] | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Madison Keys]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Marta Kostyuk]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Amanda Anisimova]] <br /><br />{{Flagicon|KAZ}} [[Elena Rybakina]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Marie Bouzková]] / {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Nosková]] <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|BEL}} [[Magali Kempen]] / {{Flagicon|}} [[Alexandra Panova]] |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" |Aug 24 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Monterrey Open<br /><br />Monterrey, Mexico<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Hard – $ – 28S/16Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="3" |Aug 31<br /><br />Sep 7 | rowspan="3" style="background:#F3E6D7;" |US Open<br /><br />[[New York (birni)|New York]], United States<br /><br />Grand Slam<br /><br />Hard – $ – 128S/64D/16X<br /><br />Singles – Doubles – Mixed | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="3" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="3" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |} === Satumba === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:48px;" |Week ! style="width:248px;" |Tournament ! style="width:200px;" |Champions ! style="width:200px;" |Runners-up ! style="width:190px;" |Semifinalists ! style="width:190px;" |Quarterfinalists |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Sep 14 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Guadalajara Open<br /><br />[[Guadalalajara|Guadalajara]], Mexico<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Hard – $ – 28S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |[[SP Open]]<br /><br />[[São Paulo]], Brazil<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard– $ – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="5" |Sep 21 | style="background:#ecf2ff;" |[[2026 Billie Jean King Cup finals|Billie Jean King Cup Finals]]<br /><br />[[Shenzhen]], China<br /><br />Hard (i) – 8 teams | colspan="2" align="center" |<br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> | |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Singapore Open<br /><br />[[Singafora|Singapore]], Singapore<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Hard – $ – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Korea Open<br /><br />[[Seoul]], South Korea<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard – $ – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" |Sep 28<br /><br />Oct 5 | rowspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;" |China Open<br /><br />[[Beijing]], China<br /><br />WTA 1000<br /><br />Hard – $ – 96S/48Q/32D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |} === Oktoba === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:48px;" |Week ! style="width:248px;" |Tournament ! style="width:200px;" |Champions ! style="width:200px;" |Runners-up ! style="width:190px;" |Semifinalists ! style="width:190px;" |Quarterfinalists |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" |Oct 12 | rowspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;" |Wuhan Open<br /><br />[[Wuhan]], China<br /><br />WTA 1000<br /><br />Hard – $ – 56S/24Q/28D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Oct 19 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Ningbo Open<br /><br />Ningbo, China<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Hard – $ – 28S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Japan Open<br /><br />[[Osaka]], Japan<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard – $ – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Oct 26 | rowspan="2" style="background:#D4F1C5;" |Pan Pacific Open<br /><br />[[Tokyo]], Japan<br /><br />WTA 500<br /><br />Hard – $ – 28S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Guangzhou Open<br /><br />[[Guangzhou]], China<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard – $ – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |} === Nuwamba === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" ! style="width:48px;" |Week ! style="width:248px;" |Tournament ! style="width:200px;" |Champions ! style="width:200px;" |Runners-up ! style="width:190px;" |Semifinalists ! style="width:190px;" |Quarterfinalists |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="4" |Nov 2 | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Hong Kong Open<br /><br />[[Hong Kong]], China<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard – $ – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" style="background:#fff;" |Chennai Open{{Efn|Date isn't confirmed yet.}}<br /><br />[[Chennai]], India<br /><br />WTA 250<br /><br />Hard – $ – 32S/24Q/16D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | rowspan="2" |Nov 9 | rowspan="2" style="background:#ffc;" |WTA Finals<br /><br />Indian Wells, United States<br /><br />Year-end championships<br /><br />Hard – $ – 8S/8D<br /><br />Singles – Doubles | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} | rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br />{{Flagicon|}} vs {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" | colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} <br /><br /> vs <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|}} / {{Flagicon|}} |- style="vertical-align:top" |Nov 16 | style="background:#ECF2FF;" |[[2026 Billie Jean King Cup playoffs|Billie Jean King Cup playoffs]] |Playoff winners |Playoff losers | | |} == Bayanan kididdiga == Waɗannan tebura suna nuna adadin gasar mutum ɗaya (S), ta biyu (D), da kuma gasar ninka biyu (X) da kowane ɗan wasa da kowace ƙasa suka lashe a kakar wasa, a cikin dukkan rukunonin gasar WTA Tour ta 2025: gasar Grand Slam, gasar cin kofin ƙarshen shekara ( WTA Finals ), gasar WTA Premier (WTA 1000 da WTA 500), da kuma WTA 250 . An rarraba 'yan wasa/ƙasashe ta hanyar: # jimillar adadin kofuna (lashe biyu da 'yan wasa biyu suka lashe da suka wakilci ƙasa ɗaya ya zama nasara ɗaya kawai ga ƙasar); # Jimlar darajar waɗannan lambobin yabo (nasarar gasar Grand Slam guda ɗaya daidai da nasara biyu ta WTA 1000, nasarar gasar cin kofin shekara ɗaya daidai da nasara ɗaya da rabi ta WTA 1000, nasara ɗaya ta WTA 1000 daidai da nasara biyu ta WTA 500, nasara ɗaya ta WTA 500 daidai da nasara biyu ta WTA 250); # guda ɗaya > ninki biyu > tsarin gauraye biyu; # tsarin haruffa (ta hanyar sunayen iyali ga 'yan wasa). ===manazarta=== e4ahe4cumrki5uy7ye0ir3caywqfv6h 0 165160 906135 2026-08-22T11:04:37Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357197085|Renate Freund]]" 906135 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Renate Freund''' (an haife ta a 3 ga Oktoba 1939, a Neuwied) marubuciya ce ta Jamus ta gajerun labaru da shayari. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Renate Freund a 1939 a Neuwied a matsayin ta biyu cikin yara biyar. Da yake ta kasance ƙwararren ma'aikaci, ta fara aikinta a matsayin mataimakiyar ma'aikaciya a sashen sayen matsakaicin matsakaici. Bayan haka ta yi aiki a sashen fasaha na asibitin Marien-Klinikum a Rhineland-Palatinate har sai da ta yi ritaya. Bisa ga sha'awarta ga wallafe-wallafen daga baya ta haɓaka baiwa don rubuce-rubuce, musamman gajerun labaru da shayari. Littafinta na farko na gajerun labaran bincike goma sha biyu mai taken Der letzte Tanz (The Last Dance) Martin Werhand Verlag ne ya buga shi a watan Agustan 2016. A watan Janairun 2017 an buga waƙoƙinta a cikin littafin Abendfrieden, 100 Gedichte (Makar Peace, 100 waƙoƙi). A cikin wannan shekarar wannan mai bugawa ya fitar da littafin waka ''Himmelreich'' (Mulkin Sama) a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin waƙoƙi ''50 sonnets'' . Littafin waka na uku, mai taken Sinnpuppe (Doll of Sense) an buga shi a watan Janairun 2018 a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin ''50 Gedichte'' (50 waƙoƙi). A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, an buga wani girma a cikin jerin waƙoƙi 50 sonnets a ƙarƙashin taken ''Glassymphonian'', kuma ƙarar 100 sonnets ta ƙungiyar ''Sonnenähren'' ta bayyana. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, an buga wasu kundin waka guda uku na Renate Freund a cikin MWV. Volume sonnet ''Lichthoffnung'' a cikin jerin 50 sonnets da kuma kundin waƙoƙi biyu ''Winterruhe'' a cikin jerin waƙoƙoƙi 100 da ''Dorfidylle'' a cikin jerin 250 waƙoƙa. Renate Freund tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Niederbieber, Rhineland-Palatinate . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] 0kap1s28y3trdfllog28dzr20ctv2pi 906136 906135 2026-08-22T11:05:12Z Usman saadu 46863 906136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Renate Freund''' (an haife ta a 3 ga Oktoba 1939, a Neuwied) marubuciya ce ta Jamus ta gajerun labaru da shayari. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Renate Freund a 1939 a Neuwied a matsayin ta biyu cikin yara biyar. Da yake ta kasance ƙwararren ma'aikaci, ta fara aikinta a matsayin mataimakiyar ma'aikaciya a sashen sayen matsakaicin matsakaici. Bayan haka ta yi aiki a sashen fasaha na asibitin Marien-Klinikum a Rhineland-Palatinate har sai da ta yi ritaya. Bisa ga sha'awarta ga wallafe-wallafen daga baya ta haɓaka baiwa don rubuce-rubuce, musamman gajerun labaru da shayari. Littafinta na farko na gajerun labaran bincike goma sha biyu mai taken Der letzte Tanz (The Last Dance) Martin Werhand Verlag ne ya buga shi a watan Agustan 2016. A watan Janairun 2017 an buga waƙoƙinta a cikin littafin Abendfrieden, 100 Gedichte (Makar Peace, 100 waƙoƙi). A cikin wannan shekarar wannan mai bugawa ya fitar da littafin waka ''Himmelreich'' (Mulkin Sama) a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin waƙoƙi ''50 sonnets'' . Littafin waka na uku, mai taken Sinnpuppe (Doll of Sense) an buga shi a watan Janairun 2018 a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin ''50 Gedichte'' (50 waƙoƙi). A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, an buga wani girma a cikin jerin waƙoƙi 50 sonnets a ƙarƙashin taken ''Glassymphonian'', kuma ƙarar 100 sonnets ta ƙungiyar ''Sonnenähren'' ta bayyana. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, an buga wasu kundin waka guda uku na Renate Freund a cikin MWV. Volume sonnet ''Lichthoffnung'' a cikin jerin 50 sonnets da kuma kundin waƙoƙi biyu ''Winterruhe'' a cikin jerin waƙoƙoƙi 100 da ''Dorfidylle'' a cikin jerin 250 waƙoƙa. Renate Freund tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Niederbieber, Rhineland-Palatinate . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] c8boo10irol3n9juuuga0z1qvrei802 906137 906136 2026-08-22T11:05:43Z Usman saadu 46863 906137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Renate Freund''' (an haife ta a 3 ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta 1939, a Neuwied) marubuciya ce ta Jamus ta gajerun labaru da shayari. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Renate Freund a 1939 a Neuwied a matsayin ta biyu cikin yara biyar. Da yake ta kasance ƙwararren ma'aikaci, ta fara aikinta a matsayin mataimakiyar ma'aikaciya a sashen sayen matsakaicin matsakaici. Bayan haka ta yi aiki a sashen fasaha na asibitin Marien-Klinikum a Rhineland-Palatinate har sai da ta yi ritaya. Bisa ga sha'awarta ga wallafe-wallafen daga baya ta haɓaka baiwa don rubuce-rubuce, musamman gajerun labaru da shayari. Littafinta na farko na gajerun labaran bincike goma sha biyu mai taken Der letzte Tanz (The Last Dance) Martin Werhand Verlag ne ya buga shi a watan Agustan 2016. A watan Janairun 2017 an buga waƙoƙinta a cikin littafin Abendfrieden, 100 Gedichte (Makar Peace, 100 waƙoƙi). A cikin wannan shekarar wannan mai bugawa ya fitar da littafin waka ''Himmelreich'' (Mulkin Sama) a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin waƙoƙi ''50 sonnets'' . Littafin waka na uku, mai taken Sinnpuppe (Doll of Sense) an buga shi a watan Janairun 2018 a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin ''50 Gedichte'' (50 waƙoƙi). A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, an buga wani girma a cikin jerin waƙoƙi 50 sonnets a ƙarƙashin taken ''Glassymphonian'', kuma ƙarar 100 sonnets ta ƙungiyar ''Sonnenähren'' ta bayyana. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, an buga wasu kundin waka guda uku na Renate Freund a cikin MWV. Volume sonnet ''Lichthoffnung'' a cikin jerin 50 sonnets da kuma kundin waƙoƙi biyu ''Winterruhe'' a cikin jerin waƙoƙoƙi 100 da ''Dorfidylle'' a cikin jerin 250 waƙoƙa. Renate Freund tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Niederbieber, Rhineland-Palatinate . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] kz9zf5dasqjzoyw4kpcup92i3gd516k 906138 906137 2026-08-22T11:06:13Z Usman saadu 46863 906138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Renate Freund''' (an haife ta a 3 ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta 1939, a Neuwied) marubuciya ce ta Jamus ta gajerun labaru da shayari. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Renate Freund a shekarar 1939 a Neuwied a matsayin ta biyu cikin yara biyar. Da yake ta kasance ƙwararren ma'aikaci, ta fara aikinta a matsayin mataimakiyar ma'aikaciya a sashen sayen matsakaicin matsakaici. Bayan haka ta yi aiki a sashen fasaha na asibitin Marien-Klinikum a Rhineland-Palatinate har sai da ta yi ritaya. Bisa ga sha'awarta ga wallafe-wallafen daga baya ta haɓaka baiwa don rubuce-rubuce, musamman gajerun labaru da shayari. Littafinta na farko na gajerun labaran bincike goma sha biyu mai taken Der letzte Tanz (The Last Dance) Martin Werhand Verlag ne ya buga shi a watan Agustan 2016. A watan Janairun a shekarar 2017 an buga waƙoƙinta a cikin littafin Abendfrieden, 100 Gedichte (Makar Peace, 100 waƙoƙi). A cikin wannan shekarar wannan mai bugawa ya fitar da littafin waka ''Himmelreich'' (Mulkin Sama) a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin waƙoƙi ''50 sonnets'' . Littafin waka na uku, mai taken Sinnpuppe (Doll of Sense) an buga shi a watan Janairun 2018 a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin ''50 Gedichte'' (50 waƙoƙi). A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, an buga wani girma a cikin jerin waƙoƙi 50 sonnets a ƙarƙashin taken ''Glassymphonian'', kuma ƙarar 100 sonnets ta ƙungiyar ''Sonnenähren'' ta bayyana. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, an buga wasu kundin waka guda uku na Renate Freund a cikin MWV. Volume sonnet ''Lichthoffnung'' a cikin jerin 50 sonnets da kuma kundin waƙoƙi biyu ''Winterruhe'' a cikin jerin waƙoƙoƙi 100 da ''Dorfidylle'' a cikin jerin 250 waƙoƙa. Renate Freund tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Niederbieber, Rhineland-Palatinate . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] 4jp4dy02aqser062qal4bd04r49zsf9 0 165161 906155 2026-08-22T11:18:14Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354345400|Miriam Were]]" 906155 wikitext text/x-wiki   Miriam Khamadi Were (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga Afrilu 1940) mai ba da shawara ne ga [[lafiyar jama'a]] ta Kenya, masanin kimiyya, kuma mai karɓar Kyautar Hideyo Noguchi ta Afirka ta farko . A shekara ta 2022, an zabi ta don Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya saboda aikinta a lafiyar jama'a.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Professor from Liverpool led health project nominated for Nobel Peace Prize |url=https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/research/news/articles/professor-from-liverpool-led-health-project-shortlisted-for-nobel-peace-prize |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=University of Liverpool}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2022 |title=Prof. Miriam Were nominated for 2022 Nobel Peace Prize |url=https://www.uonbi.ac.ke/news/prof-miriam-were-nominated-2022-nobel-peace-prize |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=University of Nairobi}}</ref> == Kwarewar ilimi == A matsayinsa na mai digiri na Kwalejin William Penn, a Oskaloosa, Iowa, Were ya fara aiki tare da mai da hankali kan taimakawa wasu. Tare da digiri a fannin kimiyyar halitta da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin ilimi, ta koyar da ilmin sunadarai da ilmin halitta a makarantar sakandare kafin karatun likita. Sun cancanci zama likita daga [[Jami'ar Nairobi]], kuma ta tashi ta zama shugabar Sashen Kiwon Lafiya na Al'umma a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Nairobi. Nazarin Were a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins ya kai ga digirin digirinsa na 1981 a fannin Lafiya ta Jama'a, Shirye-shiryen Lafiya da Gudanarwa. Ta yi amfani da wannan horo da asalin ilimi ga shirye-shiryen da aka mayar da hankali kan karfafawa ta al'umma. Ayyukanta suna da niyyar taimaka wa wasu su matsa zuwa aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kirkira, masu tasiri, da kuma tallafawa kansu. An tsara abubuwan da ta samu wajen karfafa shirye-shiryen al'umma. == Kwarewar gudanarwa == A matsayinta na co-kafa Gidauniyar UZIMA kuma a cikin aikinta tare da Gidauniyoyin Kiwon Lafiya da Bincike na Afirka (AMREF), An nemi ta sanya horar da ilimi don amfani da kyau. Ta mayar da hankali kan aiwatar da kawo ayyukan kiwon lafiya na asali da haƙƙin kiwon lafiya ga mata da yara a ƙauyukan Gabashin Afirka. <ref>Development Gateway Foundation: [http://topics.developmentgateway.org/poverty/news/showNewsItemDetails.do?activeNewsItem=36810&foo= Noguchi Prize, Were bio]{{Dead link|date=June 2017}}</ref> Were ita ce shugabar Hukumar Kula da Cututtuka ta Ƙasa (NACC) a Kenya a yanzu. Daga matsayinta na mai alaƙa da Ofishin Shugaban Ƙasa, NACC tana tsara yadda za a magance cutar kanjamau ta ƙasa a Kenya. Dr. Were ita ce kuma Shugabar Hukumar Kula da Lafiya da Bincike ta Afirka (AMREF). Bugu da ƙari, tana samun lokacin yin aiki a kwamitin ba da shawara na Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta Kenya (KACC), da kuma a kwamitin daraktocin Shirye-shiryen Taimakon Lafiya (MAP) International (US) Were ya kasance Darakta na Ƙungiyar Taimako ta Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Ƙasa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNFPA / CST) don Gabas da Tsakiyar Afirka da Anglophone Yamma, wanda ke zaune a [[Addis Ababa]], Habasha. Kafin wannan, ta kasance Wakilin [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) kuma Shugabar Ofishin Jakadancin a Habasha. Kafin WHO, ta kasance Shugabar Lafiya da Abinci a [[UNICEF]], Habasha. An ɗauke Were aiki a UNICEF daga Sashen Lafiyar Al'umma a Faculty of Medicine, Jami'ar Nairobi inda ta zama shugabar wannan sashen. A lokacin da take koyarwa a jami'ar da ke Nairobi, ta fara aikin Kula da Lafiyar Al'umma (CBHC) a Kakamega, a Yammacin Kenya. Dr. Were ita ce Daraktan CBHC a tsakanin 1976 zuwa 1982. Wannan aikin ya lashe kyautar UNICEF Maurice Pate Award a 1978, karo na farko da wata cibiya a Afirka ta lashe wannan kyautar.. An nada ta Shugaba [[Jami'ar Moi]], Eldoret, a ranar Alhamis, 19 ga Satumba 2013. A cikin 2021, ta ɗauki matsayin jagorancin Al'umma da Haɗin kai a Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya da Kulawa ta Kasa (NIHR) CLEAN-Air (Afirka) Kungiyar Binciken Lafiya ta Duniya. <ref name=":0" /> Har ila yau, memba ne na Hukumar Lancet COVID-19. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Miriam Were |url=https://covid19commission.org/miriam-were |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Lancet Commission on COVID-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce masu ban sha'awa == Were ya kuma rubuta waka da fiction kuma shine marubucin litattafai huɗu: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shikanda |first=Hellen |date=10 April 2022 |title=The making of Prof Miriam Were, Africa's 2022 Nobel Peace Prize nominee |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/life-and-style/lifestyle/the-making-of-prof-miriam-were-africa-s-2022-nobel-peace-prize-nominee-3777092 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=The Nation}}</ref> The Boy In Between (1969), The High School Gent (1969), ''Matar Takwas'' (1972), <ref>{{Cite web |last=Malowa |first=Didacus |date=3 March 2022 |title=Miriam Were: Illustrious Profile of Kenyan Professor Nominated for Nobel Peace Prize |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/kenya/445268-miriam-were-illustrious-profile-kenyan-professor-nominated-nobel-peace-prize/ |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=Tuko}}</ref> da Zuciyarku Ita ce Altar (1980).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mutanyi |first=Nyambura |date=17 August 2012 |title=Book Review: The Eighth Wife by Miriam Were |url=https://www.wamathai.com/2012/08/17/the-eighth-wife-miriam-were/ |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=Wamathai}}</ref> == Ayyukan da aka zaɓa == * 2002 - [https://books.google.com/books?id=SfviTJmRnV8C&dq=Miriam+K.+Were&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 "Kakamega, Kenya: Farawa mai alƙawari ya ɓace,"] a cikin Just and Permanent Change: Lokacin da Al'ummomi suka mallaki Makomarsu, Daniel Taylor-Ide da Carl E. Taylor, eds. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. {{ISBN|0-8018-6825-4}} * 1985 - "Ƙarin Iyali na Mata Masu Kwarewa na Urban" (tare da Harriette MacAdoo), a cikin [https://books.google.com/books?id=aCkNAAAACAAJ&dq=Women+in+Africa+and+the+African+Diaspora&lr= ''Mata a Afirka da Afirka da Diaspora,''], Rosalyn Terborg-Penn da Andrea Benton Rushing, eds Washington, DC" Howard University Press.  {{ISBN|0-88258-194-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88258-194-5|<bdi>0-88258-194-5</bdi>]] == Daraja == * Tsohon Order of the Burning Spear (EBS), 2005 - Kenya . * Medal na majalisar dokokin Italiya, 2006 - Italiya.<ref name="UZIMA1" /> * Sarauniya Elizabeth II Gold Medal for Outstanding Contributions to International Public Health and Supporting the health needs of disabled people, 2007 United Kingdom. * Legion d'honneur, Chevalier, 2008 - Faransa. * An ba da kyautar Hideyo Noguchi ta farko ta Afirka ta Gwamnatin Japan a cikin rukunin Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiya * Kyautar Kyautattun Ayyuka, 2015 - Jami'ar William Penn. Oskaloosa, IA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=William Penn University :: WPU Welcomes Chancellor Were During US Visit |url=http://www.wmpenn.edu/News/News_Releases/2015/WPU_Welcomes_Chancellor_Were_During_US_Visit/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175902/http://www.wmpenn.edu/News/News_Releases/2015/WPU_Welcomes_Chancellor_Were_During_US_Visit/ |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> * Nominar kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya, 2022.<ref name=":0" /> [[Fayil:Miriam_Were_in_2020.jpg|right|thumb|375x375px|Miriam K. Sun kasance]] === Kyautar Hideyo Noguchi ta Afirka === Gwamnatin Japan ta kafa kyautar Hideyo Noguchi ta Afirka a watan Yulin 2006 a matsayin sabuwar kyautar bincike da ayyuka ta duniya. An tsara sanarwar farko ta shirye-shiryen ƙirƙirar wannan kyautar ne don bikin ziyarar aiki ta hukuma da Firayim Minista Junichiro Koizumi ya kai Afirka a watan Mayun 2006. Lokacin ya kuma yi bikin cika shekaru 80 da mutuwar Dr. Noguchi. Kyautar tana da nufin girmama mutanen da suka yi fice wajen yaƙar cututtuka daban-daban a Afirka ko kuma wajen kafa sabbin tsarin ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Bikin gabatarwar da kuma laccoci na farko sun yi daidai da Taron Duniya na Tokyo na huɗu kan Ci gaban Afirka (TICAD), wanda aka gudanar a [[Yokohama]] a ƙarshen Afrilu 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cao.go.jp/noguchisho/english/keii/keii.html |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Cabinet Office Home Page |language=en}}</ref> An motsa wurin taron na wannan shekara daga Tokyo zuwa Yokohama a matsayin wata hanyar girmama mutumin da aka ba da lambar yabo. A shekara ta 1899, Dokta Noguchi ya yi aiki a Ofishin Keɓewa na Tashar Yokohama a matsayin mataimakin likita na keɓewa. Firayim Ministan Japan Yasuo Fukuda ya gabatar da kyautar, kuma Sarkin sarakuna da Sarauniya sun halarci bikin na 2008, tare da yawancin shugabannin kasashen Afirka. An girmama ta a cikin rukunin Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiya; taken laureate dinta shine "Hakwatarwa don Inganta Lafiya ta Afirka Ta hanyar Shaida da Ƙuntatawa a cikin Ruhun Dokta Hideyo Noguchi". Kyaututtuka na farko na wannan kyautar ta kasa da kasa - wanda ya kunshi ambato, lambar yabo da girmamawa na yen miliyan 100 (US $ 843,668) an yi niyyar zama na farko a cikin jerin ci gaba; kuma daga baya ana sa ran za a ba da kyautar a kowace shekara biyar. An ba da kyautar ta hanyar haɗuwa da kudaden gwamnati da gudummawar masu zaman kansu. == Bayani == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 92tvw04twvm2obp96ix4zu4kszsx570 906157 906155 2026-08-22T11:18:44Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 Gyara 906157 wikitext text/x-wiki   Miriam Khamadi Were (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga Afrilu 1940) mai ba da shawara ne ga [[lafiyar jama'a]] ta Kenya, masanin kimiyya, kuma mai karɓar Kyautar Hideyo Noguchi ta Afirka ta farko . A shekara ta 2022, an zabi ta don Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya saboda aikinta a lafiyar jama'a.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Professor from Liverpool led health project nominated for Nobel Peace Prize |url=https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/research/news/articles/professor-from-liverpool-led-health-project-shortlisted-for-nobel-peace-prize |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=University of Liverpool}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2022 |title=Prof. Miriam Were nominated for 2022 Nobel Peace Prize |url=https://www.uonbi.ac.ke/news/prof-miriam-were-nominated-2022-nobel-peace-prize |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=University of Nairobi}}</ref> == Kwarewar ilimi == A matsayinsa na mai digiri na Kwalejin William Penn, a Oskaloosa, Iowa, Were ya fara aiki tare da mai da hankali kan taimakawa wasu. Tare da digiri a fannin kimiyyar halitta da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin ilimi, ta koyar da ilmin sunadarai da ilmin halitta a makarantar sakandare kafin karatun likita. Sun cancanci zama likita daga [[Jami'ar Nairobi]], kuma ta tashi ta zama shugabar Sashen Kiwon Lafiya na Al'umma a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Nairobi. Nazarin Were a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins ya kai ga digirin digirinsa na 1981 a fannin Lafiya ta Jama'a, Shirye-shiryen Lafiya da Gudanarwa. Ta yi amfani da wannan horo da asalin ilimi ga shirye-shiryen da aka mayar da hankali kan karfafawa ta al'umma. Ayyukanta suna da niyyar taimaka wa wasu su matsa zuwa aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kirkira, masu tasiri, da kuma tallafawa kansu. An tsara abubuwan da ta samu wajen karfafa shirye-shiryen al'umma. == Kwarewar gudanarwa == A matsayinta na co-kafa Gidauniyar UZIMA kuma a cikin aikinta tare da Gidauniyoyin Kiwon Lafiya da Bincike na Afirka (AMREF), An nemi ta sanya horar da ilimi don amfani da kyau. Ta mayar da hankali kan aiwatar da kawo ayyukan kiwon lafiya na asali da haƙƙin kiwon lafiya ga mata da yara a ƙauyukan Gabashin Afirka. <ref>Development Gateway Foundation: [http://topics.developmentgateway.org/poverty/news/showNewsItemDetails.do?activeNewsItem=36810&foo= Noguchi Prize, Were bio]{{Dead link|date=June 2017}}</ref> Were ita ce shugabar Hukumar Kula da Cututtuka ta Ƙasa (NACC) a Kenya a yanzu. Daga matsayinta na mai alaƙa da Ofishin Shugaban Ƙasa, NACC tana tsara yadda za a magance cutar kanjamau ta ƙasa a Kenya. Dr. Were ita ce kuma Shugabar Hukumar Kula da Lafiya da Bincike ta Afirka (AMREF). Bugu da ƙari, tana samun lokacin yin aiki a kwamitin ba da shawara na Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta Kenya (KACC), da kuma a kwamitin daraktocin Shirye-shiryen Taimakon Lafiya (MAP) International (US) Were ya kasance Darakta na Ƙungiyar Taimako ta Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Ƙasa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNFPA / CST) don Gabas da Tsakiyar Afirka da Anglophone Yamma, wanda ke zaune a [[Addis Ababa]], Habasha. Kafin wannan, ta kasance Wakilin [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) kuma Shugabar Ofishin Jakadancin a Habasha. Kafin WHO, ta kasance Shugabar Lafiya da Abinci a [[UNICEF]], Habasha. An ɗauke Were aiki a UNICEF daga Sashen Lafiyar Al'umma a Faculty of Medicine, Jami'ar Nairobi inda ta zama shugabar wannan sashen. A lokacin da take koyarwa a jami'ar da ke Nairobi, ta fara aikin Kula da Lafiyar Al'umma (CBHC) a Kakamega, a Yammacin Kenya. Dr. Were ita ce Daraktan CBHC a tsakanin 1976 zuwa 1982. Wannan aikin ya lashe kyautar UNICEF Maurice Pate Award a 1978, karo na farko da wata cibiya a Afirka ta lashe wannan kyautar.. An nada ta Shugaba [[Jami'ar Moi]], Eldoret, a ranar Alhamis, 19 ga Satumba 2013. A cikin 2021, ta ɗauki matsayin jagorancin Al'umma da Haɗin kai a Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya da Kulawa ta Kasa (NIHR) CLEAN-Air (Afirka) Kungiyar Binciken Lafiya ta Duniya. <ref name=":0" /> Har ila yau, memba ne na Hukumar Lancet COVID-19. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Miriam Were |url=https://covid19commission.org/miriam-were |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Lancet Commission on COVID-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce masu ban sha'awa == Were ya kuma rubuta waka da fiction kuma shine marubucin litattafai huɗu: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shikanda |first=Hellen |date=10 April 2022 |title=The making of Prof Miriam Were, Africa's 2022 Nobel Peace Prize nominee |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/life-and-style/lifestyle/the-making-of-prof-miriam-were-africa-s-2022-nobel-peace-prize-nominee-3777092 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=The Nation}}</ref> The Boy In Between (1969), The High School Gent (1969), ''Matar Takwas'' (1972), <ref>{{Cite web |last=Malowa |first=Didacus |date=3 March 2022 |title=Miriam Were: Illustrious Profile of Kenyan Professor Nominated for Nobel Peace Prize |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/kenya/445268-miriam-were-illustrious-profile-kenyan-professor-nominated-nobel-peace-prize/ |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=Tuko}}</ref> da Zuciyarku Ita ce Altar (1980).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mutanyi |first=Nyambura |date=17 August 2012 |title=Book Review: The Eighth Wife by Miriam Were |url=https://www.wamathai.com/2012/08/17/the-eighth-wife-miriam-were/ |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=Wamathai}}</ref> == Ayyukan da aka zaɓa == * 2002 - [https://books.google.com/books?id=SfviTJmRnV8C&dq=Miriam+K.+Were&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 "Kakamega, Kenya: Farawa mai alƙawari ya ɓace,"] a cikin Just and Permanent Change: Lokacin da Al'ummomi suka mallaki Makomarsu, Daniel Taylor-Ide da Carl E. Taylor, eds. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. {{ISBN|0-8018-6825-4}} * 1985 - "Ƙarin Iyali na Mata Masu Kwarewa na Urban" (tare da Harriette MacAdoo), a cikin [https://books.google.com/books?id=aCkNAAAACAAJ&dq=Women+in+Africa+and+the+African+Diaspora&lr= ''Mata a Afirka da Afirka da Diaspora,''], Rosalyn Terborg-Penn da Andrea Benton Rushing, eds Washington, DC" Howard University Press.  {{ISBN|0-88258-194-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88258-194-5|<bdi>0-88258-194-5</bdi>]] == Daraja == * Tsohon Order of the Burning Spear (EBS), 2005 - Kenya . * Medal na majalisar dokokin Italiya, 2006 - Italiya. * Sarauniya Elizabeth II Gold Medal for Outstanding Contributions to International Public Health and Supporting the health needs of disabled people, 2007 United Kingdom. * Legion d'honneur, Chevalier, 2008 - Faransa. * An ba da kyautar Hideyo Noguchi ta farko ta Afirka ta Gwamnatin Japan a cikin rukunin Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiya * Kyautar Kyautattun Ayyuka, 2015 - Jami'ar William Penn. Oskaloosa, IA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=William Penn University :: WPU Welcomes Chancellor Were During US Visit |url=http://www.wmpenn.edu/News/News_Releases/2015/WPU_Welcomes_Chancellor_Were_During_US_Visit/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175902/http://www.wmpenn.edu/News/News_Releases/2015/WPU_Welcomes_Chancellor_Were_During_US_Visit/ |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> * Nominar kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya, 2022.<ref name=":0" /> [[Fayil:Miriam_Were_in_2020.jpg|right|thumb|375x375px|Miriam K. Sun kasance]] === Kyautar Hideyo Noguchi ta Afirka === Gwamnatin Japan ta kafa kyautar Hideyo Noguchi ta Afirka a watan Yulin 2006 a matsayin sabuwar kyautar bincike da ayyuka ta duniya. An tsara sanarwar farko ta shirye-shiryen ƙirƙirar wannan kyautar ne don bikin ziyarar aiki ta hukuma da Firayim Minista Junichiro Koizumi ya kai Afirka a watan Mayun 2006. Lokacin ya kuma yi bikin cika shekaru 80 da mutuwar Dr. Noguchi. Kyautar tana da nufin girmama mutanen da suka yi fice wajen yaƙar cututtuka daban-daban a Afirka ko kuma wajen kafa sabbin tsarin ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Bikin gabatarwar da kuma laccoci na farko sun yi daidai da Taron Duniya na Tokyo na huɗu kan Ci gaban Afirka (TICAD), wanda aka gudanar a [[Yokohama]] a ƙarshen Afrilu 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cao.go.jp/noguchisho/english/keii/keii.html |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Cabinet Office Home Page |language=en}}</ref> An motsa wurin taron na wannan shekara daga Tokyo zuwa Yokohama a matsayin wata hanyar girmama mutumin da aka ba da lambar yabo. A shekara ta 1899, Dokta Noguchi ya yi aiki a Ofishin Keɓewa na Tashar Yokohama a matsayin mataimakin likita na keɓewa. Firayim Ministan Japan Yasuo Fukuda ya gabatar da kyautar, kuma Sarkin sarakuna da Sarauniya sun halarci bikin na 2008, tare da yawancin shugabannin kasashen Afirka. An girmama ta a cikin rukunin Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiya; taken laureate dinta shine "Hakwatarwa don Inganta Lafiya ta Afirka Ta hanyar Shaida da Ƙuntatawa a cikin Ruhun Dokta Hideyo Noguchi". Kyaututtuka na farko na wannan kyautar ta kasa da kasa - wanda ya kunshi ambato, lambar yabo da girmamawa na yen miliyan 100 (US $ 843,668) an yi niyyar zama na farko a cikin jerin ci gaba; kuma daga baya ana sa ran za a ba da kyautar a kowace shekara biyar. An ba da kyautar ta hanyar haɗuwa da kudaden gwamnati da gudummawar masu zaman kansu. == Bayani == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4tfgau1gry8zj7iwfmngu8ykdhv1579 906159 906157 2026-08-22T11:19:06Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 906159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Miriam Khamadi Were (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga Afrilu 1940) mai ba da shawara ne ga [[lafiyar jama'a]] ta Kenya, masanin kimiyya, kuma mai karɓar Kyautar Hideyo Noguchi ta Afirka ta farko . A shekara ta 2022, an zabi ta don Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya saboda aikinta a lafiyar jama'a.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Professor from Liverpool led health project nominated for Nobel Peace Prize |url=https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/research/news/articles/professor-from-liverpool-led-health-project-shortlisted-for-nobel-peace-prize |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=University of Liverpool}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2022 |title=Prof. Miriam Were nominated for 2022 Nobel Peace Prize |url=https://www.uonbi.ac.ke/news/prof-miriam-were-nominated-2022-nobel-peace-prize |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=University of Nairobi}}</ref> == Kwarewar ilimi == A matsayinsa na mai digiri na Kwalejin William Penn, a Oskaloosa, Iowa, Were ya fara aiki tare da mai da hankali kan taimakawa wasu. Tare da digiri a fannin kimiyyar halitta da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin ilimi, ta koyar da ilmin sunadarai da ilmin halitta a makarantar sakandare kafin karatun likita. Sun cancanci zama likita daga [[Jami'ar Nairobi]], kuma ta tashi ta zama shugabar Sashen Kiwon Lafiya na Al'umma a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Nairobi. Nazarin Were a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins ya kai ga digirin digirinsa na 1981 a fannin Lafiya ta Jama'a, Shirye-shiryen Lafiya da Gudanarwa. Ta yi amfani da wannan horo da asalin ilimi ga shirye-shiryen da aka mayar da hankali kan karfafawa ta al'umma. Ayyukanta suna da niyyar taimaka wa wasu su matsa zuwa aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kirkira, masu tasiri, da kuma tallafawa kansu. An tsara abubuwan da ta samu wajen karfafa shirye-shiryen al'umma. == Kwarewar gudanarwa == A matsayinta na co-kafa Gidauniyar UZIMA kuma a cikin aikinta tare da Gidauniyoyin Kiwon Lafiya da Bincike na Afirka (AMREF), An nemi ta sanya horar da ilimi don amfani da kyau. Ta mayar da hankali kan aiwatar da kawo ayyukan kiwon lafiya na asali da haƙƙin kiwon lafiya ga mata da yara a ƙauyukan Gabashin Afirka. <ref>Development Gateway Foundation: [http://topics.developmentgateway.org/poverty/news/showNewsItemDetails.do?activeNewsItem=36810&foo= Noguchi Prize, Were bio]{{Dead link|date=June 2017}}</ref> Were ita ce shugabar Hukumar Kula da Cututtuka ta Ƙasa (NACC) a Kenya a yanzu. Daga matsayinta na mai alaƙa da Ofishin Shugaban Ƙasa, NACC tana tsara yadda za a magance cutar kanjamau ta ƙasa a Kenya. Dr. Were ita ce kuma Shugabar Hukumar Kula da Lafiya da Bincike ta Afirka (AMREF). Bugu da ƙari, tana samun lokacin yin aiki a kwamitin ba da shawara na Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta Kenya (KACC), da kuma a kwamitin daraktocin Shirye-shiryen Taimakon Lafiya (MAP) International (US) Were ya kasance Darakta na Ƙungiyar Taimako ta Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Ƙasa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNFPA / CST) don Gabas da Tsakiyar Afirka da Anglophone Yamma, wanda ke zaune a [[Addis Ababa]], Habasha. Kafin wannan, ta kasance Wakilin [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) kuma Shugabar Ofishin Jakadancin a Habasha. Kafin WHO, ta kasance Shugabar Lafiya da Abinci a [[UNICEF]], Habasha. An ɗauke Were aiki a UNICEF daga Sashen Lafiyar Al'umma a Faculty of Medicine, Jami'ar Nairobi inda ta zama shugabar wannan sashen. A lokacin da take koyarwa a jami'ar da ke Nairobi, ta fara aikin Kula da Lafiyar Al'umma (CBHC) a Kakamega, a Yammacin Kenya. Dr. Were ita ce Daraktan CBHC a tsakanin 1976 zuwa 1982. Wannan aikin ya lashe kyautar UNICEF Maurice Pate Award a 1978, karo na farko da wata cibiya a Afirka ta lashe wannan kyautar.. An nada ta Shugaba [[Jami'ar Moi]], Eldoret, a ranar Alhamis, 19 ga Satumba 2013. A cikin 2021, ta ɗauki matsayin jagorancin Al'umma da Haɗin kai a Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya da Kulawa ta Kasa (NIHR) CLEAN-Air (Afirka) Kungiyar Binciken Lafiya ta Duniya. <ref name=":0" /> Har ila yau, memba ne na Hukumar Lancet COVID-19. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Miriam Were |url=https://covid19commission.org/miriam-were |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Lancet Commission on COVID-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce masu ban sha'awa == Were ya kuma rubuta waka da fiction kuma shine marubucin litattafai huɗu: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shikanda |first=Hellen |date=10 April 2022 |title=The making of Prof Miriam Were, Africa's 2022 Nobel Peace Prize nominee |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/life-and-style/lifestyle/the-making-of-prof-miriam-were-africa-s-2022-nobel-peace-prize-nominee-3777092 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=The Nation}}</ref> The Boy In Between (1969), The High School Gent (1969), ''Matar Takwas'' (1972), <ref>{{Cite web |last=Malowa |first=Didacus |date=3 March 2022 |title=Miriam Were: Illustrious Profile of Kenyan Professor Nominated for Nobel Peace Prize |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/kenya/445268-miriam-were-illustrious-profile-kenyan-professor-nominated-nobel-peace-prize/ |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=Tuko}}</ref> da Zuciyarku Ita ce Altar (1980).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mutanyi |first=Nyambura |date=17 August 2012 |title=Book Review: The Eighth Wife by Miriam Were |url=https://www.wamathai.com/2012/08/17/the-eighth-wife-miriam-were/ |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=Wamathai}}</ref> == Ayyukan da aka zaɓa == * 2002 - [https://books.google.com/books?id=SfviTJmRnV8C&dq=Miriam+K.+Were&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 "Kakamega, Kenya: Farawa mai alƙawari ya ɓace,"] a cikin Just and Permanent Change: Lokacin da Al'ummomi suka mallaki Makomarsu, Daniel Taylor-Ide da Carl E. Taylor, eds. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. {{ISBN|0-8018-6825-4}} * 1985 - "Ƙarin Iyali na Mata Masu Kwarewa na Urban" (tare da Harriette MacAdoo), a cikin [https://books.google.com/books?id=aCkNAAAACAAJ&dq=Women+in+Africa+and+the+African+Diaspora&lr= ''Mata a Afirka da Afirka da Diaspora,''], Rosalyn Terborg-Penn da Andrea Benton Rushing, eds Washington, DC" Howard University Press.  {{ISBN|0-88258-194-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88258-194-5|<bdi>0-88258-194-5</bdi>]] == Daraja == * Tsohon Order of the Burning Spear (EBS), 2005 - Kenya . * Medal na majalisar dokokin Italiya, 2006 - Italiya. * Sarauniya Elizabeth II Gold Medal for Outstanding Contributions to International Public Health and Supporting the health needs of disabled people, 2007 United Kingdom. * Legion d'honneur, Chevalier, 2008 - Faransa. * An ba da kyautar Hideyo Noguchi ta farko ta Afirka ta Gwamnatin Japan a cikin rukunin Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiya * Kyautar Kyautattun Ayyuka, 2015 - Jami'ar William Penn. Oskaloosa, IA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=William Penn University :: WPU Welcomes Chancellor Were During US Visit |url=http://www.wmpenn.edu/News/News_Releases/2015/WPU_Welcomes_Chancellor_Were_During_US_Visit/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175902/http://www.wmpenn.edu/News/News_Releases/2015/WPU_Welcomes_Chancellor_Were_During_US_Visit/ |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> * Nominar kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya, 2022.<ref name=":0" /> [[Fayil:Miriam_Were_in_2020.jpg|right|thumb|375x375px|Miriam K. Sun kasance]] === Kyautar Hideyo Noguchi ta Afirka === Gwamnatin Japan ta kafa kyautar Hideyo Noguchi ta Afirka a watan Yulin 2006 a matsayin sabuwar kyautar bincike da ayyuka ta duniya. An tsara sanarwar farko ta shirye-shiryen ƙirƙirar wannan kyautar ne don bikin ziyarar aiki ta hukuma da Firayim Minista Junichiro Koizumi ya kai Afirka a watan Mayun 2006. Lokacin ya kuma yi bikin cika shekaru 80 da mutuwar Dr. Noguchi. Kyautar tana da nufin girmama mutanen da suka yi fice wajen yaƙar cututtuka daban-daban a Afirka ko kuma wajen kafa sabbin tsarin ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Bikin gabatarwar da kuma laccoci na farko sun yi daidai da Taron Duniya na Tokyo na huɗu kan Ci gaban Afirka (TICAD), wanda aka gudanar a [[Yokohama]] a ƙarshen Afrilu 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cao.go.jp/noguchisho/english/keii/keii.html |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Cabinet Office Home Page |language=en}}</ref> An motsa wurin taron na wannan shekara daga Tokyo zuwa Yokohama a matsayin wata hanyar girmama mutumin da aka ba da lambar yabo. A shekara ta 1899, Dokta Noguchi ya yi aiki a Ofishin Keɓewa na Tashar Yokohama a matsayin mataimakin likita na keɓewa. Firayim Ministan Japan Yasuo Fukuda ya gabatar da kyautar, kuma Sarkin sarakuna da Sarauniya sun halarci bikin na 2008, tare da yawancin shugabannin kasashen Afirka. An girmama ta a cikin rukunin Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiya; taken laureate dinta shine "Hakwatarwa don Inganta Lafiya ta Afirka Ta hanyar Shaida da Ƙuntatawa a cikin Ruhun Dokta Hideyo Noguchi". Kyaututtuka na farko na wannan kyautar ta kasa da kasa - wanda ya kunshi ambato, lambar yabo da girmamawa na yen miliyan 100 (US $ 843,668) an yi niyyar zama na farko a cikin jerin ci gaba; kuma daga baya ana sa ran za a ba da kyautar a kowace shekara biyar. An ba da kyautar ta hanyar haɗuwa da kudaden gwamnati da gudummawar masu zaman kansu. == Bayani == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mw9v4f3dy3kh5kryikie5qjvirzrh9i 0 165162 906184 2026-08-22T11:46:34Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357319541|Vera Ludwig]]" 906184 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vera Ludwig''' (an haife ta 5 ga Mayu 1978, a Detmold) mawaki ce ta Jamus. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Vera Julia Ludwig a Detmold a Arewacin Rhine-Westphalia a shekara ta 1978. Bayan kammala makaranta tare da Abitur a Christian-Dietrich-Grabbe-Gymnasium a shekarar 1997 ta yi karatun ilimi na musamman a Jami'ar Cologne don zama malamin Jamusanci. A shekara ta 2004 ta fara aiki a matsayin malamin dalibi a wata makaranta ta musamman a Gütersloh . Daga 2006 zuwa 2008 ta kasance malama a wata makaranta ta musamman, ta farko a Beckum, daga baya ta koma makarantar farko a Gütersloh . Baya ga aiki a matsayin malama ta haɓaka baiwarta a matsayin marubuciya, musamman a matsayin mawaki. Ta fara buga wasu waƙoƙinta a cikin 2000 a cikin tarihin Junge Lyrik II na Martin Werhand Verlag . Daga 1999 zuwa 2002 Martin Werhand Verlag ya buga kundin 3 na shayari, kowannensu yana da waƙoƙi 750 na matasa 50, duk da haka ba a buga su ba. Dangane da wannan wasu daga cikin marubutan, daga cikinsu Vera Ludwig, sun shiga cikin jerin karatun ayyukansu a Jami'ar [[Köln|Cologne]] . Ana iya samun karin waƙoƙi na Vera Ludwig a cikin tarihin Junge Lyrik III daga shekara ta 2002. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2016 ta wallafa littafin waka na farko Sandtropfen (Drops of Sand) a cikin jerin 50 Gedichte (50 waƙoƙi) na Martin Werhand Verlag, rabin shekara bayan haka ta biyu tare da taken Horizont (Horizon) a cikin زنجیرە 100 Gedichte (100 waƙoƙoƙi). ta wannan mai bugawa. Waƙoƙin Vera Ludwig suna da alamomi kai tsaye ko kwatanci, harshe na alama kamar na Erich Fried ko Sarah Kirsch . Vera Ludwig tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Gütersloh . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] qc790qew61saqr51yqy1sep8mcho4y2 906185 906184 2026-08-22T11:46:58Z Usman saadu 46863 906185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vera Ludwig''' (an haife ta 5 ga Mayu 1978, a Detmold) mawaki ce ta Jamus. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Vera Julia Ludwig a Detmold a Arewacin Rhine-Westphalia a shekara ta 1978. Bayan kammala makaranta tare da Abitur a Christian-Dietrich-Grabbe-Gymnasium a shekarar 1997 ta yi karatun ilimi na musamman a Jami'ar Cologne don zama malamin Jamusanci. A shekara ta 2004 ta fara aiki a matsayin malamin dalibi a wata makaranta ta musamman a Gütersloh . Daga 2006 zuwa 2008 ta kasance malama a wata makaranta ta musamman, ta farko a Beckum, daga baya ta koma makarantar farko a Gütersloh . Baya ga aiki a matsayin malama ta haɓaka baiwarta a matsayin marubuciya, musamman a matsayin mawaki. Ta fara buga wasu waƙoƙinta a cikin 2000 a cikin tarihin Junge Lyrik II na Martin Werhand Verlag . Daga 1999 zuwa 2002 Martin Werhand Verlag ya buga kundin 3 na shayari, kowannensu yana da waƙoƙi 750 na matasa 50, duk da haka ba a buga su ba. Dangane da wannan wasu daga cikin marubutan, daga cikinsu Vera Ludwig, sun shiga cikin jerin karatun ayyukansu a Jami'ar [[Köln|Cologne]] . Ana iya samun karin waƙoƙi na Vera Ludwig a cikin tarihin Junge Lyrik III daga shekara ta 2002. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2016 ta wallafa littafin waka na farko Sandtropfen (Drops of Sand) a cikin jerin 50 Gedichte (50 waƙoƙi) na Martin Werhand Verlag, rabin shekara bayan haka ta biyu tare da taken Horizont (Horizon) a cikin زنجیرە 100 Gedichte (100 waƙoƙoƙi). ta wannan mai bugawa. Waƙoƙin Vera Ludwig suna da alamomi kai tsaye ko kwatanci, harshe na alama kamar na Erich Fried ko Sarah Kirsch . Vera Ludwig tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Gütersloh . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] 3dnexfpcvwoj4tw8n5m1l0hopv3w01f 906186 906185 2026-08-22T11:47:22Z Usman saadu 46863 906186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vera Ludwig''' (an haife ta 5 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 1978, a Detmold) mawaki ce ta Jamus. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Vera Julia Ludwig a Detmold a Arewacin Rhine-Westphalia a shekara ta 1978. Bayan kammala makaranta tare da Abitur a Christian-Dietrich-Grabbe-Gymnasium a shekarar 1997 ta yi karatun ilimi na musamman a Jami'ar Cologne don zama malamin Jamusanci. A shekara ta 2004 ta fara aiki a matsayin malamin dalibi a wata makaranta ta musamman a Gütersloh . Daga 2006 zuwa 2008 ta kasance malama a wata makaranta ta musamman, ta farko a Beckum, daga baya ta koma makarantar farko a Gütersloh . Baya ga aiki a matsayin malama ta haɓaka baiwarta a matsayin marubuciya, musamman a matsayin mawaki. Ta fara buga wasu waƙoƙinta a cikin 2000 a cikin tarihin Junge Lyrik II na Martin Werhand Verlag . Daga 1999 zuwa 2002 Martin Werhand Verlag ya buga kundin 3 na shayari, kowannensu yana da waƙoƙi 750 na matasa 50, duk da haka ba a buga su ba. Dangane da wannan wasu daga cikin marubutan, daga cikinsu Vera Ludwig, sun shiga cikin jerin karatun ayyukansu a Jami'ar [[Köln|Cologne]] . Ana iya samun karin waƙoƙi na Vera Ludwig a cikin tarihin Junge Lyrik III daga shekara ta 2002. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2016 ta wallafa littafin waka na farko Sandtropfen (Drops of Sand) a cikin jerin 50 Gedichte (50 waƙoƙi) na Martin Werhand Verlag, rabin shekara bayan haka ta biyu tare da taken Horizont (Horizon) a cikin زنجیرە 100 Gedichte (100 waƙoƙoƙi). ta wannan mai bugawa. Waƙoƙin Vera Ludwig suna da alamomi kai tsaye ko kwatanci, harshe na alama kamar na Erich Fried ko Sarah Kirsch . Vera Ludwig tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Gütersloh . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] h3dfplwbwp2xpz7mdqpq2v57kxsze4t